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The( toth Thei possi of th fiimii Origi begir the It sion, othei first sion, or ill( The I shall TINU whic Mapi diffei entin begir right requi meth 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X / 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X • 32X The copy filmed here hes been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: L'exemplaire film* f ut reproduit grAce A la g6n4rosit6 de: Dana Porter Arts Library University of Waterloo The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Dana Porter Arts Library University of Waterloo Les images suivantes ont At6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin. compte tenu de la condition et de la netteti de l'exemplaire f ilm6, st en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. 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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning In the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmto A des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichi, 11 est film6 A partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 pp CO OWE OF THE LOI Tutte Ift in fiieolta dell' a zlune delle id( Lby-AllL (.ALnSLTT. 'i'\ DICTIONARY, PRACTICAL, THEORETICAL, AND HISTORICAL, Of COMMERCE AND COMMERCIAL NAVIGATION. BV J. R. MCCULLOCH, ESQ. EDITED BY HENRY VETHAKE, LL.D. ONE OP THE PROFESSORS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA ; MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHI- LOSOPHICAL SOCIETY ; AUTHOR OF A TREATISE ON POLITICAL ECONOMY ; ETC. Tutte Ift invenzioni le plA benemerite del genere umann, e che hanno svilliipnto I'ingegno e la fnc<>lt& deir anlmo nnstro, sono quelle che accostano I' iiomo all' iiomo, e facilitano la communics- xiune delle idee, del bisogni, del lentiinenii, e riducano il genere umano a massa. brri. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. II. PHILADELPHIA: THOMAS WARDLE, 15 MINOR STREET. •TEREOTYPBD BY L. JOHNSON. I i . :■ r ,. PBINTED BY T. K. it P. O. COLLINS, PHILA Jalap, o a sort of con root, when 1 lilackish coif hardest and should be n Its taste is i Afed.. Bran average of 1 1 JAMAIC JAPAN> chatidlses de .snufT-hoxes, • or gilding. to a great exi it is at preset success at Bi JASPER I 'lliis stone ii large amorpli specific gravil it is usually c ■asper, and ci .lERSEY. JET, on : It. (ragaia, I [iliites; somet fnternal lustr It is used for amber, and is thoidal fractu JETSAM. IMPORTA them to other from customs being given oi and exportatio who would a\ regulations refl DICTIONARY or COMMERCE AMU COMMERCIAL NAVIGATION. 1, AND J. J ATjAP, on .IATl. JV"« Onnilf to he landtd nor Bulk hroktn heforr Hepiirt and Knfri/.— No enn'li* nhnll lir unladen from anjr »lii|) arriving frciin |)iirl« hfyniHl llm Mons al iiriy |Hirl or (ilaru in lln^ rnilcd Klnsilcini or in (li arri\al of vni'li Nlii|i williin 4 IriiKiicH iif lhi> rnuBl tln'ruof, ill uliii. t. .1.1 .(>• t... ..f ^ I. » I.. ..I... II I... .... I I I .....a .....»*. ..I Manifest. ^11 BriH. ips, n ml nil S/(i/i.« vith Tnharrn, to linre Miinifeftn.—'Nn goiuU shnll hr imported into tlio riiiti.'il Kinpilorii, or inln tlic l^le ol' Man, from partH licynntl llie seax, in any llriliiili Hliip, nor any liihai'i'ii in any xliip, nnli'.s>( tliu niaslcr nliall liavo nn lioard n inanifi-Ht ofsnrli eooils or of Huch lolincro, niacli' onl; (iali'il, anil Kii{n(;il hy liini at llie plact; or ri-nprdive places wlicre llie Baniu or the ilitli-ri'iit partN of till.' tiaiiii! was or were inki-n on Imard, anil anthenliratcd in tin- ninnniT hurvin-afler provided ; and every niuIi nianifrst sliall Hi't forth tlie name and the lonna).'R of (lie vliip, lliu name of the innHter and of the plare to which the ship helont.'f>, and of the plaru or plareH where the koihU were taken on hoard respei'tively, and of tin- place or places for which they are deHtineil respectively, oiid shall con- tain a particular account and description of all the packafceH on hoard, with the marks and iininliers tliereon, and the sorts of giint\ii and ditVerent kinds of each sort contained tlierein, to the liest of tlip master's knowled),'e, and of the particulars of such bo'xIx as arc stowed loose, ami the names of the respective shippers and consi^'nees. as far sis the same can he known to the master; and to such par- ticular account shall he siihjoined a Kcneral account nr ri^caiiitulation of the total nnmher of Die packages of each sort, descriliinu the same hy their usual names, or by such descriptions as th(> same can hpst he known hy, and the dillerent pnods therein, and also the total i|uantilies of the diflerent Roods stowed loose : provided always, that every inunifist for tohacco shall be a separate manifest distinct from any manifest for any other poods, and shall, without fail, contain the particular weiglit of tobacco in earli hofshead, cask, chest, or rase, with the tare of the same ; and if such tobacco be the produce of tliu dominions of tlii! (■'rand HelRiiior, then the iiiiniber of parcels or bundles within any such liogrhead, cask, chest, or case, shall he stated in such manifest. — 1/ 3. Til be pniiliicril to OJjicern in Culunies, .yc.— Ilefore any ship shall he cleared otit or depart from any place in any of the Hritish possessions abroad, or from any place in China, with any Roods for the I'lilted KiiiKdoiu or for the Isle of Man, the master of such ship shall produce the manifest to the col- lector or comptroller of the customs, or other proper otiicer, who shall certify upon the same the date of the production thereof to liini : provided always, that in all places within the territorial possessions of the Kast India Coiiipany the servant of the said Oompaiiy by whom the last despatches of such ship shall be delivered shall he the proper olVicer to authenticate the manifest as aforesaid ; and in all places ill China the chief siipercarL'o of the said Company shall he the proper nllicer for such purpose. — { 4. ■/".) bv pniliired to CuMai//.'..— Before the departure of any ship from any place beyond the seas not tinder the Hritish dominions, where any tobacco has been taken on Ifoard such siiip for the I'niteii Kiiipdoiii or for the Isle of Man, the niaVter of such ship shall produce the manifest of such tobacco ti> the Hritish consul or other chief Dritish ollii'er, if there be any such resident at or near such place ; ntid such consul or other ullicer shall certify upon the same the tlute of the pro-iuction thereof tu liiin. — } 5. If wanting, Mauler toforfeil 100/.— Ifany ijoods be imported into the United Kingdom or into the Islo of Man, in .any liritisli ship, or any toliaico in any bhip, without such a manifest, or if any goods cun- l.ained in such nianifi st be not on lioard, the master of such ship shall forfeit the sum of ICO/. — i 0. Manifest to be produced trilliin 4 J.caj.niei'. — The master of every ship required to have a manifest on hoard shall produce such manifest to any olficer of the cusi'ims who shall come on hoard his ship after her arrival within 4 leagues of the coast of the United Kingdom or of the coast of the Isle of Man, and who shall demand the same, for his inspection ; and such master shall also deliver to any such officer w lio shall be the tlrst to demand it, a true copy of such manifest sigtied by the master; und shall also deliver another copy to any other ollicer of the customs who shall be the lirst to demand the saiim within the limits of the |iort to which such ship is bound; and thereupon such officers respectively fhall notify on such manitV'st and on such co|iies the date of the production of such manifest and of the receipt of such copies, nod shall transmit such copies to the collector and comptroller of the port to which such vessel is tlrst bound, and shall return such manifest to the n.aster ; and if such master shall not ill uny case producu such manifest, or deliver ^ucli copyi be shall forfeit the sum of 1002. — { 7. Repoht. Master, villiin 24 ITottrs, and before hrealting Bulk, shall report.— Tht master of every ship arrlvfnfl; fiom parts beyond the seas at any port in the United Kingdom or in the Isle of Man, whether laden or in ballast, shall, within 24 hours after such arrival, and before bulk be broken, make due report of such ship, and shall make and subscribe a declaration to the truth of the same, before the collector or comptroller of such port ; and such report shall contain an account of the particular marks, nnmbers. and contents of all the dilferent packages or parcels of the goods on board such ship, and the particu- lars of such goods as are stowed loose, to the best of his knowledge, and of the place or places where such poods were respectively taken on board, and of the burden of such ship, and of the country where Biich ship was built, or, if Hritish, of the port of registry, and of the country of the pill of lailjll; expressed tl littered or p b.en receivi I'illof ladini 100/,-^ II. Part of Ca is rei| Hired li port in the h been deliveri ship. — J 12. Sliip to eom of mooring oi and in proiet for the board unlading siicl with the knoi of such ship places to be t ships only Mh sliips shall ni •■barged shall • he master sh (>[Jirer.i to bi arriving at an • lie goods laili tree access to before landiin any place, or i superior to tii' |>ower; and ii officer, who n power; and it the offirer.s sh be wilfiillv op secretly c'onvi opened, the mi JVatiinuil Sh orfiirftit 100/. arriving as afn poods laden in 'if such ship or t'liip, or when bis hand, to th poods, and of I signees of the i. to the truth tin cerningsuch g or other persoi merchant ship! sliips, ond brill ship as aforesa Majesty as slia treasury of the Master to deli at any port in i, sliall, within 10 and dcscripiior and of the crev who has desert to each seaman to the truth the Bball be kept by a2 d IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION, Vntn any «• l«l(! of llicretif, );rnnlv(l. [I iilnira, ; lii-ri'iii- • hnll l«i I of 1(H)/.: r iht! Isli- tinliuliiiK ickiiRc In- 1 urliclt^n wnrritnt ; lull BhipUt d into I ho ), nor any U tiilmccd. (• (litliTi'iit provitlt'il ; ili(> innHler ■ taken on shall roii- ,1 niniilHTS licslof the inuB of the I siirh par- ic patkagHS can hPHt he odH slowcii :t front any ceo in each dute of tha t luig>head, •1 from any lods for the I to the fol- me Ihu date pnsPL'Sstons orsiirh 8hi|> in all plates HISU. — } 4- he Bi'as not the VnitetJ h tobacco to such placf ; thfieof to jnio the Isle / goods con- manifest on lis ship after of Man. and such officer lul shall also nd the saniK rt'spoclivt'lji St and of the ' the port to master ahali ihip arrivfnfr holher laden ue report of ! collector or ks, nnnihers, the particu- ilaces where mntry where pie to whom voyage, anrt hjects of the inch report it ;ourae of her d what part, ■ r port in the warehoused jiarts beyond h ship, what rd such ship ; report, slwlk ' I .%h'*rrti nf Vr'ftl.t rnmingfrnm.lfriralnrrpnrt hnir mnmi •^'tlii'f Ihfii harr nn ftunri/ - Th" inniiter ofi'very vi'Hui'l coniiiii; from the rniisl nf Afriia, and havioi; liikcn mi lioiinl iit any phiic In Africa iiny prrHiiii iir pi'r^oiiiH liclni; or apiirariiiu to liu ii;itlvi>N nf Afrira, hhiill. in aitiliium (n nil nthrr iii^illrrii, tta r, in till' re|iiirt of hi.'* vrKnil, how many hoi h pi'tMniiH h:ivi' I n t.iki'n cm Imard liy him in Africa; niid any sill li niiiHlcr fiilllni! hcrclii sliiill fnrfi il thi' siiiii of \WI.: proviilcil aUii, iliai tlir iiiaKtrr or iiw iirr or owners of such vcssrl, or hhiiic imi' of ihiiii, al llii' liiiii' of makiiii! such report, hi' ri'i|iuri'il t'l I'lilcr Into liond to his Miijesly In Ihe sum i so appointed for the unlading of such ships shall not be within some dock surrounded with walls, if any such ship after having been dis- charged shall remain at such place, or if any ship not importing tobacco shall be moored at such place, the master shall in cither case forfeit and pay the sum of 20/. — } IX O/ffrcra lo board Ships.— U shall be lawful for the proper otlicers of the customs to board any ship arriving at any port in the United Kingdom or in the Isle of Man, and freely to stay on hoard iinlil all the goods laden therein shall have been duly delivereil from the same; and such olhcers shall have I'ree access to every part of the ship, with power to fasten down hatchways, and to mark any goods before landing, and to lock up, seal mark, or otherwise secure any goods on board such ship; and it any place, or any box or chest, he looked, and the keys be withheld, such olhcers, if they be of a degree siifierior to tidesmen or waternien, may open any such idace, box, or chest in the best manner in their power; and if they be tidesmen or walermen, or on'- ' !'t!mt degree, they shall send for their superior ollicer, who may open or cause to be ooened any s,i ' i. ice, box, or chest in the best manner in his power ; and if any goods he found conceiiled on boat •. v r-.y such ship, they shall be forfeited ; and if the officers shall place any lock, mark, or seal upon ai._ :;oods on board, and such lock, mark, or seal be wilfully opened, altered, or broken before due delivpiy of such goods, or if any of such goods li« secretly conveyed away, or if the hatchways, after having been fastened down by the oSicer, be opened, the master of such ship shall forfeit the sum of 100/. — J 14. •ViiMiom/ Ships, British or Forei^rn, hucinir OooJs on board, Person in charge to deliver an Account, orfin-fiit ino/. — If any ship (having commission from his Majesty, or from any foreign (irince or state) arriving as aforesaid at any port in the ITiiiled Kingdom or in the Isle of Man shall have on board any goods laden in parts beyond the seas, the captain, master, purser, or other person having the cliarge of such ship or of such goods for that voyi>ge, shall, before any part of such goods be taken out of such ship, or when culled n|)on so to do by any othcer of the customs, deliver an account in writing under his hand, to the best of his knowledge, of the quality and quantity of every package or parcel of such goods, and of the marks and numbers thereon, and of the names of the respective shippers and con- sienees of the same, and shall make and subscribe a declaration at the foot nf such account, declaring to the truth thereof, and shall also truly answer to the collector or com|itroller such questions con- cerning such goods as shall be reipiired of him; and on failure thereof, such captain, master, purser, or other person sli.all forfeit the sum of 100/.; and all such ships shall be liable to such searches as merchant ships are liable to ; and the officers of the customs may freely enter and go on board all such ships, and bring from thence on shore into the king's warehouse any goods found on board any such ship as aforesaid ; subject nevertheless to such regulations in respect of ships of war belonging to his Majesty as shall from time to time he directed in that respect by the commissioners of his Majesty's treasury of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. — } 15. Masler to delieir List of Crew of Ships from ^^'est Indies. — The master of every British ship arriving at any port in the United Kingdom, on her return from any British possessions In the West Indies, shall, within 10 days of such arrival, deliver to the collector or comptroller a list, containing the names and descriptions of tho crew which was on board at the time of clearing from the United Kingdom, and uf the crew on board at the time of arrival in any of the said possessions, and of every seaman who has deserted or died during the voyage, and also the amount of wages due at the time of his deatb to each seaman so dying, and shall make and subscribe a declaration at the foot of such list, declaring to the truth thereof; and every master omitting so to do, sliall forfeit the sum of 50(. ; and such list tball be kept by the collector for the inspection of all persona interested therein. — ( 16. a2 IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION. Entiiy. JIfUr 11 Ditijfy Oj^rfr mail lanil Gnodn not enlfred, S^e — Kvrry Importer of any Bn"iN nlmll, within M dayH iiri(!r tliu urriviil i>( Iho •hip IniporllnR Hit! miitic, ninki! prrri-rt i>ntry liiwnrclh iit' nihIi rodiIii, or entry liy hill orHluht, In niiinncr hori'lti-nrtfr provlcli>il, uiiil iihitll wllhin xiirh tiiiiR liiiiil the minie ; nnil In iti'iaiilt itC Hiich I'litry nriil InnilitiK It Hhall htt liiwriij l^ir thn otllrHrit of the riiKtornii tn cniiVRv mi' h rihxIh to ihi' klnn'it wuri-lKiiinc j uml wliiMifVcr thi; rnrgtt of liny uliip nhiill hiivc hccn (llfrliurKR", with ilii! cxi'i-plliin iiiily hlp, find of tho maHter of the nhlp In which the i;()odi4 were Imported, and of the place from whencti they were hrouzht, and llie description and Hlliiatlon of the warehoiiHe, If they are to he wurehoiiHed, and the iiiiine of the person in whose name the Kooda nru to he entered, and the i)iiantity and descrip- tion of the floods, and the number and denoiiilnation or dHsrrlplion of the respective packages con- talnlnK the goods, and In the inarKin of sinh hill shall delineate the respective marks and nnmbers of such packases, and shall pay down any dnties which may he payable upon tho ((oods mentlined in snch entry ; and such person shiill also deliver at the same time 3 or more duplicates, as the case may rvquire, of such hill, In which all sums and numbers may he expressed In figures, and the particulars to he contained In such bill shall be written and arrnnged in such form and manner, and the number of such duplicates shall be such as the collector and comptroller shall require; and such hill being duly signed by the collector and comptroller, and transmitted to the lunding waiter, shall be the war- rant to him for the lamling or delivering of such goods. — I) IH. UnaulhnrUrd Persons nut permiltril to make Kntriea. — Kvery person who shall inakn or cause to ba ■nnde an^ such entry Inwards of any goods, not being duly authorised thereto by the proprietor or con- signee ol such goods, shall for every such otTence forfeit the sum of 1(M)/. : provided always, that no such penalty shall extend or he deemed to extend to any (lorson acting under the direction of the several dock companies or other corporate bodies authorised by law to pass entries. — J 19. JVu< viiliil unless asrreeinrr irilh Manifest, Hepnrt, anil other J)iicuments.—Nii entry nor any warrant for the landing of any goods, or for the taking of any goods nnt of any warehouse, shall be deemed valid, unless the particulars of the goods and packages In such entry shall correspond with the par- ticulars of the goods and packages, purporting to he the same, in the report of the ship, and in the manifi'st, where a manifest is required, and in tho ccrlilicate or other document, where any Is required, by which the imporiailoii or entry of such goods is authorised, nor unless the goods shall have been properly describeil in such entry by the denoniinntlnna and with the characters and circumstancea according to which such goods arc charged with duty or maybe imported, either to be used in the IJnileil Kingdom, or to be warehoused for exportation only : and any goods taken or delivered out of nny ship, or out of any warehouse, or for the delivery of which, or (or any order for the delivery of which, from nny warehouse, demand shall have been made, not having been duly entered, shall be forfeited. — J 20. Ooods by M'amher, Measure, or Weight, S^e. — If the goods in such entry be charged to pay duty according to the number, measure, or weight thereof, such number, measure, or weight slinll bt> stated In the entry ; and if the goods in such entry be charged tn pay duty according to the value thereof, such value shall be stated in the entry, and shall be allirmed by the declaration of the Importer or his known agent, written upon the entry, and attested by his signature; and if the goods in sucit entry be chargeable at the opticui of the ollicers of customs, either according to the number, measure, or weight thereof, or according to the value thereof, then as well such number, measure, or weight, ns also such value, shall be in like manner stated in the entry, and attested ; and if any person make such declaration, not being the Importer or proprietor of such goods, nor his agent duly authorised by him, such person shall forfeit the sum of lOOt. ; and such declaration shall be made in manner and form following, and shall be binding upon the person by or in behalf of whom the same shall be made ; (that is to say,) " I A. B. of [place ofabode'j do hereby declare, that I am [the importer or authorised by the importer] of the goods contained in this entry, and that I enter the same [stating which, if part only] at the sum of . Witness my hand the day of . Oooda undereulued, Officers may detain.— \t upon examination it shall appear to the offlccrs of the customs that such goods are not valued according to the true value thereof, it shall be lawful for such otficers to detain and secure such goods, and (within 5 days from the landing thereof if it be in the ports of London, Leith, or Dublin, or within 7 days if in any other port in the United Kingdom, or if in any port in the Isle of Man,) to take such goods for the use of the Crown ; and if a different rate of duty shall he charged upon nny goods according as the value of the same shall be described in the entry to he above or to be below any particular price or sum, and such goods shall be valued in tho entry so ns to be liable to the lower rate of duty, and it shall appear to the oflicers of the customs that such goods, by reason of their real value, are properly liable to the higher rate of duty, it shall be lawful for such otficers in like manner to take such goods for the use of tlie Crown ; and the commis- sioners of his Majesty's customs shall thereupon in any of such cases cause the amount of such valua- tion, together with an addition of 10/. per cent, thereon, and also the duties paid upon such entry, to be paid to the Importer or proprietor of such goods in full satisfaction for the same, and shall dispose of such goods for the benefit of the Crown ; and if the produce of such sale shall exceed the sums so paid and all charges incurred by the Crown, one moiety of the overplus shall be given to the officer or officers who had detained and taken the goods ; and the money retained for the benefit of the Crown shall be paid into the hands of the collector of the customs, with tlie linowledge of the comptroller, and carried to accimnt as duties of customs. — ( 32. East India Company to sell Ooods.— The value of goods imported by the East India Company shall be ascertained at the gross price at which the same shall have been sold by auction at the public sales of the said Company ; and that the said Company shall fairly and openly expose to sale and cause to be sold all such goods so charged to pay duty according to tlie value thereof by way of public auction in the city of London, within 3 years from the importation thereof, and shall give due notice at the Custom-house in London to the officers appointed to attend such sales of the time and place thereof. — >23. Bill of Sigkt ^f Ooodt be not known.— If the importer of any goods, or his agent after full conference with him, shall declare before the collector or comptroller that he cannot for want of full information I I make a thereof, p.irk:ig.. thereiipi ■ III li iiii| so l;iri(le Whiili hI purport sorts thf proviMioi reqiiireil thiTi'iif. [| shill bay to l(e p.iy in virliie e\i- I lb sb.'ill liii t^ witblii I I tlii-rcoii, f w.ir.'hiiiiH siii'h as )' (•ayinent o -a:,. /■:ast fiiii out iiiakln m:iiiiier as also any g, Cunipanv, goodn wild piy I be (III if SIK ll g,,| tVoiii the sa or weight t the iiiipnrti f iii-h giiodri ctlHtoiii.i sh: been duly p for aiiv (I'tht port oi' |,,„|, •■ioiit seciiri like con(liii( niid the payi warelioiiHe' i Company m; In drfiiUi aforesaid, or respeciively siii-h gooilH i duti».s, ((,r f, of all charge to the propri (idods l(ini have been I; parcel corire as well all si things roriiai A'ii,«< I ml in hands of Hi,' arcoiinl of tl said receivi of the colliici biiii as rash. - Ouods dam measure, or during the v received ; pri or of any otli nf^er the gooi till) Uniled Ki first cxaininai Officers to .. tniiis slinll the tion of damaa ab.itcnient of importer be n two indiirerci "ame, and sh judgment, sue of the customi by such inercl A*i» Mateme received by ar Pi-'ppcr, ciirrat Returned Oi of any coiintr' from the Unitt exportation th account the sa date of the ex| J IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION. K-lthIn H Kdiiilii, «r line ; niid vny mi' h |{R(l,Witll Ktoniii to KooiU, to K Uii! line coiivcyoii • expireil, I! proiliira uvurpUiM, nl of duty, [\w inklnil r i)r comp- line of tlio iin wh^nco ireli a dcrlnrntinn In tlip inifh thfrc'if, II niinll he lawful for thu cnllri lor and rniiiptrolli'r In n-ii'ivi' an ciilry by bill . r miuIiI ("I'r llm p:\i'k:i|(>'it or jmri'flii of «uih uooiN liy thr Ill-Ill ili'mripilim ivlilch run In- vivni. imil lo Brum ii wiirrnnt thiTi'iipun, in onli-r thai the saiiii- may \w proviMinnally laiiilnl, iiml mu) In- kitii iiihI i'ViiiiiikcI by sm li iniporler, in prenenri' of the propi'r (ilhiiTH ; ami williJii ;i ilam iillir any g mh|. uliall have liieil pii laiiileil, the iinpiirter Hhall make a full or piTlt'il entry llnrenf. ami Kliall enlirr pay iImw n :ill iliitii'S whK'li Hhall he due and paynlilv upon siirh koihIm, or Hliall duly wiiri'lioiise iIh' Haine, ^irinriliiii! lo the purport of Ihn full or perfect entry or untrieH so nnide fur hihIi giiiiijn, or for ihe xi'Vi'ral parlH or ■iirm thereof: provided alwayH, that if, when full or perfei I entry he at any time iniiile I'.ir any Komls provlKlonally liinned ns aforciiaiil by hill ofiiJKh'., Hiirh entry nliall nut he made In manner lirri'iii-lii'lure rei|iiireil for the due lamliiig of gooiU, mieh khoiI.h hIiiII he ileenii'il lo he nooilri lamleil wllliiinl ilne entry thereipf, and shall be siilijeet lo the like riirreltiire aerorilinilly : priiviileil aUo, that H'aiiy ^'iiiii of money sli'iM have heeii depoHiieil upon any entry hy lull of kikIii, on iicniiinl of the iliitle-i whn li may he foimil to lie payalili* on the Kooilii inlemleil therein, it Hhall lie lawful for Ihi' ntlieerK ol'the i'iihImiiin lo deliver, in virtiii' of the warrant for lamllng the saiiiu, any i|nuiillty ol goods the duty on uhlih Hhall not cxeeeil the mim so depoHlted. — J '21. (iiiids In he taken to Kind's H'iirehnui>e.—\t\ default of perf Tt entry within such 3 dav», cmh (rood* shall \»: laken to thi; kind's warehoiiHi> hy the olliiers of the riisliiniH ; and if the lm|iortrr i d in the manner before mentioned. — J '20. In drfmitt I'lf Huiiment of Duties, dooih lo be aolit.—h\ default of perfect entry within 3 months as aforesaid, or of diio entry and payment of duty within the limes and in the manner herein-before respectively required, it siiall he lawful for Ihe commissioners of his Majesty's customs lo cause any such goods in n-spect of wliich such default shall have been made to ho sold for ihe payment of such diiln's, (or for exportation, if thi'y ho such as cannot be entered fur home use,) and for Ihn payment of all charges incurred hy the Crown in respect uf such goods ; and tlie overplus, if any, shall be paid to the proprietor thereof — i '27. Onodn taniled by Bill of Siirht fraudulently eowenUd, forfeited.— y^hp.n any package or parcel shall have been landed hy bill of sight, and any goods or other things shall be found in such package or parcel concealed in any way, or packed with intent to deceive the officers of his Majesty's customs, as well all such goods and other things as Ihe package or parcel in which they are found, and all other thiniis contained in such packacc or parcel, shall be forfeited. — i 38. Kii.it India Company lo pay Dutie.n to Beeciner-gencral. — The East India Company shall pay into the hands of the receiver- general of the cusloms every sum of money due from the said Company on account of the duties of customs at the respective times when the same shall become due; and the said receiver- general shall give to the said Company a recept for Ihe monies so paid, on the account nf the collectur of the customs, which receipt, when delivered to such collector, shull be received by him as cash. — { 29. Ooodi damitscd on Voyage. — Any goods which are rated to pay duly according to the number, measure, or weight thereof (except certain goods herein-after inenlinned) shall receive damage during the voyage, an abatement of such duties shall he allowed in proportion lo the damage so received ; provided proof be made to the satisfaction of the commissioners of ills Majesty's cusloms, or of any olhcers of customs acting therein under their directions, that such damage was received after the goods were shipped abroad in the siiip importing the same, and before they were landed in the United Kingilnni ; and provided claim to such an abatement uf duties be made at the time of the first examination of such goods. — } 30. Officers to examine Damage, and state Proportion, or choose tteo Merchants. — The officers of the cus- toms shall thereupon examine such goods with reference to such damage, and may slate the propor- tion of damage which, in their opinion, such goods have so received, and may make a proportionate abatement of duties; but if Ihe officers of customs be incompetent to estimate such damage, or if the importer he not satisfied with the abatement made by them, the collector and comptroller shall choose two indilfercnt merchants experienced in the nature and value of such goods, who shall examine the same, and shall make and subscribe n declaration, stating in what proportion, according to their judgment, such goods are lessened in their value by reason of such damage, and thereupon the officers of the customs may make an abatement uf the duties according to the proportion of damage so declared by such tnerchanla. — { 31. ^^o Matement for certain Ooods. — No abatement of duties shall be made on account of any damage received by any of the sorts of goods herein-ancr enumerated ; (that is to say,) cocoa, cotfee, oranges, pepper, currants, raisins, figs, tobacco, lemons, and wine. — i 32. Returned Ooods — It shall be lawful to re-iinport into the United Kingdom from any place, in a ship of any country, any goods (except as herein-afier excepted) which shall have been legally exported from the United Kingdom, and to enter the same by bill of store, referring to the entry outwards, and exportation thereof, provided the property in such goods continue in the person by whom or on whose account the same have been exported, and that such re-impurtation take place within 6 years from the date of the exportation; and if the goods so returned be foreign goods, which had before been legalljr IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION.' ImporlAd into ihn 1Inltinn ni wniilil, nt lhr whirl) •iirh K"'"!* hnit hi>i>n (irlHliinlly Itiiporli'il. or finch kooiIh iiiay h« wiir«hiiii«i>il iti Ihti Itkit i|iioriili>il or ilniirrMii-il In thHTiiiiiit lollowlnn ahnll not h<> ru-iniptirlfil Into lhi< llnltHil KInKihini lor hoiiin iihi- upon Ihi; vroinid thiil the Kiinic hnd hi'i kIkiII hi> ili't'nii'il lo hn fiiri'lun irooilii, wlirthnr nrlglnnliy mirh or not, and ihiill uliu bu deumuil lu be liii|Mirtud for the Drat tliiiu into the llnltiid Kingdom ; (ihut la tu any,) A Tali' "f QoaU OfOrttd vMch may niil ht n-impnrltd for Hmu I'H. All onkIi f'lr wlilch hill nl ilitn unnol ba Ixuni hlinuner twrrin- ftttrr 'lirt*rtpnit (if (he Cftni- II *. I'll, ft of iiii Mijiii)'! ctuUiiiw, Auil ou ra|Niyiiicut ot auih b iM)lry nnii clitiirnnrii oulwnrda nnd to the ri'liirn iiiwarda of ilii> iiaiiii!, with tlio niarka and niinihera of ihn parkaifi-a, liolli inwnrda and oiit- warda ; and lliiTi'iipon lhi> Rrnrilii'r, flndiiiK that aiich ((ooda had Iiimmi li'ifally v\porloil, ahnll grant a hill of Htoru fur Ihi- aatni! ; nnd if llii! p<>raon in whoaii naiiio aiirh Kiioda wvrt' i'nti>r«d for wna vnipliiyi!!! na aiich aviini : and if thn pi-raoti to whom aiirh returnrd Ifooda art! coiixiKiiiMl ahall not be aiii.h proprietor nnd exportpr, Iir ahnll niaku and aiiliarrihe n derlnra- lion on aiirh hill of atorc of the nnmu of Ihu pi^raon for wIionu iiae aiirli Kooda havii hern coiialgned lo him; nnd the rent proprietor, anrcrlained to hit aiich, Hliall innke and aiiliricnho n di'ilaration upon aiirh hill of atnre, to the idcntily of the Rooda ao exported nnd ao returned, nnd thnt he waa HI the lime of ex|iortnlioii and of ri--iniporlntlon the proprietor of audi gooda, and Hint the aaiiie had not during niich time hern Hold or diapnaed of lo nny other peraon ; and aiicii declaration ahall he made before thii rollei'tora or coiiiptrolli'rH nt the jmrta of e.xporlulioii and of importation reHpeciivcly ; nnd thereupon the rollertor and compirollor ahall admit auch gouda to entry by bill uf atore, and grant thuir warrant nci-ordinKly— J 31. Surplu.i Storrt siihjrct im Oooili. — The BurpliiR stores of every alilp nrriving from pnrta beyond the aeaa, in the United Kingdom or In the lahi of Mnn, ahnll bu aiih]ec.t to the annie diitiea, nnd the aame proliibitioiia, realrictlonn, nml regulatioiia, na the like aortaof gooda ahall be aubject to when imported hy way of merrliniidiKe ; but if it ahall appear to the collector nnd comptroller that the qunnlity or deai'riptlon of aiirli alorea is not exreaaivu or iniaiiitable, under nil the rircunitftancea of the voyage, it Nliall be Inwful fur them lo permit auch aurpliia atorea to he entered f UntlHil ii'c, Imt Itiut J bu deeiueil imA]in#r h«i»in- f'Mllt. tiy t|MTItl nil, aul h*il nul ported wera lu't urcount, /nril« mill to riU unil oiit- hitll Rrniil a ■ I'ximrullon iFK lh« niiina irli rt'HirnpJ III! n ilni'lnra- c'liiiiilKiieil in iriktiiin upon iH nt the tlnie 111 not iliirliiR iIb liitforu thii ml thi!r«iipoii huir warrant M bpyonil lh« anil thR Name hull iniporteil ic i|iinntily or ihi) voyage, It if tho matter, 118 stornii may ship, although gh poiseiilon tinv the vanie proper orticer ) from thence, migar, coffee, iiierica, or the ■clor or conip- voro taken on iiIm are of the c name of the il the number liii'h they are a rat ion before e Buch goods ■rein.— J 37. ig the produce master of the the hand and that oath hud (U the produce on before the ich sugar waa 38. ■d afl being the deliver to the )f Oood Hope, Jie produce of nch wine, and liall also make iccived by therein.— } 39. any goods of _ from the said ntinned) ; and cl hereafter to ays, that such luniervail any of the United duty shall not reign country, I 40. lall be entered master of the cate from the ;h goods were of the produce linatlonofthe iration before the collflflor or romplrolli-r, that surh rertiflralft W8« riTolvcd by him nt thn plarf whi'rf mirh gnodt W)>r« takrn on lionril, and that the goods so linpiirtiMl urn Ihi' aniiu! na iiin nii'iilloneil Ihrreln— f 41. 7'reinury may ptrviit Prgilure nf Colonial h'ukirtrt to be imporltil from 'iiitrntfy, Jj-r. — Il shnll b« lawful for thit l.ords Coinmlmiloiieri of his Miijeity's TriMimiry, when ami mi Imig nt Ihry ■hiill tee III, to permit nny good* the prniluce of ihti llrltUh iHmaeiialonH or tiaherles In Nurlh Anierlin, whirh ilmli Ivive liei-n leiinlly Iniporleil Into the Inland* of (Jiierniiey or Jenoy, dlrerl from mirli |ioii!ieiii>lon*, lo be imported Into the lliiitnd Kingdom for lioiiie utii direct from tlioitn Isliiiiilii, iimlcr iiui'li regiiliitioni ■■ the taid roiiimliaiunurs shall direct, any thing In tho law uf navigation to the rontrnry iiolwillistand- lag -* H. yimrh teitk Slant from Gutrn»ty, S[r. not to he piloted —No vennel nrrivins on the roa«t of England from (iiiernsey, Jemey, Alderney, Hark, or Miin, wholly hiileii with Htoiie the proiliiriuin I hereof, nlmll lie liable to be rondiicled or piloted by pilots appointed and lirenned by Hie eorponilion of Ihi! Trinity lloiiSK of Deptl'iird Htronil, any law, riistom, or iiniiKe to the I'onlrnry notwlllmliindlng — ) 4.'!. fiih, Brillth taking and turtng, and l.nbutert and Turboln, free nf Ituly on ImpurliilioD.— l'fvuh flnh of every kind of lirllisri taking, and imporled in llritiiih kIiIjis, nnd I'reiih iobiiU'rii anil liirlMiis, however taken or In wlinlever ship Imported, and cured fish or every kind, of llrilliih liikiiiE nnd nirlng, Imported in Hrilish ships, Hliall be Imporled free of all diitieH, nnd Hhiill not be deemed lo be inrliiileij in any clinrge of duty imposed by nny act herenfler to be iniiili' on ilie ImpMrtiillon of unoils iienerally : provided always, that before any cured Huh slinll be entered free of duty, iis being of nihIi taking and curing, the master of the ship Importing the same shall make and sulmi-ribn a derliirntlon before the collector or comptroller, thai such Huh was actually caught and taken in Uritlsh ships, and cured by the crews of such ships, or by his Majesty's subjerls.— J 44. Ctrt\fieale nf BMbir, Train Oil, if'c. Hri'inh rnlunini taking.— iMnre any blubber, train oil, spermaceti oil, head matter, or whale tins, shall be entered as being tiie produce of tiah or creatures living In thn sea taken and caught wholly by his Majesty's suhjerts usually residing In some part of his Majesty's dominions, and imported from soinc llritiHli posseHsion, the iiiNster of the xhip iniporting Ihe same Mliall deliver to the collector or comptroller a curtiDcate under Hie hnnil of the proper ollli er of such lirltisli possession where such goods were taken on board, (or if no hiicIi ollirer be residing there, tlicn a certiflcale under the hands of two principal inhabitants at the place of shipment,) notifying that oath had been made before him or them, by the shipper of such gooilM, that the Nuniu were the produce of fish or creatures living in the sea tnken wholly by llritlHli vessels owned nnd navlKated according to law; and such master shall also make and subscribe a declaration before the collector or comptroller, that such certihcate was received by him at the place where such goods were taken on board, and that thn goods so Imported ore the same as mentioned therein i and the Importer of such goods shall also make and subscribe a declaration before the collector or comptroller, at the time of entry, that to the best of his knowledge and belief tho same were the produce of fish or creatures living in the leu taken wholly by llritisli vessels in manner at'oresnid.— } 4.^. Before entry of Blubber, i1(-c. <>/ British JUIiing, Master and Importer to make Deelaration of Ihe same. — Defore any blubber, train oil, spermaceti oil, head matter, or whale tins, imporled direct from the fishery, shall be entered as being the produce of fish or creatures living in the sea taken and caught wholly by the crews of ships cleared out from the United Kingdom, or from one of the Inlanils of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, 8ark, or Man, the master of Ihe ship inipnrllng such goods shall make nnd subscribe a dei'luratlon, and the importer of sinli gomls (lo the beet of Ins knowledce and belief) shall make and subscribe a declaration, that the same are the produce of fish or creatures living in the sea tnken and caught wholly by the crew of such ship, or by tlie crew of some other sliip (naiiiiiig the ■hip) cleared out from the United Kingdom, or from one c-f the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Hark, or Man (stating which).— $ 46. Blubber from Greenland may be boiled, and entered at Oil imported, and be eiported at iiieh.—\t shall be lawful upon tho return of any ship from the Urccnland seas or Unvis's Htraits to the United King- dom with any blubber, being the produce of whales or other creatures living in the sen, for the importers thereof to cause the same to be boiled into oil at the port of importation, under the care and inspection of the proper officers of tho customs ; and the oil so produced shall be admitted to entry, and the duties be paid thernon, as If imported in that state, and such oil siiall not afterwards, if the same come to be exported, be subject lo duty uf exportation as a manufacture of the United Kingdom. —J 47. Importation direct.— Tio goods shall be deemed to be imported from nny particular place unless they be imported direct from such place, and shall have been there laden on board the importing ship, either as the flrst shipment of such goods, or after tlie same shall have been actually landed ut lucli place.—} 48. Salvor may tell Goods svficient to defray Salvage.— It shall be lawful for the owner or snivnr of nny property liable to the payment of duly saved from sea, and in respect of which any sum shall have been awarded under any law at the time in force, or in respect uf wliicli nny sum shall have been paid or agreed to be paid by the owner thereof or his agent, to the salvors, to defray the salvnge of^the same, to sell so much of the property so saved as will be suHicient to defray the 'salvage so awarded, or such other sum so paid or agreed to bo paid ; and upon the production of an award made in execu- tion of any such law to the commissioners of customs, or upon proof to tho satisfaction of the said commissioners that such sum of money has been paid, or has been agreed to be paid, the said commis- sioners are hereby empowered and required to allow the sale of such property aforesaid, free from the payment of all duties, to the amount of such sum so awarded, paid, or agreed lo be paid, or to the amount of such other sum as to tho said commissioners shall seem Just and reasonable: provided always, that if such owner or salvor shall be dissatisfied with any determination of the said commis- sioners as to the amount of such property to be sold duty free, it shall be lawful for such owner or salvor to refer any such determination of the said commissioners to tlie judgment and revision of the High Court of Admiralty ; and in that case such sale shall be suspended until the decision of such court shall have been had thereon. — } 49. Foreign Goods derelict, Sfc. to be subject to same Duties as on Importation. — All foreign goods, derelict, jetsam, flotsam, and wreck, brought or coming into the United Kingdom or into the Isle of Man, shall at all times be subject to the same duties as goods of the like kind imported into the United Kingdom respectively arc subject to: provided always, tliat if, for ascertaining the proper amount of duty so payable, any question shall arise as to the origin of any such goods, the same shall be deemed to be of the growth, produce, or manufacture of such country or place as the commissioners of customs shall upon investigation by them determine : provided also, that if any such goods be of such sorts as are entitled to allowance for damage, such allowance shall be made under such regulations and con- ditions as the said commissioners shall from time to time direct : provided also, that all such goods as cannot be sold for the amount of duty due thereon shall be delivered over to the lord of the manor or other person entitled to receive the same, and shall be deemed to be uncnumerated goods, and shall be liable to and be charged with duty accordingly. — } 50. Persons having such Goods in Possession, without JVotice, liable to a Penalty of lOOl. — If nny person shall have possession of any such goods, either on land or within any port in the United Kingdom, and (ball not give notice thereof to the proper officer of tlie custoina witliiu %i hours after such pusseBsiuu, S f 10 IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION. or shnll not on demand pay the diitica due thereon, or deliver the Bnme into (he custody of tlie proper officer of the ciistomn, Hiich person shall forfeit the gum of 101)/. ; and if any person shnll remove or alter in quantity or quality any such i{oods, or shall open or alter any package containing any such goods, or shall cause any such act to be done, or assist therein, before such goods shall be deposited in a warehouse in the custody of the officers of the customs, every such person shall forfeit the sum of lOOJ. ; and in defiiult of the payment of the duties on such goods within 18 months from the lime when the same were so deposited, the same may be sold in like manner and for the like purposes as goods imported may in such default be sold : provided always, that any lord of the manor having by law just claim to such goods, or if there he no such lord of the manor, then the person having posses- sion of the s!inie, shall be at liberty to retain the same in his own custody, giving bond, withSsiitKcicnt sureties, to be approved by the proper ollicer of the customs, in treble the value of siioh goods, for the payment of the duties thereon at tlie end of 1 year and 1 day, or to deliver such goods to the proper officer of the customs in the same state and condition as the same were in at the time of taking pos- session thereof. — J 51. Oiiods umlcr Eirise Permit Regnlationn. — No goods which are subject to any regulations of excise shall be taken or delivered out of the charge of tlie officers of customs, (although the same may have been duly entered with them, and the full duties due thereon may have been paid,) until such goods shall also have been duly entered with the officers of excise, and permit granted by them for delivery of the same, nor unless such permit shall correspond in all particulars with the worrant of the officers of the customs : provided always, that such entry shall not be received l)y the officers of the e.xcise, nor such permit granted by them, until a certihcate shall have been produced to them of the particu- lars of the goods, and of the warrant for the same, under the hand of the officers of the customs who shall have the charge of the goods : provided also, that if upon any occasion it shall appear necessary, it shall be lawful for the proper officers of e.^iciae to attend the delivery of such goodn by the officers of the customs, and to require that such goods shall be delivered only in their presence ; and it shall be lawful for such officers of excise to count, measure, gauge, or weigh any such goods, and fully to examine the same, and to proceed in all respects relating to such goods in such manner as they shall be authorised or required by any act for the time being in force relating to the excise. — } bl. Commissioners of Customs may direct certain Goods to be stamped. — The commissioners of customs are hereby authorised, ofler any goods have been entered at the Custom-house, and before the same shall be discharged by the oliicers, and delivered into the custody of the importer or liis agent, to mark or stamp such goods in such manner and form as they nay deem fit and proper for the security of the revciiue, and by such officer as they shall direct and oppoint for that purpose. — } 53. Orders for stamping Ooods to ie published. — Every order made by the said commissioners of his Majesty's customs in respect of marking or stamping any goods shall be published in the London Oa- lette and Dublin Oazette — } 54. Penulty'iQGl. on forging such Stamps. — If any person or persons shall at anytime forge or counterfeit any mark or stamp to resemble any mark or stamp which shall be provided and used for the purposes of this act, or shall forge or counterfeit the impression of any such mark or stamp, or shall sell or expose to sale, or have in his, her, or their custody or possession, any goods with a counterfeit mark or stamp, knowing the same to be counterfeit, or shall use or affix any such mark or stamp to any other goods required to be stamped as aforesaid other than that to which the same was originally affixed, all and every such offender or offenders, and his, her, or their aiders, abettors, and assistants, shall for every such ofl'ence forfeit and pay the sum of 200/. — }55. Tiiiie.'i and Places for landing Goods. — No goods whatever (e.vcopt diamonds, bullion, fresh fish of Dritlsh taking and impr.rtcd in liritish ships, and tiirbots and lobsters,) shall he unshipped from any ship arriving from parts beyond the seas, or landed or put on shore, but only on days not being Sun- days or holidays, and in the day-time, (that is to say,) from the first day of September until tlie last day of March between sun- rising and sun-setting, and from the last day of March to the first day of Seiitember between the hours of 7 o'clock in tlie morning and 4 o'clock in the afternoon ; nor shall any goods, except as aforesaid, be so unshipped or landed unless in the presence or with the authority of the proper officer of the customs; and such goods,e.xcept as aforesaid, shall be landed at one of the legal quays appointed by his Majesty for the landing of goods, or at some wharf, quay, or place appointed by the commissioners of the customs for the landing of goods by sufferance; and no goods, except as aforesaid, after having been unshipped shall be transhipped, or'aAer having been put into any boat or craft to be landed shall be removed into any otlier boat or craft previously to their being duly landed, without the permission or authority of the proper officer of the customs. — J 56. Ooods to be unshipped, *c. ot the Expense of Importer. — The unshipping, carrying, and landing of all goods, and the bringingof the same to the jiroper place after landing, for examination or for weighing, uiiil the putting of the same into the scales, and tlie taking of the same out of and from the scales after weichins, shall be performed by or at the expense of the importer. — } 57. Prnlnhiiions and Hestrictions absolute or modified. — The several sorts of goods enumerated or described In the Table following, denominated "A l.i'-le of Prohibitions and Restrictions inwards," shall either be absolutely prohibited to be imported into the United Kingdom, or sliall be imported only under the restrictions mentioned in such Table, c.i:cording as the several sorts of such goods are respectively set forth therein ; (that is to say,) A Table of PnoiiiniTioNs and Restbictions iNwAnDs. M List of Goods absolutely Amu, ammunition, and utensils of war, by way of merchandise, except l>y licence from his Majesty, for furni:»hing Itis Mijes- ty*s public stores only. Beef, fresh or conieit or slightly salted. iiooks; viz. tirat cont|x,9ed or written or printed in the United Kinicilniii, and printed or reprinted in any other country, imported for sale, except books not reprinted in the Unitei Kingiloni within 20 years; or l)eing p.irts of colleclions, the greater parts of which liad been composed or written abntad. Cattle, great. Clocks and watches of any metal, impressed with any mark or stamp appearing to be or to represent any legal British assay mark or stamp, or pur))orling by any mark or appearance to be of the manufacture of the United Kitigdom, or not having the liame and place of abode of some foreign maker abrxjad visible prohibited to be imported. on the frame and also on the face, or not being in a complete state, with all ihe parts properly tixed in the case. Coin; viz. I'alse money, or cnuuteifeit sterling. silver, f.f the 'fal'm, or any money pur|K)rting to be such, not beins[ of the established standard 'in weight or fineness. Fish of foreign taking or curing, or in foreign vessels; except turbots and I'ujcters, stock-fish, live eels, anchovies, sturgeon, botargo, and caviare. Gunpowder; except by licence fmm bis Majesty, such licence to t>e granted for the funiishiiig his Majeitty's stores only. I.amh, malt, nmtloii, pork (fresh or corned or slightly salted), sheep* Snuft work. Spirits from Ihe Isle of Man. Swine. Tobacco stalks stripped from Ihe leaf, whether manufactured or not Tobacco stalk flour. List of Ooods subject to certain Restrictions on Importation. China, goods from, unless by the East InHia Company, aud into the port of I.oiidnn, during the continuance of their exclusive privileges of trade/' fcut India ; goods of places within the limits of the East India Com- pany's charter, unless into such ports as shall be approved of ly the Lords of the Treasury, and declared by order in council to be fil and proper for lucb importation. Gloves of tealherj unless in ships of 70 tons or upwards, and in paok* ages contaming 100 dozen (lairs of such gloves. Hides, skins, horns, or hoofs, or any other part of cattle or beast, hia Majesty may tiy order in council prohibit, in order to prevent any contagious distemper. Parts of articles; viz. any distinct or separate part of any article not acconip.aoied by the other part or all Ibe other parti of sudi I « IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION. 11 tlie proper remove or i; any such I deposited L'it the sum Ti the time lUrposes as havinR by ing poxses- i2siitticicnt ods, for the the proper laking pos- ts of excise e may liave I goods shall delivery of the officers ■ the excise, Ihe particu- ustoms who r necessary, the oHicers and it shall and fully to IS they shall sa. customs are e same shall , to mark or curity of the oners of his I London Oa- )r counterfeit the purposes r shall sell or iterfeit mark stamp to any ,iis originally nd assistants, fresh fish of ped from any )t being Sun- until tlie last le first day of on ; nor shall the authority I at one of the uay, or place and no goods, been put into 1(1 their being I 56. landing of all for weighing, »e scales after I or deicribed shall either (\\y under the espectively set leing in a complete the caw. in(? to be such, not : or fineuesi. iseU; except turboU slurgeoii, bolargo, , such licence to be [ires only. ■htly sailed), «he«p. auufactured or not iwarils, and in pack' oves. if cattle or be«l, niJ , in onler to prevent irl of any article not other parti of tucb article, no at to be complete and perfect, if nch article be lub- jecl to (tiity icportinir to Ihe value therenf. Silk ; maniifnclurea of iilk. nein< the nianufactures of Europe, unleu into Ihe port of {.oiidon, or in(o (he port of lliililin direct from B<)nlraux, or into the port of Uover direct from CaUii, and uiileas inashiporvesMi of 70 tons or iipwards.or into the port of Dover in a vesstd of the bnrden iindon, during (he continuance of 'heir exclusive privileges of (rade. Tobacco ^iid siiutl'j viz. unless in a ship of the burden of 120 tons or ujiwards. tobacco of and imported from the state of Colombia, and made up in rolls, unless in packages containing at least 320lbt. weight of such rolls, segars, unless in packages containing 100 Ihs. weight of segara. all other tobacco and snulf, unless in hossheads, casks, cheats, or cases, each of v\ hich shall contain of nett totjacco or siiulV at least 100 His. n-eight if from the East Indies, or 450 lbs. weight if from any other place, and not packed in bags or packases Tobacco and snulT— confintied within any such hogshead, cask, chest, or case, nor separated nor divided in any manner whatever, except tobacco of (he dominions of the 'Purkish empire, which may he parked in inwani \>xi9 or (.ackages, or separated or divided in any man- ner within ttie nutvvard package, provided such outward pack* age be a hogshead, cask, ches(, or case, and contain 450 lbs. nett at least. and unless (he particular weight of tobacco or snufT in each hogs- head, c-jk, chest, or case, with the (are of the same, be marked thereon. and unless into the ports of I»ndon, Liverpool. Bristol, fjSncaster, fcwes, Falmouth, Whitehaven. Hull, Port (J!:ising for the warehousing of goods, without payment of duty at the time of the first entry thereof, or notwithstanding that such goods may be prohibited to be imported into the United Kingdom to be used therein, except the several sorts of goods enumerated or described in manner fol- lowing; (that is to say,) goods prohiliited on account of the package in which they are contained, or the tonnage of the ship in which they are laden ; tea and gootls from China in other than Dritish ships, or by other persons than the East India Company during the continuance of their exclusive privileges of trade; gunpowder, arms, ammunition, or utensils of war; dried or salted fish, not being stock-fish; Infected hides, skins, horns, hoofs, or any other part of any cattle or beast; counterfeit coin or tokens; books first composed or written or printed and published in the United Kingdom, and reprinted in any other country or place ; copies of prints first engraved, etched, drawn, or designed in the United King- dom ; copies of casts of sculptures or models first made in the United Kingdom ; clocks or watches, being such as are prohibited to be imported for home use. — i 59. Ooods to be entered to be warehoused for Exportation only. — If by reason of the sort of any goods, or of the place from whence, or the country, or navigation of the ship in which any goods have been imported, they be such or be so imported as that they may not be used in the United Kingdom, they shall not be entered except to be warehoused, and it shall be declared upon the entry of such goods that they are entered to be warehoused for exportation only. — i 60. Entry Outwards. " Ooods not to be shipped till Entry of Ship and Entry of Ooods, and Cocket granted ; nor till cleared. — No goods shall be shipped, or waterborne to be shipped, on board any ship in any port or place in Ihe United Kingdom or in the Isle of Man, to be carried to parts beyond the seas, before the entry out- wards of such ship and due entry of such goods shall have been made, and cocket granted, nor before such goods shall have been duly cleared for shipment in manner herein-after directed ; and no stores shall be shipped for the use of any such ship bound to parts beyond the seas, nor shall any goods be deemed or admitted to be such stores, except such as shall be borne upon the victualling bill duljr granted for such ship; and no goods shall be so shipped, or waterborne to be so shipped, except at such times and places, and in such manner, and by such persons, and under the care of such oflicers, as is and are herein-after directed ; and all goods and stores which shall be shipped, or be waterborne to be shipped contrary hereto shall he forfeited.—} 61. Ships to be cleared, or Master to forfeit 100/. — No ship on board of which any goods or stores shall have been shipped in any port in the United Kingdom or in the Isle of Man, for parts beyond the seas, shall depart from such port until such ship shall have been duly cleared outwards for her intended voyage, in manner herein-after directed, under forfeiture of the sum of 100/. by the lutister of such ship.—} 62. f^ictuulling Bill for Stores.— The master of every ship which is to depart from any port in the United Kingdom or in the Isle of Man, for parts beyond the seas, shall, upon due application made by him, receive from Ihe searcher a victualling bill for the shipment of such stores as he shall require, and as shall be allowed by the collector and comptroller, for the use of such ship, according to the voyage upon which she is about to depart ; and no articles taken on board any ship shall be deemed to be stores except such as shall be borne upon the victualling bill for the same.—} 63. Master to deliver Certificate of Clearance of last f^oyage, and to make Entry OuttnarJs. — The master of every ship in which any goods are to he exported from the United Kingdom or from the Isle of Man to parts beyond the seas shall, before any goods be taken on board, deliver to the collector or comp- troller a certificate from the proper oflicer of the clearance inwards or coastwise of such ship of her last voyage, specifying what goods, if any, have been reported inwards for exportation, and shall also deliver to the collector or comptroller an account, signed by the master or his agent, of the entry out- wards of such ship for her intended voyage, setting forth the name and tonnage of the ship, the name of the place to which she belongs if a British ship, or of the country if a foreign ship, the name of the master, and the name or names of the place or places for which she is bound, if any goods are to ba shipped for the same, and the name of the place in such port ut which she is to take in her lading for such voyage ; and if such ship shall have commenced her lading at some other port, the master shall slate the name of any port at which any goods have been laden, and shall produce a certificate from the searcher that the cockets for such goods have been delivered to him; and the particulars of such account shall be written and arranged in such form and manner as the collector and comptroller shall require ; and such account shall be the entry outwards of such ship, and shall be entered in a book to be kept by the collector, for the information of all parties interested ; and if any goods be taken on board any ship before she shall have been entered outwards, the master shall forfeit the sum of ICC/. : provided always, that where it shall become necessary to lade any heavy goods on board any ship before the whole of the inward cargo is discharged, it shall be lawful for the collector and comptroller to issue a stitTening order for that purpose, previous to the entry outwards of the ship.—} 64. Bill of the Entry to be delivered. — The person entering outwards any goods to be exported to part* beyond the seas, or from any port in the United Kingdom or in the Isle of Man, shall deliver to tha collector or comptroller a bill of the entry thereof, fairly written in words at length, ezpresslng th« 12 IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION. name of the ship and of the master, and of the place to which the goods are to be exported, and of the person in whose name thB goods are to l)e entered, and the quantities and proper denominations or (lescriptions of the several sorts of goods, and shall pay down any duties which may be due upon the exportiition of any such goods ; and such pprson shall also deliver at the same time 1 or more dupli- cates ofsuch bill, in wlilch all sums and numbers may be expressed in figures ; and the particulars to be contained in such bill shall be written and arranged in the form and manner, and the number of iliiplicates shall he such as the collector and comptroller shall require ; and thereupon the collector and comptroller shall cause a cocket to be written for such goods, mulcirg it known that such goodi have been so entered; and every cocket shall be signed by such collector and comptroller, and be d(>liv(>red to, the person who shall have made such entry, and such person shall keep and be respon- sible for the proper use of the same. — i (iS. Ooods for Dratcback or Bounty. — If any drawback or bounty be allowable upon the exportation of any such goods, or any duty be payable thereon, or any exemption from duty claimed, or if any such goods be exportable only according to some particular rule or regulation, or under some restriction or condition, or for some particular purpose or destination, such goods shall be entered and cleared for shipment by such denominations or descriptions as are used, mentioned, or referred to in the granting of such drawback or bounty, or in the levying ofsuch duty, or granting such exemption, or in the directing ofsuch rules, regulations, restrictions, conditions, purpose, or destination ; and if the goodi in such entry are charged to pay duty according to the value thereof, such value shall be stated in the entry, and shall be aflirmed by the declaration of the exporter or his known agent, to be made upon the entry, and attested by his signature ; and if any person shall make such declaration, not being the exporter of such goods, nor his agent duly authorised by him, such person shall forfeit the sum of 100/. ; and such declaration shall be made in manner and form following, and shall be binding upon the per- son making the same ; (that is to say,) " I, A. B. of [place of abode] do hereby declare, that I am the exporter of the goods mentioned in this entry, [or, that I am duly authorised by him,] and I do enter the same at the value of . Witness my hand thT day of . jJ. B."— } 66. Ooods undervalued detained. — If upon examination it shall appear to the officers of the customs that snvh goods are not valued according to the true value thereof, the same may be detained, and (within UdaysXaken and disposed of for the benefit of the Crown, in like manner as is herein-befnre provided iti respect of goods imported, except that no sum in addition to the amount of the valuation and the duties paid shall be paid to the exporter or proprietor of the goods.—} 67. Fur Drawback, or from Warehouse, or Duties to be first paid. — The person intending to enter outwards nny foreign goods for drawback, at any other port than that at which the duties inwards on such goods had been paid, shall tiri,t deliver to the collector or comptroller of the port \rhere the duties on such goods were paid, 'i or more bills, as the case may require, of the particulars of the importation ofsuch lioods, and of the entry outwards intended to be made; and thereupon such collector and comptroller, finding such bills to agree with the entry inwards, shall write off such goods from the same, and shall issue a certificate of such entry, with such particulars thereof as shall be necessary for the computa- tion of the drawback allowable on such goods, and setting forth in such certificate the destination of the goods, and the person in whose name they are to be entered for exportation, and also the name of such other port ; and such certificate, together with 3 or more bills of the same, as the case may require, in which all sums and numbers may be expressed in figures, being delivered to the collector or comptroller of the port from which the goods are to be exported, shall be the entry outwards ofsuch goods ; and such collector and comptroller shall thereupon cause a cocket to be written and delivered for such goods, in manner herein-before directed. — } 68. Coals Export Bond to hie of Man and British Possessions. — No cocket shall be granted for the exporta- tion of any coals to the Isle of Man, or to any British possession, until the exporter thereof shall have given security by bond in a penal sum of 40s. the chaldron, with condition that the same shall be landed at the place for which they shall be exported, or otherwise accounted for to the satisfaction of the commissioners of the customs ; and also with condition to produce (within such time as the said commissioners shall require, to be expressed in such bond,) a certificate of the landing of such coals at such place, under the hand of the collector or comptroller or other proper otticer at such place : provided always, that the bond bo to be given in respect of coals shall not be liable to any duty of stamps. — i 69. Cleakance of Goods. Packages to be indorsed on Cocket. — Before any part of the goods for which any cocket shall have been granted shall have been shipped or waterbnrne to be shipped, the same shall be duly cleared for shipment with the searcher ; and before any goods be cleared for shipment, the particulars of the goods for each clearance shall he indorsed on such cocket, together with the number and denomination or description of the respective packages containing the same; and in the margin of each such indort>e- nient shall be delineated the respective marks and numbers ofsuch packages; and to each such indorsement shall be sulijoined, in words at length, an account of the total quantities of each sort of goods intended in such indorsement, and the total number of each sort of package in which such goods are contained, distinguishing such goods, if any, as are to be cleared for any bounty or drawback of excise or customs, and also such goods, if any, as are subject to any duty on exportation, or entitled to any e.xemption from such duty, and also such goods, if any, as can only be exported by virtue of some particular order or authority, or under some particular restriction or condition, or for some par- ticular purpose or destination; and all goods shipped or waterborne to be shipped, not being duly cleared as aforesaid, shall be forfeited.—^ 70. Cocket indorsed, ^c. — The person clearing such goods for shipment shall upon each occasion produce the cocket so indorsed to the searcher, and shall also deliver a shipping bill or copy of such indorse- ment, referring by names and date to the cocket upon which such indorsement is made, and shall obtain the order of the searcher for the shipment of such goods; and the particulars to be contained in such indorsement and in such shipping bill shall be written and arranged in such form and manner as the collector and comptroller shall require. — } 71. Coals brought coastwise may be exported without landing. — If any coals shall have been brought coast- wise from one port of the United Kingdom to another, and the master shall be minded to proceed with such coals, or any part of them, to parts beyond the seas, it shall be lawful for such master to enter such ship and such coals outwards for the intended voyage, without first landing the coals intended for exportation, provided the officers of the customs shall be satisfied that the quantity of coals left on board does not exceed the quantity so entered outwards. — I) 72. Account of Value to be delivered to the Searcher. — Upon the clearance for shipment of any goods, the produce or manufacture of the United Kingdom, not liable to any export duty, an account, containing an accurate specification of the quantity, quality, and value ofsuch goods, together with a declaration to the truth of the same, signed by the exporter or his known agent, shall be delivered to the searcher by the person clearing such goods ; and if such declaration be false, the person signing the same shall forfeit the sum of 30l. ; and it shall be lawful for the searcher to call for the invoice, bills of parcels, and such other documents relating to the goods, as he may tliink necessary fur ascertaining the true vnltic off] riilinii licl'i till' slii|iiiii mire, a fiii fiiiliire wli (rlnlfL^ fl liiiii'ss the In form an liiive prnili ol' tlie olfii 111 hi' clniii evaiitliiali( ilfiriiiiii'iit. Mirli sliipn (ifficir of intend mid the siiiiie, t sole cliarjtt Gondsfii any dnty n oii the li before the ro or coniptroll demanded is In Im' claiMn'd ; ami if the poods to be cleared and shipped under the rare of the searehers shall, npiui t\aniinatinn,he Ibiind to correspond in all respects with the particulars of the pnods cnnlaii I'd in smh dnrnincMt. and such poods shall be duly shipped and exporled, the searcher shall, it' recpiiied, certify such shipment npnn .such document, and shall transmit the same to the nlVn er of excise. — /> 71. Oltirir iif y.jci.'r may atleiid Kraniinatiiin. — It shall he lawful for tin' ottii er nf excise, if he see tit, to altemi and assist at such examination, and to mark or seal the packaces. ami to k<'ep joint chaipe of the same, topether with the searcln r, \intil the same shall have been linally ilelivered liy hiin into the s(de char'pe of tlie searcher, to be shipped and exported under his care —(J 75. Giiiiil.i fur Duty, Hounty, or Drairbacli, ^-c. briiKirlit for Shipiiirnl- If any poods which are sniiject to any duty or rt^striction, in respect of exportation, or if any poods, which are to he shipped fur any drawhack or bounty, shall he broiipht to any quay, wharf, n'r other place, to he shipped for exportation, and sm-h poods shall not apree with the indorsenn-nt on the corket.or with the sliippinp hill, Ihe same shall he forfeited ; and if any poods prohibited to In; expnrted he finind in any packages brought as aforesaid, such packape and every thinp contained therein shall he fnrfi iled.— j 7i>. Searcher nioy open any Package; but if correct, iiiiiat rc/wcA-.— It shall he lawful for the searcher to open all packapes, and fully to examine all goods shipped or hronplit for shipnn'nt at any place in the Viiited Kinpdom or in the Isle of Man ; and if the ponds so examim'd shall 1m^ foninl to correspond in all respects with the cocket and clearance piirporlinp to he for the same, siuii pon.ls shall he repacked at the cliarpe of such searcher, who may be allowed such charge hy the commissioners of the customs, if they shall see lit so to do.—} 77. Clearance of Ship. Content to be delivered to Searcher, ^-c— Before any ship shall be cleared outwards at any port in the Ilnited Kingdom or in the Isle of Man, for parts beyond the seas, with any goods shippi'd on hoard the same in stich port, the master shall deliver a content of such ship to the searcher, setting forth the name and tonmape of such ship, and the place or places of her desiinalion.and the nann-nf the master, and also an account of Ihe goods shipped on board, and of the packages contaiiiinp such pci(ids,ainl of the marks and numbers upon such packages, and a like account of the pijnds on board, if any, which had been reported inwards for exportation in such ship, so far as any of sncli particulars can he kmiwn hy him ; and also, before the clearance of such ship, the cockets, with the indorseun'iils and chiarancea thereon for the goods shipped, shall he finally delivered hy the respective sliippers of such goods to the searcher, who shall file the same together, and shall attach with a seal a lahel to the lile. sliowing the number of cockets contained in the lile, and shall compare Ihe particulars of the poods in the cockets Willi llie particulars of the poods in such content, and shall attest the correctness thereof hy his signa- ture on the label, and on the content ; and the master of the ship shall make and sign a declaration before the collector or comptroller to the truth of such content, and shall also answer to the collector or comptroller such questions concerning the ship, the cargo, and the intended voyage, as shall be demanded of him; and thereupon the collector or coniplroller shall clear siicli ship for her intended voyage, and shall notify such clearance, and Ihe dale thereof, upon the content, and upon the lahel to the lile of cockets, uiid upon Ihe victualling bill, and also in the hook of ships' entries outwards, for the information of all parties interested, and shall transmit the content, and the cockets, and the vic- tualling liill to the searcher; and the particulars to be contained in sncli content shall be written and arranged in such form and manner as the ccdiector and comptroller shall require.—} 78. File of Cockets, iV"f- dclirercd to Ma.-'ler.—'l'lw. tile of cockcis and the viclnalling hill shall thereupon he delivered hy the searcher to the master of such ship, at such station within the port and in such manner as shall be appointed by the commissioners of his Majesty's customs for that purpose ; and such lile of cockets and viclnalling hill, so delivered, shall he ki^pt hy the master of such ship as the authority for departing ficnii the port with the several parcels and packapes of goods and of stores on hoard, so far as they shall agree with the particulars iu the indorsements on such cockets or with such victualling bill. — } 79. /« Ballast.-— 1( any ship is to depart in ballast from Ihe United KinL'ilom or from the Isle of Man for parts beyond the seas, having no goods on board except the stores of sm li ship borne upon the victual- ling bill, or any poods reported inwards for exportation in such ship, tlie master of such ship shall, before her departure, answer to the collector or coniplroller such questions touching her departure and destination as shall he demanded of him; and thereupon ths collector or comptroller shall clear such ship in ballast, and shall notify such clearance and the date thenof on the victualling hill, and also in the book of ships' entries outwards, for the information of all parties interested; and such victualling bill shall be kept hy the master of such ship as the clearance of the same.—} bO. Part of former Cargo reported for Kiportation. — If there be on hoard any ship any goods of the inward cargo which were reported for exportation in the sauie, the master shall, before clearance outwards of such ship from any port in the United Kingdom or in the Isle of Man, deliver to the searcher u copy of the report inwards of such goods, certified by the collector and comptroller; and such copy, being found to correspond with Ihe goods so remaining on hoard, shall be Ihe authority to the searcher to pass such ship with such goods on board ; and being signed hy the searcher, and filed with Ihe cockets, shall he the clearance of the ship for those goods. — } HI. If any Passengers, Master may enter Buggnge in his JVanie.— If any passengers are to depart in any ship from the United Kinpdoiii or from the Isle of Man for parts heyimd the seas, it shall he lawful for the master of such ship to pass an entry and to receive a cocket in his name for tlie necessary personal baggape of all such passengers, and duly to clear such baggage for shipment in their behalf, staling in such clearances the particulars of the packages and the names of the respective passengers; ami if such ship is to take no other goods than the necessary personal baggage of passengers actually going the voyage, it shall he lawful for such master to enter such ship outwards in ballast for passengers only ; and if no other goods than such baggage duly entered and cleared he taken on hoard such ship, the same shall be deemed to be a ship in ballast, notwithstanding such baggage, and shall he described in Ihe clearance, on the content, and on Ihe label to the cocket or cockets, and on the victualling hill, and in the book of ships' entries, as a ship cleared in ballast, except us to the necessary personal baggage of passengers going the voyage. — } 82. Master may enter Goods for private Use of Self and Crew.— If the master and crew of any foreign ship which is to depart in ballast from the United Kingdom for parts beyond the seas, shall he desirous to taRe on board chalk tubbiuh by way of ballast, or to take with them for their private use any Hinall Vol.- II.— U 14 IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION. qiianlilip* of cnnds of nrili.sli iniiinif;ictiir(\ It slinll bo lawful for siir.li master, willioiit nitrrins mirli ■hip niitwarcis, to pans an entry In IiIh natni>, and rc-i'iMvi- a cockvt frer of any )>xport iliity for all Hnrli IIooiIh, under iIh; Rcnoral deiioniiiiatlon of Dritisli MiannfacliireH not proliil)iliMl to Ix; oxporli^d, Uvmg for I lie iixoanci privilege of the inaHler and crew, and not lieinR of greater valu(! than In lli« proportion of 211/. for the master, and 10/. for llin mate, and .')/. for each of the rrew, and stalinif that the Hhip la in halla.st ; and the maHter shall dniy clear xnch Kood»i for Hhipmunt in hehalf of hlnnielf and crew, stalinc in such clearancen the particulars of thi- mxida ami pack!i|!e cleared as such, and withr>ut a content, iiotwilhsiandinL' such goods or 8uch cocket or cockels ; and such clearance shall be notified by the collec lor or i'.oiii|>lroller on the label to the cocket or cockets, and on the victualllug hill, and in the book of ships' entries, as a clear- ance in ballast, except as to the privilege of the master and crew.—} f*3. Officers tiinti bonnl any Ship after Clearance. — It shall he lawful for lluf otlicers of the cuslom.i to go on hoard any ship after clearance outwards, within the limits of any port in the I'uiled Kint'dom or in the Isle of Man, or within 4 leagues of the coast thereof, and to demand the tile of cockets and the victualling bill, and if there be any goods nr stores on board not contained in the indorsements on the vockets, nor in the victualling bill, such goods or stores shall be forfeiti^d ; and if any goods coiitaini'd in such indorsemi^nls be not on board, the master shall forfeit the sum of '.111/ fur every ptickage or parcel of goods contained in such indorsements ami not on board ; aiul if any cocket be tit any time I'alsilied, the person who r^hall have falsified the same, or who shall have wilfully used the same, shall fortt!it the sum of 1017.— J 84. Ships to brinf to at Stations. — Every ship departing from any port in the United Kingdom or in the Ish; of Man shall bring to at such stations within tlie port as shall be appointed liy the comniissiom'rs of his Majesty's cusl(uns for the landing of utticera from such ships, (jr for further examination previous to such departure.- { 85. Dedenture Goodh. Entry in JVame of reil Oirner. — No drawback or bounty shall be allowed upon the exportation from the United Kingdomof any goods, unless such goods shall have been entered in the name of the person who was the real owner thereof at the time of entry and shipping, or of the per.-ion who had actually purchased and shipped the same, in his own name ami at his own liability and risk, on ciunmission, accoriliiig to the practice of merchants, ami who was and shall have coMtliiiied to be entlilcd in his own right to such drawback or bounty, except in the cases heriMiiafler proviiled for. — i Ni. Dectiiniiion to Kiportotion, and to Property, and to Htislil to Druirlmrk or ilninily. — Such owner or coimoission nierchaiil shall make and subscribe a declaration upon the dcbenliire that the goods men- tioned therein have been actually exported, and have not been relandcd, ami tire not inlemleil to be relanded in any part of the United Kingdom, nor in the Isle of .Man (unless entered for the Isle of Man), nor in tlie islands of Faro or Kerro, and that he was the real owner thereof at the time of entry and shipping, or that he had puichascd and shippixl the said gooils in his own name ami at his own liability ami risk, on cnmmission, as the case may be, and that he was ami continueil to he entitliMl to the drawback or bounty thereon in his own right : provided always, tliat if such owner or merchant shall not have purchased the right to such drawback or bounty, he shall declare under his liaiid upon the entry and upon the debenture the person who is entitled thereto, ami the nanic^ of such person shall he stated in the cocket and in the debenture ; ami the receipt of such person on the debenture shall be the discharge for such drawback or bounty. — i 87. Jiirtnt mny pass Entry, and receive Drutr'hack, and make the Declaraliov, ^c. — If such owner or mer- chant shall be resident in some part of the United Kingdom, being more than 'JO miles frnm the custoni- Iiouse of the port of shipment, lie may appoint any person to he his agent to make and pass his entry, n:id to clear and ship his goods, and to receive for him the drawback or bounty payable on his deben- ture, if payalile to him, provided the name of sitch agent and the residence of smli owner or merchant lie subjoined to the name of such owner or merchant in the entry ami in the rocket I'nr such goods ; and sui h agent, being duly inrormed. shall make declaration upon the entry, if any be iioci^ssary, ami also upon the ilebenture, in behalf of such owner or merchant, to the etl'ect befori,' re(|uired of such owner or mi.'rchant, and shall answer such questions touching his knowledge of the exportation of such goods and the property therein, and of ihe right to the drawback or bounty, as shall he demaiuled of hi;ii by the collector or comptroller ; and if any such goods be exported l)y any corporation or ccuii- pany trading by a joint stock, it shall be lawful for them to appoint any person to hu their agent for the like purposes and with the like powers to act in their behalf. — J H.-^. Property of Persons abroad. — If any goods which are to be exported for drawback ho the property of any person resiiling abrriad. having been consigned by the owner tliereof to some person as his agent resiiling in the United Kingdom, to be exported through the same to parts beyond the seas, by sacli agent, upon account of such owner, it shall be lawful for such person (being the consigmie by wIkuii and in whose name the duties inwards on such goods had been paid, or his legal representative,) in like niaiitier, as agent for such owner, to enter, clear, and ship such goods for him, ami upon like con- ditions to receive for him the drawbacks payable thereon. — } 89. Sliipnient tcilhin 3 Years, and Payment leilhin 2 Years. — No drawback shall ho allowed tipon the exportation of any goods unless such goods he shipped within 3 years after tlie payment of the dutii:s inwards thereon, and no debenture for any drawback or bounty allowed upon the exportation of any goods shall he paid after the expiration of 2 years from the ilate of the shipment of such goods, and no drawback shall be allowed upon any goods which by reason of damage or decay shall have become of less value for home use than the amount of such drawback ; and all goods so damaged which shall be cleared for any drawback shall be forfeited, and the person who caused such goods to be so cleared shall forfeit the sum of 200/., or treble the amount of the drawback in such case, at the election of the coinmissioners of the customs. — } 90. Issidng and passing Debenture. — For the purpose of computing and poying any drawback or bounty payable upon any goods duly entered, shipped, and exported, a debenture shall, in due time after smii entry, be prepared by the collector and comptroller, certifying in the first instance the entry outwards of such goods ; and so soon as the same shall have been duly exported, and a notice cmitaining the particulars of the goods shall have been delivered by the exporter to the searcher, the shipment and exportation thereof shall be certified to the collector and comptroller, upon such debenture, by the searcher, and the debenture shall thereupon be computed and passed with all convenient despatch, and be delivered to the person entitled to receive the same. — i 91. Certificate of landing in Isle of Man. — No drawback or bounty shall he allowed for any goods exported from the United Kingdom to the Isle of Man, until n certificate shall he produced fnun the collector and comptroller of the customs of the Isle of Man of the due landing of such goods — J 92. Press-packing, and Declaration of Packer. — No drawback or bounty shall be allowed for any goods ex|iorted fr(un the United Kingdom in bales cleared as being press-packed, unless the (|uantities and qualities of the goods in each of such bal^s shall be verified by tiic master packer thereof, or, in case of unavoidable absence, by the foreman of such packer, having knowledge of the contents of the bales, by declaration made and subscribed UDon the cocket before the collector or comptroller; or it such packer res account ol packer sli:i opened ;ne /.irnisti! r be earned persiiii.uni mis-iidiiers sioher-i to I shall deem revoke the offence a;;; which sbal same hid I U'urelion ' house to li drawback ( part of the t uiiilerthec j carried to entered, cb together wi other ship, goods ; and or cleared, goods. — } (I; iJrowbiifl of ciislirins on biiaril sii titles of wi is to say,) fur every arin VIC!* — r:Mr — cnjil provided ah to siiy.) 1,11 Dublin, Corl Persons ei person cute declare on tl in which lie the port of s rare ; and si the dcbentui same.—} 97. Officers lei, shall leave t of any of ih another, as i from (Mie sb and it shall : such wine, a on board the of the propel Pursers of —It shall he ship at the p any tobacco which he sin a certificate hilonging to on the lobac otlicers of th Man.— } 99. Purser rem purser shall I of the port w the use of sii anil the port be lawful lor reinaiiis of a payment of il sliip, ill like iiieiilioned. o warehoused sinus of Ibis ; are not expre Qiiuiility oj ship of war I quantity be s rule of allow shall be siipp another, shal in order that each of such Times and place, or slnil and ill the du IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION. 15 piitprins Biich II y for all HiK'h xpiiriiMl, lii'iiig tliK |irc>|<(irli(iii lilt till! 8hi|i la •I'll" mill iTi:w, tlin cri'W who li:ill ht! (k'fimcd such )!'^"*''°* "f ilroller cribcd upon an nccimiit of such foods, before a miiL'islrale or justice of iin fur the county or place where such •1 1 jiackcr sb:ill reside ; and if such babs be not cleared as lifinir press-packed, then the searcher, having opined :iiiy such bale, shall not be rei|uired to repack Ihe same al his iliarL'e— f '.l.'t. /.trni.'/iil /.ii'liteniini, iVc— No tfooils cleared for drawback or boniily, or from Ihe warehouse, shall be carried waierborne. lo be pill on board any ship fur exporlalion Iriiiii the llniled Kincilom. by any persiiii,iiiili'ss such persons shall be authorised for that pur pose by licence under the hands of the coin- niissioners of llie cusloins ; ;ind before ifranlinir such licence, it shall he lawful for the said conimig- sioiiers lo rei|uire such seciirily by bond for the faithful and iiicorrupl cundiici of such person as lliey shall ileeiii nicissary ; and after uranlinir such licence il shall be lawful for llie said conimissioiiers to revoke the same, if the person lo wlnim Ihe same shall have been L'ranled shall be convicled of any olfence Uiiainsl liie laws relalinu lo llie cusloins or excise: provided always, that all such licences which shall be in lone al the* lime of Ihe comiiiencemenl of this act shall continue in force as if the same hid been afiei wards irraiiled under Ihe anlbority of Ibis acl.— J '.11. W a re h II line nr luiiniliirc (iiindu viil rijinrtcd.—M any gooils which have been taken from the ware- house |o lie exporled from the same, or any foods which have been cleared to be exported for any drawback or linunly, shall not be duly exported to parts beyond the seas, or shall be relanded in any part of the rmled Kiiiiiilom (such foods iiol liavine been duly ridanded or discharged as shorl-sliipped under the care of the proper ollicers), or shall be landed in the islands of Faro or I'erro, or shall be carried In any of the islands of tJuernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Sark, or M.an (not having been duly entered, cleared, and shipped to be exported directly to such island), Ihe same shall be forfeited, lofeiber with the ship from or by which the same had been so relanded, landed, or carried, and any other ship, vessel, boat, or craft which may have been used in so relaiidiii};, landing', or carrying such goods ; and any person by whom or by whose orders or means snch goods shall have been so taken ur cleareil, or so relanded, landed, or carried, shall forfeit a sum equal to treble the value of such goods. — I) !15. Driiwbiitl; of Dvlks on It'hie. nllincedfor Ofiicers in the JVui;;/. — Drawback of the whole of the duties of cusloins siiall be allowed for wine inlended for the consuiuplion of ollicers of Ills Majesty's navy, on board such of his Majesty's ships in actual service as they shall serve in, not exceedint; the (luan- tities of wine, in any 1 year, for the use of such ollicers, hurein-uflcr respectively mentioned; (lliat is to say,) For every .idmimi - • — viccvi.lniirftl — r.'.ir of some other such ship, ill like manner as tiny tobacco may be warehoused and suiiplied at either of the ports before iiieiilioned. or for payment of all dulies within such C months: provided always, that all tobacco warihoiised for Ihe purpose of so supplying his Majesty's ships of war shall be subject to the provi- sions of this act made for the warehousing of tobacco generally, -is far as the same are applicable, and are not expressly altered by any of the provisions herein particularly made. — } IHO. (iiianlilji iif Tiibarcu not to exceed, <))•£. — No greater quantily of such tobacco shall be allowed to any Ehip of war than 'i lbs. by the lunar month for each of the crew of such ship, nor shall any greater quantily be shipped at one time than sufficient to serve the crew of such ship for C months, after such rate of allowance ; and the collector and comptroller of the port at or from which any such tobacco shall be supplied to any such ship, or landed from any such ship, or transferred from one such ship to another, shall iransntit a particular account thereof to the comniissioners of his Majesty's customs, in order that a general account may be kept of all the quantities supplied to and consumed on board each of such ships under the allowances before granted.— { 101. Times and Places for shipping Goods.— No goods shall be put off from any wharf, quay, or other place, or shall be wuterborne in order to be exported, but only on days not being Sundays or holidays, and ill the duy-tiiue; (that is to say,) from the first day of September until tliu last day of March, 16 IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION. bnlwivl Riin-riKinil nnd min-nettlnir, and from the Inst day of March until the firnt day of fiepleniber, liflwi.'iMi the hniirs of 7 of the rlock in the niorninp and 4 of thu dock in tin- aflLTnoon ; nor nhnll any sncli (.'oiicls III' Ihi'n piil oil' or wiili.'rliomf for «X|iortation tinli'sa in lliii pri'Hrnri; or willi the aiilhority (if till' |iro|ii'r ollicrr of llit! cnslonm, nor nxcfpt from a li'Ual iinay a|i|ioiiitiMl liy his Majesty, or at sonik ivliarf, (|iiay, or plare a|i|ioinli'il liy the coinniiHHiuiiers of his Miijeaty's customs for the 8hl|i|)ing ot such ifiiiKls liy HUll'crance. — J 10'2. Piniiltiifiir cTpnrlini' iirohihiird Ohoi/h.— If any goods liable to forfeiture for lieing shipped for exporta- tion Hhiiil lie Bhippiil anil exporliMl without dimovery by the ollicers of the cnsl », the person or persoMrt who shall have caused siiili (jooils to be exported shall forfeit double the value of such goods. —i lUJ. rnoiitniTioNs OrTWAHDs. Prohihilinva ami Rfftriclionii ahsvliile or vwilift(l.—TUi> several sorts of pooils enumerated or described in the Table following' (denominated " A 'I'able of Prohibitions and Ueslrirliims Outwards") shall be either alisolulely prohiliiled to be exported from the linited Kintidoni, or sliall be exported only tinder the restrictions mentioned in such Table, according as the several sorts of such goods are respectively set forth therein ; (that is to say,) A Table of Pboiiibitions and RESTntcTioNs Oi-rwAiins. Cloclli an'! watctiPi ; viz. anv oiitwani or Inwanl Imx, case, or dial |j|.ile, of anv niclal, ivithnul llie liiniTiMiiit iii or with every luch li'ix,caVe,nr dill plate, made up tit tiir use, Willi ilie cluck or naU-lmialter's raiiie engraven Iherenn. Lace J viz. aiiv nielal inferior 1o ailver nhieli shall lie spun, mixed, ivrouith'l, or sel upon silk, or which shall he Kill, or drawn inlu wire, or (latled into plate, and spun or woven, or wroiiKht into or upon, or niixrd w ilh lace, Irinire, cord, enibniidery, tanilMiur wi>rl<, or l^iitloiis, made in the god i-r silver lace niaiiufac'riry, or yet upon silk, or made into liullion spantik-s, or penri or any other ina'erials made in the piM or silver l:ico liniiufactory, or which shall imitate or be nitaiit to imitate Bncli lace, friiit;e,copl,eniljroidery, tamlHiur work,or hiiltons: linr shall any perwin export any cop|ier, brass, or oilier nielal wliich shall' Iv silveied or drawn into wire, or (lailed into plate, or made iido bullion spaniilcs, or jiearl or any other Inatcrials nsi-d in Ihe irold or silver lace iiianufactory, or in tiijitation of such lace, friii^re, cord, embroidery, tambour work, or bullous, or of any of the materials used ininakin< the same, and w li.rh sliall hold innre or bear a greater proportion Ihaii a pennyweights of (ine silver to the pound avoirdupois ufaiich copper, bi:iss, or otinr metals, any nietal iriferior hi silver, whether gilt, silvered, stained, or Cfdnuretl, or otherwise, wliich shall l)e worked up or niixeil with gold or silver in any iiianufarlure of lace, fringe, cord, enibniidery, taml'our work, or buttons, and utensils; nz. any m.iehine, engine, too], press, paper, utensil, or inslrutiieiit used in or pniper for the pn-'paring, svorking, pressimr, or finishing of Ihe woollen, cotton, linen, or «ilk manufaoliiies of this kingdom, or any other goods wherein wool, collon. linen, or silk is used, or any part of such machinei, engines, too's, presses, paper, utensils, or inslrnmenis, or any inn.frl or plan therwif, or any part thereof; except wool eartls'or stock canls not wonli afMive 4*. per pair, and spinners* c.irds not ivorth above Ii. 6rf. per pair, used in the wiKdlen imnnfaclures, blocks, plates, tni;iiies, UMtIs, or utensils commonly used in or Tools projier for the preparing, working up. or finisliing of the calico. cotlon, muslin, or linen printing inanufaclures, or any part uf such blocks, plates, engines, I(M)Is, or utensils, rollera, either plain, groove,!, or of any other form or denoniili,!- tion, of GUI iron, wrought iron, or sb-cl, for the rolling of in,ii or any sort of metals, an ' frames, lieds, pillars, screws, pinionl, and each and every implement, t(Xtl,or utensil thereunto h, in iniii and steel, or other metals, which are used with a screw exceeding I I 2 inch in diaiiieler, or any parts of these several articles, or ai.y mrxlel of the before-menlioiiel with gold or silver, and iiurnishing stones, commonly called blootl-stones, either in the rough stale or linishe,! fns, or any sort of victual which may be used ,aa food by man. Arms, animuiiition, and gunpowiier, Asln-s. pot aid p,'irl. Wilitaiy slort-* .tiiI naval stores, and any arltrles (except cooper) w liich his .Majesty shall judge capable of being converleil into And if any ponds shall be exported, or be waterborne to be exported, from the United Kingdom, con- trary to any of the prohibitions or restrictions mentioned in such table in respect of such goods, the Faino shall be forCeiteil.— J 104. Tlie si'i'tions from 105. to 118., both inclusive, relate to the Coasting Tiiadf;, and are given under that lii'ad. CONSTIIUCTION IN GeNEBAL. Trrma iisnl in .Ictn. — Whenever the several terms or e.xpressions followini; shall occur in this act, or in any other art relatinir to the customs, or to trade and navigatitin, the same shall be construed lespi'itively in tlir niaiiiier herein-after directeil ; (that is to say,) the term "ship" shall be constriieil to tiii'tm ship or vessel generally, unless such term shall be used to dislinunish a ship from sloops, liri!.'iiiitiiie.<, and other (lasses of vessels ; and the term "master" of any ship shall be coiislriied to mean the person biivini.' or takinp the charge or command of such ship; the term "owners" and the term "owner" of any shall be construed alike to mean 1 owner, if there be only I, and any or all Ilio owners if there be tiiore thiin 1 ; the term "mate" of any ship sliall be roiislrtieil to mean the person ni'xt in coiiiiniind of stich ship lo the master thereof; the term "seaman" sliall be construed to mean alike seaman, mariner, sailor, or landsman, beinp one of the crew of any ship; the term " llrilisb pos- sesslcm" shall lie ccinstriieil to mean colony, plantation, island, territory, or settlement belonpiiiir to his Mtijesty ; the leriii " liis Ma ji'sty" shall he construed to mean his Mijesly, his heirs, and successors; Ihe leriii " Ivtsi Iiiilia rontpany" shall he construed to mean the I'niieil ("onipany of Merchants of F:n!;l;inil tradiim to the East Indies; the term "limits of the Rast Inilia Cnmpaiiy's charter" shall be ( oiistrtied to mean all plat es and seas eastward of the Cape of Good Hope to the straits of Magellan ; lite term "collector and coniptrollt^r" shall be construed to mean the collector and comptroller of the ciisloms of the port inti^nded in the sentence ; whiMiever mention is made of iiiiy public officer, the iitlicir menlioni'd shtill be deemed to he siiih ollicer for the time being ; the term "warehouse" shall be coiislrnt^d to menu any place, whether house, shed, yard, timber pond, or other place in which poods entered to be warebotisi^d upon importation may be lodped, kept, and secured witliout payment of duty, or althoiipli prohibiteit to be used in the United Kinpdoni; the term "king's warehouse" shall be construed to mean any place provided by the Crown for lodging goods therein for security of the ciistonis.— J 119. Milin in Europe.— Tile island of Malta and its dependencies shall be deemed to be in Europe. — } 120. General Regulations. If'eiirht.i, Mcitsnrcs, Currency, and Management.— K\\ duties, bounties, and drawbacks of customs shall be paid and received in every part of the United Kingdom and of the Isle of Man in British cur- rency, and according to Imperial weights and measures ; and in all cases where such duties, bounties, and drawl name slial iM sticli ill cilsliiitis.- CoUiitm reipiiri'd t- nsi.' of liis lliiilteil till ciitiiin or r Mi'ile Iff titles of t'l lipid,' in pr iloni ; lie it and the sa bi'iiip 1)0 (Ii s|iirils mac excise payi and asceri purpose of Vjjicern i; such S'impi the same ; sinners of 1 'I'ime if I duty, or up or prnbiliil Inileil Kiiii an iiiipiirta sticli time, : good.s tiad ! and stich pi time at wlii such iiutisti unce upon s at whicli th departure si ci)iii|)troller Return of after any dii that tlie sail return any s 'I'lUiiiaire u ing of this ai or burden ot the tonnage Ojjii-.er.i ini officers of cii of the ciisloi unless his ni as being the trollor.— J i; h'ahifiiin^ or falsified, ; ing, rcporlii! baggage, ot made for aip of'iOO/. : pni •ilher pniialt; •liilhorilij I odicer of the ollicer to rei| behalf such ; transact siicl Persons fill or by any oil any particulii answer (|iies answer such anil above ai Sciziirc.i.—, force rt'latin^ of tlie ctistoi tackle, appan the proper pa Heslorutian forfeited, or < shall be lawfi such manner of the same s have or main the person nil Heiiiission o. goods laden ti any penalty o small in quaii sloncrs of his of the owners lawful for the as they shall i to attribute ti IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION. 17 r Septrnihcr, nor Hlinll any iliL' iiiilhority y, or at 8))lllk I bliippiiig ut 1 for cxporla- li« perBon or if such goods. \ or defctibcd I'iirds") slmll !.\port('d only icli goods aio iihing of Ihe calico, ircn, or »iiy part of lis. form or denontma* ' llie nilliiig of inm irs, screws, pinions, il lliere«nlol)'-ln«g- iiicrcwsforslittini?* ;l,or other nielals, 2 incll in iliauieter, ai.y nifxlfl of iho itTfof J all wirts of M'ilin)! or ImriiiB of irts tliennf, or any :liii.es use\l in mch iitl slanijn, Jos-head ihvils for st.inilisj 1-4, bwls or }iunchi-i ices, or titled logo- s for horn bnttniis ; ilver thereon; parts .in unfinished slate : irkles, Ijutloiii, ami sforniakingliution- 112 of KlaMi enRinet iver»l wilh gold or called bloixl-slones, ,e ; vx ire nioulils for ir woo tinder the iiiaiiageiiii'tit of the I'oiiimi.-isiiini'rK of the cnsliiiiis.— J l-l- CiiUictnr til take Bonds in rmpert nf Onods reliilinir In Ike Custom». — .Ml liond-i rclaliiii; to the nisloins rt'ipilri'd to be (jiven in rcupeil of poods or ships shall be taken by the ciilli'iior and roiiiplrnlli'r liir tliu IIS.' of Ills Maji^sty ; and after the e.vpiratiou of .'1 yoars I'riini the date tlii'renf. or frniii llii' tiiiii:, il'any, lliiiiled Ihi'reln fur the perforinnnciMif the coiidilliiii tbi^reof, every stiili biunl iipnii wlili li no priise- iiilinn or suit shall have been coiiimenced shall be void, and may be I'linccllrd and drslroyid- } \'l'i. Made vf iinrrluiniiifr SlreiiiTih of Fureisn SpirilK — 'I'lii! mode of iiscerlainiiiir the sircia'llis anil uniii- litieii of fnri'ii-'n spirits imported into the Uiiiled Kinirdom shniihl at all ilini's be i'.\arlly slniiliir to the mud' ill prai'lii'i.' for ascertaining tlit< slroii^'lhs and i|iiaiitltli's of spirits made wilhiii the rniled Kliig- iloni ; be it therefore enacted, that the same iiislriiineiit)4, and lhi> sam iliities of e\iise payabli' lltereoii, shall be used, ailiiptttd, and employed by the olliccrs of the ciistonis in IrjIiiR sitid asceriainlnt! the slreii|;tli8 and hi;'S declared.— The tonmigeor burden of every liritish ship within tht; mean- inp of this act shall be the tonnape set forth in the certiticale of repistry of such ship, and the toniiiipc or burden of evitry other ship shall, for the purposes of this act, be ascertained in the same iiianner as the toniiape of Uritish ships is ascertained.—} 127. Oncers mail rifiife Master of Briti.ih Ship, unle.is indnrned on Rcgislcr. — It shall be lawful for the nllicersof cnstonis at any port under liritish (loin in ion where there shall be a collector and comptroller of the customs, to refuse to admit any person to do any act at such port as tiiasler of any Uritish ship, unless his name shall be inserted in or have been indorsed upon the certificate of repistry of sitcli ship as being the master thereof, or until his name shall have been so indorsed by such collector and comp- troller.-} I2.>f. h'ahifijing J)oruvients.—\(t\r\y person shall counterfeit or falsify, or wilfully use when counterfeited or falsiried, any entry, warrant, cocket, or transire, or other docnittenl for lite unlailinp, ladinp, enter- ing, rcportinp, or clearing of any ship or vessel, or for the lamliiig or shippinp of any poods, stores, bappape, or article whatever, or shall by any false statement procure any writitip or (liiciiniiMit to be made for any of such purposes, every person so olTeiiiling shall ("or every such oU'ence forfeit the sum of 20(U. : provided always, that this penalty shall not attach to any particular ollVncc for which any other penalty shall be expressly imposed by any law in force for tlie time beinp.— } 12',). .tiiUwriti/ iif an .^/rent mai/ be rcv/iii-c^/.— Whenever any person shall make any applicatiott to any oOicer oftiio customs to transact any business on hidialf of anyother person, it shall be lawful for sucti ollicer to re(|uire of the person so applying to produce a written authority tVmn the person on whose behalf such application shall bo made, and in default of tlie production of such authority, to refuse to transact such business. — H 130. Persons falsifying Deelarution liable tn Penally.— \( any declaration required to be made by this act or by any other act relatinp to the cttsloius (except declarations to the value of poods) be untrue In any particular, or if any person required by this act or by any other act relatinp to the customs to answer iiitestiuns put to him by the ollicers of the customs, toucliing certain matters, shall not truly answer such questions, the person niakinp such declaration or atiswering such iiuestions shall, over and above any other penaliy to which he may become subject, forfeit the sum of IDlli.— } l.ll. Sci'.nres.— AW poods, ami all ships, vessels, and boats, which by this act or any act at any time in force relating to the customs shall be declared to be forfeited, shall attd may lie seized by aity otiicer of the cusloiiis; and such forfeiture of any ship, vessel, or boat shiiU bo ileemed to include the puns, tackle, apparel, and furniture of the s.ittie ; and such forfeiture of any goods shall be deemed to include the proper puckapo in which the same are contained.—} 132. liesloratiuii of seized Goods, iihips, J^-c. — In case atiy poods, ships, vessels, or boats shall bo seized as forfeited, or detained- as under-valued, by virtue of any act of parliament relating to the customs, it shall bi! lawful for the comniissioners of his Majesty's customs to order the same to be restored in such manner and on such terms and conditions as they shall think tit to direct ; and if the proprietor '' "' Slalionn, Manltra tii fur frit.— U liny sliip r.oniinii up "f depjirliriB out of any pnri III the lliilteil KiiiKdiMii nr ill tile Isle of Man, Himll not firing to lit the proper Klalloim in biicIi port nppoinliHl liy the coniniJHHioiierH of hiii MiijeNly'ii ciiHMniti for tlie lionrdinit or UiiidinK ofotliceni uf thu ciifitoniH, the niiiHlfr of siieli Hliip Mliall for every Biuii ofVeiire forfeit the hiiiii of KMW— J 135. Ojjirrr.- mav be alatinned in Ships in the l.iniitu uf any I'lirl. — U sliiill he lawful for the coniiniHRioneri of IiIh MiiJeHiy'H ciiHt(ini8, and for the culit-rtor and (joinplroller of any port under llieir directioiig, to staiioii ntriirrH on hnnrd any ship while wiiliin tlic liiiiiiH of any port in thi' United Kliiudoin or in the Isle of Man ; and the iiianter of every ship on hoard of which any olficer in ho Hialioiied nhall provide every sin h oiruer Hiitlirieiit room iiiiiier the deik, in Home part of the forecaHlle or meerat'e, for hia heil or liaiiiiiKK k, ami in ea^c of nciiject or refiinal so to do sliall forfeit the hiiiii of KIP/.— J i;«). Pnirrr to rharire. Kent in King's H'arrhiiiise. — Whiuiever any (roods shall he taken lo and secured in any of the kiiiu's wari>lioiiHeH in the United Kingdom or in the Isle of Man, for neciirity of the duties thereon, or lo prevent the Kame from coming Into home line, it shall and may he lawful for the com- misHioiierH of his Miijenty's niHloins to eliarce and ileiiianil and receive warelioiine rent fur such (,' Is I'lir all such time aK the same shiill remain in siicli warehouse, at the same rate as may he payiilile for tlie like (roods when warehouned in any warehouse in which such Roods may he warehoused without payment of duly: provided always, that II shall he lawful for the Lords (.'omiiiissioners of his Majesty's 'I'reasiiry, or the coiiiniisHiiiners of his Majesty's customs, hy warrant or order under their hands respectively, from time to lime lo (i.x the aiiioiini of rent which shall he payable for any goods secured in any of the kiiiR's warehouses as afciresaiil. — } lli7. Pnirrr to sell Guilds nut rhiinilfrum Kiiiu's IViirehuiise.— In case such poods shall not he duly cleared from the kiiiif'a warehouse within 3 calendar months, (or sooner, if they he of a perishable nature,) it Fliall he lawful for the commisHioners of his Majesty's customs lo cause such poods to be publicly sohl by auction, for home use or fur exporlniioii, as the case may he ; and the produce of such sale shall lie applied towards the payment of the duties, if sold for home use, and of the warehouse rent and all other cliarpes ; and the overplus (if any) shall be paid to the person authorised to receive the same : jirovided always, that it sliall be lawfiilfor the said commissioners to cause any of such goods to bti destroyed as cannot be sold for a sum siitticient to pay such duties and cliarpes, if sold for home use, ■>r siiHicient lo pay such charues, if sold for exportation : provided also, that if such goods shall have lieeii lauded by the otticers of the customs, and the freipht of the same shall not have been paid, the produce of such sale shall he first applied lo the payinenl of such frciglil. — D 13H. I'tiirer fur his Mijesty to iippuini Purls and legal (luays. — It shall be lawful for his Majesty, by his commi&siiMi mil of the Court of K\chi'i|iier, froiii lime to time lo appoint any port, haven, or creek in the United Kin(;dom, or in the Isle of Man, and to set out the limits thereof, and to appoint the proper places within llie same to he leifal (|uays for the lading and unlading of goods, and to declare that any jihice which had been set out as a legal ipiay by such authority shall he no lunger a legal quay, and to nppoint any new place within any port to be a legal quay for the lading and unlading of goods: pro- vided always, that all ports, havens, and creeks, and the respective limits thereof, and all legal quays, appointed a'ml set (uit and exi.«liiiK as such at the coinmenfement of this act under any law till then in force, shall coiuiiiue to he such ports, havens, creeks, limits, and legal quays respectively as if the same had been appointed and set out under the authority of this act. — l) 13!). Jieerment uf Offence. — In any information or other proceeding for any otTence against any net made or to he made relating lo the customs, the averment that such otTence was conimitled within the limits of any port shall be suthcient, without proof uf such limits, unless the contrary he proved. —t> 1 10. Conimi. Mlbnrruih - .Irwultl }i:;riiitnpte Jlatuinitril Ani]wih f.'iiwiy L'.'\rii:irvnn r«llh,ly Pirinniith ■ llnlylicij liuwuk hiutSi-waltr ■ llriillineton ' Jlridfurt Jhillnl C.irdig Cardigan (^itrliile ( 'UfStOlO LV/iJ/ir rfiwfir.itcr C.iiots {LiUt)' DiUtinoiith • Silcoiulie - D.al ■ Vuvir - Fnlkstnno • i £r.(.r ei'^rmifiuth 1 Faliiwul/i • Livirpnol Llandly tyine IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION. 19 nnr] no Riiit or lift nut of nny 118 hi Biich port riitllci'rti ul'tho 135. comiMimiioneri r (Iir*!('tiiiii8, to uiloiii or ill thu il iihall prnvidu ccruHi!, fxr lug —t) lat). tiid Bi'ciiri'd in y dl' lliu (liitiilation» to other Porln. — It ttlinll ho lawful fur llie snid rnniniiH-ioncm of bis Miij.'itv'!! I'ri'ini'ry, by their warrant, to be piiblirilicd jn tlic l.uiitlun iir Itnhliii Hn-.m, . in rxirnd llii! ri"-ii|:ilii>nH licri-in-liefi'rif iiiiide rt'liiliiiR to iiui'iits in iliu piirt of l.diidnii to aKinti* ul any mlnr |i(irl in (ir^Mt liriiain, or at any port in Ireland.—} IIH. (Tlip roniniisHioiicrs of customs, aqireouhly to the jiowt-rs i^ivcii thoiii to tlnit ilVfct liy till' ;) & 4 Will, 4. c. b'i. % 135. (see vol. ii. p. 17.), Imve ii|i|i<)iiiti'(l \.\w iiiiciiinu'iiiioiu'd iiliicp:*, vvitliin the srveral ports of the Uniti'il KiiiKiloin, at wliicli vchscIs coiiiiiiu; into or (li-|iartin)? out of such ports shiill Itrinp; to, for tlii' iMiiinhni^ or liiiulirin of cii-ldiiis (iHii'crH, Kvcry master of a vcs.sel fuiliiig to couijily with the provisions of said act in ilii.s respect for- feits 'lOO/. Stnt rm» fm Iriim'ne.to, bfl'iwMif inwn.nr:iH in .ir-is L'iri'iimi*anret |iniiiil v\'ii|iiii 'lie |><>irii n.iiT'nv Hills, ii|i|«iniitt' Hln'kwiiter Kiver, Mil lt lliu Kist-x himy, ii|>)i<itu the town, at Fry.ir's Houls. Within Ihe harbour. In the nndslead iipiMfflite the town. In the hav o|!' Ihe town, opimsite the Bell Tower, and at Al»ermenni. At lilt entrance of the harbour, by the GiniMet R'>ck. In ttie h.nliour. In the hirl)our. At the entrance of the harbour, near the pier hcid. Skt-rn nnd watch house, Applcdore. H^h llcte. Bi-twi'eii HoteMatI Point, on the coast of the Bristol Channel, and Black Itotk, alttHit a mile within the mouth uf the river Parrott. The li.iy or harlmur. The outer buoy, dittant about 300 yanls, atire«8t of 'he harbour. Pill and Kini?*rn.id. Penrith Koals, .i liltle to the e-istwanl of the inoiilh of the river Tall". At Pwllcam, a little inside the bar or liar* bonr's mouth. Fislirr'a Cn«.s, At the enlriiice of the river Wye, I]ow|iont, 6 miles fmm lloylak'e. Corkbiish Uarlioiir. Blackiiey and Clay Htrttour. Coin River, off Minea SUme, Mer^ea Island. Hoadslead uf Cnwennr. At Ihe P.isvige Wayi Exmouth. At the Pninl. In Ihe harbour, off Kiln Quay and watch- houte. Between (he moutli of Faversham Creek and Ihe Ihinie Sand in the East Swale. At the mouth of Milton Creek in the Swale. Near Ihe Ciistoin-house, not far from the entrance tif the harbour. At the outfall, near the entrance of the harhnur. Hull Roals. Uurgan Roads, just at the entrance of the river Hel. In the harbour, between the Guard and Wal- ton Ferry. Hull Roads, between the east end of tlie cita- del and the entrance to the Humber Dock to Ihe westward. In Ihe harbour. In the harlHiur, between the Guard and Walton Ferry. In their respective bays. Glassnn Dock, on the river Lune. Sea Dyke, entrance of the river Wyre. Pile Fowdry, near the Isle of Walney. Leieh Slade, or Leigh Swatch, which chan- nel is formed by the spit of a sand called Marsh End, leading from the east end of Canvy Island, and nearly opjHwile to a windmill, called the Hamlet Mill, situate upon the Clitf, about 1-2 a mile to the westwani of SoutlMind, and about 2 miles from l^igh. At the entrance of the respective docks. The basin within the pier or cobb of Lyme Regis. Nottinghsm Point, intermediate space be- tween Common Strath Miryport •) fVisUach IVoodbridge - Varmouth • AUrdetn Peterhend - Newburgh - Stonehaven Jlyr • lianff BotrnWftontSfi Inverkejihing Camltettown - Ihitnfriea Dundee Newburgh Perth . Gttueow Qrane^cmcuth Alloa Kincardine Q1^cnock and } to IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. Porii, Rothwy Oban Tobermory liivprary I»rhi[iIplieiJ hivrrntti Irvtur JiirknI'lt/ ir Bin! ) Hurrit Pitlt nwcfii - Ilynait J.ivrii Kli.; Aii-^rnitlipr - S'. Aii'lrevv'i Kiihwalt StromncM ■ lath • Diii.Kir ■ Fi^lieriow ■ I.rrwuk Ali/ittfise Arhrnath ■ Stniinnt far fcriFifinf-(n, Rnifrrvv, to Kcmntirk hmtl. Ix>jnr the wr-t'rrn |H>iril nf (niiiriK-k liny, i\\r\\v\\r^ thtrnu ( .irtilyk'- M'y, (ircfinK-li Kfiiiln, till- ■tirli'Dvr at tltc tail o( the Utik, aimI (i >iinw k ll.iv. n-.thviy ItAv.fvint and t^tni; within B"y my I'nii't, Kii Ihr I i^t of (lilt lonii of KntliaAV, ill 111." Ilf oi Hu(f, nunty i.f Wh p, Aii.l Arliiuli^ti I'oiiil nil lliu Mnt uf Ihu ml town. Ob to ^AW, in tlie cmmiv of Anrvl"", »' lirt wiMiiii Fohiiiii hniiw t'nirit nil till- iMi'irii file, Alii Ciinirk rciirt cii the westt-tn 11. h' eriiiury,lklc til' .Mull, oiiuty (if Ari(yl-.>. 1 lie n>.i l«iiM(l lit hivtrir'y, lyinc -m'! I>fin« oil' Ihi^ toun (>f liiVTniy. in llu- i-ouiily of Ar^'vlr, ami ^xtnulinif 1-2.1 mile iiiir(h*t>4sl of the t\\u\ itl till' ml town. l>'rhfril|i|(ii«l H(tii le of I/)i hf;il|>ht^i I .iiid Kiliiif>ry Puiiil, uii ttu' cniltTii >i'le of the uiil loch. The h.trh;iur. 'lln' liirlxiur. l>:iitniiice of the harbour. Hu rut island Roal chain pier ai Nfwhivt-n. Ill llic h.nlioiir. in the hirhuiir. In I* e hiy, opposite the Ciistnm honw. Within tlif li.ir, at (h« t-ntranci! of Mie river South f^k, which i« called the Still. The Ii,ub;>iir. Port Portt. Ghugow Sinrvniray • Tort Utrivk 7'hw»o • Wick Bifltitnfyrf \ I a«fte Tnwnnrnd { Cniok ll.ivtii Dire ILiveii (no.-»tin)?Stn.) Cut, rattU CvikiCrw) ' \Vc«t Pubago Kinialfl StatimitfrfT hrinting tfl, port Otuvow )ti«'|i, «r madiiciul, conimme- inc at lliii I'lirk and whili! rhrtpi* rp>| liiioy, on llir Pitt pout of Mi<' t»ink callril Ihr pprih, tlnlan' fnun llie harlmur about 8(4) y anil, and pxteiiiliri< in a*niiU. Wick Hav, wlien abria«t or rt iihin the head* land caited the Old AUu o( Wick. IKKLANO. At the ftitranrr nf the birt'our^ nf Okltc TotuiKfiiil, halliniure, Crook Haven, anJ Itcre lliiitn* Yuugtiall Drn^hrtia OnetnU) rough Dultm iiatway Liuuridi Kondowlrmj » \cwry ■ Slninuford • Slmn . Kil itH*jrs • Itillvshannnn Dal I ma Killala irnlerf' r<{ New ■' i)un?arvan- ffljf;)(i*t IVtjrford V K.tm • ( f > Carninylr Ilnadi, In Beirnat l/)ui(h. > I'nrt Rilnh Hav. nnt%iVf. - Ik-lwii-n r^riy I'ltml'tii Ihf irftuttinanl duy\ MiirM' Ui-nil to thr n'T'li-wtst. • l'|i)irr ( ovc, oil ttiL* eoftUTU litie nf tlii* tnrlitiur. ■ Williiii Itippntmicpnf lilt- h.ir!)nur, b»'t«-i',>j, lllacktjatl lltail ttj the i>asl ward, and IVrry I'liinl. - Nnrth t'rook. at thr fntnnn* of the Bnyn-'. • 111 Hie river Hnytif, o|i|i(.«iIt.- tiuci'iiboriin^h. • I'lKniii-lmuar, U'lwt-uii Hip luirtumr lli^lit. Iinuse and tlie end of Die Nut lit Wall. • fwildirr^' I'liint. • 'i'o the e-istwinl, or under the Rlielter of, Million M;inl. • TarliiTt'»Ho.nis, to Ihewni'liward of TarUri hinirl, in Hip cotinly I'f Kerry. • Oreeiir.nlle. bitiiate iin the north aide of I^nlitll Foyle. • Warren I'oilif Rn.ids. • Ilallyhf ury Day nr /uilley'i Town Bay. • OyBter Island. • Aiirhnr.i'<''l iiii ihf liKrliour «tint article such Jnitcd States, as rcial dictionary, xccution of liis spruk of copy- ongrcss, which of nierciiandise, py altogctlicr a the 9th book of insertion here, mation in ques- ivvs. — Am. Ed.] m a country. which the value and have shown ing the imports, exports is detiT- owing their \nw quantity. Wo irticlcs importi'il itive increase or ew. Unluckily, jublished by f^ir ate value of tlic -les or their valui' istom-house, we means of com- ted previously to OS respects the ach country fur selected for this ig war, the com mercc with pnrtiriilar countrioH in liiil)!e to bo extended or deprpHHed no far beyond its natural hiiiits us Id iiirKni in> iiinnis of jiicliriiii> of lis oriliiiiiry iiiiiniiiit. 'I'hr iivcni'^'t'H txivrn in tiio 'I'iil'le (with till- cxcfptiiiM of ISO'.:), iirc Hiiliiiifiiily cvlni-sivc lo ni'iitialisc ilii" iiilliu iicc of fiiicU cxtriiorilniiiry circimistiini'i's (.wlit'lbcr arisiiin tioiii IkhI hiirsi'KlH, the rc|i<';il or iiii|HiHi- timi of diiiit'^. or imy otlicr cuusc), ns niiubt iimli'riiilly atli'i't an av('riii;<" lor V! or :j yinirn oiilv: and us ibi-y cvleiid from KiilS to IS'^VI, tiny aHord a prrtty roiii|i!clc view of tho iiriinrrs> of tln^ liirci^n trade of (ireat Uritaiii. 'I'liis 'I'aliif was i'oiii|>ilcil irom olUcLd docu- iiinits bv .Mr. Ci'Siir .Mon'aii, and may la? sat'ejy rclird on. 'I'lie 'i'alilcs wliich follow have citlicr lir'fii copii'ii IV , or have liccn founded upon, oll'u'ial returns. IS'os. i\', and V. give, ill II brief simcc, by liir tiie niost coinplcli' \iew ol' llie liircij,'!! trade of the niipirc iliniiig liio hall do/.(ro|iortional value of our export tradi^ lo dillerent countries is, for the (irsl time, exiiibitei! in 'I'alili' V. ibiriiig the lirst h;df of last century, and previously, woollen goods tonned the principal article of native proiluee exported from (ireat Uritaiii; and next to it were hardware and cutlery, leather manufactures, linen, tin, and lead, copper and brass inanulaetures, coal, r.utlienware, provision, slo|)s, «.Vc. ('orn formed a eonsidendile article in the list of exports down to 17 70 ; since which period the balance of the corn trade has lieen, with a lew excej)- tions, very decidedly on the side of iin|ioitation. into Great Britain fmm all FarU, of all Sorli of I'roducn. Eijjorlt rom Great Dritain In all Parts, of all Sorts of Products. Annual Me Hum of Five Periodi of Peace , vir. Annual Medium nf Five Peric kIs of Peace, 111 1802. viz, 1816-1822. 189S-170I. 1749-17ii. 1784-1792. In 1802. ISI6-1822. 1698-1701. 1749-1735, 1794-1792. Kurrl'P, Hiitinh £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ lull fiirpi^ii Fort-iiii, Niirth I,S<8,I76 2,l*i,S70 3,88.->,9l i,:^,!!»6 2,860,914 3,123,007 3,308,302 1,451,231 3,l2 Kunipp, aritish and fiirciiju ■ 3,S6«,72n 4,527,911 9,103,01.i 12,997,679 13,491,361- 5,383,463 9,291,338 10.411,023 26,430,141 31.680.002 Asia tjii>,aii I,1I9,I3S 3,179,136 6,794.906 7,119,132 214.212 714,103 I,7!I3,747 2,929,816 3,219,446 Africa • 17.421 34,279 92,232 168,(^63 267,86!) 114,043 213,841 809,546 6,161,179 531,712 America* C.raii.l TiiLal • I,0J9,7S0 2,5*1,99!' 5,2/-.2,349 12,480,870 14,042,»4!> 737,876 2,001,690 6,603.626 IO,b90,K30 17,693,333 r.,-*fl,!):,2 8,211,346 17,716,752 31,142,318 34,921,538 6.449,594 12,220,974 18,621.942 41,411,966 53,126,193 Kiimiic, Nonh ■■ Hij>5ia - 110,416 488,0-.3 1,619,146 2,182,4.30 2,2-.8,975 60, 8M 100,354 393,696 1,281,555 2,329,725 SlVl-.ilMl ■ Dtiiniark anil Niiiway 213,657 187,632 261, 8-23 327,330 132,303 69,434 19,839 70,617 90,515 143,217 77,303 P4,.'i07 140,138 155,672 196,517 .1<>,874 87,206 294,108 427,016 422,810 Prussia • lai.lS'i 280,633 093.544 1,037,603 638,080 152,2'lil 171,091 117.247 818,269 1,002,881 C,eriii»ii\' 681,169 687.«Oi 632,291 1,192,030 684,741 737,621 1,343,212 I,5fili..1l1 8,003,237 8,772,871 N.'liiTrin'U - 624,410 4U7,240 717,057 1,000,768 961,269 2,044,228 2,442,947 2,31 7, ys6 4,392,617 4,337,316 Kuniirt., South. France • R(;.0-25 60,962 452,731 424,434 737,360 166,115 4,37,483 921,492 2,390,103 1,314,079 r.irlinil - zihJ.ncu 2U,S./;49 615,486 961,711 492.19:1 34.1,4 13 1,121,329 67.-i,348 l,2.M.344 1,933,134 S|..iiii ,'ili(i,:-i27 437,8b9 724.287 830,937 877,436 580,422 1,198,3:17 709,179 1,421,294 613,923 llalv 3-1S.V17 S7.S415 833,862 7A30I 8fl4.833 143,249 23x,476 739,243 1,9')0.416 3,699,715 Turkpy - 276,906 168.071 I8l,M5 182,424 306,678 218,002 133,674 121,877 163,134 7IM,I16 Ainprtca,North, I'liilcil Slates • 296.402 891,169 986,409 1,923,504 3,267,488 387,316 1,238,161 2,839,484 5,329,490 6,393,956 British rnloiiics l!-,6|- 48,750 221,413 367,935 716,572 I8,48> 72,984 864,489 1,360,896 1,715,220 Atiipric.a,Sniith. Hriiish Wiat Inities • 714,761 l,SSS,183 3,960,674 8,531,175 7,926,215 331,839 664,067 1,8^622 3,^,613 6,030,367 Fon-itTii ditto (fmm iSftS, Drazils and Sinii. colon.) • 1,896 .183,853 1,658,256 2,132,674 1 32 IMPORTS AND EXroUTS. PimRinN TiiAnr ok (•n»:«T IIhitain and iRKi.ANn. II. AiTiiiiiil »[)orlf\ lim llic dt'iriiil mill llrrlnrnl Null I' tlii' i;»|iiirl» i.T llrillwli nml Irl iiif »n 1 Msiiiificiurw F"II'illl ;\||<| C.'lc.llHl Mi'r. h.ii>.||.i' r»l.'.rlnl tti'lli tiirjl hril nil. liii|j4ttit iriiii OrtAt J.iMu.ir), < l|Hlll*'>l ImiIII (*If.U lit It till. Inltir.d I'n/N*. ■ llrii.iiii. ( Ilk III (.i.'iif. t'ffiriall'tdiu. f'Jfl'int Tii'i*/. 17'M) £l'..'..Ml.'-(ll ami,u.vj.h:;i> X"''.7tin,IIH» A'V.'\,CJ2,2(I3 INIM) •W.'i'l.lMI 3.'^,!Ki;t.H'i(> ".Tl.dlirt 21,1(11,700 I'dl w,Ml,i':iti 3(l,d'jll,d a';.lM,::ii7 37.i;i.-.,7m H.1MH,7II 2(1. 1.M.'^l ]-m 2a,!io7.;ci 37,'2;ii,;i!iO 7,tll3.l''(l 27.;i:ii.(';() 1M(I7 9.vJ<;ii.''ifl ;^i»,7i((,.'.Hi 7,717..'..'.5 2.-|,.'..'il,l7H INW a3.i)ii;i,773 3(1,31)1. i-i;i 7,I.!JI.3H 2\3';(1.M.'> IMIIJ 9i.i:ii,h.'.i 3i'i,;idii.aN^ ft,77(1.77.'» 2.'i,C,(:il,(l.'.3 IMO :^•J.',||('^^.^S •iii.d|ii.-:77 la,7.0(l,3.')H 30. i:d,'.".ii l"!! SM.'J'.l'.i, l(W '17.ddd,liil( Il.;t,'.7.l3.'> 37.(11 :i,-,Mi I 1-l-i 2i,7Jn.:ir4 :id,M.',d,(iiH (I,II7.7'J(I 2.\iil(M.dl 1-l.t a^ll7,tll•2 3'.i,;i;ii,iao l»,M3,(H15 2l,ll-i:(,'.l2'2 l-ll ♦ * ♦ * 1-n 32,2(l().>0 4,1.1t7.;t73 lll.l,'i7.SI8 3i,(VJ(),771 i-ifl •Jl.Tl'i.dlH w,(I7 31.77 l.:'.il •I(l.:i-2«.!II0 njll.lKi.'i 2(1,37 I.I.I-: I I.^IS 3'.".-2:i;i.iii7 4d„) I'l.'in.') l(V2(i'.l,'J7l 2;i,!i|i),.-,di IMI) 4i,i.ir'().:>.'i.'» 4,'>.1M|,1.',0 ld,h:i.'>,SdO 3.'i,M|,'i.3l(l l^•.«) 34,(«3,(1M) 3l,'«8,a.M ii,h7!»,'i:itl 2<.i,(iM,(ilO ISil 37.h.(l.-ilt;l .T'i..')tl!l,d77 ld„V2,'(.(IM(» 3l,.'-il.'i.2'Ji 1>J1 "KM'.II.IHl 3'.,va.li7 id,r<(i-j,(i<,i() i;'j,7(r;i,i'r: ih-2;j ■i:i,.'i.')'<, iss 3(i,l7tl,Mi.l7 l).'ill,'«H 2il.i:W,37(V l^•2^ 43,Hir>.(i:iu SL.'iMMlO *<,:,»^,\m\ 3l..'idl.2()» l.-JS 4b,(l'il.li:'4 37.(ldll.dil Id,!-"!-,.'!!!*'. 3(i.(r)(i,.'..'',i \H-M 4(i, l.'i;),ll'2-2 3N,d77.,'i;iO I),l,'i,'>,3d5 4'J,(l(l(l,!l.'i 1 \r*i7 4(),.i:fi,^ri I 3d,S 17,V2H ld,d(l(l,,')03 3(1,1 ri.;:.M) IvJH 6l,-i7!».l02 .?I'),:m|,HI7 t»,Sd(i.313 43,l^i|,3l« 1-1!.(15'J,mU 10,72(1.1(13 4M (11,(1(1 1 lKt:< fii.,')''a,d:t7 3fi,OI(l,(W ll,d3(l,7.'5U 43,-Z,37,ll7 isu «y,ti:i3,M.')j 3!»,3d5,,'il3 «,H-iO„'>,'<(l 4 l,Mi.l,2?s7 Ih'lj 7;M!i:>,5:i6 41,aS(1.5l»» ii,ii4d,yi3 47,!KIN,d3l 1^30 77,!ta-',tHt} 40,l)!it),37l) l2,78tt,H02 47,103,010 • Ufcirid ilMlr">Til ly fir,' — From (lie year fridinif Ihe 5lli (if J.iiiuiry, ISI.'i, incliiiivF, Rrilish proiluce ami nwnufirlurm lilvc Iren inrlirlfii iii dif reluiiu <'l" (risli iini-luci', A,*. Ihimi In I iii I, anr, i^ri, C..|inii.i', .lui Uritith, iiri 'cr wliii-h th,'y linv,* W. ii fri'Vi'iusly rclurin-'il. Tliu l'K|m,iIii fruiii Irel.iiid lo fureigii jwrl* .irc iiicuiisiJi'r.iblc, Their dei:l.irt.i v.ilu,-, in liliOj WIS only 41j,'.iOU/.— (Sua jM/i/.j III. Ai-coinil KlniwiiiB tlie (iiiiiiitilicH of the principnl Articles of llrilisli niul Irish I'rndnre or Mnim- faidire e.\|iiir(i'il iVfiiii Ireluml in diirerciit Veiirs, from IHOl to In25, In all ('niiiilrii's ; ^liiuviiij: iilso the u;;t.'ri't:ali! (Hhilal Viiliio of Hiicli EvportH, Willi the rorlion lhi;ru(ir f.vportt'd lo iMireigii Coim- tries, iiml to (ireiit lirituiii. Arlirlesexjiortf f. 1801. I«05. 1809. 1S13. 1817. |S2(. 1825. 1 ( i>tii -Hit iiti-al, VIZ.— H.ulty • • • qrs. • 17,223 26,388 194.193 39.114 78.228 ri4.'.22 (K's . - . ™ _ 12.9 223,234 828.458 SO.''.32)l 646.0:16 l,l-.9,82l l,5(:i..'iii Whrftt - . • — W,MS 8.1, ■•.!I9 2111,273 67,280 47b,!M0 tW.Mi' ottieccrnin ■ ■ . — 1 6,;l('2 3,023 •-M«I4 2,(111 7.81)7 2.i,-S2 WliiMi Hour • • • cwl. 2011 22,7:.J 18,1 '87 267,»!I4 34, M7 2'l-.,(i35 394,.".ii:: (tiliiic.il.Sic- - • - — 2,-.J4 34,297 90,94- 10l!,.^17 34,m;3 6U,063 20-1,6171 ( ittleaiiJ live stock- 1 Cows and uxt-u - ' No. 31,8-Vl 21,941 18.3.35 49,-,(12 4.5..122 26.7.-,9 63,'-.24; Sl-.rt'P . • • — 2.W.I 10,9SB 7,3!lti 7,6;iO 29.478 2-..3,4 72,191 Swine • ", " ~ IM» 6,3K) 4,-12 14.-'21 24,418 lULi'-O OV'I'Ji Hnr>ea • • . — (<|H 4, IMi 3,451 4.II0I 879 2,Vi3 .1.140^ Riotii and Innii - • cwt. 21,161 p-..n:;i 167.122 231,106 191,025 3Ct,,2(.9 2r2,27-l Lrcf iiri iM)rk • • baririi ir«,8|l( 2i2,m-* 262,744 2,' 181,2Tf,: nii"er .... cwf. 3(H.6c3 401.514 3il7,Li6> 4T2.'I4 1 474,161, [.■xtd . . . - - 2M9 6,;in3 16,2-2 20,! 36 17,l^l 2M^9 3-., 2, II Viapaii'l cuidlt^ - - — 15,T 7 17,713 30,810 46615 25,381 |8,4-.4 14.7;lll Fl.Ti. nil ir. fciu^i ■ . — I,b3!l 27K 6„t07 69.101 44.239 08.7111 54.-'!-! Spirih. Irish • - luip. l :iOi Liucn nianufacluies • yarili 37,91 l.tOJ 43,68,1,133 37,10(!,39H 39.023,087 66,230575 49,531,139 55.1l4,ili vini • - • IM. 2,bJI,l32 792,400 1,534,512 2,141,776 l,,571,444 1,150,461 iOl.t.-O, ()iherar'irUsMi<-prr>Juceornianuf .c- tu^el•rtllt; V. U. • valtie Aes. ofllfiil valneof pro^.anl mann- C, I9i,2-ifl 211, IS4 3ia,8i3 2'0,999 434,125 334,323 4f»,3M t tcf. 2,S40 6,297,261 6,447,424 7,705,070 9,101,!iM AsX' f^ftk-ial v;ttup of pnv). :inl mn- 1 nnfacl. of l'. K. exp. from Irchuid . to fvTcign porl» Arij. official viliie of prod. »nd m:i- L. 426,076 469,569 625,415 1,132,781 877,959 B37,P19 697.607 nufarL of t'. K. exp. from IrelanJ to Great Britain t. 3.852,069 4,201,078 4,367,425 5,161,483 S,569,46i 7,067,252 f>,404.2'91 Theiibnvc Tablcthowi l(ie incnnniilenlile amouni of (lie traile nf IreLind with all coiinlrioi, exri'pt Greal Rri(ain. In 1825. Ihe Iral) belwefn I Ik- two I'i virions of ilie enip:rc \vs% |ilace(l on the fooiiint of a co,i!iting trade, aud no accuuut has since beeu kept of the ()uaiililyof value of lliv cuiiiiiiuiliiics jj.usiiig bel» een lliein, wilti (hi: excepli 'O of coru. IMPOUTH AM) i:\rou'ra. Ii rroiliK"'' Bini •f, I' (iriiiit I rrmii I'liifigu lliiuin. Jlt-inl f'ti'iir. ai,iiti,:oo !i^,•i.^7.7M :!(!. l.'l.'i.yiW 'i.i,Mih.;n;l 2,'..1MI,." II a7,:i:i !,(':() •i:.,ri.')i,i7H a'>,;l•!ti.M.^ "•..Ctill/.l'iS ;i(i,rii.'.".>-i :ff,tii:i,'j'.ii aA.'iUM'in ai,ifi:<,'.i'« ♦ 3i,H';'j,ii'i;i ati„';:i,'.i-Ji 2il,i.lll),.MI'2 M.'i.Kiri.nm 2!i,(ihl,liWI :ti,r>i.V2-!J v:'j,:ri:i,i'i'i an, i:fi.;t:(V ;n.Mii.2rii iKi.OJii.srii 4r!,Ciiill,!l.'il :tii,iri.:i:>o •i;i,i-'i,:u(i '1;^,.■l:l|■>.l^7 ■I2,:)ll,til0 4i.hi:),:nr7 4H,IC.I,(lf,l 4:t.237,ll7 4 l,VJ'.l,2^»7 47,'K1S, li4.«2J' I,r)("t,joii SHI.".":, 2(i.7:-.n 2V3:.4l 2.-i(l3 2I9,I6'> 4T-','t4 1 lH,4-.4 32(i,l!ll •jii.'ni 150,4tj» 334,3il| 7,703,070 fa7,PI9 7,067,2S2! ^P,404,2'9| Inin. In l»-2i, IliP Iral! II kept ol ll;e iiuaii'.ily oi •s O U 6.1,'.'4 7A1SII 6-.,iil!)! ■1,140 2(^,i7- -'^H^H t- isi.-rci 474,1CI| 3\2,ll ■ '-.,-^^B. ^ 14,7911 '^^B ^ S4,>^l''l 62'i.-.i'l tbO^HTj IO,Ju7.4W ;ioi 'm< 65,IM,:-.li «^H 491,lbD; 4C6.9M fS^L^ *^ ^tT" D,10l,9je ^Be ■^Vn 037,607! -'^^■^^ 1 .if^B ^ ^'i-i'i I *Wei^ r535'S d i I 5 S«Mi I i iss llh r^^^ll 1 II t T T m — tncQ CO s3i K to I t*! 223 5 IB = 2 2jJ I • tmu I 2BH ^ mm i ri24 a i ^ Ci m ir A 3 M P^ »t i 1. I » ^ f"s f. ^ P 2 "■ n 4 ■" ■* 2 I ^- I .■■7 a Rio ,ri if £ *J . n ^ A ^ c m Jn a^'j 1 = f :?t FaR *^.S. iil I "I" 5- II pi 5 5!ar^r28 W ■ r- I - r- »J — 00 tool •t j^ sC I - -T cr> A H T? — m o '", •TO* -I* i^ 8 .P |.e"|i o' "^l •* I- s^ _-: c o ai 52 'S 3 — — ^ iliij a- SfciO PA lll MJ^ JS I I ill I II I I I I MM l-^i "1 ■■I gl° .= •'•3 I S " 3 ■C „ g .) 0,T) 3 nBfsnanuu SS o 3 2 55° Sc.55 o ,.a-a ill I u I 24 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. a s (U c '3 n, o S s ■s V. S. e a c Ml O fa ■c S. a «(N in ^ £f— c^i ^ «r c^f<^ i?f:J»f 0**4" of •a I ^" -• "I'n "^ -^ « r- -* fM Q O) -/J S g 3,8 Si?ti3 5 3 iS S g S t^ KTiS 2 ^^51 _- N W utj I- Ci eo CD Oa M t^ — • m (' — lO uS £ CO M oi — ^'t^teis.'H « « 33_ of ■ ph CT »-■" kO «■ -■ kA C S tr 1- c: T" I- irtM — t ,3 X ^ r- c o) >n rt r, »T — (M o c- '-o CO f « t- cr cS r* I- *ji • oS irf r t- CD (£ M >n - — COl'-MI^Ort •.ftrtl'-'>* « c<2o» 3 rtfM — CM — iX. OJOOi'ftCp^t- — — ■* — in*ji^ eoy>-*Trtr-t~QDo> M fs in o I- M X CT! I- oi .n - n in — to cjo u .£1?S"^ =^5J' « M« Ul M to JN C4 (M ^3 CO r f' an I' ■»noCjo"^^ ^ef CD ss^p, -T ofV -i" i^« If "'■>•"- Sffg'2" :2'Ka 1, _ i~ i, M — rv| a »m^ en x — >jeo - - fS— I- X j6m r-d • — — Tf TfrlS **T— OJM i4 (N c*' '' ^ 3 a. o) — -f ci -N -f to CO T .-ij in "ia . " C- «J l-i «5 M 'j3 ir in_X) jj^c r-;i~ -*_Tj'tn rt >n is o T « Tf c. ir oj 03 in (J 3 X !£>X^ T 5eoi-i.o n .:rri/f -rw"!- o"crtn — r- (» r-^eo -oDDl'OJO-itaE'in — t->2 — o^t- cT't'c is ci 5? « rt CT> Z a> •« S rt X 'M fS o OJ '("riff r- ■r'trr£<:S-^^ci^~ c> »- cToT'i^— i^ « Ir S? ; ^t^cc «!-■<£) C4 r- I »* .n r4 Ti ''I — ' i~ i c^ 2 ^ S ftt cS X, cr. e^i- — T lO S ^ &1 eft »Q 3 ''5 , 5 O T ai f^* ■». '", 'I - I I I I I I M I ■E"?liPlii — or iS g K3?^^ I . cnefoT- rf £ S si ■3 of 3 •*■ - gj" gf ^liir ai a § » s i2"R i si i§ (O rt 13 .r « ft^ •. 1^ •* "^1 ■? •- (M ^ •f CD fM ri u6 (M t4, .Ti iQ to O — — — ifi X) > (i$ ?S § S S 3 l:;- -g ^3 n^;:y::'Sis If) .O *4 'O a U s s OICJ to « -f a s '» ,o >c o r a-?! — lO of i^?g SPi Wi 11 g^i S 3S 2g i.Si-l ^fi.- 2 2 3 to '-in »? CI— -.- — ti ^' '' Rf S »7I 2 '^ 2~ to -f co" tr" t^'-'i-r«! -T — 3 sy S'^ oa — "^ JL O I- «A • SIS 8^ 5" in i~>ft m 1 — rt x) >n ■^ » -r o o '■523 1 5fP °^- 't' to n i-o '^ — OS oi IP -5 >i^ * U 2 S M'« Ol — — fa OCl«*fi-- ■) ft in , ^ 35 *^ — « r:4 ^^'.o. ■ erf "— *M dT ii" of o"^ CO i. 5. r** *T ^ ^ — to r^ Tten -TO CO VI CI ." • I- o ;sss O) — — ■( aj t- -^ C S. .§ 3 53 Si § « lO O X Q ■! m o Jj (^ -f ID ' O) I- r^ "» 'f 10 rt sss .3, — iM — •MOOi'f o, r- -T ~ tort pn n _^0D to CO is 55 1- — -J w -4 n s "^J 2 '^ o •* -= -a sf |- ?-f in. fM -r;oc o »• c i-"^ I- OTi- rf.oi-f^i-i-^'^ owjo n Q— oil'" • i--* (-I'tor-oiin — O'N ^oir- en ooo>'— to on— n«r- K" ftrt qij ^:^i S' of S T^rt" 10 in to i> « oi ci o> w_ J^ b;, • to ' in,rt '■;,^'T, ** «n 1- to to oo * co r- uT— ■ ttf'-^ crT HT oi -^ — ^to" f ^ cT 00 1^- to" cTri in" in* -^o o^?>rcr JIM |IJI Ik) Ig. I -I I l.-'-=l .. t't. . .-is'.?'. Md 9" If I =1 •21 I ►1 9- 1» ,0 ft & 1 I 1^5 i3|S;:"«.5 s •3 8 .'5 ^ ii . I fti !e , j=q, ' p 5 O ta, '' h' 2 li >f S 8 ■' g-S(as-s«Si s SOS a » Vol. II.— 26 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. §§i ^iiiS^ o ©1 in m ot .f! •* Oi c6 • ^.o ■ ^ into TO) tai o ;«J- _- 32:2 a" ^e — fM T^ 31 *' 1- VM ^tO tf^OT (ft 1-01 1- ifl 51 9 *~Q a as if =3 §r-o»i-coy QO uS 04 Cn a I B 8 u •o a S. H « «> & B a a o ■3 u •o c S3 o fa a M V a ■s a 3 •T fN — — .n o eJ ^ c* 3 -f a*: 83 ■s"! e^ ■aSKS ■ "T -4 ■» 'dc)" §0 r- PS? in — T to in X PS 1-;^ t^ io 2> ■* ;gi?.2 « Mnei« n s SRff U.y ■■ L** <^ C "^ C3 B"; u.(j i .CD CO ju m — J I k. JO l~ l^ r* iTi — "8 SO 'M »n CT OT a)*o r^xS >•- rt (M 1(1 c: »»i'X- -J 3D"an -yTco oTx — ' f o I- ? i; g , I '•si O CL, w M U4 a •3 I. l..i 3 fe ,=s, J. E " a S ° CM 2 3 n II 83 Tj 9 1 ' I Ifi-S I i I I I I I I I I if, 'i St. i w Ill r s.a 3 fj:; ^ (J U . -. he O III ill 1i ■ a- o t- liji u - » c » - St =•!*►.= t => «i~ a ■ IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 27 I 1 B e 7> 1 e 3 §" S •a ^ s 8 S I ii iSrii t.|su§ 2 32 «'^l:i2;;3 C! i7-!^.2 r c5 1- — er w*^ I I I I 1 1 II ■r "= 3 . ^ •» a . . 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J.S fl-3 »> ft I'lllil « r^.o- fchxHa- S.-H a s CO ■^ = s r If "1- w isfii. S-SES.S H « = g-S U U U U S >!; Oi £ ! ® 28 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. B .•s s "0. irt ■■ o ^- 3 ^ Z Si PI «n?l 2 1:=- a" 3" 35 S 3 ■ - o « L: 2 w as en — ?r a-" a - :r o r* ** -■ ■ " -5 '^ T * ei SI I- i/j c^ i^ i~ rt -M ys — « eg «'«' CO - g 2 ^ -'" ^ m to — — • 1^ IN OT rt »^ -r ^ — S3 »n — — .jj i-T -• vi §1 «' rs jf eo"cQ ftJ W* SS .a o CO -g.H « — t- ^1 -ft t tfl M — • "^ P I^ rt S^ S'3' S" 3=^ -■ f eo — " 4 •*to>f^r-ojtDcy — OiO c in I" "N 1- ■>» I- a^ X •*! 1- -- l-OO^XJ»0'neox I- I* -T 3i ::3 C1-. '^L':^Smm"J *n e* 1^ M -^ •* -r Si — o Q to c. a- -f 9t ^ Q •" ^ ^5 ** O j3 « A e^ eO •« 10 (M r* oi -H *# -^ to r» — •f-T »n S§g- >lr^*0 -"to'r-" 4ll'9 ■rrtX £3! ■o o S — c ■3- -• OS |a; a" ^S2 2!3 CO -n a I 2 eirN obS.j — aB"'!?"'"^ en ub&t&i CO ;0 • to V M rsi (N O * - Q CO U5 ^ C CO e^u5®cO_ "^ '^ " § ~ cfi to « -r o tn — CO 3 w "^ — r- ^ in 'H >n o o^ t.0_-^ Wixco ''eo'-o"ff> fS 3j QO 1^ f CO — tN 3 — ri -o S .S'5 S 8i22IS2352;f8 ro "1 r^ te CO r .n a> ^ CD irmeorN wo'to •" trfs'eo'-N'gri'eo' -.-jo" fc "i" == '0 oi" — " ^ r- — if> r- I- c I- .0 — ?» orj (o jO -w t- o o S •* o S In U1I-- — O CO eo" — " *f ^— "»o — r-^-citotna lO CO tn I- "f f : »* T I- 3 ^ i~ c -^ fN eo 'f >n eo CO - 8 =SfS3 F- to CO t~ == of ^" iai rt 00 to O »J 10 •• — ^ -m'^s -4 - -o 1- •* ^- O ;« CO >n^ i-^c ai "^r -^ •f'^T Si^ to eo Q I- « es r* I' 51 jlj o CM 'n -r CD CO c4 CO V O CO S So" ■- !0 -«31 — -J .n i O iO CO - -J) T — I- ;; ■ ■ n r- to •-•CO — X i o» ^ o >o 'O cr* to r^ -^ op ^ to o 1- r- pi r-rJ fofe •?■ ^ r-eo -f CT eo "* '^^ r- -;^ •^ o" 'f rt'o'td -N irTco" ■V rt 04 -t CO Ji5 1-- CO ^ ?3 — CO act-M^ CO CO O 't — '£ IP I- 'O iffc'r*" Scrajteto — tofoj-* cT'Oofeo V^'^f co^C^i~ **r — »fl tO'O-MCO I- r CO I- in to Z M sf ■a 5 a f 3> -f 'O o i(^"— ' O I » of or — Er >' I- r-eO- x-^a'-fcoanfiO^eooi — coaoo-r ^'^™''2-~ ^ -M t— — (M I - m CD — ^ I- «1 r-; C?^ 1^ en y) I- 1-0 2^ 1-0 • o e*— ' c£ to — CO ■^totoot- — — OOCr •- QCO XQ ^ TT II o I - — -T^ of — to CO -wKatT S — _ -f K I- — CO — ■^(M*fiO_ efoi" *o*" li ^ll| 1 1 \i s^^i = II •1^ ,11 ^j-g 1^. ~.^ W) = K150 Ssi S c = frS U 1* ■; I; J = B •3 g £ 4> e c 3^ = [BSrt C "f I I I I I I El J -St 2te=-S ■F."W = *■! 3 i= " ' ■•II Account n( United K gpccifyiii, each : iiii try, iiiid I wliolu E: Countrii i*5 $■ •1 £uropi Russia Sweden Norway lienmark PruMJa • GertnADV Holland Belgium France Portugal, Prop* Made Spain and the ric Islinds - Canary Islands Gibraltar Italy and the UlanJa Malta Inni.111 (shnds Turkey and Cot al Greece {ex of Morea) - Morea & Greek IslesofGuemsey, Alderuey, anc Asia, Arabia EastlndtaComp riloriei and O China - Sumatra and Jai Philippine Islan New^jouth\Va^^ I)ieinen*8 Lai^ Swan Kiver NewZ««iUnd,ani Se.1 Islands • Forts of £)jaiu • Jifrira. ECTpt ((iorfs o Medilerrancar Triiwli, Barbara ^l(>^occo \Vest^rnCoa8tof, Cajw of Good Hf Cape de Vend Isl St. Helena Islu of Bourbon Mauritius An\erica* British North A can Colonies British West Indl Havti • Cufii, and other fo West Indies U. States of Anier Mexico liuileniala Columbia Brazil - States of llie Rio 1 Plata Chili • Peru ■ Totil Europe ■% Asia • ; Africa • ^ America Total! JV.5.— The r iBg a sequel to rountriea to w diirinff the six ^ K'ilh their nvci c 2 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 90 n SI 2 S ■* "J •^ ik i& ~ " - Si 2 S § a H "* ^ 5 i,' " S§^ 3.3 2fi="^S" Sf • ' » I— •** s^ o,-f -n. • sS§59 cTfff «r. Account of Ihp real or declared Value of the vnriou» Articles of the Maiinf«rtiirp nnd Produce of the United Kincrioin, exported to Fnreiicn Coiintriiis during oacli of the Six VuarB ciiiliii); willi lh35; g|)cciCyiii(r I'le t'ouiilries to wliicli tliey were exporti.'il uiid the Value of tluise annually 8lii|>pi'd for each: and Bhowiiijf, also, the averagi; Amount of Kxporlw during tlie Haid Six Years to earli (.'oun- trv and to each Quarter of the Ulobe; and the average Proportion exported to each, supposing the wh'c'le Exports to be 1,000. MTrt £ a — , A e^ w ,n ' cfef wT' < ■■-■■XT i-« i- ■) OT -f -O M O -I ir, -M — ^ f^l. i b s w in ^ , ■1 5 o '-i ^ S r^ * r* rs — .^ Lo '« f o '1^ rt o I- y? T 'fi £ ,A ,p rt — -^ ^ • r f>* X -T ^ ri_ ' 36 «3 "S TT n t- =i u5 — el rs o' 3^ "••' "^ ''"3 r^ • J CO Q r- 2> • -o «^(0 b ^ •* CO * •^ ? — ^ SJ .fi O I I ■s y.ic I. j.H 'c c £.i t: — "^ I*- 0« X -^ O ^ ^ i Averaite AvernKo anl. rro})oiiion fxiiorte.l to Countrici. 1S30. 1831. 1832. 1833. /,. 1,531,002 1834. 1935. Amount of F.xt>ortB, 1830-1833. eacfi Country, supiiosiog whcdo Exports to be 1,000. ilurape. L. I,4sn,539 1,1 91 ,56"' 1,587,250 L. 1,38'2,300 1,732,773 L. 1,489.072 L. 37'I37,767 40,4i« 67,127 64,932 59,549 63,094 103,156 65.058 1-622.360 Norway 63,926 68,580 3d,'i2S 63,038 61.9^8 79,278 58,tflO 1-468,729 lltl,HI3 92,2»» 93,396 99,951 94,593 107,979 101.171 2523,226 177,923 192,fl6 25i.,556 141,179 136,423 18><,273 181,028 4561,7.37 4,463,(^05 3,642,952 6,068,997 4,33'>,548 4..547,I66 4,602.966 4,446,872 110905,917 Hollar. J Belgium } 2,022,458 475,884 2,0S2,536 2,789,398 5 2,I»I,I'II3 J 886,429 2,470,267 730,039 2,648,j02 8I8.4H7 j 2,774,968 69-208,781 6(K2.688 674,791 81.<,333 l,llb,>,85 1,433,1,36 862,036 21-499,358 Portugal, Proper ),10(),l>93 Ati29 975,991 41,638 540,792 77,920 967,091 61,430 1,600,123 63,275 1,534 ,.326 49,717 1,124.169 61,768 28 M7,0I0 1291,103 Madeira 3B,444 3(1,960 28,038 33,411 38,455 40,0!^2 36,233 •903,639 Spiin and the Batea- 607,068 697,848 442,926 442,^37 323,907 405,065 470,273 11-729,757 Canary Minds Gibraltar 42,6'2a 33,2.»2 21,053 30,507 30,t.86 21,308 30,409 •758,4r.7 292,760 367,2S5 461,470 383,160 460,719 002,3!,O 428,3'; 9 10-663,862 Italy and the Italian Island! 3,251,379 2,490,376 2,361,772 2,316,260 3,282,777 2,426.171 2,6«8,I23 67-042,349 Malta lS-9,135 134,519 96,994 133,43'' 212,696 136,923 13-.,9'.l 3-889,451 Ionian Islinda 66,963 60,883 65,725 33,915 ,94,49S 107,-04 67,463 1-682,591 Turkeyand Continent- .3,! al Ureitce (exclusive of Morea) • 1,139,616 888,654 01.5,319 1,019,604 1,207,941 l,33l,(lf.9 1,083,801 27030,!n3 Morea & Grt*k Islands 9,694 10,446 10,149 25,314 37,179 2^S34 20,369 -608,C07 j'l IslesofGuernsey.Jcrsey, Alderuey, and Alau Alia. Arabia 344,036 324,634 317,496 335,934 15,947,723 360,665 331,612 339,063 8-456,303 15,954,674 13,875,074 15,901,502 18,367,698 18,816,043 16,477,120 410-942,819 .'■7 . . , . 230 6,049 1,050 •028,187 •1 EastlndiaComp.'sTcr- ritoriea and CeyluD • 3,893,330 3,377,412 3,514,779 3,495,301 2,578,569 842,852 3,192,692 1,074,70^ 3,342,381 319,393 83-359,681 7-970,718 Sumatra and Jara 162,102 285,296 160,606 471,712 410,273 333,^92 303,647 7eH,900 Philippine Islands 71,220 39,513 102,2S4 185,293 76,618 129,744 100,7-9 2513,449 ■f. New .South Wales.Van Diemen's Land} and Swan Kiver 314,677 398,471 466,238 658,372 716,014 696,345 623,020 13-094,109 NewZealand,andSouth Se-t Islands • 1,396 4,752 1,576 936 > 2,687 1,891 •047,162 Ports of Siani • 10,467 • • 19,742 ■ 6,035 •125,574 4,455,392 4,103,444 4,235,483 4,711,619 4,611,318 6,456,116 4,601,396 114-759,773 E(!TPl (ports on the ■f. Mediterranean) Trilioli, Barbar)', and Niorocco 110,^7 122,832 113,109 145,647 159,877 269,225 163,320 •••523,833 J4 1,138 426 731 2,330 14,823 29,010 8,088 •201,717 ' '^■'!s West^rnCoast of Africa 252,123 234,768 290,061 329,210 326,483 292,540 287,530 7,171,0.59 -^ Cai>e of Good Hope • 330,036 257,245 292,405 34U,I97 304,382 326,921 309,531 7,719,769 ■'^ Cape de Verd Islands - 1,710 215 • 146 530 575 629 •01.3,193 ■ '^ St. Helena 35,915 39,431 21,236 30,041 31,615 31,187 32,071 •799,838 >.^B Isle of Bourbon I0,0J2 - • • 7,091 - 2,835 •07IJW4 'm. Mauritius .4nicrif(i. 161, 029 148,473 163,191 83,124 037,015 149,319 196,559 150,333 3^749,336 m. 905,220 803,392 880,753 993,120 1,146,047 944,2)7 23-549,967 ■;■'«, British North Ameri- .^^ can Colonies 1,857,133 2,089,327 2,075,725 2,0W Hayti • Ciini, and other foreign 321,793 376,103 543,104 381,528 337,297 365,798 390,937 9-750,060 West Indies 618,029 663,531 633,7C0 577,22s 913,003 787,043 698,736 17-427, 121 r. States of America - 6,132,34'j 9,053,583 S,46S,272 7,579,699 6,844,989 10,56?.433 7,b07,S90 189742,366 Mexico 976,441 728,858 199,821 421,487 439,610 402,S20 53I.S40 13-264,201 tiuiteinala ■ - - 3,700 30,366 13,214 8,213 -2l'4,83i Coliunbia 210,751 2 18.2 W 203,3(58 12I,R26 199,996 132,242 2ro,439 4-998,991 ^ Brazil • 2,452,103 1,238,371 2,144,903 2,3;5,US0 2,460,679 2,630,767 2,250,417 66-125,870 Stales of the Rin de la rlita 632,172 339,870 660,152 515,362 831,564 638,325 606.27< 16^120.8rO Chili ■ S40,C2u 65l,6r. 0IS,1!I3 810,317 896,221 600.176 70,1.275 17-539,823 Peru • Totals 368,469 16,956,311 409,003 273,610 367,324 299,'233 441,324 21,954,062 363,528 9-066,464 ■^ 18,380,462 15,432,836 18,070,990 17,044,055 18,073,122 1 450 747,436 J 1 38,271,597 37,161.372 36,15(1,591 39,067,347 41,64(1,191 47372,270 40,095.895 ! ioo(fOf 0,000 Recapitulation. F.iiropc 15,954,764 13,875,074 15,901,502 15,946,723 18,367,698 18,816,045 16,477,120 4I0^942,8I9 Asia - 4,455,392 4,105,444 4,235,18:1 4,711,619 4,644,318 5,436,116 4,601,396 114-7.39,778 Africa • 905,220 803,392 880,753 937,015 998,120 1,146.017 944,2.57 23-549,967 America Totals . 16,956,311 38,271,597 18,380,462 15,432,856 18,070,890 17,614,053 21,954,0ti2 18,073 122 450-747,438 ..;*s 37,164,372 36,450,594 39,667,347 41.649,191 47,372,270 40,095,895 lOOOCOO.OOO JV.B.— The reader will find in the Supplement [to this article, p. 32] a table deduced from, find form- ing a sequel to, the above, but which we could not get inserted in this place. It cxhibils the different eountries to which articles of the produce or manufacture of the United Kingdom have been exported juring the si.x years ending with 1835, arranged in the order of the magnitude of the exports to tlieni« vith their average annual amount, and the proportional value of the e.xports to each. c 2 30 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. VI. Account of the Value of the various Articles of the Produce and Manufacture of the United Klng- doMi exporled tu Foreign Parts, according to the real or declared Value thereof, in the Yearn lb33, 1831, and lii35. Arliclra. 1833. \S34. 1835. anal Britain. /.. 1. d. L. «, A. /,. f. d. Alum ..-...• 2,7,ifl 1 2 1,515 2 8 1,358 19 7 Appirel, ilnp«, ami ne^ro clolliinj 40'i.:s-, 6 10 435,297 18 1 494,361 6 8 Arms aiiJ »iiiniuni(i')i) 32l.').>2 10 9 312,930 15 9 407,439 2 B-icnn and hinii 31,(1,19 10 2 3i,576 6 27,5-3 4 7 Deff anil pork, ull&l nti,,')!*) a 9 99,162 6 6 101.731 13 4 Bfcr am) ale - - . 203,1m 14 1 132,534 4 6 22,5.641 3 11 Bojiki, prlniei! I2l,.'«-. 7 7 122,212 S 143,093 8 Bra?i an 1 cupper nnnufaclilrM - 8.13,241 8 9 961,606 2 11 1,023.949 4 H fireail and hi^vnit • 9,121 2 11 7,171 8 9 5.405 4 2 KnltcraU'l cheese • i.y.,s?3 S 8 164.216 6 10 173,656 4 11 Cabinet anJ upliolfllery wares 4,3,417 19 1 47,510 12 61,003 S 10 CniU and culm 22»i.9i9 6 9 213,205 14 3 242,746 12 5 Cordage . - . , (lfi,')in 11 90,219 3 79,541 8 8 Corn, grain, ntnl, and flour 32,360 12 6 25,479 11 10 23,108 14 10 Cottuii manufactures I3,7:-.4,a92 17 10 15,231,494 13 16,393,170 5 7 yarn 4,704,003 9 1 6,211.014 17 8 6,706,563 II 2 Cows and nxcn «-,4 l,2i5 10 l,44S Eirlhrir.v.iri'of all Rorfs - 495, IKS 18 5 492,724 8 9 6.19,939 16 2 Fish of all sorts 234,ri91 18 2(10,034 6 217,652 1 8 Glass of all sorts • 4.17„'>41 7 10 490,453 14 6 636,9-27 9 1 Haberd.isliery and millinery 3Hl,'i05 16 9 311,513 15 4 6! 6,774 14 5 HinUvart-sand cullery l,4m,374 8 1,434,631 3 l,S31.7(;6 5 10 Ha H, i-caver an 1 felt • 129,820 2 125,644 12 6 135,048 6 10 of ali other sorts l9,S(ii 8 4 21,155 3 5 ?7,437 8 6 Hops .... 27,*99 6 6 13.926 6 6 16,616 2 4 H •rses ^ . . . 7I,S0I 18 92.414 12 99,4W 10 Imn and steel, wrought and unwrought 1,403,073 12 2 1,404,7.56 1 10 l,64l),f39 2 2 Lard .... 7 903 17 3 7,169 10 11,331 3 Li-a 1 and shot 120,643 13 142,4^0 13 2 195,096 4 3 Leather, wrou?ht and unwrnught- 272,9Si 6 9 242,496 18 10 278,977 19 9 saddlery and harness 69,110 13 6 62,7u8 3 3 73,347 12 3 Linen manufactures '.i,C93,6a3 10 2 2,364 ,9;-0 5 2,8.18,(150 1 4 yarn . • - . . "2.006 5 1.36,312 II 9 216,634 19 10 MachintTV and mill-work • 126,597 10 11 211,953 19 8 31)7,216 7 2 Mathematical and optical instruments 17,792 7 2I,C07 8 4 25,003 11 1 Mu!ei .... 1,092 10 1,361 1,761 15 Musical instruments 41,086 10 8 43.213 19 6 60,810 6 2 Oil. train, of Greenland fishery ■ 36,293 19 2 63,607 14 11 39,073 16 10 Tainteni' colours • 13,i,617 13 7 122,939 IS 5 169,361 5 1 i'iate, plated ware, jewellery, and watche 179,210 12 6 191,354 3 231,900 13 5 Potatoes .... 9,443 15 6 6,453 17 8 3,933 16 2 Salt 18I1,5W) 2 149,342 7 6 142,411 14 3 .Salipttre, British refined • ll,5,-)2 IS 80,381 17 20,233 12 Seeds of all sons .... 6,631 6 6 7,115 S 9 8,549 6 3 Silk manufactures • 737,263 17 10 637,013 15 4 973,478 3 8 So\p and can lies ... 312,634 8 9 215,998 17 243,303 10 6 Spirits .... 12,437 10 2 10,114 18 16,836 2 2 Stationery of all sorts 209,'-i26 11 3 20.3,119 8 9 257,877 1 8 Su^r, reiined .... 6ti2,620 4 3 915,693 19 6 851,745 3 7 Tin, unwr.>u?ht .... 36,985 15 10 33,317 1 2 32,289 II 5 and pewter wares and tin plates 232,165 17 4 3:16,933 3 331,068 6 11 Tobacco (manufactured) and snufl' 15,77,5 9 10 13.827 19 13.593 11 1 Ton;ut« ..... 2.091 13 2,898 17 2,421 17 I'mtirellas and panlsoli 43,041 2 4 43.791 16 2 45,461 11 4 Whalebone 16,i70 12 » 21,4:)7 4 12,959 15 Wool, sheep's • • . . 326,140 2 192,175 14 1 337,333 11 10 of o. her sorts 27,462 10 22873 12 45,080 4 Woollen and worsted yam 246,204 238,311 11 9 300,091 2 4 Woollen manufactures 6,239,619 2 11 6,734.017 6 S 6,336,735 8 7 All other articles ...... Total dt'clared value of the produce and manufactures of 963,223 15 6 954,413 16 11 1,034,142 2 10 the t'iiiied Kingdom, exported from Qreat Britain to foreign jtarts ...... Inland. 39,305,512 19 8 41,236,594 5 6 46,926,370 6 8 Total declared value of the protluce and manufacttires of the United Kingdom, exporteii from Ireland to foreign parts . . .... Unitid Kingdom. 355,485 17 7 336,015 4 1 444,115 11 S Total . 39,661,008 17 3 41,622,609 9 7 47,370,485 17 4* * There Is a slight discrepancy between the numbers in tiiis and the previous table. Thev were derived fiom different parliamentary papers, and these do not always agree. Causes of the Magnitude of British Commerce. — The immediate cause of the rapid increase and vast magnitude of the commerce of Great Britain is, doubtless, to be found in the e.xtraordinary improvements, and consequent extension, of our manufactures since 1770, The cotton manufacture may be said to have grown up during the intervening period. It must also be borne in mind, that the effect of an improvement in the production of any article in considerable demand is not confined to that particular urticle, but extends itself to others. Those who produce it according to ti. • old plan, are undersold unless they miopt the same or similar improvements; and th** in.t.r' ved article, by coming into competition with others for which it may be substituted, ikiluses new energy into their producers, and impels every one to put forth all his powers, thai he may either preserve his old, or acquire new advantages. The cotton manufacture may be said to be the result of the stupendous inventions and discoveries of Hargraves, Arkwright, Cromptoii, and a few others ; but we should greatly under-rate the importance of their inventions, if we supposed that their influence was limited to this single department. They imparted a powerful stimulus to every branch of industry. Their success, and that of Watt and Wedgwood, gave that confidence to genius so essential in all great undertakings. After machines had been invented for spinning and weaving cottons, whose fineness emulates the web of the gossamer, and steam-engines had been made " to engrave seals, and to lift a ship like a bauble in the air," every thing seemed po.'ssiolc — (li3tiiu'tion jw pt'r|i('tuatc '™ war has !« .f 'I'hose whi can have r V clu':i|)er, Ik otlii'r luiml and credit an iiicreasi \v(irks ill ll ' wwA propc i, cU'rcts have ,. last hnlf cp in its turn, 'i'lie iiniJ hiis been p. extension < ancestors, c Usurped till stances uni them, till, i, ,^_ of llif liuini l| the constan •^ as intense a I What is a I ;V beth having vjsihistoiians; |J without the If again, upon ''r. as to incroai r tageous, is r ■ ', industry, m obliged soir beyond thcii is, after all, resulting fro ;' scieni-c, indi i' W'e are a * to the iin|)ro I pressure oft Icorrespondin land economi iHud taxatioi las to product Ito render a c Icncroaching Iwliich they t Irising in the |the two togct Ration of eillii Jl'.it the dpi auillity of Eu We do not (live taxation; (lugmented ai Influence on i private indivit But after e ' §ind of others jfovcrnmcnt, i bower, and sc phe grand sin (ind tyranny ] health, are in has I. decided brmer preseii IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 81 he United Klng- thu Vuarii 1H33, 1833. L. i,3r>8 494,b6l 407,4S9 27,573 101 "«! 2iS,G41 1,(«3,949 5,40t l"H,6iB 61,003 24^,H6 79,511 23,108 16,393,170 6,706, i63 1,445 B3fl,9S9 217,632 636,927 6 '6,774 I,S31.71;6 133,048 S7,437 16,616 99,464 1, 0411,! 39 1I,H!<1 193,096 278,977 73,347 2,8.18,0n0 216,634 307,216 23,003 1,761 60,810 39,073 169,861 231,900 5,933 142,411 20,2b3 8,549 973,478 249,803 16,8>« 237,877 851,745 32,289 391,068 13,593 2,421 45,461 12,939 14 10 5 7 11 16 2 1 8 9 1 14 5 5 10 6 10 6 2 10 i s 4 19 12 1 19 10 7 2 II I 15 6 2 16 10 5 1 12 6 3 8 6 2 8 ' ! II I 9 i ! 387,933 11 10 45,080 4 300,091 2 4 6,S36,73S 8 7 1,034,142 2 lU 46,926,370 6 9 444,115 11 8 47,370,485 17 4» [able. They were Isc of the rapid 3, to be found in lures since 1770, ling period. It Iduction of any sxtends itself to iless they mlopt Into competition producers, and old, or acciuire the stupendous others ; but we )osed that their [imulus to every that confidence ited for spinning Id steam-engines Vry thing seemed possidin ml nrdnum visum est. And the uncenwinR cfTorls of new nsiiirant« to wealth and distinction, and the iiitiiiiatc coiincclioii of the various nils and sciciu'cs, hav»' extciuli'd and jHTiM'tuatpd the impulse given by the invention of llii' s|)iiinin;^-fraint' ami the sUMin-enniiie. Till' imnirnse accumulation of caiiilal that has taken place since li\e close le. 'J'liis endless craving of the human mind, its inability to rest .satistUd with previous acciuisilioiis, combined with the constant increase of j)opulalion, renders the demand for new inventions and discoveries as intense at one period as at another, and provides for the continued advancement of society. What is a luxury in one age, becomes a necessary in the next. The fact of Queen Eliza- beth having worn a pair of silk stockings was reckoned deserving of notice by contemporary histoiians ; wliiU', at present, no individual, in the rank of a gentleman, can go to dinner without them. The lower classes are continually [iressing upon the middle ; and these, again, upon the higher; so that invention is racked, as well to vary the modes of enjoyment, as to increase the amount of wealth. That this competition should be, in all respects, advan- tageous, is not to be supposed. Emulation in show, though the most powerful incentive to industry, may be carried to excess; and has certainly been ruinous to many individuals, obliged sometimes, perhaps, by their situation, or seduced by example, to incur expenses beyond their means. But the abuse, even when most extended, as it probably is in England, is, after all, confined within comparatively narrow limits; while the benelieial inlluence resulting from the general ditfusion of a taste for improved accommodations adds to the science, industry, wealth, and enjoyments of the whole community. We are also inclined to think that the increase of taxation, during the late war, contributed to the improvement of manufactures, and the extension of trade. The gradually increasing pressure of the public burdens stimulated the industrious portion of the community to make corresponding e(li)rts to preserve their place in society ; and produced a spirit of invention and economy that we should have in vain attempted to excite by any le.ss powerful means. Had taxation been very oppressive, it would not have had this ellect ; but it was not so high as to produce eitlier dejection or despair, though it was, at the same time, sulliciently heavy to rciuler a considerable increase of exertion and parsimony necessary, to prevent it from [encroaching on the fortunes of indiv'duals, or, at all events, from diminishing the rate at •which they were previously accumulating. To the excitement allbrdcd by the desire of ising in the world, the fear of falling superadded an additional and powerful stimulus; and he two together produced results that could not have been produced by the unassisted ope- ■ation of either. We do not think that any evidence has been, or can be, produced to show, ;l'.at the capital of the country vv juUI have been materially greater than it is, had the tran- nillity of Eurojie been maintained uninterrupted from 179.3 to the present moment. We do not state these eireumstances in order to extenuate the evils of war, or of opprcs- live taxation; but merely to show the real influence of taxation on industry, when gradually ugmcnted and kept within reasonable bounds. Under such circumstances, it has the same influence on a nation that an increase of his family, or of his unavoidable expense, has on a irivate individual. But after every fair allowance has been made for the influence of the causes above stated, Imd of others of a similar description, still it is abundantly certain that a liberal system of |[ovcrnmcnt, aflbrding full scope for the expansion and cultivation of every mental and bodily power, and securing all the advantages of superior talent and address to their possessors, is the grand sine qua non of commercial and manufacturing prosperity. Where oppression and tyranny prevail, the inhabitants, though surrounded by all the means of civilisation and ealth, are invariably poor and miserable. In respect of soil, climate, and situation, Spain as I. decided advantage over Great Britain ; and yet, what a miserable contrast does the irmer present, when compared with the latter ! The despotism and intolerance of her 32 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. rulers, and thp want of good order and tranquillity, have extinguished every germ of improve- ment in the Peninsula, and sunk the inhabitants to the level of the Turks and Moors. Had a similar political system been established in England, wo should have been equally depressed. Our superiority in seience, arts, and arms, though proni.ited by subsidiary means, is, at bot- tom, the result o( freedom and secnrifij — freedom to engage in every employment, and to pursue our own interest in our own way, coupled with an intimate conviction, derived from the nature of our institutions, and their opposition to every thing like arbitrary power, that acquisitions, when made, may be securely enjoyed or disposed of. These form the grand sources of our wcallli and power. There have only been two countries, — Holland and the United IStates, — which have, in these respects, been placed under nearly the same circum- stances as England; and, notwithstanding they inhabit a morass, defended only by artificial mounds from being deluged by the ocean, the Dutch have long been, and still continue to he, the most prosperous and opulent people of the Continent ; while the Americans, whose situation is more favourable, are advancing in the career of improvement with a rapidity hitherto unknown. In Great Britain we have been exempted, for a lengthened period, from foreign aggression and intestine commotion ; the pernicious influence of the feudal system has long been at an end ; the same equal burdens have been faid on all classes ; we have enjoyed the advantage of liberal institutions, without any material alloy of popular licentiousness or violence ; our intercourse with foreign nations, though subjected to many vexatious restraints, has been comparatively free ; full scope has been given to the competition of the home pro- ducers; the highest oll'ices have been open to deserving individuals; and, on the whole, the natural order of things has been less disturbed amongst us by artificial restraints than ifi moHt other countries. But without security^ no degree of freedom would have been of male- rial ini|)nrtance. HapjMly, however, every man has felt satisfied, not only of the temporary, but of the permanent tranciuiliity of the country, and of the stability of its institutions. The plans and combinations of ca])ilalists have not been allected by misgivings as to what might take place in future. Monied fortunes have not been amassed in preference to others, because they might more easily be sent abroad in periods ol confusion and disorder; but all indivi- duals have unhesitatingly engaged, Avhcnever an opportunity oHered, in undertakings of which a remote posterity was alone to reap the benefit. No one can look at the immense sums expended upon the permanent improvement of the land, on docks, warehouses, canals, &c., or reflect for a moment on the settlements of property in the funds, and on the extent of our system of life insurance, without being deeply impressed with the vast importance of that confidence which the public have placed in the security of property, and the good faith of government. Had this confidence been imperfect, industry and invention would have been paralysed ; and much of that capital which feeds and clothes the industrious classes would never have existed. The preservation of this security entire, both in fact and in opinion, is essential to the public welfare. If it be anywise impaired, the colossal fabric of our prosperity will crumble into dust ; and the commerce of London, Liverpool, and Glas- gow, like that of Tyre, Carthage, and Palmyra, will, at no very remote period, be famous only in history. — (From the Treatise on Commerce, contributed by the author of this work to the .Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.) (1. Tallin exhil)itins the different Coiintrit's to wliicli Articles of tlie Produce or'Manufacture of the United Kingdom have been exported during tlie Six Years ending with 1835, arranged in the Order oftlic Ma!,'iiitude of the Exports to them ; and specifying the average annnal Amount of the Exports to eaeli during the said Six Years, and the Portion of such Exports destined for each, supposing the whole Exports lo be 1,000. Average ,inl. Average aui.' Avenge I'rn portion Average Pniporliun , annual exp. to each annual exp, to cacli , Countries. Amount of Country, sup Countriei. Ankouii^ of Country, siin-| posiiig ttlioli Exports to be Esporti, posing whole Exports, ISat^-IWa. Kxports to be 1830-1835. 1,000. l.OUO. rniftxi Stiteaof Anierici /,7,C07,8!)n 189742,366 Cape of Good Hope /-309,5.11 (iennuiy* .... 4.446.S72 IIO-90-1.9I7 SuTua'ra and Java 303,647 7-622, iWii EistliniiaComii.'s'erritiiriesanJ Ceylon 3,342,381 83359,681 Wcs*ern Coast of Africa • 287,530 7-l7l,0isi Hnlluul Hfl; StatM of the Rio de la I'lata 606,274 15120,600 Canar}' Islands .... 30,409 •758,4(571 Mexico ..... 631,840 13-264,201 Morea and Greek Islands 20,369 •.moo; New South Wales, Van DIemen's Land, Guatem.ala - . . - 8,213 •2nj,«34l and Swan River 525,020 I3-094,109 Triiwli, Barbary, and Morocco . 8,088 •301.717; Spiin and the Haleariclslands - 470,275 11-728,757 Ports of Siain .... 5,035 •123.574 Gibraltar- .... 428,379 10.683.862 Isle of Bnurlion .... 2,855 •07i,.'or Iltyli 390,937 9-750,030 New Zealand, and South Sea Islands • 1,891 •047,lli2; Peru ..... 363,528 7-066,461 Arabia ..... 1,050 -n2i),is-| Isles of Guemiey, Jersey, Alderney, and Cane de Verd Islands ... 6'29 •013,1931 Mm ..... 3,19,061 8-450,303 7-970,710 Chini ..... 319,593 Totals . 40,095,895 lOOfl-OOO.OCOJ ' Coem Husks and sliel Cdtlnii wtjultrouj VIZ.— The riiited SI: Hnzil - Turkey ml E; (Hher i'lreigti t CcMori IV mi Ikii stuns, vit:. — F.ati ln.lif*'i -iin Hritisti Weal It of Brii)8h West fnim Other Briliiih p 'l\ hitlis-o I..'- dye - l.'-w.ioJ - Mid.-r ■ Mt iiler roo'^ Klix an-i tow, oi :t!i'l hemp dirran's • l-'^iwuis and oran* Uiisins - II.i's i)f straw i'l-ittiiii; of straw Hftiip, nndresaed Hidei, tintanned, ' Edlfio, bull, ojf hides . Hiiles, tanned, viz Riitlalo, hull, ox hides - I.eittn:rijlt)ves Molnst's . Oil-Olive- I'alin - Train, spermi Siltpeire and cuhic Ki^nf an I linseed |Silk. raw . Wasie and knubl ICissia lignea jlVpper ento fSuiir, viz.— W'.-st hi'lia Ki'il India and M Fnreigii - iTdlow . I'fea ITInitinr, vi7. — Hitfens ind hatfe \h^\\ an I (leii eru Mis's, 6 and uiiiii nieier • Masis, Sand und diinieier MnVs, 12 and upv (hk plaidts Staves Fir, H inches w\ ward* Oik, ditto rneimtiierated dit Wainscot \n^ d\V Tnli-^cco, viz. — I.^nnuniificiiired Manufactured or i Snuir - rml. sheep and Ian Vine, viz. — Cape French - PortiKat ■ Spanish > Madeira - • Otlier sorts - All sorts - IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 98 rm of improve- I Moors. Had ually cloprcBBed. ?anH, is, at bot- Dymeiit, and to n, derived from jry power, that "orm the grand [olland and the ! same circum- miy by artificial till continue to ncricans, whose with a rapidity icd period, from udai system has vc have enjoyed icentiousness or itious restraints, F the home prn- the whole, the itraints than ifi re been of mate- r the temporary, ititutions. The s to what might ) others, because ; but all indivi- undertakings of at the immense rehouses, canals, lul on the extent it importance of d the good faith ion would have justrious classes in fact and in olossal fabric of rpool, and Gla<- •riod, be famous lor of this work mufaetnre of iho getl in till! Ordtr lit of the Exports li, suptiosing tlie II Arcnntil of thn Quniilitlp* of llio Principiil iirliclt's of rorciL'ti ami f'nlotiinl MiTrtiiinilist' iiiipnrtnd jiili) I'Xiiiirti'il friiiii, mill rrl.iiiii'il for ('iiiisiiiiipiinii in ilii; I mli'il Kliii! Imii, with lliii .NkU Kcvuuiiu aicr'iiiiil? lliureoM, Uuriiii,' tin; Vuurii uiiUiiis ilie iili Jamiiiry, l^Ti, uiul IbUS. Average aiil. UcraEn rroporlion , jiiiiual eip. to each i iiouii^ of Counlry, siiiv, Ixporta, tosiiiR wlinltl Kxliiirhlobel U0-1S35. l.OuO. „309,53l 7-7l'l,7ti?! 303,t47 7-622, !W. 2b7,530 7-l71,0'i*l 20O,-l39 4-999,9PI 183,028 4.i64,-.'.:: 155,0-il 3WUii: |-,3,320 3S23,s33 1.10,333 3-749,3i6i 101,171 2-523,226! 100,770 2'513.4J9 67.465 1-6H2.59I 65,0,-.Si 1 •622,51)1 5S,f90 4'468,729! 51,-6S 1-291, lO'.i 3fi,23.1 •90;1.6W: 32,071 3P.409 •799,&; •7-:)S,4i-"l 20,36f •.W8.co:; 8,Z1! •2n4,sa4 S,08S •201.711 6,035 •125,571 2,85S •071, .111 l,«9 •047. llU l.O'il •me,n- 6« •013,193 0,09%«). ,] 100fl-000,OM 1 lic^c-iipiion of .Mfrcluu.lii". <^uinlllies imported. Quantities . . ported. '^-^i;;-^,^;;;;;-"*" Nell Revenue. ■:t IKli. 1837. 147,329 1836. 19,137 1.'37. l8Jo. 1 IK17. 1830. 1837. L. 193 3ro»s rev. ,"■ . • — — — — — .Vhcs, pejrlanlpot • • «»<»- l52,g.U 19,810 130,176 128,C99 I.. 998 rirosa rev. lUnlla »liJ ilklli • • • — 70,214 102,135 1,680 3,441 97,202 : 91.404 Irawl.ksk i-piijiiicnls r 9,ti7» 8,908 ! 5,532 4,019 4,9761 Hirk for tinning or dyeing • — 772,119 786,730 3,345 8,0f.T 784,819 781,1 I3| 25,8jj 20,458 Ci.iIWn viz — Hiiluli p iiii^ition • ■ 11"- Kisl liMiLiiiil .Miuritiui - — lurciiii iiiulaliou ■ • — Total! ■ ,— rocnl . . • • \\ll- llu-ksan^i slK-lh • . • - 18,877.912 15.181.113 10«.493 3.'n,0|7 17,532.731 17.138.158 1 il,iHm,TI0' (I.9'i().ll(l5 3,6i2,-j5| 1,3211.2 >5 7, ,12,725 0,2li.5,li;i4 [ 691,616 696,643 . 6,2T0,2l.'i ll,27-,09() 6,9j(),370 10.681,758 33:.,5S7 16,'U(I 6,411,703 8,0. o"^, 933,^76 -2,J34 .3,109 1 11,165 13,922 31,lli4,li;l7 36,412,511 24,947,690 26,3.|6,!I6I 2,7.-8,-''2l 42),t>-lS 2,853,000 611,757 1,1.10,163 361,141 1,416,613 481,1-0 Ciill"iivv.)Olfroiiil\ireignoouiilne«, VIZ.— ,^ TliB liiilcastatei of America • Ih'- Hrv/il . - • • — '1 uik'-v an 1 Eif>'|il • • — (MliL-i- iiirt-igii ctiunlnes • • — 289,615 692 27,501,-272 320.651,716 •20 910,145 6.42j,721 6,734,113 7.8S|,51() 4,616,829 Cdlluri w ir)l lioili firilistl po«sC4> sinns. VIZ.— F.a«l In.lit-i anil Mitiritiiis • llj4. 75,937,887 51,577,197 Bnlisli Wat luJies, llie growlli of , - 1,312,806 1,199,162 1 British West Indies, imiwrted fniin "~ 401,531 396.510 Other llrilinh posicssinns - — Total (luanlities • — Indijn • • • His. 8,3j 23.6>4 368,445.035 2,226.194 430,006 36.356 450,658 29,889 .1 10:,9-9,037 7,710,514 407,280,783 31,739,763 3!l,722,03l 3,58T,.56I Jt,3 684,232 2,840,39S ''^i 6,545,873 3,691,951 ; Lie live ■ • • - — 61-3,675 I,0ll.ti74 200,975 133,nj'.> 620,218 423.335 1.717 1,140 !: i..ii;\v,',od . - . • tons 12,881 14,699 4,385 3,316 12,361 12.023 2,473 2,513 i \t I liter . - . • Cwtb. 108,,43l Itl.iiliS ... - CWt9. 182.286 169.590 36,496 11,526 156.194 152,162 1I7,(IM5 114.095 Mil's i)f straw - • ■ No. 14.042 26,22- 16,172 12.714 3,437 5,624 1,(109 1,632 I'litlin;; of straw , ■ - Itw. 42,890 30,862 11,846 7,546 29.681 23.961 24,5-9 20,003 Heinp, nndrraaed - • - cwts. 6tJ6,0d2 773,621 38,105 16,574 367,862 631,613 2,492 2,766 Hides, imtanned, viz.— Dulfa'o, bull, ox, cow, or hone tildes . . . . — 352,061 339,632 37,795 46,649 330,214 290,739 43,769 36,482 Hides, tanned, viz. — Butlalo, tmll, ox, COW, or hone tiides - - - - lbs. 70.410 87,678 32,305 19,903 63,010 6.3,895 794 814 I I.i-itheri;l.ive» ■ - • pairs 1,490,999 1,25.5,920 31,405 18,894 1,459,363 1,218.470 27.507 22 923 Molasses ... - cwts. 528,306 5S2,2«3 1,600 1,611 6.57.1-82 ;592.019 295.615 266,324 :>& l)d-01i\e- - . - galls. 2,682,016 1,721.914 150,561 209.472 1,844,622 1,496 656 46.514 34,986 ■iM Palin- • • • civls. 277,017 221,337 34,379 16,T:.2 234.357 211.919 14.67-* 13,299 '■Ml Tra i n, spermaceti, fe blubber tuns 19,489 21,8(13 1,365 .■•93 18 722 20.878 1.29' 14,370 '^ Saltpetre and culiic nitre • • cwt?. 279,902 349,9a3 38,444 36.959 231,1,34 240,222 6.045 6.339 Kiax an 1 tinsee,! - - bushels 3,3,19,215 3.321.089 1,371 6,879 3,179,1197 3 381.6-13 19.il(15 21,118 .^ill;. raw . . . - lbs. 4,453,081 4,146,181 113,600 345,971 4,239,254 3,5:0,1(15 18072 15,454 Wai'e and knubbf • - — 1,608,289 943,281 87,615 2t,-20S 1,524 968 867,456 712 389 Cavs^a lignea • • - — 8.37.413 981.674 6;)3,083 760.141 89,396 ll>5,485 2.242 2,642 IVpper - - • • — 7,724,932 5,29I.Sft3 4,151,569 4,76'<.S60 2.794.491 2.025,l..75 99.1.14 65,621 Pimento • • " - — 3,26-1,238 2,113,300 2,337,982 1,3:6,645 400,914 335,406 6,339 4,193 Sunr, viz.— Ra w. Wi-st India - ■ • -cwts. .3,600.517 3,305.238 f 278,088 448,382 ) K.ist India and Mauritius • — 7211,99- 912,267 ) Ileliii ed. J 3,489,399 3,054,810 4,184,165 4,760,565 Fnreifii . . . . — 327.617 265.073 ( 248,614 227.807 ) T.illow - . . . — I,l'6„%4 1.314,649 18,709 .52,37' 1,314,0.85 1,289,514 2n7.7"9 203,977 Tea .... lbs. 49,306,701 36,973,981 4,269,8-3 4,716,248 49,142,236 30,625,206 4,671,535 3,223,840 Timber, viz. — tiattens and batten ends - gt hund. 17,247 15.983 80 126 15,677 14,451 152,596 133.806 1)1' il anl deal ends • - — 69,318 72,832 1,022 946 68,300 66,651 617,3n 680,570 M is's. 6 and under S ins. in dia* nieler - . • . No. 8,414 9,474 345 199 9,247 9,763 2,780 2,865 Masts. 8 and under 12 iiiclies in diinieter • • ■ — 3,381 3,628 26S 160 3,291 3,444 2,119 2.313 .Mas'5. 12 and upwards - • loads 2,649 4,273 35 19 3,200 4,077 3,443 4 571 0:ik planks • - • — 3,046 1,968 • 6 2,871 2,199 11,490 8,813 Slaves • • - gt hund. 83,6-w 85,721 2,121 1,638 90,811 84,454 67,334 51,693 Fir, B inchej njuare and up- wards loads 622,680 579.960 4611 846 612,865 681,039 545.074 456.389 Oik, ditto - • • — 25,681 3I.6-6 15 2 26 062 30,940 31.31 S 41,205 riieiMimerated ditto • • — 39.4J2 48,481 72 80 39,314 48,026 10,043 12,073 Wainscot logs ditto • - — 4,212 6,593 - 3 3,988 4,020 10,9-51 10,938 Fotiacco, viz.. — tinnianitfictured - • llis. 32,212.907 27,144.107 12,319.405 17,341.587 22,150,785 22,321.489 ) '^ Manufactured or cigars . • — 16s'.668 '' 632,186 432.66 1 1 302.869 158,182 1 144,385 J3,397,10J 3,417,663 Simir . . . . — 13.580 1 4.1.53 3,496 3,472 509 j 351 ) KTiiil. sheep and lambs ■ • lbs. 64,239,977 48,379,708 613,707 2,831,332 60,366,415 42,515,899 189,524 119,168 (Vine, viz.— Cape . • ■ Imp. galls. SSO,273 618,105 10.87f 6,766 ,541,511 1 600,727 74 43 68,854 French . . . — M3 24I 725,110 99,112 106 93- 352,063 4:18,59- 96,534 120,286 ''i Portuiral . - - — 4,089,235 1 2.693 36- 381,(126 199,518 2,878,359 2.560,25- 1 1,622,99- • •M Spanish - . • — 3,164,244 2,802,585 615.822 402,341 2,3«8,4I3 2,278,2(k1 1 1,497,957 f'B| .Madeira . . « — 233,979 28M,40C 152.36" 148.10- 133,673 lll,37t m Utiier sorts • • — All sorts • • — 805,109 9 :4,8s,i 3S5,:12( 1 l,674,.521 381,122 515,193 502,318 6,809,212 6,391,531 m 9,406,083 8,033,481] 1 1,334,79a 1,793,96 ll 1,687,097 1 5 ' ..' 34 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. in. An nrrniinl «( llip omrinl Vnliio of ihe IinpnrlH Inio nnd ExporlR from tliplTniled Kingdom, from and III :ill ('oiiiilrii's, tur IIju Vi'iir (Midini: .'illi Jiininiry, l><:lli Janiiary, IHM, und lb'M\ diittiiiguliiliing uacli Cuiiulry, uiul UritiHii and Coliinjiil iind I'uriMKn i'rodiiii'. 1 omcial Value (if lUfKir't from Ihe United Ilertare.l Va Dec'and Vi OfTtrial Value iitiKiLiiii, 1834 luf of Hriliflh li.e nf Hni),|, Namw of Cuuntriei. uf llll|MtllS Mitn ItiM aiitl IrMli I'm- aii.l lr|.,li rii, duct' aitd .M.I., dure aii't Ma* I'niifd KuiJt (Inlii lhU4. nriliili an 1 Iri.ti I'Knlucf Fiirf i*n rinil Ciil.Hii.il .Mcr- CtUll.llBU. TnM niiLu'iiiiuH exiKiitrd Ikuii iiulacium rx( i»r t.l fn>iii UUIII, lOw-l. ;ii»l Mai.ul.ic- Eiiiurli. lliu I! K. in Ihet K.l„| tutci 1834. f.~ Europe. /.. /,. /,. /.. A. RiiMii . , . . 4.l^a,K4l 1,81.7,228 7;6,959 2,644,187 1,382,300 1,7.2,2:-, h»tileri .... 2ai',.iU 92.U.1U [i|..2it 142.307 6:1,1194 l(l.,l ,1, Norwiiy ..... >-H.-n 11X1,026 46,184 Hl.,210 61,9.18 79,^7.. lirniuark .... 33l,Mli I!I4,.138 49.t^H 24 1,282 «4,5(l-. 107,97:1 PruftAi.-i .... 7^^,^^>8 176,263 33i,H26 !S<,H,0»9 136,123 18>..j:j (tfiiiuny .... 1,4:17,11:7 l-,93i,:07 I,il8,%6 10,4.11,173 4,.547.t66 4,(.02,!)M) llnlhnJ 1,11) .,(1-6 3,'*4,tl7 1,30(1,1 IS fi,lli4,IH3 2,i:0,Jt,7 2,t4>.,40.' lli'lljIUIll .... M-\,m l,l.17,.(iS 1,686,207 2.823,372 7.50,IK9 8I8,J>.T Fraiict: a,S(l,>',2:Vi I,2>l(i,t67 546,'24 1.827, .91 l,llt.,8^3 l,l53,t.,l(i Porlugal, Pro|ier . (iiH.-IIO 3,1- 19, •.•.3 23l,4*i0 4,n'il,OI3 1,60..,123 1,3 4,:IJU Azores . IA.ITj 130 ;i2'. 12,4Vi U2,!)'-0 63.275 4!l.':iT M.nlfir.1 • 2,.i:U 66 (.6.1 23,613 90.376 38,453 401l^2 Spain .in] ihe lulearic Ulmd* 971,1-OS 3)-0,.i7i 162,266 648.841 325,!i07 40,1,1 1-, ran.iry Iklimls ... 7H.7S4 6..-.6T6 17,968 86,614 30.b^8 24,:i(« Gibntlor .... 4-,..r.. 1,211,782 211,384 1,423,166 4tO,7l9 602,5-0 Italy aiili, Barhary, .iiul Morucco • 12«,2JS 16,074 33,364 7H,I38 14,>23 i.KVM UVst. rii Co;t>l of Africa . . . . 476. »"5 i-'i.bw 17.1,816 796,104 ,')2i:,4Sl 2.V|ii Cape of OiMrtl lloi-e . , - * 24f,7W 4J»,924 130,228 619,132 304,382 32l,,'..:i K.iatfrn Coast d Africa .... 37 Cape VcMil hlaiuiii. - . - . S30 . 630 530 ')"-. St. Helt^iia 2,184 2S,3;i 23,3«9 61.914 31,613 31,1.7 laic of Buurbon ..... ll,7ii4 1,263 13,047 7,091 Mauriiiiii ... . . " 782,148 264,9jj 42,894 307,849 149,319 I96,0J9 Madagascar ..... 38 ^aia. Arabii ... , . , 600 , 600 J50 6,049 EiAt India Company's territories and Ceylon • China .... . , 4,317,639 3,5«.,9a 1 7,193,080 423,125 7,616,205 ) 2,578,569 J 842,852 3,l';2,t,'2 l,071,7i» Siiinatra and Java. - . . . 141, j^g . . • 410,273 3i3.-W Philippine Isles ■ - - - 86,922 . . . 76,618 129,7« New Sfmth Wales, Van Diemen*! Land, and Swan River ..... 247,459 8S0,24S 227,206 1,077,454 716,014 696,34'i New /calmd and South Sea Islands 1,956 . . • 2,t,>: PurtofSiaiu ..... See Indi-i lad ■ • 19,742 Singipore 765,72.'> America. British Norlh American Culotiles 1.167,823 2261,175 290,606 2,552,191 1,671,069 2,l.5S.l,-.'! British West Indies .... 8,410,114 4,194,660 323,987 4,818,647 2,6>0,i 2;) 3.187,-|lu M.ivti .-•.... 74,162 t>54,743 20,791 875,534 357,297 36-.,:» Cni.i and olhtr Foreign West Indies 266,127 2,198,011 65,620 2,263,631 9l3,0i5 7!.:,. in rtiitfd Slatts uf America . 10,276,628 9,.i58,7l7 311,139 9,769,836 6,8 1 1,989 10,5t;y,4-,-, Mexico ..... 261,417 660,832 132,052 822.904 4.59.610 402,>i:o (iiiDieiiiila . ..... 13,739 &),079 57 01,136 30,366 t .-'H C'lluinbia .•-.-. 117,209 fifl,i,,-l7« 20,069 523,!'47 199,997 l:!2,.',j Riazil ...... 1,397,303 5,675,158 137,925 6,813,083 8,460,678 2,e,to.7(.: St.tcs nf theRiodcIaPIata 660,120 1,88.1,31,'; 35,293 1,9.8.K08 831, 51M 6>>,;-,2i Chili , . 142,76-. 1.89,5.127 49,220 1,944.347 896,221 COMTi l't;ru - ■ • . .' . 123,086 '495,890 73,833,039 61,458 537,348 299,235 4I1.1.'I Totals - . 49,0-.l,4l6 11,362.036 i 85,397,075 41,619,016 47,.1-2,r. IV. Acmtint spfcifying the dirterctit Articles, and the Real or Declared Vnlne of each, of the Proline. and Maniifanure of the United Kingdom, exported to Foreign Tarts during each of the Three Vuiin ending with 1&37. Speciia of Exporls. 1835. 1836. 1337. GRBAT BRITAIN. £ £ £ Alum ----.. 1,.159 3,898 2,701 A|)|)arel, Slops, and Negro Clothing 4'J4,8>-\0 Heef and I'ork, salted ... 10I,7S2 136,898 119,117 Bci.'r and Ale - - . - . 225,641 2ri4..'i00 268,2;i5 Books, priiiti'd .... 148,098 I78,(m 147,1,10 Brass and Coiiper Manufactures - 1,09.3,949 1,072,002 i.ieo.osa Bread und lii.sciiit .... 5,405 8,184 9,991 Butler and (Mieese - - . . 178,057 205,858 i79,o::i Caliinet and Upholstery Wares 51,003 75,511 67,:!.'i7 Coals and Culm .... 242,746 329,760 428,(i!IO Cordage ..... 79,541 81,475 73,231 Corn, Grain, Meal, and Flour 2.5,109 31,297 .31,781 Cotton Manufattures ... lfi,.TO3,170 18,482,586 13,632.1 M) Yarn - - - . . 6,706.5(13 0,120,326 o,9.').5.'.i;i() Cows and Oxen .... 1,415 3,072 6.1(17 Earthenware uf all sorts ... 539,990 837,493 563,0,vJ ■I 1 Flihofnl r;i:iMn lift ilaliiTil.'iK Il:iril\vari llatH, III': ol'u lliips - lli) Irnii and I l.anl - l.i'Ml and J.i':illii r. \ l.liicn .Ma Var .■NKii'liliicrj .^l:lllll'lll:li iMiili's - Miisir:il In Oil,'rr:iiii, l':iiiili'r8' I I'lalf, I'lal I'otitoea .Salt . .^allpnire, .Si'iids ofal Silk .Maniil .-iiiap and ( Spirits st:itiiinery S»«;ir, re III I'iii, iiiiwrii and I'l TiiIku'co (111 'I'oiiKiies I'liihri'llai r Whali'lioriu Wool, .Sliiu of 01 WodlliMi ai \Vooll,.|i .Mi All other A Total real and .M from (; IUL'La.ND, T'l''!!.!!;?' . Account of the United K ill}; Willi 183 annually shii Countries (o w exiiorted. f.isiia Iwpili'n nrvv.iv li-imnrk • ifrjiiany • '•..lUnJ - fUiiini ■ '"niiL-i' 'oitugal, I'rnper • Azires • ^^ .M.i.lfira • ^lili .ind the Bale: hii.lj • aii.irv tsl.in.ls il.rjflar ■ alyaiiJIlie Italian llalu 111 lahnds Urkey and Conti [ Orttoe, exclusive Mitrea - IJnrea ami Greek Is Bgypl (pnrls on ilic terranuin) rri|>oli, Ha: ban-, ai rncoo Vsttt-rn Caist nf Ai gap.-nfrrlnd H„| j ape Verd Islands ■ . Helena ■ .(1 KiiiRiliiiiii frntn ir Krai \ aliUM u( itli Couiiuy, uiiil lare I Va Dec'iriil Vi ,f Hrilisli li.Ki'f HiHisl. |ri»li I'm- iiiiil lrl^lll'lcl ml Ma- ilucuaiid.Ma Ii.-5 l,t»sl23 63.275 31.4i5 32i,!iU7 30.bs8 4tO,7l9 3,2S2,777 ■242,bim 94,498 1,207,941 37,179 360,191 I4,>23 a2li,4K) a04,3isi S30 31,61f> 7,091 149,319 1,7.2,2-, IO'.,l ,1, 79,2';« IOT,U7:i 4.t02,ll'-.2 l,07l,7is 410,273 3V),>W 76,618 129,7<1 710,014 696,M-, . 2,i,>: 19,742 1,671,r69 2,i5i!,t:.s 2,6^0,1 23 3,1(>7,-||0 3-.7,297 36'..:» 9l3,0i'5 7t^T.'i|l 6,8U,9S9 10,56!^,4V■, 4.i9.610 402.s:o 30,366 1 ..'14 199,997 132,^2 2,4(>0,67!< 2,Kto.:ur Wl,fti;4 6t*.,t2) h96,221 t(it..i:i 299,23i 441,).'! 41,619,010 ' 47,3-2,rO 1837. £ 2,701 53;!,31)1 SMI, 1 1-2 :!.''),>-10 110,117 2fi8,2:i5 ji7,i:io l,l(ifi,(M '.l.ll'.ll 17',i,(i7:i 67,;!.')7 42(^,(i!IO 7;t,2:n .•?l,7sl 1.1,032.110 o,y:>.i.".wt) 0.107 S03,0s2 SpeciM (>r Eiporti. ■k FI«hofnll(inrti . - . - fJlllHfl llfllll Horli .... Ilaliiftiliislicry ami Millinery llarilwari's anil Ciill'Ty - - - lliilM, itraver and Frit ... olall DlluT bortg . - - l!ii|H ------ IriMrunil Sii'cl, wroiiBlit and unwroiiglit - l.aril I.i'ul anil Shot . - . - l.iiilhrr. wriMiKlit nnil unwrniiglit - Saililliry and lluriiuiiii l.lniMi Maniil'ai:liirf« . - - - \'arn - - - - - MarlilntTv and Mill-wnrk - - - Mailifiiiatital and Oplical Instriimcnts Mnli's ------ Mnsiral Inslriiniiint.4 - - - - Oil, Train. ol(iri:eiiland Fishery - I'ainliTs' Ciilnnrif - - - - I'lalc, I'latu Ware, Jewellery, and Wutclios I'lilaloes . . . - - .«3 . . - . . Uiiihrrllai and Parasols ... Wliali-lione - . - - - Wool, Sheep's - '. - . lit' other sorts - ... WoiilliMi and Wornted Yarn VV'oiilli'ii Maiiiil'actures ... All ollit'r Articles .... Total real or declared Value of the Prod-") mill Maniifar. of the 11. K. exported >£ from (iriat Britain n Foreign Parts 3 IitDLA.ND, Total E.xports from Total from the United Kingdom - -£ IS35. IBM. ^ £ £ an.tisQ 18.1,433 .190 fl:U),!l28 951,500 1 ■•'J5 5 10,7 T.'! r.>tl,OS|) ■■. ..(.-7 1,h:i 1,70ft 2,'.'70.0.10 l.it'Miit i;).-..oirt 1 17,007 104,0011 a7,4»7 41,753 40,21)0 10,01 ft 11,788 10,5-17 II!I,I05 98.302 7.5.215 l,0IO,,;) 17 387,834 323,5 10 185,350 45,080 30,007 10,070 300,001 358,000 3.37,140 6,830,735 7,030,117 4.054.307 1,031,142 1,203,032 1,113,009 46,920,370 53,015,431 41,911,898 415,000 353,141 303,010 47,372,270 53,308,572 42,274,938 Acroiint of the Real or Declared Value of the various Articles of the Manufacture and Prndnce of tlie United Kingdom exported to Foreiun Countries in 1828 and dtiriiiH eacli of the Fiieht Years end- tlie United Kingdom exported to Foreign Countries in 1828 and during encli of the Fiight Years iiig Willi 1837; specil'ying their Value, llie Countries to which exported, and the Value of annually shipped for each. those ach. of llip Prodnc of the Three Yuan Countries to wliicli El|«rls. eiiiorleJ. 1828. 1830. 1831. 1832. 1833. r.. 1834. 1835. 1836. 1837. I.. /,. /,. L. L. /.. /.. t'lsiia 1,318,936 1,489,5,18 1,191,565 I,5S7,250 1,531,002 1,382,300 i,r,ijK 1,742,433 2,046,592 Iwctlcn 42,699 40,488 57,127 &l,932 .59,549 63,09) 105,156 113,308 101,121 4nrvv.iv • 53, W2 63,926 6S,580 34,528 55,0.1> 6I.9V8 79,278 79.469 72,413 rtimark • 111,880 118,813 92,294 93.396 99,9-, 1 94.595 107,979 91,302 103,448 169,145 177,923 192.816 258,556 144.179 136,423 188,273 160.722 131,5,36 eniiany • 4,394,104 4,463,605 3,642,952 6,068,997 4,35>,54> 4,547.160 4,602,966 4,463,729 4,89oi,016 l,.IUnd - k-iitiiin 1 2,142,736 2,022,458 2,082,536 2,789,398 J2,1S1.8H3 1 8'>6,129 2,470,267 750,059 2,648,402 818,487 2,509.622 839,27b 3,040,029 904,917 nrii-e 498,938 475,8=4 602,688 674,791 848.333 1,116,88", 1, 453.6.56 1,591.381 1,643,204 oitugal, Troper • 945,016 1,106,69-, 975,991 640,792 9!j7,09I 1,600,123 l,554.32i; ),085,93,1 1,079,815 A I ires • 27,940 23,620 41,6:18 77.920 54,430 63,275 49,717 53,574 56,405 Madeira - 39,802 38,444 38,960 28,038 33,411 38,455 40,082 62,16* 46,044 liiiii jnJ the B.\lKiric Is- 301,153 607,068 697,84« 442,926 442,837 325,907 405,C6-i 437,070 286,636 3^,152 42.620 33,282 21,053 30,507 30,686 24,308 4l\37i) 41,904 1,038,9Z> 292.760 31,7.28-, 461,470 3W.4tO 460,7 Ml 602.580 756,111 906,155 rKilv .iiiJ Ihc Italian IsIanJi 2,176,149 3,251,379 2,490,376 2,361,772 2,316.260 3,2S2.777 2,42o,l7t 2,921.466 2,406,066 239,458 189,135 134,519 96,994 135,438 242,696 130.925 143,015 103,680 ^^piii III Islaiiih 41,078 66,963 50,883 55,725 38,915 94,49,- 107,804 109,123 124,465 Briirkev and Continent.ll X 185,842 335 ^M (Iix-ece. exclusive of the Wk Miirea - jElldrea ai<. 146 530 575 413 751 tUeku- 31,3G2 38,915 39,431 21,236 30,041 31,615 31,187 11,041 0,645 IMPORTS AND EXP(»RTS. Tuble \.—continutd. CoUDlriet In which uporltil. t«te of riotirbon • Maiiniiui • CjvI liiilia Cnnii'siiy'iT«r- riruni«4ii>U.eylini| ulher rorcipi Wtil Indiui t'niifl States of Aineric.1 • Mciicd (Itiatonuta- Colombia • nraiil Sliln of Ihd Rio lie la Plili Chili I'eru IitM nf Giicnuev, Jerwy, AUeniey, ani .Mau CipnrU, lUD. ~'T~ lU,8Ti i,2MfifU lfe9,]no 3U0 413,839 8,487 1,601,014 3iN'.l,7(14 Hti,iii- 869, Tan 5,' 307,l«li K.mi 281,113 3,.^ 1 8,397 31^.389 TO-I.STI 374,lil.'> I MO. /.. I0,0.|] i6i,ojy 3,«93,.').'10 IRi.lO. 7l,i20 314,677 1,390 10,4li7 I,8-)7,I,T1 i,W«.44l< 3il,TJJ ei!>,n23 321,634 37.164,372 1832. ' 163,191 3,514,779 IM.OIM 112,281 4(i6,238 1,976 2.075,725 2,159,8118 643,164 &13,70.T 5,46'<,27 ' I99,H.1 3I'3,568 2,l44,9a'l 660.132 708,1113 27.1,610 1833. 83,424 3,493,301 471,712 183,298 SS«,37a 936 2,on2,s'.o 2,fill7,5»9 381,328 877,228 7,57»,H»1 421,487 3,7(X) 121,826 2,575,6-0 615,382 816,817 287, -.2 1 317,490 335,934 36,430.594 30.667,341 1834. ~T. 7,0fll 149,319 III31 I. 198, V59 «,U49 3,578,580 3.lt2,e93 842,852! 1,074,708 410,273 363,892 76,618 120,743 Tit.nu 19,742 1,671,069 2,6WI,02I 337,297 913 00-. 8,844.9'-9 4'<9.6I0 3(1,366 I9!t,llll6 2,16(1.679 8,31,^61 896,221 299,235 360,665 41,649,191 808,341 3,687 2,I5«,I5S 3,187,540 365,798 787,043 I0,5»i8,4 402,H20 15,214 1.12.242 2.(13(J,707 6'iH/,23 60H.n6 411,321 351,612 IKW. I. aeo.iM lU,3o8 4,285,8. ' 1,326,3), 234,8U 61,778 836,8r 3,732 291 3,7«6,I53 3JI,6«3 987,122 12,425,ti() 234,822 71.4 18-1,172 3,0;l().,.32 «97,J.14 (•61, 'KM 6u«,:ui 318,609 11137. 3,796 349, 787 3,812,975 678,»75 313,791 33,»U8 921,S«8 3,MI,P.'B 3,4511,71: 171,0,5(1 891,713 4,695,22i biO,n I 7" 170,451 1,824,082 69:1,11)4 625,51- 476,374 330,017 47,3:2,270 53.368,572 42.(170.741 Remarks on the above Tuhlen.— Foreign Compel 1 1 inn. —It is seen from the last of Iho above tables, that the fulling off in the exports in 1837 was almost entirely owing to th,. dcclino in the exports to the Uuitcil States, which fell olf from 12,425,605/. in 1836, to 4,695,235/. in 1837. But this extraordinary decline was wholly owing to accidental causes, or to the pecuniary dilliculties in which the mercantile class in the United States were involved in the latter part of 1836 and 1837, through the previous abuse of credit, and the revulsion occasioned by the universal stoppage of the banks. It was clear, that how severe soever in the meantime, any check to commerce originating in such circumstances would be of a very evanescent description ; and, in point of fact, its inlluencc has already almost ceased to be felt, and our exports to the United States were last year almost as large as ever. Wo Kulijoin An Account of the Real or Declared Viiliie of the principal Artlcl(!s of Dritiali and Irish Produce ami Manufactures exported in 1837 and 1838. Articlca. Declared Value. 1837. 1638. ( Coals and Culm ...... Cotton Manufactures . . . . . Yarn ------- Earthenware ------- Glasa -------- Ifiirdwnres and Cutlery - - . - - Linen Manufactures ------ Yarn ------- Metals ; viz. Iron and Bteel - . - - - Copper and Brass . . . - Lead ------ Tin, in Bars, tic, . . . . Tin Plates . - . - - Salt Silk Manufactures ------ Sugar, refined ------ Wool, Sheep's or Lambs' ----- Woollen M.inufacturea . - - . - Yarn ------ Total of the above Articles - - - £ 43I,.S45 13.640.181 6,955,942 563,237 477,707 1,460.808 2,133,744 479,307 2,009,259 1,166,277 155,251 74,737 350,668 193,621 503,673 453,984 185,350 4,660,019 333,093 ^ 1 484,305 ! 16,7(10,168 7,430,582 670,985 i 376,524 1,.507,478 2,919,719 1 655,699 i 2,530,903 ' 1,226,258 , l.'>6,150 103,230 434,749 223,372 j 778,031 550,506 1 432,007 1 5,792,156 ; 365,657 \ 30,228,468 43,338,839 (•bannelx of our Ifi nIiikIom' oC a fiXHi tr:iry, it is all luil i pii|iuluiii)n of the i Our renlrirtive preHPrvfd) it is at i liJiM lieeri much ii 8iill forllier (liininji lion, but give a hn wlieii thrre is reall' in the recent iUhcui 8('cni generally to « 'J'he truth in, that, nii'iit, nil but iniper wheat in (ireat llri evidence has been, a (|uurter had the p Hence, were our m are not, it is idle to the Corn Laws. 7 lionie crops are del the ugrieuiturists hu suggest that foreign a reasonable coristar reijuired to coutitcn the timber duties c(| o|i|)res8ivo duties in foreign competition advantage. Such cc miirialia corda. It supplies new produc It must ever be born upon, and i.x, in fact, the latter continues ( and climates, we nia market. — -Sup.) [The tables which 1 iiiitnerce of the Uni ( i|iied fiorji Mr. Hazi lu Congress of the pt It was intended to iiierce of our principa rai^'y has been found on the subject, afford ports separately. — An A Statement exhibiting It is obvious, from this and the previous tables, that the statements that have recently been put forth with so much misplaced confidence, as to the influence of foreign competition on our trade, and the conse(iuent decay of our exports, if not wholly unfounded, are, at all events, very grossly exaggerated. Provided tranquillity be maintained at home, and thut Britain continues to be exempted from that political agitation that is the bane of industry and the curse of every country in which it prevails, we have nothing to fear from foreign competition. Our natural and acquired advantages for the prosecution of manufactures and trade, are vastly superior to those of every other country ; and though foreigners do excel us in a few departments, and may come to excel us in others, so that the character and I Yt'arenrJing30(h of Sejiteuitier* Frei iiiiii 68 77 92, 69, 60, 72, Ynr cniin^Snth of September. DomesI 18.14 1835 I8,W 18.37 1838 l'?:i9 8I,( 101, 100,< 9J,.= 90,f 100,! Vol. II.—D I\TP0RT8 AND TX PORTS. lif 330,011 8,83U rliannri* of oiir Irnilo mny, in ninsrqurnrp, hr pnrlially cliiinurd, llicrc is ncit «o imicli n* llip nhiiilDW of II Cciiiniliiliiiii tor Hii|i|i)mini{ ihut itM iiinotiiil will l)<> iit nil iillicti'il. On tin' ri>n- tr:irv. it ii* nil lt rrrluiii thnt it will rontiniit^ ti> uuKinriit vviili thi> iiiiKini'iitiiiK wculili and |iti|uilHiii>ii i>f th» iiniinnerublo iiatioiiM with wliicli Wf huv<> coiiiiniTcial rcliitioiiM. Our r«'Mtri(-tivc rrpfulHtioriH am the only thiriK front which (HU|i|ioHini( triiii'|iiiliiiy !•> In) iiri'iH'rvt'il) it iH iit all rt-UHonablo to appri-hi'ml ufiy iirriouH injury ; utui iIioukIi tlx'ir iiilhirnro hiiH IxTii much nKiiiifu'd during the loHt few yt-nrH, it wi-ri! much lo Iw wished thil it \M'ro Htill further diminiKJK'd, They not only tend to leMHcn exporliilion, hy dimini^liinu ini|iiirla- tii)n, hut ^ivu a handle to all HortM of iniNrepreHentalion, and enulilv a clamour lo ln' ralNcd when thrre in really liltio or no foundation for one. TIuh Iuih Ihh'II very HtrikiuKly evinced in the recent ditH'UMKionH ux to the Corn Lawii. All fiarticH, manufacturerN ami aKricultinixlfi, Hcrni generally to entertain the most crroneoun notioiiM aM to the inlluence of Ihene htatuleM. 'J'lio truth Ih, that, in ordinary yearn, it is now, tliankx to the Mpread of nirricultuial iiMprovu- nicnt, all but im|ierre|)liblc. Uurino; the nix yeurH ending with IH;(7, the avciane |irire of wheat in (ireut liritain was Mh. 'id. a quarter; and we are bold to say, that not a Utile of evidence Iiuh been, or ran be produced, to lihow (hat tliix price would have been rc,f. a i|uurter had the ports been all the while o|ien to uncomlitional im|iortalion from abroad. Hence, were our manufuctureH really declining, or in a perilous state, which ha])|>ily ihey are not, it in idle to suppose that this doclino or danger could bo obviated by the rejieal of the Corn Lows. The inlluence of the latter is now nearly restricted to years when tho home crops are deficient, and then, certainly, it is very injurious, .Seeing, llierefore, that tlio ugricullurisls have nothing to fear from the opening of the jiorts, sound policy would tiiiggest that foreign corn should be admitted at all times fur home consumption, under su(th a reasonable constant duty (H.s, or da, on wheat and other grain in proportion) as may bo required to countervail the burdens peculiarly alfeeting the land ; and were this done, and the timber duties equalised, the sugar duties placed on u fair footing, and some of the more oppressive duties in our tariff, as those on brandy and hollunds, ade(|uately reduced, the foreign competition to which we might be exposed would be productive of nothing but advantage. Such competition is, in reality, the vivifying principle of industry, curix iicnais mvrtalia corda. It gives a new stimulus to the inventive powers, at tiie same time that it supplies new products and new modes of enjoyment to reward the labour of the industrious. It must ever be borne in mind that the amount of the exports from a country always dependii upon, and is, in fact, measured by the amount of its imports ; uiid while the magnitude of the latter continues to increase, and we freely open our ports to the products of all countries and climates, we may be sure that our exports will equally increase, and be found in every market. — -Sup.) [The tables which follow (and which give a very interesting and satisfactory view of the ciiiiimerce of the United States), with the excejjtion of what is expressly staled to have been ciipied from Mr. Hazard's Commercial and Sfatisticallicgi.iler, are derived from the reports to Congress of the present Secretary of the Treasury. It was intended to have added to them a table exhibiting a comparative view of the com- merce of our principal porln ,• but to prepare such a table with the desirable degree of accu- racy has been found impracticable ; and tho reader must be left to gather (he information on the subject, afforded by this work, by consulting the articles relating to each of those ports separately. — Am. Ed. A Stutcment exhibiting the Vuhie or Imports into and Exports from the United States, during the Years 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, IbSb, and 1830. Year mJinf 301)1 o( Se|ileiiil)«r. Value of Import!. Free of duty. Faying duty ad valorem. r.iying specific duties. Total. « « $ « 1834 08,393,180 35,608,208 22,519,944 126,521.3.32 1H35 77,940,193 45,817,740 26,1,37,509 149,895,7 12 is-ie 92,056,481 59.313,388 38,580,160 189,980,035 1837 69,250,031 37,716,374 34,022,812 140,989,217 1838 60,8t)0,005 27,090,480 25,7ti6,919 113,717,104 1839 72,010,719 42,563,739 43,005,102 157,609,5tiO Vwr cnlini Slth of September. Value of Eiporti. Value of Import!. Uomeslic Pr&luce. Foreign Merchaiidiie. Total. * 9 $ « 1834 81,021,102 2.3,312,811 in4,3:!6,973 126,.52I,332 1835 10 1,1 89.082 20,504.495 121,663,577 149,S9.i,742 18,W 100,916,680 21,746,360 128,663,010 189.'>0,0."i5 1837 O'^sn 1.414 21,854,962 117,419,376 140,989,217 1838 90,033,821 12,452,795 108,486,616 113,717,104 b:)9 I00,9ol,00l 17,408,000 118,359,001 157,C09,S60 I f> Vol. II.— D 88 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. "Tlie foUnwinR table, coiiifiiled from Witwortli's 'Trade of Orent llrilnin,' Mncpliorsnn's 'Annalf of L'Diiiiiierce,' mid Andersdii's 'Ilislciry of Coiiiiiitircc,' cxhiliils an iiileiesliiig view of the trade between llie Ainericun Colonies and tlie mother country, from 1007 to l"7t), wiiicli, in fact, formed alntoBl the only commerce of this country, prior to the Uevolutioii." — Haiard'n U. H. Cum. aud Utat. Heg., vol. i. p. 3. ! Yean. ifio; IliilS \(m 17(10 1701 1702 1703 1701 170.^ 1701) 1707 170S 1700 1710 1711 1712 171;) Kit 171i 1710 1717 1718 IT 10 1720 1721 1722 r,2,'? 1721 172,) 1720 1727 I72S 1720 17:fO 17.tl it:i2 IT.T) I7:n r.f. nsf. 17:(7 ir.is 17 no iri'i 1711 1712 I7i:i 1711 Klf) 17 ir, 1717 I7IS 1719 \1M 17.n 1752 r,53 1751 1755 1750 1757 1758 1759 1700 17(U 1702 I7C..1 1701 1705 1700 1T07 17iiS 1709 1770 17il 1772 1773 1771 1775 1778 New Eni^land. E»pi.rU. £ 2fi,282 31,254 26,000 41,4«B 32,050 37,020 33.539 30.823 22,793 22,210 38,793 •19,035 29,559 31,112 20,.»1.5 2 1.099 '19,00 1 51,511 60,555 09,595 58,898 01,591 51,4,52 49,200 50, 183 47,955 59,339 09..585 72,021 ()3,8I6 75,0.52 01,6t)9 52,512 51,701 49,018 6 1,095 61,983 82.252 72,899 ()0,788 03,347 .59,116 16,001 72,389 j 60,0.52 ! .53,100 i 0,3,185 I .50,218 , .38,948 I 38,612 I 41,771 '■ 29.748 i 39,999 I 48.455 i 03,287 74,313 83,395! : 06,5.381 59,533 I 47,359, 27,556; , 30,204 I 25,985 I 37,802 ! 46,225 I 41,733 : 74,815 88,157 145,819 141,733 128,207 148,.375 129,353 148.U11 150,381 126,265 124,624 112,248| 116,.588i 76a I llii[Mirls. New York. E.Yprirf8. I inijiorls. £ 68,468 93,51 127,279 91,918 86,322 64,625 59,608 74,8',Mi 02,.''01 57,0,50 120,031 115,.505 120,319 100,338 137,421 128,105 120.778 12I,2,S8 104,650 121,156 1.32,001 131,H85 12,5,317 128,769 1I4,.52$! 1.33,722 176,4861 168,.507l 201,708 200.^82 187 277 194,590 101,102 20~,I96 183,467 216,000 181,570 116,160 189,125 222.1.58 223,923 203,233 220,378 171,0811 198,147. 148,899 172,161 143,982 140,463 209,1771 210,610 197,682 23S,'286 343,659 305,974; 273,340 345,523; 329,433 341,796 384,.371 36,3,404 465,694 527,067 599,647 334,225 247,385 258,854 459,765 451.299 409,642 406,081 419,797 207,992 394,451 1,420,119 824,8.30 527,055 562,476 71,625 55,050 £ 10,093 8,763 16,818 17,567 18,547 7,965 7,471 10,510 7.393 2,8 19 14.283 10,847 12,2,59 8,-J03 12,193 12,166 14,428 29,810 21,316 21.971 21..534 27.331 19,596 16,836 15,081 20,118 27,992 21,191 24,970 .38,307 31,617 21,141 15,8.33 8.740 20,756 9,411 11,626 15,307! 11,155' 17,914 16,833 16,228 18,459 21 ,498 21,142 13,536 15,067 14,527 14,033 8,841 14,992 12,358 1 23,413; 35,632 42,.363| 40,048: 40,553! 26,663 1 28,055; 24,073, 19.168 14,200 21,684 21,125 48,648 58.882 52,998 53,697 54,959 67,020 61,422; 87,115j 73,466' 69,882 95,875 82,707 76,246 80,008 187,018| 2,318] rcnnsylvania. Exports. £ 4,.570 25,279 42,792 49,410 31,910 29,991 17,562 22,291 27,902 31,.5KW 29,855 20,899 31,577 31,475 28,856 18,.521 46,470 44,6 13 54,629 52,173 44,110 62,966 56,355 37,397 50,751 57,478 5.3,013 63,020 70,050 84,806 67,452 81,634 64,7(i0 64,.350 60,116 65,540 6.5,417 81,758 80,405 86,000 125,833! 133,4.381 106,0701 118,777 140,4.30, 107..59I 134,1871 119,920 54,9.57 80,712i 1.37,984 143.311! 205,773. 267,1 30 ! 248,94 r 191,030 277,864: 127,497! 151,071 250,425 .35.3,31 r 356,555 630,785' 480,106; 289,570 1 286,0 I6i 238,560 515,416 382,.349i 330,829] 417,957] 482,930 74,918 475,991 653,621 343,970 289,214 437,937 1,228|1 Virgin. AM trylanrl, Exports.! Import!. £ £ £ \ £ 3,317 2,997 227,7.56 58,700 2,720 10,704 171,0,53 310,135 1,477 17,064 198,115 205,078 4,608 18,529 317,302 173,481 5,220 12,003i235,7.38 199,683 4,145 9,,342 274,782 72,391 5,160 9.699 144,528 196,713 2,430 11,819 264,112 60,4.58 1,309 7.206 116,768 174,322 4,210 11,037 149,152 58,015 786 14,365 207,625 237,901 2,120 0,723 213,493 79,061 617 5,881 201,008 80,268 1,277 8,594 188,429 127,039 ,38 19,408 273,181 91,535 1,471 8,404 297,941 134,583 178 17,0371200,203 70,304 2,603 1 4.927 i280, 170 128,873 5,461 17,182: 174,756 199,274 5,193 21,842!281,313 179,.595 4,499 22,5051296,884 215,962 5,588 22,710;316,576 191,925 6,564 27 ,0(;8 ,332,009 164,630 7,928 24,531 1331,482 1 10,717 8(137 21,548.357.812 127,370 6,882! 20.397 1283,091 i 172,75 1 8,332 15,9'.12i287,997' 123,833 4,0,57 30,3211277,344 161,894 11.981 42,209 214.7.30 195.884 5,960] 57,634'.324,707, 185,981 12,823 31,979) 121,.5S8 192,965 15,2,30] 37,478 41.3,089 171,092 7,431' 29,799 .386,174 108,931 10,582 48,592:346,823 150,931 12,786 44,2()0 108,502 171,278 8,,524' 4I,()98 310,799 148,289 14,776i 40,.565'403,198; 186,177 20,217; 54,392373,(190 172,086 21,919 48.804 39 1,,995 220,381 20.786 61,513 .380,163 204,791 15,198! 56,090'402,216 2n.,.301 11,918' 61,450 ,391,814 258,860 8,134! 54,1.52 444,654] 21 7,200 15.018| 56,751 341,997 281,428 17.158' 91,010 577,109 218,.582 8,5271 75,295 427,769 261,186 9,5!)6: 79,340 557,821 328,195 7,440, 02,214 402,709 231,855 10,130' 54,280 ,399,423 190,799 15,779 7,3,699 419,.371 282..545 .3.832] 82,404 492,619 200,08N 12.303 75,330 1 49 1,8.521 252,ti24 14,914 238,6.37 434 618J323,(i00 08,939 349,419 Carolina. Exports. Import; 28,191217,713 23,870 190,917 29,978 201,666 .38,527 245,644 30,649 244,647 32,336 144,450 20,091 200,169 14,190 108,420 21,383 260,953 J4.54..362 22,404 498,161 ,3.57,228 22,754 707,998 504,451 39,170 204,067 455 083 38,091 206,199 38,228 284,152 .36,258 436,191 25,1 18 .363,368 26,851 327,314 37,641 371,830 59,404 432,107 26,111 199,906 28,109 131,eSl 31,615 728,744 29,133 507,(K19 36,652 426,448 09,011 625.652 75,962, 1,366 1,421 ! 365, 460,085 247,027 569,453 325,151 6,32.575 356,776 57.3.435 '.323,5 13 489,068; 285, 157 3.37,739 33 l,8!f 418,881 426,()87 438,471 459,007 605,882 545,3.50 41j,709|418,599 642,294 555,391 .559,508,515,192 505,671 '383,224 461,693 372,548 4,37,9261437,628 406,048 475,9>'4 361,892'488.362 435,094 717,782 577,818 920,326 52M,404 '93,910 589,803 328,904 612,030 528,738 758,356! 1,921 73,2261 £ 12,374 9,2(i5 12,372 14,0.58 16,9" 3 11,870 13,197 14,067 2,698 8,0.52 2,3,311 10,310 20,431 20,793 12,871 29,.39l 32,419 31,290 29,1.58 46,287 41,275 46,385 50,373 62,7.36 61,858 79,650 78,103 90,504 91.942 93,453 96,055 91,175 11.3,.329 151,7.39 1.59,771 126.207 177,P45] 120,466 145,348 214,083 187,758 141,119 23(i,192 265,500 236,8.30 154,607 2,35,130 192,.591 91,847 76,897 107,500 167,305 420.499 ,191,607 215,491 288,264 164,634 307,238 ;i25,.525 222,915 11.30,889 1.50,511 206,.5,34 162,7t.9 253,002 181,095 282,306 341,727 385,918 293,587 395,027 .508,108 .587,114 278,907 120.311 125,923 4.56,513 132,302 579,349 13,668 £ 5,289 18,402 11,401 11,003 13,908 10, 100 12,428 0,021 19,78s 4,001 10,492 11,996 ! 28„521 ; 19,613 20,406 20,015 23,907 23,712 16,631 27,272 25,0,58 15,841 19,630 18,290 17,703 34,.371 42.216 37,839 39,182 43,934 23,254 33,007 58,366 6 1,785 71,145 .58,298 70,466 99,658 117,837 101,147 .58,980 87,7f)3 94,445 181,821 221.270 t27,(M)3 111.499 79,141 86,815 102,809 I 95,529 160,172 164,085 '134,0.37 1.38,214 ;1. -.0,777 ]2I3,009 ]149,215 1189,887 ]181,7M) 213,919 181,002 121.5,255 218,131 2.54,.587 194,j;0 2.50,1.32 305,808 334,709 296,732 214,093 289,868 306,600 140.273! 109,160 449,610 344, 85» 378,116 6,245 Geotgia, Exports. Impona. £ 203 18 3,010 17 233 924 1,622 2 51 1,942 355 1,526 3,057 3,236 4,437 7,155 6,074 12.198 5,764 6,522 14,469 31,325 34,183 53,074 35,856 42,402 82,270 55,532 63,810 60,083 85,.391 67,617 103,477 13,569 628 1,695] 1,921 I 12,112/ 2,012| 5,701; 6,191) 3,.32ll 3,524 %w\ 17,01S! 2,2'.lll 7(W] 939 984] 24; 1,3141 5' 2,12,^! 2,005' 3, It;:) 14.I2SI 1,974 2,6.')0; 2,571! 10,2 1 2] 15,178j 21,279| 23,7lil| 44,!Nh 18,3:!Hi 29,llij 07,20.'' %x.a\ 5o,5tH .58,310 56,1!1,1 7(),4»3 ()2,4ll(j' 62,!);i2 57,51!) 113,7 ■^ § i vT , 1 y => £- ■ji <^ n« _^ ij ^ " ■^ s j? S3 1 ^ 1 i! rT H q 1 Ti .03 §l§iL fl|ff 2fi Jl ^S 7> 1^ r- !- I- 1^ I IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 89 E } i I 3 s a 5 IS f s. S3 ill on t"-»( SS2 in o '?' rt >?? M,''i,n 3 a. I- « o c — O) S3 o *f: f o — — ^ W~ ■^ o> I- .r. A: 'r-, 5> C .n t^ t; I- — « t. _ -T o ^ <-> "i; "^^ ■"^■'i.''','". ^''i'^^'jjj » ' to fM r- »' to I- »o ac (p ir Tf rt J, CD X C> T I- fN X 5T afirej — i- co-n (oo ej «n * rtJ f^T't' t^ f-i i"^ -9 ^^ rn f i~ oi t-~ r4 in efi l~-0 ^ X fT. w55'noa.e-icct^co-Ti-'Nn^ go,: - • • - - -•-- -- *_, 1^ '^.j -Ni uj u; f J oJ •*; ^" '*' ^ J '3> t-'frico'sifs'i-x £ -^ i-'O '^'n' M M r-,'^ — oi — ?j "T a. to O; « X "cTx w (-'t^ tfi'— oTof ^(£ gj ^Oi 1 8 ■| I ■a a s I ^ ,D XI o «- iM 1^ I- .n fN tc Q 2* r- — S -^x fi i"Ji a^T -^ in« S^,«,", T "i C3 t — O C^ — -"i.'*^ '^^^ ^ '** ■*!'''" '■ ''l^"^ "- ^f ' ". "'• _ -.-roaie4«xa)Xx Ol O CTl X I - ~ •* X X X Tf ,73 g— tD — ^i-gtOcTj ir i" rt — o rt — »R ,, ., - - -^ --^ _ ^ ^ et(NG_in^x.^'»rOfr) r-oi — or i--irir. X — ^f n ifTtrT ^i/j ifTw i--'»ft»fl Kodr^QC (j&ri — r- — fMcocoirx— oixcf>Qnc;aD»ni~r-r-x ^.S.SuH.* c,aC X ■a • V u ft- si' - 'w S *■ . '-ill S — moOMsetofOtoDtOtn — — Mao I* (N Tf to fN^i* -r '^^oj,* I- o 'Sj.pm to rS 5P o> S'-rr-S — ip5£rt«JtSb^SSSoj'ip^ -* torsi 5 So -*e sc i^^ C — *) — ■« — 5 - ¥ ^ ate o n't* S£- u 8 .» ;; _ u = .5 a iJttfiSo^ -'(m' fN c^^'n Tf 't «' ^,n — p^MtOtnoiir-fX'-Ma: r oQiXQ irai'ftrr--" — .neoM'^tOTtNrMrt-tcn *ir ■* x^>^x«f.ftrvJ(B op^ 4« lO -Tiq.rt 1? iC i t ^ El ffi "'^ * 5 "S 5 t" ^ '" "^ -e tO'-r rt Q t* i-'o QDoi-i X oTo w t^to'owo'ir r^— to* CZ ^ S'fe-S'H ^ S I- m o "M — « ir >n — 1- ir o 1^ "T •" X oi w o « in — X -f r I- fr> •* ■* V>ait6 T I- I- — |§5sS_^?J_ii?5l|sSS'Hi 8SS coSmUtOt-OJ — i-SaD^K^ftiftiOOjirtr-S- "^^ ^_ w-c p -5 -T ;^ SI -* T •• o o * § iiii§;^^£iiiiiiii^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii2iii I i^y^ J » 3 40 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. JZ o n w 3 V H V C (4 s U ?' i.5 CT3 3 <5 {« .= ^d sis ir 00 2 fM n ir jn tr 'M OD r-^ "f -r ri* S S Ir c§ ^ o jg ^Gifttci to" W 8H-'S33S V Oi 31 en ^ W OD ofNN — — — — eirftN — of— ef -J if sqresss — — '& Oi f^ "w tr* iR •# m g> (o t- rt ^ ^ "f O"* "^ ^- to en -M — o.'-o ^ f'l-^rf •'fjy ^t of M 55 ■^^ !>■ to — C nn*o ^^ -if or in «o rt — oi o js .^ Stj *i ?(! „ i, - J >£?y5^ V *» 5 ^c> (~ 'n — lO w"ajal -r o — -^ *fi — -= 2 — ^T'''^' |-'o''>n iri — ' -~ - ojw-n oi-fM»«0' to — r-(firt(N »^o . r^ Tf e* —^ 'v*^ -T^ti^ r; w «a .l5^--i VtO -^ 2 ^ ''"^'""^fo S A '''' ^ ^ .S2t — «i-tS— ~ono>y wai •n^rfi oj j^ — 5j >n o " o _; — »> X — '>» o "; 1^ * ' I- — 51 CD 1^ ^t « "N -^ «Q JJ t" I'- g as -M lO 1^ "J « ,^ ^■/'— i-ior:o i^ -f ■* rTe^ie'i^iO — -r rf 1-^ OT I- j; ry « — M T l~ 1^ a: » ^ ir* tf ji T V OS m o; in I- ao X 'o *M J •»• /, ts « v. oj ^i ^ — *■— N (N ei — 'oi" :n -^n ei ottfSn 't »ri &r g •? :? ? ^ 1 ? 2 5 2 5 g S ?5 £ ? 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PJit^.s 0.00 o_o_oo 000 OOC5.0 00 025.30 lojSt'j.'rS — ol to— 1^ '»no^»(5j — g «>M in — Ci D 'Js >n fM 01 -r o »^ " §88: m WO) •>» 'S o -J « — — -r J-i^'o o ~ r-; — « w..'* '1^'H • ?*?(lSgpft4«o«a5r-5i-«30»ftt-n^cb o — A vno i-cr*^^ & I- oirt '":.'~^*^w.'*i - r~ — r- — a>(o — fMr- — in — t*'"''*'- " ^oon o_i^35orM OJ — o w tDO_"r « oi^u^ wfo~>5n gf — -^^aTif^io -^-^-f— i-ri'''e^"»y — oT— oTift to or i^fo'co qi- r^-y'i-Jy-"!-'' «^— Tojcq. ^ 1^— cn^'-o ^5nOpSiri»~ri'*i^ — "-QOi-TiriiS-ffnoomMx — — rt — w •Tei « — 01 M 04 ci'd^oj oToTor eief cfVufuTufuS irf^o «o us «j(0 Kto r^ao §9990POOpo999999ffi29M5Bf*iJC«9SWtO'Nisp®pQ«!jr-or-oj ^c_o_o_o^oo^oooo^oooc^o T&iy5^3SfDtlj_t^ i-« — rti-*rt intocoii * 2?9 rzP* * w''^ *Q -Tofrf iif^cf i-^crfiVfcr'r/rTinin t^co^'fT?? fit 3? 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Q 52 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. >, a u 3 a o u a 'o s g> s s o o ctf W Sg f jS ss; of a" 5 1 c S. box ■303 1 = 3 — S = « ei •0 = c-o •5 OS US rt ^ « Qj M w is I- 5>_ joS^o »n *-5>e3 ofo'ri" of aig g = -s; ^•"■g^ASia^Sg'-'glss gS5| §: UO O* (NM- -"afrf" ofof X ©I •» cSi'T ot fti i -1' ' ■ -.c n <- f ^ ckJ cf ./> eo cf ^ "'' <*'' ^^ !r "T "JiT l» ►. c f « ^ -^ « = , S.2 ^ ^5 ^ S w j= . i£ ■ r p_ u y o 1 i ^ ■" 2 1 bi- = ,-; IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 53 » B 'a s o ^li r1 tr. ■a ■aa ts n 0) u a •c £ o p. 6n s ^ ■a c: V h4 r3 u C ^ w- «J o % ha -c o c 6 u M GJ O J3 ■a -a c rn -^ u J= ■t ^ bn 7) c O a (m n a « : c > •a c i< 3 Of >< d E S 9 ^5"'-"'-" asg ■THI" c* »n - j^ r-i |~ i~ o M o ir a» S3 - _• uS rf §11. iS.gSSiSi.ii.g 1| ^ — — ^to O) o o6 -t I' e ' ir I- i- c^ -"^ • ■-:.tx^; oi (c «T o oi rf.^'-n r^ o in '? cd ?5 CTj 5^ a> — i- *( ci • « • (ji — — ^ — c5 • >r. c* im c^ ci cS S-«C«I;;3WaOMTJ^^^ f-iO r- M -^ to rt SS" id - c^iSaiOT ' 00 — o c^ OT — r-iRoo o S2S •R J ^•^__^ "^.^ *rt ^ ftf t-. .fS ■<. wtf ^ r^ _ I- »n I- ^ — en o o — i- — <-< — 00(0 V *r 55 «n — to — I Scfit^il? — o ^8 — CO s's" lo oo(s r- r- ^ I- oi — i-to -f ttj r- QO o • — N ^ « 2 i qs ■ E^^ P to cNwn — o- ?-3 . 5i u o- - "f tft Oi cr, rj !s; dS M c5 ^C,(S(l-T-«3 CN « — to — " — Ci ^ -■«'»-■■ a 5 . . . .- s ^ 3 jf fi I li S I l-.-'-'^g "S .3° * .S = .S S.S =T.l ^. :2 g ^..•S-o -f.o.a,, |J3 ana o'3 g "Ill .illillilil 111! likliilH^i liliii^le jj III s &&:?. jJM J c ts OS s ?; S;- M IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. Sa •a 'S o £2 .« ■j: £5 „ c ^-3 S3 tfj ' be K XT c o _3 ■a Id >> a or 02 S a 9 CO r Si §|S§s ?^ g ^ .?s «««or g gj .^ s " rirf O •^ I 3 *f ■ t 1 « s ^ • a 1 II V* 4^ S ** o i. c • • ' • • • • ' •s ) . S 5?! •nrtO e5Wnn»rj — oi ^ .n oi fO !S . HS .§■ c ■s t* =)- -"' s ^ It) • • s '•S •0" ' i £';l' in 3> sa, • S- • P. ■SI 5 ^^ w lo- * ' • j^ cr (/. t^-tCD.rtOi---tveOtO pnoi-o; o w 1 '" § . .§ !2 «> «-«„ C) — -'ri in '' D •TfO P _3 *<< ^^ — oT = •-'-«- 22'-K"" '- '3 01 w- c •> • • • • 3 O "I g^ , U3 .§ i c i *' , r-of) ,*7'-5' 01 -TM r~ t^ tew ■s . 2^ . ^-yi s .e;:S5 S- a , — •^ '*' ;^ g 8^2 1- C O X. tc' H^ !c '■* ' sf S2 s £ss- S!S!rg £:?pfr-5 t? ^ ¥8f5 ~» > r "rt =) c-ceio --p^jj ^- i -a o r* ' ' • ' * ' * ' • ' • S'^ J_01 nSg l§ TT Ol 2 1^ 5- • • — "3="' IITP:^ .ii 0) 1 g g|2 sSi . .S^ . . . ,3???5,Sf?;2'^,S ^•«,4}| "CO • • • •CCiftX''*-ff— — l-'OJ g' uf ^ oJ — ' (- rf 2? n Si q M ■*f c ' • i • • • • • 1 V • •a S >, s§ s^ p 3 «s B" a" - -s " U ^ . 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"•a 's OJ lU •a c c3 >. *^ B li 3 Of ci« US'- of ^ n« pi" V S} SS 3'^38 8 5as as PS 8 83 8 j^ C^'O I- S — O^ _} in" O) — 'w^cT . |,B« - sCr. . p. = .pIM is P.S a - £i-a oT eoeo'of 28 sp:;5es3 Id s E S S5! ;n 3 iS'o- -■ , r; ^''■' 2 J^ tj r- • Did r^ • O — fM I" gein- .2 g a'- .§ tno w "? 5ii3 §S3 ■ s.ii 5 . §s &8S C1(H ^11- " I C P. s=m 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 ;ii:i I si 3*1 £ « £ I L) 'g Ir §■« o f-uu 2 S' SIS = « c ! 1 83 Pin. §.i^rt5S!.i.g3 52^3 553 S3S j A; oSi? ef riuiof ^4 5 2-'-" a.g, .^M- .^.s .8Jo8> «f CO w" QO inoiQr- lo o o"i-cci^ S-' S="'S' Sf "^^ 2' "■»'" ;S I i I I I I I I I I ^ I I I I I I J, i .8 t i 1^5 I. .§ k « c a.P A a .1 ■^ — « *" r-Ci SS^ as er: to- ol M o ci >t:^~ ■T T ui o. I- ,n ^i, v U3 IH S8;s§:: ,^ S S 5 « '5 ■:. rSaj 2 ??« S fl O Q 5. • • SI. .8 ef ., e . M CJ -f ■V • ' ^^ ?; at 1^ -t rS C-. 'U 'll 1 1 -' ' " \i I l:?'i'= 8 I i 11 I s "s , II s s H '.hM *, 1 c s . ' c-^^'^tfs s «r i»*'^^ ■ s = . SS..22 rs^i'jry >. ?S-^---; M ^ c2 Z E r r* 3 = a •= iJ &. ■I i i l!- : V - c- ; WF r = ■- 3 ; ■i« I ? IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 87 S3 § ^ S2 « !3 S" in -* •? E Ji ,< . 3 5^ i § .3 ores c ' ' -■ § "2; . . 2 to - s -T "M Q T *! i 1 1 1 1 1 1 i I i br,E - i i.u-'r I SB =:=-=i. 1;£ = 1 [-§§'2 3 fM e^ — X — « a: ,r 1- oi i ^2 S = "' ^ . . . ' A- 1,8C1 12.174 74" 70. 3?9 344 1,42= 2,772 17,424 . . . • 1 m. .g .^ i . . . • • ' ' ■ ■ — 5 « g.3 .B ." e . . . . . . • , of MtJcf « WIN 15 . n 7 . c Si's fi.n."? 1^ "l^s .. i.s . . , . 1 . .S'll .i S.St §.i':i.s ,7C = 1 X . . . , o • ' -.»> • • - n . •»« . ^ . . . —'of -T S . . n f.4 . lo . », i-i ..'... . " ' 't-5.-" "°. ' • • • «"!-.•"_ to' .... , , . 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J i' « 58 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. a & to a CO •o a> is S2 a « 3 w^ a> ID ti « 5'« 0-— O o c2 S« o o If 03 » ha u ^ a o 1= CJ o *c ^ *- (ft r5 2 5 ° Id > s S £ Id S c 3 I 11 53. • _ iK 1^ :s -^ CI 25 => '5 .fi ' ' n« O I- i-rt w -M o » -T I- rt to ^' ■* cj" err?; S3 O. -i • *• S J rl ;") N X »^ • <* ' OT 3 1-— i'"viS/v ^ — CO — TWfMfNJOQ f>( — 'O C! •* "T "*>! r- -n If; w'l-" -^1^: Jif — jy -/j" ' CO — JO r^ — ' fs .« ' -T I - cr. 1^1 f rgr). 1"^ a — — — 'rt ■^ >o CD M .^ _ CO I- tn — J- ir. cv — o — o CO »no» rt ^ 3 fy;5j-i^ r: ''^ -" dJ i<''2^=: si ° "^ ^ => f*J "^ iQ 'q r^ r- c>q) ""t-"c«30 CQ « •-• ei ^M ^ ^ 05 CO « C -^ I I- -!■ OT — . r-_i- ■* — cj ' as b; rt « »n ■ ei q3 • < M • i-: . cfi b rt ' o f^ < o q^S" ^r 3 r» 5^'^ ^**^ ^ ™ »fM OS T m - 1 w 0" OTi — (>! a I/' .ft 7, p- > O) O ./j »r OT • — O <0 U? 2 CO -« R4 ^ ^ O ^ 'J ■ 01 C^ — • O 'O ' O ■ tO ' cj^JS* B'S'aa^" n£g5S2i2 '^SfsS'a S Ei'?^" 35 rf" 8" *-Ort— CD C« M a^ O Q » X *f c 55 S S-I5 g t 2;s7:sK!sa 1 ^ O O) ffi ■*» "^t,"^ — x' -f I'-roTtjf a- s-3 ' 00 03 CO - T ^ »"• "^ M "7 ir . S3 ?? 51 .1 .§?.' '^i o — — T in .3-3 ' O tn in e3 o M i t : •; ..5-.« g ^ .1 . .£^.E..|. ,^|3,| I ^' ■ 'fcl' 'J = - 5 "* -•--""■5^ £ ^ ^Z fa 3 &.Q. S Si:'«Mi^'« - PC .li.-ilj'^lllll-El , s i|^1 ^^f |-8-= Sp I HU-, g|l6 ,T^il|| 1^ IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 59 tip \i 3,18? § sr-l " cT a s;:); oi d \ f i ;5 c l' I — ' '• ^ r- I — '-o « 1 n §§ § ir. C ■ p: 'd^.. ?2. ^ m 1 -^r rt 1 ^§. ^ c^.- r^ is •f ■»' >-;3 " ¥' s •ri- 1° B 1 ' in T- c=; ^ '/J c u s o d s s 3 2S f^u - K C^^-'f P^ 2 il aTOo -re ""lOJOOiC'cn r-o* — iM — in — Qcxoir ^ I;;*'*f3^^*~'5 55 v i~ r' tn — rf) 3 o ^ -^ "Mrt •♦ "t 01 '« = ^iSfe P.Si-l 3 i-~ *» IN rt *j ir JO Q O »' I - oi 2J "^ — ^ fn-fiO'^j--- -p •f ift in I- r- 1-'^ to S £2 2 = 8 SSS?J. "^ g •■T n ad-4 •§ iSifiS?!' tiS!« =5:" X. CD M p ^ ?' r* 5 r-e^ *i.o^ to n rt '^.O * W 'fV— _!■- >0 -T — fM -;."^— -^ I; ^! 8 O * ■>! 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Si;i^- cfio — =: Zi f:: « "^ r: s c/> n c ?3 ri o ei t^ a. run rt "N •- q h- — S" '="- a" g'33s"i25f T o 1- rt n >n M 8 t S. 8 .1.,^. • -fe-.S ■||ll e Hi ■ •S.5 ■1 s <^ .3 I C"^ o a 8 s S i! a U - _, fc- '^ — oj - 3 ^^ rt ft rt = ^ " a fc- o u 2,5 s i.ll.?s OH 5«.a ..^fi 3:3 S «i o go C i, i 1 GO IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. n ?-^ 3- O; 6 O -n /, Vl O J;^ O^ •" '^ Ht3 .hf u* . ^^ o o •a c .a 13 c4 •a o o o s .1 s 119 IB >. & a a V COAT) .--fc- .I- — Ej»t- n t- — ift r-- r.' ■M* "T — "N* cTof or ■St 3s a) -^ 00 >n r> I" ■« cr o t • — . 5 ' ?5 — -^ "^ o I- n c/^.fl^ tn O) tr. C)^ T '^l^ * ' ?s-s 2i^ Of' ».> lO o O) aj. 'l^'^^. Ji ir eft Mo or in MO 01J5 '■^.■5 ' — a I pi •r CD rn" MO is 'Ft ri'J3 cr. « » -» ~n < If f • — o x- c> . —t — •y — ift 'O J3 0! • PS • rr u u ■ •* - -^ -St ■'Esse = l-;3 c .^ M 1* jj .- ij ^a • "Sua ^ 02 o S ■a s a o o X H a S S a sag tn .nil ?23 fO t — c Sis ■!• <*rr 5 'JO .n '*' "*■ — cfi T r- * 31 '0 O 'J3 r; If? in -T- ji e- d i - of -r of ef of 13 f p 'O »-• CO r- 3 -fl -5 JD Q Q T f -T l~ 0_ OT_ r'M -r — c/5 3" -(SO — »-■« of ~ -.- to =igiiii? rfoi'f ?. in ojy 01 a a lOOir: '^ t o T a'l >n ifi »h I - ao i- ift r-(oe»o OR 5 >rj r* >** tn _ _ _ .^. -w C I— I"- ;/) "f I- 5: •+ ifi M r-^oi -^ r- t- — op •••o "^ t© — "t cr of ofco - ' • - — 0» l- — [^ t* a to I- ;* « »0 Qi a, Sj -N 36 n inco- •M. Pi t> 83-18 5, o ?S3 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. « I '' T 31 « — ff> !S5^ ■lrii S<3 I a^' k S3 •!■ 1 8i^j|^ii||g|$p||pg§|p§|pRpgtP§i^§is^l§§isESE^ig§ii;§3 r W^o* .. T U3 .r c -i Sg^a ''i CM -1^ ■4l I • • t t h t • • • *) si-oa-; 1. ■3 1 .15 1 - 1 si ale's I ■31 25 *.« ill '-Mi i>?|K|S|l|i|P|?pp|H|8,8| '^ s s w * «* — w — 00 ® j» ef ^ (tf o» of « 10 » iiiiliroclly by the niiniurnus MiaiiiteH tlint havu been pimsLMl, jTruiitinK (fxcniptioiii from it. Acrordiii^ to l.ord MuiiHtlebtf it is **n pownr foiiiKbul upon ininirnioriitl iiHitK**/* uiid in iiiidcrHtood to iiiiiki* a part of (he comnion law. All »ta fariv^r nion art; liablK to IniprcHHinnit, iinlrHH upcrially protet'tcd by ciiHtoni or stutntt*. H^anien L>x«cutinf( particular Hurvicim far Kovitrnnmut, not untriM|utMit)y urt prottM-tioiiH from tliu Admiralty, Navy Jloard, kc. Httuw art* (>xumptiMl by iucut custom : nmifcrrijmen are every wberu priviltiged Truni impreoniiitint. The Btututury e.xumpliuns uru llUniLM'OUB. nf Iheir apprenlirnship, anrf till the ai^e of 20 yean; Ihcy continuini^ fur \)w tiiiiP, ill tliP huainrn of tUtiiiiK only. Ally, (hit manner^ hwulei tlir tiaattr mitl appretilicei. In rvpry fi«)riiiKvrM«l()f 10 Inns or upwanliftiiiplnyed ou the iKiii cuiut,Jurii^ hit cnnliniianctt In inch lervim, 4llily, .'iny UtufUman above tlir tue nf 18, rnt«rinff anil rniplnvH on biMrd iiich veurl, for 2 yc.int rroin hit tlrM noii.if In §ea; anl in the end ol tht %'oyage tliru eiijjagcil in, if he lu Inu^ cniiliiiue in lucb •ervice. An air l;ivit iwnrn herire a justice rif the pearn, cnnt»iniiiK (he lonnaKe > 'auch (iuhinfC Vfwiet or (Kiat, the |H>rl or ptace tn which Hh« belongs, IP name anil dwicriplion of Ibe iii.isti*r, ihi; a'>t Hmt Knini; tn scj, is In be transmitted to the i^ilmiralry ; whn, u[>nn litidin< tlic ijrt) correctly stated, rnnt a S'-parali* pmteclinn to every indivulual. || case, however, **iijaii actual mvoMimt nf thru hingdiifin, or mini' iient danger thereof,** sucti protected perHnni may be inipresHrd ; k ex'.ept uimn such an emergency, any nificer or nnirers impresiii(,( SMch prod-cled |>er9on shill rtnpeclively forfeit 20/ lo Ihe party im premeler it he be an appreutjct —Sects. 2, 3. 4. 6. Omeral Exnnptimif.^ AW persons Myearanfai^e and npw;irK and under IH years. Every person being .* fnreiKner, who shtll vr^i in any iiierrhant ship, or oilier trading vessel, or privateer, belnn^u,; to a subject of (he Crown of (ire.il Hriiaiii ; and all persona, nf \\\,[- age soever, who shall use the sra j nh:ill U- pntecteil for 2 ye.^r^ v. be computed from the lime nf tlierr first ii<>ini( it — ( 13 tiro. i. c. l* 7. IJaj^iooiierf, line man.igers, or boat ttteiTers, engaicer] in u., sonlliern whale tisliery, are also profecled.— (2ti Gw 3. c. 60.J 8. Miin tiers em vli'yrd i.\ the herring fishery ^re eienipted ivlii aclualiy empluyed.— (48 0*((;. 3. c. 110.) 1. Every \h\p in the cnal trade his the fnllowing pemnns prolectetl, viz. 2 able seitinen (such as the iiiai(er shall nommale) for every ship of lOi) (iMis; md I fur every TiO tons for every ship of 100 Ions atxl upwiirfU; an>i any nihrer wlm presumes to impress anynf (he at)ove, thitl forfeit, lo the inisler or owner of such vessel, 10/. for every man so im)ireiseil ; and such otlicer shall be incaptblenf hotiliii^ any place, nlHce, or ernployment in any of his Majesty's ships of war. ^6fc7 IVitt. 3. c. IS. secf. 19 )• 2. So parish afrfirtntict ah:tlt he cnnipelled nr permitted tn enter into his Majesiy's sea service till he arrives at Ihe aju of IH years.— {Itlli.^itiu, c. ii. sec*. 4 ) 3. I'l-rsons i'o/((;iI(|m/i/ l)indinj( tlienisrlvea apprentices tn sea ser- vice, kIhII not be impreKseJ tor 3 years (mm Ihe date uf their inden- tures. Hut no jiersnnsattfive Isyrara of age shall have anyexeinplion or pmtec(ioii rrnin his Mijmty's st-rvice, if Ihey hive bei n at sea btfiitethey hecanie «i>ptfnlicej. — (2 At 3.^;i;ir, c.b.8ecl, 13. ; 4 «i/i?u, C. ID ^ect. 17. ; and 13 (ho. 2. c. 17. aec(. 2.) 4. i/Jpprfntui'i.— The act 4 (ten. 4. c 25. enacla some new regula- tions \\ ith tespcet (n Ihe number of apprentices that ships must have on bo.iiil accofiling tn their tonnage, and grants pro(eclion in such apprentices till they have atlainet Ihe age of 21 years.— tFur iho rejulalions of (his act, see v^pprr/i/iVrt.) f). /') rscnt emplin/fd in the Fisheries.— The act 50 Geo, 3, c. 108. grants (he fuMowjng exemptinns from impressment, viz : — Is', Mustns of fish t It g iittjrt'/i or lx>al», whn, either Ihcinst Ives or thc'rnwneis. Iiave.nr within ti months before applyinc for a pmiection ihnll have h;vl, I apprentice or miue under lb ^eara of age, bound for 5 yeiDi, aivl employed in Ihe business of ti>ihiiig. 2lly, All such r\j-}tretitt€es, not exceetling ei^A/ In every mister or ownt-r of any fishu)« vessel of TiG tons nr upwards; not excteding frwrii to every vesstd or boat nf 3) tons and under 50; not cxteciling t\x to every vessel of 30 tons and under 35 tons ; an i..::.ciple of justice, in viiidiratel on tliK allrut'd tfroiind of its bein^ alisoliitely necessary to the manning of the fleet. Hut this potfiiinn notwitlistandin^ the roiitklence with wJiicli it has been taken up, is imt quite »o tenable as has hm. supposed. The dirlUiiIties ex{)erienc<>d in procuring sailors for the fleet at the breaking nut of a w;ir. are not natural but artitkial, and iniKht he ^ot rid of by a very simple arranjrement. Durine peao. not tnorf than a fourth or a fifth part of the seamen are retained in his .MaJestyV service that ntt commonly required durin^r war ; and if peace continue for a few years, the total number of sailor^j m the kimrV and the mercliant service is limited to that which is merely adi-quate to supply the reduni: demand of tlie I'ormrr, and the ordinary demand of the latter. When, therefore, war in declared, jifi.i 30,000 or -10,000 additional seamen are wanted for the tleet, they cannot be obtained, unless by wiili. drawini; tht*m from the nirrchant service, which has not more than its proper com|>lement of biiitij. liut lo do this fiy otferiii}^ the seamen higher wa^es would be next to impossihie, aiuj would, suppn.-^in) it W(>r(? practicable, iin|)oHe such a sacrifice upon the public as could hardly be borne. And heiue, i; is said, the necessity of impressment, a practice which every one admits can be Justilied on nu utiic; groiinii than that of its t)eiiit! absolutely essential to the public safety. It is |)Iaifi, however, tiiat a necessity of this sort may be easily obviated. All, in fact, that is nectv sary for this purpose, is merely to keep such a number of sailors in his Majesty's service durina poiicr as may sulbce, with the ordinary proportion of landsmen and boys, to man the tleet at the breitkinr out of a war. \V)*re this done, there would not be the shadctw of a pretence for resorting lo iinpre?;n til !■> ■■rWiiiK in nnt%*n i'm.A (ttn m^nrktnr, nC • lin mi ■>• imil 11 H ■■mil ii'll:.n * In order that I they are impressed : mis is lo iie done iiy going oeiure me ni.iyor or omer cniei inagisiraie oi me piaii who ig to give the master a certiiicate, in wliich is contained the names of the particular men wlui ho thus nominates : and this rprtificiitt! will he their protection. ivJiich yirl-.?0, heinp increase, taking th( INDIGO. 63 nployment, rt of pnrlla- : «xfiii|>t)<»ii i|<«," uikI I( iiit.'iil.iiiileM KriiniHiit, nut ,)ltMl liy lueul mii|iliuiii urc ; Ihry ciinllnuinii, trenticc*. tn pvcry ieneacuait,(iuniii{ rinn :inil rniplnvfj iiig Id Ma; ati'i In ^ coliduue 111 sucb iffl, cniitainiiiK the (ilacf to wliii'ti tiht , thf .i«;e 01 ewrf alpufhiiiiv'fiiliire, iiiaimer and lanJi » lirst uninit I" mj, ill timliiiK llip facu cry iiiilimlual. Ii Iflfrfl'tJW, fir imrfrt • !jfi inipteMni » K,i odlrcra iini>rMiiin 11 In the I'arly lOf le Le ail a|JprL'iilicc if »te ami iipwaH^ iier.vvlio shall vni iirivateer, Ujl-'iuiii^ all licrsniis, of \\li*i L'cipfl f'lr 2 yt'ars »« —(13 (;ro- i. c. r en, en^a^eil in lla iw 3. c. SO.) ire exempted wli,;* !. IH viliilicalcJ il tilia positiiiii iile IIS liiiK licei p nut of 11 wilt, Duriiie pi'iiif, >rvicfl lliiil III'! i!r of HUiliirsu ply llu' redtiri; H (ipcliiretl, iiiii less by Willi. ;u{ of llitiiitf lltl, Sll|l|ll>»llli Ami luMici'i; i;d on no oIIk: '.\ai is iiecH. (lurina pcnc tlie lireiikiii; ig lo iiiipriv. hi lie ciilircl; wiiys prcvcr.t riT, tins I'll' or l,2im.0t"i :il, lint iiiertli pOSeH t^itlllll*. iiy yotiii!! iiii: wiiges usiiiiiii the totinlt; that \voulil!( ly, iherol'orf,! favour; »: tirc.tiiiistiiint - ('I'liti reaik mciit uiihetu linst anypaf iny particuli is frequenil; acceptor s of iiideniiiitj jm), the tlnj ime them, 6'/''', teofllieplaci liar lucii wliMi t. which yirUlrt the t)rnutiAil hlue dye known by that nnmo. It is ohtnincil by tho mncprntion In wittrr of rcrtaiti tropical plantH; but the indigo of commfirre it* almoHt flntiroly olitained frnin l«'(,niininoun plants of the gvuut* Indl irofera .■ tliat cultivated in Iiuliu being the Indif^o- rn tinrltiritt; and that in America the Inr/iirofrra anil. The Indian plant has pintuite e»vps and a KJender ligneous stem ; and when gucceBsfully cultivated, riHca to the height of 3, T), urn I oven fi feet. It appears pretty certain that tho culture of tho indiffo plant, and tho preparation of tho drnor, have been practised in India from a very remote epoch. It has been ([iieMtioned, iinli'cd, whether the Imlirum mentioned by Pliny {Hist. Nut. lib. xxxv. c. (i.) was indigo, liiit. as it woidd seem, without any good reaMon. IMiny states that it was lirouc;lit from Iiuliii; Ibat when diluted it produced an admirable mixture of blue and purple colours (m f/l/iidiJii niisturnm purpura: cierukitptc tni'rabilem redJit) ; and he gives testa by which the iretniine drug niiyht be discriminated with sullicient precision. It is true that i'liny is fgrecioiisly mistaken as to the mode in which the drug was produced ; but there are many examples in modern as well as ancient times, to prove that the ]>osseMsion of an article bnuiglu from a distance implies no accurate knowledge of its nature, or of the jjrocesses followed in its manufacture. Beckmann (Hist, vf hivenfiuns, vol. iv. art. InJIifo) and Dr. Uniicroft (Permanent Colours, vol. i. pp. 841 — 252.) have each investigated this subject with great learning and sagacity ; and agree in the conclusion that the indicum of Pliny WHS real indigo, and not, as has been supposed, a drug prepared from tho isatis or woad. At all events, there can bo no qocstion that indigo was imported into modern Europe, by way of Alexandria, previously to the discovery of the route to India by the Cape of Good Hope. When first introduced, it was customary to mix a little of it with woad to heighten and improve the colour of the latter ; but, by degrees, the (juantity of indigo was increased ; and woad was, nt last, entirely superseded. It is worth while, however, to remark, that indigo (lid not make its way into general use without encountering much opposition. Tho growers nf wmid |)revailed on several governments to prohibit the use of indigo ! In Gcr- ninny, an Imperial edict was published in 1654, prohibiting the use of indigo, or "devil's fli/e,'' and directing great care to be taken to prevent its clandestine importation, " because," s:ivs the edict, " the trade in woad is lessened, dyed articles injured, and money carried out of the country I" The magistrates of Nuremburg went further, and compelled the dyers of that city to Hike an oath once a year not to use indigo ; which practice was continued down to a late period. In l.'iOS, upon an urgent representation of the states of Languedoc, at tha solicitation of the woad growers, the use of indigo was prohibited in that province ; and it was not till 1737, that the dyers of France were left at liberty to dye with such articles, and in such a way, as they pleased. — (Beckmann, vol. iv. p. 142.) Let not those who may happen to throw their eyes over this paragraph, smile at the ignorance of our ancestors — Mutnto nomine, de fcfabula narratur. How much opposition is made at this moment to the importation of many important orticles, for no better reasons than were alleged, in the sixteenth century, against the importation of indigo ! Indipo is at present produced in Bengal, and the other provinces siiliject to the presidenry nf tliat niinie, from the 2(llli to the 30ili defiree of north latitude; in the province of Tinnevelly, under the Madrii.s i;overninetit ; in .lava ; in I.ncnnia, the principal nf the I'hilippine Islands ; and d'nateinala, niid llie Cnracras, in Central America. Bengal is, however, the great mart for indigo ; and the ((uun- tiiy prodnced in the other places is comparatively inconsiderable. idtvnal was of opinion that the cnlture of indigo had been introduced into America by the Spaniards ; httt this is tiiidimbtedly an error. Several species of indigufcra belong to the New VVorld ; and the Spaniards used it as a substitute for ink very soon after the conquest.— (//unituWt, £*«ai Politique anr la M-iiirelle l-:.-ii(i/rne, toni. iii. p. .^4. 2d ed.) I''(ir tlie (irst "20 years after the English became masters of Bengal, tho culture and manufacture of indiiro. now of such importance, was unknown as a branch of British industry ; and the e.\ports were but iritliiig. Till' Kiiropean miirkcts were, at this period, principally supplied from America. In 171^3, liowever, the attention of the English began to he directed to this business; and though the processes ptirsiiod liy tbiMii he nearly the same as those followed by the natives, their greater skill, intelligence, and capital, give them immense advantages. In their hands, the growth and preparation of indigo has become the most important employment, at least in a commercial point of view, carried on in the country. Thi> indigo made by the natives supplies the internal demand; so that all that is raised by Eiirnjii'ans is ex|iorted. In (he Delta of the Ganges, where the best and largest quantity of indigo is produced, the plant lasts niily for a single season, being destroyed by the periodical inundation ; hut in the dry central and western provinces, one or two rattuon crops are obtained : and owing to this circumstance, the latter are enabled to furnish a large supply of seed to the former. Tlii^ lived capital required in the manufacture of indigo consists of a few vnts of common masonry for steeping tlie plant, and precipitating the colouring motter ; a boiling and drying house; and a dwellnig house fur the planter. These, for a factory of 10 pair of vats, capable of producing, at an averasie, 12,5(K) lbs. of indigo, worth on the spot about 2,500/., will not cost above 1,500/. sterling. The btiildiiigs and machinery necessary to produce an equal value in sugar and rum, would probably cost about Ajmni. This fact, therefore, without any reference to municipal regulations, affords a ready answer to the question which has been frequently put, why the British planters in India have never eni-'agcd in the manufacture of sugar. During the 9 years which preceded the opening of the trade with India, in 1814, the annual average produce of indiiio in Bengal, for exportation, was nearly 5,t)00,000 lbs. ; but the average produce of the 4 Inst years of this period scarcely equalled that of the preceding 5. But since the ports were opened, indigo produced for exportation has increased fully a third; the exports during the 16 years ending with IBSd-.^O, l)eing above 7,400,000 lbs. a year. The following brief statement shows the rate of thit increase, taking the average produce of each 4 years : — 1 i 64 INDIGO. 1814 181 IRIO 1817 'I-- tu 7,040,000 1818 IHIU I mo 1831 }■ - 0,000,000 1833 IH33 1834 1839 } Ih. 8,000,000 1698-1 IH37 I 1H3H f 1890J - 9,000,000 •nd It haa continued about th* lam* linee. It di^nervui tn he remnrked, that ilnrn the opening of the trade, Indian capltallnti have betaken thi!iii*<>lvpii tn iho iiiiuinritctiirH nf IndiRo nn the Riirnpuaii method, and that at proient about a flfth part oTthn whole nnniial produce in pri'pnrU'l hy ihvni. The culture of IndlK" li very precarlnui, not only In no flir ni rnitpectR the Rfowth of the plant f^om jronr to yenr, lint aliin ai regnrdi the quHntllyai.d (|Uiillty of the -1820 72,000 = 19,000 1820 10,500 21,000 14,500 1820 7 0—90 5 6-6 6 3 3-4 6 Cmpi in n I'ulri. isjn-inai IN9I-IHW m«-l«3:i |NM-|N'J| h2l-l^<'-'5 bw-is-id lMirt-|s'>7 is'r-i8-)s 1838-1820 ll.i9-|8,1() |N;)n-iKil I8:ti-i>«.'i2 H32-IS:!,) 107 li. !lil,( II.M 7!1,( 111. I 110,1 irt.i 118,11 lll.n llfi.ii I'J'.MI 12'.' II Of 7,2!l't,fi05 III H!l,:il'.MIii. trnm Of Ihe liiKil ipian Till' iin|iorlH nf Inilleo of lltllii. 4. c. 1'< ) For fiirllior inl Oriint. Com. ; fli Mailaiiie, lOaij., K [rndijjo is im| nnd till! lMiili|i|ii L\K (Dit. h nils. T.schernih "Dvpry liqimr n nifin iiraniri" knin 2. I'riiiii'r'H ink ; r for pniiiliiig iipnn experiinrMil an I'roi glue, with tin: add line soot iVnni III"' size frniii Hlircd.s n fidoil printer's ink posses,«i'S 11 singiili "romuion ink ti Irnn, dissolved in wliicli is prevented li'rial tn give the hi ia a good red. TIk Ainniig the nnmsin i illslinmiislied pi' ce inks have been pro Itiis respect, becniii I liavn more or less ( paper till it begins I INKLE, a sor other towns in L; I.NSOLVENO to designate the c iisiiG[i! of trade. . uitliout having cc of tiankrnptcy. We ha-'c, undo the law as io into! tl:.T article 'Jmkdi' tlicso lavv.s more tnore conducive I article, therefore, v the existing laws. Under the banl pntire po^sessinn.s voluntary .surrendt in the initiative pr fupt and insolven f2 • ThoB INK— INSOLVEXCY. 05 iniligo are 150,000 lbs. igmentiitiun I Iba. to 1,600,000 Low Oule per Ib. >. d. t. d. 3 0- -3 t) i 0- -6 4 0- -5 » 3 0- -4 6, i 8- -3 3' 1 0- -ti I', 5 0- -6 } 3- -4 J i 3- -4 b IM. ■ Tabin —eonlh util. 9,000,000 Tnt«l Tnlal l>rli. Vfrir-t ^(fwll it) ■ Import fmm b«lali«n Cmpt in Denial. TMn. ln.lu for (Iri-.-il Kklmrt , Hrll.iti) Avmft PrIcM In I^indoa. ui a flfih lorn (intat •m4 3llt Urc. am fVom , DriUln. Hfinig Con. 1 Lnw (^u*'H II.'t.OIH)-. 2S,000 1K94 10,100 17,900 li.'JOO IS94 19 0-13 « H 0-10 fl 0-0 3 1 Gurope, i is'ii-ix'.vi' 7(t,(Mm= 2'j,ri()o |H'.:5 95,;<«0' 91,100' 10.100 IS25 13 0—15 O! H 0—10 fi 4 3-5 Is pIllCKU lsT).|V2i(, Ill.iim) 41,000 IH9H 97,H00: 9I,!K)0 29,.«)0 IH90 H 0—0 fl 4 0- 7 "i 2 3-3 irkel, till) |Si«-|V27 i INI.OdO -. 'J.'i.OOO IM7 10,000' |H,.',00] 29,hOO 1N97 II 0-13 fi 7 0—0 3 — 4 fl the onljr lS'>T-|H'iS 1I!».(M)0^ 49,0(10 |S!W 35M90 97,5(H) 31,100 1H9>< H 0—10 5 3-7 3 9 0-3 )■ 'f iHi'^-iN'W i iw.oon ^. ao.soo IM20 93,900 83,100 31,900 IHS!) 7 fi— H 3 «— e o'a 0-3 fl p(l in the |h!(!t-l*>:tO 111,000 =-40.001) IHHO ,19,190 95,700 .17,«0() IH.W fl ')— 7 0| 3 1-- 4 3 — 9 fi (1 for the iM'iii.iKti 1 10,000 -=.?:i,(i(M) IH31 93,3.101 9I,0M0 :i5,i)Tf IH-;! i'- rt «l 3 ;/— 4 3 9 — 9 fl . PricBi |ytl-h;W l*i.0OO=- 35,000 1h;)'2 9.5,4701 V>.,y20 39,5-.,' IM;i9 fl ; - B ; 3 3- 4 9 3-9 11 lerchiiiiti IMM-1S33I 193 000 .= 35,000 H33 95.000 '!i3,000 •35,0001 IH33 7 !•- 7 a 0— 3 0-4 l,as. Indie*. \^ uiila Tjiit. Air ",n>!nlV'Ut ; Of 7,2'.''t.fi05 Ihfi of liirligo im|iortci; into Or s t iiut.iM in i.S3,' , 0,^"i5 ,'13 lliH worn from India, M!i,Hll)llH. I'riirn tlm Hrlli«li WrhT Indies, M|,0';i ;i •<, I'luii tJin;nmiii ., iO,ii| i IIih. from t'uloinbia, ic. Of ihi^ liiliil (|ii;inlity Imported, 2,1!IO,0(H) IIih wt'i' nUaii.i .' triMi ( o* , iiinpllon. 'I'Im' liii|iiirH of liidiKo, in I'':i9, were 0,3.'i3,0(i5 llir., ; i.T iv'.ii 'i '.'.,'"' \ii.')3 llm. wero r (rlni'd. Inilico of lltiilsli |)o»B«HBions, not dt'einud tlirlr | rodiKti tnlfna iuipjrlod I'roiii 'I'.ii e,— (7 Geo, 4. r. 4!<.) For further informntlon an to indigo, fn'c t'nlfhr,til:t'a Hu»bi\'i\\y of Bnn"af, p 'il.; ^Vilhiirn't Orirnt. Com.; Hell's lirrii'in iif Commcrre «/ Bi nu'U ; /fi/»C/i' i Hevru. of ili , cvi l.iii;" (.i (rilliin M.icliiiiii?, lOsi)., I'.iidt Itidlii ConiniiltiM!, 1H30-3I, ii^c. [fndido is imported into the United ytu'.es rl.iefl;; iVom tl'e Ti.iii'.h nnd tite IMiilipiiino islnnds, and the r > u.'.lic ui" CIdIoi.I'i;".. — iint. /',/'.' I.\K (Du. Ink, In/ft; Ft. Encn ; (Jor. UiiitC; (t, Inchoixfro,' UiiH. Txclimulo ; Sp. Tinta ,■ Sw. Hiu,.) " Hvpry liqiior or pi,.infint nsnd for writinRor printiKu in ■ '•t!n(7.n;-|-e(' hy the niu'.tf '"f iul.'. ( ' m- nion pr;i(ticc knowH only Idmit and red. Of h! x-k ink tliero iirt! •.[■.•■■.'•• p inciM'i' ^ ald^l : 1. Iinln.'i I.K j 'J. I'riiiliT's ink; nnd 3. Writing ink. Tlio Indmn i-l: ia >'sfi in Cliimi fit Wrii'';^ willi ,. liniHti, m! for pniiitinir upon lli« Hofl tloxilde pnper of <'l.inr..mn of ii lump or caiidlt! roceivcj iiy ImldiiiK .t plat"' ovBt it, tiiiMMl will, ilciii sizn from cliriMls of parcliment or glove-leiithor ml ilyi'd. vuijl nmiie an ivik coiai lo tiiat imp 'rt< I. fjood printer's ink is a idac k paint, Htnootli, aii'l niilfoii.. in iti- r.: ipositiot of i tirm hliiol. c ^n ,;:, ard po.usesses a siiiBiilar aptitude to adhere to paper tlioimiRl'lj iii.,if('j'i.al;u wait 'luii.dnr". "(?ommori ink for writing is made hy addin); a«i iiil'i iiuji or i'.irf>r'\i\.\ m' tlio 11111-4: 1'l to s(ii|)h itii nf iron, dissolved in water. A very fine hiark precipi-M': i.uirrxii ('ovii, ll-o 8lreet ; and no fet-s are taken, except those established hy the court. The comniis* tloiitra also severally make circuiii, and attend at the town and places appointed for ' s'>lvt'nts in ihe country to appear: their judi- cial powers in tl)c provincial towns are the same as those eicrcised in the nu'tropolis. I. The first s'ep in the Insolvent's proceedinK is the Pttition, Any person in actual custody for any debt, damages, costs, or money due for conletupt of any court, may, within 14 d.iys after his first detention, petition the court for his dischaige; staging in ^uch peti- tion the particulars of his arrest, and the amount of his debts, and praying tf) he discharged not oniyagainst the dem.inds of the penont detaining him, but against all other creditors having claims at the time of prisenting the petition. Persons not actually in custody within the walls of .i priion, and during the proceedings Ihcreon, are not emitled to the benefit of (he act. In case of aiokness, how- ever, and afier an order for hearing the petition has been obtained^ this condition is not required. Notice of the time appointed for hearing the petition most be givi n to all cralitnrs whose debts amouul to 5l.j and he advertised in the Limdun iiaztttt. jVt the liiiic of subscribing the petition, the insolvent executes an assignment to the provisional assignee of the court, renouncing all til^e to his properly, except wearing apparel , working-!ool8, beilding, and such necessaiiesof hims-lf and family as shall not exceed the value of IQl. Duiitig continenient, the court may order an allow* ante for the support of the petilinner. The filing of a petition is an act of bankniptcy, and, if a commis- litni be iiisued within 2 calendar months, vacates the assignment : hut this does not stop the proceedings of the court ; and any properly remaining to the petitioner, after obiainirig his certificate^ continues liable as if no cnnmiission had been issueit, The voluntary preference of a creditor, by conveyance of money, goo«N, bills, or other property, after the filing nf the petition, or within 3 months prior to the imprisonment of llie petitioner, being (lien in insolvent circumstances, is fraudulent and void. Within 14 days affer the filing of his peiiijon, the insolvent must prepare a sthtdule of his debts; also of his property and income from every source whence he derives benefit or emolument, together with ao account of all debts owing to him, the names of the debtors, and their places of abode. Lastly, the scheiule must describe the wearing apparel and other articles not exceeding 20/. which the pe- titioner is allowe^l to retain. Insolvents guilty of omissions in the schedule, with intent to de- fraud creditors, or excepting in it necessaries to an amount exceed- ing 20i., or persons ;is9isiiug therein, are guilty of a misdemeanour, tul'jccting to an imprisonment for not more than 3 years. II. The Jlsa\s;nc£$.—K^y time after the filing of the petition, the court appoints assignees from among the creditors, to whom, on their arceptaitce nf the appointment, an assignment is made of the etfecti of the prisoner, tn case of any real estate, the same, within the space of 6 months, must be sold by public auction, in such man- ner and place as the major part in value of the credi'ors approve; but when any part of the property is so circumstanced that the immediate sale of it would be prejudicial to the interests of the pri- soner, the court may direct the management of such property till it cm be proixrly sold j and if the debts can be paid by mortgage in lieu of sale, the court may give directions for that purpose. Goods in possession and disposal of the insolvent, whereof he is reputed owner, are deemed his nrorerty ; hut this does not affect the assignment of any ship or vessel, duly registered according to the 6 Geo. 4. c. 110. An account upon oalh before an officer of the court, or justice of peace, must be made up by the assignees within every 3 months at the furthest ; and in caie of a balance in hand, a dividend must be forthwith made, of which dividend, 30 days* previous notice must be given ; and every creditor is allowed to snare in the dividend, unless objected tn by the prisoner, assigneea, or other creditors, in which case the court decides. The assignee! may execjte powers which the insolvent might have executed, as the granting nf leases, takini^ fines, transferring puldic slock or annuities j but they cannot iioininate to a vacant ec- clesiastical benefice. The assignees, with the consent of one commissioner, and the major part of the creilitors in value, may compound for any debt due to the prisoner; or may submit differences connected with the estate of the insolvent to arbitration. Dividends payable to creditors, unclaimed for 12 months, are to be paid into court tn the credit of the estate of the insolvent; in default of payment nf the dividends hy the assignees, their goods may be diBlnined ; or, if no dislreas, thev may be imprisoned. The assignees, in case the Insolvent is a beneficed clergyman or Our next object will be to present a brief exposition of the Bankrupt Laws, Bankruptcy. — Blackstone defines a bankrupt — "A trader who secretes himself, or does certain other acts tending to defraud his creditors." But an intention to defraud is not now held to be essential to constitute a bankrupt; who may be either simply an insolvent, or a person who is guilty of certain acts tending to defraud his creditors. There are, as already observed, some important distinctions between the bankrupt and insolvent laws, not only in their application to different descriptions of individuals, but also in the powers they exercise over the estates of persons subsequently to their being brought under their adjudication. The benefits of the Insolvent Act extend without curate, are not entitled to the income nf the benefice or cnracj : but ihey may obtain a h qucstration of the profits for the benefit of ere* ditors. Neither are the assignees entitled to the pay, half-pay, pen* sion, or other emolument, of any penoii who Is or h is been in ilie army, navy, or civil service of the government nr East India tnni- p.iny ; but the court niay order, suhject to the .ipproval of the heali of public offices, a |K>rtion of such pay, half pay, peubioo, or emolu- ments, to be let aside towards the liquidation of the debts of llie insolvent. 'I he court may inquire into the conduct of the assignees, on ths complaint of the in9')lvent or any nf his creditors ; and, in case of malversation, award cmts against them. Asr at whose suit he isdetainfd topay any sum not exceeding 4f. weekly; and in default of paymeat, the prisoner to be lit>era(ed. IV. Future Liabilitifj of the Tiitolvtnt.—FnoT tn adjudication r,Q the petition, the insolvent is required to execute a wartant of attor- ney, enifiowering the court to enter up judgment against him, n the name of the assignees, for the amount of the debts unpaid ; and when the insolvent is of suflicient ability to pay such debts, oris dead, leaving assets for the purpose, the court may permit execution tn be taken out against the properly of the insolvent acquired afier his discharge; and this proceeding m.iv be repeated tiU IhcwIuU oj the dcLt, with cvtti, is paid and »tisJied. Rut unperson after judgment entered up, is liable to imprisonmeat for any debt to which the adjudication of the court extended. When an insolvent is entitled to the benefit of the act, no eieco- tion, except under the judgment before mentioned, can issue a^aimt him for debts contracted prior to his confinement; but he may bis proceeded ai^ainst for a debt which could not be enforced at tlie pe- riod of his discharge. An insolvent, after his discharge^ may, on the applicatinn nfis assignee to the court, be again exnmiiied touching the effects set forth in the schedule ; and if he refuse to appear or answer questions, be may be recommitted. Nn uncertificated bankrupt, nor auy person having had Ihe bendt of the insolvent act, can have it a second time within fwt. i/ran, unless 3-4ths in nuniber and value of the creditors consent thertto.ir unless it appear tn the court that Ihe insolvent, since his bankru|)t('r or discharge, has dnne his utmost tn pay all just demands ; anJ ttiVt the debts subsequently incurred have been unavoidable, fnmi Inabi- lity nthei'wise to acquire subsistence fnr himself and family. Married women are entitled In the benefit of the insolvent act, and may petition the court on executing a special assignment. The insolvent Act, of which the above is a digest, was conflniifd by an art of the session of IMO, the 1 Will. 4. c. 38., for 2 vean. mJ " from thence to the end of the next session of parliament.'' It ii important to remark, that the act of Will. 4. prohibits, while the insolvent acts are in force, any deI)tor from being di8charge« been in the Kaat India Cnnt- ival of the beaiii nbioD, or trniolu* the debit of the luigneeii on the and, in case of t of the proceedi est, at a rate not winted for hear* large cf the pri* lid examine surh natters contaiiied require, and the i;a e the accounti irisoner is not op- it may order liii ;ct him to be rie- DDtbs, to be com* p falsified entries his creditors, (ir ny be imprisoiieil re a prisoner hu h of trust ; or put I by means of laj St the lime whin :bted for daniat;es iicin^thediiugliier c ol marriage j or lOD, libel, slander, ty ; the anDuitanii usolvent, at a fair due to the Crowu, at suit of any slic- tared into for auj caiury certify coo- ipply to the fiarou may, on applia* [suit he is detained efault of payment, I adjudication na , ivanant of attor- a^inst him, tn lis unpftid; an<1 such debts, or ii perniil exccvitioQ ■ acquired aficr till lhett?/ioIi to imprisonnicBt extended, he act, no exetn- can issue a^aintt but he may be nforced at the f-o ippHcatinn of as he eflects set forth wer qucEiioiis,be 1^ had the benffit within five ytarf, ;onsent thert'to,(T his bankrn|itfy niands ; aiiJ ttut lable, from iuabi* ' family. he insolvent ad, issignment. st, was conlinoed , for 2 years. .inJ rliament.'' h ii hibits, while the "ischarReii on liii lUed the "ion:*' self, or does is not now Ivent, or a ikrupt and riduals, but their being Ind without distinction to every class of persona actually in prison for debt; the benefits of the T3ank- rupt Act extend to traders only. But persons relit vcd under a commission of bankruptcy for the first time are for ever discharged from all debts proveable against them, and their property from any future liability ; whereas, if relieved under the Insolvent Act, their persons only are protected from arrest, while any property they may subsequently acquire continues liable to their creditors till the whole amount of their debts is paid in full. It follows that the Insolvent Act affords merely a personal relief; while the Bankrupt Act discharges both person and property, and even returns the bankrupt a certain allowance out of the produce of his assets, proportioned to good behaviour, and the amount of his dividend. Having already treated of insolvency, we shall now proceed to describe the proceedings under a commission of bankruptcy, as regulated by the act of Lord Brougham, the 1 & 3 Will. 4. c. 56., and the 6 Geo. 4. c. 16., which are ihe last general acts on the 8ul)ject, and hy which former statutes have been consolidated, and several important improvements introduced ; leaving, however, untouched, many of the radical defects inherent in this branch of the law. The chief points to be considered, are — 1. The persons who may become bankrupt ; 2. Acts constituting bankruptcy ; 3. Proceedings of [>etilioning creditt>r; 4, New Court of Bankruptcy; 5. Debts proveable under the commission; 6. Official assignees ; 7. Assignees chosen by creditors ; 8. Property liable under bank- ruptcy ; 9. Examination and liabilities of bankrupt; 10. Payment of a dividend ; U. Cer- tificate and allowance to bankrupt I. iVfio may become flan An^pf.— Generally all persons in trade, ; cap.ihleof makin? binding contracts, ivhethernatural-bnrn subjects, ; aliens, or dfuizcns, are within the jurisiiiciion of the banknipt laws; '> but ilie statute exprealy includes builders, bankers, brokers, picket*, ' cirpeiiters, scrivt-ners, ship insurers, warehousemen, wliarfinK^rs, [ shipwrights, victualten; keepers of inns, taverns, hotels and cotlee- I bouws; dyer?, printers, Ideachers, fullers, calendcrers, cattle or sheep i talesmen, factors, agents, and all persons who u^e Ihe trade of mer- i chandise by bar^ainin?, barterinj;, commission, consii;nment, and otherwise, and also all persons who seek their living by iiuyinp and sellitii;, letting fnr hire, or by the manufacturing of goods and com- j niodjiies. Persons who cannot bec'ime bankrupt, are, graziers, 1 firmers, workmen for hire, labourers, receivers general of taxes, and [fcubscnbers to any commercial or trading company established by I charter or act of parliament. I A clergyman, unl- ss a trader, cannot be made a bankrupt ; nor an I attorney, in the common course of his profession ; nor an infant, nor Ba lunatic, nor a married woman, except in those cases where she 5 may be sued and taken in execution for her debts.— (H T. R. .045.) I A lingle act of buving or selling is not sufficient to make a trader ; I as a schoolmaster seltint; books to his scholars only, or a keeper of I bounds buying dead horses and selling the skin and bones.— (6 Moore.^ 166.) Rut the quantity of dealing is immaterial, where an intention I to deal generally may be inferred.— (1 /i"«e, S4 ) A buyer or seller 6 of land, or any interest in Innd, is not a trader within the act ; and on Lthls principle it has been decided, that a brick maker, selling bricks fniade in his own field, or the owner of a mint; selling minerals from I his own quarry^ is not liable, because such business is rarrieii9 till ascertained who they are from window, though no actual Beiiial.— (1 Bar. .V C>«. 54 ) But it is no act of bankruptcy- if the ■enial be on Sunday, or at an unseasonable hour of the night, or to prevent interruption at dinner lime. 'Ira ten hel 1 in prison for any really subsisting debt for the period f 21 Hays or who. being arrestee out of prison br custody, commit acts of bankni;)tcy. A penalty due to Ihe Cmwn liasuthcientdebt, and the time is computed fmm the Hrst arrest, irhere the party lies in prison immediately, and the day of arrest is included, and tfte whole of the last day. Fding a iie'ition, in order to take the benefit of the Insolvent Act, San act nf bankruptcy, and a fial may be issued any tinie before the wtition is heard by the Insolvent Court, or within 2 calendar months. A trader may make a decl iration of his insolvency, signed and at- kestid t)y an attorney or solicitor, and afterwards to be filed in Ihe >nikrupt Office; and the secretary signing a memorandum lheref>f, b authority for advertising it in the Gazette. Upon this act of bank- ^ptty neing on- Vrted between banknipt and creditor, does not invaliilate the com- ^is%inn. The execution by a trailer of any conveyance by deed, of all his btatr and effects for the l)eneftl of all his creditors, is not an act of Mnkniptry, unless a commisiion be sued out within six months tfler, pmvided the deed be attested by an attorney or solicitor, and Uievuted withm 15 days after, and notice thereof within 2 months, leeiven in the fJitzeffe, and 2 daily newspapers; or, if the trader tesiile more than 50 miles fmm lx)ndon, nolice may be given in the Vazettr, arid nearest country newspaper. ' 3. /'rocefdingfo/jPstifimitnrCmftforr.-Apersonbeinga trader. 'ind having conmiitted an act ot t)aiikruptcy, the next step In the pro- eeding is to petition Ihe Ltird Chancellor to is^ue his fiat. No fiat I issued, unless the netilioningcreilitor's debt, if \ person or I firm, |m»unt3 to \00l. j if 2 creditors, to 150/. ; if 3 or more creditors, to '. or upwards, Tli« petiUoainf creditor must make an affidavit before a Master in Chancery, nf the truth of his debt, and give Iwnd in 200i. to prove It, and the .ict of bankruptcy If the debt prove in sufiTicient to support a ttal, the Ijord Chancellor, iipiui Ihe applicatioQ of another creditor who has proveil a su/fn ii*iit dtbt, contracted pos- terior to that of Ihe petitioning cnditor, may order the bankruptcy to be proceerled in. The pt-iitioning creditor proceeds at his own cr»t un'il Ihe choice of assigneiB, when his expenses arc paid out of the hist money re* ceived under Ihe bai^krnptcy. Creditors entitled to sue out a fiat against all Ihe partners in a firm, may elec to petition only against one ur more of such paitners; and the commission may he superseded as l(ry— Formerly the bankrupt business nf the nietrojKilis was transacted by 70 commIs>ioiiers, appointed Iiy thi* l/ird Chancellor. They received no regular coillnli^8inn. but derived their authority from a letter written to them by the Chan- cellor, informing them o( their appoinlineiit. 'I"he » hole proceed- ings under a town rommissinn, fnmi l^s issuing to the winding up of ttie t)ankrupt*s afftirs, were managetl by ihrseconnnlssioners, \vho ac!ed by rotation, in lists if 5 each. In place of these an entire new couit has been substituted, consisting of a chit-f judi^e, uhh 3 puisne judges, and 6 commissioners. There aie also 2 principal registrars, and 8 deputy registrars. The secretary of bankrupts is also conti- nued as one of the olfiL-ers under Ihe new syntem. The judges, or any 3 of them, sit as a Court of Review, to adju- dicate in all matters of bankruptcy brought before Ihem, shltject to an appeal to the I.ord Chancellor. The 6 commisslonei^ sit ocra- slonally in 2 subdivision courts of 3 commissioners each. The |K>wers of the single commissioner are nearlv the same as the old commissioners. The examination of any bai.krunl or other person, or of a proof of debt, may be adjourned by a single commissioner to a sui'division court; and disputed debts, if all parties consent, may be tried hy a jury. An appeal lies from a single ommiisinner, or a subdivision court, to the Court of Review; and a decree of this court Is fitial, unless appealed against within I month. The London commissioners under the old law had a jurisdic'ion for 40 miles round London, which is continued to their successors. Commissions in the country beyond this distance were directed to barristers or. If ttie^e coulcf not be bad, tn solicitors, resident near the spot where the commission was to be executed. Under the ne« act, the judges of aasi7.e name to the l answer inlerrogalorit*8, or to surrender documents, with- out lawful excuse, may be imprisoned. The wife of the bankrupt mav he examineit, or, on refusal, committed. l^ersons summoned are entitled to their expenses; and those attending, wieflipr summoned or not, to assist the commivsioners in their inquiries, are protected from arrest on any civil suit. 6. DeU* provfiUiU ttntkr Commifiiim.— At the 3 meetioci ap i i I i ! 68 INSOLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY. pointed hy the cnmmlssiouei^ and at every other meeting appointed bv (hem for proof of detjis, tvery credilrtr may prove liis debt by oftiilavil or hy ins own oiili ; incorporated bodies Uy an SRent aulhn- risKil for the |itir|iose ; and niie paitner niiy prove on bfhalf nf (he firm. Pervons livinic at .1 distance may prove ly aflifhvit before a Maitcr ill Chancery, or, if reitilenl abroad, before a nia|;istrate wht-re reiiiditig, atleaied by a public notary, ur Jlritish minister or const] I: Clerks and servants, to whom the binknipt is indebted for wa^ei, are enntlnl to (« ))ai(l ti ninn'hs' wa^es in Jull^ and for the residue they may prove under the commission. liidt-nlurts of apprenticeship are discharged by bankruptcy ; but in case a preniiuiu has been rtceived, the coinmissloners may direct a port inn i.t it to lie repaid for theu-'tenf the apprentice, proportioned to tlie term of ippreiiticeship unexpired. Deb's upon bill, binxl, no'e, or oiher negotiable security, or where Cf'dit has been :;lvi'n ui>on valuab'e cnnsitteMiion, though not due at the tinie the aci of l-ankruptcy was committed, are proveabte uniler the conimis^inii. Sure'it-s, jiersnns liable for the debts of, or bail ftir the bankrupt, nny prove after having paid such del)(s, if they have conlr.tcled llie Lability ulihont no;ice of any act of bankruptcy. Dbliiee in bottnnny or respondentia hondi, antl atsvired in policy nf insurance, are attim'tpd to claim ; and after loss, to prove as if the loss or continieii'jy hid liappefted b< fore commission haillsof exchant^cand prnmlvsory notes over due -Ai tne time ot i^auin^ couinii!>!iion, up tu the date of the com* nii>sion. Proving a debt under the commission, ii an eirction not to proceed accaiu^t the bankrupt by action ; and in case 'he bankrupt be in prison at the sun of ;i creditor, te cir.not prove hit debt without tirat dia- chart^in^ the bankrupt fn)in ccnilinement : but the creditor is not lia* ble t't>r the costs of tiie action so relitujuished by him. No df^bt barrtxi by the statute of limiiations is proveable under the Conimi^iiion. b. ''Jtfi''tit! .1-curities and proceeds nf sale, are traiisitrred and ves'ed in the oflicial assiifnee, subject to the rules, order*, and direction of the I/ird Chancellor, or a member of the Court of Rinkriiptcy. The nt!icial assignee jjives security for the trust reposed in him ; and is required to deposit all monies, securi- ties, &c. ill the Rank of Kn^lanl. The (dlicial assinnee is neither reii'unerated liy a percentage nor a fixed salary, I'Ut a sum is [laid to him for his troiJble,at the discretion of the Cimnnissioners. au-l proporliuned to the estates of the bank- rupt an:l the duties discharged. 7. Jifipointuunt of^issiif^nees by Crediton. — The official assit^i.c-e isempoweTed to .act as the sole assignee of the bankrupt's estates and eiiVcts until others are chosen by cnxiitors, which must be at the 2tl flieelin;. Every crciitor lo the amount nf 10/., who has proven his dt b!, is eliirdde to vole ; persons may be au'horised by letters of at- torney to vote, and the choice is made by the major part in value of the credi'ors: but the commissioners may reject any person they deem untit ; upon which a new choice mu-.t be made. W'ht'ii fudy 1 or more partners of a tirni are bankrupt, a creditor to the whole (irm is entitle I to vote, and lo assent to or dissent from the certificate i hut such creditor, unless a petitioning creditor, can- nnt receive anv dividend out of the separ.ite estate, until all the other creditors are jwid in full. A>si|^ij;nee retaining or employing the money of the bankrupt to the aniDunt of 10:)/. or upwards, for his owii advantage, may be charged Ji'/. per cent, interest. Cmnmi-wioiiers at the last examination of bankrupt, lo appoint a public meeting, not so iner lliar* 4 calendar monllihafter issuing com- mission, nor later than 6 calendar months from last examination, of which 21 iliys' i.nti(.-e must Ife eiven in 'he Gazette, to audit the ac- counts of the assiijnee ; which accounts may be delivered on oath, und the couimissiuners may examine the assignee touching the truth thiTefif. 8. Prnprrlu lia'k ^ttidrr Uayikntptnf.—Thii oflUcial assijnee is ves'ed with all the nal ami personal estate of the bankrupt, and wdh all such property as may be devised to him, or come into his postiession, till th-- lime he obtain his certificate. The commissioners may sell any real property of which the bankrupt is seised, or any estate tail, in p >sse\sion. reversion, or n-mainder; and the sile is good aijaiiist (ht* bankrupt, the issue of his brnly, and .agPinst all per- sons claiming under tiirnaf er he became bankrupt, or whom by tine, common rrcnvery, or other means, he can cut offfrom any futiire in- terest. All properly which the bankrupt has in rieht of his wile pisses to the, assignee, except such as is settled for her own sole be- nt (it. Any property pie l/ed,orsecurtties dt[>08ited,may be redeemed for the bent tit of the crediton. If--* banknipt, beinj at the time insolvent, convev his hnd or goods to hii ehil Iren or oihers (except upon their marnnge, Oi for a valui. Me consideration), or deliver i-ecurilies, or transfer debts into other names, such tran».ar'ions are void. A lantlorl alter or out of binknirtry, cannot distrain for more than OMC yeoT's rent ; but he may prove under the commission for the r si iue. The assignee may accept any lease to which the bankrupt is enti- tled, and his an-eplanre exonerates the bankrupt fnmi any future Jubitiiy for rent j or if the ^u^igitw decline the lease, and the bank* mnt, within U dayi afler^deliver the leaie to th« le«or,h« !i not lianle for rent. . , , „ In general, all power which the banknipt might lawfully execute in the sale anil disposition of his property for the benefit of tumielf, may be executed by the assignee for the benefit of crediton. All contracts, conveyances, and transactions, by or with any bank, rnpt, and all executions and attachments levied, without notice of an actof bankruptcy, for more than two months before the issuing tii the conimis5ion,'iire vai'd. All payments whatever, either ^yor (0 the bankrupt, without notice of an act of bankruptcy, are pn.ti-ct&i down to the dale nf the commission; and purctiaseri for valuablj considerations, with tiolice, cannot Im; molested, unless a comniission issue within 12 months after Ihe act of bankruptcy. The circumstance of a commission appearing in the Gazette^ and a fair presumption that the person to be atfected thereby may have seen the same, is deemed sutlicient legal notice of an act of baiik- ruptcy having been ctuiimilted. 9. /.'XrtmnmtiOTi and Ltahilitia of JJavkntpt.—A bankrupt, n».l surrendering to the commissioners before 3 o'clock upon Ihe 4^d rf^y after notice, or not making discovery of his estate and effects, not de- livering up goods, books, papers, &c., or removing or embeyzlmgtft the value of 10/., is guilty nf/Woiii/, and liable to a riiscretiuiiarr punishmei.t, from impiisonment tr> transportation for life. Tlie period for surrendering maybe enlarred by the I:<"i creditors who have prrved debts (o the amount of 20/. or npwtr^?; or, after 6 calendar mtmlhs from last examination, ihen eittifr^i 3-51 lis in number and value, or by 9-lOths in number. Ttietank- rupt must make oath the certificate was obtainei wiiboat fraiiJ;iji any creditors may be heard before it is finally allowed bylhel/jK t'hancellor. Any contract or security given to rhiaiu sigualurci 'j the certificate, is void. A bankrupt, after obtaining his certificaie, cannot he arreslej h any debt proveable under the commission ; nor is he liable tfiH',«fr any debt from which he is discliarge'l, upon any promise, Cdiiia". or agreenient, unless made in writing. Iti case a i)er8on has been bankrupt before, or compotin.ieil «i'i his creditors, or taken benefit of Insolvent Act, unless theesti-efr* duce l')j. in the |>ound, the certificate only protects Ihe pervitif^ bankrupt from arrest ; and any future pn)periy he ac(|uin'S tiuyt* seized by assignees for benefit nf creditors. If Ihe'prolureof bankrupl*s est.ate does not amount to lOt. in'^i imund, he is otdy all" wed o it of the assets so much asassi.Tft'^'.* i til, not exceeding 3 per ce'it., or .100/. in 'he whole ; it i* \er:> er, iQ eonfemplation books, or concealed p having proved a fala being privy thereto, o closed it to his asaigne ijutly, upon reques I. Acco Tean. Commii- iioni. 1790 747 1791 769 1792 9,')4 1793 1,9.')6 1794 1,041 1795 879 n. Accnunt of thi IHSSbnttiinclud Comniissions ai Vein. Commiss italoJ 1H22 1,4H 18-23 1,25( 1821 1,24( 1825 1,475 1826 3,307 1827 l,fi»8 1828 i,5ia 1829 2,150 1830 1,720 Tnlal comm Total town i Total counti HI. Total Viimber Debtors since th( orileretl to he de of Insolvent Debt tf. B.-The Court mikc Tan. Ord In London. 1820 830 1821 2,347 1822 2,074 1823 1,811 1824 1,745 1825 1,955 1826 2,429 1827 1,92!) 1828 1,913 1829 2,067 IS.W 2,0.56 1831 1,553 Totals I 22,709 [By the constitut brm laws on the su Ivor, has only been y bankruptcy was ] he end of the nex |803. The power of Co '0 long as Congress nounts to the same DC obligation of cor Ivalid as to all coat llicr states are par fd.] INSURANCE, a J[im, to insure anoth( tm the risk, is called Isurance is called thi Tsirument conlaiain) INSURANCE. enor^he U not iwfulWciecute ntfit of hiniteir, diton. wittianybnnk* lout notice of an •e the isauiD^ nl , eilher ^yor to y, are pnitecled ,., ert for valuable J »8 a coroniiuion the Gazttte, and lereby niay have an act uC baok' -A bankrupt, nM upon the 42d d^y nd effects, lint d«- or enihezzliriKh ;o a riiscrelioiiarv n for life, lu lAifd Chancellor; of con»nu«i(irirni, ftt ami hU family lis attendaucc ou est. i of account to \U onable nftice; i,e ns, in presence ci lircd tp atlciul at- ntay be conui.itie: iling bankrupt' tf. conceal«i J ai.«l \z such coiiceahi.er.', the creditors nay iwearing falsely,!! in, he must present (Jar months; or, if mination, the hni. which, if acrf]i!tl at i reparate lueti. omniissinn< In ^• entitled tovntt;;l.: LJini; out of Eti^hm , J and the hank.'ii: eans have btren em- h arrangemcnl. an 4, nor later thu ipoint a public hirtt. ;ive:; in the Gizcttt. ililors who have d'' etinKcommisiinnfri (o 1)0 shared aniv.r.; their debts; Lul l the assignees liin ■rihed. . dividend, a semi !)s from llu; i\vx-i j(;cnTid nieelincio^* te part (if bai.kruii ; uhich case it niw lafter it is convere. Imountnf '>^I.,wV Jaticn of a yeirfra lay them tolliefr*. eof lo he fi!t\l m !•< Lrties to whom 'uc, Itime the rernfi-ie |otexceeillns20(.jT The Lttrd thw- idends inlli^'fimi; Iheothercrfiit^a any dividend; 1* -The bankrupt w^i , Ihe pr'>vi^ionsflf'U - Vni all deb's auJ it- Is does n"t ilischirn litract With liini.iw limber an'l val^ip^^ lof 20/. or upwir*; linn, Vhen either d lumber. Ttu' tact vilhniit fraud :iil lUowed by tlie!^ Tbiain signattimy linnt be arresti-] ft |s he Iml'le t'lsv* I promise, nuiinf. |r comp*)iin'le(i wi'i Inless theesi:t'ep Itecls the permnf^ ■he acipiircs rmyti liiounttolOr in'^ . ThasassizneeMl'i Ihnle ; if i' |in^I^« ; J paid in the |>"Utrt. t; ■the pnun'l aniiufj tarlner mavrwwt e ■his scpara'e «'»!' ,vanfr. ifliPl'^'''*! lyearneitpreftrll 111 the fcuiiepeiiN, ■ nr in contemplation of bankruptcy, hai lottroyed or faliifled his hnoks or conruated property lo amount of 10/, ; or, if any perwn haviiiK proved a false debt under the commission, such bankrupt, beiiu privy thereto, or afterwanii knowing the same, has not dis- tluietJ It to hiiaaiiguees w't'i'" I mon'h after such knowledge. Lastly upon request by the bauknipt, the official assignee is re- quired to declare to him how he hat disposed of hii property, ind account to him Tor the surplus, if any : but Ufore any surplus can be admiileH, interest must be paid, first, on all debli pnwed that carry interest, at the rate payable (hereon ; and next, upon all other debtSf at the rate of iL per ceut., to be calculated from the date of the coniDiiuiou* I. Account of the Number of Commissions of Bankruptcy issued from 1790 to 1821. Yoin. Cfimmii- Vein. Com mis- Yeir.. Comiris* Yean. Cnmmi8> Yean. Cnmmis* Yean. Commii- ■lUIIt. iioni. lions. iioni. 1790 747 1796 954 1812 1,090 1807 1,362 1812 2,228 1817 1.927 17SI 769 1797 1,115 180;' 1,214 1808 1,433 1813 1,953 1818 1,215 l"!r2 934 1798 911 1804 1,117 1809 l,3--2 1814 1,612 1819 1,499 n!)3 1,956 1799 717 1805 1,129 1810 2,314 1815 2,284 1820 1,381 1794 1,041 1800 951 1806 1,268 1811 2,500 1816 2,731 1821 1,238 17!)5 879 1801 1,199 II. Account of the Number of Commissions of Banlke« no orden of detention ; and the following Table shows all the judgments given to the 30th of June, IK3I. Ordered lo be JiKbuficd aut any estimated d pr The busines has been reinar a given trade, fiirliith. And 111 this trade, he exclusive of sue trouble, and to paid ; and if it f Insurances ai being in either on the business enables them to make good losses do not often refus flieir capitals affo being proportioni gencies. Individuals, it large capitals; an< that few would be 20,000/., upon a s rases, lake a great added together, an supposing 1 or 2 lessen his profits, a ship insured by i same thing done { manner, the busiiie can engage. To establish a pr paid by the insured oas necessary exper sary, as previously r is not, however, at a lead to those events would, indeed, be er ignorant of the cause It ajipears, from tl Regions, that of 586 cm whale fishery, d l)eing at the rate of a to be about the avera be 1/. Is. 4d. per ceni surer. Both the insi oil this fair principle. over a considerable ni and may be as fairly ( other hand, the indiv chance of loss, and pit It is easy, from the iiig to navigation and that it affords, coinpar jimy to the risk of Ion s'-curity, and the capi exposed to all the peril hine his measures and The chances ofshipwr He has purcfiased an c the prosecution of his 1 of security can inspire, feme des assurances a i interrogti ce terrible olc «l»o la poiiti^uo ; ii a r INSURANCE (PRINCIPLES OF). 71 of indlvi. mstances, there are establish- 19 mny be ling every s. Bui in ae pari of shipwrcfk, ih unavoiil- ;oulJ prcs5 inJividuiils, ig whom ii lotivenippw jury arisin? loss over a insurance. il8 that are, ertain laws. and of lo'^;. vast variety a sufiicientK •om ohserva- iithcr to gui. ith. in such csii. pie, it li.ip' n containing •age proliabi- single hnuse liich of these use had heeii lability of tin lars ti)gethet, Iree of prolU' Ibility of m I \t lengtheiiei | Iquent occu;' indiviilm!' I In of human I liat thisraliol Icli anumlwl l/'^e. ^Vheal ted bythosl rroornfortli(| Illation la«l Ks to thai oil Ions 1)6 rail' I lamilies.>l"'!l ■possible ihi'l Ii, iristeaJoil liern soasti Ihat there 111 le unifi)rm'';| liability f'""! les on wtal we found our conclusions are sufTicienlly numerous, it is seen that the most anomalous events, sueh as suicides, deaths by accidents, the number of letters put into the post-ollice without atiy address, &c., form pretty regular series, and consequently admit of iMjing estimated a priori. 'J'he business of insurance is founded upon the principles thus briefly stated. Suppose it has been remarked that offorti/ ships, of the ordinary degree of sea-worthiness, employed in a eivcn trade, 1 is annually cast away, the probability of loss will i)lainly be equal to one fiirlirlh. And if an individual wish to insure a ship, or the cargo on board a ship, engaged in lhii< trade, he ought to pay a premium equal to the l-lOth part of the sum he insures, exclusive of such an additional sum as may be required to indemnify the insurer, for his trouble, and to leave him a fair profit. If the premium exceed this sum, the insurer is over- paid ; and if it fall below it, he is underpaid. Insurances arc efl'ected sometimes by societies, and sometimes by individuals, the risk, being in either case diffused among a number of persons. Companies formed for carrying on the business have generally a large subscribed capital, or such a numlier of proprietors a^* enal)ies them to raise, without difficulty, whatever sums may at any time bo required to make good losses. Societies of this sort do not limit their risks to small sums ; that is, they do not often refuse to insure a large sum ujjon a ship, a house, a life, &c. The magnitude of their capitals alfords them the means of easily defraying a heavy loss; and their premiums being proportioned to their risks, their profit is, at an average, independent of such contin- gencies. Individuals, it is plain, could not act in this way, unless they were possessed of very large capitals; and besides, the taking of large risks would render the business so hazardous, that few would be disposed to engage in it. Instead, therefore, of insuring a large sum, as 20,000/., upon a single ship, a private underwriter or insurer may not, probably, in ordinary cases, take a greater risk than 200/. or 500/. ; so that, though his engagements may, when aiUled together, amount to 20,000/., they will be dilfused over from 40 to 100 ships; and supposing 1 or 2 ships to be lost, the loss would not impair his capital, and would only lessen his profits. Hence it is, that while one transaction only may be required in getting a ship insured by a company, 10 or 20 separate transactions may be required in getting the same thing done at Ijloyd's, or by private individuals. When conducted in this cautious manner, the business of insurance is as safe a line of speculation as any in which individuals can engage. To establish a policy of insurance on a fair foundation, or in such a way that the premiums naiJ by the insured shall exactly balance the risks incurred by the insurers, and the vari- ous necessary expenses to which they are put, including, of course, their profit, it is neces- sary, as previously remarked, that the experience of the risks should be pretty extensive. It is not, however, at all necessary, that either party should inquire into the circumstances that lead to those events that are most commonly made the subject of insurance. Such a research would, indeed, be entirely fruitless : we are, and must necessarily continue to be, wholly ignorant of the causes of their occurrence. It appears, from the accounts given by Mr. Scoresby, in his valuable work on the Arctic Regions, that of 586 ships which sailed from the various ports of Great Britain for the north- em whale fishery, during the 4 years ending with 1817, 8 were lost — (vol. ii. p. 131), — being at the rate of about 1 ship out of every 73 of those employed. Now, supposing this to be about the average loss, it follows that the premium required to insure against it should be 1/. 7s. 4f/. per cent., exclusive, as already observed, of the expenses and profits of the in- surer, Both the insurer and the insured would gain by entering into a transaction founded on this fair principle. W..^n the operations of the insurer are extensive, and his risks spread over a considerable number of sliips, his profit does not depend upon chance, but is as steady, and may be as fairly calculated upon, as that of a manufacturer or a merchant ; while, on tho other hand, the individuals who have insured their property have exempted it from any chance of loss, and placed it, as it were, in a state of absolute security. It is easy, from the brief statement now made, to perceive the immense advantage result- ing to navigation and commerce from the practice of marine insurance. Without the aid that it affords, comparatively few individuals would be found disposed to expose their pro- perty to the risk of long and hazardous voyages ; but by its means insecurity is changed for security, and the capital of the merchant whose ships are dispersed over every sea, and exposed to all the perils of the ocean, is as secure as that of the agriculturist. He can com- bine his measures and arrange his plans as if they could no longer be atfectcd by accident. The chances of shipwreck, or of loss by unforseen occurrences, enter not into his calculations. He has purchased an exemption from the effects of such casualties ; and applies himself to the prosecution of his business with that confidence and energy which notliing but a feeling of security can inspire. " Les chances de la navigation entravaient le commerce. Le sys- teme dea assurances a paru ; il a consulte les saisons; il a porto ses regards sur la mer; 11 a inlerrogo ce terrible element ; il en a juge I'inconstance ; il en a pressenti les orages: il a epiu la politique : il a reconnu les ports et les cotes dcs deux mondcs ; 11 a tout soumis u den n INSURANCE (PRINCIPLES OF). calculs aavans, a dcs theories approximatives ; et il a dit au commerpant habile, aa naviga- teur intropide : certes, il y a dee desastres sur lesquels rhumanit^ ne peut que g6mir ; mais quant a votre fortune, allez, franchissez lea mers, duployez votre activity et votre industrie ; je me charge de vos risques. Alors, Messieurs, s'il est primis de le dire, les quatre parties du monde se sont rapproch^es." — fCode tie Commerce, Exposd dea Motifs, liv. ii.) Besides insuring against the perils of the sea, and losses arising from accidents caused by the operation of natural causes, it is common to insure against enemies, pirates, thieves, and even the fraud, or, as it is technically termed, barratry, of the master. The risk arising from the sources of casualty being extremely Huctuating and various, it is not easy to esti- mate it with any considerable degree of accuracy ; and nothing more than a rongh average can, in most cases, be looked for. In time of war, the fluctuation in the rates of insurance are particularly great : and the intelligence that an enemy's squadron, or even a single priva- teer, is cruising in the course which the ships bound to or returning from any given port usually follow, causes an instantaneous rise in the premium. The appointment of convoys for the protection of trade during war, necessarily tends, by lessening the chances of cap- ture, to lessen the premium on insurance. Still, however, the risk in such periods is, in most cases, very considerable ; and as it is liable to change very suddenly, great caution is required on the part of the underwriters. Provision may also be made, by means of insurance, against loss by fire, and almost all the casualties to which property on land is subject. But, notwithstanding what has now been stated, it must be admitted, that the advantages derived from the practice of insuring against losses by sea and land are not altogether un- mixed with evil. The security which it aflbrds tends to relax that vigilant attention to the protection of property which the fear of its loss is sure otherwise to excite. This, however, is not its worst efTect. The records of our courts, and the experience of all who are largely engaged in the business of insurance, too clearly prove that ships have been repeatedly sunk, and houses burned, in order to defraud the insurers. In despite, however, of the temptation to inattention and fraud which is thus afforded, there can be no doubt that, on the whole, the practice is, in a public as well as private point of view, decidedly beneficial. The frauds that are occasionally committed raise, in some degree, the rate of insurance. Still it is exceed- ingly moderate ; and it is most probable, that the precautions adopted by the insurance offices for the prevention of fire, especially in great towns, where it is most destructive, outweigh the chances of increased conflagration arising from the greater tendency to carelessness and crime. The business of life insurance has been carried to a far greater extent in Great Britain than in any other country, and has been productive of the most beneficial effects. Life insurances are of various kinds. Individuals without any very near connections, and pos- sessing only a limited fortune, are sometimes desirous, or are sometimes, from the necessity of their situation, obliged, annually to enctoach on their capitals. But should the life of such persons be extended beyond the ordinary term of existence, they might be totally im- provided for in old age ; and to secure themselves against this contingency, they pay to an insurance company the whole or a part of their capital, on condition of its guaranteeing them, as long as they live, a certain annuity, proportioned partly, of course, to the amount of the sum paid, and partly to their age when they buy the annuity. But though sometimes serviceable to individuals, it may be questioned whether insurances of this sort are, in a public point of view, really advantageous. So far as their influence extends, its obvious tendency is to weaken the principle of accumulation ; to stimulate in- dividuals to consume their capitals during their own life, without thinking or caring about the interest of their successors. Were such a practice to become genera), it would be pro- ductive of the most extensively ruinous consequences. The interest which most men take in the welfare of their families and friends affords, indeed, a pretty strcmg security against its becoming injuriously prevalent. There can, however, be little doubt that this selfish practice may be strengthened by adventitious means ; such, for example, as the opening of government loans in the shape of life annuities, or in the still more objectionable form of tontines. But when no extrinsic stimulus of this sort is given to it, there do not seem to be any very good grounds for thinking that the sale of annuities by private individuals or associations can materially weaken the principle of accumulation. Luckily, however, the species of insurance now referred to is but inconsiderable com- pared with that which has accumulation for its object All professional persons, or those living on salaries or wages, such as lawyers, physicians, military and naval officers, clerks in pubUc or private offices, &c., whose incomes must, of course, terminate with their lives, and a host of others, who are either not possessed of capital, or cannot di^se of their capital at pleasure, must naturally be desirous of providing, so far as they may be able, for the comfortable subsistence of their families in the event of their death. Take, for exam- ple, a physician or lawyer, without fortune, but making, perhaps, 1,000/. or 2,000/. a year by his iiusiness ; and suppose that he marries and has a family : if this individual attain to the average duration of human life, he may accumulate such a fortune as will provide for the adequate support of his family at his death. But who can presume to say that such I INSURANCE (PR,NCI,.r,ES OF, nt hn ....•II .... '' will be the case '-that he wll '' 78 chiefly ,0 provide. hn\X-2^x '^"'""'"°"« «'ntin^o„d;; , J" l"^. """'^ "...■..s..,.H|y |,e «o pay a certain sum an! ! t Lfr""^' '"' »" intonS; ,,''"":'■''"''" ''' '"'"'''••d his /i.miiy, at his death, a sum 1 • """^'""•<' o/rire; „„,| , w" """« . "' '"« il'^th, a«r,.c8 I and the profits of the i ns J re^t: ":;::?,"' ""''" ^-^n ^CZ ""^ ":^'"' '" I'^V o I infrro.st would amount to ., ' • "' """^e annual eontiil,, ►; •^M«-n.scs of /nauiiir ,„„„. f human life. Though Vr' '"W"'*'"? the insured t„ rea h'"' »*'''""'"l"lo.l at o , u ,""i' would be as am "y frov J^ '" ''^ ""' ''"^ ^^^ hH.^ r:T''";' "'"' «--';" f f'fe of the ordinlrj Jur £■ CI " '"'•'.'^ "'"^ wo J' ^r, )!;?"" '"r"'^-''' '"'' '•-" y mg (o an average age their „ ■ ' ™'<'^' '"Jced, in whirl, ,h """""''"tions wire l,i« : "--e prolonged llcS'thrnH"""''^'"""- But iven t h'' ""'"'■'■^ die I.Hbre'uta -curity whieh tC'/ust otT [^^ 'f ™' ''"'3' "« '"Ho er Thn"'T '" "'"''' "">'•>« "me when they effect their "" '"'^^ ^"^n without n '~''"'{ t'^-n merely pay f" „ ration of humai; I J: th ^ rprotr'. '°"" '" "^'' "^- w^'nTh^or'"''-' "^'^^'^ '''- '- lies sufficiently provided for m^.u'^ "«'""■'" '^e ri.sk of dvinn ^» ""''' "' "i" '"™n du- b. Uh. ,ar„. of ,h. p,e.ior,ecu # "" '"'' "''"» "•<» e« ■ .'ed T 1", '""','"'"'■1 ™ • are called Tables of MortaHtv ."'^•''•^"•^"°"«. when collected and ""^ '".''' ''" "^« ^vhole S '"ff to the number anTsS'nT^'"''''«'^'°f<^oui?^^^^ '^ ">bular form e observations were mTdTlc ^t °'"^^^'^ '' '''•' A^lTh „"an7h""''^"^''- «'^-™- accuracy the expectation of life U i!"'' ^"PPosing thes-e Tables to he r ""' f '^ ^^''^ which. be learned from them ; and hence V 'f ' °'" "^ ">«»" Jura ion after T"'' ^'"^ ^'''K^en of any age. Thus, in the Tail V .T' ""^ ^'^'"« "f an annS / '"''' "^^' n'=»y readily J'lfe Office, and which =1 r °^ Mortality for Carii Ip? ^',°'' "" assurance on a I Z , very cor^sidWable'tuX' ^ ^oVar"' ''- - age "w of '^, f f-" ^''-- « "he'st': ' y^-; and it further apS, lfi''^"« ^0"^ '-m t^og her 4 oo'^'"^ ■ ^"'^''''"'' "''^ '24; so that theprobabilitythafnrf ""'''"■ °^ «»ch persons who ^ '"""J''^*" ">''''■ 5«th hence s • p^ r,„ '"^ !"■»' a life now 56 veirs J m " "'" "> their 66tli vn,r ; A>-vtr,T 'k rihat the "'"^ '"'•'^"^t «' 4 Per cem '^.f ^' ^'" '•'^"'ate in the 0th L" , -q-ntly, if itltc ?p?hrmai:f •; «^ '«»/• trbVeti d K" ^'':""'' "' ^■--- - -n ^^V^ '" 'he egJh year t^^n^"? "P"" "^^ vSmJlZ'^IT '' ''-'"'' ' -- 7^ = 2-094/., or 21U iTj T ^"' ^' reduced by tt?"'" '' ^'''^ "^ rf a party now 56 iears of I" ,^ ■ ^' P'^"^"' ^"'"c of 100/ rl f , '"^"""^^n'^y to "P to its extreme lif„r(;hicf''™r^^ "P°" ''^^ ''«' calculated in this wav th« ' "^^'"'^•"5 to the Carhsle T«m^ ""hsequent year of his life J 'vhenever the life !^?' ^ ■! 'V™ '^'^ '^e whole will h! h '^' '' ''^^ ^05th year^hp; ' More eompendioTp^oJes Js^P^^^^^^^ ''' «"PP°-ng no additions w^e aSg-3'fei?p^=fo?-^^ . dopted by the insurer! faSIrenrerr.'"?^"' '''"''^^ in«e r/"""^,'t« continuanc" {Wiows that when a parTy inSeH, '**" ^"^ °^ "mortality prj;ailin? ^ "^'" "'' ^"'tality ^ 74 INSURANCE (PRINCIPLES 01'). The relief from anxiety alTorded by life insurance very frequently contributes to proloni; the life of the iuHurcd, at the Hamo time that it materiiilly au^inents the comfort and wcll- beinp; of those de|>endent on him. It has, also, an oi)viou» tendency lo strenRthen habits of accumulation. An individual who has insured a sum on his life, would forfeit all the ad- vantages of the insurance, were he not to continue rei^ularly to make his annual payment!). It is not, therefore, optional with him to save a sum from his ordinary expenditure ailcqualc for this jiurposo. He is compelled, under a heavy j)enalty, to do so ; and having thus been led to contract a habit of saving to a certain extent, it is most prolmblu that the habit will ac(|uire additional strength, and that ho will either insure an additional sum, or privately acrtmiulate. The practice of marine insurance, no doubt from the extraordinary hazard to which pro- perly at sea is exposed, seems to have long [ireccded insurances against fire and upon lives. We are ignorant of the precise period when it began to bo introduced ; but it appears most probable that it dates from the end of the fourteenth or tho begiiniing of the (ifteenth cen- tury. It has, however, been contended by Ijoccenius (De Jure Mari'timo, lib, ii. c. 1.), PuilendorlV (Droit de la Nature el des Genu, lib. v. c. 9.), and others, that the jKactice of marine insurances is of much higher antiquity, and that traces of it may be found in the history of the Punic wars. Livy mentions, that during the second of these contests, the contractors employed by the Romans to transport ammunition and provisions to 8pain, sti- pulated that government should indemnify them against such losses as might be occasioned by the enemy, or by tempests, in the course of the voyage. (Imnclratum fait, ut ijus: navi/jus iniponerenttir ad exercitnm Hls^pauieiisem dej'irenda, ah hostlnm tenipentathijm vi, pitlili'co pericttlo essent. — Hist. lib. xxiii. c. 49.) Malynes (Lex Mircataria, 3d eil. p, 10.').), founding on a passage in Suetonius, ascribes the first introduction of insurance to the em|)eror Claudius, who, in a period of scarcity at Rome, to encourage the importation of corn, look upon himself all the loss or damage it might sustain in the voyage thither by storms and temj)esfs.) — {Nvgotialoribus certa lucra proposxiit, smxepto in se damno, si ad t/uid per tenipestates accidisset, el naves inereaturx causa, fahricanlilms, magna comimda constltuit. — c. 18.) It is curious to observe that this stipulation gave occasion to the com- mission of acts of fraud, similar to those so frccjuent in modern times. Shipwrecks were pretended to have happened, that never took jilace ; old shattered vessels, freighted with articles of little value were purposely sunk, and the crew saved in boats ; large sums being then demanded as a recompense for the loss. Some years after, the fraud was discovered, and some of the contractors were prosecuted and punished. (Lib. xxv. c. 3.) But none of these passages, nor a similar one in Cicero's letters — [Ad Fain. lib. ii. e. 1 7.), warrant tlie inferences that Loccenius, Malynes, and others have attempted to draw from them. Inifu- ranee is a contract between two parties ; one of whom, on receiving a certain prcniiurn (prcfiuin periculi), agrees to take upon himself the risk of any loss that may happen to the property of the other. In ancient no less than in modern times, every one must have liecii desirous to be exonerated from the chance of loss arising from the exposure of property tj the perils of the sea. But though, in the cases referred to, the carriers were exempted t'roia this chance, they were not exempted l)y a contract propter aversionein periculi, or by an in- surance ; but by their employers taking the risk upon themselves. And it is abuiidanllv obvious that the object of the latter in doing this was not to profit, like an insurer, by dealini' in risks, but to induce individuals the more readily to undertake the pevformance of an urgent public duty. But with the exception of the instances now mentioned, nothing bearing the remotest resemblance to an insurance is to bo met with till a comparatively recent period. If we might rely on a passage in one of the Flemish chroniclers, quoted by the learned M. Par- dessus, — (see his excellent work. Collection des Loix Maritimes, tome i. p. 356.), we should I be warranted in concluding that insurances had been eft'ected at Bruges so early as the enJ of the thirteenth century : for the chronicler states that, in 13II, the Earl of Flanders con- sented, on a requisition from the inhabitants, to establish a chamber of insurance at Bruges. M. Pardessus is not, however, inclined to think that this statement should be regarded as I decisive. It is evident, from the manner in which the subject is mentioned, that the chro- 1 nicler was not a contemporary ; and no trace can be found, either iti the archives of Bruges, [ or in any authentic publication, of any thing like the circumstance alluded to. The carlicsi I extant Flemish law as to insurance is dated in 1537 ; and none of the early maritime codes I of the North so much as alludes to this interesting subject. Beckmann seems to have thought that the practice of insurance originated in Italy, in tlif I latter part of the fifteenth or the early part of the sixteenth century. — {Hist, of Invent, "iil i, art. Insurance.) But the learned Spanish antiquary, Don Antonio do Capmaiiy, liaij given, in his very valuable publication on the History and Commerce of Barccionil {Mernorias Historical sobre la Marina, ^c. de Barcelona, tomo ii, p. 383,), an ordinancel relative to insurance, issued by the magistrates of that city in 1435 ; whereas the earliesll Italian law on the subject is nearly a century later, being dated in 1523, It is, however,! exceedingly unlikely, had insurance been as early practised in Italy as in Catalonia, that llnl former should ha it is still more ui any previous Iia until some autlie tile liirlliplafc of ('i'oiiio i, p. 537. A knowledge r According to Mn Lomlmrds, who h was introduced so in the statute 43 1 had been an iintnt iiiiido any great nd lured. From tliis for ut least a centu usual to refer all di discreet" merchant; practice, the statute of insurance cases: enlarged. But thii now be discovered p. 26,) Few questions ai after the middle of 1 have fixed, and in a were not liottomed c Jhose great principl approved by univers; consulting the most i > and by carefully sti i digested body of niai ! comprehensiveness ai ; justly commanded in , greater degree than a : law of which Cicero l alia posthac, scd ct n cuntlnebit, utiusque i lib. iii, de Republicn: Insurance against perils of the sea. TI some extent at least, 1 upon lives, was estabi London Assurance Ci 1. ; and the Equitable ranee, and the princip understood ; and the i us, till the Equitable L career of prosperity at has made very little pr French ordinance of I at Amsterdam in 1612 with the 334th art. of ■ of security, more thai. progress of life insure H a 8,ihje"t " | ch i ^^^^^||;|_s«aB wall capitnl i ♦ See INSURANCE (MARINE). 75 formpr Bhould have hpcn ro much brliind the liittor in KuhjiTliiii; it to any fixed riilos; and it is Htill more iiniikriy that tlio practice sliouM liavo e^iipcd, aw is the ciise, nil mention l>y any previous Italiiin writer. VVe, therefore, n^'ree .Mitirely in (';.|>niiiny's opinion, tiiat, until some authentic, evidence to the contrary he pnuhiced, Uarcejona should he reniirded as the liirlliplace of this most useful and beautiful application of tlio doctrine of clmnccH.— (Toino i. p. 237.) A knowledRe of the principles and practice of insurance was early hrou^lit into liM'^huid, According to Malynes — (/,^r Mircat.y. 105.), it was (irst practised amoiipst us by the Lomlmrds, who were estahlished in London from a very remote e|)oeh. It is |>rolialile it was introduced some time about the heKioninR of the sixteenlh century ; for it is mentioned in the statute 43 Eliz. c. 13. — a Hiatule in which its utility is very clearly set forth — that it hiul been an iminciitwiul iixairc aniong merchants, both English and ;'oreij;n, when they iiiiitle any great adventure, to procure insurance to bo made on the Khi|is w goiuls adven- tured. From this it may reasonably be supposed that insurance liad been in use in Knt^lmul lor at least a century previous. It ajipears from the same statute, that it had originally been usual to refer all disputes that arose with respect to insurance to the decision of "grave and discreet" merchants appointed by the Lord Mayor. Uut abused having growii out of this practice, the stntuti; authorised the Ijord Chancellor to appoint a conunission for the trial of insurance cases; and in the reign of Charles II. the powers of the conmiissioners were enlarged. But this court soon after fell into disuse ; and, what is singular, no trace can now be discovered of any of its proceedings. — (^Marshall on Inmrance, Prelim. Disc. p. 26.) Few questions as to insurance seem to have come before tlie courts of Westminster till after the middle of last century. The decisions of Lord Mansfield may, indeed, be said to have fixed, and in a considerable degree formed, the law upon this subject. His judgments were not bottomed on narrow views, or on the municipal regulations of England ; hut on those great principles of public justice and convenience which had l)cen sanctioned and approved by universal experience. His deep and extensive information was acquired by consulting the most intelligent merchants, and the works of distinguished foieign jurists; and by carefully studying the famous French ordinance of 1681, the most admirably digested body of maritime law of which any country has ever had to boast. Hence the comprehensiveness and excellence of his Lordship's decisions, and the respect they have justly commanded in all countries.* In his hands the law of insurance became, in a far greater degree than any other department of Englisli law, a branch of that national or public law of which Cicero has beautifully said, " Non erit alia lex Hoiins, alia Athenis, alia nunc, alia fwnthac, sed ct nmnes gentes et ornni tempore una lex el sempiterna, et immortalis cuntinehit, unusque erit connnunis quasi magider et iinperator omnium Deus" — (Fragm. lib. iii. de Republica.) Insurance against fire and upon lives is of much later origin than insurance against the perils of the sea. The former, however, has l)ecn known and carried on amongst us, to some extent at least, for nearly a century and a half. The Amicable Society, for insurance upon lives, was established by charter of Queen Anne, in 1706; the Royal Exchange and London Assurance Companies began to make insurances upon lives in the reign of George I.; and the Equitable Society was established in 1762. But the advantages of life insu- rance, and the principles on which the business should be conducted, were then very ill understood; and the practice can hardly be said to have obtained any firm footing amongst us, till the Equitable Society, by adopting the judicious suggestions of Dr. Price, began its career of prosperity about 177o. Notwithstanding the example of England, life insurance has made very little progress on the Continent. It was, indeed, expressly forbidden by the French ordinance of 1681 (liv. iii. tit. 6. art. 10.) ; by the regulations as to insurance issued at Amsterdam in 1612 (art. 24.) ; and it is doubtful whether the practice be not inconsistent with the 334th art. of the Code de Commerce. But we are inclined to think that the v\ant of security, more than any positive regulations, has been the principal cause of the little progress of life insurance on the Continent. Of whatever disadvantages our large public debt may be productive, it is not to l)e doubted that the facilities it has afforded for making investments, and the punctuality with which the national engagements have been fulfilled, have been the principal causes of the extraordinary extent to which the business of life and even fire insurance has been carried in this country. II. iNsiiRANCE (Marine). There are few pprsons who are not acquainted, in some deprce, with fire and life insurances. The security wlilch tliey nfl'iird to individuals and families ie a luxury which nobody, in tolerably comfort- able circumst.Tnccs, is willing to be without. Hence the great increase, in our days, of companies prnfe^isillg to afford this security ; and hence the knowledge, on the part of the public generally, of the iiutiire and principles of the engagements into which these companies enter. But marine insu- rance is a subject which is of immediate interest only to merchants and ship owners ; unless, indeed, we should refer to that small portion of the community, who have occasion to transport themselves oeyoiid seas with capital and effects for purposes of colonization, or to fill some olhcial situation. * See Emerigon's famous Traiti dee JUsurances, tome ii. p. 67. i 76 INSURANCE (MARINE). Ilnnrn thn rompnrntlvfl Indlfforence, on the pnrt nf iIir pulillc, ni In tlili miliject. The gen»tn\ prin- rJ|>l(-H, hciwi vrr, of iill liiHiirnnr.i) urc Ihu lariHt j nnil in trt'iilliiR of inarltii' liiHUriuicc, it will bo iieccg. knry to nmii c litllu licyoml mich tnpicH nn nrf pcriillar tii ihil hraiirh nflhi' hiiHiiiciiii. /«r/i( ii/Ha( /«»Hr(!r5 ur f/iK/eri/TJ^rj.- Thu lirsl ( irriiiriiilanrc! Ihul laniiHi I'lill in slrlkw thn Kennrnl Iniinircr into thn praitic.)! ol' iiiHrini; inHiiriinct^ in iliia coiiiilry, in tliat, » liili* all llri' ami lil'r iimnraiici'ii uro mail'! at lliii riik ol° coinpuniRfl, wliiili liu liiilt- within tlii'nuK'lvcH llii* ilixirahli! ri'iiiil.siti'H of KiM'iirlly, wi'allli, and niiiiihorR, thi! ftrrat liiilk of inarinr liiNiiranri'H nrtt iiiadu at llie riKk of indivl> duals. I.oridi'n and l.ivt'rpiMd nru thi>only towiH in Knuland in wliirli tlii'ri^ an* any pnldir. cornpii- nii'H Tor this imrpoMi!* In l.ondcm there art' only I : the *i old i'(inipanic'<, tlii' /.uiii/mi and thti Hoynl y,irhanj.'e ; aiul tllr two cHlaliliHlii'd in l^'i^, llii' ^lliuiire Jliirtm :inil lln' liiiliiiinilii Mutual Mnnnr. In Liverpool tlieri! Ik only I company. Tint indivlilnaU em^iiiied in llii'< liraioli ol'lhe iiiHnraiicu hUHinews In t.onilon, al>ont wlioni wu Hhall say nioru pr«ilted liv law I'lom Inklnit marine inNnrancen. Towards the laller en(l ol'lhat year, the proliiliilion was reimiveil, and Ihe IniHineHS of marine innii. rnnce wan plic iil on the nanu! footlnit nf other di'scriplions of lin:4iiie>H, While Ihe rettrlclloii laxled, Ihe '2 cliarlirel conijiaiiieH did MO litlle linxiiieHH, ilial ni:'rlm* iHKiiranie miu'lil. in fad, lie Haid lo Imi wholly in Ihe liaiidM of indivldnalH. 1'hese cnmpunie.s were ko much lii|.'hi'r in their |ireniinms,a.'id no niiirh iiiori! e.ncliislve in the rinks they were williiii; lo imderlMke, lliun their liidividiiii) coiiip(rlilor.ss on lliu pali.'iice of oiir readers, hy referrinjf to lliem more particularly. /•'.irmiifiii;! (/ ('eiH/K/nici. — DiirinL' the aiiliMiin of ]>'i\ and sprine nf 182.'),.') companies sprang into existence in London : the two already inentioned, and the .Sr. I'uliick, tin* I'ulriulir, ui\i\ llie Smiik J)(i;iii. 'I'lie last ;t have since heen (jiven lip, having proved ruinous coucerns to Ihe (iroprieiof<. The '2 forniiT are coni|)osi*d of some of the most eminent nierchaiils and ship owners of tlii! city nf London, w ho nnited for the doiihle purpose of proviiiinif n mori- perfect security for Iheir propi'riy, and of ascertaininx whether the insurance hiisim'ss inieht not he loaile lo yiepl a fair n liirii to liiu rapilal emjiloyed In it. The change thus intrediiced into the Inisiiiess has had the elli.'ct of ronsini; Ihe -2 old coiiipanii'H inio acliviiy, and thus may he said lo have atlioiled lo the piihlic the npportiiiiiiy of IraiisacliiiK their liiisinesg with I sulistantini companies, in addition to indiviiliial underwriters, wliereas they could previously deal only with liidividualH. Il may he computed Ihal these I companies draw to lliemselvnH 1-,'ilh of the whole hnsineiiH of llie connlry, leaving tlie oilier 4-.')lh» to individual nnderwrilers, and the Liverpool, Scotch, and Irisli rnmpanies. It lias he'U inferred hy some, thai Ihe comparallvely limited hiisiness of the coinpaiiic] is a coiivincini; proof that individuals are mucli heller adapted to en^'affe in tliis deparlment thin societie.u ; wlliie il is contended hy others that Ihe hir|;e sliare of husiness, thus speedily allracteil lu the coiii|iiiiiii*s, oiicht to satisfy every body, when due allowances are madi! for the dililciillles to lie coiiiliated in hreakini! llironi,'li esluhlished modus and hahlla of doini; business, lliat the tendency ni the piiiiljc is practically to conlirm wliut uiilecedent invesliiialion would siiirifest,- that coui|i:inii's, while they must nece^^^nrily h

ro|ii'r maiiag"menl. Tliese latter persons are called iiisuranie brokers ; and some of them iiiaii:itc tlie business of a number of principals. To them, likewise, are transinilted the orders for iii&uranre rrnm the onipnrK and their |irotitco llie underwriters. under\vrlleri4. Ii Ims occasioned iiii uilli the priiicip.'i almi ; and as sonii the brokers have | to likewlne have I (Hee llnoKKHN ) It will al once b food deal of lime iiihiceiiieiil lo con Willi a coinpany, t Any parly having particulars of Ihe iiieiiiorandiini for I nrnciire the stamp like the llinlerwrlli Tlie Koyal Kxch year's pretniiiiu, w jirninpl payment. The Alliance Ma year's preiiiiiiniK, v Tlie liidemnily i\ of each year's preii Tlie nilowaiices ( Voijmtnl nf /.iiynn credit is allowed to hriiker, lo collect fr fViiA.*.— Ilesides t aliens Inrnied hy s among llienisclves < alteration of Hie 1 1 ri;a.riiirl|inl«, anil their pri>lllci)tiiiUtH In .'i per tkiiI. upon (In- pri'iniiiiii, i'i per ii'iil. ii|i(iii tli>- niniicy thiil ilii'y pay to (lie iiiiiliT" rllurK, ami i pi'r ct'iit Unit llicy ilrilin'l I'miii nil llu' rIalniN m liic li ||i.\ lorcivrr rrnniHio nnili'rwrlli'm. It In proprr to remark, tluit IIih Is iIh- rHliililolnMl nr rrvuliir prnlii ; Init iinnpi'iitniii liax l>l'l'll^'^>l)''ll nil HUT' lUxdi'V lilt liiTiH f'roiii It liy I In' liriikrrit, niiiny iifu lioni iciiiHt-nl In illvlilc lli>' prnllt Willi till' prlnrlpiiU wlm i-inploy llii'iii. 'I he Inxiiriirii'i! linikrrH iiri' imt iiiitVi'i|iii>iilly nnilcrwrili'ri al»o ; unci iiB HOiim ln«iiriiml' jmltrinK ol' tin' (.'imhIiii'sn (irilnMr dvv ii riskH, 1.1) liki'wlitf liiivti tliuy an iinlucciiient tu play intu uiiu aiiothur'it Imnils, iiml lln.'y Un tm iiii'iinliiiKly — (Set' lllliiKKIIN ) It will lit niii'i- 1)0 Bfien, tliiil till' troiilile of cfTi'i'llne Inmiranri's nl I,loyil'i< in rnimlilcrnlilo ; that a cnoil ili'iil I''' ■'■■■*^ mint I).! innHiiiiicil ; iiiiil lliiit inurrlianlH iiiiil xlilp owiI'Th, iIiiti'I'ti', Iium' cii'iit iiii|ni'i'iii''nt til I'DnvlKn llli'lr inHiiranri' liiislni'HH to lirnkiTM. lint wiicn: tlx* IiiisIiu'hh h trans itii-il with ii I'diiipiiny, IIiIh IndnernnMit, II' not id-ilroyril iiIiuki'IIht, In, a\ all events, very niiii'li illiiilnisln'il, .\iiv piirly liiiVHiK property to Insiire, lins merely to ),'o tn the inanauer nt' tlie ciinipaiiy, nnil nlale iIih narli('»liirH of the rlHk to he inNiireil ; tin; preinliiin ht'lim nereeil npiin, the iiiiinuuer urites mil a I hii-iiiiirmnliini fur the polley, wliieli the party Nllfiis, anil he Is iIiiih rlVeilnally insiireil. 'I'lie einnpaiiu.'! nrnciire thfi filainpnini write nut the polley, whiili is reaily for delivery in I or .'i days. The cniiip iiiieM, like the ninlerwrlters, rliartre the preiniiini h'sM .'> per eeiil. In other respects they vary. The Hoyal llxchange Assiiranre Company allow I'X per lent. upon tin- pmliuihle lial uu;e of eacli year's preinliiin, with crudil till iMurcli fur the premhiinH of tliu prccudiii); yi'ar, and d pur cent, for iirnnipl p.ivinent. The Alliiinie MarinR AHitiiranrn T'ompany allow 13 per cont. upnn llio prolltahlu Imlance nf each war's preiniiinifl, with rreilit till Mari'li ; or III per rent, for prompt payment. ' The Indeinnlly Mutual Marine Assnranee Company allow ii per rent, upon the prontnlilu haluiice oi'eai'li year's prRiiiliiinH, with credit till June ; or III per ciiii. fir prompt payment. The HlldWanres oftlie London Assurance Company are tin; s.-inie as limse of i)ie Indemnity. I'dijiiietit I'f l,iifiirii. — l.osH'H am paid at all the olIneM promptly, and wlihoiit ili'diulion. A month 'ri creilil Is allowed to the iiinlerwritcrs ; and anollier month, iiiid sometiiiii'g 'i montiiH, are given to llio i hriiker, to colleit from the underwriters, and pay over to his principals. (iiiKa fucil preniiiiin, they pay anioiiK themselveB the arliial losses of their several ni'inliers as they occur : anil to avoiil the second, they lay down certain principles of selllenienl in accord. nice with their vii.'Wii of iinleinniiy. I')acli mciiiher of one of these cliihs (lives his power of attorney to the schi led mana- ger; and tills inanacer issues a policy for each ship, wliicli policy is siiliscrihed hy him as attorney I'lirall the ineniliers, the preniluiii inserted in the policy heiiiK iinderslood to he nominal These cliiliri nro open tn the leadini; olijectinns tlial apply to individual iinderwrilers ; fir the ineiiiliers are not cul- lerlivcly, hut only individually, lialile to those of their nninher who li.ippen to sustain a less ; and the delay of setllninent Is such, that more than i'i months have heeii knoun to elapse liefore the paymiMit (jfa loss has heen ohtained t'roin all the nieinhers. /i.''N. Il will ofleii liajipeii, when n port la miller liloi'kaile, tliat the |irolU in ho ureal n|ion iiooil-i iiilroilnnil in (lellaiire ol tiie hlockaile, im to tempt iiilvenliirerH lo lireak it, anil lo enaiile llieiii lo afliinl a very liiitli premium lo liiHiire aiiaiiiiit lliu riMk. lint nH policleH for biiiIi an olijerl are not arknowleilneil In our I'oiirlH of law, wlien ellerleil, they are iinilerHtooil lo he puliiim uf hunnur. I'lie Hiinie kiiiil of piiliry in iiilopteil hy llie iimlutwritera, to protci'l foreiun inerrliniilH who prefer itiHiirinu in lliis I'oiiiilrv auaiiisl llrlliHli lapliire. I. Ciiii.in/unirrs nf l)friiiti(,ii— All locHeii siihKei|iieiit lo any ilevialion from llii! leriim of the (lollcy, TliiiH, if u meri'liaiil, in a pulley on proiliire from the V\'eNt Inilien lo Loiidnn, warrant a Hliip lo anil mi or lie fore the IhI of AiieiiNl, anil the nIiIii hmII afler Hint day and he IomI, Ilie iiiHiiier Is e\ one rated. Or, If a meri'liaiit iiiHiire from London to LUhon, and Hie nlilp tall al Havre aiiil Ih aflerwiirdx IohI, tiie in- mirer la not liahle. Il will he niiderslood, of course, that Hie owner ol Hie aiiip la llniile to the iner- ciirint fur any hri'acli of ronlrail on Ilia part, na well aa thai Ihe iiiaiirer la liahle for Hie harratry of Hig mnaler ; a devinlion on the part ot the iiiaHler, not iiilendnl fur Hie henelii of Hie owner, and i onirary to Ilia inalrilctlona.helnuciMialdered harralry. Slioiild Hienwiier o( the fooda nixleil lo dearnlieHtciiraiely the voj a(j(! for which lie wisliea to he liisnrrd. Hie loaa would lie a coiiaei|iieiice of hia own ni'((li«iiii(.', 'I'iiere la a doclrini; ronnecled with liarratry which II will here lie piojier to nolici:. A cnplnin, owr.er or pari owner of Hie aliip In wliicli lie aalla,cannol coniinii an act ol harralry. In other wonln, the inaiirera are not, In aiicli n caao, liahle fur an act of hia wliiili would oihervviae lie hnrralroiiH, The e(|iiily of Ihia doclriiie, aa liiraa regarda Hie inlereala of Hie capiaiii hiinaelf, cannot he called In i|neatlon ; hut it la dilliciilt lo iiiideratiind why the merchaiil « Im ahlpa L'lioda on hoard eiicli ii captain's veaael aliiiiilil not he permilled lo liianre, aiiione oilier riaks, U|.'aiiiat Hie captain's llleiial acta. Wi! have hi'nril, that a ilaiiat* liaa oceaaionally heen Inlrodiiceil into policiea to prolect ini'rchaiita aiiaiimt caiil.iin-owiiera, and we do not sii|ipoaf that our courts of law would refnat." lo enforce such a cluiiae. Indeed, wo cannot diacover any ruaaon wliy every |iarly, aaviiiK die raplaln, ahonid not have the power of insiiriiiB niraiiiat Hie coiisei|iieiicea of illeual acia of Ihe captain. We helieve, that uniniig the life ollicua, which protect Hieiiiaelvea from loaa hy aiiicidi! uiid Hm lianda of Jiiallce, there are aiiiiie wliii'h make a dialliicllon in favour of tiioae who merely hold jioliclea on the lives of uthvrg U8 u col- lateral security. Tlie propriety of aiich a diiitlnctlon mnal alriku every body. 5. (hisfdienrtliitiess.—AW loaaea ariKiii|t from nnseaworlhineas lliiueaworthiiieaa may he cnnaed in vnrioiia ways, such as want of repair, want of alorea, want of proviaiona, wuiil of nniitlcnl inatru- meiila, insnUiclency of hniiila to naviuale the vi'ssci, or liiioiiipelency of the inaHler. It miKlit he sup. posed, al first sit'lil, that inanrance alloriU n much lesa perfect security than it really doea, aeeinc nii liow many pleas il ia poasihle fur the insurer to dispute hia lialiillly ; hiit when it la considered llmt the proof'of iinaenworlhlness is thrown upon the defeiidaiil, and that Ihe leanlni,' of the coiiria is al- waya in favour of the insured, il will he easy to aiippose lliat no respeclalde insurers would cvtr plead nnaeaworthineas, nnleas they conid make out a case of more lli,tii ordinary strelii-'lh and clear- ness. The dfifree of uneasiness felt hy meri'hants and ship owners at their lialiilily to he Involved in loss by cases of nnseawoilliiiiess, may he (.'iiessed from Hie faci. Hint alHioiiKli Ihe Indeninity As- surance t'omimny at one time precli'uled llieiiiselves from pleading nnsiMiworlliiiiess hy n special clause in Hieir policy, not iinly did they ohlain nu uddilional premiiiin in consei|iieiire thereof, liut they (lid not even oht'ain a preference over other companies and individuals ut Ihe same iireiiiiiini. At least, lliis fact must either he admitted as n proof of the alisence of uneasiness on this head, urof that inveteracy of lialiit which seems to lead the (treat hulk of niankiiid always, if possihie, to cnnti- niie undeviatiniily in those courses lo which they are accustomed, wen where the benetils to be de- rived from u deviation arc undeninhle. »>. Prntraclion nf Ihe Voijasc— \\\ loss ariaine frrtm iiniisiinl protraction of the voyage. Thus, if a Bliip meet with an accident in the Haltic, and the repairs detain the vessel till the close of the season, when the passage home is rendered impracticable hy the ice till the opening of the eiisiiiii); goasnn.nn payment is made to the merchant, in initigalinn of his loss from interest of money, loss of niarki.'i (if the market fall), or dcteriorntinn in the quality nf hia goods (unless arising from actual sea daiiiaee); nor to the ship owner, in iniligntinn nf his loss from the extra wages and ninintenaiice of his crew. In most foreign countries the ship owner is remunerated hy the Insurers for the wages and inainlenancs of his crew while his ship is detained in consequence of any loss for the luakini,' good of which ilicy are liable. 7. Liability for doing' Damage to other Vessels. — All loss to which the ship owner is liahle when liis vessel does (InnioKe to others. According to our laws, the ownerof every ship not in charge of npllol, that does damage, by negligence of the master and crow, to any description of crafl or vessel, i.s li.ible to make good the same to the extent of value of his own ship and freight : for beyond this he i.s not liable. The common policy In use among the underwriters at Lloyd's and the companies does not pru- tect the sliip owner from this loss. But the clubs or associations before mentioned almost univeraiilly toke this risk. Indeed, this is one of the purposes which gave rise to their formation, ilul evciiiliey limit their liability lo Ihe amount of the policy; bo that if a ship insured with them were to run down another, and to sink herself in the concussion, the owner would only receive the value of his own vessel from the club, and still be liable to the owner of the other vessel. The Indemnity Company, bv a clause in their policy, make themselves liable for 3-4tlis of the loss which the owner of the vessel insured with them may sustain from damage done by his vessel to those of others. If such a case as the one just supposed should occur under their policy, the insured would receive the value of his own vessel and 3-4tlia of the loss to be made good by him to the owner of the other vessel. The policies of this Company approach in this respect Hie nearest of any to perfect protection to the ship owner. But the loss from running down other vessels, although serious, nay, Boinetimes ruinous, selilnm occurs ; and many ship owners trust so confidently that it will never fall upon them, that they are a well satisfied to be without as with this protection. 8. Average Clause.— 'V\\e. next description of loss of which we shall treat, against which the insured are not protected, is described in the following clause of the policy :— "Corn, fish, halt, seed, flour, and fruit, are warranted free from average, unless general, or the ship be stranded; sugar, tobacco, benip, tlax, hides, and skins, are warranted free from average under 5 per cent., unless general, otilie •hip ho mranded under .I per cent Thu laiiitiiagn III Hie general re cliiint and alilp o (ifiirral Jlrrni^ nr car^o, mndii h; (nerhiiard, cut fr tiirlly Riihinllled cargo, and la call I'lirliiiilar Afei ■erloiia n nature i rlilp la not ao e,\ti In audi a alale aa iiiilil lo repair, a average and aiilvi -Ihe dniiinge ana iiiado good liy the the viiliie inaiired I'lirliruUir .li'eri lar aver;ige will b nailer what the | The iiroperly in fir which Bum it i which Hie inerclii hi:ni|i, on its arrlvi Il liei'M aoiind. Tl ri'iit. upon the am iiitrcliaiit, or that If (hi- Iifiiin iipnn arr hA\f ff li'lieil ill a MMi Leu liiiiy, frei|(hr, But in ill [l.ini.ircil il.-\t< Leu duly, Ireiihi, The infrchanl'i Iim Whcmi he only rereiv pie uf a Kilv:i|[e Kmi he wi ir Ilie hemp woiiM Inve Li-M duly, freiglil, i fiut ill III >"iIx. nl»'> Hi.- -Iilii unci frriuiit, iir« w irriirnnl free Odiii iiveroKa uriiliT 3 |M'r mill . iiiiIi" \i>: >lraiiil il." Till) liiiii:iiaKii li'Hi'ri|>ll>>iiii i>r Ikkk, In w liii |i ||ii> mur- cliiiiil mill "li'l' nwiiiT am ll.ililr. 'I'Iiiti? iirf Uvn klirU ii|'a\ irii: '. I'l i I ninl (inrlli iiLir. (Jiiirriit Jirrr,i)if liliil.ir> » m icll, .■ nl' ii |i irl nf i illwr vciikcI or iiir«i', niiiilti l>y llir c ii|ii,ilii fur iIim liriii'fll ulilii' wjinliv 'I'Iiiih', iI ii c ii|itiiiii llirow \k\h nl liU t iri((i oMTliniiril, cut I'rniii iiii iiiiclinr itiiil nihil', nr rill iiwiiyliis nriNiit, ilii' lux* Hn miatiiini'il, liiiii;! vnliiii. tiirlly iiiihiiillli'il III I'nr llic lic'iu-lll nl' tli.: wlmli., U Jiatrilnilcil imr llii' valiiii nf i||,< wlmln hIiiii ami larKii. aiiil ii< calli'il " KniH'ral iivitiikiv" />,irMiii?ar -^I'Tiij^' lr |inrl n| i|i>«iiiiaiiiiii, ami wliiTii lln- hIii|i ih ri-iiilrnicl unlit In ri'palr, am i-iilli'il " |iarllal nr nalvaff Iuhm." 'I'ln. Iiwnliiiu ilHIimtinii lirtwriii iiiirllnilar nviTiilfi' ami milvaKii Innit Ik, lliat, In tliii Dritl, tlm |irn|ii'rly lii«'ir>'il ri'iiiaiiiM Mm |irn|i(>rly nl'ilii' aHniiniil —llic ilaiiiiiKi' BiislaliH'ii, nr pirl lliiircnr, as lliii lasi' may Im', ami as will lio licn'aliir r«iil I, licinu liiaili^ Ifoixl >>y till* liiHiirrr ; ami In llii> Hrinml, tin- jirniirrly itisiiml Is alianilnm'il in i|i>' insiiri'r, ami till' viilni' liisiiriiil I'lainii-il I'miii hlin Im ri'laiiilnu ilm |irn|h'rty sn aliamlnniMl, nr its valiir. I'nrtinilitr .iMriifie nn flomln—A fi'W cnsrs llliislrallVH nl'irir Ilinil iil'hiatliiir a riaiiii I'nr |iarllril- lar aM'ra|{i' »lll liiiRt e.\|ilalii llii> iiatiiri! nl'lliis iti'iirri|illiiii nl'Inss, ami will at tlir saiiiu tiiiiu slinw tliu ri'iiiliT what thi> iirnctlcnl iliiilinitiiin Is la'twiiiMi |iarilriilar avrraur ami salvai;)' I'ikh. Till' iirnpiTly ilisiiri!.| we kIiiiII mipiiiisi- in he a Inn of hrtnii. tin- I'nsl nl" wlllrll at ri'liTflilirirll is 'Ml., fur wliii'li saai It la iiiHiiri'il frnni I't'ti-rsliiiruli in l.nmlnii, anil lliil IIiimIiiIv, frrinlil, ami iliarL'i'S In which the iiii'rchant ih hiiIiJi-cI nn lamlliiit at l.nmlnn am Id/. Wc shall liki'wisr siippusi' llial tlni ticiiip, on Its arrival, U mi ilaiiia|{i. 40 lis llii B priiici- L. 1. 10 _ /..ID Whprr^s he rcrfivp^ fn'in Ihe innurcr l,V. a ulvafH loiii tie v%uulil retcivc 3Ui. Upon tlif |iriiici|'le uf L. I. If \hv lirmp HDuM li.ivn fi-tfhi'd in a vmuA Mill- (.r^i iluty, rrei|;ht, and chari;i:i But in i!t 'l-inti^c I nlale it only wnrtli Leu duly, frcighl, aiiJ cturK» The merctuQt'i Ioh bj tlM damage ii And he rwfivM frnni thn inmrer IW. Upon the principle of a talva^e loss lie woulJ ruceivu iJt* 30 10 — — — 20 ll 10 — — n i~ 3 s iilil pvtr inil I li'iir- iviilvciliii iiiily An- il Kjii'i'ial •rent', liul liri'iiiiiiiii. L'liil, or of tn ciiiili- to he do- 'liiis, if J ii; iii'iisiiii, !pnsiiii,iin iniirkit (if (laiiiiiBe); crew. In liiiti'nancii ■tiich tlicy nlien his nl' ll liilol, »l, isliabli! he i.-i not es lint pro- iniversiilly , even they run down 1° hid own inpany,by the vessel ] a case as of his own policies lip owner. seldom liey are as n It will be nliHPrveil Hint the morchnnrH loss by tlic dnnmpc of hiii irooda vnrlcs with thn state of the i niiirkel. ll may alsn lie iilinerveil, that in iseneral the iiii^rcliaiit will nut receive I'roiii the Insurer tliu whole ainiiiint oftlie Iohs that he HilstaiiiH. Whenever his market Ih ii prolitahle one (ami that it miiKl iiHiially he HI) will he nhvioin* tn every boily), vvlmnever, liiilecil, his liiarkul is iint u lieciiledly iusiii); one, his policy iloes iint ulfiird liiin a cninjilete prntectinii. The ariiiiineni ill i'nvniirof tills mode of eettlinic clainm fnr pnrticiilar nvernijte— and it should he observed that the Huhject lias lieeti diHCUHsedi and the principle acknowledKed in the coiirlH of law — is, that the insurer's lialiility is to he Kiiided by Hie aiuniiiit upnii which he \ma received a preiiiiiiuior coiisiileriilioii ; lliat lie ia iint to be utrected by the rise or fall of iiiarketi) ; but tliut the ^rvsii market > price nf the amind, and the /^rim market price nf the duiiKU'eil goods, are tn be the test by wliicli the rale of ilamaue upon Ihe aiiioiint insured is to be adjusted ; the insurer being liable, besides, for all the extra cliarces arising out of the damage. Ill Ihe first case staled, the nierchaiit'a loss by damage Is 3M. upon 402., or 6'ii percent. ; in the se- cftiid, 10/. upon 10/., or 100 per cent. ; in the third, 1.')/. upon 20/., or 75 per cent, If the duty, freight, and clinrges were diminished in proportion to the diminished value of Ihe goods, the loss ineach case would he fifty per cent, upon the nett price, as it is 50 per cent, upon the gross price. As far as the duly is concerned, government, upon many articles, reduces it in proportion to the diminution in the value of the goods ; and if the freight were reduced in a similar manner, the merchant would always be indeiniiitied for bis loss by the insurer. But the practice with regard to freight in tliis country ad- inils of no such arrangement ; freight being paid according to the i|uantity delivered. To make the principle upon which claims for particular average are adjusted, and its bearing, still clearer, we shall illustrate it by a few more cases. (Suppose two packages to be insured at cost price — -u cask of rice and a cask of sugar — each weighing 10 cwt. ; the cost of each at the port of sliipment 10/., tile freight of each 10*. per cwt. at the port of delivery, both articles free from duty, and to arrive at n market where no more than the cost price is realised ; assuming that both packages are damaged SO per cent. —the rice by loss of quality, the sugar by loss of weight— the statement will be as fol- lows : — L. >, 10 cwl. of rice, had il arrived wund, would have pnnluce*! - - - - • 15 Ijsi Ireight on 10 cwt. at I0>. per cwt. • S Bullieini;damaf|ea freight on & cwt. at lOi. per cwt. Merchant'! low L. I. 10 5 £.5 In each case the merchant Is entitled to recover from his Insurer 52., or 50 per cent., upon 10/., the sum insured, which, although an indemnity to him for his loss on the sugar, is far from being so for his loss upon the rice. If the merchant would contrive so to shape his contract with the ship owner for freight, as to reduce the freight in proportion to the depreciation in the value of the damaged com- modity, he would he completely protected. The ship owner might nn his side protect himself by in- surance from loss by reduction of quality, as he now dues from loss by reduction of quantity. But 80 INSURANCE (MARINE). we have already more than once adverted to the dif1ic\ilty of breaking in upon estaldished practices. The iiicrchaiits bo on from year to year c.o i)|ilaiiiiiig of the losses to which they arc subject from this awkward contrivance, wliile no steps art t iltcn to improve it. To show tliat the principle is equita- ble as between tlie merchant and liis insu cr, we subjoin one more statement, where the damage is taken at 100 per cent. : — /_ ». 10 cwt. fjf rice, if sound, would have prrV :ed 13 Irf-w tVeighton lOcwt. at IOj. per cwt. • 5 Bein; foIiMy s]mi!et!, did produce nothinfr 'i'h.^ nittrchaiit bang slill liable hr the frt'iglit ..... Making his loss . . - ■ X,.l'> He receives lOl. only rroin the in.^urer. 10 5 10 cwf. of sii^.ir. If pound, would have produced Leu frcijthl oji 10 cwt. .il IQj. per cwt, Tlie hirrel hein? waslieil out produces nothing - Tlie mi-rchant, liowcver, not being liable to p;iy freight tlis lost is only Z. s 10 i.lO which he recovcn from the Insurer. It will be observed, that in each case the Insurer pays 10(., or the full sum upon nhicii hr receives the pn'niiuin. When \\ hole carprnes, nr parrels of irnnds of considerable value, are insured, the clause in the policy wliit 11 jirolccts tli(^ Insurer frfnii parliiiiltir averace under a certiiiii percentage, is olten partially set aside 'I'lins, if ii ciirjio of ."iOO lioL'slicads of su'.'ar, valued at 10,00(1/., were diimaged to the extent of 40(1/., ilie iiieriliiinl, snpiidsing the priiteoting clause to remain in lorce, wiuild recover nothing fn.:! the insurer, the Iciss not Hiiionnlliii; to 5 per cent. The additional written clause, by which it is the prai'lice to Mioilify iIh^ printed clause, is as follows :— " I'tirticular average, puyalde upon each 10 lihds. siiL'tir. 10 ciisks and .Ml bairs coftee, :iud 10 bags cotton, following numbers, and upon each package of inaiiiifaclured goods, cliest of indigo, bag a (deiliicting, of cotj sacrifice ; iillowat replaced with new only is t.ikeii off li cables are calctilat price nf anchors. Inst, ciiiii|ititiiig till placiin.' an anchor ; anil c.ilile at I.ondo 2. .Sairilice of tin hoard to liLiliten tip soiled is enlitled to liett to Iiiiii, siippos .!| (ili'iliiciiiiL' his siiar ■i didivery of llie goo i| 3. Ueiiiiiiieralion :| large sinus are freqi c hazard of their live I such service is iiw; .:; (.lined. Tile ship n i the ileleniioii, or in; ;• waror ariiied niercli :; case. All tln'sc tin and cargo. When a is general averagi,'. ■ neral average ; but ^ oliisively upon (he i I fervatiiin, are charg 4 VVIieii a ship puts in .}t wards is a cb.irge i ,? e.^lahllsheil practice ?' 'i- The money reqi f accident happen ilea from Mil! v:irioiis par in a inreiirn port, wli limes he received in ca|)laiii is ijiiinowere . U|mii to supply the IK ; mils the receipt ofth, • oC 111,, pert of destiiii . i' of tile captain); and :^ advaneeil and the sti ,2 el' lii .\.'rliilant, cirno for ti.e piirp.. Ins voyage. The ex|, 4 iini, or by loss on (he required. 'I'liiis, if a load (o repair; siipp. • average, consisling o ' freii'lii, consisting of I caiL'o, consisting of w ,■.» shiiiihl he 2(1 per ceil "j^ raiseil toOllO/., 2i0/., I ,% Il Slill remains lo In J owners of the cargo, ■.,■: tlie ship's port of de^ ellectedin Ibis tountrj t Psiifie are avoided () A contribution. A total IJis prior liability j ant INSURANCE (M\RINE). 81 irs li ilml till' ht, i'.ii tlie rn, the the old owner; ioncd. ■.nd 1^1 has ves- le sea, liarge?, as liueii for tlic gt'S mid the in- liil the (' tiiiie. II other owiitr rcpnir. sulisi'- r of tilt oqiipiit val, the Rcne- l();.,and cent , K.) II ; and 3, when f torins ral I'lir- iiiding; ouiid or ;l Ic ik- f show- irr;inti,'d 12 tlieso nrtiilrs to Ik; ppciillaily siisrpiitihli- of d imriyc, will imi nnsi'iil to tiiko tint risk, o.vci'iit on some ex- traordinary (iciasiiiii. A sliifi, lailiMi with iiirii, iiiakt'S a very slorniy pasHaL'o frmii the ll:illlc to l.on- (li.n, anil daina.ii'rt the whole of lur cars.'n. Il|iiiii iinival oifoiir loasl she is fitraiided, hut got otT withont slraiiiiii;! or siislainiiig any daiiiaKu. The insurer is hehl to hi' li hie for the (lania<;i! to tho corn, miller till' L'lanse of the policy. On aiiolher mciisiiHi, afler a very lavoiiriihle (lassage to our coast, a sliiji strikes npon a shoal, lint is not sir indeil, siisiaiiiin^', however, no nuuli ilaiii:i;!e that sho arrives at London with ti feet water in her hold, and lur cargo alniO!.t wholly 8j)uil, d. The insurer ia held not to he liahle under thi! clause of the polii y, (rcnf.rnl Jivernire. — The iiisiir'-r is hound to make (rood all ceneral nverRge without exception, liow- evi-r irilliiig the aitioniit. (ien. .al average is Irrated as thoii;.'li alloL'eilier niii iiiiiiri led with parti- ciiliir average ; and diiiiiage to the goods not aiiioniitiiig to I! per cent, is not pi>yaldi' hy the insurer, h1iIiiiiii;1i there may lie also a giMieral average, and the geneiiil and particular averiiL'e Imieiher may aiiii'iiiit to more than 3 or 5 per cent. CJeneral averai,'" is a chnrire whicli nmsl he paid hy tlie iiier- (haiit iiiid shipowner, even if uninsured ; altliongh, when insured, he transfers, as it were, in virtue of his iiisuraiice, the charge from himself to his insurer. .Ml the elements that can hy jiossihility Ciller into general averafe may he classed nndi^r four heads;—!. Sacrifice of part of the ship and pliiri'S ; '2. Sacrilice of part of the cargo and freight : 'A. l{eiiiiiii"ratioii of services required for gemj- ral presorvaliuii ; 4 lixpense of raising money to reji'. ice what lias heeii sacrilicud, and to remunerate services. 1. When any part of the ship is sacrificed for the t'eiieial heiiefit. the owner is eniitled to receive (dodiictiiig, of coi|rse, his sliari! of conlriiiiition) the iiiiioiiiil of his l (lis advices should not reai h his owner, < ncliiig with eipial eaiilioii etl'ecls one also. The ohservati Ifecis an insiir.ince upon ii, and the owner al the s.inie IIS already made upon reliirns for inliirest, and upon the difference between our laws and those of other count I'orce here. ries, ap[ily with eipial peru?e this ar ciples and pra quired hy tlio; Diitijdii Put insurance mm I'or every U liol exceed 'JO.* Whi're the |: For every 10 1.5s (ler cent., Where the p Where the p For every 101 (no ship can he 'I'liis duly WII reducilori, s'; ft and ought to he Jifising a duty Oi and we lndleVe ri.ige of ?(iods s that portion oft tion of the tax. jectionahle. it Amslerdain, or 1 from duties, or s Continent a con? in London, li i,- amongst us; am dence, or on the in any country, a 60 great, doiihls \ "■ulties are made of the assured, ai If the trilling ri ppared, a very sn of collection, and m S. G. I-"* TIIK ^^B and in I 1 ihUO, iimi the 9 'S also npi '9 of and i a present M snevi'i ( M called; "-■•« thereof ■M ujioii til Stainp ■^m £1 said sli - *•! &.C. and .1 (as aho- good sai; i safelv la .; sail to, 1 iiisiiranc ■■( assured. '^i valued a oiKf t'oiirt v'i assurers ■•? iiien-of-\ M mart, snr ■il and peo| '11 riners, ai t detrinieii ;| thereof; excepted their fac defence, ■-- any part assurers assured. shall he o .1 fore mad -i so we til f for Ills o\\ H trators, a the consi, ^ live giiiiK u of Knglai , In Wit Loinion, N. U.~ We ')ave no'v gone over all the principal topics connected with marine insiiranee. Those wlio * This very valiia fiiinished by a genti, INSURANCE (MARINE). 83 peruse tliis nrlirln with nrdinnry nltenlicui will, \vn linpi'. cnin ii tnlnrably ticnr inaJBbt into the priii- cijilca i»iiil |)riicti<'i' ot'ihc l)ii9iiiL'S!>. Hut ;i p.rl'i'iily fiinili.ir acciualiitancc witli it can only be ac- nuirod hy tliosM whti are daily ciiiiviTsant willi ilei di'laiis. J)iilijnii Piiliries of Murine Iiikk raiirc.—.iiiiininl itiiil F.xpeilienrt) of such I)uli/.—\\\ policies oflliarilie insiiraiici! iimsl hi- (in stainpi'd paprT, llio diitii-s on which are as follows :— i'(ir every 100/. insured on a voyage in the coasting trade of tlie kingdom, where tlie premium docs liol exceed -0,<. per cent., l,*. 3(/. Where the preininin does e.vreed 20.«. per cent., 2.«. fi(/. For every UWI. insured to or from any colonial or foreign port, where the premium does not exceed 1,5.< [ler cent., l.«. 3il Where llie preniiiiin does e.vceed \5s. per cent., but does not e.vceed 30s. per cent., 2*. Cid. Where the premium exceeils HOs. per cent., 5s. For every lno/. insured for a perlnd of lime not exceeding 3 niontbs, 2.i. dd. ; exceeding 3 months (no ship can he iri.-^und on one stamp fur a loniter period than 12 months), 5.«. '..•.> ia-'..j f i./tlli-Dil ill flll> 1'il.ir IK'J*} 1l i.- 111. 11. iiliriiit ti,... *l.i...lr. i . f ...lin* jertliinahle. It is immaterial tn a merchant .-endini.' a ship to sea, whether hi! _ Amslirdiim, or Hamburgh ; and as policies e.veccited in the I isl two cities iire eiiher wholly e.xempted frcnn diilies. or siiliject lo such only as nr^ nuirely nnminal, the cflect of On: duly is to ' Contiiii Ml :i considerable pan of the liMsiness of marine ' ... . . -i ui one hii\ii!li, ■onhii!! '(irrm'll rca-^'iii a i:i?i; ml, A., ig l.di'il :)on(luiil ilie roii'cd.-. II|U>II inilciii's |m.|.|11. nil i.iii-, laii li:ill' a.ii ponili'iit. lie slii;i- llihilli-' III IIS 1 ■A\\'\\V 1 ■Ii III i; - s l\ lli.ll () 111' liio iilar (if- mil. ^ III.. ... -■■ - - - -■ — -- r-- J J ,---j.....^.... ^.^ ... .^ ....w...... rihe assured, and by no niCiins creditable to the cliaraeli'r of ihe underwriter. If the trilling revenue (aniiiiinliiig in \b'M to only 2111,1100/.) derived from tliese stamps cannot h spared, a very small addition to the iniporl duties would more than cover iis amount, save the expeiis of collection, and relieve the mercantile pnlilic from the annoyance and loss above allmled to.* Stamp £i. Form of fi Polinj of Insurance executed at Lloyd's. In tiif Namf; oi' fion, Amen. Charles lirown and Co., as well in their own names as for and in the name and naims of all and every other person or persons to wlnun the same diilli. may. or shall appertain, in part or in all, doth make assurance, and cause themselves and them and evi'ry of them, to lie insnriid, losfor not lost, at and from St. l'elerslinri.'h to any port or ports in tin; I'niled Kingdom, upon any kind of goods aoil unrcliandises, and also upnii the body, lackle, apparel, ordnanci!, munition, artillery, boat, and other I'urnitiire of and in the good ship or vessel called tlie Swift, whereof is master, under find, for Ibis present voyage, Hright, or whoever else shall go fur master in Ihe said ship, or hy what- soevei other name or names the said ship, or Ihe master thereof, is or shall he named or called; beginning ihe adventure upon tlie said goods and merchandises from Ihe loading thoienf on board the said ship iijion ih; said ship, &.c. and so shall continue and endure during ber abode there, upon the s;)id slip, &c. And fnrlher, iinlil Ihe said ship, with all her onlnanie, tackle, apparel, &.<;. and goods and niercliandises w liatsoever, shall he arrivre are several iii all Ihi' considerahle towns ihriMiahuiit III.; empire. Of these, llie *'un, the Plia'!iij,lUc Britis/i, &.v. insure al iheir own risk and for their own prolit : but there art others, which are called anitnhuliun .-orirliin, in which everv |» rsou insured becomes a memlicr or proprietor, and participates in the prolitor loss of the coiieerii. Thz Jland in Hand, /«'««£7Mi/i««r,6tt. are of this description. The cnnditinnR t printed on Ihe bad dcrlake to pay the propiisah." ,\oihing can be r interest or propert; !n.ss h ippened. It vl laal who has a li to insure at dilferei the lull value in va wliiih declares, tlia the same houses or in order that each ( Biii'li notice be givei elfeiis, the insuraiR .\ny trustee, inorl cnsliiily, lo ed'ecl a at the time of e.\ecu .Musi of Ihe oliices sioii," " fiireijfn enei exnneraleil from the One (if Ihe priiici|i Oltice— (see past), ai " I ; Miiire a certitical able inhabitants of t are well acipiainted \ iiiL' ; and do know, < fraud or evil practice value therein inenijoi but it has been linallv mcnf .,/ UHij los.i, and't Tlie risk commence rilieil. Policies of ins nsiml for the olfice, by preniiiJiii for the ne.\t insured Is considered ; A piilicy of insiiranc coiiMiit of the olfice. niiiii.sirators respectiv( lives res|iectively proc ff'or further details, Insurances are geiiei • iiiffclcpracterislics of t charL'e fur insuring pro ! anil Ihe iliird As. tW. 'I |i"lii;v, and 3,y. per cent We siilijoin a copy o A.'.', in the same, valiiei ; ' II Ihe same. The latt " Received, for t.'ie in ul'ilie/iroiierlvundern ' il. Irom -Xiiias 1833, t I'-lll. J'Mliry i'liiniuin ;Du'.y 6.^ ^ViiijREAsA.B. Esq. of ci'iyufthe Sun Fire Olf "I'lie ilie sum of,. ,e pni b'lisliillMigs yearly on tl 'iHin less or damage by t p'lnids; household boo. poiimls, ' Now KNOW VE, That prf;iiiseiol,e,,ai,|,thes «r.i.sleesnraclinff membe »i"fK and fund of Ihe sal, ►ilminisiraiurs. i,ndassi" J'"''■^'''''■|'"|g^poneachl I" nil mure than two thou. »" Ibis |i,ili,.y, and of an ." ivliose priiperly s nisieMsnrnclingmembe 11 December, n33. liiriieil and sealed (beine ! ■" '"riiiuf: to an of par '" '"'; presence of •tii.v, ii- ,?;'"'"' ""•''■'=^' Vol.. If H ' iriistees or ni INSURANCE (FIRi::). 85 overs, irrests, coimIi- pcills CilSI! M lll;iry •il, lli:ii Mll- tl.iu •dviTiiiie ROVIDKD iluiw; lie iiliiive- ;t tir liy leirs, ex- iieiimiiil'^, her sliiire ir fiiiiilii- priiptie- (ick. U\i; iciiili (I,, s.) (L. S.) nf a cer- ndiiinnil'y (ii-k loHi- ihi'st'.llie llii'ri; il" ciiilier IT iu*ter, (tc. The nnniiitinns on wiiicli the different offices insnre nre contained \ lluiir proposal.^, wliich atP priiili'd on the back M" every pcilicy ; and it is in niosl instances expressl. conditioned, tlnit lliey ui. Ilcrlake to pay the loss, not exceeding tlie sum insured, " according to tlii ttact tenor of their printed propiisuls. Noiliinp can be recovered from the inaiirera, in the event of loss, nnles^ the party insuring tiad an inliT'st or property in the tiling insnred at the time when the insurance was ctfectcd, and when tho loss h ipix'ned. It often occurs that no dim; office will iiisore to the full aiiioiint reijoired liy an indi- vi iual who has u \iir\ie property ; and in snch a case tlie parly, to cover lii.-f whole inlerest, is obliged to insure at ditferent odicea. Hut, in order to prevent llie frauds that might be practised by insuring till' lull value in various ollices, there is, in the proposals issued by all the companies, an arlicio whicli declares, that persons insuring must yive notice of any ntlnr insurance made elsewln^re upon tin; same houses or goe paid, the said sum of one no'ind ten shillings at llie times and place afori'said ; and the ijriisii'i's nr acting iiiember of the said Society, for ilie f imc being, shall auree to accept tlie same ; the itnck and fund of the said Society shall be subject and liable to pay to tlie said .\. H,, liis execulorj, lilniinisiratiirs. and assii'ns, all such his damage and loss which he. the said .\. II., shall siilFer by fire, bill ixdMiiiiii; upon each head of insurance, the sum or sums above-menliune,!, amounting in the whole III no inure Ihan two thousand pounds, according Io the exa( t tenor of llnlr printed piopnsals. indorsed pn tins iMilicy, and of an act of parliament, on the !>5tli of George the Third, for cliartfiiig a iliily on iins whose properly shall he insured against loss by fire. Is \Vit.n'i;s.s whereof, we (llireo of the iru-icis r.r aciiiig members for the said Society) have hereunto set our hands and seals, the 21tli day Vl'i'Li'iulier, H33. C. I). (L. S.) E. F. (I,. 8.) G. 11. (L. s.) piL'neii and sealed (being stamped ii.oniing to art of parlitfinent) !M till; presence of J. K. 'N. I).— The interest in this policy may be transferred by indorsement, made and entered at the ItTn' , if the iniatees or acting members approve thereof, but not otherwise." Vol. II.— H s \ a 86 INSURANCE (FIRE). (INDORSEMENT ON THE POLICY.) SUN FIRE OFflCE. This office inaurei against Ion or damage by fire, In Great Britain and Ireland, all descriptions of building, including mills and inanu- faclorie^, ;iiid goods, wares, and mtrchandise, in the same ; shim In ''""■" " ■ . . - . ■ nj ' tarljour, or in dnck: craft on navigatde rivers and canals, and the gooJs laden on the same; waeons Invclling the roads, and their contents; and farming stock of a" ' ' terms and coudilions:— ' all descriptions, upon the following Commtm Imnrancts. 1. Ruildin^s covered with states, tiles, or metals, and built nn all lidfs with brick or stune, or separated ty party-walls of brick or •tone, and wbrnin no hazardous trade or manufacture is carried on, or hazardous gor)d9 deposileil. 2. Goods In buildintrn as ;it>ove dencribed, such as boiisetiold goods, plate, jewt Is in private use, aiii>an:l, and printed books; liquors in private use, niercliandise, stock and ulensils in trade, not li;i?ardous, And farinini{ stock. At U. 6d. per cent, per annum, with certain exceptions. Hazardous Inmranets, 1. Buildings of timber or planter, or not wholly separated by par- titinti-wjlls (d*brick or stone, or not covered with Rlales, tiles, or melals, utd thatched barns and out-hou!>es hav>'oilera, stable-keepers, and certain others; or in wnich hazardous roods are deiKisited, as the stwk and utensils in the above trades; and. also, tallow, pitch, tar, tiemp, flax, rosin, and tur^)en- tine; hay, straw, and all manner of foks,and on otliers if a similar deitcriptioii, not mentioned under the 2i\ and 3d heids of insurance, viz. on mills of all kinds, and the flock and ulensiiit in them; also on buildiuKs. containing kiln, steam- engiiie. stove, or oven, used in the prorcs of any mamifacture, and the stitrk therein; sujar refiners, sea biscuit b;.k«'rs, distillers, var- nish ni;\kers, chemists' lalforalories, theatres, coacii painters, colour manufacturers, variiishers, musical infttrument mal, -rs, refiners of aalfpelre. s|)ermaceti, wax, and oil, liarge and boat I lilders, carpen- ters, cibinel makers coach makers, coojiers. cork burners, floor cloth painters, jananner, iampbluck makers, letter-press pi inters, machine makt'rs,niellcrs ol tallow and of rou^h fat, candle makers, cart grease makers, ro|>e and sat! niakers,shtpchandlers, hemp an I tlax dressers, oi) leatlur dresacr*, medals, curiosities, pictures, prints, drawings, ■tatuary work, spinners of cotton, flax, lint and wool, throngliout all the operations attending the manufacturing of these materials, from the raw stale into thread for the weaver, and such other risks ,..., by reason of tiie nature of the trade^ the narrowness of the situation, or otliL'r lanfE'Tous circumstances, may increase the luzard thereof: all which special hazards must be inserted in the policy, to render the •ame valid and in force. N. B,— Gunpowder, and buildings in which it is made, cannot be insured on any terms; neither dues tliis office Insure writings of any kind, books of accounts, ready money, bonds, bills, or any other iiecuriti<.*s for money. N. B.— f^y an act of the 55th of Geo. 3. a duty of 3s. per annum is to be levied on every 100/. of property insured af^inst tire. N. B. — Persons may insure for more years than one, and in such cases there will be a discount allowed of 5 per cent, per annum, compound interest, on the premium and duty for ever^ 7ear eieeot the first, '^ Conditions. Art. !.— Any person desirous of ett'ecltng insurances upon buililinn or goods must furnish the office, or its agents, with a liarticuii, descnpliou thereof, and of the process of manufacture carriej L therein ; and if there be any omission or misrepresentation in descr L iuK the building or pxxJs, or process of manufacture, whereU th. B-me may be charged at a dilVerent rale of premium Itian they oiUr wise would he, this office will not be responsitde in case of any j.-m or damage. And if any alteration be made in the stale of the Im' in?s or goods, or process of manufacture, after such insurance s]ix'< have been etlectetl, then the insured shall give due notice thereof in writing, to the office or its agents, or in default of such notice .ut, insurance sliall become void, and no ben'fil be derived therefrnnj Art. II.— All policies shall be signed and sealed by three or iio, ( trustees or actio? membem ; and no receipts are to be taken for a;,? premiums of insurance, but such as are printed and issued fmini office, and wilnes^ed by one of its clerks or agents. ' Art. III.— Houses, buildings, and gooils in trust, and merrlnn'],,* on commission (except as aforesaid), may be in-^ured, providej "t same are declared in the policy to I* in trust or on commiision Lu ^ not otherwise. ; Art, IV.— On bespeaking polici's, all persons shall pay the an mium to the next quarter day, and from thence for one year mffrji least, or shall make a itoposit for the same, and shall, as lonp as ■►, managers agrr-e to accept the same, make all future paymenli lonij. ally at the said office, within tifleen days after the day limiittJ ', their res^>ective policies, upon fijrfei'ure of the benefit thereof. Art. \ — Any number of houses and out houses, and luiuseboj gmids, print&I Uwks, wearing apparel, plate, prints, jewels ,,2 l trinkets in private use, stock in trade, goods in trust, or on comai* ' Mon, may be insureil in one policy. Art. VI.— I'ersoiis insured by this office shall receive no h^n.*. from their policies, if the same houses, or goods, iic are insurr-J,, any other office, unless such insurance, and the amount thereof r- first specified and allowed by indorsement on the policy, inwhti case this office will pay its rateable proportion on any loss or tbna:- Art. VII.— When any person dies, the policy and inlenrst ihfrfij shall continue to the heir, executor, or administrator, respeciivfi? to whom the right of the property insured stiall beloug prtucri before any iieu payment be made, such heir, executor, or aliiul. trator, do procure his or her rittht to be indorsed on the policy irh said office, or the premium to be paid in the name of the saij htf j executor, or administrator. Art. VIII.— Persons ch.anging their habitations or warehoimejnm preserve the benefit of their p()licits, if the nalure and circnmsUic! of such policv be not altered ; but such insurance will be of i;'i i>,.. till such removal or alteration is allowed at tl» office, byiu'^oiw men! on the policy. ' Art. ]\'.— No los^ or damage will be paid on fire happenin^h any invasion, foreign enemy, civil commolion, or any niiljurr:! usurped power whatever. An. X.— Persons insured sustaining any loss or damage hy firei-i forthwith to give notice thereof at the office ; and, as soon as p(«i[( afterwards, deliver in as particular an account of their l(*a or danu, as the nature of the case will admit of, and make proof of tfie «« by their oath or affirmation, according to the foini practis(;.| in-i iiiterestftd in such lo-'s, importing that they are well acqiiai the character and circumstances of the person or persons insurfi claiming; and do know, or verily behave, that he. sh*- or 'V really, and ljy misfortune, without any fraud or evil practif hin sustained by sncli fire the loss or damaije, as his, her, nr (htir K' the value therein mentionetl. And. till the affidavit and certi&n of such the insured's loss shall be made and produced, the Irssn. mi shall not be payable. And, if there appear any fraud or false i«a' iug, or that the fire shall have happened by' the pmcuremw f wilful act, n cans, or contrivance of the insured orclaim.int^ hci'i or they shall be excluded from all benefit frr>m their puiiciei 't in case any difference shall arise between the office and the tavA- touching any loss or damage, such ditTerence shall be suLiimv'^ the judgment and determination of arbitrators indifferenllvc^ar" whose award in writinsr shall be conclusive and binding on all bv^A N. H.— In every case of loss the Cimipany reserves the rUiif re-instatement in preference to the payment of claims, if iiilia;! judge the former course to be more expedient; but whenanr* is settled and adjusted, Ilje insureil will receivr tjimediaie paiatu for the saaie, without any deduction or discount; and will ^-iU •i:iMe to any covenants or calls for contribr'ion to make gooi l-sn **• To encourage the removal of goods, m case of tiie, ihiinj^ V '! allow the reasonable charges attending the same, ami niikerT^ i the Mifl'erer's loss, whether destroyed, loat, or damaetd, Lv tw removal. RemarJa.—'Vhe premr supposition that3-4ths of in for insurani'e. If onl will bt* l-3d more j if nn and 10 on Uuildmgs, i insured for any sum or tun chitifry and slock may !« The introduction or stm will adil to cnues I. and II. 6resent amo he exiiMided without from the causalties t( best consequences in from being maieriall> During last session thence arising is imni inastHHch as there ia other description of s see ilrepe:iled, but tr felt as a burden; wti Amouiit of Duty on : Insurance of Mills, ^c. — Wp stibjoin for the information of stich of onr roaders as may he intereslei in the insurance of mills, the following statements, put forth by the Leeds and Yorksiiire Assuranti Company. CLASSIFICATION OF MILLS. Claw T.—Ftre Proo/. Mills built entirely of stone or I'rick: the floors hid upon stone or brick arches, resting upon stone, brick, or iron pillars, and consistinR of stone tl.aes, tiles, cement, or plas'er; Uie frame-work of the windoiva and roof of iron, the roof cowred witii slates, tiles, or metal; the staircase dctacied, constructed of •olid masoiir}' or brick-work, wit hint any mixture of wood or timher, and having no coiimiuniction with the mill but at (he several tand- iurt; the openings for Lpright shaffi or »naer!s the same as (^l.is* i. except that the floors do not rtnt upon itonf rir brick arches, but comiat of alone flags laic npon iron beams and joisfo. Class III.— Mills constnic'ed as Classft I, and 11. but having the stone floors ri'.tin? upon timber licamsanfl joi!iIs,and the frame-work of tho windows and luoC of wood. Class IV.~Mill3 built of stone or brick, and having owam of the upiK-r floors constructetl of stone flags laid u|ion imn nr-n beams, on which fliH>rs the dangerous processes are carrid i^Oji htaircase of stone, and detached. Class V.~Millfl constructeiJ of stone or brick; havinetheftM except the ground floor, of wfxxl, plankeii and jointtd with imr^ staircase ol stone, bein^ detached or on the outside. Cl.iss Vt.— Mills constructed of stone or brick; hiviiie i^pftvvv except the ground floor, of wood; the staircase ui i.h',m\ u^ detached or on Mih outside. I Claw VII,— Mills constructed of stone or brick: liavip^ititiM and floors of wood ; the stairs being open to the building ' N, h.— In all the clastes it is understood that the mill ims^ adjoin ajij otherniill or »-ifr. hatardoua buildini?; thaMhttaH is by steam, and ibat the hnilcrs and firing places are id i*^' > building, uot endangering the mill. Amount of Duly on Fii Offices. Ralh Sun Briildl . . I Bri-iol (Crnwn) Bnilnl (irrjinti) E'Kl Ecojiniiiic tsfei and Suin.lk Hn-lforct»a.i,l,rid(fe, *c Mil hciii I^KIi and Voiiihire ." Mancti«ter Newcastle upniiTyiie' New Norwich rjjuiuble . y jear eieept apOD butldinp 1 a parliculir ire carrieJ od lion in ile>cnl- >, wheretijr thi lian lliey oil.er- ,,._. ^se n( any If« jf'J':^ ,leof IheluiM. ..< insurance Ml ' itice lhereo(,iB ;> ,ch nolice, sit^ ^ ;rt therefrom. T 7 three or iiioi« I \ s laktn for inj f tHued (rotii lU >' md merr^nndiie fT :»1, provided iht ^ coutniiuion, bu I u ^\\ p3jr (he pr^ S:^* me yt-ar nicre « ," I, as loiif; as ;hi ' ! payments annii. e (lay Imiitcil ti i-fit thereof. I, and houwbolj ints, jewels itj j t, or on coniouv !ceivr. no hmh ic arc insurHii noHiit lhereot.li» policy, in whi^ ny loss or danu." d interwl ihfrti ator, resptclivfiT, belouR. prouiid, cutor, or a-lniu* n the policpiii e of the said heir, >r warehotiwi ni)) ; and circumsUn ivill be of lif^fofj oRice, by imlorK. fire happtnini^ or any iniliunx damage by firevi , as soon as p(«it t Iheirlou ct Inrt! carried i I; bavinelhfikw Enttd withircQ:'^ le. t; havin«iUft-"V |iu>e of sloiif. ii^ Ik: baviii?lheai Ibuildinc- It the mill ■i^; thai {htl'-'i T-3 arc in » "*; INSURANCE (FIRE). Scale of Preiiiiunis. 87 FUi Milli. Build Ids /,. I. CImI' s II. 7 III. 9 IV. 12 V. 14 VI 17 VII. 1 Machi- nery and ijlock. d. L. t. 10 12 14 15 17 19 1 2 Cotton Milli. Build- ing. r~ I. d. s 7 9 II 13 IS n 18 Maohi. nnry ind Sinck. L. ». 9 II 12 14 15 17 1 Woollen Milli. Corn Milli. Huild- ing. Machi- nery and Slock. Macl.i- i,„;ij neryand "';''''■ Slock. I '"*• L. I. d. L. I. d. L. I. d.\L. I. d. 050080 03 0060 0700 10 0040070 0900 12 0090080 on 00 13 070090 12 00 14 0800 10 14 00 16 090 110 16 18 10 12 ntmarla —The premhimi affixed in the above acale are on the .upwsiticm thal3«hi oHhe value of the buU.l^^ig or nock are ?iveii ny'is nr other public engine itatinns, or have not eiu;infa belonging to tttrin. reported in good order, and properly served, tliere UiUit b« added In clasiiea I. and II. ed, pT«niuin. I V. and VI. t>. 6>f. pri'mium, MI. itid IV. If. |]rt-lnium. | VII. . 2s. jireniiuni. In corn niilU, the itorking of every adililional pair of &touct beyond 4, will add 6d. to Ihe above prtmiunts. A kiln adjoining and conimunicatirig fur the drying of oats or other grain, will add 2». to the .^bove premiums. Wind corn niills, buili of brick or stone, and having Ihe roof of wood, will come under Class Vll. in' for iusunnce. If only half Ihe value is liven in, the preuitum „i|| bi l-3d more : if only I 4lh, the pr. miuni will be S-3il« more ; and 10 on Duildings, machinery, and slock, may however be iniured for any simi or sunn, subject lo the average clause j or ma- ihinrry and slock m.iy l« insured by rooiiffl. The introduction of stoves or Srcs, for beating, in lieu of sleam, " Land II. Bd. premium. I V. and VI. It. 6d. promiom. 111. and IV. If premium. I Vll. - • 2f premium. Wtieii niitiB are oiore than 2 mites distant from any of Ihe conipa- Jlmaunt of Property insured.— Duty.— lumrance against fire, tliniigh practised in France. Hnllnnd, and siiiiie "*''^'' cou'ifies, is not Ke><«ral any where except in Great Britain. It has lieen kiinwii anion|!st us for a century and a lialf, and is now very widely e.vtended. It appears from the official accoiiiils, tliat the grnss duly received on policies of insurance against fire in the United Kingdnni, in 1832, niiumiited to 8.'i6,09(><. ; wliicli. as the duty is 3s. per cent., shows that the property insured was valued at the immense sum of 557,397,533/. ; But nolwiihstnnding the magnitude of this sum, it ia still true that most hiiildings are not insured up to their full value ; even in towns, many are not in- Biired at all ; and in the country it is far from being cnstmiiary to insure farm buildings or barn-yards. It is difficult to imagine that this can be owing to any thing other tlian the exorbitance of tlie duty. On coiniiion risks the duly is no less than 200 per cent, upon the premium ; or, in other words, if a person pay lo an insurance office 15a. for insuring 1,000/. worth of property, he must at the same time pay a duly of 30*. to government! On hazardous and doubly hazardous risks, the duty varies from about 120 to 75 and 80 per cent, upon Ihe premium. .Such a duty is in the last degree oppressive and impolitic. There cannot, in fact, lie the slightest doubt that, were it reduced, iis it ought lo be, to «n« third its present amount, the business of insurance would be very much extended ; and as it could not be extended without an increase of security, and witliout lessening the injurious coiiseiiuenccs arising from the causalties to which properly is e.vposed, the reduction of the duly would be productive of the best consequences in a public point of view; while the increase of business would prevent Die revenue friim being iiiaierially diminished. During last session (1833), the duty on the insurance of fanning stock was repealed. But the relief thence arising is immaterial ; and the increase is, besides, highly objectionable in point of principle, innsiHHch as there is no ground whatever for exempting farining stock from duty in preference to any other description of slock. A duty on insurance is not, in itself, objectionable. We do not wish to see it reiie;iled, but to have il efrecttially reduced. Were it fixed at Is. per cent., it would hardly bt felt as a burden ; while the revenue would sulfer little or nothing from the measure. Amount of Duty on Fire Insurances paid by the ditferent London Offices, during each of the Ten Years ending with 1835. 0£ce&. 1826- I8n. IS23- IS29. 1930. 1831. L. 1832. L. 1833. . 1834. 1835. L. L. L. /_ L. L. L. L. Alliance I6,3i» 17,746 19,095 19,466 20,173 20,715 20,147 20,428 21,034 22,602 Atlas - - - - t9,2H 20,898 19,522 20,199 2(1,700 20,783 21,010 21,288 21,398 22,1)98 British . - - • 15,274 15,464 ir,.2i)3 I5,',234 27,154 . 27,020 27,379 LfiHtlon 7,411 ■ 7.077 7,-2«2 7,4H3 8,019 7.053 8,125 8,477 9,4S)0 10,173 Palladium • 3,SilO , 4,721 5,Oi8 5,378 1,377 ' ^conlin. Pho'.nijc 59,991 60.482 62,1-39 63,649 68,875 , 69,390 75,076 73,368 72,821 73,157 Protecloi 24,752 ?-...V3 46,446 54,287 66.081 69,789 59,182 67,858 56,676 54,368 Rovtl Exchange • 4-.M1C lii,0J4 49,416 49,78S 51,891 64,586 64,824 65,716 63,26« 67,973 Sun ■ - • • 107,172 111.521 114,205 118,856 120,619 124,0 JO 124,127 124,681 127,470 129,112 I'riion - - - - I5,66;5 15,705 16,412 I6,2»5 15,714 l5,SI!t 16,315 16,133 16,370 17,334 Westminster I4,M4 14,159 14,264 19^461 14,777 13,116 15,111 15,126 13,531 16,312 Albion - - - - ToUi - - - I3|053 12,869 492,941 discontin. 5a2.303 479,096 513,868 629,411 { 634,423 550,362 554,988 549,686 630,394 Amodiit of Duly on Fire Insurance, paid by the ditferent Country Offices in England, during each of thi Eight Years ending with 1835. 1 Offices. 1828. 1829. 1830. 1831. 1832. 1833. 1834. 1833. M L. L. L. /.. /,. L. L. /.. 'tW Balh Sun . ■ • - ■ 1.(120 1,628 1.353 1,542 1,592 1,367 1,563 1,563 Jv Rerlii, Gloucester, lie. (ilitcon-) 2 395 2,477 2,604 614 'M RirniJRgham ..... 6,126 6,186 6.593 7,016 7,049 7,004 7,042 7,070 ^ Bristol ...... 3,836 3,903 3,9-,3 3,977 3,731 3,722 3,633 3,644 5 Bri-.nl (Crown) .... 1,944 1,882 1,919 1,866 1,862 1,772 1,853 1,751 •cA Rntlol (Union) .... 2,490 2,488 2,360 2,581 2,567 2,5(>6 2,552 2,460 :Ml Ki-iex Econnniic .... 2,8.32 2,925 3,136 3,163 3,061 2,821 2,595 2,656 W Hs'ex and SulPilk 6,279 6,444 6,407 6,490 6,504 5,753 5,356 6,437 'Tf HtTifordH'anibridge, fcc. {dixon.) - 4,671 4,866 5,429 3,383 ?* Hiiiii, SuRsex, and Dorset 2,610 2,6*9 2,792 2,833 2,687 2,593 2.598 2,634 '^fi Kent 9,035 9,279 10,726 10,662 10,650 9,978 10,290 10,442 .im Leeiii and Yoikshire - . • . 6,377 6,728 6.977 7,ft24 8,068 8,458 8,966 9,517 ^JW Manchester ..... 16,178 16,703 16,787 17,330 17,532 17,726 18,318 18,654 M Newcastle upon Tyne ... 4,755 4,948 6,093 6,229 6,126 •2,093 6,109 6,166 1 New Norwich F4)uiUble 1,094 1,330 1,430 1,293 1,294 1,374 i — • Fo r two quar lert 0DI7. \ 8 88 INSURANCE (LIFE). Table — continued. Officei. 1828. 1829. 1830. IH3I. |!-32 1833. 1834. 1635. /,. I. /.. /. A. L. /,. Norwich RqijiUbIg .... 3,428 3,491 2.316 2,N38 3,020 diiroutinued . Norwich Lnion - . , - 61,946 61,186 62,38. 68,3.6 66,889 61,3^-, 6ft.K26 61.863 KmiIiii? ..... II.' 108 131 IM l'.2 196 202 2117 Sihtiiandcr ..... 4,640 4,8IO 4.9,17 S,307 5,321 o,IO> 5,021 4.97 ■> S.llnn ..... Shrrtiflil ..... 2,61b 2,U:>7 2Kno 2,>.|l 2,H-H 2,737 2,612 2,731 1,746 l,hOI 1,922 2,0lir-. 2,1167 1,952 2,056 2,144 Shid.N (North »nJ South) - 706 '713 in 719 7.17 764 758 729 Sull'ilk (K.1SII 6,'>,10 6,639 i.im 0,277 6,213 5,446 6,117 5,221 1 .Sirflolk |W«I) .... 5,98^ VMO 6,312 6.961 6,9 ■>6 6,199 5,781 5.868 Wi»l of Knglanit .... 22.,-.3l 2:<,8-i!' 2-., 123 2^.6s.l 26.601 2;44'. 27,128 27,TJ3 Yorkshire - . • 2,!H- 3,231 3,9J6 4,734 5,461 6,168 6,9»2 6,741 1 Total 1 1-3,389 186,763 194,043 201,761 198,207 I84,097_ 185,686 190,199 Till! II()|i(>, F.tielii, Alliinn, Iloiinon, Britisli f;nimii('r(i!il, PiiltiKlliiiii, Siirri!)', Himsox, nnil Snuthwiirk, DriKliliiii, Old lliilli, (iloiiccstersliire, (.'iiiiliirhiiry, llijrks, (iloiiiistiT apid I'ripvinciiil, llurlt'i>ril, (,'iini- I rl(l!;i-, ,-111(1 (JdiiMlry, and olliurg, (in ull 22 otiices, chletly tlmsu luiely i.'8tabllrilivil,) Imvu dlacuntiiiiit'd their lire iii8iirujicc liusint'ss. IV. Insiranct: (l.irK). Tlmt piirt of the ImsliieHS nf jifn insurance whitli ciiiitiisls nf (jrantinc .inniiilics upon livfis, is treated of iiridiT I.NTKiiKST AND ANN1ITIK..S J SO tli.'it We liiivu only to treat, in Mils |)lace, of the iiiHurutice of Slims |iiiyalde at the death of ihe insurers or their noniinees. Siiji|ii.se an iijdividiial of a L'ivon aye wishes to insure 100/. payalile at his death, the sinifle preniiiim, or the serli'8 of annual |ireiiiliiiiis, he oiiL'hl to |iay an olhci- liir sin h insiir.iiii e. iiiii.'il plainly ileiiejid foi tin: e.\p ttalion of life of such individual, and on the rale of interest or netl profit w hie h the iiiKiirera iiiiiy make hy invesiinEthe preiiiliiins. Willi respect to tin' first of these conditions, or the rrprrlntion of lifi; it Is usual in eHtiniiitin^ it to have recourse lo Tiilnes framed frinn llii! iiiortalily observed to l;ilenerally speakiiiL', enLMU'ed In those nianiial ami laliorloiis occupations that are esteemed most injurious to heallli. lint, on the oilier hand, llii' frlemli of parlies whose lives are supposed lo he bad, and the parties thernsidves, are most iinxions liny kIioiiIiI be insured. It is also far from beiniraii iinconnnon practice, for certain Individuals lo prev.iil on iiirsoiis whom ihey happen lo know, or believe to be bad lives to insure ; and then lo get a lej;:il assitiiiiiiert of the policy In their favour, on their L'iviiiir the " men of siruw" a bonus for their slnire ill the fiaiid. At all events, there can be no (|iieslioa that larjie numbers of such lives are perpelii.ijly ollerid for insurance ; and every individual conversant with the business knows that, in despite i/f all prei .lilt ions, policies are very frei|uenlly elfectedupon them. Mr. Milne, on whose jiidunieni every reliance may hi.' placed, states illstinctly that "all the caution and seleclion which the otiices in sein'- ral can e.verciso. Is necessary to keep the lives Insured up to Ihe iiveraL'c goodness of Ihe hulk of iIib popiil.ilion."— (A."«fv Bril. new ed. art. JInviiitie.t.) .Since the competition amoiii; the dilfereiit oltiics liicame so very keen as it has been of late years, there are but few lives so bad that they wi'l nm In: taken by one ollice or aiiolher; and we doubt, were the resiills of their (ixpcrience made piihlic, wjieilier it would bo found that there is much foundation for the opinion as to the superiority of Jisiircil lives. With respect to the second condition in vnluine an insurance, or the rate at which the interest of ininiey may be esliiiiated, it is impossible to arrive at any thing like accurate conclusions. At an avc- r ijie, perhaps, tr:insacli ms in life insurance may e.>;tend over a period of ;i() years from the lime whin tliey are eiilered into; and in such a lensjthened term the greatest changes may take place in the rule of prof t and the rate of interest. Mr. Finlaison. of the National Uebt Ollice, appears lo Ihink lliat4} per cent, may be taken as Ihe true average rat« in this coiiniry ; and that 4i is n rate at which no Inss peed be apprehended.— (Pur/. Paper, No. 2S1. Sess. \**2'l) Hilt this is nut a point on which las Mr. I'inlaison seems to suppose) previous e.xperience can be safely depended upon in forming cngageininis for ihe fiiinre; and were this the proper place for entering upon such discussions, wo Ihink vverdiilil assign piniy solid grounds for concluding that no institution, intended to last fur the next half cin- liiry, would be warranted in reckoning upon realising more than H per cent, upon its investments. We sh'iiilil look upon this as the iiiaxiiiiiim, and of course could exgiect nothing but ruin to fall upon ,iiiy instlliilion founded upon Ihe hypothesis of realising -Ij- per cent, of interest. At the same time, ive would not be understood as laying any undue stress upon tliis opinion ; and are ready to uijnill thai lliere must always be more of conjecture than of certainty in such conclusions. .Seiiirily being the principal object to be aimed at by every insurance olfice established on sound principles, they would not act wisely, if they did not calculate their premiums considerably hicher tliae may appear necessary to those who look only at what has taken place during the last ;i(l or 40 years. Societies contracting prospective engagements that may extend for half a century or iiiiin\ are exposed to innumerable unforeseen contingencies ; and they would be highly censurable, anil altii- getlier unworthy of the public confidence, were they so to conduct their atlairs, that Ihey might lie ii.il'le to serious embarrassments from Hiictiiation in the rate of inlerest.or an increase of sickness, or any other cause. The success that has hitherto attended the Eiiuitable, and some of the lonir-es- tablish d olliccs, must not he taken as any criterion of what may befall them and olhcrsdiiring the iieM 100 years, Mr, Morgan, Ihe late able actuary of the Equitable, in hisacconntoi the rise and pniiiri'sj of that inslitiilion, published in 1828, has satisfactorily shown that its peculiar prosperity has been in a very great degree owing to circumstances which cannot possibly occur again. The premimii, I'nr example, charged hy the Society, so bate as 1771, for insuring 100/. on the life of a person aged "0,\v!is 4/. \s.')lU.. whereas it is now only 2/, 13s. Ad. ; and there was a corresponding ditl'erence in the jireiiii- tuns for Ihe other ages, — (p. 30.) But Ihe excessive mamiiliide of Ihe premiums was not the only evlraordiiiary source of profit enjoyed by this Society in the earlier part of its career. We learn rrnm the same iiiii|nestionable authorily, that lidif the iiifuraiice.'' wuitc diiriiirr the firat Iwentij-Jive venrsof the Siirielii'.^ erisleiice were nimmli'iied by the insitrrm, in many cases, after the premiums upon tliein h;iil been paid for a considerable number of years, irilhimt iinij cnliiable citiixiiteratiiin beinrr f;iren f.irlhm bii llif Srr.ii.ii) ! — (p. 38.) So copious a source of profii was alone adeiiuate lo enrich any society; l"il siiih iniiigs rarely occur now,— people are become loo familiar wilh life insurance, anil sales ef luili- rles are of loo freijuent occurrence, to allow any otiice to realise any thing considerable in this way. Now, v,e ask, can any one who takes these facts into view, and coiiplus th.in with the frugal and cniittniis manasR 118 success 1 and scope of the socit of ihcKe con,'; INSURANCE (LIFE). 80 pst of II IIVI'- WIIIMI rule Ui;it4i nil Inss ,iis Mi. ■IllrllU I'priMllil ' Oi'Il- ,. \V(! Ill any M', wc lulniil sound liiaher I c.r id innn', inil allii- iiialil be iiii'ss.or l(llll!-P?- tlic next |irci:;r('s» I hiH'ii in ill in, <»' 1 X(), \m ; pri'ini- l|,|. niily aril I'riiiii Vt'ltl'H ''.f hciii Iwii f„r Ihcn iflv; l"ii rf p'lli- liH «»)■• ll";!! M rmitioiis management which hns hitherto always iHitrnKiiinheil the Equitable Society, he aurprised at 1(8 8iicrcH8 f unil mil any tliinK be more iibHiiril than to it|i|ivitl tn its oxpvrii'ncc In rnstinff llii! Iinrci- Btope large fund, should object to new entrants participating in this advantage, lint the affairs of a society conducted in Ibis way, or making distinctions in the rights of the members during a long series of years, could hardly fail of becoming at last exceedingly complicated • I'or is it, indeed, at all improbable that the cniiflirting claims of Ihe parties in some of the societies of this sort now in existence, may ultimately have to be adjusted in the courts of law, or by an act of the legi.slalurc. Supposing the premiums demanded by the societies which retain the whole profits to themselves, to he fairly proportioned to the values insured, we should be inclined to think that they are, on the whole, the most advisible to insure in. The subscribed capital of such associations as the Royal Exchange, Sun, Globe, Scottish Union, See, anil the wealth of the partners (which is all liable, except in the case of the chartered companies, to the claims of the insured), nfTord unquestionable security. Individuals dealing with them know exactly what they are about. They know the precise premiiimB they will have to pay, and the exact amount of the sums that will be paid to their assignees in the event of their death. They incur no responsibility of any kind whatever. For, unless some very unprece- dented and unlooked-for change should take place in the condition of the country, they may reckon with certainty on the terms of the policy being fulfilled to the letter. But. as already observed, every thing depends, in matters of this sort, on a comparison of the pre- mium with the advantages to be realised. And where the premiums are believed, either through carelessness, or intentionally, in order to provide for the safety of the establishment, to be a little too high, it may be more expedient, perhaps, to deal with a mixed company. The subscribed capital and fortunes of the proprietary body afford a guarantee on which the public may depend in dealing with any rejpccfaft/e company of this sort; while, by receiving a share of the profits, the insured pain by the flourishing condition of the association, and it is of less consequence to them though the pre- miums should be too high. It should, however, be borne in mind, that an individual insuring with a mixed company, on condi- tion of his getting a proportion of the profits, becomes a partner nf such eompavij ; and being so, in- curs responsibilities. In dealing with such associations as the Alliance, the Rock, and a few others, this responsibility can hardly be said to .iinount to any thing. But there are companies of this class in the field, and holding out very tempting baits to the unwary, those insured in which may find, at some future period, that this responsibility is by no means a light matter. A highly respectable company of this mi.xed class, with a large subscribed capital,— Ihe Guardian, —inserts in all its policies the following condition, viz.— "That the responsibility of the individual members shall, in all cases, be limited to their respective shares." It may he doubted whether this condition be good in law ; but if it be, it materially affects the security afforded by the Company, which otherwise would justly claim a place in the very first class of otHces. As no one attempts to secure himself against a contingency which he is satisfied cannot happen, the existence of a condition of this sort implies a doubt, on the part of the proprietary body, of the perfect solidity of the esta- iilishment. Such a doubt may be, and we believe really is, very ill-founded; but the public will, most likely, be inclined to think that the proprietors ought to know better than any one else. The Albion Fire and Life Insurance Company also inserts in its policies a condition to the same etlect. h2 12 00 INSURANCE (FIRE). The allotment of profit to the iniiired mad*! by the mixed rompantr^, in unmptimfls pfTfctcd by a dt. minutiitn of the prtMiiiunifl, and n(»nii'tinif.H by incrrnMinK tht; iiuni in Ihf pnltcy; and iiidividnaU Hhnuld, in dimlint; with fltich HoriiUtHH, Ht'ltfcl, oihor thtntca beintf (M|iial, (lit< nHHocialion with wlitch to InMurc, armrdinK ati they wish to liiHurf! a lurK'T NUin, or to gv.i \)w prt'iniiinifi r*!diirfd. Wp Hiibjoiii, frinn Mr Halibu^c'H work on /.ife Jln.Hur,iHfe,* Ui*; fnllowiriK Biat«:[nent of lh« l«'frn« of the viirioiM fnlx (tie |>ri(>r)iy nf their iJaitv And iiuinlitirv, mi't if uf ji!liauci;—A\ jw pcrirvli of participulinn of IliP cnmii«ny In lh»« prod A i)f its coiictrrii^, evtry (mlicy Itr the wholf tertii nf Iilr, wtilrti shill h.iVH |ii< I S rntiri- anmiAl |ireniiuiii9. itull, if Uif allim- ancr Iw rrindc in ti il ct>.tr^c, ■« ^Intl lli<'n. arid frnrit t tiir* in tiriift, Uv dtfclirtvt ; ImiI if thn nllti^a .v« tn' in ,i>lititirHi (o llir niiiouiit tiir.'C (U'e, icC'TllniC t:i tlitt priirtly in (hHr niiiiil)«n, ,11 nliitl Iti taihiunl in iniiipte'r llir minilifr In ^,00i>; and that llm inrvMii li'iMini( itinM) pnlit-mHhall IhmccdtrvfAni lit- roimiittrrrd .mt'ntiilnl lo •ksiirud, llul addiiKtii itull a)-.^) he loiitiiiuiily dn' ared Thjiii liniii to | lurh addiiiiini :if fllatl 1>h lti«reartfr made In resprclipf all ijaymrtili innn tlii'lr own Uvea havf tlm option nf dt-rlariii^, at •-■■!iii< thf isiiirititi*, whflhtT ihi y will pirticipitt* in y acinal valuiiion. Jlufluin.— \ Im* iJirrcton have jiowpr to divide such portion of thn prdi'H i|uim|iif'niit;illy, a« may not iiiipru of (lie amiire I. tVmmi— Two third! nf such proli'sM thai I periodleillyltf dechrpil iJj'vii Idf » il! Iji! apportioned tniMucit niiMtrLTi for Ihe'whole term of lift), and uiay be Li|jpli<>d (>i tliu reJuction of 'he future annua' pre- niiuiiis, or the mcruKi; of Ihti nurii »9.'/t(i(fi/>l€ — Thai in case arty prosi>e('tive ao'lilion shall hereafter tHt uiitert-d to tie ma.te to the vliiiiis uikui policies of aMuraoce in this Society, such order shill not t.ike ellt-rt with respect to any poli- cy granted .it'ter the 3lst of Drcemtier, I*orali-d Ihi-Teiu, although the same may not bethereby, expreu- ly rel^nrreil to. ' That in cise any retrospective addition shtll hereafter be ordered to he nude to claims ui«)n iKilicie?* of aiaurance in this Society, such order shtll not take e(!i-ct witli respect to any policy gran'ed after the .list of n<'crmber, Itlltt. un il ttie asKurances existini^ in the Society prior ill numtHT and date, and if of the sime date, prior in the num- ber thTeof, shall lie reluced to 5,000; but when the said retJuction Hiiall have been a^ceriaineJ In manner hert-inafier nientioncd, sucit Colicy shall be within the effect and operation, and entitled lo the enefii of H'jch order, with resjiect to every payment made thereon nuljsefpienl lo nuch ascertained reduction ; so thai if such order shall Iw made to taki-- etllct Ktiterally as to pnymenis made before (he ls( of J.iiuiaiy, IS20, a policy etiected in the year 1817 shall not be within the ell'ect and operation thereof, unless the life assured shall fxistj an I the payments continue to he made, until the assurances exi-.lin< in 'he society prior to the number and date of the policy, as af >resai I, shall bt* reduce! to 5,000 but as soon ai such reduction shall have l>een ascertained, in manner hereinafter mentioneydaw shall be consider>;d as a part of every such orler, and be virtually incorporated therein, although the same may not be thereby expresuly referred to. That an inrpnry be made on the first of April in every year, in order to ascertain Ihe number of assurances made and existing in Ihe Society ; and when it shall have been ascertained by such inquiry that Ihe a^sur^nces existing prior to Ihe lut of January, 1HI7, were, on the 31st of Dereniber, immediately preceding such inquiry, re- duced below the number of .'iiOOl), the actuary do report the same to the court of directors, who shall communicate such report to the quirlerly general court, to be holden in Ihe June fidlowing ; and Ihal as many of such policies as had been made sutnequent to the 3Ist of December, IHlii, and which wert existing in Ihe Sf>cieiv on the 3Itt of Decemlier immediately preceiing such inquir)*, be a'ldcl, accord- ing to the priority in their dates and nuniberB, and if of the same date, according to the priority in Sheir numbers, to those above men- tioned, as sh.>ll be snmcient to C)niplete the number to o,0C0 ; and that the persons holding the policies so added, shall be considered thenceforward as entitled to such additions as stiall be thereafter made in respect of all Ihe payments made subsequent to such ascer' tained reduction, and under the same restrictions, to the same privi- leges of attending at the general courts, and of being eligible to the office of director. That after the vacant numbers in the assurances existing in the Society on the 1st of January, I8t7, shall have been filled up agreea- bly to the foregoing order, the actuary on the 1st of April In every pucceeding year, do ascertain the vacancies which have taken place in the preceding vear in the policies constituting (he 5,000 mention- ed in the 5th resolution, and report the same to the court of directors, iii-ide siil>supieiil lo the 3Ut of Ihe precetling Decemltet', arit), under 1 the same reslridions, to Ihe a.inie pnvilegfi of alieiiding the gem ral I courts, and iH'iiig eligible to the oirire of director. I Provided Umt notlimg hereby ordered shall l»e conitnied to aiillinr- [ ise an ad lilion lo the >um awjrt"! Iry any policy, ui'on which po|(«y the nuiitt'er of pa)iiienla reipiired irt Ikit respect by (he prturnt by- la\vi (if the Sorit ly nhall not have been mi-le, M /y.— 'I'h'iSB t-y laws nM|iiir(i that fi annual paymt'Ots at Ihe lent shall have been mide ttefore .luy addition er of penoun enti- tled lo ad'liiinni is aforesaid. A-'wrcijert/i.— The pmfils derived by (his Cnrqiany are distr .tnite(( amongst thesevenil pertmis c miiecled with (he r-ttablishmenl, ac< cordiiiif lo (he coi](iiigrncy or ceitainly of the cooli 'f(. Life insur- n derive an immi ili itu nem (it by the rediic'lon of the premluios grnerilly taken, with Hie iirnspecl of a bberal atMit(ou(o (heir (Hdicies, or a further reductMn of the premium, in 10 years. fynor'/Kifi.— IVrsoiis assured lor Ihe whole term of life will hq eu'i'led .It the end of every 7 years In pirticipale In the profits ot iha C'Mnpany. affer a di-'luciiiin of surh sum per annum, for Ibe e added to Ihe polices of iIiom: who shall have been 3 years xv sured for 'he wh'le term of lite. Lond'onus shall be short of the actual turplui profits at the time of makinz Ihe same, by the sum of fi.OOO/. at leait, Tliat the bonus so declared shall be divided into 3 equal parts. That one of the said parts shall he added to ;:nd consolidated wrlb the subscription cipi'al stock. (This is the proprietors' fund.) That the remaining 2-3ds be allotted to the policies in Ihe inaonrr described in the deed. That Ihe sum to which any person assured hy the Company may becomeentitledunderany such distribution, shall be paid by the Com. fany without interest, at the lime when the sum assured l)y Ihe po- icy shall become payable, and not Iwfnre, t/ni'on.— Tho«e who assure with (his Company will pirticipi'e with tlie proprietors in the profits of the esiabliahoicnl, '.^hich »ill be added every 7 years to the respective policies. United F.mpirt — t'ersons elledine assurances for the whnle conli- nuance of life, will, at the end of the first 5 years, and (.f every si:f>ie. quent 5 years, be entitled to participate in whatever nett surplus [jrolili it may l>e declared hy the directors expedient to divide. Two-fifths of the aforesaid prohts will be divided amongst the uid assured, in proportion to (he premiums they may respectively have paid) and will, at their option, l)e cither added to the amount of their policies, or applied in reduction of their future premiums. f/7tiwr#ify.— As it is intended that the capital advanced »hall be repaid to the shareholder, -viih a bonus of 100/. per cent., I lOib of the profits, when ascertained by a valuation ofall existing rlski, will every 5 years be applied to form a fund for that purttose. The remaining 9-lOtha of the profits to be divldeil between the * This work o'' Mr. Dabhage contains a f^ood deal of useful information, intermixed, however, with not a few errors and inis-Btatements. It waa most ably reviewed in an article in the 90th Num- ber of the Edinburgh Review, Miljrfrl and the ihan-hohl and I tn (he la(tf>r. I hf proht „r bonus III i nonoj rhe lairof pieoiiti licy, ai (heo|,|,„M nf (hr- p In order to hlni enuttHd, by MiHt. M N"iiwuraiieeib,il| hen htic-orrnrponte. on i|,r | ■ tiy other f v.nt or ,-v«„t, forwh.rt«M. rhrnehi. „i •lull '»« M.ade, i/ifi// /,„„, ,, "'Iff and that every im^tri iiieinmirnf ihii «c(. .hill' p"*ir»hiet,iheassur,ncewasm.i 1 III- p. refill whose life ,<, ..n' war either before the maiAj, anajeni m therou,.lry; i„ ,i,. fine umit be paid w/,n. the asiu "■"""'yeir.is IJr fur e , ry c;^' Is 'year, but -'oes not excee An'l»h,.n,hMermexo-eds7y. I'tJ "( the p, MOM ap|,eaiin<. ^ Airy premium rcmainimr unr^i i'T-'lifedm the policy, srldn. rr^^t'icn; sitisfartory pn.of n ^rsnnonwhosHire ih'e.a,^uraM I'^fnimn. wtlhin 3 calen-'ar mo ^^-nirf |0,.„,«,„ lOO/.assu 'J'3rev;ved,andcontinu..siuf( r^)m/ir,(,Hi 0/ ,^x,ura»frr mar Theasstirancetobevoid, if lb Jfparl beyond IhHimils of Knmi many whole-decked vessel or ,t cne part of Ihe f„i,ed Kine,!,, cl• military orn-ivU 1'^ in,,, consent of Ihe SoriH 'Mhf hands of .iusliee; or sh.ill bnia.le. rnjfoodheallh. ^'■■^^^iiomof Jisntrancemade} The party on whnse behalf the r^J'nlbelifeofiheotKrtnTh I fie assurance to be void, if thp AMuranccson the livosnf person Form of a Propota insijuan(m: {\ave.) •1 Mfiirf'l iml thr iharr holder, In (hi> pm|»nrti(in nf 8 |Mrtt to Itir rum.er in<) I In III'' Inttrr, 'I hi- prnfii .ir Imtiin Iti i|i« ■^mirwl (n (>*• nivm either hy a iliiiilini* Imti <>l Ihf l-ltr of |ir*>iiitiiMi, or by .in iiiirt-AK; of Hit! niiinuiit nf \m lic), A< (tif nphoii nf ttii' |arty. m»fMi Hi^'i -fly A rftuliiion hklnr rflVrt from the flrh nf May, IH -?. 'Iin Sn. I-- > M..iti«'< :i |i' •itm' iMtii -n "I 10 | m tn.i.rvfry n"K vwir tn i|i| ^.Mii« •ii'iiit^l on mmk'Ii* livis, Imt 'I"- rthu;.- term of lifi, liy p liL-int iu«',ri't tll. rUi.il -I.hb. ir'sinr wynna of tho iii^tilu- in Ihtt .K guar- ; 4- )ths, ycAn M- I ti) 'he ,aI wrplui 0{. al leait. . jiarts. Jilted with ml.) he mann" npAny nuy y thf (.'om- hy the |io- pirticipi'e 'Ahich will ihnle conli- verv suli^e- r[ihii (iri'tili L^l (he laid velvhave luiit of their Is. led nhall be 1, 1 iOlhof 5riski,will LeUveen Ihfl III itrih'r to l)iiiitt>r tli» iirowih or KanililiiiK traiiHiu-tioiiH upon lift* hi8urunci.>, it ivaw juiUrioUBly eniittiMl. hy Hint. 14 Hv.n. 'A. v, IH., Hint N'l imuMiii'i* thill hr nii'tc \,y nuy prTtnii nr iierwinii, bfulirt po- hlirnrrtirpDnli*, on IliK life fir liven df any prr*on or pertcni, nn any olhrr rvcnl nr rvunti ivhatM)< vtr, ** heri* ihe pi-rnfin or |M*r"iinii, for whnne u»r nr hi-iielli, nr ' n w h'nlK-iei ■hull lie tin lifV of IiIh drhtor ; liiit It wikh t\vvUUu\, in n r:i which nrnm* oni of II |»oIi( y oil t!n' iiff of tho late Mr. I»ii!» Ilmt if, allrr lln' dr'ilh nf a drlitnr wlitisr lifo is insiirrd t»y a croititorf and Itrfori) liny artion in liroiiglii uu the policy, i lie dciil hv. paid, no action will III'. All innnranrp otficf* pjiher innrrl In their poUri«?« or n-f.-r In Ihwrn to n declnrallon HiiriuMi hy the iii^tirrd, HtMlinif forth hi" :il'(', or the affi; of tin* party upon whom he In niakiiif? an liiHnr;uii i; ; \vlu;- tlicr 111' hiiH or tiiiH noi hinl iliff rtinall-po\, ^oiit. &c, ; '* thai he is in)l alMirtt'd with any (listirdcr that teihU to Iht* Hhorirnini: n( life ;'* tliat thin dfclaration is to he thn h isis of ttiH contract hciwefii tiitii mill llif Hocii'iy ; and tli:it, if there h(! any untrue uvt>rni<>nt in it. all the nioniei* piiiU to ttiii incitily u|Miii act'(Miiit of th(> insnratH-i; Hhall he forfeited to tliein. -(See roriii, post.) Tilt* condition as to the party not heini; nlllicted with any disorder that tends to the shortenint; of Id'*- is vaKiK'. and has uiven rise to a pood ileal of discussion. Mnt it is now Heiihd that this c diidiiion IM -niliiciently roiii|ilied with, if the iiisnrt*d he in a reasonahty ^dimI slate of ht'allh ; and ttinii^h hu iii:iy lie atllicti^d wiih H(Hni! disease, yet, if it can he shown thlu Thi> disi'usf does not i«Mid t** slmneu liie". and was not, in fict, the cause of tin; party's death, the insurer will not he e.\onerated : " Siirh It wjuraiily," says l.ord Mansliehl, **cnn tiever mean, thai a man lias not in him the seeds of sonio (iisiirdi'r. We are alt horn w illi the needs of mortality in ns. The (oily (|iiemion is. whether the in- .^ured was ill a rcttstnuiUltj mxul state of hfttlih, laul siicli a lil'e ris (mtrht lt» iw i' -^nred on common 1»'rins.*' — (St.'e Marshall on lasaratice^ hook ili. ; Park on fmtornnn , c. 2'2.) I iliciMof lifi! iiuuraiice must Im on stamped paptir, the duty Leing \ Whertt it bhall aiuount to -'iOO( r.nd not to l,'"'On/. • . 2/. ,iM li'tws:— viz. I - — l,(X)0/. — 3,()0c^;. . . 3/. — — 3,1)0(1/. — .'..(MHW. • . 4/. Wlicrt- IhR SI. m In tho poliry ahall not amount h>500J, - II. | — — 5.0(}(^/. .ind upwards . . 5/. We sniijoin a stateinetit of the terniH and conditions on which the Hnn Life Assurance and F.qnitn- hlo SiicieiieH transact hnsiness, and a copy of one of the polities of the former upon the life of a perseti aced 30, insnrini.' Ills own life for l,(KI()/. The r*niditions of most of the (tiher sicieties are siiMJlar, anil may he leariieil hy any one, on applying; eitlier at the liead olhces iti lown, or at their iiiieiits* in ihu cotintry. The t>rtiiiimiii8 dtMiianded! hy the principal otfict's art* t'xhihited in tlie annexed T.ihle. owfiver, Sun ti/r— An insuranpe fori tfrm of yein, or for the whole cniitinu:»nce of lil'c, is a contract tn tht- part nf thi? office to continue Hit* as'iiranrrdurintf that term, on the piyment i.f a certain aniinil {jreioiiun, but the ansurt'd mny drop it, whenever the end is answered for wliicti Iheassurnce uas made. Tlu'p. rsfui whose life is pro pose I for assunnce. is required to apl far either bt'forf the imniifen it tlieofVicein London, it l«'l''>re an aiPitl in the country ; in ('efnJt of whirli llie non.apprar;iiice imeiiiiist be paid wneo the nsnuranre is pllected ; which, whin ihe term is I ypir, is lis. fore. cry IWt. assured. When the t.rni rx- en-Is I veir. but 'Vtes not exceed ' ye.\n, it if It*, for every HO/. Aii'l "li.-ii the term exceeds 7 years, the line is I per cent. K> feriiice to be made to 2 persons of repute, to ascertain the iden- tity n| Ihft pinnn ftppeaiintc. Any preiTiiuni reinainiu!: unpaid p-.'ire than 15 days after the lime ilili'ihtfd in the policy, si.ch policy becomes void ; but the defaulter priHliicm? satisfactory proof to the nnntjceri. of the henlth of the ;pn«»ii on whose life the asnirance was made, and payJnf^ the caid lircniiiiin within 3 calen'br months, hitc'tur with the additional sum r-f \0f. u|)on every lOfl/. assured by such iwlicy, then such imli- ly i: revived, and continues in force, CimdttKms of JJssurances matie try Per^oni on t/icir own Lives. 'Ihp assurance to he void, if the person whose life is assured sliall drparl beyond the limits of F.viroi>e ; slialt die u|)on the seas (except in any whide-decked vessel or steim-boat in passinif between any cne part nf the I'nited Kini^dom of (ireat Uritain and Ireland, in- rliiilhn the islmds of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, and Sark, and my other parfthereof; or in passinj between any port of Ihe said I'niltil Kinifiloni, and any j)ort on tlie continent of Kurope between llaintiurich and Rnr'eaux, Uith inclusive) : or shall enter into ur fnfiss in any military or naval Bt;rviee whatsoever, without ttie [in-vinus consent of Ihe Sf>ciety ; or shall die by suicide, duelling, or lilt- hands of iustire ; or shall not he, at the time the assurance hnutile, in ^ood htallh. C'.«it/i(io»ii of Jlsstirance made ly Persons on the Lives ofothert* Thti [larty on whise liehalf the assurance is made, must be inte rr^tej in the life nf Ihe other to the full amount apwured thereon. The assurance to be void, if tlie person whole life is assured shall Jcpart bevond the limits of Kurnpe ; s' all die upon Ihe seas (except ill luiy iv)inie drcki'd vessel or steam-boat in nassinr^ ttelween any cne vart nf the United Kineoom of GreAt Rrtlain and Ireland, in- clu(lin< the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney. and Sark, and any ntlier part thereof; or in passing between any port in t!ie said I'mtei Kinitdom, and any port on the continent or Europe between lliinliiirsh and Hordeaux, both inelusive) ; or shall enter into or en IfJjre in any military or naval service whatsoever, without the pre- iidus consent of Ihe Society; or shall not be, at the time theassur- tDCe is made, in i;om in the pariih of in the couidy of on the day of and now residing at in the county of tiein« dfsimus of makini? an assurance with the managers for tha Sun Life Assurance Society, in the sum of L. upon and for the continuance of my own life, for the term of I)o hereby declare, that my age does not exceed years; that [ have had th^ • that I liave had the jout, asthma, rupture, nor any fit or tits, and tliat I amnotafllicted with any disonler which tends to theshoripninE of life; ami this declaration is to be the liasis of the contract between me .and the Society ; and if any untrue averment is containet) in this declaration, in setting forth my aee, slate of health, prafession, oc- cupation, or circumstances, then all monies which shall have been paid to the said Society, upon account of the assurance so made by me, sliall be forfeited. Dated the day of 18 form of J'kdaratinn to he macfe and signed liy or on hehalf of a Person who proposes to inake an Assurance o» the life of ano//ier. I now resident at in the county of belnpp desirous of assuring with the Sun Life Assurance Society, for the sum of L. for the term of on Ihe life of born ill the parish of in the county of on the day of in the year and now resident at in the poun'vof Do declare, that I have an interest in the life of the said to the full amount 01 the said sum of L, ; that to the best of » Insert small pox or conrpox, as the case may require. s I I IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // O ^ .<.^. Y' m 7// , ^m9 1 /.. r^ 1.0 I.I 11.25 1^ U^ mm m ■1^ ■ 2.2 J^ 13.6 WUM Ui tti u 1 2.0 1.4 11.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716)872-4503 ^ •O^ \ :S 02 INSURANCE (LIFE). )on xcmunt of (he aMuiauct until Um mjr kiiowleil{e «nil tKlief the age of Ihc uid i don nol nceed ynn ; lh»t he hiu had the * that he had the i^uul, avthnia, ni[)ture, nor any tit or hts, and tlial he ia not atflicied with any clisnr'!er lendiiiK Ifi th'irteii hfe ; ami ttiii derlara lion it to be the buit ol thr conlntit between nie and the lald fiiucie- Polirij by the Sun Life Assurance Society for 1 ,000{., on the Life of j1. B., aged Thirty, iMuring kit omm Ltft SUN LIFE ASSrUANCE SOCIETY. n ; and if then be any unlnie avrrment therein, all mnnlea which iliall have been |nid tn the Sociily upon aero " ' ' made in conicquence thereof, ahall be furteited. day of IK . * lutert tnialj'pui or cow-|)ox, aa (he caae niay require. TiiH Policy of AsorRANCE witneshetii, that, wlifireim A. B. Enq. of ■ ■ Sqimre, London, be- ing ileairoim iif makinR an iismiraiinu tipiin his o» n lili>, Tor the wIioIk dtirulion thereof, and having ■iiliHrribed, or caiiflcd In be Biihiirril»!d, nnil ilelivercd iiilo this nftice, a declaration Hettini^ forth hiu ordinary and prvRent Htate of health, wherein it in d<>clared that tlie age of tlie ftaid A- U. did not then exceed 30 year.'* ; and iiavinit paid to the iiianaeerH for the tSiin Life AxHurance i^ociety, at llieir oflice in (.'ornhHI, in the city of London, the siiiii uf twenty-four poundti eleven BhillinK« and eiitht pcnre Rterliiiff, ax a conKidcrntion for the assurance of tlic sum uiidur-inentiuned for ane year, from the twentieth day of Jannary, 18.14. Now KNOW Ai.i. Mkn nv TiiFHF. Prkrf.nt!), that in case the said a!>Httred shall happen to die at any time within the term of one year, as nhovu set forth, the stocic and ftinds of this Society sliall he suh- jt-ct and liable to pay and make good to the executors, administrators, or assiirns, of the said asstired, within three innnths after the demise of the said assured shall have hei^n iltily certified to the ma- nagers aforesaid, at their said oflice, the sum uf one thutisund pounds sterling, of lawful money of tireat liritain. It is hereby agreed, that this policy may continue in force from year to year, until the expiration of the term first above-mentioned, provided that tlie said nsHiircd shall duly pay, or cause to be paid, to the managers, at their said othce, on or before the nineteenth day of October next ensuing, tile sum of tweniy-fotir pounds eleven shillings and eight pence sterling, and the like sum annually, on or he- fore the day aforesaid ; which annual payments shall be accepted, at. every such period, as a full consideration for such assurance. And it is hitreby further agreed, that the assurance hy this policy shall he extended during peace, to the ri2 II 3 15 3 3 17 8 4 6 4 3 3 4 6 6 4 !0 2 4 14 2 4 18 9 6 S 6 6 8 7 6 14 t 6 19 II 6 6 4 6 13 2 7 6 7 7 9 L. I. d. I 15 6 I 16 6 I 17 6 I IH 6 1 19 6 2 6 2 I 6 2 2 6 2 3 6 14 6 2 5 6 2 6 6 2 7 6 2 8 6 2 9 6 2 10 6 2 116 2 12 6 2 14 2 15 6 2 17 2 18 6 3 3 I 6 3 3 3 6 3 7 6 3 10 3 12 6 3 16 6 3 18 6 4 I 6 4 5 4 9 4 12 6 4 16 6 6 .S 4 6 6 8 6 6 13 5 18 6 3 6 8 6 14 Aaylum. Rritith Conimer cial. L. I. d. I 7 9 I 8 6 I 9 3 I 10 I I 10 II I It 9 I 12 7 I 13 6 I 14 6 I 16 6 I 16 6 I 17 6 I IH 6 1 19 8 2 10 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 6 2 6 10 2 7 3 2 8 9 2 10 3 2 II 10 2 13 6 2 16 3 2 17 I 2 19 3 I 3 3 2 3 5 4 3 7 9 3 10 3 3 12 II 3 16 9 3 18 9 4 2 4 6 6 4 9 2 /.. a. d. I 10 I II P I 12 I 13 I 14 1 15 I 16 I 17 I 18 1 19 2 2 I 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 6 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 6 2 110 2 13 6 2 16 2 16 6 2 18 3 3 2 3 4 3 6 3 8 3 10 3 12 3 14 6 3 17 3 19 6 4 6 4 10 13 2 Crown, 4 13 I I 4 15 6 4 n 7 I 5 I 6 2 3' 550 6 7 4 6 9 6 6 12 9 6 13 2 6 18 5 6 18 7001646624 7 14 II TS6l6l0 9l«72 L. $. d. I 15 9 I 16 7 I 17 6 I IS 3 I 19 I 1 19 II 2 10 2 I 9 2 2 9 2 3 9 2 4 10 2 6 10 2 6 11 2 8 I 2 9 2 2 10 4 2 116 2 12 9 2 14 2 IS 4 2 16 9 2 18 2 2 19 to 3 t 2 3 2 10 3 4 7 3 6 6 3 8 4 3 10 6 3 12 8 3 15 3 17 6 4 I 4 2 11 4 6 10 4 8 It Econoinic. Equitable. Eagle. L. I. d. I 10 8 I II 5 I 12 3 I 13 I 13 10 I 14 7 I 16 6 I 16 3 I 17 2 I IS I 1 19 2 2 I 2 2 2 3 I 2 4 3 2 6 6 2 6 8 2 8 2 9 6 2 10 II 2 12 6 2 14 2 2 15 II 2 17 9 2 19 9 3 I 10 3 4 I 3 6 6 3 9 3 II 9 3 14 7 3 17 8 4 11 4 4 4 4 8 4 II II Male. 4 12 4 16 3 I 4 16 4 18 61 6061 4 19 7 6 I II I 6 6 3 I 6 2 10 L. I. d. I 18 7 1 19 8 2 8 2 I 8 2 2 8 3 3 7 2 4 6 2 5 4 2 6 3 2 7 I 2 8 I 2 9 I 2 10 I . II I 2 12 3 2 13 6 2 14 7 2 15 9 2 17 I 2 18 6 2 19 10 3 I 4 3 2 10 3 4 6 3 6 2 3 7 11 3 118 3 13 8 3 IS 9 3 17 II 4 2 4 2 7 4 5 I 4 7 10 4 10 8 4 13 6 4 16 6 6 6 7 6 10 3 6 9 6 S 16 7 6 13 6 6 13 6 18 6 7 4 6 2 4 6 13 9 6 7 2 7 7 6 6 4 S 10 I 5 14 6 IS 2 6 2 8 6 7 4 L. >. if. I 18 9 1 19 7 2 s 2 I 4 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 4 2 2 5 3 2 6 4 2 7 5 2 8 7 3 9 9 2 II 2 12 3 2 13 7 2 IS 2 16 6 2 IS 2 19 9 3 9 iZ 3 12 " 3 15 J 3 17 9 4 t 4 4 4 4 7 11 4 II 8 4 16 9 6 5 4 6 6 9 6 5 14 7 6 3 6 6 4 6 12 9 6 19 9 7 7 2 7 16 I 8 3 6 8 12 7 9 2 4 9 13 Female. . Eumpean L. I. d. I 12 7 I 13 5 I 14 4 I 16 4 I 16 6 I 17 6 I 18 8 1 19 9 2 9 2 I 8 2 2 6 2 3 4 2 3 10 2 4 4 2 4 10 2 6 6 2 6 2 2 7 2 7 10 2 8 10 2 9 10 2 10 II 2 12 2 13 3 2 14 7 2 16 2 17 6 2 19 I 3 9 3 2 6 3 4 4 3 6 3 3 8 4 3 IC 8 3 13 3 15 8 3 18 6 4 I 7 4 4 4 8 7 4 13 4 A. f. d. I 13 7 I 14 5 I 15 4 I 16 2 I 17 I I 18 I I 19 1 19 II 3 10 2 I 10 2 2 9 2 3 9 2 4 10 2 6 10 2 6 II 2 8 I 2 9 3 2 10 6 2 II 10 2 13 2 2 14 7 2 16 2 17 6 3 19 I 3 9 3 2 6 3 4 3 3 6 3 3 8 3 3 10 5 3 12 7 3 15 3 17 6 4 4 2 8 4 6 6 4 8 6 4 II 7 4 16 4 18 7 6 2 6 6 6 8 6 113 6 IS 8 6 7 6 6 8 Guanlian. L. ». d. I 16 2 I 18 2 I 19 2 2 1 2 2 S 2 3 6 3 4 6 2 6 4 2 6 4 2 7 4 2 8 4 2 9 6 2 10 7 2 II 10 2 13 2 14 4 2 15 8 2 17 2 18 « 3 3 I 7 3 3 3 3 S 3 6 9 3 8 8 3 10 ti 3 12 6 3 14 II 3 17 ." 3 19 b I 4 2 4 I 4 5 1! 4 8 4 II 4 14 2 4 17 5 6 II 6 4 8 6 8 7 6 12 10 6 17 4 6 2 2 6 7 2 l.'t.irtn. A^e. Itirr'.iii l..tne. 1 i L. 1. d. 16 i 17 1 17 1 11 1 IS 1 IS r< 1 IS II 20 2 u y 21 2 15 22 2 2 ^1 ; 2 2 7 24 2 3 1 2i 2 3 8 26 2 4 .1 27 2 i 1 2S 2 .1 II 2» 2 6 10 33 2 7 10 31 2 K in 3i 2 n ri M 2 II 1 31 2 12 4 3i 2 13 H ad 2 i.i 1 1 37 ! 2 Id S ! 3S 1 2 H 2 39 2 l» II 40 3 18 . ! 41 3 3 6 1 : *^ 3 A U 1 4t .17 8 ! 1 ** 3 10 f 4i 3 1.' 6 ; 46 3 H 2 4 47 3 14 2 4 4'i 4 15 4 41 4 4 10 4 50 4 8 5 4 SI 4 12 3 { 4 62 4 l« 1 , 4 .53 S 1 S 54 6 4 2 5 ^i S S 4 6 66 5 12 8 5 ■M 5 17 2 6 S« , 6 1 10 6 6!) : 6 6 10 6 60 6 12 2 6 The following o Taw Life, London E.xch!inge, Union, The following ranees on joint I'v Joint /.ires.— A Ta assuring ( A 2 4 5 i ft i 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 10 3 10 t; 3 12 8 3 14 II 17 ." 3 19 b I 2 4 ! 4 5 1! 4 8 4 II 4 14 2 4 17 5 5 II 5 4 8 6 8 7 6 12 10 6 17 4 2 3 7 « Ai«. 1/) 1 I'MI, Hiro'iiii Une. /- 1. n'Inn, l.irr f..r Ml-IlllH-n. /- ». d. N.ir-> ich. P«llc.in. Proni' t»r. I'liitir-I l^iiipirf. /,. .. d t'liivenity. Will or Kiiiel.iri(l, /.. I d. Sci.ti W„l,, Kiiii 1. SoMijll rmnil. /.. 1. d /. J. ,1 /.. .. d. ;.. 1. d /.. 1. ■/. 1 p • 1 II !l 1 II 11 1 7 11 1 M .11 1 16 ^ 1 14 9 1 16 ft 1 11 6 IH 1 17 1 • 1 ft 9 1 1.' 9 1 N 8 1 r. 9 1 17 1 Ift 9 1 17 fl 1 12 5 17 J I-* 1 • 1 IH 9 1 13 6 1 9 ■> 1 IG 9 1 18 8 1 16 8 1 11 6 1 1 6 IS 1 ID 1 17 H 1 M 4 1 III 1 1 17 H 1 19 7 1 17 6 1 19 7 1 II 7 11 1 18 II . 1 H (i 1 1. 3 1 III II 1 11 7 2 7 1 18 6 i 7 111 8 20 2 U 8 1 19 li 1 16 1 II N 1 It li 2 1 ■' 1 VJ 3 2 1 6 1 16 21 2 1 5 2 4 6 2 6 1 lli 10 1 l> 6 2 -. 2 2 2 J 2 5 1 17 9 22 2 2 2 5 6 i 1 3 1 17 7 1 13 5 .• 1 .1 2 3 2 10 2 3 1 1 i.s 10 21 2 2 7 2 6 6 2 2 U 1 IK 4 1 14 1 2 2 1 2 4 2 1 3 2 4 1 w in 24 2 3 1 2 7 2 ' 9 1 19 2 1 !■ ft 2 .) n 2 1 9 2 2 6 2 4 II 2 10 2> 2 3 H 2 8 u 2 3 S 2 1 1 II! ft 2 3 11 2 ft 9 2 3 3 2 ft in 2 1 in 2li 2 4 3 2 9 2 4 H 2 1 3 1 17 6 2 4 11 2 6 8 2 4 2 2 i lU 27 2 i 1 2 in 2 -> H 2 2 7 1 18 H 2 ft II 2 7 7 2 ft 2 7 10 2 3 10 2^ 2 5 11 2 II i n H 2 3 11 1 19 11 2 7 2 8 7 2 6 •i 8 2 4 It 2!l 2 6 10 2 12 « i 7 9 2 ft 2 2 1 2 8 1 2 9 8 2 7 2 in 2 6 1 30 2 7 10 2 13 6 2 8 10 2 6 4 2 2 2 2 9 2 2 10 9 2 8 2 It 2 7 3 31 2 8 in 2 14 6 2 in n 2 7 7 2 3 3 2 in 4 2 II II 2 9 2 12 3 2 8ft 3i 2 9 II 2 m (1 2 II 1 2 K 2 4 ft 2 II li 2 13 n 2 10 3 2 13 6 2 9 9 33 2 II 1 2 17 n 2 12 3 -• 10 3 2 5 8 2 12 9 2 14 3 2 113 2 14 q 2 11 1 31 2 12 4 2 IN 6 2 111 1) I 1 9 2 7 1 2 11 1 J r. 6 2 12 9 2 16 1 2 12 ft :ii 2 13 H 3 2 II 10 2 3 5 2 K 7 2 r> 6 2 16 11 2 13 10 2 n II 2 13 to M 2 15 1 3 1 li 2 Hi 2 J "t 1 2 in 1 2 16 11 2 H 1 2 Ift 3 2 19 n 2 Ift 4 37 2 11) H 3 3 u 2 IT li > lli 10 2 '1 8 2 H 4 2 19 9 2 16 8 3 K 2 lli 11 3M 2 11 2 3 4 b 2 1!) U 2 IS 9 ! 13 6 2 19 II 3 1 4 2 18 3 2 2 11 6 39 2 19 II 3 6 u •A n 6 3 II 6 2 tft 2 3 1 6 3 2 II 2 19 6 3 3 9 3 2 40 3 1 8 3 8 3 2 3 2 8 2 17 3 3 2 3 4 7 3 1 3 3 5 6 3 1 It 41 3 3 6 3 in n 3 3 r, 3 2 2 l« in 3 1 10 3 6 4 3 2 to 3 7 1 3 3 9 42 3 ft S 3 12 3 ft 2 3 7 H 3 8 3 li 8 3 H 3 4 6 3 ft 8 11 70 1 9 10 70 2 11 4 hO ii 7 40 80 1 7 4 80 2 3 3 'iO 10 1 9 11 10 2 19 7 60 10 7 8 6 uo 1 10 20 2 19 6 20 7 8 5 an 1 8 10 30 3 15 4 30 7 5 3 40 1 6 7 40 2 12 10 40 7 4 11 AO 1 4 7 50 2 2 50 6 17 5 no 1 S 8 00 2 6 60 6 4.') 70 1 70 1 16 3 70 5 8 8 bO 10 3 60 1 13 6 60 4 14 4 From the specimens of prenihinis in the two preceding Tahles, the reader will easily judge of the propnrtioiiiil nreiiihinis for nnv conihiiinlion of two a),'e« not inserted in them. Instead 111" ii t'ro-s sniii paya'lile at llie deciMse of A. provided H. he then living, a reversionary nn- nuitv iiri llic n-iiiaitiiler of the life of H. after the decease of A. may he insured by the paynieiil of an anm'iil iirniiiiiin diirini: the joint continuance of the two lives ; which annual preniiuni may be learnt by appliialinn at ihe ottice. Kquilablc Jissuraitce Suciety.—'V\w. following is the Etrlnrnlim trqui'td I ■ U rnnilt and tifiiul in Ihr Hffin, Uy or on the Hr'inlJ nj n Pertun * whu propMi lo nuike an .liiuranct oil his or litfi" oivn Life. brine ilenirnin of iMTf-minca member of the Sociely for Equitable Astumirca oil Livciiait.i Survivoithlps, and iii(enitii;)( (o iiiaRe as iuraiice iii Ihi; miiii uf upon anil for the con>iiitiancc of my own life, anil liavin« peru>ei| anil consiilerel that • clause of tlie deed nf •etileiiieiit "' thesai.l Six^iely «hirh reiiuires a deilaralinn in ivrrin: "f llie a<.-, sliteof heillli, and olher circumstances atteml- in{ the jerinn iiLom' life shall be |irn|iusi. I tn Lf assured, do hereby Hfchri' ml set fir h, Thil my aw dnes not exceed i lli.ll I have hid Ihe small ixix j an I I ave had the xnut ; and rt.at I am not atllicted with ;inv disorder which lends to ihe shorten- ing of life : and I J', heichy ajree Ihat this declaration lie the basis of the cnnlracl lielw. en Ihe sail Society and me. and that if any untrue averineiit is cnntained in this declaration, all monies which shall have bet'ii paid lo the Society uiinn account of the assurance m.aile in cnn5C(|uence thereof, shall h»* foifeiled. Ualed the diyof in the year of<.nr Lnrd form of a Pnipatal lo lie prtMiiled (o a IVaUy Court of Di- reclori. Name and pmfessinn nf the life to be assured. Place and date nf birth. Place of residence. Age. Sum. Bv whom madi Term. lo give referenie lo two I persons of good repute, (one, if pniiible, nftl.e melical prnfrssinn,! In ascertain the present and gcneial it .le nf health of the life to be assuie.1. If had the sniall.| oi. If vaccinated. If alllicle I Milh the gout. If ever ruptured • The Claiiit tohich li rtftrrtd to iii Me /)iiin>n(io?i. That every peiSiin desirous nf making assurance with the Society, shall sign nr execute a declaration in writing tin the presence of one credible nitliess, who shall attest Ihe same.) selling forlti Ihe age, state of health, [inifessinii, occupition, and other circuilistances at tending the liersnn or persons who-e life or lives sh-ill be pniimseil 1 1 beassilrul; which declaration shall be Ihe basis of the contiart betvvei^n the said Socieiy and the (lersnn desiiliig 'o make assuniire ivilhtbenii in which declaration, if any aiiful. f.il»i>. or fnuduleiit representatinns shall he used, and the same shall at anytime liter"- after lie discovered, from thenceforth Ihe sums which shall liave l«en paid to the Society on account of any a»uiniice so fraudulently ob- tained, shall be forfeited to the use of ihe Society ; and ail claims ti) be made nil tliat liehalf shall erase, deteriullie, and be void, lo all intents and purpostn whalsticver. t Parlies who do not appear before the Court of l)irecto-i are re- ipiiri d tn give a reference hi 3 persons for an account of Ihe present and general state of their health. A Table of Annual Premiums payable during the Continuance of Two Joint Lives for Assuring One Hundred Pounds, to be paid when either of the Lives shall drop. A«e. Age. L. s. rl Age. Age L... d. Age. Age. L. f. d. 9 13 9 Age. Age. L. 1. d A«e Age. 10 10 2 17 I 15 35 4 3 1 20 67 30 frf) 7 15 45 45 15 3 1 1 40 4 10 4 25 25 4 10 67 9 18 1 50 20 3 5 7 45 4 19 5 .10 4 5 35 35 4 19 55 2.') 3 9 3 50 5 11 3 35 4 10 3 40 5 5 6 60 30 3 13 9 55 6 6 1 40 4 17 4 45 5 18 10 67 3.'i 3 19 n no 7 6 45 5 6 3 50 6 5 50 50 40 4 6 10 67 9 9 5 50 5 17 10 55 6 19 2 55 4.3 4 15 II 20 20 3 13 11 55 6 12 6 60 7 18 6 60 50 5 7 10 25 3 17 5 60 7 12 5 67 10 1 3 67 5.'> 6 2 8 30 4 1 9 ti7 9 15 9 40 40 5 11 9 55 55 no 7 2 9 35 4 7 3 30 30 4 8 11 45 5 19 9 60 H7 » 6 3 40 4 14 6 35 4 14 1 50 6 10 8 67 1.5 I.') 3 5 45 5 3 6 40 5 11 55 7 4 5 60 i no 20 3 9 6 50 5 15 4 45 5 9 60 8 3 4 67 25 3 13 1 55 6 10 2 50 6 1 67 10 9 6 67 67 30 3 17 6 60 7 10 2 55 6 15 5 .... d. 6 7 4 1 6 17 9 7 11 8 9 6 10 11 I 7 7 8 8 3 8 18 2 10 18 10 8 12 2 9 9 II 8 5 10 4 U 12 2 I 13 15 8 „.. ™ An addition nf 22 per cent, computed upon the premium, is charged upon military persons; and an addition of eleren per rent. <>n otficers on half-pay, ntfu'ersin the militia, feiiciblcs, and the like levies j also oil persons noi ii.ii ing had the sniall-pox, or having had the gout. Persons preferriiiit liie payment of a gross >iiim nr single premium upon an assurance for any certain term, are chtirceahh' in a due proportion tn the annual preniiiini for such term. Kvery person making any assurance with the Society, pays !)s. in the name of entrance money ; and If the Biiiu assured exceeils 10(1/., the entrance money is charged at^er Ihe rate of 5». for every IWV. Uiit if the person upon whose life an assurance is proposed, dues nut appear before the directors, lliii entrance money is charged atler the rate of U. fur every 100/, The folli valent ami Age j Life to Iw I I assurtsj, i / 10 20 30 ( 8 I *" ( 1 r 2 31 I l_ 4( II is Slated h niiiiibcr of iiisi, of those fcir ("lie contineil to the ; or for CDiitiiiii,,, engrossed by ih [The readpi information co Lecture of the It is to he ri is no country t and activity is the country w\ mify and in .sec The Mas.sacl which time the of other conipt the Pennsylvan delphia, the A',. Trust Conipaii) and Trust Con Sutes that has t tion to the valut in several of the the insured, fj iapse of seven v of life. ^ No tables of n It is, however, he duration of life Scotland. Henc L'tiglish tables, fo The American the northern stat« naval service, or i J'hey are al.so dec ialtes; or if he r INSURANCE (LIFE). 05 The following are th<> premiums ilumnndHil by the r.nnitaliln Society for Insuring 100/., or an eqai< VKlcnt aiiniiily on llie coiitingiMicy of one lifc'a surviving llie other :— Agn. Annuity cquivxii'nt tn AiP* Aniiuiijr niuivjlml to Prcniium. lOUJ. In lie paxt frnm the DmIIi iif the l.iff liKM. to Iw pai.l from the l)»ili of the Life I.if mhill Lifi* ixiiirtt a^iiire.!, during the I.lfelobe whiilillie aMiire 1, (iuriiit (lie He- auurttl. A«iiranci* ia nfmainJer of llie oilier Uhureit. AMiirAiice is In.iiiKler of Ilie ottier lu tic iiiaitf. £ t. d. Lite. to lie iia. d. 10 10 1 H fi 5 14 n 40 50 2 12 10 9 16 6 90 1 9 1 fi 11 10 00 2 9 4 1". 14 3 30 1 8 3 7 14 11 70 2 5 11 18 5 6 40 1 7 8 9 5 6 80 2 1 10 29 19 10 50 CiO I 11 1 A 11 n 15 13 5 50 10 4 11 5 1 4 70 1 4 11 23 13 20 4 1 10 5 10 2 80 1 3 4 40 10 8 30 40 50 4 1 3 17 10 3 13 10 fi 12 2 7 10 9 9 12 8 20 10 1 ir> 6 5 6 11 20 1 17 6 4 1 fiO 3 7 7 12 8 30 1 15 9 7 6 70 3 1 17 11 5 40 1 14 8 8 4 11 80 2 15 28 12 6 50 60 1 13 1 12 1 10 I 9 13 7 00 10 5 10 9 4 19 3 70 1 10 18 12 8 20 5 H 1 5 12 10 (-0 1 8 3 30 9 6 30 40 5 10 3 5 14 6 7 7 7 10 10 30 10 2 5 9 5 5 8 50 5 10 7 9 8 20 2 fi 6 2 9 fiO 5 2 4 12 5 6 30 2 4 6 6 19 6 70 4 9 10 17 5 8 40 2 2 9 8 3 8 80 3 17 11 27 19 10 50 CO 2 11 1 18 10 10 13 4 17 8 70 10 8 1 70 1 16 7 18 12 10 20 8 2 9 5 10 5 80 1 13 9 30 9 3 30 40 50 8 10 7 18 7 7 15 6 4 7 ft 5 9 fi 40 iO 2 10 2 5 3 * 20 2 19 10 5 19 9 60 7 8 8 12 3 30 2 18 2 6 16 8 70 6 10 8 17 1 8 40 2 15 U 8 1 60 5 8 9 27 5 11 It is stated liy Mr. Morgan, in his Account of the Kiinitntite Society already referred to, that the niiiiihcr of insiiranrcs in that institution for terms of years does not much exceed one hundredth part of those for the whole period of life ; and that the business of the odice at present is almost wholly confined to the assurance of persons on their men /ives— tlioseon the lives o( others, whether for terms or for ciiiiliiiuance, hciiiji, in consequence of the commission money allowed to agents uiul attorneySi • ollices. — (Jlccount vf the Equitable Society, p. 53.) engrossed by the new i [The reader is referred to Kenf^ Commentaries on American Law, Lecture 48th, for information concerning the law of marine insurance in the United States, — and to the 50th Lecture of the same work for the law relating to life and fire insurances. It is to be regretted that life insurance is so little practised in the United States. There is no country to which its benefits are more important. That country in which enterprise and activity is most rapidly developed and Incomes characteristic of a jK-ople is precisely the country where the practice of life insurance accomplishes the most in alleviating cala- mity and in securing social comfort. The Massachusetts Hospital Life Insurance Company was incorporated in 1818; since which time the privilege of effecting insurances upon lives has been conferred on a number of other companies. Of these the principal arc the Baltimore Life Insurance Company, the Pennsylvania Company and the Uirard Life Insurance and Trust Company in Phila- delphia, the New York Life Insurance and Trust Company and the Farmers' Loan and Trust Comi)any in the city of New York. It may be stated that the Girard Life Insurance and Trust Company, which commenced business in 1836, is the only one in the United States that has otfercd, to those who make insurance for the whole of life, a bonus, or addi- tion to the value of their policy, after the expiration of a term of years. This practice has, in several of the London ofHces, contributed greatly to the benefit of both the insurers and the insured. Calculations of the earnings upon life insurance are usually made after a lapse of seven years, and a proportion of the amount is added to the policies for the whole of life. No tables of mortality of a general nature have been constructed in the United States. It is, however, believed by those who have directed their attention to the subject, that the duration of life in the northern and middle states is equal to its duration in England and Scotland. Hence all insurances for lives have in this country been computed from the English tables, founded for the most part upon the Carlisle rotes of mortality. The American [>olicies of insurance, when they have reference to the lives of persons in the northern states, stipulate that they shall be void if the insured enter into the military or naval service, or in the event of his dying by suicide, in a duel, or by the hands of justice. They are also declared to be void if the insured should die on the high seas, or the great lakes; or if he pass beyond tlic settled limits of the United States, or of the Brili h pro- I i 5 I INTEREST AND ANNUITIES. vinces to the north of them, or south of the states of Virginia and Kentucky, without the consent of the insurers lieini; first obtained. — Am. Kd.] INTERKHT ami ANNIHTIEJS. Interest is the sum paid by ihe borrower of a sum of money, or of any sort of vahial)le produce, to the lemler, for its use. The rate of interest, suj)posini? the security for and Iheility of re-possessing the principal, or sum Icr.t, to lie e<|nal, must obviously depend on what may be imiilc by the employment of capital in industrious undertakings, or on the rate of profit. \\'luTe profits are hii,'h, ub in the I'nited Slates, interest is also high; and where tliey are eomparatively low, us in Holland and EiiRland, interest is proportionally low. In fact, the rate of interest is nothing more than the iirtt profit on capital : whatever returns are obtained by the borrower, beyond the iiilercst he has agreed to pay, really aen-uc to him on account of risk, trouble, or skill, or of advantages of situation and coniieelion. Hut besides (luctuations in the rate of interest caused by the varying productiveness of industry, the rate of interest on each particular loan must, of course, vary according to the supposed solvency of the borrowers, or the degree of risk su])i)osed to be incurred by the lender, of either not recovering payment at all, or not recovering it at the stipulated term. IVo person of sound mind would lend on the personal security of an individual of doubtful character and solvency, and on mortgage over a valuable estate, at the same rate of interest. Wherever there is risk, it must be compensated to the lender by a higher premium or interest. And yet, obvious as this principle may appear, all governments have interfered with the adjustment of the terms of loans; some to prohibit interest altogether, and others to li.x certain lates which it should be deemed legal to charge, and illegal to exceed. The preju- dice against taking interest seems to have principally originated in a mistaken view of some enactments of the Mosaical law — {»vc Michnelis on the Laws of Maxe.i, \i)\, ii. \)p. li'Zl' — 3!y',i, Eng. ed.), and, a statement of Aristotle, to the effect that, as money did not produce money, no return could be eipiitably claimed by the lender! Hut wliatever may have been the origin of this prejudice, it was formerly universal in Christendom; and is still suinuirted by law in all .Mohammedan countries. 'J'he fimious reformer, Calvin, was one of the first who saw and exposed the alisiirdity of such notions — (.,ee an extract from one of his epistles in M'Ctilloch's PnUtical F.coinniiy, 2il ed. p. SIO.) ; and the abuses caused by the prohibition, and the growing conviction of its iinjwlicy, soon after led to its relaxation. In liiijl, a statute was pa.ssed, authorising lenders to charge 10 per cent, interest. In IfiiJI, the legal rate was reduced to 8 per cent.; and in the reign of Queen .Anne it was further reduced to 5 per cent., at which it .still continues. It is enacted, by tlie statute (12 Ann. c. 16.) making this reduction, that "all persons who shall receive, by means of any corrupt bargain, loan, exchange, chevizance, or interest of any wares, merchan- dise, or other thing whatever, or by any deceitful way or means, or by any covin, engine, or deceitful conveyance for the forbearing or giving day of payment, for one whole year for their money or other thing, above the sum of .')/, for 100/. for a year, shall forfeit for every such offence, the treble value of the monit.s, or other things, so lent, bargained," iSfc, It is needless to waste the reader's time by entering into any lengthened arguments to show the inexpediency and mischievous ellcct of such interferences. 'I'liis has been done over and over again. It is plainly in no respect more desirable to limit the rate of interest, than it would be to limit the rate of insurance, or the prices of cominotlitie.s. And though it were desirable, it cannot be accomplished. The real effect of all legislative en.ictmenfs having such an object in view, is to increa.se, not diminish, the rate of interest. When the rate tixed by law is less than the market or customary rate, lenders and borrowers arc obligei' to resort to circuitous devices to evade the law; and as these devices are always attended with more or less trouble and risk, the rate of interest is proportionally enhanced. During the laie war it was not uncommon for a person to be paying 10 or 12 per cent, for a loan, which, had there been no usury laws, he might have got for 6 or 7 per cent. Nei- ther is it by any means uncommon, when the rate fixed by law is more than the market rate, for borrowers to be obliged to pay more than they really stipulated for. It is singular than an enactment which contradicts the most obvious principles, and has lieen repeatedly condemned by committees of the legislature, should still be allowed to preserve a place in the statute book. Dhtmction vf Simple and Compound fntercft.—'Whfn a loan is made, it M iisiiiil to stipulate tlinl tlie intt'rcpt ii|>(iM it sIidiiIiI hi' ri'Ciilurly paid at llie eiiil of t.'Vt'ry year, half year, &c. A luaii ••!; 2 per cent, hy 111 ralculaiinp inn oacli receipt, or pay IS made up. Thus, days. The amount Tables. The reader fiiiint current conipu The ,1011, of June i iiiadt up. and interes ciiise at that season Ii is ofpreat impor iminber of days from "Mil the utmost ease 'b Ibis Table may '■'""""•'■■ I'or iiislani tliere iire 2'3(i day.s. ■] l.iok along 'in a p ''" find the number .I.niiary, the number ^""1 2.11. the number I under .March, and the ;i h'ap years, oHc ui Inr the mode of calf late, at simple interes V OL, II.-_I INTEREST AND ANNUITIES. 97 llace in Itmt the IlllSSlMl .•(■riiiiii! lintircsl 1)11 Slllll \,Uf ciiil liri'Vi- Iv i>riii- lliiri(-ni. Ill iiiintiipt; \^ t: llllini IIIHl lll\MI(; I Ilf! |irin( l[lill, ^ll'f. Iti.t. Ill . , till' liileri-Hl tor I year; ami IIiIh licini! iiiiilli|ili<'il liv '.i\ will uivt; llii; inti-ri'Ht fur :U >'•'!> fm i>in iimn-iiu of lirst (liviilirii! Iiy 1(10, ami llii'ii iiiiilii|ilviiiu liy 4, ilit- result will liu the Hume, anil thu process more oJfjiuditiouti, if we lirsl imiltiiily liy 4, anil then divide hy KM). Tims,— /- 210 1,00)8,42 12 ( 20 priiiripAl. ntt! i>i;r cent. /.. f. d. 8,« 12 4 8 8 64 I year's interest. 25 4 3 yf.in' intereit. ^ a year's Interest. L. 29 9 9} 3} yean' interest. It is nimnst imprrfluoiiB to oliscrve, tlmt tlie same result wniilil have lieen nlitained by mtiltiplying the product of the principal and rate by the number of years, and then dividini; by 100. Hence, to find the interest of any sum a' any rate per cent, for a year, multiply the sum by the rate percent., and divide the product by 100. To lind the interest of any sum for a number of years, multiply its interest for one year by the num- ber of years ; or, without calculating its interest fiir one year, liiultiply the principal by the rate per cent, and that product by the number of years, anil divide' the last product by 100. When the interest of any sum is required for a number of days, they imist be treated as fractional parts of a year ; that is, we must multiply the inieresi of a year liy them, and divide by SM. Suppose that it is required to find the interest of 210/. for 1 years T months and '25 days. at 4 J per cent.- Principal Bate per cent. /,. 210 ■ _!* 840 103 Interest for 4 yp:in = L. STfOdO tillionlhs^ ^ (,t 1 year = 4'72iiO I tiioiith £:= 1-6 ut'tJ lliulltlia 9 'lalj 26 Jays =. -bVl Interest for 1 year The interest for 25 days is 9'45 X 25 3Gi L. 9-45 X 4 = /,. 37-80 do for 4 years. /,. 43-9597 = L. 43 I9l. iid. ■6472 ; thai li, it is equal to the iulcresi for a year niulliplietl l)y the fraction .A-^. Pivjsion tiy 100 is performed liy cutting off two tij^tires to the rii^tit. Many attempts have been made to contrive more expeditious processes than the above for calculat- iiiL' interest. The following is the best : — Suppose it were required to fimi the interest upon 172/. for 10* days at 5 per cent. This forms what is called in arithmetical books u double rule of three question, and would be stated as follows ; — £ Daw. £ £ Pay). 100 X .W5 : 5 : : 172 X HJ7 : 2/. lO.i. 4j(/. the interest required. Hence, to find the interest of any sum for any number of days at any rate per cent., multiply the sum liy the number of days, and the product hy the rate, and divide by 30,500 (305 X 100) ; the quotient ii till' interest required. When the rate is 5 per cent., or l-20lh of the principal, all that is required is to divide the product of the sum multiplied by the days by 7, ,100 (.ItiS, the days in a year, multiplied by '20). rive per cent, interest beinu found by this exiremely simple proce.«s. it is u.-diiil in practice to calcu- I.ile4 per cent, interest by dediictini,' l-5th ; 3 per cent, by deducting '2-5ths; 2i per cent, by dividing liy 2 ; 2 per cent, by taking the half of 4, and so on. In calculating interest upon accounts current, it is requisite to state the number of days between each receipt, or payment, and the date (commonly the 31st of December) to which the account current Is made up. Thus, 17'2/. paid on the 15lh of .'September, bearing interest to the 31st of December, 107 (l.-iys. The amount of such interest may, then, be calculated as now explained, or by the aid of Tallies. The reader will find, in the article 13uokke:ei>ing (p. 101.) an example of interest on an ac- fiiiiiit current computed as above, without referring to I'ables. The 30ih of June is, after the 31st of December, the most usual date to which accounts current arc iiiaili. up, and interest calculated. In West India houses, the 30th of April is the common dale, be- cause at that season the old crop of produce is generally sold oli", and the new begins to arrive. Ii i-i of great importance, in calculating interest on accounts current, to be able readily to find the nunilier of days from any day in any one month to any day in any other month. This inay be done n illi the utmost ease by means of the Table on the followiiiL' page. liy this Talile may be readily ascertained the number of days from any given day in the year to another For instance, from the 1st of .laniiary to the 11th oi' August (tirst and last days included), llirre are 2'2ti days. To find the number, look down tin; column headeil .lanuary, to Number 11, and Ihi'ii look along in a parallel line to the column headed August, you find '220. the number required. To find the number of days between any other two given days, when they are both after the 1st of .iMiiiiiry, the number opposite the 1st day must, of course, be deducted from that opposite to the i-iroriil." Thus, to find the number of days "between the 1.3th of Miirch and the 19th of August, deduct from 231, the niindier in the Table opposite to 19 and under .\ugust, 72, the number opposite to 13 and under March, and the remainder. 159, is the number required, last day included. Ill leap ye;irs, niic must be added to the number after the 2Hth of February. l-'nr the mode of calculating discount, or of linding the present values of sums due at some future date, at simple interest, see Discount. Vol. II.— I 13 I i \ 08 INTKRKST AND ANNUITIES. Table for ancertninini; tlio NiiiiiIkt or Uayi rrnm any DIIC Day in the Yrar to any iilher Dajr. i 17 60 < i i 7m f «1 r 1 ^ i ill • 137 768 "a 1118 229 260 i i 351 91 IJI l>2 1 213 :IOi 335 17 48 j 76 i 107 290 321 il 33 61 M Hi 113 IKl ! 214 24 1 i:; 306 336 16 49 1 77 1 ln« 138 169 ni9 2^10 261 291 322 352 3 34 u ; v3 li3 154 IM ' 215 246 276 307 ' 337 19 50 7'* ' 10(1 139 1 170 2 U 2:11 262 S.l 323 .153 4 an IT "ST 1.3 i »4 "eT IT Ii6 IM 157 IM5 j ill! 247 277 3i« 338 20 51 79 IIU llOi 171 2»1 il 232 2M 263 21.3 324 261 294 325 2(i5 'Ji; ■■126 354 355 356 186 1 217 248 I'-K 219 2uO 28IJ'3II 341 ii S-l fi 113 113 171 20.» 235 26(i 296 327 3-.7 8 ~39 67 9» lis 159 189 i 22ll . 2'il 2.'g 2-9 320 3;iO 1 1 In roMiilimr-liDiiscs. IiiKTfst Tiililcs lire very freqiU'iilly ii);ul(i ii8c of. Such piihliraiiunH linvi?, in conRi'iiMciirc. hi'diiiic very iiiiimTDiiH. Most of IhcDi have some |it'culiar rt'coiiiiiiciiilalioii ; and arc Hcli'cli'il arcordin;,' to the olijfcl in view. eli'cii'il arcordin;,' to the olijfci in view. Wh.ii inicrcsi, iiisli^ail n\' hcinit siiiipU-, is compound, iIir first year's or term's interest must he iiinid, am! In'iii!.' ailili'il to the orlcinal principal, iiiaki'8 the principal upon wliiih iiili'ri>8t is in ii^ alciil.ili'il for till' scconil year nr term; and lln^ second y.'ar's or term's interest heinp adileil to tlin isl principal, makes that upon which interest is to lie calculalcil fur the third year or ti'riii ; uiid t,o n for aiiv niimher of years. l"or ihe same purpose of facilitating calculation, the present value of 1/. due any niimher of yciirs lii'Dci', not e.vceedini! 70, at a. 'i;, 1, -IJ, and .') per ci'iit. compoumi iiitt^ri'st, is (;iven in thi! siilijimu ,1 Table No. II. Tin: use of tliis Talile is prnisely siniil.'ir to the fori'SioiiiL'. Let it, for e.v.imph', he o.- qniii'd lo liiiil tile presint Worth of UWI. due 7 years hence, reckoniiiL' compound iiiterot at I pi r cent. Opoosite to 7 years, and under I per cent., we lind ■7.')-2',)l,7'^U., XU>\ |)res.'Ut worth of I/, ihic ;i; the I'ud of 7 years ; and multiplying this sum hy 6011/ , the product, being 37'J 'JS^tK., or 37'.!/. J'J.<. iW., u the answer riMpiired. AwriTiF.s, 1. Annuities certain, — Wlirn a sum of money is to be paid yearly for a certain ntimlii'r of yeur.s, it is called an annuity. 'J"hc annuities usually met with are either for i i;ivon nuiiil)(T of years, which arc called anutiitie.s certain ; or they are to be paid so long as one or more individuals shall live, and are thence called contiiii^int annuities. By the amount of an ainiuity at any given time, is meant the sum to which it will then amount, supposing it to have been regularly improved at compound interest during the in- tervening period. Tiie present value of an annuity for any given period, is the sum of the present value of all the payments of that annuity. Niinihers III. and IV. of the siilijoined Tables represent the nmoiintnnd present value of an nnniiiiv of 1/ , reckoiiiiiL' compound interi'st at 'il. ."?, .S.V, -I, .IJ. ."i, and (i per cent., from 1 year to 70. Tliev.a's well as .Nos. I. and II., are taki'ii I'rom " Tables of Interi'st, Discount, and Anniiilies, liy ,l(din Srniirr, Gent. Ito. London, I7'2l>." They are carried to S di'cimal places, and t^ijoy the hiuhest character Imth here and on the Continent, for accuracy ami completeness. The ori^'inal work is now become very sc'irci!. The uses of these Tables are iiunicrous; and they are easily applied. Suppose, for exaiiipli'. it were rei)uired to tell the aimjunt of an uiimiity of Soi. a year for 17 years at I per cent. con.pDUiiil intc'resl. Ojiposile to 17 (Table III.) in the column of years, ami under 4 per cent., is S.T 097.11,2.10, hiiiii; ih.. amount of an annuity of U. for the fiven timi- at Ihe piven rate per cent. ; and this mulliplied hy 5(i givi's llt| H7'j()10"i, or l.iyl/. I7.«. tirf., ilie amount rei|iiired. Suppose now that it is reiiuired what sum luie must pay down to receive an nnniiity of 50/. to con- tinue for 17 years, compound interest at -l per cent. • Opposite to 17 years (Table IV.) and under 4 per cent, is 1216500,880, the present value of ;iii an- nuity of il. for the L'iven time and at the civen r.vte per cent.; and this multiplied hy SO givei 608 2h;| 14:i, or 008/. fc. ^(/ , the present vtilne renuired. When it is required to tiiid the time which n)iist elapse, in order that a piven sum improved at a specified rate of compound interest may increase lo some otln^r giviMi sum, divide the latter sum bv the former, and look for the quotient, or the number nearest lo it, in Table No. I. under the given talb per cent., and the years opposite to it are the answer.— Thus, tn what l>ivii|i> I I IS o|,fl,,H If )t had pmind lull. dividinif, a hull in la! quired. T A owes will I be i|,.| I.OIMl.livi quoiieni is •■eni , the ,|, Hr I'rice (.' fiiiiil was CO every llimir siting lerms I.I I it net inierest ilnn sum hy III,. „ answer.- 'Ml \Vlial a mil "pposiie ii (.'iven lime .11 IS Ihe aniiiiiii Jhfirrril ..ji nvtr.yiniKiri/ ,i an iniliviiiii'iil. 'I'lle pre.-eiK wbiile |)eriod, —Tims, M'hat is the frimi the prese Accordiiiif III and lli.'ii .)f I/. Mlilili moltipli Hiipjiiisini; III wiirlli 1,2.50/., fi ri'iiiains !ll!)/. |( '■'or a seJectio pp. 02-JOO 2. UfcAni PlIIMlPLKS C life annuity is i that it were rei the roiitinjrenc' Carlisle 'I'able" «f 10,000 persi prohahility thai inoo ' '*"" 'he pi follows, thtit if value will bo ra we had to /iii<| ( 56, we should a acrordiiiH: to th present value of This siateinen peod ; and this a jVr. Simpson am of an annuity at derahle discrep.-jn estimate the prese arise from any dif Tallies of inortalit plied and careful t or when the avera iennjthened period vprniiiwif.s, who (_ made on asuflicier •'iiid until a very I "le value of annu- ou who.se lives gov 'ay a solid founda 'ho work of a few tions to work upon The celebrated INTERKST AND ANNUiriKS. 00 ]l i« 3I)« i* ' 3'>t" liil 3MI 130 j 360 13? 13(11 332 ; m: 333l3(>3 334 136-1 36-. IIS linvp, in II ; iiiiil arc iHt iiiiiHt )ie ■Ml id I'l lit I, It'll l<) IllH nil ; uiit) bo orsoiiic and ill.V iiiil iiili'rr«i, i>i'iiiia\!t 111' ;i I l piT iinl uws Ui;il 1;, iiimMliU'iitly, tliul 13,0171, rr of yi'ars suhJHliiiil pli', lie rc- f!.t at I pir I/, iliii: ill l'J,<. 'il., li lin minilwr lor I i;ivcn long iis one it will then ing the in- „-nt value ot if ail niiniiiiy ;0. 'I'hcy.iir .luliii Siii;u!, lariirliT ln-lti liccoiiic vrry r exampli'- it lit. cniiiliouiid bsO, lii'ini; ll" llliplieil hy 'M L'50(. to con- ;„; of nil an- liy 50 give! ivoil at a liipr< latter sum llic giv cu rale In what time will S93/. ainniint in I.OHT/. !». ',1. at S \wr mit. ('ninpoiiiiil liitcrriil ? Divhlf Itw: •27111. Aic, liy .'I'^M, ami tlic i|ii(iiii>iii will |ii> 'i OT^i», \i- , wliic li iiiiiIit .'» (xT rent, in Tnlile I. H <>|i|>oKiii> III l.'i yiars, III)' liiiii' ri'i|iiirril. If II hail lii'i'ii rri|iiiri'il in liiiil ilii- liiiii! in wliicli a bivimi aiiniiily, iiii|ir>ivi-il al a rrrlalii rati- nf nun- priiiint iiili-ri-Ht, wiiiilil liavi' imrra^i'il m smiih- kIvcii hiiiii, IIk- i|iii'>iii>ii wmilil liavi- hvi'ii aiiswi'rril liy ii tin- hiiiii is lari.'i>, and tin- prrind Innu, is allniri'thrr iniprarticalili'. I.rl ll iir.Kt In; ri'i|iiir(!d tn find an annnily wliii li, lniiiK inirrasi'd at a |;ivi'ii rati.' nf ininpniiml inieri'sl ilnriiiL' a i»ivi!ii linn', will ninniint In a Mpcrilii'd siiiii : in lliis lasi! we diviili- tho spri illud Hiiin liy llie aiiiniiiit of 1/. I'nr Ihi; liniu and rati; K>vtMi, as fniinil in Talilu III., und the i|iiiitii:iil lu tliu aiiswrr.- 'I'liiiM, Whal annnily will ninoiiiil lo l.()'<7/. ."iii. 'd. in l.l years al .'> per ri'iit. roinpoiinil interrst 1 (ipposili! 10 I,') yt'iirs in Tahle III., and iiiiih.T .') per enil., is 21 .'^HS, ^to., the anmiint nf 1/. fnr the piviii liriit! and rale ; and dividinc IO?7a7'Jl, &.C., liy tins siiin, the i|iiulioiit 6U-3H7, itc, or ML 'a. 'Jii., \s till' annuity rei|iiireil. I hfi mil .Inn utiir. 1 iin' lliiisc which dn not cninnieiu't! till after a certain niiiiilier of years; and nriiMomii-;/ nniiiiUiett, micli as depend upon the cniicnrrence of Koiiie iinrerluin event, as the dcalli of an individual, ki:. Till' (iresenl value of a deferred annuity is fniiiid liy dediicliii);, from the value of an annnily for the wlhile period, tliu value of un uiinuily to the term at which llie reversionary annuity is to ciniiiiiunce. — 'I'lllis, Wli.il is the present value of nn annuity of 50/. to contliiiK! for 23 years, coniinencing at 7 years friiin the present lime, inleresl al I per cent 1 Arcnidinij In 'I'alile .\n. IV., the value nf an annuity nf 1/. fnr Vt years at 4 per cenl. is 15riC2fl7,905, anililiiii of ll. fnr 7 years is ti OO-iO.'i.lC'". which lieinii duducled from the other, leaves y02002,ai:8, whii'li iniilli|ili''d liy .'lO gives -iNl/ , tli years, had heen a perpetuity, it would have heen wiirlli 1,'J.ilW., frnm which deducliiiK 3(H1/. 2.-., the value nf an annnily for 7 years at 4 per cent., there reiniiins '.il'.l/. IH..<., the value nf the reversinn. I'nr a selection of prohlcms that may he solved by Tables of annuities certain, see Smart'a Tables, pp. '.12—100 2. Life Annttitles. — After whal has been stated in the article on I-vs'irance (Gknehal PitiMiiM.r.s «f), respecting Tables of mortality, it will be easy to see how the value of a lil'f amiuily is ealciilatcil, vSupposing, — to revert to the example given before (p. 73.), — that it were re(iuired to find the present value of 1/., the receipt of which is dejiemlent on the contini;ency of a person, now .56 years of age, Iteing alive 10 years hence, taking the Carlisle Table of mortality, and interest at 4 jter cent. : Now, according to that 'I'abje, of 10.000 persons born together, 4,000 attain to ."JG, and 2,894 to 66 years of age. The proliability that a person, now 56 years, wiil be alive 10 years hence, is conse(iuently, ?^; tnd the present value of 1/., to be received certain 10 years hence being 0'67.'i.'j64/., it follows, that if its receipt be made to depend on a I'fe 56 years of age, attaining to 66, its value will be reduced by that contingency to i^?;;^'^^'- = 0-48877/., or 9s. 9^^/. If, then, we had to find the present value of an annuity of 1/. secured on the life of a pe >• in now 56, we should calculate in this way the present value of each of the 48 payinet • , '.vhich, according to the Carlisle Table, he might receive, and their sum would, of course •■« the present value of the annuity. This .statement is enough to show the principle on which all calculations of annuities de- pend ; and this also was, in fact, the method according to which they were calculated, till Mr. Simpson and M. Euler invented a shorter and easier process, deriving from the value of an annuity ut any age, that of an annuity at the next younger age. There is a consi- dernlile discrepancy in the sums at which dilFerent authors, and ditFercnt insurance ofliccs, estimate the present value of life annuities payable to persons of the same age. This does not arise from any diflerence in the mode of calculating the annuities, but from differences in the Tallies of murtality employed. These can only be acx?urate when they are deduced from multi- plied and careful observations made, during a long series of years, on a large body of persons ; or when the average numbers of the whole population, and of the deaths at every age, for a lenijlhened period, have been determined with the necessary care. It is to be regretted, that go- vernments, who alone have the means of ascertaining the rate of mortality by observations made on a sufliciently large scale, have been singularly inattentive to their duty in this respect. And until a very few years since, when Mr. Finlaison was employed to calculate Tables of the value of annuities from the ages of the nominees in public tontines, and of individuals ou who.se lives government had granted annuities, all that had been done in this country to lay a solid foundation on which to construct the vast fabric of life insurance had been the work of a few private persons, who had, of course, but a limited number of observa- tions to work upon. The celebrated mathematician, Dr. Halley, was the first who calculated a Table of mor e 1 i i t -> X if 100 INTEREST AND ANNUITIES. tality, wliich he drduccd from <»l)M' la Vir lluinniiii — u work distim,Miished hy ils pers|)ieuity and neatness, — Tahles of mortality dedured from ohservations made on tho mortuary remistcrs of several religious houses, and on the list of the nominees in several tontin<'s. In this work, separate Tahles were first cunstructed for males and female.s, and the greater longevity of the latter rendered apparent. M. Depareieux's Tahles were a very preat ac(piisition to the science ; and are decidi-dly superior to some that are still extensively used. Dr. Price's famous work on Aniiui/ifi, the lirsi edition of which was imlilished in 177(1, eontrihuted powerfully to direct the piihlic attention to iii(|uiries of this sort; and was, in this respect, of very great utility. Of the more recent works, the hest are those of Mr. Haily and .Mr. Milne, which indeed, are holh excellent, 'i'he hitter, hesides all that was jirevioiislv known as to the history, theory, or i>ractiee of the scienct!, contains much new and valuiiMe matter; and to it we heg to refer such of our readers as wish to enter fully into the suiiject. The Tahle on which Dr. Price laid tho greatest stress, was calculated from tho hurial re- gisters kept in the parish of All Saints in Northampton, containing little more than half tho population of the town. There can he no doidit, however, as well from original defects in the construction of the Tahle, as from the improvement liiat has since taken place in the healthiness of the puhlic, that the mortality represented in the Northampton Tahle is, and Inis long heen decidedly ahove the average rate of mortality in England. Mr. Morgan, in- deed, the lute learned actuary of the E(iuitahle Society, contended that this is not the case, and that the Society's experience shows that the Northam|)ton Tahle is still remarkahly accurate. But the facts Mr. Morgan disclosed in his View nf the liine and I'ru^rexs af Ihe Eijmtithle Sdcictfi (p. 42.), puldished in 18"«!8, are ijuite at variance with this opinion: fur he there states, that the deaths of persons insured in the Eijuitahle Society, from ."iO to lio years of age, during the 12 years jjrcviously to 1828, were UU'J ; whereas, according to the Northampton Tahle, they should have been .'i4.'j ! And Mr. Milne has endeavoured to show (Art. Aiinnitiex, new ed. of Encij. Brit.) that the discrepaticy is really much greater. The oidy other Table used to any extent in England for tho calculation of life annuities, la that framed hy Mr. Milne from observations made by Dr. Heysham on the rate of mor- tality at (>arlisle. It gives a decidedly lower rate of mortality than the Northampton Table ; and there are good grounds for thinking that the mortality which it represents is not very dilTerent from the actual rate throughout most parts of England ; though it cannot be supposed that a Table founded on so narrow a basis should give a perfectly fair view of the average mortality of the entire kingdom. In life insurance, the first annual premium is always paid at the commencement of the assurance, and the others at the termination of each year so long as the party assured sur- vives. Hence, at the beginning of the a.ssurance, the whole of the annual premiums |)ayahlo for it exceed the value of an equal annuity on the life by one year's purchase. And, there- fore, when the value of an assurance in present money is given, to find the ciiuivalent an- nual premium during the life, the whole present value must be divided hy the number of years' purchase an annuity on the life is worth, increased hy 1. Thus, for an assurance of 100/. on a life 40 years of age, an oflicc, calculating by the Carlisle Table of mortality, and ut 4 per cent, interest, requires 6.3-446/. in present money. Now according to that 'J'alije and rate of interest, an annuity on a life just 40 years of age is worth lij'074 years' purchase, so that the etiuivalent annual p)remium is ilruj^*^-, =3*.32.'j/., or 3/. (i.v. %d. The annual pre- mium may, however, be derived directly from the value of an animity on the life, without first calculating the total present value of the assurance. — (See Mr. Milne's Treatise on An- nuilics, or the art. Annuities in the new edition of the Enci/. Briliniiiic.a.) In order to exhibit the foundations on which Tables of lite annuities and insurance have been founded in this and other countries, we have given, in No. V. of the following Tables, Uie rate of mortality that has been observed to take place among 1,000 children born together, or the numbers alive at the end of each year, till the whole become extinct, in Englaml, France, Sweden, «&c., according to the most celebrated authorities.* The rate of mortality * Tlie gr'.'aler part of (liis Table was originally pulilislied liy I)r lluttoii in his Malhematiral Dic- tionary, an. Life Jinnuities. Mr. Daily inserted it with additions in liis work on Jinnuilies ; and it at Carlisle, i which a|ipr( «", of M. D( Holland. In order t( of attaining liiglier age, g of persons ul We have of the rate of life observed I Ihis country, exhibits is Ji>( nre the averag in tontines art consider their and it sets the Tables VII. Norlhampton i Tlie mj^ft T, IhiLse of Com of the most eel lion of lifi., the from M. Depan formation on th admit, we have life, at every agi lisle Tables; we « lives di/fering liut seldom, then of solving the qi are not many wc one or two exam Suppose it wei ■"i"/. a year for lif In 'J'ahle No. : o{ 1/., which beii mg to the Northn 'i'he value of a may be found in ] Some questions suppose it is requ ypar, falling to hir iisle 'i'able ! The value of th of an annuity of deducted from '2,rH A person, aged . she survive him ; \ lisle Table ? 'i'he value of an value of an annuil^ = 135-6.50, or 12.5 For the solution practice, recourse m other works of that 'ails quite inconsistc was published with th iiiona on friendly Socie INTEREST AND ANNUITIES. 101 of tlie red sur- therc- ^eiit aii- InbtT of ince of ■ity, niul It 'l"al)lo lurchusc, lual pre- Iwitliout on All- Ice have 1 Tables, Josell''"!"! |n!;laiul. (lortality linil /'if- anil i» at Carlisle, rrprcHcntrtl in thin Tablo, in letu* than that ohMprvnl any wlirrc p1m> : thr rate* which iipproiu-h neareiit to it nrn ihoMO ilcdiircd'froin the olmrrvatiotiM iilri-ntly rrli'rrcil to, of M. Ucparcieux, ami iIioho uf M. KltbhcIiooih, uii tliu noniineoH uf hie aiiiiuititm in Hollnnd. In urdrr to ralrulnto from this Tahio the chanro which a [wrHon of any i;ivcn ni<;c him of attaining to any higher ni;c, we have only to ilividc the nnnilxT of persons iili\c u( hucli higher age, given in that colunni of the Table selected to decide the qncHtion, by the number of personx ulive nt tiie given age, and the fraction rcHidting in the chance, We have added, by way of supplement to lliis 'I'lible, Mr. Fiidaison's 'J'able (No. \l.) of the rate of mortality among l.tUKi children liorn together, acconiing to the decrement of life observed (o take place among the noinineeM in government tontines and life annuilies in this country, distinguishing males from females. The rate of mortality which this 'I'uble exhibits is decidedly less tluin that given in the Carlisle 'i'able; but the lives in llic latter arc the average of the population, while those in the former arc all picked. The noinineeH in tontines are iniiforndy chosen among the healthiest individuals; and none but ihi'se who consider their lives as good ever buy an annuity, yiill, however, the Table is very curious; and it sets the superiority of female life in a very striking i)oint of view. Tables VII. and VIII. give the rxpirtiilinn uf llfi; according to the mortality observed at Northampton and Carlisle; the former by L)r. Price, and the latter by Mr. Milne, The ncyct 'i'able, No. IX., extracted from the Sennid tttjiorl of lliv ('nuiiiiil/ir if t/ie Hoime of Coiumonn on Frirnd/i/ Socufiis, gives a comparative view of the results of some of the most celebrated Tables of mortality, in relation to the rate of mortality, the expecta- tion of life, the value of an aimuity, Ac. The coincidence betweeti the results deduced from M. Deparcicux's Table, and that for Carlisle, is very striking. Anil to render ilie in- formation on these subjects laid l)eforc the reader as complete as the nature of this work will admit, we have given Tables (Nos. X. — XV.) of the value of an annuity of 1/. on a single life, at every age, and at 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 4 percent., according to the Northampton and Car- lisle Tables; we have also given Tables of ii>e valueofan aniuiity of 1/. on ^eipial lives, and on '.J lives dilVering by 5 years, at 3, 4, .5, and per cent., according to the same Tallies. It ia but seldom, therefore, that our readers will require to resort to any other work for the means of solving the questions that usually occur in practice with regard to annuities ; and there are not many works in which they will fmd so good a collection of Tables. — We subjoin one or two examples of the mode of using the Tables uf life annuities. Suppose it were required, what ought a jierson, aged 4.'), to give, to secure an annuity of Ml. a year for life, interest at 4 per cent., according to the Carlisle Table ! In Table No. XI., under 4 i)er cent., and opposite 45, is 14'104, the value of an annuity of I/., which beiuH multiplied by M), gives 70,5'2, or 705/. 4.*., the value required. Accord- ing to the Northampton Table, the annuity would only have been worth Gil/. U.v. The value of an annuity on 2 lives of the same age, or on 2 lives dilFcring by 5 years, may be found in precisely the same way. Some questions in rcveniunari/ life annuities admit of an efjually easy solution. Thus, suppose it is reijuired to find the j)resent value of A.'s interest in an estate worth 100/. a vear, falling to him at the death of li., aged 40, interest 4 per cent., according to the Car- lisle Table ! The value of the perpetuity of 100/. a year, interest 4 per cent., is 2,500/.; and the value of an annuity of 100/. on a person aged 40, interest at 4 per cent., is 1,507/. 8s., which deducted from 2,500/. leaves 092/. 12*., the present value required. A person, aged 30, wishes to purchase an annuity of 50/. for his wife, aged 25, provided she survive him ; what ought he to pay for it, interest at 4 per cent., according to the Car- lisle Table ? The value of an annuity of 1/. on a life aged 30 is 16*852; from which subtracting the value of an annuity of 1/. on 2 joint lives of 25 and 30, 14'339, the dillerence, 2513 X 50 = 1 25-650, or 125/. IS.^., the sum required. For the solution of the more complex cases of survivorship, which do not often occur in practice, recourse may be had to the directions in Mr. Milne's Treatise on Annuities, and other works of that description. To attempt explaining them hero would lead us into de- tails quite inconsistent with the objects of this work. was piiblislicd witli tJic column for Carlisle added, in the Report of the Committee of the House of Com' vions (in Friendly Societies. Xi I % i \ 102 INTERKST AND ANNUITIES. TAni.KM or Intkiirkt and Amni itirm. Table ihowing the Amount of X\ linpmviMl at ('oiii|iniiii.0IIO 3 per Cent. 31 per Cent 4 per Cent. 41 per Cent .5 per Cent. 6 per Ct'ht. l 1 IIMOOO.IIIKI 1 (I3.'.00,000 1 lOOD.IHIII 1 (ti'->oo,ono ' 1 o,'.noo.nno ! 106000,000 3 l-(I.Mili2..VMI i'lHilMIII.IIIIII 1 1 (l7l-2-2,.')OI) 1 O-^llld.lPIHI r(IO-JO-J.5liO |-102.'0.M(1() 1 i'j:)6ii,{i(i() 3 1 (iTlW'.t.lMi'i rO'i-iT2,70(l 1 1 l(l'<7l.7f<7 1 I2lnll,l0il , 1 Ilili;.6i2 I-l.'.76-2..'.ll(l 1 lOlOI.I'.dll 4 1 |(K'M,2M!( 1 I-J.V.O.-SI 1 1 II7.V2,3(K( 1 160«j.i:.6 1 I025l.'«60 ' 1 21.'i.'.0.625 1 •26-2I7.61HI A 1 |:tll(),N2l |-|:)'I27.|(I7 ' 1 |N70-<.(i;il 1 -21665, -JOO 1 2I6|H,1II| , 1 •r,5'2N,l.'iO 1 33V22,5.'i^ l|.'>!kl((,3H 1 iiiiii.'>.-.';«i , 1 •2-20-25,533 1-26.531.0(12 1 .3o-;-2i;.oi2 ' 1-3100'.).,',6I 1 11^51,011 7 llhHrtN, .'>:,') l-."j'.i^'7.;i'n7 1 1 27'2-n.!t26 |-3I,')03.17K ' 1 ;i60iil.|N;t 1-10710.012 1 -,')0;i63.0-2rt N 1 2I^*l 1 .551.32,h-22 I(;^0I7,MM1 10 12l(W*,15l 1 3I39I,63N 1 1 11000,176 1 1 4-021, WN l-,55-JNi,012 1 6-2h«.0,463 1 7IK)H|,770 11 l3ri(W,fi(«) 1-38 12.3.387 1-45006.972 1 •53015,406 1 -022'*5.3()5 1 71033,030 I 81)S20,fi56 13 l-3IIHH,hH2 1 ■ I257(i.(l>'0 1 51l06.Mt;o 1 60103.222 1 -605NH, 1 1,1 I 70585.633 2 01210,617 13 1 HTTil.lOI 1 I6'<.V(,;I7I 1 -.'i630'i.006 1-66507. .351 1 77210,6|(» 1 SN561.0M 2 13202.^2tl |-|fi'»7,;iM2 |-.'il2').M»7-2 1 t;iN(l!l, 152 1 7;i 167,6 15 1 S519I.I0'2 1-07003,160 2.2601K),3!)6 IS MhJ!l,>,'.5.hl!t 10 1 |H |.')(l,5fi2 1 OOlTO.liM 1 73;iO-',6(ll 1 H7-Ji)MM 2^(r)-2;i7,oi5 2 |f<'2><7.4.50 2.T(0:t5.168 17 |-52l(il.h2ll 1 65281,703 1-70I67,.555 1 IKTlKl.O.'iO 2 ll.3;i7.I.Nl 2 20-201. Hri2 26!)277,270 18 lfl5!l65,N72 1-70213,306 1 857 4:-',020 2-02.^1 .6.'.2 2-20N|7.h77 2 4lirKi|.023 2H.',|.-);t,lil5 1!) l"5!Wn,'i,()l!l 1 ■75350.(i05 r!C22.')0,l,32 2'106N|.0|N 2-3O7S0.O3I 2-;i-2005,O2O 302550,0,50 20 1 li3Mil,('>l4 1-8U61 1,123 1 9b978,886 210112,314 2 41171,402 2 05329,771 3 20713,.547 21 I'f.TWH.lHS l-800-J9,457 20.51)43.117 2-27876.807 2.52021,116 2 78.506.259 3-309,56..36() 'i'i 1 r-il.lT.Hd 1-01610,341 213151, 158 2-.3(il)0l,h70 2 63.365.'201 2-025-26,072 3 60,353,7 12 2.1 1 TtiKil.OiiH 1073')-.6.'j1 2 20611.44S 2 16171,5,55 2-7.V2I6 11.35 3-071.V2..376 3 Ml 07 1,1166 21 1 Hll^72.r)!)5 2()3-J7!).lll 2 2»3.32,8 10 2-.',63,30.1l7 2 H7il()|, :(>.■( 3-22500.')94 4 0180,3.164 1 2.') 1 N.vmi.llO 2 00377.703 2^363-24, I9.S 2-66,5^*3,633 3-00513.116 3 3h635,104 420187,072 2(i i(H)(ia!).2:o 2-l.->0.V.»,|in 2-4 1.51)5.8.56 2 77216,070 3-noti7,.567,-260 4.54038,2^1 27 1 •'70--',7t;8 2 6'20I7,606 2-l)Oh70,332 3-12060,009 3-02012,014 5-11168,(170 20 2 (1 10 10,:30 2-3.')0.')ii„'-)5l 2-7llK7,708 3-ll-'6,5.1l5 3,58103,610 4-11613,,560 5-418.38,7(10 30 2(I1I700,75S 21-27-26,217 2 80670,370 3-21330,751 3.71531,813 432191,2.38 5 74349,117 31 ai.'>oo(),077 2 50000.0.35 a-OO.MW.HS 3.37S|.3,311 301.38.5,715 4,5.3803,040 008810,064 32 2'J0375,()1I4 2-.')7.'i08,'276 3-00670,750 3-50n05.875 4()S0y8.101 4 76401,147 0-1,53,38.008 33 2 •i'lHh.'i.nHfi 2-65-2.3.3.521 3 11104,2.35 3-648,38,110 4-27103,018 500318,854 0-8 1(1.58,0^8 31 2 :I1532.2I3 2-73100.530 32'20S6,0.33 3-70131,631 4-46636.1,54 5-25,331,707 7-251()-2..5'28 35 2 373^0.519 2 813-0,215 3-.3.3.35!).015 3-O160N.HO<.) 4 66734,781 5-51601, 5;)7 7-6860n,67l) 1 3rt 2 43253,532 2-x08-27,'>33 3 45026.61 1 4-10303,255 4-87737,816 5-70181,614 8-11725,200 37 2-i»3;m,h:o 20^522.668 3-5710-2.513 4-26808,l)s6 5-00686.010 6-08140,601 8-63(10i',712 3S 2-55.')OS,2 12 3-()7 ITH.n 18 368 12-81531,7.58 16-912,57,224 20-.-i.58!)2.7 12 ! 59 4-29247,780 5-72000.301 7-61168.203 lO-l 1,502,636 13-42335,687 17-78070,085 3112016.307 ] 60 4 •39978,975 5 89160,310 7-87809,090 1051962,741 140-2740,793 18-67918,589 32-98760,085 fil 4-50978,119 6-06835,120 8- 15382. 108 10-91011,251 14-65804,129 19 61314.519 .34-06695.230 fi2 462252,910 6-25040,173 8-439-20,793 11 -.37802,901] 15-31828,014 20-50380,245 37-06 l!«l,041 63 4-73809,233 6-4.3791,379 8-73458,020 11-83315,017; 16-00760,275 21-62,340,257; .39-28886,7(11 64 485654,464 6-63105,120 9 04029,051 12.30617,617 16-72701,487 22-70166,720 41-6.1610,067 ; 65 497795,826 6-82098,273 , 9-35670,068 12-70873,522: 17-48070,230 23-8,3000,056 i 44-11107.165 6« 510210,721 703488,222 ' 9-68418,520 13-31068,463: 18-26733,100 25-03180,559 40-703(16.11!) 1 67 522996,739 7-21592,868 10-02313,168 13-84311,201 19-0893(),403 , 20-28349,036 49001 '29.0 14 ; 68 5-36071,658 7-46330,654 ! 10-37394,129 14-39683,649 I9-&1838,541 ! 27-59700,488 52-57736.755 { 69 5-49473,449 7-68720,574 ! 10-73702,921 14-97270,905 20-84606,276 28-97754,813 55-73200,060 70 5-63210,286 7-91782,191 11-11282.526 1 15-57161,835 21-78413,558 30 42642,553 5907593,018 n. Tnblo I «* 31 ' 32 I 33 34 35 .36 .37 3S 30 40 41 42 43 I 41 ' 45 ' 46 ! 47 48 i 40 I 50 ; .^1 .52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 61 65 66 67 OS 69 70 •10511 •45;(77, -14270, •43100. •42i;t7. -411011 ■4010(1. ■32' ■a-5715,0,V. •'250->7.85' ■2I17,5,!),')7 ■2387,s,!),s'2 ■-';t2!>6.56S ■22728,359 •22174,000 •2l6,'i;j,l79 •2110.5,511 •20500,771 •200S8,557 •I050.'S,503 •'9120,578 •18654,223 •18199,212 17755,358 i INTliUKST AND SNNUITIKS. 103 II. Table tbowInK iha Tk^'Knt Vai.i k oI i.) rtTi'tviilili- m ilir Dml olaiij rivi-ii Vfar, I't'Hii I Ui 70, rvi'kiiniiiii (;iiiiiiil liiturunl, ul 'it, 3, 'H, 4, ii,!>, miil (lur t'uiil. ]703,'it)7 I 1750,103 I |015,W7 536,353 1,534 S69,816 1502,037 1032. 15'J 1931,089 )710,n4 1 |S'.W,71-2 lo 1(1,307 Tf76'.l,085 lfi05,930 )liMl,',i44 1880,701 |li|'.l,'.l07 I.l'.l7.in5 l.«;(i,>.i'.M ll29,011 1730,755 l200,0«0 1593,018 II) I s 8 >> 3t per Cuiil. Spert'unt. 3) p«r Cant. 1 -J per Cent. 44 |i«r I'eni Sper •'•III. (\ piT Cl'lll. 913:19.023 1 0-U7.1flO,«70 oiro'>7.r» 0'»fl01H,3.57 0.90153,810 O9.'.093,7«0 9523><,09.'k 3 05IM,II(I ■9|-l.V.I,.'i9l 9:t;i5i,o7o 9-1I.'m,(p-1I 91 .72 9\i5 l)0:il2,^MH ""'KI9.01I 3 U'JN.V.MMI 9l.'ill,lti0 ■tNI|9l,2;o -h''99,li:i0 ■"7019,01.0 "(i3'<;i,7rio N:ilM\|,'flH 4 l»0jll5,IMi» •8'«(l,ll9 •83K.^,0,I3I "•1270,217 •79:09,.'(('>0 5 ■hH;tH5, 129 ■Wl-10(I,H7'' •81197.317 N2llCi,71l H0'1|'.,105 7"35'1,0|0 7I72-.."I7 fl «ti2-JO.0N7 h;i;iK,rio •Ki3''ii.iii;i 79113 l,l.-.3 70TMI.57I 74021,51(1 7oiiNi.o54 7 Hll*;,524 ■H|3(l'),l.')l 7-<.'i'HI (I'.Hl •7.V.l9l,>l •73ISJ,"|0 7I(M'.",I33 (io.-.o.-.,;ii H V107 l,0.'.7 7n9 10,9-13 7. '.9 11,1. Ml ■7;'009,(C10 7ii3|-i,.5l3 •(i7(i";),9:((t ■<' ■,5.'i"a9, 178 11 •702II,»7H 72212,130 ■0819l,.57l (14958,093 •OIO|9,N74 •.5N|fl7.1WO •.5207" 7.53 12 ■7l3.')5,5h9 ■701 •17.1^8 00 1 7 N, 330 ■(;2I.Vl.7ll.-) 5-«'.Hlli,3-0 •,5.5(W3,712 l'.N.|N>,9.10 13 72M2.(MN ■0'<(I9.-.,I3I 03910,115 0(MI.,7,I09 .'.0|-17,101 ■5:io;i2.i35 l(i""3.!(02 II •70772,720 •001 II, 7'' 1 0I77N,I79 •.577 I7,.'i0>< 530'.l7,'l''0 .'i0.50li,7'.l5 • 1 l'l:tO.O!Hl 15 •OlN)Hi,.'MO 01110,195 ■5!M1>9,0(V1 •.5.5,5^10, 4.50 51072.011 4"IOI,7IO •4IMC.,.'.0»i 10 •0730-1,493 •02310,094 ■.5707O,.')yi •53390MS 491IO,9;il ■l.^sll.l.Tl •3'i:tiil,0''8 17 •05719.500 ■liO.',n 1,045 ■557'1(I,378 •5i:i:t7,3-15 I73i;,(i39 • i:i0'19,0()9 •(71:10,113 18 0II|(I,.V.I1 ■5-739,101 ■.5;m;io,iii ■I!t3(p2,«l2 l.'.'i.>«o,o;i7 •4I5.V1.005 3.'i031,:i79 lU •0-i'i.-.'l,772 ■570'1.->,0(I3 ■5'10I5„V19 •4711.1,212 ■i:)330,l79 ;i9.573,3O0 ■33l'.-.|.:iO| 30 •01027.091 ■,')5307,.575 ■.50-l,')0,588 -4,503^,095 4140l,lftO ■:r;0h",9iH 31 1-0. 173 21 ■59'i38,029 •537.'> 1,928 •|K557,0'Ml,'l:iO 2911,-. 510 21 •SnO-'O, 107 ■52lN9,'l.'iO •109l5,IMi3 •42I95,.539 .37i<70,0->9 3ll"l.0"7 ■277.'.o..'i',0 23 •,')00li9,72» ■.501109,175 •4.5;i'lH,.')03 ■40.572,()33 .•10335.013 •;t2 ..'.7,131 ■'101 70.720 21 •5.'.2's7,.'i35 •4919.1,374 43795.713 -.'191112,117 ■31770.317 310OI..791 ■yi(ii'T.".5,5 25 •539:i9,0.)9 •477('K),5.'>0 ■4-131 1,0'I9 -375ll,0'oi,-iii -3IO-7 ■30lOO,i:i7 ■'1C.7"1.":12 ■•2O7.;0.795 •i" •500^7,778 •137117,075 ■3h|0.'>,131 •33317,717 •19 1.')7, 009 25.5O9,:i01 •I0.'.(,3.ll|| 20,017 •1519-..710 33 •44270,298 •37-02,0-15 ■32131,271 •27409,117 •23:197,121 ■199"7,'1.54 •||0I",0'1-1 31 •43l90,.53l •300<)l,4!K» •31(117,0(15 •20355,'2(I9 22,l"9,5h9 • 19035, 1"0 •i:i79l.l.53 35 •42i;)7,l(l7 -3V.3S,3 10 -29'.I97, (■>>(> •253 1 1 ,5 17 •2I1'1.5,I44 18119,029 ■i:)oio..v« 30 •41109,372 •315113,213 2-9-3,-172 •2l300,h72 •'20.'.0'2."I7 ■17'205.711 ■|-2'17 1.077 37 •40100,705 •33191,291 -180113,101 •23 1-19,08.-1 •190I9,'.C11 •|OU3,.503 •I1.57",3|8 38 •391-18,492 ^•1.5-22,0I5 •170.'.0,I9I •2'15'i8.543 •lh775,01l ■1.50(10,.5:i0 ■1(I923,""5 31) •.3h 17 I.I 39 •3I.')75,3.55 -101 11, -150 •210ll^l.(lOI •I79(')0,519 •11911,797 •lo:io.,5.'.2 40 •37213,002 •300:i5,08l •2.Vi:)7,2l7 ••29h-l,S,'.H)l •17192,h70 •1I20I.50!* •09721,219 41 •.W33 1,095 •29702,800 •21103.137 •200-27,792 •10152,507 i;f.'.9".l60 •09171,905 42 ■35118,183 •2H,'<95,9'12 •2.3.-)77,9IO •19-1,57.493 •15714,020 ■I'l,"" 1.902 •0"0.'.2,710 43 •31,583,MNl ••1•^0.V1,•191 •227^<0,59() ■18.'.|ti.H-10 •1.5000,0,54 •1'1270,IIO •0"102,(Mi'l 41 •33710,370 •17237,178 '1^10I0,-131 •17hO 1,0,35 ■1II17,-170 ■Il0"0,i:i3 •077(NI '108 45 ■3-1917,110 •20113,-01 •2riO,-),92» •17119.811 •1371H),137 ■lll'19,05l •07-105,l"ir 40 ■32111,.570 •2'.073,0.V1 •20540,7N7 •10 101,. 380 •I3'102,.332 ■10599,008 •(I0"53,7"l 47 •31331,294 •219*15,877 •19851,908 •|.5S-lh,-r)0 •12(Vt3,8lO ■100<»1,921 •00105,831 48 •30,'>07,I10 ••14199.hS() •1918(1,(115 •15219,170 •1'10K9,771 ■OlHil 1,211 (Mi099,8|0 1 40 •29.811, .570 •23195,0-19 •1M.5,12,021 •14631,112 •11509,1,58 •09150,391 •0.5751,500 50 •29094,221 •22810,708 •17900,337 •14071, "102 •11070,905 •08720,.'r73 •05128,836 ! 51 •28384,000 •22110,318 •17299,843 •13,5.30,0.59 •10594,225 ■08.30,5,117 •05121,514 .52 •27092,298 •21,501,280 •10711,824 •13009,072 •101:18,014 ■07909,635 •04831,045 53 •27010,870 •20875,0-19 •10I49„589 •12.509,300 •09701,419 ■07532,980 •04.5.5M.50 54 ■203.57,'.»2.8 •20-107,019 ■15003.407 •12028,173 •09283,083 (17171,272 -Oi:i(IO,U7 55 ■2.57I5,0.->2 •HH)70,717 •1.5075,814 •ll.50.5,.551 •088N3,!M)7 ■00832,010 ■0 I0.'i(i,7 12 ! so •250^7,855 •19103.000 •11.5(ifi,(HI| •lll'10.7-12 •0850l„il7 •00,507,^j70 •0,'1»-17,115 57 •21175.957 •18517,193 •14073,433 •10093.002 •(WI35,^20() •00197,400 ■0:1010,480 1 58 •23878,9.82 •18000,981 •13597,.5-10 •l(V281,7:t3 •07781,9:18 •05m)2,29l •03100,119 1 59 •23290,508 •17'8'2.598 ■13137,701 -098Sti.'lh2 •07449,701 •0.5021,2,30 •03213,.320 60 •22728,359 •10973,.309 ■1-1093,431 •09500,frlO •071>1K,901 •05353,552 •03031,1,14 61 •22174,009 •10178.911 •12-261,184 •09140,423 •00821,915 •05098,0-21 •028.59,843 ! «-2 ■21033,179 •15998,972 -11849,4.53 •08788.808 •00.5'18,llrt •01855,830 ■0'1097,905 63 •21l0.5,.54l •15.5,32,982 •11418,717 •081.50,835 •00217,032 •0IO21,()OO ()2545,'150 ; 61 •20.-)9(),771 •15080,505 ■1 1001, .591 •081-25,803 •0.5978,021 '04401,381 •0'14Ol,179 65 •20083,557 •140 11, 3^25 ■10087,5'28 •07813,272 •05720,594 •04191,048 •02205,204 60 •19598,593 •14114,879 •10;)20,114 •07512,700 •05474,253 •03994,903 •02137,041 67 •19120.578 •1.3800,853 •09970,922 •07'123.809 '052.38,510 •03801,670 •02010,077 68 •18054,223 •1339.8,887 •09039,538 •00<.M5,(r70 ■05012,9,37 •03623,495 •01901,959 69 •18199,212 •1.3008,628 •09313,503 •00678,818 ■04797,039 ■03450,9 18 •01791,301 70 •17755,358 ■12029,736 •08998,612 •06421,910 •04590,497 •03280,617 01692,737 ■ — ■ ■ .- i 7. t •» \ 104 INTEREST AND ANNUITIES. III. Table Bhowinp tlm Amount cr an Annuity of £1 per Annum, Improved at Compound Intcreit, at aj, 3, 3i, 4, 4i, 5, and (i per Cent, at the Kiid ortaili Year, from 1 to 70. IV. TiiMi! .NuMllliT ( S ij 10 II 12 13 14 I a Il> 17 IS I'.l 20 21 22 23 21 2.5 20 27 2S 20 30 31 32 33 31 3.5 38 37 38 30 40 41 42 43 44 45 40 47 48 40 50 51 f)2 53 54 55 5fi 07 58 50 00 (A ()■: C3 M 05 06 67 68 fiO 70 9^ per Cent. 3 per Cent. Si per Cent. 4 per Cent. 41 per Cent r(l(KMIO,(HI() 2'02.')(ll»,0(l() 3-(l7.V;2,5ll()| 4 1.')25l,002| 5-2.i(i32,.V.2i 0-38T:3,r,73! 7-.5IT43,OI.'-.| M;3ti|l,.')!)(l' ilit.VI.'il.-'MI 11-20.)38,117 1218310,031 13 7<.ri.55,21)T 1.5- 11011,170 10-.51,S1I5,2XI IT ;ftl02,0t)(i i:i3Sni2.4S3 20-^0173,045 22.3m;31,K71 23-9 1000,743 25-54405,701 27-18.327.405 2S-sO2-'5,.5y0 30 5^ 1 12,730 32-31003.7'.i> 31 15770,303 .30 01170,-i'3 .3701200,073 3085080,075 41-8.5t>20..577 43-00270,310 40-00027,074 4-1.5027,751 .50-35103,445 .52-01288.531 51-0-2N20.744 .57 -.-'0 111,203 .50-73.304,704 ti2-2272it,C64 01-7^207,006 07-40255,351 70 72 75 78- 81 84- 87- 00- 04- 97- 100 104 108- 111 115 110- 123- 127- 131 135 ■08761,737 83080,781 60080,300 5.5232,.308 51613,110 5540,3,443 00788,520 85058,243 13107,100 48434,879 92145,751 •44440,395 -05560,029 ■75000,045 -55092,130 43000,410 42508,070 51132,893 00911,215 99158,905 l-onooo.ooo 203011(1.(100 3 ooooo.ooo 4-|s:«W,70o 5 . '100 1 .3,58 1 o-i(;sio,osn 7 f'li '12 10,218 8^s0^2;t3.0()5 lO-l.V.IKl.OUT ll40J87,y31 12-80770,.509 1410202, 0.50 1501770,015 17-(W032.4I0 1850801,380 20 150^8,1.30 21-701.58,774 23I11I.3..577 25^ 11(^0,8(4 20 87037,440 28 07048,572 30-53078.030 32 1528^,370 34- 120 17,022 30-45920,432 385.5301,225 40-70!K)3.352 42-03002.252 4521885,020 •17-57511,571 50-00207,818! 52.50275,8.52' ,55 07784,128 .57-7.3017,0.52 6040'208,181 03-27504,427 0(;-17122,2.)9 69-1.5944.927 72-23 123,275 1 7540125,973! 1 (10000,00:1 2 0:i.5OO,O00| 3- 10022,500 1 421 101,2(^71 53ii210,58SJ 0.5.5015,218 7^:7010,751 0{1510M.(i77 I0,3(Wiy,.581 11-73139,316 13-14199,1921 irc.0100,104i 10- 11303,0,30; 17 076O'»,G.3O| iy-29.5(i8,08Sj 20-07102,9711 22-70501,575' 21-49909,1.30 20-3.5718,050 28-27008,181 30-269(7.068 32-32800,215 .34-40011,373 .30-60052,821 38-04985,669 4l-31310,10t( 13-75000,021 40-20002,734 48 01070.9.30 51-02267,728 54-42017.098 57-33450,217 00-34121,005 63-4.5315,240 06-07401,274 70-00700,318 73-45780,030 77 02880,472 80-724!H),004 84-55027,775 78-00329,.573 88 82-02310,645 92 85-48389,2.34 96 89-01840,911 101 92-71986,139 105 90.50 145,723 110 100-30050.005 115 104-40830,598 1-20 1108-54064,785 125 112-79686,729 130 11718077,331 136 121-00010,051 142 120.34708,240 148 131-13749,488 1.54 1.30-07101,972 100- 141-1.5.370,831 107. '146 .388.38,1,36 174- 15178()0.3,280 181- 1,57.333 13.370 188^ 16305313,680 190 50953,747 607.37.128 84802,92.'' 23833.130 78107.200 48103,145 3.5007.255 3^h25,059 00184,5.57 99791,016 1 nodflo.oooj 1-01000,000 3 12100,0(10 4 24010,4001 5-41032.2.50J 6-6.3207,5101 7-80^20, 1 |H 9-21122.020: 10-.58270.531! 12-00010,712 I3-4S63.5,11l! 15(12.580,5 10 16-02083,708' 18-20101,119 20-02.3.58,761 21-82153,114 23-00751,2.39 25-01.541,2«8 27-07122,010 29-77807,858 31-90920,172' .34-24790,970 30-017h8,858 30-0^200,413 41-04.590,830 44-31174,403 47-08121,441 40-007.58,290 52-0t)02S,631 56 08103,770 59-32833.527 02-70140,808 00-20052,743 098.5700,8.53' 73-05222,487 j 77-.50831,.387! 81 •70224,0 12 85-07033,028 00-49914,973 0502551,572 5 per Cent. 1 -(H)000,000| 2-01500,0001 3-1.3702,500, 4-27810,1121 5-47070,9731 0-710^0,100! 80I0I.5,170| 0-.38fl01,302l 10 80211,1231 12-28820,937! 13-81117,879 15-40103,181 17-1.5991,327 18-93210,0.37 20-78 105,420 22 710.3.3,6 2t74170,0M,) 20-8.5508.370 29 00350,216 31-37142,-277 per Cent. 1-00000,0110 2-0.5O0O,0OOi 3-1.52.50,000' 4 31012,500 5 52503,125 0-80101,281 8-14200,845 51910,8K8 11-020.56,432 12-57780,254 33-78313,680 36-30337.705 38-0,Tr02,0;iO 41-08010,031 41-50.521,014 47 .57004,400 50-71132,361 53-00333,317 .57-42303,310 01-00706,000 64-752.38.770 08-6002 1,5-24 72-75022,0'2,-< 77-0.3025,010 81-40001,800 80- 10390,581 01-04134,427 00-13820,470 101-40412,398 107 03032,306 99-82053, 1 04 -81050 11001238, 11541-287 121 02030, 126-87056; 1.32-94539,1 139-26320,1 145-83373, 152'60708 0,351112 7801118 1711125 098:131 200:1.38 741140 0451153 6071101 431 i 100 3681178 1420078,716 1501712,0.52 17-71208.285 19-.50863,199 21-57850,350 23-0.5740,17/ 25-840.30.0.30 88-1.3238,407 .30.53900,301 33-00505,410 35-71925,181 38-.50.521,440 41-43017,512 •44-50UK),887 47-72700,882 511 1.345.370 54 00912,045 .58-40258,277 0-2-.32-271,101 06-43881,750 '84068,7.59 92478,851 27610,402 91384,220' 84990,510 00821,3.53! 072(13,3141 58790,103! 85035.720: 50302,828 ■58283,702 159' 3032.3,0311107 34594,9.581174 5.3805,782 182 9408,8,984,191- 58003,009 199- 44533,-207 208- 5.5001.800 218- 005-20,085 2-27- 51088,288,237- HO-39131,070 144-90110,419 149.52.369,3.30 1,54-26178.503 150-1183.3.027 164-00628,853 169 198()0..574 174-428(i0.313 179-78937,971 185-28411,421 108-94.503,991 175-01339,110 181-20370.284 187-70170,062 104-3.3275,782 201-16274,055 208 10702,277 21.5-4435.5.145 222 00085,800 230-59406,374 204-39407..378 248' 212-54S79.780 2.59' 220-98800,579 270 229-72258,509 282 238-70287,050 294 248-119.57,718 307 25780370,238 321 207-82089,100 334 27820083.535 .349 288 93780,459 364 I '77376,703 16171,771 85130,042 84535,808 15917.,302 80553.994 79770,154 1 1007,200 87505,888 99008,524 51031,265' 45072,510 82875,410 00100,4.33 90838,050 76711, .572 07780,035 02091,2.30 31774.880 29045,881 187-53500,455 ll90-97476,010 200 83.863,40^ 217-14037,201 227-01705,0.38 230-17420,7.55 •-'50-9.3710,050 203-22027,953 276-074.50,710 289-49795,397 .303.52530,100 318-18.100,310 .3.3350228,333 349^50988,008 300-23783,090 38371853,335 401-98580,7.35 42107.523.1,38 441-02301,070 461-80967,955, 70-70078,088 75-29882,930 8000377,033 8500095,037 00-32030,734 05 8.30.32,271 101-02813,884 107-70054,.570 114-0y50-2,3fl8 100-79977,423 127-83070,294 135-23175.109 142-00333,804 15114.300.558 159-70015,586 168 68516,305 178-11042,183 1^8-02539,292: 198 42000,257: 209-34799,570' 220-81539,5481 232-85610,.52K 245-40807.3.52 258-77392,220 272-71201,831 •287-34824,922 .302-71500,16n 31885114,477 335-79101,700 353-58371,786 ,372-20290,375 391-87004.803 412-4608.5,1.38 434-09.3.34,305 4.50-70801,115 480(13791,170 505-66980,729 .531 05.329,705 550-55096,254 588-52851,066 1 -00000,000 200000.000 3-18300.000 4-37401,000 5-0.3709,206 {5 97531,8.54 8.39383,7(0 9-80740,701 11-49131,508 13-18079,401 149716t,264 10-80901,1-20 18-8><213,707 21-01.5(I0..593 23-27500,08H 25-07252,l>{"* a>'-21287,970 30-00505,255 33-75000,170 .30-78550, 1-iO 39-99272,608 43-30220.028 46-00.582,769 50-81557,735 54-86451.200 .50-1.5038,272 03-70570,508 08-52811,102 73-Or 070,8.32 79-05818,022 84-80167,7.39 90 88077,803 07-34310,171 104-18375,400 111-43477,087 119-12086,006 127-20811,806 135 00420,578 145-05845,813 154-76196,562 165 04768,356 175-950.54.4.57 187-50757,724 109-7.5803,188 2 12-74.351, ,379 2-20.50812,402 241-09801,209 256-56452,882 272-95840,055 200-33590,458 '309-75605,886 328-28112,239 .3-48 078.30,773 .370 91700,620 394-17202.057 418-82-2.34,810 444-95108,905 472-('' 1879.0.39 502-00771,782 5,33-12818,089 .506-11587,174 001-0,>*282,4()4 038-14779,349 077-43000,110 719-082,S0,076 763-22783,211 810-02150,235 859'62-270.249 91220010,004 967-93216,904 i 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 iO 17 18 10 20 21 22 23 24 25 20 27 I 28 I 20 I 30 0!t I 1-0' 2-.s; 37( 4'Oi 5-5( 3-1 717 7-0; 8-75 9-51 10-2.5: loos; 1 1 m 123.SI 13-0.5.5 1371-2 14 -.3.5.1 1 I07H 15589 10-181; l(i-7t)5| 17 3321 17-881(1 18-4213 l8-9.-)0(i 10-404(1 lOOtilw 20-4535. 20-93021 31 ; 21.39516 .3-2 21-81017 .33 22-20|.S,S 34 22-7-2378 35 23-11,515 30 23-55025 '7 123-9,5731. 18 :2131,8ii(), 19 I2473031 10 j2j-i!)-277, 1 ' 25-.16012,' 2 I 25-fi'20(i(),( 3 l20-l(i(i|| 4 |20-5o;i8i;! i I 20 83.30-2,; ) ' 27-15 IKi.t ' '27-i(i7l8,2 I ; 27-77315,3 ' I 2r07l:iO,U I 28-30231,11 28-64015,7: I 28-92308,0: I 20-19:i21,91 I 89-45082,87 I 20-7l397,9-2 ! 20 96lh,5,78 I 30-209(i|,7^ •'iO-4484(),72 30-08137,291 30 90805,01! •'ilI3fl.39,0.5'; l31-.34072,N;f( I 31 55778,37'' 31-70.300,1 31-90157,7v 32-100.56,20 32.35170,87., ■325.383l,099 I 32-7-20.'iO,.'))i 32-80785,698 48 00 i,298 INTEREST AND ANNUITIES. 105 IV. TiiblB sliowiiis llie Phk.sknt Vai.ie ok an Asniitv iiIjCI pisr Aiiiiiiiii, to coiilinur for any civen Nuiiiliur uf Years, t'rotii I to TO, ruckiiiiliiK CompoiiiKl liilrrrHt, at 'ii, :i, 3^, I, 4i, 3, iiiut (i |)i-r Ct'iit. « 21 per Cr;nt.! 3 |)i!r Out. 3i per Cent.' 4 per Cent. IJ I""" Out- 5 per Cent, fi per Cent. bS7,174 !8a,4()t t79,349 |)(iri,no 12,S6,07G 150,235 170.249 1)10.004 216,964 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 HI 20 21 22 23 24 2,') 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 31 3.5 36 37 3-! 39 40 41 42 43 4t 45 46 I '»7 \ 48 i 49 50 51 52 53 51 I 55 I 56 57 58 I 59 i 60 fil 62 63 64 65 66 67 m 69 70 '.tT.'it'){l.'.l76 I 1 '.127 12, 1 1,'" I 2-\'irii)2,:)."i6 ' 3 7(il'.i;.l2l ; 4til.V'<2,''lil| 5oll>l2..');!() i (i 34'.l3'.l.(lii() 7 17013.717 i 7-'l7l)Mi,5.')"t I 8-752()f.,3y3 j 0-51420.871 I 10-2.')776.40O i 10 9^31S. 11)7 ! 11()1I0!I1,2I7 12 .■i.M37.773 13{).'u0l),2t;(i 13-71219.772 l4-3.'i.i30,3()3 I ll-07HM»,134 15 5ft910,2'28 16-18I,54,S.".7' 16-76.') 13,821 17 33211.(118 17-88 1'.I8,583 18-42437,612 i8-9.-)06i.iii ; HI-4640 1,(187 I 19-96188,865 i 20-45354,991 20-9.3029,259 I (l-9;()>7.37!t l-'.t|3;(i.(l(i9 2N2M-,|.13."i 3-7170'.l.8|(l 4-.'.7'.)70.7li) 5-11719.111 6-23(1-2^. -ills 7(110(19.219 7-7!'61(),sil2 8-53020,28 1 9-25262,110 9-95 10(1.398 !0(i3195.532 ll-29(i(l7.312 I|-9:i703..''i(l7 12-.'.«110,2((1 13 1661 1, N 15 13-75351.30(1 1|-32379.!HI9 14-87747,481 15-41.'i02,112 15 93(i91.662 16-44360.S37 | 16 93.')51,2IO 17-41314.7t:i'- 17-87684,239 ' 18-32703,113 18-76110,820 19-I8845,l.'i0 19 60014,132 (I!l6|-.ls, 1-H!I1I(','.I. 2-*'OI6'(. 3-67:1117. 4-.M.)0.V 5-32x55, 6 11151, 6>i73!l5, 7-6076'', 8-316(i0, 9-00155, 9(i(i333, 1030273, 109211.52, 10-51711, 12(19111, 12-63132, 13 181)08, 13-71*3, 14-21240, 3.57 rJ7 ',121 2.37 302 398 333 (151 5.32 103 133 hlN (127 ,089 (M 038 172 741 ,330 I 21 -.395 10,7 11 21-81917.796 22-29188.()i)3 22-72378,628 23-1431.5,731 23-55625,107 23-9,5731,8 11 21-31800,301 I 21-73031,413 i 2319277,503 I t 25-46612,200 1 25-82060,683 i20-lt)6ll,,5li9 26-50.38 1,915 26 83.302.3><6 I 27-15116.962 27-46718,255 27-7731.5,371 I 2S-07136,947 28-36231,168 28-64613,774 ( 28-92308,072 i 29-19.321,948 I 29-43682,877 129-71397,928 I 29 96185,784 I .30 20961.740 I .30-4481(),722 I 30-68137,290 j 30 90865,619 31-13039,057 I 31 -.34672, 8.36 31-55778,.377 31-76369.148 31-96157.706 32-16056,298 32.35176,876 .32 53831,099 32-72030,341 32-89785,698 120-00012.847 I 20-38876,.530 ,20-76579.175 21-13183,665 21-4.8722.001 21-832-2.5,217 22-1672.3,311 22-49216,136 22-80821,510 23-11477,195 23-412.39,995 23-701.33,917 23-98190.211 2l-23l27,;i89 24-31871,231 2177314,901 25-02170.7.80 23-26670,6(i0 25-50165,!i89 25-72976,397 ■25-95122,716 i26-166-23.996 : 26 ,37 199.025 I 26-57706,043 I 26-77442,761 26-96510,370 27-1.5093,.563 27-33100,516 27 •30383,055 27-67556,,364 ^ 27-810.35.,104! 28-00034.276 i 28-1.5.567,238 ! 28 30647,823 128-45289,119 i 28-39504,028 '28-73.301,881 I 28-86703,768 28 997I2,.396 129-12342,132 14-09797,420 13-16712,1.83 15-62041.017 16-05836,760 !0-48l51,439 1689033,226 17-28330,450 17-6(i701,88l 18-0;i570,700 18 39204,541 18-736-27,576 19-0(i8h0,.547 19-39020.818 19-70068.423 20 000);6.1()9 20-2;H)I!1,381 20-370.52,542 20-81108,736 21-102lit,987 21-33307,234 21-59910.,371 21-83 1^8,281 22-06-268,870 22-28279,102 22-49345,026 22-70091,812 22-899 !.3,7S0 2300121,425 23 27636,449 23 15561,787 23-02861,6.30 23-70.576,434 23 9.5726,013 21 113-29,510 2120105„323 21-40971.327 2t-5.5O44,7t)0 24-68012,281 2181779,981 2191473,412 25-067.37,590 25- 18587,019 25-30033,796 25-4I097,.3,88 23-51784,910 25-62111,030 25-72087,951 2.''-81727,489 25 91041,053 26 00039,604 90 1 33.'- 16 1 N>( O.I. 107 2-77,5(l!i. 103 3-0-2!.,-<9.3'J2 4 l3l«-2.-233 5 21-213 (ISO 6-()()-2ll3,l(i7 6-7.3-271. 1^8 7-4.i.5.-f3,101 &-110>-'9,.578 8-70017.671 ' O-3S3O7.370 9 9.'-i30l,7N3 I0-.56312.2H3 l|-ll.V(S.74l 11-03229..50I l2-|030(i,N>6 12-03!l-29,(i9'< 13 133'.(3.9I0 13-59032,633 11 0-2!) 1.5,995 14-13111,331 14-8-.68 1,107 13-2161)0,314 13-0-2'2O7,993 13 1)8-270,918^ 10 3-2938.375 ! 10-00300.3-22 16 08.371,461 17-29-203,330 i 17-58819,356 17-H73.5.5,1.50| 18-1176l,.5C)7- 18-41119,776 18-00101,3-23 [ 18!)()f?-28.199 19-142.57,8h0' 19-36786,424 , 19-58118,481 19 79-277,389 19-99305,181 ' 20-1830-2,674 20-37079,194 20-54881,1-29 20-7-2003,970 20-88165,3.56 21-0129.-i,612 21-1931.3,0,88 21-34147,200 21 48218,462 2161748,.521 21-747.58,193 21-87-207,493 21-9929.5,607 22-|08fil,218 22-21981,910 22-32074,943 22 129.50,076 22.52,''42,9.57 22-6-2348,997 22-71489,421 22 80278.-289 22-88729,124 22-96h5 1.927 2301008.199 23 12180.959 23-19101,708 23-20330.739 23-330-29,3.56 23-39451,497 9.5093,7''0 l-.'<"-200.773 2 7MH1.433 3 3''73-2.370 4 3--997.071 3-|.57n7,-218 5 MI-270,(I91 0393-s,(;07 7 -20>79,0I9 7 91-271,818 8-5-:891,092 9-llN38,078 9-08213,212 l()-2-2-2-2,.5-28 10 73931,.573 11 23 101, .505 11 70719,113 12- 1.5999, l.M) 12 393-^9,.339 13-00793,615 13-10172,3-^8 13-78 l4-i,476 14 I1777,4S9 I4-19J47,N37 I l-^-2-'-2(),M)6 15-11001.145 I5-45I30,-2n2 1 3-74-287 ,;t3 1 IO-021r.8.833 10-28888,834 16-51139.093 10-78889.086 17-02-286,-207 17 24675,796 17-46101,210 l7-6(-.6()4,0,)8 17-86-223.979 lh-0 1999.023 18-22903,572 18-40158,412 i 18-50010,949 ls-7-235 1.970 18-87421,0-29 19-01838,306 19 I.50;i4,7l2, 19-2,-<8.37,074 ' 19 41470,881 19-53500.055 19-05129,813 19-76200,778 [ 19-86795,003 1996933.017 20(lt)631,4(i(i 20-1.5918,149 20-2 1802,0.57 20-33303,401 20-11438,664 20-492-23.602 20.56673,303 20 63802,-204 20-70621.119 20 771,52,267 20-83399,298 20-89.377,319 20-9,5097,913 21-00572.165 21-03810.685 2|-IOS-23,(i'22 21 1.56-20,691 21-20211,187 09.523-* 1 85911 2-7-2;i21 3-31595 4.3-2917 5-07.509, 5-7x037 0-16;C21 7 I07SJ 7-72173 .0(15 Ol.-l MI3 030 .607 ■207 .310 .270 , 1 07 ,4113 8.30611,422 8-803-23.104 9-393.57,299 9-8!)>6 1,0114 10-.-t7li0.5,S)l 10f<3776,936 1 1 274(10,0-25 1 1 -()895-<,090 l2O,V)3•2,0^6 12-40-221,034 I-2-V21 1.5,271 I3-10300,-25M I3-|N857,,388 I3-798()4,I79 14-09391,4.57 14-27318,530 14 6i:i()3,.362 14-8981-2,726 15-14107,3.58 15-37-245,103 15 59281,0.50 15-lO-2(i7,007 1600-254,921 16-|9-290,I0I 16-37419,129 16-3 16h.5. 171 16-711-2.8,734 16-80789,-271 17-01704,007 17-15908,630 17-29430,796 17-423-20,758 17-51.591,198 17-66-277,331 17-77406,982 17-88()()0,050 17-98101,571 18-07715,782 18-10872,173 18-25592,546 18-3,3897,603 18-41807,298 18-19340,284 1851)514,556 1803347,196 18-69854,473 i 18-76051,879 18-819.54,170 18-1^7.575,400 ' 18 9-29-28,953 18-98027,574 19 02886,404 19-07308,003 19 1191-2,381 19-16107,033 19-20101,9,36 19-23!M)6,600 19-27530.101 19-30981.048 19-31-207,665 Olll3:t!),0'2.3 l->;(:',39.-267 2(i7:((ll,195 3-10.51li..)61 4-2r2.!6,.-)78 l-917:t-2,432 5-.5.v23'",144 0-20!i79,.'t8l 0-8(ll(-|,:(92 9-71221,198 10-|0;),'->!l,3-.!0 IOI77'23,908 10-12700,317 11-1.5,111,018 11-409112,121 11-76107,061 12011.58,171 1230337,197 12-55033,7.52 12783;t3,OI5 13-()()310,018 13 210.5.3,113 13 40016, 1-28 I3-.59072,I0I 13 76183,115 13-92908,599 14-08101,338 14-230-22,961 14-:i68l 1,114 14-4912 1,()36 14-6-2091,713 14-7,3671,031 14-84601,916 14-94907,468 15046-29,687 15-1380l,.591 15-22151,331 15-30617,294 15-38318,202 15-45.513,209 l5-524.'t6,990 15.58902,821 15-65002,001 15707.57,227 15-70186,063 15-81.307,607 15-86l39,-.'52 15-90097,407 1594997,334 15-99034,296 10-02881,412 10-06491,898 10-09,198,017 16-13111,336 16-16142,770 16-1900-2,013 16-21700.579 16-2121.5,8-29 16-26647,008 1628912,-272 16-31049,313 16-33005.390 10 .34967,349 1036761.650 16 38151,387 I i 7. \ I I 100 INTEREST A\D ANNUITIES. V. Tiit)l<' (if MoUTAi.iTV ; showiiiK the Niiinlicr of I'lTsmis ••ilivi! at the I'.nd of cvpry Year, from 1 to 100 Vf.irs of Au'i'. oiii c'f l.ttiiu Ixirii lotfialii'r, iii ilit; iliifiTi'iii I'liucs, and incoriliiiij to ili(! Authorities uiKlurnu'rilioiicd. 1 1 Kiiitland. I'mnce. SueJen. .1 "1 Vieniw BtTlln. ' Sivit/er- 1 hN>l. Sitefij, 1 j Holland. 1 il U o - 715 i _c pi 1 1 .1 & ; 0-0 713 hlO 731 1 708 7S0 512 033 811 709 804 2 1 SIS ! t:2.-) 778 709 6.t2 t f)72 730 471 528 701 038 708 3 1 4112 5H2 725 0^2 591 i 025 i 095 430 48,1 735 014 736 4 ' 4.V2 5-)3 700 602 557 599 ! 071 100 434 715 ,185 709 5 420 53f) OhO 1 017 510 S.'i'l 656 .177 403 701 503 6.>i9 6 410 521 i 008 031 523 573 611 3.'i7 387 (*8 540 070 i 3'.I7 5o;i 059 61 511 5i,0 031 314 ,370 077 532 00 1 8 a-is 499 05 1 615 501 51iO 025 337 307 007 523 032 « 3^0 402 019 007 491 1 550 1 OIH ,331 301 059 515 010 in 373 487 10 000 4^9 I 551 1 Oil 327 3r.fl (i53 508 639 11 31)7 483 I 613 595 4^0 517 1 000 322 3.13 618 502 033 12 301 478 1 610 590 4.S2 513 ! 002 318 350 613 497 027 13 i 3.10 474 037 585 479 538 597 314 317 639 492 621 M ! 351 470 634 581 470 531 591 310 314 ()35 488 610 IS ; 317 405 030 578 472 529 590 300 311 031 183 Oil 10 1 313 401 OiO 571 408 521 5S0 ,302 33H 020 479 600 17 ! 338 457 622 570 401 i 519 582 299 335 022 471 001 \H 331 452 618 565 459 1 514 578 29.1 332 618 470 590 10 3-J9 410 613 501 455 1 508 571 291 328 014 403 590 20 325 411 009 550 419 502 570 2S8 .321 610 401 584 2! 321 431 005 551 415 496 505 2.S4 320 (iOO 4.10 577 22 310 428 601 515 438 490 500 •i-ii) 315 602 451 .171 2;t 310 421 596 540 432 i 484 S.M 270 310 597 410 506 21 ! SOf) 415 592 531 430 1 478 55! 273 305 592 411 539 25 20!) 409 588 529 419 471 546 209 297 ,187 430 551 20 201 402 5^4 523 414 465 511 2()5 293 .582 431 543 27 2-8 390 579 517 408 458 535 201 2>7 .177 4i0 535 28 283 3S9 575 512 402 452 530 2.i0 211 ,172 421 526 2!) 278 383 570 500 398 415 525 251 275 567 415 517 30 272 370 501 500 3S8 438 519 217 209 503 409 508 31 200 370 559 495 3><1 432 513 213 204 558 403 499 32 200 301 553 490 377 425 507 239 239 553 397 490 33 251 357 517 4M4 371 418 501 235 234 548 .391 482 31 218 351 512 479 300 411 495 231 219 514 .381 474 35 212 i 311 530 474 355 401 488 220 213 539 377 407 36 236 j 338 531 400 339 397 482 221 2.37 533 370 400 37 230 ' 331 525 401 311 390 477 216 230 527 3(;3 433 3S 221 : 325 519 459 3.11 383 471 211 223 520 336 446 3i» 218 318 514 434 330 376 465 205 216 513 349 439 40 212 312 508 449 314 309 459 199 209 500 342 432 1 4! 207 305 501 444 310 302 453 191 203 500 ' 335 425 42 201 299 499 439 302 355 , 445 189 197 494 328 419 43 194 292 487 431 297 348 ' 437 1.85 192 4<«8 321 413 41 187 285 480 429 292 311 4.30 181 187 482 314 407 45 ISO 279 473 421 279 331 422 170 182 476 307 400 ' 40 174 272 406 419 273 327 414 171 177 469 299 393 i 47 I(i7 265 459 413 209 320 407 165 172 401 291 386 48 159 259 452 408 202 312 400 1.59 167 451 283 .378 4it 153 252 456 402 258 305 392 153 162 441 275 ,370 50 117 245 440 396 212 297 .385 117 1,17 431 267 362 1 51 111 238 434 390 ■ 239 289 370 112 1.12 ! 422 259 354 i 52 135 231 428 381 1 233 2'52 367 1.37 117 j 414 250 ,345 ■ 53 130 224 421 378 ; 229 274 358 1,33 142 ! 406 241 336 51 125 217 414 371 ; 221 265 319 128 1.37 397 232 327 55 120 210 407 303 i 212 2.58 310 123 1.32 388 224 318 50 no , 203 400 355 207 219 331 117 127 377 216 309 57 1 HI 190 392 316 202 210 .322 111 121 364 209 300 5S ' 106 i lt-9 384 338 191 232 312 100 115 318 201 291 59 : 101 182 375 329 190 223 303 101 109 331 193 282 00 1 96 - 175 361 319 108 211 293 96 103 314 180 273 61 92 108 352 S 309 105 204 282 91 97 299 178 204 62 87 : 161 310 299 157 195 271 87 92 280 170 215 63 83 1 151 327 288 150 186 259 82 88 271 163 215 01 78 147 311 278 141 176 217 77 81 262 155 235 05 74 ; 140 302 ; 207 135 160 285 72 80 230 147 225 66 70 • 133 289 2.56 120 157 221 67 75 230 1 10 215 67 65 120 1 277 215 1!7 147 212 62 70 220 132 205 OS 01 119 j 205 i 231 100 1,37 200 57 65 202 121 195 69 50 113 25 1 222 90 129 ' 187 52 00 181 117 185 70 52 100 210 211 i 90 118 ; 175 48 55 108 109 175 71 47 99 , 2-M nti) 80 108 102 44 51 153 101 105 72 43 92 214 187 75 99 149 40 47 140 93 155 73 39 ! 85 i 200 175 70 69 135 30 43 129 85 145 74 35 78 184 162 03 60 121 33 39 119 77 135 75 32 ' 71 1 168 148 52 72 108 3U 1 35 109 69 125 1 76, 77 78 79 I 80 I SI 82 , 83 ] 81 85 1 86 I 87, 88, 69 90 I 91 92] 93 I 91 95, 90 1 97 1 98 ; 99 I 100 .:.5 28 23 22 19 17 14 12 10 8 7 6 S 4 3 a 1 ^I- Tahle of ,l,e 'locordiii!- i„ M lo'iUnesamlLi I 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 M 12 13 14 15 16 1,000 9S1 903 919 937 927, 9191 912 006 901 896 1 891 I 8>.0l 881 j S7C, 872 866 1,000 I 9S| ; 9«J7 ; 9.15 i ■ 915 935 920 919 913 908 903 899 1 895 1 892 I 8.'?7l 883 876 ^n. Table showinc INTEREST AND ANNUITIES. 107 Table of M orlalUy — (conti nueil.) 1 Knglauii. Fnnre. SvvrJen. Vienna. IliTlin. Sivii/er- 1 l.in.l. I Sile>i.i. llulLinJ. ~ -: ^ ^ J* If ^1 i = 5 KJ vj si n ll 7ti a. JJ 2S 65 152 131 47 63 90 27 32 98 61 114 77 2J 58 130 120 42 56 84 21 29 85 53 103 7H 22 52 121 KM! 30 48 75 21 2(» 71 55 92 7!l 19 40 108 94 31 41 05 18 23 58 38 82 HO 17 40 95 81 23 35 50 16 20 46 32 72 Kl 14 35 84 70 21 29 47 14 18 36 26 02 Hi 12 30 73 59 18 21 38 12 16 29 22 53 B3 10 25 62 49 13 19 31 10 14 24 18 45 HI 8 20 53 40 12 15 21 8 12 20 15 38 HS 7 10 45 33 10 12 19 7 10 17 12 31 t-fi 6 12 37 20 8 9 14 6 8 14 9 25 H7 S 9 30 21 7 7 11 5 i 11 19 88 4 7 23 16 5 6 8 4 6 9 4 14 b9 3 5 18 12 4 5 6 3 5 7 2 10 90 a 4 14 8 3 4 5 2 4 5 1 7 ill 1 3 10 5 3 3 3 1 3 4 5 !»2 2 8 3 2 3 2 2 3 4 93 1 5 1 2 a 1 1 2 2 9J 1 4 1 1 2 1 1 OS 3 1 1 % 2 1 97 2 1 98 1 99 1 lUO VI. Table of the PRncnEssivE Decrement of Like among 1,000 Infants of each Se.t, born toRcther, accordins to iMr. FiiilaLson's Obsurvalioiis on the Mortality of the Nominees in the liovuriiinent Tontines and Life Annnities in Great Uritain, A.. .Mal.:s 1,000 Fc- miles. 1,000 Age. 17 .Milej. Fe. m.ile3. Age. ] Miles. Fe. males. Age. Males, Fe- males A^e. Males. Fc. malej. A.. 85 Males. 56 Fe- males. 117 soo 870 31 I 696 718 51 .552 616 08 322 443 1 9S1 9S1 18 85 1 803 35 I 687 740 52 512 608 09 305 42^ 80 44 103 2 903 907 19 810 856 36 1 679 732 53 531 001 70 288 412 87 34 89 3 919 9.->5 20 837 818 37 i 670 721 54 520 593 71 270 395 88 21 76 4 937 915 21 827 841 38 ' 602 710 55 508 585 72 253 377 89 17 61 5 927 935 22 816 831 39 ()-i3 708 56 495 570 73 235 358 90 11 52 919 926 23 804 827 40 614 700 57 482 568 74 218 339 91 7 41 7 912 919 21 793 820 41 636 693 58 468 559 75 202 319 92 4 30 8 900 913 25 782 813 42 627 085 59 454 519 76 185 29s 93 3 21 9 901 90S 26 771 805 13 010 077 60 410 539 77 171 277 91 1 14 10 800 903 27 761 7 98 41 610 669 61 420 529 78 150 255 95 8 II 891 899 28 751 791 45 602 601 62 413 509 79 141 ■.i33 90 5 12 8■^6 895 29 712 781 40 591 651 63 399 508 80 125 210 97 2 13 SSI 892 30 732 777 47 586 010 61 385 49t) 81 110 189 98 1 14 870 887 31 723 T70 48 578 038 65 370 481 82 95 168 99 15 872 883 .12 714 703 49 570 631 66 355 471 83 81 119 100 16 866 876 1 33 705 755 50 561 623 67 339 457 84 68 132 VII. Tabic showing the E.xpectation of Life at every Age, according to the Observations made at Northampton. r Age. Eipect. Age. Expect. Age. Expect. Age. Expect. Age. Expect. 10-88 Age. Expect. 25- 18 17 35-20 33 26-72 49 1849 05 81 4-41 1 32-74 18 34-58 34 2()-20 50 17 99 60 10-42 82 4-09 2 37 79 19 33-99 35 25-68 51 1750 67 9-90 83 380 3 3955 20 3343 3(> 2,-, -16 52 1702 68 9,50 81 3-58 4 401)8 21 32 90 37 2104 53 1651 09 905 85 337 5 40-81 22 32-39 38 21 12 54 16-06 70 h'liO 80 319 4107 23 31-88 39 23-60 55 15-58 71 8-17 87 3-01 7 41 03 21 3 1 -.36 40 23-08 56 1510 72 7 74 88 286 8 4079 25 .3083 41 22-56 57 1463 73 7-33 89 2-66 9 40-36 26 30-.33 42 22-04 58 1415 74 6-92 90 241 10 39-78 27 29-82 43 21-54 59 13-68 75 654 91 209 u 39-14 28 29 30 44 21-03 60 13-21 76 618 92 175 12 3849 29 28-79 45 20-52 61 12-75 77 5-83 93 l-,37 13 37-83 30 28-27 40 20-02 62 12-28 78 5-48 94 1-05 14 3217 31 27-70 47 1951 63 11-81 79 5 11 95 0-75 15 36-51 32 27 24 48 19-00 64 11-35 80 4-75 96 0-50 16 35-85 - I i I I 108 INTEREST AND ANNUITIES. VIII. Table showing the Exi-bctation of Life at every Age, according to the Observations made at Carlisle. A«e. Kxpecl. A^e. Eiped. A8 72 HI 6 89 3 47 3 49S2 21 4075 3!) 28-28 56 16-80 73 7-72 W) 3 28 4 50-7f) 22 4004 40 27-61 57 16-21 74 7-.33 91 3 26 5 51-25 23 3!»-31 41 26 07 58 15 55 75 7-01 92 3.37 () 5117 2t .•)H-5i) 42 26 31 50 1 1 02 76 6-60 93 3- 18 7 50hO 25 37-86 43 25 71 60 14 31 77 6-10 91 3-53 8 5024 26 37-14 44 25-00 61 13-82 78 6-12 95 3-53 « 4<»-57 27 .36-41 45 2146 62 13 31 79 5-80 96 3-46 10 4S-S2 28 35-60 46 23-82 63 1281 80 5-51 97 328 11 480J 2!) ,35-00 47 23 17 64 12,30 81 5-21 98 307 12 47-27 30 34.34 48 2-250 65 1 1 79 82 4-93 99 2-77 13 40 51 31 33-08 40 21-81 m 11 27 83 4-65 100 2-28 14 45-75 32 3303 50 2111 67 10-75 84 4-39 101 1-79 IS 45-00 33 32,16 51 20-30 68 10-23 85 4-12 102 1.30 16 41-27 34 31-68 52 lU-68 69 9-70 86 390 103 083 17 43-57 35 31-00 IX. Table giving a Compaiiative View of the Rpsuits of the undermentioned Tables of Mortality, in Relation to the following Particulars. ny Dr. IVice'3 ■I'iiWe, fouiiiU'il on the Register of Firths nntl Buriils .It Norlhanip- ton. By th.' First Tablet, .n piil>lishu,) by Dr. I'ricc; fur holh Mr. DC- parclciix's Table, foumled on the Mortal iiy in the French Tontines, prior to 174,1. Mr. Milne's T.-.l;le, founded on the Morta.ily observed at Carlisle Mr. (Iriffilh Davies's Table, founded on Expe- rience of the F.uuitable I.it^e Insur- ance Ollice. By Mr. Finlaison's Table, founded on the Experience of the (Jovern- nient Life Annuities. According to his FirH Investiga- tion, as men- tioned in his Kvideiice in 11-25. Accord in< to his .'■^riiiid Inves.i^a tion, as men- tioned in llis Eviilence in IH27. Of 100,000 persons"! aged 25,there would 1 be alive at the age f of65 . . - - J Of 100,000 personal aged 65,iliere would 1 be alive at the age f of 80 - - - - J Expectation of life at 1 tlie age of 25 years .( Kxpectation orlife at \ t he age of 65 years ) Value of an annuity 1 on a life aged 25, iu- 1 terest being at4per f ' cent. - - - - J Value of an annuityl on a life aged 6,5, in- 1 terest being at 4 per [ cent. - ... J Value of a deferred] annuity commenc- ing at 65, to a life >■ now aged 25, inte- terest at 4 per cent. J 34,2,86 28,738 30-85 10-88 £15-438 £7-761 £0-55424 43,137 23,704 34-58 10-10 £16-839 £7-328 £0-05842 51,033 29,837 37-17 11-25 £17-420 £8-039 £0-85452 51,335 31,577 37-86 11-79 £17-645 £8-307 £0-88623 49,330 37,267 ,37-45 12-35 £17-494 £8-t535 £0-88723 ^fea}^ of hotk Sixes. 53,470 38,655 38-35 12-81 £17-534 £8-896 £0-99078 Mean of lioth Xcxa. 53,950 37,355 38-52 12-50 £17-634 £8-751 £0-88334 1 JVotc— In all the Tables above mentioned, it is to be observed that the mortality is deduced from an equal, or nearly equal, number of each sex ; with the single exception of Mr. Davies's Table. fiiiiiKJi'd on the experience of the Equitable, in which office, from the practical objects of life insurance, il is evident the male sex must have composed the vast majority of lives subjected to mortality. Itiit as it is agreed on all hands that the duration of life among fi-malos exceeds that of males, it follows ihdl the results of Mr. Davies's Table fall materially short of what they would have been, if the facts on wnich he has reasoned had comprehended an equal number of each sex. The Tables have not, iu aU cases, been computed at 4^ per cent., the rate allowed by government. X. Tablet ;a |ier |7(W l8-.« 195 •20 -2 20-1 20 7! •20-,i; I 20•8^ 2»-,S| at) -66 '20-4NI I 20-28; 20-081 I9-S7-; 19 O.'); 19 4.-t5 19218 19-0I3 18-.S-20 I I8-6-J8 18470 I 18-311 I 18-148 17 983 17-814 ' 17-612 17-467 17289 17-107 10-922 I 16 732 I 16510 I XI. Table sli m-i '•_pper,,'ent.|. ' 20 085~' 2i-,'i()| 2i683 '^..J-J85 23-(;93 •23-816 2;! SOT 23-801 23-6; 23-512 •23-3-2-. 23 113 22-957 22-769 '2-2 -082 22-401 22232 22-058 21-879 21 -6!) t ai .-iO} 21 ■.■{()» 2109s , 20-885 'io-mr, 20- M 2 ! 20-212 I 19-981 19-761 ntrm I9 31S 19-131 18-910 18-67,5 I8--I33 Vol. II.— K WTEIiEST AND ANNU,,,E8. IdOil IH-.'i!)9 '-'« '410 20 727 , 2()flJ3 2()-8«5 2()NI2 2()fi(i3 20W0 2l)-2>i.1 20081 iyN72 l!)e57 I!M;« 19218 l!iOI3 , lS-.-*20 I»470 I 18'3I1 I 18-148 I 17 9-i3 1781} 17612 17-l(i7 17289 17107 10922 K) 732 10 510 1.) 105 ' 15033 10 102 17010 17-218 17 W2 I70II 17ti«2" 170,'5 17 523 17 3!I3 17-251 17-103 IS- 950 10 791 100-25 10-.l(i2 10 309 1010- lOO.-i) 15912 15 7 1(7 15- >0 15 500 15 438 I' ;il2 I rlHt 15 053 14-918 14781 14(139 14 195 I ll-5H'i l;i 420 I -I 115 1 1 013 14-S-27 15 011 15 |(i(i I ',-220 15 -.'10 '5-139 15 013 M-937 11820 M7I0 14-588 14-100 11334 14-217 II 108 14 007 13-917 13833 13-716 13 058 l3-5(i7 13-173 13-377 13-278 13 177 13072 l2-!)«5 12-854 8 301 7-994 70^2 7-307 7 ())| 731 0-418 0-103 5-791 5491 5 199 4-9-25 4052 4 37 4-07 3-718 3199 3 229 2-982 3-793 2-ti2() 2-401 2-312 2 185 2-015 1-791 1 501 1-190 0-839 530 0-212 0-000 7-701 7- 188 7211 0-930 0017 301 «075 5 790 5-507 I 5-230 I 4-!«i2 I 4-710 4-457 •1-197 3-921 3013 3-377 3-122 2-887 I 2-708 i 2-') 13 ; 2 393 i 2-251 2-131 I 1-907 I 1-758 , 1474 M71 I 0-8')7 0-530 0-210 0-000 -:. — .:ii;!^iij__o;ooo I XI.Tal,leslnwi„g,„eVALUEOFANAv 20 085 21-501 Si 083 'J.3-J85 -!3-(:93 , 23-810 2:!N). 23-801 23-07. 23-512 23-32 23 113 22-957 22-709 22 --582 22-401 22-232 22058 21-879 21 091 a I 50} 21-304 21 098 20-885 I 20-005 21)- M2 20-212 I 19-981 I 19-701 19-556 ' 19 318 19-131 18-910 18-075 18-433 10-5.")0 17.7-28 18-717 l9-2;i3 19-592 19747 19 790 19-700 19-093 19-.58.-, , 19-100 ' 19-3.-iO 19- -'10 19 082 1 18-950 : 18-837 I 18-7-23 I 18-008 ( 18-48S ' 18-,303 18-233 18-095 17-951 17-801 17-015 17-486 17 320 17 1.54 16-997 16-852 10-705 I 16-552 I 10.390 16-219 16-011 I 13-995 14-983 1 15-821 ; 10-271 I 10-590 ( 10735 10-790 10-780 10-742 10669 16-581 10-191 16-400 16-316 10 '2-27 I 16144 I 16-006 15-987 15-90} I 15-817 , 15-7-26 I 15-6-28 15-525 15417 15-303 15187 15-005 n-912 14 827 14-7-23 11017 14-506 I I ,387 JI2(;0 14127 jtri^tlZ^'^^. 18-183 '' ( 17-928 f^ 17-009 9 17-405 ? ; 17 143 I 10-890 I 16-040 ' ( 16-389 ! 10-130 ) 15-803 15-585 15-291 11-980 H-05} 11-303 13 932 13-558 13180 12-798 12-408 12 014 11-614 11-218 10-811 10-491 10180 9-875 9-507 9-246 8-91. 8-578 8-228 7-809 7-499 15-850 15 006 15-471 15-272 15-074 11-883 1409} 11 505 1 1 308 H 101 13-889 ; 13-002 13-119 ' l''<-|53 I 12-869 l2-,500 ' 12-258 ! 11-915 I 11-0-27 ' 11-300 10-900 10-02.5 10-286 9-963 9-003 9-398 9137 8-872 8-593 I 8-307 8-010 I 7-700 7-3.S0 7-019 13-987 13-843 13 095 13-512 ! 13-3!:o I 13-215 13-101 12-9,57 I 12-800 I 12-018 ; 12-480 I 12-301 j 12-107 i 11-892 I 11-600 11-410 11-154 10-892 10021 10-347 10-003 9-771 9-178 9-199 8-910 8-712 8-487 8-258 8-016 7-765 7-503 7-227 6-911 ti-643 ^se. k per Cent. ',, „er r~7r. / Vol. II.-_K i \ 110 INTEREST AND ANNUITIES. XII. TnbiG ihowinu Iho Vai-ve nr an Anki'ity on the .rniNT ConTimiANCE o» Two Lives of KijiAK A(ihs, nccoriling to tlic >inrtli;iiii|)li)ii Tuhlu of Mortiillty. Ages. lie 1 2— 2 3— 3 4— 4 5— 5 0— 7— 7 8— 8 9— 10—10 11 — 11 12—12 13—13 H-ll 15—15 10-10 17—17 IH— 18 I!)— I!) 20 — 20 21 — 21 22 — 22 23 — 23 21 — 2t 25 — 25 20 — 'JO 27 — 27 28 — 2S a;)— 21) 30 — 30 31—31 32 — 32 3 per Cent. i iflUO l2-7fii» lll'Jl I5INI 15 ()3S lOOSIO 10 375 ' 10-510 104K3 ' 10-33O 10 112 i 15 020 15'702 15'I70 I 15-220 ! 11070 H-737 i 11-510 ! It -3 10 11-133 i 13-074 I 13-830 i 13-0><3 1 13-531 I 13 3J<3 I 13-230 I 13-071 12 015 12754 12 580 1-2-422 ! 12-252 4 (»er Spei Cent. Cent. 8 252 7-2S7 11-107 0703 12-3-25 10-802 13 lh5 11-021 1 13.501 1 1 -08 1 14-005 123.W M-281 12-500 11-300 12-731 14 300 12 741 14 277 12 000 14 133 12 510 13000 12-411 13-780 12-208 13001 121 18 13-411 1 1 -000 13-212 1 1 -703 13-010 1 1 -030 12-811 11-483 12-070 11-351 12-.5,')5 lI-2:(2 12-409 11131 12-203 11 012 12170 10 051 12002 10-8.58 11-014 10-701 ll-82> 10-007 , 1 1 000 10-507 , 11-573 10-100 11 445 10-302 ! 11-313 10-255 11 170 10-140 ' 11 012 100.34 AgM. 33 & 33 3 1 — 34 35 — 35 30 — 30 37 — 37 38—38 30 — :to 40 — 40 41 — 41 42 — 42 43 — 43 44 — 41 45 — 45 40 — 40 47 — 47 48 — 48 40-10 50 — 50 51—51 52 — 52 53 — 53 51 — 54 55 — 55 50 — 50 57 — 57 58 — 58 50 — 50 00 — 00 01—01 02 — 02 63 — 03 (i4 — 04 3 per 4 per Cent. 5 per Criit. 12 070 11 002 1 1 -722 11 -.530 11 351 11-100 10-001 10 701 i 10,505 : 10 309 ; 10 175 : 9077 I 0-776 I 0-571 ! 9-3()2 1 9-110 8030 ! 8-711 8 -.507 I H-301 ; 8 008 ; 7-801 ■ 7-Osl \ 7 470 i 7 2.-)0 - 7-011 I 0-h2ii I 6-000 i 6-380 0-100 5-038 5-709 I 10002 10 759 10612 10 402 10-307 10-149 9986 9-820 9 051 0-191 9326 9-101 8-990 8-815 8037 8-453 8-200 8-080 7-000 7-723 7-544 7-302 7- 179 6-993 6-805 6-014 0-121 02-20 6-030 5-831 5026 5-417 919 0-801 0-680 0555 9-127 9 201 0-158 9 010 8-870 8-737 8-500 8 457 8-312 8 162 8-01)8 7 819 7-080 7-522 7 300 7213 7-0,50 0-897 0-735 0571 6-401 6 231 6 002 5-8^,S 5-712 5-533 5-317 5-158 Ai(i'S. 65 Sl 05 06 — 00 07 — 07 08 — 08 09 — 69 70 — 70 71 —71 72 — 72 73 — 73 74 — 71 75 — 75 70 — 70 77—77 78 — 78 79 — 79 80 — 80 81—81 82 — 82 83 — 83 81 — 81 85 — 85 80 — 8(i 87 —87 88 — h8 89 — 80 00 — 00 91 —01 92 — 02 93 — 93 i 0.1 — 04 I 05 — 95 90—90 I 3 per 4 per 5 per ( i-hi. C^ni. Crjit. 5 471 5-201 4-OtO 5231 4-9^2 4-7.59 4-089 4-700 4.5.55 4-717 4.537 4-348 4-501 4-312 4 110 4-201 4-087 3030 40-20 3-862 3-719 3-781 3 039 3-510 3-518 3-421 3,301 3-321 3 21 1 3-105 3 114 3 015 2017 2 920 2-833 27.50 2741 26,56 2-583 2-550 2-170 2410 2 338 2-271 2217 2 122 2-008 2-018 1-017 1-809 1 -8-27 1 710 1-681 1 642 1 -5.38 1-510 1-472 1)16 1 -387 l-.3.'--7 1 .109 1-339 1 2.-)0 1-218 1-105 1-171 1-MI 1-1-24 1 OOS 1 1-103 1 -030 I-Oti-j 1 -030 1-015 1 001 0-938 09-22 00;) 0-709 0-7,56 0718 0-501 0-.583 576 0-309 0-365 O-.'Ifil 0203 0201 109 0-OtiO 0-000 Oil.)!) 000 0-000 OUUO XIII. Table showing tlm Vau'r of an Annuity' on the Joint Continuance of Two Lives op EQUAL AoEs, aceoriliiij,' to llie Carlisle Tabli! of Mortality. Ages. 3 per Cclit. 14-070 4 per Cenl. 5 per CcHl. Ago. 3 per Cent. 4 per C.:nl. 12-919 r, per Cent. Ag cs. 3 per Ceir, 4 per Ceiil. 4.307 Sr-rr Cent. 1-101 1& 1 11 921 10-200 30 & 30 11-177 11-027 70 t 70 4 ,5,56 2— 2 10-1)5 13-071 1 1 -703 ,37 - 37 14 231 12721 11-170 71 — 71 4-217 40)0 3-803 3- 3 18030 15-200 13-102 .38 — 38 13-081 1-2.5-25 1 1 -.300 72 — 72 3-001 3-7.55 3015 4- 4 10-005 10 117 13-032 ,30 — .30 13-727 12-322 11141 73 — 73 3031 3 407 3371 5— 5 10-815 10801 14-.5I)7 40—10 13-181 12-125 10 081 71 — 74 3-400 3279 3-105 C— 6 20- 150 17 112 I l-7-^O 41—41 13-251 11-915 10-830 75 — 75 3-231 3 119 3015 7— 7 20-2^0 17-212 1 1-017 42—12 13-0.36 11-772 10701 70- 70 3(108 2-01)6 2 870 8— 8 20 201 17-251 11012 43 — 43 12-822 1 1 -002 10.500 I 4 77 2 0-27 2833 2-711 9- 20 110 17-170 14-808 41 — 41 12-000 11-420 10-125 78 — 78 2-784 2 (i98 2017 10—10 10 003 17-010 14->03 45 — 45 12371 11-213 10-278 70 — 79 2-(>IO 2-533 2-ltlO 11-11 19-718 10801 14-681 40—10 12-1-28 11-017 10-110 80 — 80 2-1.',0 2-300 2,321 12-12 10-5.38 10-737 14-.508 47 — 47 11-870 10-837 99)7 81 — 81 2-283 22-22 2-103 13—13 19-3-27 16582 14-450 48 — 48 11-591 10-007 9-750 82- 82 2-135 2-079 2-027 14-11 10-115 16-125 14.331 49 — 49 11 279 10-315 9 535 83 — 83 1-078 1-929 l-8s2 15 — 15 18008 10-272 14-215 50 — .50 10912 10 0.50 9-291 81 — 81 1 -825 1-782 1711 16—16 18-710 10-134 14 112 51—51 10.579 0-718 9-023 85 — 85 1-0,57 1-019 1 -583 17-17 18-512 10-007 14-018 52 — .52 10-215 9-431 8-751 86 — 86 1 -509 1176 1-411 18—18 18-305 15-880 130-35 53 — 53 9-819 9-117 8-174 87 — 87 1-389 1-359 1,331 19-19 18-l,s2 15 718 i 3-8-27 .54 — 51 9- 180 8-706 8-102 ,v8 — 88 1.3-28 1 301 1275 20 — 20 17-003 15-010 13-721 55 — 55 9 103 8-105 7-000 89 — 89 1-248 1 2-23 1-100 21 — 21 17-707 15-400 13-616 56 — 56 8-721 8-128 7-000 90 — 90 1-088 1 -006 1-013 22-22 17-5S8 15-310 13 107 57 — .57 8 331 7-783 7-203 01 — 01 1-050 1 -0-28 1007 23-23 17.372 15-148 13 372 .58 — .58 7-051 7-114 7-988 02 — 02 1 120 1-000 1073 24 — 24 17-148 14-078 13-240 59 — 50 7 -005 7-131 6-705 93 — 93 1-2-26 1-100 1-173 25 — 25 16-016 1 1-800 13 101 60 — 60 7-205 6 854 6-150 91 — 94 1-302 1273 1-210 26 — 20 10-081 M-620 12-000 01—61 7-014 6-030 2,57 95 — 95 1.383 1-.3.53 I -323 ! 27 — 27 16-437 14431 12 811 02 — 62 6-801 6-117 0-007 90 — 06 1-421 1 301 1-31)1 28 — 28 16-106 14-244 12-003 03 — 63 6-503 202 5-875 07 — 97 1-395 1 -300 ]-m i 29 — 29 15-076 11075 12.530 01 — 04 308 5-974 5-609 OS — 98 1-375 1-319 1-3-23 i 30 — 30 1.5-781 13-0.30 12-119 65 — 1)5 0-017 5-7,38 5-456 99 — 90 1.291 1 -272 1-2,M i 31—31 15.501 13-784 12-308 06 — 00 5 771 5-400 5-230 100 — loo 0-901 0076 %i ! 32 — 32 15.302 13-632 12101 67 — 07 5-1'>0 5-228 4-900 101 — 101 687 679 OOTI) 33 -.33 15-180 13-400 12 061 08 — 08 5-188 4054 4-7.37 102 — 102 0-387 0-383 0,379 34 — ,34 14-0.54 13-201 11-9-20 (i9 — 09 4-877 4 606 4-471 102 — 103 108 0107 OlOli 35-35 14-720 13 HI 11-780 XIV. TahlB g 1)1 KF! Ago. l& 3- 8 4- 9 5-10 6-11 7-18 8-13 9—14 10—15 11-16 12-17 13—18 14-19 15 — 20 16-21 17 — 22 18 — 23 19 — 24 20 — 25 21—26 22 — 27 23 — 28 21 — 29 2.5 — 30 20-31 27-32 28 — 33 29— .34 30 — 35 31—36 12- II- I5-, I 15-1 i I5-! I '«■! I 16 I !«-( 15 t ' 15 7 I 15 5 I 15 3 ( 15 14 8 14 6( 144! 142( 14-Of I39( 13 71 13,58 13-43 i 13-281 ! 1312 i 12 00( I 12-80,' 12-041 I 12-171 12 301 12-131 1 1 055 XV. Table showi DiFFEHt Ages. 3|)eT Cenl. 16-828 18-087 19' 1 00 19-584 j 19-874 1 I 19-9.35 2 I 19-889 3 i 19-771 4 19-606 5 19-410 I 5 I 19-208 " ' 19-014 . i i 18-820 I • ! 18-022 I I I 18-4-23 I I 18-230 , 1 18-030 ; j 17-8.-J8 I" 6.33 17-421 17-204 I 16-917 16-747 ! 16-524 I 16-311 16-097 15-875 15-648 I 15-424 I 15-209 14-989 i 14 764 j 14 531 . 1 1 ; 1 i 1 1 < 1 1 1- i I- 1' I 11 i: 13 13 13 13 12 Tie Nortliampton ?uintiiiii!\nri> of Two Lives, when the DlKKKRi-jNCb: OK AcK IS KlVE Vi-.AHH, iiccoriliii),' to the Niirtli:im|iti)ii 'rahlc of Morliilily. 4 •'.ICO •IT.VJ 4'r.f>.'. I ■\:n>i ; •11 10 3-',W0 3-7 10 3-.M0 1 3 3(11 310.5 2017 27.M) 2410 2217 2018 l-h-J7 1 t)42 1-47-i 1 3,07 12J0 1171 lOOS I 1-(HVI 1 Old O'.MI'.) 0'7W 57t) o-;tiu \m 00.V.1 0000 79 •20 ^2 10 76 no ni ■a III) 5 ff r Cciii. 4-101 1 3-S03 I 3tilJ i 3 371 : 31(i5 3 II 15 ' 'J STU 2-7 M I 2('17 1 2-lW) ! 1 2- 321 , ; 2ira i 20-27 I rH52 1 1711 l-5i?3 1444 1-331 1275 ll'J'J 1015 I 007 073 00 . 1 l9l> I l''^ 173 \ l'-J<5 i 1,53 ' 1-3^3 I h\ 1 1-3IV1 l(i() -339 1 1,9 1-323 I |72 1-251 i 9tV2 ' 70 0070 i |83 I 379 l07 I OlOt) Age* Sper (nil. 4 per CeiiL 5 prr Ceul. An-i. 3 per Cut. 4 per Cent. cj;:7 Aire. 3|er Cflil. 4 per cm. f) per Oht. IJt 6 12316 10741 9479 32 Sl ,37 11 775 10(159 0-710 62 &. 67 5.503 5-285 4-980 2-7 14 Kil 12581 11-100 33 — 38 II ,501 10 508 0501 03 — 68 5 205 5III7 4-780 3— H l5-;too 13-310 117.55 31 — .39 II 401 10.351 9 l(i3 6 1 — 6!) 51125 4 708 4 -.585 4—9 15-809 13775 12 165 35 — 40 II 213 10 100 9 331 6.5 — 70 4 7«2 4-573 4 378 5 — 10 15974 13-033 12 315 36 — 41 11 021 10037 9- 108 C'O — 7 1 4510 4-349 4 169 6-11 16 110 14008 12 417 37-42 10 8-28 9877 9062 07 — 72 4-208 4 121 3 1100 7-12 16 137 14 111 12-498 38 — '13 10 634 9-716 8-<»27 08 — 73 4-0,59 3-!K»l 3-7.52 H— 13 16089 14080 12402 39-44 10 437 9- ,5.50 8-7.^7 69 — 74 3-h25 3I'.83 3-547 9—14 15-9.57 I3U02 12421 40 — 45 10235 9 3M 8-043 70 — 75 3-509 3471 3-347 10—1.5 15762 13 841 12-.102 41—40 10033 9-210 8 407 71—76 3-3>-0 3270 3 1.59 11-16 1553S 13(164 12-1,58 42 — 47 829 9037 8-3.50 72 — 77 3-175 3-070 2 971 12-17 15 308 13480 12-009 43 — 48 9-623 8■^62 8-200 73 — 78 2903 2-809 27N0 13-18 15086 13'.303 11 864 44 — 49 9-414 8-683 8-040 74—79 2-743 2-659 2-.580 14 — 19 14 870 13 130 11 723 45 - 50 9 201 8-503 7-NOl 75 — 80 2-520 2-4 18 5-381 15 — 20 14 060 I234 1-71K) 1-747 16-21 18-230 15-781 13.853 49-54 10-284 9-492 8-799 82 — 87 1-701 1-00 1 1-028 17-22 18-030 1.5 639 13746 50 — 55 99i24 9-181 8-5-28 83 — 88 1-606 1,569 1-535 18-83 17-8:f8 15-493 13-6,30 51—56 9500 8-855 8242 84- 89 1-406 1-464 1-433 19-24 17 6.33 15-341 13 520 .52 — 57 9172 8-524 7-950 85 — 90 1-835 1-307 1-279 20-25 17-421 15-182 13-398 53 — 58 8-797 8-194 7-057 86 — 91 1-2,55 12-29 1-203 21—2(5 17201 15019 13 272 54 — 59 84,39 7-876 7-375 87 — 92 1-245 1-218 1-192 22-27 16-917 14-846 13-1.37 55 — 60 8-098 7-574 7-106 88 — 93 1-272 1-245 1219 23-28 16-747 14-670 13-000 56 — 61 7-788 7-299 6-800 89- 94 l-2t)6 1-240 1214 I 24 — 29 16524 14-500 12-867 57 — 62 7-480 7-025 0-015 90 — 95 1-217 1-191 1167 25-30 16-311 14-3.39 12-742 .58 — 63 7-175 6752 6-370 91 — 96 1-210 1-185 1 161 26-31 16097 14 176 12-615 59 — 64 0-875 6-482 6-127 92 — 97 1-2.30 1-205 1-181 27-32 15-875 14-006 12-482 f)0 — 65 6-589 6-225 5-89 93 — 98 1 -202 1 238 1215 28-33 15-648 13-830 12.344 61—66 6323 5-986 5-078 94- 99 1-2.34 1-212 1-191 29 -.34 15-424 13-657 12-206 62 — 67 6-0.54 5743 5-458 95 — loo 1-072 1-055 10.38 ! 30-35 15-209 13 491 12-078 63 — 68 5-779 5-493 5-230 96 — 101 0.851 0-839 0-828 131-36 14-9,89 1.3 32 1 11-944 61 — 69 5-4!)0 5-229 4-9>8 97 — 102 0,568 0.562 0-555 ! 32-37 14-764 13 116 11-800 65 — 70 5-193 4-956 4 737 9a — 103 251 0-252 0-249 1 33-38 14531 12-964 11-661 66 — 71 4-882 4 667 4-4articularfl, nrc! wt forth. — (Si-c example, vol. i. p. 207.) IONIAN ISLANDS, the name niveu to tl.e iHlamls of Corfu. I'axo, Siinta Maura, Ithaca, Ccphaloiiia, /ante, Cerino, ami their licpciKlrnl islets. With the exceiitiori of Cerigo, which lies opposite to the souih-easleni extremity of the Morea, the rest lie jjrelly eiiiitinuous, aloii;^ the western coasts of Cpirus ami (Jreece ; the most northerly point of ('orfu heiiig in hit. ;)'.t° 48' ].')" N., anil the most southerly point of Zaiile ((.'ape Kieri, on wliich there is a liRhl-house) being in iat. 37° 38' 35" N. Kapsali, the port of Cerigo, in in lut. 30° T 30" IV., Ion, 'Z3° E. The area and present population of the different islands may bo estimated as follows: — 1 Hands. Aren in Sipiirf Milei, li tn a lle^rt'e. Population. i.'orfll ...... ('(•Iilinlnnia - - - - - - Ziiiile _..--. •Miiiiia Mniira - - - - - - Illi.'ica III ' ('alamos - - - . <"iTiui> anil CiTitiiitlo - - . - - I'aAii and Aiiti|mx(i .... Totals 1(176 5fl0 .'.•2.5 .'i;i2 4 M) 1 90 59,H,19 !)I1„')S9 X,,\'i-2 1>.I(W ii.:w7 N,:i:)(i 4,953 47 12* 1113,848 Soil nnd C/imn(i».— Those are very various— Zantn is llio most friiitriil. It oniislsis principally of nn extensive plaii •cnpicd liy pliinlatinns of currants, and liaviiii; an air (it'liixurianl Ccrlility aiiil rich- ness, lis climalc is ciiniparnlivcly rcinal and tini", lint it is vciy snhji'cl to carllKinakcs. CoiCii .ind Oplialdiiii arc iimri' riiiitftul and less IriiiHiil than /anic' ■""' ""• e.,ri.L..r ir,,,.. i,^ .i..!.. i... Bnowy iiKinntains (if lliiiriis, In .lanniry, I"-.'!:!, „i,., I. nn .i.iiii. II, ..iiiiK , anil the I'urincr rrimi its vicinity to the „ , , ami Ihi- latli'r Irmn llic I'dack Mi)iuitiiiii (Ihr iMmini AIikih nf aiiti(|iiii\) in its inlcriiir, are cxposi'd in winter Id freal and siiddiMi vjiriatiiins DriiMnpciatiiri " ' the rold was nmre riunroiis lli.in usual, tlif I'ri'St daniacinu In ii cr "at eMcnl (he nraiiL'i's aim vines ij|' these islands and those of Haiila Maura. 'I'he hitler is, in the not senson, e.vceediniily unhealthy,- n conseiiiience of the v.ipmirs urisiii(! fniiii the marshes, and the shallmv seas lo the N. 10. ('('rij,'!! is rocky and sterile ; it is siihjet t to coiitiiiuud uales.aiid the currents suldoni iierniil its waters lo reiiiam unriitlled. Ilislury, Oorerninent, J^c. These islands have undeix'ime many vicissitudes. Corfu, llin ancient r, and fur the contest hetvveen it and its niother jii.^ii/rr/, ,ri'i'r//irrir/ii,ifi. -•m.^-i^ i.^iiiik. ^ iiii.i. ■iii..>>b.'iii. iin»ii,» » Corcyra, uas famous in antiiiiiily for its naval power, and for the co. .. ... statetJorinth, wliicli eventually lermiriated in the I'eloponnesian war. Ithaia, the kiijcdoiii of I'lyssi s ; Ceplmlonia, sometimes called Dulichiiim, from the name of one of its cities; /ante, or /acynihii.-i; 8aiita Maura, known to the ancients hy the iianies of I.eiicas or l.encadia, celehraleil for its proiiMin. tnry, surmoiinled liy a temple of Apollo, whence .Sappho precipitated herself into the ocean ; anil Ce- rigo, or Cythera, the hirlh-placc of Helen, and sacred to Venus j — have all ac()uireil an immorlality of renown. Ifut, on coinparinii their present with their former stale, we may well e.\claiiii,— Ifcu ijuantuvt here M'iobe, JV/ofce lUstabat ab ilia j After innumerable revolutions, they fell, about 350 years ago, under the domininn of Venire. Since the downfall of that republic, they liave had several prolpctors, or rather masters, bi'inu siiccessivi'ly under the dominioii of the Itiissians, the French, and the KiiL'lish. liy thetreaty of l*aris, in IM.'i.thcy were formed into a sort of seiui-iiidepeiideiit state. They enjoy an inleriKil j/oveniincMit of their own, under the protection of Great Urilain ; a l.ord IliRli (Iiviiiiiiissioiier, appointed hy the kinc of Imil'IiiiiI, hiiviiig charfte of the forei^'u relations, and of the internal, tiiariliiiK', and sanitary police. His Ma- jesty's coiTimnniler in-chief has the custody of the fortresses, and the disposal of the forces. It is stipulated in the treaty of I'aris, that the islands may he called upon for the pay and siihsisletice nf ;i,(J(IO men, as well as for the repair of their fortresses occupied liy the Hrilisli troops. The e.xecntive povernineiit is vested in a president nominateil by the tonimissionpr, and a senate of,") iiieinbers il lir each of the larger islands of Corfu, Cephalonia, /ante, and Santa IMaiira, ami 1 representing collii'- tively the smaller ones of Ithai-a, (jerigo, and I'axo, hy each of which he Is elecleil in rotation). 'Ilii; senators are elected at ihe coinmencement of every qnimiiieniiial parllanient (snlijeit to a negiiijvi! from the commissioner) from a legislative chamber of 40 meiiihers, Ihemselvi's elected hy the coiisii- tiiencies of the ditTereiit islands, for ."i years. The senate and legislative assembly, loL'etlier with the commissioner, are thus the supreme authority ; they are, when iiniled, termed tlie I'ailianient, (iml, ag such, pa.-s, aiiieml, and rcpi^al laws, in the mode prescribed by the' constilutinn of 1^17. Hesides the general government, there is in each island a local adiiiinistralion, composi'il of a ri.'gent, named hy the sen.ite, and from 2 to 5 municipal officers elected by their fellow citizens. T/ie Sidle of Sociely, in these islands, is far from Iteing good, and was formerly the most depraved iinacinahle. The p ople, when they were placed under the a-gis of Kiigland, were at once lazy, jirno- rant, superstitious, cowardly, and blondlhirsty. Their vice may, we believe, he, in a great (l.griM', ascribed to the govi-rnment and religion establishi>d umongst them. The latter consisted of little jimrc than a series of fasts and puerile observances ; while the former was both weak and corrupt. The Veneti.ins apiKiinled to situations of power and emohiment belonged mostly to iiidili! but deiaycil famili IS, and looked upon their otiices merely as means by which they might repair their shaJlin'il fortunes. Hence tin.' grossest corruption pervaded every deparlnient. There was no crime fur whirh liiipunily might not he purchased. Justice, in fact, was openly bought and sold ; and suits were ilc. cided, not according to the principles of law or equity, but hy the ir resist ilih; influence of I'actinn or of gold. In cniisequcnce, the islands became a prey to all tlie vices that afllict and degrade a cornipliinj Benii-harharoiis society. Sandys, one of Ihe best English travellers who ever visited Ihe l,ev;iiit, having touched at Zante in ItilO, e.vpresses himself with respect lo the inhabitants as follows:- "In habile th(>y imitate iIk! Italians, but transcend them in their revenges, and infinitely less civil. Tiny will threaten to kill a merchant that will not buy their cominodilies ; and make liiore consi ieiiie to hreake a fist lljan lo commit a iniirlher. He is weary of his life that lialh a difTerence with aiiviil' tlieiii and will waike abroad after dnylighl. But cowardice is joined with llieir criieliie, w ho ilaro doe iioiliing hut sodainly upon advantage; and are ever privatcdy armed. They are encuunigfil to villainies by the remissnesse of their laws. The labourers do go into the fields with swords and par- * This is equal to lOOl'S English square miles of 69.15 to the degree. tiziina, ng il turned ^.V/)l)r^■.-The sfi llie first is prodiicei -MiMira. and Cpfilialf qiicnce, partly, of tt Venetians. Alfhoiii pcnerally repo.sin" f, ••""1,1 years.) Durii stnisan animated ai calculated that the i- and that of thi.s ,,„,„ "■ U.S. per harrel. [ riilnn.iii duly of |0i . ''';;' 'i:'"i''y might in, f''lly iMier than in an yiin-iinl.f, originall' "Imca, hut principalis '"""' wliich re.iuire ) oils a crop. i,n|„, Pailicred up in small I isagain laid ,|own sni, ar" liable lo injury in s'ason produces prea carefully pi.^ko,, ^^e n process may occupy a himdersiorm (no unfr '"niuntation. The frt k2 IONIAN ISLANDS. 113 Pinri! ci'ssivi'ly IMri.llii'y iii'ir iiu 11, I'.iml-uid, Ills Mu- ll is itCIK't: of xecillivi' |icrs (1 lir f eollcr- |)iii. 'I'lie Il('|!!lliVI! Ill- cdiisii- willi llie ln'iit. unci, ■ sides till! Imiiu'd liy lilcpriivod Tizy. iiiiiii- |il'ilfs;ii't', liiilc iiiiirc li|)t. The It di'ciiyed sliiiiliriid Ifiir wliifli 1 \V(,T(' do- Itimi ornf ^rnipl !i'"l l.oviiiil, ivs:- "111 lil. Tlii'y lijtMin' W, 111 .my 111' kvlici d:iri! liriiKi'd l" iiiid par- tiznn«, OH if in nn enemii-'fi counlrey; bringing homo their oila and wines In hngijtini, ihe iiisnle lurrKul out."— (|). 7. «il. KlUT.) II' till' /iiiiliiili'Hditl not (Icti-riorntp diirins tlin next 2 rfnliiricn, whirli, indi'cil, wim linrilly pussililo, tliry i-iTtniiiiy iliil not iiiipriivi!. Dr. Ilolliniil, hy wliorn llii-y wrrt- visltcil in Ih|'>,|i.||h iis Hint IH' lii'^iril, "on Hiiru initliorily, (hat tlic niiiiilii^r of iiHxnMslii.'iiiiiiiM In /until lia.s lict'ii niuii' than I I'it imi Ii day of till- yi-nr, Ihoiiiili IIih population ivaH only KMMKI :"— (/'niri/^ i« llir luiiinn hli-s,\-r. Iin cil. p •:;{.) Matters with, if not qiiitH so Ijnil, viiry litlli; biMlcr In tin* otlirr iKlaiidx. In ('I'pliiilniiia, llir iiilialii- tnntH wcrn diviitt'd into faclioiiH, I'liliTlalnin); Ihi! most iniplacalilc aniiiioNilii's, and waL'inu a war of (•ttcrniiiintion uRuinst eacii otiii'r. A little viuoiir on tlni part of tliiiir riiliTH would liuvc scrvi'd to HtipprcNN lliuir niiirilcroiiH contcHts. Uiil this was not an nlijiMt Ihcy wixlifd toattain : on llii' i imtrary, tlivir indliHh and crooked policy niadc them sei'k to Hlreniitlien their own power hy fi Htute of society at home, we need not wonder that the (VplialoniaiiH, u ho were distin- guished HmoiiK the islanders fur activity and enturprise, were mmli addicted to emigration. 'I'lio Venetians attempted to check its prevalence; but, as they neKlecled the mily iiieanH hy which It could bo prevented, — tlio cstahlishiiii'iit of security uiid good order ut lionie,— their cH'orts wero wholly unsuccessful. The islanders did not, however, satisfy tlieniselves with attcniplinu to stab niid prey upon each fither. They were much addicted to piracy, particularly the inhaliilants of Santa Maura and ('erij;o; ' and it has been alleged that the Venetian government partici|)ated in the prulits of this public robbery, which, nt all events they took little pains to suppress. A long series of years will be required to eradicate vices so dooply rooted, and to elTert that tho- rough change in the habits anil morals of the people that is so indispensable. The power iind influence of the Itritish government has already, however, had a very decided elfect : assassiniiticiii Ins become coniparatively unknown ; piracy has been suppressed ; and a spirit of iiidiisiry, slnceiily, and fair dealing is beginning to manifest itself The present generation of nobles possess a sii(ierior degree of Inforiiiation, and a knowledge of the Irne interests of their country, which, if iini all that ciiiild be wished, was, at leas,, unknown to their fathers. It is not easy to ex.iggerate the diilirultieH with which Sir Thomas Maitlaiid had to striicL'le diirinu' the first years of llie Hrilish gnviriiiient. He was opposed by every means that feudal rancoiir, i urruptimi, and iniplicily could lliriiw in hi« way. Those acciistonied to the treachery, shiillling, and jobbing of Hie Veiieliaii and Uiisso- I'lirkish governments, and the intrigues of the French, could neither appreciate nor llllller^talld the plain, str.iightforward course natural to Hritish ollicers. These dilliciilties have, however, niaierially diminished; and it is to be hoped that the iiifliieiice of our example, and of that ediualioii now pretty generally diiriiscd, will gradually iiccoinplish the regeneration of tlie islanders. Maniifiicttire.t, J^-c. — These islands possess few manufactures priiperly so termed. The w ives of tho villani, or peasants, spin and weave a coarse kind >•( wonllen dolli, sntlicieiit in great part for the iiso of their families. A little soap is made at (!orfu and Zaiite. The latter nianiifiictiires a considerablo quantity of silk gros-dc-Naples and handkerchiefs ; Ihe art of dyeing is, however, too little siiidied, and the establishments arc on too small a scale. The [leasantry, in general, an- lazy, vain, ileligliiing ill display, ami very superstitious. Those of /ante and Cephaloiiia are more iiuliistrioiis tliiiii tho t'orfiotes ; in the lirst particular, their superior condition is probalily to he ascribed, in part at least, to the nobles residing more on their estates in Ihe country, and coiiiributing, by their example, to sii- ninlate industry. In Corfu, the taste for the city life, which prevailed in the time of the Venetian gDveriinienl, still operates to a great degree. The (."orliote proprietor resides hut little in his villa; Ills land is neglected, while he continues in the practice of his forefathers, who pret'erred w,-iicliing opportunities at the seat of a corrupt government, to improving their fiirtunes by the more leL'itiniato means of hononrahle exertion and attention to their patrimony. In this respect, however, a material change for the better has taken place during the last 20 years. Impnrls of Grain, tSj'c.—Ctn'.dl part of the bind is held under short tenures, on Ihe inrlnijfr si/::ln:i, the tenant paying halfthe produce to the landlord. Owing to the nature of the soil, and the superior al- toiition given to the culture of olives and currants, the staple products of Ihe islands, most part of tho grain and cattle required for their consumption is imported. The hard win- t of thlessa is preferred, and about 800,0110 didlars may be aiiiinally sent to the Dlnck Sea in payment. The imports of wheat in 1^2() were I7(:<,2SH moggi, or about bill, 410 bushels. The parliament, in March, lS.'i;i, repealed the duties on the introduction of corn ; and the grain monopoly of Corfu, which had been established in favour of government, in order to provide against the possibility of a general or partial scarcity, wag then also sufTered to expire. These 2 sources of revenue, while they existed, did not probably pro- duce less than 20,000/. annually. Cdltle.—'VhKy are similarly dependent upon Oreece and Turkey f.ir supplies of butcher's meat ; a small number only of sheep and goats being bred in the islands. Oxen, whether for iigriciillure or the slaughterhouse, are brought from Turkey, to the annual amount of more than !)0,()(I0 dollars. The tipof eaten by the troops is 6 weeks or 2 months walking down from the Danube, and the provinces tli.it skirt it, to the shores of Kpiriis, where they remain in pasture until lit tor llie table. f;rpi)r(.v.— The staple exports from these islands are oil, currants, valonia, wine, soap, and salt. The first is produced in great abundance in Corfu anil I'axo, and in a less quantity in /ante, Santa Miinra, and Cophalonia. Corfu has, in fact, the appearance of a continuous olive wood ; a conse- qiieiire, partly, of the exiraordinarv encouragement fcrmerly given to the cnllnre of the plant hy the Venetians. Although there is a harvest every year, the great crop is properly liicniiial; the tree generally reposing for a year after its etlort. (in France and Piedmont the period of inactivity is of 2 .md .1 years.) During 5 or (i months, from October till April, the country, particnhuly in Corfu, pre- sents an animated appearance, persons of all ages being busily employed in picking up the fruit. It is calculated that Ihe islands produce, one ye.'ir with another, about 'J5,()00 barrels, of IS gallons each, and lliat of this quantity (•(),(IIU) are exported, principally to Trieste. The average price may be about !/. 11,^-. per barrel. Under Ihe (dd Venetian system, the (dl could only he carried to Trieste. An ad ntarem duty of 10.1 percent., payable on the export, produces upon an average 'it\l)Ol/. annually. The (iiiality might be much impriived hy a liUle more care in tho manufacture, the trees being gene- rally liner than in any other country. Ciirninls, originally introduced from the Morea, are grown in the isles of Zanle, Cephalonia, and llliaca, but principally in the lirst The plant is a vine of small size and delicate nature, the cullivii- tien of vvliith requires much care. Six or 7 years elapse after a phintatioii has heiii made, before it yields a crop. In the beginning of October, the earth about the roots of the plant is loosened, and gathered up in small heaps, away from the vine, which is pruned in March ; after which the ground is again laid down smooth around the plant, which grows low, and is supported hy slicks. The crops are liable to injury in spring from the blight called the "brina," and rainy weather at the harvest Bcasnn produces great mischief. The currants are gathered towards September, and, after being carefully picked are thrown singly upon a stime lloor, exposed to the sun in the open air. The drying process may occupy a fortnight or longer, if the weather be not favourable. A heavy shower or Ihiiiiderstorm (no unfreiiuent occurrence at that season) not only interrupts it. nut somi'tiines causes fermentation. The fruit is then only lit to be given to animals. SJhouKI it yscapu these risks, it is k2 15 I 114 IONIAN ISLANDS. depniltpd In mnEnzinni rnllod " ftraglir,'" until n piirrlinnpr rni«tn up. T\\k yxraalirnlr," nr wnro- h(iii«i' ki'i'pcr, (lillviTH li> till' tlrpiiHJlor ii paprr HrkiHUvli'daJiiB IIim rrc ripl nl' llii- (|iiiiiilll) drllvcri'il, wlijili pii'i'icH <'iirrpnlly in cxrlmni.'"' friHii li.'inil In liaml nil Ihi' linn- pcrsdim rliiiHcii nut (pfllii! cniirirll of nnlilrs iitiHcniipliMl In prrHrnrt' nf the /irfiivi/i^irf, ri'trnlaliil Hli.it xliinilil liu Ilif price ; iinil iIiumc wlin witslied Co piirclLiKO were linilcr Hie ni'ir'HNity nf iIim liirintf to the cnvcrn- nii'iil llir- i|iianlily Itii'y (l('»irf'(l. TliiH fynlfrn wan callt'd ll mtlrsrlht."* 'I'lii' export dlitli'K cnn- Ki«lcd nl'an iiri;:inal diitv nf U per rent. «(/ ralnrem ; i il,i:in Jiifn, or llxcd diit> nt al nnl 'l.». Ail. per cut. ; ami afterward!* oi' a nnrixsinii), nr iunn\ recent dnty.nf 'is. 'itI. per rwt 'lliis I, liter wan reiiiil- led in favniir (if vi-fselH liriiiBiiiB Hall ll*h, &r rnmi llie niirlliern pnrlK (rlilitly Ijitlii-li, DaneH. ami Diilcli) : il wa» al'irrw arils relaved ill faviiiir nf HiiHsian venseU fmni Odesna. and iili.imlnned altn- jrelliir ax vexaliniin ami iiiiprnilnilive. The pi-urrililore received in ;i(1diliiin 'i per rent., niiil eiuli nf Ills 'J Venetian i'(iiiii(illnr« I per cent, ; ho llial ilie fruit, the nriL'inal rn»t nf wliirli was al I (l<. Ilio rwt., Htnnd the expnrter ill lillle less than l>^.v. nr l!>.«. I'.ven iimler llrili-li pmiei limi. llie fniil, whlrji snine yearH liefnre had fiMilieil iii* iniMli as ;)(l.< and .'fi.* llie cwl.. hill had ilei lined in \'^^-i In >.«. llie cwl. was hiirdened Willi the dd-.iu finso uf 'Is Ail., and a duly nf Ii per cent, nil r.ilnrim, liiins eipiiva . I. 'Ill iML'elher, a> Hull /iriee. In an ml i-nh'rrm diilv nf miirlv (iO per cent, i In tin an lime llie Itrill.^h parliament had, in ISill, raised the inipnri iltllieH pay.ihli in lOiiflaml In Hie ennrninim aiiiniinl nfll.<. All lliu cwl., whiili, ut the Haine Inw price, made an ml rulnreni duly nf .'lOH per cent. 1 The cniiseiineiici! xvas rapidly visilde ; n decline Innk pl.ice in the ( iillnre nf the plant, as well as in lh« cirrnmsliiTicen and in tlii' nff'ritidii.i nf the prnprietnrs. whose staple export and ine.ans nf existence were almost aii- iiihilaleil. As llie prices fill, and Hie distress hecaine t'realer, the iiecessilniis iirnwer was nldiued in linrrow iiinney at ruinous interest from foreii;n mere ha ills, or from the .li'Ws, who were.coiiHeipiently, aide to dicl.ile Hie price al which lliey would lake liis produce. .\ lenisliilive eiiaclmenl, nn a scalu roiiiiiiensiirate willl Hie iliHiinllieH w'liirh ii liail In t'r.ipple willi, was, ainr niiicli ileliiierntinii, nia- liireil and adnpted liy Hie IHi parliament in ils se- sion nf ls.'^^, lly ll Hie whole of llie iliilii's upon ciir- raiilH were commiiled fnr an « per cent., xvhicli is far from e.xorlii- laiil. Tile yond ell'ecls nf this eiiaclineiit xvere nianifeiiteil hy an nlninsl instantaneous rise in ih,. pri-e of Hie fruit which had n'mained nn hand nf Hie crnp of Wtl. li is calcnlated that Ihe average (luanlily nf currants prndiiied diirini; the 1 years ending with I'-.TJ, lias lieen l'J,liHli,sp() llis. ayear; the expnrt has been IT.H-^S.HdH llis. It appears fioiii Hie ai counts laid hefnre the linaiicu cninmiiiec, that, in IcOO, there were e.xporled from Hie islands 17t),'.ITl Ihs. nfvuloniu; 3i,()li3 casks ■( wine; and 72.1,1111! Ihs. nf snap. 'I'linmiirc Dill II. —The Into net nf parliament nlinlished the Innnnge duty nf Li. Irf. per ton payable hy every ship sailiiiB under Ionian cidniirs, wliich, Inpetlier xvilli the heavy fees deiimnded hy the llrilish roiisiils in the Levant, had driven iiinst of Hie Ceplialonile vessels to seek for prnleclinii under the il.ig of Kiissia. I.iian W«nA-.«.— Anntlior net, intended tn nlleviate the distress expcrieneed by tlin growerH xvlin had been the vicliins nf usury in conseiiin-iiee of their pecuniary diiriciillics, provided for the eslalilisli- nienl nf loan hanks with capitals (in Hie larger isles nf ■.^l),ll()l)^ each, and in the smaller nnes in pro- pnrlinii), fnr lendin).' inniiey at Ii per tent. In Hie a)rriciiliiiral interest, on u|;rieulliiral security, and lliiij employini; Hie surplus which miiilit nllK^rwise lie idle in the treasury. These iiieasuns, it is pre- siiini'd, will KO far Inwards liellrilnc tlu; cnndilinn of the islands ; and Ihe nnticipated reduction nf Hie cjipressive import duly upon currants in this country xvill do more. — (See (;i)iin.\NTs.) Hiill may be nlitiiiiied in enIl^iderah(e i|uanlllies in Cnrfii, /ante, nnd Santa .Maura, for exporlatinc : the latter islanil alone prndiieed it until the late act nf parliament, xvliiiii provided that uovertiiiieiit should lot the salt pans in all Hie islands to those bidders who shnuld olVer, by sealed lenders, to jiip. ply it nt Hie lowest rate in the cnnsiimer, payini; at the same liniu the liiijliest price to governineiil. Nn export duty is chained upon it. It is apiiarenl finiii these staleuienl.s, that heavy duties are levied upon the exportation nf Hie staple produils n( the islands,— an idijei lionable gyslein, ami one which, if it is to be excused al all, can only be so liy Ihe peciili.ir circiiinslanees under which they an; placed. There is nn land lax or iiiipnsi on pro- perly in Hie Ionian Islands, such as exists in many nt her rude eon iilries ; and, 8UppoKin|!ll were disiia- iile In introduce such a tax, the complicated state of properly in tlieni, the feudal tenures under wliicli it is held, and Hie variety of usapes with respect to it, oppose all hut inviniilile obstacles toils iiiipo..^jti -' Sci;rr,„,; : : : 35,04S 7 934 F.duca'ion - - . . - li,6(i6 11 M 2s,4n7 10 10 General and local contingencies, hospi- Wines and spirits . • • . 5,767 IS 4 1-2 tal, kc. 8,369 1 Tolncco . . - , - 5,600 16 6 1-2 Collection of revenue 11,169 a 12 Cattle 2,933 9 12 Kloiilla 8,69S 2 S12 Corn, in commutation of tithes • I3,;13< 10 134 Public works, firtresses . 3,vlSI 15 6 Silines (Halt pans) 3,-67 4 3-4 Stall' pay and contingencies 11,600 1 312 Public linds aiii! liousei ■ . ■ 7,SS7 6 6 In^p -ctoni of Ionian mili'ia 2,029 r. 6 1 J Tftnni^e duties .... S60 11 10 MtiiinteJ orderlies .... 440 4 4 12 Tort dulies .... 2,432 12 7 Ilalf-pay (Ionian nflirers) - 93J 12 » 1.2 .Saniia, pnsl^iflice, police, judicial lari/f, Barrack stores, papers of cfllccrs, cou- surplus received 8,169 19 9 riers, &c. .... 2,504 '2 4 1-2 Valiinia an 1 gun()owder monopolies, and Engineer department ... 2,478 15 112 municipal balances 9,143 7 6 3-4 Total expenditure 157,934 7 812 Total income • 153,943 3 1-4 The Ion It" revenii, nb.jeiiH r.ir t'lnd prospe dlllirs III, I senile den /' '(• -Th. /■'Wr 111 III 1,1 'lieiilitKiii al„jij lion- are very s'l Ills iLep wilier IkuII. lilH I, pii , llie null nf ■) j.n Ii*>s lliin a II lie i 1 oiiil I evcliirim. llie !' ii'bep uate F'.ll. rhi- b,„l i.|,|, li'i limit rahrr mor i.'iiii' ill a leef tha deMiii-e. I'lie inn an I ciiv i,a|,i,-i,„„ lnl.'«»lyaril.'di,i,ni !'' " I'lolei-'iini .i( Wliiii .„ir tninp, i,„,i were I nnl ro l„ in ,, mice luen e«|.ende I n •W'/jni/i-.-Theinl we line seen any ,l,.| M ■ ili '".'"on-^'^'"^ ""^ institution, brought in by aZantiole member, passed the legislative assem- bly '"May, ia33 ; but the senate threw it out, trusting that the enactments mentioned in this arliclo would sultice to relieve the grower from the usurious oppression of the currant speculator. Trade w.lh K ir'aiii seiinciicr, princiiilv, , llie year 'Ml. „,. „;,' , Oirrili',, 22 1-2 ions l,,J 'M cut. viilonia an I v.ibie.if ili-arlirl,.,,,, , lli.;iiidu>in«ll,eM„„. ,, "i^i"til vabieof tV no'i-lai5lo,7A'., ,T„| , il';"!.lenirt.,fi;,ein,|,,„ 11..111IS, l,ur ,s ,.*„i ,1,11,,,., iPEc.'\crjA: cwina ; Port. ( ■ a piTeniiial pl;,„ AiiR'ri(;a. It j.s 'mucii. Little o; '"•OlJifht to tlli.s CO lipiit ain] coMMrtc lliickiie.s.s of „ sn, a wliitp, woody, V I-* foinjiact, 1,'ritll ish lirown colour «niiklcs. 'J'he r, '^'lie taste is |,itt,,r, foots, wliici, arc co «'iat .«Pini.trans,„. coloured inrduiiary a'lJ Kafe.st emetic i from time iminemo one Grcnier, a Frei IPKCAOUANIIA. 115 Itiii'slaiile ;iii "Illy list I'll prii- }r Willi' li It jiiilHisili 'II \\ to mill |i pri'vi'iit ln> liiii''iil^ Uhcr, tlal 1. ,1. 1 ! HI 4 11 15 S);i-4 ill 11 n n 1 ,1 1 Sl-2 t 2 «12 1 \i 6 1 1 :iw ) li (iii ) 4 .11.! > 12 8 1-2 112 412 i li 1 12 7 81-2 his arliclo Tlii» liniinn tcpultlh- nflor))'*, pcrliiipn, \Uo only rx.iiiiidc of n wiaio rxpi-ndinir in'iirlv i\ f"»i'fh p.irl of itN rrvciHK' nil (Mitilic wnrkp* lihil Inrtrcs'.fH, \\ itiiiiiil. Imu t'vrr, ipirHtiiiiiiim llic iiii|iiirt > mi r < t' llie tiliJnlN (.ir \\U\i U Hii lii'tvy III! i-X|h-liHt' li.tN hri'ii liii ilircil. we ni<> iimI t l<> lliiiiU tlliit lli>- ili<|il: *>( llii? i^I:uiiIh wmilil In* lir iiinrr liki I) in hr ii Imiihi-iI liy llii* rtt'it iinl rcilii \un\ n\' \Un (jiit)rM loninn fr(iut)lir m' (In'fit nn\ 'nitnl f t lln- MJinily iif tlip contijuuti* prnvin''''i - f (.r > P rti -Itie i-ri c I'll (mmI /tn'f Ml lit Itltlllnnl II r lunr it.lliif,:ili Ari'M'nli iii <• |.h tin 'I he I ■> '«ii'l |> itiirtnrlii III- nil llif i-*t< ti Ir nl |ii> lO in i, on thi- faK.il cr rfani.el lieuvtPii it ,ihl K.i- f'l'itiMlr r irirun', » ln.-h la htMff .tlxiiif I tiHleii u'Hif, 'Iheciti rl, tUiiih |iinj' i ti iij.t D.i* Mt-.t, )« rnn>i'lii'\rluinitiwi tinn-.if« vvry H'nunt, h >lli rrMv.ir u Ih- •«•< m I ih l.in) tht- crrct.fiji ■ I i li mi 'htr i.orthiT.i nilraiicc, whrrr fur (-ti;iiMi<--| is ■ft* lh.iii ■( n ill' lit wi nil ; ./<-tiliii(i. iri III hniiltifrii eiilrurr, Nlnps .intlinr litwii-ii Uit'«'i>.iil hiir wi'll turlilM'J lal uitl (tl Vi.lu .luil liu- city, m fmni \i ui 17 (uliniiii wa'.tT. 'I lie [I'Tt, IT nttuT «tiir of Ari('«ii1h vvi^Hi ii Itf (il Ihfjiliiit. ('>i|')' Aji, r>iriiiiti ; il" •oiDh-wc^lMn estrprnit., ii in Lit. :W- *' 40" N , Inn. i'd-* il' 30" K. Cii* vtn Nit'liolo. fitniiiiiK I)h! DlhiT i-xtn'miU, is .^hmii •% M mil » Crniii Cil't* Ai'> • ■'*'i>l i'fiwfi II iht'iii, w itliiii ill II. I I I 2 iiiilfl 1)1 i!ir l.ii't-r, ik llie Mitiiill intuit iif (iuu liitij, (Ml vvtiich i>' ;i liKh' hiii^". ft f' in thi M iiti|)'« iiil.irnl. Tht* t'uMi r the K>ilf f >ruM'l t V I'nitii Si.niin. 1 h<' niiiaiimi is low. .iml | nllicr iiiiht-:ii>- V- When ri-iie I h^ Dr. Mnlliii I I's p t>iil.\ti >n ili I | not fxrivl AMy\ lt« .i|>|i .liA n* ili'l I'd ii'i- |..irlirul in) Ihi- i''rr, liui- l'«^n nui. h im|'n.\f.| -imr i* nirii|i.iii'iii l-y itu* Kn;)t h. I li It- II 'li ep vmWt 1!i 1 ^'rftl inch It ■»,*»' jfrour.it i in ■»• piri* n; h-- L'.il. Tht- Inhl *'i.lr:irnT \n ln-iwi-m t'tpi' Mil Nitv.hj ;iii I liu.ii-ll iiii. k.t |>iiii( ra'hi;r inorti Ituu i n.iic In the cMlwarl i f the l.iHfr, nii ac- I c.iiiirol a it^L-r th.tl cxini.li N. K. .ui4. aiift eve > n rrrt.tiii n iKii* ; iiiiel tiy Dr. Ilnllaii'l it rnm Iti.UtiO '•> IMiOO. I| has a mole or irily nf cntui lerih i- utility, it (hr fxlrfini-y of which a lii;h'-hin !> rit|ii>iMi, ^vailinjc them r'vnt (,f 'lit- pro(ei"ioii of I lie lii'i u whfii tie mmkI is fnnii the N. K. Whtri '(ur IrriopH Itnik poHSfssimi n| Z.iii t\ in IllO. the frnti(iraliniii wiffe f un I to In ill vfry hut ifpair; hut iinnn-nst? sunis li.ive Lteii mice l)fen e«peni|ft i npoi Ihrir improvenifiil aii 1 i-itleiision. .s7i';-^i«if.— The ini'ns (ill loiia, (nr l^^li the li-t year for which , we luvt- sueii any itfl.iile.l stateiiifnt. wcie at fiiMows: — oliw- 1 1 It »ht'iitir of txp ^eir U li'|n-l ii% h.ll 11.11) one III -N hah ili tv i», -t hir- tl.i- (ucntn- u u I, A crop Aroiiiii*^ tie kept in ■tcrlinK nrniey Spiiotti (luiihloons I'l* It '.it Mil. >|i h'li>l,:i'sat 41 t''., :iiilriiK-, ti l-.l I liiiUK'r Flag.. ICn,:i7l liMlti «J,-.4I .'l.HiO 2,(UW ia,l7!) r\vgt. Tons. loiti.m Hn!i-h A'l^liMn Ki^MIl Krnifli Nt^1|■.Jlit.ln • 1 I'ipjl - . Sipliriiin Ti.rk.sll (Iriik AH othiir Tot.il 9,7i:l •.,421 7,b20 0,3^i3 317.027 i Ttitfie w.th K '<.'«;irf.— Thin is hut of viry Umite I ext»nt ; a ron- sf'i;ii!'tirf, priiici|;i'ly, of Ihi* fiiorjioun duiv on rurrants. During llu-yp.ir 'Ml. we imporlpJ fifun the l.mian I I-uils IbJ.-'KiJ c\\(. fiirroi's. 2i 1-2 tout fiiH'ic. 2.1 cwt. t\\s, IU0,-M2 t!iis ulivt- oil, 7,461 owt. valoiii.a, niH HflS gall tm uint;. Tho nal or ili-clare'l Viiliie rif 'h ' arlifU's nf Rrii-ih produro a-i.t nianuf irture exporlej to Ihfiii duiinj the s-tnu- ycir. aiuounte.l toor.ly 5 ',*'KJ/. Thtttntii vatiif of t'f iiopnits fiom .ill cnutitiirs in \^V, is es'.i- niVi'l at filO,7'i1/.. a;.d thilof the evpnr'i .it J4>'.0'i*!/. \u\ , cmsi of tlie imiHirli i«i ni^t di-slini-tl fir 'he consmnpthii of the I, /(lo rrono, or itrMt «ri«h* of 1/ o/ Ui H \.%. ^ IUU Urn. nvoirliipnu. tiiffi'r, or miull wciJit, \\%ftl for i recirniN nietali r than Ihe f>iri-i;oiii|( ; ii .ti. pn-o miIIiId rnrn upoLiiiii,; l-i K i.t peio ^roi'O. Till' I ke. ns I m the viuthi-rn iii.unlv vvriirhi iN.iit l^,!00 (rnini Tio\, I -r J 7- 10 lis. a\nirJupoii. The KL'k.tiil caiiur, or tpimlal, OmuM .fuit.iMi'lt nkt-N. riif mi)(ha.;o \\ (4)0 ll.ij, for curranN, in Z-uitr, ir oihi-r articles. A/i'ttU'if "/ l.niKth — The Vriifiiari fnoi of |2 onue - 13 ^1 I inrhi"» Rnit'lnh. I'awi T- ■> \'riifti,oi fi-el. Hra.'cio, ftr d >i|ii, .Vc. - -7 -Tlti iiuhf* Kn^'i^h. Do. hr «i|.ii ■^^ it.i^ Utnl IS iiiiMsiiiett hy the ml^ll>rl nr I S of a ni r/io, nr hiriitt ; 400 Mpi.ire ;'iirril hy the zufiniht ; 3 /ippili- ii computtj S't, usualU, however, only J ft' I thick, tht'. iir It niiMiure'l hy tin- pitiocuh*. MirttUMt m/ I'nti.irtty,— r'lro. (oilu ami raxo: .Mi R^io of 8 misure, ah.Mit 5 Wincliester liusheli. Ceplnl 'na: Bacileshouhl corilain HO Ihi. piii gnissn, best nuatiljr wh'Ml Z-ihtr; llacjt! nhonhl contain 72 Ui*. pMo urostn, hisl qualilf wh.at. Sant.i M;nin: Calo, of 8 crivelli, 4 - 3 nmg. ; I c.ito - 3 3-4 |jn>licts Krh. If act 1 ;> Hiide ^ 1 nioinio. Cerofn: Chil i, li;ti nit-Aturu of Conitintinoplef — I huiliel Kng* iish. (r.Hr.— Corfu and I'axo : 32 cpiarlurci = I jar, and 4 jars = ! Lar» rft 7 IH Kiiiitiili \Miie iTiJl lis. Cephali> ia and Itliacai 2 )Occale; 12 hociali s 1 s-\h(j; tiscfchi').^ I harrtl = \x Kii-^hih \»'me gallon:*. Zante: I3 I-U (pnrtucri — I lin*; 4'ipiiiiueci =- 1 jar j 3 Jart ■-- I harre! ~ 17 IH Hn^Iiih wine Kailmia. Santa Muira; 22 (piinucei -^1 ■lamiiOi (i stainiii =: I larrel a 1^ Knccf, nf Scrofani. 3 tomes, Pa. ris, IHOI ; the .-tichivia tlu ('ontmcrce ; tho Pnpirs Itiul lefurc. tha Finanfe I'otnmittie, Ac. Rut by far the most import.Tn' p>rt of the inrnnnatinn »«• have been able to lay htfore the readtr has b' I'u de- J from niiniisnipt no*es ohli^tmrly cnmniunica'el by Ixird King, dtTiMe p-vrt uiiuiJS) hut is &ent thither merely as a conveitieitt tntrefjot^ being in- I late secretary to the British j;ovt- rnnient in these islands. IPECACUANHA (Fr. Ipecacuanha; Gcr. America nlsche brechwurzel ; It. Ipecoa^ cauna ; Port. C'po de camarasy Ipecacuanha ; Sp. Ipecacuana, Raiz de ora), the root of a pt^roniiial plant (Crphaelt's ipecacuanha) pcrowin^ in Brazil and other parts of South America. It in, from its colour, usually denomiimtetl irhlfCy c^ret/^ or ash-cohmredy and hnncn. Little of the first variety is found in the shops. The grey and hrown varieties are brought to this country in hales from Rio Janeiro. l3oth are in short, wrinkled, variously bent and contorted pieces, whi(;h hreak with a resinous fracture. The grey is ahout the thickness of a small quill, full of knots and deep circular fissures, that nearly reach down to a white, woody, vascular cord that runs throuj^h the heart of each piece; the external part U compact, hrittle, and looks smooth ; the hrown is smaller, more wrinkled, of a hlack- ish hrown colour on the outside, and whitish within : the white is woody, and has no wrinkles. The entire root is inodorous: but the powder has a faint, disagreeable odour. The taste is hitter, sul)-acrid, and extremely nauseous. In choosing ipecacuanha, the larger roots, which arc compact and hreak with a resinous fracture, having a whitish grey, some- what semi-transparent, appearance in the outside of the cortical part, with a pale straw- coloured medullary fibre, are to be preferred. When pounded, ipecacuanha forms the mildest and safest emetic in the whole materia medica. 'I'hough probably employed in America from time immemorial, it was not introduced into Europe till the time of Louis XIV^, when one Grenier, a French merchant, brought 150 lbs. of it from Spain, with which trials were \ i 7. I lie IRON. mnile at iho Holrl Dicii. Hrlvi>tiun fimt mnde known ita Uio in ilywntpry, for which I.oui< XIV, riniiiifuTiiily nwiinlctl liini l>y a duuccur of 1,000/. »ti'rling. — {'I'lunnKon's Dinpenm- ton/ ; 'I'hnmKiiii'H Cfiniii.ilri/,) Ikon (Dum. Jmi ,• Uu.' Vzir,- Vr. Fir ; Oit. EIntn ; It. Firm; Tut. Fnrurn, M(ir» ,- 1*1)1. /'/mil; I'or, Firrii; Kiis Sr/ir/r.i,) ; Sp. liiirnt; i*\v.Jrrii ; (Jr. lifxioc : Knu». l.iiha; Aril'. Iliilriil ; I'lTri. Alum), t!i(> inoHt alitiiuliiiit and iikmI uavM iif tdl titr inctnlH. It In of u liliiiMli wliitc cDloiir; mid, vvlicii |»ili.>ihnl, has a \',u\\i dral of lirilli iiicy. It Iuih n HtyptiR tastf, and I'inits a Nincll wlicii riililicd. IIh liardiii'NM t'xrccilH that of inimt olhrr nn'lalH; and it limy In- rriidcTpd liarilcr than niiiMt liodioH l>y l)eiii|^ conviTlfd into ntri'l. Itx Hpccilii- xravity varies from '/■iiity in- cri'a iiii'lliuil of wnrkliiK it hi'i'iiih I<> liiivi; liei'ii iiunli.'rlnr to lliii imi' of t'lilil, MilviT, ami ' III 12/. a pri.je. u as the eXIioiKli ami I iiiiiiiii I fP.i I of |„| ImWeUT, 1,1 Viilvi'il 01 III 'I'lllS, I ll|||||,. early In I ".I, Ion, and the The f.illoH f' rrlll llulrir I" the JUruiu Di.i ] '"iillli Wiliw Si.eliirMiiro i .shrnij.hiro V'Mikiliire Smihiil lliTlmlii.n Niiilh W.I I,., fnrnt , f |ic,,„ . V.iri(iu, . , lri!:.iiiJ • I T.ilil Alioiil .T-inUi pilly III (.'rral .■^Mii'.s ami llni iiilii liars, I111I1.4 iDiis, wliich, at The imriMse has reilin |.,| mii aiiiiiiinli'il III III l>riiicipally of .»< An .\ccoiiiit of I 1,1:1.). -*«♦ (in but they are ii Couolriea In whjclg |iortftJ. nij<»ii . .^•Vf,l|.„ .N.ir.,,iv I I) iJllll'rlt I'rii.sii ; *ii niiwiy I111II..11.I H '.'Mini I Kr.iiirft l''ii''unl, Aznret, Ac. N'liii »ii,| ihi. c.ii.arii I'i'nIUr llilv .M.ili . riie liiiilin Nl.iniU I'lirki-v .111,1 (■„,,,. Or,. ■Miieijiid Or,.,.), |j|-,j nKii Him n^'luh rnlnnips, N.Am i ^i-i'iili Wf>l |„il„, ' ""• in WrtI In lir, . lMi,..|Suie,tif Aii.prii "•»Zil . M' lie. an I S America Ouirmi!)-, Jcfji y, lie In ITfiT. the iron » 3ycirs ending wilt aimiiinl in |h;j2. Siqm sing the tot fi.O.Ono Ions, and to nii'l ihe additional I «i' • liny probably fi-ii-es of Uordinar nbicli has taken pla prinii.,l, we have obi "I ilie prices of Imrd IKON. 117 |i(in. No lit ill llio pcrliiM's. »hc fill- natural |iiviiii'iii|; H cif lilo, ir igii"- iin. And III)!!' und lippnsi; it .iii:ivoid- )\Vlllt'Ill9 |l lie wlin uulliur Till' eTtrnDtilliiilry Inm-niM llinl liiin InkiMi |it;irc m ilic priHliiriinu nf irmi •inrc |K?.1, i> prini'ipiilly III l.i' iiarrilii'il 111 llii' liii;li IT iC l'>'il, I""-!.!, an. I Isjii, iviii'ii |iil' ir it w illi a ri'aily «ali. ai Irmii VI III ru anil l;i/ II Inn lint, in i iihciM|n. I>> '' |iiitl) nl' lln' tailnri' nr p. i-lpuiii'iiirnl ul nii>»i m llin priijri to UK III rail-mailH, \i\, llial \y>ii> llicn iid l'i"ii, iinil pailK <>l' llir va«l iiililllinnal xipplnx m lilrli till- I'jiliiniiliiii 111' III aniifarlnri' llinw nil 111,. ihi/^hI. thi' pih i> I'lll in l^'ii in Iruni .'>/ In 7/ 'i Inn i mill rniilliini'il uriiliiiilly til il I linr, lllllli l^lfj it was 'Mily wnrlli U. \!).>. Sii In ivy ,i tall hail llm clfi'i I ill' mlniiliii inu llif mn iTrm n niiiiinv iiiin I'Verv i<(i(i i 'Inn i t III' I III' tiiiiiinl'ii liiri'. In ili'i.|iitii, liiiwi'vrr. Ill' .ill llir KiiviiK III II iinilil III' ilHni.l in tills w a > . (liwij "I' tin' niaiiiil iiliinr" wiri' lii- Viilvi'il III nun li ili»lri •», iili I tin' piiiiliirliiiii nl' iri.ii »• lulnvi il in |i ivr I" rii mni'liliTilily i||iiiiiii-.|ii'i|. Tliw. riiii|ili'>l Willi III'' III! rriHiHii ili'iii 'I'i I'lr irnii. II ilnrlii/ l>'il 111 1 ri'aili'in. I'l n I's lii'iian In rnii (larly in l^^l i ami tlir ailvain i' li i^ li .i li. that at pri>«»iri (January, l-'.U), piK irmi li'li Iii'h li/ it lull, anil tlin niiinul'.irtiiri? In in a Htati' n| ;;i, ii livily. Till' rnllnw iiiir .•tiitriiii'iitM :i» to Uif liiliiilirr iif fill tnt' • '^ Htlil tin' iliiiltillty cif lliill jtr'nlurcil in llii> illl'. fi-ri'iil iliHtrnlH wlirrr tlif tnaiiiifaitiirn In riirrli'il mi, in l*'i:i, l^'i'i, ^^'•.iiiiil l^:ill, iipiirafi'il nniiiniilly Ml llin llinniiiffhiiia laurnal. VVii liavn liei'ii iinHiiri'il tliat tlittlr uiciirury limy Uh ilnprmltfU ii|iiiii. Uitlricli. Snllltl WiIm • SMil'irMiiru .Nt)i'i)i>liira ViitklllllH Viillllll |i«-rli\ihiifl Niiitn WhIk • F irrtl if Dcin ■ V.iniiin ■ Iri-'iiiiJ • Tnlil NuiiitHir of I'uriuei'i. Ten* of Iriin I'niilufeJ TolZ •ro'i.ii7 Hill IMS. Tiilal. lUa. IIOO. In BiMi Oul. 27 In lilati. Out. 'I'«l»l. l«23. I>2„12^ 182.1. 2:1(1,412 211). .12 11 liiO Ill Nt n» HO •r 120 Hi 2) 121 I3.1,f>9ll I>i2,l ill 2l!l,4M »i,224 m :ii 2^ 12 ni 17 17 27 87.311 ,1«.ll)l ;l.','.w li 2' 17 H 2i IM H 117 a4,V10 3.1,1411 ;17,7IIU li IB 14 S IK 14 4 [■i I4,(13,236 71U,IM 217,613 212,11114 7:1,4 IK 27,li2ri :i7,W0 l7,Btl9 tnMi7 All Ai'i-ouiit iif the UritiHli Iron (Inrliiillnaf iinivrniifflit Stpol) I'.xpnrti'il frniii Crcat Flrltaln In tlin \-nr I'.;).'). -♦♦♦ (iuarti'rs of ;i lliitiilrril VVi'i;jlil anil I'oiiiiiU iiru oinilliul in tliu priiitiii); of tliii* Table, lint tlii'y ari! tukun into luiLoiint in the Hiiininlnt; up. 1 Ikill anil HiiJ Iruii. t^t\n Wrnliuhl, *C. or all niln.r I'n- ' C.juolrioi In which «■ 1 |iorteil. liar Iron. I'ig Inn. Cast Iron. irnn Wire. Anclinn 8orl« (I ». wrniuhl nul Iloopi. Nail). cepl (Irl- Steel. ] Tuttt.rxvt. rinll.ruK. ■/'OIIJ. C.I. Grapiictv Taut.nvt naiife. Tuntrwl. ' ruiil.cwi. TViu ciut. 7'iiiii.rti.'(. Tvus.civt. Htusli . 71 12 63 16 • 6 6 3 6 611 13 7 lU 10 23 3 46 9 >'.vnlf.n 2-. 6 63 9 9 1 17 U 6 1 II 16 8 2 6 Niiru:ljf 17 30 5 . 2 II 3 4 11 27 16 8 65 19 3 14 ( mil irk 1,270 19 2U4 6 021 10 10 12 1 10 47 2 361 1 19 301 15 1 1 I'm. Ml Hi!) l.i 2S4 6 i:o 6 6 16 169 17 1 16 38 6 3 3 ti( nii.iiiy ,^223 6 l,!
  • rt(!il from Orcal Britain amoiinfed to only 11,000 tons. At an average of llie 3 VPiirs endini! wiih 1800, the exports amounted to 3t^,()00 tons ; being less than afflk part of their niiiniint in |H.'I2. Snpn sing the total quantity of pig iron produced in Great Ilrilain in IP.'iS to have nnioiinted to fiTOOIK) tnim. ami to have been worth at an average, "/. a ton, its total value will have been 4,000.000/. ; anil the ailditional labour expended in forming the pig iron into liar iron, that is, into bars, bolts, rods, &i.. liny probably have added about 1,250,000/, more to its value; making it worth in nil about 6,910,(100/. Prirea nf ITnrdinare.—'We. noticed, under the article IlAnDWAHE (which see), the extraordinary fall wliicli lias taken place in the price of that description of goods since the peace. Since that article wag printi'd, we have obtained from Mr. William Weston, accountant. Dirniingham, the following Tublo of tile pri(;es of hardware articles, on which, we believe, every reliance may he placed. % 118 IRON-WOOD, ISINGLASS. Comparative Prices of Hardware in and near Birmi nglinin, in 1818, 1821, 1828, 1832 ; and in Ja n.. 1834. Articln. ISIS 1824. I»|JS /,. l»3> 1. d. 1834. At /,. 9. d /.. f. d. J. s. d. L. t. d. AnviN ..... • civl. 1 5 16 12 9 14 AiiK. |inP»li".l .... • gross II 2 6 2 1 6 1 1 3 H'-l '.tTi-vVA, H iiKh 1- II 1 1 6 4 9 6 B'tlti for 1».(m, rio. - dozen H 5 n 2 3 1 6 1 6 Fncc-s f M- nrj I'd'i-n, 12 bits set g I Ij 3 4 2 2 10 3 2 Hi'8, ti II'' 1, for hri ilea - ilnyt n 5 5 n 3 3 2 3 2 3 llii[t''ii» fnr en's - ((ffij 4 6 4 8 3 2 2 f r w li^T'iils 2 2 1 2 U 7 T Curryrniiilis, l> li.irri .1 . dozen 2 « 2 6 i 6 11 1 Cm ;|('-ticr,'«, h'-iss, H in''h pur n 2 11 2 u 1 7 1 2 1 Cfiiiiiiioli' kiMltji, lin-3, 2 Mich . dozen 4 3 6 (1 1 6 1 2 1 4 frying (I'liis cvvt. 1 a 1 1 0, IH 0, 18 0, 16 6 lii'tiiri's. cist tintia, (} inch • dozen in ■:i 3} •4 4 Ml It' liiiiimi'ts .... ti !> 3 y 3 2 9 2 S 1,1'ohi's frii .i'lnrs. liriiht thnriiha — 2 3 2 2 1 9 8 Jj'ifks fiT il'i 1 •, irtiii rims ** '"^h — 1 in 1 12 13 n 13 6 9 fur umi^, siii^iit roller* eieh 6 5 2 1 10 1 6 1 8 I'l.i'e 1 stirru|ii . . . - pair 4 ti 3 9 1 6 1 8 S.i't irniis ail t pithcr ri«Iirii,'S . cwt. 1 2 ti 1 (1 14 1 1 0, 10 Slifivt 1 "111 1 I'ln^i. lire-irfuis piir 1 1 ^h 7 Tiiitied lilili' spii'iiis - grcsj 17 15 10 ti 9 6 Trice chiiiiH * ... - cwt. 1 8 1 5 u 19 6 15 C 18 6 Vic 3 for liUrksniillis — 1 10 1 8 1 2 n 18 6 .I.ip.itiiti-il ti'.i tr-iyn, 30 inch Mch 4 6 3 ti 2 1 S 1 4 Iriiii wire. Nn. ti. ... • bunlle 16 13 6 5 6, Hnss wire .... lb. 1 11) 1 4 ' 9 Oi ■■/ [Iron ore occurs in great almndance in tiie United States, Immense masses of it have lately bfcii (liscoverecl beyond the Allegliany mountains, especially in Kentucky and Mis- souri. Hut it is, pprh:i[»s, in Vermont, Massachusetts, iVew Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Oiiio, thai it has hillicrto licen chiefly worked. E.\teii.'-ive, however, as has been the production of American iron, there can he little or no limilit that this branch of our home industry is shortly destined to a very great expansion. In every succrssive year, iron is applied to uses never dreamed of by the preceding genera- tion : only a few years have elapsed since nn extraordinary demand for it was created by the constructing of rail-roads ; and it i ; not improbable that vast quantities of it will be wanted, before long, as the most dasirable material for the building of houses and ships. Hut the enlarged demand for iron would have com[iaratively little elfect in altering the relative prnportiona of it produced in the country itself and imported from abroad. The foriiier of these will l)e augmented in a remarkable degree, at the expense, so to speak, of the latter, on acccMiit of the success which has attended the experiments lately made, on the Lehigh, in Schuylkill county, and elsewhere in Pennsylvania, for smelting the ore with an- thracite coal instead of wood. This improvement, on account of the vicinity of the aiilhra- cile to the ore, cannot hut diminish considerably the cost of producing iron, and therefore its price ; which will, of course, be followed by an augmented production and consumption of it. .\ny diminution of the importation of iron into the country, which may be consequent upon the introduction generally of the improvement just mentioned, ought not to he re- garded as in itself a national advatitage. It can have ni permanent ell'cct in preventing the existence of an undue excess of importation above ex|)ortation. These, as every one in a slight degree only conversant with political economy is aware of, have a certain determinate average relation to each other, — a relation which is preserved, by whatever restrictive or forcible measures either the amount of the commodities imported, or that of the commodities exported, may be attempted to be diminished. If less iron than heretofore shall hereafter bo procured from other countries, the inevitable result must be that the exports of the jiroducts of .\iiierican capital and labour will be lessened in the same [iroportion. The indelitediiess of the United States to Europe, in an embarrassing and more than ordinary degree, can only be prevented from recurring, at intervals of a very few years, when some mode shall have been devised of ellectually guarding against an undue exjiaiision of our currency, which, liy causing a general rise of prices, oH'ers an inducement for importing more from abroad, as well as for exporting less to foreign countries. Th(! importations of iron and steel have been very considerable. They have amounted, in the la-t live years, to nearly fifty millions of dollars. And the duties remitted on iron, — chiefly rail-road iron, — from the 1st of January, 1832, to June .SOth, 1839, exceeded the sum of three millions and a half of dollars ; "being in fact," says the Secretary of the Treasury, '• a donation, or free subscription, by the general government, to that amount, chiefly in aid of rail-roads." — Am. Ed.] IKijN-WOOU (Ger. Ei.sen/io/z .■ Du. Yserfiout ,- Ft. Bois de fr ; It. Legrio di frro ,■ Sp. /'f//ir; litem) ,■ Lat. Sidiruxi/lon, Lignum ferrctim), a sjiecies of wood of a reddish cxi^t, fio called on account of its corroding as that metal does, and its being remarkably hard and ponderous, — even more so than ebony. The tree which produces it grows principally in the West India islands, and is likewise very common in South America, and in some [larts of Asia, especially about Siam, ISINGLASS (Ger, Hauscnbla.se, Hausblase ,- Fr. Culle de poisson, Carluck ,• It. Cula I di pesri t 's a |iro( -•f bladders into (he the b-.st harliel, tl laid toge When/i, Water, an ing plastr year. TI T/to/>/fin)j' ISLE I JUICE C. Ill.isi ing to whit tliat the de which ."hal unity at th( such citrom water." JJ/.VIPE IVOIiV', horse. E-.m taperiiin, an extern;illy y, straight, and The most e yellow, than Till- trade in . J'"ir.«t snrt w mg ;is U.S. to ri\ All iiMilor IS 'li'isf Dial are slioiild III,' I'l'j,.,' low. Tliefrejil '^itpp/,/ of average, 4,l';j( weiirht of a to l.S3a may be t male elephants the dc'itruction '0 1500 or .O.O in this way I.e'ii tl'ut have died i sources now all <'re,U Drifaiii, v the s/au;,'hter of ""d it may wel diminished, 'fj India, and the » whence supphos ^"■"ain, ill 1831 ports during the —{I'arl. Paper, •VDry fiom Malac 'I'lie chief con. ""' It is also exte fh'vS'S-nien, hillia 'iX'tured to a Eun,p,. Cuj^_ "-'"'".■so than hy .cncentric halls "•ory articles, are »iMoncal Not, tie elephant is fo, purposes, hut that , owing to any differ w I greal the yotic ui r T 7^ 1834 1. d. 14 3 6 1 6 3 2 2 3 2 1 1 I 4 16 6 4 2 S 8 9 1 8 8 10 7 6 IS 6 18 6 1 4 S 6 9^ ISLE OF MAN^IVORY. « a product, .1.,, f-rrparnti,,; TwS T ,°^ ""^ P"^"'^' ""'I finest of f^, ■ "to the North Sea a„,l the (jil,- f ^"f ««'' ^-''"-h are /:,„nd '\,J\'^ "">'.'« "^ the air- the l';--st; next to tl,at ,ho beh ^^ " ,, //'^''''l''''-^''' '"^nuhn stu J^^^^ "^"« that fall f«r >el, thotm^h not so qoo.I. "he t '""'^'"^^ ''^ •■''■•^» f'rer "S f ''""'"''■^'"y ''^teemed ^■''1 together like tho leaves of n I 'T " "'"'"'■^ ^°"''^l i" lit Ki (■•"'» •^'"l^ts, .sh^,,, ^J Whenfh,eJtisofawhiteil ?^ ""'' ""^ ^"'"'"o.. oJt ^r^^^ >^^'^ond ,'ont .^.■•tcr and iti. „«,, extensi 1 ! ,'^":'-'^«"-^Par«nt. and dry J ./'^'f '^'"'out any care! e- 1 1 1. is as foUorvsr^;>J;';''^«' ."" ORANGES. The 9th .• •".? to which the diuv on thn f^' "'=»'"'"? the decrees of srL^r ''"'"" °^ "'e act 6 Geo 4 "n'ty at the temperature of C0°7 p'.'""'* '"^""«r, (hat distiM T '' ''>' ^ S'««« citron.e ler —{' "ri. Paper, No 5'in «* , ' ^''.V 'on and other ?.\, , ""'"™ '98 ewt. 'The i™ s s 120 KELP— KERMES. of the African people ! We incline to think that the latter is the true hypothesis. Alex- ander the Great is believed to have been the first European who employed elephants in war. It appears pretty certain, that the elephants made use of by the Carthaginians were mostly, if not wholly, brought from India; and that they were managed by Indian leaders. Some of the latter were captured by the Konians, in the great victory gained by Metellus over Asdrubal. — (See, on this curious subject, two very learned and valuable noti's in the An- cient Universal Ilixfuri/, 8vo ed. vol. xvii. p. 529. and p. 549. Buffur^s Article on tlie Elephant is a splendid piece of composition.) Thfi pricfi per cwt,, duty (U. por cwt.) included, of clcphantB' teeth in the London market, in De- cember, 1833, was- £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. (/. £ .«. d. Ist, 70 tn no lbs. - - 2U to 31 5lh, 18 to 27 11)9. - 18 to 21 2d, 50 — liO — - 25 — 23 .Scrivelloes - 14 — 35 3d, 3^ — ns — - 23 — 20 Sea horse teeth - 0— 5 4th 28 — 37 — - 20 — 24 K. KELP. A substance composed of difl'crent materials, of w/.ich the fossil o- mineral alkali, or, as it is commonly termed, soda, is the chief. This ingredient renders it useful in the composition of soap, in the manufacture of alum, and in the formation of crown and bottle glass. It is formed of marine plants ; which, being cut from the rocks with a hook, are collected and dried on the beach to a certain extent; they are afterwards put into kilns prepared for the j)urpose, the heat of which is sufficient to bring the ])IaiifK into a state of semifusion. They are then strongly stirred with iron rakes; and when cool, condense into a dark blue or whitish mass, very hard and solid. Plants about 13 years old yield the largest quantity of kelp. The best kelp has an a 'rid caustic taste, a sulphurous odour, is com()art, and of a dark blue greenish colour. It yields about 5 ])er cent, of its weight of soda. — (Ba.Ti/'s Orkney Islumh, p. 377. ; T/wmson's Dispensatory.) The nmiiiifactiire of kelp in, or rather wan, principally carried on in the Western Islands, and on the western shores of Scolbind, where it wiis introduced from Ireliuid, aiiont the middle of l;isl century. Towards tlie end of the late war, the kelp .shores of the isl.ind of North IMst let for 7,0110/. a year' It has been calinlaled that tlic (jiiantity of kelp annually inainifactured in the Hebrides only, e.\clusivc of the niainland, and of the Orkney and Shetland isles, amounted, at tlie period referred lli, to about 0,000 tons a year; and that the total (iiiantily made in Scolland and its adjacent isle.s amounted to about 20.0U0 tons. At some |)eriiMls durinf; tlii! war, it sold for 20/. a ton ; but al an nvorasie of the 23 jears oiidinj; with 1522, tlio -irice was 10/. ')s. 7vi- )rc(-il '.11111 late w;ir, It anil II" llrl" tlllMCS llii'i'l ili;ii cuiiiinieJ I form for ''hervm, tci" I'i"'), Ipcrics of liormcs from a lEiiici'.ins, \rt lib i' epig. 97. I'm. 6.) It is singular, however, notwithstanding its extensive use in antiquity, that the ancients had the most incorrect notions with respect to the nature of Itermes : many of them supposing that it was the grains (grana) or fruit of the ilex. This was Pliny's opinion : others after him considered it in the same light, or as an excrescence formed by the puncture of a particular kind of fly, like the gall nut. It was not till the early part of last century that it was finally and satisfactorily established that the kermcs is really nothing but an insect, assuming the appearance of a berry in the process of drying. The term kermes is of Persian origin. The Arabians had been acquainted with this production from the earliest periods in Africa; and having found it in Spain, they cultivated it extensively aa an article of commerce, as well as a dye drug for their own use. But since the introduction of cochineal, it has become an oliject of comparatively trifling importance. It is still, how- ever, prepared in some parts of Spain. Cloths dyed with kermes are of a deep red colour; and though much inferior in brilliancy to the scarlet cloths dyed with real Mexican cochi- neal, they retain the colour better, and are less liable to stain. The old tapestries of BruB- eels, and other places in Flanders, which have scarcely lost any thing of their original vivacity, though 200 years old, were all dyed with kermes. The history of this production has been treated with great learning by Beckmann (Hist, of Invent, vol. i. pp. 171 — 191. Istcd. trans.) ; and by Dr. Bancroft {Permanent Colours, vol. i. pp. 393 — 409.) KINO (Fr. Gomme de Kino ; Ger. Kinoharz ,- It China), a gum, the produce of trees that grow in the East and West Indies, Africa, Botany Bay, &c. The kino now found in the shops is said by Dr. A. T. Thomson to come from India, and to be the produce of tha naucka gambir. The branches and twigs are bruised and boiled in water. The decoction is then evaporated until it acquires the consistence of an extract, which is kino. It is im- ported in chests containing from 1 to 2 cwt. ; and on the inside of the lid of each chest is a paper, inscribed with the name of John Brown, the month and year of its importation, and stating that it is the produce of Amboyna. It is inodorous, very rough, and slightly bitter when first taken into the mouth : but it afterwards impresses a ilegree of sweetness on tho palate. It is in small, uniform, deep brown, shining, brittle fragments, which appear like portions of a dried extract broken down; being perfectly uniform in their appearance. It is easily pulverised, affording a powder of a lighter brown colour than the fragments. But it may be doubted whether the inspissated juice of the nauclca gambir ought to be con- sidered as kino. Dr. Ainslie says that Botany Bay kino is the only kind he l\ad seen in an Indian bazaar. The tree which yields it grows to a great height: it flows from incisions made into the wood of the trunk. — {Thomson's Dispensatory ,- Ainslie' s Materia Indica.) KNIVES (Ger. Messer ,■ Du. Mt;ssen ,■ Fr. Cottteaux .- It. Collelli ; Sp. Cuchillos t Rus. Nushi) well known utensils made of iron and steel, and employed to cut with ; they are principally manufactured in London and Sheffield. Knives are made for a variety of purposes, as their different denominations imply ; such as table knives, penknives, oyster knives, pruning knives, &c. Although England at present excels every part of the world in the manufacture of knives, as in most branches of cutlery, the finer kinds were imported until the reign of Elizabeth. It is stated by Mr. Macpherson (Annals of Com. Anno 1.563), that knives were not made for use in England till 1563; but there can be no doubt that this is an error. They had been made, though probably of a rude and clumsy pattern, for centuries before, in the district called Hallam^'hire, of which Sheffield is the centre ; and the cutlers of London were formed into a corporation in 1417. — (Manufactures in Metal, vol. ii. c. i. in Lardner's Cyclopaedia.) KONIGSBERG, the capital of East Prussia, in lat. 54° 42' II" N., Ion. 20° 29' 15" E. Population 08,000. Piirt, i^c— KiinipHberg is situated on the Pregnl, wliicti flows into the Frisc.he Haff, or Fresh Bay, —a large lalte having from 10 to 14 feet water. The bar at the month of the Pregel has only from 5 to 6 feet water, so tiiat none lint flat-bottomed boats can ascend to the city. I'illau, in lat. I'll" 33' 39" N., l(in. 19^ 52' 30" 15., on the north side of the entrance from the Baltic to the Frische llafl", is |>ro- perly ilie port of KOnigsherg. Within these few years, a light-honse has been erected on a rising grniiiid, a little to tlie soiuh of Pillau, the lantern of which is elevated 103 feel above the level of tha sen. The light is tlxed and brilliant. The entrance to the barhoiir is marked by buoys ; those on the larhn:ird side being RUrnioiinted by small flags. A Gothic building, 120 fi-et above the level of tho sea, has been erected to serve for a land-mark ; at a distance it looks like a three-masted ship under sail. There is nsiially from 15 to 16 feet water between the buoys on entering the harbour ; but par- ticular winds occasion material differences in this respect. Trade if Konigsberg. — Being situated on a navigable river of considerable importance, Kijnigslierg has a large command of internal navigation, and is the principal emporium of a large extent of country. Wheat, rye, and other sjiecies of grain, are the chief articles of export. The wheat is somewhat similar to that of Dantzic, but of inferior quality, being larger in the berry, and thicker skinned. The rye is thin, and also the barley, with few ex- ceptions, and light. Peas are of a remarkably large quality. Oats arc common feed, with a slight admixture of tares; but as these last answer in some degree the purpose of beans, the value of the oats is rather enhanced than otherwise by the circumstance. More tares are ship()ed here than from any other port in the Bailie. The prices of all sorts of grain arc usually lower at KOnigsberg than at the neighbouring Prussian ports. Hemp, flax, lin- Vol. II.— L 16 I 7, I I I tss LAC. seed, yarn, and bristles, are largely exported; with smaller quantities of wool, ashes, feathers, wax, hides and skins, &c. The bristles arc the best in the Uaitic. Timber, deals, and staves, are as good as at Memel, but are rather scarce. The imports are coffee, sugar, cotton stuffa and yarn, hardware, dye woods, spices, tobacco, coals, rum, &c. Salt is a government monopoly ; any person being allowed to import it, but he must either sell it to government at a price fixed by them, or export it again. Money, Weigfib, and Mcanures, same as at Dantzic ; which see. Account of ttie Exports of the diffurent Spccivs of Grain rrnm Kunigsberg during each of the Four* tuen Years ending with 1S31. 1818. l.ails. 1819. IS20. 1821. 182. ^ 1323. Lcals. 1824. Lant. 182). 1326. 1827. 132.1. Lain 1829. 1330. 1831, Laitt. /.aid. Lnilt. Lavs, Latls. LasU, Lcuts. Lalli. iaili. Wheat 3,129 I,2J2 2,1(11 1,5)9 ,591 428 1,1102 816 1,483 3,734 9.343 7,69>< 7,505 7,563 Rye 8,429 7.3l0 6,7ii9 1,4')9 lOJ 1,03'J 3113 657 69 i 7,228 12,920 H,154 25,420 16,900 Barlty 4,li,i 2,952 t«I7 107,811 I.itiseeJ cikea - ■ - stone . 31,KiO i Fe.ilhfn • ■ • • — 13,860 15,411 Wax .... lbs. 31,955 23,760 , VUx :»nJ flix cndiUa . - Btoiie 75,230 35,^00 Wool . . . . - . 118,668 1 Hempaiid lunipcoililla - - — | 60.276 9,473 Yarn, I.ith. ami Erml. - - butillra 8,0(10 9,000 ' Arrivals in 1831.— In 1831, lliore entered the port of Kiiniesherg (Pillaii) 701 ships, of the burden of 43,U28 ions. In 1S32, 43 Urilisli sliips, of tlie burden of 3,592 tons, cleared out. Prices free on board of the principal .\rticles of Export from Konigsberg, 1st of June, 1832, Articles. Prime Cost in Prussian Currency. Sil. irr. Free on board in Sterling Money. Articles. Prime Cost in Prussian Currency. Free on board in Sterling money. /.. 1. d, L. 1. d. L. »■ d L. I. d. Sil. ar. Per last. Per quarUr. PcrH.oJ 33li. Per Ion. Wheat, oM, mixed and Hemp, clean 11 |.2 39 5 high niixpd oM, inft;ri.-)r kind 450 to 500 2 3 8 to 2 g 4 cut 101-210 11 Si 18 to 37 10 400 - 430 1 18 10 - 2 1 3 La^en • 91-2 — 10 32 1 1 - 34 6 new, best mixed and Flax, Druani, crown, liiiTh niixctl 450 — 600 2 3 8—2 8 4 No. 1. 101.2-lli 30 2 — 39 9 new infer inr red, mixed PoJolil, crown. No. 1. 101-2- 11 J 36 2 - 39 9 and bfM re.l .ISO - 430 1 16 10 — 2 I 3 Rve, oM and new 230 - 260 12 9-158 ;'o-330«j. PcrcwU Ilarlcv. larj^e « 190 — 200 19 — 19 6 Ashes, calcined crown • 7U 1 54 .smalt - 176 — 18') 17 2 — IS 6 (his 110 — 1,30 Oil 6 — 13 4 Per lb. I'eas. white, new 240 - 270 13 8—167 Bristles, best white 63.r.-72gr. 12 13 — 13 8 8 erey • 240 — 270 1 3 8—1 67 crown 42 8 00 Be.lnii . 210 — 230 1 10 - 1 2 9 Tares . 1.50 — 170 13 3 - 17 2 Per bundle. Per bundle. Pir l>and. Ptr barrel. Y.irn, Lith. 12-20 lbs. • 5 1-4 6 8 Linieed, crushing 13 1-2- 14 111 6 — 1 12 10 2J-10 11». . 5-8 6 3 snivnil 19 - 21 10 0-120 40-60 lbs. • 6 6 9 — 6 10 The above prices in sterling money, free on board, are calculated at the exchange of 205 s, gr,, and at the proportion of 10^ Imp. qrs. per last. L. LAC, OR GUM L.\C (Gcr. Lack, Gummilack ,- Fr. Lacque, Gomme Incque ,• It. Lacca, Gnmmalacca ,- Sp. Gama laca ,• Rus, Laka, Gummilak ; Arab. Laak ; Hind, Lak'h ; S'^ns. Ldk.shd), a substance, which has been improperly called a gum, produced in Bengal, .Assam, Pegu, Siam, &c., on the leaves and branches of certain trees, by an insec* (rhennes lacca), 'i'he trees selected by the insect on which to deposit its eggs are known by the names of the bihar tree {Crolon lacc'ferum Lin.), the pepel {Buleu frundom), bott, and coosim trees, &c. .\fter being deposited, the egg is covered by the insect with a quan- tity of this peculiar substance, or lac, evidently intended to serve, in the economy of nature, as a n dus and protection to the ovum and insect in its first stage, and as food for the maggot in its more advanced stage. It is formed into cells, finished with as much art as a honey- comb, liut differently arranged. Lac yields a fine red dye, which, though not so bright as the true Mexican cochineal, is said to be more permanent ; and the resinous part is exten- sively used in the manufacture of sealing wax and hats, and as a varnish. Lac, wlieii in its natural stale, encnislinp leaves and twifjs, is called slick liir. : it is collected twifo a year ; and the only troubl» in procuring it is in brcal a charcoal fir most liqiiefial Thin-transpa it should alw; iMre, liovvevei fire, and burn country in the to be very evti the last liiree < fall in the prict greater deman In Bengal, |;i be obtained frr latter, is inferit Account of the into Gre Teirs. 1814 1815 1816 I8I7 18IS 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 Lac] Uc Lh 278 598. %'.), 384, 242, 178.1 439, 640,S 872,! 425,2 Wlow?l""""P«'«<" Lac lake ■iye, n. T. - J. Mc. I - C. E. e ~ , 'ow and Seel lac 8 ick he Shellac, liver I-ACE (Du. 1 sfiewo ; Sp. Encc tlireads of gold, ^ hem or fringe of a The origin of tf there is no doubt i many beautiful /ac and from (he deriv mans. Itissupn, from Venice, whei long previously w laces of gold, and ported.-Ci Ric^^ J«?un in England {'9 Hen. 7. c. 21. •0 • WOi "and from other the count LACE. 123 licrs, avcs, jtutTA luent iDQcnt Four- 1,684 j1 3 3,39) I 1830 and bmden of 1832. I;7ue ; It. \c, Hind. IoJucrJ in all insect Ire known ivo), Itott, |i a »iuan- bf nature, he maggot la honey- 1 bri'^ht as is cxlen- Ictcd twice td carrying them to markfit. When the twips or Rtick§ are largo, or only partially covered, the lac is frequently spparalert from them, as it always oiipht to be when shipped for Kiirope, to lessen the expense of frei;;ht. The hesi slick lac is of a deep red cnUmr. When held agninst the llahl. it should lookhright, and when broken should appear in diiiinoml-like points. If it he not gnthered till the insects have left their cells, it becomes pale, and pierced at the lop ; and is uf little use as u dye, though probably better for a varnish. Lac (/;/«, Ian lake, or cuke Ine, consists of the colouring matter extracted from the stick lac. Various processes have been adopted for this purpose. It is funned into small square cakes or pieces, like those of indiC". It should, whi-n broken, look dark-coloured, shining, smooth, and conipHct ; when scraped or powdered, it should be of a bright red colour, nppronchins to that of carmine. That which is sandy, light-coloured and spongy, and which, when scrapeit, is of a dull brickdust colour, should be rejected. Notwithstanding the continued fall in the price of cochineal, the use of lac dye has been extending in this country. The annuiil consumption may at present amount to about fiOO.OOfl lbs., having trebled since 1818. The finest qualities of lac dye are seldom met with for sale in Calcutta, being generally manufactured under contract for the European market. When slick lac has been separateil from the twigs to which it naturally adheres, and coarsely pounded, Ihe n.'ilive silk and cotton dyers extract the C(dour as far as it conveniently can be done by water. The yellowish, hard, resinous powder which remains, having sc^inewhal of the appe;vranceof mustard seed, in called nerd lac. When liquified by fire, it is formed into cakes, and deiioinlniUed lump Ue. The natives use the latter in making banules, or ornaments in the form of rings, for the arms of the lower class of fuiualus ; the best shellac being used in manufacturing these ornaments fur the superior classes. Shellac is produced from seed lac, by putting the latter into bags of cotton cloth, and holding it over a charcoal fire, when the luc melts, and being strained through the bag, tlie resinous part, wliicli is the most liquefiiible, is obtained in a considerable degree of purity ; it is formed into thin sheets or plates. Thin-transparent, or amber-coloured shellac is best; avoid that which is thick, dark, or speckled; it should always, when broken, be amher-coloured on the edge ; that which has a dark brown frac- ture, however thin, should be rejected. When laid on a hot iron, shellac, if pure, will instantly catch fire, and burn with a strong but not disagreeable smell. It used to be principally employed in this country in the manufacture of sealing wax, and as a varnish ; but within these few years it has begun to be very extensively used in the manufacture of hats. Shellac has advanced rapidly in price during the last liiree or four years; a circumstance which has had a considerable effect in accelerating Ihe fall in the price of lac dye ; the quantity of the latter being necessarily increased in consequence of tbe greater demand for the former. In Bengal, luc is chiefly produced in the forests Uf Sylet and Burdwan. The finest dye is said to be obtained from the stick lac of Slam and Pegu ; hut ihe shellac or resinous part obtained from the latter, is inferior to that produced from Sylet stick lac. It may be obtained in almost any quantity. Account of the Quantities of Lac Dye or Lac Lake, Shellac and Seed Lack, and Stick Lac, imported into Great Britain, from the Countries eastward of the Cape of Good Hope, since 1814. Tea™. Lac Dye or Lac Lake. SheUac and SetdLac. Stick Lac. Vean. Iac nye or l.ac Lake. Shellac and Sted t^c. Stick Uc. l.k<. Lb: Lla. Lbt. Lb$. Lbt. 1814 278,829 110,670 44,439 1824 592,197 571,684 427 1815 598,592 575,029 32,677 1825 .535,505 708,687 13,521 1816 269,080 587,153 4.200 1826 760,729 443,589 90,396 1817 384,909 653,256 254,005 1827 729.212 499,813 8,835 1818 242.387 839,977 562,051 1828 689,205 681,271 1819 178.088 531, .549 40,478 1820 690,721 725,780 1820 4.19.439 845,569 3I2,,340 1830 485,269 649,636 37,595 1821 640,864 718,063 5S,8H0 1831 753,2.'i2 1,146,128 149,144 1822 872,907 282,621 18,429 18.32 459,379 1,070,261 319,373* 1823 425,231 366,321 15,517 /,. f. rf. t. ». A Lac I.\ke - - per lb. 4 to 1 dye, D. T. - — n 2 3-02 6 - J. Mc. R. - - 1 8-01 9 - C. E. . — 1 4-01 5 — low and mid. — 9-01 1 Seed lac ■ • per cwt 2 0-40 S ick he • - — 2 lU ■ 2 15 Shellac, liver - — 6 - S 10 The finest lac dve is distjn^uisheil by the mark I). T.; the second /.. t. d. L. i. rf. bvJ. Mc. R. i thelhird, livC K., Ac. In January, 1S34, the [irice« SheUac, liver, H. T.* per cwt. 6 to fihheditfereiit species uf Uc in bond in the London market were as — orani;e — 7 • 7 10 follows:— — block — 6 • 6 10 In 1823, D. T. he dye was as hii?h as %a. 3d. and «*. 6d. pep lb. The dutirs used to be 5 per cent, on lac dye, seed lac, and stick lac { and 20 per cent, on shellac; but it was ohvinusly absunl to charn shellac, which, as already seen, is prepared from the refuse of (nm Uc dye, with Jour times the duly laid upon the latter. This ri lieu* Inus distinction is now, however, imt an end to; the present diH ties bcin^ Ss. a cwt. on lac dye and sliellac, and \s. a cwt. on atick lac — (Bancroft mi Permanent Colours^ vol. ii. pp. 1—60; ^iiiiltV* Mat. Med, ; MtlLurn's Orient. Com. ; and private information.) LACE (Du. Kanten .- Fr. Dentelle ,- Ger. Spitzen ,■ It. Merldti, Pizzi ,- Rus. Kru- shewo ; Sp. Encujes), a plain or ornamental net-work, tastefully composed of many fine threads of gold, silver, silk, flax, or cotton, interwoven, from Lnclnia (Lat.), the guard hem or fringe of a garment. The origin of this delicate and beautiful fabric is involved in considerable obscurity, but there is no doubt it lays claim to high antiquity. In Mr. Hope's Costumes of the Ancients, many beautiful lace patterns are portrayed on the borders of the dresses of Grecian females ; and from the derivation of the word " /ace," it is probable it was not unknown to the Ro- mans. It is supposed that Mary de' Medici was the first who brought lace into France, from Venice, where, and in the neighbouring states of Italy, it is understood to have been long previously worn ; but we find that in England, so early as 1483, " laces of thread, and laces of gold, and sjik and gold," were enumerated among the articles prohibited to be im- ported. — (1 Rich. 3. c. 10.) It is, therefore, fair to presume that this manufacture had begun in England prior to that period, as this and many subsequent acts were passed— (19 Hen. 7. c. 21. ; 5 Eliz. c. 7. ; 13 & 14 Car. 2. c. 13. ; 4 & 5 W. & M. c. 10., &c.)— * In addition to the above, an inconsiderable quantity of lac dye, Slc, is sometimes imported at second band from other countries. I i 7. i 124 LACE. for the encouragement and protection of our home manufacture ; but it may equally be con* eluded, that as pins (which are indispensable in the process of lace making) were not used in England till 1543, the manufacture of lace must have been vulgar in fabric, and circum- scribed in its extent. Tradition says that the lace manufacture was introduced into this country by some refugees from Flanders, who settled at or near Uranfield, now a scattered village on the west side of Bedfordshire, and adjoining Bucks; but there is no certain evi- dencc that we are indebted to the Flemings for the original introduction of this Iwautiful art, although from them we have undoubtedly derived almost all the different manufactures relating to dress. We have, however, imitated many of their lace fiil)rics, and greatly im- proved our manufactures at various periods, from the superior taste displayed in the produc- tion of this article in the Low Countries. In 1C26, Sir Henry IJorlase founded and en- dowed the free school at Great Mariow, for 24 boys, to read, write, and cast accounts ; and for 24 girls to knit, sjjin, and make hone lace.— {LewlHS T(ipiis;r(iplni) ; so that there is rea- son to suppose that at this time tiie manufacture hadcommcncoil in Bufkinghamshirc, which, by degrees extended to the adjoining counties of Bedford and Northampton. In 1640, the lace trade was a flourishing interest in IJuckinghamshire — {I'tilkr's Wurt/iles, and ditferent Itincrarits) ; and so greatly had it advanced in England, that by a royal ordinance in France, passed in I'JCO, a mark was established upon the thread liice iinpurted from this coun/ri/ and from Flanders, and upon the point lace from Genoa, Venice, and other foreign countries, in order to secure payment of the customs duties. — {Universal Dic- tionary.) Pillow Lace, — the original manufacture, — is worked upon a hard stuffed pillow, with silk, flax, or cotton threads, according to a parchment pattern placed upon it, by means of pins, bobbins and spindles, which are placed and displaced, twisting, and interweaving the threads, so as to imitate the pattern designed. This manufacture has been long pursued in almost every town and village in the midland counties, particularly in Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, and Northamptonshire, besides at Honiton, in Devon, and variDus other places in the west of England. The principal places where it is made in the Netherlands are Antwerp, Brussels, Mechlin, Louvaine, Ghent, Valenciennes, and Lisle. It is also made at Chantilly near Paris (celebrated for veils), Charleville, Sedan, Le Compto de Bourgoyne, Liege, Dieppe, Havre de Grace, Harfleur, Pont I'Evesque, Gosors, Fescamp, Caen, Arras, Bapaume, &c., in France; and at various places in Spain, Portugal, and Italy. We can form no estimate of the number of persons employed on the. Continent ; but in Brussels alone not less than 10,000 are said to be engaged in this manufacture. — {Ency. Metrop.) In England and Ireland, besides the laws passed at different times to encourage and protect the manufacture, associations were formed in various places, with the view of exciting a spirit of emulation and improvement, by holding out premiums for the production of the best pieces (f bone lace; and although smuggling of foreign lace was carried on to a great extent, (in 1772, 72,000 ells of French lace were seized in the port of Leigh, and lodged in the king's warehouse there, besides numerous other seizures,) the British manufacture ad- vanced in an unparalleled degree. — {Gentleman's Mug. l?.")!, vol. xxi. p. 520. ; vol. xlii. p. 434.) It is imagined that the first lace ever made in this country was of the sort called Brussels point, the net work made by bone bobbins on the pillow, and the pattern and sprigs worked with the needle. Such appears to have been the kind worn by the nobility and people of hijh rank, as is evident by the different portraits now in existence, painted by Vandyke, in the time of Charles I., and afterwards by Sir Peter Lely and Sir Godfrey Knel- ler, in the succeeding reigns of Charles II., Queen Anne, and George I. About a century since, the grounds in use were the old Mechlin, and what the trade termed the wire fi;ro!tnd, Tvhich was very similar, if not identical, with the modern Mechlin, the principal article in the present French manufacture. The laces made in these grounds were singularly rich and durable; the designs of the old Mechlin resembled the figures commonly introduced in ornamental carving. Between 70 and 80 years ago, a great deterioration was occasioned by the introduction of the Trolly ground, which was exceedingly coarse and vulgar, the figure angular, and altogether in the worst taste conceivable. An improvement, however, ti>ok place about the year 1770, when the ground which is probably the most ancient known, was reintroduced ; this was no other than the one still in partial use, and denom- inated the oW French ground. About 1777 or 1778, quite txnew ground ,va^ 'itenptd by the inhabitants of Buckingham and its neighbourhood, which quickly superr;.;Mi i ,11 the others; this was the point ground, vi\\ic\i had (as is supposed) been imported irom the Netherlands. From the first appearance of this ground may be dated the origin of the modern pillow lace trade; but it was not until the beginning of the present century that the most striking improvements were made; for during the last quarter of the eighteenth century, the article, though certainly much more light and elegant from the construction of the ground, was miserably poor and spiritless in the design. Soon after the year 1800, a freer and bolder style was adopted ; and from that time to 1812, the improvement and con- sequent success were astonishing and unprecedented. At Honiton, in Devon, the maiiu- lacture had arrived at that perfection, was so tasteful in the design, and so delicate and beautiful lace. Du they are r ever, were new mam cancc, and is truly de| in pillow li ham and t 120,000 pc diminished. Nottlnt^l year 1768, of money, e wife's cap, i venor Hensi ostensibly fo of London) Brussels gro in manufacti their leisure perfecting a ( 1783, the wa 1799, it was answer. Du of the machii succeeded in ( for 14 years fc 1815-16; bui and a great st Heathcoat's p ferent hand fra trade; and nu barked capital creased ; but tl of general supj of France and Mr. William manufacture, cc bobbin net tradj Cufitttl employed Fixed capiui i„ a> api firloriei— 724,000 sm •(linillos . "^ Ftalingcipilalinspinn ui necessary suoclriM Dftluct |.6(h emplo] nellraJe . ; Toljl capital i„ ,p,„ English bobbin net Capital empl Filed capiui in 25 fact power uiachines i,IO) power ll-4ihs wit 3,000 hand . 9Mi» »i,|( FlMling capital in jiocic iii Pnwcr ow Hand owt fjpilal in embroidering, pt Total capital employ In 1831 (vide 23,400,000 square ♦Since this article ginal inventor of ih( niacliinery was unki Mr. Brunei, engineer VicaryGihl,.,,iUlar Mtedoneiialfofthe carried the other half st.ireor,,i||„,v|ace,, we feel It ,iue to Mr 12 LACE. 125 beautiful in the workmanship, as not to bo excelled even by the best specimens of Brussels lace. During the late war, veils of this lace were sold in London at from 20 to 100 guineas; they arc now sold from 8 to 15 guineas. The elTects of the competition of machinery, how- ever, were about this time felt; and in IS 15, the broad laces began to be superseded by the new manufacture. The pillow lace trade has since been gradually dwindling into insignifi- cance, and has at length sunk into a state which, compared with its condition 20 yoars back, is truly deplorable. It is difficult to form an estimate of the number of persons employed in pillow lace making during its prosperity ; but in a petition from the makers in Bucking- ham and the neighbourhood, presented to her present Majesty in 1830, it was stated that 120,000 persons were dependent on this trade ; but this number had since been materially diminished. Noftinifkam Lace. — A frame-work knitter of Nottingham, named Hammond, about the year 1768, was the first who made lace by machinery. Dissipated in habits, and destitute of money, employment, or credit, the idea struck him, while looking at the broad lace on his wife's cap, that he could fabricate a similar article by means of his stocking frame, — (Gra- venor Hemon on Hosieri/, Lace, ^c, p. 295.) He tried, and succeeded. The first machine ostensibly for lace (introduced at Nottingham about the same period, by A. Else and Harvey of London) was called a pin machine, for making single press point net in imitation of the Brussels ground. This machine, although lost here, is still used in France to a great extent in manufacturing the net called tulle. This was the age of experiments; and workmen at their leisure hours employed themselves in forming new meshes on the hand, in hope of perfecting a complete hexagon, which had hitherto eluded all their efforts to discover. Ira 1782, the warp frame was introduced, which is still in use for making warp luce,- and in 1799, it was fiist attempted to make bobbin net by machinery ; but this was not found to answer. During the succeeding 10 years many alterations were made in the construction of the machines, with no better success, until at length, in 1800, Mr. Heathcoat of Tiverton succeeded in discovering the correct principle of the bobbin net frame, and obtained a patent for 14 years for his invention.* Steam power was first introduced by Mr. John Lindley, in 1815-16 ; but did not come into active operation till 1820. It became general in 1822-23; and a great stimulus was at this period given to the trade, owing to the expiration of Mr. Heathcoat's patent, the increased application of power, and the perfection to which the dif« ferent hand frames had by this time been brought. A temporary prosperity shone on the trade; and numerous individuals — clergymen, lawyers, doctors, and others — readily em- barked capital in so tempting a speculation. Prices fell in proportion as production in- creased ; but the demand was immense ; and the Nottingham lace frame became the organ of general supply, — rivalling and supplanting, in plain nets, the most finished productions of France and the Netherlands. Mr. William Felkin, of Nottingham, the author of a very able statement relative to this manufacture, considers that the amount of capital and the number of hands employed in the bobbin net trade may be thus estimated. — (Published August, 1833.) Cafital employed in ipinning and doubling the Yam, Filed cipital in 3,> >piniiin< md 24 dnublinK L. L, fjrioria— 724,OUO spinning 296,700 doubling iliimilcs 715,000 Flowing cnpilal in spinnen' and doublera' stock, ui necessary sundries • • - 200,000 915,000 Dednct l-6lh employed for foreign bobbin net trade 153,000 Total capital in spinning and doubling for English bobbin net trade ■ • • 760,000 Capital tmfloytd in Bobbin Net making. Filed capital in 25 factories, principally for power machines .... 85,000 1,10) power machinee, averaging ll-4ihs»ide • - - 170,000 3,000 hand machines, avenging 9.4lhswide • ■ ■ 267,000 FlMlin; capital in slock on hand : Power owners • 150,000 Hand ownen - 250,000 400,000 C>pitil in embroidering, preparing, and slock Total capital employed in the trade • • £.1,932,000 922,000 250,000 Number of Handt employed. In spinning: adult., 4,f00j chillren, S,500 In douLdin'g; adult!, 1,300; children, 2,iJ0a Deduct l'6th employed for foreign demand • In power net making: adults, 1,500; youths, 1,000; children, 500; women and girls, mending, 2,000 In hand machine working: sma.. macliine owners, 1,000; journeymen and apprentices, 4,000; winders, 4,000; menders, 4,000 ...... Mending, pearling, drawing, finishing, &c. In embroidering: at present very uncertain; probably about ....... Total of hands employed - I0,3CO 3,300 i3,eoo 2,300 11,300 5,000 13,000 30,C0O 100,000 1 159,30} t We expressed our convic'ion, in the former edition of this work, that iMr. Fetkin had exaggerated the number of persons em* ployed ; and we observe, that in this estimate the number is mat«< rially diminished ; t)ut it must be remarked, that 'Icrinz the last 2 yrai^ an extraordinary depression has taken place in the embroidery branch, and many have abandoned the trade. In 1831 {vide former edition of this work), the annual produce was estimated at 23,400,000 square yards, worth 1,891,875/. It is now estimated at 30,771,000 square yards, '^ Since this article was printed in our first edition, Mr. Ileatlicoat was pointed out to its as tlie ori- ginnl inventor of the bolil>in net inachinu, and that, prior to his patent being obtained, bobbin net by niacliinery was unknown, although numerous attempts had been made to prodiicu it hy its means. Mr. Ilriinel, engineer, who was examined, as a witness, in the action Buville v. Moore, tried liefore Sir Vicary Gil)b!!, in March, 1816, stated in reference to tliis macliine, that when Mr. Heathcoat had sepa- rateil (ini! Iialf of the threads, and placed them on a beam as warp threads, and made the bobbin which carried the other half of the threads act between those warp threads, so as to produce Buckingham- shire or pillow lace, the lace machine teas invented. Relying upon the authenticity of this statemenl, vre feel it due to Mr, Heathcoat to give this explanation. l2 I a \ \ 126 LACE. worth 1 ,850,650/. It would therefore appear that 7,000,000 square yards more per annum are now produced fur about the same amount of wages and profits. Thi!> increase in quan- tity is understood to have arisen from the new and improved machinery which in the mcoii time has been introduced. At this moment, there are, perhaps, 20 new appMcations of known principles, all tending to promote variety and increased pror quillinp. ICU of Itie^e built this ytrar and last. 7-4th II [Kiint hand leven. varinuA width ; old machines, pusher, tnvervp. &c. hand circulir; chirfly 9'4lh quillings, hand niachiiies i pliinnpts. part jiower, part liantl machines ; pbin net. chiefly 8-4lh<, lO-Wa, and l2-4ths, |ioH-er : plain nets, power, 12-Hhs. chiefly hand ; plain nets. 8-4lhs, I0'4llis, and 12-4lhs, power; plain nets chiefly. 35 hand ; quili'ings chiefly. Paris l.voiit Villages in the north of Kr^nce .Sh il/ei'Iand • Sasoiiy Austria Itussia aod Truuia 10 ;o 340 hiud machines chiefly, do. do. do. do. 60 nearly all hand inachlnei. 70 do. do. to po«er and hind di. 20 pnibabi) ; aiid both hand and power. Total I.SjOinachin AT. fl.—The list mentioned fnuiitriet. If we may jod^e from their eirnrts to obtain model luacbinea, are preparinj[ to utaiiufacture very extensivtiy. The produce of these machines is estimated at 9,824,000 square yards of net, of the value in English money of 570,250/. In France alone, it was stated in an address present- ed to the Chamber of Deputies in March, 1833, that bobbin net to the value of 1,000,000/. sterling was annually u.sed in that country, formed of equal moieties of French and Eni^lish manufacture. But in other parts of Europe, where the manufacture was previously unknown, it is now also beginning to be established. Besides Austria, Russia, and Prussia, it is stated that orders have been sent to this country for bobbin net frames from Barcelona and Astorga in Spain, and even from some places in Persia. The attention of government has been called to the circumstance, and measures taken to prevent the illegal exportation of machinery. At a public meeting, held in Nottingham in August last, a committee was formed for the same purpose. The population of Nottingham and the surrounding villages in 181 1, when the bobbin net manufacture commenced, was 47,000 ; the present number is 79,000. As the hosiery and the point net trade are understood to have declined in the mean time, and no other branch materially advanced or sprung up, this large increase may fairly be attributed to the bobbin net manufacture. By comparing the value of 1,270,000 lbs. of Sea Island cotton, worth 148,000/., and about 10,000/. worth of thrown silk, which appears to be annually used in this manufactuie, with the manufactured value of the same, worked into 30,771,000 square yards of bobbin net, the estimated value of which is 1,850,650/., the great national utility of this trade be- comes at once evident. A clear surplus of more than a pound sterling is realised upon every pound avoirdupois of the raw material, which is distributed over the trade in rent, profit, and wages, and this is altogether independent of the profits arising from embroidering, in itself a most extensive and important branch. About half, or perhaps three-fourths, of this production is supposed to be exported in a plain state, chiefly to Hamburgh, the Leipsic and Frankfort fairs, Antwerp and the rest of Belgium, to France (contraband), Italy, Sicily, and North and South America. Of the remainder, three-fourths are sold unembroidered, and the remaining fourth embroidered, in this country. The English manufacture from machinery is now confined to point net, warp »ic^ and bob- binnct, so called from the peculiar construction of the machines by which they are produced. There were various other descriptions made ; viz. two-plain net, square or tuck knotted net, the fish mesh net, and the platted or Urling's net,- but they are now discontinued. — (Gravenor Henson.) Nottingham is the depot of the lace trade ; and the supplies, collected from all the surrounding villages, and even from the more distant counties where it is manu- factured, are thence distributed to the four quarters of the world. Present condition of the Lace Trade, Wages, ^c. — We are grieved to say that the manufacture, not only of pillow but also of Nottingham lace, is at this moment in a state of great depression. The growth of the latter has been the means of destroying the former; but as the new manufacture is by far the most valuable, the change, though severely felt by many thousands of poor persons in Bucks, Bedford, and other counties, is, in a national point of view, decidedly advantageous. The depression in the Nottingham lace trade seems to be the result of its previous prosperity ; which, besides contributing to the extraordinary increase in the powers of production, attracted too much capital and too many hands to the trade. So long as the demand kept pace with the supply, workmen were kept in full em- ployment, wages and profits were good, and the stocks on hand small. But of late years the supply has been a question of quantity rather than of quality, and prices have cotise- quently suffered a great depression. Lace, having become a common ornament, easily accessible to all classes, has lost its attractions in the fashionable circles, by which it wa» formerly dress, wh tasteful pi 'i'he wi to IS.v. pel eighth in chines thai shifts, or I tvages,- il, ciaiod in vt the increasi workmen ( afcufnulatit immediate i the embroid employed, a mens of cml !•! hours a t dition of the tition of the easy to accou Many have n though not a cation of thre age, than two 'i'en years ago The health factories are n« the machines. "»/"//*," the r lieved, that the riorate the gen« The embroiderj at a tender age ; state of inactiv pulmonary disej general health it these employmt purely domestic of the latter de 6'ties place fllia ence. The most celebrt '• >l"'"tl>, Iho most rmnrf, hn-mg , |,e,,, "'7<'»"f»laxioaperpe„ niaile of s,lk-m«h« , " tern rs worked separately, 5;f;«';''"l«rpend,cSu 3- latacieniia/an ;„ :;;'«'""''. platted', tih. in the net Mmilar to Mtct,| pilar "'" * '"•""'"'I n 5. i/encon (called blond l"r..el„„sl,am Jacejcoi™ Ine ciisiiion. 6. Mcncon Point ; fnrmt '"Js-IMreineshcart-rnale J'ACK, a word supposing them si LADING, BIL fAGAN. See LA GUAYRA, J-araccas, on the C MOO. In 18 10, tf being a consequenc tne massacres and ; c'tv of Caraccas. .)f fause, from 43,000 Port.-Theie is npit "■wd to the north, at f LACK— LA GUAYRA. 127 formerly patronised, »o that very rich lace ia no longer in demand. And many articles of drcBs, which in our drawing-rooms and ball-roomH, lately consisted of the most costly and tasteful patterns in lace, are now either superseded, or made of a dilVerurit manufacture. 'J'he wages of the power loom workmen have fallen, within the last 4 years, from 1/. is. to 18». per week — (/-e/Aiin, p. 2.) ; and, in 1830 and 1831, machines had increased ono eighth in number, and one sixth in capacity of production. But wiilcr or speedier ma- chines than heretofore have since come into more general use, worked by 3 men in G hour shifts, or 18 hours per day, and calculated to produce about a fourth more nH for the same tvagen ; the effect of which is to supersede the single-handed machines, (now much depre- ciated in value), and reduce many of the small owners to journeymen. The tendency of the increase in power machinery is still further to depreciate the wages of the hand maclilne workmen (already below the standard of the power loom weaver) ; and the increased and accumulating production, beyond a proportionate demand, renders it hofieless to expect any immediate amelioration in their condition. A favourable reaction is now taking place in the embroidering branch; but many of the embroiderers in Nottingham were recently un- employed, and had to leave the trade ; and even for the most splendid and beautiful speci- mens of embroidery (some of which have occupied 6 weeks, working 6 days a week and 14 hours a day), the young women did not earn more than 1,*. a day. The depressed con- dition of the embroiderers is believed to be owing in no inconsiderable degree to the compe- tition of the Belgians, who have acquired a superiority in this department which it is not easy to account for. The condition of the pillow lace workers is still more deplorable. Many have now abandoned that pursuit fur straw plaiting, which offers a more certain, though not a much more profitable employment; but those who still linger on in the fabri- cation of thread lace, working from 12 to 14 hours a day, cannot obtain more, on the aver- age, than two shillings and sixpetice a week for their anxious and unremitting labour. Ten years ago they could, with greater-ease, earn 10.?. a week, working only 8 hours a day. The health of the power machine workman is, on the whole, understood to be good ; the factories are neither hot nor confined ; and the hands have only to superintend, not work the machines. Hand machine labour is much heavier ; but as it is the custom to work by " shifts," the men are seldom more than 6 hours a day at the frame. It is, however, be- lieved, that the gradual depression of wages, requiring increased exertion, will tend to dete- riorate the general health of this class, particularly of those employed in wide machines. The embroidery frame is, perhaps, the most destructive. The workers in general, commence at a tender age; and from constantly leaning over the frame, while their bodies remain in a state of inuctivity, they are frequently distorted in their persons, and become the victims of pulmonary disease. Notwithstanding the sedentary habits of the pillow lace workers, their general health is understood to be better than that of the lace embroiderers; but, in both these employments, the hours of labour are too long for children. They arc, however, purely domestic employments, under the superintendence of parents; but as the existence of the latter depends on the quantity of labour they can bring into operation, their neces- Bities place filial considerations beyond the reach of legislative, or even social, interfer- ence. The most celebrated foreign l.-iccs arc — 1. Brusttls, IhR most v.il)i»bte. There are 2 kinds; Bnuieh grcund, hw'uig i heXAiion mesh, formed by pi^tling and twisting 4 tlirtidsnf tlix to a pt^rpenJicular line of mesh ; BuLiiels wtrt ^rmmiiy made of silk— meshes partly straight, and partly arched. The pat* ttrn is worked separately, and set en by the needle. 2. Mtclilin ; a hexij^n mi sh fornied of 3 flax threads twistcil and pljtteil to a jierpeiidicular line or pillar. The pattern is worked in Uie net. 3. Tail iicimiiM ; an irrejular hexa;onal form of 2 threads, partly twisted and platted at the top of the mesh. The pattern is worked IQ llie net siniilir to Mechlin lace. 4. Lull! a diamond nicsh, formed of 2 Ihrcadi platted to a pilar. 6. AUncon (called blond) ; hexagon of 2 threads, twisted simitar to Furkiiigliam lace ; coiisiJcred the most inferior of any made on the ciistiion. 6. *iUncon Point ; formed of 2 threads to a pillar, with octagon mil square meshes alti^rnately. LACK, a word used in the East Indies to denote the sum of 100,000 rupees, which, supposing them standards, or siccas, at 2s. Gd., amounts to 12,500/. sterling. LADING, BILL OF. See Bill of Lading. LAGAN. See Flotsam. LA GUAYRA, the principal sea-port of the republic of Venezuela, in the province of Caraccas, on the Caribbean Sea, in lat. 10° 36' 19" N., Ion. 67° 6' 45" W. Population 6,000. In 1810, the population is believed to have amounted to 13,000; the reduction being a consequence of the loss of life caused by the tremendous earthquake of 1812, and the massacres and proscriptions incident to the revolutionary war. The population of the city of Caraccas, of which La Guayara may be considered as the port, fell off, from the same cause, from 43,000 in 1810 ; to 23,000 in 1830; but they are now both increasing. Port.— There is neither quay nor mole at La Otiayra. Ships moor E.N.E. and W.8.W., with their bead to the north, at from i to } of a mile from the land, In from 9 to 18 fathoms. The holding grouna The French nets made by machinery, are — 1. SivgU Prtttpoirit, called, when not ornamented, tulU. anl when ornamented, daitelU ; m.ade of silk ; is an inferior net, but il attractive from thu beautiful manner in which it is slitTened. 2. Trico Btrlin ; so called from its being invented at Berlin, and the stitch being removed 3 needles from its place of looping : is fanciful and oruameuted in appcannce, but not in demand ia Eng- land. 3. Ftiur dt Tulle, made from the warp net machine; meth of 3 descriptions, which ^ives a shaded appearance to the net. 4. /ti/fe Angloia is double pressed piiint lace. holitt'i net, I principally made by English emigranta, who hay* H'UFTi net, ) settled in France. *M* We are indebted for this learned and very excellent articl* to Mr. Robert Slater, of Foie Street, LonJon. i \ 128 LA. GUAYRA. In gond i and nniwithitandinff the opcnnco* or tho rnnd, veiiela properly found in anchori and cabloa mil very littli; riHk nriiciiiK ilrivun rroni lliitir iiinnriiiRM, Triiile.—T\u'. priiicipal articles ofoxport an) coiri-i', cucno, Indiiro, lildni, HnrHnpnrilln, tr. Tlieqiinii- tilii-4 mid vuluuii ul' tliKnu articlua exiiortcd in Ib'iU, 1830, mid 1831, ara exiiililtod in liie lolluwing Tublo :— YKir.. CoITm. Ctcao. Indian. Ililn. Karvipurilla. Sufir. 1 Weight. Valiir in Slfriiin Money. Weijjlit. V.ilue ill .Stcrliin .Mniiiy. VViiKhl, Vniue in Sifrlin* Money. Nunilier. V>lue in Slerliiit Money. Weijlit. V.ilue in Slirl. Mon. Weinht. Vilua in Sleriin? Money lOM ii-ai Ihl. 4 H-n.tiO!) 6,2li'<,m6 I.. S.1,7-.3 iil.SOl (i'«,S30 IM. I.S.M,222 2,1 21, 4 Vl l,7!II.XI4 I.. 4'..0.") .S7,nii 42.741 3aJ,074 1 SI,IW1 2I7,0V2 3S,237 ig2,03i 31,4.60 !>,fl«3 I2,5(IS A. 1.1,: 2,29) 4,Jlil 2,1.10 1 .'1M72 4,169 1 Il,f20 A. 90 TW 3ti'> A(J. .1,214 7,1,410 2,12,672 L. 66 MO 2.289 Tlin priiicipiil nrtiilcs n( Import art! cntloii, linen, mid wnollcii |;oodM, priiicipnlly from Eneliind ; Willi prcivisioiis, liatH, inatliliiiTy ami utensils, hnrdwart', wine, kc. 'Hie entire value of tlie inipnrl!!, In IHItl, was Huppiiseil to aiiioiint to lti-J,VI,' Jffnnei/, IVeig-ht.i, and Measures — The currency of the country consists of silver money, known hy the name ofttiacuqiiena, divided into dollars of 8 reals, } do. of 4 reals, besides reals, J reals, and quar- tillas or i reals. This money is of very iineiiual weight and purity, the coins issued since the com- mencement of the revolutionary war having been often a gooddeal defaced. The real should be worth 5rf. sterling. Weights and measures same as those of Spain, but it is intended to introduce the British Imperinl gallon. TlirPii.— Heal tare is taken both at the Custom-house and by the merchant. Commer.-ial Prospects. — The commerce and industry of Venezuela suffered severely from the revo- lulionary struggle of which she has been the theatre. lint the country is now comparatively tranquil, and thi're seem to be good reasons for thinking that she is about to enter on a career of prosperity. As the riches of Venezuela consist entirely of the products of lier agriculture, the legislature has wi.iely exerted itself lo give it all the encoiirngeinent possible. In this view tithes have been abolished, anil heir collection was finally to cense on the 1st of January, 1831. The tobacco monopoly has alao been nhnj 'lllle pros llllimi (ly InleresiM • VV,. |,,,v Ker I'ortii (L.A.M Peru, on I>ulalii)n, ! In l,s;u 1,1 pu'ilic. lis "lid is oliii^ Aric:i,oM \u ciinmry, wli "• '.aiiiiir is tlie liiiiics he "'III chiiichil d''Hi'rt ; lilt! ( ed in tlie sliii 'Vni \msnv to thf Itay „f Tlin»,ilivi;,n 'Vliii b, lifsiil, ini.ilress of Ai <"■ lier trade. Laiimr at pres We siilijiiiii I. From an I afle Luitai sIliII iei|js/i i. ^'I'-elsof eiei "llieyplcisp, vvilh oil n'TMKe, or duri . J. 'J'liry shall bet 111?, unloading, or n ofwhaiever.leiionii, 4. (loiiiis in.iy Ik ,1 lervrn'ion on the pa, 5. i he cUB'om-lioi will be a eoninii>sioii nil's for Die lran,pnrl d. Whinevcrgood, besiihopiiied to ihec IHinilinir. 7. The enmmisainm Iheir valuatini,, ,i,„|„ (It 'heirowi.er»,oflhe «r.-t.il,esent. This/, wli.iAlihcsinieliinel to llic custom house fi •ii.v of the case,, (,,„ ■1 .lied, marked, and n to lie ,.i|,rM,e,J i„ ,|,e , »■ 'he commissioner foiliTtorofhecuitoin., •Kcifviiiit the numbeii •eveni articles. f. The gooils must no ™ly lhro„|ti, c.ilama ai I I'T pi" Ihroii^h any p II.Vio,„.d,U,n permit,',',, "i-Mhnr seals unbroke <1.1. Balbi,j]bUi, PlcllcH de carder, and colour of thi other colour. E iiitrotJuction of A quality, arrived al of (lie best fleece: on an average of supplied by Italy. LAMP (Ger. I m.'itrument used ft ducinj artificial li{ 't is unnecessary I ever, remark that tl "e.leil in producing o>'Pnfiliemostin"ei '"'iiiicaiion of Mr." II Ih-^pre.-u importance Besi.les the f^icll '•""H'. It has enabled «Pe• [lown by ml quar- Ihe com- l)e worth llmpctbl Ihe revo- Iranquil, Jrity. A9 Is wisely lieil, ai'l I has aUu boon nhnlisheil, nnil Inviliitlnni hnvp hopn liflil mil to furcidnrrH in urtile in thn cnunlry ; Iml ihrre la null' |iri)!<|)i'(i 111" itu'ir hi'iiiK much iitl(Mi(li;il lo, al IimhI fur » ; iiPiisicli-riililL- tiiiit!. 'I'lie tiiml rifcog- iiiliim l>y K|iiilii lit' thi! lMitc|>pniUMii'o i>l° ihiH niitl Ihi* ntlii'r iii^w Ht:iii!H wniiUI iimlurially pruiiinlu their liiK'ri'MtH ; null It in to hit lio|)ril thnt It may imi lir iiiiir.li li>ni.'i'r iti'tVrri'il. W'v have iliTivnl iIii'mi- iIi'ImIIh priiiripally from tin- ciri'l'iilly ilrawii up ^naioert iiiaile by Sir Robert Kcr i'orli'r, iIik Url!l»li consul at Curaccag, to thu Ctrcuttir Querien. (liAMAH, formerly Cdiiija, a scu-port of tho repiililic of Dolivin, the ci-devnnt Upper Peru, on tho west coast of South America, in lat. Ti° U!)' 30" S., long. 70" 13' W, Po- pululion, 2,000.1 In ]h:Q l.amar was ilechirnl ii frnc port, anil In It rnntrrs nlmont llio wholn foriMitn Iradn nf llie re- piilillr. lis HJtii ition Is hiisvrvrr, vrry uiit'avuuralili'. It lalionrn uniliT n urnal want ol' rrrali water ; mill U ohliueil III liiiporl all lis prnvisioiis liy mi'm. I'illii'r IVom Vii||inraii'Bioner*9 ollice, for tlie piirpoie of distrihutiiig per- nii'a f'lr the traiiiportatioii of ^ooda into llie interior. 6. Whenever fcnods are to be sent into the interior, they must fimt be siibniilled to the coinniissioner. together vvilii the invoice currea. iHiniliii!;. 7. The cnmniiMioner wilt register them in a h*^ok, together with their valuati'M., made liy two nierehantH of tlie place, and the nanten of tlieir owi.em, of the penon of wliom,:ind the place where tliey are t.i lie sent. This is 1 1 be si\;ne:t by the (leraoii entering Ihe ^oods, will) at Ihe same timebini's himself to have them transported direct to llie custom house for which they are destined, wilhoiit o[)eniii< aiiv of the cases, bai;ioried. tl.'! permits must be eihibited. in order that their arrival Willi their seals unbroken may be ascertained. (See Pi/rest of Commtrr.ial Re/riilations published by the Oovernmcnt of the United States, vol, iii. p. 41.1. Balhi, Abriai de la Oeurrraphie, p. HOC.)— Sup.) LAMB-SKINS (Gcr. Lammnfclte ; Fr. Peaux cTagneaux ; It. Pelli a^elline; Sp. Picllcs de corderos). The value of lamb-skins varies according to the fineness, brilliancy, and colour of the wool. Black lamb-skins arc more generally esteemed than those of any other colour. Ettglish lamb-skins are seldom to be met with perfectly black ; but since the introduction of Merino sheep into this country, many of the white fleeces have, in point of quality, arrived at a pilch of perfection which justly entitles them to be ranked with some of the best fleeces in Spain. The importation of lamb-skins is immense, having amounted, on an average of IS31 and 1832, to 2,36.5,635. Eight tenths of the whole quantity are supplied by Italy. They are mostly used in the glove manufacture. L.\MP (Ger. Lampe ,• Fr. Lampe ; It. Lucerna; Sp. Lampnra; Rus. Lampridu), aa instrument used for the combustion of liquid inflammable bodies, for the purpose of pro- ducitig arliflcial light. It is unnecessary to give any description of instrtiments that are so well known. We may, how- ever, remark that the discovery of Sir II. Davy, who, by covering the (lame with wire gauze, suc- ceeileil in producing a lamp that may be securely used in coal mines charged with inflammable gas, ia one of the most ingenintis and valuable that has ever been made. The following extracts froinacom- mtiiiication of Mr. Huddle, one of the ablest and best-infurined coal engineers in the kingdom, evince IhR great importance nf Sir Humphry Davy's invention. "Besiiles the fticilities uirnrded by this 'invention to the working of coal mines abounding in fire il.iinp, it has enabled the directors and superintendents to ascertain, with the utmost precision and expedition, both the presence, the quantity, and correct situation of the gas. Instead of creeping inch by inch with a candle, as is usual, along the galleries of a mine suspected to contain fire damp, in nrdnr tn ascertain its presence, we walk firmly on with the safe lamps, and, with the utmost confl- ilence, prnve the actual state of the mine. By observing attentively the several appearances upon the flame of the lamp, in an examination of this kind, the cause of accidents which happened to tho most experienced and cautious miners is completely developed ; and this has hitherto been in a great measure matter of mere conjecture. 17 in. Merchintii, fitlirr In prnon or hjr a rfprps^ntilivr. mint pro* (lure In Ihe coiiiiiii^flimier *•( he jmrt a rerlilicite nf the deliver' jf Miei^rtnlial llie rtieri(>d p,iv the whdlu dii ies nn iheni. II. From and aftt r the Ul nf J.,|y, ihj3, all K(xmI^ entend at Pnrt fjiinar shall pay ,i duty of only j ptr cent, over and al)uve that of half I er cent, tn ihe tuimilado. I'i. The duty of .> per cent, alia)! he paid Ihun : at th«! port 2 per reiil. on the v.itualinn niade .is afiires:iid ; and the olher 3 at the cus> toni'house in Hie iircrjor ftir uhlch the ^>n joining republics sli.ill only pay a trnn^it duty of Z per cent. U. A duty of 2 per cent shall he paid on thrt-e fourlhi of all gold and silver money entered at any nf the cuslum houiei iu the interior for ex|>orta(ion throujeh Port Iviniar. 15. It is absoliilety prohibited to export i^otd or silver, in bullion or plale, except in iiii.ill qn-in*jties fnrtheuseof the person canying It out. It will be seized wherever it is found on this side the dis* trictsof San Antonio, ^an Vinceutei Atoca, AguadeCastlllai Leque* pate, nr the tine of Ihecanai. 16. All hirdtvare for ngticulture and mining, machinery, instru- ments of scienceor the arts, iron, s!rft,quick<«ilver,»nd moral books, maybe introduce 1 f ree nf duly into the republic, and pruductioui of Bolivia may lie exported likewise free. 17. A premium of 2 per cent, on their value shall be allowed on the exportation Ihmu^h Port Lamnr, ot'cascarilla, wool, lin, cotton, and colFee, in the shipe of remission from duties to the amount on goods carried into the interior ftoni Ihe s.une p-trt. The remaiuing articles of the decree are of a purely local na* ture. I I a i I I j "> 130 LAMP-nLACK— LEAD. "Il U nnt niii»nry th.1t I »hniil(1 Pnlnrsn ii|ion Ihr nnrlonni mlvntitnicd wlilrh niiin nnrpfBiirlly rninlt rrmii iwi iiivi'iiijnii iMlnilnti-il tii|iri>li>ii|t mir «'rili'H, iiiiil riinirnlli'il ilir power, of iiiiu iif tha niOHt iliii'k'' r>iii» I'li'iiii'iilH wlili'li liiiiiiuii ciili'rprlHe hut IiUIiitIo hail lo I'licoiinli'r." LAMI'-ni.A(;K ((mt. Kifiirnis ,• Fr. Nuir tir fmni'e ; It. Nirit tli fiirno, Nrirnifiimo i Pp. Sii^rii lie. Iriiiiii). " Tin- fill^^t Imiip-lilack Ik prodiiccil liy ccilliTtiri;? tlu' sinoki" from n lamp will) II Imin wick, which Hiipp!<>'!« more oil ihiiii <'iin hv. porfcclly conmiiin'il, or liy nuf. frriiii? the (luinc to piny imniiist a iiiclalliiiii cover, which iin|ii>(l(M lln) iMiiiliuntiiin, not only by roiidn tnin oil' imrl of llic liciil, liut hy oliHtrncliiijj iht' rtirrrnl of iiir. I.iimp-liluck, however, i« prcpiirnl in a much ehe.iper wiiy for the (lemiindH of trade. The drc!;s which remain ;il'tir the ell ]ii,»lion of pitch, or else simill pieces of lir wood, are hiirned in tnrnaccs of a peciiliiir coii>lriiction, the Hiiioke of which is miide to pass throiiuh a loiii; horizontal flue, teriiiiiiHlint? in a close Imardud chamher. The roof of thin chiiiiilicr in m.idc of coiiriio cloth, through which the current of air ewcapcH, while the noot remaiim." — {Vrcit Dicliun- liAND-WAITHU, an ofTicer of the Cn«tom-houso, whose duty it is, upon Iiimlinij any mcrchandi-^e, to laste, weii;h, measure, or otherwise examine the various articlcH, i>n'., aiiii to take an account of \\w same, 'i'hey are likewise styled searchers, and are to attend, and join with, tin' piitent searchers, in execution of all cockels for the fihip{iin^ of goodu to ho exported to forciiTii parts; and, in cases where drawliacks or hountieH are to he paid lo tho merchant on the ex[iurlsition of any floods, they, us well au tliu patent Hcarcherit, arc to certify the sliipiiim; iliereof on the dehentures. LAI'FS LAZULI. (See UL-niAMAniNK. liAST, r.ii uncertain ipianlily, varying in difierrnt countries, and with rcappct to different articles, (ienerally, however, a last Ih estimated at 4,U(I0 IIm. ; but there are great dis- crepancies. Tlin fdllnwiiiB ipnnlilics of (lifrcrciif nrticliM iiiiikp n liipt, vi/. — 1 1 liarrels of pilrli, inr. ornslion j 12 dozen of li'des or sknis ; 12 li;irrels of roil-lisli, poliiHli, or iiieiil ; 20 nicies, eaili of 1,(100 lierrin;,'n, every I.Onoien linmlreil, ainl every 10(1 live ncipre ; lOi iinarlers of cole-sced ; 10 (iii:irU'rs of corn or rope-seed ; in sonie p;irls of f'nt'lanil, 21 iiu.irlers of corn «" '" " 'I'st ; 12 sniks of wool ; 20 ilickora (every dicker 12 skins) of leather ; IH harr.ls oi' iinpai keil herrings ; 10,000 pilchards ; 21 biirrt-U (uucli bnrrid contuininsr 10(1 llis ) of (fiinpowder ; 1,700 Ihs. of feathers or (lax. Last Is sonietiiiies used to si|;nify the Imrdcn nr ludit of n ship. LATH, I,ATHS (Du. Latten .■ Fr. Lalles ; Ger. Lattern It. Cnrrent! , Rub. Wsffii), loniT, thin, and narrow slips of wood, nailed to the rafler» of a roof or ceiling, in order to suslain the coverinp. Laths are distinc^uished into various sorts, according to the ditFerent kinds of wood of which they arc made, and the dilTercnt purposes to which they arc to be applied. They are also distin^^uislied, according to their length, into 5, 4, and 3 feet laths. Their ordinary breadth is about an inch, and their thickness \ of an inch. Laths are sold by the bundle, which is generally called a hundred: but 7 score, or 140, are computed in tlic hundred for three feet laths; G score or 120, in such as arc 4 feet; and for those which arc denominated .5 feet, the common hundred, or 5 score, L.\TTIj.\, a name sometimes given to tin plates; that is, to thin plates of iron tinned over. — (See Tin.) L.WV'N (Ger. and Fr. Linon ; It. Linone, Rensa ; Sp. Cambrny cf/irin), a sort of clear or open worked cambric, which, till of late years, was cxcluivily manufactured in France and Flanders. At present, the lawn manufacture is established in Scotland, and in the north of Ireland, where articles of this kind are brought to such a degree of perfection, as nearly to rival the productions of the French and Flemish manufactories. In the manu- facture of lawns, finer flaxen thread is used than in that of cambric. LAZARETTO. See C^uauantivk. LEAD (Ger. B/n/, lUei ,- Bu. Loud, Loot; Vr. P/oinb ; It. Plom'-o ; Sp. P/„mn ; Has. Siiuiie/z ; Pol. Glow ; Lat. P/umhum ,• Arab. Anuk ,- Hind. Sim,- Pers. Siirb), one of the most useful metals. It is of a bluish white colour, and when newly melted is very bright, but it soon becomes tarnished by exposure to the air. It has scarcely any taste, hot emits, on friction, a peculiar smell. It stains paper or the fingers of a bluish colour. When taken internally, it acts as a poison. It is one of tho softest of the metals: its specific gravity is 11 -So. It is very malleable, and may be reduced to thin plates by the hammer; it may also be drawn out into wire, but its ductility is not very great. Its tenacity is so small, that a lead wire j^\.^ inch diameter is copabic of supporting only 18"4 lbs. without breaking. It melts at 612°. — (Thnnisnn^s C/ieniistri/.) Le.ad is a metal of much importance, as, from its durability, it is extensively used in the construction of water-pipes and cisterns, as a covering for flat surfaces or tops of buildings, &c. &c. Its salts, which are poisonous, are u.sed in medicine to form sedative external ap- plications ; and frc()uently not a little, by the disreputable wine merchant, to stop the pro- gress of acetous fermentation. Wine thus poisoned, may, however, be readily distinguished ; a small quantity of the bicarbonate of potassa producing a white precipitate, and sulphurcted hydrogen a black one. Pure wine will not bo affected by either of these tests. " The oxida of lead it is als COIllllioil other lilt made,"- 'i'he /, «o INV,'!), the year certaiiied, their worj bo accural J''ad iiiiiiei (he decliiK yield, at ai mines is e.> tons,— (f,v of the Wei froniinundi All Account Vean IN2I \Hii JN23 im lh23 mn I.S27 iHiS JHJ!) 18,i0 IN.'tl 1832 1M3 Pi, Nnl Lr,.,! .Sh I IN,. -I I is,( these ntines prodnced Hoinu nilvcr, increase. I attention was paid to their working. The) fidtiee of thiMead mines at present wronght in (treat liritain eaimot lie acenrately ascerLni, d. Mr. Wtcvenson supposes (art. Eni^liuiJ. U». Tnhl Hritiih l,e.,l and rnrri»ii l.rad Fnri'i«n I.Md I*ad. Ore. tillol. •/•i".f. Tmii. T*."!!. l.i!al Ore. Tmi. Tm>. Tuiti. Tini. Tont. iHai 18,300 30) aau (i03 252 10,77'J 4 . 4 182i l.VHO 673 214 ti.')4 287 17,400 . . . 875 IH'23 1. 1,781 87tl 4tl 571 4.55 15,h;)0 CO 14 72 811 IH'2I 11.011 Hit! uso 510 2J5 12,01 t 20-< - 300 177 lh25 10,833 S80 338 885 350 12,001 710 . . 712 101 IHM 8,0 10 831 338 010 130 10,500 3,(i55 - 0,103 1,003 1847 10,':i2 001 408 040 210 12,100 1.817 013 1,140 1828 13,27.'i 1.110 531 1,012 250 10,217 2,282 2,104 1 ,076 1H«J 10,001 1,015 382 1,133 lOJ 13,450 1,785 . . 2, 150 5,010 i is;to 0,834 403 384 750 240 8,017 1,700 - l,5:;3 173 \ WW 7, 1 14 400 520 lil>4 101 9,308 8-i0 . . m-i 311 IH.TJ 777 33S 281 435 105 7,033 1,431 - . 1,434 .121 |s;i3 14,181 433 3'JO C.V2 230 13,808 U57 - - 1,1100 200 An Arcniiiil of Urilisli Lead and Lend Ore cvporlcd from the Uiiltfid KinKdniii from ttio 1st of Janiiiirv, 1834, 111 till! Isl o'' Jniiaiiry, 1833; dUtliigiiHliim? tin- t'ounlrins to wlilcjli it was Bent.— (Quarters arid I'diiiiiIs ninllleil in the L'oliiiniis, lint allowed for in the suniiniii); up.) CountriM to nliicb exported. ¥\% and Rolled Lead ind British Leal an 1 Lead Ore. Foreign I.cid and Lu-id Ore. Litharge. Red Lead, While Lead. Lead Ore. Trial of Ilrili'.h Lead and rii5 Lead. While l.eail. Sllol Leal Ore. Ton.t. not. roiu. cii'l. Tuns. cwl. roiii. rtrt. Tuiit. cwl. rcJii. not T(nit. (let. Tuni. ewt. RyiMia .... 1,324 9 141 6 6 19 10 II 1,41-3 6 4bS 10 SAt-ilcn .... 49 3 9 II 11 9 4t 15 115 Norway .... SI 7 16 1 18 4 70 n ilennarlc . . • - 128 12 IS 4 9 17 125 II 282 6 I'russia .... 69 8 29 II 7 1 49 19 1.-.6 1 Germany 173 13 126 19 123 3 64 477 17 4 7 The NrilierUnM 1X6 29 10 89 2 10 149 4'i6 1 371 IS t'nnce .... Ri 7 19 4 6 70 II 32 14 l'(iriu»al, Ar.nrn, and Madeira 104 2 6 7 10 38 II I3-, 3 Spatn an.l Iha Canines 27 1 4 2 3 1 33 5 'iiliraiur .... IS 15 4 . 18 19 Illy .... 40 14 43 17 II 3 7 45 5 161 17 Malla .... 4 . . 3 6 7 S loiiiinlshndi 1 . t 4 2 4 Turkey ml ihe Levant 65 12 10 4 13 4 64 17 . 22 18 Isia of (iin^rnKy, Jersey, Alderney, and Man .... 24R 3 15 1 10 7 259 7 G 4 Ei.l In lii!» anil China 2,90\) 12 . 63 14 15 10 2,979 16 18 14 Ne>v Souili Walls, Van Diemen's l.ani. and Swan River 208 18 • 9 15 13 . 223 3 13 Cine nf fJiHKl Hope • 83 7 . 4 16 6 17 1 10 9S II nitier parlso'" Afr ca • 284 15 . II 10 40 3i0 5 Ilriii^li N'nrih American colonies 3S2 IG . 6 2 91 12 4'-0 II Rriliill West Indies • 413 7 . 13 25 14 439 15 K.ireiiii Wfsl Iti.lies • 69 5 . • 4 73 6 Ijiiieil Slates of America 4,844 14 51 2 4,1-93 17 Braiil .... 402 3 22 6 42 16 68 15 626 t Mexico .... . 5 12 18 Cnlumljia .... 2 16 7 • . 3 3 Chili II 7 . . 11 7 I'rru 7 9 7 . 7 7 9 6 Stales of lA Flala 1 Total . 14 7 S 4 2 10 17 6 22 18 12,181 3 432 14 316 5 652 S 235 15 I3,S9«~ 956 13 i \ Fall of Prices. Spiini.ih Lead Mines. — Tho fnlHiijr ofT in the exports of ISritish le,'\d,the increased amount of the iinpurta, and the extraordinary fall that has taken place in the price of lead since 1829, 132 LEAD— LEATHER. epem to be principally owing to the vast aupplicB of (hat metal that have recently been furnished by the ininc§ of Adra, in Granada, in Spain. Tlicse have lieen wrouglit to a vastly prealer extent wilhin the last few years than previously ; and the richness of the ore, and the facility with which it is ob- tained, enable the Spaniards, who are hut indiffKrently skilled in the art of mining, to undersell every other people, and to supply most markets to which they have ready access. So much is this the case, that several of the least productive of the lead mines of (iermany, and other coiiiilries, have been already abandoned; and it is even doubtful whether the dntics on foreign lead will be suthcient to hinder some of our mines from sharing the same fate. Inasmuch, however, as lead i^ f primary importance in the arts, the reduction of its price, though injurious to those engaged in its production, is, undoubtedly, a great public benefit. We therefore truai that nothing may be done, either by rais- ing the duties on foreign lead, or otherwise, arlilicially to increase its price. The competition of the Spaniards has already led, both here and in Saxony, to the adoption of various procesiTs calrulati'd lo lessen the expense of lead-making; and to the introduction of n dt^pree of economy into every de- partment of the business that was not previously thought of This is the only way in which the natural advantages on the side of the Spaniards can be met with any prospect of success. We un- derstand too, that there are good grounds for thinking that it will answer the object ii view; hut though It were to fail, it would be ridiculous to suppose that the miners could be beneficially assisted by Custom-house regula'i..,is. Neither is there any thing so peculiarly valuable about the mere iu;inufacture of lead as tc make us prefer a high-priced indigenous metal to a cheaper article brought from abroad. Trice of Lead per Ton in Great Britain since 1600. Yean. Price per Avenge for Veara. Trice per Average for Yean. Pr ce per Aver.xse for i Ton. Teij VtMn. 1(111. Ten yt-ars. Ion. Ten Year* ^ £ s. d. £ a. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ .«. d. £ 1. d. 1800 1!) 16 1811 24 6 1822 22 7 1801 S2 8 6 1812 23 3 6 1823 22 5 1802 21 16 6 1813 25 14 1824 2i 180.1 27 15 6 1814 26 11 1825 a.') 6 1801 28 1815 20 16 1820 19 ISOJ 27 11 1816 16 5 1827 18 7 1806 3J 12 6 1817 18 5 1828 17 1807 30 3 6 1818 27 5 6 1829 14 5 20 7 1808 JO 1 1819 22 11 23 C 6 1830 14 1809 31 3 27 14 6 1820 21 10 6 1831 14 1810 28 10 1821 22 10 1832 13 10 The consumption of lead in Franco is rapidly increasing. It is nearly all imported ; and the im- portations have increased fror.; 6,211,500 kilogrammes, at an average of the 4 years ending with 1822, to 15,742,192 kilogrammes, at an average of the 2 years ending with 1830 The imports are almost entirely from Spain ; and their increase is, no doubt, principally a consequence of the fall of prices.— {Journal dcs Mines, Troisiiine Siric, toni. iii. p. 517.) Lead Mines of the United Stales. — These have recently become of considerable importance. We subjoin an Account of the Lead manufactured in tlie United States, during each of the Ten Years, ending the 30lh of Sei)teinber, 1832. Yean. Fever River. Mi.Bouri. Tout. Y'earg, fever River. MisMiuri, Toial. /.ti. Lbl. Ui. /,(/.. /.;»«. I.U. 1823 aT.,130 . 33ii,l30 1829 13,3)8. l,-,0 i.its.ieo I4,S|I,3I0 1S24 I7.'.,2i0 17 -.,220 I!-30 8,323,9>JSI 8,0r« ^,a32.058 1625 66J,i.30 366,590 1.0.'. Lira 11-31 6,38I,!h(X) 67,180 6,449,0*0 IS26 1827 1829 9-S,842 B,I82,IJ^0 ll.l0i,810 l,374,96J 910,380 1,20 .,920 2,333,864 0,092,S60 12,311,730 1832 4,281,876 • 4,281,^76 Total 60,782,036 5,1,51,252 o3,9«3,8S8 The decrease has been explained, partly, at least, by the fact of no leases having been prantcd in Missouri, since the act of 1829, authorising the sale of all the mineral lands in that State, and by the interruption of the works on the Upper Mississippi in consequence of the Indian war. LEAD, BLACK, on PLUMBAGO. Sec Black Lead. LEAD, RED, on MINIUM. See Minium. LEAGUE, a measure of length, containing more or fewer geometrical paces, according to the customs of different countries. — (See Weiohts and Mea.sckks,) LEAKAGE, in commerce, an allowance in the customs, granted to importers of wino, for the waste and damage the goods are supposed to receive by keeping. — (See Warehousing Act, in art. VVAnEiiousixo System.) LEATHER (Ger, Leder,- Du. Leder, Leer.- Da, Lmder ; Sw. Ludcr ,- Fr. Cuir .- IL Cuojo ,- Sp. Ciiero ; Rus. Ko.s/ta ,- Lat. CorZ/tw), the skins of various quudrupeds, dressed in a particular manner for the use of manufacturers, whose business it is lo make them up, according to their difl'erent employments. The leather manufacture of Great Britain is of very great importance, and ranks ciihei third or fourth on the list ; being inferior only in point of value imd extent to tiiose of cotton, wool, and iron, if it be not superior to the latter. Sir F. M. Eden, in his work on Insurance, estimated the value of the different articles manufactured of leather, in 1803, at 12,000,000/.; and there is reason to think that this statement was not very wide of the mark. The total quantity of ail sorts of leather tanned, tawed, dressed, and eurrictl in Great Britain, may at present be estimated at about 50,000,000 lbs. ; which, at 1.9. 8d. per lb., gives 4,106,000/. as the value of the leather only. Now, sujiposing, as is somclimcs , done, the value of the leather to amount to one third of the value of the fiiiishtd articlfs produced from it, that would show 'he value of tlic manufacture to be al)out 1S,.')00,1)I)0/. : but if, as others contend, the value of the leather does not exceed one fourth part of the value of thi We, howev sum, and a persons emj loaves 8.,'JOC per cent, as of 6,800,()0( glovers, &c., amount to 2: 'i'lii.s, how inasmuch as leather. Bui for the value expense of Ij wages of tan I an average, w ing the.se to i 254,.'J0O perso Those who reflect on the i c.vpenditure uf individual, yoi would give Eio at only 8«. (id. England, Edit assumed to be s taken it at 1,10 manufacture at to come in such In s|)eak;ng o tions : — " Jf \ve nio.st mechanic t conlem|.late at h die furniture of ( the substance of upon leather? the relief of our Without it, or e cjrpo,s<'d !~(I'o/i I.euilier was l»Mf lliKkT Ui'tsKi-fcil/ai w;i.>i (I .iil)i<..,| ; and Tliereilureddiityn oirjihl not I,, iiave | mice iiC any part ..( to insure til,; cdlleit ofliMtlicr was so u cii.ssiiin to sliiiw III, ';"""irii:!f ilass, an, Rliniv the iire.xpediei systi'iii of revenue I 'natters of liisiory. i-elic'Ved friiiii every 's to lie Impeii that Account of the Num 1821 J835 The quantity .innu alinii: fi.doo.ooi) Ills. Tile i|iiaiillty (,(■»;•/ ili'cliiriMl vihie of 201 III'.' Ilniisli West Inil I'EDGER, the every person's ace Book-Kkkpi vo J'KKCH FI.SIi: ereat as to allonl ,., ">« a!ii,|||,|. ii j^ P""'«- N(.rf„|k su some are taken voi. If M LEDGER— LEECH FISHERY. 133 value of the finished arliclps, then the value of the manufacture must exceed 16,000,000/. Wc, howovrr, arc inclined to ihiiik that wo shall be nearer tlin truth, if we take the smaller sum, and estimate the value of the manufacture at 12,500 000/. To get the number of persons employed, we have first to deduct from this sum, 4,000,000/. for the material, which leaves 8,.'i00,000/. -is the aggregate amount of profits, wages, iScc. And setting aside 20 per cent, as profit, rent of workshops, compensation for capital wasted, &c., wc have a sum of 6,800,000/. remaining as wages: and supposing those employed as shnemakers, saddlers, glovers, &c., to make at an average ;)0/. a year each, the entire number of such persons will amount to 226,000. This, however, does not give the total number of persons employed in the leather trade, inasmuch as it excludes the tanners, curriers, &ic., employed in dressing and preparing the leather. But if, from the value of the prepared leather, 4,000,000/., we deduct 1,000,000/. for the value of the hides, and 2,000,000/. for tanners' and curriers' profits, including tho expense of lime, bark, pits, &c., we shall have 1,000,000/. left as wages. Now, as iho wages of tanners, curriers, leather dressers, &c., may, we believe, be taken at 35/. a year at an average, we shall have 28,300 as the number employed in these departments. And add- ing these to the persons employed in manufacturing the leather, we have a grand total of 254,300 persons employed in the various departments of the business. Those who may be inclined to suspect these estimates of exaggeration, would do well to reflect on the value of the shoes annually manufactured. It is generally supposed that the expenditure upon shoes may be taken, at an average of the whole population, at 10,v. each individual, young and old; which, supposing the population to amount to 16,000,000, would give eight millions for the value of shoes only ; but taking tho value of tho slioea at only 8«. M. each individual, it gives 6,800,000/. for the amount. Mr. Stevenson (art. Enirland, Edhi, Encij.) supposes that the value of the saddlery, harness, gloves, &,c. may bo assumed to be at least e(|ual to that of the shoes; but we believe this is too high, and havo taken it at 1,100,000/. below the value of the shoes. In estimating the value of the entiro manufacture at 12,500,000/., we incline to think that we arc as near the mark as it is easy to come in such iiivestigatiims. In sijcaking of the leather manufacture, Dr. Campbell has the following striking observa- tions: — "If we look abroad on tiic instruments of husbandry, on the im)>lements used in most mechanic trades, on the structure of a multitude of engines and machines ; or if we (•onteinpiate at home the necessary parts of our clothing — breeches, shoes, boots, gloves — or die furniture of our houses, the books on our shelves, the harness of our horses, and even the substance of our carriages ; what do we see but instances of human industry exerted upon leather 1 What an aptitude has this single material in a variety of circumstances for the relief of our necessities, and supplying conveniences in every state and stage of life? Without it, or even without it in the plenty wc have it, to what diiliculties should we be exposed ! — {Puliticiil Slate (if Great liritain, vol. ii. p. 170.) I.rallier was long suhject Id a duty ; tlie inaiiiifacture lii'iiiR, in coiisoqunnce, necessarily conducted Hiiilur UiH surveillance i\\' \\\k excisi;. In ISI'2, ilu' duly, wliicli Inid jirnvioiisly aniniinti;d tii lii/. (nr lb., was il 'uhUMl ; and continued at ,■!(/. per 111. till .Inly, lt'20, when it was asuii) reduced to IJi/. per lb. The rednci'd duly produced a nelt revenue orationl ;f()0,()()il/. ll is clear, however, that either Ihe duty oii^hl not II' have been reduciid in IS'ii, or that it ou!.'ht to have lii>en totally rcpealeil. Thf? conlinu- iiiicii 111" any part ofllie duty rendered it necessary to conlinui' all the vexatious rejiulations required tiiinsnre tlie collection of the revenue, while the reduction of I'l/. in Ihe cost of preparing a pound of li'.illier was so tritling as Inrdly to be sensilde. Il is, however, unnecessary to enter into any dis- cussion to show the e.vtreine Inixpcdiency Soiiie iiulnlge in .strong liipiors, to keep olf the iio.\ioiis influence, but they pay for it in the end hy disorders of other kinds. Kiit, with all its forlildding peculiarities, the leech fishe.-y gives employment to many hands; if it he pernicious, it is also lucrative, ilesideg supplying all the mMghhoiiriiig p/mrwaricns, great quantities are e.v ported, and there are regular traders enaaeed for the purpose. Henri Clmrtier is one of those persons; and an imiiorlaiit personat'e he is When he conies to Meohecq, or its vicinity ; his arrival makes quite a fete— e.li are (-ager to greet liiin, "Among the interesting particulars which I gathered at I.a ISreniie relative to the leech trade, I ni;iy mention the following :— One of the traders — what with his own fishing and that of his children, and what with his acquisitions from the carriers, who sell quantities scc«?;(/-/i(i»(/ was enabled to hoard up IT,.'' Illrd Tagaiircic, Oleau Britiili The crews and l«ra in I8.J1 wer« The greater por consists of small c Port Cluirifcn a vessel of 300 toiu mu.st have a bill ballast, are the onb of health will cost" for each bill of Jadi nad at about J Id. ■Tliere are compani, ffleaned these part Civnliht.. Nelkeni ^o?\^ota, 2d of Jon wad of Leghorn is Ji-ade of Italy and tl LEGHORN. 135 N.N W. |iii Uic li;ir- tlio. iiiiile. Ifiisi 1(1 II I'X V'llii! iiioli'- lilsleiid lies iii.d S., 4 joiisis'tSifiir Is ils siiiilli- Ir, t\ii! M«- ,s« W.JN., (if itiK Me- Up. alxiiil 3{ lieoiilriiiicfi !(■ for lirije rmiils, but Inii.tlii'fi'' one of tl;>! Ic; enjoyed Titcst corn- consist- liiips, ra?s, Icork, &c. I< impoftcd Ic (iroiluce li olV; the Iroin ItalV) Indria, &(• Lnmoditiesi with fhe exception of those producnd by Italy. Sugar, coffee, and all sorts of colonial pro- duce; cotton stulfa, yarn, and wool; corn, woollen stull's, spices, dried fish, indiijo, dye woods, rice, iron, tin, hides, &c. ; are among the most prominent articles. Ships with corn on hoard may unload within the iiinit« of the lazaretto, without being detained to perforin quarantine; a circumstance which has contributed to make Leghorn one of the principal depots for the wheat of the Black Sea. Hard wheat, particularly from Taganrog, is in high cstiinntion here and in the other Italian ports. It is particularly well fitted for making ver- micelli, macaroni, &c. The government do not publish any oilicial account of the imports and e.tports of Leghorn ; and no mercantile circulars that we have been fortunate enough to fall in with, afford the means of supplying the deficiency. ytoiiey Arcnunts arc pnnciptlly kept in ptzzt da uttu reali (or dollin "f ^ riralih the ptzza tiejiis 'I'ivi'led ii.to2U soldi ni 24U(leriari. Tilt' lira is aiKiliier iiiniitiy iir acciuiit, chiedy used in interior traiiS' actions ; it is also divided into 20 soldi and 240denari : I pezzi = 6 3-4 lire. The ninnies of I-ei?norn have two values ; the one called moneta iumia. the other ww- eta lun^a. The former iN the eflec ive nion-v of the place. IVIniiefa l>u'>iia is cou\ertet into iiioi.e'a lunp hy add- in; I. -2 <, and ihe latter ii reluced to the foriner by subtracting t>i4. ■J'he lir.i of a^rouol = S I 8ii. sterling very nearly ; hence the pezz* = ill. 10 3.4d. very nearly. The prirwip I s Iver coins are, the Francesrone, or F.eop-ijdo, of 10 mull, or 6 2 3 lire = 4i. 6d. ^te^lin^ very ne.irly. The piece of e lire = '.it. Hd., a, id the lira = 7'4 iii. slerlin<. H^ighltaiid .1/m^urM.— The (rfnind by which RoM and silver ani ^ill sorts nf nieichndise are weigheil, IS divided into i2ounces, 969H Knglisli inches. 156 bmcci = 100 English yards. The caona of 4 bracci = 92 Engliih inches. Cri (fit, CAnrg-ef, ^-c.— Goods in general are bought and sold for silver money ; between which, and the money in which bills of ex- change are bought, there is a difl'ercnce of 7 p'er cent (agio) agaiiut silver ; i. c. 107 dollar* in silver are equal to 100 in gold. tin goods bought or sold (unless it lie in effective money, whetrtt there is no discount) there is, generally siieaking, a discount of 3 per cetil. ; un all cotton in:inufnctures, 4 per ceDt. Charges on sales, including commissitiu, are generally from 6 to 8 per cent. ; on fuh, 8 or 10 per cent. Prices of Corn. — The subjoined account of the prices of the different sorts of grain free on board at Leghorn in January, 183.3, is interesting, as negativing the notions so current in this country as to the extraordinary cheapness at which corn may be brought from the Black Sea. Prices of Corn free on board at Leghorn, January, 1833. Species of Corn. Price in Italian Money per Sack. Price in Sterling per Imp. i are the same on native and foreign ships. The anchorage dues on a vessel of 300 tons amount to 112 current lire, or t-^ 3/. 14s. sterling; besides which she must have a bill of health, which costs 7,s'. 2rf. sterling. These, if she clear out in ballast, are the only charges to which she is subject ; but if she clear out loaded, the bill of health will cost about 9v. sterling, and there is besides a charge of about 3d. sterling for each bill of lading. There are no other port charges whatever. Good water may be had at about 1 Id. sterling per tun ; and beef, bread, and fuel are all reasonably cheap. There are companies for the insurance of ships, but not of lives or houses. — (We have gleaneil these particulars from the Annuaire dti Commerce for 1833, p. 303.; Kellt/'a Camhisl; Nelkenbrecher, Manuel Universel ,• Circular Statement of Grant and Co., Leghorn, 2d of January, 1833 ; Con.nirs Answer to Circular Queries, Jlec A plan of the road of Leghorn is given in Captain Smyth's General Chart of the Mediterranean.) Trade of Itahj and the Tlalian. Islands with Knglanil.~\K is not ({cnernlly known ihnt with the single eueptioii of Ueriauny, Italy is the lurgcst European importer of English goods. During the year 1831, n '• Si' I 5 S I i 136 LEMONS— LICE NCES. the rpnl or rlorlnrnd valiin of llm (lifTcront Trliclna of nritipli ami Iriftli protliiro stiipperl from the t/nitsd KiiiKiloni (liri^cl for lliily, atiioiiiitpd to 2,40\,l-i5l.i woollens, value 201, IHO/.; iron and steel, value ,')0,2(i'.l/. ; with liardwari', linens, tisli, earllienwaru, &c. Il is rJBlit, liiiwever, to add, that a part of theses articles was not intended for the consnnipliDn of Italy ; Imt was sent to (ienoa and Trieste, for tlu! purpose of \wiue sulisei]uently forwarded to Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, dr. There are no means nf accurately esliinalini; the value of the products destined lor such nllerior consuMipliim, hut there an: u'ood (.'rounds for Ihinkini; that they do nol anidunt to l-^th part of the total value of the exports; leaving above 2,U()0,()(I0/. for the consunip- tion of Italv. Durinc tiie same year (18,TI), we imported from Italy 2.1,8fi7 cwt. barilla ; 05,163 do. onk and cork bark J 2til,'.MI do. siilphur; 2.).'1,0.M) (piarters of wheat (a >!ood deal at second hand from the Illack fiea) ; 7(i,.')47 straw honnels; 6J,8IS packages of oranaes ami leuuins ; 2,'i.'i7.'J8;t pallons olive oil; 105,418 hushels linseed; 127,:t:U cwt. shumac ; .52r),.5ie lbs. raw silk; .M(),4;)7 kid skins; 2,ll.-},67» Iftinh skins ; 17,014 cwt. valoiiin ; 267,468 gallons wine ; excltiHive of various oilier articles of iuferiof importance. I.EMONS (Gcr. Limonen ,• Du. Limoenen ,• Fr. Lhiumn, Cilrw)." ,- It. Liinnni ,- Sp. lAnwiiex ; Port. I/imvrn ,- litis. Limiimi ; .Arab. Lviiioii), the IVtiit of the lemon tree (Citrus /iie(/ica \ar. ^, {',). It is a native of A.^.syriu and Persia, whence it wa.s l)rou(;ht into Europe ; first to Greece and afterwards to Italy. It is now cultivated in Spain, I'ortu- gal, and Frarire, and is not uncommon in our greenhouse.s. Lemons are brought to Eng- land from Spain, Portugal and the Azores, packed in chests, each lemon being .separately rolled in paper. The Spanish lemons arc most esteemed. — (For an account of the imports, «ee OinNOKs.) LEMON JUICE, on CITRIC ACID {Ger. ZUronemaft .- Fr. Jus dc linmi .- h. Agro Siifro dr liiiionc ; Sp. Jugo dc livwn), the liquor contained in the lemon. It may he preserved in bottles for a considerable time by covering it with a thin stratum of oil; thu-s secured, great quantities of the juice arc exported from Italy to different parts of the World ; from Turkey, also, where ahmidunce of lemons arc grown, it is a considerable article of export, particularly to Odessa. The discovery of the antiscorbutic influence of lemon juice is one of the most valuable that has ever been mai'c. The scurvy, formerly so fatal in ships making long voyages, is now almost wholly unknown ; a result that is entirely to be ascribed to the regidar allowance of lemon juice served out to the men. The juice is also frequently administered as a medicine, and is extensively used in the manufacture nf punch, liEMON PEEL (Ger. Zifrnnens/iaien, Linionschellcn ,- Fr. Lames d'i'corce de ci/ron .■ It. Scarze dc Unionc ,• Sp. Cortczns de ci/ra). The outward rind of lemons is warm, aromatic, and slightly bitter, — qualities depending on the e.'^sential oil it contains. It is tiirni'd to many uses; and when well candied, constitutes a very good preserve. In Barba- does, a li(jitcur, known under the name of Eau de liarbadc, is manufactured from lemon peel, which the inhabitants have the art of preserving in a manner peculiar to themselves, Both th(^ liqueur and the conserve used to be in high repute, especially in France. LETTER. (See Post Ofpick) LE'J'TER OF CREDIT, a letter written by one merchant or correspondent to another, requesting him to ciedit the bearer with a certain sum of money. Advice by post should always follow the granting of a letter of credit; a duplicate of it accompanying such advice. It is prudent, also, in giving advice, to describe the bearer of the letter, with as many parti- culars as possible, lest it fall improperly into other hands. I.ETTEFiS OF MARQUE AND REPRISAL, "are gratitable by the law of nations, whenever the subjects of one state are oi)pressed and injured by those of another, and jus- tice is denied by that stale to which the oppressor belongs." — {Cliitli/s Com. Law, vol. iii. p. 604.) Before granting letters of marque, governmcttt i.= directed by the .5 Hen. 5. c. 7., to require that satisfaction be made to the party aggrieved ; and in the event of such satis- faction not being made within a reasonable period, tetters of marque and reprisal may be issued, authorising the aggrieved party to attack and seize the property of the aggressor na- tion, without hazard of being condemned as a rolber or pirate. Such letters are now only issued to the owners or ca|)tains of privateers during war, or when war has been determined upon. They may be revoked at the pleasure of the sovereign ; and when hostilities termi- nate, they cease to have any effect. LICENCES, in commercial navigation. The rules and regulations to be observed in the granting of licences to ships are embodied in the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 53., and are as follow : — Vessels iif ce.riain Proportions, vnt beivg sqvare riirrred, l^'c. to he licrv.-ieil. — All vessels helonping in the whole or in part to his Majesty's suhjects, not heinu sciuare-ripaed, or propelled hy Bteaiii, and all vessels lielongini; as aforesaid, whether propelled hy steam or otherwise, heiuf! of less hurden th.in SOU tons, of which the length is to the hreadlli in u greator proportion than 3 feet 6 inches to 1 fmit, and all such last-mentioned vessels carryini! arms for resistance, and all vessels of more than 200 tons liurden, lielnngltig as ai'ores.iid, armed with more than 2 carriage guns of a calilire exceeding 4 pouinis, ami with more than 2 muskets f(ir every 10 men, ami all boats lielonging as aforesaid, which Khali be fiiumi williiii 100 leagues of the coast of the United Kingdom, shall l>e forfeited, unli'.-^s llie owners thereof shall liave'olnained a licence from the commissioners of his Majesty's customs in the manner herein-afier ilirected.— { 16. Briiisli /'r.v.stV.s itiid Hi'ols, or tlivfC whereof Iliilf the Persons on hoard are British Sohjeels, not to be navigated with mure than a specified dumber of Persons, unless licensed. — Every vessel or boat belonging in the whol Jects of his navigated b (thai is to sii tons, 5 ttien ; •ons, 7 men j '"(.'Kcr, than Ions or uiide: tons or undei above 100 toi 'eagues of tl Kliall be espu( Certain Par commissioner name or nami «nd the liniila arifiH, .ind the sioners may ri granting of .i | of the revenue 7'Ae Oirners shall be issued owners of the tion as folloivs hinding, or rem of this act oral any goods wliii to law, nor shal leilure, imr sha venues of cnsto nor shall be ei inetitioncd ; ant shall be delivei vessel or boat, boat sliall helonj duty. -^19. Peiialli/ not to t (he reipiiringan] for which such II f.icenee Bonds t. pursuance of the any thing in any i Vessels not to bt found or discover Fhall he specifn J : not at any liniu be or marines duly e or e.vcisc, demaml laden on board, sli Certain Vessels tend or be deemed family, or being ir In any whale boat nt'ged vessel in th ing to licensed pji,, iwed in fishing on i on the coast of Irel I'fnnlty for count siiall counterfeit, e hience so to be gra c.n.ed,aUered,on How lonir Bonds c under the said act t fAenhe licence for ofliccrof the ciistn. vcrnigupof thelicc Licences and Bond. Provisions as to Li LicEjfCEs, in tl 6i-nesses._(See T; LICENCE.S, in tlie s l)elow : — hwnb-okers, in I^ndon i lwn|„-,„ij- post limit, 'n "iiy (iihrr pl.ice fe"™"" '.""""'"« »"•="" 'I'J'ir. lotiercJKtliehcui *" l«r«ons trading in ^,,1, LIGHT-HOUS] focks in the sea, foi also floating lights, 'or the same purpos W/in. Utst. JVat. \ii} M 2 LIGHT.HOUSE. 137! lations, liiJ jus- 1 vol. iii. c. 7., Ii satis- [nay be Isor na- Iw only triniuwl tt'rmi- IrvcJ in arc as IngitiR in iinil all ■en than It 1 t'liiii. Tllinii 200 leedini! * l|, wliicli liR in the Ijtot to bf lulungini: in the whole or in part to hin Mnjpsty's guhjecis, or whereof ha!f thfi porsonF on hoard plinll he piib- JfCts of liiH Miijesty, (not heinga liigijer, and at the lime titled mid riL'Scd hb Hiirh,) wl.iili shall he navigated hy a (jreater niiiid)er of men (olHcers and hoys included) than in the follou ini; pnipcirlionH ; (ihal is to say,) if of 'M lima or under, and aliove 5 tons, 4 men ; if of (il) tons ot nnder, and ahove 30 tons, 5 men ; if of fiO tons or nnder, and ahove HO Ions, 6 men ; if of 100 tons or nnder, and ahove 80 tone, 7 men ; and ahove that tonnage, I niiiii for every 15 tons of such additional toniiMise; or if ii InCKer, than in the fidlowinR proportions; (that is to say,) if of 30 Ions or under, H men; if of SO tons or nnder, and ahove 30 tons, <» men ; if of RO Ions or under, and ahove 50 Ions, Id men ; if of HO tons or under, and above liO Ions, II men; if of 100 ions or under, and ahove HO tons, 12 men ; and if ahove 100 tons, 1 man for every 10 Inns of such addilional tonim(»e, wliicli sliall he fnniid wiihiii 100 Icairnes of the coast of the United Kinedoni. Khali ho forfeiled, unless snch ves.-el, hoat, or lugger, shall he especially licensed for that purpose hy the commissioners of cusloms.— J 17. Certniti Particulars t» be inserted in /.ieenres fur Fcfsels and Bdiit.i. — Kvery license granted hy tho coniinisslonera of customs under this act shall conlain the proper description of the vessel or hoai, Iho name or names of the owner or owners, with his or their place or places of ahode, and the manner and the limits in which the same is to he employed, and, if armed, the numhers and descripiion ot* arms, and the quantity of ammunilion, together with any other parliculara which'thc said coiiimiB- sioners may rei|iiire and direct ; and it shall be lawful for the commissioners of cnsloms lo reslrii t Ihe granting ot a licence for any vessel or boat in any way that they may deem ex|iedient for the security of the revenue. — J 18. The Owners to /rive Security by Bovd, Kith the Conilitinn hcrein-vienlinnrd. — Before any such licence 8hall be issued or delivered, or shall have cHect for the use of such vessel or boat, the owner or owners of the same shall give security hy bond in the single value of such vessel or boat, with condi- tion as follows ; (that is to say,) that the vessel or boat shall not he employed in Ihe importation, landing, or removing of any prohibited or uncustomed goods, coiilrary to tlie true inti-nt and meanina of this act or any other act relating to the revenues of cnsloms or excise, nor in the exportation of any goods which are or may he pndiihiled to be exported, nor in the relanding of any goods contrary to law, nor shall receive or take on hoard or he found at sea or in port with any gooils .snliji-ct to for- feiture, nor shall do any act contrary to this act, or any act hereafter to he made reliuliiL' to the re- venues of customs or excise, or for the protection of Die trade and commerce of Hit! United Kingdom, nor shall be employed otherwise than ineutioned in the liceice, and wilhln the limits therein mentioned; and in case of loss, breaking up, or disposal of the vessel or boat, that the licence shall he delivered, within (i months from tlie date of such loss, breaking up, or disposal of such vessel or boat, lo the collector or principal otticer of customs at Ihe port to which such vessel or boat shall belong; and that no such bond given in respect of any bout shali be liable to any stamp duty.-? 19. Pciiiiliy not to exceed 1,000/,, or single Value of the Vessel. — Nothing herein contained shall authorise the re(|niring any bond in any higher sum ihan l.OOOf., althouL'h tlio single value of Ihe vessel or bout for svliich such licence is to he issued may be more tlnin 1,0UU<. — ^ 1'.). Licence Bonds girrn by Minors to be valid — All bonds civen liy persons under the age of 21 years, in pursuance of the directions herein contiinci", shall he valid and effectual to all inlents and |)urpoBCB, any thing in any act, or any law or 'ustoni, to the contrary in anywise notwithstanding. — } 'ii. Vessels not to be used in any Manner not mentioned in the Licence.— When any vessel or boat shall be found or discovered to have been used or employed in any manner or in any lliuits other than such as fliall he specifn d in the licence, or if such licence shall not he on hoard such vessel or boat, or shall not at any time be produced and delivered for examination to any officer or oflicers of the army, navy, or marines duly employed for the prevention of smugaling, and on lull pay, or any oliicer of cusioma nr excise, demanding the same, then and in every such case such vessel or boat, and all the goods laden on board, shall be forfeited. — } 22. Certain Vessels, Boats, and Luggers not required to be licensed — Nothing herein contained shall ex- tend or be deemed or takeH to extend to any vessel, i)oal, or lugger belonging to any of tlie royal hiiuily, or being in the service of the navy, victualing, ordnance, customs, excise, or post-ortice, nor In any whale boat, or boat solely employed in the fisheries, nor to any boat belonging to any square- rlifiied vessel in thi! merchant service, nor to any life boat, or tow boat useil in towing vessels belong- ing 10 licensed pilots, nor to any boat used solely in rivers or inland navigation, nor to any boats solely ii^ed in (isliing on the coasts of the North and West Highlands of i^cotland, nor to any boats so used on Ihe coast of Ireland. — { 23. Penally for counterfeiting or falsifying Licences, or makuts Use (Acreo/.— If any person or persons shall counterfeit, erase, alter, or falsify, or cause to be counterfeited, erased, altered, or falsified, aiiy hience so lo he granted as aforesaid, or shall knowingly make use of any licence so counterfeited, erased, altered, or falsified, such person or persons shall for every such otlence forfeit the sum of 600;.— {2 1. llino long Bonds are to be in Force. — No bond given on account of the licence of any vessel or boat under the said act for the prevention of smuggling shall be cancelled until the space of 12 months ?fti!r the licence for which such bond had been entered into shall have been delivered up tolhe proper otbcer of the custrms, and such bond shall remain in full ibrcc and elfect for 12 months after the deli- vering up of the licence as aforesaid. — } 25. Licences and Bonds granted privious to this .Act to continue valid, — } 26. /•roi'i^'ionsas to Licences to extend to Guernsey, ,Jersey, Aldcrney, Sark, and Man. — { 27. Licences, in the excise, are required in order that individuals may engage in certain bu- sinesses. — (See Table in the next page.) Licences, in llie stamps, are required by those engaged in the professions and businesses mentioned below :— Par Annum. L, I. d. hwnh'okers, in Iximlon and Westminster, or within lw()|ifiiiiy post liniitB - * - • • 15 Id any ntlitr pl.tce - - • • - 7 tO Apiir.-iittn (not tjeing auctioneen) - • - 10 liiikera 30 Ilijsic. tf) exercise the faculty of • - • - 15 iJi peisons trading in f;a\ii or silver plate, in which any quantity rf koM eicerVng 2 rennywei(?hls, unilerij (unices, or any quantity of silver exceeding a pcnnyHei^hls anil ini'ii-T 30 ounces, in I piece Do. of irt.xter wtii^Jit, ami "very pawnbmller taltiiis in or dcTivtnn^out pawns ot sutli plate, and cveiyreliutr (if gold or silver -..-.- Gold or silver lace is not deemed plate. Per Annum, L. I. d. and 2 8 9 (15 LIGHT-HOUSE, a tower situated on a promontory, or headland on the sea coast, or on rocks in the sea, for the reception of a light for the guidance of ships at night.* There are also Hoatiiig lights, or lights placed on board vessels moored in certain stations, and intended for the same purposes as those on shore. * U.ws ejus, nnetnrno navium ctirtu ignes ostendere^ ad pranuntianda vada, portusque introituMt iPtin. Hist. JVat. lib. xxxvi, cap. 13.) m2 18 I % I 138 LIGHT-HOUSE. An account of the Bnainnsses timt cnnnnt lio cirricd on in Omnt nritnin withniit Fxriac Licence!) ; of the Humi chnrced fur such Licences; of iIih Ndiiiher of Licimiccm granlcd fur currying on each Uii> RincsH in (lie Year ended the Sth of January, ltJ33, and of the TutuI Anioiint of iievunuc derivud therefrom. Description nf Licence. Aurtinnj. Auciiuncers Bpct. . Brewers of ttron]^ beer, unt exceeding 20 hi-li. Eiceeding 20 — 60 — — 60 — 100 — — 100 — 1,000 — — 1,0(0 — 2,0(X) — — 2.000 — 5,OlO — — 6.CO0 — 7,500 — — 7,500 — 10,000 — — lO.CiflO — 20,000 — — 20,1100 — .10,000 — — 30,000 — 40000 — exceeding 40,00J — Breweri of table beer, liol exceeding 20 bris. Eiceeding JO — 60 — — 60 — lf)0 — exceeding i.iO — Retail brewers of strong beer only, under the ict 5 Geo, 4, c. 54. Seller* of strong beer only, not being l)rB\*'ers .... Rt'tiilersof beer, cyder, nr pei ry, whose fireinises are rated ^^ a rent under 20/. per mnuni .... at 20/. per annum or upwards Retailers nf beer, cyder, nr perry, ui|. dec the prnvi^i^UlS nf the act 1 Wi.I. 4. c. tJ4., '* t^ng! tnd only" Retailers of cyder and perry ou'j, un- der said act, *' England only'' Coffee. Dealers in cntfee, cocoa nuts, chocolate, tea, or pepper Glaii. Glass niaken for every gl?ji house • Mall. Malsters, or makers nf malt, not exceeding 50 qrs. Exceeding 50 — 100 — l"0 — 150 — 150 — 200 — 200 — 250 — 2.0 — 300 — 300 — 350 — 350 — 400 — 400 — 4J0 — 450 — 300 — 600 — 550 — exceeding 650 — not exceeding 3 — Rate of Number Licence of Annua pel Licences Annum. granted. L. 1. d. 6 3,392 10 8,5!)S 1 6,8^14 1 10 9,16^ 2 ii;,5i2-i 3 619 7 10 4«H 11 5 121 15 71 .10 89 45 2J 60 6 75 16 10 61 1 9 1 10 12 2 27 S S 60 3 3 910 1 1 5.1,595 3 3 13,417 2 2 33,515 1 1 188 II 89,20 J 20 no 7 6 2,610 OHO 1,034 1 2 6 1,021 1 10 l,00j 1 17 6 8J2 2 5 712. 2 12 6 6T7 3 A'ii 3 7 6 381 3 15 345 4 2 6 308 4 10 1,882 2 6 1 1,340 Description of Licence. Paper. Mailers of paper, pasteboard, or scale. l)Oard ..... Printers, painters, or slaioers of paper Soap, Snap malien .... Spirits. Distillers .... HecliliL-rs .... Dealets in spirits, not being retailers • Retailers of spiiits »hn.e premises are rated under 10/. per annum at I0(, and under 20 — 20 — 2i — 25 _ 30 — 30 — 40 — 40 — 60 — 60 per annum or upwards Makers nf stills, '• Scotland only" Persons not being disli lera or rectifiers, using stills, ".Scotland only" Starch Starch makers . . . • Sweets and mead. Makers nf sweets or made wines, mead or metheglin . . - - Retailers of ditto Tobacco. Manufacturers of tobacco and snutf, not exceeding 20,0;,0 lbs. Exceeding 20,ii00 — 40,000 — 4(1,000 — 60,1)03 — 60.000 — 80,000 — tO.OOO — 100,000 — exceeding lOi',000 — Dealers in tobacco and Knuirs • Vine'_'ar. .Makers of vinegar or acetous acid Wine. Dealers in foreign wine, nnl having a licence for retailing spirits and ■ licence fnr re'i'Img beer Retaden of foreign tvtne, having a licence to retail t^eer, but not having a licence to Twtail spirits Retailers having a licence to retail beer and spirits .... Passage. Vessels on b.'^ard which liquon and tobacco are sold Nun. tier nf Annual per Licences Annum. granted. Hale of Li.'ence L. I. d. 4 10 10 10 10 to 10 10 6 53-. 101 278 246 ■ 19 3,416 2-.,842 22,733 3,262 l,h73 3,527 2,293 4,338 IS 32 33 2 2 18 1 1 762 S 259 10 78 15 23 20 21 25 9 30 43 S 133,379 6 10 4 4 2 2 1 49 1,765 49 20,656 253 loiai amou Excise Office, London, 5lh of August, 1S33 Total amount of revenue derived from licences, 1,785,622 19i. 3d. G. A. COTTHELL, First General Accountant. Hiiitorical Notice. — The lighting of fires for the direction of ships at night is of such obvious utility, that we need not wonder at the practice having originated at a very remote era. The early history of light-houses is, however, involved in much obscurity ; but it is reasonable to suppose that no long period would elap.se after fires were lighted for the pre- monition and guidance of mariners, till towers would begin to be constructed for their re- ception. The most celebrated of all the ancient liglit-houses was tiiat erected by Ptolemy Soter, on the small island of Pharos, opposite to Alexandria, — nodurnis ignibus cursum navium regcns. — {Plin. lib. v. cap. 31.) It was of great height, and is said to have cost 800 talents.* Its celebrity was such, that Pharos rapidly became, and still continues to be in many countries, a generic term equivalent to light-house. Iti the ancient world, there were light-houses at Ostia, Ravenna, Puteoli, Caprea, Rhodes, on the Thracian Bosphorus, &c. — 'See Suefonii Opera, ed. Pitisci, torn. i. p. 755. ; and the Ancient Universal History, vol. ix. p. 366. 8vo ed.) The Tour de Cordouan, at the entrance of the Gironde, the Eddystone light-house, opptv site to Plymouth Sound, and that more recently constructed on the Bell Rock, opposite to the Frith of Tay, are the most celebrated modern light-houses. The Tour de Cordouan was begun in 1584, by order of Henry IV., and was completed in 1611. It was at first 169 feet (Fr.) high; but in 1727 it was enlarged, by the addition of an iron lantern, to the height of 175 French, or 186^ English feet. It used to be lighted by a coal fire, but it is now lighted by reflecting lamps of great power and brilliancy. It is altogether a splendid structure ; and is, besides, remarkable for being the first light-house on which a revolving light was exhibited. — (See Bordeaux.) * Dr. Gillies tells us (Hist, of Mexander's Successor s,\o\. li. p. 138. 8vr) ed.) that the tower was 450 feet in height; that each side of its 8(|u.iro hnse measured 600 feet, and that its " beamins giimmit" was seen at the distance of 100 miles'. It is almost needless to add, that there ia no authority for such •tatcinents which, indeed, carry absurdity on their face. / The fi been Mom in 1 708, 1 e'lgiiiWT i and liid.s f-, The Be Numcrr princip.il h larly aliuiK grce, to re ix'w ones I States, &c. Precautit one light fo fliifer distinc flown and J, afford facifiti I'cen, in that Chan of u, 'ii'ii. Tli.it of '"'St. II iini.^t "lost faijiiisiiti J'"r/ra,nMil (|,e lioiik is ruiijiy 'I'lie riM(|,.|- ^^.j| lieliiiidintr lo sc ra<:y. may be de I-rilisli and co readily i,n,| obi "le liosjtion, des •/-a '• as tu Brii ffct licacoii.,, ,% lioiisi!.,, it iiag be pnicc of htioynct bouses. Tlie tol irninibe crown • Iviiiffdoiii, |,ej,|,, (i t'orporation wa's 'ers (latent. Ct|. lakin? any report produced a ligdt-l IloiLso to go on b, lllu lacklH of III,. , Ki"' ''"ties may c! 'VII (lie li(flit.),o, ^o:"."! (If ;\(,rib»„„ '••ive always hejoi iiioiilb, .Spurn (shr l»'eii partly public ri'lerred to, for yes account have been fees „„ Jlrcaunt „ ■•>nil to insure tbern' (^Miling coniparati "■U(i been the nioii ,1,""« 'im that ii.e Ihe ™me light and b on bent ,s .ietidedl '''■Jtes, obstructs tlit commerce. " inTsi'/^'^''''"«'as '""^^•J. There is, i, •"'lips b,.,vi„g bi.,,,, t, ''•■;' i'Mheir power )y^'rf-suf^eather,\ nidation has bee, "■■"iniiiiendation of '"'.Illy iinprived, a 1 _^afe£lad, also, for*ei»!!lf-'"^^^^»«d7' loreiiin ships, if i., ,1, "utinpoln't iffLct , 5 '/PS for voyagJs Vro f''«n below.) flnf r' P^sed,e«ep,C[,„'^; ■c LIGHT-HOUSE. 139 259 ! 78 25 21 9 43 l53,»-;9 49 235 Ic, oppo- losite to Trdouan I at first , to the lut it is Iplendiil Ivolving I was 450 tnnimit" ] lot sucU The first light-house crerted on the Eililystone rocks only stood nhout 7 yoara, havincf l)cen blown down in the dreadful slorin of the 27lh of Novcriilu'r, I70:i; n scfoiid, erected in 1708, was burnt down in 1755. 'I'he present lighl-huuii;a are amongst tiie must etfticlual or alt ihi! iMiKint!H hy whicli rapacious ignorance Una contrived to injure a country.'* Cfiarire.i on. Jlccount of Collection^ ^'e.—T\it* rharfies under this head for the lightft tinder the control of tlie Trinity House, artinunted, in 1U34, to 7,0:t4/. 5j. 3^/.. the erpenses of vuiintenance (Including pay- ini'titrt nil account of works at dilft^rent lifftMs, 4,20T/. 2jf. 5ff ) for the same year tieing 37,299/. Itt^. IJ., leavirm a halance of 47,10;i/. 7^. \d. vett siirplum. It is plain, therefore, that the light-house revenue i-i, at this miunent, more lli;in twice as K^eat as is necessary for keepin)^ the estahlinlunent in the most perfect state of etliriency, 'IMie surplus revenue is, wc believe, in so far at leaai as tlie Trinity IlouHe is ronrerned, very judicimi^ily *>x[)nnded in luainiainin^ decayed seamen, and other useful pur- poses. Hut consitK^rini; the vast iuiporfauce of tow shipjiing char^^es, we ufrree with the committee of IS'^2 in Itiiiikinf; tliat such persons miu'ht he providetl lor in sorne less onerous way, and that the li^jht duties stioiild lie still fiirllier reduced. Tliey ouffht not, in tact, to exceed such u rate of charge as may Ite rV(irt(i/»ir ^''if^'-— '"h** tluties for rh'i h^ht are to lje col- lectfJ fmin ^ui'li foreuii anri British ovenra Irideis at actually en'er the river I'll tuber, anil are payah'e in those cues for tr.ich lime of |)aoiuii(. C^1^te^i am) rolliers are suLJec thereto for eich time of pans ni co'sovisi", if hden; bii' iinl nlherwtae. The(tufiesf(irtheCh:innelliettveen ihe Worm's Head an I St. Gowen s Head. Lu»dy Light.— ViiWci payable only by vrsMlton (heir voyage to from porta in the Bristol thann easltvard of a line drawn from Hartlarid Foiiil to St. Gowen'i Head. nnel, or to or from any ports to tha Jiardhcij /.tf/il.— Duties for forti|;ii vesitlt and Britmb oversea traders are payable once only for the whub: vfiyAj^e out and home; for coasten and colliers coastwise, each time of passing, if laden, but not otherwise. South Stack Ai/fA/.— British or Irish sliips and vessels to or from Liverpool, Chester, and Ports to Ihe northward thereof, to any other porta ti the northward or Ihe Calf of Man) at the sonlh part of (ho Isle of Man) or to the eaMward of Holyhead, with all other vessels bound to or from Liverpool and ports adjacent, (o any othi-r ports whatsoever, sailin? in or out of the North Chaniiel, viz. " by Fair, head on the cuast of Ireland, and the Mull uf Canlire uu the coast of Scotl.ind," are not subject to pay the dutit-s Ut the S'lid light. This exemption, however, is confined and restricted (o ships and vcsseli ot the L'nited Kingdoui, navigating within the liniits above de* scribed. A' 7?.— By the term "each time of passinR'* is to be understood once for the outward and once for Ihe inw.ird pnssage. Trinity F.itrhts. —The rules and regulations as to lijjhts may bo altered hy the Trinity House, with con- sent of the privy council. We subjoin a copy of the existing instructions issued by the Corporation to their collectors. TRINITY HOUSE, LONDON. Instrurtions to for the collection of the duties payable to the Corporation of Trinity House, at the port of 1st. Ydu are tod. mind and receive from Ihe master or a:;pnt of , and tonnage, Ihe nmnrv p.iid, rtnd time of payment. Vou are to in* cvfry ship or ve'Sfd wSicli h^'h passed, or is about to pass, in any 1 strl all those several pirticul-trs in the counterpart of each lightbill direction the a-veral lijfhts belnri'inij to this CoriK>nninn. trie re- j which counleriiart is lo Ijf siijrieJ I)y the niastiror hit* a^enl, and the spective tolls and dulien a£ particularly set forth in the Table here- books relumed, containing the itame, to tins house, at the end of unto aiinfx.^l ; observing, neverihftless, (he rcEutation contained in ' every . Vou are to take care that none of the binnk the 31 article, and aUn that British vessels, and such foreign vessels as are or fhxil b^ privilesjed in respect to chirges as British ves'-ela, are ekompt from payment of duties to this Corporation, whrn navi- gated w.'ti>//i/ i«i ialtatt. 2'1 You are to 'nke care to rate all Bii'ish vessels, of every claw or description to the full amount of their rc^is'er tonnajje, I'xcept for those (Mrticiilir Its-hls, for the dnfica to which colliers and co.isters are chari^eable per ves«l only. Foreign vessels are to becharg&I to the full aniotmt of their tonnage, as ascertained by llie oiKcer of his M.iji-sly's customs. 3d. You are lo observe (hat neither British nor foreign vpwels are to be chartred v*ith the dunes on account of a pawage which may have taken place, or mav beihercifter confemphted. being fioni one f jreign port to another loreign port, unlcvs in the prfjseculion of such voyages th y ahall actually arrive or touch at, a poit or roadstead in Gieat Bri am. 4lh. The duties are to be collected from all British ships at the ports in Great firitain where they load or deliver their carf^oea. No collection is therefore lo be male from any Briiish Miip which miy happen to 'ouch a' your port on her pi-ss ige to another port in Great Britain ; but you are to observe that this rule is not to be applied in respect of vt^sels touching at your port in their passages to jKirls not in Ureal Britain. 5th. You are to charje all vessels helongin? to the fillowing slates withthe^amedutiei in every respect, as Brtiish vessels : -'Ihe ves- , tejs of those states are in fact to be considered, so far as respects I charges made on account of this Corporation, as British ships, until I furlh.T nrlers ; viz. Hortugal, Brazil, United States of America, the j kiiii(dom of (he Netherlands, Hanover, Sweden, Norway, Russia, Hamburgh, Bremen, I.titteck, Denmark, and Prussia ; to which are i to t>e added vessels belonging to the duchies of Uldenburgh and i Mecklenhnrgh, as well as those brlongin? to t!ie kim^dom of France, I which have been ala i atimitted to the privilege of reciprccity in re* Ipect of charges ; but as thai privilesje is granted to vessels of those | states under some limitations, it is necessary you should particularly li^ht-bills which shall be lod(;e\l with you fall into improper hands, or be wasted. You are in all cases to require the pnniuction of (he light bill for (he duties last paid ; and you are nol lo admit or allow that the master of anv vessel hith p.iid elsewhere without 8eein< the liKht-bil), duly signe<.l tiy the collector fur (he port at which it imy be allegpd the duties have been paid; and wbenover you sbnil Lb satisfied that the duties for any ship or vessel Inve been p.iiJ at any otlier |)ort or place, you are lo note Ihe same in your book, and also in your accounts in the column prepared for (hat purpose, expressing the several particulars as in your li^ht-bills, with the time uid p'aco of pavmcnt. Bf>oks, contiiitin; each a nuniber of blink ligbt-bilts, will fie furnished you from (his house, on your application, whenever reondiii;; du- ties, of whatever nature, or under whatever denomination, Ih.in those to which British vessels, in respect of the same voyi^es, are or may be subject on entering iuto or departing from such ports." Colliers are to be charged bvlhe number of tons expres-^'d in their regis'ers, and not by the chaldron; and colliers bound to or from foreiTn parts are topay the same asotber British ships bound fo* reign. * There is nothinc; new in this statement :— *• ^vara manus pnrtus claudit ; tt eum diffiios contrahit^ itaritmi simnl vela concludit ; vieritd enim ilia merratvres cuncti refu^iunt qutB sibi dispendia esse cognot* cunt.'*—iCassiodoruSj lib. vii, cap. varia, 9.) rou ihaM fron light t>il:s, lor vourself for tl n(Tein-be.'"urc ■] entered ;—<,( j| ouary, ibe ik , which jjen/hfd] AcrouKt npi /(oration t Wliips p:iH; encii of ih Names ( I Scilly . I I Eddystone . i Milford . 2 ! Portland . 2 , Hi. lite* . J I Foulness - | | I *'A«keti . 3 I I ^'"'^ - I 11 I Wrll , Fiaihulm I r!7ird Ne«- fN-s and Hurst Owcrs 1/aiibro' i Gooilwin • Mij 2 h>| 3li<| t flon 2IU'h I flo,v I noal ' Sunk ; Flinidro* • i Snui/i Srack F^ni I Burnham . I flnaii I li-hl 1 li,bu.«otfor,rpur" LIGHT-HOUSE. 141 lhJ Itie end of bl;itik of I lie I How 9peim tlie It ui.iy alinll t,e A A\ any ami also [presiin? Aiiii p'aco iglit-bills, , he never whicli n council, ue of the I vvilhtlifl 18 heretT IdeiiliUiRh Uitaiii^ntl of Olden- igdom, to- conaisiinR nil not be r ihan are [rom such noil pant' 1 precisely ice and na> IfHl 26th of ll-iil, 1826, Trance, or, Jill not be (erins into J, harbour, Ition, than J voyages, from such I in their l,t or from Ibouud fo< IntraAir, you thai! from t Imp to time rnllert; and, bcfoio ymi fill up your | tliepr n'fijfnrm funn-.hwj from tliiihnuiP, toRdher wiih U;clalanf« flKhl t-il:«, tor itrr Ihe siiue thUinrtly in .l b'lok Kt It |.nui'lii tl in Ibd yourself for il.at (.urpiif, wlnT»-in .ill Ihr |..irIiiMiUr-s »^lllch are i^M.i.d Inr ynur tan-, tiMi,bU% .iii.l nnlii.ary c xi'i-i.uft llieieiti, »u tbfl hrreiit-beCnre ditrcfcd t* bu exprr^Mtl in your -iiihi bil'i aie m bL< secretary of the CnrixMalKm at tt.is liniisR. rutertd j—ol all \»hicli yoii ati-, uii(/ti?i \4(hiyiit tr hie Im nf .U By coii.uiand of ihc tuii-diatirn, Duary. the l«t t.f ApriUbt: Ut ol July, mJ ih.- H nf OrtoU-r (mi (.SijsnuJ) J. Ilt-HUfcRT, Sn-retary. which periodn you arc to make up your accouu k), to tend a copy on ' Acrnnid HptTifviiiK ihr vjiriims IJp:lii hniisMs nixl FInatitiff Mffhls undi^r the irmnn^'ttmenl of ihn Cor- poralicin of ilio Triitiiy lloiist* oi" Di^pifunl rtin)iul ; ilie KaieH of Cliarii*; on {\w Mnioli n\ni I'oroiRn fSliips piiHsiiiK Hiicli IjglitH ; with thn AiikhiiiI of l)init»« colli'itu.l on Actouiil of oucU l.i;;lii, tliinng each of the Tliree Veiirs ending wiili itt35 — U'lirniHlied l»y Trinity Houav.) Namei of Lighti. Sciliy EtHy^fone Mil ford Tort land St. lice* Foulnen (:a«knti Nore Flaihulin I Linrd 1 Nei'dlcs and Huitt I OwtTs > Hai«bm' i Goodwin • Sunk '■ FUnibro' ■ South Slack Ft-rri I Burnham • I lifht-houw ' 1 liichl linuse ' 2 lif;ht iKiimet < 2 li^hl-linuses • 1 li(;hl house ' I live 500. 2 3 )9 3.iSI 4,'>I8 3,IS*» 4J3 y,02i 2,f)-i3 8 11} leai. 6 2i- 16 8 9^ 18 3> A. #. rf. , J,47I 2 4* 3,704 14 4i 4,b7l 'S 1:1 3,330 II (i: 474 7 10 1835. 2,>i3 5 II. a,7«'3 ft 2T 6,144 7 Oi iS'if'O 4 i» &Z7 12 4 ' 3,6ro 6 H 3,8M 13 \\ 3,lb3 .-,1 3,237 14 t^i 8»l3l Iti b" if,'i» »0 U* 1 firtliin? per tnn ■ I ririhiiig 1824, I kliilhn^ per I penny vcMcl wilhiii the Itri-er vessel - 1 1 halfpenny • 1 1 farthing . 1 1 faiihiruf - Sfailh'ntcs 3 at Hrid^evvater, 5shillingsper vessel at Bristol, 6 pence at Hri.'»i(d,ii"dpr per vessel t lOOtniu, 3 shil to and from IreUnd, ling»perv«.pel. shilling per vessel lUU and under •2.V) tons, .'> shil- ling pervessel, 230toi,sandup wanls, 7 shil- lings & 6 pence per vessel. I farthing 1 farthing per ton 2 pence per ton 4 pence (On veaiieTs entering the port ol 1 halfpenny . 2 |H:nce "i 3 halfpence I permy I penny I penny 1 halfpeimy I penny I penny 1 halfpenny - I halfpenny ■ 3 hal pence ■ at Uriiigeivater, M) ^hilling8 per viMet at Ilri^tnl, dou* l)le >he amount rliarf;t'al)te nn Bi'iiish vessels. I farthing 9 pence Chester.) I farthinif per ton • 1 farthing • I halfpenny - 1 f^ithini! per ton • ) farlliing • I iialfpe'iny « I shilling per voyage J halfptnce • 3 |)ence on Innestone vessel* I farthing per ton • farthing • I farthing I farthing per ton I farthing • ' I farthing 1 (Payable at Newport only.) I floating light j I pennv per ton • 1 1 |ienny • 1 2 pence lliih'-h'use • I shdling per vesid 1 far'hin» - 1 1 halfpenny • 1 light'h'tuse • I penny per Ion • ' I penny • 1 2 pence (Vessels in the limestone trade pay cither t*. per voyage, or an anmial conimuiaiion of 20f , I5ar. or lb<. each,acciirdirig lo their respective tonnages.) 2 light hnii»(« • 1 1 farthing per ton - I halfpenny * I penny I flijating light I far;hing per ton - 1 farthing • I halfpenny • 1 floating light 3 light'houses * 1 eighth of a penny 1 farthing per ton I farthing per ton • 1 farthing 1 halfpenny I lialfpenny Totals 3,6S9 18 10} 1,655 17 111 3,fl95 3,231 3.003 3o4l 3,650 4.f>'ll 3.7H3 2,tj08 2,y27 377 15 4 » H 17 31 3 8}' 4 9 18 10 i:» 5 5 6 17 6 3,618 843 1,720 4,3J6 ' 425 1,6-14 516 1.4 SO 1,771 738 3.674 10 6f 1,769 6 Ci .^,713 14 2 3,37^ 7 llj 3.283 14 Ci 3,t>31 16 2| 3,841 9 0| 6,311 2 r} S.prO KU '?..9i9 10 0* 3,020 5 Bi 604 15 6 8 6f 3,708 IS lOi 7 7 837 14 4 18 13 10 3i 1,818 12 7 4,3il9 1 (.J 440 b oi S II 3 t 17 2 !,S<)7 3,Si5 12 4} 5 8 1,969 2 Ui 2,815 16 iri I.TBo 19 &S9 6 1,396 16 9 1,S64 4 7 828 1 10 3,«90 II 4| 1,874 11 Bj- 3.725 I fri 3,4Ji 7 4i 3,12S I 0} 3,fM) 8 10 4,017 8 lOi 5,379 3 4| 4.116 4 (I 3.113 7 tl 3,137 5 £81 8 6 3,926 8 11} 1,011 8 1 1,944 1 21 4.7 rti 18 6 408 8 7 1,926 13 3; 629 10 8} 1,4ni II 10, 1,!418 4 IC'I 836 1 1 2,028 14 3} i 2,155 16 3} 3,690 2 114 2,079 18 10 2,950 13 10 3,829 14 6^ 2,158 9 si 3,109 14 6i 282 8 5^ 87,495 17 Ci 91,447 8 Si ;95,791 18 Oj *«* All British vesaeig, and all forpien vessels privileged as British in respect of charees, are e.x- empteil frnin all rates and duties payable to tiic Trinity Corporation when navigated wholly in ballast. ♦ These liijhis were, on the expiration of the Crown lease of the same to Greenwich Hospital, on Ihfi 3()lh of .Iiine, 1832, transferred to the Trinity Ilonse, that corporation paying lo the commissionera of the Hospital the sum of 8,3'J9Z. Ifis. for the purchase of the buildings, the ground on which they are erected, stores, &c. On this transfer being inade, the tolls were reduced from Id. to id. per ton. t This Iis'itexhibiloil20tli of April 1835; the followins are 'lie rilcsof clnrffe;— Fureifrn viwelfl not privileged as Briti&li, douMe Ihe foregninj ni^i B. Coistera Britiih and foreign privileged veueli oversea - Britiih and foreirn venels entering Ihe port of Fal- mouth, but uot for the purposea of trade Ad, per ton. i - All vrs.'^els entering Falmouth harbour from stress of weilber ex* empt from dues. Dues collected at Falmoutli| TrurO| and Greenwich only. I 7. 1 1: \ 142 LIGHT-HOUSE. Private t.ifflil-hoii.tm —Vr\vnti' indlvldiiiilR prnitiiig liKlit-liniiaPfi hnvn i^onRrnlly nhtnlncd a leaia of lliu HiiiiM! Iri'iii lli<> (.'mull Tiir ii ilcfliiilt! riimiln'r nC ytNirn, ivllli aiillinrily In tliiirv'! certiiin fi^ea on Hlii|i|)iii)r. OwiiiK III tliu L'r(!iil iiicrriiHti nl' niiviKilioii, tmiiic ul' llicsi! liulii-liniii'i'H liiivi; hiTnina very vmIiiiiIiIi; |irc'|ii'rlioM. 'i'lii? HiiiiiIIh iiiiil l,(Mif;Hlii|iH ll|.'lil!i liiivc always lit'lnniri'd In llii; Triiiily IldiiHc, lint wrrt! IhiihccI liy iliiit lio ly In (iriviKu iiiillvidiialH. Tin; Iraxcn liavi', linwi-vcr, liuvn rec'Diiily iMiriliaHi'd liy llu! Ciirporaliiin.— Wu extract friiin tlio Pari, Paper, No. »i(W. Hkm. IBJb, tlie (Muwiufi Actniiiil iif till! (JrcHH iind Nell Rcvpniic of the private I.isjlit-liniiaeg nf Ilarwicli, I)iineeii(>!!H, Wln- tert(iiiiiud8 uiid Orlurdiiesg, uiid lluiiiilaiitoii Ciill', diiriiit; 1B34 uiul 183S, alatiiiK 'low ll<^' aumu wai divided. Kitprnse of ('nllKClinn .mil Aii)>roprl.-il'on nt Die Nett RrviMiue. Names of I.igtll houwa. M.ttiilelulicu. Anintinr paiil to IliK Crown. Aliioiinl lai.l to llie I.VMit*ri, r. 1. d. L 1. d. /,. ». d. L. . d. /.. /. d. Harwich light hoiiiej l«34 9,0.14 16 II i,^m \A 4 f .07 1 1 7 4,1H H III 3 221 li 7J Ih3> I0,4I>!I li 8 1,7 7 II 1 Mint IH 7 !,Ji; 3 2 3. .76 l.i ft DungencM lifilil-lifiusei IW4 6p li 13 II 1,366 7 7 4,1-9 6 4 'i,mi 13 2 2XH4 li 3 I8J6 .V8I6 II 3 1,3 j 16 S 4.483 14 1(1 2.i3\ i7 6 2.^31 17 f, WinlerlonneM jnil Ortordneu I0.14 9.IS7 Id S l,>7l S 3 7,618 II 2 3,-(l8 S 7 3,^0,^ S 7 IVI5 lO.dM 1 « l,9!ll II 2 8,101 10 4 4,IJ30 15 1 4,0 '() l.i 2 HuDilanlon CliO' • 1M4 &i7 II ■ ■4 18 6 47,! li 6 • 472 li 6 1833 631 12 1 no i II 40j 9 2 - 40.) 9 2 Harwich l.i^htf, heM by nenera) RelK)W, umlir lease frrm Ihe Crn'vn, fnr ii vt-^n frmu (he ^Ih nf January, lt)27, |>^yin|e to tlie Crowri S'/illis oi Ifif iie I duty collectfJ. Ihingtntit Liifhlf, held under leaie frnm Ihe Crotvn by Thonini M^illiaiii CukRi ^<>4] f.nl Hrayhrooko j under a lease Ir^n- hv Crown, which expires nn Ihe lal iT June, j 184*). Net! prodnce of (he duties equ-illy divided bctwrcii lheCrov\n and his Umlship. Ihe duties were reduced at the liitt renewal of the lease in l8iH, from Id. to I 2rf. per ton. At the expiration of the lease, Ihe li)|;ht hausev, gniunds, Ac. becom:- the pr |>erty of Ihe Crown. flumiavton Cli(f /.»s (ofT land's End) Muiiibtea (tiear Swansea) - Skerrie* (St. (tenr^r'a Channel) Dunxenesi • Winter! m and Orford Smalls (S-. (ieor^t^'s ( hannet) Uil'o (ditio) KoaMinn) S[ urn (Shore) mouth of Humber Tyuemouth Ditto (additional) • • Id. _ 1 irf. . ■ Id. ^ l-2d^ . ■ l-2,<. ._ l-id. ■ ■id. .. Id. ■ Id. ... 1 2d. . ■ Id. _ |.2d. . ■id. ^ Id. ■2d. ._ l.2d. . ■ Id. — l-irf. . • i's. per vefl. tj. per \n ■ 1.4ti. per ton. 2d. per Ion. The neti revenue nf the Siiiiilta light-hoiise in St. Renree's Channel ninonnted, at an avcrape nfthe S years ending with Iti3'2, lo 10,510/. 10«. id. a. year. The lease had then 44 yeara to run. In 1822, the Trinity (Corporation having proponed to purchase the reverRion, the lessees demanded fur it 148,43IU. ! The ('iirpnrcition has recently efTected the purchase; hnt owing to the increase of cnin- mcrce in Ihe interim, they have had to pay a larger sum, noiwitlislandlng the diminished length ofthe iease. This Tact alfnrds it striking illustration of Ihe extreme inexpediency of the practice of leasing light-houses lo private parties. Wherever they are necessary, they ought to he raised at the public expense, and the fees kept as low as possihie. There cannot, in fncl. be any greater iinprovideiicc or abuse, than to make over to a private individual or association a power to levy, for a long series nf years, a certain amount of toll on the ships passing particular lights. The renewals mentioned iiIiovr are, however, the last transactions of ihe sort that are ever likely to occur; for by llie net '> & 7 Will. 4. c. 79., the whole right and property in the Harwich, Diingeness, Winierton and Orford, and Hunstanton llplits is vested in the Trinity House, subject to the existing leases; and fur these the Corfioralion is at present (1836) in treaty. The Skerries is liy far the most valuable nf the private light-houses. It is situated on a small Islet or rnrk to Ihe north-west of the island of Anglesey ; and was granted to the ancestor of the present proprietor, 10 be /urciier liolden by him, his heirs and assigns, by Ihe act 3 Geo. 2 k..?,6. This light produced, at an average of the 7 years ending with lt^34, a nett revenue of I2,524{. \ba. %l. a year! Thi Rcvtch or Siirthtm Uizhts are under Ihe nt.i|jai!rnif nl of a set of parlianieiilary ccinmi'.sioner,. 'I'lie act of 6 fc 7 Will. 4. c. 7t*. I. 40. ennc'i, ihi'l from the Isl of .l.inu,irv, 1^37, all British .if j fo reign privi|.»^cl le'-selj. not wholly in b:»IIaBi, which shall p.-) is any Scotch liirlit-lioiise. or derive any l>enitit thcrefioni, shall ray I 2a. per ton for ea- h lime of passi'nir everj' bucli liirhMi'>u8e, except that on the Hell Rock, for winch lliey are lo pay Id. |er Ion each time of passing. Foreign vestels, not privihged, pay double Ihiie ralf!. /ri>A L\ghttt.-~\l appears from the Part Paper, No. €08. Sest. 1^36, p. 12., that the frna sum collected for Irish li^hl dut ca. durin; l!<3-, arnnunied In 44,64li. 6f., of » hich 35.^05/. I4i. id. was col- lec'ed in Gnat Britain The r.itea of change are as follow :— Foreitfn vessels, |.2d. per Ion for each Iinht passid; except har* hour li|;hts. vvhich are only chargeable In vessels entering the yCTii within which th«-y are situated. British and Irish, 1.4(f. per ton (l-M. if in ballail) for each light, eirept as above. With a iluty of 2f. on every entry, cockel, or warrant, when from foreign ports, but not otherw-ihe. Cumpensation to Private Parties. — The authority acquired by certain individuals and public bodies, under letters patent, acts of parliament, and otherwise, of levying certain duties on account of li£[liitil. was paid lo the les^^ees of the finialls light-hnuse already nlluiied in, and 2,965/. to the proprietors of Ihe Spttrn and Skerries lights. The Trinity rorpnratinn"relin([til8hi;d their claim to compensation some lime since ; and the act & 7 Will. 4. c. 79 forbids such cninpen. Ration being intide to them, the Commissioners of Northern Lights, and Ihe ctinimissioners for iiiniiitg. ing the Irish lights. — (For some account of the Trinity Corporation, the reader is referred m lhnl article ; and for accounts of the charges on account of Beaconage, Oallastage, Pilotage, Sec. sec thesie titles.) ('I'he following important regulations, in respect of light-houses, are embodied in the act of last se.ssion, 6 |ji p;i«.-ill(; ,.„ pass in;; w I h.xlra I), «n llie Trill Ihe I'nrt nf 111 I Iff III,, n in any port aicntllil ()(' frniii Hjfliiii The foil,,, the Olliciul { Name of Lighi Scilly.* . LongsJiips,# I LiMrl col- [\v :— ]ig llie lOtU f each lisM, when trom Ic bodies, lof Usliti", Ifrnni f"- ||i foreign rqiii'iilly lluil<^il tn, ln(;iiisht;d ■r iimiiiig- 111 111 thai SCO thes* the act r this net Jmiiil ihe I) iilsol'iir le cdiilrol Viproviiig Iiimimse- Vss, Hun. Plnntnn and Orrnrdnrsn, nn(r, p. 112.), IipIiI iiiiili!r l«n«n from llie rrown. Is vostcd In llip Trinity IIiiiiHe, miliji'cl to till' cxititiMi,' Iciisi's, rriivljiiiiii iH iil^o) nmili- In llii- ad tnr ctiiihliiiu tliH Trinity Iliinsc, til inirrliilHi! ii|) tlii' rrvcrsion orHii; li'iisrs ((ninti'il liy tiMMii ol' llio l.onKNliipnaiiil Siiiiillii lixlittf, anil till' |irii|iiirlv iinil nileri'm of lli<^ owiifrn or piirlic!* Iliivhiu lliii rnuiiiiK<''iHiiit ol'tlii! Sktirrii'H, W|»iirn Point, mill till' Tyin'inonlli liulit-honsiis. Hliinilil lli paid (In: latti^r, ihi> matter. In all micli cni««.H, Ih to In- rcfi'rred to the (liM iHiiin of a Jury, the ini'tiniil of wIioni' proni-dinii Ih pointKit out in tliu iiit. It Ik iiIho «Miii('tcil that 110 iii'W lii:lit-lioiiHi> bliall In t'uturu Im <^ri'rti!il on llie .><('iitcli or Iriuli coantH, without this approval of thcTiinitv llimsr liavini; licen pri'viiinsly ohtalinMl ; niiil that thi; olhrrrsi ol' th« lattir Nhall have piiwrr at all liinos to r-ntcr upon and I'xaiiiin)^ hoi'Ii Sinlch and Irish lii!ht)i.--(^; % 'A, 4, &c.) Dulles III ner.iiii III iif Seidell I.ij;IiIs.—\{ Ih unacted that from and uflfr tln' Int of January, 1837, all JlnilMli i-hips, iinil all fureiKii pri\ iliinud Hliipn, imt wholly in liallant, hIkiII pay \il. \w.t Ion cath tiinii of piiM'^ini! lai'li li'.'tit on ilii^ (iianlH of Scotland, with tlic uxvt'plion uf lliu iii^ll Hock light, the chart((> on passin ! wliiili Ih \il. pi'r tun. — (} 10.) h.tiia Diilir.^ nn h'i.riiirii SIii/li privileged. — Tht'gK are no longer tn he paid out of the ciiHtoniH' duties to the Triiiilv Moiisn', the (^oniihisHiuners uf Northern Li|{litH, or tliti Comniiiisloners for ImpiuvinB Ihf I'ort iif liiililin.— (<) a 31. 11.) Il,lijriihind I.ijthl.— Vx the 31hI of neeninhnr, IH.W, foreign Hhips riearinii nut from any KriliHli port to any port or plii'e williin or miar the rivern Klhu and Weser, are to lie charKiMl id. per ton, on inx'iiaiit of the lii'ligiilanil li^ht ; ami, from the Namu date, foreign Hliipu, nrriving at a llritinh port from witliin the ahove nientioncd limits, are to he charged the like sum of It/, per ton fur the said licli:. -(?:«>.) 'i'lii' I'olliiwin^' partienlnrH, ns tn the prineipal RritUh und Irish light-hougog, have been taken from the Olliciul Statement issui-d by the Admiralty. I. ENGLISH I.IGIIT-tlOl'SKS. Name of Light. Scilly.* . Lnnglliipt.* I,i7.,inl.» YA lyslnnf.* C.uiiueta.* rorlland.* Ilursl. NetdlM.* Beachy I lead.* PiimeneM.* DnviT ' Soulh Forchnd.* j Snulh Sand IltaJ, I HoalllK- Gull, lloalins. Goodnin, floatinj;. Il.im 32 .33 30 ICO 60 63 36 Both 4S. 72 One 13, the othen 38. 2'i 70 60 23 26 Utiiude. '*"«"'«"• o t 11 V I n 40 53 37 6I9 23W, 41 83 73 20 R« 12 41 32 60 25 83 63 35 62 77 63 38 30 90 44 72 33 CO 64 23 30 4 49 57 18 SO in 34 49 42 17 .30 3122 50 42 23 50 39 33 30 41 6041 ,30 53 51 7 31 8 61 10 61 10 51 17 51 19 6120 51 2i 51 29 516639 3143 5147 52 4 60 62 29 to 52 43 52 57 62 49 52 33 20 .'.2 57 8 63 1 .33 16 53 34 63 34 44 54 7 34 17 64 30 I 54 65 6 44 6 10 39 4 15 3 2 23 34 2 26 49 132 60 133 56 39 13 E 57 48 1 18 I 22 127 130 136 129 127 48 1 17 8 154 129 134 15 145 14 141 138 131 I 19 30 29 41 025 0.37 13 7 6 W. 023 37 122 i I I 144 LIGHT-HOUSE. Enffllili I.tKhl-IIoiiaci— eoiitiiiiKit. Nunt o( Light. Ptacfl whfrron L jfht'buuw tUnili. TyD«. rn)iit i)f r)ork Wny J Sflinru ; lnwi*lt litar ('Iiminl'i Fori Tynamoulh Cat* Tynrriinuth Caillo ll«.» V»r.l. Ouicr F«rDt l.oiii(itoQe Rock Inner Ftrn. Btrivlck. SI. Ben.* W«lucy.» Fnrnihv.* niack Atiok. Lniowe. nidnlnn.* Upper Ifiylakft. L'nver MnylAkft. Liverpool|fljatiiij( Air.* Lynu.* Skerfles.* South Slack.* B«n)iey.* 8m«lli • Milfonl.* Cildy.* Miimhiea.* Swansea Pier. NMh.» Uik.* Flatholm.* Lundy.* S. W. point of Oreal 2 Fern liUnJ. Eut en J of the Pier. SI. Ren llrail. Siiiil!i I'nini of Walney Miri'l. Ffirtiity Point. RiKk l^'i'itil, entrance nf ttie Menpy. On IhB ihnro, betwprn tlin .Mertey and n«l-l<>n Hill. MiiylAke. IfityUke. At 'he entrance of the llnrse I'ltanoel. Pojnt o( Air. Point I.ynaif lile of Anfcti-Hri. Int.tnil of Skerries. i<'Utli Sl.ick Hiiok, otr the noplh-went point of llolyliead Js l.ind RinUey Islind. SinnlN Fi'tck. SI. Ann'i PoHit. Cildy Iiland, nulh JHilut. Mnnit)Ipii ITcid. Western Pier Head. N.uh Point. Wwt side nf the en- Innre to Die IJsk. FU'holin Islandi south point. Lundy Island. 2 Detcrip'inn o' Lifht. Filed. RevoWini. Beery niilMlle. Hevoliinf. Kvrry S I minute. HithnI Kviiy | rrviilvinf, J UMhUtr. lowest lllivl. Filed. Fiirl. I - Revolving. ] Kvery 1 niinuies, Revolving. Kvery liiiuutu. Filed. Filed. Fined. Filr.l. Filed. Filed. Filed. Filed. Revolving. Ftashini. Filnl. Filed. Filed. Fixed, tiled. Fixed. Filed. Upper revolving, lower fixed. Kvery 2 iiilnufea. Every 45 Kconds. 94 13 rnlonrnf ' »1''«!>'"' '•'"" ";"«• a'l'.lll?, "*'■ Fe«l. White. Slonv. Stone. Slone. Stone. While. Slune. White.' While. .Stone. Mriik. Rrick. Carrieiallag, SIripeil red and white, hori. lonially. Ilriik. While. Stouv. Stone. Red. White, red top. Orey ilone, red lop. While. While, black top. Stone. While, red top. Slone. 77 148 Revolving HI, the other 40. 44 34 3,13 70 (9 lis 300 MJ .14 36 49 II 80 IIT 2IJI 141 70 ili""l«. M ".' S13!» 65 37 3'i46 '>I3I VI 4 126 W. ir> I ;i8 140 ■.1 w :ii2 3 3 r. I !.3l.ii< 3 2 36 3 7 27 51 21 53 ii 53 21 26 53 2'i 11 J5 33 18 52 45 M41 51 41 3 4 311 3 17 3 19 14 4 17 10 4 35 4 41 4 47 5 4U 5 lU '25 6137 56 4 40 57 51 34 3 3 59 10 3137 I 3 56 5124 51 S2 ; 3 33 I 3 01 22 33 3 7 3 51 10 7 4 40 15 Those marked * are what are called fint'Claae lighla. II. SCOTCH LIGHT-HOUSES. Inchkeith.* Isle of May.* Bell Rock.* Dundee Ferry. Butlonness.* Arbroath. Munlrose. Aberdeen. Girdleness.* Ruchannes.s.* Kinnaird.* Tarbel. Dnnnet.* Peiiilanil Sker- ries.* SUrl.» Sumburgh.* Cape Wrath.* Glass.* Bara Head.* Llsmore.* Highest part of Inch keith Ishnd. Ilisliest part of Isle of May. Bell Rock. On the ferry pierv. Butlonness. Northern Pier. North sido of the en* trance. Head of Ihe North Pier. Girrtleness. Buchannesa. Kinnaird Head, Tarbetness, Dnnnet Head. Largest of Ihe islands. Slart Point, Sandy Is- land. Orkney. ^'iniburgh Head, Shet- land. Caue Wrath. North • east point of , I Islanu Glass, Harris Isles. Rernera Island. Leivis Islands. ! Mousdale Island, Ar-j I Revolving. Fixed, Revolving. Fixed. Fixed. Fixed. Fixed. Fixed. Flaihing. Fixed. Inter- mittent. Fixed. Fixed. Revolving. Fixed. Revolving. Fixed. Fixed. Every minute. 20 21 Every 2 minutes. 14 H • - 9 12 3 8 • • 4 Events seconds. Every 3 minutee. 19 in 18 24 12 Every minute. IS 24 Every 2 niiuulea. 24 IS 1- ■ 15 Stone. Stone. White. White. While. While. While. Red. Stone. Slone. Slone. Slone. Stone. Slone. Stone. While. Stone. 220 2i0 90 10 16 «5 65 15 33 45 20 130 120 175 340 ino 100 300 400 130 103 lU so 35 50 (0 45 66 2 3 8 67 3611 2 33 100 56 26 2 23 • 56 28 2 53 70 60 66 28 S6 .13 .'>6 42 2 45 21-1 2 27 • ,57 9 2 4 100 ' 57 8 67 28 2 3 146 57 120 .57 42 57 51 2 1 3 48 45 30 58 40 58.I13S 322 2 53 w. 59 18 59 51 58 37 57 52 56 4S 56 30 224 1 16 5 633 7 33 333 I Nam* of LIgl H'oniisiif Hay, KiKlyrt.* Plaild.1.* Ciinit'ne.* 'I'ow.itd.* ' ("louxh.* I'lirsewall.* "ii'l of (i,||„. « ,"■•)• ^I'l'riiess.e I'll* Clear.* I KiiMile.* Colli llirhniir • I lluk lower.* [ Duncannon, ' Dunniore Harbour. I I Cnnin»liex, or Sal (l ' <•■<■: HiuUiu , lull'* " Tuskir* 1 1 Artil'iw (Iiiaiing U lirli'.* ' tVitji|(i,v,» Kin<.t:i»n liar. iNiur. \ .NNrlh Wall, Foolbc^.* K'llniiiM-««iil Ovpr^ay lilahtl, nrar I I'laihinc. P.vrr]- 13 lllnl. Kiii'yt^. I'll 1 1,1 MiihI. oir .s. i I'KtJ. \V ixiiiil n( Arr^ii M111V l.iiilr I uinljne UUiicJ. I Fiiol. lokv.iril rmiil. I I Kevt Ivini. Ev»ry iiiinuiL'. I ImiiiIi IViiiil. I I Cinnl. ( ()iii>tvjll I'oiiit. ' I , Rr\olvin(. Kvrryi { Ihil.Ulf". Viiiih |>fllnln( VViflon- I Iii'fr- Hifi) 3 tliiri', ] I niilti*nt< liiiiiulli. \\\, r>,iy\ Titint. '. I \ ivnl II 2] n II 8lanr. Sliiiic. bliiiif. Wliilt. Wli It. While. ^)||)lt«. Slonf. Whilf. ll'UMnr l.ttllVIII 'll.l^L. t ..U.vrM, "''«V'' VV.ll«r, 111 ""■■ Iwt. IM 297 131 77 10(1 78 Hi 323 Fmi'Ioh, u.!?;.!* '"-«'""'• HI) 2H N 27 21* 44 7« 70 w I 11 •)j-ll Hi It U2» U i MM M I 64 38 '.4 -il > I I) U29 i 9 4M 4j7 4M S ID 4 62 :)37 iitiMi i.ioiii'.iKii'.ses. Ci|»Cliiar,* ('»|M CItitr UUiid. l| Kiioiii-.* Cnill Miilmur • ll.ioll luBcr.* Duncnnnnii. Dunninre lUrbour. Cmiin«lir<, "r Sil tft'% llikitiiitf liii;h *»irillv • Ti.rv l.l.iirl.* Amiimoru. Killvlv.'<. Ki.'ii i t lliKik lli»l. K. liilnnr I f 11 niicu to Wa er> f.rl. I llutn'iiinnn Vurl, rii- 2 (riiirr to \V.itf, fiirj, K. skIh I'hr lli^il, \V. fill' nf; I riitrtiiL'u to VViler (nr.|. iin' (Jiiiiiii||lH>2 Reck. ruikir Rnck. .Siiuth rnd or Arklow llai.k. \Viiklow Heail. Kist Tier. Rflvblviii^, (^vcri 2 < niiuuina. i Finnl. I KisrI. I FiktxI. rinFii. FilEd. riieJ. Revolviii(, , Evny 2 iiilimira. Kiiil of North OuLlin KikI nf S nail, .11 ihr' 2 i-li'iaiii'e til Dulil.ii' ll.iiUiiir. I (JII'lnrliioiiilorKiili 3 Ml. k llinvili n.iilly I'nini.l 1 N. aide or iJuliIliii R.iy Kii I i)f Kul I'jpr. I'i>r, larlKiirJ hind In i-iidTinf. fhullKi\vlin< Kick. (treenurv; I'oiiit ^^ulh Itock. Smill ConeLinil I> IiikI. MaiJeii n-ir.it, north .-iMit snii'll. luhlslr.'ilitil llland. north , Skelliri.» Fannct Pn'l. .M..lt n Miii'l. Uiil- wiy Mull -iir. Suniiiili nf South Arraii lOaiid. Kil';. Kvi ry iiiiiiiiif and half. Fixed. Fixed. Revolving. ', Every 2 luiiiuiea. Fixe I. Fixed. Fixed. Fixed. Fixed. Fixed. Fixed. Revolvin;. Fixed.' Fixed. Fixed. Every 3 ininulea. 28 While. 4.U 42 6128 3 9 29 20 23 II 17 tVhile, Wlii'e. While. 2n\ 9i 139 42 21 no 51 re t6 (.1 4N 62 7 2i 8 32 16 d M 6 65 68 e While. 40 2j £2 13 656 8 Whiti. 44 36 52 10 85S 9 Carrieaallaj. 2> Bl 52 3 6 37 IS White. 101 • 52 12 9 9 12 37 8 Carries.! flag. 25 • 62 44 5 48 21 M 9 White. Rrown. 2W 121 31 S8 29 19 62 68 !V3I8 5 57 6 9 9 Granile. 33 23 83 21 6 15 13 Sliine. 6§ 63 C3 20 32 6 1013 • • Carrleaaflaj. 25 63 19 5 58 17 While. 114 42 53 22 6 4 II 11 Whi'e. While. 43 3J 37 35 r3J3 03 37 6 6 6 12 1) 8 White. While. 101 29 III 26 54 1 54 153 6 6 6 761 12 White. £2 60 54 24 628 n While. 131 i2 54 42 5 32 14 10 18 White. While. f>4 <>4 l(>7 CO 60 26 54:0 65 26 5 45 7U 14 16 While. «lehead - Ned's point lihuile hland. Newport ... Wateh hill - Point .liiililli ... fjoal islaiiil ... Dutch Island ... Warwick neck Nayal poidi . - . Liftht-liouHs, 15 U iU II) III II) e 10 10 10 1 M 10 lu 29 10 8 10 8 7 7 8 8 It 15 15 12 14 14 8 5 .10 2!) 20 15 II 13 6 12 15 10 7 10 10 10 11 8 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 I Oil 10 fi 10 II ! 15 8 10 8 8 H G I'.lock island (2 lights) ^ Poplar point ... yeriiinnt. Juniper island Ciinnecticut. New London ... Palkiier's island l.yiide poirt ... Five-mile point F." •-weather island 1, ''ford point .•*!' iiialon . . - walk island .eat ('aptain's island - Morgan's point JVeiD York. Sandy llook ... Sandy Hook, 2 beacon- lights consiiine e()iialto Katon's neck - - . Sand's point ... Old-field point Fire-island inlet Tbrog's point Stony point ... Prince's hay ... Fort Tompkins N.-versink, highlands of, (2 lights) ... Coxsackie ... Fonr-inile point Sliiyvesiint ... Hangcrties ... Moiiiank ... I,itile-(iiill island - PIntiib island . . - liiiff.lo .... Fort Niagara . . - Calloo island ... Oswego .... (Jrnesee- ... Sodns hay ... Tibhil's point Horse island ... Ogileiisburg ... Dunkirk- ... Stony point - - - JVem Jersey. Barncgat shoals Pe>iv.sylcania. Presqiie-isle ... Presqiie-isle beacon Deliiware. Cape HenlopiMi Cape-Henlopen beacon - Cape May ... Mahon's ditch lloniliay hook Mispillion creek Christiana creek - Miiriiland. Itoilkin island Norlh point (2 lights) Thomas's point Poors island - . - Sinilh's island Coni'ord point Oive point ... Point Lookout Lazaretto point Clay island ... I'iney point ... Turkey point ... Little Watt's island No.nl Iniiil^. 18 8 10 II 12 7 8 8 in 10 10 10 10 18 13 12 11 10 IS II 7 11 12 31 6 6 5 6 13 14 10 14 9 15 7 10 10 U 8 10 13 10 11 10 4 13 10 15 1 10 1 fi 10 13 18 13 13 10 1 9 13 11 ' 10 10 II ] l.ight-housft. yirginia. Cape Henry ... Old Point Comfort - Smiih's point New Point Comfort Smith's isl.'iiid llack-rlver point . Assateagiie Island - JViir/A Carolina. Dald head Federal point ... Cape Hatteras Pamlico point Ocracoke ... Cape Lookout Roanoke inurshcs . Smith Carolina. Charleston ... Itacoon key ... North island ... Georgia. Tyhen .... Tybee beacon >Si. Simon's Island - Sapelo Island ... Deacons on Wolf island (2) Ciiiiiberlaiid island Ohio. Sandusky ... fJraiid river ... Craiid-river beacon ('leveland ... Cli'ViManil beacon-li!:ht - Tnrlle island - - - Port Clinton . - . Conneaiit-river luacon . ('unnlnglmm-hurliour liea- Cl'll . - . . Hnion-river beacon lilack-river beacon Ashluhuhi beacon . l.iiiii.iiana. Frank's island Soiiili point (.on Gordon's islaiid) ... Point Defer - - . Pleasonton's island Fliirida. St. Augi'stine Dry Tortiigas Sand key ... Wlilieliead-point (Key West)- Pensacolii ... St. Mark's - St. John's river St. (Jeorge's island . | Michigan. F! - 4; - Ui il - 4i - 11 - 81 )n - 4 lica- - 3' 30 II 1.') 10 10 15 14 15 ' 10 15 II 13 10 11 i:i II II I 13 II I 21 I " I 1" h II' LIMA— LINEN. lo^W^'^^^f't' P '^T''^" "»« --t coast of South A • '^^ <^^a!l«o, the port of Limn i . ^ ProbalAy amount to from north of. P4et!:j,!:ir:. - -^^«^-;'es W. fro,„ the .at.er. The h.I r Sm Loren/.o. J>revio„«!y t„ ""' '" "'« «ngle f,nne,J hy ,|,e smJl,,, T' '"'" '" ^'e coast of South America it a '" ""-f "'•-' ff--"'"' ^"Z'-''^^/' fl. tho m' ,""''r«"' "^''""'^h carno.1 on throuLrh Buen Ja •''^"^"'^'•Hble portion of X f '""'" "'^ "" the xvest Bo^..is at second 'hind .^ vCi"'' "i ^"^'"^ ^ »'- - he h:;?;".;;!' " "^ .P"" '« n":; consist principally of colcr i h ^ ""^ """^^ P"-"'^ i" ChdiThn ''"P''"'''S European quinquina, &c. The ,2 rN "' "'^•''■' •^"fdovan /eat " „ , "''""''^ '">'" Lima ware, from Englau.IsU. 7"'"*' '"''"'^'Pally ..f w,,, u. ' ,""'' ^"''P' vicunna wool United Siares fnS m' K^' ''^^' "'-' '-- «;>« n td "Ir""" '^'""^' «"'' h 2 substance of a wh ,e -n^ ^""',''''- ''■ ^«''""«, C//ce s.'. n IT'''^''' ^"^^ <^''''"^. by ^«i-i„klin,,itt;tr;rTv''rf'^ ''"''' ^'"' -S is Lnf',''"/"^"^)' — ^thy sure corrodes and des.r^/the ^.tr"""!' n '^ " ''»« » ''"''" n/tsle '", ^""'^•^^' --'"''^^ fie gravity. 2-3. CaiciuJn, the meta ll° "^°^%*""»«1 '-odierto whi h M°"'^ 'r f'"'' "'««- *.i»it., ,:,... .'"•'."'• ^"n«>i(ili:.«,. ....... "'^" '""e does not Pvi=t i. , . ■' Tlipre .ire f -w pans of .1. . " '""*'' "'«'» ^1 l'inesf..„Bs II1I.V I P , .rr? /^ "'^""''' '" "'e sliaiie nfVr.i ^- .^""« '" "f "iiicli . m IV" "'">' ''''s "ever ■ha. have l„.„ ,„^, i!, J,,; " ^ ''■ . ™" " P'"'y. Prtm. S T '' ". •■»' "»' k«" .» •frtKuied with resfwct to tbp n^- "* "'•' ""^'•al and errZo n.' ^. "^^^^ ">•'»' "othin* the answer to it. «; /^ L '^''"'"'*' P'inciples of nubl.vT """""« t^at were the. en l-^ •>«gun to ma'ke som?prZ;:i'" ^'^'''^ '""'«"f to S J ma„l'^"- «''^'«'-'^'«" deii. g'«lature of that country to Zn "rf '''"'"""^ ''««^ ""'liTicuIty Tn ? r' '" ^'"'='» '^ey "nportation ! It is b... ;„ .• r^'""'^' "'here prohibitorv 1 .• ®''P*"^''»''on of all woollen I f I " . ) 148 LINEN. encouragement. It may, indeed, be doubted whether the regulations have been always the mofit judicious thnt might have been devised, and whether Ireiaud has really gained any thing by the forced extension of the manuf iclure. Mr. Young and Mr. Wakefield two of the highest authorities Qi, to uH matters corineeled with Ireiaud, contend that the 8|)read of the linen manufacture has not really been advantngenua. And it steins to be suHiciently established, that though the manufacture might not have been ho widely ditlused, it would have been in a sounder and heuUliier state had it been less interfered with. liounlus. — liesides premiums and encouragements of various kinds, bounties were granted on the exportation of linen for a very long jieriod down to 18.30. In I8i!l, for example, notwithstanding it had been very murh reduced, the bounty amounted to about 300,000/., or to nearly one seventh part of the entire real or declareii value of the linen ex- ported that year! It is not easy to imagine a greater abuse. A bounty of this sort, instead of promoting the manufacture, rendered those engaged in it comparatively indili'rrent to improvements: and though it had been otherwise, what i.-s tojie thought of the policy of persisting for more than a century in supplying the foreigner with linens for less than they cost? We have not the least doubt, that were the various sums expended in well-meant but useless attempts to force this manufacture, added together, with their accumulations at simple interest, they would he found sutlicient to yield an annual revenue, little, if at all, inferior to the entire value of the linens we now send abroad. And after all, the business never Iwgan to do any real good, or to take firm root, till the manufacture ceased to be a domestic one, and was carried on principally in mills, and by the aid of machinery, — a change which the old forcing systenj tended to counteract. The only real and ellectual legislative encouragement the manufacture has ever met with, has been the reduction of the duties on flax anil hemp, and the relinquishing of the absurd attempts to force their growth at home. Exfiorts of Linen from Ireland, S(c. — The following 'J'able, which we regret the parlia- mentary accounts do not furnish the means of continuing to tlie present day, gives An Account of tlie Quantity and Value of ilie Linens exported from Ireland, from 1800 to 1820, both . inclusive. An Aceoiir Innddi Aliiolint of nouiity |ai'l in Yean. To Grul Driain. To Foreign Parts. Total. li'danJ. on Linen VxporleJ to Foreii^u Fan*. £ a. d. Yiiiila rnrrf,. Karrff. 1800 31,978,039 2,585,899 34,563,868 1*02 33,2 16,9 1.» 2,368,91 1 35,61.5.851 ISOt S9,N37,M)1 3,3(13.528 43,140,629 10,515 2 2 IS(H) 3,5,21.5.280 3,880,961 39,126,241 J3,6fiS 4 6 ISO^ 41,938,719 2,033,367 43,992,086 6 740 16 1810 3a..584.5»5 4,31.3,725 .36,898,270 16,418 19 9 1812 33,320,767 2.524,686 35,8-15,433 11,548 3 4 1814 39,539,143 3,163.783 43,003,226 17,231 14 11 1813 37,y8fi,.S.59 5.496,206 43.4h2,,'65 17,430 17 3 1810 42,.rifi,118 3,.399,5II 45,720,629 12,082 6 4 1817 50,288,812 5,911,73) 56,230,575 2l,.52l 15 4i 1818 41,7:iv'!5t 6,178,95i 50,92.),308 28,8 18 6 2 1819 34,9;.7,3;!G 2,683,855 .37,611,251 16,177 8 35 1820 40,318,270 3,291,918 43,613,218 11.928 9 11 1821 45,519,509 4,011,630 49.531,139 18,218 19 i\ 1522 4:t,2-J6,7IO 3,374,<;s)3 46,601,703 17,112 9 2 ISM 4S,0,59| 3.100,006 51,235,.5ir7 17,765 5 10 1821 ■t«,4fifi,95n 3,020.127 49,493,377 17,114 13 KIJ 1825 52,5.V,»,C78 2,5.53,587 55,11,3,265 12,013 9 6^ 1826 C The pxjwi-aiio, s o Great Pn ■) 2.720,2y7 - - - lli,249 17 9 1827 3 1H2S ^ tain (iiiiioi l»e atr rl >i(-e.i f r 'li«e y(;ars, the crnsf chaniitJ Irade having l.ceii as>i,ii,l.'UeJ by ( 4,281.566 C 3,214,91 1 - • . 12,114 8 9,491 7 5 1820 C 111*' to a c laffiiiT trattic J 2,386,223 - 6,886 1 1 1 Oftlin.st! rxpnrts, more than 12-13llis h'lve lipeii to CteM Dritnin. Th(> tnt;il nvcr^jre export, during the 3 yn.'irs eniliiig witli 182:>. was 51,917,113 yards, of wi icli 49.031,073 came to tliiii luiiiilry ; the ex- ports in all oilier parts liiiiis mily 2,916,310. Since 1825, the tr;idu lietween Ireland iin^l fJriiiit ilril;iin tins hc-eii placed on the fuotiiig of a coasting trade, so that linens arc exported and iiiipurtud without any spociRc entry at the Cusloni-hnuse. ' Scotch Linen Manufacture.— Jn 1727, a Boaid of Trustees was established in Scotland for the superintendence and improvement of the linen manufacture. It is not easy to sup- pose that the institution of this Board could of jtself have been of any material service ; but considerable bounties and premiums being at the same time given on the jiroduction and ex- portation of linen, the manufacture went on increasing. Still, however, it did not incrciise so fast as cotton and some othars, which have nit leceived any adventitious stipjiorl, until machinery began to bo extensively employed in the manufacture; so that it is very diiibiful whether the influence of the bounty has been so great as it would at first sight appear to Iiuve been. The regulations as to the manufacture, after having been long ol.jected lo liy those concerned, were abolished in 1822 ; and the bounties have now ceased. We sulijjin This nccoi was paid, th for private s Dundee i the last few not lie unac The man beginning o slow. In I', linen cloth ci being made c tons, and tho 280,000 yard tend itself gn tity of machi and principaJI manufacture, were obtained has, indeed, bi tons in 1814, ( in a correspon imported into i 36"6,8 17 piece. yards, oi' saii-cl — (See an ext '«32.) Jnthe tons, Iwsides 3, in a coiresponti It appears, ih as those from al the latter, it has increased at Ma ful progress, .s taining supplies long established northern parts of seem adequate to "lent; and, how. «!"i')e it to any th difficult to explaii oepartments of ir them on. But fr very difficult, wh* them. They ha, fxterity in mani favour of old estal lence of combinat •peedily be deviset JulueoflheMc which to form an . Britain and Irelant shadow of a doubt we expressed our c 'her investigation h «nJ that the entire 7.500,0OO/.» Son, m- LINEN. 149 An Account of ihe Quantity and Vnliienf the Linen Cloth manufactured and stamped for Sale in Scot- land during ttie Ten Years ending w 111 182-2, being the latest Period to which it tan be in ide lip. Avcr»,;e Aver^n Van. Vinli. Value. Price per Vird. Yean. Yardi. Value. I'riie per Y;irJ. /.. .. d. d. r.. t. rf. d. KI3 I9.7J)9,I46 12 !)77„'»I2 1 7 1-2 ll'S ISIS 31,2 3,100 1-2 I,253,S28 H 1.2 96 M\ 26,liU.6W l-« I,2'.3,i74 16 in 1.2 II-5 1819 2'),33),J28 1-4 l,l.'>7,923 4 II 9 1 1815 3i,056,0i5 14 l,40l,7<>fi 1^ 2 I0'5 1820 27,23»,0M 1 4 l,O3V0S IS 5 14 9 t ISIIJ j 19 II 12 92 This account is not, however, of much use. The stamp was only aflixed to linen on which a lioiinty was pnid, that is, on linen Intended for exportation. Linen nianuractured for home use, or inlciidcd for private sale, was not stamped. — (.Ileadrick's Survey of Forfar, p. S06.) Dundee is the grand seat of the Scotch linen manufacture ; and its progress there during the last few years has been so extraordinary, that the following details in respect to it may not lie unacceptable. The manufacture appears to have been introduced into Dundee some time towards tho beginning of last century ; but, for a lengthened period, its progress was comparatively slow. In 1745, only 74 'ons of flax were imported, without any hemp ; the shipments of linen cloth during the same year being estimated at about 1,000,000 yards, no mention being made either of sail-cloth or bagging. In 1791, the imports of flax amounted to 2,444 tons, and those of hemp to 299 tons; the exports that year being 7,842,000 yards linen, 280,000 yards sail-cloth, and 65,000 do. bagging. From this period the trade liegan to ex- tend itself gradually, though not rapidly. Previously to the peace of 1815, no gre-it quan- tity of machinery was employed in spinning; but about this period, in consequence, jiartly and principally of the improvement of machinery, and its extensive introduction into tho manufacture, and partly of the greater regularity with which supplies of the raw mnterial were obtained from the Northern powers, the trade began rapidly to increase. Its progress has, indeed, been quite astonishing; the imports of flax having increased from about 3,000 tons in 1814, tr i? 000 tons in 1830 ! The exports of manufactured goods have increased in a correspon.iini' -ironortion. During the year ended the 31st of May, 1831, there were imported into j* i ,010 tons of flax, and 3,082 do, hemp ; p.nd there were shipped ofif 3G6,817 piece., ■ .; : out 50,000,000 yards, of linen ; 85,522 pieces, or about 3,500.000 yards, o\ sail-clo. . and about 4,000,000 yards of bagging — in all, about 57,500,000 yards f — (See an excellent article on this subject in the Dundee Chronicle, 16th of Octolier, 1832.) In the year ending the 3lst of May, 1833, the imports of flax amounted to 18,777 tons, Iwsides 3,380 tons of hemp. The shipments of linen, sail-cloth, &c. have increased in a corresponding ratio ; and were valued, in the year now mentioned, at about 1,600,000/, It appears, therefore, that the shipments of linen from this .single port are quite as great as those from all Ireland; and while the manufacture has been very slowly progressive in the latter, it has increased at Dundee even more rajiidly than the cotton manufacture haa increased at Manchester. It is not easy to give any satisfactory explanation of this wonder- ful progress. Something must be ascribed to the convenient situation of the port for ob- taining supplies of the raw material ; and more, perhaps, to the manufacture having been long established in the t iwns and villages of Strathrnore, the Carse of Gowrie, and tha northern parts of Fife, of which Dundee is the emporium. But these circumstances do not seem adequate to explain the superiority to which she has recently attained in this depart- ment ; and, however unphilosophical it may seem, we do not really know that we can as- cribe it to any thing else than a concurrence of fortunate accidents. Nothing, in fact, is so difficult to explain as the superiority to which certain towns frequently attain in particular departments of industry, without apparently possessing any peculiar facilities for carrying them on. But from whatever causes their pre-eminence may arise in the first instance, it is very dirticult, when once they have attained it, for others to come into competition with them. They have, on their side, established connections, workmen of superior skill and dexterity in manipulation, improved machinery, &c. Recently, indeed, the advantages in favour of old establishments have been, to a considerable extent, neutralised by the preva* Icnce of combinations amongst their workmen ; but it is to be hoped that means may •peedily be devised for obviating this formidable evil. Vuhie of the Manufacture. Number of Persons employed. — There are no means by which to form an accurate estimate of the entire value of the linen manufacture of Gre^t Britain and Ireland. Dr. Colquhoun estimated it at 15,000,000/. ; but there cannot be tho shadow of a doubt that this is an absurd exaggeration. In the former edition of this work we expressed our conviction that it could not be valued at more than 10,000,000/. ; but fur- ther investigation has satisfied us that even this estimate is very decidedly beyond the mark, and that the entire produce of the manufacture in the United Kingdom does not exceed 7,500,000/.* Some very intelligent individuals, largely engaged in the trade, do not esti * Sir F. M. Eden estimated the entire value of the linen manufacture of Great Britain, in 1800, at 2,000,000i.— (7Veatj4-e «.n Insurance, p. 70.) I I » f\ 160 LINEN. mate it at so much ; and we feel fully conflJent that this sum, if nottauch beyond, is at all events not within the m:irk. Now, if we set aside a third part of this sum for the vulue of the raw material, and 25 per cent, for profits, washes of superintendence, wear and tear of capital, coal, &c., we shall have 3,125,000/. to be divided as wages among those employed in the manufacture. And supposing each individual to earn, at an average, 18/. a year, the total number employed would be about 172,000. It may be thought, perhaps, that 18/. is too low an estimate for wages; and such, no doul)t, would be the cast;, were not Ireland taken into the average. But as a great many persons are there employed in the manufacture at vt>ry low wages, we believe that 1 8/. is not very far from the mean rate.* Linen Tiudt of the United Kini^dom. — The following odicial statements show, in detail, the state of the import and export trade of the country in this department, in 1830, with the results for the subsequent years. Accniiiit nf the Qiiatilitii^s at Ileiiip and Flax, ilreBsed and iiiidrps!i«(1, Hiimp Tow, FInx Tnw, and Linen Yarns, imported into (ireat ilrilain and Ireland, irnni Foreinn I'arls, in the year einluil the Sih ot'.Ianiiary, 1831 ; dii~ t'lOl. Cun. Tjondon • 181,315 3 112,530 ti.l Russia • 441,219 C9i,;90 6,642 Kve l)c ark 77 .Chichei'er 100 Prussia • 6,409 84,841 6.402 ll*ortsiiioiith S,395 (ierm.inv 3^6 6,211 SotitliaiiijitOQ I'oi.e • ' 1,607 282 The Netherlands France • 32" 113,909 3u,i:s 68 I.jrme • o.3i<7 21,419 ll^lv • ^,132 2H Eietcr • .'j,4i7 M.U'ta - ' 6 Flvni'iulh 12,369 1,635 Siern Leone and River F«imoulh •i,'Oi Giiinbia 16 Truro . 212 760 Cs prof Good Hope 514 Peiiz-mce Kast India Company's ter- Bril:5e.vaier 421 rjinrifs 14,080 Bristol - 12,OJ4 661 Philippine Islands SO Gloucester 539 41 New ,Snuth Wales 6,-!46 Ntiw-port 69 United States of America • 69i 86S Cbratsr • 471 121 Chili ■ 9 l.ivtTpc^l 63,392 28,714 639 GuernieT and Jersey (fo- Liiicastrr Wtitiehaven Berwirk 703 4,SI>6 24,691 121 reijn) 44S m 676 229 Total . 484,509 932,456 1VII3 Nuwraslle Sun'irrlaiid 13,412 12, ,87 13,393 21 106 Irdand, SlKhlon • 11,4 Russia - 19,«80 7,989 Hull • 67,550 llt<,l9« 11,199 Prussia 1,218 706 1,816 (;nole • ■ 16,(ib2 2 Germany • • 68 Grinisbjr 1,305 The Ne:herlands . 2,94s 14 l.ynn - '•m? inly . 1,151 Blachnry aail Clay 101 7,0m 19,377 Hayti . 13 y*ruioutl. Scollani. 18,632 4,033 Total . AWre^ale of the imporla. 2i,J62 11,610 1,898 Borrou 3tonns ■ • 2,(i63 tions into the United ffran^cnioutll 1,063 Kin^'Inm from the va- Kirkildy Uualee - MontroM 316 41,119 1,071 43,737 J6S.962 92,588 401 2U9 rious countries ORirijl value thereof, vii. 506,771 944,096 19,211 L. L. L. AberJeen Binff - 7,019 53.«:>7 Great Biitajn • 411832 1,923,428 104,5i9 6,89t 634 Ireland 1 ,9J6 I8,«UJ l9,ti'2J Thureo • 738 Total - 427",7W 1,942,231 121,182 Stornowny 66 [)(Ticial value of exports - 11,798 7,720 Gn-en-ick 946 200 Total official valueof hemp Port Glasgow • 4,507 2,378 and flax left for cnm- Glasgow Irvine . • CaunpbeltowD • 8,740 497 383 sumption in the United Kinj^dom, in 1830 415,360 1,934,511 121,182 trtland. Dublin • 3,816 6,259 Walerfonl 3,8il !«6 Cork • <''2S 17S # Ijmerick 786 '' Jalwav - 6:0 [yjndohderty 602 Coleraine 147 Belfast - 7,303 4,160 1,891 Newry - 451 60 DuDialk Ifjrejfate of the import- 20 20 ations from foreign countries in'o tlie vari- ous ports of the United Kioflom 503,771 944,r')6 19,211 Biimrts from the IJ. K duriog the same year • 9,687 3,633 Ltd for home consumption ietain*d for home con* 497,1 Jl 940,463 19,211 ' suuipiion in 1831 604,308 »IP,<8' 17,352 )itla in 1812 71 8.^46 98<,869 13,594 Jitlo in HAM 537,890 I,i27,7£6 •Acfoiint « t'mm En dilFerent Ilcniily I Countries lo p *" "usoa .Sweden Norway Wfrimiik ^■eriitmy The Neherlai 'Mure ''"""gll, itzori ■V.nni aiij (he ( uitirahar ll.ily . •Mal!a i.ii'ian Islands Turkcv Isles Guernsey, •'"■•ri'-y, and A Ma. •tj'icc IJn ish Nnrlliern Itnliih West |„d, FiTnen VVtM i„i J.mied Stales- Brazil Arexiro t'oIf,n,bia J'tu • Chi.i . Sia'woflheHiod, * A vast niiinhcr nf persons in Ireland arc only partly employed in the manufacture ; but the above niimate supposes that the 173,000 individuals are wholly employed in it. Total Numt,profyap(,„f I "nii-lil»„i„|y„„ )Mrendm,'.5hol [Anminl oHwuntyp- I'or the qiiantil Cumu nipt lot lliat the consun declared value 20,000/. flfiriilalionn as f, lliiiiS, .set lip |„ ,,„^ ami foreipiiers pra privileges of nnt,,, ' ergons affiviiiB r^lantl, shall r„rr, '';"'"■' ••'« the inann "fhiien so p.»po8ert Any person sieali inble at the discroti J/!>i'f.S or lo he i„ LiQuomcE , Liquimiu I Sp. j south of Europe, " f^y- f«s root, whiti and when fresh ver years; the roots, w common drutrcists «nJ.IikecarSo • No tTlie infrifniiiinii II I'lQUORlCE. 1831. r 5 Linen Yarn. Cult. 6,642 6.402 6,jll 68 IVII3 1,816 m 14 - 1,898 19,211 L. 104,5^9 124,182 121,182 Account Of ..e Qua„.„ or Ko.el.n r.nen, ..,„., ,„, „ ^51 Specie* of Unen. I '7>»"«. not French . .„„ I Jtixltnd viluej IJ'iumi}- reia:,„j f'T Home Con- »iiiii|iiin.p in threat Biiiain. 203 I 2 Specita of Linen. iliclircd value 9'n:.,iy „,.inej l"i l:cin,e foil ■uii,|,ri.r,i in I '■'"•I l.ri.iin. S,2-S 1-2 «m 213-4 27 ..7.0 I., 2,->, O: 3 4 ■»"''• III. lOi*. ii/riT.-i.t F.ireip,, C..,,r?,L'' .'"''''''•<'. -r'"f'.>enupo„ "fiii'lilmiinty Mas laid ,„, }"re„d,nj, 14 • • 1,164,261 31.1.17 \i S|iiiij Ani the Caoariet 6,264.til9 209,381 IJ-. 151 69 4,473,1)63 157,139 1,327 934 9« (i l.nllir - 8-9119 2r.!)74 40 2');' 2'> 1,021,80, 30, .93 487 IlilV .... 6II,2.3> 4>,HI4 761 55,43ij 3,612 4l2,0;9 33,774 24 92,818 6,240 M.i.n 30,I6'> l,'.67 203 . 61,639 2,722 143 Iniiim MirnU 22,l>36 1,307 133 . - 24,:£!4 1,443 308 I'lirkey aiiJ CoDtinental Greece 66,83« 4,821 . . - 106,354 5,629 10 M irei .-in 1 Greek !«l.iiiJi - 7.17 30 . . ■ 4,677 187 12 t'a e of (i'loJ Hope - e6i>74 24,814 1,4S3 . 300,310 13,132 852 l)!h.r I'ari. of Africa 3i>2 19" 14,616 270 . • 376.412 14,»4S 1 Ki^I Iiiilies.inl t'hini 804,43') 44,16) 874 . • 774,813 34,J94 631 Ni'v Stiutli Walefc, Van Die- hienS L-inil, aud .Swan lliver 831,161 34,363 1,536 . • • 1,023,839 43,098 626 British Niirth American Cu- loriies . • 2,897.031 107,504 13,264 . ■ 2,367,428 88,017 8,459 6,095 338 nrilist] Wf^l :n:Iies • ll.2.!^O.IO 4ill,46i 3 3:8 2,011 205 12,391,446 370.144 5,499 2,100 170 K'>rt-ijr.i Wfst Indie* 3,98>,021 140.' 9-. .^321 . 4.531,470 123,6-.3 9,316 I'riiteil Slates of Anieric.1 - 39,9J7,biO 1,6 9,313 4»,.33l 2,42-. m 13.193.433 662,779 21,818 18,983 1,190 Mexico 69I,53J 17,133 34 . . . 1,628,738 63,i>72 30 (iiiateinala - ( olutiitila l,4'i7.-l9S 35,215 73 . . 1,205,5S6 26,318 165 Rr>7il 5,6^,997 I93.9!)7 1,924 . . 4,0,33,711 121. U2 1,537 SiitesoltheHiodelaPlata. 794,772 2 -.8 14 460 . . 1,177,392 42,')9I 636 Chi.i- f28,899i .19.2-7 30 . . 1,337,167 48.731 330 Peru .... 719,713, 32,300 . . . 1,46J,352 53,629 443 Mij of Ouernsey, Jersey, 1 Alderney, aud .Man Total • 230,595 17.073 215 50 10 313,076 1.5,866 153 2,240 28 92,088,760 3.23-i,03l' 8S,294 4.5:4,-'>04 318,772 58,426,3)31 2,163,423 61,(20 8,37,3,100 479,307 LIQUORICE JUICE (Succus Liqtinrltix), popularly black sugar, the inspissated juice of llie roots just mentioned. Very little of this extract is prepared in Britain, by far the larger part of our supply being imported from Spain and Sicily. The juice obtained by crushing the roots in a mill, and subjecting them to the press, is slowly boiled till it becomes of a proper consistency, when it is formed into rolls of a considerable thickness, which are usually covered with bay leaves. This is the state in which we import it. Most part of it is afterwards redissolved, purified, and cast into small cylindrical rolls of about the thickness of a goose quill, when it is called refined liquorice. It is then of a glossy black colour, brittle, having a sweet mucilaginous taste. It is used in the ttiateria medico, particularly in coughs, colds, &c. — {T/ioinson's Chemistry ; Thomson's Dispensa/ory.) 'I'he imports in 1831 and 1832 amounted, at an average to 7,321 cwt. a year. It is loaded with the oppressive duty of 3/. 15s. a cwt., producing rather more than 22,000/. u yep.r of revenue. LISBON, the capital of Portugal, situated on the north bank of the river Tagus, the observatory of the fort being in lat. 38° 42' 24" N., Ion. 9° 5' 50" W. Population about 200,000, but formerly greater. Trade, drc. — Lisbon is one of the best situated commercial cities of Europe. But, not- withstanding this circumstance, the excellence of the port, and the command of the naviga- tion of the Tagus, her commerce is comparatively trifling. The despotism, intolerance, and imbecility of the government have weighed down all the energies of the nation. The law and the |)olice being alike bad, there is no adequate security. Assassination is very frequent. Industry of all sorts is, in consequence, paralysed ; and since the emancipation of Brazil, commerce has rapidly declined. Formerly Lisbon had about 400 ships, of front 300 to (iOO tons burden, employed in the trade with South America. But at present there are not above 50 ships belonging to the port engaged in foreign trade ; and, of these, the average burden does not exceed 150 tons ! The produce of Portugal sent to foreign countries, is almost entirely conveyed to its destination in foreign ships. The trade between Lisbon and Cork is, we believe, the only exception to this; it being principally carried on in Portuguese vessels, which take salt from St. Ubes, and bring back butter in return. About 200 small craft belong to the city, which are exclusively employed in the coasting trade. I Th, in hlsl to tllO.' cn/)s, V ton, wi I>er am Brifitin nearly i Port.- onrn con biiili (in ( si'a At nre iwn c in ifiK sii> Biipin fun cliJiniifl ri till? Nlrt'ii!! wJii'ii ilini ini'nfdil. ovnr tlin h: purls I hoy nearly so' f Krfirenr.es to r«iiii I'l'.k-iinU) O'le, mark the n M„ne,j.~xccn Hiilrcf3;ireKe(i;i f:'''''" : ihiis, Rs loA ''" '■'■"sado r.' lOnrpe.s; ..,„,| „, . "le eoid piece "1 t'.ilil, = (i7i,/ ""(liTn silver cr •lerliiiff. ">(>/!/.* and Jl, ""■•I'-l ; 22 pnn,„ ^^'"irdiipriis = 45- TliP |)riiicip;il'i qiwri.is. 180 sfl..,, .'»'• principal li « tmtd.s = I huril gal.iiis; .•irulihe , A pipe of l,isli,„| PO'';! in he n a|,„1 "I iiieas-ir<;.s of ■ ~n ,! Kn;;(,.«h JncI 111, nf V'''-'''"""^' ."i" fniiii one nl.n ^'im-f IS sold pp. PV'/"!'l'"'re;L?rr „ "o'lffhis.iMdlonB LISBON. ^'•/i-rence.i to Plan —A T M,.„n,.~A . . . ' ^. «ug,o f.rt a„d Sugar L„a;- j/, ."^^ „.f"""'!'-Accnnnrs are kpn, • ^'"' ''"■' '""' Sugar I c^r i. i, • mi r,.,.3 ar« «e|,aral .i/r?,,,. ."^ '" ""'"• '-'""' "r wl.irh - . •• ' '" in t'oli, = 07!,/ .,„,.; "^.^ = •'■'». llrf. stprliiifr. fi, .. "-''^ » "le lestnon = ■n..ri..r„ silver micT " "('('"■'•rs l.nweve"^L"'« ?"''' "iisado = 2. v ,„ , .. Po;;"'! 10 be ;n al., , fe, 'r""** ''>: "'e Cistoni-hnase ,»,.,• , , "~ ^ ^' ''"'8"«l' wine I i S 164 LISBON. Lisbon Oporto Fan I Almmfe =: 5*37 pnll. En(f wini* mrnfl. Al(|rii're= ;i 07 — iiii h. inititH. Aloitdlt! =: (ii — Wil «! IllfliS. Ali|iiiir«'= I'ff — Winch iiiHaa. Aliriiulf :=li — wiiH! iiiuaK. Firo . Alqui6re = 3f gull. Winch. mea». rigiiiera - Ahiiiiilu = f)} — wtne nit'uii. — - Alipii'rL' = ^^ — VViiH li. mens. Vianna - Aliiiinh* = (U — wine invus. — - AiiiniLfe =: Hf — Winth. mem. (Keiiifs Cambift^ vd. i. Jirl. Lit>bon.) ItH ciipiinl (oiisiHiiMl, in IKIM, nf abiint 'I'hr Hliiiri'linltlerH are ixii liahlt; beyond lAilHM —'V i:,L- art iituierate. Rrilish Roods pay a tluty of 15 per a-iii. uu .1 V'HUHrinn lixtvl in r^^ ; lul tins on soine nriiclcs in a gill I 1lt.1l no c. aixl u'A Mtitnt \c^. 'I hr iiit|>( rln h 1:. |i ulnhie'l, « X'f)>t fir \\\f. use "I llu* rotitiaiinrft li> wliMin till' ii,,ti 111 u'luK- and hair t ihtii* aniilfs la assiKritnl. All tx po Irf nr ,c.. K |.ay :t u > (cw<«u Vi v)oi A It rev u\.a (;<>oi arc allowed (o rt'inain in ilit-l tjpni-lu>usfi ■lorra i years, and Ii(]inds6ninutlit, vvithdUl leiiigrhnrtccfl wan-houw rei.l, provKlt^l liey are inltiiJi-d lur i:o)isuni|tlion, aii;tf— nn a foreign tliip nf oO tons enterinc the port of Lisbon, with a general or imied cargo, and cLariiig cut with the siiiie:— Royal pasaport • I'tliy fKnei.ses on entering at the } Ciistiini house, aUiut • • 5 Aiichorme Ralliia' clearance - • 'rniinatfe. 100 rees |ier ton Ltiehtp, .^0 rees | er ton ■ • Coter* ^nnuaiii • lu t'li'nm rce ytarittHitt p 2:0.; KtllyU CaniLiit ; Consul's ^u* sujem to C rcuiar Qiuria, ..yc.) BriliOt J'nilu^ueM Korei){ii I8i9. I'W. Sh,pl Tprrj. i!)4 3U,3U4 6W . IKll. .v/cp-. 7'i.nt. .1.'^ 34,J03 3J0 • Shift, no 131 308 Tmi. There it no rclurn of O.e tonnas^ of ttio Portuguese and foreign J'frt TtfptJniiiwt "AW vessels enteririic the T.igtis .-irt- ohlizei) to come 10 lm-hi>r ntl' Mtiteni l:.is le, u here Iht-re is Al) nOic-e .11 wliicli Ihfy must ht! Miteie*!, their ciraoes dfohreil, fn'in wliei.re tliev coit.e. ^nil ivheihiT the ciriC'i I.e iiiteiileJ to he l'infi< d in l.ihhoii or not ; if n-'t, lite lli.ls'er apt lies for '^ftrttufWOy* iUa' is, for leave t:t reii.itn 8il>\s in the |>orl for ihe pur|)nse nl liisiiosiiig uf iherargn or (if ilerani t vvitli it. Two Ciistoni-h'Mjstr officer, are itieii Rent en boiiit, anil if the cario is to lie (lisc)iai;:e.l at Listion. tlie v.'»set pro- recils til I lie Cii»l<-iii I niise, m hen the niastiT makes entry, tieli eiing llie niaiiirev' ami hilts of hdini; ailached In the rer-itiiaie of the Fni- lil^iieae ronsiil. at ihe (lort of lading, in nitler to identify the cftr^o. The nffi.'ers put on ho ml at Helen are then relieved hy two otlura, wli'. leniaiii uii:il Ihe ve'se I e tlisel arjed and visited hy theCiis oni hiiiise s aiclier. The < nrt dues have to lie piid in dilierent oflicts ; but the vessel is not siilijed to any ott er (liaises. Alt it'ii-fi siMit on hoird for enpirtafion must he accompanied hy a fieriiiit from tlie L'lislnni house. When Ihe clearaiitei are nhlaine '. Le papers are presented by the master, or Ihe ship's a;^cut to the (In return for (he privilege conceded to llie Portuguese under the Melhuen treaty (see TnKATiEs), of admitting their wines to entry for consumption in Great Britain, at2-3ds the duty charged on Frenrh wines, British woollens were admitted into Portugal at a duty of 15 per cent. 'J'his rate of duty was afterwards extended to all British articles: and, since 1782, it has heen charged .iccordiiig to a tariff or valuation fixed that year. But, with the exception of goods from Brazil, all other foreign gnods consumed in Portugal paid a duty of 30 per cent. These dii^tinctions are now, however, at an end ; the subjoined decree having fixed the duty on all goods admitted to consumption in Portugal, without regard to thi'ir origin, at l.'i per cent. This regulation was a good deal complained of here, hut with- out reason. Having judiciously equalised the duties on French and Portuguese wines, wo had no rii^ht or title to expect that the Portuguese should continue to render us the stipu- lated equivalent of what we had ourselves withdrawn. In so far, too, as we are concerned, the change is not really of any material importance, and will not sensibly affect our trade with Portugal. We subjoin the decree referred to : — I. All e^-^h and merchandise, of wliaiever mture and oririn, and nn'ervvli leiee flac 'liey may he ini)>oried, are ai'lnilted into the Custom house of Lisbon and (jporto, to be despatched for c insunip tioii Sect. I, I. f.ive pies, f;iin|xiwder, and foreign olive and turnip oil, areexcen'ed from the fure^oiinf article. Sect, i. The ini|)ortalinii of grain will he regulated by a special law ; and ill Ihe mem tini - the existing dispositions thereunto re. lalinir, "i I (nntinuein force. Stct, 3, 'I'ohicco, Boap. and orcliilla weed, coctinue subject to Ihe Ia»s aiid coLdilion". of the s'ate contracts. Sect. 4, V\ine, vinei^ar, brandy, and o'her spirits, of iWwtever qualily they may bi-, are only admitted in bottles ur jail of half a ciiTiaifa, Lisbon measure, and in boxes containing 2 dozens of hot. ties eicli. Hum, however, isadniifid in casks of any size. II, Ckiods adii'itted to cnnsnniption by ihe present decree, if iin. porlctl in i'oitu^uese vi ssels fiom the countrv in "liieti they are (m. dured. or in ships rf 'hat country conrng iliiect, will pay I'l per cert., levied upon the tarilf valuation, ,-ind where there is no tarilf, aif eo/urcm, in the conlraiy caie. will pay the duty hereby esla* blisheil increased liy I 2 of ihe same doty, Sect, 4 Vii egar. wine, brandy, and a'tl other spirits, will pay 300 reis per bottle or jar. 'I he decree of the 7th nf Decenilier, !(j25. re. inaiits in full ftrreas reganls Mini, wba'ever pace it conies from. The goods comprehended in litis paraiirapli remain subject to llie clauses nf the precedmr arli^-le, as far as Ihev are applicahle. Palaa of Ifuaiiilwla, I8lh of April, 1^34. Stip.) [The following decree of the Portuguese government is important to American ship- owners. lisbov, the llfA ofJtpril, 1839. Arlirle I, All fnreijrn ships enterintr the ports of this kin(;dnin in hallitst, anil londlinf a full riirto nf salt. sti.Tll lip free frnm Iho tminasR duty. Sec,,— Foreign ships eulerinp any of the ports of this kine- dnin ill hnlliist, iiitil tiailitig nut again tu tnll» dc Camp, •America, and w » thrives best it whitethorn, but colour internally njwial i.nporlaf aUerwartLs chin, engaged in cutiit, ,Oyi'|;'"""s for I '"■a/a tons a year. LITERARY PROPERTY— LOGWOOD. 165 LITRRAHV PROPERTY. Sep Dookh. LrrHAUiiE (Cti!r. Clollf, Glatir; Du. Gclit t Fr. Lilhartrr ; It. Litri'gi'rin ; Sp. ^/. mtirliii^a, Lilaijirid; Kus, Glit ,- Lat. Lilhiirtfi/rittin), hii oxide of lead in an imperfect of Most of the lend met will froii ity (spe -3(38 the duty of iJ, since ith the a duty decree egnrd to ut with- lies, we e slipu- ncerued, |\ir trade Izcm ot bot- Jpcree, if ""• llliev are I «■ I pjy IS |i«f J is lltj MiS, I heidy esU- Iwill r»V M" ■l„r, IW5. re- VcnniM frflni. Iiliico to U« laii'.e. Sup) Ian ship- [iU 1839. 1 ciirEO of Ihis king- I mill y tree cnmplcte Ichnndise, Ln) aaile* 1,0 receive ling lu lh« coiiiinori grains to 20 ounces or more in the fodder : when the quanlity is sulliciciit to piiy tiic expense of separation, it is r'Jined ; that is, the metal is expired to a hia[ii heut, piissiiig at the same time a current of air over the surface: ,tlie lead is thus oxidised and converted into lilhurui\/ri/, i\c.) Litharge is used for various purposes in the arts, hy potters, glass makers, painters, &c. [LIVERPOOL. See Supplement.— Am. Erf.] LOADSI'O.NE (Gcr. Mugnef ,■ Uu. Mai^neef ; Fr. Aimatit ,■ It. Calumlta ,■ Sp. Iinan i Kus. Miiifiii/ ,- liUt. Mofi^iiei). M. Hai'iy olisirves, that the ores in which the iron contains the len.st oxygen without heing engaged in other combinations, form natural magnets; and he calls the liimhtuiuH of commerce, which aie found in considerable musses in Germany, Sweden, Norway, Spain, Italy, China, Siam, the Philippine Isles, Corsica, and Elliiopia, oxlii.ilakd lion, 'i'he loadstone is characterised by the following properties : — A very strong action on the magnetic needle. Specific gravity I'S'IST. Not ductile. Of a dark grey colour, with a metallic lustre. — Primitive form, the regular octahedron. Insoluble in nitric acid. This singular substance was known to the ancients ; and they had remarked its peculiar propeity of attracting iron; hut it does not appear that they were acquainted with the wonilerl'ul properly which it also has, of turning to the pole when suspended, and left at liberty to move freely. Upon this remarkable circumstance the mariner's compass depends, — an instrument which gives us such infinite advantages over the ancients. It is this which enables the mariner to conduct his vessel through vast oceans out of the sight of land, in any given direction ; and this directive property also guides the miner in subterranean excava- tions, and the traveller through deserts otherwise impassable. The natural loadstone has also the (juality of communicating its properties to iron and steel; and when pieces of steel properly prepared are touched, as it is called, by the loadstone, they arc denominated artificial magnets. — (See Compass.) LOBSTER (Fr. Ecrtvisse: Lat. Cancer), a fish of the crab species, of which vast quan- tities are consumed in London. Till! iiiiiiiniiMii size ot" lolisicrs ofTcred for sale is fixed by 10 & 11 Will. 3. c. 21, nt eiirhl inchos from the li|i nl' ilii' nose to tin* end of tlit; middle (in of Hie tiiil. Nn liihstnrs nrc to ho t»l\eii on the cnaRla oC S(oll:tii(l lielween llie 1st iif June and the 1st of ."'epteinlier, under a penally of 51. The Hcilly Is- liiids itiid I he Liiiid's End nhniind in lobsters, as well na several |diice« on Hie Snitcli shores, particu- larly ahiiiit .Moiiliose. lint the principal liilwier lisliery is on Hie coast of Norway ; whence it in lii'li(;ved iipward.s (ifl.^nO.dOO Inhstirs are aiiiuially iinporled into l-oiidiin. Those of lli'li<;nlaiid are, binveviir, istci'ined Hie best ; they are of a deeper lihirk cidoiir, and their fli'.'li is firmer than those hroiiffhl froiii Norway. Tiireit'ii caught tiirbots and lobsters may be imported either in British or fureifii vessels free of duly. LOCK, LOCKS (Ger. Scfi looser ,• Du. S/ot en ,- Fr. Sernires ,- \\.. S'rrature ; Sp. Cer- radurdf), Cfrrojot ,- Kus. Saniki), a well known instrument, of which there are infinite vnrieties. A great deal of art and delicacy is sometimes displayed in contrivmg and varying the wards, springs, bolts, &c., and adjusting them to the places where they are to be used, and to the occasions of using them. From the various structure of locks, accommodated to their difl'erent intentions, they acquire various names, as stock locks, spring lodis, padlocks, &c. Wolverhampton was, at a very early period, famous for the superior skill and inge- nuity of its locksmiths; but the best locks are now made in London and jjiiniinghain. The grand dilliculty to be overcome in making a lock is to construct it so that it may not be opened by any key except its own, nor admit of being picked; it should also be possessed of sufficient strength and durability, and not be too complex. Many ingenious contrivance.i have been proposed for the attainment of the desired security, — several of which are pos- sessed of considerable merit. We believe, however, that there is none that combines all the principal requisites of a lock in so eminent a degree as " Chubb's Detector Lock," so called from the inventor, Mr. Chubb, of Portsea. Common door-locks are now usually Inserted in the wood, instead of being, as formerly, screwed to it; and when so placed are called ninrthe loek.s. LOGWOOD (Fr. Bois de Campeche ; Ger. Kampescholz ,- Du. Campecheouf ; Sp. Pidn de Ciinipiclie), the wood of a tree {HxnKitoxi/liin Cainpcchianiim Lin.), a native of America, and which attains the greatest perfection at (vampeachy, and in the West Indies. It thrives best in a wet soil, with a large proportion of clay. The logwood tree is like the whitethorn, but a great deal larger. The v^'oo'i'ciiilii'r, IKl.'t, wim ;— JiiiiiMicM, SJ, Ha. \wr ton ; Iliiiiiliirns, 5/. I0«. (o 3/. \ia. ; HI. I)ciiiiin|!o, 01. In 61 6». ; ('ainpRacliy, 11. lin. In H. Ha. Wc borrow from the Irarnrd nnd nhle work of Dr. Bancroft, ihr folluwiiiK ciirimis »1i't;ii?s with respect to the use of logwooil in this country : — " Logwood seems to have lieeti fir.st broii|;(ht to Eiiglnnd soon after tlie uccesBion of Queen Elizabeth: but the various nnd beau- tiful colours dyed from it proved so fugucious, that a general outcry agaill^t il:< use wns soon raised ; and an act of parliament waa passed in tlie 2:M year of her reign, which finihibited its use as a dye under severe penalties, nnd not only authorised but direcled Ihc liurriin<; of it, ill whatever hands it might be found within the realm ; and though this wood was after- wards sometimeH cliiriilesiinely used (under the feigned name of black wood), it coutimicd nulijecl to this prohibition for nearly 100 years, or until tiie passing of the net lH A: 14 (/'hiis. 2.; the preainMe of which declares, that the ingenious industry of modern limes lialh taught the dyers of England the art of fixing colours made of logwoo culinary vegetables. Provisions are obiained from the Chinese part of the island or from the main land; and whenever the I'urtugucse do any thing to oifeiid the Chinese authorities, the provisions are cut off till tlu>y are obliged (|iiietiy to submit. 'J'hey arc seldom allowed to pass lieyond the narrow pret'incta cif the territory as- signed to them. The population of the peninsula may amount to from lii,000 to 13,000, of whom considerably more than half are Chinese. The functionaries beloiigiiisr to the East India Coni[)ai)y's factory at Canton resided here during the whole of the dead season. The Portuguese obtained possession of Macao in l.'iSfi. It was for a considerable period the seat of a great trade, carried on not only with China, but with .lapan, ^iam, Cociiin- China, the Philippine Islands, Aic. ; but for these many year.s past U has been of eomi)ara- tively little importance, though it is probable, that if it belonged to a i/iore enterprising and active people, it might still recover most of its former prosperity. 'J'he public ndministraliou is vested in a senate composed of the bishop, the judge, and a few of the [iriiicipal inhabitants ; but all real authority is in the hands of the Chinese mandarin resident in th-e town. 7Vc llnrhniir is on llie west side; rf ilin town, lictwppn it and I'rii-fl's Isl.iiid ; Inil the w.'ilcr in it not beiiid sntfniciiily diM>|i to :idniit iiirjje pliips, lliey f!eni.'r;illy iinclior In Ilii' ri'iulson llii- oili.r tiidc (ifllm peninsiiiii, from .'i |o 10 nlil^•s lO.S.K. from 1 lie town. All vessids coming inlotlu; roads send lli.ir lioala to lliH I'orliiL'nesi' ('iisIomlKinsp on llic sniilli side ofihe town. Wlo'ii 11 ship nrrivi's iimoMft llin isliimis, slif is (icii r:illy lionrded liy a iiitot, wlin r.TrriPS hi-r into Mac.io roMils. As soon ns sin; is aiicliored, llie pilot pnui^eds to INlacao to inlorni ilie iiiiiiidiirin of llic nation she li('loMt;s to. If llipre lie niiy women cm lioanl, applicalioii ninsi In; ina-le to iliu liislmp and BPniili;, for leave lo send Ihiin on shore, ns tiny will not tie [lerinilled lo proceed lo Wlianipoa in Hio ship. A.s soon ,is Ihe inaiiilarin lias made llie necpssary iiii|niries, lie orders off a river pilot, who brinps wiili him a cimy nr licence lo pass llie Uocca Tigris, or inoulli of the Caiiloii river, and larri'js tlie ship to Wliampo.i. 'I'niile iif Miniii.—T\\p Ch;npse reenlatlnns do nnt permit any vessels, except surli as heloiij; to I'nr- tuguuse or Spaniards, of wliich there are very few, to trade at Macao. Hut lilt Potlugiiesu iulialii- tniitH lend I Ihein for II niliiMi!) IIHI laiiilini; or prcdiiliitory llip Inst 3 yi VenselH 01 tlie Imrliour Purl Vhnrra. tilSUvip vpi,„.|, i •llliniinr, ami is ,1 llie [yirl (liiiiilol orihi^orJdn.il ch "" 111"* u ahs CO Kiimpe ill, nn( pn hntuvf In a mora Tlip ntcj (if IIH •re,) on (liree cla» lit. On vmeli of Jd. _ f„ ai. _ r„ These rates urn i tradiriit Willi fnrt'in The iliriii-inioiis an Canldii (see vol i. [ mil of the coviil, li only a ili'ciiiiil iucr cuulion. 'ITie foltlowinK at of iiicaiurcinent dul 2 |icr cent, for iii 5 — for di, 10 - for If. I' — for nii Aim Ihe sum of 70 I; ln,ldililion lollies hoii|m(crilli'clorofci On a Isl cl.iss vejsi c»o or Manilla, SO lai On a 2(1 class vessel cao or Manilla, 40 t.n On a 3.1 class vessel can or Manilla, 30 l,at Sliips iinporlinK rici piyoiilyMilojlari, as uf his .icparlnieiil. Hirluijucse vessels ( duly, have lo pay lo ih the Fiirliii'iiese, Han isl mailer of specific barer rf 2(10 Ions, lo 3,500 do larger sizes. Tliecliar-i H'hinipoa ; and the du nifrrliandue iinjuirled m.) lerale ; Ihe Cliinese l«>arJ lliu .Macao vessels JNiik!. If Ihe ship own (iliihed iviihonly Ihe s il would probably indue' 111 this ivay. '-'pium.-Tlie trade in neie gnvornnieul, as well WIS, lieverlheless, forniei liiKuejc nioradores, or ci, rorlii'ue-e ivho were nol sionni Ihe decline of Ihe Knite pas»cd a re5ulalion Iniclion, ivhelher I'orlui " hospiiality, and Ihe ulni. "",'• ''"''■"■er, very lilHe MiJ, "I Ihe heavy bribes di MACE (Ger. FIcuT de mxLscai Macis), a thin, fla low colour, a pleai chcLsen fresh, toug lirighter the better, ing is in bales, pre: Account of the Qimi Qnantitii reiilnedforlNeKjl Hiiiiie Con- of ( I ,t"P,','"" '" i-ece Ihe Uniled iiicr, liinifdom. 7,949 4,037 '1,907 I 5,433 Records destroyed 5,490 7,834 6,499 8,612 10,836 ;;il-__J!£Mil3,526 i VoLrn;::;o 3,239 I 3,392 1 2,9*« 3,960 1 4,966 11 MACE. 157 tanld Iflnd llielr namoH, fiT n IriflitiB considtTiitlnn, to mirh fdroignrrs n« wish to he mmorintoil with thi'iii fur tlie |)iir|)(Hi: r triidiiiB rniiii Ihi- purl. Iii(li'pi'iiilciillv, licuvrvcr, of thin, vi'HWflrt ol" nihi-r rofliin- sUrtiiou liluiila; ■ ill it not . ot'lhH I irliiiat!) Jii'r into In of lliu iiiip and in liio il, \vl>n larritiii 1(1 1'or- 1 iuliaUi- „ .tiiiiH iisiially nxpi'ripiico im diltiiiilly in nlitainitiit thi> ciiniiiviiiici' iit' the Cliiiii'ii! (ith('i>r!i In lllH iiiridiTiK or riTplvlnB "f gi>'>i\ii in tin; romlK, hy niciiiis of rorliiKHi'si' bdiiis. At inti'rvii!«, iiiil I, llio prohiliitiiry ri'Riilntion is itrietly tiiirorciMl ; hut wo htdit- vc tliut tlien; hiis bouii no inHtitiicu ol° tliiH I'ur ihi! inHt 3 yrnrs. Vi'xxtdit nf oilier nntiimx, if in dintri'ii!!, nnd nntiinpngcd In the contrnhiuid trnde, nre admitted Into the linrlioiir for repnirs, on application to the Hcimle. Purl I'llnrta.—'lt'* lut'liurfliimil iliily |ai I h) S|i,iiii»ll Jli'l IViP lilKUi'ii- ve«>eU i» iiinilor.iH', Wlifii a vrxil has niiri' jmi.I Mh- full jihoiiiit. »cirl !• .vlinilt«t "11 Ihc '»' "' rfirnlrml thi|>i hilonniiiij In the pnrt (liniilf'l liy "'« t'hniwe In 2r»), ilie ia liihte niily in .1 lltird of llif riri«in.il clnrKfj, on evpry «uhvc]\ienl ncc.niim of lirr eiilrrinK, mi KiiiiC as ihe coiiiinurfl nil Ilie rt'i^lkliT. l*nrlui(uew \eut-l4 frntii Kurni* tin nnt poswiu this privilfKe, uiileu Iht'y be regiitKreil at !»• l.HKillK In » ninrnilnr nf Macau. Till" ratn of niraiiirf iiieiit duty, "hich varjf, as at CaDtonj (which lee.) on Ihrec clawea nf vrutll, are IliR fnllnwini( :— Tintt. lit. On Vfiuelt nf 154 rnvi'U ami iipwanla, 6'223 jwr covitt. oj — fnilli 120 10 ri4 cnvi II 6-72 — 3,1.' _ finin (Kiln 121) covili ■)• — TliMff rates are nearly the iiniu as those levied nn Canton jimllt, trading with forciifn cnunlries, an I niinlil, in fact, to lie entirely in. The dinieuHiniiB are taken and cilculatitl in the same manner as at Canton (see vid i. p. 207.)i hlll the Clliliisr, at Imlh places, speak not of the cnvid, tnit of thechannnf in rnvids. Ilowevi'r, as lliis is only a decimal increase, it makes no ditlereiice in Ihe nii-thnd of cat* culation. 'rlic follIowinK additional charftes, to he calnilafed nn the amount of measurement duty, arc Ihe same on e\ery class of vessels, viz. 2 per cent, for iiisjiectors. g — for dillerence in weiglit by Ihe treasury scales. 10 — for loss in niellini{. 17 — for niakine sycee. Also the sum of 70 laels for th " piihlic purse,'' or hoppo'i Ireasur)'. In addition In these, Ihe foljoivinv are the charges levied hy the hoppo (cnllfclor of cusldinsj, or his dcpiry : — (In a 1st cl.iss vessel fnim Europe, 2dO taels ; if belonging to Ma< cao or .Manilla, SO taels. On a 2d class vessel from Europe, 240 taels ; if belonging to Ma- cao or .Manilla, 40 taels. On a dtl class vessel from Europe, 170 taels; if belonging to Ma. can or Mandia, 30 laels. .Ships importing rice are exempt from the measurement duly, and pay only .Ml thillars, as fees to the procurador of Macao and the ofTicers ofhHdeparlmenl. Pijfhmiiese vessels from Europe, in addition to the measurement duly, have to pay to the Canton hong merchants a charge, lernie,-'n, besides Siime f^-en and rixdia hire. Tlifl following are a few articlet extracted from the liiritfr^ Valiia'ioii. Iinty. Tntli. 7ViJt. Cotton per pirul 4 O.ilO Broad cloth, mid.lling oivid 1-600 DOIIrt hetler than onlinarjr - OHIO OIMII ordinary or coarse — 4H0 OO'iS Camlets — 1-280 onio lleiel nut picul l'20U 072 Tin .... - 8 OlSO Birds' nctts, III sort ■ catty 22 400 i-:M1 Raitaus picul 1-200 on-;2 .Sall|ietro, Benjal — 4 2240 ciMstofGna - 1-600 O'.lS ^''VV". •.. „• — 4 0240 <>|iiuiii iniportec) in Pnrtmuefte nhipi, payi per chest, drs. 10 1-4 0(1. r-irfii;ii do. — !,'» 1-2 GoM and »ilver, whrtht-r in cnin. in tnillion, or nnnuf.irttirf \. payon iiiiport^ttion, 2 per cent. ; eicepi in Spanish veurU from M.inilla, when ttie rh.irfce is I t-2 (wr cent. /^xpcir/f .— Nf) duly is levied liy Ihe Por(u?ut*se i)n goods exported from Macio; nor does the Custom house take any co^niz.inc« uf Ihiirn. Dutie* awl Chargra on Goods landed at 5frtrao.— Marao la s place rtilltont any niannfactnre or cnmnierre of ilt nww. I'ncea are, in cons'>quence, generally dupcndi^nt on those of C.inloii. Money is usually paid at ',2 taols per lOD dollars. It ia A \mi\\ of annie interest to asct* rtain the inlcrriiit duties and eippnaiMi to wliich gmwls landed at Macao are liablii, Ijt-fore cnmim into the Chinese purchaser's han Is at raiiton. llut the luhject is to involved in mystery and uncertain'y, the changes varynm ai-conlinn to tlir- quantity nf ^oods laden in one boat, .Vc, that' i' is sciirreljr iiftssilde to arrive at any acrurate iiilornution respecting it. Wr tie* lieve, however, ttiat thfs foIli)uiinmay In* con»idt'rei|as a pret'y clnso approxiniaiion to i)ie real amount of clkirges in^urreil on collon lande.I at Macao : — rortmuce duly, fees, Ac. - • ■ mace, 2—6 per picul Pulies and chirjtPH on conveyance to Canton 6—3 — mattt-r nf ajHicific bargain, varyin^froin about 200 dfdiani on a vessel i Canton charges, dillerence of weight, broker f f 21)0 tniia, tu 3,^C0 dollars and upwards on those of 600 tons and of age un sale, &c. 8-0 — Total, about taels. 2-6-9 — The dtitios and charges on conveyance from Macao to Cnntnn are, for pepper, per picul .... nuice, 9--0 Kalians — .... 4—5 Beltl nut — .... 4_5 The hoppo'i examiner charges 90 taels per boat of t,000 pjcula, the laruest quantity allowe'l to be conveyed liy a sii;gle bn.it ; hul th0 same chiriff of 90 taels is levied, althiiu^li the boat should only con* Uin 100 picul". Tlie duty on eiportini? i^nndn from Canton to Micao is in some cases less, in olherc.iaes greater, than the \Vh:impoa (tuiv. Tims, nankeenii to Macao pay 2 dolbrs per 100 less Itian to Whimpoa. Mjst descriptions of silk piece goods also pay less duty, (tn the other haul, lea. p'per, China ware, Ace, pay a liii(herduty to .>Iacao than to Whanipo.1. For details as to the IVeights, MeasiireSj ^-c. used at Macao, sett Catilon. For further particulars, see Ilinnilton^f Katt India Gazetteer, art. Mncaiy ; MUljuni's Oriitit. Com.; and \hc jinelO'Chint%e Kalctutar and Companion tothe ^imanac^ M.ac.ao, 1832. lariTcr Mzea. 'I hechiir^es on goois carrieil by the inner passage, between Canton ml Mtc.to, heing generally Ics^ than those paid on goods to and from \V*li:)[i)|ioa; and the duties levied tiy the Portuguese, on articles of fuercIianJitt' imported by vessels tielongitig to Macao, bein|C very riu It-rate; the Chinese are often led to engai^e in spi-culations on b-art Ihe Macao vessels, the risk being so niurh less llian in native junks. If the ship owners could manai^e Iheir expenses so as to be hilLitieil wiih only the same freight as ischirgcd by Hni^lish vessels, jt would |)robably induce many more Chinese In niiikc remittances in this way, '.»piU'H-— The trade in opium is prohibited al Macao by the Chi- nese gtivernnient, at well as throughout the rest of the empire. It WW, nevertheless, formerly carried on to a great extent by the For- liiicuese nioradores, or citizens, to the. exclnsicm of all oUiers, even Portuguese who were noi citizens. Hut this leslriclion haviuK ocra- H(in«l ihe decline of the trade, it was abniisheil in IH23, when the Knile paired a regulation throwing open the trade to all, without dis- lliictioTi, whether Porlu»jui''e or foreigners; securing to Ihe latter " tiospiiality, and the utmost freethmi in their speculations." At pre- icrii, hiwever, very little opium is importetl, in consequence, it is iiiJ, cf Ihe heavy bribes demanded by the Chlneie olficcrs lo insure MACE (Ger. MactSj Muskatenbliithe ; Du. Foelte, Foebjy M uscrtat bloom ; Fr. Maris, Flair de muscade ; It. Mace ; Sp. Macio ; Port. Maxci% Flor de noz moscada / Lnt, Mactii)y a thill, flat, membranous substance, envelopinoj the nutmeg ; of a lively, reddish yel- low colmir, a pleasant aromatic smell, and a warm, bitterish, pungent taste. Mace should be chosen fresh, tough, oleatjinous, of an extremely fragrant sinell, and a bright colour — the brighter the better. The smaller pieces are esteemed the best. The preferable mode of pack- ing is in bales, pressed down close and firm, which preserves its fragrance and consistence. Account of the Quantity of Mace retained for Home Consumption, the Rates of Duly on it, and the total Revenue dprived therefrom, since 1810. Quantities (Jnantities relaiiiml for Nett Amonnt retained for Nelt Amount Ycin. Mdtne Clin- sumption in of Duly received lUtes of Duty charged Ihereon. Years. Home Con* sumption in of Duty received Hates o( Duly charged thereon. Ihti United thereon. the United thereon. KinjcJom. Kin?dom. Ml. L. 1. d. or Ihe Kul Indies. Lbs. L. I. d. Of the F.ast Indies. ISIO 5,136 2,707 4 J 7l. 8d, per lb. ind 2/. I3i. id. I per centum ad valorem. I«20 12,193 -2,174 7 (From 5 July) 3j. 6d. per lb. IS2I 11,5721-4 1,803 6 S ditto. bll 7,949 4,037 1 10 ditto. 1822 13,498 2.361 10 ditto. Ml 11,907 5,433 2 2 ditto. 1S23 14,3183-4 2,484 10 4 ditto. C (From 15 April) 1^4 16,b78 3-4 2,967 3 1 ditto. 1813 Records destroyed ^ g>. 1 1 .4d. per lb. and 31. 3>. id 1825 14.K-)I34 2,601 15 1 ditto. ' ( per centum aJ VAloreni. 1S26 15,600 M 2,719 17 6 ditto. 1814 5,490 3,259 14 11 (From 10 April) 9t. id. per lb. IW7 16,760 1-2 2,962 IS 9 dillo. 1815. 7,834 3,592 14 7| ditto. 1828 16,094 1-2 2,!>29 10 4 dilta 1816 6,499 2,9.S4 4 5 ditto. l!'29 14.2541-4 2,.548 13 4 ditto. 1S17 8,6 1-i 3,960 13 9! ditto. 1830 12,600 2,205 ditto. 1818 I0.H36 4.9li6 10 3 ditto. 1831 18,894 3,266 ditto. 1819 15,3524 3,526 14 3 (From 5 July) 3.. 6d. per lb. 1832 15,93S 2,762 ditto. I Vol. II.— O 158 MADDEU. A iiriiiliiriiiin U Hint With on Iho coftNt nf Malilinr, ho liki> innrn, tlint nl llriil it I* not on«v to bn AU. tliiKniilK'il ; lull It liiiH not till' li'iiHt Maviiiir iiT N|ilriiiriuh a kind of ruainy taiitv. ElKliU'wt. iiT iiiiicu aro nlUiwcil to u U>i\. — (MUbiirn't (Irieiil. Com.) MAUDKIt ((jcr. Farhfrlifhr ; Du. Mre ,■ Vt.Alizurl, (Inmncf ,• It. liohlnii ,- Sp. Grama, Riifilii ,■ Huh, Miiriona, Kni/i ,• Hind. Munji/h), tho rooln of n plant {Httliiu lincturnin), of wliicli thiTP nrc Hcvenil variciirH. They lire loiiff nnd Hieiiiler, vtiryiiif^ from the thicknemi of II f;()i)He-(iuill to that of the little finder. They arc Heini-trariHpareiit, of ii roilihnh coh)ur, have a Htront? mnell, and a Hinooth hark. Madih-r ih very cxteiiHivily used in dyeing red; nnd thoie many iiiufdhs, and will continue to ad- vance for a year or two more. " The quiiitats above mentioned are of 100 lbs. poir/« de tallt^ the weight in general use over tlie sfnith of France, and even in >tar' itiUti. — T'his weight is different in the difli-rent province% var)ing from 12 to 2') per cent, lighter than the poidt inclmmc. At Avignon, 121 lbs. p. de table — 50 kilog., consequently 126 lbs. are cqunl lo 1 cwt. Eng. At theexchmife of 25.:>0, the cwt, costs (incliidiiii; II;. for freight, duty, and all ch irges till delivered in London or Liver- pool) 61*. or 6()f. *• it is ctinsidered that only one sixth or one seventh of the preseni crop remains for sale. ** Madder doen not deteriorate by keeping, provided it be kept ilry. " Comple *I>/l«f^ — fr. Cost of 1 quintal of roots in Ihe country • • -33 Expenses in do, ...,-. 2 37 The root gives 85 per cent, powder, contequenlly 1 quintal powder ...-.-- 43-50 Grinding and cask • • - - - -3 Transport 2'50 F, 490 Acroiint nt «d'2l IK22 IH21 Ix.'l |N.'« i-i Court of Judical pendent of the lo III ^fadras roads VV.,\,W..2,nil,.sf siiDof ihn yenr, in llie ISlli 01' Ortohci whicli |)Pri()(I, n slii <'i'ri>in.iii(l(;l (ri-pko iliiiiiiis of the polici •ini've the jevt;! oft orfftimilic mast-lit M(i.sxiila hoais, are I iiislptulof caiilkine "'"•fiirf, tliecoxsu',' [■»«itr.< work ihc-ir h'tat .•iloMir with fri- tho ivavK frniii takii '."iirnwrihisharKlf '" lilt' tiack of thfi SI (laiijoroiis \n have c nearih.-lamling-pia 'no lisliorinen and wry .'iiiiiple con.stnic in l«iisili, lashed tnij, piece. When rea.ly Ihrniifh the surf, to wnliire out. They mxlaiiMge. Theme inlerrupied by n shar persons in danger. MADEIRA, MADRAS. ISO Account of the Qimntity of Mmlilcr nml Mmlilrr Itnoia r(<«prcllvi>ly entcrctl for llome roniiimntlon eiirli YiNir hiihh IH.'O; wiih lliit Kiitvit uf Duty, uiid tliu I'niUilca uf tlia Duty mi vacli.— (r'rum Papers puhluhtd by Uuarii uj ViatU.) Id it talU- 1 even in Var- |ince% varjini At AviKuullp ■ire c(iunl ti) I Incliiilius in. lion or Liver- M the present It be kepi ilry. I'r, . 39 . i 37 Intal 43'dO . 3 . -z-so F. WO Fr . 6S83 ■ 3 F. 611)5 Vwn. MMMtr. Hiijiiiiiif •Iltarvit liir Rllriir llil'v, Mnll NrtI Hrvvnut, (Jll-mlrfV riitiTr.l /(ir Half nf Duly, a.l Mrii. Nnit Rivinu*. ClIIMUIHptlilll. VuM. mtnur.ictuml. /Vr fill/. Cuiiiuiii|iiii>n. Cult /.. /'ir rtd. i. IDIO • >,.17l lb. In Ita .1-1, BOO 19.737 f. 4,909 l!<2l 4H.«>>tt in.iit 4l.:li>tl IO,M>l) INii Kl,i3i All unrli. 4fl,l7» 4^M^4 Ii,ll9 tui Tti.llfl i;.. S«,M7 40,100 lO.tOi |N>4 60,011 1 3i.!IH «'l,>!i l7.Jil^ I1M 7^ 'M ei. «!*,■: .0 ai.,Kio If. 6« . • I4,mi 6:l,Wli 4,1114 ini 00,348 • IH,I4.3 51,787 3,Mli Of Ihi" iniporti nf prfp«i»il inn lilfr In IH3I, imminlln^ In 43.035 rwl.. ji.tJ37 wrni lirnii,'-cwl • Si) -3 IS ( rrrnchSl'rr • Ol. 0». fVT C i; — Sp,ii,i,h . . . 2 .' 0-? Ifi '' rra>ii, ■luri- ■■ ■ .:>■■} C ■*'-!• 1} - Kim lii.li:i, .ir imin|Pfl i II (■ i '« •••i.! M.v|.lfr. Ihe priKli.ie of Kii'.|,', << linl to ii ill, «.r'cl ;.;• lonw COMStilnpliou txcrpl ill nri'i'.h i'.jl , or ill *' ';'■! 01 ll'i- cn\ ,. ly lif Mhirli II i> ihf priKlurc, or fmin wliu). il '■^ li i|i.irtnl. un.lri lnrfl<>r nf 'l.i »»ll»l.- > J i 4 It^^U I 4. c. 52. Kcl. 50.) MADKIRA. Son Wink. MADU \H, the priiicipHl emporium on the const of Coromandel, cr v .t'^iem filimi of .!>o Bny of BctiRnl, in lut. 13° 5' N., Ion. H0° 21' E. It ia tlie sp ,» of govtTn'a.Mit of thr socniiil presitli-ncy of the British posspssions in Iiiilin, havinjjr utidii '» p i.;r»lory of irA,0\)0 square miles, with u populntion, accordiiiR to a recent censiM, .*' l.<,000,0;i'.), piiy'.ng; r, jjropi annual revenue of above .5,000,000/. sterling. The town is silusSJ 'i. the Car' ; 'c pro- vince — a low, sandy, and rather sterile country. It is without port ('i harbour, 'Mf'i; <';sc upon the margin of an open rondstend, the shores of whirh are constantly iie.^f . ^ u \'.( f v'/ surf. Besides these disadvantages, a rapid current runs along the i:oa8t ; on J it i'> viilliin the s[)here of the hurricanes or typhoons, by which it is occasionally >ibiled, Ir, cvi •" it'- gpect, indeed, it is a very inconvenient place for trade, and its conimcfce ivi conifi' of hou; f.* war ascertained to be 20,780 ; which allowing 6 inhabitants to each, makes Ibi- total )" pa'.itJon aliuut 100,000. Fort Saint George is a strong and handsome fortificafi in, 'yi'i.i" dose J ) the shore. The Black. Town of Madras, as it is called, stands to the north ami cT-^'ivvanl of vhe fort, from which it is separated by a spacious esplanade. Here reside the natx'e, Aniieiiiiin, and Portuguese merchants, with many Europeans unconnected with the government. LiKe most other Indian towns, it is irregular and confused, leing a mixture of brick and bairijoo boiLsos. Madras, like Calcutta and Boni'iay, is subject to English law; ha\l it, i' Supreme Court of Judicature, the judges of which are named by the Crown, and a.v alio;,-t)i.hi;r iido- pcndent of the local government, and the East India Company. Ill Madras roads, large slii(w moor in from 7 to 9 ratlioiiia, with tlic ;1t'»ft\''' 'f 111 J fort I)o.".i-iii» W.iN.W., 2 inilt's from sliore. rroiii Octolier to .laniiiiry In generally con. Ii|p.-i'(i tlic in s iipniuo iiea- 8(111 iif llic year, in consi-qtiencp of tlin |)rovul(!iice, during that interval, rf utoiirn iiiid iyi ' Jlh of Dfi.eMil'i r , .lurinu wliiili jicridd, a ship cniniiiB into tlie roadu, or, indeed, any when; '.> i'b'-i ■H),;,i(lim;s on the coast of ("oriinniiilel (reckoned from I'oint Palmyras to Ceylon), vitiates linr irsiir mi. , n..i'.)rili..j; ti. the con- ililiiiiis of tlie policies of all the insiiraiice oflicea in India. In 'he '. 'I there i<-) t. Hslii-iioiise.'.K) feel aheve the level of the sea, and which may he seen from the deck •' ■>. larpe .■*t'ip, at 17 miles' distance, Of frniii the mast-head at a ilistance of 2(1 miles. The cart"t ht. its used for crossing the surf, called Miifgiita tiiiats, are large and llglit ; made of very thin pi.nK> sewed together, with straw in the seams, instead of caulking, which il is supposed might reni':'- ■ t.iei" ton stilV. When wilhiii the intltience of tlic surf, the coxswain stands up, and be.itt? time i;i greiii agitation with his voice and feet, while Iho rowers work their oars backwards, iiiitii ■vtitukiii by a strong surf ciirllii!; up, which sweeps the tinat ailing with friahlfiil violenrn. tlveiyoar is then plied forward with the utmnst vigour to prevent thi; wave fnim taking thi i. a. p. All Briliih and ton ga ihlpi 2.i Country ihipi . 14 n Snow, brig, Ketch, and Khooner 7 Sloop and cutter • 5 lart^ti iJhoiiies ■ 6 SduII dbonien Anchorage Dua. 2 S. Roals. N. Roads. Hi . a P- Kt. a. p. British ships, and sh ips under foreign, Euro- pein or America) cnlours 3H Country shjpi, from 90.1 to 500 Ions 3.-. — .■iOO — 300 — 2'< — 300 — 200 — 21 — 200 - 100 — 17 — 100 — .SO — U — 50— 10 — 10 Native craft, from 4P0 — 30 — 2t — 300 — 2.i0 — 17 .« 2(J0 — 10:1 — 1) II m^ 100 — 50 — 1) n 10 tmm 60— 20 — 3 "" 20— 10 — Boat Hire. 1 Ordinary (rips - 1 3 12 6 Do. do, for an accommodation boat • h n 5 TriiiHiiipni.-nts • . M « 12 Ki'Mini irips • 10 3 M'liisoou trips • 2 3 1 8 i)j. do. fnr an accommodation boat • 10 10 Do. transhipments • 8 1 8 I)i. return Inpi - . 1 3 1) 12 n Dci'l) water trips ■ 2 3 1 8 Kxtr.v hue nn Siind-ays 9 (1 9 A ti.'it loid iif walHr > 3 1) u 2 8 Siiid litllast. exclusi re of boat hir^ 6 4 Tarpaulin hire - . U 4 4 St. a. P- I 12 10 8 4 1 2S 38 25 33 of port charges at Madras :— Catamaran Hire. Small catamarans, to all ships on anchoring • — snow, brji^, and ketch, do. • — sloop and cutter, do. • • — dhonies and large boats, do. — carrying letters to ships — carrying jirovi8io;i3 or parcels large catamarans, for landing or shipping a Kuropeaa cable of l3tn Iti inches • fordo, do. 17 to 22 — f'irdo. auanchorof l6to29cwt. • for do. — 30 to 60 — Pint ReguJntiniu.—A notificalinn shall be sent by the collector of the cualnins, tlirou^'h the in.as er attendant, to the coinni.'inders of all i ships coming into the roads, retpiirini^ them to transmit a true and full manifest nf all gotHls -ind merchandises laden on boani, accord* ing to a prniletl form; \vhich iinnifest being delivered to the col- -. ., w I lector, he shall, if l;i; so thinks fit, reipiire it to be verified by an a(fi. 17 I davit on oath; wliit-h forms bcin.; olisi'rved, permits are granted for ' ' " " ' tbe landing of the g:iods, under an ullieial signature. No articles are to be shipped or landed without a permit, or after C o'clock P. M. .Any nn'ri'liaiiilise attetn[ited to belauded without the prescribe 1 fornix, or ihat were not insprlel in the manifest, are liable to double duty . and, where a fraudulent iittention shall ap- pear, to confisc.atinn. All goods tevcent (Ui account of the E.ast India Company) stiall be shippt-d or landed yi the ghaut opposite to the Custr)m-ii.juse, or pay (lou'de duty. Alt goods, (except belonging to the Company), on beoix landed, shall be brought to the (^uslom. house ; and when required to be passed, a written application, in th following form, must be made to the collector. No other form wA be att(;ijded to. — " 'I'o the Collector of the Custonis. Please to per niit ttie nnder-niciitioMt:d goods to pass the Custom-bouse, on aticouii of, Sir, your obedient servant, ." Hate. No. and Nature of Packages. Name of Ship. Under what Colours. Whence Imported. Sort of Goods. Quantity of Goods. Rates. Total Value. JV. .B.— These are to be left blank, and filled up from the tarilf by which the duties are regulated. _ Grv^fs exp-^rted in Rritish vessels, or in those belonging to the na- t've inhabit,uits of Inlia, are exempt from duty, but niust never- Ihcle-is p.asH through the Cus'oms' books, and their value be ctnnputLd at tlie taritl"|i;-ices. If any go'cls are shipped, or attempted to be shipped, without per- mission obtained from the Customs, which must be applied for ac- cording to the following form, they are liable to a duty of 6 per cent, or 8 per cent^ according to the country of the ship. — *' To the Collector of ilie Customs. Please to permit the undermrntioned g'MKis to pass the Custom house, on account of, Sir, your obedient servant, " No. an 1 Na'iire of Packages. Name of Ship. Under what Colours. Whither bound. Sorts of G.ToJs, Rates of Manufactures and Produce. Quantity of Goods. Rates. These are to be filled up from the tarilT. The collector of custonis is allowed a commission of 5 per cent, on the amount of the duty ci)llected on goods imported or exported, and U|M>ii the am tnnt of the fluty cnmpute'l on goods imjiorteo or export- ed free tif duty ; an-l where goods become liable to be charged with the a.i.litiomi duly. 5 per cent, is also due to the collector on such duty. Port cleirances cannot be granted to ships clearing outwards, until true and cnmp e'e manifests of the cargoes have been lodged with the collector of customs, and a certificate produced from the boat pay- master (the chief nllicer over the boats regularly kept for hire) that he has no deinind. The port cti irgcs fir clearance on every vessel, except p.addy boats, is I jiagoda 24 fatiaiiis. For every paddy baat, 2() fanams. For every bale imported or exported in foreign vessels (except American), I pagoda. You cannot employ your own boat to unload your vessel without the permission of llie oiasfer a'tcndaut ; and yon can, in no case, let your Iwat for hire to annther veset, under any pretence whatever, riie rates of lioat hire ?re according to yniir distance from the shore; double charge being made, if employed on a Sunday. A load of bal. last consists of 120 bakets of sand, according to a fixed size, at the average price cf 3 1-2 fanams. A boat load of water is 4 butts ; tiie price is .55 fanams 40 cash. Cii^totni. —The export and impo^. duties at Madras are the 8.inio as at Calcutta ; which see. .1/oniM.— There is a considerable variety of coins in circulation in Madras and its vicinity. Of the pnlil coins, llu! print'ipal iirif star or current pa(;odas =: 7s. 5id. ; coniinonly, liowever, valued nt Ss, The (fdlil riipi'i!, new coinage, is worth, according to the mint price of puld in Kngland, II. Os. 212(/. 'I'lie Arcot rupee (silver) and tlie new silver rupee are very nearly of tlie same value, being respect- ivi-ly wiirth l.v. li^d. and Is. IIJJ. The East India Company and the European merchants iteep their accoiinls at Vi fanams the rupee ; 80 casli r= I fanani, and 42 fanams = 1 pagoda. Copper pieces of sn 1%'isli, calli'd pice, and of 70 and .5 cash called dodees and half dodces, are also current; these are cuiiicd in England, and the value is niarkitil on each. Ciiiiiniercial ICeifrhla.—Gonih are weighed by the candy of 20 maiinds ; the maund is diviiled into 8 vis, IV'O pollaiiis, or 3,200 pag'idas ; the vis is divitled into 5 seers. The candy of Madras is 500 llis. avdiriltipois. Hence the pagoda weighs 2 oz. 3 grs. ; and the other weights are in proportion. These wi'ioliis liave been adupted by the English ; but those used in the Jagliire (Ihe territory round Miiilras bebiiiL'ing to the Company), as also in most other parts of the Coroinandel coast, are called the Mala- bar weiglila, and are as follows :— Tlie gtirsay (called by the Euitlish gtirreUioutaiuE 20 barnays or catiiiies ; the bartiay, 20 maiitinghs or mtiunits ; the maund, 8 visay or vis, 320 ptillains, or 3,200 vitra- hiiiis. Tlie varahun wi'ighs 62} Emili-ih grains: therefore, the vistiy is 3 lbs. 3 dr. ; the maund, 21 lbs. 2 11/.. ; the bariKiy, 482^^ IIi.j. ; and Ihe gtirsay, (l,645i lbs. avoirdupois, or 4 tons cwt. nearly. ^Meiisiims iif Oajhieilv. — The I'arce, crirn measure, coiilains SO paralis, or 400 niarrals ; and the iiiar- cril, 8 ptiiltlies, or Ot oilticks. Tin.' marcal shiiuld loeastire '.'50 cubic inches, and weigli 27 lbs. 2iiz. 2 dr. avdirdiipciis of frnsh spring water; hence, 43 marcals=l.'j Winch, bushels; and thereftire the puree = 1*5 English quarters nearly. When grain is sold by weight, 9,25t).J lbs. are reckoned for 1 garce, being 18 cantlies 128 maunds. Banki .— 'I'hore i.s but a single banking establishment at Madras, which is entirely a government concern, as the direitors consist of the superior ollicers of government ; ami the iniiiistcrial olbcers are r>n fixed salaries. The bank issues notes, receivable as cash at the public treasuries, within tlie town of AFadi from its first as the Iiidi.iii price and tlie Mcreanlile I or houses tif native house i sonietimes luii this respect, w live governnic safely be inipli dras provinces 1813 1830 Insurance. — ' agents of tla. ^ .^aenr.ij and follow ; — I. On the total sum option of the ag . „6 I'" cent, is ch I. On enecliiig rem bills of exchan,' 3. On subscriptions t ferrnig, or exch; 4. On delivering up public ollicej.i.i 5. On receiving and < and merchandise 6. On collecting rents 7. Ou purchase i.f |oi 8. 0/1 the sale of lolle cent. S. fin letters of credit 10. On the niaiia»emei 11. On debts, wlieuaji: per cent. And if recovered b U. On hills of exchaogl Id. On overdue debt.s rt N. On heconiingsecu'ii li. On all sales or iiur-l 'I'll/, f/if y,,.v,.K>:, Ou houses, lands, an Export.'; and /«;■ Slates, the South t-'eylon. In .spe;i|( pan, Ihe trade of grain, chiefly from raw silk from Hen countritts ; and ric cnii.sist of plain an fi'il'- natron, some " hiiii the (luantii euili importance ii' Tlie following Is Europe and Amerit Countries. fireit Rrilain I'nilel Stales I of America I Portugal France inrwlli South Ame- rican States I Tolal I Merehan- (.'iS( 2,717,492 7l,l2j 1,225 Taking the Madras of 1J'I3.|4 were ti!)5 more than !)3,,'i8fi; o liken place in the sa ine Table, have evei planatioii. Tlu! raw poly, could not be dii m.Klriis, ami there re l'>r ilio .same purpose riniiiifrfe .if Madms Ihal pri'sjiiciicy than tnii tormcr, is teinpot Willi any vigour in tl and flesh ones are no pnssir.^. froii, town t '■iriMiid to a .erv corr Have no .>-iaiciuent : I "''lbl81T.:,S, was3,6' '"'.I'"" I'.niiage iu the i«Jsc.:su being accoui MADRAS. 161 ;el without no cisi', lei vhalevcr. J Oie shore j lojil of bil- size, 3t lllft bulls i llie re the Mine Of ilie fid m 8s. .24M. rospect- epp their )ieces of liese are ed into 8 500 Ili3. Tll(!90 I Mndras lie Malii- irtiays or JOOvii ra- id, 'Ulbs. Ihn iiiar- 1.2(1/.. 2 .f(irc tlie led lilt 1 orniiicnt Ll ollicers liltiin tlio town of Mndras ; it receives deposits and grnnts diaconnts. The acciininlnted profits of the bank, frniii its first institution in 1800, aiiioiiiiti'd to fi20.22 of the trade of Madras, and its subordinate ports, with Europe and America, in the'years 1813-11 and 1823-29. Countries. 1313-1811. 1828-1829. | Imports. 1 Exports, Imports. Eiports. 1 Merchan- j llul- dise. I lion. Total, i"--^- Dullion. Tolal -"^lerchan- ™"'- i ilise. Hut- lion. Total. Merchan- dise. Ilullion. Total. firntfirilain Uiulel S'aies of America Portugal France brazils South Ame- rican Stales Total • ^ra. M. 2,717,492 " 71,12"j 1,223 Ma.rs. 2,623 Ma. ri. ' Afi. rft 2,717,402 4,208,946 73,753, ' 98,462 1,228 Ma. ri. Ma.-n. 4,363,133 ' 93,462 Ma. rs. 3,334,S23 3,819 388,593 .Vfil. 1 J. 25,1,56 7,055 1,000 Ma. IS. 3,379,981 10,874 359,493 Ma. n. 3,507,741 20,933 12.5,006 62,906 Ma. r.*. 732,063 Ma. rt. 4,240,404 20,953 125,006 62,906 2,7^9,848 2,62; 2,702.47') 4,307,40S I:-.B,l-7 4,463,-.9ji ,3,747.137 32,21 1 j 3,7S0,3I- 3.7in,61!6 732,ii61 4,l.-.2.269| Taking the Madras rupee at its British mint value of Is. Ud. nearly, the joint exports and imports of IsilS-il were tiil5,373/. ; and those of 1S28-2^ee. Lk.u).) Till earthen waie, &c., , Wand Ireland, 'li "i^liiiig. and that w el Malaga wine bei Bunied in the latter. 'J'hc following d( 'S30," contain the of Malaga. Their i „r /'""',■ ""''"'"= ^vines are n.nr kinds: first il MUim proportion of' lasle to the 'Malaga ♦ The consul says 7 '"»""■ ^Itnanackihe 75 I MAlZi:, MA I. AG A. 163 The ciittinprof mali'iC'iny iit llondnnis lakes iilmc! iii twn (lilTcrcrit seasons; after ('liri-^tiii.is, and towards midsimiiiicr. TIk? iicerncs (•niplnyi'd in I'lHinj; tlie Iiim ;. are divldnt iiilo crmips id' I'r 'in 10 to 50. The trei'9 are I'lil aliniil lU led trDin llir (.'iniiiid, and if.' Ildaled dnwn llie rivers Of 11,542 tons (if iiniliocaMy ini|iiirlrMl in lh;il,h'2ll tiiriie lidin the Hrilisli West Indies (itnlndinR ncmdiiras, and 2,623 from Flayii. The dniy on inriiiiiri nnihoKai y is 7/. 10.-. a too, wlnreas Unndnras nniliogany pays only M lO.-., ami .laniaica nialioLany I/. The ell'i'i I of siicli a rimy ninsi olivionsly he to force the consumption of Ihi! inferior in iiri'feretKte lo lln^ snperior arlide. In"li-;VJ, the duty pro- duced 4,'),40''/.— (See Trcilffnlil'.i I'rviiiiihii i"rled into the I'nited Kini/doni, as if it had heen imported direct in a Hrilisli sliip, provided it he sia.ed lU the ship's clearance that the uialiogany had liceii so warehonsi^d and exported.— (0 (}c(i. ■(. c. TO. !> 1:- ) Mahouany not to he entered as hi'inj; the produce of any Hrilisli p'lsse. sinn, unless the master of the ship iniporling the name deliver lo the collector or comptroller a cerlij ■ .te, and declare that the gooils are the produce of such place. — iHee milr, p. 8.) (The duly on foreign mahogatiy has been reduced to 5/. per ton. — (6 & 7 VV/7/. 4, cap. CO.)— Sup.) MAIZE, oil INDIAN COKN (Fr. Bled (k Turquk; Gcr. Tiirklsch horn. Mays,- It. Grano Tiirco o Siciliano ,■ Sp. Tn'iro de hidim, Tri'fro de Turquia), one of the cereal grasses {Zea Maya), supposed to be indigenous to South America, being the only species of corn cultivated in the New World previously to its discovery. It was introduced into tho Continent about the begiiniinc;, and into England a little while after the middle, of the 16th century. Its culture hits spread with astonishing ra[)idity ; being now extensively grown in most Asiatic countries, and in all the southern parts of Europe. It has the widest qcographi- cal range of all llie ceralia, growing liiv iriantly at the etjuatoy, and as far as the 50th degree of north, and the 40th of south lutituilo. It has been raised in England, in nursery gardens near the metropolis, for more than a century ; and recently it, h.as been attempted to raise it ill the fields, but with indillerent success. Like other plants liiat have been long in cultiva- tion, it has an immense number of varieties. The ear consists of about 600 grains, set close together in rows, to the number of 8, 10, or 12. The grains are usually yellow; but they ^le sometimes red, bluish, gropiiish, or olive-coloured, and sometimes striped and varie- pated. The maize of Virginia is tall and robust, growing 7 or 8 feet high ; that of New England is shorter and lower ; and the Indians further up the country have a still smaller sort in common use. The stalk is jo'-ned like the sugar cane. The straw makes excellent fodder; and the grain, as a bread corn, is liked by some; but though it abounds in mucilage, it contains little or no gluten, and is not likely to be much used by those who can procure wheaten or even rye bread. — (Loudon's Encyclopwdia of Agricti/ture, h part more of brandy than in tlic sweet wine; no less than l-12th part of the dry Malaga lining brandy. " 'I'lie whole produce of the Mahifja vineyards is estimated at from .15,000 to 40,000 pipes; but owing to the incri'asiuR slock of old wine in the cellars, it is impossible to be precise in this calculation. The export of all sniis of Malaga wine may he stated at about 27,000 pipes. The principal market is the lliiit<'d Slates and South America ; and to these the export is upon the increase. The average price of the winoM shi|ip(Ml from Mal.iga does tint exceed So dollars per pipe ; but wines are occasion- ally I'vported at the price of 170 dollars. Many attempts have been made at Malaga to produce sherry, but not with perfeit pmcccss. The slierry grape has been reari.'d at Malaga upon a soil very similar to that of Xcres; lint the merchants of .Ma'l.iga have not ventured to enter the wine for export. (Jne reason of the very low price of the wines nf Malaga is to be found in the cheapness of labour; field lalioor is only 2; reals a day {M-J.). In the fruit and vintage time it is about double. " fVi?j/.— Next to its wines, the chief export of Malaga is fruit, consisting of raisins, almonds, prapi's, lies, and lemons ; but of these, raisins are principally exported. I hav(! before me a note of llie exports of Malaga for the months of .September and October, 1830— the chief, Ihinigh not the sole, exportirie months— and I find that during tliat time the export of raisins amounted to 208,815 boxes, and .11.011) smaller packages. Of this qnantily, 125,.134 boxes were entered for the United Slates; 4."). 51') for Tngland ; the remaining quantity being for rrance, the West Indies, llie Spanish ports, SoaTh America, and Holland. " The rai.'iins exporlid frcur IMalaga are of three kirjs, mvsrnte!, bloom, c- iitn'raisin, and lezias. — The muscatel is the tinest raisin in the world. In its pr paralion no art is , .,ed ; the grape is merely placed in the son, atid frennently Hirned. The bloom, oi sun raisin, is a dift'erent grape from the mus- catel ; but its preparation is tlie same. The lexias acquire tliis name from the liquor, or ley, in which Ilii'v are dipped, and which is composed of water, ashes, and oil ; these, after being dipped, are also dried in the sun. All muscatel raisin.s are exported in boxes, and also a part of the bloom raisins. In IS20, the (!\ports of innscalcl and bloom raisins were 325,000 boxes of 25 lbs. each ; in all, 8,125,000 lbs. 'I'liis (inantity is iiiilependent of the export of bloom raisins in casks, and of lexias; the latter aiiioiiiilirm to 1 oiHil 30.01)0 arrohas. The export of raisins to Englatid has fallen off, while that to America has coiisideralily increased. In IS24, 75 ships cleared from Malaga, for EngUua villi fruit : in \<.W, down to the 1st of iNovember, 3t vessels had cleared out. " Of llie other fruits raised near Malaga, grapes, almonds, and lemons arc the most extensively ex- ported. In the months of September atid Octobe.-, Ih.TO, 11,012 j;irs of grapes were shipped for Eng- land ; l).120 for .\merica ; aiul 1.050 for Knssia. During the same months, 5.335 arrobas of almonds (13.'!,375 Ids.) were shipped for England, this being nearly the whole export ; tjiere were also exported, during the same period, 3,749 boxes of lemons for England ; 4,201 dilto for Oermuny ; and 810 ditto for Kiiisia. " 0(/.— There is also a largo export of oil from Malaga ; but the exportation during the latter part of 1830, would be no criterion of the average ; because, the Greenland whale fishery having failed, ex- tensive orders had i..,en received from England. " Sliiiipiiiir. — The trade between England and Malaga is on the decline : that with both the Americas is increasing, ttspecially in wines. The number of Dritish vessels etiter(ul at the port of Malaga, in 1^27, 1 lind from an official note furnished by the British consul to have been 104; in 1828, 120; in ls2;l, 105; and in IKiO, to the 1st of November, 83, exclusive of small 'Jibrallar vessels. The nnniher of Anieiii an vessels entering in 1820, was 55; but the average burden of the Americans being 175 tons, ami ihil of the English vessels not exceeding 100, the whole American is nearly eiiual to the whole English trade."— (Vol. ii. pp. 190—106.) .;1/i;?f(';/. — Accounts are kept in reals of 31 maravedis vellon. — (For the coins, and their value, used at Mai iga. ':ee t-ADiz.) U'msUtf: nnd Afiasures. — The weights are the same as those of Cadiz. The arroba,or cantara=:4'I9 English wine sallons ; the regular pipe of Malaga wine contains 35 arrobas, but is reckoned only at .14 ; a lioti of I'edro Ximenes wines = 535- arrobas ; a bnla of oil is 4.1, and a pipe 35 arrobas ; the latter weighs about 800 lbs. avoirdupois : a carga of raisins is '2 baskets, or 7 arrobas ; a cask con- tains a? much, though only called 4 arrobas : as a last for freight are reckoned — 1 bolas or 5 pipes of wine or oil ; 4 bales of orange peel ; 5 pipes of I'edro Ximenes wine or oil ; 10 casks of almonds (each aliout 380 lbs. English) ; 20 chests of lemons and oranges ; 22 casks of almonds (of 8 arrobas each) ; 44 casks of raisins (of 4 arrobas each) ; SShalf casks of raisins ; 50 baskets of 10(1 jars of rai.^iiis. I'orl Cli(irirr.^.—T\w port and harbour dues amount, on an English vessel of 300 tons, to about 'ill,; on a Spanish vessel, of the same burden, they would be about 11/. 10s. II (//■c//,)Hsi/in-.— Goods may be warehoused for 12 months, paying 2 per cent, ml valorem in lien of all charces ; but, at the end of the year, they must be either entered for consumption or reshipped. Tlie 2 per cent, is charged, whether they lie a day or the whole year. Tliere is an excellent account of Malaga in Toirnsend's Travels in Spain, vol. iii. pp. 10 — 12. The ^nsirers by the consul at Malaga to the Circular Queries contain little or no infuriiiation. M.M.MSEY. See Wi.ne. MAI.T (GvT. Ma/i/ .- Da. Mouf ,- Ft. Mai, Bledgermd ,■ li. Malto; Sp. Ctbada refnmtda 6 entdUechla ; Rus. Sulod ,- hat. Mallum). The term malt is applied to dcsigtinto grain which, iieing .steeped in water, i.s made to germinate to a eertaiit extent, after which the pro- ce.-s is ehecked hy the application of heat. This evolves the saccharine principle of the grain, which is the essence of malt. The process followed in the manufacture is very sim- I)le. Few changes have hcen made in it; and it i.s carried on at this moment very imicli in the same manner that it was carried on hy our ancestors centuries ago. Itice, and aliuo.st every s[iecies of grain has hecn used in malting; but in Europe, and especially in England, mall is [)repared almost wholly from barley. It is the principal ingredient in the manufac- ture of beer, and is not used for any other purpose, Diilics on, anil Cunsiiinpfiiin of Miilf. Jnjluence of the reduction of the Diiti/ and the Oprnini^ of the Trade. — Owing to malt liquor havmg early become the favourite beverage of the people of England, the manufacture of malt has carried on amongst us, for a longth- cned peri wealth an years. T by the inci there cann and the ah inij)osed or regulations barley; wl lent to an (, was not, ho being as.sest brewed by j use; and as tinction was brew any bo malt he mad have been m iiig. Origini being increas to (be gross i, lenglb forcibb beer in inerea E(lhil)urir/i I, sulisiaiKial ju; Wuke of Well tbe liceii.'siiig s 'J'he repeal < cipations of th Would be no gi lias lu'cn raise- liiunkeiiness, i.< as it certainly Dished (ho consi lii'ial change. of Iiecr; but it ocrasioiifd no ci country, has bee b».siiies.s, the tra .sljofis have been (ion of alehouse; people ; but that imiltilude of alel lii.'^positioii is by less grovelling en lo promote sobrie lower classes mor aiiil to stimulate t The following ' (ii)«ii to 18;};j, aji, malt had been abn hm\ more than lU increased. In |,oi period— for more f viry well-iriformed tilt' (|iiaiitity of nia fiiilifig with 1723, ni'Xt 1 years wa.s tlx' malt duty a.s if «'»ays be taken im •\ii)|)le information save the trouble of r 'lit'ir repeal, into on MALT. 165 only at l)»ri ; the Vk con- jpipos of 'riii^iiis. |)Ut 2U. ; l>n of all IJ. Tlie h- Tlie itmmda grain Ihc pro- of the Iry sim- luicli in 1 iilinost aiiufac- ind the IvcraRO llcir4li- ened period, on a very large scale. Instead, however, of increasing with the increasing wcallii and population of the country, it has bceu nearly stationary for the last hundred years, Tliis apparently anomalous result is probably in some measure to be accounted for by the increased consumption of tea and coflee, which are now in almost universal use ; but tiierc cannot be a question that it is mainly owing to the exorbitant duties with which malt, and tlie ale or beer manufactured from it, have been loaded, and to the oppressive regulations imposed on the manufacture of malt and the sale of beer. The etfect of these duties and regulations was to impose a tax of about 7*. on the malt and beer made from a bushel of barley ; which, taking the average price of barley at from 4s. to 5s. a bushel, was equiva- lent to an (id' valorem duty of from 140 to 17.') per cent. ! The exorbitancy of the duty was not, however, its most objectionable feature. It was about equally divided — one half being assessed directly on mult, and the other on beer: but the beer duty alFectcd only beer brewed by public brewers, or for sale, and did not affect that which was brewed for private use; and as rich families brewed all the beer they made use of, the consequence of this dis- tinction was, that the beer duty fell wholly on the lower and middle classes, who did not brew any beer; or, in other words, the poor man was compelled to pay twice the duty on the malt he made use of that was paid by the rich man ! That such a distinction should ever have been made, or subinittid lo for any considerable period, is certainly not a little astonish- ing. Originally, however, the distinction was tiot so great as it afterwards became ; and being increased by slow rlegrees, the force of habit reconciled the parliament and the country to the gross ine(]uality and oppressiveness of the tax. IJut the public attention being at length forcibly attracted to the suiijcct, and the elUict of the exorbitant duties on malt and beer in increasing the consumption of ardent spirits having been clearly pointed out — (see Ijf/iii/iurir/i Ilfview, No. 98. art. 1.), the Iwer duty was repealt'd in \S'M). This measure of siilistantial justice and sound jxilicy reflects the greatest credit on the administration of the Duke of Wellington ; which is also entitled to the public gratitude for having put an end to tlit> licensing system, and established, for the first time, a really free trade in beer. 'J'he repeal of the duty has materially increased the consumption of malt; and the anti- cipations of those who contended that its abolition, if combined with a free trade in beer, uotdd be no great loss to the revenue, are in a fair way of being realised. The clamour that has been raised against the measure, on account of its supposed influence in increasing drunkenness, is, we firmly believe, wholly without foundaiion. If the measure has increased, as it certainly has done, the consumption of beer, it has at the same time eijually dimi- nished the consumption of gin ; and it is surely superfluous to add, that this is a most bene- lirial change. It is true that a number of new public houses have been opened for the sale of beer ; but it has not hitherto been proved that this circumstance, though it seems to have occasioned no conmiun alarm among the clergy and magistrates in different [larts of the country, has been productive of any public inconvenience. Like all newly opened lines of business, the trade of beer selling has been overdone; and a considerable number of beer shops have been shut up. " It is not," as Dr. Smith sagaciously remarkec', " the multiplica- tion of alehouses that occasions a general disposition to drunkenness among the counnon lico])le; but that disposition, arising from other causes, necessarily gives employment to a imiltitude of alehouses." — {Wial/h nf Nalioihi, vol, ii. p. 146.) The way to eradicate this disposition is by giving a better education to the poor, and inspiring them with a taste for loss grovelling enjoyments. All that the fiscal regulations and police enactments intended lo promote sobriety have 3\er done, is to make bad worse, to irritate and disgust, to make the lower classes more enamoured of that which they conceive is unjustly withheld from them, and to stimulate them to elude and defeat the law. — (See vol. i. p. l.'i.) The following Tables show the consumption of malt in England and Wales from 1787 down to 183;?, and in the whole knigdom from 1821. They show that the consumption of malt had been about stationary for nearly half a century, notwithstanding the population had been more than doubled in that ()eriod, and that the wealth of all classes had been materially increased. In point of fact, however, the consumption had been stationary for a much longer period — for more t/ian an entire cenfiiri/ ! For it appears from the accounts given by the VI ry well-informed Mr. Charles Smith, in his tracts on the Corn Trade ('2d ed. p. I'J'J.), that the quantity of malt that paid duty in England and Wales, at an average of the 10 years eliding with 1723, was 3,!542,000 quarters a year; and that the annual average during the next 10 years was .3,3,'J8,071 quarters. The beer duties being, in effect, as much a part of till' malt duty as if they had been laid directly on malt, it is indispensable that they should iiiways be taken into account, before drawing any conclusions as to the influence of the duty. Ai!i|ile information with respect to them will be found in the article Ale ami Bkku ; but, to save the trouble of references, tlie whole is brought, as far as respects the 10 years previous lo tlicir repeal, into one point of view in the subjoined Table, No. I. I 2 8 I /' ': 'M: 160 MALT. 1. An Account of the Number of aimrtors of Malt charged with Duty, the Amount of the snid Duty, the Hall- pi-r Uiiarter in each Year; also, the Number of Huarters of Malt used liy Urewers and Vlclualler.m the Number of Harrels of (Strong, Intermediate, uiid Table Heer, separately; the Amount of Duty on Heer, and the Rale of Duly per llarrel for each sort of Beer, in each Year, from the 5th of January, 1821, to the 5th of January, 1833; in Imperial Measure. If England. Malf. Beer. Quarters Quarters Stroiie, Table, at Inter- fi = Amount of ustrd by at 9.. lOrf. It. II4,(. Amount of •"ni mte per Quarter. Duly. Brewers and per per Uuly. Duty, ViLiuallers. Barrel.* Barrel.* Barrel. £ «. rf. "1 No account lias lieen Harreh. Snrreh, ilarrrls. £ s. d. 1821 2.9'^5.53( 285. lOi ^%d. 4,311,440 2 6 .5,066,81711,518,695 - - 2,838,149 1 1 1N22 3,2l'.7,3fll 4,718,300 10 5,969,891 11,528,575 - . 12,987,366 8 6 1H23 3,3;)(i,()(n Froin23Feb. IS22,20t.Sd. 3,024,242 8 0, J^aii'V^n, 6,.300,98 111, .570,043 - ,3,1,53,601 5 7 1821 S.IOJ.dl'l 3,203,502 17 Ol (he,, years 0,395,835! 1,483,015 7,018 .3,190,008 12 8 182-1 H,I5I,»22 - - . 3,560,093 Ol 2,704,514 6,1)60,9681 1,, 5 14,0 Ih 15,fi(i0 3,326,277 14 2 182(> 3.fi<)f),3!)2 • - - 3,813,072 7 « 2,820,940 7,014,3951 l,C06,8()9 6,160 3,495,597 9 I 1827 :!.ll(),(l9f - . . 3,,5S0,084 19 8i 2,029,626 0,697,13311,603,053 7,707 3,268,655 9 9 182S 3.1, •17,(142 - - - 3,211,010 6 6 2,.57 1,879 6,403,302 1,532,308 17,11)8 .3,131,662 6 182(1 3,8! 1,727 - - - 3,911,884 19 1 2.610,621 6,.570,310 1,530,419 62,617 3,222,807 2 III 18311 2,«28,.^n£ - . - 3,026,126 6 9 2,406,991 5,901,048 1,. 380,469 55,498 2,923,118 1 5 lH3l;3,3(i2,(il3 ... 3,474,699 16 10 2,364,939 3,570,332 1,006,262 41.834t . 1832; 1,120,134 ... 4,257,781 10 10 2,284,919 - . - - - - 1833 3,938,721 - 14,090,678 9 11 3,235,519 - - - - - - - Scotland. From B.irley. ». d. f From Bear or Bigg. 8s.l0h-^jd. 1 1821 147,770 28 loi/y. From 5July,1820, 24.S 9tV 212,282 6 6 < count as > ( above. ) 123,114 207,983 - - 80,972 1822 163,207 *'• • •'■2 1 From 5July,1821. 2'is.Si4\d. i23 1,605 9 3 78,406 128,939 219,546 - - 85,060 4 IS23 175,390 f From 25 Feb. 1822, l20s.6d. lis.5j'{d. Froni 5July,1822, lbs. 9i ,/*,- j 183,071 16 7 78,607 128,107 227,478 85,117 12 1821 203,073 . . 198,695 1510 75,100 110,292 226,332 - 80,532 8 182.') 318,57fi . . 335,505 8 1 74,979 118,813 239,956 - 81,894 10 1826 4<)0,730 _ . 402,144 6 6 85,430 133,903 264,035 . 91,731 2 2 1827 340,819 . 16*. 339,101 810 72,956 122,1.58 271, .3,35 . 79,910 1 1'828 339,259 . 33.5,488 1811 79,481 112,007 241,293 - 72,877 10 1829 483,394 . . 478,507 15 2 82,577 118,943 247,443 - 76,9!t4 10 8 1830 461,120 . . 457,587 12 4 75,305 111,071 229,384 . 71,786 19 5 1631 502.743 . . 505,651 4 6 92,416 75,272 178,01 It . . 1832 52.!, 309 . . 515,578 8 1 118,0,33 - . - . . 1633 4.'iH,096 . . 458,096 5 7 123,800 - - - - - - - Ireland. 1821 ' 224,208' 28«. 101 -fKd. 319,683 14 165,1.30 1822' 213,004; From 5 April, 18a,20».M. 317,424 1.50,640 1823 2l9,5l8j . . - 27,5,012 14 174,466 1821 213,.S64 - . - 216,725 2 6 187,268 1825 971,219 . 208,330 170,695 jVflM.— No return can be ni.tde 1820 319,0.'56 ... 344.000 10 167,124 of the quantity of beer brewed in 1827 ,300,821 ... 315,029 15 2 176„349 Ireland, the same not being subject 1828 825,819 ... 232,899 12 10 189,076 to excise duly. 1829 301,192 ... 311,19! 19 17.5,331 1830 251, .579 ... 259,809 17 2 167,175 1831 241,051 - . . 251,610 1 11 141,401 18,32 262,730 ... 263,307 8 7 186,674 1833 250,794 - 250,277 9 8 192,867 II. Prices of Malt, per Winchester Quarter, at Greenwich Hospital, from 1730 to 1832. Years. Prices, Years. Prices. Years. Prices. 1730 20«. 6(/. 1805 8.55. ~d. 1S25 71s. lOJd. 1710 27,9. 3'id- 1810 84s. 5rf. 1S26 arts. \ii. 17,50 2-!«. 1815 69s. 7irf. 1827 fiU. I(W, 1760 21*. (Id. 1820 68s. 8i(/. 1828 61s. 7r/. 1770 28... 3(/. 1821 61s. \\d. 1829 6I.S. W.>l. 1780 31,?. Id. 1822 52.«. H!,/. 1830 56.S. U,/, 1790 3.5s. 6rf. 1823 59s. 11(/. 1831 70s. r^id. 1800 84,«. 1824 62s. Id. 1832 58s. 8,/. in, .\n Ae Ycai, encbd Ml Ju'y. ♦ From the year 1,827, the rate of duty per barrel forstrongbeer was— common brewers, 9.s'. j vldii^l- lers. 9.S. 10,/. ; tuble beer, common brewers. Is. 9id. ; vjcluallers. Is. Hid.; the same also fur Scullaiid. lUeerduty ceased llie lOlh of October, 1830. IV. A netiirn earli C ol Co.lpciion i Harnslaple i Hilh j III! il ford . j llrisiol . j (-.intiTbiiry . Cliosler - foruwall t'ovenlry M'liniberland - I llcrhy . ■ l>il|-.«ot - ! l>iirli,-iiii i Kssox I n.vel,.r - (f.'liiiireRter I f-'mnlliaiii jiriliCa.v . I llniils . I H.ireford ; Hcrlford lifiill I NIe (If Wight ■' l.:iiicaster I.CI'lls ! l.ii'lilicid I l.inciilii - ^ Liverpool , l.yriii I M.iiiclie.stor - I NiMvcastle ' .^iirtliaiiij)ton - \iirllHvich . .Viinvicli O.vfnrd - I'lymoutli Heading - It'icliester 8a nun . 8;il()p '^lii'ffield •^laffird - 8loiirl)ri(|ge . i^iitHilk ." Surrey . ■'Sussex - I'vhrid^'e ^\'ales. Mast . MIdrllo North West - JVellingt,,,, . Whitliy . ^^iircester Vork . I roiiniry collections I London - Total MALT. 167 III. An Account of the Total Qimtillly of Malt iniide in England and Wains in each Year, from 1787 to 1820, biitli incliitiivv, the llateH of Duty, anil tho Aniuiint ot'thu Duty. I made L'pd in Lliji:cl Y- i),l. ii. _.._! ; vi<1 lal- lUll' Yijpi RllB Vf.irs anc enil>'t] Mill. of Amount of Duly. cirl \'\a IT'.in 2,N33,697 3 - . 1,187,61)1 2 5 1807 3,114,020 3 . . 5,.'t97,»i35 6 4 i;yi 3,489,876 2 12 6 2,138,908 14 1 1808 2,H00,787 3 . - 4,851,698 2 4 1792 3,582,671 6 f 12 6 I 2,142,950 12 10 1809 1810 2,851, .598 7 3,0,3.-j,101 4 - - 4,912,771 7 8 5,261,362 12 1793 3,056,001 5 1,001,717 8 6 1811 3,349,760 5 _ 5,806,251 15 1791 3,191,708 7 - - 1,677,253 13 2 1812 2,332,330 5 - 4,012,716 16 4 179.'. 3,086,693 7 - - 1,620,515 6 8 1813 2,797,741 7 . 4,819,419 5 1796 3,517,758 4 . - 1,816,823 4 3 1814 3,263,785 5 5,057,228 8 4 1797 3,865,427 3 - 2,029,349 7 5 1815 3,384,001 - . 5,865,606 18 8 179S 3,370,131 6 . - 1,769,476 13 4 1816 .3,281,929 3 - 5,6B^,077 11 8 n9'.) 3,6!)8,955 5 - - 2,083.701 14 1817 2.1 12,002 4 18 8 1,999,202 8 IMH) 1,810,089 3 . . 950,296 18 5 1818 3,307,81)6 5 - 3.087,312 3 8 1801 2,320,868 2 . . 1,218,455 10 7 1819 2,793,2S2 3 - 2,007,003 11 1W)2 3,792,297 6 18 8 2,612,010 6 11 1820 3,060,891 3 23 , 4,675,500 8 10 1803 3,809,000 2 - - 3,555,908 18 1 IV. A Ilnturn of the Nu each Collection of .niher of Bushels of Malt made, and the Amount of f K.Kcise in the United Kingdom, in tlie Year ended Unties collected thereon, ill 5th of .laniiarv, 1836. Nuiiitier nf 1 NuUilitTof Co led ions. IlU'lleU Amount of Duty. Collectiona. Bushels 1 Amounl of Duty. M:ill. £ s. d. of .Mall. 1 England. Scotland. £ s. d. Barnst!i|)le - 3IO,4.')8 40,100 10 6 Aberdeen 208,572 i 21,611 13 5 llulh 828,427 107,005 3 1 Ayr - - - 273,127 31,180 18 6 llftilford - 1,581,737 201,307 13 11 Argyle, North 49,704 4,979 10 3 Itristol - 538,616 69„575 2 2 South 414,516 : 4.5,927 13 11 rainOridsre - 1,319,0.15 171,2.00 7 1 Caithness 65,893 6,920 19 10 1 (.'iiiiterhiiry - 415.902 53,720 13 6 Dumfries 79,.382 10,155 10 9 Chi'sler - 19,909 83,8')0 3 3 Elgin 177,8.'-)0 21,6.32 5 9 Ciiriiwall .376,760 48,004 16 8 Fife 203,151 26,210 11 6 Ciivenlry 931,602 120,331 18 6 filasgow 581,2.'')9 73,408 6 9 Ciiniherland - 40.3,981 52,181 5 4 Haddington - 189,051 21.191 1 9 ; Derby - - - 881,3.58 11.3,842 1 6 Inverness 11.5,303 1 14,782 11 1 Diirsct - - - 3 13,425 44,017 7 11 Linlithgow 29S.230 38,291 12 11 ! Durham 238,775 30,811 13 5 Montrose 139,107 17,922 15 7 i INscx - - - 970,804 125,395 10 4 Perth - 265, 120 34,152 1 j K.veli'r - - - 260,263 33,617 1 Stirling ... 593,260 70,3.36 7 1 (;linirester 532,865 68,828 7 11 Edinburgh 771,816 99,930 11 5 I (iraiilham ll:ilila.x - ll:\nl8 - 1,186,807 652,175 437,008 153,295 18 1 84,239 5 5 56,446 17 4 Total 4,158,770 551,010 4 Hereford 209,259 34,779 5 9 Hertford 1,445,411 186,698 18 5 illnll - - 315,201 44,588 9 3 j l.-le of Wight 463,553 69,875 17 1 Ireland. : I.Hiii'aster 39.1.195 50,787 13 9 Armagh ... 94,451 0,647 12 1 iLoeiU - 2,143,969 276,929 6 7 Allilone ... 32,739 4,223 9 ! Molilield 1,060,411 130,969 15 1 Clonmel- 76,978 9,912 19 10 1 l.iiu'iiln - - - 1,18,'.,021 153,112 14 3 Coleruine 51,970 6,197 1 Liverpool 100,877 13,029 18 11 Cork 321,923 41,969 4 5 I.VTin - - - 630,077 81,384 !8 11 Drogheda 68,173 8,814 8 7 1 M;iiiclie.stor - vil. vil. Dundulk 203,908 21,011 12 9 j NiMvcanlie 41.3,195 53,409 15 5 Foxford ... 40,387 4.0.39 15 7 ' Xortliaiii|tton- 665,088 8,5,907 4 fialway ... 52,225 6.732 19 8 iNnrlliwith 152,287 19,070 8 1 Kilkenny 210,670 31,087 6 4 .\(invic!i 1,222,320 157,883 Limerick 8.1,568 10,791 4 Oxford - 053,882 71,.513 1 10 Lisbiirn ... 152,990 10,022 11 11 I'lymnutli 500,018 7,3,188 3 2 Londonderry - 80,920 8,111 !6 8 Keaiiing - - - 830,288 107,215 10 8 iMallovv ... 131,673 17,007 15 3 Udclieater 374,803 48,412 1 1 Maryborough - 73,077 9,697 8 11 Siirain - - - 814,753 10.5,238 18 7 Naas . - - 03,010 7,860 13 2 .•|iiitii.int to common lenu;, -itp enfnrceJ hy IDti pf^nallies, amountini; in nil lu ttiu rnnrninun •luin of 13,50(1/. ! Ihnler luch a dtatute, it nas tiaplly \}n$- aible Tor tliP nioti honest and caulioui malfster tn .ivfiid incurrin(( prnaltjrfl. .Such, iiiilee I, is the nnture of lliin acr, that one in ainioal lemptcil to ht'lieve, in IfMiking into it, that if its frameni had any object more thim anolher at heart, it was U} condense into it whitevfr was niott contradictory and ahsiird in the /(.»(y alatutes Ihat had previniialy In-en pasni;! for the collection of the malt iliity and Ihe oppression of Hie Irade! Rut it was not in the nature of thnnjs that luch a law cnuld be allowed to exist fnr any considerable pt-riod. H uas not only Ion lly and untvcrstUy comlemned by Ihe millstera, but ly all Ihe ninrc inrflli. The entire revenue col- ecled in M.ilta anmunts to about 100,000^ a .. ir, of which about 23,000/. is derived frtmi Ihe rent uf lands; the expenditure, exclusive f>f Ihal inci!rre is on their cotton ; the crop of which, amounting to about 4,00').000 lbs. a vear, is inrllv exported raw -nnd partly manufactured to the value r<( from ^0,0007. to 100,000/. The corn raised in Ihe ittand is rot sufficient to feed the inhabiiants for more than 5 or 6 months. The trade in corn used to be monopolised by government; and after Uie monopoly was abandoned, duties on importalion, varying, like those in this country, with the price, wen- imposed. I*ut in IS.!! these duties were abolished; and the tixed - duties on corn entered for consumolion, specified in the subjoined laritt", were sid-strtuted in their stead. Malta presents unusual facilities, which have not hitherto been taken proper ailvantage of, for becoming the entrepot of Ihe corn trade of the Mediternnertn and Ulack Sea. Her warehouses for corn are, like those of Sicily and BarKary, excavated in the rock ; and are, perhaps, the best fitted of any in Europe for thes.-ife keeping of corn. The wheal lodged in them maybe preserved for an indefinite period ; and it isa/Tirmed that though it should, on being deposited, I* affected by the weevil, it is very soon freed from that destructive insect. It is not often thit corn can be brought direct from Odessa, 'I'aganro^, kc. to England, without the risk of beir^g damaged; but were il brought in Ihe fir*! instance lo Malta, anrl t>oniled there, it might afterwards he conveyed in the best order lo JjOndon, or any where else. M.Ita is a^o admirably well suited for becoming tha centre of the corn trade of Egypt, Barbary. Italy, Arc. During the late war, particularly during Ihe period wlien Napo- leon's anti-commercial system was in opentiDii, Malta berame a great eritrep 't for colonial and other iroods, which were thence con- veyed, according as op[)ortimities otl";red, lo the adjacent ports. This commerce ceaout I 3-1 niile inwanhs, has tieep water and excellent anchonge thrnughout ; Ihe largest men of w ir coming close to Ihe quays, port MaraamUBceit, on the norih-western side of the city, n also a noMo harbour. The entrince to it, which is about the same breadth as Ihal of the Grand Tort, is between St. Elmo and Kort Tiuue. In Ihe centn^ nl the basin is an i&land. on which are built a casllc .mil a lazaretlo, for llie convenience of the !thi[)s performing quarantine, hy which Ihe port is principally userl. Owing to Ihe narrowness of tho entrance, and Ihe usual variableness of the wind, it is cuslomAry fur most vessels bound for Valeda lo take a pilot on board before cideriiu; the harbour. Tariff (A).— Ptities on Imports, ninl Dues for Store Uent, which the Collector of CtiHtoiiis iff nH|iiir«*(I to Icivy on the Accounl of the Govern- ment of Malta. Beer, per Maltese barrel , . . Cattle: bullock", and other animals oT the kind, per heid . . - - Horses and mules, per he.id Charcoal, per salm • . . - Grain :— Wheal, per salm . ■ . Indian corn, per salm • Barley, per salm ... Snegina, per salm ... Other inferior grains ... Manufactur*'d grain, per cantar • Wheat, lndi.in corn, barley, or other inferior grains, if damaged so as to he until for Ihe food of man (commonly called 7nirnc;j(«2ZO), per saUn Manufactured grain, "f danvaeed so as to be unfit for the fuoH7Vatifma.—\. The diifies pajat-le by Ihe salm nu eni'n, putsp, ami seeds (except large Sieilian beans) iW be cliargril hy the sfnko nieisure. The duties nii larire Sjciliati beans auil on charcoal to be chaitfed !iy the h^ap(■(I nieasnre. 2. Every liquid compounded of spirit and any other inffredicntor ingredients, and cootainini; more than 25 per cent, of sj.iril of the strength of proof, to be liable to the duty on spirits which is inijHkstd by the present tarilf. 3, 'I'he store rents on ?rain loil^ed in bond to be payable frnni the day on which the ^rain was IfKltfed. The storr rents on every n'ti*r art'irle mentioned rn Ihe present laritT to I e payaOle from the teiilli day after the day ou which such article was lodJ;ed. TABif F (B).— Tonnage dues wliirfi the r'nllpftnr nf Customs is rerjiiired to levy on the Aciouiit of the Governinenl of Malta. Vessels discltarginir merchandise in the island, shall, on dcaririf outwards, pay for every ton or any part thereof - . ty. Tariff (C).— Fees which the Collertor of Cii.sfnms is reqiiiriul to levy on the Account of tlie (.'n- verniiient of Malta. /,. J. rf. For eacli certificate under Ihe office seal • « - 2 6 account of a spit wliich projects from it ; but iu the rest of Ihe cbau- I for each sheet of printed official fornu • - 2 Tariff of r of (Jove ranline, S/iipfiiiig ,11 fo pay, for eaci Veiicli not ei — from ; — from i — from It — fioiii 1.^ — from 2C — from 2'i 2. Vessels nf w upon the pe no else mor quarantine. 3 Vessels halde I ance thereof, 4. Vessels compe, lo be >ubjecl, Tadle exhib Species of I Minufacfures of Siij,ir, refined am I Corfre and cocoa 1 In ligo • Hum ■ .''(lices . Raiv sujar Tea . Brimstone Drujs and arlic! dyinj . Fl.ix, hemp and to Hides, salted and d R'isin an I tar Seels in general I ftuvsilk Tiihacco leaf I (Vnoil (timber, deali Wmtl and cotton wn Misct-llinies (raw ni Beans, pms, caravj I na, Ac. Biscuit List of Vessels heloni Malta on the 1st o Sizes 11 under lOlonseic i from 10 to 2i ' i iii to no ' I 50 to 100 M 100 to I.tO I 130 lo 200 M 200 to 230 ' I 2-,Uto300 J I 300 tons anc _of all sizes, making The central imition, exc ins II an admirable naval ".■li'.menof.warandmerc Jnd renil-r its posspssinn of Civ"" ,*'^"''* •"'''"•« o'»ln|i:l.iiild.iig has materia ""IJ'irifhfs are diligent exi iij-xleraieilisafavourahre " have Iheir bottom; eiami I'-'Pose. This, snrelv, sloi j;;l -lie cliarg,, are less thi Malta is now ihc centre of rl2TT- '"'■' ""'«''• ports ,. MAN (J.SLE O distance from Eti-rl t-fo^d- Thointcrb, Vol, If.-_p >sl MAN (ISLE OF). 169 6 l| o' Oi 21 o; 2| 0' 21 6 1 10 2 2 6 2 I o; 2 Oi 21 lo' n 1 p 0_2j I erain, pulse, Ihy llic slnku T:\rc(ial (0 be |in!:rflifn'''f iipiril of llie Ih is iini"*^"^ Jihli' frnm 'h« ■ti eviTV oMit-r \(,W 111* trillll Aci-miiit no cli-arir? . 6;l. Tiistnnis If tlie (io- /.. .. rf- .026 .0 2 TariflTof Dues nutlmrisficl to bo levied for Account of (idvermuiMit, by tliu SuperinlciidBiit of Qiia- rttiitiiiu, Miiltii. Shtpving lit Q'Kirnntiiir.—l, Vea«U fnterPil wpf>ti a qunnntine (0 pay, for each Jiy of ilieir conliu'unce in porl, u folljwj:— i. tt. VcMcli not exccedinn 23 loin - • • 8 _ from 26loimoM — . . . .10 _ from 51 — lUO — . . . -16 _ from 101 — 150 — . . ■ 'i _ f.nin 151 — 200 — • - . -26 _ from 201 - 2v0 — • . . .29 _ from 2)1 anil iip\urli • . • .30 2 VfSitels of vvhalnver fli/i^, Railing in (piarantinc, having rnterrJ upon llio perfoniiance llwreof, lo iiay a| ihi- nliove ratw, bul in no case more than it, a day for Ine reuiaiuder of the term of nii.irariliiit'. 3 Vesseti liatile to qnarantme, not havin? cptere I upon the perform- ance thereof, to pay 2i, for each day of their continuaiicu in port. 4. Vessels crmipelled t>y stress of weallier to enter the gri!at hart,our, to be subject, while they remain there, lo the additional charge or3,f. a day, for every ifuard boat whirh the .Superintendent of (Jiiar.in'iiie nny dn-iii I necfssary to place over lliem. *«* Any vrssir In ipiaianiii>e en'eriug tile great harljour, without a jnsiilial le caoii-, im mt ili,- pi-naliy of ;00 if illars ini|.o»,il h) ihn tec'ind article of the proclauiiiion, dated I2ih IJctober, If20. (No, liii.) 1. Vi'iiels hiving contagious diseases on boanl lopayanel'ra rait in proportion lo tlit- expense lint niav lie incuncd, but m ito case Id ejtCfBil 20t. a day, in a Irlilioii lii llie usual rate, /JJT'c'' received into the laziret for drpuralinn to bi- cliargiuhl* witn a due proportion of tl.e actuil elpi-nse Ihereof, whirli, at pre. sent, fui imlinary iicca.,iim8, is at Ihe rale of 2f, (if. a d,y for eich giianlian, and It. bU 27,3^0 17,481 22,439 17,799 Fniils, dried 16,860 I4,IG7 C4,i:os 10,736 2,l,i1 2,019 2,922 2,089 Gram, viz.— Wheat 93.;)37 106,577 II 4, "SI 87,4 >3 1,171 2,9;o 2,178 1,932 Indian corn • (i,97S 5, 1 «S 621 3,10i Druss and articles used in Barley 6,380 7,IC6 6,JI8 8,549 dying • - Flax, hemp and tow 2,610 4,437 3,4''3 2,116 .Meat, 8illel,and dried - 6,--.ll 2,322 2,98J 426 2,9201 91)6 3,249 2,:i40 Mules, horses, and asses 318 527 51B 99 '> Hides, salted and dried • 4,'I77 14,88!- 10,034 .5,579 (■live and linseed oil 26,7 W 24,4.'2 36,718 29, ,4-. R'lSin and tar 545 1,539 l,97,« 3,007 OJ'ves, sailed 1,0 iO 431 738 432 Seels in general 4,187 4.093 4,22.^ 4,U'i4 (Dive ston|.s and firewood 8,'.IX 6,9S7 5,703 6,3l9| 13 1,233 5 «48 i'asle and macaroni 700 1,32 > 9:.2 806 Toliacco leaf 15,31:. 21,768 20,445 14.396 Potatoes . - . . 1,314 l,60ti 2,I(K 3,140 Wax - • - • 464 1^21 1,804 2,173 Kice .... 2,665 4.143 1,1.56 1,121 Wood (timlier, de.lls, kc.) 8,373 IO,4-J7 6,118 8,450 Spirits {brandy and ^-in) 6,032 17,629 lli,OJI 9,463 Wool and rollon wool • 3;i7 2,5 6 1.8-.5 2,985 Viiifear .... 1.433 2-2 I.KiO 82 ; Miscrlliiiies (raw materials) ■ 2,103 2,876 2,CJ4 l,2C3 Wines .... 42,691 40,3S9 67,722 7I,9,S3 Beans, peas, caravances, saggi- na, iic. Bisfuit 29 065 OQ BQJ 42,529 1,615 29,838 none .Miscellanies (provisions) 1,636 2,037 1,8271 834 'lob "'277 Totals . 391,666 570,382 685,331 547,4^ | List of Vessels belonging to the Island of Malta on Ihe Is! of January, 1838. Movement of SUippinf at Malta, during each of Iho Four Years cndinj wilh 18;)7. Average Prices of Wheat in Flntre* pit at Malta, during each of the Ten Years ending with 1837. per Salni.a, in Slerling Mo- n»y. Vcs. . Tons, The Year and Sizes. Ships inwards. Ships oulw.ards. sels. i No. Tons. Men. No. Tons, Men. 3S uiiiler 10 Ions each • 2) from 10 to 25 tons 215 361 168 1,402 4, 6 -.9 3.637 2,265 2,720 2,040 1834. Vessels above 40 Ions . under 40 Total 939 788 140,632 14.289 134,921 187,1.59 18,179 10,052 7,586 17,638 12,421 8,836 l,02i 715 1,710 1,232 955 153,116 13,682 l(;8,79S 10,092 7,832 19,844 18 3S 21 ID 10 6 50 to 100 100 to 150 I,)01o200 200 to250 2-.0to300 - 300 tons and upwards of all sizes, making - Year, Price. 1,723 1835. Vessels above 40 Ions • under 40 Tola! 1,151 916 197,6-3 18210 13,230 6,071 1828 1829 IStO l'3l 1832 1833 1834 I83> \H6 1837 /..J. (/. 1 16 134 1 15 10 1-4 1 9 2 1-2 1 12 312 1 12 3 12 1 9 13-4 1 n 10 1 4 1 10 93 4 1 7 11-4 1 6 9 17,500 2,067 205,638 186,616 I2,8.'i4 199,500 157,079 8,275 21,237 2,187 1,351 732 215,883 19,301 1836. Ve8sclsali' dock, all ships almve the size of a simp of war, that require In have tlu'ir hottoms examined, have to come to Kngland for that juirptwe. Thii, siirelv, slmuld be obviated. (Jninntint! is strictly fiifirred al Malta; biit there is every ficility for i's perfi^rmance, ani the charges are less than at any other port in the Mediter- niiein. Malta isnnw the centre of a very extensive .steam-packet system : lliPstMMifr» fnim KngUiitl fur (he lotiim Isl nids. Constanlinoph', Alt*sinlria, .md other porta of the Levant, it)iiching ht-re. The French steamers froai these ports usually perfitrni (juarantine at Milla. Money.— In 1P25, British silver mone,y was Introduced into Malta; Ihe Spaiiiiih dollar being made legal tender at the rate of An. 4(/. ; (ha Siciliin dntlar at 4s. 2d. ; and the scudo of Malta at \a. Sd. li'ei^hts and Mzamres.—The pound or rnttolo, cnnimercial weight = JIO oncie ~ I2,2l6 Knglish grains. Heiici- 100 rottoli (the cantaro) = 174 I 2 lbs. avninJupois, or 79'I4 kilng. Merchanli usually reckon the cantaro at 175 lbs. Tlie stilnn of corn, stricken measure = 8-22 1 Winchester bushels ; heaped measure is reckoned 16 per cent. more. The calTiso. or niea* sure for nil. contains ."i \-2 English gallons = 20-HIS litres. The bar- rel Isdoulde thecaffiso. Ttie Maltese foot ^ II l-6lh Knglish inchei = ■^t'3i nu';tres. Thecanna— 8 palmi ~8I9 English inches = 2 07t> nicfres. Merchants usually convert Malta mcsasuie inin Kng- lish in the proportion uf 3 t-2 palnii lo a yard, or 2 2''th yards to I canna. Bills on London are usually drawn al 30 and 60 days' sight, Tha deputy commissary general is obliged lo grant, at all linns, bills on the tre.isury here for Brili.>li silver tendered lo him, at the rate (if lOOi. bill for every 10!/. IDs. silver, receiving, at the same timtj other silver at a Huctuaiing rate of exchange. MAN (ISLE OF) is, as cvory one knows, situated in the Irish sea, at about an equal distance from England, Scotland, and Ireland, It is about 30 miles long, and 10 or 13 broad. The interior is mountainous, and the soil no where very productive. Population Vol. II.—P 22 .^^ 1 St s I I M no MAN (ISLE OF). in 1831, 40,9S5. This island used to be one of the principal stations of the hcrrinj? fishery; but fi.r a i'on»iiler!»lilc period it has l)ceii oornparativcly drscrlcd liy llin iifrrinn Hhoal^, — a circumslanrc which is not to l)e regretted ; for the fishery, hy wilhiiruwiiiu; the attention of the inhahitaiits from agriculture and manufactures, and leading them to ens;ai;e in what has Uiiually heen a gamblin)^ and unproductive huMinrss, has lieen,on the whole, injurious to tiie igjand. The steam padietd from Glasgow to Ijiver|>ool touch at the Isle of Man ; wiiich hu8, in consecpience, begun to he largely frequented liy visiters from these cities, and other parts of the empire, whose influx has niateiiaily contributed to the improvement of Douglas and other towns. The feudal sovernignty of Man was formerly vested in the Earls of Derby, and more re- cently in the Dukes of Athal, — a circumstance which accounts for the fact of the duties on most conunoditics consumed in the inland having been, for a lengthened period, much lower than those on the same commodities when consumed in Great Urituin. 'J'his distinction, which still subsists, has produced a great deal of smuggling, and been in no ordinary degree injurious to the revenue and trade of the em|)ire. During the present century, indeed, thft clandestine trade of Man has been conllned within comparatively narrow limits; but to ac- complish this, a considerable extra force of Custom-house ollicers and revenue cruisers is re(iuire(l, and the intercourse with the island has to be subjected to various restraints. Nothing, as it ap|)ears to us, can be more impolitic than the continuance of such a system. The public has, at a very heavy expense, purchased all tin! feudal rights of the Athol family; and having done so, it is certainly high time that an end were put to the anomalous al)sur(liiy of h.iving a considerable island, l^ing, as it were, in the very centre of the empire, and in the direct line between some t)f the princifial trading towns, with dillVrent duties on many imj)ortant articles! It might be necessary, perhaps, to make some compensation to i\\p inha- bitants for such a change ; and this might be done, with advantage to tliein and without expense to die public, by modifying and improving the internal regulations and policy of tho island, which are very much in need of amendment. Wc do not, indeed, imagine that the island woidd lose any thing by tiic proposed alteration ; for the temptation which the present system holds out to engage in smuggling enterprises diverts the poi)ulatioii from the regular pursuits of industry, and, along with the herring lottery, is the principal cause of that idle- ness for which the Manx are so notorious. Wu subjoin an AnsTHACT OF 3 & 4 Will. IV., c. 00., for reoii.atino the Thade of the I.si.e of Man. CfHiK/eiiffmc/if.— To cniiitiiemo tJK! 1st of Septciiilier, IhH.'i.— J I. Diilirs jiiijiiible on the Iiiipdrldtion of (loodfinlo the l (L i to a 5 15 A Talile of the niifipi of rtistonrw piyible on Cioods, Wares, and Merctiaii.iise iuijiortiJ iiilu Uie isle ot M.111. Coals, f-nm the t'ntlei KrnijiinTn CoflVp. thedulif. nt ctinsum|i1inn in the I'liilPtI Kingdom not liivin? ht'en then jiaid thiTeoii, 'he lb. Hem]v. the cwt. ...... Hops, from lite t'liited Kinednm, the lb. Iron, fmm furtigii parts, for every lOOf. of the value thereof ....... Spirits; viz. — Foreign spirits, the gallon .... HiiMi of the Rriti.h phntatinns, not exceeding the strength of proof liy Sihess hydrometer, and so iu Iiroporlion for any greater strength ttie gallon Sugar, muscovado, the cwt. .... Tea ; viz.— nohei, the lb. ..... Green, the lb. ..... Tntiaceo, the lb. • Wine ; viz — French, the tun of ii52 gallons any other sort, the tun of 252 gallons WoofI, from foreign jiarts ; viz. — Oeil Ixiards, for every lOOt. of the value thereof l"iinlier, for every ItX*/. of the value thereof Goods, '•■ir-.j, and merchandise imported from the l/ni'ed Kingl.'in; and enlitli^I to any bounty or draw, tjack of ctclse on ex|iort;itinn from thence, and not herein hefxe enumerated or charged with duty, for every tOrtl. of th : value thereof • • ' - Goods, \vari*s, and nierehandise Imported from the Britinh Ooouj from the United Kinsfdom to appear vpon the Cockrts. — Nn poods shall be entered in the Isle of Man as btiin}! Ihe growth, produce, or iiinnitfarture of tlie United Kin^idoin. or as heiiiir import- ed from thi-n<,c, except such goods as shall appear upon the cocket or coikets of the ship or ve.<«p| litiportiiii: the same lo have been duly cleared at some port in tlie United Kingdom, to be exported to the said Isle.— J 3. Oiiods f numerated in Ihefolloiring Schedule iniportnble only under f.ieenre.— The several sorts of ijnnilj entiMierateil or described in thi! schedule herein-after contained, deiioniinated '•Schedule of I.iicnce Goods," shall not be imported into the Isle of .Miin, nor exported from any place to be carried tot lie Isle of Man, without the licence of Ihe cominissioiicrs of customs first oliiaiiieil, nor in (.'reater (piaiililii:'J in the whole, in any one year, than the respective qiiutitities of such L'onils spec ilied In the said srlic- dii'.";; and such goods shall not lie so exported nor so imiiorted, e.xcept from the respective places sel forth in the said schedule, and according to tlie rules subjoinec' (hereto; (that is to say,) ttiiited Kinarrlom, and not hereln-tiefnre charged wilh duly, for every It'll.', of thu v.iliie tliiTCof Go'id-, \»ares, or men li.".r,dise iniporud from any place from » lieiire such goo Is inny be law fully iinpoiled iie In the Isle of Man, and not Kerein before charged with duly, for every 110/, of the value thereof Fxrept the several rooils, wares, and merrhanilise followinij, and w bieh are to be imported inlo the Isle of .Man duty free, (ilut is to say,) Flax. Ilax seed, raw or brown linen yarn, wood ashes, weed aslies, tlesh ol all sort* ; also corn, ria-n, or meal of all sorts, \\hen ini. pnr'able : .•»iiy of svhii h g^vids, wares or nit-icliandisi. nny be iin. ported inlo the sai.l isle front any place in any ship or vessel. Any sort of white or brown linen elo'h. beinp, hemp seed, hones, black cattle, sheep; all utensils and instruments fit and necessary to be fnii>lnyed in manufarlures, in fisheries, or in afjririifture; bricks, tiles, all suns of yniin< tre(s, sea shells, time, soapen' ss-asfe, packlhread. small cordaze, for nets, sail, Imanls, Imili-r, woihI lioops, being Ihe growth, iirodnrtion, or manufacture of ilia I'nited Kingdom, and imporlej from thence in Itrilisli ships. Iron in rods 01 liars cotton, inligo, naval stores, and any sort of wood commonly called lumber, (■.'iz. deals of all sorts, tiniher, I'alks of all sizes, barret boards, clipboards. |.i).e boards, or pipe hold, while boards for shoemakers, I room and c.-iiit spats, bow s'aves. c.(pra. van, claii holt, ebony woivl, headings for pipes and for ho'oii un I i'oroi.'n t Kiom I sanie SIJIlip Riini of II From (i Itohea Ira TO.t Ore- 11 i.-a, ii.otl Ciiffi'e tunlrss I hive been tli Toliaceo, (iii,fl()( ItUH'uvadil silf: W.ayiiig cards, < fV'im K(i Refute i sii:(ar, *l Foin, Ihe And siirji aijililii Uie coiniiiifc.ione under a iv specii respeclurly. lu I. All sueti g.ii his .Mijesly's sol •f V) I'lns or iipit 2. Such lobaec. Iiarro Is allowed of duly: 3 Such u-ine (o not hs< than ,s l„ i delen ripuled q ■^/iplirnHiin^ to iiiiiiiiri niiv tWI'fU til'. .It'll port ol' Jloiii'l; ciili'i'ie. jiikI II >vliiili Piu li lie (iiiok to lie keji diirlii'; the |),,„ within 11 (1,1,^ entries, specifj or tr.ihsinit siii Ooverv.ir tii 1 tcibiiit-t'ovcrnfi t/ie afiplicaiits I aii|illei| for by r plicints. In siicl refHirt ttierpon 1 of /lis .Vajestv's pJicale of such i Commi.s, of customs shall soiiii', for the im to Im; so importe «liiili; portion 111 and stiili llceiici; Ite liy lliem deliv of this act.—} 7. , Before Deliveri persons to wlioiii per.«i)Ms to his M; .irlieles for uhich iiifflhe delivery o teeiliiiir the wlioU micli licences, ns 1 to uhoin such lici ncM lifter the Bra, Kiiil isle, if hesha .take iipibesHine, dorsemeni on the Cniinierftiiinir „, any licence or otii Woulil otherwise use ef anysach li fur every such olfe Ureore Goodt- mi ?'ioils tvhich have alIati to anv part lun- nfany fiirciisn Goods ioiporteUor "ported from the I lie same, or slmli |„ l')liesoeip„rtedor lircctmns or provisi, b'SHher with all gjij every jiersot. ofiendj «' ■0! duties which v satiie, ill the ii„i„,,, Goods prohibited to 2 10 15 I (nll.nviiij, m\ f free, I'lul uto ha, wecil JsliBi L'trlH, ulieii tni- |li5.' nny 1« i">' ) or vf*sfl. jii|i set-il. hones, tl JTiil iircrsury Tin iRricullure; i lime, soipen' [iminl*, liniljiT, liulaciure "I Its lli»li «lii|i»' linv Wirt of >»<»» liiiilwr, I'llk' "f liiiieliHlJ."!!* [»• jiavei, cipri- 1 (or lionil3 111" l.iriMice Idtotlii'Isli! (liii\ntilii:< I salil M-Iio- : places set MAN (ISLK OF). Schedule of Licence Oauilt. 171 Win', 1 10 Hint. Spirit f.m itn hmnilv, 10,000 nlliMll. ■ .llci fiiroiiii unien, lll,UiO«.llcini. fr'tnrii the triite,! KiriX'tr)nt,iir rrnni«ny phe^ from which the Mine ni'Khi !>*■ iiii|K)riB(t into the L'uilcd KiuKJitiii| fur cut- .iiiii|t1i(>'i ili'T, HI. Rum lif the llriiish ipl.-iiilitiont, GO.OOO t^llnna. Krriiii (ireal lint.. Ml. Bohes tea 70.01)0 iln. Orr'l l.r\, J\tfsn(4r. •! Ilie Hrilith posseuianf, 10,000 ctvt. fhiiini c»r.l». 4,000 patki. rririn Kn^lan'l. Hcnnel«"«ar. 8U)ciit. Fioni the |i"rt nf Liverpool. Ami siirh ail.lilionil i|iiaMiiiin< nf anv such wvemt inrli of »oo(l« us tiie (-(iiiiiiiiH-iauers (if hit iMajeily't Irffasnry ilrill frnni time to liiiie, muter a iv s(iecnl rircninstancest'f refessi'ty, ilire,'t, Irnin Mu-li jiotls respectueiv . tuhject tn the rulei fnllou III ; ; (that is t|iiart hotl.es, nr Q ilo7.en reputed pint hottles each i 4. Such liran.ly anil (rnevt lo be imported onljr in uiki containing r degret 100 ii.illona cicli, al leisl & ,^urh hranily and i I lie of I ' hilhel crfiler r ■IrenKlhtliau that of I tollninr liMlroineler proof: 8. Such i(oo.ls, when e«|iorteil tr ill (ireal Hrilain, may ti.' sn el« IHir'ed from Ihe vvarehouse in winch ihey have been aecurud w ilhout |lA\ll.erit (it ili.ty ; 7. If the ihiiies of iiiiporlalinn liave hren p.».,l in the IJiiilcd Kimf* tloni on siirii Kon.ls, a lull drawl.ick of such duties shall l.u allowed on Ihe eK|iorl.i'i'iii : 8. L'tKin ilie esporlalinii from Liver|innl of such rrlincd siii^ar, tha Mine Ixiuiily shall he allowed at would he jlliiwahic on cx|,oilatioo to foreiKii parts : 9. Upon f niiortation from Ihe rniled Kiu^doni nf any iiirh Konrle from the warrlioiiic, or f-ir drawhack, or foi hiiunly, so much of thn form of the bon I, or of the declaration, or of any other ifocijueiit, ro* (pined 111 Ihe case of exfiorlation of surll ko(mI»fiir f.irnirr tit he ililirrrcd lo Officershelvrrn Miiij mid Jiihi — Kvcry npplii'nlion fur llronce to iiiiiiiirl iitiy 'ifllii' i:iiimIs afuri'siilil inio ijii' Isit^ nf Mini sliiill he niiiilt! in wriliiiK, iiiid ilclivrnid, he- IHi'HM th" .'illi (l.iv of IMiiy 1111(1 lli(! 5Hi (lay of .Inly in cticli your, lo llii' oolliMinr or coitiptrnlliT of the purl of DiiiiL'liiH in llif; s.iiil isle ; iind hiii li tippliciition tiliiill Kpiirify tin- iliiK! thprf()f, anil the ntiiiip, ro- njilei'ii'. 'iiiil ofciip.itioii of the pt-r.son a|i(i|yinir, mid Ihe dnsrriplion tiiid iinaiitity of (Mich tirticlt! for >v|iii It fiiii h licciirc is rcriiiircd ; iiiid all sinh appllt nlioiiH, with siirh particulars, xliall lie cnlcrcd in a lidiik til lie loni>tas, and to liu thcrit open for pnldlc. inspection (iiiriti!: ihi' hours of litisint^ss ; and on the .^th day nf .Inly In oarh year such hook shall In; closed ; and wllliiii 1 1 days thereaftitr tin; collei'tor and comptroller shall iiiiike out and sinn a Iriii! copy of such ciilrlfi!, s|i«cifyliii! the applicaiilH resident, iiiid the applicunts not resident In Ihe sitid i.sle, anil didlver or truisinil stiili copy to the gov( rnor or lietileiiaiit-)!overnor of Ihe said isle for Ihe tliiit he in;;.— J 5. Oiirerv.'r til iillor Qiiatitiliey. — Within II days after llio rev eipt of such copy, th'- povernor or lieii- teti.inl-L'overnor of tlie saiii isin shall allot the whole ((imtitily of each article, in Ihe lir.st pl.ice, among the aplilicaiilij resident in Ihe said isl.'iiid, in case the whole (|iianlity nf any article siiiill not have heen apjilieil fir liy residenti ; then shall allot the (|iiaiitily not ho applii'd for aiimM); Ihe non-resident ap- plic.inls. in siicti propnrlinns in all cases ns he shall jiidife inosl fair .Tid eqiiitahle ; and shall cause a re|Kirl lliereon to he dniwii i

    i"il iransmit the same to the l.(>rds ('omiiiissionors of Ills Majesty's Treasury of the rniteil Kiiiffdoin of (ireat itritalti and Ireland, and shall cause a du- plicate (if such report so signed, t'l he traiisinitled to the coinmissioin rs of ciirtoms.— } (i. Coiiiiiiifmiiiners I'f Citftniiis to sravt /.icenfc.i.— ll|i(in receipt of such duplicate report thecoinniissioncrs of customs shall urant licenses, to continue in force for any period until the 5li> of .Inly then next en- suing;, for Ihe importation into the Isle of Man of tlie i|iiantilies of such (foods as aii' allitved hy liiw tn li(t so imported, with their licence, accordiii;; to the allotments in such report, am! dividing; Ihe whole portion allotted to any one aiiplicani into sevttral licences, as they shall he desiied and see (it t and siit'h licetict!s shall be transmitted without delay to the collector niid conipiroller of Donttlas. to be liy llieiii delivered tu the diJlerciit upplicuiits, ufter taking l>oiid for the suine under the pruvisiuna of tliis act.—} 7. Brfiire Delirery nf Lirevcen, /tnvd to hefriren. — Previniis to the delivery of any such licences to the prrsiitis to whoni they are granted, Ihe collectoe and comptroller of Uoiitflas shall lake the liomi of such pcrsiitis to his Majesty, his heirs and successors, with sndicienl security, for the iniporiation of Hie .irtiili"* fir which the .laid licences are respectively (jranled, on or liefore the 5th day of .Inly siicceed- iiiir Ihe (Iclivery of such licences, with such conditions, and for the forfeilnre of siicli sums, i^nl cx- ceeiliiiir the whole amount of diitieB payalile in tireat lirilain on articles similar to those s(iocilied in Hiicli licences, as the commissioners of cii..^toms shall think fit: provided always, that if any person to wliom sitch lii-eiice shall he Brauted shall not have civen such bond prior to the ."ilh day of January itpM alter Ihe cranliiiR such licence, it shall lie lawful for the governor or lieuleiianl-aovernor of the (caIiI \*W. if he sliall see tit, to transfer any such licence to any other person who shall be desirous to .take up the same, and willing and able to give sncii bond; and such transfer shall he nutitied by in- dorseineiil on tlie licence, sinned hy such governor or lieutenant-governor.—} 8. Cinivtcrfdling tir fahifijinu l.iceiwe. Heiiallii 500/.— If any person or persons F.hall counterfeit or falsify any licence or other doriinietil riMiuired for llie imporialion into the Ish; of Man of any jfuods whicli wiiulil otherwise be prohibited to be imported into the said i.-.le, or shall knowingly or wilfully make HS(? of any such licence, or other document so counterfeited or falsified, such person or ii.jrsons shall, fur every such olfence, forfeit the sum of 500/.— J it /Ariiire Oiiiiile nut tu be re-cipnrted, i^r —It shall not be lawful to re-export from the Ule of Man any pneils which hav(! been imporled into the said isle will) licence of Ihe commissioners of customs an .iforesaiil ; and il shall not be lawful to carry any such goods coastwise from one part of the said isle In aiioilier, except in vessels of .50 tons burden at the least, and in the same packages in which sucli pniiils were imported into the said isle ; and it shall not be lawful to remove any wine from one part of the said isle lo another, by and except in such packages or in bottles. — i 10. Ffi-fi^n Oiiiid.i not In he exjiorted tn United Kinj!diiin.-—h shall not he lawful to export from the Isle nf M,in lo any part of Ihe United Kingduui any goods which are uf the growth, produce, or manufac- luri' iif any foreign country.- J U. f7oii(/.s' iiiiiiiirleiiiir eriinrifd, i^-c. contrary to LuiD forfeited, {{•e. — If any goods shall be imported into or exjiiirleil from the Isle of Man, or carried coastwise from one part of llie said isle to another part of the sAtne, or shall be waterliorne,(ir brought to any wharf or oilier place with intent lo be watcrborne, In lie sii eitpiirted or carried, or sliall be removed by land within tin; said i^le, contrary lo any of tli6 directions or provisions of this act, the same, and the packages containing tiie same, shall be furfeitcd, Mgelher with all ships, vessels, or boats, and all cattle and carriages used or employed therein ; and every person oflending therein shall forfeit, for every such olfence, the siiiii of 100/., or llie full amount of all ilaties which would be payable in respect of such or similar goods, for home consuinptioii of the same, in the I'liited Kingdom, al tlie cleclitm oftlie commissioners of customs.— J 1'2. Goods pruhiHud to be imparled into the Isle of Man. — Ttic several sorti of goods vuumeratcd or de- I % 172 MANGANESE— MANIFEST. iicrihi>(l in tho urtinliilp horcln-Bftcr rnninlnml, itcnnmlnaled "Hcheilulo of Prohlbllloni," ihall nut b« iiii|i(irtt'(l liitu tliti lulu o( Mun ; (lliut in to auy,) S:hedul» of Prohibiliorm. nil ilir iniiliicenf the Rriliih poutnloiu in Amtrici, or of tht C*\\K of (iiKHt tin). el Rrllitli .liillliri! iiJiritll All (ixkI) ptiihiliiti'l In he Imporlnl inin Ihr UniM Kin(r roiiiuiiiffd ittrniot ua ftcciiuiit u( (lie Kjrt ur Jwcriptiou of tiMijiiiii.— SmI. 13. Ooflil*, t'lp pr'xiurr nr nianiiUcfure nf plarn within tlir lliniti of thr iriiiifti K.iit liiiiii CoiiipAiiy'i cti.irleri cicepl fnilii lite I iiileiri : CO'lnn >Mrh, cotton fif.th, lin**!! flolh, kI iM nmilifAC'iirM, wo-illi'ii ii.miur.u'Miri'a, uMlr>i la im /i(/ii I licii III 4ii'l iiii|niili'il .liiccUy tr III llio I'liiti-'l KiniC'loiii . Hpiiitii nfifrf liter ■treiiKlti tluii I to 9 oviT lly'iro(Tl^llT pniof rirfpt l.imifing Ihr (^imnlilii nf Spiriln, 'I'm, anil Vtihiittn (nr XU(» nf Sc/iwcn — If nny (li'cked vc««fl, hniind frniii Ilir IhIi> lit' Mail lii any |Mirl (if (;rr;it lirilaiti or frcliiiiil, uliall liavt! on liiiani fnrllir iutt nf itit! nrn- riii'ii. any H|iiri!s I'tici'iliiiK llii' i|iiiiiilily <>f i )(all"» lor '''xli HiMiiiiitii, or any toiiiii I'n t'.xiM't-iliii^r 1 ili. wcittlil lor (•ac.li ."caniaii. or aiivli'a cxiri'iliitu i \\<* wi'i'.'lil for Ilii- wliolc ofllii- Hi-niiian on lioaril smli V(t-iio'l, or if any opi'ti lioal, liiiriiiil IV lilt! Inlc of Man to any purl of (Jrral llrilaiii or Irclainl, »lia|| have on iioaril, fur llic iho of iIk! ncaiin'n.any Hiiirilm'Xi rfillim I ijiiart f irraili Nrania r any lohaciii) evrci'ilma i III. \vcii/lil fir cadi Hrainan, or aii) t<'a I'Xi ttrdinc I 111. wciijlil for ilic wli^lr of lli« HtMinini on linaril mnli Imat, all hiiiIi fiirc;|.'ii H|iirlt-, loluiiro, anil li-a ri'iiiicitivt'ly, loKriln-r with llii! cuMi<« or paika^i'H I'lintainiiii; Ho' name, anil also rvcry sinli vcswnl or lioat, loL'rllii'r with all lli« giliiH, fiiriii- liire, aininiiniiion, tm kl<', anil appariil tiirrrof, hiiall hi' forfi iliil. -^ i I. Ctrnficite fir (inmh llie I'rwime ,'t'llif hir nf .W«/H.- Ili'forc any i!ooilrt hIiiiII Iw Hlil|i|)nil in the IhIi- of Man f I'r i'\|inrlalinn to tlii> rniinl U'lncilmn, an liciii!} 'Ii'' |iroiliuir or inaniifnitnro of tlial iHlaiiil, proof Hliiill 111' iiiaili' by tin; writli'ii (li'ilaralion of hoiiii! coin|ii'li'iil ptTHon, lo llii' HallHlaclion of llii' collicior mill I oiiililiollir'of till- I iiMioniH at tint pott of Hliipincnt, that miiiIi v Ih, ilcHiTlliinK anil iilrntifyiiiK fill' mini', arr ilii' proiliiri' or llin inaniif irliiri!, ai< tin' caMii tiiay hi', of tin.' naiil jslainl, anil in hiiiIi di'. claraiion uliall lii> slati'il liie naioi> of llii> pi'rNoii hy whom niii h irooittt iir ctilitri'il uinl f<'f»t Rice Hemp Oil, cofoi nut Torloiie ibell tit . 2d ■ 3d . falio Total value •Amoitnt of( In 13,12, 1,16 ships n Wiy.i,i„||„rg J.. dollars. It was believed thn c^'iL""^ iHoinent, th< M'WO/. to 100,000/ a ' rially Increase our int Considei-ing the j lifirly favourable siti Willi its late increasi wrcttrhcd policy of i 'Iff all foreign ship and Mexico and So wc excluded. " p (lance here, and extrt excessively high pric P 2 MANILLA. na IWurzel ; ;;uUivnt('d ed ill dis- lent; and IricuHural |nse crops Swedish llch cows. he Frax- Lpontanc- Irt of the 1 juice in lof imini- lest ia ill llour, and lit has a |sunt, and Ltaining Ihc vl;ico Lssi'l. iho Varticulat tlitTt'on, Insignces an fi»r an iurh particularo arc known to Iho mn§tor, Acr. A nrparnto manifont in roquircd for tohnci'o. 'I'hn itmniffitt mUKl be tniidi' out, „pu. Iiition nl)out 40, ()()<>, of whom from 1,200, to ^.'SOO miiy tie KuropeiuiH. Miinilln is liuHt on the nhorc of a npaciouB bdy of tho name nirne, at the mouth of n river iinviifuhli- for final! veHscIrt a conitideraliic way into the interior. 'J'he Hiniiller cIuhh of hliipH tinehor in Manilla roiids, in .') fathoms, the nortii bastion lieiiriiiR N. IlV E., the fishery Hlukes at tho river's month N. 18° E., distant about a mile; but largo Hhips anelior iit tJnviiii, nlmut 3 Icnuiies to the southward, where there is a Rood h.irbour, well sheltered from the VV. and S. W. winds. 'I'he arsennl \a at ('avifa, which is defended by Fort Wt. IMiilip, the stronnegt fortress on tho islands, 'i'he city is surrounded by a wall and towers, and some of the bas- tions are well furnished with artillery. 'J'hough situated within tiio tropics, the climate of the Philippines is sulTieiently tempe- rate; tho only considerable disadvuntnnc under which they labour in this respect beinq; that the principal part of tlie Rroup comes within tho range of the typhoons. The soil is of very different qualities ; but for the most part singularly fertile. 'I'hey are rich in mineral, vei^etable, and niiimal productions. It is stated in a statistical account of the I'hilippincs, published nt Manilla in 1818 and 1810, that the entire population of tho islands amounUul to 2,249,8.52, of which 1,370,222 belonged to Luconin. There were, nt the period referred to, only 2,837 Europeans in the islands, ond little more than (i.OOO Chinese. The natives arc said to be the most active, bold, and energetic, of any belonging to the Eastern Archi- pelago. " These people," says a most intelligent navigator, " ajipear in no respect inferior to those of Europe. They cultivate the earth like men of understanding ; ore eiirpentere, joiners, smiths, goldsmiths, weavers, masons, tStc. I have walked through their villages, and found them kind, hospitable, and continunicative ; and though tho 8paniards speak of and treiit them with contempt, I perceived that the vices they attributed to the Indians, ought rather to be imputed to the government they have themselves established." — ( rui/ut^e de M. Dc la Perot' fic, c. 1.').) The principal articles of export consist of indigo, sugar, rice, snpan wood, birds' nests, tripang or A/c//*" 154,917 .lapan wood ..... 50,«7I Oil, cocoa nut • . • . 0,964 Tobacco . . . . - 4,279 Torloiw ikdl, lit • • 33 ad ■ • • 245, Eicluiive of lird't ncils, pepper, niat), ibarka' fliii, bicht <• ^ ^ iner, tec 352 Total value of imports in 1831, including specie - - 1,4.S9,776 dollars. — of exports - .. - 1,30.1,021 — Amount of duties - - - • - 244,006 — In 1?.?2, 136 ships arrived nt Mnnilla, of which 35 were .\mericnn, 34 English, nr.d .53 Rpnnish. The Imi'nrls diiritiff tlie saiiio year were, goods 1,204,8 . 1,417 — l,'2I — 2.!i-)S — 3 . • H,SI4 Hemp. conla°e »Tt — 300 1-2 — I,l9il2 — 9 • • in,7iS9 4 Streikeci ebimy 9,421 — 3*2 — 9.fra — 1 2 12.2.W 6 Roots of saiiatiwrjoil . 6,r,20 — 1,716 — 2,-'SG - . . 4 1,133 Pieces of luolove (tinil)er) 4,3«S — 4,;i6s — 5 4 24,02.1 Iniisa. l,B'3l 2— 9!)ctys 142 ~99ctys. 1,79)1-2 — 99 ctys. 00 - . llS,:-)03 I.eaf tobarco . 3i - * 33 - 12 . . 420 'I'nilnise Bhtll • 2,700 ctvs. 1,910 1-2 clys. 4.618 '2 clys. 7 4 34,623 6 Rice .... 4S,llii7 - 70.990 coys. 12(i.0t'3 c -ys. I 2 137,503 6 fa.l.ly- 16, ■(i4 pic. 19,018 pic. aj.liB pi,.. 4 17,S06 Cotlee in liiisk Mi - . S6 - 3 6 1224 Hats .... 19.39'i in no. 231 in no. 19,629 in no. 1 6 34,3.'>0 6 Cigar cases 5.HSI — 70 - &,a21 - . - 4 2,960 4 ligars. 3, Ml boies l,4»7 lioxes 4,-9SI lies 25 - . Il4,9!i0 Manilla ticnip cloth - 19.050 pieces 10,000 pieces 29,0)0 1 ieces 3 10,893 6 IJilto .... 4,07-, 1 a - 50 - 4.121 — U 773 3 10 Cocoa-nut oil • H-6 12 casks . K76 12 casks ' 2 C 2,410 3 llilio .... 76K1-2 — 768 1 2 - 2 2 l,72S Ruin .... 6,!IM gallons 132 gallons 7,083 gillons 3 2,030 1 lanes .... ;,4io . 1,440 4 720 Li'piiJ in'Iigo • 230 pic. 2.10 lic- 4 920 Ditto .... . 606 casks 60P cisks 3 4 2,121 Cotton canvas . . 560 pieces 661 pieces 12 6,720 Mats .... 762 702 • • 2 190 4 Total ■ 2,012,0.38 6t i 2ni 1 .Si(;i.) M.^RBLE (Gcr. Rus. and Lat. Marmor .- Du. Manner ,• Fr. Marhre ,- It. Marmo ; Sp. Marntol), a genus of fossils, composed chiefly of lime ; being a bright and beautiful stone, moderately hard, not giving fire with steel, fermenting with and soluble in acid menstrua, and calcining in a slight iirc. The colours hy which marbles are distinguished are almost innumerable. Some are quite black; others, neain, are of a snowy white ; some are greenish, otliers greyish, reddish, bluish, yellowish, ♦'cr. ; wliile some are variegated and spotted Willi many ditloreiil colours and shades of colour. 'I'lie finest solid modern marbles are tliose of Italy, Ulaiikenhurg, rrance, and I'lanilurs. (ireai quantilies of very beautiful marble have been lately discovered at I'ortsoy in Uanii'sliire, and at Tiree and other pl.'ices in the Western Islt;S. Kilkenny, in Ireland, has abuhdaiiee of bvauiifnl black marble inter- mixed with white spots, called Kilkenny marble. Derbyshire abounds in this mineral. Ne.-ir Keiii- lyn-biiy, in Anglesea there is a quarry of beautiful marble, calliMl verde di Cuvfica, from its iilso liiiiig found ill Corsica. Its colours are green, black, white, and dull purple, irregularly disposed. Italy produces the most valuable inarl)le, and its e.vpnrtation makes a considerable brunch of her I rei),'n commerce. The black and the milk-white marble of Curara, in the duchy of Massa, are particularly esteemed. The marbles of Germany, Norway, and Sweden are very inferior, being mi.xed with a t,ort of scaly limestone. Marble is of so hard, compact, p.nd fine a texture, as readily to take a bcautifMl polish. Tliat ninst esteenieil by statuaries is brought from the island of Paros, in the Archipelago : it was employed lij I'raxittdes and Phidiiis, both of wlioni were natives of that island; vvliente also the famous Aruiiiie- lian marbles were brought. The iiiarbh! of ('arara is likewise in high repute among sculjilors. The specific gravity of marble is from 2700 to 2800. Black marble owes its colour to u sliitlit mix- ture of iron. MARITIME L.\W, By maritime law is meant the law relating to harbours, ships, and Bcamen. It forms an important branch of the commercial law of all maritime nalions. It is divided into a variety of different departments ; such as those with respect to harbours, to llio property of ships, the duties and ri;Thts of masters and seamen, contracts of affreightment, average, salvage, &c. The reader will find those subjects treated of under their respective heads. Sketch of the Progress of Maritime Law. — The earliest system of maritime law was compiled by the Khodians, several centuries before the Christian era. The most celebrated authors o ily, howe commend xiv.) 'J' such was cited to d( it ought cases, unit law.— (" J tici-i pncsi Divus ijxm conirihuiio, cargo, is e.\ sion seems Jations of J adopted by or rather, at those by w Khodiaii published at The first —a city at will be for at I ev mariner's con phllana. Bi _ been publi.sl; who have ref. mcnt of Fioci H.').) And A'aplos at (he tirely disappea that it con.si.'iti' known, preser^ else. But, besides towns of the A commerce and •seonis rea.soiiab those of Rome, accommodate tli other way, it is , much confusion 'ioiijjtless contrili time law. ]V„tl) time de P Europe work a large pro lion, (hat the I»is; .greater part, of tl his learned and Bro-ccluna, (omo i piled at Barceloni Uarceloncsc had r It is certain that t llie early Italian a f^iKllcieiiily proved lliiit several of the l^ut it does not up tlial the rcseiiililaii nil}' not fairly |,o ( formed persons leg dfiived from the ci •"■ I'arde.ssu.s, in ■'■'*« been suflieiVrii favour of .Vlarseil/ci "ilmiLs that such a i oi'mioii.-." Quoi,,u sauce, (in'aucuri ovc MARITIME LAW. authors of antiquity Iiavc spokon i„ l.i.h . ^ ^^ ily, however, we are not wl .,||y ".f? K"? '"':'"« "^ «l'e wisdom of the RI. r . comn.endatorv staiemcnts of ('' r"' "•-•""• "("'>•.>„ Z.n , ^'""''••"' '«W8.- luck- ^iv.) 7'he laws of Rhoiesv.tr;' "'" «'^«l">-( C mV ;/!"'"',*;' "'" ^•■'«"« "'ou4 «uclj was ,he esti,„atio„ i, wh d ,'"'"•"' '*>' '^'"TU-stus i.,,? he t^, '^"^'" •' '^■'-'^- 'i'^ cued to decide a contested po'wihT ^'''^ '""'^' """ "'<• 1^ M eror J, '" ' ""' '^'""<'' ""J It ought to he decided hy 't e JtT V T"' ''' •'*'''i'l'i''f? r^ rep ed,'''''"^' '''''"'? --^'-li- cases, unless thev hann. ,„ i . ,"'''"''«" 'aws, whi,'| wem '■ ' '"^'' '"'^vc answered thu ;--c"^ yiJ;rs^:, ;;r=:/^ -' --- *vh, isr™' ;'-''';n^.v .n's;::^; con.„but.ons i„ tfre evenu f T.a criri " ''"''^ •"" ""-' "^'"..lian hw ^ ^"'■- ^^"' ''^^"^ cargo, ,s expressly laid down n the f) '"r """'" "^ -" ' -r . he s^ "■'r'T' '" "^"'"?o sion seems to ho t\,-,, m,w r , '•- ^'"^■«'- (' l>. xiv tji -? ^ , ""'''''>• of die shin •in,l lations of Justhl Xve h :^ f .-gulatio.ls as ti:Zi^;l ::r "' T' ''-'"'"''e Z.^^ -lopted hy all modern nab" are?'' """' "^^ '^'^^ - ' "!"'■""!'""-' '" '1k> con ". or rather, as we have s"^ fr m L ^T'' "''"' '"'^'"v a ,v 1 f 'r ""^ "^ '" --^'^o those hy whom (l,n„ t i ■ ""' «')')ilian law '— ., ." • ""^"^'i""". fioni the R,„n«^ I^hodia^ iaw:"r 'Z^ . 'S;" ^^^'^^'-''^ '-nl^i; ,;:;;-- ,P-'r of the s^.^ ^^"^ puhlishe.! at lUle in 1 fe is '' ^T'- '^''« ^''''''tio e it ,. ""■'";'; ''""^'"""''^ "^1^ /.^■•/«««. Bui if .such a bJr''''","'"' '-•'^''" '« «ai.) to ha ;. , '" ■'"'''•:'-^^''' '"^•'"'i')" of t^o - been publish..!, nor e en a ^1 r 'T T"^ ^^'""■''' »-,„;, '';r;"!;'^'[-' ''-^'"/a A,n.l who have referred to tl a "^ «■>■" ncUs Irom it. M p., , '"-"'T 'I'al it sJmuI.I never h.vl -n of Frec^^''i^,;!r,^-'^jt/?'?'"' ---^' S^:. s.^T ^'- ■^^ '"-..1:: Aaples at the time when I r «; . . r"' "'*^ •■^'"'alphuan code p r ^'^''"'"""■. ('"ne i. „ S^-PreservedtheifasLj-Et-- -merce and t:So;r"i:Z ^ ^■^'"■^'''^''^ ^^ "' "^^^t ^^f '^'r'' -" -^- seems reasonable to suppose •. '"'''''' "'' *'">■ l'"«ilive in brm • '"''' "'^'>' '^''"i^'d those of Rome, hut with such l '•'■ '"''"'^''"^ 'a^s wou | ' ' •" "" ''"^ «"''jcct, it acco„m.odate tliem tol- it nf "''•'"' "'"^ '"-'dilicat I nir';"'';'"^ '"'^-^'^l fr^m "'her way. it ,s certain I rvSn''''-T "'' ''"'''"'■"'te. b" S' " "T'^ '''^^'^ t^ >n''ch confusion and unceuir?'/'''''"^ regulations were es [ ■ '." '"' "•" '" ^"'"e 'iuiibtle.s contributed (n r'^ ' "'"^ "'« t>xp,.ri,.nce of tb,. i ^''tabhshed, which led to ""'e*m..;.«, fom p'%'^77,.f to the ongin of £ e£/ 7/^%^ "^ "ad-' vork a large proportion of 'A;uni'~,?"T, ''"'^^'' •'"^i"- C.^fek J'""' ^^'•'''^ ^/m- t=o", that the Pisans are enthleS totb "''"•^ translated) conto 3s i . f"'""^"' '™'" ^'"'^^ greater part, of the Comolu d, Tm ^'V. "*' ''"^i"'? ^•'>'npi led L ' h T'^ ''' '"■'''^'-■^''^■ h>s learned and evcellent. V '"''• ^" the olhT hand n a ^"''-■' "'■ ''t least the W«.«,tomoi^;p' 'ij.7^'5-, t'- connne.ce of D efon': ^f".."';' '^'^ ^='P"-ny, I P'lod at Barcelona/ 'a„d hat t ;?'/"' '"."^ ''"-<' "red to shovv thaf^/ V^''"^"" ^""'^'•"" de --lonese had esLbl sh I „ n rd ,'"^, "'" '"'"'^ ■•»-'''''i"T o wl id ' ,?'''^''/"^'' -a« co.n- It 's certain that th.. rv,»w / ''" l''='*"''« ''"o •'arlv as l-'1i« . "" ^'^''suk which the "--rly Italian Z F^ fti^^'" P''"'-' '-" '"h^ .i^J ;i ;!'!; b^! J" -»?'- their. iecisio^ -' cicntly proved, (ha X rw'b 7 "■"?'""'- t-n/d.cS 1^ :'"'"' ''^*;^ ' """^ that '»t several of the re.-ulat ons in t '^ " '■"^''- ''^' "'"ritin.e laws > '"'" '»"''' '"J^d, «"t it does not appear " "'"'' ^^"''sta,,tiallv the In . .u '''''■^' ^'"'3' Period, and '""' .he rcse,nbla!.le le 11 :,^,r"'7'*;" ^•''- ---of" ^^'^uhr '" Z',''' ''"--/""- n-^J not finrly be ascribed t ,1 'T "'"■^'' '" ""^ ^-'•W« " i^ m .'l''^ " ""^. /''«»"«• or -'rmed persons legislating up, the f '''■'''''-■ ^'"'^ '^«» ''ardly fa l to ob, "'"^"•""' ^ °r tout ce ,jui est en fuvcur de II. I I 170 MARITIME TAW. Marseilles, je dois reconnoitre franchement que les probabilit^s remportent en faveur de Barcelone." — (Tome ii. p. 24.) But to whichever city the honour of compiling the Con.sn!afo may be due, there can bo no doulit that its antiquity has been greatly exaggerated. It is airirmed, in a preface to the different editions, that it was solemnly accepted, subscribed and promulgated, as a body of maritime law, by the Holy See in 1075, and by the Kings of France and other potentates at dilforcat periods between 1075 and 1270. But Capmany, A/Aini, and Pardessus, have shown ill the clearest and most satisfactory manner that the circumstances alluded to in this preface could nv)t possilily have taken place, and that it is wholly unworthy of the least attention. The most prohal)le opinion seems to be, that it was compiled, and began to bo introduced, about the end of the 1 3th or the beginning of the 14th century. And notwith- standing its prolixity, and the want of precision and clearness, the correspondence of the greater number of its rules with the ascertained principles of justice and public utility, gra- dually led, without the intervention of any agreement, to its adoption as a system of maritime juii.sprudencc hy all the nations contiguous to the Mediterranean. It is still of high autho- rity. Casarcgis says of it, though, perhaps, too strongly " Consulafus marin, in matei-ii/t maritimis, fan/jucm univcrnalis consuciudu hahens vim legis inviulabiUter atlcnda cdapud oinnes pnivincJas et natiiines." — (Disc. 213. n. 12.) 'J"he collection of sea laws next in celebrity, but anterior, perhaps, in point of time, is that denominated the Hao/e dcs Juge/ttenfs d'Okron. There is as mucli diversity of opinion as to the origin of these laws, as there is with respect to the origin of the Cunsiilofn. The prevailing opinion in Great Britain has been, that they were compiled by direction of Queen Eleanor, the wile of Henry II., in her quality of Duchess of Guienne; and that they were afterwards enlarged and improved by her son Richard I., at his n^turn from the Holy Land : but this statement is now admitted to rest on no good foundation. The most probable theory Bcems to lie, that they are a collection of the rules or practices followed at the principal French ports on the Atlantic, as Bordeaux, Rochelle, St. Malo, «Scc. They contain, indeed, rules that are essential to all maritime transactions, wherever they may be carried on ; but the references in the code sulTiciently prove that it is of French origin. The ciicumstance of our monarch's having large possessions in France at the period when the Rules of Oleron were collected, naturally fticilitated their introduction into England; and they have long en- joyed a very high degree of authority in fliis country. "I call them the Laws of Oleron," said a great civilian — (Sir Lenline Jtnkiug, C/iaigc fo the Cinque Ports), "not but that they are peculiarly enough English, being long since incorporated into the customs and sta- tutes of our admiralties ; but the equity of them is so great, and the use and reason of them so general, that they are known and received all the world over by that rather than by any other name." Molloy, however, has more correctly, perhaps, said of the laws of Oleron, that " they never obtained any other or greater force than those of Rhodes formerly did ; that is, they were esteemed for the reason and equity found in them, and applied to the case emer- gent." — {Dc Jure Miiritiino et Navali, Introd.) A code of maritime law issued at Wisby, in the island of Gothland, in the Baltic, has long enjoyed a high reputation in the North. The date of its compilation is uncertain; but it is comparatively modern. It is true that some of the northern jurists contend that the Laws of Wisby are older than the Rules of Oleron, and that the latter are chiefly copied from the former ! But it has been repeatedly shown that there is not so much as the shadow of a foundation for this statement. — (See Pardcssun, Collection, c^c. tome i. pp. 425 — 468. Foreign Qiiurterli/ Review, No. 13. art Hanseafic League.) The Laws of Wisby are not certainly older than the latter part of the 14th or beginning of the 15th century ; and have obviously been compiled from the Consolato del Mure, the Rules of Oleron, and other codes that vi'ere then in use. Grotius has spoken of these laws in the most laudatory manner: — " Qnx dc rnnritimus negntiis," says he, " instilas Gothlandix hubitatoribus plucucnint, tantum iu fe habent, turn ei/ttitatis, turn prudent isr., tit omnes oceani accohr. to, nun tan- {juani proprio, fed veliit gentium jure, utanfur." — (Prulegnmena ad Procopiuiii, p. 01.) Ce?,ides the codes now mentioned, the ordinances of the Hanse towns, issued in 1597 and lfil4, contain a system of laws relating to navigation that is of great authority. The judg- ments of Damme, the customs of Amsterdam, &c. are also often (juoted.* But by far the most complete and well digested system of maritime jurisprudence that has ever ap|)eared, is (hat comprised in the .amous Ordonnanec dc la Murine issued by Louia XIV. in 1681. This excellent code was compiled under the direction of M. ('olbert, by in- dividuals of great talent and learning, after a careful revision of all the ancient sea laws of France and other countries, and upon consultation with the different parliaments, the courts of admiralty, and the chambers of commerce, of the diderent towns. Ii combines whatever experience and the wisdom of ages had shown to be best in the Roman laws, and in the institutions of the modern maritime states of Europe. In the preface to his treatise on the ♦ A translation of tlie F.aw of Oleron, Wlsl-y, and the Unnen towns, is given in Hie .Id piliiinn of Mal\ im'"h Iai Mrraiariii ; liiit the cdiiion of llicm in the wui k uf .M. I'urdesaus, referred to in ilii; text, is iiifiiillL'Iy superior to every other. Law of S refi'rences to the ma prosperity of a wise most Viiluu thod, and t 'i'he ord tary liy M. (ary, tiie le no iiicon.sid dence to a ( 'I'liat pur copied, wi.h been made ; l\o .sy.slei The laws an founded pri' the Laws uf siuns of our a pidgre.ssive coi-rcs|)()ii(l.s, with tliose u tiaiisactioiis Tile (leci.si /■'ct the niiri dt'cisions of llictiiig pre(( di)cliiii('s vvl niiut braiichi tiiiM is prulia to llie claims o'l tliis excusable country can lio; Jiiiiuse and vei wisdom, and tli — ( I'll J/i.surat) 'J'he'-Trealis Justice of the C il-i nohle and |ea sition of the m( equAl facility qik ■"'•■rjeant Marshal iii.iriiiiiie law, in •^aLraciiy. 'J"he v^ CI' tlie earli<>r tre the [icriod of it.s i SUitutes ivii/i I remarks refer inei Iioh'ovlt, Iiavc oi't, i'iiilti|ilication of ; liiis o/tcji involved I't'cM most injuriou llic siilijcci, would i'foiii tlie Hevoluii i^lilitioii, diiiiiiiutid 'y c.visiiiig ill the <■ ''■"i-:il'l(', that hardi ailK le, or tlie cour.s I'll'.ive it, entir-ly ( '" I'ircct him how t, l'"«eil"u! is tin. i„,]„ i'''it Ibis monstrous '"'""'•t'd as iiitolcni, i'lfu diis chaos. L'l "■|"'dcd. and now oi talents, so fur at lea-^ MARITIME LAW. 177 altic, has ain; but that the Iv copied shadow 5 — 162. are not nd have er codes inner :— Icucrunt, \wn tan- ?. 010 1597 and lie judg- Incc that fiy Louis |t, liy in- jlaws of |o courts Ivhatcvcr in tho on the liliiinn of 1 lUc text. JjOU-' of Shipping, Lord Tcntcrden says, — " If the reader should be ofTended at the frequent referpnces to this ordinance, I must request liiui to recollect that those references are made to the maritime code of a great commercial nation, which has attiihuted much of its national prosperity to that code: a code com|)osed in the reign of a [)olilie prince ; under the auspices of a wise and enlit^hlened nnnister; hy laborious and learned persons, who selected the most valuable princi|>les of all the maritime laws then existing; and which, in matter, me- thod, and style, is one of the most linished arts of legislation that ever was promulgntod." Tlie ordinance of I (IS I was publisrhed in 1700, with a detailed and most elaborate cornmen- tarv hy M. Valin, in 2 volumes, Ito. It is impossihle which to admire most in this connnen- tary. the leariiitig or the sound good sense of the writer. Lord Mansfield was indebted for no inconsiderable |)ortion of his superior knowledge of the principles of maritime jurispru- dence to a caiel'ul study of M. Valiii'M work. 'i'luit part of the Ciic/r vvn in the civil law, the Laws of (Miron and V\ isliy, llie works of distinguished juris.'oijsult.--, the judi ial deci- sions of our oun an i foreign countries, &c. A law so constructed has necessirily lieen in a progressive state ki( improvement; and, though still susceptible of material innendjnent, it corresponds, at this moment, more nearly, perhaps, tban auy other sy-^tiin of maritime law, With those universally recognised principles of jii>tice and general convenience, by which tho transactions of merchants and navigators ought to be regrjiated. The decisions of Lord .VLiustield did nuicli to fix the priii iples, and to improve and [)er- Icct the iniritiuie liw of England. It is also under great (jbli^atkms to Lord .Stowell. The (jcci.sions of the latter cliielly, indeed, respect questions of neutrality, growing out of tbe con liktiiig pretensions oi belligerents and neutrals during the late war; but the princijiles and doctrines which he unfolds in treating those questions, Ibrow a strong and steady light on mo^t liranches of maritime law. It has occa>iioiii)lly, indeed, been alleged, — and tlie allega- tion is probably, in some degrei'. well founded, — that his Lordship has conceded too much to the claims ol' belligerents. Still, however, his ju.lgmeiils must be regarded, allowing for this excusable bias, as among the noblest moi.uments of judicial wisdi)in of which any ciiunlry can boast. '•They will he ci)ntemplated," says Mr. .Serjeant Marshall, '• with ap- plau.'^e and veneration, as long as depth of learning, soundness of argument, enlightened wisdom, and the chaste lieauties of eloquence, hold any place in tlie estimation of mankind." — [On Insurance, Prelim. Disc.) The "Treatise of the Law relative to Merchant Ships and Seamen," by the late (^hicf Justice of the Court of King's Ueiich, does credit to the talents, erudition, ami liberality of \u noble and learned author. It gives, within u brief compass, a clear and admirable expo- sition of the most important branches of our maritime law ; and may be C()nsiilted with f(jual facility and advantage by the merchant or general scholar, as by the lawyer, .Mr. Serjeant Marshall has entered veiy fully into soi.ic. and has touched upon most points of iii;iritiine law, in his work on Innun/iice ,■ and has (liscusse'oceed so as to avoid forfeiting the goods and the ship! and yet, so liDwerl'ul is the influence of habit in procuring toleration tor the most pernicious ahsin'dities, that this monstrous abuse was allowed to go on increasing for iiO years after it had been de- ntiuiiced as intolerable. Mr. Pitt has the merit of having introduced .sometliii.g lik'' order into this chaos. Under his ausiiices, all the se[)arate customs duties existing n 1787 v\'era rijicded, and new (Uies substituted in their stead ; consisting, in most instances, of the eijui- vulcuts, so far at least as they could he ascertained, of the old dutieti. In carrving this inea> 23 i 178 MARITIME LAW. Bure into elTert, the House of Commons passnl no fewer than 3,000 resolutions. The regu- lations as to entries and clearances were also simplified. The advantages resulting from tnis measure were very great ; but during the war, so many new duties and regulations were passed, that the necessity for a fresh consolidation hecame again very urgent, and was elTected in 1819. It was not, however, in the customs department only, or in the mere article of duties, that the merchant and ship owners ,vere bewildered liy the multiplicity of statutory regulations. 'I'here was not a single bn>nch of the law regulat- ing their traiisnction that escaped the rage for legislation. Previously to 182S, no few^r than 113 statutes had been passed relating to the fisheri'^s, anil the makers and buyers o" sails and cordage were supposed to be familiar with the various obscure and contradictory regidiilion< embodied in the twenty-lhrfe acts of parliament relating to these articles ! But the enormity of the abuse will be rendered more apparent, by laying before the reader the following extract from the Rppint iif Ihc Lords' Committee on t''rn Trades in 1820. " Uefore," siiy their Lordshijis, '-your committee proceed to advert to the points which have been the principal olyects of their inquiry, they are anxious to call the attention •" ♦he House to the excessive accumulation and complexity of the laws under which the cor. .nercc of the country is regulated, with which they were forcibly impressed in the very earliest stage of their proceedings. These laws, passed at dilferent periods, and many of them aris- ing out of temporary circumstances, amoimt, as stated in a recent computation of them, to Hj)war(ls of fico thousand, of which no less than 1,100 were in force in 1815; and many adihtions have been since made. After such a statement, it will not appear extraordinary that it should be mutter of complaint by the British merchant, that, so far from the course in \vhi<'h he is to guide his transactions being plain and simple — so far from being able to un(lcrt;d{e his operations, and to avail himself of favourable o[)enings, as they arise, witli promptitude ami confidence — he is frcipicmtly reduced to the necessity of resorting to the services of professional advisers, to ascertain what he may venture to do, and what he must avoid, lict'orc he is able to embark in his commercial adventures with the assurance of 1 'iiig secure fiom the conseipiences of an infringcMuenl of the law. If this be the case (as ia stated to your coinniittee) with the most experienced among the merchants, even in l-^ng- laiul, in how much greater a degree nmst the same per|ilexity and apprehension of danger operate in foreign coutitiies and on forciufn merchants, whose ac(iuaintance with our statute book iiuist be supposed to be comfiaratively limited, and who are destitute of the professional authority which the merchant at home may at all times consult for his direction ] When it is recollected, besides, that a trivial unintenti<''..\l deviation from the strict letter of the acts of parliament tnay expose a ship and cargo to the inconvenience of seizure, which (whether sustained or abain'oned) is attended always with delay and expense, and frequently followed by litigiition, it cannot be doubted tha' such a state of the law must have the most prejudi- cial iniluence both uf)on commercial enterprise in the country, and upon our mercantile relations and intercourse with foreign nations; and perhaps no service inore valuable could be rendered to the trade of the empire, nor any measure more ellectually contribute to pro- mote the objects contemplated by the House, in the ap[)ointment of this committee, than an accurate revision of this vast and confused tnass of legislation ; and the establisliment of some certain, simple, and consistent principles, to which all the regulations of commerce might be referred, and under which the transactions of merchants engaged in the trade of llie United Kingdom might be conducted with facility, safrty, and confidence." — (p. 4,) Since this Report was printed, a very considerable progress has been made in simplit'viii"' and clearing up the statute law, on the [)ri»)ci|)los laid down in it. The law as to sliijipiiig and navigation has been particularly imjiroved. The principles laud down in the famous navigation acts of 16,50 and IGCO were, indeed, sufiicientlv distinct and obvious; but when these nets were passed, there were above 200 statutes m existence, many of them antiipiated and contradictory, which they did not rejieal, except in so fir as the regulations in ihcin might be inconsistent with those in the new acts. But besides these, a iiumber of statutes were passed almost in every session since 1060, explaining, limiting, extendino;, or modifvinir in one way or other, some of the provisions of the navigation acts; so that ultimately tliero were questions perpetually arising, as to which it was very difficult to discover the precise law. Ou such occasions, recourse was often had to the courts; and the good sense and equity which generally characterised their decisions mitigated the mischievous conseijuences resulting from the uncertainly of the statute law, and even gave it the appearance of consis- tency. Latterly, however, this uncertainty has been well nigh removed. One of the bills introduced l)y Mr. M'allai'c for the im|)rovemeut of the navigation laws repealed above /»r //7?irf;vr/ statutes ■ and the new acts substitu'ed in the place of those that were repealed were drawn up with laudable brevity and clearness. Hut various alterations having lieen fiubsecjuently made iii these acts, new statutes en- .odying the chang'^s were passed List se.s sion. 'J'he priu'ipal arc — the 3 tSt 4 Will. 4. c. ol., for the encourai^emen), of Brill:;!' ship jiing and navigation, which may be called the present navigation law — (see N^vkjatkiv Laws) ; the 3 ofc 4 Will. 4. c. 55., for the registry of British vessels — (see Rkuistht); the 3 &, 4 Will. 4. c. 52., coiilaining the regulations w.ith respect to importation and cxpor- taiion— nxnilati Thamk^ cipal sh talents ( It ma; or fewer these chi cijdes or in -separa tlic! law, I act on till Kil)le to pi of statute in which dictory vU subtleties which (hei ever he de( sliitule are MARK, especially ^i I02deniers 'IVoy weigh it is dividi'd Tin; pniind France prrvii (Irs. =r .-jsj ,1,, i 'Ti'S, jhiids I, liy a siiiijilo ni 1 = 2 ■-= I 3 ^ MARK, a countries t()r 'Scotch mark hiirtrh, is a n» MARKET be f '^pt withii stalls and star person who h; custom, tl,r th in any oilier n i-iuine, — (S,.(> } .MAK.>SEfLl in lat, 1:1° 1 7' Jfiirhnitr.—TU, cmilrixiriliHcity 81 IIS, Me; l,iit til, "lieii ilie wind i.' IVimi 12 Id 2i t'init are tonslaiiily ;i| acces.sible io l|i« j ni.Kleralu-sizeil 11 al'iiit'si,!,. ilie q,,;, '•'le lie ItauoMi'iiii I'll' taller, wliiii, liP'j.TilrijF |,|,i„( ,1 a"il otiicr l;ir"i' Wli ll'll (■iMIlillo' |-,|, :W"t;. All IMi; ,iMM ;iu-li() siieceeil Miifis lli.-u have III e'irllieilv I'.ir tlic I" ''Ve to r„r ;, ,„|„ Pil'i nil li,iur,i ; Inn itli'V selilnin dlspiMi »''^-'l-. ami III,, vo inlla- (nrt .St^ ,),,,,„ ;"':' "' '•:i'rn,„.. 1,,., I "l'n,li|:,|H „.|,„^,. I '■"i^"'>- I'ni siirli ve 'leai 111!.' mil fr„„i, ,\ Tnide, <.Sr.~M commerce. Jfavr MARK— MARSEILLES. 179 lictorv But er the *'20. which f 'he . nercc earliest Mil aris- hom, to .1 many )riVinary 3 cnnise alile to se, with \r to the he must of I -ill? ise (as is in liiis- j( danser ur statute ofessional When it if the acts (wht-ther followed |st pvfjmli- icrcantilc ible could te to pro- than an ihmeiit of Icommcice tlie trade (p. 4.) mplityiiii; shipimig lie famouii t)iit when ntiiiualed in ihcin if statutes Imodifyinc; iirly lliere le ptecii-e .>nse and ispcjuenccs f ronsis- Ih.- bill' Isiliove lire repealed fi\n? I'een 111 last ses litir.l" ship |vliHTlll>' luisTHt); luJ expor- t^linn — (see Impoiitatiojt ami Expoiitation) ; and the act 3 &; 4 Will. 4. c. 5' for rei;uli>tiii5 the trade with the British possessions abroad — (ace Coloxiks ami ('oiont Tiiaiik). Mr. Hume, formerly of tiie customs, now of the Board of Trade, had the )rin- cipal share in the compilation of these acts, which do honour to his sagacity, industry, and talents for arrangement. It may he worth wiiiie observing, that hardly a session passes without giving birth to more or fewer acts, making certain changes or modifications in those referred to above. Where these changes apply only to some particular emergency, without ailecting the general prin- ciples or rul(!s laid down in the statutes, there can he no doubt that they should be embodied in separatf arts ; but where any modilication or alteration is to l)c made in the principles of tlie law, the better way, as it ajipears to us, would be to introduce it directly into the leading act on the subject — re-enacting it in an amended or altered form. In no other way is il pos- sible to preserve that unity and clearness which are so very desirable. 'J'he multiplication of statutes is a very great evil, not ordy from the dilliculty of ascertaining the exact degree in which one modilles another, but from its invarialily leading to the enactment of contra- dietiirv eliUises. 'i'he property and transactions of merchants ought not to depend upon the subtlelicf' and niceties of forced constructions, but upon plain and obvious rules, about which there can be no mistake. It would, however, be idle to ex])ect that such rules can ever be deduced from the uonllictiiig jirovisions of a number of statutes: those in the same statute are not always in h.irmony with each other. MARK, OH AI.VKC, a weight used in several parts of Europe, for various commodities, esjieciidly gold and silver. In France, the mark was divided into 8 oz. =- 04 drachms ■-- \[)-Z tieniersor pennyweights ^ 4,()(I8 grp''\s. in Holland, the mark weight was also called Troy weight, and was e(pial to that of Frunct. When gold and silver are sold by the mark, it is divided into 24 carats. Tlifi pDiiiid, or lirre, puida ilc. viiirr, tlie weiL'lit most cninmonly used hi retail ilciiliiics tliroiiphoiit Fiiiiiri' previdusly to llio Uuvolutiipii, was r(iiial to 'i man's, and <'ciiisei|iicMiliy ciintiiiiu'il lli dz. = 1'2S (Irr:. = H"'4 den. = 0,210 firs. One liirly e-0 7 = » l.'b'> 9 = 4- 111 G ^ ::3 P (IT90 5 = 2' 1175 8 = a'UlW) 10 4\S;i;>l 3 146SJ 6 •2■i>i^o 1 M.'\RK, a term sometimes used among us for a money of account, and in some other coiuitrirs for a coin. The English mark is fds of a pound sterling, or lH.v. 4^/. ; and the l^i'otch mark is -gds of a pound 8cotch. The mark Lnbs, or Lubeck mark, used at Ham- burirh, is a money of account, c<\\.\;\\ to 14-^(/. sterling. .MARKET, a public [ilace in a city or town, where provisions are sold. ]Vo market is to be 1 ^pt within 7 miles of the city of London ; but all butchers, victuallers, &c. may hire stalls and standings in the llesh-markets there, and sell meat and other provisions. Every person who has a market is entitled to receive toll for the things sold in it; anil, by ancient costoui, for things standing in the market, though not sold ; but those who keep a market in any other manner than it is granted, or extort toils or fees where none are due, forfeit the same. — (See Fa ins ) .MAR-'SEILriES, u large commercial city and sea-port of France, on the Mediterranean, in hit. 4:5^ 17' 49" N., Km. .'j° 22y E. Population 125,000. //ii;/).'»r.— The liarbonr, the access to which is del't'mled l)y acverat strong fortirications, is in the ci'iilnMil'lhe city,lorniini: a hayin ;')25 f:illioms in lenirth, liv alimit tail ilo. in breadlli. The tide isliardly 81 iis.lilw ; hut tlie depth 'I' water at tlie e 'trance to the harlxmr varies from 10 to H feet, lieina lowest «li(;n the wind is N.W . and hii;hesl whei: it is S.W. Within the basin the depth of water varies I'riiin 12 to 2t feet, lieiiiL' shallowest on the nor'h. aiut dt'epest on tin; south sid^^ Dredfjiiii: machines ■mi: constantly at work to clear out the iimd,-'iinl to prevent the harhcnir from lilliiiK up Tlionph not aicessibli' to the lar};est class of ships, Marsr lies is one of the best and safest ports in the world for iiPHlerate-sizfid mercliantmnn, of which It w;il accommodate aliove 1,0110. Ships in the ba iin lie close alMiiu'side the ([uays ; and there is every facility for ijelting tliein speedily loaded and unloaded. The I:^li' di' llaitonean, Pomesjiies. and the strongly fortitied islet or rock of li', lie W.H.W. from the port ; till' latter, which is the tii;ar(!sl to it, lieiufr only \i mile distant, and not more than .{ of a mile from the |ii'i.j''iliii« point of land to the south of liie city. There is good amlioraRe {.'round
    -el:, and till' vessels of countries havinit r<'ciprocity ti^' ilii'S with franco. 'I'liere is a li}:ht-hoiise. in tile I'lrt .'Si, .lean, on the north side of the entrance t.i ihe port. The lazurclto. which is one of the ;.>l III I'.iiri'pe. lies ,1 little to the north .H13,nf)3 - 30,«T«,584 'J'his statement shows conclusively, that the trade of Marseilles is not only increasinti rapidly, but that it is already very extensive. She is the grand emporium of the commerce between France and the countries bord^ring on the Mediterranean. To the Levant sha exports colonial products, light woollens, silks, «fec. To Italy, the exports consist of all kinds of colonial produce, woollens, linens, liqueurs, oil, hardware, and lead. The exports U. England consist of silks, brandy, madder, wines, verdigris, brimstone, soap, oil, preserved fruits, gloves, ribands, shawls, capers, ancbovies, syrups, essences, jjerfumery, &c. 'I'lio principal imports arc, wheat from the Black Sea and the coast of Africa, sugar and collco. cotton, indigo, lisb, pepper, iron, lead, dye woods, hides, &c. Ivegulationa ts to warehousiiij; similar to those of Jiordeaux ; which see. ArriraL^. — In 1831 lliere arrived at Mrirseiilos : — Fronch sliijis frntii I'nreign cnuntrips frdiii I'roiicli colonies roiiriliTS - - - fr:i 18:),!) 11 1 6,731 1 472,230 j The arrivnls in 1832 v^ ere r(iMsi(l(>ral)ly greater, and among tlieni were 77 Briiisli sliips. of the Imrilun of 12, ''HI tons. — tl'iir liirtlier piirliciiliirs sen ./imuiairr tin Viniinirrrc Miiiilm.c for l^:)3, |). 217. ; Jlrrkiiti dii Commerce, liun. i. p. 183. ; Jiilminialratiun ries Douimcs for 1831, p. 312. &r. The rinswcrs sent ty the consul to the Cirriilar (iiieries (liil not allbril us any iiiforiiiiition of any sort whiitcvcr.) The jVeKiV.f, tVei^rhls, n}\d Measura of Marseilles are the tjanje as those of the rest of France,- - (See IkiRnEAix.) MASTEH, in commercial navigation, the person intrusted with the care and navigation of the ship. The situation of master of a ship is so very impoitunt, that in some countries no one can be appointed to it, who has not submitted to an examtnation by competent persons, to ascer- tain his fitness for projjcrly discharging its duties. —(See the famous French Ordonnaiice of 1681, tit. ii. art. 1. ; and the Ordonnance of the 7th of August, IS'-if). The latter speci- fies the various subjects on which candidates shall be examined, and the modi; of coiiductiiiLf the examinalion.) I'ut in this country the owners arc left to their own discretion as to tlie skill and honesty of the master; and although he is bound to make good any damage that may hap[)eii to the ship and cargo by his negligence or unskilfuliies.s, he cannot be punished as a criminal for mere incoi.ipetence. iVo one is (jualilied to be the master of a Britisli ship, unless he be a natural-born British subject, or naturalised by act of parliament, or a denizen by letters of denization; or have become a subject of his Majesty by cononcst, cession, &c., and have taken the oaths of allegiance ; or a foreign seaman who has served 3 years, in time of war, on board of his Majesty's ships. " The master is the confnlential servant or agent of the owncr.s; and in conformity to 'he rules and maxims of the law of England, i/ie owners are bound to !he pirfurntance. of every latvfitl amtracl made I)}/ him relative to the usual emphymeni of t/ie shij ' — {Alihutt (late Lord Teiiterden) on the Law of Shi])pin en liisnidDce, table, and inii ceasej. A de> and exposes tin consei|uence of of the goods, w] the goods were If a merchan lieumi to do his the comparative By tlie comm hfiiig their duty sliifi, and the pr< riiy with modera home he may bf or iinjirisoned d ohasti.siiig the irm Ij-i flamd liable i (kailly weapon a: anoriiing to the part ii. e. 4.) The master nia iliclioii over the ci the proper tiibuna h' by shipwreck lain, he found in i M\is\\ merchants, in iiicrchant ship,.' ('ley limy .send the M' "iiail be o!)lii,r> ""'»■• ami the mas P^eriior, miiiister, 'i'' I'iaiiitaiiied then i'li'iiieiit of men.— !"'."'''l.v of 1(10/. on ''"!"!,' home any sea "I';;," '=''''ig rcpiirej ' he iiiasier of a Vol. IJ.-_q MASTER. 181 one can to asccr- loimaiito ;'r sjiec'i- mUu'tiii;; IS to i\w ;iu,o tlwt liiiiiishtJ British or have oaths of ril of his ty to the (,f every -{Ahhu'tt l\ of rnn- ■out ihoir Isch'ctins; l-c. Aii'l J of fraud li.silili' for 1/ rrpairs lor cargo him for \ siiiil— lit- i> i"> Oiitho contrary, the law hns always considered the captain as contracting personally with the owner; and the case of the captiiin has, in that respect, lietii distinguished from that of all other persons helonging to the shij). Tiiis rule of law may have its foundation in pohcy, for the henelit of navigation ; for, as ships may he making profit and earning every day, it might he attended with great inconvenience, if, on the chanite of a captain for mishehaviotir, or any other reason, he should he entitled to keep the ship till he is paid. Work done for a ship in England is supposed to he done on the personal credit of the employer: in foreign parts the captain may hypothecate the siiip. The defendant might have told the tradesman, that he only acted as an agent, and that they must look to the owner for payment." 'I'iie master is hound to employ his whole time and attention in the service of his employ- ers, and is not at liberty to enter into any engagement for his own henelit that may occupy any portion of his time in other concerns; and therefore, if he do so, and the pri(;e of such engagement happen to he paid into the hands of his owners, they may retain the money, and he cannot recover from them. — (Abbu/t, part ii. c. 4.) During war, a master should he particularly attentive to the regulations as to sailing under convoy ; for, iiesides his responsihility to liis owners or I I'ighters, he may be prose- cuted liy the Court of .\diniralty, and (ineil in any sum not exceeding 500/., and im|irisoned for any term not exceeding 1 year, if he wilfully disoiiey the signals, instructions, or lawful commands of the commander of the convoy ; or desert it without leave. — (43 O'cu. 3. c. 160.) Wilfully destroying or casting away the ship, or procuring the same to be done by the master or mariners, to the prejudice of the owners, freighters, or insurers; running away with the cargo; and turning pirates; are capital oU'ences punishable by death. — (7 & 8 6'to. 4. c. 29., and antecedent statutes.) After the voyage has been commenced, the master must proceed direct to the place of his destination, without unnecessarily stopping at any intermediate port, or deviating from the shortest course. No such deviation will be sanctioned, unless it has been occasioned by stress of weather, the want of necessary repair, avoiding enemies or pirates, succouring of ships in distress, sickness of the master or mariners, or the mutiny of the crew. — {Marn/ioll till liisiiitince, hook i. c. 6. § 3.) To justify a deviation, the necessity must be real, inevi- table, and imperious; and it must not he prolonged one moment after the necessity has ceased. A deviation without such necessity vitiates all insurances upon the ship and cargo, and exposes the owners to an action on the part of the frcif^hters. If a ship he captured in coiise(iuence of deviation, the merchant is entitled to recover from the owners the prime cost of the goods, with ship|>ing charges ; but he is not entitled to more, unless he can show that the giiods were eidianced in value lieyond the sum above mentioned. If a ini-rchant ship has tho misfortune to be attacked by pirates or enemies, the master is bouiul to do his duty as a man of courage and capacity, and to make the best resistance that the comparative strength of his ship and crew will allow. By the common law, the master has authority over all the mariners on board the ship, — it liiing their duty to obey his commands in all lawful matters relating to the navigation of the siii|i, and the [ireservation of good order. But the master should, in all cases, use his autho- riiy with moderation, so as to be the father, not the tyrant, of his crew. 0\\ his rutura home he may be called upon, by action at law, to answer to a mariner he has either beat or imprisoned during the course of the voyage; and unless he show sullicient cause for chastising the mariner, and also that the chastisement was reasonable and moderate, he will [)?. found liable in damages. 8hould the master strike a mariner without cause, or use a ilcadly weapon as an instrument of correction, and liuath ensue, he will he found guilty, according to the circumstances of the case, either of manslaughter or murder. — {Abbutt, part ii. c. 4.) Tiie master may by force restrain the commission of great crimes ; but he has no juria- diftioii over the criminal. His business is to secure his person, and to deliver him over to the jiroper tiibunals on his coming to his own country. — (See art. Skamkn.) If by shipwreck, capture, or other unavoidable accident, seamen, subjects of Great Bri- tiiin, be found in foreign parts, his Majesty's governors, m.nisters, consuls, or two or more British merchants, residing in such parts, may send such seamen home in ships of war, or ill niorchant ships homeward bound in want of men ; and if such ships cannot lie found, they may send them hoiiie in merchant ships that are fully manned, but no such merchant ship shall be ohiig.'d to take on board more than four sucli persons for every 100 tons bur- then: and the master, upon arrival, and producing to the Navy Hoaril a certiticatc from the gDveriior, minister, consul, &c. where he shipped the men, and his own alhdavi: of the lime he maintained them, shall receive l.s. (ir/. per diem for all such seamen above his own com- lilcmciit of inen. — (53 Gia. 3. c. 85.) A. suhseipient statute (."iS (JJeo. 3. c. 38.) inflicts a iiciialty of 100/. on any master of a merciiant vessel who shall refuse to take on board or briiii; home any seafiring man, a subject of (ireat Driiain, left behind in any foreign country, upoii being reipiircd to do so by th(! comiielent authorities. The masier of a ship forcing any man on shore when abroad, or refusing to bring back Vol. U.— Q I m 182 MASTER. such of the men he carried out with him as arc in a condition to return, shull, upon conviction of such olFencc, bo imprisoned for such term as the court shall award. — (S) Geo. 4. c. HI.) A |)fiinlty of 20/. is imposed on every master of a vessel, who, havincr, on account of sickness, left any seafarin;; man nt any foreign port or {)lace, shall ni^^lcet or refuse to de- liver an account of tht; wages due, and to pay the same. — (.58 Geo, H. c. .58.) 'J'he law makes no distinction between carriers by land and carriers by water. The master of a in(Tchant ship is, in the eye of the law, a carrier; and is, as such, bound to lake rea- sonable and proper care of the goods committed to his charge, and to convey them to the place of their ilestination, barrina; onli/ the (ids of Giid and the kini^'s eneiiiies. Every act which may be provided against l)y ordinary care renders the master responsible. He would not, for example, be liable for damaf^e done to goods on board in consecjuenee of a leak in the ship occasioned by the violence of the tempest, or other accident; but if the leak were occasioned by rats. In? would be liable, for these might have been exterminated by or- dinary care, as by putting cats on board, iVc. On the same principle, if the master run tlio ship in fair weather against a rock or shallow known to expert mariners, he is responsibli'. If any injury be done to the cargo by impropiTor careless stowage, the master will be lialile. 'J'he master must not take on board any contraband goods, by which the ship and other parts of the cargo may be rendered liable to forfeiture or seizure. Neither must he take on board any false or colourable |)apers, as these might subject the; shij) to the risk of captinv or detention. But it is his duty to j)rocure and keep on board all the papers and docu- nients required for the manifestation of the ship and cargo, by the law of the countries froui and to which the ship is bound, as well as by the law of nations in general, or by treaties between parti(;ular states. These papers and dociunents cannot bo dispensed with at any time, and are tjuite essential to the safe navigation of neutral ships during war. — (See Snies' Pack us.) It is customary in bills of lading to insert a clause limiting the responsibility of the master and owners, as follows: — " The act of Gin/, the hinir'n eneniien, fire, mid everi/ other dan- gers ami aecidenls of the seas, riuers, and navi'irafion, of whatever nature and hind soever, sai'c rish- of lioats, as fur as ships are liafi/c thereto, excepted." When no bill of lading is signed, the master and owners are bound according to the common law. The most ditricult part of the master's duty is, when, through the perils of the sea, tho attacks of enemies or pirates, or other unforeseen accidents, he is prevented from completinir his voyage. If his own ship have sullL'red from storms, and cannot be repaired within a reasoiialile tinu', and if the cargo be of a perishable nature, he is at liberty to employ anotlier slii|i to convey it to the place of destination. lie may do the same if the shij) have been wrecked and the cargo saved, or if his own ship be in danger of sinking, and he cjn get the cargo transferred to another,* and in extreme cases he is at liberty to disjwse of the cargo for the benefit of its owners. But, to use the words of liord Chief Justice Tentor- dcn, "the disposal of the cargo by the master is a matter that recjuires the utmost caution on his iiart. He should always bear in mind that it is his duti/ to convey if to the place of df>/i/iotion. This is the ])urpose fur which he has been intrusted with it, and this pur- pose he is bound to accomplisli by every reasonable and practical method. What, then, is the master to do, if, by a!)y disaster happening in the course of his voyage, he is unable to carry tlie goods to the place of (lestination, or to deliver them there? To this, as a general question, I ajjprehend no answer can be given. Every case must depend upon its own pe- culiar circumstances. The conduct proper to be adopted with res[)ect to perishable goods, will be improper with respect to a cargo not perishable: one thing may be fit to be done with fish or fruit, and another with tind)er or iron : one method may he proper in distant regions, another in the vicinity of the merchant; one in a frecjuented navigation, another on unfrequented shores. The "reck of the ship is not necessarily followed by an impossibility of sending forward the goods, and does not of ilself make their sale a measure of necessity or exjiedieiice: much less can the loss of the season, or of the pro|)er course of the voya2;e, have this effect. An unexpected interdiction of commerce, or a sudden war, may defeat liic ♦ The most celebrated maritime codes, and llie opinions of tlie ablest writers, have difTured con- sidcrilily as to tlicst- points. Atrordihg to llio Rlioili.ui law (I'and. I. 10. } 1.) tlr- raptain is riilfiiscl from all Ins cnKiiEennMits, if the ship, hy Ihi' perils of the sea, and williout any fanll on his purl, lu'- conii^ iiir:ipiil)le of procei'dinj; on her voyage. The laws of Olcron (art. 4), ami lliosi- of Wishy uirh. It). .'IT. .')5,), say tlnit tin; cnntain viaii hire anoiher ship ; InirmonisinK in this respec't with tin; present law of I':iii;laiid. Thi,' fani 'Us rriMich ordinanco nf lliHI (lit. Dii Fri-i, an. 11.), and the Coile. ilu Cm- mr.rr.e. (.irl. 'JiU'i), nnlir the riipluiii to hire iiniilher ship ; nnil if In' raiinol prcxMiro ono, IViMglit is In lio duo (Mily for that pari of tlie vnyatri' whiili has lii'cn prrfiirincd (pro ral'i iiiiieris penicli). X'aliii li;n ohji'Ctcd to this article, and stales that practicallv it meant u. Mast ik ,- Ft. Mastic, ■ It. Mastice ,■ Sp. Almmlicu, Almaciga ,• Arab. Ardh). This resitious substance is the produce of the Pista- cia lentiscHS, a native of the Levant, and particularly abundant in the island of Chios. It is obtained by making transverse incisions in the trunks and branches of the trees, whence the roastic slowly exudes. About 1,.'>00 cwt. are annually exported from Chios, part of which is brought to this country, packed in chests. The best is in the form of dry, brittle, yellow- ish, transparent tears ; it is nearly inodorous, except when heated, and then it has an agree- able odour ; chewed, it is almost insipid, feeling at first gritty, and ultimately soft; its virtues are trilling. — {Aimlie^s Materia Indicn ; Thomson's Dispensatory.) MATE, in a merchant ship, the deputy of the master, taking in his absence the command. There are sometimes only 1, and sometimes 2, 3, or 4 mates in a merchantman, according to her size ; denominated 1st, 2d, 3d, &c. mates. The law, however, recognises only 2 de- 6cri|iti()ns of persons in a merchantman — the master and mariners; the mates being included in the latter, and the captain being responsible for their proceedings. In nicn-of-war, tlic oificers immediately subordinate to the captain are called lieutenants. But the master, or olficer whose peculiar duty it is to take charge of the navigation of the ship, has certain mates under him, selecte.' mi peasants manu- facture this sort of material into shoes; and in conseijuence of the vast ipiantity of matting made use of in this way, and in shipments abroad, the ilcslrnction of the linden tree is immense; though, as it grows rapiiily, then' is jiroii'ibly less risk of its exhaustion than Mr. Tookt^ seems to have supposcii. — ( Vieut of liussiii, vol. iii. ji. W'i.) In \W.Vi above 84(),()0() pieces of mat wer(^ e.x[)orti ,1 from Archani^el only ; and in addition to this there is a very considerable exportation from I'etersburgh, IJiga, and other ports. Kiissian mats fetch at present (.January, I8IM), in the London market, •!/. Itl.v. |)er !(>(), duly ( I /.;},«. 9r/. the 100) included. Mats not otherwise enumerated or described are sidiject to u duty of '20 per cent, (1(1 valorem. V'aiious descri|)tion,s of reed mats are extensively manufactured in Spain and Portugal; 8ome of them being very beautifully varied. In 8pain lurge (juantities of mattiug are niado of the esparto rush. — (Hee Espakto.) Rush floor mats, and rattan table mats of a very superior dcscri()tion are brought from China. 'I'hey should be chosen clean, of a bright clear colour, and should, when packed, be thoroughly dry. 'J'ho mats of the .Japanese nre soft and elastic, serving them both for carpets and beds; they are made of a peculiar species of rush cultivated for the j)urpose. 'i'he batjs in which sugar is imported from the Mauritius consist of matting formed of the leaves of a tree growing in the island, interwoven in broad stripes. They are very strong and durable, and may be washed and cleane«i. 3. jaw fclipiiy williout llu! no Me(li(err.ini';i f-ri ,11 lieriij an hihiilj jienHin L'ri'itlud (o tie lurli iipiMili slmll li.i L|avarila of 15 years |i An Account oft (.T.iiitcd, tlie n applied.- (yu; No. of Paues, 2.'0 3U m 200 • On 330 • At 2S0 . Isii ( The foregoing fi appli"d, as all oiIk of llic .\dmlralty MEMEL, a E. Population nated the Curri! pal entrepot of commerce. //iirftoKr.— The ll lias seldiim more I iiinri' Ihan 10 fret \ wliere tli- aiicliora ginally T.'i, |,„i now lioiir. The light, v iiiiie.s disl.tnce. Tl bears from it, S.E north, nnd red on t lead directly into tl both in depth and pilot; but this ig m (l2 MEMEL. 185 ! to iuffer all penons to pass who have paaiies that will fit lh««e scolloppd tops. The protec- tion affonlrd hy thowi pnssrH iH Huch, that no HliipM, which triivcrHC Ihi- HOiin tVoiiuriiled by these rovers, ever fuil to furniHh theiiiselveH with them, whether in the tiaile to the Kiist In- dies, the Ticvant, 8pain, Italy, or any part of the Mediterraiieun ; and tioiii the more piirticu' lar need of them in the latter, they, no douht, obtained the nninc of Mulilrrraiiean piisscn. For the aeeoininodation of merehuntH in distant parts, blank passes, siKiied hy the Lords of tlic Admiralty, are lodged with the (governors abroad, and with the Uritish consuls, in he grunted to those who comply with the retiuisites necessary for obtaining them. As this piece of security is derived wholly from the stijiulations made by the crown with a foreign power, the entire regulation and management of it has been under the direction of his Ma- jesty, who, with the advice of his privy council, has prescribed the terms and conditions on which these passes shall be granted. Among others are the following ; — They are to be granted for none but British-built ships, or shi|)s made free, navigated with a master and .•^thii of the mariners nritish subjects, or foreign protestants made denizens. Bond is to lie given in the sum of 300/. if the vessel is under 100 tons, and in 500/. if it is that or more, for delivering u|) the pass within 12 months, unless in the case of ships trading from one foreign port to another; and such passes need not lie returned in less than 'a») shall tie iwued fcr, \Hn, I Mediterranean pasnes are either fcranled for I voysi^e, or ara attached to the ship's curliticate of re.^istry, and are in force so lout as the ii'nX cerliticale. A stamp duty of M is ehar»ced oa each p.aM so is.siie'l. When issued in the coliinies, Ihey cnnlinue in force for 12 nio:itbs to ciilonial ships, and f'> ^4^ ^g? 1.0 I.I IM ^ ^ ^,.. I£ lit lU 111 ■UUl. 140 IL25 liiiu ■ 2.0 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WBT MAIN STRliT WfBSTiR,N.Y. 145S0 (716) 872-4503 186 MERCURY. Ing without a pilot, which may be found in Mr. Norrie's Sailing Directions for the Cattegat and Baltic, p. 36. '/Vnrfe.— Titnlicr forum the principal article of export j for though that of Danlzic be considered bet- ter, it in Ke'ii'rally cheaper, and ultnost always more ulinndniit, at .Meiiiel. It cooich priiiiipally from the cKtaleH nf Triiite Kud/.ivil, and 18 floated down tlie river in rafts. ll<'re. as at Danlzic, llie best ipiality of ail sorlH of wood articles is called AroAn, or triiwn, the 34 f>9 7.M9 IS3 20,705 outwat^l Total - 213 2f<,2f>l 212 2-,227 1 37 1,397 I62,S22 841 9.i,400 556 67,422 The Monies, tl'eiphtg, and Measures of Meinel are tile same as tliose of Danlzic j which see. For fiirtiier particulars see Oddij's European Cummercc, pp. 22(1—224. ; CouUer sur les Pharrs ; Fer- ber's M'rw Cnntrihutiona to a Kvuirleilfre of the Covimerciol State of the Prvsiian Monarchy (Germ.), Berlin, 1832 ; Jacob's First Report on the Agriculture of the JVorth of Europe, (^c. MERCURY, OR QUICKSILVER (Fr. Vif argent ; Ger. Qiiicksilber , It. Argento vivo ; Sp. Azogtie ,■ Rus. RttU ,• Lat. Hydmrgijnim ; Arab. Zihdkh ; Hind. Pura/i ; Sans. Pdrada). This metal was known in the remotest ages, and seems to have been em- ployed by the ancients in gilding, and separating gold from other bcKlies, just as it i.s by the moilerns. Its colour is white, and similar to that of silver; hence the names of hydrargy- rum, argenttim vivum, quicksiluer, by which it has been known in all ages. It has no taste or smell. It possesses a good deal of brilliancy ; and when its surface is not tarnished, it makes a very goml mirror. Its specific gravity is 1 3-568. It diflers from all other metals in being always fluid, unless when subjected to a degree of cold equal to — 39°, when it be- comes solid. The congelation of mercury was first observed in 1759. — {Thomson^s Che- mistry.) Mercury is founil in vnrlous parts of the world. Among the principal mines are those of Almaden, near Cordova, in Spain ; Idria, inCarii.dia; Wolfstein and Morsfield, in the Palatinate; Giiancave- lica, in Peru,&c. "Most of the ores of mercury are readily dislinguished from those of any other metal ; in the 1st variety, globules of the metal are seen attached to or just starting on the surface, which is at once a RUfficient criterion, mercury being unlike every other metal ; in the 2d, by the flns white colour, and the action of the blow-pipe, which siibliineB the mercury and leaves the silver behind ; the 3(), bjr its beautiful deep red tint, varying from cochineal to scarlet fed, excepting in those termed hepatic cinnabars, which are generally of a lead grey ; the 4th, by its grey colour, its partial solubility in water, and its complete volatilisation by heal, emilling at the same time an arsenical odour. Be- fore the blow-pipe, these varieties burn with a blue flame and sulphurous odour, leaving more or less residue behind them, and which may consist of earthy matter, as silex and alumina, together with the oxides of iron and copper."— (yoyee'» Chem. Min.) Mercury is often adulterated by the admixture of lead, bismuth, zinc, and tin. When the metal quickly loses its liisire, is covered with a film, or is less fluid and mobile than usual, or does not readily divide into round globules, there is reason to suspect its purity. It is slated by Dr. A. T. Thomson, in his Dispensatory — a work generally distinguished for its accu- racy—that most of the mercury used in this country is brought from Germany. But whatever niny have been the case formerly, this is not certainly true at present. On the contrary, of 314,286 lbs. of quicksilver imported in It^SI, none was brought from Germany ; 269,5SH lbs. were brought direct from Bpain, and 13,714 lbs. from Gibraltar; of the latter, a part was derived from Carnlola, and a part ft'oiii Spain ; 31,014 lbs. were brought from Italy. Only 193,310 lbs. were retained fur home consump- tion in 1831.— (PoW. Paper, No. 350. Sess. 1833.) Quicksilver is produced in several of the provinces of China. During the war, when the inter- course between Europe and America was interrupted, the price of quicksilver rose to such a height in the latter, that it answered to import it from China. But since the peace it has been regularly ex- ported to the latter. At an average of the 14 years ending with 1828, the imports of quicksilver by the Engliih and Americans into Canton amounted to 648,085 lbs, a year, worth 340,263 doUari.— (i^orib' /l«i>ort(./1831, p. 647.) Ther mercui whole red .hot red coll by the i Caloi oblaine of 7i:fl whole r Hesidi nielals, ronietei MILE— MINING COMPANIES. 187 inJ Baltir., clereri bet- pally from :, till! huat arku briifk. fur crush- ' ciiiiHiill., pay but 10.». the \0a."— {Turkey and it» liesourcen, p. 14H.) This extraordinary difference in the duly depends on the stones beiii); under or ovi'r 4 feet in diameter. Surely, however, if a duty must be laid on such an article as mill-stones, common sense would suggest that it should be charged according to their weight or cubical contents. Were it not for the absurd way in which it is imposed, it is probable that stones from Milo might be brought home as ballast in some of the Turkey ships, all of which, except lliuse loaded with currant! and grain, are light. MINING COMPANIES. By this designation is commonly meant the associations formed in London, a few years ago, for working mines in Mexico and South America. The mania for mining concerns, which raged in London and the empire generally in 1821 I I Si 188 MINING COMPANIES. and 1825, after the opening of Mexico and other parts of Spanish America to our inter- course, forms a rcmarkaMe, and, wc are sorry to add, disgraceful era in our commercial his- tory. Now that the madness is past, we have difiiculty in conceivini? iiow men in the habit «f soIht calculation could be led to entertain such romantic expectations, and to pay such hi^h premiums for shares in distant and uncertain undertakinRs. Wc may, therefore, 1)6 excused for appropriating a page or two to the history of an infatuation hardly second to that which led to the South Sea and Mississippi schemes. The mining companies formed at the outset had some sort of basis for favourable expec- tations, their directors liavini? made contracts for a number of mines in Mexico, described by II;in)l)oldt as having enriched many hundred families. This particularly applies to the Kcal (111 Monte Company, whose mines are situated in the mountainous district of that name ; to the Anglo-Mexican Company, whose mines are at (Juanaxiiato, the principal mining (pinrter in Mexico ; and to the United Mexican Company, whose contracts, though far too widely spread, comprise several valuable mines at Zacatccas, Sombrereto, Guanax- uato, and other parts. These associutions were formed in TiOndon early in 1824, and during the spring and sum- mer of that year their stock or shares bore only a small premium ; but towards the winter it began pr^>gre.s^ively to rise, to the surprise of several of the directors; seeing that it arose less from any favourable intelligence of the mines (for the accounts from Mexico merely reported the arrival of the English agents) than from a blind ardour and s[iirit of speculation in the public, — a spirit which, seeing nothing tempting in our own funds, or in those of con- tinental Europe, directed itself to distant objects, and particularly to tSpanish America. It appeared as if our countrymen were abuut to reap an immediate harvest ; to lay their hands on a treasure hid for ages. America, it was said, had been discovered, in one sense, above .3 centuries ; but this was the true discovery, — the effectual access to its resources. Every new contract for a Mexican mine produced a rise in the shares of the companies, as if this fresh undcrtiiking must necessarily be a source of profit to the others ! And the result was, that in January, 1825, the premium on the shares of each of the companies mentioned above exceeded cent, per cent., although no substantial reason could be given for any advance whatever. It must not, however, l>e imagined that this rise of price was occasioned solely by the competition of individuals who intended to continue to hold stock, and to trust to the dividends made by the companies for a return. That this was the case in the first instance, is, speaking generally, true. But others, actuated by very different views, speedily entered the field. A peculiar combination of circumstances, at the head of which must be placed an almost incredible degree of ignorance and folly on the part of a considerable portion of the public, spread a spirit of gambling among all classes. Many who were most eager in the pursuit of shares, intended only to hold them for a few days or weeks, to profit by the rise which they anticipated would take place, by selling them to others more credulous or bold than themselves. The confidence of one set of speculators confirmed that of others. Meanwhile the public gullibility, or rather its indiscriminating rapacity, was liberally admi- nistered to. Company after company was formed without any previous contract ; in other words, without any foundation whatever ! The plan was to fix on a district in America un- derstood to contain mines ; to form a company bearing the name of such district ; to obtain a first payment from the shareholders, and to send out agents, or commissioners, as they were termed, to survey the district and engage mines. Such was the case of most of those having the names of districts in South America, subjoined to the present statement : it was the case also of the Hispaniola or St. Domingo Company, formed on the basis of accounts given by Dr. Kol)ertson of mines wrought in that island some 3 centuries ago ! And yet lawyers, clergymen, and even the nobles of the land, were candidates for shares in these miserable bubbles, in the hope of finding (in which, luckily, most of them were disappointed) some dupe to buy their shares at a premium.* As the year 1825 proceeded, the mining mania gradually declined, not from any falling off in the prospects of the companies, but in the supply of money in London. Speculative merchants had made immense importations of cotton, silk, wool, timber, and other articles; money was, of course, wanted to pay for these ; the banks were drained ; discounts became difficult ; mining shares and South American stock were brought to sale ; and the holders found, to their cost, that the public hod recovered its senses. The panic in December, 1825, took j)lace ; the shares of the 3 principal companies, some of which had been at a premium of 500 per cent,, fell to par: that is, 100/. in money, and no more, could begot for 100/. of the company's stock ! This price they maintained a considerable time, because most of the parties interested continued to have a favourable impression of the issue of their undertakings. * Those who mny be desirous nraeeingthe extent to which the public credulity was practised upon in iH2'l and ISU, may consult n pamphlet published by II. English, broker, in 1H27, which contains an account of all the joint stock coinpnnics ftirnied and projected in these memorable yenrs. It presents a most extraordinary picture. There were in all 74 mining companies formed and projected! The ■(■inilier and quality of the other schemes were similar. It is due to Mr. Bnrinft to say that be de- nounced the evil when in progress; and warned the unthinking muUiiudc of the ruin they were bringing upon themselves ; but to no purpose. Demands, Bharelio|,|( diiced by so that i() destroyed. Even til not the di whatever I] sliarcholdei on, such in I'y I lie dire hiid advanr incur the fo Jcs.H degree; 'i'hey rai.sed petty, or pre ns far as can hie lesson o nature of a not been, in nuinher of sj 200 or .300, t their whole j 'I'iie nianaj fliey fii'spasst little commun Old Sjmin ha' the civil wars way to lhi.s c(i the f)ubli8hed formed the chi tliis instance, I merchants kne try of Mexico, tliey had no id the amount of aware how liitl "lines, like pye natives of Old i cans succeeded "iitive Mexican without any du( men to drain tin the use of whic and creating a g to the last and n silver from the (Germany during hy thi'm in a ver the whole, or an was nicreiy to ca" to their people f< tl'ey (the Mexicc resources, or had Actuated by t; agents of the con All the companie and the fort t( g'cat article o quality. It J, but wc bclievt to Djidda and whence some deida, direct fo arc, dates, adjo sharks' fins, tr civet, aloes, sa| hardware, Ac. oi)posife coast The greater pi to deal with the on all coorts jm,, the sales. The rrcdii, and the aijrceil on. Cof f'ii"ilry, a credit V^neii goods an accoiiiit of the n taken nt random bi'tiflheydono J be qimntiiies b seller, and the di (.'00(1 (leal of c'XIf be defeated by pr 400 Mocha dollar water is dear : tl »y all but the po(] liiit not very goot Mimetf.~The ci eniiimassees = i H'eiffhta and M 15 Vakias z 40 Vakias ; Tliere in also a MINIUM, MOCIIA. 101 Engliih Mining Ccmpaniti rtmuected with ^nurim, lohtch are itUl tarrud crt. . Umlnl Mriinn. 1 Mfiltau. H I Moiitf, lluxiii.tii (twDCompaniei.) IVtriiuil. Ali^lnMfliir;tn, I (. olntid lAll. Ttif 411 it( nf citiiUl inveitrU by thcke cnniiaiiin ii about 6,0lKI,(HH)i. sttrliliK, i Mining ('iintfKintts contierted wth ^merira^ formtti i>i1825, //ut | ioiig ttmr iltuUvrd. /iiiflo I'l'tiiviin. flolivar. Cliilinn. C'hiliiii iiDtJ I'DMiviaii, (astt III). Fiiii.i itii. (iriii'nil Sf)iith Aineri<-aii, (ihll 1 nait(Afriri). llMViinn, r:iM'i) Peruvian. IVniviari. VuUmi la Car. Hin (It! In Plata. 'rialpuiihu.-i. I'liileil Pacilir, The "iitin ni'K^I hy i! c«e cnnnisniM wrrf not lir?t* ; in fenrril VAriotii c'.nii..tiiit* ti.nnrd in In.V^, for nijninr in Fn^iiixl : Hiry wvrt to ihe nuuitrr of :H) .mil iiiMvintai liul ihef Imtvtil ill Kdirrnl atxirtioiii, »ith the r»'T|iti»m o( Iht- hndkti Iron rttmiiany (wilh woiki (hji-flv in SutrnrdWiirt'), whiili haidr.mn A tar^r tuiii fnmi ita ithArrlmlrti-ts. 'Ihf fn||M« Ml* i\inr' fioiti the .sA(ir,- /,t»r ftirKii* l^ilt nf October, IM3, (utblihlieil by Mr. K 0- ?1S 7 10 May, Nov. 7,(1 .s lln. . . '. l> 1 10 — S li.rlO Do. (NaliiMial) . 23 2f) — ?1 10 2n,(iOO Hriiiih Inm 60 .'.O 0- 27 10 III.IKO ('i)l(initiiA {i«uetl at 61, premium) 8.1 .11 10 — Ii 15 2o.om (iciicrt) Mining 29 II - » 9,201 llib'Tiiun .... 50 10 — 3 10 VMi Kt-at ,lfli Mexican Company 100 4» — 12 MINFTJIVT, on RED OXIDE OF LEAD, a taptelcss powder of nn intense red colour, often inclining to orange, and very heavy ; its specitic gravity being 8-'Jl. It is extensively used in tlio arts. MOCII.\, the principal port in the Red Sea frequented by Europeans, in that part of Arabia called Yemen, aliout 40 miles to the north of the Strait of Uab-cl-inaiuleb, lut. 13" 19' HO" N., Ion. 43° 20' E. Population variously e.y thoiii troni Europe, Iiidiii, or China ; tlio duty lii'liii; levied on llie amount of the sales. The buyer pays hrokerape, coidey and Imat hire. All kinds of JToreien goods are sohl on credit, and the payment is made in 3 instalments, or at n certain day, according as may have been ttjirced on. Coffee is always paid for in ready money. On the sale of dllier goods, Uie produce of the country, a credit is given ; or if ready money lie paid, a discount is allowed at the rale of 9 per cent. When goods are discharging, the master nuist furnish Ihe (Misloni-liouse officer wilh a manifest, or arcount of the marks, nuinhers, and contents of each package. He then opens two or tliree hales, taken at random ; and if they correspond with the account lU'livered.no further examinalion is made ; but if they do not correspond, the whole bales are opened, and donlile duty is cliiirged upon the excess. The (|uantities being thus ascertained, their value is leartied from the account of sales rendered by the BPlier, and the duty charged accordingly. In this respect there is nothing to object to at Mocha ; huta good deal of extortion is practised in the exaction of port charges, presents, ice, which may, however, be defeated by proper firmness. The port charges on ships, or three-tiKift vessels, may amount to about 400 Mocha dollars, and those on brigs to about half as much. Provisions are plentiful and cheap ; but water is dear : that in the vicinity being lirackish and unwboh^some, whatever is used for drinking, by all but the poorest persons, is brought from Musa, about 20 miles otf. Fish are abundant and cheap, lilt not vorv good. JJfime;/.— The current coins of the conntrv are carats and commassees : 7 carats = 1 commassec ; 60 conimassees = 1 Spanish dollar ; 100 Spanish dollars = 12J Mocha dollars. H'eiffhis and Measures. — The commercial weights are — 15 Vakias = 1 Rottolo = 1 lb, 2 oz, avoird. I 10 Maunds = 1 Frazcl = 30 lbs. avoird. 40 Vakias = 1 Maund = .3 lbs, avoird, | 15 I'razels = 1 Uahar = 4.')0 lbs, avoird. There Ui also a small maund of only 30 vakias : 1 Mocha bahar = 16^ Bombay maunds ; I Mocha 102 MOGADORE— MOLASSES. bnlmr = IS Siirnl mniinrtii .= 1S123 uporn. (irnin In nipnniirnil by ihp kiOHh. 40 of which = I tnmniKt, alicMir 170 lliK. iiVMiriliipoiii. Thi- ll<| milloiis. Tlic limir i^iirpii are thi: giiz ='i!> UiiKlinh iniliKs ; the liiiiiil covid =; IH llii llttH, mill tllf liiiii; iron cnviil =^ 'i' ilirlli-o. In rniiiplliiiK llii.') iirtli'le, WR iiindi' xi^v n( .Mtlhnrn'n Orientnl Cnmmrrrr, nni\ F.lmnrt'f Hirrrlory. NiHlMlhr Una ulvcli a plnii f^rnptiiin ilf r.lnihir. ]f \'M. lint Itin Iii'kI nr- Ciiniil wr IliiVfi Mi'cn iif Miicliii in in lliimillun'n .firruunt oftlir Kit»l Intlitu .vol. i. |)|i. 40— 5-;i, all ncciirute and valiiulilc work, iliirckliardt did not visit iMotIm ; which \» iiiucli to In- ri'(!ri'lliid. MOO.XDdlJE, n spn-port town on the west roast of Morwco, lat. 31° Sd' N., Ion. 9° 20' W. Po|uilalion about 1(1,000. It i.s iinliHiTPtillv forlificd ; tlio country in the iiniiiidiuto vicinity ia low, flat, sanily, ami unprodnctivi'. VVator is Krarce ami rather dear ; licing rillirr ruin water eollecieil and preHerved in ci'n's Account of JMurvccu, c. 6, 7. and 13. ; gee also Ktlli/s Cuiiibinl. MOHAIR (Ger. Mnhr ,- Fr. Muire ,- It. Mnerrn ,- Sp. Mup, Murr), the hair of a variety of the common goat, famous for being soft and fine as silk, and of a silvery whiteness, h is not produced any where but in the vicinity of Angora, in .'\sia Minor. The exporiatiori of this valuable and beautiful article, unless in the shape of yarn, was formerly proliiliited ; but it may now be exjiorted unspun. 'I'he production, preparation, and sale of mohair have long engrosseil the principal attention of the iidiabitaiits of Angora; and it used to form an inifiortant aiticic of Venetian commerce. — It is manufactured into camlets and other expen- sive .slutl's. Hitherto but little has been imported into England. — ('See, for further particu- lars. Tour)} 'flirt, fiii/f/i^e du Levant, tome ii. p. 46.3., where there is a figure of the goat; and Urqnhiirt on Turki'i/ and its Rcsaurccs, p. 184.) MOLASSES, on MEL ASSES (Fr. Simp de Sucre, ilMwsw .• fl-^r. Si/riip .■ It. ^fie- lazzo di zucchcro.- Sp. Miel dc azurar, Cliancar.n ,• Port. Milas.io, A^micar lii/uidn ,• Kus. Patokii sac/iurnaju'), the uncrystalli.sable part of the juice of the sugar cane, separated from the sugar during its manufacture. It is of a brown or black colour, thick, and viscid; has a peculiar odour, and a sweet empyreumatic taste. Molasses imported from the West India colonics and the Mauritius is charged, on being entered for home consumption, with a duly of 9,9. a cwt. It is not, however, used in its original state, but is purchased by the sugar- bakers, who, when it is of an ordinary degree of strength, extract from it a coarse, soft species of sugar called bastards, and treacle. But it is obvious, inasmuch as the duty on niolas«c8 is fixed, that the duty on the sugar extracted from it will vary indirectly acconliiig to the quantity of saccharine matter which it contains; and we understand that, in conse- quence, molasses is frequently imported so rich as to yield excellent crystallised sugar. We do not know whether the practice has been carried to such an extent as materially to injure the revenue ; but it seems pretty clear that the duty ought to be made to depend, in part at least, on the quality of the molasses, or on the quantity of saccharine matter which it con- tains, as well as on the weight. It is difficult, — unless advantage has been taken of the way in which the duty is assessed, to elude the sugar duties, — to account for the inaeased importation of molasses. About 8 gallons of proof spirit may, it is said, be obtained from a cwt. of molasses, such as has recently been imported ; but this depends, of course, wholly on the richness of the molasses. Part of the refuse that remains after refining muscovado sugar, is a sweet syrup, which, as well as the syrup thit remains after boiling molas.-!e.4 to obtain bastards, is called treacle. But the treacle obtained from the former is always preferred to that obtained from the latter, and fetches 2.s'. per cwt. more. Molasses is sometimes used in preparing the coarser sort of preserves; and on the Conti- nent it is extcufiivoly used in the manufactUiO of tobacco. Acrniint of if-sn, Willi <{f Trade. , 'n 1S33, the Insses are qiiii MONEY. bartered for c of wine, cnde surplus of wi however, that been aubjectec carries produe B. is not suita .fupplied with occurrence wh tile parties ; ar The extremi on the atfcntioi it would sjieedi was lo exchang known value, inclined to refui commodity had duals would bee pay for the prodi liny future perioi readily to procur circulating slowlj appreciated, begij would thus come mon medium of « ■Now this comt An infinite var nods. But none qualities. The s sufficient to conv that the commodi portions; (2) that (3) that it should, ported from place i always he equal, ii mmation; and (51 ption as possible. into portions of e\ almost no use, and o^ of the same valt SKnnd, or the capai '0 exchange commo re-exchange that mt money could not be distance: without tl "ate the value of di steadiness of value, * The difficulties (hn «?.'"V'''''n. have been Wealth," p. 291. "*^" V0l.II._R . MONEY. 103 Arcniint of tin; Qimntitii'fi nf MnlaiacR inipiirtiMl, ex|inrii'il, ami miiTi'il Tur Ilimie Cniiauiiiplinn pinra lb'20, Willi thu Itiites of Duty tlivrunii, uiul tliu I'miliict! u( tin; Un\y.—{l'fiiirra piMuhtd by Hoard vf Trade.) ijiurt at lit con- of the Icrt-'ased p, such of the which, I treacle, latter, Conli- Van. ((uanlity iniiHirtei). ()ii»ntitjr i^uantiiy clesrtii Diitjr nn, fritn I>nly on, friiln Net! Revenue. i!K|K)rte(l. rcir Cdiuumpliou. »'(irBi(|ii Parli. nrih%h riiMMsutM. C'Ull. Cwl. (■u>«. Pir Cult. 1.. 1. rf. 1 3 9 e) I3,9nH ■ Nil •ti.w l,79i 67.111 — — J", US \Hi w.am 749 7H„lfi7 _ ^ 39,i-S }Hi\ IHI,*!') t<(iS 161,^43 .. ^ w.ej] l»il 2:iu.(Wi« IJW 23>),M0 — ■« ll«,T40 l»i> 3:.-i,-.')l HMI 3l2,r>4 — -« l«li,.".i \nto 2fKi,'in4 5,41H »79,749 <— -. IM/l-iS IW7 3W,441 9^14 4li,bli6 — — 2"«.:l:U l«JH Rinjiis 441 SHI. 781 — — IlKl."-,! IH.'9 aU4.4.1i 2.:)I2 3SU,l4i — — 19.1,1)72 IKW i;nM<* 4.'>H 117,-.>H — 9 1 .»,6M IS3I •Mi.»-:a «M axt^MH *» — I56,«>3 1832 563,6S5 l,lil sw.Bsn — — I2>4,6.il In 1833, the conaumntinn wni, we undcritaiiil, coiisidurably larger. The iiiipurtg or foreign iiio- laases ure quite inconaidcr.'iblu. MONEY. When the division of labour was first introduccil, commodities were directly bartered for each other. Those, for example, who had a surplus of corn atid were in wunt of wine, cndcavoure*! to find out those who were in the opposite circumstances, or who had a surplus of wine and wanted corn, and then exchanged thu one for the other. It is obvious, however, that the power of changing, and, consequently, of dividing employments, must have been sulycctcd to perpetual interruptions, so long as it was restricted to mere barter. A. curries produce to market, and B. is desirous to purchase it ; but the produce belongnig to 13. is not suitable for A. C, again, would like to buy B.'s produce, but B. is already fully supplied with the equivalent C. has to offer. In such cases — and they must be of constant occurrence wherever money is not introduced — no direct exchange could take place between the parties; and it might be very difiicult to bring it al)out indirectly.* The extreme inconvenience attending such situations must early have forced themselves on the attention of every one. JilForts wouhl, in consequence, be made to avoid them ; and it would speedily appear that the best or rather the only way in which this could be effected, was to exchange either the whole or a part of one's surplus produce for some commodity of known value, and in general demand ; and which, consequently, few persons would bo inclined to refuse to accept as an equivalent for whatever they had to dispose of. After this commodity had begun to be employed as a means of exchanging other commodities, indivi- duals would become willing to purchase a greater quantity of it than might be required to pay for the products they were desirous of immediately obtaining ; knowing that should they, at any future period, want a further supply either of these or other articles, they would be able readily to procure them in exchange for this universally desired commodity. Though at first circulating slowly and with difficulty, it would, as the advantages arising from its use were better appreciated, begin to pass freely from hand to hand. Its value, as com:;ared with other things, would thus come to be universally known ; and it would at last be -c-t' not only as the com- mon medium of exchange, but as a standard by which to measure tiio . alue of other things. Now this commodity, whatever it may be, is money. An infinite variety of commotlities have been used as money in different countries and pe- riods. But none can be advantageously used as such, unless it possesses several very peculiar qualities. The slightest reflection on the purposes to which it is applied, must, indeed, be sutHcient to convince every one that it is indispensable, or, at least, exceedingly desirable, that the commodity selected to serve as money should, (1) bo divisible into the smallest portions; (2) that it should admit of being kept for an indefinite period without deteriorating; (3) that it should, by possessing great value in small bulk, be capable of being easily trans- ported from place to place ; (4) that one piece of money, of a certain denomination, should always be equal, in magnitude and quality, to every other piece of money of the same deno- mination ; and (5) that its value should be comparatively steady, or as little subject to vari- ation as possible. Without the first of these qualities, or the capacity of being divided into portions of every different magnitude and value, money, it is evident, would be of almost no use, and could only be exchanged for the few commodities that might happen to be of the same value as its indivisible portions, or as whole multiples of them : without the HcomI, or the capacity of being kept or hoarded without deteriorating, no one would choose to exchange commodities for money, except only when he expected to be able speedily to re-exchange that money for something else : without the third, or facility of transportation, money could not be conveniently used in transactions between places at any considerable distance: without the fourth, or perfect sameness, it would be extremely difficult to appre- ciate the value of different pieces of money : and without the fifth quality, or comparative steadiness of value, money could not serve as a standard by which to measure the value ♦ Tho difficulties that would arise nn such occasions, and the devices that would be adopted to over- come tbem, hnve been very well illustrated by Colonel Torrens, in bis work on the " Production of Wealth," p. 291. Vol. II.— R 25 101 MONKY. of olhrr rummodiiicH; Btnl no oiw would 1h^ iliH[>nD('(l to cxchiini;o the produce of hia indus- try for nil artii'li' (liiit iiiii;lit Nhnrlly diTliiic coiiHidcnilily in ilH power of |iiirrhiiHiiiK. 'I'lic union of tlie ditltTcnt ijuuiilicH of roiiipiiriitivt' Hd'ndint'riH of viiluv, diviniliility, dura- bility, facility of triiiiKportution, iind |ii'rfi'ct HaniriimH, in the prccioiix iiictiiU, doiibtlcsH, formed the irrehinlililc rciixoii tliiit Iisim induced every civiliseil couiinunity to employ tlirin ax money. The value of i^old and »ilvrr iH certainly not invariable, hut, Bcneraily hpeakinif, it C'hnii^e!< only liy hIow de^rccH; lliey arc divi.sii)lo into any numlicr of |iartM, and have the BiiiKuiir pro|ieriy of heintf easily reunited, liy nieaiiii of f Hion, without Iobh; they do not di tcriorale liy lieiim kept ; and, from their lirm ond compact texture, they are very diHicull to wear. 'I'heir eonl (if production, CHjiecially that of K'dd, is no consideriililc, that they ]ios<,' from the mines in any other i|uarlcr. No wonder, therefore, when all the (jualiticH necessary to constitiile money are possessed in ho eminent a dcijree by the precious metals, tliat thr-y have Urii useil as such, in civilised societies, from u very remoto era. "They liecame universal inu- lipy," as M. Turcot has observed, "not in con«e(|uence of nny arbitrary agreement ainuiii; men, or of the intervention of nny law, but by the nature and fon.c cif lliingH." When first used as money, the precious metals were in an unfashionod state, in bars or inRolst. 'I'he I'artieH having apireed about the quantity of metal to be given tor a eommodity, that i|uantily was then weif^hed oflf. Uut this, it is plain, must have lieen n tedious and troublesome process. Undoubtedly, however, the greatest obstacle that would be expeiicnccil in early ages to the use of gold and silver as money, would lie found to consist in the ditli- riilty of determining the degree of their [lurily with sullicient precision ; and the dis<'overy of some ineaiis by which their weight and fineness might be readily and correctly asicr- tained, would be felt to be indispensable to their extensive use us money. Fortunately, tlii'se meuiis were not long in being discovered. The fabrication of coins, or the practice of impressing pieces of the precious metals with o stamj) indicating their weight and purity, belon'.;s to tlie remotest antiquity. — {(inirittt l)e l' Online (ks Loix, <.\c, tome i, p. 2('i'J.) And it in;iy safely be afllrmed, that there have been very few inventions of greater utility, or that have done more to accelerate the progress of improvement. It is material, however, to observe, that the introduction and use of coined money make no change whatever in the jtrincipk on which exchanges were previously conducted. 'I'ho coinage saves the trouble of weighing and assaying gold and silver, but it does nothiiii? more. It declares the weight and purity of the metal in a coin ; but the I'ulne of that inetiil or coin is in all cases determined by precisely the same principles which determine tho value of other commodities, and would be as little alFccted by being rccoincd witli a new denomination, as the burden of a ship by a change of her name. Inaccurate notions with respect to the influence of coinage seem to have given rise to the opinion, so long entertained, that coins were merely the ,S7i,';),s' of values ! But it is ckvir they have no more claim to this designation than bars of iron or copper, sacks of wheat, or nny other commodity. They exchange for other things, because they are desirable articlrs, ami are possessed of real intrinsic value. A draft, check, or bill, may not improperly, per- haps, be regarded as the sign of the money to be given for it. But that money is nothing but a commodity ; it is not a sign — it is the thing signified. Money, however, is not merely the universal equivalent, or warchandise hnnalc, nsed by society : it is also the standard used to compare the values of all sorts of products ; and the sfijiulations in the great bulk of contracts and deeds, as to the delivery and disposal of property, have all reference to, and are commonly expressed in, quantities of money. It is plainly, therefore, of the utmost importance that its value should be preserved as invariable as possible. Owing, however, to improvements in the arts, the exhaustion of old mines and the discovery of new ones, the value of the precious metals is necessarily inconstant: though, if we except the elFccts produced in the Ifith century by the discovery of the Aiiic rican mines, it does not appear to have varied so much at other times as might have bmi anticipated. Great mischief has, however, been repeatedly occasioned by the changes that have been made in most countries in the weight, and sometimes also in the purity, of coins; and since the impolicy of these changes has been recognised, similar, and perhaps still more extensive, disorders have sprung from the improper use of substitutes for coins. It is, in- deed, quite obvious, that no change can take place in the value of money, without propor- tionally ailecting the pecuniary conditions in all contracts and agreements. Much, how- ever, of the influence of a change depends on its direction. An increase in the value of money is uniformly more prejudicial in a public point of view than its diminution : the latter, though injurious to individuals, may sometimes be productive of national advantage; but such can never be the case with the former. — (See my Principles of Political Ecummij, 2d ed. pp. .^00—504.) No certain estimate can ever be formed of the quantity of money required to conduct the business of any country ; this quantity being, in all cases, determined by the value of mo- ney iUelf, the meiit. (lener silver, it oeea? lessen iIiIn exj cial nations ii various substii Its employ niei vaneing soeiet the observunci will pay certa they are indeb no doubt can I when the circi begin to jtercei for being readi the origin of 1 confidence, bui payable on der dence placed i borrower as if will yield, so \i banker who iss loan of his wrii sum itself, or ol income, he, at t S[)ecie8 of currt I>er(luous coins maiiufactun-d g since the introdi by means of pa ness of society ; coins, or for the maintained on t value of money In common n to buy ; the part where the contr matwl or rated ii and for tin accoii MONOPOLY peteiit authority, of buying, sellin modifies. Such ■Stuart, and were Elizabeth, 'i'he position of govcr valuable part of Jac. I. c. .3. Th selling, and maki for fourteen yea rcalii), to the true law, nor mischie\ ration, company, making of gunpc Britain ; and has accelerate the pro MONTEVIDI hank of the Rio c ously estimated ; amphitheatre, on ; revolutions to wh Montevideo is siti i.a J'liua. Vcs8(!ls lielweeii it and the i t« the Isle of Klorea ligln. From FInres A liglit-lioyse, 475 f( whence the town hi •Is S. side. Tliis, w MONOPOLY, MONTEVIDEO. 103 ISO to the is cli':ir wheat, or iirticlcs, rly. iKi- notliiiig nscd by lets; ami ■;|iosal of •y. It is nvariabh' nines and constant : the Ainc a\'i! ln'on ngcs tiiat of coins; still rni)re It is, in- it |iro{ior- ich, how- • value of the latter, tage; but Ecunoimj, n«V iUi'lf, thfl iCrvicM it ha* to perform, antl the ileviccn uwd for PconomiMJnd iln rtniiloy- nietit. (irneriilly, liowrvcr, it i< very conxiderabU! ; and when it coiiHintM wludly of gold and silver, it oeoa-ionn ii very heavy expenne. There ran, indeed, he no doiilit that the wish to leHsen ihiH ex|M>tiMe liaH liien one of the ehief cuuHeH that huvo led all eiviii/.ed anil eornujcr- rinl nationH to falirieale a portion of their money of xoine lefts vuhiuhlc materiiil. Of thn varionH HulMtitutea reHorted to for tliiM purpoiu>, pajier ix, in ull re)i|i4>rtt), the tnoMt elit;it>lc. ItH etnployaient MceniM to have grown nutnruliy out uf thn cireutnMtarierit incident to an ad- vancing Bociely. When goverinnent heeoinex HulFiciently powerful anti intelligent toenforco the oliHerviince of contracts, individuals poHnessed of written proiniHCH from olhern, that they will pay certain suniH at certain Hpecilled |>i'riod.H, begin to asHign them to those to whom they are indebted ; and when the HubscrilxTi* are perxonH of fortune, and of whose solvency no doubt can be entertaineil, their obligations arc readily ncce|)ted in payment of debls. liut when the circulation of proniiseM, or liills, in this way, han continued for awhile, individuals begin to perceive that they may derive a profit by issuing them in such a form as to fit them for Iwing readily used as a substitute for money in the ordinary transactions of life, llenco the origin of bank notes. An individual in whose wealth and discretion the public have confidence, being applied to for n loan, say of .5,000/., grants the upi)l!.ant his l>ill or note, payabU> on demand, for that sum. Now, us this note passes, in consciiuence of the confi- dence placed in the issuer, currently from hand to hand as cash, it is i|iiite as useful to the borrower as if it had been gold ; and supposing that the rate of interest is Ji |)er cent., it will yield, so long us it continues to circulate, a revenue of S.'iO/. a year to the issuer. A banker who issues notes, coins, as it were, his credit. He derives the same revenue from the loan of !ii» written promise to pay a certain sum, that he could derive from the loan of the sum itself, or uf an ci|uivalent amount of produce! And whi!i? he thus increases his owii income, he, at the same time, contributes to increase the wealth of the public. The cheapest 8))ecics of currency iH'ing substituted in the place of that which is most expensive, the su- ]icrfhio«s coins are either used in the arts, or are exported in exchange for raw materials or manufactured goods, by the use of which both wealth and enjoyments arc increased. Ever since the introduction of bills, almost all great coiumcreial transactions have been carried ori by means of pa[)er only. .Notes are also used to a very great extent in the ordinary busi- ness of society ; and while they arc readily exchangeable at the pleasure of the holder for coins, or for the precise ({uantities of gold or silver they profess to represent, their value is maintained on a |iar with the value of these metals ; and all injurious fluctuations in the value of money are as efTectually avoided as if it consisted wholly of the precious metals. In common mercantile language, the party who exchanges money for a commodity is said to buy ; the party who exchanges a commodity lor money being said to sell. I'rice, unless where the contrary is distinctly mentioned, always means the value of a commodity esti- matwl or rated in money. — (For a further account of metallic money, see tho article Coin; and for an account of paper money, see the article Banks.) MONOPOLV. By this term is usually meant a grant from the Crown, or other com- petent authority, conveying to some one individual, or number of individuals, the sole right of buying, selling, making, importing, exporting, &c. some one commodity, or set of com- modities. Such grants were very common previously to the accession of the Hou.se of .Stuart, and were carried to a very oppressive and injurious extent during the reign of t^uccn Elizabeth. The grievance became at length so insupportable, that notwithstanding the op- position of government, which looked upon the power of granting monopolies as a very valuable part of the prerogative, they were abohshcd hy the famous act of 1624, the SI Jnc. 1. c. 3. This act declares that all monopolies, grants, letters patent for the sole buying, selling, and making of goods and manufactures, shall he null and void. It excepts itatcnts for fourteen years for the sole working or making of any new manufactures within tho realm, to the true and first inventors of such manufactures, provided they be not contrary to law, nor mischievous to the state. It also excepts grants by act of parliament to any corpo- ration, company, or society, for the enlargement of trade, and letters patent concerning the making of gunpowder, &c. This act eircctually secured the freedom of industry in (ireat Britain ; and has done more, perhaps, to excite the spirit of invention and industry, and to accelerate the progress of wealth, than any other in the statute book. MONTEVIDEO, a sea-port, and the capital of the republic of Uruguay, on the north bnk of the Rio de la Plata, lat. 34° 54' 11" S., long. 56° 13' lb" W. Population vari- ously estimated; but may probably be about 12,000. The town is built in the form of an am|ihitheatre, on a regular |)lan, and is well fortified. It has sufTered much from the various revolutions to which it has been subject during the last 30 years. Montevideo i« sitiiateil 2° 3' 33" W. of Cape St. Mary, the nortliurn limit of the cnil>oiicluirc of llie La i'lata. VcsbcHs from llic north lioiind to Montevideo gonerully niuke tliis cape, entering tlio river between it and the small island of Lol)os, in from 14 to IT fathoms. The course is thence nearly W. to the Ulc of Flores, on which is a light-house 112 feet aliuve the level of the sea, with a revolving light. Kroni Flores to Montevideo is 16 miles in a direct line, and the course W. by S. by conipasg. A li|;lit-ho^8c, 475 feet above the level of the sea, has been erected on the summit of the Montevideo, whence the town has its name. The latter is built on a projecting tongue of land, the port being on iiB 8. side. This, which is the best on the La IMata, is a large circular basin open to the S. W. ; ge- I i IM MONTEVIDEO. ncrnllv lh« wnlf r I* ihnllnw, nnl eirpnllng from I \ lo 10 fcrl, liin Iho bottom h««lnB «oft miid, reM>>li urn Nrliliiiii iIiiiiiiiiiimI liy RniiiniltiiR. Il ulioiilil, liowi'vcr, Iw <>lini>rvfil Itiiil llii> ili'|illi «l' wntiir In Ihu hiirbiiitr, iia wtMl ii* tlironiitioiit llu; wlmln of llio Kii.ilc In I'lalii, iti-|ii-iiilii vrry iiiiiili on tin; illriMliim and airi'iiKth ol'lhi! wliiiN. TUr H. W winil, iiilli'il imiiiiirrnr, IiImwk riKlH Inio (In- l)iiy of Munlcvlilcii Willi nnii'li rori'i!, not iinl'ri-i|iii'iilly iiiuiiInK ii rl«i- of ii f:iih<>in or morn In tin- clc|illi of wiiirr ! Ilnl II rnri'ly ocrtiHlotm milrh ilu'naKii In vi'MfU |iro|ii>rly inoori-il Willi iinihora lo III*! ri. VV., H. K., anil one lo lint N— (Hlunl'g Jimrrirun I'tlnt, |i|i. ftlU-WS. ; Cnulirr nur let fhurif, Ur .) Monli'Viclfo liJia n roniililfriililr I'oninii'ri)'. 'I'lii' urrnl iirliclra of cxporl lonalnl of nnlninl prodiirlf, fir of liiili-M, pork unit lici-f. iiiljow, linni'ii, vri-imr, wool, &i' Tlic lni|ii>rlii |irliirl|mlly rmialiit of llrl- liiiti riiilonH, wodili'im, iiiid hiirilwur)', tlmir, winr iiml ii|ilrllii, lini'iit. xiiK'ir, lolmrro, IiooIh mid iiliii)>a, ■all, lie. Till! Iiil|i vii'w nf llii! Ir:iilii and iiiivikuIioii of .Minili'vidro In \K\\ and IHllS. /(M/iiirfK, -'riiii I'liiiM' viiliii! of lliii illllVriMit iirlirli'H liiipiirtcd Into Miinlr\ lilrn, in I".').'*, wi-rc i'hII- niiiti'd III 3,01)5,1111) ituUura. Tliu i|uuntillua mid viiliiu of loiiiu of lliu prinilpul arllclua wvru at folliiw ;— Valiw. IMtart. rimir • ll,8»l InrrrI I»K,440 Ririi ■ 2li,4ii0 u-ruUe ..... 3I,.14M lariiiA 6i.D53 —...... ifl.liOO Nu^ir ■ ti.tiri, - i(>7,auk llrawly U'lll liilini, 7 barrala, iIKi Ixilet M'"*! (aiia • 1,-,|U _ 177 - iJBbaati'tl Dvlfilrt. tl3,2llt VVim, rnl R.O.OJ |il|iM, 1 fl.'!)l«i«ri .... • IWI.^AI while • 7IU — 67 .Sail . I alii iii.l (,a|ir Vfnl2»,U7, oilier phCM . tanmat 7.MIM &4,B7H 'I'lilJCCO llr.Kil 14,1101 .irroliia. I'aiaxuav MMi, .North Aniiririn 2,420 I3I,IIM Ril/r • I78,\ Slkiffl , value 7K.I)(« ChiO 7,669 do«en ...... 66,303 Klifilmh 70,nfin yiriii ...... l7B.I7i Priiiia . M.ilUi piiirt ...... 7,0.10 Tili-a . 3'JI.',,.'I09 * Paragua lea. Account of tbe Quautitien of the principnl Arliclei exported from Montevideo In 1835. (Ii anil Cow lliilei. florae Hiiln. Ilomt. Hair. .^rriytiaf. Wool, Arrolnt. Tallow. Reef. Oreaie. .Sheen Skini. >riitria Skill! Jrrt^liU. «lli. Jrrobat, Doien. Dintu, Jinuary 3«,7I2 6,120 66,070 I,(>44 4,2W 6,616 21.000 1,768 100 Fi-liniary 4,332 3.400 16,000 768 3.040 13,613 no March . . • . 26,751 2,IIN0 37,320 96 7,770 4,277 29,745 l.2H6 918 l,8»l 200 18,804 30 . 45 JuriH .... 42.370 ma 1K„^H1| 1,080 1,110 600 20,ltl9 1,830 1,400 July .... 64.(i»i8 7,W)2 b.|.40l 2,156 3,(170 4,W3 l!l,«72 1,560 607 Aufiiat .... 41,910 ll,'>44 .le.O.'H 2,0.8 2,710 2.083 3.7.15 1,459 78 Sfpifintier 61,180 4,1174 79,0ns 9«0 2,710 1,478 6.8110 1,860 2,6110 (li'iilicr .... 62,141 7,125 39,2«0 l,1(>6 20 Am 13,060 460 901 Niivenilier 19,641 1,001 45,075 1,322 no 4"i8 I3,4.i0 750 19-1 Ucceuilier 26,1 -.7 I0,U60 47,*W 2,872 7,)0fl 7tW 32,710 ' 24,691 198,774 400 2,650 I4,D67 3,173 .5,I37~ 420,900 69,422 549,588 1 17,070 33,v9e 6,741 A Hiiiteniunt of the Niimlier of Vessels, with their Tnnnni;c nnd CrewM, and the ToIdI Invoice Value oftliiiir Ciirgoiis, distiiiBiilshlnR the Countries to which Ihi-y belonged, which arrived at and de- parted from till! port of .Montevideo in IH34. Cuuntriea. Arriveil. I)e| arted. Vcaseli. Invoice Value of Carnoei. Vetaeli. Invoice Value u( tarjoei. X '■■ f 616,929 No. Toui. t'rewi. No. Tona. Crewa. Ormt Britain • Fiance riiitetf 4ih| ahiirt, li<|iieiir«, liraii'l), i* iiir, vinvcar, ala ann iir iniii ■ . ■ . trrr. A aiiiali rhinip ii itia Ir for warrhoualitf ainl iMirtxraft nn |'j»in( thnmah lli« ('.tivtuiii hoiiwt, (liMMla iii«v l>r lMinati ai fiilloMra :— ft lolUra. N|x^l, or ihipiKil out of Ixiiiil, |tH) i |H-r ri-nt, Pnreiftn pKyt«, ahipiiwl in vr**eta of lr«a thin IMJ lona i.upIm, (or p«>rt« of lli« I ni<(jay aivl I'arMtiiy, p-iy only I (Mr rriit. fl. AI) Kraxta inifiorleil, paying ilulira, arv auliinct tn pay an aiMitional I |ier criil. In (hr rnnaiilailo; l>ll |)«r rent, to llir tmatntal ; aiHl for the ritinrtlun nf rnppernioiiey*. I |i«r cent. aiMiiionaloii all fooila that pay • -6 per renl. On all (noli that pay 13, IS, ami 2f) per cent. • 3 — f)n all fiiTKla that pay J8 per cent. • - S — (til Hour • • • • 10 — (hi wheat • - 3 — Dl'TIK.t l>N r.XmRT«-e«ilifiiMil. hi .Vtif lonaf tie Fimifn I'ttttii. National ami fnreian veaaela. that neither iliarluirK^ niir loa.! eargn, aiKl ili.li ilo iiiit rvuMin iiioir than an ilaya, |,ay n>>ihiii4 ; lh««* litu r-ii. iin III the hartNiur more than iia eil wMhiii tlM ii%er >'Uir, callealai-«n and Spamali dollar i they paaa f dollar. * Thia liaa, much tn the honour of the anthorlliea and |i«npl0,l>een I 9t)0 irenta, or tl reaU hO criili, iii.ike I 1*4 currtnt dollar, or I hard already aceonipliil rd ; but tha duty i« niaintauinl fir (eneral pur- dollnr or p.it inm. poaea, I Weiifhta audiiii'Aaureauiiie.u ttioaeof S|iain; for utii'lmee Vtidxz, We nrn Imlclitcit fur the alinve vultiublu liifuriimlion to Jiiliii Hall, I'liti., Vlce-t.'uiiniil Ht LIvvrpool for the rt'iiiiblu' of UraKiiny.— Sm/i.) MOROCCO, uii MAROyUIN (Otr. Saffiam ,- Fr. Marof/uin ,■ ll. Matr(ieefiirw .- 8p. Marro(/ui ,- Hub. Siijiun), a line kind of Iwilluir |irep,iml of tlio Hkiiis of ^oatH, iiiiportfit from the Levant, Darbary, Hpuin, Flanders, &c. It in red, black, grccii, yclluvv, &.i-. It in extensively uhciI in the binding of books. (MOULMKIN, OK MAULMAIN, a sna-port town of India beyond the Ci.inprs, rap. BritiMh prov. Martaban, at the mouth of the f^reat river Than-lueng, having N. the Uirinciie town of Martaban, un the opposite side of the river, and W. the island of Haiti, which serves as a natural breakwater to defend the port from the heavy seas that would otherwise be thrown in from the W., 100 in. S. 8. E. Rangoon, 27 m. N. N. E. Amherst ; Int. lfi° 30' N., long. 97° 38' E. It was founded so late as 1825, when the site was selected by Sir A. Campbell as eligible as well for n commercial as a military station. It is about 200 feet aliovo the level of the river, and extensive and fertile plains stretch eastwards from it towards the mountains. Its port is good, and, from iin extciifivc command of internal navigation, it jiromises to become a considerable emporium. 'J'it« principal articles of export are leak timlnir and rice ; but there is also a considerable export of tobacco, stick-lac, betel-nut, ivory, cutch, cocoa-nut, &c. The imports consist principally of European cotton goods, and ma- rine stores. The principal trade of the place has hitherto been arried on with Calcutta, Madras, Rangoon, and Pinang; but, in 18.37, a direct trade was commenced with London. 8hip-building is carried on to a considerable extent. We have no recent accounts of the population; but, probably, it is not under 8,000 or 10,000. An English newspaper (the Maulmain Chronicle), from which we borrow the following details, is published once a week : — "In order tn exhibit, at one view, tho decided incrense of our trade in 1837 over tlic preceding year, we place tlie totals to and from eacli port in juxtiipositiun. Iniporta. Eipnrta. 1636. 1837. Increaae. 1836. 1837. Increaae. Ra. Ra. 1(>. Ra. Ra. Hi. Calcutta • 5,M>,ut not so substantial as that of China. Japan, could a trade be freely carried on with it, would unquestionably, from its extent, populatinn, and civilisation, afford a great opening for the commerce of Europe. All attempts hithertu made have been battled by the watchful jealousy of the Japanese government. The only fair prospect of success is to leave the matter entirely to the enterprise and ingnnuity of the British merchants, to whom the trade uf the neighbouring Chinese empire is now thrown open. After considering Japan, anmng Eastern nations, as second only in population, extent, and civilisation to China, and that the whole empire is situated beyond tlie tropics, and in the same region as Turkey, Italy, Spain, and a part of the south of France, we may easily discover the sort of commodities which Europe or European co- lonies could furnish in a trade with it. They would consist of broad cloths and other woollnns, cot- ton fabrics, iron, spelter, tin, lead, glass ware, sugar, drugs, and spiceries. These would be paid for in camphor, raw silk, unwrought copper, gold, and silver. Of the 3 metals now mentioned, there can be no question that Japan contains very rich mines. Down to 1710, when the quantity of copper per- mitted to be exported was limited, the exports by the Dutch and Chinese amounted to 4,500 tons. With respect to silver, before its exportation was prohibited, the Portuguese brought it away in lari;e quantities, having, in 1026, exported no less than 2,350 chests, equivalent to 2,350,000 taels, or (at Tw. the lael) 705,000/. stei ling. As to gold, it has been always supposed, from its relative abundance in .^apa;i, to hear a nmuller proportionate value to silver than in any other country. The following arc the quantities and value of goods exported and imported by the Dutch in their trade wii is exclusj Sandal woo I S.ip,ii, wmK Butfalo (,i,|, Klerlianrj'i ALilay oiiii Java iii;i(j, ^ Cocoa nut oi I L'Jovt's, 113, .'>"?.Tr. 6,9!)1 'I III, MBilci. llen.-al jiil.^ I llardivnreai] Jcvve.itry foiiry.~Accimt niicliriiiL-s uake I ^iisawcki tni'l .n C'uris current are Hi silver ccini irc, tlie general very .i,„|,|, ol incNi inlliniil .iir mil any cleferniine,! liy "It nierchanis, v "lal lliecoin isitan I lie new col)an?» 2 Indies br Mine time e, 'iiiaceScandarines. IHsaime and kodania NANKEEN 1^'itnkiii i It Ni country. It tak the capital of tli w'lich also furn wholly confined of a 1)1 ue colom Pany's nankeen? esteemed. We * The Imports oi t It was stated i 'n. tliai the inanufa Of fiict, the manufa NANKEEN. 201 ■P trade with Jnpnn in 1S25 ; the ahtpg employed being one of 600, and one of 700 tons burden, is exclusively carried on witli the port of liiitaviu. Tlie trade Exports to Naiigaucki. Imports fnuii Nangaiiaclti, 1 Articles. Vaiue. Articles. Value. Samlal wood, 100 piculs • • S.ip:iii W(»«l, 1,167 do. ... HuUaIo liiilui, 600 111 number • Kle; hams' Irrlll, l,B38 Ills. Malay camphor, 61 Ibi. Java iii;ita, t2h in iiiinibcr Cocna nut oil, 24 piculs Cloves, 113 do, Siijcar, 6,9!ll do, ... Tin, 33Mdo. ..... Iteiual piece goods .... Hardware and iKircelain Jene.lery ..... ttlass ware ..... Ncllitrlaiids broad cloltu 1.0.1.1, i47 liiculs .... NettierlanOB cotton eoodfl ... Medicine and suudries Toral value of cxiiorl cargoes . - F. t)r, at 12 f. per /. • . • L. Florini. 3,247 3,224 18,926 104,96 2,2>0 1,100 3,748 75,209 2,793 81,332 Camphor, 720 piculs .... Copper*, in,74ido. .... Crape, 426 pieces .... Collon cloth ..... Medicine ..... Frovisioiis ..... Sakkie and soy ... . Wheal, -207 bagl .... Silks ..... iiuudriei ..... Total value of im|wt cargoes . • F. llr, at 12 r. per /- . - /., Fh^im. u62 I7,74» I3,!)78 2,270 3,327 14,3:12 2,l'i(i 31,600 96,0SS 37J,^i:l 31,154 8 4 S6«,4S2 72,3;;i 10 VV« may take Ihia oppormnity of stilting tliat the iasl authentic account we have of any Hriiish ves- sel attempting to carry on an intercourse vvilli Japan, was that of a sliip commanded l»y Captain (Jttr- dnn. which touched at the entrance of tlie hay of Jeddo, in 1818, in a voya;;*: from CalctUta loDchnisk. Captain Cordon remained at anchor 8 days, waitinir the receipt of instructions from the rapilal, Jeddo, at llie head of the hay, distant about 100 miles. He requested leave to return next year for the pur- pose of carrying on trade, w!iich in civil but perempt(>ry terms was refused, Durtng the ship's stay, ebe was closuly watched hy an immense police force, Init liberal otfcrs were made of supplies. The oUicers would permit im species of trade to be carried on, for which, however, the peopU^ evinced tlie preaiesl possilde d.'sire, admiring tlie broad cloths, calicoes, and otlier European articles which were shown them. The ship was visiK'd by some tht)usand natives, chietly from curiosity. Ctpiain d'or- don thinks that a contraband trade, sitiiilar to that conducted hy the Hiiropean mitions ort* the mouth of the Canton river, may be successfully carried on with Japan. — {Ktntipfer\^ Ifiatory of Japan ^ vol. i. p. 310—3^0; KrusenAtertCs Voyage round the H'orld^ vol. i. p. 201. English translatictn ; Crnwfnrd's Indian ^rrhipeliis^n, vol. iii. p. '207. ; Kvidenre of John DeanSy Esq.^ FirM Rtport of the Select Committee on the Affairs of the East India Company. 1830, p. 242, ; Personal covimanxcations from Copt. P. Gordon.) Money.— Accounts .ire kept in taeh, tnnce, and candariuPfl ; 10 ri[ie 21 carats fine, which would give 44f. Id. for the vilucof the old cobang. Hut the Japanese coinn are reckoned at Milnisoiily ?T touch, which is 20 22-25 cants; this reduces the old rnbaii^to 4^*, I'M. The new cohangs weigh If'O grains ; the gold is abuiit \\i carats fine, and the value is 2\i. 3d, The oban is thrice the value r,f the aihang. The itjib is called by the Dutch golden bean, and is made of pale poM, uf a parallel-igmmicat figure and flat, railur thicker than a far* thin«, with many raised letters on one side, and two figures or HiMers in reliif (Ui the olhcr ; the value of this is 1-4 of a cobang. There are old itjibs also to he met with ; these are thicker than the new niieci, and in value 22 mace 5 candarines, N'mdiogin is a (wraltclograiiiicil fl.itsilver coin, of twice the thick- ness of a hilfpenny, I inch lone, and 1-2 inch broad, and formed of fiiif silver. The er, brass, and iron coin, which bear a near resemblance to our old firlh.ngs. They difler in size, value, and external appearance, but are always cast, and have a square hole in the middle, by means of i\Iich they may be strung together; and likewise have always broad t-dees. Of these are current sjunieii seni, of the value of 4 common seni, niade of brass, and almost as liroa(i as a !ialf|>enny, but thin. 'I'he commou seni are the size of a fat thing, and ni.ide of red copper ; GO of them = 1 mace Doom seni is a cast imn coin, in a|tpeuar.ce like the last, of the same size and value, but is so brittle, that it is e.asily broken by the hand, or breaks in pieces when Lt tall on the grounu. The seni are strung 100 at a time, or. -ts is most commonly the case, 96 on a rush. The coins in one of llle^e parcels are seldom alt of one sort, but generally consist of 2, 3, or i-.ore dilli-rent kinds; in this case, the larger ones are strung on lir-f. and then follow the imaller; the number diminishing in pro|H'rli>'ii to tl.e number of larce pieces in the parcel, which are of grenfr value than the smaller, Theschnit isa silver piece, of 4 oz. ISdwts. Iti ers. Troy, and it II oz. tine, which gives its value It. ot. 3d. The n.inie is l)ulch, re- ferring, probably, to its shape, like a l»oat. (nrigAl*.— These are the candarine, mace, tael, catty, and picul| thus divided : — lOcandarines-^ ^1 mace. 10 1 16 t 100 t The picul = 125 Dutch pounds, or 13J 13 lbs. avoirdupois. It i_ however, said to weigh only 130 ll)s. ' Afiafifiti.— The revenues of Japan are estimated by two me*- Bunw of rice, the man and kolf; the former contains 10,000 kolfs, each 3,000 bales or bags of rice. The long measure is the inc, which is about 4 Chinese cubits, or 6 12 feet Enelish nearly ; and 2 1-2 Japanese leacues are ct)mputed to be about I Dutch league.— (.\Wiuni'* Orient. Coou) lcandarines-\ ^1 mace. ) mace • f _3 ' **'**^'' jiaels • I ~ i • Mtty. ) catties -J C. I picul. NANKEEN, on NANKIN (Ger. Nanking.- Du. Nankings linnen .■ Ft. Tolle de Nankin ,- It. Nanqtiino ,• Sp, Nanf/uiiia), a species of cotton cloth in extensive use in this country. It takes its name from Nanking, in China, a European corruption of KyanR-nincr, the capital of the extensive province of Kyang-nan, where it is principally prwluced, and wliich also furnishes tlie greater part of the green teas. In the East, the manufacture ia wholly confined to China.f The cloth is usually of a yellowish, though occasionally it ia of a blue colour, and of difTcrent degrees of fineness ; the broad pieces, called " the Com- pany's nankeens," arc generally of a better quality than the narrow ones, and are most esteemed. We produce imitation nankeens at Manchester and other places, but it must be ♦ The imports of copper, in 1858, nmounted to 11,631 piculs, worth 988,035 florins. I It wns stated in tlie former edition of tiiis work, on authority that should not have lieeu trusted to, that the ui»nufacture of nankeen wns ctrried to great perfection in tlie Rust Inilies : but, in point of f:ict, the nianufaciuru ia wholly unknown every wliere In the East except China. 26 I 3 I 202 NANTES, NAPLES. admitted that they are inferior to the Chinese ; neither lasting so long, nor holding their colour so well. The colour, whether yellow or blue, in given to the cloth by dyeing ; for, though yellow cotton wool be raised in the East, the clotli made from it is too glaring. 'I'ho nankeens brought to England come under the general denomination of piece goods. They are mostly made injlo trowsers and waistcoats for gentlemen's wear during summer, ladies' pelisses, &c. In some of the more southern parts of Europe, the warmer parts of Asia and America; and the British settlements in Africa, nankeen is worn by both sexes all the year round, and constitutes the principal article of attire. It is worthy of remark, that while the Indian cotton fabrics have ceased to be imported, the imports of nankeen have gone on increasing. The quantities imported into Great Britain in the undermentioned years have been — Viarj. Pieces. yean. rieces. Years. J'ieces. 1793 1704 1795 77,898 374,398 146,365 1814 1815 1816 76.3,253 896,797 396,453 18.30 1831 1832 591,3.39 857,171 195,748 — (Report on Affairs of the East India Company, 2d Finance, Commercial Appendix, part iii. p. 706., and Pari. Paper, No. 425. Sesa. 18.33.) Exclusive of the nankeens exported from Canton by the English, amounting in 183ft-31 10 922.700 pieces, and in 1831-32 to 315,570 do., the Americans e.vported, in 1831-32, 122,285 pieces ; considerulilu quantities hcing also taken liy the Spaniards, Uiitch, kc. It is probable that, under the new arraniie- meiils with respect to the Chinese trade, the exports of nankeen from Canton will be inatcriully in- creased.— (See vol. i. pp. 302 and 305.) NANTES, a large commercial city and sea-port of France, on the Loire, about 34 miles from its mouth, in lat. 47° 13' 6" N., Ion. 1° 32' 44" W. Population 78,000. Vessels of 200 tons burden come up to the city ; but those of a larger size load and unload in the roads of PaimboEuf, about 24 miles lower down the river. Entrance tn the Loire. — There are 3 entrances to the Loire. The first and most generally frequented is between the bank called /.e Four and Point Croisic; there is a second between I.e Four and the bank called La Banche ; and the third, which in southerly winds is much resorted to, between tlic lat- ter and the rocks called La Cunronne. The navigation, which is naturally rather difficult, has been much facilitated by the erection of light-houses and beacons Of the former, one has been recently constructed on the north part of Le Four, about a league from Croisic, in lat. 47° 17' 53" N., Ion. 2" 38' 3" W. It is 56 feet high. The light is a revolving one ; the dash, which continues for 7 seconds, being succeeded by a dark interval of 53 seconds. Two light -houses, called the Aiguillon lights, stand on the north side of the river, near its mouth; the lower light adjoining Point de Levi, being in lat. 47° 14' ,33" N., Ion. 2° 15' 46" W. The light is fixed, and is 111 feet above the level of the sea. The upper Aiguillon light, situated about a mile N. 31° E. from the lower, is 127 feet high ; it also is a fixed light, varied, however, by a flash every 3 minutes. A beacon tower, called the Turk, is erected on the southermost extremity of La Banche ; the course for vessels entering between it and La Couronne, is to bring the Aiguillon lights in one. The depth of water on the bar at the mouth of the river varies from 2 to 2} fathoms. At springs the rise is 14, and at neaps 7 or 8 fuel. High water at full and change 3} hours. Trade, <^c. — Her situation renders Nantes the emporium of all the rich and extensive country traversed by the Loire, so that she has a pretty considerable import and export traile, particularly with the West Indies. The exports consist of all sorts of French produce, but principally of brandy, wine and vinegar, silk, woollen and linen goods, refined sugar, wheat, rye, biscuits, &c. The principal imports are sugar, colTce, and other colonial products, cot- ton, indigo, timber, hemp, &c. Nantes is a considerable entrepot for the commerce of salt, the duty on that article in 1831 having amounted to 4,657,408 fr. During the time that the slave trade was carried on, Nantes was more extensively engaged in it than any other French port. The customs duties of Nantes produced, inclusive of those on salt, in 1831, 15,100,374 fr.; and in 1832, 13,907,400 fr. The falling-off in the latter year is attributed to the drought having, for a considerable period, rendered the upper parts of the Loire unnaviga- ble ; and to the uncertainty caused by the agitation of the question as to the sugar duties. Arrivals, — In 1831 there entered the port of Nantes: — French ships from foreign countries from colonies - from fishery coasting trade - Foreign ships - - - - - Totals Ships. Tons. 08 8,899 8S 22,035 865 7,821 2,257 91,093 06 12,S10 3,338 H0,2.')S In 18.32, there entered Nantes 17 British vessels, of the burden of 1,782 tons. Mmieg, H'eights. and Measures same as the rest of France. — (See Bordeaux.) Tares.— ^ per cent, on coffee in bags ; real on ditto in hhds., casks, ice. ; 6 per cent, on cottons; real on indigo; 17 percent, on Brazil muscovado sugar, 19 per cent, on Martinique and Guadeloupe ditto, 13 per cent, on ditto clayed, NAPLES, a very large city and sea-port in the south of Italy, the capital of the kingdom of the same name, the light-house being in lat. 40° 50' 12" N., Ion. 14° 14' 1.5" E. Popu- lation, on the 1st of January, 1830, 358,550. — {Annul, di Statisiica, 1830.) Naples is well situated fo able to its Ilurhntir.- is forUMMl bj the nioli; tin tlieri! is no li • heir etrmts, to fake a pili Jilonet/. — A 'nry .-ysK^iii JOcarlini ; ii carliiio art! ii »'ril.'ht.s iin = 100 rottcdi dam. Tlie c In dry nica In vvijie nie EuKlish wine ^ 'ii oil ineii; JNaiiles = 42^ larger. Ill long mi!,i Hence llie pal Eleven siiln Exports a country. 0\ from Gallipo exports of oii 36,333 tuns < valent to the silk, wine, bi staves, rags, a teemed is the in reality, the for the royal c the vicinity of the name of /, svveet wines o; price of wine quantity cornel tvyist, hardwa of the best int The import but are mixed tom-house are accurate staten the following i Statement of th tish Bottoms, Articles ex|)or Imports into Cod-fish . Pilchards ■ Coftee Sugar Manufactured I Twist Hardware Iron and tin Woollen.s - Worsteds - Total We have no ni countries; but i Cmtom-hoiue Re^uh williin24 hours nflhci ffntrai manifest nf Ih niasler, when consigni hours afler the arrival ( fral Ml ilelail, of all gcxv raider (he manifesl iii ( fine of ao per cent, upo 1 hjs ileclanlion or n are elapwd : and the m cats for every |iarkage c »lly remitlcd, unless the "« oireclor-geuerai of I NAPLES. 203 8,899 22,035 7,821 91,093 12,810 situatpd for commerce ; l)ut the perverse policy of the government has been most unfavour- able to its growth, and ha.s confmcil it within comparatively narrow limits. Harbour. — The hay of Naples is spacious, and is cclehralcd for its pirlures(|iic views. The harbour J« foruied by a mole, 'built nearly in the fiirinnftlie letter I.., havin|$a li:;lil -house on its elbow. Wjthln the mole there is from 3 to 4 fathoms water, the ground being soft. The water in the bay U deep, and there is no bar : it is, however, a cood deal exposed to the south-westerly winds ; and to guard against their ('irerts, vessels lyinj' in the bay moor with open hawse in that direction. There is no obligation to lake a pilot on board, but it is usual to take one the lirst time that a ship ancllor.^ wilhiii the mole. JI/»Hci/.— Accounts are kepi at Naples in dncati di regno of 100 ijrani. According to the new mone- tary .-iyMlem Inlroiluced in ISIH, the unit of coins is the silver ducat = 3«. 5-2i/. sterling. The ducat = 10 curliiii ; and there are coins of I, 2, 0, anil 12 carlini in proportion. Coins of a less value than 1 carlino are in copper. The smallest gold piece Is the oncetta = IDs. S.lrf. sterling. H'eiirlit.-: mid Minsurei!. — The commercial weights are the cantaro and rottolo. The cantaro grosno = 100 rotKdi ~ I'.mi lbs. avoirdupois — 89 105 kilog. = 184 lbs. of Hamburgh = 1804 lbs. of Amster- dam. The cantaro piccolo = 106 lbs. avoirdupois = 48 kilog. In dry measure, thecarro of corn cfmtains 36 lonioli. The tomolo =^ 115 Winch, bush. In wine measure, the carro is divided into 2 botii, or 24 barili,or 1,140 caralVe. The carro = 264 English wine gallons. The regular pipe tif wine or brandy = 1.12 lOnalish gallons. In oil measure, the salnia is divided into 10 staje, 2.')0 qiiiirii, or I,5;i6 niisurettn. The salnia nt Naples = 42J English wine gallons ; at Gallipoli it is from 3 to 4 per cent, less ; at Bari it is a little larger. In long measure, the canna is divided into 8 palmi, or 96 onzio, and is = 6 feet 11 inches English. Hence the palmo = 10-38 English inches. Eleven salme are allowed to a ship's last.— (JW/ienftrec/ier ; Dr. Kellij.) Exports and Imports. — The oxfjorts principally consist of the products of the adjacent country. Of these olive oil is by far the most important. It is commoidy called Gallipoli oil, from Gallipoli, a town in the Terra d'Otranto, whence it is largely exported. 'l"he entire exports of oil from the kingdom of Naples have been estimated at about 200,000 salme, or 36,333 tuns a year; which, taking its mean value, when exported, at 21/. per tun, is equi- valent to the annual sum of 762,903/. — (See Olive Oil.) The other articles of export are silk, wine, brandy, dried fruits, brimstone, red and white argol, liquorice, oak and chesnut staves, rags, saffron, &c. There is a great variety in the Neapolitan wines. The most es- teemed is the lacrima Christi, a red luscious wine, better known in England by name tha« in reality, the first growth being confined to a small quantity only, which is chiefiy reserved for the royal cellars. There arc, however, large quantities of second-rate wines produced in the vicinity of Naples, such as those of Pozzuoli, Ischia, Nola, &c., which are sold under the name of lacrima Cftristi, and are largely exported. Several parts of Calabria produce sweet wines of superior quality. — (Hendersun's Ancient and Modern Wiries, p. 239.) The price of wine at Naples depends entirely on the abundance of the vintage ; only a small quantity comes to England. The imports consist principally of English cottons and cottoii twist, hardware, iron and tin, tt'oollens, sugar, colfee, indigo, spicery, &c. Naples is one of the best markets for pilchards, and it requires a large supply of dried and barrelled cod. The imports from, and exports to, Naples arc not given separately in our trade accounts, but are mixed up with those of the rest of Italy ; and the accounts of the Neapolitan Cus- tom-house are not made public. We are, consequently, without the means of forming any accurate statement of the amount of our trade with Naples, but there is reason to think that the following estimate is not very wide of the mark. Statement of the Quantity and Value of the principal Articles annually imported into Naples, in Bri- tish Bottoms, from Great Britain and her Colonies ; and of the Quantity and Value of the principal Articles exported in such Bottoms, from the former to the latter. Imports into Naples from Britain ami tier CuloiiiM. Eiports froui Naples to Britain and her C^oloiiics. Ankles. Quantity. Value. Articles. (Quantity, Value. Cod-fish - - quintals Pilchards - - hhds. Coffee - - - cwt. Sugar . - . — Manufactured cottons, yds. Twist - - - lbs. Hardware - - - Iron and tin - - tons Woollens - - - yds. Worsteds - - - — Total value 60,000 9,000 563 16,523 5,478,480 2,342,494 3,000 111,111 457,453 £ 30,000 18,000 2,000 30,000 200,000 175,000 15,000 15,000 50,000 40,000 Argol . - - cwt. Liquorice paste - — .Silk organzined - — Brandy - - pipes Oil - - - - Ions Total value 4,000 5,000 1,000 1,000 4,500 £ 5,000 10,000 60,000 9,000 90,"I0 . £575,000 - £174,000 We have no means of forming any estimate of the amount of the trade between Naples and other countries ; but it is trifling compared to wliat it might and ought to be. careful in manifeatin? (heir salt and tobacco, as the slightest error with respect to them snlijerts the vessel to seizure. All goods, pro- visions, &c., not iiKnifesteil, arc li.\hle to seizure. Qtiaraiitine Regttlatiuna, we rigi>rously aiiJ arbitrarily cnforcftl. The free atliiiiMioii, conililioiial recejition, or absolute refusal of a vattel arriving at ihe |>ort is deterniineil by the wholesome or un Cmtom-hotue ;?f?Nta(iom.—Ma8tere of merchantmen .-ire boiintl, witjiin 24 hniirs of their arrival, to furnish the Custom*house with a pentral manifest of their cargoes, provisions, auil stcres; aiM the master, when consignee, or the consignees, are bound, within 43 liours after the arrival of the ship, to send in a declaration or mani- fest ill detail, of all gmxls on bo:inI. Should th*' consignees omit to reii.iiT liip manifest in detail within 48 hours, tl'cy are subjected to a fine nf 30 per cent, upon the non-Bpecified articles. This declantion or manifest cannot be corrected after the 4S hours are elapsed : and the master or consignee is liable to a fine of 30 du- cati for every package erroneously declared. This, however, is usu* tWj remitttxl, iinlen there be suspicion of fraud, upon application to wholesome character oV the place from which she comes. The place may be, 1. Infected. 2. Suspicious. 3. Endangered. Or, 4. Secure. In the first case, the vessel is refused altni^ether : in the 2(1, she is ad- mitted on a long (Quarantine ; m theSd, ^he is received on a short quarantine ; iu the 4th, shu is allowed free pratique. If the vessel be a ship of war, her quarantine is performed in tfie Pay of Naples , I tlie director-geueral o( Ibe ciytonu. Alasten should lie particularly the dayt of her pauage being allowed iu the calculation ; if a met. 204 NAPLES. 1 60 . 1 W • 12 .— ^ D. 14 to - ss - 6 6.-iping, l\>n C7i'i'"ff(J, ^c — in IWI, there entered tlie port of Nijites 202 foreiijn vessels. Of these, 101 v^ere Hriiish, -14 trench, 3.i .Sardinian, ti Sp.irii>h, 5 Tuscan, .Vc, Tnnnaife not stritwl. The chart^es of a [)ulilir nainre nn a nationnl ihip of 300 Inns hur- den entering and cltaring out ttom the port of Naples, are aa u»ter :— />. pr. 0/1 eTi(en'/ig.— For eT|>editin(; ■ - • • 1 60 (Kqu.il to at. 8d. sterling) On cUariHg oi^.~F.xt • . HtAinp Bill of health- Police Port nnicftrs Kcjj;isteriii^ papers Tonnage duly at 40 grains per ton ■ (Equal to about 21/. lis. \d. sterling.) D. 131 14 Brokersy Commission^ SfC. — No person can legally act as a fcmker unless authorised hy govenmient. All patented hmkers are ohli^el, by way of seeurity. to hold funded property producing .'jOOducila of *' rente,'* or a dividend of 83/. 6s. Sa. sterling. Many persnjis, how- ever, act as brokers without being patenttd, but no cimtract ma.le i>y them Is adniilted in a court of law. Any penion may set up as a merchant, by giving due nutice to the Camera d\ Commtrcio. Tiie rales of cumuiissiun generally eslahliBlied at Naplce are as urrder : — Jiates of Commission and Charges ittahliihed by the Merchants at J^apks, Commission nn sales of fish • • -3 per cent. Do. on manufactures of all kinds • • 3 — Do. on all other gnoils • • > - 2 — Do. on goods purchased • . > • 2 — Do. on receiving and forwarding • . (.2 — Do. on aMenipting i''les - . - • 1 — Do. on rcMie of giv>ds for the same account on whicha purch-isinicommi'sion hasbeencharged I 1-2 — Do. on chartering vessels, or procuring charters • 3 — Do. on cnllectiti« freights on chartenil ships -2 — Do. on ships both inwards ami otilwards • . 4 _ Do. on advancpj* on letters of credit - • 1 — Do. on ett'ectinir insurances • • •1-2 — Do. on negotiating bills ■ - - 1-2 — • t) 12 per cent. Do. in boxes or barrels - - • 14 — Do. in Rrazil chests - - • 18 to 20 — Do. in bags • • • -6 rottnli Loaves, in casks • • • . real tare Do. eitra for paper and strings • • 5 per cent. Indigo - . - . . real tare Tin, in barrels, each - - - 12 rot toll Alum, in casks .... 10 per cent. Wax, real tare and extra - ■ • 2 to 3 per cent. Cod. ami stock fish * ■ -1 percent. Cofl'ee, in casks .... real tare Do. in bags, each • • -3 roltoli Pepper — — • • • — Pimento, In bags, each Cocoa — — Cocoa, in ca*its Cinnamon, in single hile - Do. in doulile ba)« • Cissia lignea, cnrhii.eal, and tnrk . 3 mttoli ■ 3 do. 2 ad. per cent. • for diisl, real tare - I8ll«s. of Naple* • ift lbs. — real tare. Instuaiice. — There are 4 or 6 companies fur the insurance of ships and I for Uvea Their terms are generally higher than those of simi' lar establishments in lyindon. Houses are nevt-r insured at .Naples, their roii.ttruction rendering fires very rire. The ctpntpanies are es- lahh.slied hy royal antherily, the shaiehoUlere being only liable for the amount of their Hhnrm. iian* i?i^.— The princi|)al merrhantsof Naples are all, more or less, hankers, inasuiueh as they advance money on letters of credit, and deal in foreign exchanges, and oltur tii>aneinl operations. Hut the only labli«tinitnl at pn^-nl in f xis'eiice, i^ the Pank of the two Sic lies, founded hy Koverninent, and Kuinnleeil by lite posse»sinnof landed prtiperty. I( is not a hank for Ihc isnue of iioiea Ltn credit, like the Rink of Ensjland, but for their issue on deitoflit-i^ S(imew|i;it on the piinciple of the ll.ink of Handiuigh. Itovern- men! makes all its payments liv nieans of notes or nnters nn the bank ; and they ar*- issued to indiv iduils for whatever sums (hey I'.v- bite, on their paying an equivalent sun) of money to the bu.k. These notes or orders form a con^i Ieriil>le part of the circulating medium of Naples ; they are paijectcd to such a commercial code as Naples, the sriiiiuKler is n Krent piihlir heiiefactor. lie is, In fact, tlie natural enemy of oppressive duties and proliiliitioiis. These hrInK i>ini into tlie field, and nial 50 a 38 4 02 2 40 1 80 I 20 50 50 3 t)5 30 Ennliih. V'elghti. Money. per cwt. per tun. per lb. per cwt. £ I. d. 1 10 9 8 11 3 4 10 4 3 2 fi 8 15 2 5 8 11 5 8 2i 6i Of these duties, that on oil is by far the most objectionable. Even though Naples enjoyed a mono- poly of this valuable product, the imposition of such a duty would be wholly indefensible on any sound principle. But when, instead of having a monopoly of the oil trade, the ^feapolilans are exposed to the keen competition of the Tuscans, Genoese, Spaniards, &c., the imposition of a heavy export duty is in the last degree destructive. It depresses that branch of industry which is more suitalde for the country, and gives a corresponding encouragement to its extension amongst foreigners. Tlie increaset duty of 30s. a tun on oil exported in foreign ships, is, of course, intended to force the eniployment of native ships : but it has not had, and could not rationally be expected to have, any such consei)iience ; its only effect being to tempt foreigners to make a corresponding addition to thedi'ities on oil, wlien im- ported in Neapolitan ships. Such regulations arc never, in fact, productive of any thing except injury to those by whom they are enacted. Of the direct taxes, the most productive is the /unrfioria, or tax on rent, producing about 1,240,000/. u year. It was imposed during the French occupation, when it was fixed at 25 per cent, of the sum re- ceived by the landlord. It has not been altered since ; and as agricultural produce has materially de- clined in price, while the rents of houses in towns, and particularly in the capital, have very much increased, its unequal pressure is much complained of. The perverse policy we have thus endeavoured to develope, cannot surely be permitted to exist much longer. The reasonings of Filangicri, and other able native economists, might have forewarned the government of the real nature of that system of prohibition and restriction which it lias laboured, ever since its restoration, to protect and defend. But facts have now taken the place of theory ; and the results of the system are too obvious and too mischievous not to arrest the attention of every one, ami to impress the necessity of some radical alterations. Considering the great natural fertility, varied productions, and advantageous situation of Naples and Sicily, it is plain tliat nothing more than freedom and security are rei|uired to render them among the richest, most industrious, and flou- rishing countries of Europe. But instead of this, the fetters laid upon commerce, by depriving the inhabitants of a market for their productions, and, consequently, of the most powerful stimulus to industry and invention, have paralysed all their eiu^rgies, and immersed them in poverty, sloth and barbarism. It is surely high time that a different line of policy were adopted. At Naples, a reform may be undertaken withoiU (which is not always the case elsewhere) endangering any thing either u$Gt\il or valuable. Its political economy is such that no change, be it what it may, can make matters materially worse than they are at this momi^nt. But it would be the easiest thing in the world to lay the foundations of a great and rapid improvement. To effect this, government has only to abolish all duties and restrictions on exportation, to establish the warehousing system, and to reduce the duties on importation to | or i part of their present amount. If it do this, it will add prodigiously to its own r:venue ; at the same time that it will do 10 times more to rouse the dormant energies, and to aug- ment the wealth of its subjects, than it is possible to do by any other means. (.\ Statement of the Number and Tonnage of British Vessels which entered and cleared from the Port of Naples; distinguishing the Nature of their Cargoes, and the Trade with each Country, in the \eaT IS35.— (Consular Return.) Countriea. Entered. Cleared. Vessels. Tonnage. Nature of Cargoes. Veuels. Tonnage. Nature of Cargoes. England • Scotland ■ Newfoundland .Malta Sicily Leshora Spain Gdlipoli • Gibraltar - Franco Totals - 83 4 16 3 2 2 2 10,^81 63i 2,419 532 159 319 620 17 with fish, 14 iron, 3 coals, 49 general Coals. Cod fish. 1 in ballast, I coals, 1 nrool and leather 1 sulphur, 1 general - 1 coals, 1 herrinitj Codfish 9 2 71 I 4 8 2 I 900 418 9,545 128 711 910 274 167 13,053 General. Grain. 37 in ballast, 29 part of general cargoes, 3 coals, 1 fiib. In ballast. Ditto. 4 ditto, 4 part of cargoei. 1 ditto, 1 Indian corn. General and ballast. 112 14.865 98 Vol. II._S 206 NAVIGATION LAWS. A Htntnnipnt of llin Niimlx'r, TnnnagR, and Crewa of Driligh iinrt ForelRn Vcsgeln, diHtinguiHliing the CoiintrieM to which thuy belonged, which eiilerud and cluurud from tlie I'url uf Nuplns in tho Year IS35. rkf H%p\n. Enleml. CItand. 1 VUKll. Tana. Crewa. Veoela. Torn. Crewa. Hriluh 112 I4,H6) 8H7 98 I3,avi 770 French S3 6.!Min 477 63 6,901) 477 S-inliitian 28 3,m) 224 23 3,l>60 224 S|Mill 6 ■M7 30 6 347 30 Austrian 6 7H 48 6 718 48 'i'tiscan 17 Sii (IH 17 622 68 HiM^ian 3 37S 27 3 378 27 1 K) S 1 83 B AlDt-rican • 1 210 16 1 210 16 227 n,-n 1,7H2 213 23,961 _ l,66i Sup.) In cnnipitinir this ar'icte, we liavr be«ii much InilehteJ tn the care* I fully ilrawii up, niiJ i;t*nenillv jiidirioui Jmwtn (if the nrlllflh con- aul, (Ml. UiioihvJMj li the L'ir'«4/ar Vueriri, t(i A/iHmt(, Ci/up rfYEi/ «ur It Itoyaiinie de SnitlfM, .irnl tn anine v.iliil foreign trivellt-rs, hut aclilniii with much aitvantagH. 'I'hey are hllej with accnunts, a thoutanil limca re|iratH, of aiiliiiuitie^ Veauviiis, the churches, theatrea, laz7.irf)ni, &c. ; hut few amoui^ them communicate any information from which any ^ual i ponderancc wu countries, and had to sustain their merchant was altogether navigation law It is certain, ho country. Exci of profits, and o guerres," says t les traites de ]> Chapelle, ont su faire des cmprur somme immense iive dlnipots, <|< pays qui n'a qt done fallu faire e seulement restre fieure, mais elle ^ la plus precieu chere, et augmen les ouvrages des la main-d'cBuvre * In (he treaty of undertook to proem liwise of parliauieni NAVIGATION LAWS. 207 ig the n tiMj n Sup.)\ i,\ri c»n be cial «y«lem Kilitint are !l«il», while • iiii|i(>rl»nl iivernntent ; y for llieir iw. In defining enjoyed e in the of cora- he Navi- Btill more lactments sufficient te naviga- Q commo- glish sea- B excluded tension to rn nations y obtained stween the lurse with parliament ended not power of nd against n question anufacture or any of naster and iport trade re to them, er enacted, pe, should the real d, or from the clause [port, and to foreign (ted by the ;thCar.2. Lval inter- ■nated the e lies, except ]were pro- , was made Jell known Iven to im- jvcry little most im- Irits, sugar, Ac. Parliament seems, howrever, to have very sixntdily come round to the opinion that too murh had been done in the way of relaxation ; and in the 14th of ('harles II. asuppleniental statute was iiassed, avowedly with the intention of obviating some evasions of the statute of the preceowcrH, but to the abugc of the fundintf system, and the exocHg of taxntioii, that the jleciine of the commercial Rrcatness and maritime power of Hol- land was really uwini^. Neither docH it ap|>ear that the opinion maintained by Dr. Smith and others, tliat the navigation law had a powerful inlluence in au^mentinf^ the naval iH)wer of this country, restg on any better foundation. 'J'he taste of the nation for naval enterprise had been awakened, the navy had become exceedingly formidable, and IJIakc had achieved bis victories, before the enactment of thin famous law. Ho far, indeed, is it from bfinx certain that the naviKntion act had, in this regpect, the ellect commonly ascribed to it, that there arn Kood )j;roundsf()r thinking it had a precisely ojiposite eirect.aiid that it operated rather to dimi- iijjih tiian to increase our mercantile navy. It is stated in Uoj^er (-oke's Trratine on Trade, published in l(i7l (p. 30.), that this act, by lessening the resort of strangers to our ports, had u most iniurii)n8 ellect on our con»merco ; and he further stiites that we had lost, within 2 years of the [mssimr of the act of 1 CiO, the greater part of the Haltic and (Jreenland trades. — (p. 4H.) iSir .losiah Child, whose treatise was published in 16'J1, corroliorates (Joke's state- ment : for while ho decidedly ap[)roves of the navigation law, he admits that the English slii|)ping employed in the Eastland and Baltic trades had decreased at least two thirds since its enactment, and that the foreign shipping em]iloyed in these trades had pro|)ortionally increased. — {Treatise on Trade, p. 8tf. (Jlasg. edit.) Exclusive of these contemporary authorities, it may be worth while to mention, that 8ir Matthew Decker, an extensive and extremely well-iidbrmed merchant, condemns the whole principle of the navigation act; and contends that, instead of increasing our shi|)ping and seamen, it had diminished them both ; and that, by rendering the freight of ships higher than it would otherwise have been, it had entailed a heavy burden on the public, and been one of the main causeg that had prevented our carrying on the fishery so successfully as the Dutch. — {Essays vn the Causes of the Decline of Foreign Trade, p. 60. ed. 1756.) 'J'here does not seem to be any very good grounds on which to question these statements ; and they are at all events sufficient to show, that the assertions of those who contend that the navigation laws had a prodigious efl'ect in increasing the numlier of our ships and sailors, nnist be received with very great moditication. But, suppose that all that has been said by the apologists of these laws were true to the letter; suppose it were conceded, that, when first framed, the Act of Navigation was extremely politic and proper ;— that would aflbrd but a very slender presumption in favour of the policy of supporting it in the present day. Human institutions are not made for immortality : they must be accommodated to the vary- ing circumstances and exigencies of society. But the situation of Great Britain and the other countries of Europe has totally changed since 1650. The envied wealth and commercial greatness of Holland have passed away : we have no longer any thing to fear from her hos- tility : and, " he must be, indeed, strangely influenced by antiquated prejudices and by-gone apprehensions, who can entertain any of that jealousy from which the severity of this law ]irincipally originated." London has become, what Amsterdam formerly was, the grand emporium of the commercial world — unlversi orbis terrarum emporium : and the real question which now presents itself for our consideration is, not what are the best means by which we may rise to naval greatness? but — what are the best means of preserving that undisputed i)re-eminence in maritime affairs to which we have attained ^ Now, it docs not really seem that there can be much difliculty in deciding this question. Navigation and naval power are the children, not the parents — the ellect, not the cause — of commerce. If the latter be increased, the increase of the former will follow as a matter of course. More ships and more sailors become necessary, according as the commerce between dirterent and distant countries is extended. A country, circumstanced like Great Britain in the reign of Charles II., when her shipping was comparatively limited, might perhaps bo warranted in endeavouring to increase its amount, by excluding foreign ships from her har- bours. But it is almost superfluous to add, that it is not by any such regulations, but solely by the aid of a flourishing and widely extended commerce, that the immense mercantile navy we have now accumulated can be supported. But it is extremely easy to show, that to have continued to enforce the provisions of the old navigation law, in the present state of the world, would have been among the most elll- cient means that could have been devised for the destruction of our commerce. The wealth and power to which Brit'r'n has attained, has inspired other nations with the same envious feelings that the wealth of Holland formerly generated in our minds. Instead of ascribing our commercial and manufacturing euj)eriority to its true causes, — to the comparative free- dom of our constitution, the absence of all oppressive feudal privileges, the security of jiro- perty, and the fairness of our system of taxation, — our foreign rivals contend that it has lieen entirely owing to our exclusive system ; and appeal to our example to stimulate their respec- tive governments to adopt retaliatory measures, and to protect them against British competi tion. Thcf legislature intention o powers thrr effect, but I destroy the called an ur had we com example to should have sighted and For these been eflectei; lace in 182 tailed the Rt intercourse v footing. Th certain of oui late our com mercantile oj removes a gr considerably i without consi The distin( new regulatio Kingdom, eill were prodncc( tliey may bo i the produce, o This is a very ducts of diffcre in a foreign pt belonging to tl great hardship When the fore them to remaii any iinportanc legally iniporte of British ships might otherwi.s law obviates th ships of the bu of the country c inhabitants of s country to beco Another new it was not long America, could This law had al were allowed to respect to Asia, to find, in Soutl the other quarto extremely advan on board, under ship. The regu board all article.^ Asiatic, African ciple to Europea articles from ivh ships might be n this circumstanc< our consumption employment of 1 were, in a great i bility of danger : required for hom< 82 NAVIGATION LAWS. 200 lis of the liost elli- le wealth envious Jiscribiiig live frre- of pro- has heen Ir rcsjiec- Icompcti tion. These reprritcntationi have hail the moHt injurious operation. In 17ft7, tho American lei^islaturc pasHed an act, copied to the very letter from our navii^ution law, wiih the avowed intention of its operating as a retaliatory measure ai^ainst this country. 'I'lie Norlhert) powers threatened to act on the same principle; and would have carried their threats into elVect, but for timely concessions on our part. 'I'he same engines by which we laboured to destroy the trade of Holland were thus about to be brought, by what we could not have called an unjust retribution, to operate against ourselves. Nor can there be a doubt that, had we continued to maintain our illiberal and exclusive system, and refuxed to si't a better example to others, and to teach them the advantage of recurring to soumler principles, wo should have rnn a very great risk of falling a victim to the vindictive spirit which such short- sighted and selfish policy would have generated. For these reasons, it seems difHcult to question the policy of the changes that have recently been ellected in the navigation laws, partly by the bills introduced by Mr. (now Lord) Wal- lace in 1821, and Mr. Huskisson in 18'2.'j, and partly by the adoption of what has been called tlie Heciproeifi/ Si/slem. Under the existing law (6 (Jeo. 4. c. 10!)., see po-st.) tho intercourse with all European countries in amity with Ureat Britain is placed on the samo footing. Tho memorials of our former animosity, and of our jealousy of the jirospcrity of certain of our neighbours, have thus been abolished ; and the same law is licnceforth to regu- late our commerce with tiic Continent. This uniformity, besides giving greater scope to mercantile operations, and extending our traffic with some of our most opulent ueinlibours, removes a great source of embarrassment and litigation ; at the same time that it detracts consideralily froni that selfish character which had been believed on the (Jontinent, and not without considerable reason, to he the animating principle of our commercial system. The distinction between enumerated and non-enumerated goods is still kept up under the new regulations ; but, instead of confining the importation of tho former into the United Kingdom, cither to British ships, or ships belonging to the country or place where the goods were produced, or from which they originally were exported, the new regulations permit that tliey may be imported either in British shijw, in ships of the country of which the poods are the produce, or in ships of the country or place from which they are imported into England. This is a very important alteration. Under the old law, when a number of articles, the pro- ducts of dillcrcnt countries, but all of them suitable for importation into England, were found in a foreign port, they could not be imported except in a British ship, or se|)arately in ships belonging to tho dilfcrent countries whoso produce they were. This was obviously a very great hardship on the foreigner, without being of any real advantage to our own shipowners. When the foreign merchant had vessels of his own, it was not very probable he would permit them to remain unoccupied, and freight a British vessel ; and there were very few ports of any importance in which foreign bottoms might not l)e found, in which the article could bo legally imported. The real cfl'ect of the old law was not, therefore, to cause the employment of British ships, hut to oblige foreigners to assort their cargoes less advantageously than they might otherwise have done, and thus to lessen their intercourse with our markets. The new law obviates this inconvenience ; while, by restricting the importation of European goods to ships of the built of the country of which the goods are the growth, or to those of the built of the country or port from which the goods are shipped, and which are wholly owned by the inhabitants of such country or port, it is rendered very difficult for the people of a particular country to become the carriers of the produce of other countries to our markets. Another new regulation is of such obvious and unquestionable utility, that it is surprising il was not long ago adopted. By the old law, all articles, the produce of Asia, Africa, or America, could only be imported directly in a British ship from the place of their production. This law had already been repealed in so far as respected the United States, whose ships were allowed to import their produce directly into this country ; but it was maintained with respect to Asia, Africa, and South America. And hence, although a British ship happened to find, in South American, African, or Asiatic ports, articles, the produce of one or more of the other quarters of the globe, suitable for our markets, and with which it might have been extremely advantageous for her to complete her cargo, she was prohibited from taking them on board, under penalty of forfeiture and confiscation, not only of the goods, but also of the ship. The regulation has been repealed ; and it is now lawful for British ships to take on board all articles, the importation of which is not prohibited, on meeting with them in any Asiatic, African or American port. Lord Wallace originally intended to extend this prin- ciple to European ports, or to make it lawful for British ships to import all non-prohibited articles from wherever they might find them. But it was supposed by some, that foreign ships might be more cheaply navigated than ours ; and that foreigners, taking advantage of this circumstance, would import the Asiatic, African, and American products required for our consumption into the contiguous continental ports, and would consequently restrict the employment of British ships to their carriage thence. We believe that these apprehensions were, in a great measure, visionary. But the law is so contrived as to avoid even the possi- bility of danger on this head ; such of the products of Asia, Africa, and America, as are required for home consumption, being, with a few trifling exceptions, inadmissible from Eu< 8 2 27 S 210 NAVIGATION LAWS. rope ; nml only ailmiMililn when ihoy ore imported in Dritiiih Bhipn, or in i«hip» of the country or phire of whirh the kooJh «re the pnNhire, and I'roui whifh they iire liroiinht. 'I'he only cxceptionx to thia rule nre articlea I'ruin Aiiutic and African 'i'urkey iniiMirUid from iho Levant, niid hullion. lleaideM the reMtrictive regulntioHH already nihided to, it hiid iieen a purt of our policy to cncourui(e tiie enipli>ynient of our tihippinK, hy inipoiiinK hiKher dutieH on ciiiiiiiKxIitiea iin- |id into our liiirltourH in foreign vuhm'Im, than were iinponetl on them when imported in llritixh veKHfln ; and it liiid alno lieen euntomory to chur^e foreign vexHeln with hiuiier port nod linht-iioiiMe diitieH, Ate. Thin Hysteui wua idwayn loudly eompliiiiied of liy tping was con- cerned, on condition of tho Americans making roci|>rocul modifications in our favour. A dillercnt course was, however, followed. Various devices were fallen upon to counteract tiio navigation system of the Americans, without in any degree relaxing our own: hut they all failed of their ohjcct ; and at length hecame ohvious to every one that wo had engaged in an unc({ual struggle, and that the real etl'ect of our policy was to give a bounty on the impor- tation of the manufactured goods of other countries into tho United States, and thus gra- dually to exclude both our manufactures and ships from the ports of the Republic. In consequence, the conviction of the necessity of making concessions gained ground progres- sively ; and it was ultimately fixed, hy the commercial treaty agreed upon between Great Britain and the United States in 1815, that in future equul charges should be imposed on the ships of either country in the ports of the other, and that equal duties should be laid upon all articles, tho produce of the one country, imported into tho other, whether such im- portation were effected in the ships of the one or the other. The new States of South America were naturally anxious to establish a commercial ma- rine; and, to forward their views in this respect, they contemplated enacting navigation laws. But this intention was frustrated by the interference of the British government, who, without stipulating for any peculiar advantage, wisely offered to admit their ships into our ports on a fair footing of reciprocity, or on their paying the same charges as our own ships, on condition that they admitted British ships into their ports on a similar footing. Cum- raercial treaties framed on this sound and liberal principle have since been entered into with most of these States. The principle of the reciprocity system having been thus conceded in the case of the intercourse with the United States, whose commercial marine is second only to that of (ireat Britain, it was not possible to refuse acting on the same principle in the case of such Euro- pean countries as might choose to admit our ships into their ports on a footing of equality.* The first demand of this sort was made on the part of the Prussian government, by whom an order in council was issued on the 20th of June, 1822, which made large additions to the port dues charged on all ships belonging to those nations which did not admit Prussian ships on a footing of reciprocity. The real object of this order was to injure the navigation of this country ; and it was speedily found that it had the desired effect, and that its opera- tion on British shipping was most pernicious. Under these circumstances, the British merchants and ship owners applied to our govern ment for relief. "Wo were assailed," said Mr. Huakisson, "with representations from all quarters connected with the shipping and trade of tlie country, against the heavy charges imposed upon British ships in the ports of Prussia. In such circumstances, what course did bis Majesty's government take ? We felt it to bo our duty, in the first instance, to com- * By the fourth section of the act 6 Geo. 4. c. 1. it ia enacted, that his Majesty may, by an order in council, admit the ships of foreign states into our ports, on payment of the like duties that areclmrged on British vessels, provided that British ships are admitted into the ports of such foreign states, on payment of the like duties that are charged on their vessels. •r i n NAVKJATION LAWS. 211 muntrate with tho PruiMian iniiiiiitpr in thin country ; nriil niir miniiitrr nt Horlin mm, I k'licvp, iiIno (liri'ctt'd to cuiili'r witli the I'nixHiiin RoviTnmmt on the Kiib)cct. I niyiw'lf liiul II coiiforonco with the I'ruHHiaii ininiiitor nt thin (•mrt, mid I well rci-ulliM t lhi< Niilwliinco of lii^ r«'|)ly to nu' ;^' \' "" h«vf,' \w »m\, ' hcI um thii i hniitM of that oxumplo. Hitherto, w<* have ronlliu'd tho inrrtMiMP of our port nnd toiiiiiitc chiirm'H to Hl»i|Mi only ; Ititt it ia the intenliiill >f i" i froirnimrni next i/nir,' (iiiul of tliiw ho nliowt-d uw th«! written proof,) 'to tiintnle you still //lure cliivli/, hy iin/)i>^iii. 212 NAVIGATION LAWS. cheapness of foreign shippinfr, that would be no good objection to the measures that have been adopted. But these statements, though probably in some respects true, were certainly much exaggerated. In comparing the cost of British and foreign shipping, it is usual to estimate it by the tonnage : but this is a very false criterion ; for, while foreign ships are accurately measured, our ships are measured so that a vessel of 150 tons register generally carries 220 tons of a mixed carton, and a vessel registered at 400 tons seldom carries less than 600, If this difference bt iken into account, it will be found that the Prussians, and other Northern nations, from whom the greatest danger was apprehended, have no considera- ble advantage in the cheapness of their ships ; and it is generally admitted that ships built in the ports on the Baltic will not last the time, nor bear the wear and tear, that ships built in this country or France will do. The wages of American seamen are higher than ours ; and it is stated by those engaged in the shipping trade, that the wages paid by the Northern ship owners arc about as high as in England, and that their crews are larger in proportion to the burden of the ship. Tlie ditference in the cost of victualling must be immaterial, for, in all distant voyages, our ships procure provisions and stores of all sorts at the same rate as the foreigner.* On the whole, therefore, it would appear that the alarm with respect to the apprehended decay of our shipping was in a great degree, if not entirely, imaginary. And while the late modilications in the navigation laws were imperiously required by a just regard to our manufacturing and commercial interests, there are no good grounds for think- ing that they will be injurious to our shipping. Abstract of an Act entitled for the Encouraoement of British Shippino and Navigation. 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 54. This act shall come into and be and continuctii full force and operation, from and after the Ist day of September, 1S33.— } 1. Shipn in lehicli only enumerated Goods of Europe viaybe itnporled.—T\\e several sorts of goods herein- after emimeralcd, being llie produce of Europe, viz. musits, timber, bonrds, tar, tallow, hemp, flax, currants, ruisiius, tii!», prunes, olive oil, corn or grain, wine, brandy, tobacco, wool, shunmc, madders, madder roots, barilla, brimstone, bark of oak, cork, oranges, lemons, linseed, rape seed, and clover seed, shall not be imported into the United Kingdom to be used therein, except in British ships, or in ships of the country of which the goods are the produce, or in ships of the country from wliich the goods are imported. — 1> 2. Places from irliii:h any Ooods of ^sia, Africa, or ^merira viay be imported. — Goods, the produce of Asia, Africa, or America, shall not bo imported from Europe into the United Kingdom, to be used therein, except the goods herein-after mentioned ; (that is to say,) Gouils, the produce of pl.ices within tlie limits of the East Inilia Com* Goods Ilie [irodiice of the diuiiinions of the Lmperor of Morocco, which may be imported from places in Europe within the pany*s ch.irler, which (havinelfeen imported fron) those pjacci nito Gibraltar or Malta in Itritish ships) may be imported from Gibraltar or Malta ; Goods taken by way of reprisal by British ships : Bullion, diamonds, pearls, rubies,'emeralds, and other jewels or p-e- ciuus stones.— Sect. 3. Straits of Gibraltar Goods, the produce of Asia or Africa, which (having been brought info places in Kurope within the Strai's of Giltraltar, from or through places in Asia or Afric.i within those Siraits, anil not j by way of the Atlantic Ocean) m.ay be imported from places in Europe within the Straits of Gibraltar : I Sliips in which only Goods of Jlsia, Africa, or America may be imported. — Goods, the produce of Asia, Africa, or America, sliall not be imported into the United Kingdom, to be used therein, in foreign ships, unless they be the sliips of the country in Asia, Africa, or America, of which the goods are the pro- duce, and from which they are imported, except the goods herein-after mentioned j (that is to say,) porte,! fmm the dominions of the Grand Seignior in the Levant seas, in ships of his dominions : BullioD.— Sect. 4. Goods, the jjroducc of the dr)minions of the Grand Seignior, in Asia or Africa, which may tic imported from his duminions in Kurn|te, in shi|)B of his dominiont. : Raw silk anil mohair yarn, the produce of Asia, which may be im- Manufacture deemed Produce. — All manufactured goods shall be deemed to be the profl'tce of the country of which they are the manufacture. — } 5. From Guernsey, ^c.—No goods shall be imported into the United Kingdom from the islands of Guernsey, .Jersey, Alderney, Sark, or Man, except in British ships. — } 6. Exports lojisia, i^-c. and to Guernsey, d^-c. — No goods shall be exported from the United Kingdom to any British possession in Asia, Africa, or America, nor to the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Sark, or Man, except in British ships. — } 7. Con,vf/fi,«c— No goods shall be carried coastwise from one part of the United Kingdom to another, except in British ships, — } 8. Between Guernsey, Jersey, ^e. — No goods shall be carried from any of the islands of Guernsey, Jer- sey, Alderney, Sark, or Man, to any other of such islands, nor frDui one part of any of such islands to another part of the same island, except in British sliips. — J 9. Between British Possessions in .^sia, ^-c. — No goods shall be carried from any British possession In Asia, Africa, or America, to any other of such possessions, nor from one part of any of such posses- sions to another part of the same, except in British ships. — } 10. Imports into British Po.s.iessions in Asia, Sf-c. — No goods shall be imported into any British possession in Asia, Africa, or America, in any foreign ship, unless they be ships of the country of which the gooiis are the produce, and from which the goods are imported.—} 11. J^o Ship British, unless registered and navigated as such. — No ship shall be admitted to be a British • See on this subject an able pamphlet, entitled " Observations on the Warehousing System and Navigation Laws," by Sir John Hall, Secretary to the St, Katharine's Dock Company. The follow- ing extract from the evidence of Mr, Edward Solly, before the Lords' Committee of 1820, seeiiis to be conclusive as to the accuracy of the statements in the text : — " I," said he, "was formerly a consi- derable owner of Prussian ships, and therefore I had a good deal of experience in Prussian shippine, and I can safely say that Prussian ships cannot compete with English ships in time of peace : the English ships are navigated cheaper than Prussian ships ; the Prussian vessels are more heavily masted and rigged, and require a greater complement of men, whilst the English ship is manneil mostly by apprentices; the English ships re(|uire less ballast; the economy of shipping is better understood and practised in them ; there is greater activity of the captain and crew ; they are insured in clubs at till! average riite of 5 uer cent., while the Prussian ships ctmnot get the same insurance done for 12; and as to the outfit, the provisions, and other necessaries for the ship, both parties have their choice where they will lay in tlicir stock, whether in a Prussian or an English port : if provisions are cheap in the Prussian port, the English captain lays in his stock of provisions there. Generally, I am uf opinion that British ships can sail cheaper than those of any other nation." — {Evidence, p. 14.) ship, unk rei'islry n sbip) shal every pnr art' Hrillsl Kingdom i soy. Alder either of t or of liny ( Exrep'lio tons liiirde fball lie ai "oiled Kin limits of III Rpeclively i JiTts, not e "olely ill fis tind shores Lawrence, • "iibiii the as such hoai //('Uiluras built in the 'illed to the Hrili.^li |i„j,j| '-■lie iiiiiler 1 '"'lore 111 III tl •'.V llrill.sh sii "ii'iils for ev */((/) of am and iiiu-ifraie, country, mil,; or have been •"■•■'di!, and co I'ltilt (not ha\ she he niivlirn at le.ist are si iisiiallv residi i-bip shall be i such ship belr Jifdster and to lie a iiiastei iiattirra-born i Zf'is by letters i|ite.s| or cessit bis .^lajesty, oi ijitircd countrv of lii.H Majestv iKitives of plii dciiiiiiiion, sha vided always, ■'■biill he iiavig! I'lieigti ship, f( alilidiiHli the n ""ililiig hereii year of the rel| ill force Willi cliiirtor.— J IB. t'lireiirners h .1' sly, liv his ro i'liy of ills Maji urUiis act.— ^ 1 Hnlifh Ship : piilCered to dep; (wlietlier with Iradiiid betwee ward of the C.i galeil by I.iiscai // Excess of i time liiive, as p master or ownr alwayti, that if place within tin 'ir if such propii b'rnf such ship kiMnvn British ii fniiii the British tlie want of sue: ''■I'lorand coiiipi part of the wor 'lavigaieil,— { |<, Prnportion of priirlaination, d iibilis shall be le P' 'ion of Brilisi as such prnclam; Goods prohibit, produce of nnyp niay be iiiiporieil "•-■iiig a British , NAVIGATION LAWS. 213 tey, Jer- ^lands to [ission in [108868- hssession Ihich the Item and follow - Inis to lie la consi- ^hippine, |ni:e : tliu lienvily ■(! ninslly liicrstond I clubs ut J for 12 ; lir choice Ire cheap ] 1 am ul' I) dhip, iinlesa duly rngislercd and navisaled as siirli : and every British rejjiater ship (so long as the registry of such sliip shall he in force, or the cerliticate of such renistry retained for the use of such ship) shall he navigated during the whole of every voyage (whether with a cari»o or in hallasi), in every part of the world, hy a master who is a Urilish suhject, and by a crew, whereof 3-4tlis at least are llritisli seamen : and if such ship he employed in a coastinp voyage from one part of the t'nited Kiiiffdoni to another, or in a voyaRc between t(ie United KiiiKdom and the islands of Ouernsey, Jer- sey, Alderney, Sark, or Man, or from one of the slid islands to another of them, or from one part of either of them to another of the same, or be employed in fishing on the coasts of the United Kingdom or of any of the said islands, then the whole of the crew shall he Hritisli seamen.—} 12. F.iri'plion infarniir of yrsnels uiiiler 15 Tuns Burden, X-r. — All llrilish-built boats or vessels under 15 tons burden, wholly owned ami navigated by llritisli subjects, although not registered as llritisli ships, shall he admitted to he liritish vessels, in all navigation in the rivers and upon the coasts of the United Kingdom, or of the Urilish possessicjiis abroad, and not proceeding over sea, e.vcept within tlte limits of the respective colonial governments within which the managing owners of such vessels re- spectively reside ; and all Uritish-built boats or vessels wholly owned and navigated by Kritish sub- jects, not exceeding the liurdeii of 30 tons, and not having a whole or a fixed deck, and being employed solely in fishing on the banks and shores of Newfoundland and of the parts adjacent, or on the banks atid shores of the provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, or New Hruiiswick, adjacent to the (inlf of 8aint Uawrence, or on the north of (Jape Canso or of the islands within the same, or in trading coastwise within the said limits, shall be admitted to be Rritish boats or vessels, although not registered, so long as such boats or vessels shall be solely so employed.— J 13. Ilnviluras Ships to be as Brilisli, in Tratle vith Uiiiied Kiveihim and Colonies in Jiwfrita. — All ships built in the Itrltish settlements at Honduras, and owned and navigated as liritish ships, shall be en- tilled to the privileges of llritisli registered ships in all direct trade lii'tween the United Kingdom or the Urilish possessions in America and the said settlements ; provided the master shall proilme a certifi- cate under the haiiil of the superintendent of those settlements, that satisfactory proof has been made befiire him that such ship idi'scril)iiig the same) was built in the said settlements, and is wholly owned by Uriti.sh subjects ; provided also, that tin- time of the chfarance of such ship fnnn the said settle- ments for every voyage shall be endorsed upon such certificate by such superintendent.— J II. Shiji of any Forcif^n Counlri/ to be of I lie Built of. or Prize to such Country ; or Hritiah-built, avd oirned and niirifraled by Subjects of the Country. — No ship shall be admitted to lie a ship of any particular coiuilry, iiidess she be of the built of siicli country ; or have been made prize of war to such country ; or have been forfeited to such country under any law of the same, made for the prevention of the slave tr;ide, and coiidi'iuiied as such prize or forfeiture by a comiietenl court of such country ; or be Ilrilish- biiilt (not having been a pri/.e of war from llritisli subjects to any other foreign country) ; nor unless she be navigated by a master who is a subject of such foreign country, and by a crew o.'whom 3-4ths at lenst are siil'jects of such country ; nor unless she be wholly owned by subjects of such country usually residing therein, or under the dominion thereof: provided always, that the country of every ship shall be deemed to include all places which are under the same dominion as the place to whicli such ship belongs. — } 15. Jfnster and Seamen not Britinh, unless natural-born, or naturalised, ^-c. — No person shall he qualified to be a master of a liritish ship, or to be a liritish seaman within the meaning of this act, except the iiatur.il-borii subjects of his IMajesty, or persons naturalised by any act of parliament, or made deni- zens by letters of denization ; or except persons who have become liritish subjects by virtue of con- i|iiest or cession of some newly acrpiired country, and who shall have taken the oath of allegiance to bis .Majesty, or the oath of fidelity required by the treaty or capitulation by which such newly ac- ipiired country came into his Majesty's possession; or persons who shall have served on hoard any of his Majesty's ships of war in lime of war for the space of .3 years ; provided always, that the nntives of places within the limits of the Kast India (/'onipany's charter, allhongh under liritish diiminioii, shall not, nph;ill be navigated by 1 British seaman, if a British ship, or 1 seaman of the country of such ship, if a fuinigii ship, for every 20 tons of the burden of such ship, shall be deemed to he duly navigated, allliimgli the number of other seamen shall exceed l-4lh of the wholu crew : provided always, lli<:t iinlbiiig herein contained shall extend to repeal or alter the provisions of an act passed in the 4th year of the reign of his late Majesty King George IV. for consolidating and amendiiig the laws then ill force with respect to trade from and to places within the limits of the East India Company's cliarler. — H Iti. Foreioners linrinf; served 2 years on board H. M. Ships durinir War. — Tt shall be lawful for his Ma- jrsiy, by his royal proclamation during war, to declare that foreigners, having served 2 years on board any of ills Maji sty's ships of war, in lime of such war, shall he British seamen within the meaning of this act.— $ 17. Hriiish Ship not In depart British Port unless duly nnricated. S;e. — No liritish registered ship shall be piill'ered to dep.irt any port in the United Kingdom, or any British possession in any part of the world (whether with a cargo or in ballast), unless duly navigated : provided always, that any British ships trading between places in America may be navigated liy British negroes ; and that ships trading east- ward of the Cape of <3ood Hope, within the limits of the East India Company's charter, may he navi- jtaleil by Lascars, or other natives of countries within those limits — J 18. // F.icrssof Foreign Seamen, Penally 10/. for each, Jj-c- If any British registered ship shall at any lime have, as part of the crew, in any part of the world, any fnreign seaman not allowed by law, the iiiiisier or owners of such ship shall for every such foreign seaman forfijit the sum of 10/.: provided always, that if a due proportion of British seamen cannot he procured in any foreign port, or in any place' within the limits of the East India Company's charter, for the navigation of any British ship; (ir if such proportion be destroyed during tlie voyage by any unavoidable circumstance, and the mas- ter of such ship shall pr 214 NEW ORLEANS. for oxpnrtatinn only, under the provision of any Inw in force for the time being, made for the ware- housing of goods without payment of duty upon Ihi; first putry thereof—} 21. Fni-feituris hiiic incurred. — Any gon(is ituportcd, exported, or carrit'd coastwise, contrary to the law of navigation, shall be forfeited, and the musters of shipa carrying the same shall furleit each the Bum of 100/.—} 22. Heciivenj uf Furfeitures.—KW penalties and forfeitures incurred under this act shall be sued for, pro- seruled, recovereil, and disposed of, or sliall be mitigated or restored, in lilte manner as any penalty or forfeiture can be sued for, prosecuted, recovered, and disposed of, or may be mitigated or restored, under an act passed in the present session of parliament for the prevention of smuggling.—} 23. NEW OKIiEANS, the capital of Louisiana, one of the United States, situated on the eastern bank of the Mississippi, about 105 miles from its mouth, in lat. 29° 57' 45" N. Ion. 90° 9' W. Population in 1830, 46,.309. The new-built streets are broad, intersecting each other at right angles ; and the houses are mostly of brick. It is the grand etnporium of all the vast tracts traverse.' by the Mississippi, the Missouri, and their tributary streams, enjoying a greater command of internal navigation than any other city either of the Old or New World. Civilisation has hitherto struck its roots, and begun to flourish, only in some comparatively small portions of the immense territories of which New Orleans is the sea- port ; and yet its progress has been rapid beyond all precedent. It appears, from the accounts printed by order of Congress, that during the year ended the 30th of Scptemlier, 1835, the value of the native American produce exported from this city amounted to 31,265,015 dol- lars, while the value of that exported frotn New York was only 21,707,867. With respect to imports, the case is materially dillerent ; the value of those of New Orleans, in the year just mentioned, being 17,519,814 dollars, whereas those of New York amounted to 88,191,305. It is believed by many, seeing how rapidly settlements are forming in the " West," that New Orleans must, at no very distant period, exceed every other city of America, as well in the magnitude of its imports as of its exports; and, considering the boundless extent and extraordinary fertility of the uncultivated and unoccupied basins of the Missi.s.^ijipi and Mis.souri, the anticipations of those who contend that New Orleans is des- tined to become the greatest emporium, not of America only, but of the world, will not appear very unreasonable. Steam navigation has been of incalculable service to this port, and, indeed, to the whole of Central America. The voyage up the Mississippi, that used formerly to be so difficult and tedious, is now performed in commodious steam packets with ease, celerity, and comfort. " There have been counted," says Mr. Flint, " in the harbour, 1,500 -flat boats at a time. Steam boats are arriving and departing every hour ; and it is not uncommon to see 50 lying together in the harbour. A forest of masts is constantly seen along the levee, except in the sultry months. There are often 5,000 or 6,000 boatmen from the upper country here at a time ; and we have known thirty vessels advertised together for Liverpool and Havre. The intercourse with the Havannali and Vera Cruz is great, and constantly increasing." — ( Geography and History of the Western States, vol. i. p. 557.) From 1811, when the first steam boat was launched in the Mississippi, down to the beginning of 1830, no fewer than 33( steam boats had been built for the navigation of this river, the Missouri, Ohio, &c., of whi 'h 213 were employed at the latter period. In December, 1834, the aggregate burden of the steam vessels belonging to this port amounted to 46,292 tons ! Vessels of the largest burdens may navigate the river several hundreds of miles above New Orleans. A large proportion of her foreign trade is carried on in foreign bottoms ; and as a shipping port, she ranks much below several of the other ports of the Union. The total of the registered, enrolled, and licensed tonnage belonging to New Orleans on the 31st of December, 1834, amounted to 74,741 tons; of which 46,437 tons were employed in the coasting trade ; but of this a large proportion consists of steam ships. The depth of water in the river opposite to New Orleans is, at a medium, about 70 feet; and it maintains sound- ings of 30 feet till within a mile of its confluence with the sea. Besides 3 or 4 of inferior consequence, the Mississippi has 4 principal passes or outlets. In the south-east, or main pass, at Balize, the water on the bar at ordinary tides does not exceed 12 feet ; and as the rise of tides in the Gulf of Mexico is not more than 2 or 2^ feet, vessels drawing much water cannot make their way from the ocean toNewOrleans. — {Darby's Viewofthe UnitedStotes, p.467.) 'i'he unhcallhincss of the climate is the great drawback on New Orleans. This probably arises from the low and marshy situation of the city and surrounding country, which is under the level of the Mississippi, being protected from inundation only by an artificial levee or mound, varying from 5 to 30 feet in height, and extending along the bank of the river a dis- tance of 100 miles. The unhealthy season includes July, August, and September ; during which period the yeilow fever often makes dreadful havoc, particularly among the jjoorer classes of immigrants from the North and from Europe. Latterly, great efforts have been made to improve the health of the city, by supplying it abundantly with water, paving the streets, removing wooden sewers, and replacing thoin with otlieis of stone, «&c. Many places, where water used to stagnate, have been filled up; and large tracts of swampy ground contiguous to the town have been drained. And as such works will no doubt be prosecuted on a still larger scale, according to the increase of commerce and population, it is to be hoped that the ravages of fever may be materially abated, though the situation of the city excludes any very strong expectation of its ever being rendered quite free from this dreadful scourge. Apple Im Hacuii, ass B»con hair Bvnn in bi 5'i?i;iiis, K nail Ileaij; fiutiLT ilee$'-v rope Beef dried Bullalo rnbP! tolloD, Loui Mobile • Lake . Norlh AM 'ieiinesse Misiriuri & Arl|>ln ■ ■ bbls. 2;-.,Klt 4,871 9, '•66 11,131 12,219 4,300 Apple lirAndjr - — 44 7 60 . 61 2 169 69 79 Bacuti, aswn'ed hlidA. and casks. 7,271 8,962 6,046 4,228 4,851 6,427 30,698 3,629 4,147 iMnia 370 779 523 216 370 1,207 312 732 1,190 Bacon hamt • htiila. 7,31,-. 8,243 7,319 1,821 2,724 2,0'j6 322 2,902 1,423 boxes 305 l,2-,7 758 15 65 305 170 1,157 436 Bicon in bulk • lbs. 85I.2B8 1,519,329 615,321 £65,219 907,380 1,282,334 309,017 291,001 229,736 Hj^i^iii:;, Kentucky pieces y>fili^ 47,972 23,324 29,391 23,930 25,; 30 12,306 13,472 5,972 Bute rope • . coils 3i,»M 3I,W4 23,263 20,719 22,973 43„360 20,28" 16,0>4 17,038 Brnns • - bbls. 1,922 339 1,123 13,919 2,63) l,64« 2,989 1,1)20 773 Butler • - hbJs. 49 3S . ] 13 6 1 1 4 kegs and flrkins 6,6(i3 6,190 8,072 8,919 6,014 4,219 6,8.16 4,140 4,047 bbls OM 66 80 160 163 446 83 Bees'-wax • ■ blils. a.ii 196 478 381 2 332 811 793 770 boxet Al 20 5 183 374 193 73 40 69 lbs. 22, mo 50,93,> 29,7.50 50 500 441 5,400 6,484 Beef ■ . bbls 9,(*JI 10,061 6,435 5,350 4,550 10,69b 7,566 6,403 6,622 hhds. r.G 18 180 204 3 80 22 133 33 dried . - lbs. 115,223 30,032 69,100 83,910 172,410 40,600 200 2,100 17,272 BulliUo robes - packs 3,lrt) 2,6, -4 l,8Jo 1,937 1,!I92 2,334 3,061 15,210 19,987 ColtoD, Louisiana & .Miss. bales 35S,931 345,970 307,421 292,748 198,620 242,427 174,194 150,570 191,176 Mobile ■ . — 10,172 17,456 6,063 1,333 17,663 367 6.093 6,350 3,484 Lake - . — ll,16ti 10,^26 9,223 11,974 7,334 10,338 9,302 8,7,;3 8,017 North Al.it)ama and Tennessee . — 98,142 148,132 135,542 93,303 114,934 171,616 168,906 99,3-.3 92,648 Missouri & Illinois — . . . . . 7 20 109 Arkans.is. . — 5,7.'»8 3,l'34 1,616 2,862 1,167 1,769 1,623 1,332 1,201 Florida . . — 6,S-2 2,764 6,321 6,278 9,499 2,02.1 3,-.21 2,9()7 1,543 Tex^« • . — 3, -.64 3,084 917 153 540 333 193 284 Corn meal - . bbls. 8,7>2 l,r,32 1,635 2,963 l,'j9d 2,313 2,143 6,^49 498 in e.ira - . — 2ii,4C2 227,8 r. 98,554 91,3''3 71.017 42,19.1 4!,3I7 91,882 89,876 shelled • - sacks 293,862 172,613 62,9 66,693 7,112 2^)0,754 21,190 Cheese • . cisks 217 217 117 145 329 120 179 8-1 147 Candles ■ • boxes 21(i 46 511 1,819 127 103 622 318 731 Cilcr - . bbls. 1,790 26 1,199 898 789 239 aii 435 646 Coal, w(■^te^n • — 83,328 45,756 65,000 24,120 60,000 > 40,800 Drii'rl peaches • — 443 21 319 29 47 50 136 336 338 Dried apples - — l,l7d 60 1,090 1,190 250 65 231 126 140 Ft?athers - • baes 222 386 361 200 143 438 9!- 373 283 Flaxseed . ■ bbls. 3,381 6,26.-i 3,720 910 887 400 721 541 260 Flour • - — 287,191 293,703 320,663 262,739 210,887 360,380 133,700 157,323 132,593 Furs ■ • hhds. 72 192 67 279 149 103 80 67 6 boxes 8 5 6 76 12 17 12 21 9 bundles 1,815 2,627 479 876 671 318 387 431 271 Gin- - . bbls. 70 lb3 330 609 463 - in 143 283 Ginseni; bags and cases 87 31 . 191 270 162 138 47 66 lbs. 9,6 M 9,200 13,600 . ■ . 3,50 Ifemp • bundles 7 '32 376 497 27 6,429 2,137 724 Hempen yirn . reels 21 27 85 333 18 398 379 266 r.icking yarn • — . 905 36 16 KS Hides 21,832 35,036 41,439 22,352 12,929 22,716 1.5,8-23 19 439 12,934 Horns 44,878 35,967 38,934 28,045 30,267 32,086 29,192 17,327 23,298 Hay • bundles 1C,I94 1,12? 998 1.634 1,153 217 1,023 777 167 Iron, pi); . ■ tons 973 3,611 3,12J 1,274 30 411 329 wrought . — 47 131 68 148 Lard . . hh'ls. 9 . > 10 6 19 11 bbls. 1,697 3,340 2.339 680 1,241 1,338 117 ,531 1,082 ke;s 169,31.5 256,036 199,204 126,276 151,420 131,111 70,276 110,206 115,646 lbs 2,100 3,274 . • 603 - 12,000 74,073 leather ■ bundles 701 1,024 636 856 325 4S9 214 519 312 sirles 391 25 . . > 240 135 386 Lime, western ■ bbls. 500 1,332 3,820 164 Lfi 1, pig - - piip 29J,614 251,733 203,100 190,062 122,933 151,251 234,905 146,203 183,712 bar kegs and boxes 703 681 429 2,904 353 2,022 2,ai4 792 471 lbs. . , 244,000 245 500 . 409,641 Oats - - bbls. 17,9-.0 15,516 16,854 10,415 2,169 1,852 4,110 6,2;o 1,763 Onions • - — 3,794 91 '9 1,433 892 634 8 bales 6,887 1,2-0 680 1,110 720 192 i 779 Tallnv - • bbls. 33i 440 712 1,936 1,587 631 i 1,337 3,900 612 Tobacco, leaf - hhds. 49,934 36,787 24.963 21,361 30,015 32,709 33,781 29,432 30,345 chewing kegs and Imxes 1,065 l,.19:l 2,383 2,841 11,409 1,873 1,668 4,371 4,978 carrots iM6 145 1,800 1,447 1,028 £31 2,137 2,821 bales I, .559 3,204 1,238 2,822 2,272 Twine - bundles 271 513 23S 238 126 202 264 445 193 boxes 45 78 66 42 11 21 67 139 234 Venison hatni 4,272 4,906 9,222 6,229 970 4,698 4,135 ^^'li 6,670 Vtneffar • * bbls. 58 136 159 9.38 64 124 1 63 79 1,725 Whiskey • • — 33,193 36,410 32,437 33,931 37,012 30,579 24,391 '^'^i,"; 44,407 Winrlow glass • boxes 2,864 7,898 3,496 3,170 1,196 2,115 4,741 912 459 Wheat bbls. and sacki 1,090 10,038 I 2 3 I 52' ^^'j^ I t 216 NEW ORLEANS. II. Exports of Cotton and Tobacco from New Orlcnna during each of the Nine Years ending the 30th of September, 1836. WMlher eiported. Balef of Cotton. | 1835-36. 1834-35. 1 1833-34. 1832-.33. 1831-32. 1830-31. 1829-30. | 1828-29. 1827-28. 1828-27. Great BriUin • France • North nf Ruropfl South of Europe Coailwise Total . OrKil Britain - Fniice North of Europe 8oulh of Europe Coastwiie Total - 236,526 133.881 17,989 12.074 92,535 259,123' 289,189 141,872 101,253 4,368 9,742 6,91S 1,384 122,4m 60,705 ■225.667 82,,3()2 3.3;I8 1,690 94,223 203,365 78,l:l8 4,423 5,7V2 64,728 22;!,374 60,913 2,911 2,400 13'i,U8li 191,892 93,446 4,213 1,223 56,116 130,514 78.,370 I2,9i3 r.,095 41,017 142,546 G6,42'> 8.215 1,379 86,283 193,-539 60,101 9,279 66,763 493.005 634,765! 462,2w3 407,2:a 356,406 421,68-1' 351,890 267,949 304,848 329,682 Hogshrails of Tobacco. 15,492 1,193 6,942 1,980 19,329 6,338 1,460 4.262 1,962 20,343 8,112 3utj 4,610 1,455 10,418 4,8751 8,448 35 678 4,320 7,157 424 1,401 14,0-17 15,392 6,131 1,792 258 451 4,815 5,161 2,524 6,644 21,210| 13,980 4,567 23) 3732 8,288 8,674 6,400 ! 2,8.12 3)-2; 770 6,526, 4,183 4,294 i 2,763 18,309 16,022 43,941 31,365 24,931 23,701 1 32,974 34,968, 23,028 2i,491 35,111 2li,570 III. Arrivals of Ships, Brigs, Schooners, Sloops, and Steamboats, for Four Years, ending the 30th of Sppteiiiber, 1S36. Months. 1835-36. 18.14-35. 1833- 34. i 1 1632-33. 1 1 n II i Kw V3 & 1 i. 3. CO i was i C J3 35 Steam Boats. Ships. e S. ! a II (telotwr 46 38 25: 2 111 94 41 38 41 1 123 74 25 23 23 71 62 21 26 33 80 86 November 66 40- 37 143 113 73 47 37 1 158 101 53 42 3i 1 128 109 31 : 24 .10 8-. 73 December 69 69 66 1 195 144 79 63 66 1 198 141 52 8^ 60 1 195 118 65 .52 .17 1 1.54 MO Jiiiuary 32 52 70 1 Iji) 1.56 40 55 57 1 163 1.15 42 7!1 8,1 184 97 39 46 46! 1 131 173 February 57 40 63 1 161 120 411 40 65 146 115 19 49 68 1 135 112 62 59 72 183 112 March ■ 39 42, 64 2 147 160 70 6:5 8'2 217 119 67 f.4 58 3 182 lis, 32 46 6I| 1.18 125 April - ^/ly . 52 56 60 1 169 144 34 65 82 2 183 101 .57 48 57 n 162 1071 46 48 52' 1 147 104 56 41. 51 1 149 127 56 35 63 144 108 44 46 34 2 1-26 100 46 45 46, 1,17 84 June - 18 34 28 2 82 114 13 25 49 2 91 105 34 31 34 99 691 29 27 3U 86 68 July . IH 18 25 1 62 68 15 20 30 1 68 fiJt 6 99. 22 1 50 51 20 28 18; 68 ,15 August • 20 23 29 1 13! 56 17, 22 24 1 64 48 4 19 2,1 ] 47 43 7 15 25 47 31 September ,35 19 19 73' 76 24 13 18 ' 58 69 16 12 15 43 19i 17, 13 20 50 40 Totals 498 472 537 13 1,520, l.372;507 490 1393 11 1,601, 1,172 4ia_ 507 487 10 1,422 1,005 405 423 469 2 1,304 1,0SI We arc indebted for the above valuable information to the Circular Statement of IVilliam Alderson, Esq., New Orleans, the 1st of October, 1836. [For the information which follows concerning the commerce of New Orleans, we are indebted to Hazard's Commercial and Statistical Register. Imports from the Interior at New Orleans, for Three Years, ending with the 30th September, 1839. Articles. 1S39. 1839. 1837. Articles. 1839, 1838. 1537. Apples • - bl)ls. 6,395 24,908 20,625 Horns • . 27,150 7.050 16,376 Bacon, assorted hhds. & casks 13,631 11,328 7,781 Hay . bundles 9,915 12.9631 20,9-13 Ixiies 2S5 174 358 Iron, pig - tons 411 1,812 437 Bacon hams . hhds. 6,118 6,275 6,303 wrought — 17 boxe! 160 145 265 Lard - - hhds. 313 3C in bulk - - lbs. 1,-501,900 984,490 1,493,287 bbls. 8,635 3,745 3,636 Baling, Kentucky ■ pieces 49,539 42.331 34,761 kegs 218,673 2l9.('80i 211,975 Bale rope • coils 63,107 62,897 28,1 (.6 lbs. 2,300 10,000 Beans - . bbls. 417 3,973 6,501 Leather - bundles 615 495 824 Butter ■ . hhds. 5 61 1 sides 200 kegs and firkins 8,475 11,279 8,055 Lime, western • - bbls. 900 600 .•i9(^ bbls. 431 279 197 Lead, pig - bar kep ■ Pi^ 293,097 310,1021 244.090 Beeswax • bbls. 144 121 212 1 and boxes 821 1,526 411. boxes 21 1 4 Oats - bbls. 39,110 26.269 30,19.81 lbs. 4,250 7,900 563 Onions - — 681 1,398 4,02 ll Beef ■ • bbls. 10,754 6,131 9,870 Oil, linseed — 180 363 24i>| hhds. 72 36 17 bear _ 1 9 2i dried • Ills. 39,090 44,0-0 130.642 castor ais 666 8281 Buffalo robes • • packs 3,562 3,029 6,033 Peacb brandy - .- 61 157 1931 Cotton, L.ouisiana and Pecans • — • . 12ll Mississippi- ■ bales 477,949 661,225 442,257 Pickles - 207 31 420| 45!1 28.4 Ibl Lake • — 12,082 22,900 7,655 kegs 415 154 North Alabama and Potatoes • . bbls. 7„534 12,956 Tennessee - ^ 71,457 13,892 11,643 Pork - 166.113 138,583 115,95,-1 Arkansas — 7,003 124,495 132,124 hhds. 1,180 1,.5'23 51 ll Mobile — 16,768 11,969 7.101 in bulk ■ • lbs. 7,192,156 3,474,076 8,939.13-1 Florida — 1,080 5,437 1,053 Porter and ale < ■ bbls. 336 86 I.IN'i Texas - — 2,942 3,300 2,645 Kum puncheons 47S 484 raol Corn meal - bbls. 3,204 3,004 3,004 bbls. 454 421 4,31-4 in ears — 161,588 261,354 194,301 Skins, deer - pack» 3,183 2,92-. 4,014 shelled - • sacks 363,104 169,293 361,975 bear 74 13 9 Cheese - • casks 315 432 283 Shot - - kegs 270 2,017 i,f2;i Candlei ■ - lioiea ^■« 800 23 bags 106 HI Cider • ■ bbls. 188 1,621 737 Soap - boxes 300 587 33 Coal, western - ^^ 94,362 99,22A 61,118 Shingles - 66,000 140,000 fs.Cfiol Dried peaches • — 31 37 239 Slaves - t,700,000 600,000 l,0(JO,00ll apples — . 35 792 Segar^ • - bbls. ■S 3-1 40 Feathers • •>'!!» 457 141 152 Moss, Spanish - ■ bales 1,368 I, CM 3,9J1 Flaxseed - bbls. 316 541 1,220 Tallow • . bbls. 798 110 lOS Flour . -- 436,237 307,610 264,356 Tobacco, leaf - - hhds. 28,310 37,700 28.1116 Furs ■ hhJs. 114 28 26 chewing k sgsftlHixes 1,769 3,974 1,604 boxes 12 6 1 carrots , 3-6 bundles 301 Sfg 602 bnles 1,386 144 1.473 Oin ■ bbls. . 46 179 Twine - bundles 988 591 29SI Ginseng ■ Ings and cases 38 2 70 boxes 16 26 lbs. 3,8&5 3,000 9,500 Venison hams . 1,910 1,470 550 Hemp • bundles 4,044 450 Vinegar • ■ bbls. 1,874! 435 1.'3 Hempen yam . - reels ■ 91 40 Whiskey 29,949 60,011 43.«i Packing yarn • — 1,(M0 471 138 Window glass - • boxcfl 2,819 2.859 2,0:i9 Hides . • 19,613 12,2.15 22,241 Wheat ■ bbls and sacks 17,956 2,0271 6.422 liNtu) Otttam Price CumiiQ Arrivals of Months. October November Ueoeiiiber ! Janu.iry Febru.iry March April . April May lay . juiia . July . August • September Total E.xports of Ci Whither ei Liverpool Londiin . Ol-isgow and Or Cowes, Filmoul Cork, Belfast, Su Havre Bordeaux . Marseilles N.inli Celle and Rouen, Amsterdam Frciiten • Antwerp, Stc, Hanitttirg • Gottenburc SlHinindGibralt West Indies Genoa Tries'e, fti (lllier fnr eign porli Comparative A Years. IS.w-.'jg 18,17-.18 lS.i6-37 183,)-3G 1834-35 Exports of Sugai Whither export! New 4'nrk Philalelphia Chirlesinn, S. C. Siv.itunh - I'mviilenceandBrislo llnsion Billimore Nirfilk HichiiiondftPetenbur, Alexin.lria, D. C, .M.iliile . Apilachicnia nnd Pens Oiher Ports Total E.xport8 of Tobacc Whithi er exported Liverimil Liii.Inn (ilis.'o.v and GreenocS Ciiwe,, (jimoulh, *c. l^leiiix M.lrseilles Nin-z . Anisft-nLiin B-enien Antiverji, Sjc. Hinili ir< O'liienliiirj Spiin inl Gibraltar >Ve«t Ii,,|i,., Gerini, Trie.le .^,|. ^Iilii-r foreign riorls Vol] IJ.-_t~ NEW ORLEANS. 217 66( 731 6ii 36 3ll 40l , 1839. 1S37. 1 16,376 20,943 437i 3.636, 211,975; 824' 20()i 590, 244.090! 4311 33,198) 4,021 2491 2' 828| 193 12l! 4201 459 20,4161 115,95*1 531 8,939,I3^ I,1W 6)91 4,3t'4| 4,014 9 1,623 in ; 33 f«,0flO 1,000,000 '40 I 3,921 108 2d. 1 96 1,6(M 1.4731 2981 261 .660 123 43.632 2,0.59 6.422] Tcwnni.) Monllu. Oclober November Deceiiiber January Februiry March April . May • Juita - July • Aui(utt • September Total 1(38 -u9. i t. i ■g a m X /3 2 H 61 23 31 107 96 46 tn 197 86 47 M 5 201 K6 69 103 U 247 78 44 84 2 iUS 73 fin 9H 2 231 68 37 79 6 190 57 39 62 2 I6'.) 14 16 41 2 72 23 19 47 3 94 17 10 34 3 64 18 17 18 716 28 54 670 IWi 1836-37. Arrivals of Ships, Ilrlifs, Schooners, Sloops, »nd StcaiiibDat!), fur Tlircu Years, ending 30tn Sept., 1839, i II 163 lUi 17. 1 IT, Hj IH- 144 76 53 62 1-37 3i .8 3 s. 62 137 16.4 173 1 43 188 173 168 99 71 64 56 74 M3 204 194 165 180 1)0 144 166 79 35 57 ii, i _• V 7i |2 tAS 1 SI 117 107 168 193 2l'l 184 146 1«» 148 146 186 1)1 155 2 ittu 111 ? 74 101 62 92 61 60 1 59 6« 6 1478 r.i9 (iVeu; Orttani Price Cuirtnt) Exports of Cotton, from the port of New Orleans, for the Ifisi Three Years, commencing Ist October, and ending 30th aeptemher. Wliithcr Mported. Liverpool London • Gt.isKnw >n^ Greenock Cnwea. Filmouih, &c. Cork, Relfut, &c« • Havre Bnrdeatii . Marseilles N.iniz Cetie and Rouen, • Anistrrdam Bri'iuen • Antwerp, &c. Ifanil'ur^ * Gotienburc Spiiii nnd Gibraltar West Indira Genoa Triea'e, ftc. Oilier rnrci^n ports Bales of Cotlun. i I93&-39. 297,774 1837-33. 1836-37. 463,193 333,832 6 123 41 7,390 16,147 l-,077 2,459 48 2,968 2,139 . I,1H0 112,779 110,609 112,410 1,348 4,407 6,100 6,2 55 7,2«5 9,110 2,070 6,527 6,2i9 763 49 <>32 202 27 6.6 123 . 1,598 2,7 «2 310 3,149 2,533 947 343 553 1,225 4,713 4,300 4,259 2,611 2,050 3,656 7.171 7,873 113 902 233 Whither eiported. New York Boston - Providence, R. I. Philadelphia Raliinifire hirtiiinnulh Other coastwise ports Total . Bales of Collon. 1838-39. 1837-38. 1S36-37. 62,091 39,352 24,734 4",2l2 40,271 3>,-.09 4,038 1,607 1,177 6,150 8,.626 6,0.2 3,4.60 6,148 2,978 5,.169 4,819 8.041 7,171 6,020 3,781 580 817 737,186 .691,538 RECAPITULATION. Great Britain France • North of Europe - South of Europe • Coast >v ise Total 309,768 l22,4-.2 1,446 9,040 138,111 58 ',817 481,501 127.^28 7,6.80 14,628 103,749 737,186 355,0911 I3I.'4I 6,431 14,225 8.5,145 694,534 Comparative Arrivals, E.xports and StocJts of Cotton of Now Orleans, for Ten Years, coniiiiencing Ist Ociulier. Mockt. )l.il.! Vcars. is:i8-.'i9 1837-38 1836-37 183.J-36 1831-35 Arrivals n.ilcs. 580,281 743,218 601,475 498,895 531,368 ExporU. B.iles. 580,S17 737,1^0 596,068 493,005 534,765 16,307 8,813 15,302 8,702 4,812 Jtrrivall. ilrjmrrj. S^tockt. Years. B.les. B.ilra. B.ilr«. 1833-34 40.6,103 469.253 8,7,^6 1832-33 418,8.i3 407,220 7,400 1831-32 349,797 356,406 7,oa8 1>*.10-31 42S,hT6 424,684 13,697 1629-30 303,611 351,890 9,505 (AVu) Oileam Price Cmrent.) Exports of Sugar and Molasses (up the River excepted) for Three Years, ending 30th September, 1839. Whither exported. 1E3H-39. 1837-38. 1 IKW-37. ses. Sug,ir. Mol.isses. Sugar. Mol nn. i Su^r. 1 Jlolas Hbils. Bbls. Hhcls. Hbl«. flliiN. Bbls. IlhJs. 4,827 Bbls. i 8,012 llh.K 1 1 MB Bbls. 53 [this. 5,I7S Hbls. 8,816 Newifiirk • 9.9l;l 229 7,6*1 3,>-81 109l)D 73 Philaleljihia 4,714 126 17:1 692 5,42 i • 782 7'6 5.257 19 3;17 403 Chirleslnn, S. C. • l,-3i 97 861 2,814 1,673 • 591 3,696 1,774 171 2 16 3,3i3 67.1 30 IS2 1,174 404 81 ■ - 1,322 450 . 2,8-7 I'mviilcnce and Briitnl, R. I. 3 3 273 69^ 29 3«3 162 . 52 155 1,612 131 436 328 34> • 227 1.826 82.6 36 727 Billimore . 5,914 396 1,734 3.652 4,413 • 1,216 3,5.63 4,884 120 2S1 3,431 Nnrfilk 6.9 5 - 391 188 • 1 770 5:19 - . t 57E Richiiiond & Pelersburj, Va. 1,216 19 231 765 844 110 236 ' I tiOO 876 - 8 1,67C Atex^nilria, D. C. • 137 . • 399 69 15 237 108 . . 1 36> Mobile 1,S36 1401 • 2,6(W 1,229 231 - . 2,018 1,047 157 3.087 A|iilachicola :ind Peiuacola Oilier Ports • Total 4'iO 661 232 1,533 38ii 1,219 13 906 229 1.034 3 1.304 47:5 1,174 l,3:S7 1,328 20,413 232 26,098 1,V28 3.662 1,610 2,474 70 27,581 679 22J 6,326 1,342 28.124 29,143 3,011 13,115 10,14) 27,133 2.269 (A'eu) Orleans Price Cntrfnl.) E.tport3 of Tobacco, from the port of New Orleans, fur the lust Three Years, coininencing Isl Octo- ber, and endtni; 30th September. Whillier exported. Ho (. ~97ld4~ .1,-17 6,''44 3, ISO IO,3yO 32,723 (i.-e.it Britain Frniice • N trill of Europe .S'luth of Kurope • Coastwise Total 8,570 1.565 2,539 4.448 12.618 29.630 10.031 .6,143 2.9-3 3 366 15.563 37,l".7« Vol. II.— T 2S «l 3 I ;*li, 218 NEW ORLEANS. Comparative Arrivals, KxportH, and Stncio nf Tnhnrrn nr New Orleans, for Ten Years, commencing Ul OclohiT. ^rrivalf. F.ip')rt1. Hliilv m <:»!. Arrival: Krpnrlt. S(oc»». Yrara. IIMs. HiKlS. V«r». Hilda. llku. HIkIi. 18.W-39 28,310 20,030 015 IK3.1-.34 9t,0«3 21,031 216 J 837-38 37.70fi .37.(r7fi 2,301 1H;)2-33 21.361 23,701 717 lH3H-:<7 28,190 32,7.5 1.511 1831-38 .30,015 32,074 3,857 1835-36 40,034 43,941 7.277 I8:<0-3I 32,708 34,968 6,416 1834-33 35,890 34,31)5 1,284 1829-30 33,781 28,028 9,493 Com pa ralive Number of Vegsels, in the Port of New Orlear 8. Seplembrr 30. IK)!). IS3S. IM7. 1836. 1833. 1834. I83& Shipfl, 17 20 - 26 43 . 25 . 11 - 16 Barks, 1 3 . 4 a . 2 - « hhgg, 17 15 . 8 17 . 24 - 11 15 Sctiuoncrs 21 38 - 18 - 24 . 25 . 13 - 20 Total, 56 76 56 85 76 45 57 (JVew Orleans Price Current.) ^n Ordinance Conterning the I.rree Duties in and for the Port of JVeio OWfon.» — Tlie General Coun- cil of the Municipalities of New Orleans, in conformity with the 20th section of the Act of Incorpora- tion, approved 8tli March, IH.'ifi, ordain as follows: Article 1. The levee or wharfajfe iliilies on sliipg and other decked vessels, and on steam vesseU arriving from sea, sliall be lixed us follows : On each sct vessel under 75 tons, ... . - ^12 — ol 75 and under 100 tons, . . 15 — 100 — 125 — - - 20 — 125 — l.-iO — - - 25 — 150 — 200 — - - 30 — 200 — 250 — - - 40 — 2.')0 _ .-iOO — . - 60 — 300 — 350 — - - 55 — 350 — 400 — . - 60 — 400 — 450 — - - 65 — 450 — 500 — - - 75 — 650 — (iOO — - - 85 — 600 — 650 — - - 95 — 650 — 700 — - - 110 — 700 — 750 — - - 120 — over 750 130 Art. 2. The payment of these duties shall Iw exacted and collected by the municipality within whose limits such vessels may have moored, after their arrival from sea in |Mirt ; and an extra duty of one third of these rates sliall be paid by all vessels which may remain in port over two months, llie same to be recovered at till! commencement of the third niontli; and if they remain in port four months, then tliey .sliall pay a further additional wliarfage of one third of said rates, at tlie commencement of tlie fifili montli, and be privileged to remain until the expiration of six months from date of original arrival and moorinp, without a further charjie beiiiu imposed on Ihem. Art. 3. When any vessel shall be removed from tliat division of the port in which it shall have ori- ginally paid duty, to another division of said port, under tlie jurisdiction of another municipality, said latter municipality shall be entitled to receive from tliu municipality to whicli said duty has been first paid in the following ratio, vix. : One half of the duty actually paid or due, if said vessel have not remained loncer than fifteen days in tlial part of the port in wliicli it was first moored ; one third, if said vessel have remained lonjer than fifteen days, but not more than twenty-five days ; but if beyond twenty-five days, not any part of said fluty siiall be recovered. Nevijrtlieless, the municipality in whose limits said vessel shall afterwards be moored, sliall have tlie riplit tolevy and ci Uect the extra duty of one tiiird of the rates nientiiuied in Article I, on tlie conililions iiientioiu'ii in Article 2; provided, tliat no furtiu^r char^'e i;r extra duly shall be exacted from any vessel which may have removed from one part of the port to another, fur the mere purpose of fortliwitli proceediii); to sea. Art. 4. All vessels or steamboats comiiis from sea, which, after their arrival in port shall proccedto, and relnrn from any plantation, or other place, with a cargo, or part of a cargo, of any kind of pro- duce whatever, and shall again enter llie port for the purpose; of discharging the same, shall pay, on returning from any such trip, a levee duty of eight dollars over iind above the duties fixed by the 1st article of this ordinance, the same to be collected by the municipality within whose limits said vcs- nels may discharge said produce. Art. 5. The levee duties oti steam vessels navigating on the river, and which shall moor and land In any part of the incorporated limits of the port, shall be fixed as follows : On each steatner under 75 tons, - - . - . ^ 8 — of 75 and under 100 tons, - . 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 60 55 60 Art. 6. All steam vessels employed as pickets, and plying regularly between this port and ports in the nulf of Mexico, including Havana, sliall pay no otiier or higher rate of wharfage than is iiiipoiicd by this ordinance on steamboats navigating the Mississippi. Art. 7. The duties specified in the preceding article, shall be paid on the mooring and landing of snid steamers in port, by their captains or other agents, to the oHicer entrusted with their collection by tha municipality wittiin whose limits said vessels shall have moored and landed. Art. 8. After tl:e payment of these duties, said steamers shall be entitled to remain thirty days in thut part of the port which may liave h -en designaled by the municipality to which it belongs ; ,ind any steamer remaining oV(,'r thirty consecutive ilays. sliall pay an additional duty of two dollars per day, until its final departure from port, the same to be collected daily ; and if any steamer leaves its 100 l.'iO l.iO — 200 200 — 250 2.')0 300 300 — 350 350 — 400 400 — 4.50 4.')0 — .500 500 — 550 over 550 - . flm lanrtl duly of IV removed. Art. «. ! whiile or I same duty per oflicer Art. 10. lars to the Art. II. ' and other i On each any kind. On each On all ba On alt bo On each c The owrii of ^1 per di The follow On their I On each s On raffs o On each ri On each CI description r On all crs duty of . Art. 12. Al eggs, or any markets, sha of craft, oih« according to Art. 13. Th goes in port, i daily an addil And less th And ill the i place oflandi of twelve daj The time ai is fixed at tw floats, shall lie each day they ers or consign with the dispi nal, on the ev into effect. P niiinicip:iliti«s op and used w Art. 14. It is I cause to Ite sold spirituous liqiu said fine to be It is also exp craft, under tin Art. 15. All I part of the por goods or iiierch leans, exceptini than $,')0 nor e\ Art. 16. Inca sigiiees, or the i officers of the s or persons so ci for each cnntra\ Art 17. It sh! owners, and kei their respective iniinicipaliiy, in from one divisio Art. IS. All th which any coiili of the wliarfinL'i they he resiste:iIh, idkI which shall have received on board any produce, the whole or any part of the cargo of n vessel, and shall ilischarge the same on tins levee, shall pay the same duty as is specified in Article ,1, according to their tonnage ; said duty to he collected by the pro- per oflicer of ihe iiiiiiiicipalily within whose limits such discharge shall be effected. Art. 10. Tow boats shall pay, for each time they may moor to take in wood or other fuel, eight dol- lars to the municipality within whose limits they may moor and take in said fuel. Art. 11. The following levee dues shall be exacted on all Hat boats, barges, keel boats, pirogues, and other raft, crafts, &c. : On each flat boat, either fully or in part laden with produce, materials, or merchandise of any kind, .--. ^]0 On each barge, measuring 70 feet or more in length, ........ jo On all barges, keel lionts, or boats measuring less than TO feet, and not exceeding 15 tons burthen, 6 On all boats not described in the present ordinance, ........ 4 On each coasting pirogue, ............. 1 The owners or keepers of boats used as places of dep6t for any article whatever, shall pay a duty of ^1 |>er day. The following duties shall also be levied : On their being broken up, if in the incorporated limits of the port, each flat boat, • . - f 4 On each steamer, or other vessels limn flat boats, being broken up within said limits, - - 10 On rafts of timber not containing more than 25 logs each raft, .--.-.. 5 On each raft of timber containing more than 85 logs, then in the ratio of that increase. On each craft measuring 40 tipns or under, em|)loyed to carry sugar, molasses, wood, or any other description of merchandise, tliere shall be levied, on each trip, a duty cf ..... 4 On nil craft e.xct^ding 40 ions each, employed as above, shall also be levied, on each trip a duty of 6 Art. 12. All boats or other vessels arriving within the limits of the port, with fish, meat, vegetables, eggs, or any and every other kind of provisions, e.\pre8Bly for the purpose of supplying the several markets, shall be entirely exempt from paying any levee dues ; but the same, and all other description of craft, otherwise employed, whether particularly mentioned in this ordinance or not, shall pay duty according to the tarifl* above ordained. Art. 13. The time allowed for all pirogues, flat boats, barges, boats and keel boats to land their car- goes in port, shall be fixed at twelve days from their original arrival, after which said craft shall pay daily an additional duty on each barge, boat, or keel boat over TO feet in length, - - - $100 And less than TO feet long --..--....... 75 And in the event of any of said vessels removing from one municipality to another, from their first place of landing, they shall pay daily said additional duty to the latter municipality, whether said term of twelve days shall have expired or not. The time allowed for discharging of boats or other craft not otherwise described in this ordinance, is fixed at twelve days from their arrival in port, after which said boats and craft, and all rafts and floats, shall be taken out of the incorporated liuiita of the port, under penalty of being fined $25 for each day they may be found in violation of the law, said fine to be paid by all owners, masters, keep- ers or consignees of said flat boats, rafts or floats, for each and every day they may refuse to comply with the dispositions of the present ordinance ; said fine to be recovered before any competent tribu- nal, on the evidence of the proper officer whose duty it is to see the levee or port ordinances carried into eflect. Provided, however, that this clause in the present ordinance shall not deprive any of the municipalities of the right of granting a specific privilege for said flat boats, rafts or floats, to be broken op and used within any one of their respective limits. Art. 14. Ills hereby ex|iressly forliidden to all owners, masters, consignees, or other persons, to sell, or cause to be sold, on board of any of t lie aforesaid craft, under any pretence whatever, wine, beer, cider, and spirituous liquors in quantities less tlian a Itarrel, under a penalty of fifty dollars for each contravention ; said fine to be paid by them in the like manner, and on the like evidence as are described in Article 13. It is also expressly forbidden to smoke, or allow to be smoked, meat of any kind on board of said craft, under the penalty in the manner levied, and on the evidence above mentioned. Art. 15. Ail barges, flat boats, keel boats, or other craft, in which shall be exposed for sale in the part of the port assigned for their accommodation during tlie said term of twelve days, any produce, goods or merchandise brought on board from a distance less than 100 miles above tlie cities of js'ew Or- leans, excepting sugar, molasses, and cotton, the staples of Louisiana, shall be fined in a sum of not less tlian $.'>0 nor exceeding 8100, the same to be recovered in the manner set forth in Article 13. Art. 16. In case any person should furnish any false reports relative to the cargoes, owners, or con- signees, or the date of such crafts entering the port, or in any manner interfere with, or impede the olficers of the several municipalities in the free exercise of the duties devolving on them, said person or persons so contravening shall, on conviction, pay a fine of not less than $20, nor exceeding #100 for each contravention. Art 17. It shall be obligatory on the part of captains of vessels and steamers, and also on masters, owners, and keepers of all crafts, flat boats, rafts and floats, to pay the aforesaid duties on board Of tlieir respective vessels, a receipt for which shall he delivered to them by the proper oflicer of each iminicipalily, in order to prove payment thereof, in case any of said vessels, craft, &.c. be removed from one division of the port to anollier. Art. IS. All the fines imposed by this ordinance shall be for the benefit of the municipality within which any contravention thereof may have been committed ; the same to be levied on the evidence of the wliarfiniier, and if voluniarily paid, Ihe receipt for same shall be given by the treasurer ; hut if they be resisted, then their recitlier of (lie niuni- Clpaliliei, he or they xhall he I'orthwith required to deiiver up to tlie trensurer of the nuinicipniity whence hia or their appoiiitincnt wus derived, all his or their hooka, acuounti, and voucliers npper- MininK thereto. Art. 22, The present ordinance rIirII he pitt in force in lendnyi* nfler its proniiilEniiDn hy the Miiyor; ■nd the execution of such diDpnitiiions thereof as relate to th<' police of tlie port, aliall speciiilly helong to the otflcers appointed by each of tlie niiiniii|Kiliiii's for this pnrpoHe. Art. 23. All previous ordinances, or parts of ordinaiires relative to levee dues, nnd to the police of the port, and which may he at variance with, or opposed to, the pri>visions of the present ordinance, ■ball be, and the same are hereby repealed.— (JVtw UrUana Price Current.) The following are the rates imposed on every description of merchandise, by an ordinance of the general council of New Orleans, which was put in execution on the first day of November, 1839. Ob Mch hale of cotton, h,iy, or mou . • . ■ On eacti !iii((Nhei'l (ifsun.ir . . . • • On each hfushea^l (if molaaiei . . - ■ • ftj each hr)((Oie 1 1 of totiiccn ..... Oawch I.OUO feel of lumber or 1,000 Haves Ob each barrel of flur, whuHey, spirits of any kind, hccf, pork, potatoes, onions, linie, or other articlwi packet in urrels, except leaJ, iron, or other articles of great weight ■ 3 Ob each c tsk of haroii, hanw, *c. • • - .6 Ob each ton of piir leut, pif( iron, iron and copper nails, iron artii-les, coil, salt, slates, (tag stones, tiricks, pav. inxt curb, ami eiitler stone, stone. b.tr iron, sand or ballast, or other art.cles of greftt weight, cuuipulinK the ton it «,OiX) lbs. !•> Ob each k'-e of lard, butter, kc, - • - - 1 Oa each firkin of do. • - • - • '2 On each piece of bi^^in^, coil hale rope, packinfc yarn, &c. • 21-2 Od each iiack or »mail trnss uf skins, sack of com, corn meat, oats, bran, or olt'Cr grain • ■ - • .21.2 On e.irli crite of ear'hen or stoneware - • • -10 On each crate of bottles - • • - -5 On each title of blai.keta. or articles parked in bates, or cases of the bulk and weight thereof (say 400 II1S.J ■ . 6 Centt, <■ 10 It) i2i-;> 1212 Cenlt. ■2 On each tjox of tin p'alps- .... tin each bale, box, c.ise. trms, or other packiee of less weight and diniiMisi'ins tlun a bale of blaiike:s, includ.nj soap, lish, caridhs, \e. ■ • * • « - 4 On tach pipe of v^ inr, bran ly, or other liquors, exce.iJ.nj t gill IIS ....... 2S On racli cask of wine, brandy, or other liquors, of GO i^allorii 01 I ss . On eaih case. Iiisk't, or box of wine, C'lrdials, liquors, and oil, con ainiiiif one doz n b:itt|e9 ..... On each case, ba>kt-t. or box of wine, cordials, liquors, oil,. %C., coiiiiii,iiii( more than one d zt-n b.ittieK, then in pro|iortion to thit excess is-ly two reii s iHTituzenj, On bulk pork, p. r ton of i,00, lbs. .... tin each i.a,e of Cfinp^r .-...- tin each liaic of colli-e ...... On e^ich liox of suuir ...... On each empty lioj^^Iiead, tierce, bundle of chiirs, buckets, ftc. On all packages of nieri-liandi&e, not particularly described in the fore^ouu taiitf. shall be ■ inr|>I.v ; wliilt! IIiohp who wi^ihcd for a more firlcct rrninien — who prcli'rrrtl (iiie or two (<(>|mrati! diHlu'* Id n multitude liuddlcd togelhor — would lie ahle, — wliicli at prfsi'iil tliry ure not, — to Rrulify their timte. IS'either can there be much doubt that nn ad vnhurm duty would be more productive than the pre- aent duty ; inasmuch as, by legitimatiHin;; the circulation of low-priced paper*, their number would lie prodigiouHly augmented. It bIho would have the advantage of being euHy of collection ; for, being a certain portion of the price, no question could arise with respect to it. Instead, however, of imposing an ud valorem duty on newspapers, it has been proposed to repeal the duty entirely, and to substitute in its stead a post-oltlcc duty, similar to that charged in the United States. A scheme of this sort would entirely exempt all newspapers printed and sold in large towns from the duty ; a result which, we confess, we do not think is in any respect desirable, but the reverse. In our view of the matter, the object ought not to be to relieve newspapers from the tax, or to create dilferenccs in their price by charging a duty only on those carried by post, but to assess the duty so that it should fall equally on them all. Notices of Newspapers. — The history of newspapers, and of periodical literature in gene- ral, remains to be written ; and weru the task executed by an individual of com[ietent ' ability, and with due care, it would be a most interesting and important work. It appears, from the researches of Mr. Chalmers, that the first newspaper pulilished in modern Europe made its appearance at Venice, in 153G ; but the jealousy of the government would not allow of its being printed; so that, for many years, it was circulated in manuscript! It would seem that newspapers were first issued in England by authority, in 1588, during the alarm occasioned by the approach of the Armada to our shores ; in order, as was stated, by giving real information, to allay the general anxiety, and to hinder the dii>semination of false and exaggerated statementa. From this era, newspapers, of one sort o other, have, with a few intermissions, generally appeared in London ; sometimes at regular, and sometimes at irre- gular intervals. During the civil wars, both parties had thei: m wspapers. The earliest newspaper published in Scotland made its appearance under the huspices of Cromwell, in 1652. The Caledonian Mercury was, however, the first of the Scotch newspapers of native manufacture; it made its appearance at Edinburgh, under the title of iV/ercurma Caledonius, in 1660; but its publication was soon afterwards hiterruptcd. In 1715, a newspaper was, for the first time, attempted in Glasgow. The Daily Courant, the firpt of the daily newspapers piibliHhed In Great Britain, made its appearance at London in the early part or the reign of Queen Anne.— (See the Life vf Ruddiman, pp. 103—131.) From the Stamp Otiice Acrninitg, it appears that tbr ncinher of newspapers sold annually in Eng- land, durins the S years ending with 1733, was 7,41) 'V-t ; in 1760, g,4Ui,7t>0 • in I'UO, 14,035,639: in 1792, 15,005,760. I. Account of the Aggregate Number of Stamps issued for Newspapers in each of the undermentioned Years ; distinguishing the Numbers in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Tan. 1801 England. Scotland. Great Drilain. Yean. England. Scotland. 850,816 Great Britain. 1 Ireland* 15,090,805 091,280 16,085,085 1817 20.916,252 21,797,063 2,480,401 1802 14,204,289 967.750 15,232,039 1818 21,015,129 1,018,900 22,064,329 2,651,212 1803 15,888,921 1,060,210 16,919,1.11 1810 21,901,834 1,143,615 23,048,449 2,782,903 1804 16,921,708 1,156,525 18,078,293 1S20 25,177,127 1,2.16,560 26,413,687 2,974,156 1805 17,610,069 1,172,200 18,782,269 1821 23,099,752 1,162,434 21,862,186 2,931,037 1806 19,218,984 1,313,709 20,532,793 1822 22,709,159 1,223,244 23,932,403 3,088,472 1807 20,097,602 1,337,259 21,434,861 1823 23,422,526 1,217,739 24,670,265 3,339,492 1808 20,714,566 1,343,925 22,058,491 1824 21,556,660 1,017,019 25,573,909 3,364,999 1800 22,5.W,331 1,470,5.^2 24,006,883 182.5 25,485,503 1,405,191 26,950,094 3,500,482 1810 22,519,786 1,459,775 23,979,561 1826 25,681,003 1,296,549 26,980.552 .1,473,014 1811 22.977,963 1,443,750 24,424,713 1827 25,863,499 1,795,771 27,659,270 3,545,846 1812 23,719,000 1,573,600 25,292,600 1828 26,632,566 2,162,643 28,795,209 3,790.272 1813 24.8.39,397 1,503,221 26,342,618 1829 26,337,006 2,699,328 29,036,334 3,953,550 1814 24,931,910 1,376,093 26,308,003 1830 27,.S70.092 3,1.13,988 30,504,080 4,0.15,314 1815 23,075,985 1,.^09,523 21,385,508 1831 30,170,093 3,280,072 33,450,165 4,361,430 1816 21,053,627 990,727 22,050,354 1832 29,427,.'i80 3,264,851 32,692,431 4,518,260 1833 27,690,929 3,033,292 30,724,221 3,791,000 1834 27,552,829 3,111,299 30,664,128 4,084,442 1835 28,490,569 3,024,454 31,515,023 4,290,836 * Until 1817 no distinct account was kept of the stamps issued for newspapers in Ireland. II. A Returns howing the Number of Stamps issued for London Newspapers during the undermen- tioned Years, ending with 1835. 1825. 1830. 1831. 1832. 1833. 1834. 1835. 16,910,086 19,765,921 22,048,509 21,432,882 20,247,325 19,159,583 19,417,826 JVote. — As ft few of the London newspapers are supplied with stamps through stationers (w,ho also procure stamps for the provincial newspapers), the total number of stamps issued for the whole of the London newspapers cannot be furnished. Blackburn A a Bnllon Chmi Boston 0.iz«t Brighton llri 0.11 Gui Briitol Oizrt I Joiirn j Mirrti Merci Tirnm Buckf Ciwif Herald Bury Tost ■ and Slid and Sutf I'.lintirian - Clnil)ri,|geri Carliile Journ fMm Carmirllicn J I Carmrvnn Hu •Chelmsford I llerild . Chellenliim C J( Cheater Chron ('onrj rheilerneid G: Cnlrheiter G.ij CornubUn (I'a Cornwall (iizc We. Coventry Hera Merc County Preii. } Cumlierlin!>fv-r« In England, in the Year endinR the til of April, Ih.I.I, wIiIi tlir ilnly on tilvorllHi'iM''>>ii ;iur/. I'aiitra, N Indermen- 11835. Title of Ntw ipapar. Numlier of Advertisement Slampi. Duly. L. 1. A. Bilhllmld 66,100 411 12 fhroiiicl* . 47,000 428 16 JourriAl 66,1X10 460 19 >ml Challenhun Ouatt* 6#,000 487 7 6 Bee, Slaniforti 13^000 1.10 It ll(!ri(ihtr« Chronicle S0,0S0 23S 14 6 Herwirlc Atlvcrliwr 17,000 2.13 16 Birniiii||luni Uilelte (Aril'i) ili.ixn l,H91 II « Journal IIH.OOO 638 2 6 Blackburn Airrrd • 1,040 26 6 0«elle 4,000 130 4 BnUnn Chmnicio • 40,000 220 « 6 Boston Oarelte 10,000 178 13 6 Brighton ilrnli • 26,000 482 • 6 Uaulie • 41,000 461 16 Ouirdiin • 44,000 392 17 6 Brittol Gazet'e 25,000 445 18 Jouriia) 86,000 7M 11 6 Mirror I07,IS0 MM 9 6 Mercury 45,337 281 1 TiniM 7,500 47 8 6 Buck! (M»lie 39,44H 201 12 llenM 15,500 160 6 Bury Poit .... 73,600 461 13 >ii(l SutTnlk Prm »,000 31 10 »nil SulTolk Herald • 19,000 681 3 6 ('ainliriaii . . . - 80,100 481 15 Cinitiri'tce Chronicle 6S,0i0 173 12 Carlisle Journal 66,0(10 340 18 Patri'it 30,000 2S15 1 6 Carmarthen Journal 2.5,900 219 5 6 Carrnrvou Herald ■ 19,000 190 4 6 >L'heliiisrnrd Chronicle, and Enex Her lid . . . . 98,000 559 6 ChrMenham Chronicle 36.500 M7 4 6 Journal I3,0(i0 234 6 6 Cheater Chronicle • 61,000 5.19 10 6 Con rant • 4 '1,000 490 3 6 Chnterfleld OaMtte 2S,00) Colrhrsler Gazette 18,000 232 II 6 Corniibian (I'alinouth) l-',000 86 12 6 Cornwall (lazetle • 24,'W 228 7 6 We«t Briton 60,900 293 16 6 Coventry Herald and Observer 32,625 244 6 Mercury • 18,000 274 1 County Press. Hertford 26,100 193 18 Cumberland Packet 25.000 244 13 Derby Mcrcuiy 48,000 639 17 6 Reporter 40.2(10 318 6 6 Devizes Oazetle • 32.100 28li 13 Uevonport 'I'elcxraph 38,2 -.0 375 6 Independent 6,000 • Devonshire ('hrcmicte, North Devon Journal, and P.aeler News 21,950 249 6 6 Doncaster (tazette • 76,000 590 12 6 Dnrches'er Journal 60.100 324 9 Donet County Chronicle • 47,750 355 12 Durham Advertiser 30,000 319 4 Chronicle 27,000 335 3 6 Essex Standard 35,900 251 2 6 Indenenient • 26,375 91 14 Klcter Fl) in» Host • and Plymouth Gazette 4«,.500 480 14 6 75,225 625 7 1 Falmouth Packet - 26,821 169 11 6 tilnucesler Journal • 102,300 816 4 Halifax Kipress - 21,500 200 11 Guardian • 8,500 Hampshire Advertiser, or Soulhamp. Ion Herald 60,000 606 12 6 Trlei;nph 166,000 801 10 Chronicle 67,2iO 485 12 6 Hereford Journal - 7^425 671 18 Times • 3'),2M) 120 11 6 Herts Mercury 2A650 218 18 6 Hull Packet 29,000 276 13 6 Advertiser ■ 6«,K25 644 12 Rockingham . 35,000 2tM 18 Huntingdon Gazette 95,000 647 10 Ipswich Journal Kentish Chronicle - 100,000 6l2 8 6 12,000 196 Gazette • 78,000 627 6 Observer - 27,000 31 17 Kent Herald 66,000 438 7 6 Uucaster Herald • 22.46t 120 !1 6 Gazette - 22,000 194 12 Leamington Spa Courier 29,000 303 9 •I>reds Intelligencer, and Newcutle Journal • . . . 168,7,'.0 1,027 19 Title ot Newspeper. I.eedi Times Mercury • • • Patriot Leicester Cbronicl* Herald • Journal . • - Lincoln Herald Lincolnshire (Chronicle I.itchlield Mercury Liverpool Courier Albion • Mercantile Advertiser * General Advertiser Mercury Satunlay Advertiser Chronicle Journal Standard Times ■ Macclesfield t^ourier .\laids(une (it/etle ■ Journal Manchester 'I'lmes ("hronicle (fuardiaii and Salionl Advertiser • * Courier, and Manches ter Herald Merthyr Guanlian Monmouthshire Merlin * Newcastle t'hronicle Newcastle utmn-Tyne Mercury Newcas'le Courant Norfolk Ctirnnicle lleraM and East Anglian Norwich Mercury Nortliauiptun M(;rcury Free Press Herald Northumberland Advertiser Nurth Devon Advertiser Wales Chronicle Nottingham Journal Rf-virtw and Newark Mercury Oxford Herald Journal Plymouth Herald - and Devonport Journal Portsmouth Herald Preston Chronicle Pilot Reading Mercury • llTchester Gazette ■ Salisbury Journal • Silopian Journal - Sheffield lnde|)endenl Courant - Mercury Iris Sherborne Mercury Shrewsbury Chronicle Staffordshire Mercury Advertiser Stamford News . Mercury Stockport Advertiser SulTolk Chrimicle - Sunderland Herald Sussex Advertiser • Taunton Courier • Wakefield and Halifax Journal Warwick General Advertiser Welshman, The • Western Luminary (Eieter) Tiniea (Bieler) • Westmoreland Advertiser • Gazette Whitehaven Herald Wiltshire Standard Windsor Express - Wolverhampton Chronicle Worcester Journal Herald • York Chronicle • Herald and York Counnt Yorkshire Gazette • Racing C.alendar Number of Btamtit. 2,100 311,0110 n,o. 43,40J 4,075 89,,.00 ll,i;25 2U,IX)0 «,7iiO 1,500 85,01X) 27,';.'* 41»,-«l 172, lOO 10, 00 2 ',000 ;7.u(K) 37,1100 42,0>M 87,1 I'M 42..500 62,Ua0 I8i,il0 47,^.50 1 82.0(10 1511,033 112.31)0 lO.ioO 34,!K)IJ 121,1(10 ;ij,5 1 dl,n5 i)ti,l» /tl.iOO 86,01,0 114.' tK) 2i.)00 36.(IU0 \X'-M ll,5U0 17,TliO 4>,(XI0 70,M)0 44.IXX) 4b,lO0 117,500 ■2ti,;it<) 18 500 65,.'i' 29,')00 21,000 114,700 3,1.00 150,000 66,000 3i,aoo 23,500 37,2 .0 25,' 00 47.0 93,700 15,'iOO 135,000 52,500 272,500 34,736 8101^0 19,000 6'',80O 22,000 26,300 60,1X10 29,900 31,500 4ti,000 12,000 1,1,000 22,000 2400 34,500 41,100 60,000 73,(H» 16.000 120,000 72,500 5,150 Advefttsenie' h. ,. *■' l,4f'3 17 » 177 12 6 2114 15 6 HO .1 580 6 142 16 25 14 6 747 5 1,261 4 6 1,7:10 15 1,276 9 3-2 18 II 5(il II 6 353 13 6 615 6 2r> 15 431) 13 6 4:1s 14 6 3 IS 11 6 614 7 6 Lini 1 6 604 II 868 7 28-, n 6^2 6 >> U 1,217 l;l 9 9 HI 6 2 6 3114 1 ) 6 12 1 16 6 81 4 2 2 414 13 6 3 5 18 274 II 6 364 17 6 877 16 2-2 2 210 17 6 316 225 11 6 176 18 6 667 5 6 57 18 6 1,070 16 6 619 3 257 8 6 211 15 334 1 6 291 8 371 14 U 6i-2 3 U I-.4 10 6 719 12 1S3 1 1,509 7 B 197 13 U 663 1 6 ai6 7 577 6 6 267 4 6 I6'< 11 409 13 6 128 2 220 3 287 7 103 6 99 4 6 200 6 270 10 408 9 666 1 698 e 6 93 5 6 935 14 6 643 C 6 19 6 iVoIe.—Thii return ii founded upon penodicil accoiintt renilered br slatiunert, who procure (he stampt At thit nfiice for newipapen. Tbe pApers marked thus * being the properly of I pennn, in whose nuiie the tt:imt}S are taken out, the number used for each paper cau> Dot be distinifutshed. *4* We extract the rollowiu; important paragraph from a note by Mr, Woor], the intcllifcent chairman of the Board of Stamps, sub* jDined to the ParU Paper^ No. 75S. Sesn. 1833. It shows that the return given above, of the circulation of country newspapers, can- not bR much depenJed upon. Uf course, there are no such inaccura* riei in the accounts of advertiaemealt : — '* Supposing, however, that the returns had been correct tnnscripti of the bonk* in 'his office, it is worthy of remark that they would lint hive atli)rde>l accurate inforniattou as to the circul.iliou uf newt- pipers. The circumitances hereinafter detailed will show that such returns muit be always incomplete and fallacious. " la the instaace of the Loimod aewspaper«| the account may ap> proach to toleral>le correctness, as the stamps are usually obtained by the parties directly from this office; but it may be observed that tl^ete papers borrow from each other, and we h.ive alio reason to be- lieve that af^ents of country papers have been induced by London printers to take out stamps in the ainie of the latter which were in- tended for country use ; so that, even with regard to the London pa- pers, perfect accuracy cannot be attained. " But in the case of country papers, still less reliance can be placed nn these accounts. The supply of stamps (o country papers is effect- ed throuif^h lx>nilon stationers and paper-makers, and sometimes also through country stationers. Theiie persons take out Urge quantltiee of stanipo, and furnish them, from time to time, to the re!apersas rei}uired. U is only from (he returns miide by those stationers that (he number of stamps obtained by each country paper are known at (his office. The stationers are bound to make these returns, iHit in ceneral they furnish them with much reluctance anu irregularity, and frequently omit them altogether. It is well knowa I 224 NEWSPAPERS. that fh« BoanI htr* nn nwliit of JahM'ttM or puniihini vny mi«- •utrtnrnl, *iirni4linn. Hut Iha |tracrJiiit( obarrvaliotia thnw ih^f no iitafut r«- IV. A Return of ihe Numlier of Hlftrnpi Imtied by tlu' Hliimp Offlrp, for Ihu foMowlnR Londor* Nowi- imperH, tn tho V«iir« \tiXU 1h:h. and 1H35. nilti aria* ; on Ihf 'v^ntrary, auch rtlurna neraaton tocllnt fnwplainU fnim |»rr*iirt wluwi rircuUthin li tjutjar-ratttl, aul nn whom piwilivt injury «• Ihut inrtirtp.l. •' It It, Dirrrfnrr. worthy of conalJcratioa wh«llMr ahuilar r«liirna thouU lu tulurt U allowml. " J. W.'' TIIlM o( Nawiptiwn. l«13. WI.Wi) IN34. int. Tllleaof Newipapen. 1(133. 1 not. IHA. An . Alhlnn and Star SIO,VIII Milling Journal . . H),I76 KM.UNi 20i,uno 2'il.iJllil Maiiiri|ial Corporation Hi>- Ailt IJI.MK) 130,100 l/Wl.WK) former • ' 6M Ili'll'i Wrik'y Mwi.'tiirr . ftHi.VK) bi\,m) 6D1.OUO Newl 108,000 04,SdO 3ll,7>0 flriii'i Monthly l.ilcrtry Ail- v^^lin•^ iii6,auo i.,i,'m 273,000 and Sunday Herald . • 72,000 Nicholaon'a Commercial lla^ 9,m U,S7» 13,000 icllr 34,300 80,175 23,500 V.imnrr U'l.aiio Sbit.ouo 4l^l,'i(W New Court Journal • 4,»')U Cuurjiv ChroulcUi County (ilnirrvrr, llill iLifaioI/iadun • 619,000 923,825 Itirilil l3<,ltCU 130,000 125,000 1 lid Knilaud • 23,700 Court Jnurnal : Nnvtl ijm) t'nlled Service Milil.iry U>7f'll« • MK.OO 122.6^ 107,535 Gaaell* ■ 39,000 107,100 Cliiittiin A 1,0(10 I'erry'i Bankrupt and Iniol- t'irrular In R.iiikt'n . U.onn li,»SO 15,200 vent Gazrite 13,295 13,594 I6,19'> CniirM* (if llie Kli'haii|e xim 1 MO 300 I'uhlic Ledger > . 1.14,5('0 KLiiiiiiirr 2li,lbJ l7li,M« 178,450 HrronI 254,250 262.100 »>6,(K • 25,000 and Cruinlry . 115,000 05,050 llenld awl .Merle'i John Mull 26^,000 2tM,732 240,5911 Werklv HMliler • Herald 2*,000 IjouJun (Vizftte lij.om 1*1,000 140,000 27,000 Mcrrarilile Journal ■ lil,003 29,3tli 16,030 Herald and I'ailed ^!l•^^anljle Prices Klntdoni ■ • I2!).707 44,7U CurrenI (" rriceV'l 4,t00 l,S0O 2,230 Spectator 103,233 101,300 Niiv Fricet Current S|*ctaIor ; Municipal Cor (" Nichnlnni") • 14,(131 3,727 06 poration Rcfurmer • 63,000 I.ilernry (i.i/fMe • Sii,^^) 30,700 2«,47-. Spectator . • 60.0(10 lawChronicle; [|.atch - 1,515,(142 1,434,168 l,S32,C00 Chronicle • 2,«)2,000 2,612,007 2,219,000 I)iapalch(TheNeu') 20,5»0 Fnit 673,000 727,000 68t<,000 Ditjiatch i Britiih Newt and Public Liberator . • • 64,966 Udpir . 1M,600 Ditpatch ; Briliih Mark l^ne Eaprai; New and American Inlelligeuccr • ■ 16,200 FarmerV Journal > 60,960 6S,4M) 60,100 Watchman • • • 123,600 .V. B. The foreroin^ are all 4 d. itampt, with the eiceplion of the General Adverliier for Town and Country, and Bent't Monthly Lite- rary Advertiser, which are 2 d. Where 2 or nitire piperi appear together, they were puhliiheil by one and the ume party, in whote namn Ihe atawpt were taken ouL The number furiiiahe,! for each paper could not, therefore, be diatiosuithed. V. An Account of the Sums paid liy the Publishers ofthe rollowing London Newspapers, for the Duty on Advertisements in the Years 1833, 1834, and 183S. Title of l-aper. 1833. 1834. 1836. 1 Title of Paper. 1833, 1834. 1835. L. a. d. L. 1. d. L. 1. d. /.. t. d. /.. ». d. L. I. d. Albion • 584 349 7 337 18 Morning Chronicle 2,389 6 1,627 16 6 3,100 5 U 4C0 II 230 15 6 425 3 6 Ne»s . - 600 9 61 Atlas 390 6 249 1 6 243 4 6 Herald ■ 6,916 14 4,470 3 4,704 Bell's Life in London • 1S>3 9 6 109 10 150 16 6 Poat - 4,218 16 6 2,5f2 4 6 3,075 IS Briliih Literator. 39 9 6 1 2 6 Naval & Military Gaulle 96 3 1»3 12 214 11 6 Traveller- 204 18 ti News . 171 18 6 108 18 96 9 anl American In. New Court Journal 41 2 6 , 36 13 6 tellifrencer • , 12 1 6 Farmers' Jourail 8 8 6 3 16 6 Champion ■ 17 6 6 Weekly Dispatch • . 102 12 6 20 8 Christian Advocate 124 3 6 69 12 6 66 IS Weekly .Meseenger- 168 IS 6 UK 11 6 139 7 Cobbett's Be«istcr 26 10 6 16 19 9 18 Observer - 501 1 293 12 6 338 2 Commercial Gazette 7 4 6 9 12 e 12 Old England «6 3 6 70 6 6 69 9 6 Record 14 14 6 9 9 7 4 Patriot ■ 201 6 130 1 158 6 County Chronicle 470 6 244 1 245 6 6 Public Ledger . 1,607 4 Herald ■ 1S8 9 114 122 IS 6 R.icini Calendar ■ Record - 102 4 6 S8 9 Si 56 12 6 Courier ■ 1,8(32 6 1,156 8 6 1,248 19 6 613 2 402 19 01 434 5 Court Jnurnal 339 1 223 5 6 224 11 .Satirist - 238 8 6 178 10 o: 244 14 6 Courtw of the Eichange - 1 1 1 16 16 6 .Saint James's Chronicle . 600 17 6 40O 19 0; 362 12 6 Eni(lishman 26 12 6 7 14 6 Spectator • 311 9 1^3 4 6 237 10 61 Enjliah Chronicle 24 17 6 24 12 39 13 6 Standard - 1,103 12 823 11 6 1,133 9 el Evening Chronicle . ■ 71 II Surrey Standard - • . 26 6 6 Mail ■ 82 17 6 62 6 6 74 S 6 Stock Lilt 1 17 6 16 6 18 Eiaminer 315 7 205 14 6 216 18 Sun 706 10 444 7 6 660 19 6 General Advertiser 348 1 6 748 11 6 Sunday Herald - 18 11 345 19 6 20 Globe and Traveller 1,648 16 1,096 16 1,076 9 6 Times - 649 19 356 17 358 5 6 Guardian k Public Ledfter 2,573 17 6 763 19 Timet 12,555 1 6 8,620 17 6 7,946 2 Ol Herts and Essei Mercury 2>2 8 149 6 126 Town 106 9 94 6 6 John Bull ' 690 13 U 382 7 419 18 6 and Country Ad- law Chronicle ■ 1 6 19 6 12 vertiser Lilenry Advertiwr 118 16 76 11 6 85 13 True Sun - 840 9 6 278 11 93 16 6 Cizetle 323 18 6 219 218 5 l'niterili(!r Atllllllli! III! Alliliiiie VVl'HtlMC t'lirli : Coric Coi Kv( « «i'ii I^i'npltj'B „ Mercmiii Jliillysliiii Uoivti : Netvry T E Broffliudii : l>fogliuila ''"(■riniinnirh a l^iiniskilii; I'ii|iiirii:i| KiiniHicilii, (Jul Way : ''"iitiaiigli ,l.-,| 4'.'S 6JS 4.11.7)8 431687 4'K>.97a S(«.S97 4!)0.4.5| 451.457 458,U33 473,910 NKWSPAPKRS. Ui ▼l."»Al* Account nt Itin Niimlicr of Hiiinip* imiiifiil ici rnrli Ni>wi<|if(|ii4:i^, In lh« Mh of JHi.tisry, inSll.— (fiiW. /'«f»r, No. I |A, Hmm. I^,'1•l ) 44,7» 4,000 i«,'2oa I23,M0| nlhly Lite- I taken out. 1835. 1,100 I. d. 6 U| 4,704 3,075 15 214 II 06 9 3*i 13 6 90 139 338 69 158 1,607 56 12 434 5 244 14 362 12 237 10 11.133 9 , 26 6 6 18 660 19 6 20 01 . 35fl 5 6 1 7,946 2 93 16 « 40 |6 2 9 " 42 13 363 7 61 278 3 6 no 12 6l No. or — ^ N r Tllln nf N«wi|iipurj. Dublin ^eirspaptrt. riiristian .liiiirniil n,,M)n (inlwiiy ; Duliliii Kvi'iiliiK Mull 4'il,tfJI ralrlot - • ■ . . I4,7t3 Kvcniiig I'oit jni.diMi IriHiinian . . - . 1,100 NU/.)!tl(1 ■ li.nno K«rry ; M(»rn«..,i||i. AilvcrtUnr t7,ft(NI Kirry Fvi-nlng Po»t - . 0.025 Kvinii' K I'lirknt MJ,.V1(1 WfHii'rn lli'rnid - . 5.IHH) Kif^ni u I'rni'iiinn - 5:t,,i(i(i 'rrnici- .Mi'fi iiry - - I'i.lOO I»iiii\ /'reiMii in - l().'>,r>oo Kllki'iiiiy II ml Carlow : M>^rniMK lli'KmtRr 3I7,0IKI Kllki nil)' .liMiriial . IH.H.-iO Mooii(.y'i Circular - 3,.Mm .M.iilcrtttor . . 22,1.50 OiMcrviT - - - l(M),tlil7 ('arlow Miiriiiiig I'oit . . l,.V» I'lU.l - - . . l.')-i,(M)(l Hcnlliii'l . • 15,050 Kitrinff Culnndar l,'^lll Kinu'M iiiiil (iui'cn'H Coiinliui : Hm'onl 9M,.'1 10 1,1,'liii'liir lIxprcHU - . 2i,0.5n H.itlriHt ... «itt,;(w liiilfpi'iident - . . 17, has S.iiiiiili'm'N Nowi I.ttttcr 41 1,(HM) l.iiiicrli k mill Cliiri' : Hiiiwiirl'H Diaimtrh . 4ll.'ill Limerick ('hrnnliln . 171.100 I'li-ticil pttirvlcu Jiiiiriiul 9ll,8.(.1 Wiiir iiimI Rvi'iiinii Pint - 40,0(10 W.iriliT - Km.tMi Kvi'iiliig lli;rald - », l.'iM Wt'ukly rrvcmun . - . 10 1.0(1(1 'I'liiiei - . lf<,!l75 r|:ire .Toiiriiiil . 1I,4H4 3,3U!),3Ui I.iiniliintlcrry : Country M'tvupantrn. Londonderry Hpntlnel . . 51.700 .trim : Journat . . 20, lUO ;;Mll»iit ('ommiTclnl Chronicle - isn.nno Mayo: lliilllna Impartial . Ni'WH I.eitor . 114,000 . 6.120 Nnrlhcrn Whig - ... «H„')50 Mayo Ciiiislltiition . H»,7.55 (iniirdiaii ... BO,,'i-iS 'I'l'lcuriiph - . 81,023 N(irili<>rri Ituralil - - - . 5l,h'J3 Wcslcrii Star . 7'» Athimii! mill VVi^Mlineath I.oniiruril and KoHroniinon : Athliint* liiili'peiiilunt - S.flM lto8COIIimOII (iil'/.l'ltl! . . 6,875 Hi'iilliicl - ... 9,100 Journal . . o,:iiu WcHtincnlU Uuitrilian ... 6,a07 HIign; Cork : Sllgo Jnnrnul . 7,075 Cork OonRtitntinn ... 150,075 Tippi-rary : KvHninK llnrnlil ... 5H,:<00 Clonimell Advcrtiurr . . 1S,!),10 •Siiiithi^rn Uvporlur lH!t,:00 Ili'rald . . 7,>>50 P('o|ili;'« I'rcHS . . - U,028 Tlppcrary Tree Press - . 2'.l,7.0« MHrcaiiiile Chronicle - . . 3U,U01 CoiiHtltntioii . 6,000 Donegal : Tyrone : Ilallyslmnnoii Herald ... 7,185 rtiralinne Mnrniiig Post . 4,324 Down : Watcrfiird : Newry Telflgraph ... 62,650 Waterford ("hroniclo - - 42,0.')0 Exuininer ... 50,311 Mirror - 21,000 DroKhiuIa : Mail . - . 32,575 Uroghuila Jniirnnl ... 25,218 Wexford : Argus - . . - 4,345 Wexford Frennian . io,.5no Fcrinannirh and (^avan : Independent - . 33,000 Kniiixkillun ('hroniclo ... 0,650 Conservaiivo . 'J 1,025 Iii|iarii:il |{i!portur - . . 10,0.')0 F.iiniskilliner ... 6,u:iri 6 II 21,11.54 13 9 'here ^v,ii no 114,193 11 .5 II397 9 20,479 .5 3 H13 3|-.,90i 1 8 2-2,948 6 8 separalQ ac- 115,875 18 3 14,448 6 n 20.915 5 10 HI4 35^^41 4 4 21.9il 19 7 - count kept u( .> 114,111 12 10 14 623 7 2 1,2 -.3 3 1114 IH15 333, WO 20,153 7 7 1 s*ani(M is»iie*l 106,575 9 8 13,410 3 II 19,7.51 17 6 iKin 3i;3.4l4 3 5 20.A81 12 lot Titr newspaper* 1I0,»41 6 6 I4.U17 7 20.475 16 1 12 1-17 3-1(1873 15 8 16.612 2 4 .ill I'elaiKl. 11 8, -2112 3 4 15.3.53 8 6 18498 7 5 ISH :i49,l"4 4 14 180 5 4 1 18.8'<5 t 212 1l6,3i2 4 11 16,666 13 18.191 12 7 1SI9 3.)ii •r>7 3 II 17 4'il 13 4 1 20, JIU 16 6 119,7^8 19 4 17,210 6 18 5:« 12 6 ISJI) 39-1,0811 11 4 19IIS0 5 1 21,187 1 II 34 1.'-2,227 .1 a 16011 9 6 16,7>1 1 81-4 H>1 419 618 15 8 20,109 6 8 i 2^2,693 10 lU 123,772 15 6 16.416 15 15.491 \^ti 3fH.!i9i 17 4 19.373 18 J2.345 9 7 125 9(i5 17 5 16 095 2 15 102 5 1-2 lv>3 37i 4Si 19 8 20 3n 8 23,556 1 01-4 131 .2S8 12 17,0,10 16 6 13,708 7 3M inn 3911 375 8 8 20,795 13 U 21 448 2 5 125 475 5 7 16.020 II U,.524 3 8 14 l^.'j 4119 'Ml 22:W7 9 4 25.833 13 812 134.6.M 19 H'r 17 825 17 16,426 10 9 IHjU 4J->,lr.l 10 8 24.419 17 25,6.59 9 3 12 144,751 2 \^ 18,71)8 18 u 15,9117 15 H27 tBMl 15 2 2'.013 6 4 1 25.187 11 914 13.3 ii37 7 17 779 13 1) 15.720 \HU 4-.'8 629 9 R 29.929 10 4 25.561 3 1114 133.978 16 11 18,400 14 6 14 379 17 6 lii29 431.718 8 n 33 5->S 2 8 27.310 16 8 13li,3'H 17 10 17,939 12 5 13 532 IS I8:*i 43S.667 10 8 42.301 6 28,578 16 7t4 13S.II52 IS 10 17,.592 .5 7 14.985 6 1S31 41.5.972 10 « 49.466 10 29.36U 18 334 137.915 19 4 19 566 8 U 16 ..37 14 IS« 502.697 19 4 52,090 J5 3 31.846 16 3 137.838 12 3 19,060 U 15,672 10 2 1833 490.451 6 8 51.465 14 8 33.513 9 412 137 12-2 10 18,278 6 15,248 17 4 18^1 461,4 >7 3 48.1110 14 31,591 13 5 114.506 2 2 16,191 4 4 12.240 2 4 1835 458,033 IS S 49,;«9 19 8 29,782 7 9 I -a 73,308 1 6 10,114 16 2 V.\M\ 14 8 1836 473.910 12 6 47,999 4 8 31,'2.S7 6 11 77,853 2 9 10,,587 17 8.4.8 12 2 •in 29 226 NEWSPAPERS. VIII. An Accmtiit nt'tlu! Nil -. h"r nf Sianii s it^siii'il lo tvicli nfilie Newspapers and Advertising Papora ill .Si'iiil.iiiil, ill i;i f Vu ir is:i.j; iiisii, uii Acuiiuiil ol' llii! Amount of Adverlisuiiieiil Duty paid in tlie BUiiiu Ve.ir by iiacli i'aper. , Number of ,S! imps A'lvt^rlisenirnt Number of Stamps Advertisement Naiiiea of I'ai»t:ra. issuf 1 to tacli Duly |p.ii 1 hy N.ime8 of Papen. issued In each Du'y (laid by Pai-tr. c.icli I'aper. IMper. each i*aper. L. 4. d. L. ,. d. Edinburgh : — Olajjtow;— Cnuiaiti 23I.n'^0 f21 2 6 Courier 96,500 537 7 Mercury 9z,rm 303 <> tjnunial ■ • II 6 Aifvertiser - II •1,000 2b3 6 tChronicIe M,!)00 184 16 G-.Z,: le 7,(K)0 114 19 6 Herald 204,nOO 928 17 6 Jnuiiial 7r..ooo Kin 17 ••Kree Press • 21,500 139 19 Chrnii cle 3r,,7.0 I0> 10 6 True Krc Press 20 8 Sc Isiimi 171.670 392 2 Scon Times - 23,500" 144 OlHt'rver G5,«)0 178 II 6 • Sit. Kven. Post . 30 16 6 N. B, AJverliner - 289,000 i,rr> 16 6 Lilieralnr 65,475 104 8 8at. Rvtii. Vo>l 51,200 IK) Scoitisli Guardian - 92,500 159 18 Ktlnol 56.230 79 10 An;us 72,000 268 II 6 CiHisliuiion • I2,UOO 6J ttWeckly Renorler . Liberal 22 2 6 Grfy's Mfui. Recnrd - . 121 2 6 i,ooo' 9 I 6 • Aikiiiaii'it A'lveiiiscr • 4 10 CoDslituiional 10,500 63 4 6 Abenleen ■ Greenock :— Jouniil 95,000 605 S 6 InlrlliKencer- 19,7iO 187 19 ••Fieml.l . 163 13 Advertiser - 28,500 140 Obserier 21,000 145 7 Inverness:— Advertiser - ij.ooo 69 15 6 Journal 21,,W0 137 18 6 Ayr:- Courier 31,000 148 11 6 Advertiser - 42.000 120 7 6 Kcl* :- Ob'iTver 3a,230 94 1 Mail ■ 42,600 179 IS 6 Dumrnes: Chronicle - 25,200 64 It 6 Tiiiie* 21.000 62 10 6 Kiliiiarnocic;— Cnuriep 72, 00 IM 7 Journal l:>,250 87 19 6 Jltrald and Adver- 1 tiser • 5 20,323 34 7 Mnntroje :— 64,100 65 3 6 Review 30,000 159 6 Dumfee: — faislpy:— A'lveniwr - . 228 A'lverliser - 20,000 85 I Chronicle 21,500 96 16 6 Penh :- Courifr 10,000 133 11 6 Courier 21,500 123 19 6 Guirdiau 8,000 36 1 6 AJverliser - 3)-,500 127 17 EUin:- Consliiulional 17,000 78 12 CnuntDt 13,000 83 6 Siir.in?:— Fife:- Journal and Adver* HtraM 29,000 91 7 tiser 28,000 99 1 6 Journal 19,000 71 15 6 2.671,620 1 10,^97 7 6 • Not subject to stamp duty. •*.*'tamps8nppoael to have been purchased in London. Paperi marked thus t belong to (he aame proprietors, and the slainpn nued by each cannot be disliiigui:>hed. Stamps used by papers marked It cannot be aACert.iined. The increase of newspapers in Great Britain, though it is shown by these documents to have been pretty considerable, has been materially repressed by the mode in which the stamp duty has been assessed. The circulation of the Parisian daily papers much exceeds that of the London journals ; a result which can only be ascribed to their greater cheapness. American Newspapers. — The increase of newspapers in the United Slates has also been a good (leal more rapid than in England ; a consequence, partly, no doubt, of the greater increase of population in the Union, but more, probably, of their freedom from taxation, and of the violence of party contests. The total number of newspapers annually issued in the Unitm has been estimated at from .5.'i, 000,000 to 60,000,000, while the total number issued in Great Britain and Ireland, in 1833 (see No. I.) was only 34,51.5,221 ; so that, making allowance for ihc difference of population, every individual in America has, at an average, more than twice the supply of newspapers enjoyed by individuals in England. " From this exuberant supply of daily and weekly papers, and the low price charged as compared with the English and French news[iapers, they are liberally patronised by all classes, and are found ill almost every dwelling and counting house, and in all hotels, taverns, and shops; and attract a large share of the public attention. As the pnths of honour and promotion are alike open to ever)' one, it follows that public discussion forms the principal staple of the newspapers. There is no country where the ptess has a more powerful inlluence over pub- lic opinion." — (Picture of New York, p. 391.) We are not, however, to estimate the influence of newspaper literature by its quantity only, but must have regard also to its f/urt/it,y. The latter is, indeed, the principal thing to be attended to ; and in whatever degree the Americans may exceed us in the number, thoy certainly are immeasurably below us in the quality, of their newspapers. Speaking gem!- rally, we do not hesitate to say that the newspaper press is a disgrace to the Union. The journals indulge, with few exceptions, in the most offensive personalities. Instead of ex- amining the principles of the measures brought forward, they assail the character and mis- represent the motives of those by whom they are introduced. It is impossible, we believe, to name an individual, who has attained to any high olFice in the United Slates, or to con- sideration in Congress, who has not been libelled, traduced, and calumniated by a large portion of the press, to a degree thiit can hardly be imagined. The magnitude of the evil will, probably, lead to its cure. An intelligent and well instructed people cannot, surely, continue to patronise a press whose principal features arc misrepresentation, exagge- ration, and abuse (An relating newspa in the f For every , neiv.spap,. And vvfi on on mar»i »nd m of Anl whi a supe press, of . Proyiiled tainins of (lie I inches, supplcii of the with thi And 111,. f,,|i„, cliariealije v Any paper co priiilf I in a niali! public Also any p.ipp, or offenpr. oi or principalli And also any p currcnres, or part of the i;, fieiriilatio printed in I III order t ccMilier, I8,1 No persoi the S(:iiiip.( "f tho. print will'itlly ma meniior.— J Tliere are anil prnpriet penally of 2 «-'d; anil it is sinners in tli wlnre the ot default of pa 1, ralRndar n Penalty fo; .'iistices ni printing the sistine ntncet Influence 'ng (he disct great major papers, whi 'lo'.; and tl,_ man's profit Srf. papers. The redui old or eslabl. into existeiic . * For Boine m •^meriea, vo otatea. NEWSPAPERS. 227 Papers 1 in tha ifmeiit liJ liy ~t~ir 7 6 16 1 n 6 I 19 I 8 1 ) 16 6 \ 8 9 18 S 11 " 2 2 9 I 6 a 4 Thn fcillowins Table contains n HtatPinRnt of llm Niiinher of Ni'wspannrs puMishfii) in \\\<\ United Sillies at IliH ("oiiimeiicenient of tlie Kevolnlioimry Wiir, and tlie .Number of Newspapers and oilier Periodical Works piililUliud in the same in IHIO and 1828. 6 !7 19 10 37 18 6 W It 6 -9 13 6 64 II 6 87 19 8 159 6 85 I 123 19 6 127 17 78 12 99 1 6 iO,S97 7 6 cument3 to which the ch exceeds eir greater [8 also been the greater ixation, and iued in the .iber issued Jiat, making jn average, I" From this ipared with pes, and are [and shops; promotion [staple of the ;c over pub- kts quantity Ll thing to lumber, thoy laking gen'!- Lion. The kead of ex- ler and mis- we believe, or to con- by a largo litude of the jplc cannot, lion, cxaggc- Maine ... MaHKarliiisetts New Hampshire Vermont Rliixle Island - Connerticut - New York New .le.sey - Pennsylvania Di'laware Maryland Dislrict of Colombia Virginia - - . North Carolina South Carolina 1775. 1810. 1828. .12 12 14 7 11 m 8 71 2 21 6 2.S in 10 29 78 17 21 It 33 161 22 18,5 4 37 9 34 20 16 Slntes. Oeoreia - - - Florida ... Alabama Mississippi Louisiana* Tennessee Kentucky Ohio ... Indiana - - - Michigan Illinois ... Missouri Arkansas Cherokee nation - Total 177'i. 1810. I 1828. 13 1 4 10 17 14 37 358 802 18 2 10 6 9 8 23 68 17 2 4 5 1 1 (An important alteration was made in 1836, in the duties on, and in the regulations relating to, newspapers. The act 6 and 7 Will. 4 cap. 76. has repealed the former duty ox\ newspaper stamps (see anle, p. 221.), and has imposed in its stead the duties specified in the following schedule : — L. t. d. For ever)' sheet or other piece of paper whereon any newspapf r sli.iU be printed • ■ . -001 And where suclt sheet or piece of p.iper shill contain on one side lhere.of, a superficies, exclusive of the mwsfin of the letter press, i-xrec lin< I,'i30 inches, and not exceeding 2,29j inches, the additional duty nf • • - - - ■ Of An I where the sameshall contain on one side thereof a superficies, exclusive of the margin of the lelter. pre-ss, exceeding 2,29 inches, the additional duly of 1 Proviile^l always that any sheet or piece of paper con- taining on one side thereof a superficies, exclusive of the ni:ir»in of the letter-press, not exceeding 765 inches, which shall he published with, and as a suppferneni to. any newspaper ctiar.'eatde with any of the duties aforesaid, shall be chargeal>le only with the duty of - . - - . Oi And the f'lllowiim shall be deemel and taken to be newspapers char:reahle with the said duties : vi7.— Any paper containing public news, iritcllii^ence. or occurrences prinlel in any part of the United Kin^iloiii to be dispelled and male public : Also any paper printed in any part of the Tniterl Kins !nm weekly or oftener. or at intervals not exceeding 26 Jajs, containing only or principally advertisements I And also any piper containing any public news, intelliijence, or oc- currcnres," or any remarks or obs-rvations thereon, printed in any in parts or nundiers at intervals not exceeding 26 days between the publication of any 2 such papers, parts, or numbers, where any of the said papers, parts, or numbers respectively shall not exceed 2 shee'g of tlie dimensions hereinafter specified (exclusive of any covir or blank leaf, or sny other leaf upon which any advertise- nient or o'ber notice shall he printel), or shall be published for sale for a less sum thru 6(/., exclnsivc of the duty hy this act iin. posed thereon : provided ahvays th.at no (juaiitify of paper less than a ((uantity equal to 21 inches in length and 17 inches in hre.adth, in wlntever way or form the same may be made or may be divided into leaves, oi- in whatever way the ^^anie may be printed, shall, with reference to any such paper, part, or iiuniber as aforesaid, be deemed or taken to lie a sheet of paper : Anil provi-Ied also, that any of the several papers hereinbefore de- scribed shall be liable to the duties by this act imposed thereon, in whatever way or form the same may be printed or filded, or di- viiled into leives or stitched, and whether tlie same shall be folded, divided, or stitched, or not: Extmjdittns — Any paper called " Police Oazette, or Hue and Cry," published in Great Britain by authority of the .'^ecretary of State, or in Ireland by the aii'hnrity of the Lord I.ietilenaut. Daily accounts or bills of goo Is imported and exported, or warrant* or certifiiates for the delivery of eoods, an'! Ihe weekly bills of mortality : and also papers conlainin? any lis* ot prices current, or of the state of the markets, or any account of the arrival, sailinf^, or other circum-.tances relating to merchant ships or ves.sels. orany oilier matter wlicd'y of a commercial nature ; provided such bills, lists, or accounts do not contain any other matter than what hath been usually comprised therein. part of the United Kiiii^dom for sale, and published periodically or Rerleans pa- llor whoso (g12, New for ihc fur Lion of it l\ in their )'J. it ron- of iiiili'- Iconliiuu'il lie po^ulii- tion amounted to 33,131 ; in 1800, to 60,489 ; in 1810, to 96,373 ; in 1820, to 123,706 ; and in 1830, to above 213,000 ! Originally the houses were mostly of wood, and the streets narrow and confined. In these particulars, however, a great improvement has taken place during the last half century ; most of the old houses having been pulled down, and rebuilt with brick. The new streets,, which arc broad, and intersect each othvr at right angles, are well paved and lighted. Broadway, the principal street, is one of the largest and finest in the world. Many of the public buildings are commodious and elegant. The pools, that wore formerly abundant in the city and its vicinity, have been completely iUled up; a mea- sure that has done much to improve the health of the population. In respect of cleanliness, however, New York is not to be compared with an English town. There is hardly such a thing as a sink or common sewer in the whole city : the night-soil and filth are collected in pits, of which there is one in every house, and, being conveyed to tbje nearest quay, are thrown into the water ; but as these quays are made of timber, with many projections, a great deal of filth is retained about them, producing, in hot weather, an abominable stench. The yellow fever, by which New York is sometimes visited, uniformly breaks out in the lower and dirtiest part of the town ; and seldom, indeed, extends to the new and more ele- vated streets. It is now much less prevalent than formerly ; and the general opinion seems to be, that if stones were substituted for timber in the quays, sewers constructed, and proper regulations enforced as to cleanliness, the scourge would entirely disappear. Entrance to Harbour, Light-hovsfs, ^c.—The course in entering the harhnur of New York is nearly due W. from the ontcrmost while buoy on the bar, till the buoy on the S.W. point of the east bank be passed, and then nearly due N. The navigation is extremely easy. Pilots generally board wbilft without the bar ; for, otherwise, they are only entitled to half lees. Were it not for fear of violating insurances, their services would seldom be required— (See Rates of Pilotage, post.) The light-house near the extremity of the long, low, narrow tongue of land, projecting from the New Jersey shore, called Sandy Hook, is in lat. 40° 26' N., Ion. 74° 6' W. It is fitted up with a very powerful fixed light, Vol. II.— U r*" >■ UkM 230 NEW YORK. which, in clenr weather, may be seen by vcssi'ls cnniine from the westwaril 10 lengnei off. But, from il8 poaiiion, it if) not readily dlscnvercil by Hhi|i8 r.(iiiiiii)2 rroin the H. till too near. To obvliitc this in- cnnveiiieiite, a flontinK light was iiinorcd about 7 miles E. from Sandy Ilook Point. In 18*28, however, S llght-lioiiHes were eretted on Neversink hills, nearly 4 miles S. by E. from 8andy Honk. They ore 300 IVet apart ; the most northerly bcine funiiNlied with a fixed, and the other with a revolving light, both of great power. The lights are elevnteil 8.W feet above the level of the sea ; and may be seen, in clear weather, in all directions, from 40 to 50 miles. Since they were fitted up, the floating light has been discontinued. Vessels load and unload at the wharfs on both sides the city. New York is indebted, for her wonderful increase, to her admirable situation, which has rendered her the greatest emporium in the New World, The rise of the tide is about 6 feet; and even at ebb, there is 21 feet water on the bar; and the water in the outer and inner bays, and in the river, is so deep, that ships of the largest burden lie close to the quays, and may proceed to a great distance up the river. The navigation of the bay is but rarely impeded by ice. The great strength of the tide, and the vicinity of the ocean, keep it gene- rally open, even when the Chesapeake and Delaware bays arc frozen over. The influence of the tides is felt in the Hudson as far as Troy, 160 miles above New Yorl., aflbrding very peculiar facilities for its riavia;ation. These natural advantages have been vastly extended by a system of canalisation, which has already connected the Hudson with Lake Ontario and Lake Erie; and which, when completed, will connect it with the Ohio river, and conse- quently with the Mississippi and the (Julf of Mexico! So prodigious a comtnand of inter- nal navigation is not enjoyed by any other city, with the exception of New Orleans ; but the readier access to the port of New York, the greater salubrity of the climate, and her situation in the most industrious part of the Union, where slavery is abolished, give her ad- vantages over her southern rival, which, it is most probable, will secure her continued pre- ponderance. Trade, Jyc. — The commerce of New York is very extensive. The value of the mer- chandise annually loaded and unloaded in the port is estimated at from 100,000,000 to 120,000,000 dollars. 'J'he number of vessels in the port in the busy season varies from 500 to 750, exclusive of about 50 steam packets. The number of arrivals from foreign ports amounted in 1832 to 1,808; and the roasting arrivals are between 4,000 and 5,000. 'J'he total value of the imports into the United States in the year ending the 30th of September, 1832, was 101,029,266 dollars; of which no less than 53,214,'102, or more than the half, were imported into New York ! The customs revenue on the goods paying duties, imported into this city, amounts to about 13,000,000 dollars, while the total customs revenue of the United States seldom exceeds 22,000,000 dollars. 'I'he imports comprise an infinite variety of articles. The principal are cottons, woollens, linens, hardware, cutlery ; earthenware, brass arid copper manufactures, &c. frotn Great Britain ; silk, wine, brandy, &c. from France and Spain ; sugar and cofTee from the Havannah and Brazil ; with tea, spices, cochineal, in- digo, dye woods, &c. The value of the exports from New York in the year ending the 30th of September, 1832, amounted to 26,000,945 dollars, l)eing between j and i part of the total exports from the United States. The exports principally consist of wheat Hour, corn, rice, and cotton ; beef, pork, butter, dried fish, and all sorts of provisions ; furs, tobacco, coarse manufactured goods, lumber, &c. The great excess of the imports into New York over the exports is accounted for by the fact, that, while mostly all articles of export from the West- ern Stales are shipped at New Orleans, the greater part of the more valuable articles brought from abroad, and destined for the consumption of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and, in some de- gree, even Kentucky, are principally imported into New York. The tonnage of New York is greater than that of Liverpool, or any other city, with the single exception of London. The registered tonnage belonging to the port on the last day of December, 1831, amounted to 122,458 tons, and the enrolled and licensed tonnage to 163,980 tons ; making a grand total of 286,438 tons, being between ^ and ^ of the whole tonnage of the United States. Account of the Quantities of some of the principal Articles of Native American Produce exported from New York during each of the Three Years ending with the 1st of January, 1833. ATlklea. ltJ30. 1831. IS32. Ashes, pot - . - barrels 19,613 19,393 18,241 pearl - - - — 4,152 5,694 2.356 Beef - - . . — 15.022 17.913 17,223 Pork .... — 13,085 20,147 29,418 Lard - - . . - kegs 14,136 24,885 11,101 Butter - - - - . — 6,7fil 12,282 9,286 Cotton - - - - bales 104,940 118,502 108,741 Cotton goods - - . - packages 5,.106 3,030 7, ,545 Flour (wheat) barrels 304,3.')2 437,104 195,614 Corn - . . . - bushels 174.182 245,368 o.vie Rice - - . - tierces 13.,T72 15,205 16,678 Tar - . . . barrels I9,.397 18,879 18,.\17 Turpentine ... — 102,441 121,762 144,878 Hides .... . number . • 169,493 Whale oil gallons . . 1,392,»JII0 Soap .... boxes . _ 76,981 Tobacco .... hogsheads 8,088 7,815 7,783 n British United t France Spain Netherln Oermani Holland" Hanse T Sweden The arri sloop.a, 6 ; Ilainburgli the Driiish Rfffulatk made at thi exempt froi at tilt! office on exhiliiiii inspected, may he the are liable tt pass free. An entry pay each 20 payment of article is foii the person i Besides m of a vessel a 24 hours aftt and in case c tion of ever voyage, upoi lars for evci as aforesaid. Masters of senger to ihe «ble on the ci tatinn. The in the undern Vean. 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 18.33 1834 1835 Lines of Vk and also to ev( city, and redoi jected, and thf packet ships, d with that port. and 15 in the tr of the smallest now be estiniiii Vork. Thfy ai fully modelled, the most ex pen voyages is qniti York, may he ei Independen"e, ( of Iht^ present yi New York to P( reckoned from li The packet sh or ratlier Cowet Those bound f hound for New Cabin passage l-iverpon| |40 do the same. This provide any thin Each sbip has date liBo passeng li passage, that i Packets for Pli and 4 of Uiese ahi But, from ;! this in- linwever, Tliey ore ing WgM, l»e seen, iting light hich has about 6 )ut«r and the quays, but rarely !p it gene- influence ribng very iteiuled by ntario and and conse- id ofinler- rlcans; but ,c, and her ve her ad- liiiued pre- af the mer- ,000,000 to Bs from 500 jreign ports >,000. 'I'he ■ September, an the half, ies, imported renue of the finite variety earthenware, from France ■ochineal, in- ling the 30th [rt of the total X, corn, rice, lacco, coarse "ork over the the West- .icles brought in some de- lity, with the the last day tonnage to lof the whole Jure exported 1833. IfSi 18,24> 2.356 17,223 2P,418 11,101 9,286 1 188,741 ,545 1 195,614 93,716 16,678 , 18,537 1 144,878 1169,493 l3<,»2.'560 76,981 7,783 NEW YORK. SAippin^.— Arrivals from, and Departure for, Foreign Ports, in 1831. 98» ritgi. ArriviJ. Depirled. 1 Flag!. Arrived. Dep^rteil. | No. of VhmIi. Tonnage. 41,758 306,529 6,710 1,762 200 2,798 315 260 3,339 Nn. of Vesii Is Tonnige. No.nf VmhIi. ■r™'-«'-'iW^Ji Tiran.%fe. British - United States - France - Spain Netherlands - Germany - Holland - Hanse Towns - Sweden ■■ 478 l,2!ll 25 8 1 10 2 1 14 273 1,275 22 7 1 7 2 1 12 31,716 26-.,20.5 3,228 1,076 i:o 2,042 315 260 2,473 Ilavti - Hrii/il fieiioa Russia Mc.vico - Denmarl(- Total - 2 2 1 1 18 330 1 2 134 2 260 still 260 1 260 I 3,709 16 330 134 in pill t. 260 260 2,003 1,658 368,684 1,622 316,473 The arrivals in 1831. from foreign ports, were, ships, 496 ; liariines, 1 19 ; bries, 886 ; schooners, 425 ; stoops, 6 ; heirijr, in all, 1,9.32. Of these Ihere were, American, 1,486 ; Urilish,303; French, 27 ; Diilcli, llaiiihiir|!h, nnil Kremen, 33 ; Swedish, 28; Spanish, 18; Danisli, II. &c. Hy far the greater part of the Hriiish ships are from onr colnnies in North America and the Wi'st Indies. Rrgnlatiims as to Pasntngers arriving at M'ew Vork.—(ii\ the arrival of passengers, an entry must be made at thu Ciistom-hoiise of their names, clotlies, implenien's of trade or profession (all of which are exempt from duty), and an oalh tal Particulars not specified. < 26,540 48,110 1835 > I 16,749 Lines of Packets. — The establishment of regular lines of packets from New York to foreign porta, and also to every principal port in the United States, has produced a new era in the commerce of the city, and redounded equally to ihe benefit of the enterprising individuals by whom they were pro- jected, and the public. The principal intercourse is carried on with I.iverpool ; there being ab(mt 30 packet ships, distributed in 4 lines, employed at present (1836) in maintaining a regular communication with that port. A dozen packet ships are also employed in the trade between New York and London; and 15 in the trade between New York and Havre. These ships vary in size from 450 tons, the burden of Ihe smallest, to 800 tons. Their tonnage has latterly been increasing ; and, at an average, it may now be estimated at about 600 tons. These ships are all American property, and built chiefly in New York. They arc probably the finest and fastest sailing merchant vessels in the world ; being beauti- fully modelled, of the best workmanship, and fitted up with every convenience for passengers, and in the most expensive style. The safety, regularity, and expedition with which they perform their voyages is quite astonishing. The average length of a voyage from Liverpool and Portsmouth to New Yiirk, may be estimated at about 34 days, and, from tlie latter to the former, at about 20 days. The Indcpenden-e, of 7.30 tons. Captain Nye, made the voyage from New York to Liverpool, in the course ofthrt present year, in 14 days; and the Toronto of 6.50 tons. Captain Griswold, made the voyage from New York to Portsmouth in the same time. And it is material to observe, that these voyages are not reckoned from land to land, but from port to port. The packet ships from New York sail from London on the 7th, 17th, and 27th ; and from Portsmouth, or rather Cowes, at whicti place ihoy touch, on the 1st, 10th, and '.iOth of each month. Those bound for New York from Liverpool, sail on Mie Isl, 8ih, lOth, and 34th of each month ; those bound for New York from Havre sail on the same days as those firom Liverpool. Cabin passage to New York from London and Liverpool .35 guineas ; from New York to London and Liverpool 140 dollars ; a cabin passage to New York from Havre 140 dollars, from New York to Havre, the s;ime. This includes provisions, wines, beds, tec, so that the passengers have no occasion to proviile any thing except personal apparel. Each ship has a separate cabin for ladies ; each state-room, in the respective cabins, will accommo- dnte lioo passengers ; but a ichole state room may be secured for 1 individual by paying nt the rate of li passage, that is, 52^ eiiineas to New York. Packets for Philadelphia sail from Liverpool on the 8th and 20th nfevery month throughout the year; and 4 of these ships sail from Philadelphia for Liverpool on the 20tb of each month ; the others do nol 28« NEW YORK. •Iways return iireefTot Liverpool, but Bometimes go to Charleston, Savannah, ttc, to bring cargoei of produce to Liverpool. Cabin passage same as that to and fVom New York. These ships, 6 in number, are all American built and owned, and average about 500 tons burden; some of them are ag splendid as the New York packets, and are all fitted ui> with every regard to comfort. Three American packet ships are employed In the trade between New York and the Clyde ; and an American packet ship sai'.s from Liverpool for Boston twice every month. The rate of steerage passage varies, in the course of the year, considerably; depending on the num- ber of ships and tlie number ofpasseuKcrs iL'oing at the time, liy the packet ships it fluctuates from S to 6 guineas for each full-grown person; and children under 14 years are taken at half-price. By other ships the rate of steerage passage varies, at Liverpool, frniii II. 10s. to 61. ; being sometimeg reduced, by competition, so low as tWs. ; but the average rate may be taken at 41. For these rales, the ship provides nothing but berths, tire, and water ; the passensers provide their own provisions, bed- ding, &c. The expense of provisions for a poor person, who might wish to be as economical as possible, for the voyage out to the United States, would not be more than from 40;>. to S0.<. The cabin passage by the common traders (and many of them nreipiite equal to the packets in equip- ment and safety) varies from \5l. to 251. ; no wines being provided by the siiips at these rates, but pro- visions, bedding, malt liquor, and spirits. The rates of freight to New York, are- Fine gondi per ton measurement of 40 cubic feet Itardtvare ....... Coarse low-priced Konde . . - - - Iron, per ton of 20 cwt. ..... CmIs, do. do. ..... Cra;*!! of earthenware, per ton of 40 cuhic feet • Salt, |.M;r ton of 40 bushels ..... Steam pai'*(if«.— It has been proposed to establish steam packets between New York and Valcntia harbour, on the west coast of Ireland ; but as yet little progress lias been made in the undertaking. It may be doubted, indeed, seeing how well the intercouise is maintained by the sailing packets, whether the introduction of steam packets would he of material service. [See art. Steaih Vtssf.i.s.] Bankn, Insurance Companies, etc.— We borrow frotn a detailed and authentic statement by Tho- mas H. Goddird, Esq., published in the JVcw York Daily Advertiser for the '29lh of January, IH31, the following pa/ticulars in relation to the banks, insurance companies, &c. of New York, in 1830, with a view of ihcir progress from 1819 to 1630. By Packets. Cy other Ship*. L. ». d. /,. ». d. L. 1. d. L. : d. t to _ 1 6 to 1 10 1 10 - .. 17 6-1 i 6 10 0-160 _ 12 6 - 17 6 10 > 12 6 _ 9 - 12 6 1 U - 1 6 - 12 6 - l.'i 10 - 12 « _ 8 - 12 6 17 6-160 - 12 6 - 16 Banks. When Len«lh of No. of Amount Amount of Time and Rate Aniouat nf chartered. Cliarter. Shares. of Share. Capital. of Dividend. Dividend. Dollar!. Dollars. Dollars. Dollurt. United Slates Brancli • . . 25,000 too 2,50n,rD0 Jan. 3 1-2 — July 3 1.2 176,000 America 1822 20 years 20,000 too 2,000.000 Jan. 2 1-2 — July 2 1-2 100,000 Mechanics* 1810 22 do. 80,000 25 2,000,000 Jan. 3 1 2 — July 3 1-2 140,000 Manhattan Company • 1790 perpetual 41,000 80 2,060,000 Jan. 3 12 — July 3 1-2 1.13,800 Delaware and Hudson Canal Company I82S do. 15,000 100 1,500.000 June — Dec. Merchants' 1805 27 years 28,000 50 1,400.000 June 3 — Dec. 3 84,000 City - 1812 20 do 25,000 50 1,230.000 May 3 — Nov.3 75,000 New York • 18- . 1,900 600 9r>o,ooo May 4 - Nov.4 76,000 Fhoinix |R|2 20 do. 2O,0JO 25 600,000 Jan. 3 1-2 — July 3 12 3^,000 North River . 1S21 21 do. 10,(100 60 .500,000 Jan. 4 — July 4 40,000 Tradesmen's • 1822 10 do. 12.000 40 48(1,100 Jan. 3 — July 3 |.2 31,000 Chemical 1824 21 do. 20,0(10 25 .500,000 Jan. 3 1.2— July 22,500 Union • 1811 20 do. 20,000 60 6,000,000 May 3 — Nov.3 60,000 Fulton • 1834 20 do. 20,000 30 600,000 May3l-2— Nov.3 1-2 42,IK)0 Dry Dock . perpetual 14,000 60 700,000 Jan. 2 — July 14,000 GiMDWich 1830 new 8,000 25 200,000 not determined 859,900 18,130,000 J, 007,700 Jteeapifutefi'im.— There were, in 1830, 16 banks in this city, whose a)(|rre|;ate cipita) was And these nude dividends for .... Of these, the Hutson and Delaware made nn dividend, in consequence of apprnpriatinf; their means to the great work of completing the canal between the 2 rivers, which promises a great advantage to the city. The Greenwich had just commenced ; so thit the di- vidend accrued upon « capiiil of 17,930,000 dollars- making an interest of 6*7875 per cent., as the paper discounted would average 60 days' notes, and 6 per cent, discount deducted, there must have been dis- counted during the year paper to the amount of Marint Mturatia— During 1830, there were in this city 6 marine insurance comjtanies, with aii aggre* gate capital of ■ And these made dividends for • Bvt 2 companies, whnee capital amounted to 450,000 dollars, divided nothing, so that tiie dividend really arose out of a capital of 2,600.000 dollars, making an interest of 15'67S! per cent. The American Company Dollars. 18,130,000 1,037,700 103,769,952 3,010.000 403,000 commenced in 1815, and its dividends to 1830 inclu- sive were 3)2 per cent., amounting to The Ocean, with a capital of 350,000, has, from 1823 to 1830 inclusive, made dividends for 126 percent, ^irf /fisnrarice,— During 1830, there were in this city 20 fire companies, whose aggregate capital was •» And these made dividends for • But 2 cruiipanies, whose capital amounted to 780,tX)0 dollars, divided nothing, so thai the dividend really arose out of a capita' of 7,060,000 dollars, making an interest of 6t05 per cent. The Washington com- menced 1814. and has made a uniform semi-annual dividend of 4 t-2 per cent., making in all 144 per cent., amouniine to - From 1823 to the year 1830 inclusive— The dividends of the Eagle were 69 1-2 per cent. • Globe - 62 — - Franklin • 44 1-2 — North River 64 — New York - 76 — - Dollars. 1,560,000 Dollan. 441,000 7,800,000 479,750 720,009 347,500 620,000 133.000 224,000 380,000 Progress of Stocks in the City of New York, from 1S19 to 1830, *oth incaiisive. Tears. Banks in New York City. Marine Insurance Companies. Fire Insurance Companies. Amount of Amt. of Div. Rate Amount of Pa- Amount of Amount of Rate Amount (If Amt. of Div. Rite Capital. declared. percent per discounted Cmpital- Dollars. Div.declar. Dollars. per Cent. Capital. declared. per Cent. DoHarj. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 1819 15.900,000 782.000 4-918 78,199.992 3,«i0,0fl0 412,250 10-707 4.500,000 237, ,00 5-277 1820 15.900.000 921,500 5 '795 92,149.980 3,8i0,fl00 250,7,0 6513 4,500,000 36,,000 8-111 1921 15.900 000 92n,.500 6-789 92,649,984 3,850,000 2i0,65O 6-510 4,500 000 364.500 8-100 1822 16,000,000 921,200 6-7)7 02,119,976 3,8.50,001) 320,1,0 8-310 4,500,000 365.501 8122 1823 n.500,000 992,500 6-403 n9,2M),0 ,1,|->0,000 276.500 8-777 7.400,0(10 485 000 6--.54 IS24 15,600.000 617.0,0 3947 61,70 .020 4,6,0,OiTO 317.000 6817 7,401000 652500 7-466 1825 17.450,000 016,500 5.166 9.1,619,972 5,300,000 321,0110 4-169 1.190,000 767..500 6-4 <9 1826 17.500.000 l,03l,i00 5-894 I01,N9.856 5,300,000 260,000 4-905 12,150.000 717.7.50 5-825 1827 17.8'iO.OOO 1,025,400 5-751 102.5.19,996 4,3i0,0fl0 228,000 5-241 12,450.000 60',()"0 4-8.15 1828 18.3.10,000 1,039.200 5fi6<» 101.919.972 4,100,000 301.500 7-.153 10,100.000 467.000 4-524 1829 17.'<.1O,0flO 977.000 5 479 97.699,992 3,000,000 •142,000 14-7.13 7,800,000 464,500 5-955 1830 18,130,000 12 years - 1,037,700 5-7M 103,7t«.952 1 3,050,000 403.000 13-213 7,900,000 479,750 6,868,500 6-150 ll,2t»,050 1,120,201,752 * 3,682,800 Tn the pret interest is dc Hemarku on some details York as in ai that still exis of 1826, the ( with the forii defraud the |i viotisly been rlty, that thei wos eslalilisli Lombard Ass but theasBoci been paid up I worse than iti With the et notes of so lot In order to | the Slate of 1 their charters by whom it is certain restric nulhority to e dilferent banki This system be formed as ti to eradicate th than to tax the set on font for responsibility < than the mtiitii rica, as in Eng for payment nf material servic mismanaseineri Forgery is ex consequence of transactions. less satisfaclor] much deteriorni Sales bv Au auction, is of lo appointed by th Statement of S Yean. 1810 1611 1813 1813 ■►ISU 1615 1810 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 li>23 18'i3 1821 1825 1826 1827 1828 tl829 1830 .JlilracI 0/ (Ac pHneij The duties are— 1. On wines an I ardent 2. On goods imported f in packagee, Inles. & 3. On all other articles, The following 1. Ships and vessels. 2. Utenfils of husb,andr 3. Articles grown, prw dutilled spiri ts. ^ * The returns o by estimating the correct as staled. t The amount) u2 NEW YORK. 233 i.seo.ooo DoUan. 441,000 7,900,ono 4A15* 72D,00e 347,500 6i0,000 133.000 2Z4,000 380,000 anio. Ri'e per Cent. 5-277 KIM 8' 100 BI22 e-'M 7-466 6-4 ■'» 5-8 M 6-V'>4 7-466 6-4 ■'» 5-8 M 4-8,15 4-524 5-955 S-160 Tn the prflvinu* estlmnte*, the rnle per cent, on the actiinlly prndiirtlve cnpitnl wan given. Here tbs intereRt is iletRrmined by r.ninpnrini; the whole capitnl with the whnli- ilivitleriij. Htmarks on Banking at JVew KurA.— The remlur will find in the nrllrlr IIankd, I"onEl0N(vol. i. p. 195.), nome details a§ to the banking syslcm of the ITnited Slates. It seems to he unite as defcttive in New York Bs in any other part of the Union. Heveriil hanks in that State have failed, and some of llioBO that still exist obtained their charters by resorlini; to the most disgraceful praclir<-s. In the siiininor of 1826, the grand jury of the city entered npon an Investigation of certain circiinistances ronnccted with the forniation of some of these establishments, which ended in the conviction, as cnnsiiirators to defraud the pnblic, of not a few citizens, and even of some members of the legislature, who had pre- viously been deemed highly respectable! The Court of Errors afterwards decided, by a small majo- rity, tliat these convictions were Illegal ; but the fact of the most scandalous abuses having prevailed was established beycmd all question. We may mention, by way of example, that the United Hiatet Lombard Association, incorporated in 1H35, was sworn to as having a paid up capital ofSno.dllO dollars ; but the association having failed in 18%, it was ascertained that not more than 30,000 dollars had ever been paid up! There were, we are sorry to say, several other cases quite as had, or, if possible, even worse than this.— (Rcpur< and Obserralinnn on the Bonka, Sfc. of the Stale of J^ein York, p. 10.) With the e.rception of the branch of the United States Bank, all the other New York banks issue notes of so low a value as 1 dollar. They all discount bills; generally at 6 per cent. In order to protect the public from the mischief resulting from the failure of banks, the legislature of the State of New York enacted a law. In 1829, compelling all hanks chartered in future, or getting their charters renewed, to pay from i to 1 per cent, of their'capltal stock to the treasurer of the Slate, by whom it is invested and accumulated as a guarantee fund. When a bank fails, its debts, under certain restrictions, are to be paid from this fund. Conunlssioners have also been appoinied, having authority to examine upon oath, andfto inquire Into any particulars as to the manugcinent of the different banks subjected to this regulation. This system has not been established for a sutncient length of time to enable a conclusive opinion to be formed as to Its practical operation. We believe, however, that it will be found quite in:idequate to eradicate the evils complained of. Even were it otherwise successful, what can he more unjust than to tax the capital of solid and well-managed concerns, to create a fund to pay the debts of those set on fool for the purpose of swlndllngl The interference of the cuuMuissioners, by lessening the responsibility of the directors, must be a good deal worse than useless ; and can have no I'flect other than the mnitlplicatlon of abuses. We have not, indeed, the least doubt, that it will be found in Ame- rica, as in England, that banking can acquire no real solidity till a stop be put to the issue of all notes for payment of which security has not previously been given. Nothing short of this can be of any material service. It is mere error and delusion to suppose that it is possible to prevent fraud or mlsmanaseinent by any system of official superintendence. Forgery Is extremely prevalent in the State of New York, and, indeed, throughout the Union ; a consequence of the low value at which notes are Issued, and of their employment even in the smallest transactions. It is not. In truth, easy tn imagine that the paper currency of any country can he in a less satisfactory conJltion than that of the United Slates. And it will not, certainly, be improved, but much deteriorated, should the president succeed in hlselforts to destroy the Bank of the United States. Sales Bv Auction.— The practice of selling goods, particularly those imported from abroad, by auction. Is of long standing In New York, and is carried to a very great extent. Auctioneers are appointed by the senate, on the nomination of the governor. Statement of Sales at Auction in the State of New York, from 1810 to 1830 inclusive, from Return! made by the Auctioneers to the Comptroller. Yon. Amount o( Duties. Amount of Salea dutiable. Amount of Sale* not dutiatile. Total. Dollart, cents. IMIars. cmtt. Dollari. cenli. DoUan. cenit. 1810 126,404 62 5,602,662 59 510,760 28 6,113,422 87 1811 110,220 76 4,.')93,987 51 342,1.')5 2t 4,730,142 75 1813 121,236 92 5,'203,566 67 425,451 30 5,629,017 97 1813 156,481 05 6,001,162 40 1,051,646 40 7,052,808 80 *1814 86,067 76 3,527,155 88 387,631 12 3,914,787 00 1815 182,936 57 12,124,054 76 1,037,695 01 1.3,161,749 77 1816 171,907 40 11,349,826 07 765.889 76 12,115,715 83 1817 199,123 38 12,472,446 92 726,165 73 13,198,612 65 1818 17fi,032 2t 11.873.658 42 1,614,418 83 13,488,077 25 1819 141,570 96 9,538,202 51 1,727,3.^6 31 11,265,558 82 1820 153,999 86 10,182,907 00 1,833,229 75 12,016,196 75 1821 154,543 92 10,525,791 05 1,819,434 72 12,345,275 77 1823 180,761 68 12,340,127 54 1,798,880 88 14,139,008 42 1823 208,254 01 13,754,821 57 3,117,128 86 16,871,950 43 1821 226,218 13 15,716,432 88 3,587.586 48 19,304,019 36 1825 285,037 62 19,713,686 67 4,530,600 69 24,214,287 36 1826 242,810 06 16,328,198 52 4,722,154 73 21,050,353 25 1827 247,809 24 16,401,fi4.S 68 3,063,.'>76 64 19,465,220 32 1828 aw, 180 40 17,449,544 64 8,590,116 29 26,039,600 93 tlS29 242,552 54 16,.').S6,906 60 8,685,802 29 25,222,708 89 1830 218,513 66 15,465,405 99 10,300,705 79 10 25,766,111 78 3,892,661 78 216,502,219 87 60,638,437 307,140,686 97 AlutTcut of the prineipal Prmuimi of the Law concerning Jbu- liotK. Tlie dut'iH are— 1. On wine.^ an I ardent spiriti, forei^ or domestic, 2 per cent. 2. On ^ood3 imported fiom ticyond ttie Cape of Good Hoiie, aud itold In puckntcea, tnles, kc , aa imported^ I per cent. 3. On all otiier article!, subject to duties, I 1-2 per cent The following articles are not subject to duties :— 1. Ships »nd vessels. 2. Utennlls of husbandry, horses, neat cattle, hn;s, and sheep. 3. Articles (mwn, produced, or manufactured in this state, except distilled spirits. 4. All fabrics of cotton, wool, hemp, and flai, manufactured wilhia the juritdirlion of the Uniteil Slaies. CKiods are exempted fmni auction duties,— 1. When they lielong to the United .Slates or this Stale. 2. When sold by the authority nf a court, or when seize I by a publie officer on accuuut of auy forfeiture or penalty, or under a distress for rent. 3. The eSiM:t* of a deceased person sold by eieculors, or administra- tors, or by a person authorised by a surrorate. 4. The elTects of a bankrupt or insolvent sold by his assignees, ap- pointed pursuant to law, or by a general assignment fur the benefit of all his creditors. 5. GiHids damaged at sea and sold within 20 days after being landed, for the owners or insurers. ♦ The returns of sales for 1814, having been mislaid at the comptroller's office, the amounts are stated by estimating the average of the 4 preceding years in proportion to the duties paid, which are exactly correct as stated. fThe amount of real estate sold in 1839 (included in the above not dutiable) was #2,131,390 62 centi. u2 30 «1 •jr-JJ & P Ssjll 1184 NEW YORK. Any eUfun of thii State tnajr lell it ■uclion (except In the city of New Ynrk) all such p;ondf m are nnt iubject tn dutin. Rtit in the city nf New York, or where th« gnodt p«y duliei, the sate muit be ty an aulhoritcd auctioiiMri bis partner, or clerk. And any prnoo ■ellin^ contrary to the »aid proviiioiii is Kuil'y of a Diiwlemeanour. When an auctioneer cannot attend an aiirtinn by nckittju, by duty a» a fireman, by militaiy ivden, or necaiary aUendauce m a evurt of jxuticf., or when Ae Is teniporarity abwnt from the plnce for which he is appointed, he may eiiipluy a partner to attend iii his behalf. He munt t'wt bondio the people of this State, with 2 freehold mrre- tien, coiiditioiifd in the penally of n,(K)0 dollars, for (hr nayineni of the dutien iintjosed by law aud acrruinK on the tulrs. Tnr |ienalty of sdlinif without the bond is 125 dollars for each article oftered for late. No anolKineer in any city shall at the fame time have more thnn I hcuse or store for hnldrnjc his auctions, nnd shall, tiefore entering on his n/Ticf, drsijcnnte in wrilinii, lo bf filed with the clerk of the city, such hotiM or store, and his partner or partners. Rut K"<^t* snid in the p:irkaff<>ii in u bich they were inifiorird, firrnilure, and such bulky arlii'lfs as have usually been sold in warehouses, in the streets, or on the wharfs, need not be srdd in the liouiie or store desigtiated in such writing, if such sale be advertised at least 2 days previously in I or more ne^^spapers. Auctioneers are tn receive 2 IS percent, on the amount of all •ales, unlt-ss by previous agreement in writing: and (nr dnnandin/f or receiving an unlawful rommiKsion, shall forfeit 250 dollars, and refund the monies so received. No aiictlnneer. on the same day and at the same place where his public auction itmll l>e held, nor any other |>crson ai the sxme time and place, shall sell at private sale nny goods liable to auction duties, under peuall^^ of forfeiting their price. Every auctioneer shall make nut in writing a quarterly account, dated on the I si days nf April, July, October, and January in the year for which be is appointed, staling minutely— 1. 'J'he sum for which any goods shall have been sold at every auc* tion held by or for hint, front the time of his giving bund, or from the date of his List quarterly account. 2. I'he days on which sales were so made, and the ammint nf each day^l bale, designating the s-iles made by himself, or in his pre* ■encc, and those made in his absence by his partner or clerk, and thit cause of his absence. 3. The amount of all private sales made by himself or his partnere, and the tlmea thereof. 4. The aniouni of duties chargeable on all sales made. Every sud) account sh:tll, within 20day«af er its date, beeihibit- ed, by auctioneers for a city, to the mayor or recnnler ; and if by an auctinneer for a county, to a county judge, and be verified by oath. Kvery partner nf an auctinneer, and every clerk who has made any sales, shall also swear lo his belief in the truth and justice of every particular of such account. The State duties (together with the addition nf 2 1-2 per cent, nn the whnle amount of them) are to be paid within 10 days after exhi- biting such account. Any deceit or fraud in violating any provision of the law respect- ing auctioneers, is made a miwlemeannur, and subiecls the oflending party to the payment of treUe damages (o the party injured. Coim, A TaUe of varioui Foreien Coint, ^. urtfA their Valut in Fede- ral Money, Sixteenth of a dollar • - . . Haifa pistareen . • - . Real plate of Spain • • - An English sixpence • . . Eighth of a dollar - • . . Livre Tnurnois of France - - - Frane of France .... A pistareen - - - . - An E.iglish shilling • - > • Qriarter of a dtdlar ■ - . • Marc banco of Hamburgh The florin or guilder of the United Netherlands Half dollar ..... Rupee of Bengal . • . , Hixiioiiarnf Denmark ... Rix-dollar of Sweden ... Spanish dollar .... Rouble of Russia - . . • Crown of England and Fnnce • Milree of Portugal - • . - Tale of China .... Pagoda of India .... French pistole .... Spanish pistole . - . • Ft)und oi Ireland .... Pound sterling of Great Britaia • • French guinea . • . • Enelish guinea . . • • A moidore - . . « • Hair Johanoai . • • • A doubloon • . • - • A Johannas • - . • . Real vellon of Spain ... Real nf Gibraltar .... Rix dollar of Bremen ... Fezza of Leghorn > • > . Ducat of Naples .... Ounce of Sicily .... CoiTU of the United States. Gold Coins. Eagle, value 10 dol., wt. 270 grs. stand, gold. = Half eagle, 5 do. 135 .do. — « Quarter 2^ do. 67^ do. — a Standard gold is 11 parts pure and 1 alloy. Silver Coins. Dollar, val. 10 dimes, wt. 416 rn. stand, silver Half dollar 5 do. 203 do. — Quarter, 2i do. 104 do. — Dime, 10 cents, 41 3-6ths — Half dime. 5 do. 20 4-5ths — Standard silver is 1,485 parts pure, and 179 alloy. A pound of pure gold is valued at 15 lbs. of pure silver. Dolt. eU. m. • 6 21 •090* • 10 - II 1 • 12 6 • 18 6, ■ 18 7t • 18 5 - 22 2 - 25 • 23 • 40 - 50 - 60 • i - 1 - 1 ■ 1 ■ 1 9 ■ 1 24 • 1 49 - 1 84 - 3 68 7 . 3 77 3 - 4 10 - 4 44 • 4 60 • 4 66 7 • 6 8 - 8 • 14 93 4 • 16 - 6 • 8 6 . 75 ■ 90 - 80 • 2 60 L. 1. d. 2 3 8iterl. I 1 10 — ICIl - 1. d. 4 3-75«IctI. 2 4-87 — I 0-93 — 6'46 - Coiiu of the United Slatee demnnlly rft'rtlifffi— 10 mills mik* I cent, 10 cents I dime, 10 dimes 1 dollar, 10 dollars I engt«. Riilet for reducing the Currencin of the difftfaxt Staia info e«cA othrr. To reduce the curf^ncies of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode iBlaiid, Connecticut, and Virginia, into those of New York and North Carolina,— tn the given luui add l-3d part thereof. Uf reniisylvama, New Jeriev. DeUivare, and M-iryland,— tn the given sum add l-lth thereof, (n South Carolma and Gwrgia,— from Iht given sum aiibtraci ^9ths thereof. To reihjce New York and North Carolina into New Hampshire, Mawicliusetts, Rhode Island, C«innecticul, and Virginia,- from Die Kiveti sunt deduct l-4th thereof, loin rennsylvaiua, New Jersey, l)el:iware, and Maryland,— from thcuivin iinn deduct l-6lh therm, iiito South Carolina, -to the Buni givvn add I -Kith, then lake 1 -id of thr, whole. To rrduce Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Pelaware, and Maryland, into New llmipshire, Massachusetts, Kliode Isl md, Cuuhecticut.and Virginia*.— fnim the sum given defluct l-Slh Iht reof. Into New York and North rarolina,~to the sum given add l-fith tliereoC Into South Carolina and Georgia,— multiply by 3 and l-Ulh, and divide the protluci by 5 ; or multiply by 2^, and divide liy 45 To reduce South Carolina and Georgia into New Mainpihire, Mas- sachusetts, Rliode Island, Connecticut, and Virginia,— to the given sum add 2<7lbii thereof. Into I'enn^iylvania, New Jer&ey, Delaware, and Maryland,— multiply the given sum by '16 and divide by 28. Into New York and Nasler24 hours after n nival; n:ust rome to a full entry 4S hours aftir arrival, at which (inie the commander swears lo a detailed account of his cargo, stores, and passengers, and that he has deposited all letters in the JKist ojlice, except such as are for his ship's huslKind, at wi]ich time lie must alvj dt posit the ship's regis- ter, clearance, and cockels, in the Custom-house. Warthuuimg.— Y\\v\a is no warehousing system, but goods are re- ceived into the public stores, whf^re they an* altewed to remain 9 months at the risk and eapense (for fees of cartage-, labourige, and storage, as fixed by the Chamber of (^umnurce, see poet) of the owner, without any duties being deniandalde. Woollens are the only excep- tions In this rule : since 1833, interest is charged upon the amount of duty payable on their account from the time of their importation. Port Charf^a.— For American vessels, or those of iitates having ffr ciprocity treaties :— Doll. cti. L. I. d. Fees on entering - • •6 70orl673-4 Fees on clearing - • - 2 70 — 12 I 34 CiutamhtniK Fees— I. Fees vayabU tn Collector.— fintry o{ i vet' sel of 100 tons or upwanis, 2 dollars and 60 cents; clearance of a ves- sel of 100 Inns or upwards, 2 dollars and 50 cents ; entry of a vusel under 100 tons, I dollar and 50 cents; clearance of a vessel under 100 tons, I dollar ami 50 cents ; every post entrv, 2 dollars ; permit to land goods, 20 cents; evpr>' bond taken ofticially, 40 cents; permit to load gof'ds, for the export;ition, for drawback, 30 cents; debenture or other official certificate, 20 cents ; ofTicial document, (register ex- cepted), n-«iuired by nny person, 20 cents. 2. Feu piiyaJfle tn the .Vifri<£^nr.— Admeasuring and certifying the same, of every ship or vessel of 100 tons and under, per ton, 1 per cent. ; admeasurement of ever}' ship or vessel above KM) tons, and not exceeding -^tO Inns, 1 dollar and 50 cents ; above 200 -ons, 2 dollars; for all other services on tjoard any ship or vessel of 100 tons and up- wanis, having on board goods, wares, or merchandise subject to duty, 3 dollars ; for like services on board any shin or vessel of leu than 100 tons, 1 dollar and .iO cents; on alt vessels not having on board goods, wares, or iiterchandine subject te duly, 66 2-3d cents. Certificate of registry of vessels, 2 lollars. Endorsement on registry or record, 1 dollar. Kvery bond required by this act, 25 cents; every t)ond for a Mediterranean passport, 40 cents ; every seaman's protection, 25 cents. f7r«ffr the Coatting .tfc/.— Admeasuring every vessel in order (o the registering, enrolment, licensing, or recording the same, of 5 tons or4ipwards, and less than 20, 50 cents ; 20 and not exceeding 70, 75 cents; 70, 1 dollar; above 100, 160 cents. For every certificate of enrolment, fiO cents; every endorsement of ditto, 20 cents; every IVcMtce, including the bond, not exceeding 20 tons, 25 oents ; above 20 tons, and not more than 100, 50 cents ; more than 100, 1 dollar. Recording certificate, manifest, and granting permits of less than 20 tons, 2.i cents ; alwve 50 tons, 50 cents. Foi certifying a manifest and granting permit for registered vessels, 150 cents. For receiving certified manifest and granting permit for registered vessels, 150 cents. Granting permit for a vessel not l>elnnging to a citizen, nn ar- rival, to proceed from district to district, and receiving a manifest, 2 dollars ; receiving manifest and granting permit to unload, as above, 2 dollars. Granting permit for a vessel to carry nn fishery in a fo- reign port, 25 cents. For report and entry of any foreign goods im- ported in such last- mentioned vessel, 25 cents. DoUi. L, i.d. Expense of loading a vessel of 300 tons, in ttie port of New York, with the hsu»1 cargo exported from thence Ditto of discharging For discharging— Coals, per chaldron • . • For loaifing— Tobacco, per lUid. - • - Cotton, per bale Flour, per bl. - • • Flax seed, do. - Rates of Wharfdge.--Veme\% under SO tons, 60 cents per day eZr. 3d.; and for every 50 tons more, 12^ cents additional ^7(f. N.B.—Vflaxh are all private property. Rates of Commission.— recnnwundtd for general Adopiiorij and allowed by the fiew York Chamber of Commercej when no Agree* meiit subsists to the contrary. On Foreign Business.— On the sale of merchandise, 5 per cent- sate or purchase of slocks, I per cent.— Specie, 1-2 per cent.— Pur- chase and shipment of merchandise, with fund in hand, on the aggre- gate amount of costs and charges^ 21-2 per cent.— Drawing or indorsing bills, in all cases, 2 1-2 per cent.— Vessels, selling or pur- chasing, 2 1-2 per cent.— Procuring freight, 5 per cent.— CoHectin? freight on general average, 2 1-2 per cent.— Outfits or disbursements, with funds in band, 2 1-2 per ceut.— ffifecting marioe insuraucei in 160 ,16 80 18 Cent: 25 I I 25 1 I 25 1 1 312 IW 7 33-4 111 out, Wll« amount infu cent,, on the a on tewk, 1-2 I percenl.-A.ll BMclvinjt ""cl aerjvml, I p^rt landing and i 2 l-i per cent.- toni-hnuK, mi •iljililin incur On Inland I — PurcluMj in( wilhoiil fun.Ii I ofitofk., I p.-r of bills nf ricl nniM nr drafl. of tixchnn^r^ 2 I cent.— Clurleri Procuriiir or c< irif nil, 212 pir Kffectinj niariii nnl exci-etl 10 pi the prrniiutii ej jwr cent -Ailjii Colleclinn divid piyinjover Ihi^ no other conmiii injf gnoJs, on Ik duly or debenlui per cent. The atjove cnr for Mlri on creil ally incurr(^l.— 'I and of rnbtiery, I care he liken to i the pmpr einr of and are relumed the aaiue rnnini hnnourt-d. On cm full cnininiMion \< bilitics iitcurre'i, , Itata of Storage, Almondi, 'n fraili Alum, in caskn or Ajhei, not .iikI pe; Beef. bbl. Bottles, quart, in r Rirk, (|ueri-jlmn, Bluing, cn'ton, In Butler, in firkini o Brandy. See I,i(|ii Candles, in boxes t Chocolate, in boie Coco,», in biKs, pci in casks, dil Coflee, in casks, di in Ijijfs, dill Copperas, in cisks Copper, in pi?»., m hales, per cw K>«iu», AUlagi, in ca tims ami up- ; sutjfCt to esxel nf less liaving on 66 2-3ove, fUhery in a fo* ign goods im- t. f.d. 56 18 1 1 1 1 1 13-4 3 3-4 Bperday bZi. = 7d. _, 5 per cent.— Ksr cent.— Pur- , on the aggrt' ^Drawins or selling or pur- nt.— Collecting di»bursemen(Bt e iDiurauce, la NEW YORK. 985 all casetf when lh« nremium does not eiceed 10 per cent, oti tK$ \ amount tntur§d, \-i |ffr cent.~VVhen the premium eiceeiln )0 per i cent., on the amount n/prrmiiim,5per cent.— Collecting diviilemli | on stock, 1-2 per cent.— Cdlh^cllng nelayed or litigalnl accouiila, ft i per cent. —Ailjustinit and collect ing Iniurance loasrs,2 1*2 per cent- Receiving ami paying monicH, from which no other commiMinn is derived, 1 percnt.— Remitiances in bills, in all cases, I 2 per cent.— Landing anil reshippmg gr>oth from vessels in distress, on thr ra/tte, X 1*2 per cent.— Receiving and forwardine gnoJi unlered at (he Cut* toni*hniise, oti tht vatiu^ I per cent.— and 2 1-2 per cent, on resfKiu* sihililies Incurred. (>ti Inland //luineis.— On the sale of merchandisr, 2 1-2 per cent. —Purchase ami shipment nf nutch.mdise, or accepting for purchase, without funds or propertv in hand, 2 1-2 per rent— Sale or purchaive oftitnrki, 1 p^-r cent.— S:ite or purchase of specie, 1-2 per cent.— Sale of bills nf exchange with indiirsement, 12 per cent,— Sale nf bank nor OS or drafts not current, I 2 per cent.— Sellinic or indorsing bills of eichange, 2 1-2 [wr cent.— Selling or purchasing vessels, i 1-2 per cent.- Chartering in proceed to olliur ports to load, 2 1-2 per cent.— Pnicuriiic or collecting freiicht, 2 1-2 per cent,— Oulfi's or disburse- ment!, 212 pi r cent.— Ciillecling general average, 2 1-2 per cent.— Effecting marine in^urancerTiiium, 6 percent —Adjusting and collertiue insurance losses, 2 I-2 per cent.— Cnllecting dividends on stocks, 1-2 fier cent.- Collectinfr bills, am) plying nver the antount, or n>ceiving and paying monies fmm which no other commission is derived, 1 per cent.— Krceiving and forward- ing goods, mt the value, 1*2 |)er cent. — I'he same when ente ml fnr duty or debenture, I pvr cent.— Remittances in bills, in all cases, 1-2 per cent. The above cnnimissiois to be exclusive of the guarantee nf debts for sales on credit, slongc. brokeraice, and every other charge actu ally incurri-d.— 'I'hf risk of loss by fire, unless insurance be onlerM. and of mbhery, thett. and other unavoidable ()ccnrren>.'es, if the usual care Iw taken to secure the pniperty. is in all cases to be borne by the pmpretor of the goods. When bills are remitted for collection, and are returned under protest for non-acceptance or non-payment, the same cnninii^inn tn be charged as tt^nugh they were duly honnurt-d. Un conaixnmentsnf merchamline withdrawn or re^hlppeil, full commission to bi- charged tn the extent of aJvances or resuonsl* bilities incurred, and half commission on the residue of the value. Hctie* of Storafef-^chargcabfe per motif A, as ettablished by the New Yurk Chamber of Commerct. Almonds, :n frails or packages, cwt. • Alum, in casks or bags, per Ion Ashes, pot and pearl, bbl. Reef. bbl. .... Bottles, quart, in mats, cr. or hmp. gr. R-irk, tpiercitmn, in casks, ton Bigtjing, cn'ton, loose or in bates, pe. • Butter, in firkins of 60 lbs., per lir. ■ Brandy. See tjipiors. Candles, in b'lies of 50 or 60 lbs., box • Chocolate, in boxes of 50 lbs., box Cocoa, in bans, per cwt. in cai<, ditln West Indian, in proportion to round. F.ast Indian, in bales, per 300 lbs. rhee«e, casks, boxes, or loose, cwt. Duck, heavy, per Imlt • Ravens or Russia sheeting, piece Dry goods, in boxes or bales, 40 cubic feet Fish, pickled, per bbl. • dry, in casks or boxes, cwt. in hulk, per cwt. Fi^, in frails, boxes, or drums, cwt. - Flax, per ton Cenit, -40 - 8 . 2 - 2 . 21-2 . 3 . 212 . 2 .40 -20 . 30 -75 • 60 . 10 - 121-2 . 16 - 9 . 3 . 1 1-2 . 03-4 . 40 • 6 - 4 - 21-2 - 21-2 .60 Flax seed, or other dry articles, in tierces of 7 bushels per tierce 10 Flour, or other dry articles, in bbls. - • - -4 Earthenware, in crates of 2'> to 30 feet • - - - 15 in hhds. nf 40 to 50 feet • • - - 30 Grain^ In bulk, per bushel • * - • • 1 Ginger, in bags, per cwt. • . - - .2 Glare, window, in boxes of 50 feet • - - > 11>2 Gin. See I.i(innr8. Hemp, iH-r ton - - . - . • -75 Hides, dried or salted, per hide - • - -11-2 Hardware, in ca»iks of 40 cubic feet - • • « 40 Indigo, in sernns or tmxes, per cwt. • • ■ •4 Iron, in bars or bolts, per ton • • ■ - -20 in hoops, sheets, or nailrods, ton • • • -30 Liquors, in puncheons of 120 gallons, per puncheon • • 30 in 1-4 casks • • . • > - 6M in pipes or cvks, 120 gallons - • - -30 bottled, in cisks or boxes, doz. Iwttles - - 11-2 Leather, per side • • - - - - I Urd, in firkins of 60 lbs. - • - -2 Lead, pii; or sheet, per ton • • - - -20 dry or gr in oil, ditto - • . • -20 Mf^Vis^es, per hhd. of IIO gallons fother casks in proportion) ■ 30 Nails, in ca-iks, per cwt. • • . - .2 Oil, in bh Is. or cuks, 110 gallons • - - -30 in chests nf 30 flasks, per chest - . - - 4 bottled, in iNtxes or baskets, doE. . • - - 1 1-2 Faints, in casks or kegs, per ton - - • - 40 Pork, per bbl. • • . - . - • 6 Porter. See Liquors. Pepper, in bags, per cwt. - . • - •21-2 Pimento, in canks or ba^, cwt. - - • - - 2 1-2 Rice, in tierces, per tierce - • ■ - - 12 in 1-2 ditto, per 1-2 ditto 8 Rigs, in bates, per cwt. • - . . . -6 Baisius, Malaga, in caalu > • • • - 3 Centt, I 2 Raisins, Malaga, In traxeit in other p.ack.ige», per cwt. Rum. ,SVc Liquors. Saltpetre, in liaits, per cwt. • • . . .2 in ca^ks, ditto • . . . > 2 1-3 Salt, in bag^ or bulk, per bushel • - • 1 Shot, in ranks, per dm • • • . • * 37 Soa|i, in bnxesofr>0)n60 llM. . . . . -2 Steel, in bars nr btnulles, per ton • • . .30 in iKixes or tubs, ditln > • . . .40 Sugar, raw, in bags or iMixet, per cwt. • • . > 2 ditto, in caskii, ditto - . . . . 21>8 refuied, in casks ur packages • • > '3 Tallow, in c.iNks or senms, cwt. - • • - 2 Tea, bohea^ in whr^le chests - • • • -15 ditto, in 1-2 chests • > . . .8 grtien or black, in l'4 chests • . - •41-2 HI liftxes, in proportion to 1-4 cheats. Tin, block, per ton • - • . . -20 in txixes of usual size, per box - • . • I 1.2 Tobacco, in hh . -37 1-2 On articles on which the rate is fixed by weixht, it Is umlerstooil tn he on the ero«» "eti(ht ; and on liquors, oil, ^c. on whirli the rate refers to gillnns, it is understood to Iw on the whole capacity of the casks, whether full or not. The proprietors of^ goods to be at tha expense of putting them in store, stnwin? away, and turning out of store.- All goods taken on ptnrage tn be subject to 1 month's storage; if taken nut wiihin \h days after the expiration of the iU(Mith, to pay 1-2 a month's btorage; ifjifter I6days,a wholemonlh^s alorage. Ratm of Cartage. Ale or l)eer, per hhd, hhl. fmm 60 to 00 gal Ions Alum or copperas, from 12 to 16 cwt., per hhd. from 15 tn 20 cwt. over ! ton Bar iron, per load - . Boards and plank, per load . Brindy, pipe over 100 gallons Bre.id, 4 tierces ... Bricks, ner load namllul and piled • Building or paving stnnes, laid (!alvea, sheep and lambs ('ik<«ilinienni(>nt • - - •6 0] |)(> whole thot ul 10, knJ nol eicretlinK 12 Inches in circum* | ferrnce • • ■ • M , Do. whole shot of 12, and not etit^rdins 14 inchn in circum* | ferenrr ■ • • 20 , Do. half shot of the ttitneniiinrii nf the two I»t mentioned • 10 l)o. whole bIioI oI 14 and not eiceedinK "^ iiicliei • • 24 1*0. h:tlf ihni of like diiiiensiona • • • • li Do. whole ^hol of li inchw - • • • 3^ I>o, halt thot or likK dnite-i«innB • - • • 16 •^» tiitxin, udrti, mtichauJiiey itr other artkUt not htrein 0tt}tintratid. ptr lt tirade. — Vnr any diitancn not eiceedinK 1*2 » mi'e. 12 I ictn'Ui over l*i.i mile, and not exn'edinfra mile, i£5renti, ami in that [)ro|Kirtion for .my Rreaier di»t.inrii. For ctnyinft a load u^ion a hand-l'.irniw, f'lr any distanc** not eictediiiK l-Za mile, 23 centi; over 1-2 a mile, and not exreeiVin^ a mile, 44 cenli; and in that (iniiKiriion tor any rre.iler distance. Handiartmtn —Kor any distance not exceeding 1-2 a mile, 183-4 cent! ; over 1-2 a mde, and not exrecdini; a mile, 31 1*4 ci*uli{ and in tlMt liruporiiun fur any ftrealer d.arance. Harbour Matter. The office nf harbour niaiter wai created in IPO**, hy legiitative enartmeni, \\\'h power to regulate and alalion all veuels in ihc har- bour, or at the w harfu, to accommodate vewela wiahini; to discham their carKoes, and lo dix-ide iiromptly all disputei connected with (he foreKoinic buhjecls. He<»iiitinK hit aulhor.ty luhjerla to a fine of 50 dollars and cotii. for the lientlit ol the New York hosniial. fct.i.~i)u vi-utis uidoailin^, 1 12 cent per Inn. Vessels paying foreign duties and tnotLtse, (/cti/j/e; which muit be paid within 48 hours after arrival. SchnoncTS and slofipa in the coastinfc trade, 2 dollars. For aljuslini; any ditference respectinic situation, 2 dollan. Pilots must re^i^ter ihejr vessel names, and places of alxxle, in his office i and are i hii^td to put to st-a whenever nnlered by him. The penalty fur refusing is 6 dollars and loss of licence. Pilitla^e. There areObranch andftdepuly pilots, and as many registered boats. Katcx of /M((fi|te— Kvery pilot who shall tnke charge of any vessel to liie eastward or south wanl nf the While Duny on the eastern ridge near the bir, and conducts and moors sifely such vessel tn a E roper wliarf, or fioni (lie ci!y to the southward or eastward of said uov, is enti'led by law to the Adlowing rates, lo wit :— For vessels of the United Mttea, ami those who are entitlerge of vts-elsoul of sight of the light-house. For every day any pilot shall be required to remain on l)oard, 3 dols. per day. Foreign veuels not entitled by treaty to enter on the same terms as thn-e nf the foiled S(ates, to pay l-4lh additional to the pilots, and also 5 dols. over and above the foregoing rate* of pilotage. Wardent of the Port. Vessels and goods arriving in a damaged state, and required to be •oM by auction for the benefit of uitderwriiers out of the city of New York, niU!>t be under the inspection of the wardens, who may be required to certify the cause of the dam'.ge, and amount cf sale and charges. Fat." 1 1 2 per cent, on gross anion.it of sales ; and for each survey on board of any vessel, at any storf , or along (he docks or wharfs, 3 dots, on damaged gr>ods; < a(h survey on hull, spars, rigging, Ac, 6 dols.; each cerlincate, 1 dol. 25 cts. ; ditto of distress of said vessel, 2 dots. 50 c*s. ; same services for vessels paying foreign duties and tonnage, doitbU. Qiuintity of Goodt to compnn a Ton. Extract from the Sy-Latot of the New ynrh Chanttxr of Commeret. Aef oer, oak planki pine and other boitrds, beaver, fun, peltry, bees' waa, cotton, woolf and bale goods of all kinds. I hogshead ot tobacco, and ID cwt. of dry hides. hopheads, extra 8 cwt. of China raw silk, 10 cwt. nei Tara allowtd by Alum, in bars in caAks Almonds, iu cases • in bales > double tutea In bags Cheese, In cai>k> or tubs Cocoa, in Nfrnns Cop(>eras, in casks - CasMia, in Imixcs in mats Cinnamon, in t>oxes • in bales • Cloves, in casks in baga Currants, in casks • in boxes • Figs, in boxes in mats br frails in drums in casks Glue, in casks in boxes Hemp, in bales Indigo, in cases Lead (while, in oil) in krgs do. if the kep are packed tn allowed for the hogshead is (while, dry) in casks (red, dry) do. • (red, in oil) do. m casks Nails, in bags Nutmegs, in casks ■ in bags - Ochre (in oil) in casks (dry), do. Powder, gun, in I 4 casks in 1-2 do. in whole do. Plums, in boxes I'rune.t, in do. - Paris white, in casks Raisins, in jars in boxes in casks in frails in drums - Rice Snutr, in boxes Sugar-candy, in tubs Sugar in loavea Steel, per bundle Shumac, no tare : sometimes 1 lb. per bag is allowed. Sheet iron, in casks ■ Steel, in cases and casks Spikes, in casks in bags Tallow, in bales in casks in serons « in tubs Twine, in boxes in casks in l>ales Tobacco, in boxes • Wire, in ca.^ks Whiting, in do. Actual lare is allowed on fruit, if required, Tara oltouwd ty law. On candles, in boxes Cheese, in tiam[)ers or baskets in boxes t bohea, and 8 cwt. greeD tM« Cuifotu. SIba. 10 per eent 8 — BIbe. le- 4 per cent 15 - B — 10 — actual, 6 per cent. actual. 6 per cent 12 — 4 — 12 — 10 — 10 — 4 — 8 — 12 - 20 — 15 — ft — 16 — Chncnlate, in boxes • Coffee, in bags in bales in casks • • Cocoa, in bags in casks Cotlon, in bales in serous ■ • Indigo, in do. Nails, in caitks Pimento, in bags • • Pepper, in do. Sugar, other than loaf sugar, in casks • in boxes in mats or bags Salts, Glauber Sugar candy, in boxes • - • . |0 — Soap, in boxes • • - - - 10 — Shot, in casks • • • - . 3 — Every whole chest of bohea tea - - - 70 lbs. 1-2 do. do. • - - • • 36 — 1-4 do. do. • . - - • 20 — Every chest of hyson or other green tea of 70 lbs. or upwards . - - ■ - 20 — Every box of other tea between GO and 70 lbs. • 18 — do. do. if 80 lbs. • • - . 20 — do. do- from 80 lbs. and upwards - • 22 — The above to include ropes, canvass, and other coverinp. On al* other boxes of teas, according to the invoices or actual weight thereof. 100 lbs. 6 per cent A — • 10 — 3 — 3 — 13 — 4 — 12 — 10 — ftlbt. 9 — 23 — 8 percent. 8 — 10 — 18 lb*. 15 iMr cent 12 — 4 — 10 — 10 — 16 — 15 — lUlbh 3 — IS per cent 5 — 8 — 3 — 8 — 12 - 8 — IS — IS — 12 — 3 — IS — 8 per cent 10 - ' 8 ■ 10 '20 ' 10 ' 2 ' 3 ■ 12 ■ I ' 4 ■ 2 . 6 ' 10 • 8 ■ 3 ■ 2 ' 12 ' IS ■ B We have derived these statementB from the Jfew York Annual Regisler, for 1831 ; The Picture of JVWe York ; the Consul's Anstoera to the Circular Queries, und private communications. Prices m articlcH of teiiiber, \H[ CoHnn—impoi New Orlmi Alalanm, rfo l'pl.ijil, .lo, Tf rmeiicc, i|( Coltoii tiuntnn lleiiip, iwr yj I'lax, du. AnierM rinur and innl- New Vork, ii Troy, do. Wfgtern (am riiiladelphia, lUllilnoru, llfj Richmond Coi Geornelown. i itiejtaridrja, d( Fffderrckibun PeifnlmrKli. if Scralihed ami Midliiri^, Am llyc Hour, do. ludiiii iiiial, i|( Tun—linpuTt du «d, free. Beaver, parchii N.irlli, , Soiilh, (1 Weil, d Otier. per teiiibur, 1H36. DU. dt. Dli. ctt. U to 21 13 1-2 — 22 12 1-2 — 20 12 — It 21 - 17 — 9 ■ 8 50 • 9 7» • - ■ • 8 M ■ 8 ■ • S ■ 22 50 Colinn— /rnporf duly, 3 Mnto p«f lb. >ew UrUaiii, |>er lb. • AUtanin, ill), I'pknd, >fn. 'I'f tiiieut'r, iln. • Cotton li3miii|(-;iHj)or« duty, 3 1-2 MnU per uuare y«rd. Ileiii)), jicr yard - • • IM l'l>l, ilu. ■ . ■ ■ 15 AniKriran, do. - • • 20 FInur and iii»l— /muorl duly, M cenU per 1 12 Iba, New Vork, luiierhiie, per Carrel • U Troy, do. Weaterii Canal, do, I'hiUdelpliia, do. Ilallliiiore, Howard Street, do, ■ nictiliKuid Couiitry mills, do. • Georgetown, do. Aleaandna, do. • • Fredenckibnreh, do. - Fetrnl)urifti. m. Scrati'lied and tine, do. - Middliri^i line, — 32 — 33 — 40 — 18 — 25 — — — 10 Reana, per Here* of 7 buahcit ■ Tims, while, dry, do. LuinUr— Filrrf f«l(wi| firicet. Hiards, North Hiver, per mille feet • 17 taalern nine, do. • • 18 Albiiny do., per piece • * lit riaiik, iietirgnn do., \tvr niille feet • 2.'> llraduif;, \V. ()., per mille • - 54 Slavea, W. (I., piiir, do. - • 6U lio • '15 oak, do, • - • 20 Timber, oak, per square foot • • 20 Ueornian yt;llow pine, do, ■ 28 Shingles, cypress, per mille - -40 Nav.tl .Mores — Tar, per banvl - • • Fi'cti.do, Rosin, do. • . Turpentine, WilminKton, soft, do. North. Co., do. do. Spirits nf turpentine, per gallon Pruvisiiins — Beef, mesa, per barrel • • -10 — 10 prime • • • -60-8 cirgo • • • - 4 60 — Fork, mess, do, - ■ • • 24 50 — 25 prime . . . • IB 50 — 17 cari(o, do. - - • 14 —0 Hog's lard, per lb. • Butter, (toshen dairy, do. • West. do. do. • shippinc, do. - ThiladeTphia - Cheeae, American do. - Hams, smokeil, do. Toliacco- /?»(jjw( duly, Leaf, 15 per cent. Riclininnd and Peterbburgh, per lb. North C'irolina, do. • Kentucky do, - ' • Cuba (in parcels), do. • St. Domingo, do. Manufactured, No. I., do. No. 2., do. No. 3., do. Ladies* twist, do. > - - Cavendish, do. < > 2 12 12 - 2 0- 1 37 1-2 - 3 60 - 2 75 — 38 — 17 l« coiiipariitivi'ly thin, nnd Wll^t■■l Itiuh — cnti dmilit for it iiioinont thiit iitiricidnirc must, for a liinf^ HcrjcH of yi'iirx, [te thi^ innMt prollliilili' H|iKtiiiri, indi'i-d, that lui'h hriiiichrM of iniiniifiirtiirc nil aro naturally adapted to hi>r |K>r.idiar itiluation, will gradually ((row ii|> and llourixli in Aniorica, without any arlilu'ial rnrourai^riniMit, nrrorditiK an hrr population hfcomci dfriKcr, and aH the advaiiiaufi" vvhirh now rxiHl» on the nide of nuriculturo iMTOtncn le«ii derided. Hut to force, liy nieaiiH of diitiex and prohibilioni*, the prenialuri^ (growth of inannfaclnreH, ix plaiidy to force a portion of the induHtry and ca|>ital of the country into buHinoHHOH in which it will ho leant produi'live. Such, howtiver, ha« l)con, for a lenntheneil period, the policy of the American letjinlature. The exploded HophiHrnn of the mercantile Hy Klein, though renounced hy every statesman in Euro|M', a((|iiiied a noxioux influence in connreHH, and were put forth with as much confi- dence, an if their HoundncHs neither had lieen, nor could lie, (piestinned ! Fro/n 181(1 down to Mi'.i'i, the object of the American legiHlature was to holster up a manufacturing interest, by irnposinft opfirusHive duties on most manufactured articles imported from abroad. Now, it is obviou^< even had the articles produced in America throuith the ai^ency of this |ilan been as cheap as those they superseded, that nothing would hove been (gained by it; for, to whot- cver extent the importation of foreitj;n articles may be diminished, there must be a corres- pondiiiK diminution in the exportation of native American prcHlucts; so that the only result would have been the raising up of one species of industry at the expense of some other specieff, entitled to an etjuality of protection. Hut the "American system" was not so inno- cuous. Instead of the goods manufactured in the Hiatcs being as cheap us similar ones manufactured in Europe, they were admitted to be, at an average, from HO to 100 per cent, dearer! The extent of the pecuniary sacriiico that was thus imposed on the Union has been variously estimated by American writers; but we have been assured hy those who have the !)est means of knowing, that it may bo moderotcly estimated at from 50,000,000 to 60,000,000 dollars, or from about 1 1,000,000/. to 13,000,000/. ! And this immense burden — a burden nearly three times as great as the whole public expenditure of the republic — was incurred for no purpose of public utility, and was prmluctive of nothing but mischief. Tho whole elfect of the scheme was to divert a certain amount of the national capital from tho production of cotton, wheat, rice, tobacco, &c., the e(iuivalents sent to foreigners in payment of manufactured goiMls, to the direct prort'i (hiill { (Mil H.Tt IV.- Ilthiif .liiiv friini mill iii'i entry Irci- fr cainiirli'H, lu nf NJIk, or III Capo ofCJiHi H...I. v.- rleBBliiilj |i,> , Htoni's, riMlin di-r, in;iili|i>r llnrttunity |)| pliititH I'lir liii niiiHk. niilM II Ihi', III! vcBi'l clilcdy fur ily anil nlirat.i iin Impnri* hv thn ni't of July H, tNl9, pnlllliiil ** An Art tn nlinr unit fimi>n<1 thn *nvpnl Axli Inipimlnii I)iilli>p4 on liiipiirlii," nr hv .iiiy oiIht ml. «tmll i>x I *.'() \,vt I'l-iit. mi i|ii> viilmt llirrrcif, una liuiltl [I'lrl III' mull I'Xri'na hIiiiII he iIimIiii ti>il ; trmii iinil itl'li'r llli' .'Hat iil' lli-ri>iiilii'r, Inil.'i, iiiii>i|i,-r Imith P'irt llH'ri'iif nil ill III' ili'iliii i.'il 1 t'rniii iiml iiI'iit tlir :iUl i.r Dri'i'iiiliiT, Ix.'i;, iiiiiiiiicr li'iilli |i:irt tlii>ri>«f • htill hii ili'iliii'ti'il ; rriiiii iinil iiI^it llir IHkI of lli'ii'iiilii-r, iNltl, iiiinlliir IkiiiIi p:irt IIhti'mI all ill lii' ili>- ilili'd'il i mill rrniii iiiiil iiI'liT llli' :llat III' IIi'ii'iiiIiit, |H|t,iiiii< liiill' o|' thn rralililc iit' aiirli I'Xrcai aliiiU bi< ili'ilili li'il ; mill Iroin nnii iilli't llin KOtli nl' .liiiir. IHI'.', Ijic iithiT hllll' llii'mit' aliiill hi' ili'iliuii'il Him I. II - Anil lii> It t'nrttliT iMiilrli'il. tliiil an niinii iit' thi' ai'iniiil aiMtinn nl' llic ml nt ilm | |tll iif July iit'iria'ilil, iia llvra llii> rnti' it' pliiiini, klTHl'ya, nr Kl'inllll I'lltlnllr , nl' Ulllrll U'nnI ia llll' nllly iimti'rnl, tlni Vllllll! wIll'tl'Ml' ilni'a lint I'Xi' I IIS rtMita II ai|ii;iri> yiiril, lit .^ pi'r ri'iil. ml rnlurnii, alinll lii> iiiiil tlii' aiiiiii' la hi'fi'liy ri'pivili'il. Anil llii' aiinl nrtli'li'a almll hr Hiili|i'rt In thr amiii' ilnty nt' .Ml piT ri'lit. iia la prnvlili'il liy llii' hiiiiI 'jil ai-itlnn fur iitliiT iimiiiil'irtiiri'a n|' wniil, wliirli iliily aliali hi! liiilili- to (liu aiiini! ri'iliietloim im uru prracrlhcil hy lliu Ut aiictlon of Hum ni'l. Hi'il III -Anil 111- it fiirttli-r I'limti'il, Hint iiiitl' tlio ."lOtli of Si'pti'nilii'r, ]'*\'i, tin' iliilii'a linpoanl liy i-llalinir liiwa, iia ninillDi'il hy thla ml, aliiill ri iin miil innliniiii tn hii inlli'ili'il. Ami from miil iiOiir tllR liny liial nrnri'aiilil, nil iliilli'a on Inipnrla aliall hr in'.li rti'il In rrmly niniii-y, iiiiil nil iri'illla now nllowi'il hy I'lW, to lhi> imyiniMil nf iloilra, alinll lii' iiimI htw iirrrhy iiholiahi'il, ninl am h iliillfa all ill liii Inlil I'nr till- piirpoai' nf rnlainif aiii'h rrvi'iini'a na mny hi' ii''ri' naai'i ailnillti'il lo entry fri'i- frnm iliily : to wit, hli'ailii'il mill iinhli'mhi'il lini'iia, inlilr liiii'iia, lini-n naiikina, anil llnon i-nmiirli'H, nml wnratnl atnU'itnniU, alinwia, ami nilii'r innnilfiiliinH nf ailU ami wnralnl, niannfniliirot nf allk, nr of w liii'li ailk aliall hi' Ihi' rninpuni'iil innturini of cliluf valiii;, coinii u t'roiii lliia aiije of the Cupi! of (iooil llnpi', t'XCi.'pt Hiiwinu allk. Hi-rl. v. — Ami III- it further I'liarti'il, Hint from nml iiftpr thn anliinOlhnr.litnn, INIS.tlin rnllowlnRartl- rloRah.ill III' niliiillli'il III entry free from iliily ; to wll, lint Inn. i|iili'kH liver. Hiilphnr, ciiiili' anllpetre.Ki'iml- utonea, relineil hornx, emery, opium, tin in pinlea or alieela, ({iiiii .\rnhir, uiini i^eni'unl, hie ilyi.', muit- iler, in.iililer ront, iiiitii nml herrlea liaeil In liyeini!, anirrnn, tnrinerii', wnnil nr pnalel, alnea, ninheritrl!), lliirKiinily pitrli, roelilneni, riiinomili' tinvvera, inri.inili'r a I, ralatip, ilinlk. eni'iiilna Imlinia, horn pInliiH for Imilerna, ox linrna, other liorim nml tipa, Imlln riihher, iinnimiiifiu'iiiruil ivory, Inniper herriea, inliak. iiilta of all kiiiiln, oil nf jiinlper, iinmannfirtiireil rnltniia nml reeila, tnrlnlai'alirll, tin t'nil, aliel- Ini', nil veeelnhlea iiaeil prlliripilly in ilyeini; nml i'ntii|inalnu ilyea, wi'lil, ami nil arliili'a eiii|iliiyi'(l cllielly fnr ilyeinc except nlii in. eopperna, hirlimilinle nf potnali, priiHaialenf pnlnsli.clirnmale nf potuHli, ami iiitrntii of leml, ni|iinfnrtla nml larlnrle iirlil. Ami nil impnriK on which Hie lai arction of thla nrt Miny opernte, nml all nrticlea now lUlinlttiHl to entry, free frniii iliily nr pnyiiiu a leaa rale nf iliity tliuil 21) per cent, ail rnlnrem hefnre the aniil 3lltli nf June, IN 12, fmni anil after ilint iliy may hi' mlmilteil to entry, Milhject In such duly, nnt exceeilinis 2l) per cent, iitt ralornii, na ahnll he prnviil.il for iiy law. rtect. VI —Ami he It further eiiacti'il, tlint an imirh of tini ml of July II, Is.'l-i, or of any oilier act, na in incoiiaistent with thia acl, ahall he ami Hie aaine Is herehy repenleil : provlileil til it iiolhiiiK herein conlniiieil ahall he ao cnniilrueil as In prevent Hie pnsanL'e, prior or Hiihsei|ui'nt In the aniil 3Utli nf .Iiine, l^Vi, of any act or acta from lime to time. Hint mny he nereaanry lo deli'i I, prevent, nr pu- nish evasion of Hie iliiiies on imporia imposed hy law ; nor lo prevent Hie pnssaiie of any iicl prior to the :ifltli nf .Inne, IHI'i, in inntinitency either nf e.vress or ileticleiicy of reveiiiii', alleriiiK the rate nf duties nn articles which, hy the nfnre.^inid net •>( the llth of .Inly, Is:i2, nre anhjert In a Was rale nf duty than Sllpi'r ciMit. iid rulorcm. In aiiili inaniier, an nut tu exceed tliut rale, and bo aa lo udjusl tho revenue to either of the aaid cuiiliiiKencies. Circular to Officers of the Ciittnmt. Trenaiirv l)ep:\rlinent, .\pril ?0, 1833. The 7th section of the act nf the Hlh nf .Inly, 1832, entitled " An Act' to niter ami aiiii'iid llieaevcral Acts impoBiiiR the Duties on liiiporta," provlili's, that In all cases where the duty which now ia or hereafter may he linpnHed nn any i;nnila, wares, nr inerchandiae liii|inrli'il into the llnited Sl.ites, shall, liy law, he reiiuinted, or be directed to he eatimated or levied upon the value nf the Mpinre yard, or any other i|uanllty or parcel thereof, and in all cnaea where there is nr shall lie iinpnsed any ml i-nlureia rate of duty on any goods, wares, or iiierchnndisi! imported Into the Dniled Sintea. ii ahnll he the duty of the cnlluctor, within whose district the saiiie shnll lie imporled or entered, to cause the actual value thereof, at the lime purchased, and place from which the Name shall have been impnrted into the United Slates, to he appraised, estimated, and ascertained, nml Hie numhi'r nf such yards, parcels, or quantities, and such actual value of every of them as the case may rei)uire ; and il shall, in every case, he the duty of the appraisers of the liniied StatcK, and every nf Ihuiii, and every nlher perton who shall actus such appraiser, by all the reasonable ways or ineniia in his or their power, to ascer- tain, estimate, and appraise the true and acliinl value, any invoice or nitidavit thereto to the contrary notwllhstandin;, nf the aaid goods, wares, and nierchnmlise, al the lime purdhased, and place from whence the same bIiiiII have been imported into the United States, and the number of such yards, parcels, nrqiiantilies, and such actual value nf every of them as the case may require. iVc. .to. The 9lh section nf ihe same act provides, " Ihal itshall he the duty of the secretary of the treasury, under the direction of the rresidenl of the United State's, from lime to time lo est:ibli--li such rules and regulations, nnt inconsistent with the laws of the Viiited Stales, as the President of Hie United Stales ahall think proper, to secure a just, faiihfnl. and imparlial appraisal of all poods, wares, and merchandise as aforesaid, imported into the Iniled States, and just and proper entries nf such actual value thereof, and of Ihe square yards, parceia. or other quantilies, as llie case may require, and of such actual value of every of them ; and il shall he the duty of Hie secretary nf the treasury to report all such rules and regillalinns, with the rensona iberefor, to the next session of ("onjiress." The 1st section of the act of the 2il of March, 183;l, entitled " An acl lo modify the Acl nf the 14lh of July, 1832, and all other Acts iinpoainu Unties on Imports," declares, " that from and after the Slat of December, 18,53, in all cases where duties are imposed on foreicn iniporta by the act of iho Hlh of July, 18:i2, entitled ' An Acl to alter and amend the several Acts imposing Duties on Imporla,' or by any other act, shall e.xceed 2ll per cent, on the value thereof, one tenth part of such excess shall be deducted," tic. It is believed that by this provision, and as necessary to the execution of the law, all duties imposed by any act of Coufiresa upon foreign imports are substantially regulated hy, and are directed lobe esliinnted and levied upon, the value of the square yard, where that is the form, and upon some other quantity or parcel in casea where the duly is not imposed by the square yard; and that consequently the authority conferred hy the (Mh section aforesaid must necessarily be exercised, for the more effec- tual execution of the said acl of the 2d of March, 1833. The following rules and regulations are tUerefore establisUed, under the direction of the President 240 NEW YORK. t ■ i (. . of the United States, for the purpose of securing a Just, faithful, and impartial appraisal of all ^ods, wares, and murcliandise imported into the United States from and after the 3l8t of December next, and for the Just nnd proper entries of the actual value thereof, and of the square yard, parcels or other quantities, as the case may require. In all cuiies of aA valorem duties under the act of the 14th of July, 1832, or any other act, the regula- tions at present authorised by law, for ascertaining the actual value, will remain unaltered. With re- spect to those articles liable to a specific duty, or other duty than that of ad valorem, the actual value thereof at the time purchased, and place from which the same shall have been imported into the United Slates or in the country wherein the same may have been originally nmniiractured, or pro- duced, as the case may be, will be appraised, estimated, and ascertained, and the number of yards, or square yards, tons, pounds, gallons, bushels, or other parcels or quantities, and such actual value of any of them as the case may require, and Just and proper entries thereof he made, in the same man- ner and according to the same regulations, as are required by the said act of the 14th of July, 1832, and other acts now in force in regard to articles paying ad valorevi duty ; and in all such cases the same verification of invoices and other proofs will be rei|uired and produced as are at present autho- rised in respect ti articles liable by previous acts to an ad valorem duty. The value of all such arti- cles being thus itjcertained, the proportion which the duly now paid by such articles bears to the said value will be calculated, and from the excess thereof beyond 20 per cent, there will be deducted, from and after the Jlst of December next, 10 per cent. ; that is to say, where such proportion shall be equal to SO per ceiit., there shall be deducted 10 per cent, upon 30 per cent., or 3 dollars ; and from and after the 31st 01 December, 1835 the like deduction shall be made from the same excess, or 10 per cent. upon 30 per cent., being 3 dollars more; and in the same manner, at the several periods specilied in the sa'd act of the 2d of March, 1833, until the 31st of December, 1841 ; from and after which, one hi>lf of the residue of such excess will be deducted, and the other half thereof from and ai\cr the 30th of June, 1842. From the proportion of the duty thus ascertained upon the wines of France, in addition to the said 10 per cent., the' vill also be deducted such further per cent, as will be necessary to preserve the discriminatior u ■■. rour of such wines, stipulated in the convention between the United States and his Majesty , «<' g of the French, concluded at Paris on the 4th of July, 1831, and authorised by law. It may be pt.-, 3T to observe, that all manufactures of cotton, or of which cotton shall be a compo- nent part, will be appraised, estimated, and ascertained, and the number of yards, square yards, or otherwise, parcel or quantities, and of such actual value thereof as the case may require, will be as- certained, and Just and prciper entries thereof made, according to the foregoing reg\ilatlons. It is believed that the value of foreign imports referred to in the act of the 2d of March, 1833, is not the assumed value on which the duty upon all manufactures of cotton, or of which cotton shpil be a component part, is directed to be estimated under the act of the 14th of July, 1832; viz. of rAirfy eenla, if not dyed, coloured, painted, or stained, though valued at less than 30 cents ; and of thirty-five cents, if dyed, coloured, painted, or stained, though valued at less than 3!> cents the square yard. This value is merely artificial, and assumed by previous laws as a means of augmenting the ad valorem rate of duty, imposed for the purpose of protection, upon such articles ; and the amount of the duty, although ascertained by the adoption of the minimum principle, is the proportion which the sum col- lected by the government bears to the actual value of the article ; and, therefore, a quantity of such cottons, costing in fact 80 dollars, but valued for the purpose of the act of the 14th of July, 1832, at 240 dollars, really pays a duty of 75 per cent, upon the true value thereof The act of the 2d of March, 1833, however, proceeds upon a different principle, and aims at a differ- ent purpose. It obviously intends to make an equal deduction from the duty on all foreign imports, and ultimately to reduce it to a rate not exceeding 20 per cent, upon the real, and not an assumed, value of the articles imported. This last purpose is explicitly stated in the last clause of the 5th sec- tion, which provides "that all imports on which the 1st section of this act may operate, and all arti- cles now admitted to entry free of duty, or paying a less rate of duty than 20 per cent, ad valorevi, before the said 30th of June, 1842, from and after that day may be admitted to entry, subject to such duty, not e.xceeding 20 per cent. a(2 vutorem, as shall be provided for bylaw." And the 1st section, which has been already referred to, expressly provides for the deduction, after the 30th of June, 1842, of all excess of foreign imports abi', th& "oiporter is entitled to a discount of 4 per cent. Llakage and £reakagt.—Oa spirits, 2 per cent.} ate, beer, and porter, in bottles, 10 per cent. ; alt other liquors, in bottles, S per cent. AMfncfionj.— No Koods to be imported in Teisels less than 30 tons tnudcn. Mo beer, ale, and porter, iu casks of Icm capacity UuB 40 fEallons, t>eer measure ; or, if in bottles, in packages less than 6 dovn. No distilled spirits in casks of less capacity than W gallons wiue measure, except brandy, which may 1m imported in casks of any capacity, not less than 15 (gallons. Tonuase Duty. — On American vessels, and the vessels of Den. markj Central America, Nelherbnds, Itambur^, Bremen, Lubeck. Prussia, Sweden, Norway, Oldenburgh, Russia, Austria, llnzil, Hanover, Papal Dominions, Portuj^al, and Sardinia, frt.ra whatever port or place, and on French vessels aiming from Mu-tiiiique and Guadeli.upe, free. On French vessels from other jwrts, and cii all other foreign vessels (except as above enumerated) coming from ports where Americans are permitted to trade, I dollar per ton ; arid from portb wticre Americans are not permitted to trade, 2dollars atid 60 cents per ton. tin Spanish vessels, coming direct from Spain, 5 rents per ton._ Free Oood^— The following, among other articles, are adniilted free of duties;— Antimony, almonds aloes, aunollo, amber, anibtr. gi.*, aixoli, arrowroot, anenic, anafoeliila.— Balsams, barilla, itat wai, bleachinc I crude; c^neri, i copiier, in pigs ai Dye woods of all not dressed — Qir oilla and Siul, h isory. Jalap— fj The follow of the princi{ Wool mamifaclu Porlation less t Wool, exceeding exportation, 4 1 «"••. equal to : Woollen cloths, name of plains which wool is cecdingasci-nll I . byH. Clay'sbil Alt other woollen flannels, bocking, equal to averagt I Cottons, white, cc yard, valued at I n ^l"*' '0 average Cottons, coloured, 1 „W?o per cent., Naili, 6 cents per II Spikes, 4 cents per Brarier's rod, spike iron, 3 cents per Pig iron, 60 cents p Bar iron, rolled, I d hamm ered [We subjoit New York Shi Steamers Ships Barques - Brigs Galliots - Schooners Of which there American English French Swedish - Bremen - Hamburg Danish - Colombian Sicilian - Dutch - Spanish - Austrian Prussian Russian - Portuguese Norwegian Belgian - Haytien - Brazilian Neapolitan Tuscan - Hanoverian Sardinian Texian - it may be remi >au8e8 in operatio lively slight impn ber, 1835. The v; for the purpose, a Contrary to gener quence of these lo Losses frotn fire tute a material dri «tated, in the prea one year, 192 fires Vol. ir.— X NEW YORK. 241 they have Inufttcturers hsult) abroad iTreasury. ■enthan6<1o»n. Iw gjl\on>, wiue ■ ill cask« o( any J ve«els nf Den- ■rennen, Liilieck, BAuslria. Hf'"'! 1 from whatever J Muliuique luJ l|)OrtB, snd on a!l Ed) coniiDK fnim lur per ton ; m\ ladeiZilolUriaini ^nta per Ion- ■es art ailmittM ", amber, amber- I, biriila, b««* wai. bleachinf powder, brinutnne, borax.— CanlharUn ; camphor, crude; einen, chalk, cinnamon, cloves, cocoa, cochineal, coffee; cop|)cr, in pin and bars, and sheathinjc ; cream of tartar, currants.— Dye woods of all kinds.— Fruits of all kinds, flax : furs of all kin (s, not dressed — Gineer, t^ins of all kinds, i^unny bag^.— Hemp, Ma* nilla and Sisal, hides, horns, honey. — Iperacuanhi, juniper berries, jTory, jilap.— Lac dye, liquorice paste.— Mace, madder, minna, marble, munjeel.— Nuts of all kinds, nutmeirs, nutgills.— Oils— of almonds, aniseed, cassia, cmnamnn, cloves, palm, juniper, lavender, bergamot, lemons, roses, opium, olives.— Vepper, Peruvian bark, pimento, plaster of Paris.— Quicksilver.— Rai^, rhubirb.— Sarsapi* rilta, sulphur, hhetlac — Teas, from China; tin, in bars, plates, or sheets ; tartar, tortntse-shell.- Verdigris.- Wood ; wool, not casting uver 8 cents per lb. The followinit Table exhibits the progressive reductions that will take place in the duties on some of the principal articles imported into the United States, under Mr. Clay's Bill. 1842 Articles. Per Cent. ad Valorem, 1833. Dec. 31. l-lOth per Cent. 1835. Dec. 31. MOtli per Cent. 1837. Dec. 31. I.IOlh per Cent. 1839. Dec. 31. i-IOth per Cent 1941. Dec. 31. Half of Excess per Cent. June 30. Remainder of Excess per Cent. ad Valorem. Wool manufactured, the value at the place of ex- portation less than 8 cents per lb. Weol, exceedinr 8 cents per lb. at the place of exportation, i cents per lb. specific, and 40 per free free free free free free 20 cent., equal to averai;e .... E4 60«) 47-20 43-80 40-40 30-20 20 Woollen cloths, milled, fulled; known by the name of plains, kersevs, or Kendal cottons, of which wool is the only material, the value ex. ceedinx 35 ct-nts a squaie yard, 5 per cent., raised by H. Clay's bill to . . . . SO 47 44 41 38 29 20 All other woollen cloths .... 60 47 44 41 38 29 20 Flannels, bocking, baizes, 16 cents the square yard, equal to average ..... 60 47 44 41 33 29 20 Cottons, white, costing under 30 cents a square yard, valued at 30 cents, and pay 23 per cent.. equal to aver.ige ..... Cottons, coloured, valued at 35 cents a square yard, 421-2 40-25 33 35-75 33-60 26-75 20 pay 23 per cent., equal to average 421.2 40-23 38 35-75 33-50 26-75 20 Nails, 6 cents per lb., equal to average 78 72-20 66-40 60-60 64-80 37-40 20 Spikes, 4 cents per lb , equal to average • 98 88-40 80-80 73-20 63 60 4280 20 Braxier's rod, spike rod, sheet, hoop, slit, or rolled iron, 3 cents per lb., equal to average - 113 103-70 94-40 85-10 75-80 47 90 20 Pig iron, 50 cents per cwl., equal to 43 40-70 38-40 3810 3380 2690 20 Bar iron, rolled, 1 dol. 50 cts. per cwt., equal to - 96 8750 80 72-50 65 4250 20 33 31-70 3040 2910 27-09 23-90 20 [We subjoin a statement of the arrivals at Nev«r York from foreign ports, taken from the New York Shipping and Commercial List. Arrivals in 1839. Steamers .. _ . 21 Ships . _ . . 552 Barques - - . . 254 Brigs - - .. 910 Galliots - • • • 5 Schooners - - - 411 Total . . 2159 Of which there wert ;.^ American . . - 1,569 English - . - . 337 French - • . . 50 Swedish - . . . 48 Bremen - • . _ 42 Hamburg • • _ 21 Danish - • . _ 17 Colombian . . . 11 Sicilian - . . . 11 Dutch - . . . 9 Spanish - . . - 7 Austrian . « • ti Prussian . . m 6 Russian • . . . Portuguese . -. . 4 Norwegian - - - 3 Belgian - - - - 3 Haytien - - - - 3 Brazilian . . • 3 Neapolitan . . . 1 Tuscan - . . . 1 Hanoverian . . . 1 Sardinian . . - 1 Texian - . - - 1 In 1830 In 1831 In 1832 In 1833 In 1834 In 1835 In 1836 In 1837 In 1838 In 1839 Number of Arrivals. - 1510 1634 1808 1926 1933 2043 2071 1790 2159 Arrivals of British vessels included in the above . In 1830 In 1831 In 1832 In 1833 In 1834 In 1835 In 1836 In 1837 In 1838 In 1839 I In 1830 In 1831 In 1832 In 1833 In 1834 In 1835 In 1836 In 1837 In 1838 In 1839 93 378 369 371 303 287 367 241 330 337 Number of Passengers. -30,334 - 31,779 -48,589 -41,753 -48,110 - 35,303 - 60,541 -51,975 - 25,581 - 48,152 it may be remarked that no fact can be adduced more illustrative of the energy of th« causes in operation to advance the prosperity of the city of New York, than the comparar lively slight impression upon it which was produced by the great fire of the 1 6th of Decem- ber, 1835. The value of the merchandise destroyed, was estimated by a committee appointed for the purpose, at $13,115,692 ; the buildings destroyed, in number 529, at $4,000,000. Contrary to general expectation abroad, few or no failures ensued as an immediate conse* quence of these losses. Losses from fire are indeed so frequent, and often so extensive, in New York, as to consti- tute a material drawback on the rate of its advancement in wealth. We find it officially Btated, in the present summer (1840), that there occurred in this city, during the period of one year, 192 fires, being an average of more than one for every 48 hours ! Vol. II.— X 31 a 24 i 242 NICARAGUA— NUTMEG. V^\ Of these, 06 originated in brick tind fireproof hiiildinsrs. Tlie property destroyed liy till- said lires, nniiiiinted in nil to ----- #S,225,409 On wliicli tliere were inRi\ran(e for --. 2,983,310 The collective iiiiioiinls paid l)y tlie Insiiranec Companies, was . - . . S,00l,991 Leaving a balance of actual loss to the persons insured, of- . . - . - 981,319 The value of properly destroyed, on which there was no insurance, amounts to - 212,099 See Imports and Expoiits, Ships, and Taiiiff. — Am. Ed.] NICARAGUA, oil PEACH WOOD (Ger. Nicaragaholz,Bliitholfz .• Bu. Bloedhattt ; Fr. Buis de .sang, Bui's de Nicarague,- It. Legnn sanguigno ,• Sp. Palo de .langre,- Port. Pao fiangitinho), a tree of the same genus (Ccc^alpiniu) as the Brazil and snpan wood; but the species has not been exactly ascertained. It grows principally in the vicinity of the lake of Nicaragua, whence its natne. It is said hy Dr. Bancroft to be almost as red and heavy as the true Brazil wood, but it does not commonly afford more than a third part, in quantity, of the colour of the latter ; and even this is rather less durable and less beautiful, though dyed with the same mordants. Nicaragua or jieach woods dilFer greatly in their quality as well as price; one sort being so deficient in colouring matter, that 6 pounds of it will only dye as much wool or doth as 1 pound of Brazil wood ; while another variety of . It will produce nearly half the eirect of an equal quantity of Brazil wood, and will sell pro- portionally dear. — {Bancroft on Ciilours, vol. ii. p. 332.) The London dealers distinguish Nicaragua wood into 3 sorts, viz. large, middling, and small ,- the price of the l#t sort (duty included) being from 14/. to 20/. per ton ; of the 2d, from 8/. to 10/. per do. ; and of the 3(1, from 7/. to 8/. per do. The entries of Nicaragua wood for home consumption amounted, in 1831, to 1,48.5 tons: in 1832, they amounted to 1,880 tons; an increase that was, no doubt, in part at least, occasioned by the duty having been reduced in 1831 from 15s. to 5.?. a ton. NICKEL, a scarce metal, which occurs always in combination with other metals, from which it is exceedingly difficult to separate it. When pure, it is of a iine white colour resembling silver. It is rather softer than iron : its specific gravity, when cast, is 8*279 ; when hammered, 8-932. It is malleable, and may without difficulty be hammered into plates not exceeding j^^th part of an inch in thickness. It is attracted by the magnet ; and is not altered by exposure to the air, nor by being kept under water. It is employed in pot- teries, and in the manufacture of porcelain. — (7'/w/ha'0«'s Chemhiry.) NITRE. See S.vltpetuk. [NORFOLK, a seaport situated on Elizabeth river in Virginia, and 8 miles from Hampton Roads, in lat. 37° 12' North, and longitude 70° 42' West. Its harbour is capacious and deep, of easy access, and safe in all weathers. The Roads are formed by an enlargement of .Fames river, at its mouth in the Chesapeake Bay ; and they afford an anchorage for ves- sels, unsurpassed anywhere else in the world. These circumstances, together with the advantages of transportation furnished by the Dismal Swamp camd and the Portsmouth and Roanoke railroad, have rendered Norfolk a place of considerable trade. In this respect it takes precedence of any other place in the state of Virginia. We annex a plan of the Chesapeake Bay, See opposite jmge. — Am, Ed.] NOTE, PROMISSORY. See Baniusg, and Banks. NUT, on HAZEL NUT (Ger. Ha.se/nii.ssc; Fr. Nuiselles, Avelincs,- It. Nacciiiok, Arclanc; Sp. Arel/unns ,• Port. Avell'las ,- Lat. ylrc//«/?a;), the fruit of different s[)ecies of Co>\i/ll, or hazels. The kernels have a mild, farinaceous, oily taste, agreeable to most palates. A kind of chocolate has been prepared from them ; and they have soinetimes been made info bread. The expressed oil of hazel nuts is little inferior to that of almonds. Be- sides those raised at home, we import nuts from different parts of France, Portugal, and Spain, but principally from the latter. The Spanish nuts in the highest estimation, though sold under the name of Uarcelona nuts, are not really shipped at that city, but at Tarragona, a little more to the south. Mr. Ingliss says that the annual average export of nuts from I Tarragonf. is fioni 2t},0()0 to 30,000 bags, of 4 to the ton. They cost, free on board, in autumn, (830, 17s. (!(/. j)er bag. — (Spain in 1830, vol. ii. p. 362.) The entries of nuts for home consumption amount to from 100,000 to 125,000 bushels a year; the duty of 2.«. a bushel producing from 10,00C7. to 12,500/. nett. J^llTMEG {(Jet. Mu.shatcnnih.se ,■ Du. Musknilt ; Fr. Muscadcs, Nnix muscades ,• It, Noce tnuscada; Sp. Moscada ,- Arab. Jowzalteib ; Sans. Jdtiphala ,- Malay, Biiah-pula), the fruit of the genuine nutmeg tree (Mi/ri.sfica Moschaia), a native of the Moluccas, but which has been transplanted to Sumatra, Pcnang, &c. An inferior and long-shaped nutmeg is common in Borneo ; bu the fruit nowhere attains to the same perfection as in the Moluc- cas. Of the several varieties of the tree, that denominated the Queen Nutmeg, which bears a small round fruit, is the best. The kernel, or proper nutmeg, is of a roundish oval form, marked on the outside with many vermicular furrows, within of a fleshy farinaceous sub- stance, variegated whitish and bay. Nutineg.s are frequently punctured and boiled, in order to obtain the essential oil ; the orifice being afterwards closed ; but the fraud is easily detected by the lightness of the nutmeg. — ( 2'homson's Dispensatory ,• Ainslie's Materia Jndica.) 39 GEOJ ALE ^'^M OA-/, \ "'*^ft '*«fflo NORFOLK. 243 225,400 ,983.310 ,001,991 981,319 242,099 jedhaut ; re.- Port, in wood; ity of the i red and I part, in licauliful, f in their undsof it variety of [I sell pro- lllns;, ami of "the 2d, Nicaragua nounted to uty having netals, from ^hite colour , is 8-279 ; imercd into nagnet ; and eyed in pot- )m Hampton ipacious and enlargement rage for ves- ler with the tsmouth and [lis respect it plan of the [t. Nacci)iok, [nt species of ible to most .letimes been imonds. 13e- 'ortugal, and [ation, though it Tarragona, ,of nuts from |on board, in s of nuts for Iduty of 3j. a \fiiiscades ; It. Moluccas, but Iiapcd nutmeg lin the Moluc- L vvhich bears Ish oval form, liliaceous sub- Ind boiled, in [fraud is easily \dk's Materia ^. 5» i i ♦♦' 344 NUTRIA. I ) Kutmegi should b« choien large, round, heavy, and firm, of a lightish grey colour on the ontiide, ■Bd the inside beautifully marbled, of a strong fragrant smell, warm aromatic tasto, and a fut oily body. They are very subject to be worm-eaten. The best manner of packing ihem is in dry chunam. The oblong kind, and the smaller ones, should be rejected. 15 cwl. are allowed to a ton.—{Mtlbum'$ Oritnt. Com.) The dried produce of a nutmeg tree consists of nutmeg, mace (which see), and shell. Supposing the whole produce to be divided Into 100 parts, there are l3i of mace, 33} of shell, and 53} of nutmeg. In the ancient commerce, and down to the establishment of the Dutch monopoly, nutmegs were al- ways sold and exported in the shell. The natives, whenever the cimunerce is left to their manage- ment, continue the practice, which is strongly recommended by Mr. Crawfurd.— (£att Indian JrcMpe- tago, vol. iii. p. 396.) The jealous and miserable policy of the Dutch has reduced the trade in nutmegs to a mere trifle, compared to what it would otherwise have been. They have, in so far at least as it was possible, exerted themselves to exterminate the nutmeg plants every where except in Banda. They bribe the B*tive princes of the surrounding islands to root out'the trees ; and annually nend a fleet to see that the work of destruction has been efliBcted, and that the bribes have not been bestowed in vain. To CBgage in an illicit trade in spices is death to an inferior person, and banishmtntio a nobles and yet, notwithstanding these tremendous penalties, it is siippoHeil tlmt about 60,000 lbs. of nutmegs, and 15,000 lbs. of mace, are clandestinely exported each year ! In Hands, the aboriginal inhabitants have been expatriated, and tlie island parcelled among settlers from Holland, under the name of park keepers. These persons, who may be turned out of their farms on the most trifling pretext, have about 2,000 ■laves, who cultivate and prepare the nutmegs. The prices paid to the cultiviilor are all fixed by go- vernment ; and it deserves to be mentioned, as affording one of thi; most Btrii. 8. 6 l'2d. per Ib24 129,702 16,176 19 7 ditto 1813 Record! deilroyed. i lb. and 31. 3i. 4d. per cent. 1825 99,21412 12,406 13 2 ditto C ad valorem. 1826 101,1171-4 12,623 13 10 ditto 1814 43,160 14,710 8 3 (From 10 April) 6i. Sif, per lb. lt27 Iii,.'i29 15,7U7 2 8 ditto 18IS 69,839 16,209 11 1 ditto \»2i 140,0021-2 17,54 6 4 ditto 1816 54,677 14,803 2 8 ditto 1829 113,2731-2 14,114 6 2 ditto 1817 66,74712 17,808 1 8 ditto 1830 121,260 16,158 ditto 1818 66,26 > 1-2 17.944 8 6 ditto 1831 152,369 19,025 C ditto 1819 107,576 17,805 18 6 (From S July) 2t 6d. per lb. It32 117,405 14,1)79 ditto [See Imports and Exports. — Am. Ed.] NUTRIA, OR NEUTRIA, the commercial name for the skins of Myopotamus Bonari- enais (Commerson), the Coypou of .Molina, and the Quuiya of D'Azara. In France, *.he ■kins wert', and perhaps still are, sold under the name of racoonda ; hut in England they are imported as nutria skins — deriving their appellation, most probably, from some supposed similarity of the animal which produces them, in appearance and habits, to the otter, the Spanish name for which is nutria. Indeed, Molina speaks of the coypou as a species of water rat, of the size and colour of the otter. Nutria fur is largely used in the hat manufacture ; and has bnconie, within the last 15 or 20 years, an article of very considerable commercial importance. The imporls fluctuate considerably. In lH'i.% they amounted to 1,570,1^1 skins ; but they have not in any other year been much more ihan huif that number. In 1826, they were only 60,871. In 1831 and 1832, the imports were, at an average, 358,280 ■kins a year. Those entered for home consumption pay a duty of lid. a skin. Tlit-y are principally brought from the Rio de la Plata. Nutria skins are very extensively used on the Continent. Ueol- froy mentions*, ihat in certain years, a single French furrier (M. Bechein), has received from 15,000 to 20,000 skins.— (See Fur TnADE.) The coypnu or quoiya is a native of South America, very common in the provinces of Chill, Buenos Ayres, and Tucuinan, but more rare in Paraguay. In size it is less than the heaver, which it resem- bles in mtiny points. The head is large and depressed, llie ears small and rounded, the neck stout and shiirt, the muzzle sharper than that of tlie beaver, and the whiskers very long and slifl'. There are, as in the beaver, 3 incisor teeth, and 8 molar, above und below— 20 teeth in all. The limbs are short. Th( tlie same ii endi, and t pressed, lor the li.iirs ar in of a lirow the lips .ind Like the 1 the tone of ( is of niiicli i The h.'ibiti cipal food, i, foctly Well, I alivnys acco The cnypo *•* We ;ii work, to W. NUX V' nos, growin covered with dcd several i and has a vi virulent pois ter breweries son's Dispen OAK (Gei Carballo; P There are sev robur) claims inferior to th especially in " unwedgoablt (from 50 to ' dillicult to rcn three qualities resisting a strt every other. A fine oak i of strength an und does not tt cedar of Lebai actly spring fro which is stem its beauty ; anc pletes the idea —even such a case looks plea.s * Annates du Museum, vol. vi. p. 82. The figure given is, generally speaking, good : but the tail is too hairy, and contradicts the description. Tlie oak is r whence he youi The colour o shades; that inc arc in general vt septa are siiiall, natcly compact l and in irregular kinds, particular! astringent. It ci X 2 NUX VOMICA, OAK. 245 Bhort. The fore feet have each 5 fingorB not webhed, the thiimh heing very gninll : the hind feet have the Banie iiiinilxtr of tops ; the ureal toe niid 3 next toes being juincil liy a wcli whirli exteiida to their ends, and tlie little toe Iteinir free, but edged Willi a nienibraiie on ilK inner sidi!. Tlii! iiaila an- corn- pressed, loni;, crooked, and sliarp. The tail, unlike that of the beaver, is loni;, round, and hairy ; bnt the h.iir8 are not numerous, and permit the scaly texture of the skin in this part In bi^ seen. Tbi! back ifi of a lirownish red, which beconits redder on the flanks : the belly is of a dirty red. The edges of the lips and extremity of the muzzle are white. Like the heaver, the coypou is furnished with 2 kinds of fur j viz. the long ruddy hair which pivoa the tone of colour, and the brownish ash-coloured fur at its base, which, like the down of the beaver, is of much importance in hat making, and the cause of the animal's connm^rcial value. The habits of the coypou are much like those of most of the other niiuatic rodent animals. Its prin- cipal fooil, in a state of nature, is vegiaabli;. Tt alfecls the neighliiiurhood nf watrr, and swims per- fectly well, and burrows in the ground. The female brings forth from 5 to T at a time ; and the young always accompany her. The coypou is easily domesticated, and its manners in captivity are very mild. ♦«♦ We are indebted for this account of nutria — the lirst, we believe, that appeared in any English work, to W. J. llrodcrip, Esq., V. 11. S., &c. NUX VOMICA (Fr. Noix Vomique ,- Hind. Knacltla), the fruit of a species of Sfn/ch- nos, growing in various places in the East Indies. The fruit is about the size of an orange, covered with a smooth crustaceous yellow bark, and filled with a fleshy pulp, in which are imbed- ded several orbicular flatted seeds, about ^ of an inch in diameter. Nux vomica is inodorous, and has a very bitter, acrid taste, which remains long on the palate. It is known as a very virulent poison. A suspicion has, however, been entertained, that it has been used in por- ter breweries ; but its introduction into them is prohibited under heavy penalties. — {T/win- son's Dispensatory, <^c.) o. Bonari- ranee, 'he jland they supposed otter, the species of OAK (Ger. Eiche ; Ba.EUc,- T)a. Erg; Sw.Ek,- ¥r. Chene ; li. Qnercia ,- Sp.Rnbk, Carballo; Port. Ruble, Carhal/io ; Rus. Z)ui ; Pol. Drib,- Lat. Querciis ,- Arab. Baalul). There are several varieties of this valuable tree ; but the common English oak {Qucrcus robur) claims precedence of every other. The oak timber inifiorted from America is very inferior to that of this country : the oak from the central parts of Europe is also inferior, especially in compactness atid resistance of cleavage. 'I'he knotty oak of England, the " unwedgeable and gnarled oak," as Shakspearc called it, when cut down at a proper ago (from 50 to 70 years), is the best timber known. Some timber is harder, some more dillicult to rend, and some less capable of being broken across ; but none contains all the three qualities in so great and ecjual proportions ; and thus, for at once supporting a weight, resisting a strain, and not splintering by a cannon shot, the timber of the oak is superior to every other. A fine oak is one of the most picturesque of trees : it conveys to the mind associations of strength and duration, which are very impressive. The oak stands up against the blast, and docs not take, like other trees, a twisted form from the action of the winds. Except the cedar of Lebanon, no tree is so remarkable for the stoutness of its limbs ; they do not ex- actly spring from the trunk, but divide from it ; and thus it is sometimes difiTCult to know which is stem and which is branch. The twisted branches of the oak, too, add greatly to its beauty; and the horizontal direction of its boughs, spreading over a large surface, com- pletes the idea of its f ivereignty over all the trees of the fore.-^t. Even a decayed oak, " dry and dead. Still clad with reli(|UPS of its trophies old. Lifting to heaven its aged, |v)ary head. Whose foot on earth has got but feeble hold," —even such a tree as Spencer has thus described, is strikingly beautiful ; decay in this case looks pleasing. To such an oak Lucan compared Pompey in his decline : — " (iualis frugifero qucrcus sublimis in agro Exuvias veteres populi, sacrataque gestans Ikina (liicum ; nee jam validis radicibus hierens, Pondere fixa suo est ; nudoscjui; per aiira ramos Effundens, Irunco, non frondibus, elliiit umbram. At (iiiamvis primo nutet ca.sura sub Euro, Tot circum silvte tirmo se robore lollant, Sola tanien colitur."— (Lib. i. liii. 136.) The oak is raised from acorns, sown cither where the oak is to stand, or in a nursery whence he young trees are transplanted. The colour of oak wood is a fine brown, and is familiar to every one : it is of different shades ; that inclined to red is the most inferior kind of wood. The larger transverse septa Where the texture is alter- nately compact and porous; the compact part of the annual ring being of the darkest colour, and in irregular dots, surrounded by open pores, producing beautiful dark veins in some kinds, particularly pollard oaks. Oak timber has a particular smell, and the taste is slightly astringent. It contains gallic acid, and is blackened by contact with iron when it is damp. are septi in general very distinct, producing beautiful flowers when cut obliijuely. :a are small, and not very distinct, the wood is much the strongest. The te g ^ ri^ 246 OAK. The young wood of English oak is very tough, and oflen cross-grained, and difficult to work. Foreign wood, and that of old trees, is more brittle and workable. Oak warps and twists n)uch in drying; and, in seasoning, shrinks about ^^ of its width. Oak of a good quality is more durable than any other wood that attains a like size. Vi- truvius says it is of eternal duration when driven into the earth : it is extremely durable in water; and in a dry state it has been known to last nearly 1,000 years. The more compact it is, and the smaller the pores are, the longer it will last ; but the open, porous, and foxy coloured oak, which grows in Lincolnshire and some other places, is not near so durable. Besides the common British oak ( QKCrcws rubtir), the sessile-fruited bay oak (Quercua sessilijlora) is pretty abundant in several parts of England, particularly in the north. The wood of this species is said by Tredgold to be darker, heavier, harder, and more elastic than the common oak ; tough, and difficult to work ; and very subject to warp and split in sea- soning. Mr. Tredgold seems disposed to regard this 8|)ecies as superior to the common oak for ship building. But other, and also very high authorities, are opposed to him on thia point ; and, on the whole, we should think that it is sufficiently well established, that for all the great practical purposes to which oak timber is applied, and especially fur ship building, the wood of the common oak deserves to be preferred to every other species. A well- informed writer in the Quarterly Review has the following remarks on the point in ques- tion : — " We may here notice a fact long known to botanigts, hut nf which our planters and purveyors of tinibRr appear to hnvH had no suspicion, — that there are two distinct species of oal< iji England, — the Quercus roAur, and the Querctis sessiliflora ; the fiirnier of which affords a close-grained, firm, solid tiniher, rarely subject to rot ; the other more loose and siippy, very liable to rot, and not half so dura- ble. This difference was noted so early as the time of Ray ; and Marlyn in his Flora Ru.itica,and Sit James 8mitli in liis Flora Britannica, have added their testimonies to the fact. The second species % supposed to have been introduced some 2 or .1 ages ago, from the Continent, where the oaks are chiefly nf this latter species, especially in the German forests, the limber nf which is known to be very worthless. Hut what Is of more importance to us is, that de facto the imposture abounds, and is pro- paeated vigorously, in the New Forest and other pans of Hampshire ; in Norfolk, and the northern counties, and about London ; and there is but too much reason to believe (hat the numerous complaints that were lieard about our ships being infetted with what was called, improperly enough, dry rot, were owing to the introduction of this species of oak into the naval dock-yards, where, we under- stand, the distinction was not even suspected. It may thus be discriminated from the true old English oak: — The acorn stalks of the rofrur are Jon^, and its leaves short; whereas the sessilijlora has the acorn stalks short, and the leaves lon^; the acorns of the former grow singly, or seldom two on the same footstalk; those of the latter, in clusters of 2 or 3 close to the stem of the brunch. We believe the Russian ships of the Baltic, that are not of larch or fir, are built of this species of oak ; but if thia were not the case, their exposure on the stocks, without cover, to the heat of sunmier, which, though short, is excessive, and the rifts and chinks which fill up with ice and snow in tlie long winter, are enough to destroy the stoutest oak, and q\iitc sutticient to account for their short-lived duration." A great deal of iniiuiry and discussion has taken place at different periods as to the supply and coneumptinn of oak timber; but the results have not been very satisfactory. In a Report of the Com- missioners of Land Revenue, printed in 1812, it is stated that, taking the tonnage of the navy in 1606 at 776,087 tons, it would reiiuire, at U load to a ton, 1,164,08.5 loads to build such a navy ; and supposing the average duration of a ship to be 14 years, the ann\ial quantity of timber required would be 8.1,149 loads, exclusive of repairs, which they calculate would be about 27,000 loads; making the whole about liO,000 loads: of which, however, the commissioners reckon may be furnished 21,341 loads as the annual average of the prizes ; and of the remaining 88,65'.) loads, they tliiiik it not unreasonable to calculate on 28,659 from other sources than Dritish oak. "This," they observe, "leaves 60,000 loads of such oak, as the quantity which would be sufficient annually to support, at its present unex- ampled magnitude, the whole British navy, including ships of war of all sorts; but which maybe taken as equivalent together to 20 74-gun ships, each of which, one with .i.'other, contains about 2,000 tons, or would require, at the rate of U loud to the tun, 3,000 loads; makiig just 60,000 loads for SO such ships." Now, it has been supposed that not more than 40 oak trees can stand on an acre of ground, so as to grow to a fidl size fit for ships of the line, or to contain each li load of timber : 50 acres, therefore, would be required to produce a sufHcient quantity of timber to build a 74-gun ship, and 1,000 acres for 20 such ships ; and as the oak requires at least 100 years to arrive at maturity, 100,000 acres would be required to keep up a successive supply, for maintaining a navy of 700,000 or 800,000 tons. The com- missioners further observe, that as there are 20,000,000 acres of waste lands in the kingdom, a 200th part set aside for planting would at once furnish the whole quantity wanted for il:". use of the navy. According to Mr. Barrow, this calculation is over-rated by about a half "In the first place," says he, " it is supposed a state of perpetual war, during which the tonnage of the whole navy is considered as more than double of what it now actually is : and, in the second place, it reckons the average du- ration of the navy at 14 years only ; which, from the improvements that have taken place in the con- struction and preservation of ships of war, with the resources of teak ships built in India, we should not hesitate in assuming at an average of twice that number of years ; and if so, the quantity of oak required for the navy will be nothing like that which the commissioners have stated. "The fact, however, is certain, that long before the conclusion of the late war, a scarcity began to be felt, especially of tlie larger kind of timber fit fur ships of the lino ; and so great was this scarcity, that if Sir Robert Seppings had not contrived the means of substituting straight timber for that of dif- ferent forms and dimensions, before considered to be indispensable, tlie building of new ships must entirely have ceased. " If, however, the growth of oak for ship timber was greatly diminished during the war, so as to threaten an alarming scarcity, there is little doubt that, from the increased attention paid by individu- als to their young plantations, and their great extension, as well as from the measure of allotting off portions of the royal forests to those who had claims on them, and inclosing the remainder for the use of the public, this country will, in future times, be fully adequate to the production of oak timber equal to the demand for the naval and mercantile marine."— (Supp. Ency. Brit. art. JVauy.) The bark of the oak tree is very valuable. It is preferred to all other substances for the purpose of tanning, and brings a high price.— (See Babk.) The foreign oak timber imported into Great Britain is principally derived from Canada and Prussia. The latter is ibe most valuable— its price being to the former in the proportion of about 9 to 6 ; that is, if a load ( 61. Theq feet each ; quantities Vnn 1627 1828 For fiirtl also, Tredi resting wo piedia, ^e. OATS Avena; S aatlva of 1 to l)e indig in cold not ley can be tudes north is, howevei considerabi of the peo also very < northern c but the oal south. There an and brown i the potato o in the north London inai of potatoes i produced the except in soi shire, Derliy raised in Coi pp. 47—52 In 1705, J Wales at C5 lieve they an the greatest ( kept for busi culture of ou Ireland. Pe the ground is rich soils, we Oats yield, at For inforii tlieir prices TdAIIK. ODESSA, between puMtion said by order of tl an entrepot ftL Azoff, and hat rial ukase, da exempted froii rapid. The ba the bottom bei which renders one of whici 300 ships. model of that under which tl canal which c( vicinity, which It BO as to , therefore, 00 iicrea for js would be The com- lom, a aoOlh the navy, ilace," says 1 considered iverage du- in the con- _ we sliould iitiiy of oak ty began to Ilia scarcity, •Ihatofdif- ghi|i8 must ar, 80 as to iy individu- illotting off for the use iinber equal 1 purpose of ind Prussia. .0 6 ; that iS) OATS, ODESSA. 247v if a load of Prusslnn oak timber brought 01., a load of Canada ditto would not hrins more than iihont 6/. The quantity Imported variex ; hut may, at an nvprniie, nnmiint to niinnt 10,00(1 loadR, oi'.'iO cubic feet each; the Rrenter part from (juebec. Onlc plank ifl almost wholly imported from Prussia. The quantities imported during the (i years ending the 5lh of January, 1833, were— Ynn. lioadi. Yean. Lo.i>lt. Van. Lui It. 2,.')85 1,789 1627 1828 5,470 9,449 1829 1830 1,434 1,542 1831 1832 For further details with respect to the importation of oak, Its price, duty on, &c., see Wood,— See also, Tredguld's Principle! of Carpentry ; art. JVowy, Supplement to F.nty. Brit. ; the very inte- resting work on Timber, Trees and Fruits, in the Library »/ Entertaining Knowledge ; liets's Cyclo- ptedia, ^c. OATS (Gcr. Hafer ,- Di'.. Havre,- Da. Havre,- Sw. Hafre ,- Fr. Avoine ,- It. Vena, Avena,- Sp. Avena,- Port. Avea ,- Rasa. Owe.s ,- Pol. Ow/at), a species of grain, the .<4Dena saliva of botanists. There are innumerable varieties of this grain, some of which are said to be indigenous to Britain. It is the hardiest of all the cereal grasses, growing luxuriantly in cold northern climates, and in ro^irse mountainous districts, where neither wheat nor bar- ley can be advantageously cul' od. It thrives best, and in, indeed, chiefly raised, in lati- tudes north of Paris ; being bui little known in the south of France, Spain, or Portugal. It is, however, cultivated in Bengal, so low as the 25th degree of latitude, and, it is s:iid, with considerable success. In Scotland, where it has long formed a principal part of the food of the people, it is far more generally cultivated than any other species of grain. It is also very extensively cultivated in Ireland. In England it is grown principally in the northern counties, and in the fens of Lincoln, Huntingdon, Cambridge, and Norfolk; but the oats of Northumberland and Scotland are reckoned superior to those raised farther south. There are 4 leading varieties of this grain, cultivated in England, viz. white, black, grey, and brown or red oats. The sub-varieties of the white are numerous. That denominated the potato oat is at present almost the only one raised on land in a good state of cultivation in the north of England and the south of Scotland, and usually brings a higher price in the London market than any other variety. It wa.« accidentally discovered growing in a field of potatoes in Cumberland in 1788; and from the produce of that single stalk has been produced the stock now in general cultivation. Black and grey oats are little cultivated, except in some places in the north of Scotland. The red oat is chiefly confined to Che- shire, Derl)y6hire, and Staflbrdshirc. A species of naked oats, provincially called pillar, is raised in Cornwall. — (Loudon's Encyc. of Agriculture ,- Browti's Rural Economy, vol. ii. pp. 47—52.) In 17G5, Mr. Charles Smith estimated the numlier of consumers of oats in England and Woles at 023,000.— (7'mc/.s on the Corn Trade, 2d edit. p. 140.) ; but at present we be- lieve they are very considerably fewer. The feeding of horses has at all times occasioned the greatest consumption of oats in this part of the kingdom ; and as the numl)er of horses kept for business and pleasure has been vastly increased within the last 30 or 40 years, the culture of oats has been considerably extended, notwithstanding the increasing imports from Iroluiid. Perhaps the produce of no species of grain varies more than that of oats. Where the ground is foul and exhausted, not more than 20 bushels an acre are obtained ; but on rich soils, well managed, 64, 72, and sometimes 80 bushels and upwards have been reaped. Oats yield, at an average, 8 lbs. meal for 14 lbs. corn. For information as to the laws regulating the importation and exportation of oats, their prices, the quantities imported and exported, &c., see Corn Laws and Cohn TriAiiK. *DESSA, a flourishing sea-port of Southern Russia, on the north-west coast of the Black between the rivers Dniester and Bug, in lat. 46° 28' 54" N., Ion. 30° 43' 22" E. Po- puiition said to amount to 40,000. The foundations of Odessa were laid so lately as 1792, by order of the Empress Catharine, after the peace of Jassy. It was intended to serve as an entrepot for the commerce of the Russian dominions on the Black Sea and the sea of Azoff", and has in a great measure answered the expectations of its founders. By an Impe- rial ukase, dated the 7th of February, 1817, it was declared a free port, and the inhabitants exempted from taxation for 30 years ; since which period its increase has been extremely rapid. The bay or roadstead of Odessa is extensive, the water deep, and the anchorage good, the bottom being fine sand and gravel ; it is, however, exposed to the south-easterly wind, which renders it less safe in winter. The port, which is artificial, being formed by 2 moles, one of which projects to a considerable distance into the sea, is calculated to contain about 300 ships. It has also the advantage of deep water. There is a convenient lazaretto, on the model of that of Marseilles. The want of fresh water used to be the greatest disadvantage under which the inhabitants laboured ; but this has been obviated by the construction of a canal which conveys an abundant supply of water into the town. There are no trees in tho vicinity, which has, in consequence, a bleak and arid appearance. •*^ ^ .v 248 ODESSA. I . '. ! Lipkt-hnufHi.—K light -hoiine hns hcpn nrectcilon Capo Fnntnn.nboutfiinnutlcal itilini R. nf Odeim. The liiilit, which forim^rly rcvolvcil, is now./t/erf, nml ia iihoiit 203(Hiis!*liiii) f«Kt nbove the level nftho ■ea. Al llii! (liHtitice of 1 1 Ifngui's l',.S.r,. J S. from Oili.'Bsa, on the north end of llie lon(f. narrow, low Isliinil of 'I'lMiilrii, ii IJL'hl-lionse h.iri heen erected, of irreiit nse to shipH approachlii); OdesHH from the 8. or \V. 'I'lH.' lantern, elevated 92' (Iliissian) ferl above the level of Ihe sea, vvaa liijhtcd, for the first time, on tie; I'lth of Sepleniher, 1827. It lonsistH of 3 rellectinK liphlH, siiHpended in the form of a trl- aniile, rev(dvltii; in llilhi. cop. 1.4 _ 7 I « - 9 — 38 1.8 Othar grain. II cop. 1-4- 2 - 2i l-t The warehouse rent of corn at Odessa Is from 8 to 10 copecks per chetwert per month. M. De Hage- meister supposes that Turkey, and theditt'erent ports of the Mediterranean require, at an average, an annual supply of 1, 100,000 chetwerts, or about !,0.'50,000ii«arters,ofwhich 1,000,000 chetwerl8,or7.'Hl,000 (liiarters, are furnished by Southern Russia, and principally shipped from Odessa. Wallnchia and Moldavia are both very fertile in corn ; and were tranquillity and good order introduced iiiio them, and the free navigation of the Danube secured, Oalac/. and Brailntf would be two of the priniipal Eu- ropean grain shipping ports. (See the e.xcellent report of Hagemeister on the Trade of the Ulack Sea, pp. 96— 114. Eng. Trans.) Tullow exported from Odessa pays an export duty of 8 roubles per 10 ponds. E.vc.lusive of corn, the other articles mentioned as being exported from Odessa, And their way to the different markets in the Mediterranean. Those shipped for Turkey are iron, tallow, sail-cloth, cordage, anchors for ships of war, butter, &c. The exports tn Italy and other European countries arc similar. Tlic inipiirlation of all foreign articles into the Russian dominions on the Ulack Sea and the Sea of Azotf is confined to Odessa, Theodosia or Kafia, and Taganrog. The import trade is, however, of in- ferior importance when compared with the export trade. The principal articles are sugar and coffee, dye woods, wine and brandy, cotton stuflTs and yarn, woollen ami silk manufactures, spices, cutlery ; (irunges, lemons, figs, and other fruit; lemon juice oil, tin and tin plates, dried fruits, paper, silk, specie, &.C. Principal Articles imported into Odessa in the following Years -.— Articlet. 1824. 1825. 1826. 1827. 1828. 1829. 1830. 1831. C'lffee - • poodi 2,882 2.615 2,747 8,024 6,664 8,6)2 8,005 .5,014 Su(^r, raw - — 2,183 2,746 653 6,744 4,262 6.753 8,362 10,357 refined • — - - • 12,253 12,280 11,234 22,125 21,188 Olive nil . — 27,017 27,649 25,797 18,227 7,0J0 18.308 '•.8,636 Cotton, raw . — 6,410 3,801 6,478 3,436 1,110 1,4-^3 t.im 0,184 iwiit ■ — Il,9l6 8,832 6,6'>0 8,005 2,380 310 3, i;:. 3,121 Silk ■ • - 747 643 2,953 3,765 I0J9 107 2,146 1,658 Tea • - - ■ > > 345 S22 606 i20 tiOO Pepper - — . . . 4,8W 2,267 7,643 6,971 Tin ptatei - — ■ • ■ . 1,131 1,973 1,160 2,682 Inceiise • — • • • • . 8,306 6,(1-27 7,7,50 14,403 Olivea ■ • — • • • • . 12,S-9 4,544 18,779 16.502 TnlHCCO - — . . . 13,901 5,801 13,022 12,826 Wine • oxhorii 2,485 2,498 2,195 13,424 12,524 8,034 21,823 13,861 botlles 6,341 8,136 11,995 31,055 12 691 24,040 63.449 ilfliU Fruit, for - Rou. 1,175,015 1,217,024 1,138,905 946,102 570,143 1,067,132 1,180,354 1,865,558 Cotton rnanu* fartures • — 66.160 118.614 35<>,446 611,419 399,877 432,321 744,384 Woollen do. - — 42,647 134,936 132,093 326,973 286.719 246,468 354,476 cloth- — - • - 326,061 152,617 307,070 311,799 1,5.36,306 Silk manufac- tures. • — 267,954 337,267 258,741 494,428 324,202 248,953 2.56,830 Dve woods and colours . — 473,620 I64,7C8 55,847 102,858 8,867 58,641 125,123 181,661 Principal Articles exported from Odessa in the following Years :— Article!, 1827. 1828. 1829. 1830. 1831. 1832. 1833. 1834. r 68.217 lu 1833 there was Wheat - chelwerls 1,200,826 28,860 317,683 1,215,189 487,382 807,903 46-.,5,59 Rye — 39,940 2,050 . 3,276 14,249 17.155 2,045 an almost Barley . — 6,852 377 2,507 62,543 1. '1,029 5,277 2.291 < 101.11 fail. Oils _ 6 707 3,030 29,244 33,600 33,182 12,363 ure of the Wheat flour ~ ■ 10,282 22,156 15,358 40 17 3i5 harvest in Southern .Russia l.inseed . _ 931 • • 6,327 18,356 38,765 68,823 16,563 Tallow . poods 195,425 13,686 160,0-24 245,038 287,240 291,172 400,146 7S8,861 HiJca, raw _ 30,996 3,932 15,246 23,705 42,0S0 26,079 ■ 80,906 V No returns. tanned youfta z 66,430 6,045 39,944 3,462 , 1 4,675 9,984 Polanhes . _ 3.1 18 . !»,059 . 3,317 3,900 14,6.2 16,912 Cordage • — 71,320 11,317 12,826 63,901 gi.-iiW 77,916 49,6i 2 29,989 Flix — 1,488 - . 7 1,352 I6,9<2 8,709 Wax — . 4,1.2 49 698 4,379 8,751 12,468 8,376 1,397 Hemp _ 13,040 > 751 14,805 522 6,426 19,60^ 20,598 Copper . — 2,S85 194 . ■ 19,000 12.920 5,5ti8 5,533 Iron — 73,513 3.452 2,524 17,364 . 14,417 32,5.9 19,954 Salt butler — 1.200 1,304 10,257 6.9! i ^•SZ 4,545 5,655 1 No retunu, Caviare ^ 2,«I0 2,1)89 4,942 J,393 1,629 3,204 2,420 Wool ToUl value ~ 30,000 6,115 3,402 21,381 35,058 41,568 66,457 66,901 of exports by sea - Rou. 18,479,652 1,248,643 7,240.025 27,031,960 20,063,953 29,108,269 24,552,205 17,855,896 DjUo of im- ports - — I0,l85,3i7 5,735,225 7,R10,906 15,357,461 12,322,056 14,983,929 14,387,806 14,425,536 1 3 32 250 ODESSA. : i I I Movement c IMS. f Shipping at I8!7. lie Port of Odemrt In the Tollnwlng Yean. Vraeli. tnn. 1 1829. 1 mx 1831. Arrivf't. S.lilci.l. ArrivR'l. Siilel. [ArrivMl. ■uilsl. Arrive 1. Sailt.l. Arrlve.l.{ .Sailail. Arrived. Slilril. KtiMiaii • • <'A Ill I«7 Hi M 38 24 30 172 IU4 I6> 136 im IK6 2ia 278 6H 41 81 80 2l9 2.7 114 107 S.ir • > • 64 64 27 24 Tu» an - T(i(.il ■ • • • • " ' • • • • 3 3 is; '.J9 S>'2 ' 7^8 130 no 1 2.'4 ' m 8-2 •60 435 411 I The provioiis statemi'ntH, for which wc arc indt-bted partly to the Report of M. Pe Hnge- meister, iiiul piiriiy to ofliiial mid private Hourccs, sliow the ellect of tlie war between KuHsia and 'J'urkey on the trade of Odessa ; but it has nRnin resumed its fi rmer activity ; and will, doulitle!<) WiKiIlen ^ootls .... 3i,78i 161,23-1 1IO,(TO 290,545 a37,ioo 1,013 'lei 1,900 SO.f^jO ■14,0i« 7,110 4', ICO l,.»0 Hardware, e.irthenware, glass, tobacco, &c. Ti.tal - 7I,N73 53,2b 1 103,537 asi.ow) 1(3,110 10, -.KS 3Sl7,'2:> 1,^82,231 918,S47 2,001,390 l,9t8,^0j 12I,6p3 For some further details as to the trade of the Black Sea, sec the article Sinope. Epuc/is in the Trade nf the Black Sea. Depth of Water. Difficult i/ nf Naviiialion, <^c —The trade of the Black or Euxine Sea was of great importance in antiquity. 'J'he shores of the Crimea, or Tanrica Chersonesus, were settled by Milesian adventurers, who founded Paiiticapiuurn and 'I'heodosia. The exports thence to Athens were nearly the same as those which are now sent from Odessa and Taganrog to Constantinople, Leghorn, &c. ; viz. corn, timber, and naval stores, leather, wax, honey, salt fish, caviare, &.c., with great number of slaves, the best and most serviceable that were anywhere to be met with. The Athenians set a very high value upon this trade, which supplied them annually with about 400,000 medimni of corn ; and to preserve it, they carefully cultivated the alliance of the 'I'hracian princes, and kept a garrison at Sestus, on the Hellespont. — (See the authorities in Anachar- sis's Travels, c. .').'). ; and in Clarke's dmnexion of the Saxnn and Engli.sh Coins, pp. 54 — 64.) During the middle ages, the Genoese acquired an ascendancy on this sea, and laboured * Maltese and lonians included with pt at (,'ali; tiliDple exclii.-i( known. ships of lily of I Ainieii.s, by the I at least, Notwi sea withi have boi shoals. brouirlit , dually 111 Clarke sc extremely Polyliius. bottom, w sets from Marmara, stem. T| Bosphorut (See 'Jhio 0'e(i0 2i, >0 4,725 1,013 1/KX) lO.iK} 121,6!<5 with pretty ronsuloraMo nurrpss to monopolUo itg trodo. Thoir prinfi[ial pslahlislimpnt woi at (.'iillii, whiih was tlio roiilrt' of u coiisiilcrnlilc (■(iinincrco. IJut tlic i'i)iii|ii('st of ('i)iintaii- tinopli' by tlic Turkn, in ll');}, was soon after foilowfd t)y the coiii|m'st of fJall'i, aihl the total oxclii^ion of I'liiropoan vrsscls from tlii' Hhick Sea, whifh lii'cainc in a (;rcat nii'asurc un- known. 'I'liis exclusion was niaintaiiird for aliout 'MO Years, or till it was o|ii/ue sur Ics aulrc.s mers, — (Tome ii. p. 164. 4to ed ) Dr. ("larko {Triivcis, vol. ii. p. :'87. 8vo ed.) allects to doubt this; but he assigns no grounds for liis opinion; and who would think of putting his authority in competition with that of Tourne- fort? The truth is, that any sea would be dangerous to the (ircek and Turkish pilots, by whom tho Black Sea is principally navigated. If the progress of navigation were to bo esti- mated by its state amongst them, we siiould iiave to conclude that it had been stationary from the era of the Argonauts. They seldom venture to get out of sight of the coasts ; they have neither charts nor (juadrants ; and hardly even know that one of the points of the needle turns towards the North ! — {Tnunufurt, in loc.cil.) There is not, certainly, much room for wonder at shipwrecks being frequent among vessels so navigated. On leaving the Black Sea, tho greatest diHiculty is in making the Bosphorus. " The mountains," says Mr. Mac- gill, "are all so much alike, that it is dillicult to determine which of them is at the entrance, until you are within a very few miles of the coast : then, with a fair wind, you are on a lee sliore with a lee current ; and if you make a mistake, destruction is almost inevitable. The Turks have two light-houses at the entrance; but unless you see them before sunset, they are of little use: in the forests, on its borders, great quantities of charcoal arc made, and the lights from it bewilder, and often mislead, the unhap|iy mariner." — (Vol. i. p. 245.) From the vast quantity of fresh water poured into the Black Sea, the saline j)article3 are so much diluted, that, with a slight frost, the surface becomes covered with ice ; hence, during a great part of the year, hardly any navigation is attempted. The vessels that resort to Odessa seldom arrive at that port before the latter end of May ; and these whose cargoes are not comi>leted before the end of October, more frequently wait the return of spring, than ad- venture to encounter the dangers of an autumnal or winter voyage. At Taganrog tho frost commences earlier, and continues longer, than at Odessa ; so that there ai e scarcely more than 4 or 5 months in the year, during which the Sea of Azoll' can be safely navigated. OIl/(Fr. Huik; Ger. Oel ; It. Olie,- Lat. Oleum,- Rus. Maslo ; Sp. Aceite.) The term oil is applied to designate a number of unctuous liquors, which, when dropped upon paper, sink into it and make it semi-transparent, or give it what is culled a greasy stain. These bodies are very numerous, and have been in common use from time immemorial. Chemists have divided them into two classes ; namely, volatile and fixed oils. We borrow from Dr. Thomas Thomson the following statement with respect to these bodies : — I. Volatile Oils, called also essential oi/o, are distiniiuishiul by tlie foIlowinR properties :— 1. Liquid, often almost as liquid as water, sometimes viscid ; 2. Very combustible ; 3. An acrid taste and a strong iff 262 OIL. ! t . I rVa(rnnt ndniiri 4. Vnlntlllflfd At ii iRmpftrntiirR not hlffhnr thiin 919° i 9. Holubia In alcohol, and lm< purfni'tly In wntpr ) 0. Kvnpurnte withiiiil li-iiviiiK any ■tnin 'in pnpnr. Ily (lilN luiit Icit it Ik i>n«y to dliieovi'r tvliinhfr Ihoy hnvn hum niliiltnrntfil with nnynfthn llxi>d nllt. I>nt n (Imp of the volatile oil fiill upon a iheel orwrltlnR pitpnr, nnil tlinn npply a ||<'>>>l" l»''>t lo It ) If 11 PvaporuifH wllliuiit Irnving nny itnin upon the piipnr, tli» oil li pure; bnl If it luuvri a ilain upon lh« pspitr. It ha* ticen contnnilnrilt'd with lonio IIdmI oti or othnr. Volatile olln nro alniiiit nil ohtnlneil from vejieliihlei, and they exlit In every part of ptnnti,— ihn •not, tliH linrk, thu wood, the leaven, the (lower, and even the fruit; thouRh they are never found In .he HuliRti\nru of the cotyledon! ; whervai thu tixed ulli, on the contrary, are uliiioiit alwiiyi contained '•n theiie Ixidlei. When the volntlle olln are contained In (real abundance In planlM, they nre noinetlnieii obtained by simple i-xpreiiHlon. Thia m the rniie with oil of ornnfei, of leinoni, and berRatnolte ; but In Reneral thoy can only bn obtained hy diHtillnlion. The part of the plant contnliilriR the oil ii put Into a itill with a quantity of water, which In dlntilled otf by thu applicathm nf a moileriite heat. The oil conies over alonK with the water, and iiwiinii upon ita nurfuce In the receiver. Ily thii nroremt are ohiniiied the oil ofpepperinilit, thyme, lavender, and ii (treat ninny other*, which are prepared and employed by the perl'iinier : otherit are procured by thu dlHtillation ofrealnoui boiliea. TIiIh in the case in particular with oil of turpentine, which Ih obtained by dUtlllinii a kind of ruHliioui Julcu, called turpuulinu, that e.xndeH from llie Juniper. Volatile oil* nre excecdinffly numernim. They have been Innir known; but ai their ime Inchenilatry h but limlteil, they have not, hitherto, been aubjected to an accurate rlienilrnl InveatiKntion. Tliey dilTer greatly in their propertiu* fruiu each other; but It la linpoaalblu at preaunt to give a Uutallud ncrount of t^nch. 1. The sreiiter number of volatile oila are tiiiuid ; ninny. Indeed, are aa limpid na water, and have none of that appearuncu which wo uaimlly conaiiler oily. Thla In the cnae with the followln;; ; namely, oil of turpentine, orungea, lemona.bergnuiottc, roaea.— Others have the oily vUcidity. It varieilii them In nil (h'Kreea. This la the cnae wiili the olla of mace, cardnmon, aaaaafraa, clovea, cinnamon.— Others have the property of becoming aolid. Thia la the rase with the oils of paraley, fennel, aniseed, balm. — Otliera cryHtiilllae hy alow evaporation. Thia la the case with oil of thyme, peppermint, mnrjornni.— The oil ol nutmega has usually the consistence of butter. This Is thu coae also with the oils of hops nnd of pepper. 2. The colour nf the volatile nils is ns various as their other properties. A great number nre limpid mill colourli'HS ; as oil of turpentine, lavender, roaemnry, aavinc, nniaeed : aoiiie are yellow ; na apike, liereainotte : some are brown ; as thyme, savory, wormwood : others blue ; na cnniomile, motherwort : others green ; na inllfoil, pepper, hops, parsley, wormwood, cajepiit, Juniper, aage, valerian : others, thoDgh at llrat cnlourlcaa, become yellow or brown by ago ; ns clovea, cinnamon, aaaaafraa. 3. The odours are ao various na to defy nil description. It Is sutllclent to say, that nil the frngrnnca of the vegetable kingdom resiiles in volatile oils. Their tnstc is acrid, hot, and exceedingly iinpleaannl. 4. Their apecillc gravity varies very considerably, not only In different oils, but oven In the same oil in dilTerent circumstances. The following are the specific gravities of several of the volatile oils, au ascertained by Dr. Lewis ;— Oil of Tmiijr • • ■ -946 Ctninj Mcdt -940 Oil of Sanafnu Cinnamon ClOVM Fffnnel Dill - Pennyrojral Cuniniin Mini Nutmogt 1094 I ■03.5 t'034 •997 •978 •975 •97S '948 Origanum Spilig Rinemiirf - JuDiper berries Oninffe* Tur|ientine • •940 •936 •904 •911 •M8 •799 When the volatile oils are heated In the open air, they evaporate readily, nnd without alteration dlfTiise their peculiar odours nil around; but there is a considerable difference between the different nils in this respect. When distilled In close vessels they do not so readily nsaume the form of vapour. Hence they lose their odour, become darker in colour, and are partly decomposed. Oils do not seem very susceptible nf nssnming the gaseous form, unless some other substance, as water, be present. II. FixEO Oils nre distinguished by the following characters :— 1. Lii|uid, or I'aslly become so when exposed to n gentle heat ; 2. An unctuous feel ; 3. Very combustible ; 4. A niilil taste ; 5. noiling point not under fiOO° ; 6. Insoluble in water, and nearly so In alcohol ; 7. Leave a greasy stain upon paper. These oils, which are called fat or expressed oils, are numerous, and are obtained partly from ani- mals and partly from vegetables, by simple expression. As instances, may be mentioned whnle oil or train oil, obtained from the blubber of the whnle and from cod ; olive oil, obtained from the fruit of the olive ; linseed oil and almond oil, obtained from linseed and almond kernels. Fixed nils may also be extracted from poppy seeds, hemp seeds, beech mast, and many other vegetable substances. All these oils difTer from each other in several particulars, but have also many particulars in common. 1. Fixed oil is usually a liquid with a certain degree nf viscidity, adhering to the sides nf the glass vessels in which it is contained, and forming streaks. It is never perfectly transparent ; has always a certain degree of colour, most usually yellowish or greenish ; Its taste is sweet, or nearly insipid. When fresh, it has little or no smell. There exist also in the vegetable kingdom a considerable number nf bodies which, at the ordinary temperature of the ntmospliere, are solid, and have hitherto been considered ns fixed oils. Palm ml may be mentioned as an example. The various substances used In India and Africa as substitutes for butter, nnd as unguents, may likewise be mentioned. 2. All the fixed oils hitherto examined are lighter than water : bnt they differ greatly from one an- other in specihe gravity. The same difference is observable in different samples of the same oil. The following Table contains the specific gravity of such oils as have been examined : — Oil of Palm •968 Kazel nuts - •941 Poppies •939 Linneeil •932 Almnn'Ii •932 Walnuls ■ •9M to -947 Oil of Reech nuti Ren - Olives Rapeieed Cacao '923 •917 •913 •913 -892 Fixed oil, when in the state of vapour, takes fire on the approach of an ignited body, and burns with a yellowish white flame. It is upon this principle that candles and lamps burn. The tallow or oil is first converted into a state of vapour in the wick ; it then takes fire, and supplies n sufficient quantity of heat to convert more oil into vapour ; and this process goes on while any oil reinniiis. The wick is necessary, to present a sufficiently small quantity of nil at once for the heat to act upon. If the heat were great enough to keep the whole oil nt the temperature of 600°, no wick would he necessary, ns is obvious from oil catching fire spontaneously when it has been raised to that temperature. When oil is used ill this manner, cither in the open air or in contact with oxygen gas, the only new products obtained are water and carbonic acid. The drying oils are used as the vehicle of paints and varnishes. Linseed, nut, poppy, and hcinp- ■eed oils, belong to this class. These oils in tbeir natural slate possess the property of drying oils, but I ImpnrfertI) lime III nil their iinrtii llenru It I, Ink, which Nut oil III nrqulrea ilu ne.nt after ii freed from I In the hnndi yellow. For the re OUDA] resin, the ji iinported in from till- foi of a jiinkco its tQHto is L steuily clear oaiil, a whiti (lively used I in the coreni Chemintn/ ,- OLIVE, ( Azeitonas; olive tree. ' Mount Atlas, Spain, Italy, but its fruit i, in length, am within, flitter nut. Olives object is to rei a brine of aro of the olive tn cubinet-inaker OLIVE O aceiluuas ,• L its oil. This the feel, inflan is the lightest < and France, aa used in this co The ripe fru which arc set s in bags made o a second, and t ing the kernel, recent oil has a it deposits a wh if it be put into however, be pre mixture of popp The best olive ( leghorn, in chest markets by the ni cipal article of exj vinces most celeb manufacturers, bj Eiigiaiiil is import lat.40"3'N.,|„n. sides Italy, Spain '"man Islands., &( o39,4titnn. from S ifom tho Ionian Is i'he price of oliv Calli|)oli SpiDiih Calabria . Calcia, Genoa, and Prov The duty of 8/. 8 as olive oil is an ai parliciilarly the W( ■«• 2s; a tun, we be or price consequen Vol,. ll^Y OIJIIANUM— OLIVF OIL 253 '923 •917 •913 [•9I3 •892 ImpnrffiRlly. To prepnrn tliriii Tnr l\w \i»v oriliK piiliilcr nnd vnrtiiah iivtkpr, thry nro liiillcil fur mnia tliiiit III an Iron pot, niicl noiiii'iliin'ii liitnit till lli<iy>:il tliiin liy iiiiy ihi'IIkmI ihiit liim Imth priiiliHi'd. lii.'iK'i) It IM t'lillimiiil rri>i|iiiiMtly In prrpitriiiK tln> ilryinit oiIh Tor viiriilnlii'M, uiiil ulwayit fur printer*' Ink, whii'h rvi|nlrt-i In Iik dk frri* ih pon^ilili' rrniii all ninlnDiiliy. Nut ml lifiM lii'iin t'lMiinl iirrl'i'mlili' in nil ntlicr nil.n IVir prinlrrn' Ink ; tliiniiih thn tliirk riiliitir which It ar(|iilri'fi ilnrliiK hnlllnu ri'iiiliTH It mil mh prnpcr t'ur rnl Ink iih I'nr liliiik Miixcnl oil Ih i'iinii|ili>ri>r oiIh i luinnl lir rinplnviil, lii-canm' llii-y ranimi lii< nnllii linlly I'ri'uil rriiin tlii'lr iinrindHlly. Ink iiiaili' with lln.'in wnulil lii! iipl ti> cmni! c>il°aiiil mni'ar tin* paper whilu In till! hniiili oftliu buoklilnilur, ur even to «preail beyond the murk iil' thu lypviiiml iitaln thu pupur yi'llow. r'or Iho rcitnlnlliiiiH wllli rcapRCt t>< the liiipnrtatlon nnd rxportatlnn of train oil, lui! p. nt. OLIUANl'M (Kr. ICncen.^i ,- Uvr. Welninrfi ,- It. Oli/xtno ,■ Aral). Lonhaii), a Rtim- rcsin, the proiluco of n lurno tn ^^ {LllinniiH thiirifcra) nMvviii'^ in Ariibiii uml Iiidiii. It ia impnrtnd in chuxtH, contitiniiii; rucli about I cwt. Iron) tlii' I.evitiit iiiid India; tlic iM-Htc-oinus from till! former, and in tlii>iiroductiof Antbiii. Good ulibaiiuin in in Hiiit toara, of a pink colour, britllo, and adhoHive wiicn warm ; wlicn burnt, tho oilour in vrry a^rwalilo ; it8 tuMto is biltorigli, and Hoincwhat pungent and uromutic ; it llaincH for u long time with a steady clear light, which Ih not cattily cxtiiignixhed, leaving behind a black (not, um hri been tiaid, a whitish) axh. Ulibanum ia the frankinceiiHe {Unix) of the unc'iintH ; and w-.x exten- tiively used by them in BacriliccH. — (I'lin. limt. Sat, lili. xii. c, 14.) Il luw alsc luen used in the ceremonies of the (Jrcek and Konian chu"hes. — {A .■ulir'a Ma . lad . ,■ 'J'/wmnun'a Cheinintry ,■ Kipphifjii Aiilii/. Rom. lib. i. c. 1 1.) OLIVli, OLIVES ((Jer. 0//«en ,- Fr. V!>,es. It. V//>*. OHvt . Pp. A- hinaf ; Port. Azeitonas; Lat. Ollvie), a fruit yielding n largo ()i'Li.>*.iiy of li), ihe ;)ii"ucij oi the Oka, or olivo tree. The wild olive Ih indigenouH to Syria, (ireu^o, niiii AlVua, ' '. t!ie lower slopes of Mount AtlaH. Tho cultivated Hpccics growH spontancou'ly (n Hyriu. and it easily rcan'd in Spain, Italy, and the south of France. It hiis even beeii r. Im (i iii th .J|;en air in Ijiiriand, but its fruit is said not to have ri[)ened. The fru!l ii» a ruooti'i ovii! I'lui'i. about : n'" ii.i in:fi in length, and i an inch in diameter, of a deep violet oLki.'." ''/Iie.i r.pe, .vhiliaii i«ri<^ 'lebiiy within, bitter and nauseous, but replete v.ith a blan I il : c(;vc:i" i?an >ibl"r;i; pii,' ^d, /ougti nut. Olives intended for preservation arc (ja'h v,.! li..ft,i« Ibe-' aro i\yi, )ii ()icklin(?. '.ha object is to remove their bitterness, and to pr', .vu them S'eea, by iiiipr-jfiuitiiii} th>7i, v.i'.'i a brine of aromatiscd sea salt ; for this purjiusc vnriuuH inetliods n . 'n»plov'C'.i,, '''hf iwii.ul of the olive tree is beautifully veined, and hns uu ai;re'.-i\!)le anuil i' h in ga-tC cUtoij. vith cabinet-makers, on account of the fine j'olish of which it U su^ct , tibio. OLIVE OIL (Gcr. Baumol , Fr. Huik d'ulivcs .- It. O/i'o 'fuiiva ,■ Sjv Accite de aceitunas ,• Lat. Oleum olivaium). The olive tree i> principi.ll^. c.l.i f,/ieil d/' the snuo of its oil. This is an insi|)id, inodorous, pale grr'enish yellow co' jurc! \i'!(:id fluii'., uiictuo.iii to the feel, inflammable, incapable of combining with water, ani't nearly insoluble in alcohol. It is the lightest of nil the fixed oils; and is largely usrd, par'.irr.larly \\ Greece, Italy, Spiin, and France, »» an article of food, and in medicine, and !lvT art.^. ) ; is also vcy i^xtensively used in this country, particularly in tho woollen manut.'ciuitt. Tho ripe fruit is gathered in November, and iinmediat-^ly brulsid ia ;i mil!, thc'st- n'^s of which are sot so wide as not to crush the kernel. The pulp is then siUijic'. d '.o tb-<. pir3.^ in bags made of rushes; and by means of gentle pressure, the best, or vin^in cii, f jwu first,, a second, and aflerwards a third, quuhty of oil is obtained by moistening iherosiduuivi break- ing the kernel, &c., and increasing the pressure. When the fvaii is not sutficientb ri, e, . ic recent oil has a bitterish taste; and when too ripe, it ia fatiy. A;'lci :l i oil has beea li.-awa, it deposits a white, fibrous, and albuminous matter ; but when thisdnpoiitiun has taken place, if it be put into clean glass flasks, it undergoes no further a1\?ration ; tho common oil cannot, however, be preserved in casks above 1^ or 2 yoai i. ft is .-ou e inwfi r-lulterited by the ad- mixture of poppy oil. — {Thomson's Dispensatory.) Tile best olive oil is said to be made in the viclnitv o' W; in Fraiire. That which is brought from Legiiorn, in chests containing 30 bottles, or 4 Gnt;!) ,1 gn'.iot:? , \» ulao V':ry nipcrior ; it is known in our markets by tlie name of Florence oil, and is iiied /-ostly for iii'.inary pinposes. Olive oil is the prin- cipal article of export from the kingdom of Nar'' i --(See Naples.) Apulia and Calabria are the pro- vinces most celebrated for its production T -h Apulian U the best, and is preferred by the woollen manufacturers, by whom it is cxtcp'^i .'ely .iscd. Uy fur the largest portion of the olive oil brought to England is imported from Italy ; \.i'\ if-ipally from Gallipoli, on tlie east coast of the Gulf of Taranto, in lat. 40° 3' N., Ion. 1S° Xi' f'S" E., whence it is commonly known by the name of GallipnJi oil. Hut, be- sides Italy, Spain sendi i;j a fargu quantity ; and we derive smaller supplies from Malta, Turkey, the Ionian Inland!,, &r. T.'-.iis, ol 2,791,057 gallons of olive oil imported in 1830,2,034,237 were from Italy ; 639,46b CO. from Spain ; 62,004 do. from Malta, partly at second hand; 21,467 from Turkey ; 11,300 do from tlio Ionian Islands ; about 30,000 do., at second hand, from the Netherlands and Germany. The price of olive oil, duty paid, in London, in January, 1S34, was as follows :— L. t. L. t, \ Z. ». I. I. Gallinoli ... tun (2S2 gals.) 69 lo 60 Barbary ■ • - tun (252 gali.) 63 to 64 Spaniih Calabrii . . - — 65 — | l.ucca, in jars ■ • - • - 6 16 — Calcu, Genoa, and Provence, lit • — 75 — 80 I Florence - • • 1-2 chot • 11—00 The duty of 82. 8s. a tun (252 wine gallons) amounts to about 20 per cent., or l-5th of the price. But as olive oil is an article much used in the household economy, and of essential importance in the arts, particularly the woollen manufacture, such a duty seems to be quite oppressive. Were it reduced lo iU. is. a tun, tve believe it would be very little, if at all, less productive than at present, while the fall of price consequent upon such a reduction would have many beneficial consequences. Nothing can Vol.. IL—Y 254 OLIVE OIL. be more absurd than to elevnlo duties till tliey becnmc less productive than they would be were they lower ; but when the arlii-.les so overtaxed are of great utility, the inischievousnesa of the practiceex- ceeds its irrationality. Olive oil is necessary to the preparation of the best species of soap ; but the high duty prevents it from being so employed in this country, and, cousequently, obliges us to make use of uu inferior article. An Account of the Quantity of Olive Oil entered for Home Consumption in each Year since 1820; distinguishing tlie Rate of Duty, and stating the amount of Duty received in each Year. i - ,> Qiianlitiea Qu.tnMties entered for ^ Home (on B'.imption Amount of Duly receiveJ thertion. Rales of Duty charged. s Home C(ui' surriplion Amount of Dutv received Rates of Duly charged. >* in tlie i^ ill Ihe tlieriion. Uriill^d Uniled Kinijdoni. ICiD^dom. Per Imp. Tun, Per 7mp. Tun, Imp. Turn. L. 1. d. r.. I. d. $ 18 13 7 in Dritish ships, (19 19 7 ill for. »lii|K. fmj). Turn. /-. ». d. L. ). d. (9 9 in ships of Naples 1821 2,373 41,705 17 7 1829 6,939 68,380 5 1 J aiiu Sicily. IH23 3,162 2,e)9 59,161 to .1 SO.-^M 12 10 — f 10 10 in ships of Naples 1824 3,529 66,293 2 11 \m 3,299 43,230 12 ^ an:l Sicily. IS25 3,996 44,2!*8 4 9 (8 8 in any ship, from ( 6th July 1830 8,524 71,S7S It 9 (8 8 in other ships. 1826 3,378 23,366 9 6 _ 1831 7.573 64,243 — 1827 4,249 33,S77 18 10 8 80 — 1832 5 0M 43.3 M ^ Olive oil, the produce of Europe, may not be imported into the United Kingdom forborne consump- tion, except in liritish ships, or in ships of the country of which it is the produce, or from which it is imported, on forfeiture of the same and IDOL by the master of the ship.— (3 & 4 IVill. 4. c. 54 } { 2. 22.) It is irdered by a Customs Minute of tlie 23d of July, 1838, that when the actual tare is not taken, l-3d for tare on each jar, and l-7th for foot, may be allowed. Oil Trade of JVupZes.— The oils of the kinpiloin of Naples are produced in Apulia, from Bari to its aonlhi'ni extremity, the Capo di I.euca; a district comprising the territories wliidi (export from Galli- p -li and Taranto ; and in Calabria, from Rossano, on the gulf of Taranto. across to Gio.ja. The whole coast from Ciioja as far as Gaota is covered with olive trees. They are also abundant in the Abruzzi and the Terra di Lavoro ; but Apulia and Calabria furnish by far the greatest quaniity of oil. The principal magazines, or r.aricalori, for oil, are alGalipoli and Gioja. Gallipnli supplies England, Holland, the north of Europe, and, in short, all those countries that re- quire the most perfectly purified oil. It is clarified to the highest degree, by merely keeping it in cis- terns hollowed out of the rock on which the town is built. The voyages it has to perform being long, it is put into casks so well constructed, that it frequently arrives at Petersburgh, in the heat of sum- mer, without the least waste or leakage,— an advantage attributed to the seasoning of the staves, which, before they are put together, are woll soaked in sea water. We borrow the following details with respect to the preparation of oil at Galllpoli, from a very in- teresting paper, communicated by an English gentlemnn who had resided in the town, in the volume cnliWct] yeirrlable Substances Materials of Manufactures, published by the Society for tlie Diffusion of Useful Kninvleilge. " The rock on which the town is built is easily excavated ; and in caverns thus constructed oil cla- rifies sooner, and keeps without rancidity much longer, than in any other place. Hence numerous oil- liouscs are established at Gallipoli, and a very considerable portion of the rock is cut into cisterns. A Oallipnlitan oil warehouse generally occupies the ground floor of a dWi>||ing-house, and has a low arched roof. Some are more extensive, but on an average they are about 30 ft>et square. In the stone floor you see 4, 6, or more holes, which are circular, about 2 feet in diameter, ami like the moiitlis of wells. Each of these holes gives access to a separate cistern beneath your feet ; ami when the oil ia poured into them, care is taken not to mix different qualities, or oils at different stages, in the same reservoir. One cistern is set apart for oglio mosto, or oil that is not clarified, another for pure oil of the season, another for old oil, &o. I have seen oil that had thus been preserved for seven years in a per- fect state, or, as the Gallipoli merchants have it, cliiaro,giallo, e lainpante, — words which, during some luoiilhs, I have heard at least 100 times a day. I also many times verified the fact : the mosto, or nil in its turbid stale, which arrived almost as black and thick us pitch, soon became bright and yellow in these excellent reservoirs, without any help from man. "All the oil, whatever may be its quality, is brought to the magazine in sheep or goat skins, which are generally carried on mules — there being but few strade rutabile, or roads fit for wheeled carriani^s, in these pacts. In a good year, and at the proper season, I have counted, in the course of an al'ter- lioon's ride, as many as 100 inules returning from Gallipoli, where they had been to deposit their line tnoiis burdens, to difierent towns and villages in the Terra d'Otranto,or the more distant province of Bari. The quantity of oil required may be conceived, when I state, that at one time (in the year ISUi) 1 saw 9 English, 3 American, 2 French, and 6 Genoese vessels, (not to mention some small craft from tlie Adriatic,) all waiting in the port of Gallipoli for entire or partial cargoes of it. When the oil is to be shiiiped, it is drawn off the cistern, into uteri, or skins, and so carried on men's shoulders down to a small house on the. sea shore. In that house there is a large open basin, capable of containing a given quantity, and of measuring the oil ; and Into that the porters empty their skins as they arrive. A tube communicates from the basin to a large cock at the outside of the house. When the basin is full, well- made casks, of various sizes for the convenience of stowage, are placed under the cock, which is tlien turned, and the casks are filled. As the casks are closed up by the cooper, the porters roll tlioiii down to the brink of the sea, where the sailors secure several of them together with a rope, and taking Hie end of the cord into the boat, they row off to the vessel, towing the oil casks through the water after them. " I first became acquainted with the Gallipolitans shortly after the fall of Napoleon, whose system, whatever good parts of it may have done in the rest of Italy, was certainly most ruinous to the pro- vinces of Lecce and Bari. Unable to export, or find any market for their produce, the proprietorsi in many parts of those provinces let the olives lie and rot upon the ground. For some years, indeed, the price of oil scarcely paid the cost of its preparation, to say nothing of transport and other neeess.iry expenses. During the Continental system, tlie best chiaro, giallo, e lampante oil was sold at Gallipnli for 8 Neapolitan ducats the aulma ; in 1816 and 1817, it found a ready market at from 60 to 70 ducats per salina! " Those who, during the evil time, had penetration enough to foresee better days, and that a system opposed to the general commercial prosperity of Europe could not last ; and who had, at the same time, money enough for such objects ; by annually making their oil as usual, and buying up the oil of others at the low current prices of the day, realised enormous profits when peace threw open the portoftial- lipoli, and ships of all nations flocked thither as before. " The olives of which the Gallipoli oil is made, are never gathered, but allowed to drop in their ma- turity from to the mill. "The mil provenieiitf The pi.'asaii tune and ra and are apt, bii'iii' aniina ciioiicb ) " The poo Engl.ind i.s < tasted oil pri and iMassa, i The rurira tliroiigh the 'i'lie carirui cijial of whic no conveniei The oils (if used only fur The oil trai several pluiit Ihe size of th tions, orders rtifori. 'J'hese who receives only responsil oftlie order, n and till the 31: to anotlier, tin lime are eileci of January, oi purchaser's dii ney precedes t mem of this so III purchases c.tse the ad van oil is kept fi)r d The oil reina demand to the every siiccessiv ranty.— (We ai Roijaume de JVu (In conseqi forth the serioi oil (p. 253.), 89. § 15.) T but her MajesI tun, by an ord( facilitating the exorbitant duti is to be hoped for the largest. (Gallipoli, see mea-sure. Tho the woollen ma 50,000/. a year, or reduced to, ai . O.VINIUM, a (lilferent stocks i Tlius, in the lo cent, reduced aim I'lie loan was c cent, reduced, .14; advanced, were vv 13 4 1 which would be th- lor prompt pay men ONION (Ger known bulbou.s { The t^trasburgh, ! ONV'X (Ger. liibiling layers of fhalcedony, &c., 1 with opaque and I i'lg of 3 or more 1 were they rnctice ex- I ; bill ttie s to make lincc 1820; eur. OMNIUM— ONYX. 255 ty chwgeil. p. Tun. hip! of Naples auu Sicily. illierililin- hii» nf NapliiS iiii.l Sicily. illitr ships- r\e consuinp- II wliicli it is .51 H2.22) 13 not taken, III Biiri to its t from Oalli- i. Tliewlioli; n tlie Abruwi toil. itrics that re- ping it in cis- ■111 lieiiiR l'"iSi : licat of sum- of the staves, mm a very in- in tlic volume le Diffusion of tructeil oil cla- iiumerous oil- to cisterns. A and has a low , In the atone the nioiitlis of [when the oil ia :», in the same pure oilof tlie years in a per- il, iliiriiii; some liu mo.ito, or oil and yellow iii It skins, which eled carrinsi's, j?o of an afler- Iiosit their uiic- IroviiiceofUari. lear ISlii) 1 s;iw 1 craft from tlic , the oil is to be Iters down to :i Itaininijagiveii 1 arrive. A tube tin is full, well- I, which is tben Voll thcMi down fund taliinjjilie Ihe water after Iwhose system, lius to the pro- proprietors in irs, indeed, the Ither necessary lold at fJalhpnh 160 to 70 ducats Id that a system 1 the same time, Ihe oil of others lihe porlofCial- U in their ma- lurity frnm the true on the ground, where they are picked upchicfly by women and children, and carried to tlie mill. " The machinery employed in expressing the oil is of tlie rudest kind, and, no doubt, numerous im- provements miulit he introduced, not only irilo this branch, hut into tliut of culiiviitiim the (dive tree. The pcnisaiilry, however, and, in the kin;;doin of Naples, lliiise who stand hlL'her in tin? seah.' of for- tune and rank, arc too ofiiHi hut boors in intellect, arc ohstlnalu in their atlachment to ohl praciiceg, and are apt, when any of these are reprehended, to stop discussion hy sayliia — Faccio coaic fmcnt la biuiii' aiiiina iti into padre, e cio biistii. (1 do as my father of blessed memory did before me, and lliat'tj ciioubIi ) " The poor people of the country make culinary uses of the same oil that is exported, and which in Engl.iml is only used in manufacHires or Imrnt iii lamps ; but in llie houses of Ihe genlry 1 have often tasted oil prepared with more care, which was truly delicious, beiii^ ei|ual to that of Horrciito, Vico, and Massa, or even to the best oils of Tuscany or I'rovence."— ll'p. 200—201.) The rnrkaluri of Bari and Monopoli furnish oils for the consumption of Upper Italy and Germany, tlirou!,'li the medium of Ven.ce aiul Trieste. They also driiw .supplies from Ihindisi and Otrauto. The ciiriraturi of Taranto, of Uasterii t'lilahria or Helromariiia, and of Western Calabria, tin; prin- cipal of which is (iioja, furiiisli supplies for Marseilles, &c. lint the raricatori now mentioned, having no conveniences fir clarilicatioii, produce only the thick oils used for soap-maUiiij,'. The oils of fSii.'ily, like those of Tunis, are too thin to he used singly in the making of soap; and being used only fur mi.viiig, arc less valuable than must others. The oil trade in the provinces is in the hands of respc'clahle houses, which purchase by retail of the several planters. The oil thus collected is sidd in Naples at a prolil ctiual to the diU'erence between llK' size of the measures hy wliicli it is bought ami those by which it is sold. To facilitate transac- tions, orders or ceitulrs are circulated, represenliiitf quantities of oil di'posiled in the provincial cari- tatori. These orders are negotiable, like bills of exchange, and are endorsed by the intermediate holder, who receives tlieir value in cash, without, however, becoming liable for their due satisfaction. The only responsible parties are the drawer and drawee. The latter is (diliged to deliver the oil at sisht of the order, or to hold it, at the bearer's disposal, till the 10th of November for the cdriciirori of Apulia, and till the ;!lst of December for thn;-.' of Calabria. If the contract be for time, that is, from one year to another, the oil is usually placed at the purchaser's commaiid on the 1st of March. I'urchases for time are ed'ectcd by means of a contract, wherein the vendor undertakes to deliver the oil by the end of January, on receiving payment of the money ; but the oil, as observed above, is not really at the purchaser's disposal before the beginning nf March. Hence, in time bargains, the payment of the mo- ney precedes the delivery of the oil more than a month : scarcu an instance is on record of an engage- ment of this sort having been broken, and the order is as readily negotiable as any other security. In purchases of oil at command, payment likewise precedes the delivery (if the article ; hut in thia c.ise the advance is contiiicd to Ihe 5 days necessary to transmit the order to the caricatore where the oil is k(!(it for delivery. The oil remains in the caricatore under the care and responsibility of the vendor, to be delivered on demand to Ihe bearer of the order, free of all costs and charges whatever for the first year ; but for every successive year froui25to HO grains per salma are charged for keeping, and for renewal of war- ranty. — (We are indebted for these details to a brochure of M. Millenet, entitled Coup d'(EU sur le Royaume de J\'aples. Naples, 1632.) (In consequence of petitions and representations from t .o woollen manufacturers, setting forth the .serious injury they sustained from the oppressive duty of 8/. Ss, a tun hid on olive oil (p. 253.), it has been reduced 50 per cent., or to 41. is, a tun. — (4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 89. § 15.) The reduction does not, however, extend to oil brought from Naples or Sicily ; but her Majesty is empowered, if she see cause, to reduce the duty on such oil to 41. 4s. a tun, by 9n order in council. This exception is understood to have been made in the view of facilitating the negotiation now in progress with the King of Naples for a reduction of the exorbitant duties laid on pilchards and other British articles imported into his dominions. It is to be hopeil that the.se negotiations may be speedily brought to a satisfactory conelu.sion; for the largest, portion by far of the olive oil made use of here being brought from Naples (Gallipoli, see p. 254.), the continuance ,-f the high duties on it goes far to nullify the measure. Those who take into view the importance of olive oil in the arts, particularly in the woollen manutacturc, and arc aware that the revenue derived from it has not exceeded 50,000/. a year, will probably join with us in opinion, that the duty should either be repealed, or reduced to, iit most, 2/. 2s. a tun. — Sup.) OMNIUM, a term used at the Stock Exchange to express the aggregate value of the dilTeient stocks in which a loan is now usually funded. Tbu.s, in llii! loan of 3(ifi00,0(\0l. contracted for in .Tune, ISl.'i, the omnium consisted of 130/. 3 per cent, reduced annuities, 11/. 3 per cent, consols, and 10/. 4 per cent, annuities, for each 100/. subscribed. Tile loan was c(mtracled for on the 1 Ith of .June, when the prices of the above slocks were— 3 per cttit. reduced, .14 ; 3 per cent, consols, 55 ; 4 per cents , 70 : hence the parcels of stock given for lUO/. advanced, were worth — 130/. reduced, at 51 44/. consols, at 55 10/. 4 per cents., at 70 .... £ s. d. - 70 4 - 21 4 . 7 Together, - - - £101 8 which would be the value of tlie omnium, or 1/. 8s. per cent, premium, independently of any discount for prompt pay ment. ONION (Ger. Zwi'ebel ,■ Fr. Oiirnnn ; It. Clpolla ,- Sp. Cebolla ; Rus. Liik), a well known bulbous plant {Allium Cep'a Lin.) culliviited all over Europe for cuUnary purposes. The Strasburgh, Spanish, and Portuguese varieties arc the most esteemed. ONYX (Ger. Oiii/x ,- t"r. Onix, Onice ,- Sp. Onlt/ue ,■ Lat. Onyx). " Any stone ex- hiliiiing layers of 2 or more colours strongly contrasted is called an onyx; as banded jasper, chalcedony, &c., but more particularly the latter, when it is marked with white, and stratified with opaque and translucent lines. But the Oriental onyx is considered a substance consist- ing of 2 or more layers or bands of distinct and different colours. A sard, or sardoine, hav ;>='.v 256 OPAL, OPIUM. : ing a layer of white upon it, would be called an onyx ; and according to the number of layers it would be distinguished as an onyx with 3 or more bands. Some of the antique engravings are upon onyxes of 4 bands." — (Mawe's Treatise on Diamonds, c^c.) OPAL (Ger. Opal; Fr. Opale,- ItOpalo,- Sp, Opalo, Piedra iris,- Port. Opalui Lat. Opaluc), a stone, of which there are several varieties, found in different parts of Europe, particularly in Hungary, and in the East Indies, «&c. When first dug out of the earth it is soft, but it hardens and diminishes in bulk by exposure to the air. 'i'he opal is always amorphous; fracture conchoidal ; commonly somewhat transparent. Hardness varies con- siderably. Specific gravity from 1 '958 to 2'54. The lowncss of its specific gravity in some cases is to be ascribed to accidental cavities which the stone contains. These are sometimes filled with drops of water. Some specimens of opal have the property of emitting various coloured rays, with a particular ellulgenry, when placed between the eye and the light. The opals which possess this property are distuiguished by lapidaries by the epithet Oriental ; and often, by mineralogists, by the epithet iioIhUd. This property rendered the stone much esteemed by the ancients. — {Tlionison's C/iniiintry ,• see also riin. lliit. A'b/. lib. xxxvii. c. 6., where there are some very curious details as to this stone.) Mr. Minve gives the following stntcineiit with rcspert to tlie precious opal, or opal nohilh : — "The colour of tlic op;i! is white or pearl grey, and when held between the i^ye and the lifihl is pale red, or wine yellow, with a milky traiishioency. l!y reflected light it exhiliits, as iis position is varied, ele- gant and most beautiful iridescent colours, particularly emerald green, ccdden yellow, tlanie ami fire red, violet, purple, and celestial blue, so beautifully hiemled, and so fascinalinL', as to captivate the admirer. When the colour is arranged in small spangles, it takes the name of the harlequin opal. Sometimes it e.\hibits only 1 of the above colours, ami of these the most esleemed are the vivid eme- rald green and the orange" yellow. When the stonu possesses the latter of these colours, it is called the golden opal. "'I'he precious opal i.s not quite so hard as rock crystal : it is frequently full of flaws ; which greatly conlrilmte to its beauty, as the vivid iridescent colours which it displays are occasioned by the rrtlec- tion and refract ion of light, which is decom posed at these fissures. It is never cut in facets, hut always liemispherical. It is generally small, rartdy so large as au aluKUid or hazel nnt, thuugh 1 have seen E(unc specitnens the si/,e of a sjuall walnut, for which several liu mired pounds were demanded. At pre- sent, a pretty opal may be bought at from 1 to 3 or 5 guineas, sufficiently large for a pin or ring stone. It requires great care ami judgment in the cutting, as it is fragile !!iul easily spoiled. "The opal, in all ages, has been highly esteemed: the history of the Koman senator, who pre- ferred death rather than give up his opal ring to the Emperor Nero, is familiar to every cue. Among the Eastern nations, the opal ranks higher than in Europe. "A spurious substance is sometimes sold for black and green opal, and often set in jewellery: it occurs of the size of n small almond, but more commonly not larger than a lentil or pea. This pre- cious srcm is nothing more than the cartilage of the hinge of a large shell. Class, and even scoria, having an iridescent appearance, have also often been sold for opal." — Ci'reatUe on Viumonds, A'-c. 2d cd. pp. 123-125.) OPIUM (Ger. Mohnsaft ,• Fr. Opium ; It. Oppio ; Sp. and Port. Opio ,• Lat. Opium ,• Arab. Vfyoon,- Hind. Ufcem ,- Turk, Madjoon), the cm .rete juice of the white poppy {Papuver sonmiferum), which is most probably a native of Asia, though now found grow- ing wild in the southern parts of Europe, and even in England. Opium is chiefly prepared in India, Turkey, and Persia ; but the white poppy is extensively cultivated in France, and other parts of Europe, on account of its capsules, and of the useful bland oil obtained from its seeds. It has also been cultivated, and opium made, in England ; but there is very little probability of its ever being raised here to any considerable extent. The poppy is an annual plant, with a stalk rising to the heigbt of ',\ or 4 feet ; its leaves resemble those of the lettuce, and its flower has the appearance of a tulip. When at its full growth, an incision is made in the top of the plant, from which there issues a white milky juice, which soon hardens, and is scraped off the plants, and wrought into cakes. In India, these are covered with the petals of the plant to prevent their sticking together, and in this situation are dried, and packed in chests lincrl with hides and covered with gunny, each con- taining 40 cakes, and weighing 2 maunds or 149i lbs.; they are exported in this state to the places where the opium is consumed. Turkey opium is in flat pieces, covered with leaves, and the reddish capsules of some species of rutiiex ; which is considered an indication of its goodness, as the inferior kinds have none of these capsules adhering to them. According to Dr. A. T. Thomson, Turkey opium has a peculiar, strong, heavy, narcotic odour, and a bitter taste, accompanied by a sensation of acrid heat, or biting, on the tongue and lips, if it be well chewed. Its colour when good is a reddish brown, or fawn colour; its texture compact and uniform. Its specific gravity is I -.330. When soft, it is tenaciou.s; but when long exposed to the air, it becomes hard, l)reaks with a uniform shining fracture, is pulverulent, and affords a yellowish brown jiowder. East Indian opium has a strong empyreumatic smell ; but not much of the peculiar nar- cotic, heavy odour of the Turkey opium ; the taste is more bitter, and equally nauseous, but it has less acrimony. It agrees with the Turkey o|)iutn in other sensible qualities, except that its colour is blacker, and its texture less plastic, although it is as tenacious. Good Tur- key opium has been found to yield nearly 3 times the quantity of nwrphia,oT of the peculiar principle of the drug, that is yielded by East Indian opium. Opium is regarded as bad, when it is very soft, greasy, light, friable, or of an inten.eely black colour, or mixed with many impurities. A weak or empyreumatic odour, a slightly bitter or streak wl I'he n peculiarly agrees wi ajipointed another, p to allure n In Eng tily cntere principal f the Loiido Consumpt and in snio countries, \\ tJie ermh? r>| the reniaiiiii offensive an in a large w four or five i incoiisiderali not carry tin The siippii former. Tin sumption of ceedin^rsof tl the power ; s was at first ( driven by the 'J'lie opium is 12 lying toge: Canton, wlioj file tMiinesesi jiiirchases flu trade, never d laws are e(|ua are said to be The constim century, tlie o, the iiitrodiiciif 4,'J28 chests ; ii evporls in JS3 allele of this engage in a bus are believed to c.vport of opiut Citlliruliun o mniinpoly, and Everyone witi pared, must a price at vvhicli inadequate dep minded to bv AI afnv sii nation; in it with reluct obliged to make Tlie monopol ever, ihis reven of Malwa, and t established in I' market by the A The system ui eulogy, and has lining ihecultiv. in Iliem shall be '" linlia; whili treasury. It is lliat they obtain lii^'li price they P'-n.^-ily to indii'l" "I'n for these eiil "III! Ihe higher f hnwever, so clea s.v.'^lem had been tlie Illicit cultivat the e.vtensive c< monopoly in insi produced under very often f.itchei IS kept up. The. It lias been prepa £«"■' Indiu Comp: opimn maintains, produced in India ' Til its leaves at its full hite milky In India, unil in this each con- state to the ith leaves, ation of its narcotic the tongue ivn colour; tenacious ; ig fracture, culiar nar- tseous, but ^ies, except JGooil Tur- Ihc peculiar |i intensely a slightly OPIUM. 257 bitter or acrid, or a sweetish taste, or the power of niarkincf a brown or Mack continuous streak when drawn across paper, arc all symptoms of inferior o[)i\n". — (Di,fpfnsr//(iri/.) 'I'he raising of opium is a very I.azardous business ; the popjiy beiny; a d(^licate plant, peculiarly liable to injury from insects, wind, hail, or unseasonable rain. The product seldom agrees with the true average, but commonly runs in extremes; while one cultivator is dis- appointed, another reaps immense gain; one season does not pay the labour of the culture; another, peculiarly fortunate, enriches all the cultivators. This circumstance is well suited to allure man, ever confident of good fortune. — ( Cukbronlie's Hiisb/indn/ nf Benfr///, p, 1 1!).) In England, opium is little used, except as a medicine. In 1831 and IS'.i'Z, the (juan- tily entered for home consumption amount, d, \t an average, to 28,097 lbs. a year. The principal part of our supply is brought from Tu-key. 0[)ium from the latter was worth, in tiie London market, in December, 1833, 10*. tr ITs. per lb. The duty is 4s. Consiiiiipthn and Trade of Opium in China. — Opium is prrtty extensively used, liotli lis a niaslicatnry and in pniokinft, in Turkey ami India; lint its (,'rnat ronsiiniptinn is in ("liina and the siii rminding countries, where llie lialiit of smoking it lias become ulninst nnivcrsal. The Cliinese hojl or si'tihu the crude opium ; and hy this process the impuritii-s, resinous and Kuinmy matlor, are si'parat<'d. anil the reinaiiiing extract only is reserved for use. Thus prepared, the drug loses its ordinary slroni; ami offensive aromatic odour, and has even a fraernnt and aiireeahle perfume. A small hall of it iuserteil in a large wooden pipe with some condinstihle matter, in lighted, and the amateur proc<'eds to inhale four or live whiffs, when he lies down and resigns himself to his dreams, which are said to have no inconsiderable resemblance to the sensations produced by inhaling the oxiile of a/.ote. Those who do not carry the indulgence to excess, i!o not, it is said, experience any had effects from it. The supplies for the (Chinese market are derived from India and Turkey, hut princijially from the former. The government of (,'hiria has issued edict upon edict, forliidiling the importaliou and con- sumption of the drug, hut without elf.'Ct. Most part of the anlhorities openly connive at the pro- ceediiiL's of the smugglers, while the few who might be desirous to eriforci' ilie law are wholly without the power; so that the trade iu conducted with thi! greatest ficilily, ami almost perfect securily. It was at first cariieil on at Win. mpoa, about 15 miles below (,'anlun ; next at Macao, wlieiKc ii was driven by the exactions of the I'ortugiiese ; and now the principal entrepot is in the bay of I,iut(Mi. The opium is kept on hoard sliiris, commonly called receiving ships, of which there arcMil'ieu 10 or 12 lying together at anchor. The salcj are mostly elfected by the English and American agents in (?aiiton, who give orders for the delivery of the ojiiuin ; which, on producing the order, is haiidod over to the (Uiinese smuggler, who comes alongside at night to receive it. Freiiueiitly, however, the smuggler purchases the opiuii: on his own account, paying for it on the spot in silver; it beim.' a rule of the trade, never departed from, to receive the money betore the drug is delivered. When it is laiuled, iho laws are equally set at defiance in its conveyance throughout the country ; and public smoking houses are said to be every where established! The eonsiimption of opium in China is rapidly extending. During the first 10 years of the present century, the exports .lom India to ('liina were about •2,.')()0 chests (of 1 1'.'i lbs. each). In lh"2l-2vi, alter the introduction of Mahva opium into the markets of Calcutta and liombay, the exports inireased to 4,028 chests ; and, owing, no doubt, to the greativ increased supply and lower price of the article, the exports in IS3l-:)2 exceeded •20,(100 chests, worth above i:),000,000 dollars !— (See V(d. i. p. 290.) The iviiide of this immense trade is in the hands of private individuals; the Company not choosing to engage in a business prohibited by the Chinese government. The imports of Turkey opium into Cliina are believed loamnnnt al presiint to about 1,000 chests, tjmyrna is the principal Turkish [lort for the export of opium. — (See S.mvh.sa.) Cullii'iitiun nf Opium in India. Monopoly. — The cultivation of opium in India is a government monopoly, and is coiiliiied to the provinces of Hahar* and Benares, and Malwa in Central India. Everyone within the prescribed limits may engage in the opium cultivation; but the drug, when pre- pared, must all be sold at a lixed price to the Company's agents. The price is very far below the price at which it is al'ferwards sold for exportation ; and the rircunisiance of its being lixed and inadequate deprives the cultivators of most part of the favourable "hances in the lottery previously alluded to by Mr. (Jolebrooke. Indeed, Mr. C. distinctly tells lis {).'■■, i/. Bengal, p. IIS.) that, except in a few situations that are peculiarly favourable, its cultivation is unprotitable. The peasants engage in it with reluctance ; and are tempted only hy the immediate advances the government agents are obliged to make to enable them to carry on the business. The monopoly has sometimes produced a net revenue of about 1,000,000/, a year. Latterly, liow- cver, this revenue has been materially diminislied. This ha.s been occasioned, partly by the conquest of Malwa, and the impossibility of extending the same sort of monopoly into that [irovince that was established in Hahar and benaVes, and partly to the introduction of Turkey opium into the Chinese mnrket by the Americans. The system under which the Indian opium trade lias been conducted, has been the theme of much eulogy, ami has been supposed to allord the only examjih.' of an liHCjcc/i/iiinaft/e moiiopoZv •' Ity con- linihLMlie cultivation of the iilaut to particular dis"tricts, and taking rare that the whole produce raised ill them shall be exporli'd, we prevent, it is said, the use of this deleterious drug I'roin gaining ground ill India; while tin' high price at which it is s(dd produces a large revenue to the Company's treasury. It is allirnied", tot), that even the interests if the Chinese are consulted hy the system; that they obtain the druu' in a state of purity, which w^uld otherwise be adulterated ; and that the liigli prici! they are (diligiMl to pay for it merely acts a> a wholi'some restraint on their vicious pro- peii.jity to indulge in wliat is so very injurious. We doubt, however, whether there be mui li founda- tion I'li'r these eulogies. There caiibe no quesiiou that opium is a vi:ry excelhnit subject lor taxation ; and the higher the diitv can be raised on it, withdUl eiicouragiiiir smuggling, the beHer. It is not, however, so clear, that'the monopcdy system is tht! best way of accomplishing this ; and, though the system had been originally a good luie, it is no longer possible to enforce it. To imagine, indeed, that till' illicit cultivation of, aiid trallic in, opium can be prevented, now that it is raised in niest parts of the extensive country of Malwa, is altogether ludicrous. As to the! supposed influence of tho monopoly in insuring the piiriiy of the drug, it is sullicieiit to observe that Malwa opium, which is produced under a comparativeiy free system, has been rapidly improving in its quality, and now very often fetches a higher price than the opium of Ilahar and lienares, where the strictest siirvcillanc* is kept up. The latter, indeed, has sometimes been nearly unsaleable, from the careless way in which it has been prepared, and the extent to which it was adulterated.— (Cniir/iiriJ oil the .Monopoly of the East India Company, p. X).) It is needless, however, to say more on this point, than that Turkish opium maintains, in respect of purity and careful preparation, a decidedly higher reputation tlian any produced in India. — {Thomson's Dispensatory.) ,i«^ 5f' * The opium of Uahar ia known in commerce by tho name of Fatna opium. x2 23 258 OPIUM. We doubt, too, whether the use of opium, when taken in nindcrnie quantities, be really so injurious as has been represented. That it niny, lii42 l,0C0,4-.9 1,427;604 11,715 7,916.9-1 21,250 14,006,605 — 1814-35 7,55S 4,16.^,245 2,549 0,982 1,?niis from 1816 to 1818, ending 31st March of each year; exclusive ol Turltey. Seasons. Patna and Benares. Mahva. Total. April SIM toSlst March. Chesti. Price. Value. Che&ls. Prire. Value. Clies's. Value It) Dollars. IHieto 1817 2,010 1,200 •83,132,000 600 875 $525,000 3,210 3.6.57.000 1817 to 1818 2,530 1,265 3,200,4.'iO 1,150 612 7O3,K0O 3,0S0 3.90I..2.50 1818 to 1819 3,050 1,000 3,CMI,0'!S 1,530 725 l,109,2ri0 4,580 4,1.59.250 1819 to 1820 2,970 1,235 3,6rj7,9;>0 1,630 1,175 1,915,250 4,000 5.583.200 1820 to 1621 3,050 1,900 5,79.'),000 1,720 1,515 1,005,800 4,770 8,400.800 1821 to 1822 2,910 2,075 6,038,250 1,718 1,.S25 2,276,350 4,628 8,311.000 1822 to 1823 1,822 1,5.'J2 2,M28,>J30 4,000 1,290 5,160,000 5,822 7,988,935 1823 to 1824 2,910 1,600 4,0.')0,000 4,172 925 3,859,100 7,082 8,515,100 1821 to 1825 2,655 1,175 3,119,025 6,000 750 4,500,000 8,655 7,629,025 1825 to 1820 3,442 913 3,141,755 6,179 730 4,460,4.50 9,021 7,608,205 1820 to 1827 3,061 1,002 3,068,508 6,308 912 5,941, .520 9,909 9,010,085 1827 to 1828 5,134 998 5,125,155 4,401 1,204 5,299,920 9,535 10.4'J5,075 1828 to 1829 5,905 940 5,004,-.;35 7,771 9(i8 0,928,b60 13,132 12,5.35,115 1829 to I8.'}0 7,143 860 0,149,577 0.857 802 5,907,580 14,000 12,057,157 18.10 to 1831 6,«f)0 870 5,790,204 12.100 588 7,114,059 18,700 ll,'.i04,203 1831 to 1832 5.672 967 5,484,340 7,831 695 5,447,,S55 l.3,.503 10.931.095 IH32 to 1833 8,267 792 0,551,059 15,403 570 8,781,700 23.670 15,322,759 1833 to 1831 8,672 639 5,51.5,845 11,114 076 7,510,095 19,7f0 13.0.56..510 1831 to 1835 7,707 572 4,431,845 8,747 595 5,223, 1 2.5 16.51 1 9,0.55,010 18;i5 to 1830 6,173 690 4,292,900 10,012 580 0,M 6,975 10,785 10,539.875 1830 to 1837 8,078 724 5,848,230 13,430 628 8,439,094 21.509 14,287,3;iO 1837 to 1838 6,165 633 3,903,129 13,875 503 6,980,028 20,040 10,683,157 Im Calcutta The opium trade upon the coast of China east of Canton began to he of importance in the years 16.S2-3, since then it has rapidly increased, and bids fair to exceed that carried on at tlie I.iiilin slation. Fractions of clicsts and of dollars in fine are rejected, which would make llie table appear inturrect if critically examined. — ^in. i'l/.] OPOBALSAM. Sec Baisam. OPOPONAX (Ger. Opopnnax ; Fr. Opopanax; It. Opoponnsso ,• Sp. Opoponaca ; Arab. Jatvesheer), a gum-resin, obtained from the Pastinacu Ojiopoinix, a species of parsnep. It is a native of the south of Europe and Asia Minor. The stem rises to the height of 4 or f) feet, with a thick branched yellow-coloured root. The roots being wounded, a n.ilky juice flows from them, which, being dried in the sun, is the opoponax of the shops. It is in lumps of a reddish yellow colour, and white within.. Smell peculiar. Taste bitter and acrid. Specific gravity 1'622. It is imported from Turkey. Being u.sed only to a small extent in medicine, the consumption is inconsiderable. — (Thomso7i^s Chemistry ; AintiUt^s Mat. Indlcft.) OPORTO, on PORTO, a large city and sea-port of Portugal, situated on the north bank of the river Douro, about 2 miles from its mouth, in lat. 41° 10' 30" N., Ion. 8° 37' 18" W. It is a beautifully situated, well-built city ; and is supposed to have contained, before the late hostilities, 70,000 inhabitants. llarhonr. — The harbour of Oporto is a bar harbour, and can only be entered, at least by vessels of considerable burden, at high water ; and it is seldom at any time practicable for vessels drawing more Ihaii 16 feet. On the north side of the entrance is the castle of St. Joao de Foz, whence a ledge of rnclts, some of which are at all times above water, extends in a south-\Nest direction. The outermost of these rocks, named Filgucira, which is always visible, is left on the left or larboard side on enter- ing. Cabedelo Point, forming the southern extremity of the entrance, is low and sandy. The bar being liable, from the action of the tides, and of sudden swellings oi freshes in the river, to perpetual alterations, it is exceedingly dangerous for any vessel to attempt crossing it without a pilot. Pilots are always on the alert, and ready to offer their si^rvices when a vessel comes in sight, unless tlie weather be so bad that they cannot go off. On some few occasions of this sort, vessels have been detained for 3 weeks off the port, without having an opportunity of entering. The chapel of St. Culharine in a line with that of St. Michael leads over the bar. The ordinary rise of spring tides is frniii 10 to 12 feet, and of neaps from 6 to 8 feet. A light-house with a fixed light is erected on a hill aliont 600 yards N. N. W. of St. .Io»" de Foz. Tlie swellings of the river, or fresnes, as they are called, most commonly occur in spring, and are caused by heavy rains, and by the melting of the snow on the mountains. The rise of water at such times is frequently as much as 40 feet ; and the rapidity and force of the current are so very great, Hint 110 dependence can be placed on anchors in the stream. Fortunately, afresh never occurs with- out previous warning ; and it is then tlie practice to moor with a cable made fast to trees, or stone pillars erected on the shore for that purpose.— (For further information as to the harbour of Oporto, see Mr. Purdy's valuable Sailing Directions for the Bay of Biscay.) Trade. — Oporto is the emporium of a large portion of the kingdom of Portugal, and enjoys a pretty considerable foreign commerce. The well known red wine, denominated Port, from its being exclusively shipped at that city, forms by far the largest article of export. The exports vary in different years, from about 16,.'i00 to above 40,000 pipes. England is much the largest consumer of port. The high discriminating duties on French wine origin- ally obtained for it a preference in the British market, to which, though an excellent wine, it had no natural claim ; and its long continued uae has so confirmed the taste for it, that it is probable it will maintain its ascendancy notwithstanding the late equalisation of the du- ties. At an average of the 10 years ending with 1833, there were shipped from Oporto for England 22,121 pipes a year; but exclusive of the port shipped from Oporto, a considerable quantity of red wine is now brought from Figucira. Next to England, Brazil, Russia, and ^3t 860 ORANGES, ORCHILLA WEED. the north of Europe in general, arc the principal consumers of port. The other exports are oil, orani?cN, anil other fruits, wool, rcliiicd sugar, creuni of tartar, shumac, leather, cork, &c. The imports are corn, rice, beef, salt fish, and other articles of provision ; sugar, coflee, &c. from Ui'azil ; cotton, and woollen goods, hardware, tin plates, &c. from England ; hemp, flax, and deals, from the Ualtic, &c. Hesidi'S llin llritisti iiinniifac turiul t:nni]n iinportpii into Pnrliiefil fur llin usn nf llm nntivos, n con- sidur.ilili! iiHiiiitiiy is ilcsiiiu'd fur ilii' cMjiitiiiinplixii of Spain ; Ijciiif simitfylt'd into tlial country tliroujili Uiaf;iiii/,ii and oilier towns on llie (Vonlier. J\lonic.-; H'viahl.t, and J\Uafiure!< same as tlioae of Ijslinn ; wliidi see. We subjoin an arcoiint, olitained from tlie rortiigucse Ciistoiii-liouse, of the wine sliippcd from Oi)orto (Inriny Hie 10 yrara eiidin|{ witli 1S33. Account of i\w (inantilies of Wine exported from Oporto during the Ton Years down to 18,'I3 inclu- sive, specil'yins! tlie Countries to wliicli lliey were sent, and tlie Quantities sent to eacli. Courttijei. 1P31. 1832. IS3I. 1S30. tW!). 1328. IS27. 1S26. 61 1823. 36 IS2I. nrazil • • {)i|>e8 131 434 3,iGS 6,212 9,5«.5 7,410 Denimrk as IlU w US 8!) 67 jj 11 13 43 U. S. of America 4IS Gibniliar ami Sjuin 37 2 10 f, IG • 42 H.iti)I(iir'ti 248 771 1,446 373 2i-6 t.WO I ,.') J J 12 33 72 II..|i:.,„l . 51 4S r>\ U 82 31 12,1 9 41 PJ 'I'tiL' A/nrps 1 1 i 1 I 2ti 2 3 1 (Jri'.'il Untiin I9,43i 13,573 20,171 19,333 I7,f32 27,932 24,207 18,310 40,277 9,968 ll.ily 3 1 3 4 . 42 13 4 3 2 I'urts in I'ortugal 3 306 lltissii f,\ ■la.) 143 SG 22 129 62 . 1 I3S Neivfoun:lI.iml • 84 13 Si 76 170 no 21 1 22 7 Siveilen • 2JG 433 311 30O 225 231 . 8 23 I'orts in tlie Dallic • 6 3 . . . . II Imlia . 1 1 . . 2 120 Cipi- V.T.I Islauils . . 2 1 39 Fniice . . 1 2 4 7 5 - • 233 An?'il:i • . . • 3 13 71 S'.mii Aiiicrica • . R'.8 2CG 327 361 1,367 337 143 6 6,^40 Ciuenis' V :lU'J Jeney • • . 73 (19 3S . 24 llri'iiU'ii - ■ . . • • • 31 Shipi' stures Tnlll s • • • 4 41,227 1 2 3 6 26,117 20,.|9J Iti.JJO i;3.4;i9 24,i(;-. 25,371 34,237 18,507 40,447 1 • JV'. B. — It was not till 1620, that the e.xcliisivo privileRe po-^sessed hy the Oporto Wine Company, ot sliippijig wine for Brazil, was put an end lo, previously to which period the i^liiiMiients for thai country were not (jiven. It is hardly possilile to form any estimate of the value of the wine sliipped from Opnrto; the price varying from 5/. to 50/. per hojishead. The export duty on wine approved for exportation, (vinho (l'cnib piiiiisliod accordingly ; and if any pei-son sliiill lii lawl'nlly and will'iilly use .-my druiliie, net, ti.c. for tho purpose of lakinK oysters, or oyster l)roo(l, w iiliin tliu liiuils of im oyster IxmI or fishery, every such person sliall be deemed Rnilty of a inisdenieanur, aiul, upon lieiiitf noivicleil thereol, shall he punished hy line or imprisonment, or both, as the ( mirt may award ; sik h line not to exeeed 2(i/., and such imprisonment not to exceed ,'! calendar iiionihs. U is j)rovideil, that iKjlliirif: in the act shall I e construed as preventing any one fnnii catcliintr Jlituntitr jisA within tho limits of any oysli^r fishery, with any net, iiislruiuent, or engine adapted to tlle'calchinKof such fihh.— {7 & H lieu. -1. c. 2'J. $ aii.) PA( port (,f of alien Uurii ported I imjjorti'i prevails in so far ing that chandise states, ill real advi enacts, tl all other by naturi nothing ( exported any dutie the city I British si The di they Were great deal the prejud edition of the liberal would be { to have to c. 66. uuil] city. Thi TJierc is a PACK! PALER islam! of S 8' 15" N., The hay o innle, fuiiy j eriy directio taining a gro tion; hut Ih port, wliicli anchor aboii sometimes n and chain ca for these are Sicily, p. 70. 1 Money. — Si difTerini;.— (.s but accounts oncia = 3 dui Sgrani. Il'iiffhts.—' lolisotiili of of 12oiicie. 177 Ihs. of At 2i3 lbs. Troy 100 Sicilian Of Amsterdam Measures. — The principi 1 liarile = 2 q Tlie yard or Tares.— Cot] toll per scron, and 3 per cent weight of pad in short cases, cent., or 13 per Jrotolotaken i Charges on (, S'on, 3 per cen With 2 per ceiii PACKAGE— PALERMO. 263 P. ras ; T-at. plentirul \\ oysters. St British of oysters ystcrs arc as far as , in 2 or 3 ) l)C about 3r oysters, 5 bred and or 15,000 Isivc, none |to 52,095 ny, and tlio " lawfully \\\ iiliin tliu (raimr, and, .iiirl may Imlis. U is Hdiilivir fisl\ Ituuliinguf PACKAGE, SCAVAGE, llAIIiLA(JE, AMI PORTAGR, wero dulien eliiutred in tho port if London, on llio goods imported and exported hy aliens, or by denizens being the sons of aliei<8. During tho dark ages, it was usual to lay higher duties upon the goods imported or ox- ported l)y aliens, whether in British or foreign ships, than were laid on similar goods when imported or cx|)orted l)y natives. But according as sounder and more enlarged principles prevailed, thiH illiberiil distinction was gradually modified, and was at length wholly abolished, in so far at least as it was of a public character, by the 21 Geo. 3. c. Hi. 'J'his act, after recit- ing that " the several duties and restrictions imposed by various acts of parliament upon mer- chandise are, by the alterations of the trade now carried on between this kingdom and foreign states, in some cases become an unnecessary burden upon commerce, without [roducing any real advantage to the public revenue, and that it is expedient they should no longer continue," enacts, that the duty conunonly called " the petty customs," imposed by the 12 Car. 2,, and all other additional duties imposed by any act u[ion the goods of aliens above those payable by natural-born subjects, should be no longer payable. The net then goes on to provide, that nothing contained in it shall " alter the duties due and payable ui)on goods imported into or exported from this kingdom in any foreii^n ship, nor tho duties of paclwi^e, and scuvasre, or any duties granted by charter to the city of London ;'' and then follow i)rovisions to prevent the city being defrauded of such duties by false entries of aliens' goods in the name of a British subject. — (C/»7///'s Commercial Law, vol. i. p. 160.) 'J'ho duties thus preserved to the city were not very heavy : but tho principle on which they were imposed was exceedingly objectionable, and their collection was attended with a great deal of trouble and inconvenience. Not being levied in other places, they operated to the prejudice of the trade of the metropolis. For these reasons, wc observed, in the former edition of this work, that " if the funds of the corporation will not admit of their following the liberal example of the legislature, by voluntarily abandoning this vexatious impost, it would be good policy to give them a compensation for relinquishing it." And we are glad to have to state this suggestion has since been carried into effect. The act 3 «& 4 Will. 4, c. 66. authorised the Lords of the Treasury to purchase up the duties in question from thu city. This has been done, at an expense of about 140,000/., and the duties arc now p.bolishud. There is a Tabic of the duties in the former edition of this work. PACKETS. Sec New Yoiik, Passknoeus, and Post-office. PALERMO (anciently Paxoumus), a large city and sea-port, the capital of the noble island of Sicily, on the north coast of which it is situated, the light-house being in lat. 38^ 8' 15" N., Ion. 13° 21' 56" E. Population, 170,000. The lifiy of Palormo is alinnt 5 miles in doptli, tlie city being situated on its soutli-woFt slinre. A finn mnic, Tiilly ^ of a mile in length, having a light-house and hattery at its extremity, projects in a south- erly direction from the arsenal into 9 or 10 futhnnis water, forming a convenient port, capable of con- taining a great number of vessels. This immense work cost about l,()00,Ol)OZ. sterling in its construc- tion ; bat the liglit-hiiMse, though a splendid structure, is said to be very ill lighted. There is an innei port, which is reserved for the use of the arsenal. Ships that do not mean to go within the mole may anchor about i a mile from it, in from 10 to 23 fathoms, the mole light bearing N.W. i W. A heavy sea sometimes rolls into the bay, but no danger need be apprehended by ships properly I'ouiiiViu anchors and chain cables. In going into the bay, it is necessary to keep clear of the nets of the tunny tishery, for these are so strong and well moored, as to be capable of arresting a ship under sail.— (Swij/tA' Skilij, p. 70. and Mppcn. p. 4.) Money. — Since 1818, the coins of Sicily have been the same as those of Naples, their names only differing.— (See Naples.) The ducat, = 3s. 5-2(/. sterling, is subdivided into 100 biijocrliia.m\ lOpiccioli : but accounts are still generally kept in oncie, tari, and irrani : 20 grani:= 1 taro ; 30tari = 1 oiicia. The oncia = 3 ducats ; and 1 carlino of Naples = 1 taro of Sicily. The Spunisli dollar is current at 12 tari Sgrani. Weights. — These are the cantaro ffrosso, subdivided into 100 rottoli grossi of 33 onzie,or into 110 rot- toli sottili of 30 oncie ; and the canlaro sottile, subdivided into 100 rottoli sottili of 30 oncie, or 250 lbs. of 12 oncie. The rottolo of 33 ounces = 1'93 lbs. avoirdupois = 234 lbs. Troy = 873 hectogranunes = 1"7 lbs. of Amsterdam = 18 lbs. of Hamburgh. The rottolo of 30 ounces = 175 lbs. avoirdupois = 213 lbs. Troy = 7U1 hectogranimea = 16 lbs. of Amsterdam = 104 lbs. of Hamburgh. 100 Sicilian pounds of 12 ounces = 70 lbs. avoirdupois = 8511 lbs. Troy = 3170 kilog. = 04'23 lbs of Amsterdam = 6558 lbs. of Hamburgh. Measures. — The salina grussa = 9'48 Winch, bush.: the salnia t^enerale = '!C>'i Winch, bush. The principal liquid measure is the tonna, divided into 4 barili, each equivalent to 9i wine gallons. 1 barile = 2 quartare ; 1 quartara = 20 quartucci. The caftlso of oil := 4f Eng^ gallons. The yard or canna = 8 palmi ; 2J palms = 1 yard Eng.— (JVeWejifcrrcfter ; Smyth, p. 02 App.) Tares.— Cofftie, indigo, pepper, and dye woods, 2 per cent, and weight of package. Cinnamon, 6 rot- toli per seron, with 1 wrapper, or 8 rottoli, with 2 wrappers ; cocoa, 2 per cent., weight of package, and 3 per cent, for dust j cod-fish, 3 per cent. ; herrings, 12 per cent. ; tin, 13 rottoli per barrel ; wa\, weight of package, and 3 to 4 per cent, e.xtra allowance ; Ilavannah sugars, IC per cent. ; Brazil do., in short cases, 18 per cent., and in long cases, 20 per cent. ; crushed sugar, weight of cask, and 5 per cent., or 13 per cent, in all, at the option of the buyer; East India do., In bags, 8 rot. to 10 rot. per bag. Irotolo taken as weight of bag, for coffee and cocoa in bags. Charges on Ooods.^Thc regular cliarges on the sale of goods consigned to Palermo, are— commis- eion, 3 per cent. ; brokerage, 4 per cent. ; warehouse rent, J per cent. ; and porterage and boat hire ; with 2 per cent, del credere',— imports being almost always sold on credit. The charges may occasior . # t^. id 1'?' rT" ' .!•' 264 PALERMO. I ! I nlly vnry I to 1 prr rnnt,, nnil iinpnrtit nrc fn-riiirntly noUI duty paid; thopricci, linwcvor, inohtaincd, fully ronipctmalr for tliu IrlHliiir Iiicdmini' ol'(')iiirgi>H. Till! (Imr«f!i on (rood* (.'xporlful are— 3 per cent. rointnlnHlon ; lirokt-rnRc, go iniirh por eantaro falma, Ilc, sniiorully uinounlliig Id ubuut i per cent., except uii rrult, on whicli it is eiiulval(!iit to rruiii U tu 3 per cunt. /mpiTla anil F.rpiirti> —The grent nrtlrlofi of export from Mirily nrc— (rrnin, pfirliriiliirly wlicat niid hurley ; bi'iiim, witii?, Iiriiudy, oil, liiinlWi, Iimiioiih ii»d oraiiyrn, lemon jiilcu, iilmondH, hiiII, Hliiimm-, (iiiIi-IImIi, clieeHf, vvilli lirimVtoiie, iir|.'"l, iimnnu, ll(iiiorlie, purnjie Blone, ragH, Hkinn, lioney, niiioii wool, nntK, llnKevd, aairron, &.C. Wheat in largely exported. It in of n niixuil quality, liaril, and if eenerally »(dd from tlie pul>lic mnga/.inen, or cariculiiri (»eo vo»l), hy ineanure, witlniul weiglit. Hut tlio hext hard wheat, grown in tlie iiei^thliourhood of I'aleruio, 14 Hold liy tlie xalum of 27'2 rottoli = I'lllliu. Eng, ; tlie dillVreiice hiMween weight and meanure heing made good hy llic Heller or huyer,as ihecasu may be. Wine is principally shipped fr(uu Marnala ; leaionn, oraMge.><, and li^nim jiiiie, iVoiu MesBiiia ; ■alt, from Trnpani ; anil barilla, from the goutliern ruant. Hut all tlie arlirleH to lie found on the roast may, for the iiioHt part, lie had at ralermo; nnlcHH, however, the ipianlily required he Hiiiall, it i.i ilHiially lienl to ship them from the out|iorlsi, the e.xpeime of their loiiveyanee to ralermo being very heavy. The ercqi.s of barilla and Hhoinac rome to market in August ; iiut hriniHlonc, Halt, oil. wine, ragH, Sec. may generall> be had all the year round. The llrsl HhipnieiilH of Iciuoiih and orange;* iii.iy be made in the btgiiiniiig of November. I'lireliasen of produce are always paid for in ranh, generally I on making tiie purehuue, and the other i un delivery, wlien in ralermu, and un receiving ordor for delivcrv, on tlie coant. The iiiiporls ronsist of sugar, rofTee, coroa. Indigo, dyo woods, spicca. Iron, tin, hides, Newfound- land cod, cotton and woollen slulfH, limber for building, Siv. We have no means of forming any esti- mate eitlier of the quant it y or the value of the principal articles of import and export, riilk is a staple produce of the island ; hut its exportation in an uiuvroiight statt', except to Naples, Is prohibited. — (We have gleaned these details principally from prinitc ciimmniiiraiiunn. The best iiccoiint of the trade of Hicily, though now u little antiquated, tint we have met with in any llnglish work, is contairie{| in Sieinhiirni's Traveli in the 'I'lco Suilien, 4to ed. vul. ii. |ip. 4U1— 413. tiee also the urticlu Natlo in this work.) Remarks on the Trade, t^c. of Si'ci/i/. — Thi.'? noMc islatitl contains about 10,500 sciuarc miles, lu'ing the largest in the Meiliterruncan.and one of the most fertile and best situated in the world. Its population is about 1,900,000. In ancient times, Sicily was celebrated for the nuniber, magnitude, and 0]iulencc of its cities; and, notwithstanding its population was then, at least, treble its |)resent amount, it obtained, from its furnishing vast supplies of corn and other articles of provision for the use of Rome, the appropriate epithet of horrcum Roinun- ortiin. When the Roman power had been overthrown, Sicily was occupied, first by the Saracens, then by the Normans, and after them by the French. The Sicilian Vespers put a fatal period to the dominion of the latter; and a prince of the house of Ara^on having been called to the Sicilian throne, the i.sland became, in course of time, a dependency, first of the crown of Spain, and more recently of that of Naples. It is to this dependence that we are induced to ascribe the backward state of Sicily. The multiplied abuses which grew up in Spain, under Ferdinand the Catholic, and his successors of the Austrian line, flourished with equal luxuriance in Sicily, and have proved no less de- structive of the industry and civilisation of its inhabitants than of those of Sjiain. The Bourbon or Neapolitan regime has been equally pernicious. " The government of this island," says a recent and most intelligent observer, " seems to unite in itself nearly all the defects, both theoretical and practical, of which political institutions arc susceptible. It is a model in its way. We find here a system of laws quite barbarous, and the administration of them notoriously corrupt ; high taxes, levied arbitrarily and unequally ; the land generally held on such a tenure as makes it unalienable, so that few can ever lie [)roprietors ; and fann- ing leases, for church land at least, are binding on the farmer only, and not on his landlord. For want of roads, produce cannot be exported from one part of the island to another; the consequence of which is, that a scarcity and a glut may and frequently do exist at the same time in different parts of the i.sland, without the means of timely and effectual communica- tion." — {Simo7id's Italy and Sicily, p. 539.) But the grand curse of Sicilian, as well as of Sardinian, industry — (see Cagliaui) — is the restriction on the exportation of corn. Itis true that the difficulties in this respect are not so great now as formerly, but they are still such as to oppose an invincible obstacle to the spread of improvement, and to the develope- ment of the national resources. No exportation of corn can take place without leave of the real palrirnonio, — a tribunal that pretends to take a yearly account of the crop, and of the supply required to meet the home demand. When this body has determined that an exportation may take place, it issues (or rather, we believe, sells) its licences to export certain specific quantities, to a few favoured individuals*, who, in consequence, are able to regulate the price ; so that they, and not the corn growers, reap all the advantage ! Thus, says M. Simond, "neither scanty nor plentiful crops affording a chance of gain, farmers are dis- couraged, and corn is frequently scarce in a country once the granary of Imperial Rome, although its own population be now reduced to l-6tli of what it was at that period.-t" Such is the system of minute and vexatious regulations, tliat a man cannot go in or out of town with a loaf of bread or a joint of meat without special permission. The revenue laws in England are sufficiently vexatious, but they at least answer their fiscal purpose. Here the ♦The late Queen is said to have been a groat dealer in corn on her own account t t We cannot help looking upon this as on exaggeration. There do not seem to be any good grounds .'or thinking that Sicily ever contained more than 6,000,000 inhabitants,— tliat is, a httle more tlian 3 ill' a as many as ?.t present. vexation i of rt^venui 'i'hero I rise to the (ill an o[i|i nnliliilt), it is wareli beinff Hulli ziiie, is ne( exchange t 'I'hc (IcpOHJ accounted i calcareous 1 proof, contf of the bottif preserved ft after the lap of the oil ca Hemp gr abundantly 1 tiirc is now, c extensively < extinct. ^ere the she would un requires is se a few years v to a very higF PALM Of 8p. Aceite dt from that of il nando Po, ani yellowish colo its colour, whi imitated with , inhabitants of — {Lewis's M Account of the Amoi Qii.-in eiitfrei Ilonie suntpl Cie, 100,0 69, h 73,6 74,e W,9! 9.|,2( The price of pa: Almost all th Africa, south of PAMPHLET It is enacted by out the name and ivriiicn or printed It is enacted by sheets. In 8vo, or deemed a pamplile puhlished. ThiBd 1,000/. or \,\m. a ■ PAPER (Gcr Lat. Charta,- A knows, thin, flexi and printing upo: reduced to a sort post), the leaves i sheets, quires, anc Historical Ske often lieen a subit Vol. II._z '' tlncd, nalina, 'ilo3 It niut mmiii', I'Otlllll mill i'« Kiitiliu .1701118. UtTllDU iNtfinii : iri'iiimt ill, it U iiK vi'ry 1. will'', >v3 iiiiiy I'licriiUy riler I'or wfouiid- iiiy BHti- I a Htiiplo liDiti'il. — lliptri»(l<> taiiK'il in Al'LES ill square tuated ill )rutetl for ition was 3 of corn Roman- at liy the ;spers put iving been ,rst of the PALM OIL— PAPER. 205 Ld grounds liore tUau 3 vexation in gratuitous ; for litllo or nothing coincH of it ulliniatcly, drainrtl an the Utile Hourcf 4 of reveiiui) are, in their way to the treaxury, l)y ninl|iraeticeH of all mirls." — (p. GHO.) There are only certain ports from which corn can ho exported. TliiK liinitntior) ha.*) niven rirtc to the eHtahlishinent of puhlic niagu/hien or rariaittiri, where the corn may he ile|)(isileil till an opportunity occurs of shippini; It olf. Provided it he of good ([uulity {mtrcitntihili' or nrr/iliih), and provided it he hruught in immediately after harvest, or, at farthest, in August, it i« warehoused free of expense ; what it gains in hulli after that period (ahoiit ,'> per cent.) being sullicient to defray all expenses. The receipt of the citricitlur, or keeper of the maga- zine, is negotiable like a hill of exchange, and is the object of siiccnlative purchases on the exchange at Palermo, Messina, &c. according to the expected rise or fall in the price of corn. The depositor of a iiuantity sells it in such portions as he |ileases, the whole being faithfully accounted for. The public magazines, in some parts of the island, are either excaviilionsinto calcareous rocks, or holes in the ground shaped like a bottle, walled up, and made water- proof, containing each about SOO salme of corn, or about 1,()00 English bushels. The neck of the buttle is hermetically closed with a stone fastened with gypsinn. ('orn may be thua preserved for an indelinito length of time; at least, it has been found in perfectly good order after the lapse of a century. — {Slniond, j). .'540. ; Swinburne, vol. ii.p. 405. For an account of the oil caricalori of Naples, see Olivk Oi i.) Hemp grows very well in Sicily ; and when the English were there, their shijis were abundantly supplied with that article; hut its exportation being no longer permitted, its cul- ture is now, of course, neglected ! — (Slinond, p. H'M.) Sugar canes were, at one time, pretty extensively cultivated in Sicily ; but their culture has been long declining, and is now nearly extinct. Were the bounty of nature towards Sicily not counteracted by vicious laws and institutions, she would undoubtedly be one of the richest and finest of European countries. All that she requires is security of property and freedom of industry. Let but these be given to her, and a few years willdcvelope her gigantic resources, and elevate Uirgcnti, Termini, and Sciacca, to a very high rank among corn-shipping ports. PALM Olli (Gcr. Palinol; Fr. Httik de paline, Huilc de Sene>;ali It. Olio di palma ; Sp. Aceite de pii/ma) is obtained from the fruit of several species of palms, but especially from that of the E/ais Guineensis, growing on the west coast of Africa, to the south of Fer- nando Poj and in Urazil. When imported, the oil is about the consistence of butter, of a yellowish colour, and scarcely any particular taste : by long keeping it becomes rancid ; lo.ses its colour, which fades to a dirty white; and in this state is to be rejected. It is sometimes imitated with hog's lard, coloured with turmeric, and scented with Florentine iris root. 'J'ho Inhabitants of the coast of Guinea employ palm oil for the same purposes that we do butter. —{Lewis's Mat. Mtd. ,■ Thomson's Dispensatory.) Account of the Quantities of I'alm Oil entered for Home Cnnsuniplion in the I'nited Kingdom, the Aaiouiit of Duty received thereon, und the Rate of Duty, each Year since 1821. Ye.irt. IRil mi ISM 18^4 1W5 1826 Qunntities entered for Home Con- suniplion. Cwl. 100,0 ",9 69,857 73,666 74,K!4 M,996 9.|,'iB8 Amniint nf Piity received tliureoiu /,. K,.U'9 9,0.|f> 9,173 10,102 ll,7tl3 d. 6 8 1 4 3 ftilri of Duly clargeJ. Years, Per Cwl. 2i. 6d. 1S27 ditto 1X28 ditto IH9 dillo 1S30 ditto |V31 ditto 1SJ2 (junnlities entereii fur Honie Con- Rimiptinii. Cwl. 9«,070 120,M9 17 -.,393 179,6->S 17j,452 22n,32S Aninnnt of Duty received thereon. Ritei of Uuty cdarged, /.. J, 12,3)6 ID iri,0-4 13 21,9;>2 22,468 S 21.932 27,642 Ar Cwt. 2>. €J. ditto diitn ditto ditto ditto The price of palm oil (duty paid) varies from 331. to 34/. a ton. Almost all the palm oil made use of in this country is brought from the western coast of Africa, south of the Rio Volta. PAMPHLET, a small book, usually printed in the octavo form, and stitched. It is enacted hy 10 Ann, c. IE), } 113,, that no person shall sell, or expose to sale, any pamphlet, with- out the name and place of abode of some known person, by or for whom it was printed or published, written or printed thereon, under penalty of 20Z. and costs. It is enacted by the 55 Geo, 3. c, 185., tliat every book containing 1 whole sheet, and not exceeding 9 sheets, In 8vo, or any lesser size; or not exceeding 12 sheets in 'Ito, or 20 sheets in folio, stiiill be deemed a pamphlet. The same act imposed a duty of 3s. upon each sheet of one copy of nil pamphlets published. This duty, which was at once vexatious and unproductive, hardly ever yielding more than IfiOOl. or 1,100/. a year, was repealed in 1833. PAPER (Gcr. and Du. Papier,- Fr. Papier ; It. Carta,- Sp.Papel,- Rus. Bumaga ,• Lat. Charia ,- Arab. Kartas ,- Pers. Kaghas). This highly useful substance is, as every one knows, thin, flexible, of diflferent colours, but most commonly white, being used for writing and printing upon, and for various other purposes. It is manufactured of vegetable matter reduced to a sort of pulp. The term paper is derived from the Greek ?ra7rif:^( {papyrus, seo post), the leaves of a plant on which the ancients used to write. Paper is made up into sheets, quires, and reams ; each quire consisting of 24 sheets, and each ream of 20 quires. Historical Sketch of Paper, Difference fjetween ancient and modern Paper. — It has often been a subject of wonder with those learned and ingenious persons who have written Vol. II.— Z 34 260 PAPER. conrrrniriff i\w arts* of iho unciciit world, lliitt tlui (irri'ks atnl Roman*, iiItIioii({!i ihcy poti- ■I'NHfil II |iriNlii{iouM nutiilMT of liookH, iiikI iipiiroarlii'il very iii Mr to priritinp; in lliu Htiiinpinit wortirt iiiiil liltcrM, mid Hitnilur ilt^viecH, hIiouIiI not hiivc fiillcn upon tlio nrt; tlio firnt ruilo uttoiii|its lit ty|ioi{rii|iliy licini^ HuH'icii'iitly obvioiiM, tlioimh imicii tiino and contrivnnco have Ihcii rtMinircd to lirinj; thi^ procrsM to tin; |MTft'<-tioii in wliicli it now |)n'v:iil(4. Tiicy oiinht riitluT, iicrliiipH, to iiavt- wonilcrcd that tlio more civilised nations of anti«|uily di>l not invent pii()cr, vvliich iiiUHt prwrdc the invention of printing, as may he easily mIiowii. The rockn, pillarn of stone or of nmrhle, and especially the walls of edifices, supply lixed surfaces, upon which, were we unprovided vviih more convenient talilets, much valuable infonuation ini^^ht 1)0 [ireserved ; and were all our puldic and many of our private huildiuRs thickly covered with inscriptiotiH, the nicinory of divers historical facts, and other matters of importance, miKht he hunded down to jiosierity. Men wrote thus in very remote anes; and the old usa^o is Rtill retained in many instances, particularly in our churches and cemeteries. In very remote n;fes, also, we read that they were accustonu'd to write upon portahle surfaces of various kinds: ami if it were possildt; to deprive us of our ordinary means of lixiii)i; ami eoninuini- catiiij; our thoii(;hls, modern intjenuily would speeilily reinvent numerous expedients whicii have lonn lieen superseded; and we should linvo recourse to plates of metal of various dimensions, sometimes, probably, as thin as foil; to slices of soft, light wood, not thicker than those of which band-boxes arc sometimes made; to cloth, l(>ather, and the like. These materials would often be primed like the canvass of painters, that they mij^ht more readily receive, and more [ilainly show, the ink or paint that formed the characters. It is iivident that, in the course of time, larpc libraries mifjlit bo Kfadually composed of books constructed in this manner; and the whole amount of human learning mii;lit still be very coiisidcriiblc. 'I'.he substances which wo have enumerated are all somewhat costly : it would 1m! desirable, therefore, to find one that was cheaper; anil wc should doubtless direct our attention very early to that which has served the oll'ice of paper in all times, and is used as such in some countries of the East at this day, — wc mean the leaves of trees. Some of the palms, and other vei,'e(ables, that are natives of hot countries, furnish the Orientals with books that arc not incommodious: the leaves of the indiRenous plants of (ireat IJritain ore not so well suited for the purpose; l)Ut by cnrc in Iho selection and skill in the preparation, some might ccrlainly be chosen, which would, in some degree, be lit to receive writing. Leaves, when they are dry, are apt to split in the direction of the fibres ; it lias coinmonly been found ex- pedient, therefore, to glue others at the back in an opposite direction ; and by thus crossing the fibres at right angles, the texture is strengthened ; and when it has been pressed and polished, the pa«fe is less unseemly and inconvenient than might have been supposed. Such, in the main, was the structure of the ancient paper. In Sicily, and in other countries on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, hut principally in Egypt and in the Nile, or rather in the ponds and ditches that communicate with that river, grows, in the nineteenth century after the death of the last of the Ptidemies, as of old under that illustrious dynasty, and under their |ireilecessors the Pharaohs, a lofty and most stately reed or rush, the Ci/periis J'api/rits of niodcrn botanists. It has been introduced into the hot-houses of some of our liotuiiical gardens, where it may he seen conspicuous with its long, drooping, and griiccful plume. A description of the various piujioses to which tlie ancients apjilicd this useful plant, would fill a volume; we shall sjieak of that only from which it has earned an immortality of renown. The inner bark was divided with a needle into very thin coats; these were placed side by side longitudinally, and the edges were glued together ; similar layers were glued across tiic.se behind, at right angles, to give the page the requisite strength ; and the sheets were pressed, dried, polished, and otherwise prepared for use. Ancient writers have described the process, and especially Pliny, (Hist. Nut, lib. xiii. c. 11, 12, 13.). From that naturalist, and the notes of Hardouin and his other commentators, it may ho fully traced ; and Mr. Bruce has collected the authorities, and has added his own observations, in the 7th vol. of the 8vu uJi- tion of his Travels. That remarkable person even attempted to make paper from the papy- rus ; in which, however, he was not very successful ; and he imputes his failure to the erro- neous directions of Pliny ; for it seems not to liavc occurred to him, that, had he endeavoured, trusting to written directions, without experience and traditional art, to make modern paper, or even a pair of shoes, he would, most probably, have been equally infelicitous. Alexandria was the chief seat of this valuable manufacture ; but in later periods much was also made at Rome, where an article of superior beauty was produced. Pliny enumerates the various kinds of paper that were composed, from the coarsest, which was used, like our brown paper, for packing, to 'lie most expensive and finest. The consumption of paper was very con- siderable ; it seems to have been tolerably cheap ; and since the principal part was made at Alexandria, it was an important article in the commerce of that city — furnishing employ- ment for many workmen and much capital. Flavins Vopiscus relates, that in the 3d cen- tury, the tyrant Firmus used to say there was so much paper there, and so large a (juantity of the glue or size used in preparing it, that he could maintain an army with it : — " Tantum kabui.sse de chartis, ut publice sxpe diceref, exercitum se alere posse papyro et i^lutino." We may doubt whether the value of the paper which any single city now contains would do i (he like, huble (hii raslily to in ii poei ro4'M, and rient p:i|i wiis not fi the ink fr ture, lh;it paper in j (" riser ni across tlici extraordin with Jime I 0" 11 in Hecs's Cyc PAPER. 2«7 ilu-y po*- JrHl riulo mco have icy ounht lot illvtMlt 'hi! rockH, K't'n, upim ion iniRhl viroil with ., ini«ht lu! lii^i! is Hlill cry niinotc of various coniiiumi- iiilrt which ol' various not thicker ikc. ThcHi' uoro reaihly [t is nviilcnt constructed !onsiilcri\lilc. HI (Icsirabli!, lention very ,el\ in some a j)ahnH, and loks that arc not 80 well , some mi^ht ^aves, when •n found ex- thus crossinR 1 pressed and iposed. Such, jntries on the rather in the century after ty, and under rits rupuriis our \)otaiuciil x\ plume. A ant, would fill y of renown, daced side by d across these were pressed, d the process, dist, and the . Bruce has the 8vu eJi- •om the papy •c to the erro- endeavourcil, nodern paper, I. Alexandria ) also made at ■s the various brown paper, was very con- , was made at diing employ- tn the 3d cen- •gc a (piantity . » Tantum \o et irluibio:' lains would do Ir the likft. TiOnrncd men Imvc iHscnssnl tlie iiniii|uity nf this in;nuif.ioturo. It in not impro- balile (hut an carher dale oui{hl to lie assii;rMed Id ii tliiin is roiiiinohly t;iven: nor ou<;lit wn rashly to rotirhule that it was unknown iit a particular period, heeause it i:< not nuntioned ill a poem of that time; for the poet Hoiiu;lit to eele!init)> the neliiivements of piods and he- roes, and not to compoNe an I'liieyi'lopiudia, or a Diellonarv of the .\rt-t and Sciences. An- cient p;i|ier WHS white, smooth, duratde, and well adapted in all respects fur wrilini|; hut it was not suited for the printer: liy reason of the closeness of the uriiin, it would not reeeive the ink from the types more kindly llian shavinj^s of wood, «fec. ; utid so brittle was its tex- ture, that it would have shivereil into pieces under the |)ress. Nor did it resemble modern (laper in its structure: it was, in truth, an inartilieial mass ; leaves, or rather strips of b.irk (" rifrrni iiivrn virentixtni fifrlidntni"), Is'inn [tasted to(?ellier by the edges, others were laid across tlu'iu behind; whereas the pajHT which we now use is, perhaps, the most subtle and extraordinary of human inventions. If u <'istern or other vessel be fdled with water turbid with lime or clay, and the earth allowed to subside slowly, the water beinj;; evaporated, or drawn olf neutly, and the sediment left to dry, the calcareous or ardillaceouH deposit will represent faithfully the formation of paper ; and it will he smooth, and of an ('(jual tliicliiicss throuj^hont; for un ecpial portion of the earth of which it is formed was suspended in the troubled water over each point in the bottom where it finally lodged. In making paper, the water is turbid with the pulp or paste of triturated rags, and the suspended pulp is not suf- ficed to subside slowly; but a sieve or frame of wire gauze is dip|ied eipially into the cis- tern, and is raised gently to the surface, and agitated in a level position, which facilitates tho passage of the water through tho wires, while the (ibresof rag are in some degree interwoven by it, and, remaining on the surface of the sieve, form the sheet of jiapcr. This is pressed between felts, to exclude the water, and to render its texture closer; it is dried and sized, and undergoes various operations, which it is unnecessary to enumerate, as we seek only to show that the result of this wonderful invention is as much an acjueous deposit as the earthy ficdiment at the bottom of n cistern, although it is obtained more rapidly. Modern paper has niithing in common with tho ancient, save the vegctalile fibre which is the basis of both. The a|)plication of rotary motion has clfected wonders in many of the arts ; nor have tho results been less astonishing in tho paper-mill: instead of dipping the sieves or frames into the cistern of turbid water, a circular web, a round towel of woven wire, revolves under tho vessel, receives the deposit, conveys it away, and, hy an adjustment of marvellous delicacy, transfers it uninjured, although as frail as u wet cobweb, to a similar revolving towel of felt : thus an endless web of paper is spun, as long as the machine continues to move, and the water charged with pulp is supplied. We are unable to pursue the process, however inte- resting; for we desire merely to explain the general principle according to which our paper is constructed. It is to this admirahle material that we owe the invention of printing, which could not subsist without it : its pervious and spongy texture imbibes and retains the ink, and its toughness resists the most violent pressure; and, in a well-hound book, under favour- able circumstances, its duratioti is indelinite, and, fur all practical purposes, eternal ! It is true that legal documents are sometimes printed on parchment, which is less liable to be torn, or injured by rubbing ; and the luxury of typograjdiy occasionally exhibits a few im- pressions of a splendid work upon vellum; and that these two substances were known to the ancients; but they are necessarily ex])cnsive, and the cost of either far exceeds the price of the best penmanship ; so that it would he altogether unprofitable to cast types, to con- struct presses, and to incur the various and heavy charges of an establishment for printii {;., unless we possessed a cheaper material. We owe the introduction of paper nito Europe to the Arabians or Moors. There is some uncertainty as to the precise era of its first appearance ; and we are unable to trace the ori- gin of the precious invention, or even to imagine hy what steps men were led to it. We cannot conceive how any one could be tem()ted to pound wet rags in a mortar, to stir tho paste into a large body of water, to receive the deposit upon a sieve, to press and to dry it. The labour of beating rags into pulp hy the hand would be as hopeless as it would be tedious and severe. It is true that paper was originally made of cotton, — a substance less obstinate tlian linen rags, which are now commonly used. At present, the fresh rags are torn in pieces by a powerful mill : formerly, it was the practice to sutfer them to rot ; to place them in large heaps in a warm and damp situation, and to allow them to heat and ferment, and to remain undisturbed until mushrooms began to grow upon them ; so that, being partially decayed, it might 1)0 less diflicult to triturate them. Nevertheless, the invention of paper ia a mystery. Tlie Chinese possess the arts of making paper and of ])rinting ; but we know not how long they have had them, nor whether the Mohammedans learned the former from them. The illiterate inhabitants of some of the islands in the South Seas were able to com- pose a species of paper, which they used in fine weather for raiment, of the bark of trees. The basis of paper being the vegetable fibre, it has been made of various substances, aa straw, as well as of rags.* ♦ We are Indebted for this valuable historical sketch to our learned friend, T. J. Hogpr, Esq., barris • t«r-iil-law. Thi! reader may resort, for further information as to the history of paper, to tlic article ou it in Hees's Cyclopcedia. ^ 55 i if'^M 268 PAPER. Manufacture of Paper in England. — The application of paper to the purposes of writing^ and printing, and the fact of its being indispensable to the prosecution of the latter, render its manufacture of the highest utility and importance. But, even in a commercial point of view, its value is very considerable. France, Holland, and Genoa had, for a lengthened jieriod, a decided superiority in this department. The finest and best paper being made of linen rags, its quality may be supposed to dopen-, in a considerable degree, on the sort of linen usually worn in the country where it is manufactured ; and this circumstance is said to account for the greater whiteness of .ue Dutch and Belgian papers, as compared with those of the French and Italians, and still more the Germans. The rags used in the manu- facture of writing paper in Great Britain, are collected at home ; but those used in the manu- facture of the best printing paper are imported, principally, from Italy, Hamburgh, and the Austrian States, by way of Trieste. — (8eo Kins.) We believe, however, that it was owing rather to the want of skill, than, as has sotnetiines been supposed, to the inferior quality of the linen of this country, that the manufacture of paper w;ik not carried on with much sue- ress in England till a comparatively recent {)eriod. During the 17lli century, most part of our supply was imported from the ('ontincnt, esprcially from France, 'i'he manufacture is said to have been considerably improved by the French Refuarees who fled to this country in 168.5. But it is distinctly stated in The British Merchant (vol. ii, p. 2(!().), that hardly any sort of pajier, except brown, was madc^ here previously to the Hevolution. In 1690, however, the manufacture of white paper was attempted ; and witiiin a few years, mosf, branches were much improved. In 1721, it is su|)posed that there were about .300,000 reams of paper annually produced in Great Britain, which was eipial to about two thirds of the whole consumption. In 1783, the value of the paper annually manufactured was esti- mated at 780,000/. At present, besides maliing a sufficient quantity of most sorts of [taper for our own use, we annually export about 100,000/. worth of books. We still, however, continue to import certain descriptions of paper for engraving fnmi France, and a small sup- ply of paper hangings. The duty on both amounts to about 2,S00/. a year. In IS1;3, Dr. Colquhoun estimated the value of paper aimually produced in Great Britain at 3,000,000/.; but Mr. Ste\enson, an inomparably better authority upon such subjects, estimated it at only half this sum. From information obtained from those engaged in the trade, we incline to think that the total annu^il value of the paper manufacture in the United Kingdom, exclusive of the duty, may at pres.ent amount to about 1,200,000/. or 1,300,000/. There are about 700 paper-mills in England, and from 70 to 80^in Scotiimd. The number in Ireland is but inconsiderable. Of these mills, we believe very few have lately been un- employed. About 37,000 individuals arc supnosed to be directly engaged in the trade : and, besides the workmen employed in the mills, the paper manufacture creates a considerable demand for the labour of millwrights, machinists, smiths, carpenters, iron and brass founders, wire-workers, woollen manufacturers, and others, in the machinery and apparatus of the mills. Some parts of these are very powerful, and subject to severe strain; and other parts arc complicated and delicate, and require continual renovation. Owing to this, the manu- facture is much greater in importance, as a source of employment, than might at first bo supposed, or than it would seem to be considered by government, who have loaded it with an excise duty amounting to more than three times as inu:h as the total wages of the work-- people einphii/e(f ! The modern discoveries in chemical science have not only materially facilitated the manu- facture, but have greatly enlarged the supply of materials from which paper may be made. L'ntil within these few years, the sweepings of cotton nulls, owing to the grease and dirt with which they are mixed up. were of no value whatever, except as manure. But means having been discovered of rendering them white, they arc now made into very good paper; and the neighbourhood of Manchester has, in consequence, become a principal scat of the manufacture. During the present century, so remarkable for imnrovements in the firls, this manufacture has l)een signally promoted, notwithstanding the excise regulations, by the application of machinery to the conversion of pulp into paper. The first idea of this originated in France: a model of the machinery was brought to this country by a M. Didot, which, though very far from giving assurance of success, was yet suiricient to induce English capitalists and en- gineers, jiarticularly Mr. Donkin, to follow up the scheme ; and in the course of a ti'w years they have brought it to a high degree of perfection. Mr. Dickinson, of Hertfordshire, one of the most intelligent mechanists and extensive paper maimfacturers in Eui-^Iand, has invented a machine of a dillerent construction for the same pui[)ose, and has also introduced various subsidiary improvements into the manufacture. Tie result is all but miraculous. By tlie agency of a greut deal of cornpli''afed machinery, so aciinirably contrived as to produce the intended eflect witl\ unerring precision and in the very best manner, a process, which in the old system of paiier-makinc; occupied al)otit three weeks, is performed in as many minutes! A continuous stream of fluid pulp '\^, within this brief space of time, and the short ilislanco of 30 feet, not only made into paper, but actually dried, polished, and every sepaiiile sheet cut round the edges, and rendered completely ready for use ! The paper manufactured by PAPER. 2G9 inufiicturc cation of France: lugh very ts and cii- t'cw yCATS ra, one of inventeJ 1 various 15y the (iiUicc tlie ,-h m tlie niiiuitesl t distance rati' sheet tiireJ by this wonderful combination of intelligence and power is, at once, moderate in price, and for most juirpos^es suiicrior in (lualily to that which was formerly made by hand. The sample before the reader, though not the finest that is made, will warrant what is now stated. Mr. Dickinson has very recently made an important im|)rovemcnt in the paper manufacture, on tlic princiiilc of veneering iji cabinet work. He makes two webs of paper, each by a sepa- rate process; and by laying them together while in nn early stage, they arc rendered insepa- rable by the pressure to which they arc subjected. This paper is useil in copi)erphite printing ; and by adopting a peculiar method of preparing the pulp, and selecting a (iner rug for the web which forms the face of the paper, 't is much better calculated for taking a line impres- sion. This admirable invention has put nearly a total stop to the im[iortation of French paper, which was formerly used in considerable quantities by copperplate printers, rjiity on Paper. F.rcisc Reirulutinvs. — !t in difflciilt to say wlietlier llin ilnty on paper, or the rogula- tiona under wlikli I'.iat duty is ciillccted, l)o the more <)hj(Mtioiiahle. All writing, coluiired, or wrap- pine paper, card-hoards, and pasteliourd:^, are duiiciniinated 1st class paper, and pay 'Sd. per II). duty {iSs. a cwt.) ; liidess man n fart ured wliidlij of tarred ropes, icitliout the tar heiiirr prfrinnflij exlnicled, in which case the paper is denominated 2d class, and pays i\d. per lb. (1 1^-. a iwt.). Mllllioitrdsand scale- hoards, made of the same m:\tirials as 2d class paper, pay 'ifd. per Ih. (•i.\is. a ('Wt.) duty. The duty on the various descriptions of 1st class paper varies (Voni aliout 25 (ir 3(lpi'r rent, un the fiiu'st, to ah'ut 200 per cent, nn the coarsest; A duty so oppressive has led to the ccnnmissiDO of very (ireat frauds, which all the vijiilanceof the oHicers.and the endless multiplication of che Ihe case, It is, of iiself, a sullicienl ground for the re|ieal of the duty. Oiir condition is not. for- tiinati'ly, such as to reiinire that one of the nii.'st initiortant manufactures carried on in the einpiro ^li'Hild lie subjected to a system of oppressive regulations lor the sake of 700.(1110/. a year. Iliit.tliongh it were possible to assess and collect the duly so as to prevent fraud, without interfer- iie; with the maniificture, we sl'.ould very mnch doubt, consider iim Ihe purposes to which piper Is ap- plied, the policy of sulijectm,' it to any duty whatever. Primers, slationers, hookbinilers, type. I'eiinilers, artists, copp.'riilale and lithograpliic printers, card-makers, paper-stainers and pa|)er- liaiigers, ttc. are all injured by the duty on pa|ier. lint the greatest evil of all is its inlluence in increasing file price, and himlering the piiblicalion of books " This places a great obstacle in the way of the progress of knowledge, of useful and necessary arts, and of sober, Indiislrions hahita. Hooks carry the pr ^di.ction of the human mind over the whole world, and may he truly called the rnw materials of every kind of science and art, and of all social improvement." — (iSee the admirable work of .Sir 11. Parucll, on t'taaucial Reform, I'd ed. p. .10 ) At all events, the exi^tiiiL' dulu's, varyiig as they do from .10 to 200 per cent, ad valorem, are quite e.Mrbitani ; nor can there he a doubt that they would be more proiluctive were they adequately re- duced, and assessed on risisonable principles. Hut, as we have shown in the art. Hooks, it is iiotpos- pilile to lay a .iiity on Ihe paper intended to he used in pr-nling, without committing; injustice. No one can torelell, wilh any thing approaching to certainty, whether a new hook, or even a new edition of an old book, will sell ; and the fact is, that one third of the books, and nineteen ticenlietli^ of the paia z2 270 PAPER. ■phlets published, do not pay their expensfis. Now, we ap1< wliether, «nder such circiimstnnces, any thing Clin he iiinri! ohvioiisly unjust, uinre utterly fliihvcrrfivi- of evrry f;iir priiiciiilc, Ihim tlie iinpo.sl- tinn oflho sruue heiivy ta.xi;s upon all puhliciitious, — upon those tint do not Bell,:iH well as upon those tlial do ? tipon a successful work, the duly may only he a reasonahle deduction from the profits of the author and pnhlisher; but when (as is the case'witli" 1 out of .'1 hooks, and I'Jout of 20 pamphlets) thn work docs not sell, there are no profits from wlii. h to defray the duly, wliicli has, of course, to he paid entirely out of the capital of the author or pulilisln'r! Such is the encouragement given to literature, Buch tlie ficilities afforded lo the diffusion of useful information, hy tlie popular priveriimont of Eng- land : All otlier businesses meet with very dillerc-nl treatment. U.;alera in i;i:i or brandy, for exam- ple, Ml ly li)d!,'e th/ir coods in honded wareli-uisi's, and an; not obli;,'(>d to pay any duly upon them until iliey ari' sold fir home consumption; but such privil(!!,'e is rletiied to the bookseller, thou;.'h the arlicle in which he ileals be a thousand limes niiir(t capricious. He must pay tlie rliity on the whcde iuipression of every liook, before liriiii!iiii; a siii^h- I'opy of It to markcit ; so Unit he not unl'r"(]uenUy Jitiys duly upnn 1. 1)00 voliim >•, th'iii!;li unaldi' lo sell iihove l.'iO or 2(10, except as wasli! paper: K.vimi this is not ilie « liolf injury done him : fir up iii an advertisement annoum;in^' the sale uf a ();/. pam- phlet, as heavy a duly is charjied as if it announced the sah' of an estate worth llKl.dlH)/. ; 'I'liere are hiit two ways of puttini,' an end to this scandaloas injustice ; viz. eitiier hy entirely re- pealiiiL' 'he pap'r duty, or hv imttiu!.' puhlisle'rs under the .■'iirreillitnrr of the e.xcise, and assessinc the duty oM works acciuding to'tlie uumliersold at the puldicaticui price. 'I'lie former W(uild bet the simple luet'liod ; but if the state of the linam-es will not allow of the sacrifice of the paper duly, there are no iMsiipiT.able dilFicullies in the way of the latter allernative. And were it adopted, and the dulii.'a reduced and simplified, JH.vriic woiild be done to auiliors and iiublishers, and a very great stimulus friviMi to the paper manufacture, without any loss of revenue. .\n Account of the Quantities of the dllterent .-Sorts of Paper charged with Duties in each of llie .T Vears ended ttu! .'ilh of .lauuary, 18:13 ; tlii^ Hates of Duty on such Taper ; the tJross and Nett Pro- duce of tin: Dulles ; the Xrawlcicks on I'ajier exported, and the Cusl per Cent at wliicli the Mett Ueveiiue is collected, sejiarating the Accounts of Kni,'l.ind, Scollaml, and Ireland. (l.i.-lllt :ieB cliar^i-il wilh Duly. Gross ProJuce. Nett ProJuoc. Allowances EnglanJ ScoiLiiiJ treland Kinl Class Pajjer. Sec'd Cla.« Paiit-r. 1 d. 1 1. .J .Millbnl., 5 liiazel ■-' Paper, =• *":• -a Cwt. s. I I.S=I7 it j 27,t;).) 21 4,23.|2> 311:. Pafic bij.ir.l. s I S. 29 14 2-i M 2 : \l Drawbacks ^.J;^^,„^ exj,o.le,l. Hell'r..s5,TS, ic. Lbs. Id. 39,:.J0,Vii 3 7,IM,I21 - l,2»7,3t4 • Lit. 12,90S,4:0 l,4G*,3a2 5rtS,972 Cwl. 9,ei3 2,2J8 Jl.-lti ( 2,J20 \ ^ /,. .. rf. i 020,30-1 10 9 i IOG,5liS 13 5 1 20,037 8 3 L. ». d. JS4,539 4 8 9S559 17 9 18,720 17 2 L. ». d. 2I,S32 9 0,5:3 3 11 1,123 6 L. 1. d. 14,137 6 4 1,463 13 9 193 6 1 15.796 5 2 IVir i-n li- 1 ' ' 1 ' 5ili .iiM. 1-.11. .i7.n,iJ.n2o . it.nnsor -1 31,070 • 1 >.nos 1 • i 74-,114 14 5 701,S.n 19 7 29.46« 1 En^latul ScnMliid Ireland Voir ni li"I 'ilh Jei. l-i3; .iS.&iO.ini 6,7:5, )32 1, 302,1 « ifi.'O'i. ri 3 l3,2o-,7.7 1,579,476 4f9.64-' Ij S l,7^^ I 21,0J7 3,S76 252 J** 1\ 21 S,776 2,2:1) J,,«5 iv, 14 ■2S 14 2s 1 J607,4r.2 8 8 1 101,903 12 3 19,506 15 6 72-<.S02 U! -1 571,040 9 4 92.Si3 5 9 18,814 3 6 22,414 12 3 7,031 10 3 579 15 10 13,997 6 11 2,01S 16 3 112 16 3 1 ' i.'i 3'7,=:'. ■lOOM 14,18! 6S2.717 IS G 30,025 18 6 I6,I2S 19 5 F.ns.aml Scillaml trclanJ Veir ptitU'J •Sth Jan- 1-^.13. 4!Vl'J2,IM 7,20J.03' t.709,2i.' 4!),4n4,40t> 3 13,457,233 1,603.74-> 470.0';i _ 7 ^ I,.'i77 I 22,247 4,031 4-0 21 21 2,3S3 l|4 1,'JI:; '.I-i 1,039 1 1 2; 2- i 1 il4 jli29,93i U i 10.-',331 9 1 24,S34 8 11 5;l 1,569 10 11 99,778 2 7 2:.395 11 10 2,5,290 3 5 6,06.-! 12 8 3S3 1 4 13,07S 11 S 2,4.i*-l 13 !> 65 15 9 15,«ig I 2 l,'i,IJ31,M9 2^,325 . 15,I4« 763.104 3 II 715,743 5 4 31,741 IT 5 .\'ite. — The cost per cent, at which the duty on paper is collected, cannot he stated with any de<;rce nf accuracy, the officers bcMiij; employed in dnirsrina e.xcise duties generally ; but the sum which w luld pridiably he saved to the revenue, under the head of "» « r,.619 1 2\ li any d(!^nM' Ivhk'h \v mill L'S nil pIli'lT liiue fur p:ir- )0i , wliicli is I'riie Com- [)ect to till! class and Ibo chariied led, (I half \\ printing; \c of wliat- lited. The isc(iuent to Ise little or lieved I'roiii publislit^rs Ithat, uiii',.'r ^overiMU'iit It prolVrri'J \sofExcm Inticipation. Ito 1 y. per oppressive 271 duly of \%cl, the square yard, charged on paper, when printed or stained, over and above the ordinary duty on such paper, has been wiiolly repealed. The ctFect of this wise and judi- cious measure, in reducing the price of [lajier used in printing, has already been very sensilily felt. The abolition of the discriminating duty on stained or jirinted [)aper promises, also, to be of very material importance. The reduction of price it has occasioned, has enabled a much larger class of persons to get their apartments papered ; and it will in this way be productive, not only of a great additional demand fjr paper, but of a great increase of comfort and cleanliness. — Suji.) I',A|{CEL, a term indifferently applied to small packages of wares, and to large lots of goods. h\ this latter sense, 20 hogsheads of sugar or more, if bought at one price, or in a single lot, are denominated "a parcel of sugar." PAKCELS, BILL OF, an account of the items composing a parcel. PAKOHMENT (fJer. Perg'tmr.iit ,- Fr. Parchcmin; It. Cartapecora ; Pp. Perfrrimino), the skin of slieep or g'lats prepared in such a manner as to render it proper for writing upon, covering books, &c. It is an inipnrtrint article in French commerce: besides being largely exported, the homeconsurn[)tion is very ronsiderable. The name is derived from Perganius, the citv where it is said to have been first manufactured. PARTIAL LOSS. See Ixstin.vcK (.M.unvf,). PAUTiN'ERSHlP, tliC association of two or more individuals for carrying on some busi- ness or undertaking in common ; each deriving a certain share of the profits, and bearing a corresponding share of the loss arising therefroni. The term partnership is usually ap{)lied to those smaller associations in which the partners personally conduct their joint afliiirs : the term company being applied to those great a-ssocia- tions conducted by directors and servants a[>pointed by the body of the partners to act for them; the latter having no direct concern in the management of the affairs of the conipuny. — (See CoMi'AN'iKs ) 'I"he advantage.? of partnerships are obvious. Many businesses could not be successfully carried on without a larger coniiiiand of capital than usually belongs to an individual; and most of them require the combination of various species of talent. An individual may have capital sufficient to undertake a particular business; but he may not be thoroughly versed in any of its details, or he may be fimiliar with certain parts of it and not with others ; so that it might be for his advantage to assume one or more iiniivitiuals as his ]iartners, siijipos- iiig them to be without capital, provided they posscs.sed the skill and other i|U:ilili('iiiions re- quired in prosecuting the business. Associations of this sort enable capital and talent to derive all the assistance that each is capalde of lending to the other. And as the gains of each partner usually consist of a certain propurlinn of the total profits made by the conijiany, each has the most powerful motive to exert him.self for the benelit of the concern. It is not, indeed, to be denied, that associations of this sort are occasionally iiroduclive of mischievous conseipieiices. The publii interest recjuires that the whole partners in a llriu should be bound by the acts of any one of their number; so that the folly or fraud of a single partner may detail very serious conf.equences upon those associated with him. tienerally, however, tliis is not an evil of frequei.t occurrence ; and there can be no (juestion that, both in a private and public point of view, pr.rtnerships are highly beneficial. To enter into any thing like a full discussion of the law of partners'aip would very far ex- ceed our limits. We shall, ihi'refore, merely state a few of those leading principles with re- sjicct to it, as to which it is of importance that mercantile men, and the public generally, should be well acquainted. Funnalion of Pur/nern/ilps. — The mere consent of the partners, fixed and certified by acts or contrncts, is (]uite sufficient to constitute a private copartnership, so that if two or more merchants, or other persons, join together in trade, or in any sort of business, with a mutual, though it may be uneijual, participation in the profit and loss of the concern, they are in every respect to be considered as partners. No particular form or words of proceeding is necessary to constitute u partnerf^hip. It may he entered into either by an express written nsreeinciit, or by a merely verbal one. 'I'he former ought in almost all cases to be preferred. Tlie contract of co[)artnery should state the parties to it, the business to be carried on, the space of time t'.ie i>artnership is to continue, the cajiital each is to bring into the business, the proportion in which the profit and loss arc to be divivled, the manner in which the busi- ness is to bo conducted, the mode agreed upon for settling accounts at the dissolution of the partnership, together with the special covenants adapted to the circumstances of each particu- lar case. To constitute a partnersliip, there must he a ^larticipation in uncertain profits and lo.sses : and the true criterion to determine, when money is advanced to a trader, whether the indi- wduai making the advance is to be lookci: upon as a partner or not, is to ascertain whether \\w premium or profit be certain and defined, or casual, indefinite, and dipendinif upon the accidents ■f'-ade. In the former case he is a lender merely ; in the latter he is a part- ner. The mere participation in the profits of any business or adventure, without a particijia- tion in tlie losses, constitutes a partnership, .so far as to reader the individual mo participatini; :^9 «^1 .#^1 272 PARTNERSHIP. liable to third parties for the engagements of the concern, though as between the parties themselves it may be no partnership. Thus, if a clerk or other servant stipulate for a sharo of the profits of any business as a reward fir /lis labour, he becomes responsible to third parties us a partner, and no private arrangement can cancel his liability. If an individual, by his own actor inadvertence, allow himself /o appear to the world as a partner, he is precluded from disputing the fact, even though he have no interest in the profits. A partner who withdraws from a linn is liable on accountof the remaining partners continu- ing his name in the firm, though without his com: nt. unless he take the necessary precau- tions — (see poul) — to show that he has ceased to belong to it. If there, be no exjiress stipulation as o the management of partnershii property, the ma- jority decide as to the disposition and management of the joint affairs of the firm ; or, if there be but two j)arlies in a firm, one may manage the concern as he thinks fit, provided it be within the rules of good faith, and warranted by the circumstances of the case. The general duty of a partner is to keep in view, at all times, and in all transactions, the interest and welfare of the partnership, by acting honestly and uprightly, and as i prudent man would conduct his own atlairs. Linliililj/ of Partners as to third parties. — It may be laid down as .. general rule, that part- ners, whether actual, ostensible, or dormant, are bound by the act of their partner, made in the course of and with reference to the partneishi[) business, and in the regular course of dealing by the firm; and though the general rule of law be, that no one is liable upon any contract, except such as are privy to it, yet this is not contravened by the liability of partners, as they are supposed virtually present at and sanctioning the proceedings they singly enter into in the course of trade, or as being each vesteil with a power enabling them to act at once as principals and as the authorised iigent of their copartners. It is for the advantags of partners that tlu'y are thus held liable ; for the cr'.dit of their firm is in consequence greatly enhanced, and facility is given to all their dealings, even when they icside in dilliirent parts of the country, or of the world. A due regard to the interest of strangers is at the same time observed; for where an individual deals with one of several partni;s, he relics upon the credit of the entire linn, and therefore, ought to have his rcmely against all the individuals who compose it. Unless, however, the act of one partner relate to and be connected with the partnership trade, and in the course of dealing; hi/ the/inii, such acting partner only will be bound ; for it is only by acting in the course of their particular trade or line of business that an implied authority is delegated by partners to each other; and it is only in such transactions that third parties have a right to •.■> upon l!ie partnership funds. To bind a partnership, credit must be given to the firm itself and not to one merely of its partners. One of them may even, in furtherance of the objects of the firm, enter into a contract with some third party ; but if such contract be made cxclusiveli/ and soldi/ upon the credit of tlie individual partner, it will only bind him, and not the firm. 'J'he presumption of the law, however, always is, t! at a contract with one of the partners in reference to the business of the firm has been entered into upon the credit of the whole ; and this presumption is not to be rebutted, except by very clear evidence. One jiartner cannot, as such, except in bankruptcy, bind another by deed. The authority of a partner is revocable ; and it is now fully established that a disclaimer of the authority of the partners in any i)articular transaction will i)reclude him from binding his copartners. Even during the subsisteif e of the partnership, one partner may to a certain degree limit his responsibility ; and if there r* any particular speculation or bargain pr()[)()scd, which he disapproves of, he may, by giving distiii'-t notice to those with whom his jiartners are about to contract that he will not be concerner*. in it, relieve himself from all consequences. Such notice would rebut his prima firie liability. The partnerhhip would be susiiended ipioiid this transaction. Thus, if a jiartner draw, accept, or indorse a bill or note, he will, in all ordinary cases, thereby render the firm lial>le. But, to use the words of JiOrd Ellenbo- rough, " it is not essential to a partnership that every ])aitner should have such power ; they may stipulate among themselves that it shall nut be done : aiiil if a third party, hating ni,tice if this, will lake such security from one of the partners, he shall not sue the others upon it, in breach of such stipulation, nor in defiance of notice previously given to him by one of them, that he will not be liable for any bill or note signed by the others." — {Gulwaij v. Matlluw, lO East, 264.) ; and so in other cases. However small the share a partner may have in a concern, he is liable for the ivhok of the debts contracted by the firm ; and must seek his remedy in a rateable contribution against his partners. Should one party enter into a smuggling or other illegal transaction on tlie partnership account, the otjier partners are liable to the duties and the penalty ; and the {'rown may proceed against the real delincjuent alone, or against all the partners, A book- Keller, or newspaper pn.prietor, ' • answerable for the acts of his agent or c()i)artner, not only civilly, but also criiainalli/. Dissolution of J'artiier.s/iips. — A partnership may be dissolved by tlie effluxion or expi- ration of the time during which it was originally agreed that it ehould continue When a tncrship J 11(1 ; for oris that ip, credit |iay even, but if Iter, it s.tl.at entered ptl.y ler l)y lahncr linding certain pdscd, )artner3 Hiences, leiuled will, in Ellenbo- ' ; tliey r tihtice upon it, ' theiu, Multhtw, ••k of ihc against II on the and the A hook- not only or expi- W'hen 11 spi PASSENGERS. 273 copartnership is formed for a single dealing or transaction, the momci t that is ronipleled it is at an enc!, Partncrsliips may aLso be dissolved hy death, agreement, '>ankruptcy, outlawry, &,c, A court of equity will interfere to dissolve a partnership, in ca -s where a partner so iiiiseonducts himself as to he injurious to the firm, or to defeat the ohjiv-.t for which the part- nership was formed ; or when a partner hccomes insane, or is iu sucl: a state of mind as to render iiini permanently incapable of transacting the peculiar business of the firm ; or where a [lartnership is formed for an impraetieable purpose. Indeed, in all cases, where even a partnership may be dissolved without the interference of a court of equity, it may be most jirudent, if the dissolution be oi)posed by one of the partners, to file a bill, praying a dissolu- tion and account, and an injunction against using the ])artnersl)ip name. When a partnership is dissolved by agreement, or one of the partners withdraws from it, public notice of the dissolution must be given in the Lou dun (uizdlc ; and a specijic I'liflina- llnii (if the clrcum.stdnce must be sent to am. iiidividurih dcoistomrd to deal ivit/i. the firm. Where such intimation has not been sent, the individual withdrawing from the firm may bo made liable to third parties after he has ceased to have any thing to do with it. A dormant partner, whose name has never been announced, may withdraw from a firm without making the dissolution oi partnership publicly known. When the joint debts of the firm are paid, and the property duly distributed among the jiartners, the dissolution maybe said, in a general sense, to be accomplished. If any one of tlie firm be guilty of a breach of duty, in misapplying the ellects before the concern is finally wound up, the [iroper course i.i to apply to the Court of (Jhancery to appoint a manager. Within a reasonable time after the death of one ])artner, the survivors must account to the representatives of the deceased; and if not willing to do so, a court of e(|uity will compel them. In taking partnership accounts at the death of a partner, they must commence with the last slated account ; - if there be n(me such, with the conmieiicement of the partner- ship ; and they must end witli the state of the slock at the time of the partner's death, and the pi oceeds thereof until it be got in. A'() notice is necessary to third partiefs of the death of a partner ; the partnership is dissolved, ami all liabilities for subseipient acts cease. The surviving parties are to be sue6 12,M7 1820 13,307 1,251 107 2,010 15.078 is;io 30,574 . 204 1,212 21,887 18.11 58,007 . 114 1,501 23,418 18:i2 00,330 - I9G 3,733 32,><72 The foregoing statement, founded upon special returns transmitted from the various ports of tlio United Kiniidnm by the local oflUers of customs, exiiibils the number of persons of both se.ves, and of nil ages, who have emigrated to the cnlonies in each of the last 10 years, so far as the same can be ascertaiiieil. The nlticers report that they have not the means of distinguishing males from females, or adults from chililren, in these returns ; and in some eases they state that tlie distinction cannot be drawn with accuracy between emigrants and passengers of other descriptions. Tor the regulations as to the lauding of passengers in New York, see New York. PAT l] NT, a privilege from the Crown granted by letters patent (whence the name), conveying to the individual or individuals specilied therein, the sole right to make, use, or dispose of some new invention or discovery, for a certain specified period. The power to grant patents seems to exist at common law ; but it is limited and defined by the famous Etatule 21 ,lac. 1. c. 3., which enacts, "That any declaratiim before-mentioned shall not extend to any letters patent and grants of privilege fcr the term of 14 years or under, thereafter to be made, of the side working or making of any manner of new manufactures within this realm, to the Inie ami first inventor and inventors of such manufactures, which others at tile time of making such letters patent and L'raiils shall not use, so as also they be not contrary to the law, nor niisdiievous to the sliite, liy raisins.' prices of cumiiioditics at home, or hurt of trade, or generally inconvenient. Tile said 1 1 years to be ac(ouiited from the date of the first letters patent, or grant of such privilege tlu'real'li'r to he inaile ; bill that tlie same shall be of such force as they should be if that act liud never been made, and none other." Poll CI/ of Patents. — The law with respect to patents is .h.-voidably encumbered with several ili/Iictilties. The expediency of granting patents ha.s ;,■ on disputed ; though, as it would siMMi, without any sutlicit^nt reason. Were they refused, the inducement to make discoveries would, in many cases, be very much weakened; at the same time that it would plainly be for the interest of every one who made a discovery, to endeavour, if possible, to conceal it. .\ii(l notwithstanding the dilliriilties in the way of concealment, they are not insuperable; and it is believed that several impottant inventions have been lost, from tlio secret dyiti!^ with their authors. On the olher hand, it is not easy to decide as to the term for which the patent, or exclusive privilege, should be granted. Some have propo.sed tiiatit should be ma.Ie perpetual ; but this would be a very great obstacle to the progress of ini- provtmeiit. and would lead to the most pernicious results. Perhaps the term of 11 years, to which the dunition of a patent is limited in Englami, is as proper a one as could be sug- gested. It may U' too short for soi le inventions, and too long f'lr others ; but, on the whole, it seems a pretty fair average. Upedfuutum, — Previously to the reign of Queen Anne, it was customary to grant patents PATENT. 275 l\nt patents without any condition, except that they should be for really new inventions. But a condi- tion waj* then introduced into all patents, and is still retained, declaring that if the inventor do not, by an instrument under his hand and seal, denominated a specilication, piirlicultirli/ describe and ascertain the nature of his invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed, and also cause the same to bo enrolled in Cliancery vvilhin a certain time (uene- rally a month), the letters jmtent, and all liberties and advantnpes whatever thereby granted, nhail utterly cease and become void, 'I'his was a very judicious regulation. It secures the invention from being lost; and the moment the patent expires, every one is in a situation to prodt by it. Mode of Grunfinfr a Patent. — Letters patent arc obtained upon petition and affidavit to the ('rown, setting forth, that the petitioner has, after great labour and expense, made a cer- tain discovery, which he describes, and which he believes will be of great pulilic utility, and that he is the first inventor. 'l"he petition is referred to the attorney or solicitor general, who is separately attended by the applicant and all com[)ctitors, if there be any. 'J'hey ex- plain their projects to him, and he decides on granting or withholding the patent. When the inventions of two or more conflicting applicants coincide, he rejects all the ap])lications. It would seem, that to decide upon such difficult questions in mechanics as arc often agi- tated in a;)plications for patents, a familiar knowledge of the princi|)les and practical appli- cation of mechanical science would be indispensable. Hut i)y the law, as it now stands, such knowledge is not deemed necessary. The legal officers of the (Jrown are the sole judges as to what patents should or should not be granted; their award is final ,- end they are sub- ject to no responsibility, other than the common remedies against public officers by im- pe.ichment, indictment, 6lc. — none of which would be entertained, unless a corrupt motive were established. After approval by the law officers, the grant is made out, sealed, and enrolled. Considering the authority under which patents are granted, can any one wonder at the number that have been overturned in the courts of justice ] or at the litigation to which they have given rise ? Expense of Patents. — Separate patents have to be taken out for England, Scotland, and Ireland, if it be intended to secure the privilege in the three kingdoms. The exj)cnse of stamps, fees, &c. is in all cases very heavy. It varies according to the intricacy of the in- vention, the opposition (if any) to the patent being granted, &c. According to Mr. Farcy, it may be estimated at 120/. for England, 100/. for Scotland, and 12.5/. for Ireland. — (See his valuable evidence in the Contnions' Report on Patents, p. 17.) Covdilinns as to Pntcvts. — Tlio novcllij and iililitij of the invrntinn are essential to tl.e validity of a patent ; if it can Ijc sliown to have lioen in use provioiisly to thi: eraiit of the patont, or to hi^'of no utility, it will hi' void. It Mlll^winin new prodmnion from those; eli;tnonts, cannot, with jii.slicn to othiT inventor!^, lie npplii.'d to tin; exclusive use of any one of them. In all patents tlu're is rei)niro(l, in the words of Lord Tenlerden, "something of ;i rorporeal or suhaln-nliul nature, somethini; that can be made by man from the matters snhjerted to his art and skill, or at tlie least smne new mmlc if cwphiyiitn vrncticiillii hif art and ski/I." — (Ood.-ntn on the Law of Patents, p. HI.) I'revionsly to Lord Tcnterden, It hud been ruled that a new process or im^thod was not the snhject of a patent. Hut his Lordship having sncirested that "the word mannfaclnre (in the statute) may, perhaps, extend to a new process tn be carried on liy known implements, or elements acting upon known snhstiinces, and iillini:itely prodnciiig some otlier known substance, &.c." — {Qodson, p. 83) — this principle of interpretation has now been adopted. A patent for a machine, each part of which was in nse before, but in which tlio cnmhinalion of the different parts iavew, and a new result is olitiiined, is valid, lint, in order to its beiiiK valid, the spe- cification must clearly express tiiat it is in respect of such new combination or application, and uf that only; and not lay claim to original invention in the use of the materials. A patent may be granted for an addition to an old invention. Hut the patent must be confined to the add'tionor improvement, that the public may purchase it without being encumbered with other things. If tlie patent include the whole, ii ivill ho void ; for the property in the addition or iniprovuincnts can give no right to the thing that has been improved. — (Godson, p. 71.) A valid patent may he obliiined for an invention, "?ie!o in this realm," though it may have been previously practised in a foreign country. A patent is void, if it he for several distinct inventions, and any one of them fail of originality. The specitiration must be prepared with great care. It should ^et forth the invention folly and cor- rectly. The terms used must be clear end unambiguous; no necessary description must be omitted, nor what is unnecessary be introduced ; . nd the invention must be described in the hcsl and most im- proved state known to the inventor. If a ly one of these conditions he not complied witli, the patent will be void. Any Inaccurate or defective statement, were it even inserted through inadccrtency, will vitiate the whole. Cai'Mf.— It is not cnusual for inventors who have not brought their inventions tn perfection, and who are afraid lest they be anticipated by olhi^rs, to lodge ii caveat at the ollices of the attorney and solicitor general ; that is, an instrument by whicli notice is requested to he given to lln- person who enters it, whenever any application is made for a patent for a certain inveniii n llierein described in general terms. The entry of a caveat is, therefore, nothing more than giving inforinalioii that an in- vention is nearly completed ; so tliat, if any other person slioiild apply for a patent for the same thing, the preference may he given to him who entered it. An injunction may be obtained for llie infringement of a patent, in the same way as for a violation of the copyright acts. Patents have been sometimes extended by act of pnrliament beyond the term of 14 years, on the ground tlial that term was too sliort properly to reward the inventor. ?3 8T* PATENT. Arrntinl of the Number of PiuimiIh yriiiitL'il in llic Eicilil Years ending with 1S28. \i2l • ■ 111 \^i', ■ ■ 2in Itii ■ • Ui i^a • . laa | [-m ■ ■ m I Total nmiilier of patents in force in May, 1H2!), IjS.W. The reiiiler will (iiid n (rreat cli'ul of tiirinns nii'l instnintive inpirmntinn with respect to patents, in thxf llcporl of Ihe Ciimniillre of llii: Ihiii.'e nf Commoii.s I'U lU:n H\ihjvvl (No.S.'W. H(!gs. lM!ill), parlicnliirly in the evidence and piipcrs l.ild heCurc llic CoinMiilleu by Mr. I'arey. The treatise on the Law of i'lUenls anil Copijrifrhts, liy Mr. (lodson, is clear uiul aide. (The reader will (liiil in the article Patents, in the Dictiottary, some remarks on the grounds on which they arc; granted, and on the ditlicully of legiKlating on the siihject. 'J'he object in givinu:a patent is iwolbld. In the iir.st place, it is intended tositinuilaleaud tev/ar at the time when it was enrolled, but in every such action or suit the orijiinal title and specihcalion alone shall be given in ?videme, and taken to l)e the title and specification of the invention for which the lelters patent have ueen granted ; provided also, that it shall he lawful for the attorney-general or solicitor-general or lord advocate, before granting such fiat, to require the parly applying for the same to advertise his disclaimer or alteration, as to the said atlorncy-genernl, &c. shall seem right, and shall, if he require such advertisement, certify in his fiat ttiat tlie same has been duly made. — ({ 1.) Mode of Proccedinfr vhcre Patentee is proved not to be the real Inventor. — If in any suit or action it shall he proved or found by the verdict of a jury that a person who has obtained letters patent for any invention, or supposed invention, was not the first inventor thereof, or of some part thereof, by reason of some other person or persons having invented or used the same, or some part llM^reof, before the date of such letters patent, or if such patentee or his assigns shall discover that some other person had, unknown to snch patentee, invente"i li Jliefurc liiii'. Inch piiti'iil. Till such suil or nclinn, to hn taxed nt three tiinea tho taxed rodli, iinloHs llie Judge nmkiriR Riich second or other order, or trying aiirh Hcrniid or olhnr nclioii, certify lli:it lie imirlit mil to have tri'blo costs.— i J :).) Mi ditto. We Imve derived lliese details, partly from the Jiniwera made by the T'onsnl «t Patras to the Cireular (iuches ; partly from tlic Jlrcliives da Commerce, tome ii. pp. 22''— i)2. ; atid partly frcun other sources Coiiunrrcc of Gn tee. — Considering the favourable situation of Greece, the number and cxcflloncc of her jmrts, the hardy cntcrpri.sing character of the people, and the proj^ress they have already mailc in navigation, nothing seems to be recjuircd to insure her rapid advanre- nirnt in comniei, m! industry, but the cstaiiHshment of good order and internal tranquillity. We trust that ihi.^ .-ine i/uu nnn of prosperity will now be realised ; and that the newly con- stituted government will be strong enough to ctirb the factions into which the population ha.'* been sjilit, and to i)ut down and punish every sjiecics of outrage. If they succeed in this, and abstain from all attempts, by prohibition or otherwise, to force manufactures and com- merce, we have no doubt that the progress of Greece will be all that her most sanguine friend.s could wish. It appears front a report presented to the congress at Napoli, in Janu- ary, 1832, that (ircece was at that time possessed of 2,941 vessels of all sorts, of which (ill were of the 1st class, that is, of more than 150 tons burden. The value of the imports into Greece, in 18;)1, are estimated in the satnc document at about 1,100,000/. sterling. It must, however, be observed, that a large proportion of these imports is carried to Syra, which has now become an important entrepof, merely that they may be sent at convenient opportuni- tie.s to the Turkish provinces in Europe, Asia Mitior, &c. — {See Archives dii Coiniucrce, tome ii. {>. 239.) It is dcejjly to be regretted, that Candia, or Crete, was not either added to the new kiiif^- dom of Greece, or made independent. We cannot help considering it as disgraceful to the Christian nations of Europe, that this famous island, where European civilisation first struck its roots, should be consigned to the barbarians by whom it is now laid waste. It is as well entitled to the favourable consideration of England, France, and Ru.ssia, as any part of (Con- tinental Greece ; and we do hope that measures may yet be devised for rescuing it from the atrocious despotism by which it has been so long weighed down. — (See Giir.Kci..) PATTERNS, are specimens or samples of commodities, transmitted by manufacturers to their correspondents, or carried from town to town by travellers in search of orders. Pat- terns, if not exceeding 1 ounce weight, shall be charged with only an additional penny of postage, provided they be sent under cover, open at the sides, and without any letter or writing, except the name of the person sending the same, the i)lace of his abode, atid the price of the article or articles. — (.'32 Gen. 3. c. 88.) PAWiNUROKERS .wn PAWNBROKING. A pawnbroker is a species of banker, who advances money, at a certain rate of interest, upon security of goods deposited in his hands ; havitig power to sell the goods, if the principal sum, and the interest thereon, be not paid within a specified time. 1. AJvanldges and Dhadmntages of Pawnhroking. — The practice of impledging or pawning goods, in order to raise loans, is one that must neccssari'y always exist in civilised societies, and is, in many cases, productive of advantage to the pavties. I3ut it is a practice that is extremely liable to abuse. By far the largest proportion oi" the buna fide borrowers of money on pawn consist of the lowest and most indigent classes ; and were the lenders not subjected to any species of regulation, advantage might be taken (as, indeed, it is frequently taken, in spite of every precaution) of their necessities, to subject them to the most grievous extortion. But, besides those whose wants compel them to resort to pawnbrokers, the/c is another class, who have recourse to them in order to get rid of the property they have unlaw- fully acquired. Not only, therefore, are pawnbrokers instrumental in relieving the pressing and urgent necessities of the poor, but they may also, even without intending it, become the most efficient allies of thieves and swindlers, by affording them ready and convenient outlets for the disposal of their ill-gotten gains. The policy of giving legislative protection to a business so liable to abu.se, has been doubted by many. But though it were suppressed by law, it would always really exist. An individual possessed of property which he may neither be able nor willing to dispose of, may be reduced to a state of extreme difficulty ; and in such case, what can be more convenient or advantageous for him than to get a loan upon a deposit of such property, under condition that if he repay the loan, and the interest upon it, within a certain period, the property will be returned ? It is said, indeed, that the facilities of raising money in this way fo.ster habits of imprudence ; that the first resort for aid to a pawnbroker almost always leads to a second ; and that it is impossible so to regulate the business, as to prevent the ignorant and the necessitous from being plundered. That this statement, though exaggerated, is to a certain extent true, no one can deny. On the other I PAWNBROKERS AND PAWNBROKING. '270 ll of banker, ll ill his lercon, be Icclginp; or in civilised a practice borrowers lenders not frequently st grievous rs, thevc is ave unlaw- le pressing become the lent outlets .ection to a pressed by lay neither and ill ian upon a ■st upon It, .e facilities aid to a !gulalc the That this the other hond, however, the capacity of obtainin(j Buppllrs on deponits of goods, by nlVordint; tlic iiiiaiis (if incetinu; prcHsing ^xiRcnfii's, in so iiir tends to prevent crime, and to promote tho securitv of property ; and it would Hoetn as if tho di'sirc to redeem property in pawn would bo one of the most powerful motives to industry and economy. At the same time, i lo, it iMiist be borne in mind, that it is not pos.sible, do what you will, ti> prevent tlioHC who arc poor and nninslruc inii»osed upon. But the fair presumption is, that llieie ii less chance of any imjiroper advantage being taken of them by u licensed pawnbroker, than by a private and irres[ionHible individual. Although, however, the business had all tlu^ iiicori'- veniences, without any portion whatever of the good which really belongs to it, it would bo to no pur[iosc to attempt its suppression. It is visionary to imagine tliat those who have proi)erty will submit to be reduced to the extremity of want, without endeavouring to raise money upon it. Any attempt to jmt down pawnbroking would merely drive respectable persons from llic trade, and throw it entirely into the hands of tlu)se who have neither jiroperty nor character to lose. And hence the object of a wise legislature ought not to be to abolish what must alwnvs exist, but to endeavour, so far at least as is possibh', to frIin^ 40*.,:\nd not eiceeding 10/.,at the rate i>i 3d, ill the pinind, by tlu; calendar iiiutilh, includiii); the current flifiiith ; aiid s(i in prnporlion f-T any fracli'mal sum, Fiwnlirnkeraare to f;ive r.ii'thiii^s in cxchani^e, IVrsDiis 8iipIyin(E to redeem gorids jiawned within 7 days after tlie fir.-ceive such duplicate. Rata payable for Dtiplicates. L. .». rf, gratis. 1-2 1 2 4 If under 5*. - 6s. and under 10». tOf. and under Ji'i. • 20j. and under 5/. 6/, and upwards The duplicate to be protlwced t') the pawnbroker before he shall tie conHM'llt'd to redeliver the respective gooils and chattels, except m hcreiM-after excepted. The amount ot^ prniits on duplicates shall ho added on pledgta re- decMied, and such duplicate shall be kept by the pawnbroker for I year. iVrsons pawning other people's goods without their consent, may be appiehi nded by Iht! warrant of I justice, and convicted in a |M'- nalty not excectling 5/. nor h-ss than 20*., and the ftiM value of Ihe gmjds pawned; and if the forfeiture be not ininied)atfty l>aid, the justice shall commit the party to Itu^ house of correction, to be kept to hard labour for 3 catend:ir months; .-ind if within 3 days befort; the expiration of thecoiiimitment the forfiitiire shall not l)e paid, the justice may order the person to le pddicly whipj^ed, and Ihe for- feiturt'H shall l>e applied towards making satisfactron to the party in- jured, and defraying Ihe cwts; but if the n.irty injured shall decline to accept such satisfaction and costs, or if there be any overplus, such forfeitures or overplus shall ho paiil to the poor of the parish. I'ersoris fnrgins; or cntmterfeiting d\iidicates may l)e seized and de- liveied to a cnnslahle, who shall convey them beftire a justice ; and, upon conviction, such person slu.l be committed to the house of cor- rection for any time not excewline 3 calendar months. Tersons ottering pledges, not givinea satisfactory account of liiem* selves or the rneiins by which they l)tcame pos.sessei' of such goods, or wilfully giving any false information, or if tliere shall be reason to suspect' that such gooils are stolen, or illegally obtainal, or if any person not entitled to rcdetin goods in iiawn shall endeavour to re- deem Ihe same, thev may be seized and deli\ercd to a constable, to be carrieil before a justice; and if there should appear ground for a second examination, they shall Iw conmiitted to the common gaol or hou-e of correction, to Le dealt with according to law; or where such pniceedings are not auth.iriscil by the nature of the otii'iice, tlie party shall be committed for any lime not exceeding 3 calendar mouths. persons tiuying or taking in pledge iinfmislied goods, linen, or ap* parel, intrusted to others to wa^h or mend, shall forfeit, double ttie sum lent, ai.il restore the goods Peace olllcers are empowered to search for unfinished goods which tball be come by unlawfully. ^18 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I UilM 12.5 m m m m m 111^5 ||!^5 1^ < 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STMET WUSTIR.N.Y. MSM (716)t73-4S03 o r.V ^ 280 PAWNBROKERS AND PAWNBROKING. t ) I When ^ootli »re unliwrully pawned, the pawnbroker is (o rralore theni i ami ttieir houu:^ may bv irarclied (luiiiiif the htmn ot Liui- BDU, liya warrant froiu a niagiitrate for the discovery of lucli pro- perty. Peraont productnj^ notes or memoTaDduini ar« tn be deemed (he ownem of the property. WhtTe duplicates are loit, the pawnbmker, uDnnafTidavil matehy he owoer of i ' ' ' * plicate the owoer of luch loia before a majcislrate, ■lull deliver another du* An account of the ule of pledffetformorp than lOf. It to be entered by pAHiilirokcn in a iMink, and Ihe aur|ilii9 ii t» be paid tu ihhe f^ttdiin piwiiut, il duniandcd iviihin thrtt ytaii of the ule, under |>ciialty of lUl. an I treble the iiini lent. PavvnbntkL-n .ire to phcp in view the ul le of profit*; and their name and buiineti it to be placed over the d'wr, on pt-mliy of \0t. Pa»n)>riikcri injuring ^oods, or w^llinK them lK*fore the tune tperi- fied, nlia 1, up m nppiicaiioii tn a in.-te conipellrd to make satiiki-utinn ffjr Ihe tune; an I if tlie »ahitt.ictinii av%arilt:d shall Imi equal tn nr exci'ed tht* principal and prolitn ihe pawnbrtker ihall deliver the ft<>n

  • al or prohl. Pawntimki'rt shall pmilncc their book* Iiefore a ma«i«tnte; or, rtfii-iniCfcolodo, sh-iil forfeit a sum not eii-ct*dlii)t tO/. mir lettlhan 51. Pavviitprokenotrt-n EiiiKa^nuiit !hiiacl,ihall forfeit foi every olVrnco n^^t leu than 4lii. tmr more than U*l. It haa Unt hi: 1 1 by tlr* (Vnirt of Kind's Bench, thit a pawnbroker has no rinht Invll Ufiredoemed iiledR-t, aft«r theeipinitinn of a year fr.iiii Ihe time the ipkhN were pled.;eil, if. while ti.ey are in his \Hm- leMion, the ori:(in.il nwnir tenter him Ihf. principal and interest due.— (ITu/tcr v. Stwih. 22\ n{ J.intnry, ihJO.) Un a m'ltiou for a new trial, l/»rd Ten'crden !-aid, "I am of opiitmn. ihat if the pledge be not rc'ftfmed at tiie expirat"on nl i ynr and a diy, (and n'> noine ;iwn Ihaf 3 mnj,t!;s f'irllt r aii* to tr aiiuwrd for ittn- l*-iii[iltnii,) '.he I pawiib'ok' r has a ri^ht toeufise It to tale toaonn at he ran, cnu. , sittenlly with the p o.ihlous'Y the i>-t ; but if at .uiy time Itjiretht ' tnlf hot tuttnlhi tohrv yln'-e the owi,er of the l«, I and ilir pawnhroktT ii nt' injined ; f-ir Itie i«»wer nf vile is allowfiij : bun mere'y tn vcnre to IJm the mnncf whu h tit* ha* a-lvance I, to- ' ftellier 'aitii the tii::h rate of inleregit which the taw allows lu him lu t Ins cliaracler of pAWhliMiki-r." Gooda pawned are deemed forfeitetl at the end of a year ; but, on notice Imm |(er»on9 having gootti in pleod» toforfeilid, on which above I0«. and no! exceeding 10^ ahall have been lent, bliall be Mdd by pul'lic au':'ii>ii, and imt oilier- wife; notice of such tale being twice given, at least 3diy« befon- the auction, in a public newspaper, upon pain of forfeiting lo Ihe owner of the goods not more than ot. nor less (han 21. Alt picturei, prints, iHM^kt, brontet, Atalue». busts, carvings in ivory and marble, cameos, mta^liot, muiical, mathemalKal. and plnloso- phical instrumentu, and china, shall be sold by Ihemv-lvis, and ui:h- <*ut other goods, 4 tunes only in every year ; viz. ou the Isl Monday in •/'■'•uiiri/. April, July, and <>ctuUr, in everv year. Pawnbrokers aru not to purchise gixxls while in their cust'nly, nor take in p!ere 7 in tin- tore- Looa or alter 9 in the evening during (he remainder of tbe viar, ex- cepting only until II on (lie evenimcs of Satutduy^ and Ibu evtnin>;s preceding (*oxl Friday and Chrutmoi-day and every i*»\ or thaiikunit.er. 1 Duly. Rale of Du'y. NuinbiT. Duly. L. 1. 7,0)0 7,223 7,004 10 240 11,970 705 7,785 6lh itmiiTj ■ 1826 — IS27 — 1628 - 1829 - 1830 /, ». 15 7 10 IS 7 10 |-| 7 10 IS 7 10 1$ 7 10 261 8 267 5 274 7 411 6 295 7 A. «. 60 4,00-i 37 10 4,110 52 10 6,165 75 4,423 62 10 L. 1. 15 0) 7 10 ( 15 0> 7 II) ( 1.5 0) 7 in{ 15 7 10 lA 7 10 IG 1,5% 47 1,033 The prodiire of each rate of duty not being (listinijiiisihnd in Ihe diFtrihutors' nccniinis until the year ending llie 5th of January, 1829, the number uf licences cannot be given prior lo that date for llie country. 4. Notices of Pmvnbroking in Italy, France, <^e. — The practice of ailvancinp; money to the poor, either with or without interest, seems to have been occasionally followed in an- tiquity. — (Beckmann, vol. iii. p. 14. Ist Eng. ed.) But the first public establishments oltMs sort were founded in Italy, undcrthename of Monti di I'ietd, in the 14th and l.'Jth centuries. As it was soon found to be impossible to procure the means of supjmrting such estahlish- menls from voluntary contributions, a bull for allowing interest to be charged upon the lo:in.s made to the poor was issued by Leo X. in ITiSl. These establishments, though dilliTiiifl; in many respects, have universally for their object to protect the needy from the risk of being plundered by the irresponsible individuals to whom their necessities might obliije tlicm to resort, by accommodating them with loans on comparatively reasonable terms. And thoui^h their practice has not, in all instances, corresponded with the professions they have made, there seems no reason to doubt that they have been, speaking generally, of essential .service to the poor. From Italy these establishments have gradually spread over the Continent. The Mont de Picte, in Paris, was established by a royal ordinance in 1777 ; and after being drslroycil by the Revolution, was again openeil in 1797. In 1804, it obtained a monopoly of the business of pawnbroking in the capital. Loans are made, by this establishment, upon depopits of such PEARL-ASII— PEARLS. 281 « to b« enlere* I 10 Ihn uwner ,1 of tUo Mlei fin; anH tti«if inllyol 101. ihcdnieilieci- icHdl 'o nnk« ir.lcJ sluU Iw ,vnl)r"ker ihall ; luiJ 'iiy '°S mirlfi»lli»"='- [uieveiyollenca t X nawiibn^kpr iiraliou of a year J- art* in lii» I**** inl «ii to bun Id B wholp, thn est on small c of ^d. i)cr mt the same ntcxcped Is. lubt there U HIT the vast Mil niisht ho ! compliance mt proihicins; ly or wilfully Iquhoun says er to get the J. p. 156.) losses hy tire. nitry, with tli« in cacli ol tlio Duly. L. I. 7,010 7,223 7,0P4 10 240 11,9"0 TOJ 7,';8i _ lotinls lllllil 'liu Ihal date I'ur llic ririR money to Mlowoil ill an- Ihinentsof this Jsth cenlurks. lueh estalilish- lufion the loans Igh (lilViTiiiil in le risk of bcin? |obli!;e them to Anil thoui^h [>y have made, ^sential service The Mont de IjT tlrslroyeil by lof the business Bepoi'itsofsuch coods ns can he prcscrvcJ, to the amount of ttm thirds of the estimated value of all goods other than gold and silver, and to four Jifthso( the value of the latter. IS'o loan i.s for less than .') francs (2«. 6d.), The advances are made fur a year, but the borrower may renew the engagement. Interest is fixed at the rate of one per cent, per month. The Mont de Virte, receives annually about l,"0(t,00() articles, upon which it advances from 20,000,000 to 21,000,000 francs; it ha.s generally from 000,000 to C.50,(M)0 ai tides in its possession. The expense of manugement amounts to from 60 to 6.') cciitiiiits for each arti- cle • 80 that a loan of 3 francs never defrays the expenses it occasions, and the profits are wholly derived from those that exceed 5 francs. At an average, the protils amount to about 280,000 francs, of which only about I.'i.'j.OOO arc derived from loans upon deposit, about 125,000 being the produce of other funds at the disposal of the company. The articles In pawn are returueil in llie proportion of . • . Are continued io pawn by a prolongation of the loan • . . • Ifence, are pretierved to their proprietors of articles pawnej • • • Are aulil, suhjecl (u in Englanil) Io a claim for surplus any lime during 3 yean in number and TTif in value. 2ff ~ a 3 gi in number and =1 in value. _c . . :i _ 2 2 "J 2 3 23 21 (ntilUtiti da Scieiuti Cofraphiquet, Avril, 1930.) There are no moans of making a statement of this sort with res|)ect to London ; but, were it possible to make it, the proportion of forfeited plcd;rcs would be found, we have no doubt, much greater. In some respect, particularly the lowncss of interest upon small loans, and the greater vigilance exercised with respect to the reception of stolen goods, the Mont dv I'irtc has an advantage over the pawnbroking establishments in this country. It may be doubled, however, whether it is, on the whole, so well fitted to attain its objects. The limitation of the loans to 3 francs would be felt to be a serious grievance here, and it can hardly be otherwise in France ; nor is to be supposed, that the servants of a great public establishment will be so ready to assist poor persons, having none but inferior articles to oiler in security, as private individuals anxious to get business. And such, in point of fact, is found to be the case, not in Paris only, but in all those parts of the Continent where the business of pawnbroking is confined to a few establishments. And hence it would seem that, were the modifications already suggested adopted, our system would be the best of any. PEARL-A8H. Sec roTAsii. PEAKLS (Uu. Paiirkm Vr. Perlen ,■ Ger. I'crkn ,- It. Perk,- Laf. MarfrarH.r ; Rus. Slieintsihiii;, Perli'i ,- Sp. Perlas ; Arab. Loo/no,- Cyng. Mwitoo ; llhH\. Mimlie,) are well known globular concretions found in several species of shell-fish, hut particularly the mother- of-pearl oyster {Concha mari^arilifcra Lin.). Pearls should l)c chosen round, of a bright translucent silvery whiteness, free from stains and roughness. Having these qualities, the largest are of course the most valuable. The larger ones have frecarl8 dwindle to the size of a small shot, they are denominated need pearls, and are of little value. 'i'hoy are mostly sent to China. One of the most remarkable pearls of which wc have any authentic account was bought hy Tavernier, at Catifa, in Arabia, a fishery famous in the days of Pliny, for the enormous sum of 1 10,000/. ! It is pear-shaped, regular, and without blemish. The diameter is '03 inch at the largest part, and the length from 3 to 3 inches. Much dilFercncc of opinion has existed among naturalists with resjiect to the production of pearls iti the oyster ; but it seems now to be generally believed that it is the result of disease, and is formed in the same manner as bezoar — (see UezoAit) ; pearls, like it, consisting of successive coats spread with perfect regularity round a foreign nucleus. In fact, the Chinese throw into a species of shell-fish {mijtilus cygneua, or swan muscle), when it opens, 5 or 6 very minute mother-of-pearl beads strung on a thread ; and in the course of a year they arc found covered with a pearly crust, which perfectly resembles the real pearl. — (M/iurn's Orient. Com. ,■ Ainslie's Mat. Indica, ^c.) Pearl Fisheries.— T\\K pnarl oyster is fished in varinus parts of the world, particularly on the west coast of Ceylon ; at Tiiticnrftnn, in the province nf Tinnevolley, on the coast of CoromniidiM ; nl the Bahrein Islands, in the tJiilf of Persia; at tho Hooloo Islands; offthe coast of Algiers; off Ht. Marga- rita, or Pvurl Islands, in tliu West Indies, and other plncvs on the coast of Colombia ; and in the Hay of Panama, in the South Sua. I'uarls have Bouiutinius bueii found on the Scotch coast, and in various other places. 2a2 88 c^ ?3 282 PEARLS. I i I Thu penri flihery of Tiitlcorenn Is tnonnpolized by the EnHt Inilia Cnmpnny, and that of Crylon by ?;nv<'riiiiierit Uiit tlii>i4u ninnopnlicH arc nl' no viiliiu : iis in nviiliur rniiit ilou!* tli>' sum Inr wliicli th» inlirry is let pi|iinl tlii; expuiisex iiirnrri'd in Knnrdiiip, Bnrvrylni!, iind iniiniiKlni; Ibc h:iiikH. It \», tiicn-fiire, siiflii'ii'ntly ribviiiiiK thiil (Ium AyntPin iintfht lo bo iibnlJHbnd, iiiiil t^vcry oiiv nlbiwi'd to fish nn payinKii iiiodi-riile liconcodiity. TIik fenroruxImiiiitinBlb)! bankH iiqiiit<> Indicrniix. The liKlii-ry would li« iilmndcinvd ns iinprotitiililu long liulorc tliu brvi'd nroyntiirH Imd buen injuriously diininislied ; uiid in n frw years it would bi; as prodni:liv« as ..-vrr. Ib'sidcs fjiioR Irrsli lil'i,' lo llii! lisln-ry, llo- ulinliiion of till! monopoly would put an und lo somi; very oppn ssivc rejiulutionti, vnuctod l>y tlii! Unlc.h nioru than It ciMilnry ngn. 1'cr.iian (iulf.—'lhc nio»t exIcMiKivi! pnnri fisbt'rins arc thoiie on lh« Hoveral banka not far distant from llH! isliiiid of Ilabrciii. on Ibc wvM siib' of llii- I'l rsian Ciulf, In btl. 'Hi'' M' N., bm. Tir 10' II. ; but piNirl nystiTM an; found alons Ibc; wlinb; of Ihi- Arabian coaHt, and round almost ail tin; islands of tbi> KUlf. Sucli as an; Ilsbi;il in Ibo sea nrar llic islands i>f Karrak ami ('nri;o iimlain pt-arij said lo be of ii tnipcrlcir colour and destrliiliun. 'I'licy an; formi'il of 8 layi;rs or folds, whilst otlitrs liavp only Ti, but tlie wairr is loo deep lo make fishinu for Ihciii cilhcr very iiroiitalili; or easy. lii'HJdes, the enlirii monopoly of the fishery 18 in the hands of the slioik uf UuHhin;, who Heenia to eoniiidcr these islandii as bis iminediatc property. "Tlic lisbini; season is divided into two porliims— tin; one called tlin short and cold, the oilier tbo Innu and bol. In the cooler wcalliiT I'f llic monlli of Jiiiii', diviiiK is prac Used alonu' tbo coast in shal- low water; but it is not until llie iiili-nsely hot mouths of July, ,\n!:iist uml September, that the Hali- rein banks are nincli fre(|iiciited. Tlie water on them is nbcMit 7 fathoms deep, and the divers nru nincli inconvenienced when itiscold ; indeed, they can do Utile when it is not as warm as the uir,aiid it freiinenlly becomes even more so in I he boitesl months of the summer. Wben I bey dive, lliey com- press the nostrils tit'lilly willi n small peace of horn, which keeps ihe water out, and stuff their ears Willi liees'-wa\ for the same purpose They allach a net to their waists, to contain the oysters ; and aid their descent by means ofa stone, wbich tliey liidd by a rope attached lo a boat, and shake It when they wish lo be drawn up. from what I could learn, i miniili's may In; considered us rather above the averau'e time of their reniainiiii! underwater. Altlr'Upli sev<;re labour, and very exhausting at the lime, divinu is not conslilered pariiciilarly injurious to the ciuistiiulion ; even old men practise il. A person usually dives from I'i to 1.5 tiiiies a day in favourable weather; but, when otherwise, 3 or 4 times only. The work is performed on an eni|ity slomach. When the diver becomes fatigued, he goes to sleep, and does not eat iinlll he has slept some time. " At ll.ihrein alone, the annual aniuunt produced by the pearl fishery may be reckoned at from 90n.il0:if. to '2IO,niiO/. if, to Ihis, Ibi; piircbasrs made by the Ilalirein mercbanis or agents at Abooltabee Slinrua, llas-iil Klivmack, kc. beailded, which may anicnini lo half as niucb more, there will be a loial of ubimi :fiill,(lll(l/. or .Ifin.llOll/. ; but lliis is caliiilaled to incliiile the whole pearl tradi; of Hie gulf; fir it is believed lliat all the principal inercliaiils of India, Arabia, ami I'ersla, who deal in pearls, make their pun liases, iliroiigh agi;nls, at Ilalirein. I have not admilled in tlie above estimate much more tlinn one sixth of Ihe aminint some intive iiierchanls have staled it lobe, as a good deal seemed to be matter of guess or o|iiiiion,and it is difficiilt lo get at ficls. My own eslim ite is in some measure checked by Ihe estimaleil profits of the small boats. Hut even tin; sum which I have estimated is an eiiornioiis annual valiii; for an arlicli; f niii.t in oilier pans of llie world as will as here, and which is never used in its best and most valii.able stale, i;xcept as an ornamenl. Large iiuantilies of ihc seed pearls are useil thronglioiil Asia, in the composition of majoons, or electuaries, to form which all kinds of precious Niniies are occasionally mixed, after being pininded, exceptini;, indeed, diamonds; these being consl- ilered, from their hardness, as utterly indigestible. The majooii, in which tiien; is a large i|iiantily of pearls, is much sought for and valued, on account uf its supposed stimulating and restorative qualities. " iiabrein pearl fishery boats arc reckoned to amount to about 1,.500, and the trade is in the hands of merchants, some of whom possess considerable capital. They bear hard on the proijiicers or Ushers, and even those who make the greatest exertions in diving hardly have food to eat. The merchant advances some money to the fishermen at cent, per cent, and a portion of dates, rice, and other neces- sary articles, all at the supplier's own price ; he also lets a boat to them, for wbich he gets I share of the cross profits of all that is fished ; and, finall.v, be purchases the pearls nearly at his own price, fur tbo unhappy fishermen arc cenerally in his deiit, and therefore at his mercy." — (Maniuicripl XoUn coinmv.nirnttdbij jViijor J). Ililaon, late I'uliliral Hrsiilent at Bushire.) The fishery ut Algiers wus funned by an English ussociutiuii in 1820, but we arc ignorant of their success. The pearl fisheries on the coast of Colomliia were at one time of very great value. In 1587, upwards of CUT lbs. of pearls are said lo have been imported into Seville. I'hilip II. had one from St. .Marga- rita, wliicli weighed 'HQ carats, and was valued at I50,(I0U dollars. Uiit for iiiaiiy years p.ist llie Colombian pearl fisheries liave been of comparatively little importance. During the mania fir jnint stock companies, in 1625, two were formed ;— one on a large scale, fur prosecuting the pearl li.'liery on the coast of Colombia; and anntlier, on a emuller scale, for prosecuting it in the Bay uf I'anuiiia and the Pacific. lioth were abandoned in 182(5. The best fishery ground is said to be in from Oto 8 fathoms water. The divers continue underwater from a ininiite to a minute and a half, or at most 2 minutes. They have a sack or bag fastened to die neck, in which they bring up the oysters. Tlie exertion is extremely violent; and the divers are un- healthy and short-lived. Peaiil Shf.lls, commonly callrd Mother-of-pearl shdh, are imported from various parts of the East, and consist prindpaily of the shells of the pearl oyster, from the Gulf of Persia and other places, particularly the Sooloo Islands, situate he'twcen Borneo and tlie Philip- pines, the shores of which afford the largest and finest shells hitherto discovered. On the inside, th^ shell is beautifully polished, and of the whiteness and water of pearl itself: it has the same lustre on the outside, after the external laminie have been removed, iMolhcr-of- pearl shells are extensively used in the arts, particularly in inlaid work, and in the manufac- ture of handles for knives, buttons, toys, snutf boxes, «&c. i'hc Chinese manufacture tliem into beads, fish, counters, spoons, &c. ; giving them a finish to which European artist.s have not been able to attain. Shells for the European market should be chosen of the largest size, of a beautiful pearly lustre, tliick and even, and free from stains. Reject such as are small, cracked, or broken, or have lumps on them. When stowed loose as dunnage, they are some- times allowed to pass free of freight.— (/V////!i«rH'« Orient. Com.) The imports during the 3 years ending with 1832 were— 18.30,465,591 lbs.; 1831, 510,492 do.; 1832, 721,527 do.— {Pari. Paper, No. 425. Sess. 1833.) PEAS-,PEPPER. 283 if Cpylon by ir wliicli ih» iiikH. It is. I'd to (ish nn islii'ry would ! Uiili'.li more ol far ilintanl ," 111' K. ; Imt islamlH of lh« laid III be iifn ic only Ti, lull vn, lliu I'lilirc! these isliinilK the oilier the (•oa«t in Hhal- thiit the Hali- liu iliveru are IS the air, and vc, llii-y ciiiii- tutriht'ir ears I iivstcra ; anil shake it when rather above exliaiistiiig at ^en practiHC it. Iierwise, S or t ligiied, he goes knned nt from i at Aboiittaliee ; will lie a liilal the KiilT; fur it iris, make their nth mure llinn ed to be matter ■asiire chctkeil is an enorinnuj h is never used seed pearls are indsof preciium se heiii(! coiisi- large (|uaiitily lid restorative is in the hands iicerRortishi'rs, The meri'haiit ndi.ther iieces- pels I (iliare iif s own price, for anuscripl Xota jnurant of their 1587, iii)W!ir(!3 from St. Miirt'a- I years past llie mania f>ir jnint |lie pearl li-liery lay of I'uimiiia liie nnder Wilier [fastened to llie I divers are un- i variotis part.s Jiulf of Persia Ind llie Philip- Iretl. On the \l itself: it has Molhor-of- J the manufac- lufacturc them i ariist.s have lie largest size, as are small, Ihey arc some- Its during the T!'2l,5S7do.— PEAS (Gcr. Erbsen,- Fr. Pais ; It. Pi'iiell!, Bisi ,■ Sp. Pcsnles, Gmsaniex i Rus. Go- roc/i). 'i'lic pea in one of the most PRteeiiied of the leic inches. Four pecks make a bushel, and 4 bushels a coiimli. — (."^eo VVKIIillTS AM) MkASI'UKS.) I'KLLITORV, the root of a perennial plant (Aiif/irniis pi/rctfirum), a native of the Le- vaiil, Harbary, and the south of Europe, 'i'he root is long, tapering, about the thiikness of tho linger, with a brownish cuticle. It is imported packed in bales, somelimi':-! mixed with other roots, from which, however, it is easily distinguished. It is inodoroii.'!. When ciieweil, it seems at (irst to be insi|ii(l, but after a few seconds it excites a glowing heal, and a prick- ing si>nsatioii on the tongue and lips which remains for 10 or \'Z minutes. Tiie pieces break with a short resinous fracture ; the transverse section presenting a thick brown bar'i, stuilded wit!i liiuck shining points, and a pale yellow radiated inside, ft is used in nv liciiie as a Plimulaiit. — {T/iiiiii,soii's Dispciimlori/.) The price varies, including the duty, (<»(/.), from 'is. to 2v. Cuf. per lb. PENCILS {Vicr. Pinsel ,- J)\i. Pinscekn ; Ft. Pinccaux .- h.PinnrU!; Si^. P;ncrk.s), tiie instruments used by painters in laying on their colours. 'I'hey are of various kinds, and made of various materials; some being formed of the bristles of the boar, and others of camel's hair, the down of swans, &c. PENCILS, HL.\(JK LEAD. See Black Lead Pf.scils. PENKNIVES ((iv.r. I'ldermcsrr ; Ft. Caiilfx ,■ h. Temperhu' ,- Sp. Cmia phtmas), gniall kniv ?, too well known to need any jiarticular description, useil in making and niend- \\vi pens. The best and most highly ornamented penknives arc maiiufaclured in London and Sheirield. PENNY", formerly a silver, but now a copper coin. This was the first silver coin struck in England by our Saxon ancestors, being the 240th part of their pound ; so that its weight was about 22 i grains Troy. J'ENS (Fr. Plumes a errire ; Ger. Schrei/ifx/ern ,■ It. Penne da scrivere ,- Rus. Pern Slw()li),wi'U known instruments for writing, usually formed of the quills of the goose, swan, or some other bird. jMetallic pens have been occasionally employed for a lengthened period: Imt it is only within these few years that they have been extensively introduced. They lirst began to be largely manufactured by Mr. John Perry, of London. Mr. P. having succeeded in giving to his pens a greater degree of softness and elasticity than was posses.sed by any metallic pens previously in use, they speedily obtained a very extensive sale. This succesa LrouL'ht crowds of rivals into the field ; so that metallic pens are now manufactured in vast quantities, and of an immense variety of forms. But though they have superseded, to a very considerable extent, the use of quills, and hove some peculiar advantages, it does not apjiear possible to give them the elasticity of the quilf, nor to fit them so well for quick and eusy writing, PENNYWEIGHT, a Troy weigh*, being the 20th part of an ounce, containing 24 grains. PEPPER (Fr. Poivre; Ger. Ppffcr ; Du. Pcper ,- It. Pcpe,- Sp. Pimicnta ,• Rus. Pe- rez,- Lat. Piper), the berry or fruit of difTcrent species of plants, having an aromatic, ex- tremely hot, pungent taste, used in seasoning, &c. The following sorts of pepper are met with in commerce : — I. Black PKrpF.n (Fr. Poivre,- Ger. Sckwarzen pfrfftr ; It. Pept negro ; Sp, Pimi' tnta ; Hans, Merclia ; Uinii. Gnl-mirch ,- Malay, Lada ,- .lav. iVar/Vm), the fruit of a creep- ing plant {Piper niffritm), one of the pepper genus, of which there are upwards of 80 spe- cii s. It is cultivated extensively in Intlia, Siam, the Eastern islands, &c. It requires tho support of other trees, to which it readily adheres. It climbs to the height of 20 feet; but is said to bear best when restrained to the height uf 12 feet It begins to produce at about the «^k ^ * ^•Jii'f* 984 PEPPER. 3J year, nnJ is in perfection at the 7lh ; continues in this state for 3 or 4 yearn ; and de- c'liiies lor ulmut as many more, until it erases to lie worth iiee[iinir. Tiic fruit prows aliun- ilantiy from all the hrauchrs, in long umall ciusterH of from '20 to 50 grains ; when rijie, it is of a bright nnl colour. After lioiiipr gathered, it is spread on mats in llio nun, wlieii it loses its red ((iliiiir, aixl hecoinos black and shrivelled as we sec il. The grains arc scpaated from ilu- siiilks by hand rubbing. 'J'hal which has been gathered at the proper period shrivels the U'ii.st ; but if plucked too soon, it will become broken and dusty in its removal from |)lace to place. Tlic vine produces two crojis in the year; but the seasons arc subject to gicat irrt'giil.u'ities. I'cpper .should he chosen of a pungent aromatic odour, an extremely hot and acrid taste, in large grains. I'irm, sound, anl ; but this fraud may be detected liy its weight, and by chemical tests. — (8ce Cuili.iks.) IV. liOMi I'r.ri'Ka. — This species is the produce of a jierennial (Piprr Inui^tiin), a native of .Malabar and Hcngal. The fruit is hottest in its immature state ; and is therefore gathered while green, and dried in the sun. It is im[iorlcd in entire spikes, which are about IJ inch long. Il has a weak aromatic odour, an intensely fiery pungent ta^te, and a dark grey colour. The root of Iting pepjier is a favourite medicine among thc Hindoos. The tpianlilics of the last 3 species of jiepper imjwrted are quite inconsiderable, compared with the quantity of black pepper. — (Milburn's Orient. Cum.; Aiiinlk's Mat. Indica ; T/ionisnn's J)ispui,sator)/, <.\c.) Tnidi: ill I'r/ipcr, Conxuinption of, (tnd Duties on, in Ensrldnd. — Pepper is extensively used, all over Europe and the East, as a condiment. It was originally imported into this country by way of the Levant (see vol. i. p. GI7.) ; and for many years after the estalilislimout of the East India Company, it formed the most important article of their imports. In nothiiii} has the beneficial dlcct of opening the India trade been so unequivocally displayed as in the instance of pepper. The private traders have resorted to new markets, and discovered new sources of supply which had hitherto been wholly unexjilored ; so that there has been not only a very great increase in thc quantity of pejjper brought to Europe, but also a very great fall in its price, which does not now exceed a third of what it amounted lo in 1811 ! The (luantilies in the following 'I'able are taken from the Purl. Papers, No. 2'2. Scss. 1830, and No. 42.'), Sess. 1S33; the prices have been supplied by Mr. Cook. Amount or the Total Quanlity of Pepper iinpnrteil from llic Kast Iiulies into Ureal Britain, witli iis Price in Bond in London, eacli Year, from 1«14. Vein. Peri^r. PricM. VeAri. Pepper. Pricei. Years. Pepper. Prirot. 1814 ISIi 1SI6 1>'I7 IHIH 11-19 1S20 Lhi. ri,762,fi« 12.7lil,"'.S n,HK-|,014 .1.0-7.1162 6.i;M,7il .^,.i'J0,t4J 7B-.017 Per Ih. \\d. In l.M. •t 1 ! -. S'9 7 - 7 1-2 5 — .S 1-2 7 1.2 - 7.1-4 6 1 — 6 14 6 6 — 8.1.4 1821 1822 1824 lS2i l.bi. 845,100 7.211,376 .'■.,9V-,,3.>6 .'5.396,217 13,103,416 Ptr Ih. 7 l-4d. lo 7 1-2./. R — 6 1-4 6 — 6 |.2 6 1.2 -6 4-9 - 6-4 4 - 4 12 IS27 1828 1S29 l>-30 IMl 1»32 (1,067,-06 4,1178,102 2,7«.22i 6.121,240 4,6KI,47 i Per II.. 3 1-UI.)3.1.4li 3 14 - 3-') 2'(l - i \.l 234 - I 3 - 33!j -4 1 Pepper is one of the most grossly over-taxed articles in thc British tariff. Until 1823, the duty was 2,^. firf. per lb. — a duly so exorbitant, that one would ho inclined to think it liad been imposed in order to put a total stop lo thc use of the article. In 1823, the duty on pepper from a British pos.session was reduced to I.v. per lb.; but even this duty, as comiuired with the price of thc article (3d. to id. per lb.) is quite enormous, amounting to no less than from 400 to 300 per cent. ! It will be seen from the subjoined Table that the reduction of the duty, in 1823, has increased the consumption from about 1,400,000 lbs. to 2,22.'),0(t0 lbs. a year; and were the duty reduced, as it ought lo be, to 2d. or at most 2d. per lb., so that pepper might l)ccome accessible lo the lower classes, to whom its free use would be ot infinite importance, wc have not the slightest doubt tliat in a very short period thc consump- I 1-21 IS22 IS21 ISJl l.'iJi 1'2« 1-27 lf>2'4 l«2'( ISlO IS3I 1832 PEIMMOU. 28S r; and dc- ^ rows nlmii- West liiilii'rt an arouialie, 111 ihi! impres- 1 of soda ; and fraud may be rum), a native fcfore gathered about Ii iueh irk grey colour. able, compared Mul. hulicu ; is extensively irted into this establishment rts. In nothiiig klayeil as in the [liscovered new has been not so a very great 1814! No. "'i. ^css. lUritaiii, \vitli its I'ricpt. I 7ir II: I 5|.U to J^-W 3 1-4 -:>-'J 2-11 -ll-J 2 3-4 - t 3-0 1 33s - 4 Until isn Incd to thmk it K3, the duty on lly, as compared 1 to no less than lie reduction of Is. to 2,225,000 3(/. per 11'.. Ro Jse wouluntry seriously injure.l, by keeping U|> oppressive duties, which serve no purpose whatever, unlesM it lie to keep al ve the remenibninee of tlie ii;noranee and rapacity of lliiise by whom they were imposed. We iiavc already shown (see vol. i., p. (i:i!J.) the di'iriculties uiiiler which tho dealers in pejiper labour, in conseijuence of the absurd regulations ua to the warehousiiiij of eoiniiiodities from India. Ai'i'itinl III' llin Uiiiintily ot" nil Sorts of l'i'|i|ior rcl:iiriril lor Iloiiic" Consiiiiiplioii in tin ilotii, th<' Kati's ut° Duly lliunun, uiiil tliu 'rotiil Ul'Vmuiu (li'rivvd t'ruiii lliu Huiiie, sinci! iMll). I'nili'il KiiiE- ni euili Vmr Vmi* ! iflO I I IS! I I mi I Ioa la 6 Commnn l'r|iprr. Kxtl liiilia. Rilet of Duly chiritnl therr<>n. Keconts dwlmyej. Wl,SS9 i.nn-i.iii l.f>.i,7 '2 1-2 1,218,75(1 a-4 l,4i7,1S3 1,3 '2.027 l,4ivi.i>2l I 4 l.2Sti,ri3'l-4 I.IIMCOI'I I 3l>g,9H3 l,44T.(l;>0 I 2 KiO,0-7l-4 2,'>29,0.7 1,9I9,"I3I 1-2 I,!I2:.7I81 2 1,911,641 2,C0i,li4 2,1 '.V ,0-2 2,22i,4gi 0-.,r69 4 10 11. 1 nil II 10 II'MIK) II I 1IJ,-S7 6 7 12<.(II3 I') 6 II9.27I 7 I 174,061 2 9 l'ti.2''S 2 3 \-9.:>W II 4 i:0.G27 6 8 l.-^'i.klB 3 5 I0li,2.'l I". lJii,'.l7 4 8 9T,l9') 't 11 9l..4u7 12 5 W'i't 111 2 Iii>,4n2 in2i,J9 111,234 r . dilio (lino dilln but India. I."!!* I rminca Oilier, f'fl'"- I'tpprr. w 4i. piT 111 , .ind 2/. 1,1., 4(/. per cent. ad vjI .rctii. diltii dillo 4». 9f/. per III., and 31. lit. 4. id. dillo dllt) ll. -d. dillo dillo dill.1 di'to dlllo It. 6d. dillo dlllo ditto From tOlli Ociobei, 2t. liii. per lb. uu all HortK. ililln dlllo From 3lh January, |j. per lb. if rrom Prili>li poiscMiuiis. ditto ditto dillo d.tio di'ln dilto Sii'iplil of Pepper. — Tlin fullowins in.alriiitive ilcliiils wllli ri'spiTt lo llip supply of pepper are tnknn frmii tli'i Stiiirdpore Chnniicle ; to wliiili llicy were ronlriliiilcil liy Jolin Crawfiiril, E^n,— liiaii wlioin llicrc mil liti no more eoiiipi tent iiiitliorily iis to siirli Niihjri'in. or all tlie prodiiits of ilii- Ivisiern islands, and of ilni ((iiiiiirios iinineilititnly in their neiulibourliood, ill ili'MiMiiil aiiiiiii!; stranttcrs, hi irk pepper is tlif mosi iiiiporlaiit. liolli in value ami iniaiilily. 'i'lie pepper CdinilriL'S eMeml from alioiit llie lont'ilmle of '.ili° tolliat of ll.V I'.., Iieyomi wliicli no pepivT IS 111 lie fimtiil ; ami lliey reiicli from y S. laliliide lo alioiit I'i" N., where il a(.'iiiii ceases. Wiiliin these limits we have Siiniatru, Uunieo, the Mulayan peninsula, niid coitaiii countries lying an the east coast of the Gnlf of Siam. Tiie « liole proiliice of the island of Siiinnira is eslininted not to fall .ahort of 108,000 pinils, of laSJ. IIh. eai Ii ; tliii south-west roast being said lo prmliice 110,011(1, and the iiorlh-east roast 18,000 pieiils. Till- pepper ports on the iiortlieast coast of Sumatra are I.ankat and Delli, with Sardaiip. Tlie tirst 2 |iruiliii-e I'l.OOO piiiils, ami the latter 3.000 anmially. The ciillivation is carried on hy the Batla n:iiiiiii ill the interior. 'I'he purls on the south-west const, and the nnioiint of their produce, as ffivcn in n rerent estiiniite, Rre lis follow: viz. port and district of Trii ma h, 10,000 ; district of I'lilo lliia, 1,000: dilto of Cluat, :tii,oeii; coast fr Tamptit Tiiaii to Siisii, 3,1,000; port of Siisii, 1,000; Kiialla Itatta, '20,000; Analabii, 'i.m\; districts lo the north of .\nalalm, 20.000; makini; in all, IliO.OOO piciils. Here it is of importance in remark, Ihal the cnliiire and proiliiclloii are extremely fliirtnatinf;. Dtiriiii: I he list pepper season, there obtained carifoes on t he west coast of Sumatra, '27 .Viiiericati ships, fi (iHiiiiry tr.ulers, 1 l.irae I'reiirh ships, besides the ships lieloiiuini: to the K.ast Iii(li;i ('ompatiy, which (!.'iier:illy take away :'iOO tons. Nearly the whole of this trade is in the liands of Kiiropeans or Ameri- cans; llie jiepper finds its way to 1-Jiirope, to America, and in a smill proportion to China. 'I'lie north-east coast of Sumatra, from I'edier down to the ("ariinoiis, is estimated, as already men- tiiiiiiil. to produce Is, 000 piciils. Prince of Wales Island is the principal ilrpot tor this, from whence tlie ureiilest part is c.vporteU to India and C'hinn. The produce of I'rince of Wales Island itself is about l:i.liilil piculs. of llie islands at the mouth of the Straits of Malacca and Sinpapore, Hinglantr, on which Rhio is siliiatid, and adjacent islands, produce 10,000 piciils ; and I, iniiBa about '2,000 A la rue proportion of tills is lirouL'lit to .sinsapore, which u.xporled last year about '21,000 piculs ; soiiie part to iieiii;ul ami (lima. Iiiit principally to r.iirope din^ct, in free tradeis. Till' west coast of the Mal.iyan peninsula produces no pepper, with the exceplinn of about 4,000 liinil- aiV.irded by the territory of Malacca. Oil llie east coast of the peninsula, the production of pepper is very considerable. The ports of Pn- tiiiii ami Calantan— diielly the liilter— yield about Hi. 000 piculs annually, and Trinsanu iilimit S.OOO. A [iiirii f this is broiiKlit to Sinuapore and I'eiianu; but we believe the greater proportion goes di- rect III Cliina ill jtiiiks, of which .'I lariie ones frei|Uent Tringanii annually, and 1 ('alantan. The Ame- riiaiis, ton, occasionally visit these ports. In the year lh'21, 3 vessels of considerable burden ublained car:;iii"9. Till" east coast of the Oulf of Siam, from the latitude of 10.^° to that of 125" N., nflords an pvlensive pro.line of pepper. This coast is scarcely known, even by name, to the traders of lOiinipe. The prin- cl|ial purls liere are (Jhantibiin, Tiingyai, I'ongsoin, and Kumpop ; the first 2 beinn; under the domiiiioii It Siaiii, and the latter under thai of liainlioja. The whole prodtlfe is esliinated at not less than (iO.OOO liii'iils; 10,11110 of which are brought at once to the capital of Siam as tribute to the king, and the whole liiids lis way lo (^hina in junks. It remains only to esliinate the produce of the island of lloriieo. The wuuiu produce of Uurneu is estimated at about '20,0UU piculs ; of which u large share is carried lo CUiiiii cA t*7> i.-' 280 PERCH, PETERSBURCJII. ; t 1) i i dlrrrt In Jnnku, iome by Portmnione vpnncls ; iiiiil iihniit 7.000 piciils nrn now nnnunlly hroiiaht by tha liiilivn ( r.il'l iif IlK- rniiiilry ilsi'lf to SiMKaimri- in lln' roiirHr ci|' iliiil (rrv lrii(l(?, wlilcli \h lia|>|iily llnii- rlKliiiiL' iiMliix i«'ltl)'iiii'Ml Tilt' (liilii wliii'li hiivc lircii nIiiu'iI, will iniiltli' ii-4 lo criiiiiiuti' llic wlmlo Iirddncliiiii of iIh' Mril lyiiti Ari'lil|irliii'(i, IikIikIjpii; dial dT tlir |i('iiiiiHiil;i iif Miiliii cii. iiiui that nt' lliii cast cci,i«I cil'lhi' (;iiirol'Sliiiii, as :)(IM.(MI(I (iiriils ; iiiiil iih iIicTi- is im oIliiT |iarl iil'llir unrlil lli.it iiM'iircU |i('|i|i<'r. I'M riiiiiiit llir wi'slcni iiiaxl i>rilii' |H'iiiii»iila uriiiilia, anil iIiin airiinls hut .'IIMMIII |itnilH,iir Ichh than l-lii|li |iitl iiTwIial tin- places \\v have riiiiini'ralcil priiiliuf. \v<' liavf. Hi'riiriliiii!ly, at niii! view, llic wli.il.' priMliirtliin of thr carlli, liciiii! :i>,(MlO piiiilH, or l.'>,mi(i,(iC.(l Ihs. avniriliipnJH. 'I'lir avi'raKH prill* III' pi'ppiT lian lircn lali'lv almnl II Spanish ilnllars a pirni ; hh llni wlinlc valnr drawn iiilii Iniliii Irmii I'.iMi'iM'. t'liina, ami tin' Now Wnrlil, mi arcininl ol' iIiim sin:;!!' (I'niiiiiiilily.^s rt.npi.lKl') ilollarH. 'I'Ik' i|iiaMillv ::ivi'n in tliii Klatrnirnt niav appear )'iiiiriiiiiiiii ; lint il iiii'ti'il iiiit tn I ho wlmli' pnpnlalion iit'llif L'l>>lii>.'iir III j.iHin.dtHI.IKMl ot'piMipli>,'lt niiiilil liu roiinil llial thvaveraKe annual ('oiisiiniplnin orun inilivlilii i| wi'iilil iiiiKiiiiit III nil Minn' than '.i%i KraliiH. Mr Criw iiiril liusi very ruceiitly Kiipplicil iis with » rcvlHud csliinatu of the produrtliui of pepper nil follows : - Ih. IK Siiinatrii (west ronsi) - - Sn.odO.nnO IK. east const) - - h.OOll.OdO Isl ii.ils In the Straits of Malnrca 3,l''lit),liiiO Mai IV peiiinsiilii ... 3,7.');t,'IH3 lloriieo i2.(i(i(i,mi7 Siain . Mulubnr 8,0(1(1.000 4,(111(1.1100 TotuI - ^O.UOd.lHIO The loi alliies in the prevloiiB cstiiiinte are i|iiite correct ; and we, therefore, did not think it would be riglit lo suppress il. lint. ili'oiL'h (Ins may liu depended upon as beiiiK a fair statement of what lins been, till n rompnrn- lively l.ilr pi'riod, the averape supply of pepper, the evirenie depression of price has iiccasloned a very ronHJileralile decliiii! in the prodiiclion of soiiiu of the places mentimieil above, within the List 4 or i years. The laie advance of price will, however, prohalily, check any further diminiilion of produc- tion, lint iliMimh prices weie to risi! still iiiore consiilerulily than they have ilone, the elfect on (he Hiipiilv. owiiii.' to the plant rei|iiiring n few years to come to maturity, may not, ut first, be so preut us IiiIkIiI he supposed. (Till' (liily (in prpiwr, has Immmi rctlucfd from \s. lo Cxi. per Hi.; a reduction that will doulitlc.xs lead to a very material increase of consumption. — (6 & 7 Will. 1. cap. (iO.) — Hup.) [Sec lMPOIlTr< ANK Exi'OIITS, Ani. Ell.'] I*KK('H, a loiin measure, Ifi^ feet in length. — (See Wkkjiits anii Mkasiiuks.) I'KUMIP, a licence or instrument, granted by the odkcrs of excise, authorisiiia; the re- moval of fjDods suliject to the excise duties. It is enaileil by the II (Jeo. 3 o. 30., that no per.< (ieo, 4. c.N). i 110. il is enacieil, that any retailer of spirits sendiiii; out more than one palliin without a lawful per- mit; any rectifier, compounder, or dealer, receiving into his stock any spirits willxuit a permit ; or any cnrrier. bnaiman. or other person, nssisling in the removal or trnnsporlation of any spirits wilb- oiit a permit ; shall forfeit 200/. over and above every other penally, together with all siicli spirits ; the packages, carts, horses. &.C. employed in the removal of such goods sliall also he forfeited, and may and fhiill be seized by any otlicer of e.\cise. The 9 (Jeo. 4. c. 44. J 5. dispenses with llie necessity of, a permit for the removal of cotlee and cocoa. The commissioners of e.xcise provide franies nr iiionlds for making the paper used for permits, which has the words " I'.xcise Olfice" visible in the Mibslanct! of it. It IS a capital ollencu to make such frames, or to have them in one's possessioti wilhuut u lawful excuse. These regulations will, it is most probable, be speedily modified ; the commissioners of e.xcise in<|uiry, of whom Hir Henry I'arnell is chnirmnn, having recommended the abolition of perniils in case of (he removal of tea, and some other articles. PERRY, a fermented li(|Uor made from pears, in the same manner as cider from apples. The pears lie.st fitted for producing this liquor are exceedingly harsh and tart; hut it is itself pleasant and wholesome. — (Sec Cidkii.) PETEKSmiRGH, the modern metropolis of the Russian empire, situated at the con- fluence of the river Neva with the eastern extremity of the Gulf of Finland, in hit. .')9° .50' 23" N., Ion. 30° 18f E. Population (including military) 480.000. This flourishing emporium was fimndcd by Peter the (ireat, whose name it bears, in 1703. In the same year, the first merchant ship that ever appeared on the Neva arrived from lloiiand ; and the c/ar, to mark his sense of the value of such visiters, treated the captain uiid crew with the g:r('atest liospitality, and loaded them with presents. In 1714, 10 ships arrived at Petersl.uroh ; in 1730, the number had increased to 180; and so rapid has liccii the pro- gress of comitierce and civilisation in Russia since that period, that, at present, Iroin 1,-00 to 1,500 ships annually enter and clear out from Petersburgh ! It is much to be regretted, that, although favourable to commerce, the situation of Peters- burgh is. in other resjiects, far from being good. The grouiul on which it stands is low and swampy ; it has, on diirerent occasions, sustained great injury from inundations ; and the country toinid is, generally speaking, a morass and forest, so that almost every lliiiig re- quired for the subsistence of the inhabitants must be brought from a distance. No one less bold and daring than Peter the Great would have ihtught of selecting such a sitiiaiioii for the metropolis of his empire ; and none possessed of less power and resolution could have succeeded in overcoming the all but insuperable obstacles which the nature of the country opposed to the completion of his gigantic schemes. Cronsladt, situated on a small island about 20 miles W. of Petersburgh, Jiiay, in some measure, be considered as the port of the latter. Almost all vessels bound for i'eliisburgh PETERSnUlfOlI. 887 nmhi hy tho liii|i|iily ilo'i- 1,. Ilic wtiulo ,1 iti;ii >il' il"> I ihiii iiiVi.rcU (111 iilH.iir \i'K* lit (llll! VifW, Till' iivriiK" vii iiili> Imlia |-i,(Ml') iliillurn. ,|i' |ii>|iiilalinii mii|ilii>ii (irun 1 of iuppcr ai /.(I 8,0(1(1.000 4,(I(I(I.(IU0 5(I,()()0,0(K) tliliili 'I wodld lill II cciiiitnrn- • iiHiiiiii'ilii very tin; liit^l •* >>r '•> idii "f |>rii(lm'- t! t'lVlM-l "11 III'" ,, !)« ai) (jrcal in ?tioii tUrtl will ). CiO.)— *'"/'•) IJRKS.) jrisiiii; ihc rc- for tliK rcHinval It till' s|ieri;il ill- tiiii! -'O/. ; mill ill lilt reiniiviii« tin- iblv ll>«' viiliii! nf l!.iir iniiUiiii! use llieti (Icii.t.c.MI. ml 11 111 Willi pir- lut a iiiTMiil i iir any cpirils willi- smli Hiilnlsi: till! rfeimtl, mill uiiiy lit; iic^ti'ssily iilii Trmiit'8 c:r iiimilds in till! siilisliimc iussion wiiliuiit a lioiiers of cxi'iiii' Ion of piTiiiitd ill |ler from apples, bul it is itself itcd at the con- I, in hit. .'■)9'' .%' boars, in 1703. [from Holland; jptaiii ami crew Jihips arrived at tis heeii the pro- tent, from l.'^OO lation of Teters- (amis is low and litions ; and the I every thing rc- IS'd one less II situation for Ition eoiild have ; of the country mnv, in some [for I'etershurgh touch hrro ; and those dra\vin(][ above S feet water loml and unload nt Crciixtaill ; tho iioodu beim; riiiivi-yed from and to the rity in lighterii, the ehargeri of which vary aceordinR to '.he ilciiiand at the time. The mereliaiit:^' iiarhour at (Jronstadl is I'lltcd to roiilaiii about flDO shipH ; but it is exposed to the westerly winds, ('roii'itadt is str.int;ly fortilled, and in tlu' principal Ht.ition of ihe Itiissian tlect. Vessels hound fur Pelersliiiri;h must pass hy tho narrow channel to the «onlh of the island, eomin:indi-d hy the fortilirations of Crniistidt on the one side, and of ("roiiHlot on the other. This woodcut on the next paije, itiken from tho ollicial survey puldished by the Hussj.in government, ifives a belter idea of tho xituation of IVlersburuh, ('ronstadt, A:e. than could be derived from any description. Tnidi, iVc — I'etersbiirt^h lias the most extensive forei!;n trade of any city in the north of Kurope. 'J'his arises from its hcinp; the only ti;reat maritime ouilet on the (riilf of Finland, and I'rom its vast and variouH communications with the interior of ihe eountry. I''ew coun- tries have such an extent of intnrnat navii^ation as Kiissia. Hy means partly of rivers, and partly of canals, IVtersbiirRh is connected wilh the Caspian Sea. lioods are conveyed from t!ie latter lo the capital, throui;h a distance of 1,'tUi miles, without once liindiie,' ihem ! 'I'he iron and furs of Siberia, and thfi teas of China, are received at lVtersburi:jli in the same way ; hut ovvinij to the ffcoiiX distance of those countries, and tho short period of the year durinpt which the rivers and canals arc naviijiible, they t:ike M yi'ars in their transit. Im- nieiise ipiantities of goods are also convoyed durin:; winter upon the ice, in sledifcs, to the dilVcrent ports, and to tho nearest pristunn, or places in the interior, where barks are built for river or canal navigation. They are put on board in anticipation of the periud of siiilin^, that the barks may be reaily to take, advantage of the high water, by lliatiiu down with the current as soon as the snow and ico begin to melt. 'J'ho cargoes carrieil up the river into the interior during summer arc principally conveyed to their ultimate destinations by the sledge roads during winter. Tho conveyance hy the latter is generally the most expediiions ; and it, as well as tho internal conveyanco by water, is performed at a very moderate expense. 'J'ho barks that come from tho interior are mostly of a very rude construction, llat-bot- tmned, and seldom drawing more than 20 or oO inches water. When they arrive at their destination, they are sold, or broken up for firo-wood. 'I'hose that leave the ports for the in- terior are of a superior description, and arc comparatively few in number ; the commodities imported being, at an average, of much greater value relatively lo their hulk and weight than those that are exported. I'rinrlpn/ Arliclcn i if Export and Import. — The principal orticlcs of export are tallow, hemp and llax, iron, copper; grain, particularly wheat; deals and masls, jiotashes, bristles, linseed and hemp seed, linseed and hemp seed oils, furs, leather; fox, hare, and sipiirrcl skins; canvas.s and coarse linen, cordage, caviare, wax, isinglass, tar, &c. Tallow, both for candles and soap, is more largely exported from this than from any other port in the Haltic, and is an article of great commercial importance. — (Sec Tai.t.ow.) The hemp is of good (juality, though inferior to that of IJiga: it is assorted, according to its quality, into c/c«m htmp, or lirsts ; oufshof hemp, or seconds ; and half-r.lenti hemp, or thirds. The first sort should be ([uitc clean, and free from spills; the second is less so; and tho third, or //a//'- ckwi, contains a still greater portion of spills, and is, hesic'es, of mi.xed (lualities- and colours. Kussian llax is much esteemed for the length of its fibr i' is naturally brownish, hut be- comes very white after the first bleaching. Tiirec ipial. . .- i^-c distinguished; viz. 13 head, 9 head, and f) head. — (Sec Hkimp and Flax.) Iron is of ry good ipiality, and is prefer- able to that from the other Kussian ports : there are two kinds, old and new sable ; the former is the host. Leather is largely exported; it is divided into many diirerent sorts. — (Sec the details with respect to it in the art. Ui'ssia Lkatiikii.) The grain trade between this coun- try and Petcrshurgh has, within tho last 7 years, become of very considerable importance ; and Russia will, probably, continue henceforth to be one of the principal sources of supply to this country. The Russian wheat, so called to distinguish it from the uz( mala, or soft wheat, and the kuhanka, or hard wheat, is tho lowest description of wheat shipped from Petcrshurgh. It is very small-grained and dingy coloured; behig, though sound, unfit for the manufacture of fine bread. Tho azemaia is of a larger, though still not a large grain, and better colour, and has of late been extensively imported into England. The kuhanka, or hard wheat, is a large semi-transparent grain. Its hardness has nothing of the flinty cha- racter of the Spanish hard wheat, which it most resembles. When first brought to Tiondon, the millers objected to it, on account of the difiiculty experienced in grinding it; but it is now much esteemed. All tho Kussian wheats are well calculated for keeping, either in granary, or when made into bread : but tho kuhanka has this ([uality in a peculiar degree ; and is in great demand for mixing with other wheats that arc old, stale, or out of condition. A shipment of 100 chctwerts of wheat in Potershurgh is found, when delivered here, to yield about 72 Imperial quarters. The principal imports are sugar, especially from the Ha- vannah (the importation of refined sugar was prohibited in 1822) ; collee, but not in largo quantities; madder, indigo, cochineal, and dye woods ; cotton stulfs and yarn, — the latter I'cmg by far the principal article sent from this country to Kussia; woollens, oils, spices, salt, wine, lead, tin, coal, fine linen from Holland and Silesia, &c. y ri'stri(iion?< on iniportation, ('onMiilcrini; llic iininrnsn varirly of viilual)lf nalu- rul |iroiluilii)in witli which Kiissi.i uIxxiikIm, lln> tliiiinrs§ of the p >|iulalioii, nnd llip etavory uiiil iirriormico of tlip (»i«Mt Imlk of the iifoplc. iiotliiiiR v.m he tnorr ahsiird than tlie attrmpi to rciiiliT llu'in, hy dint of ('ustuiii-hi)iiM(' rri{iiliilioii>i, rivalH of ilir Kiiuhslt and (irmiatiH in niunufarturini( inihiHtry ! However, it mUMt be ronfr«Hril, that in enaclini; prohiliitioiiH and ri-8trictiuni, thoy arc only followinq a line of policy which we have not yet rntircly ohan- L% lieftrinres to Plan. — A, Cronslol ; It, MiMi-(if-war luvcii ; (". TiillMikcn light-houso, 6S fept tiieh, furiiislii'il Willi a fixed liclit. Hmimlini's in fallioiiiH. It ii|i|ii';ir3 from the above plan, that llir ili'plli nf water lielweeii Crotistailt and I'elersliiirjlli dnCiJ not, iii seine ('liires. exceed Our 7 feet ; hiit it is inrrensed uhoiit a foot by cniiliiiiied wenterly, and is (Ijiiiiiiislicd ;ihuiit as inmli by ediitimit'd easterly, ninils. Crfinstadt is, therefore, as nlre;idy observed, in reality, Itie |iort nf i'elersbiirch ; and lias, indeed, no geparalp rtislnni-lioiisc or jurisdiction. Tlie transfer of goods between the two places by means of ligtiters lias of late years been materially facilitated by the viiiployment of aieam tugs. FETEUSnUKGlI. 289 n mntrrinlly iihial'li' nnlu- ,i I hi' flavt-ry I the ntlmii't (mtiikiiih ill hiliitions ami •iitiri'ly aliau- ll Use, 6& fpot tiich. L that till' ilcplli of 1 but it i^ '"'■"'='"''' Id iMPtrrly. ivimls. Ind lia?' iiiil''<'<'i "" llncea l»y means of 1»S». ilonril, thoiinh it ' \n hern quitP an iiijiirioiiH to im n» it rnti ho to them. Wp had \\n\w\ that ioiiiul ciinnirriiiil |iiin(i| i>f Marrh, ln:J(l, iimtiTiully moiiilinl m-vrral ol' tlti- iirovioim re-iitriclionst. Hut mori! rcnntiy a new ukasi- in;i(lc iln a|i]M'araii(f, fum-tiim a ctinHidiTalilo iiuri-ase of (liilitit <>» "pvoral nrlicK-x. It in, \vi> an^ afraiil. pn-tly rli-ar, that the KiiMsinn povcriinii'iit has |troliti-il little by the udmiratile work of M. Siorch (Cnitrii il' Kcimnntie I'uli- til/Ill), tliouRh wriltiMi for llio Hi>0(i.il ust- of ihc pn ticiit fmpi'ror of Uuit:«ia, unci hi« brollier the (•raiiii Uuke Mii'hail, and |>iilili»hid by ordir of ilio lute ciii[MTor. Innpictinii of doiiilx. — At IVliT8!)ur«h, Hi^'a, and otIuT Uajlic portfl, when uoods ore brouffbl from the iiitorior to Iip wlii|>|>cd. liny nri" iiis|ii'ct«"d and ilas tilled urcortiinu! to tiirir (|iialiti<'H, by oIl'icorH (/tnic/,rrs) appoinlrd by ^ovcrnincnl for lltat piirpoHi-, and sworn to tho failliful p«'rforinani'P of ihi'ir roduce a certilicule to show that it had been ollicialiy inspected, or bracked. But a factor is at liberty, should any article delivered to him be manifestly defective, to name 1 or 'i other brucktrs to decide whether the article bo merchantabb- or not. Nutivf itnd I'ordjiu Mrrrhdtifs, c^-r. — Every Hus.sian carrying; on trade must Imj a burgher, and have his name registered in the burpihers' book; he thus acquires an unlimited freetlom of trade. All whose names are in the burghers' liooks, are either townsmen who have pro- perty within the city, or members of a guild. 'J'here are three guilds. Those l)elonging to the first, must possess from 10,000 to ,')0,000 roubles; these may follow foreign trade, aro not liable to corporal punishment, and may drive about the city in carriages nulonnrv fiirrim unit olihuMiloti* iirinnlnirtii ; llin mniln uriiiaklnv pn^mont* : Ihfl iiiiiiiy I'liriiiiilillfn llial I'lii'iiiiiiKT, tiiiil niiiiii'iiiiinK liini iiaiil'* llii' iciiirac i>( luitlii' ; llii' H|iiril. ■III! moru lliiiii llli- li'lliT, III' llir liiritriinil (In- < ihIiiiiiIiiiihi! rriiiil itlniii) i llm |irivilf|r<'i< rliinn'il liy Itiii rriiwii, mill till' ilill'Ti'iil iiri|i-r4 1 wiili it viiiii!ly "I' ulln'r |iiirlii'iil.tr», which alliMitivr iiml ulilu iiiuii niiiy li'iirn ciilli'il |iiiviii)'iit nn hlllii, mill III ri>i'i-lv<- iiiiini'v, iih wi'II iik, in iii^my iiialmiri'*, In piiv II In vrry runnlihTiilili' ■iiiiin. 'I'liia i« nil liii|iiirl;iiil ii.'irl III' Ihi'ir trind i'lirrn liriiiK im liaiiki'ra In itiiaKiii, <>vi-ry iiicrriiiililr Iiiiiikr kcL'iia lilt iiwn < loh ; iiiiil w* llii' iiuynii'iilx lii'twri-ii nn'rihiiiilH, iiml fur IiiIIh hI' vxiIiiiiikK' iiri' iiiiiil)- riillri'ly ill liiiiik niili'it iirim liiuliiT viiiiii' llMii .'>. II), 'ij, ,MI, mill IINI ruiilili'* - I nrilii-iii in no I.'iIIiti'iI ii iit;ili: ni III ri'<|iiiri- ^mvcnil hmirH to i-oiiiil nvrr ii hiiiii oI' i.lioil/. or II.OlMI/ Una Iiiihiiii-iiii h pfrloriiii'il by arlL'tm lih kt . mill vrry iVw iiiHtmni'it liivi- oriiirri'il nl'liiKit liy llirlr Iniittrnllon, ir in iiiHi'ininlliiK the iiiili':4, in tnklni; t'lilmt iinli'x.iir, wlirrr tlicy unt iniirli lorn, In ri'mvinu piirtK ol'ilillVri'iil l>;ink iiotun "'riii'xi* iirtclitiliii'kM iiri' iiJHo i'iii{i|iiyi'il io'ijvi' till- iiiiwl viiln.ililr into the wiirrlioiini', wlirrn tlii'V iiri' li'l't nolt'ly imilrr llii'lr riirr ; uiiil III tiii'Hc warchoiiKi'H not mcri'ly iiiiti'ImiiiIhi'. Inil iil'trii tarit)' i|iimilitii>ii nl'ilollarrt, arc ili'|iiiHiti'il Tllf'ii- UiiHHiaiiN an- iiii>«tlv nalivrs ol' \rrliiuit;rl anil tin' iiiljai rut t(ovi'riiiiii'iili<, of lliii lowritl rinxM ; ■ ri' oHi'ii bliivim, Bi'iii'riilly ol'llii' Trowii : iiinl lln' only Hi'iiirily of llii' iiiitrilianl arlurn in «oini' ili'sri'.' from the natural ri'liirtMini' of tin' IliiHKiaii to Imtray (''uiill(l(.'ni'u ri'pimiMl in liliii ; liiit in a iiiiiih grvatur fnilii llii'ir •iHitoi iatiiiii, wlilrh Ik nillnl an arlrl. "An arli'l i-onxlHiH of a crrlaiii nniiiln'r of lal)oiir(!r», who voluntarily hfcomn reRpnniilhIo, ni a bnrty, i'or tliir honi'iily of caiili iiiillviiliial. 'I'lii' Hcparalu •tarnliiun of carli nun aru put Into tin- rniiiinon Mtni'k ; a iiiontlily allow ini ii ix iiiaili' lor Iiim Hiipport ; anil at tin' mil nf tin' year llir HiirpliiH U )>i|ii.illy iliviJi'il. Till' iiiinilii'r varii's In ilitrrrcnl aHsoilalionii from .'ill to IINI; ami ho iiilvaiitaKi'oiiH in ll ron- Hlilrri'il to lii'loiiK til mil' of ihi'si' KiM'ii'tii'4, tlial :'ilMI anil I'Vi'ii I,(IIH) roiilili'n art' paiil for ailiiiiHiiioii Tlit'Hu aiii'it'tii!4 aril not hoiiinl liy any law of Ihti I'lnpiri!, or i-vt'ii wrilli'ii acrttcini'iil ; nor ilot'H tliv iiiiiri'liant ri'Htralii llii'iii iimlrr any li'Uil oliliiiitlon ; )■<•{ llii'ri' lias liii-n no iiinianci' of tlii'lr ohjfriin^' to any jiiiit ilaiiii, or of liroli-ttiiiK an imliviiliial wIiomu contliut hail liroiiuhl a iluniaiiil on the Hociuly." — (Ciij-f'y 'I'ravFh la Hiit-'iii, vol. Ill p. .'Il.'i ) Krw Itiiiriian nii'ri'lianlH niuMKi' In forrlun truih*. ll in rarriril on prinripally In forolun liottoiiin, of wliicli liv far till' laruiT propurlion aru i'.iiclish. Marini^ iiisiirann'H an' KiMii'rally I'lliMti.'il in l.onilon m AiiHti'riiaiii ; tlii'ri' liciiii; no t'Hialilitliiiii'iil for that ilrparliiirnl of Immiiii'hh in UiiHNia. An iiiHiiraiio: runipiny agaiintt tiri< has Ih'cii I'HiahliHlirii in l't'(i'rHliiiri;li, ami t'lijoya Nt'vtrral privlli-Ki'ii. It Ih a Joint Btoik co'iiipaiiy, ilivitlt'il iiiio aclloim, or HliarrM. It has lirrn very niii'i'i'ssI'iiI ; anil it« sliari'ii uri' at .1 vi:ry lii);h prriiiiniii. No insiirain'i! on lioiisi's or itooils in lliissia, iiiaili.' in a fori'iKii roiintry, ran liu lugally ri'cuvuruil ; no onicial tlocnmunti) of lonti hi'iiig allowtnl tu bu fiiriiisliL'd for Hiich u piirpone. 5f •flri/.— Arcciinls xrv kepi at rrliTsljur^h, mil Dimtiifliotil Kuv 114, in liAiik niulili-i of IIKI CMittrk* : fMriiuTlv, nrrniutli Mrn- ki-pl iii ■ilvvr lii'tiiry ; liiil, liy an onlrr nf iri)vt>rntni-iit, tin- |>rarhri? i>l kfrli- liv acrniiiii« ill lt.iiik lioir niublcs h.u btit-ii uitltircrj tilicu l^ll, iu tilt) fiirliinioii i>r Ihr (illirr. Tin; nnty ci>l I emu .il ipniriit tlriirk i« tin- 1 2 Iniprml.nr.^ ronlilt' piece, ^ I ll. It'f. A'orliiii^ very ntrarly. 'I'he «Jtv 1 I'niiuJ. 10 FixhIi - I Uurkovilz. The Kiiiian imuinl contains, ai'cor.lin< to llr. Kelly, tt3l***.'i Knif. lilh Kraihi. lleiu'e, 100 Iba. RuMi.in n 00-2tJ llii. avoiriluiioia ^ 40'V) kilof. The |UKi.| ^ 36 Iba. I o;. II i. AcconliliK lo .NelkeotirfCher, lU.) lln. Hits- ■ian -llO'lil lbs, aroirtlu|Kiii -^ 40-9 kiiu|i. ^ *ia lbs, ul AlluUT- dam^ Mlltorilinilmuh. The iTjm-tiul nie.iiiirr for corn is Ihe chelwi-rl, ilivulcl into im* mini, 1 [taiiKks. H chrlwcncks, or t>4 Karuil/. The chelwerl j hOii Wiuchnler biuheli. Hence, 100 cliclwerli ^71 I £ii(li>li i|uarterfl. In liiiniil ineainre, 11 Tsi.arky - 1 Kmhki. H Kraihka - I Wolro. 40 \Ve»ln>« " I Soirktivy. The wnlru - 3 1-4 Kngliih wine Kallniis, I J 1-3 llolilea = 1 Wnlm. 3 Walrtu r- | Ankri. 6 Ankrra - I il»h«li. i (liholl = I I'ipc, In lohic iiie.tiiire, m Wrrsliok --= I Amheen. 3 Anhren •= | Siiiipn 50U Sasheii ^ 1 Vent. 1 iishen = 7 KiiKUili feet; 1 arahcen =: iH En^liih inchea, IftJ llimiin feel ,= III Ii KimlKll feil. The vers', or Itiissl.in mile. = h furlongs \i |mle>. The KiiKlish inch ami fiNil are useil lhmii(linu< RilMia, chielly, however, ill Ihe lueaaurinnof limber (Avi/y'i t'liui, /oil, arl, Httitia ; Xtlkmhtrfyr^ Manud Uimvrfel.) In lixinK freiKhl lo KnKland, a Ion isli3pn(vl9 of lienip, fill, U|. low, in>n, Clipper, anil asli.s ; 14 (ioikU of lirisll|.s, isini^lass, Iriltier, anil waij ■|iloi,n of ileals j 3,5011 hire akiiu j H cheuverls of hIicii ur Iiu.seeJ ; anil tiO piecci ol aail-clolh. The following regulatiniin for the inipnrtatiiiii of rorclgii goodii arc strictly unforced : All c^ods ini|iorleil mint be acconi|iaiiieJ by Ihe follow ing Jocu. ments:— I Theilcclanlion of Ihe caplain, uconlinjt to the form orilereil |jy the Cttstoni-honse. 2, An aitestitiMii from Ihe Ituasian consul, anil where there is no consul, fmni Ihe ('ustom house of Ihe place, of the ipitiitity an I qua- lily of Ihe « rn iiiiiilf mtlri'ly II liilliTnl a Hliili: H iiiTlnrniiHl liy >t III iiiiMiiiiinliiii! rrriil Ih'iiik iKituK till' iliir.Ti'iil riir. iiikIit llii'lr ran'; rn, iiri' i|i'|»>»lli'il lliii Iciw ritl rlniiK ; I'D III miiiii' ili'Kri'i? Mill iiiiiili KrtMiter iiinllili', iiK "» l""ly. Iiilii llll- I'liiiiiiiiin MiirjiliiH in iMiii illy itiiK''"'*'* i" " '"11- utl liir ailiiiHxi'>ii iMil ; iiiir il'ii'H Hie III" llii'ir (iliJiMtimt III un till) hoi; lei y." ircian linllonn, of •Mliul III l.iiniliiiior lia. An iiiitiitiiiici! Ii-Ki-H. ItlHiijiiinl itri Hliiirrfi »ri^ at ft (>ii cmiiilry, laii In- null u imriii'iii;. lelwiTt, iliviilml ml" im- ;aiutlz. 'I'lii' chetwi'n ^ lu'twrrti -^ til KiJitlKl. ( Wr.lnn - I Aiikfi, i Aukrri = I Oith.ilt. iOlll.id = 1 l'l\><:- I Umt iMM-mrf, S Wrl^hcik --- I Ar«li>-c'n, 1 Ar>lif"'li •= I "("li'ii a Sadicii =-- I Vcnl. iH En
  • li inchn. 1^' ml, or Kiissi.iu mill' t ar« uif'l thnMi^li 'v.' huttx-r.— (KVJ/^'ll'nU' uwtrttl.) (lis of lirllip, flix. ti. llill!*^, ilinHl.lM, ItMlllfi, 111* i H cliutwcrti u( » licit i:(t: Iheir conlpntn in ^ill'iii. list bf n^ft•ltil^l. I If llll CI* Bitisl lif ititritii-l, Jill ilhlifleri'iit tthftlifr tlw inrk.tKit lie .ill of III*' ^I'l'i' ■rilicaliim "ill iln, a« fnr each. Ill ilyii winxl*, tli# ilinl. or l!<>"l> il<»l> Iho Hfi^ltl 'if i-ven**'if libera. Tlitre iiuiM i> ii l< All ppioil' it'll .u'ciitti()>- 'Uliients ate iiul acc.r lit^ to tome houjp, or lo orJti to the dturcli, 10 r. ullfi of IT timler lO iroublei iMch ^tiael. Per flit. • n . 10 . n good* ■ together Pot cent • i PETHUSIUIUr.II. S01 Mai'l OoHftt iiiiport*^.— The fullntvlni nra nDiiin of ilio tnri*> ii|H>rl(1i'il In thf InrllT:— . . . ■ I? i>i-r .'••III. 1 '■ liiiitfil ii.iial tir M|.|tflir.l iii llir kiilifl aflr IKivo'iil 111 I'"*' 'il Inly, HI ll««ll> an'l •'"* of Jriiii-', in tiiukt •K'' »irlh'n>»if» Ml (l«li 111 Ivuri-U ■ • , Aw\ iMWrillj '111 ill ni"i"i t'l™" I" '""•'• 111 »I«M ml MnhfiiKn™' Mi«rfltiifi#..|*i (rfiN-rft. ( 'illuplwm 111 l'4li-» u . Iit»n aitl li»n»l« L'l - ill • V) ■ M ■ 17 ■ HO « It '(lirl III lllr tiiki aflrr lirint liki-ll (riiiii IIh- i.uki, lor fifty Mta of fniui 4 Ui 7 ( 'M lllll«4l ItilKl Im* likril li', I* Ktlll ri'taiiii'il tliriiiivliiint Kiikhiii. 'I'liiit in Iwi'lvu iliiyn latiT lliaii tint in'W iilylv ; anil In Irupyi-arH, 13 iliiv«. artur tlie iifntli "f I'libruury. t IIIDIllll 111 i'ruiuui ji . I'uri rkiirjftt imynlilp on nrillnli rtlilpn at tin- I'nrt of l*i'ti>ri«liiirRli !,«<• fniili Jfn I In Iwulag* • ( kartnf pam« Hi Cron- ■ull ■ AlJrv* niuiify • tlwrih • .• (-nmila'll church- IVi. rlimlilmn • timiliaiiy'' M'"* • T»Ul .111 41 Al «l 71 40' Ut, DO Itfi M it .. «ui Ml «u; au 70 KO in 10 AO w HI (I lUI Ml wioo nil till M 40 <*>! «l| lil III 141 IM ISO III lAil Ilk ini tn' 10 M ai 10 io, ty »• 3i :ii| -49 •" ity 7 •! Ill 11 10 40 4A 14 Hi Houbla ten lOeljM i31 r>0 ill lo' ml in tiO 70 71) 4> .'lO .V. Ill 17 19 M AS tkl lit M ii ,iVi|3ii 340 M. H •li Ml 4H Al till llll uu uu ml 10 III in' 70 NO M) nn 00 f, 7(1. 7A to' 7i ill Ml i* 3.1 X» 3M 403 131 4111 Idri7l,l-I I'll iill ill'iil ill'^ll ill Ml _ ..I. ■- jio iij IJo i4il iVi iijii iTO 171) IIO Itm ilW « I « H. R U< 7i 711, Ml eu IM IWi fk lo! in II) i( 1110 ini) no nil MA I Ik), Dtllim iOl 31 1 33' 3l HI); 91 inOilnfi 34 m 3>i III l7lii4IM Aii|.Aau H H H. II. H. K| HN Hi !Xi llll DO 11 U) till nil R. H im ION GO tiO 10 to 10 in lo' in 10 lit) lit 1.10 tail 140 IIO lAo iii.i no III lit) lil Mil 13.1 Iti 3« 411 41 11 I'l 40 I in IIA Iill U'l i:lii t.ii 140 4i 41 III II All li .A4 flitlpt clcareil nut frnin rvti'mliurgli ilurInK tli« Nino Yuitr« vmlliiR wlili Ih33 Yaara. \*l\ \ lUO. |Hi7. mix. 5()7 AKA Ui:l tun ii-.(i,ii;ii too riaiu Itnliih ■ Anipriraii Ullicr iiaiJuDi • Total • iVAiiii. Shift. Ml 4S3 7« A7 411 40A i.nii I dlA Aiiiff. 7iV» (i4 4|-| atiifn, M 47A I8i9. t.23i 1 l,i!k) .SAl,!. HI I «i eo.> 1,4(11 1830. 1111. .VAiin. fA3 .SAilil. 911) 4U AH ««4 fJO I mi. I,4)>3 I 1,A9« SAilx. 7111 «) W! 1,381 tart. iSAill. Ii!i4 Iii 4MI i,i3g The truile of Potcmburgh i§ (intilbllcil In tlie following 'I'alilitii : — I. umcisl Stntciiient of tliu Trailu nf IV-liTiibtirgli in 1H33. Import*. : ' 1 Eiporl*. Total. Principal Arlicl* Duly paid. Principal Arliclea. 1 Duty paid. (Quantity, V.ilue. ((uantily. Vtlue. Valuation. PaxU. Ua. KfiMu. r. /•iH.le. lU. H'liiWu. c. Mi^itUti. c. Oolil ami lilvrr • »7..>SI,»:)4 3A llcniii 1,990,334 10 10,1167.003 21 Collonlwiil • 476,AM 9 39,i 15,1*4 4i Fill 217,511 23 2,1,11,258 36 nw Hl,731 16 i,li7,4»l I'linihia . 4U4,>'73 A 2,!II7,4IA 20 Ci'ITm • 101,367 'i.A 4,Hi!l,618 Ai Tallow 4,0(i9,9.'U 37 41,761,0:11 91 Siicar, raw I,27%il3 6 29,91 l,4!'i i;l candle* 3«,W)7 33 .|9N,»i7 22 Siiirp* . Silken iiiaiiuficlur« • IJ,44I 31 A6I.74A a I.e.ithfr, unlvmuihl Oa.lsn 13 2,0Oi,279 93 I,7n7 IS 3,!I62,A6» J'ift. 3i,(m9 16 1,283,191 70 Woollen ilo. • 10,013 ti 6,lttl,iU AO Iron 897.723 3 A,4HI,72I 68 Cotion 'lo. 10,467 4 3, 'lil. 841 90 Coliper Briitlea 218,698 10 8,nnfih79 t'laien io. • A09 2A 4« iA CorJaxe and cables 2'il,4H8 14 1,991,148 68 in iKillln S9A,>«9 2,il20,:li| W Lineni 20A,7;l« 8,068,193 Spiriluoualiiliior* a,9l4 7»»t,629 yl fifain 11,016 473.49A 99 A|iolherari«' Jrup • > l,AM,478 4* other iirtidee • I9,'J«0,705 77 Uilier artitlw ■ Total . (K the alKivB were • 40,4IO,2itl M Total . • 169,1 4»,KA3 M ll6,9AI,9ja29 2Mi,Ul3,!l04 13 entervl by Kuilian merrlianis ■ . 129,A«,A,I30 88 • • . 71,38A,444 67 20n,950,.A7A (A by fiirriitii Ktieali • • • 39,17i,Aii 42 • • • • . 4A,0l>3,8li 73 84,2JB,339 15 by (uMf mcra and c.ijilaina Value of ea|iorta fall > • 411,197 64 • • • • • 486,692 89 896,890 43 ihorl of that sf im- |)orl« • • ■ • * ■ • . 62,193,903 66 In IKlilhey amounted lo ■ • - • • 156,976,657 80 • • • - • lt3,U3,f^ 8:; In I!I31 the; increaaed by . • 12,172,196 4 • • 3,411,124 47 II. ORicial Account of the Values of the Iniports into nnd Exports from Pett^rsburgh, with the Produce of the Custom Duty titereon, In oarli Year since ISOO. Year*. Import*. Eiporl*. Dutiei. Vean. Imports. { Ei|ior1a. Dutie*. Himklu. RnftbUt. RiMn. RiiHhIa. RtmUn. BouWm. 1900 20,070,0.15 32,2.5.'.,354 4,931,506 1817 118,743,838 100,701,113 20,986,305 INIII •27,074,1 IH 31,I10,<.»9I5 5,684,229 1818 151,2.58,901 100,(575,7;)2 23,163,291 1803 24,735.783 30,095,501 «,312,.509 1819 111,10(5,315 84,998,642 20,(523.8.19 180.1 22,840,472 31,893.082 7,079,395 18-20 l68,2.')<5,Hi)7 ! 105,085,920 29,747,994 ISIII 21,008,478 '29,.5(i5,fi(il 6,972,.V20 1821 135,420,718 100,031,(573 25,707,705 isns 20,478,047 30,l5l,fi53 (5,085,2-22 1822 101,1(56,73^ 97,9.32,490 21,6515,056 im 18,710,234 28,997,388 6,230,3(HI 1823 105,9(59,720 10t,()70,.326 22..386,579 1807 18,114,443 28,945,515 4,982,461 1824 120,423,8'.«) 97,729,518 27.012,661 IMIS 1,45-2,223 5,875,896 918,056 1825 ' 11.5.164,068 121,174,698 30,056,764 lfi09 5,1.59,798 20,314,400 2,277,1H18 1826 ! 120,188,634 91,591,514 31,6.33,413 1810 10,058,485 25,798,279 3,204,847 1827 ! 126,(5(1(5,415 116,794,217 34,503,722 1811 25,472,332 39,8,'W,8()2 5,5(52,332 1828 1 131,480,572 107,207,047 ,36,6.58,514 1812 41,739,114 59,620,1(55 10,023,!H56 1829 ! 149,135,403 107,428,928 41.184,831 1813 80,(^13.958 55,173,681 15,475,972 18.30 144,899,e 16,115 13,165 11,440 9,-82 10,265 Suchoi . i^ 13,074 15,619 15,071 11,835 10,217 14,198 all other . — . ■ . 1,102 3,115 CAnthartdes - . _ 670 921 894 832 638 1,656 Cattnreuni; RuMia - . lbs . ■ > . 16 87 Caviar • • pood > w 319 ?,81 463 198 149 Copper Cordage, new - . — ISO.SSl 77,3-4 143,3^3 212,588 281,120 180,423 . _ 5S,9>I 34,129 8 ,601 169, .«0 60,640 65,217 old - • ^ 66,036 55,6 5 42,325 61,907 109,958 67,952 Down, eider • . lbs 156 14 . 161 15 gooae - • pood 103 41 26 1 228 1,263 851 goats' • . _ 6,414 .590 3,887 4,160 1,498 3,119 Fealh'-n . _ 9,281 10,7'l 18,5(15 24.077 33,839 31,769 rial, 12 head . . — 126, 'il9 10,656 20,507 7,521 5,703 697 9 head - . _ 2S2.2ta 103,911 265,9!:3 137,164 150.546 85,765 ehe^d - . — IiO,M9 f.fl.J'H) 185.075 ll)2,'-26 1(17,201 76,010 co 496 4.:35 642 Hemp, clean - • — 631,363 803,791 907.234 1,050,454 8-8.017 896,029 outshot • — 632.731 454,274 a^i,ml 37l,6!<6 ai7.r'23 441.145 halfcle;., . .. 301,716 281.315 647,013 668,183 679,725 6!!2,393 cpiilla . — 26,1 '32 68,499 46,526 11,319 28,527 19,772 yirn - . — 191 • 24 > ),yi2 2.101 6,,174 Hides, raw, cnw . — 71,969 95.924 107,462 63,136 116,097 73.670 horse . _ 39,742 8,014 9.488 6,187 66,631 32,883 ox . — 27,041 41,046 14.900 3,597 10,S08 6.812 red . . — 22,903 14,197 19,491 30,049 39,0.19 B,664 white • ■ _ 1,390 2,501 2,591 1,947 3,333 2,161 black • . — 26 96 61 12 37 .10 drewed- • pieces 285 150 6 128 44 502 Hone manes • poods 10,601 5,150 9.796 12,470 11,484 22.489 tails — 8.496 5.129 6,053 11, .185 8,860 9,994 Iron, in bars - — 658,783 901,611 1,203,786 828,315 490,445 796,468 bhri;ks — 2,2i3 1.452 1,775 4,8«6 1,243 9,096 sheets • _ 1,856 I9,?95 36,304 64,521 13.613 62,089 old — 22,133 26 890 29,247 26.575 40,3!4 30.569 Isinglass — 3,175 4,.101 .1,963 3,619 3,713 3,623 Samovy — 1,0-11 1,228 2,052 1,910 1,640 2,(23 Liquorice — 1,923 1,216 2,443 4,790 2..57.1 688 ManuUctures: Flems- pieces 65,327 76, 125 61.802 68,121 62.672 67,179 Ravens-duck — 43,506 46,497 66,897 73,465 68,461 81,328 Sail cloth .— 40.S64 5!i.9-<0 4n8.<>94 464.873 367,771 345.297 Quills .... 1,000 19,507 27,221 33,776 56,7,57 67,773 64,740 Rhubarb poods 482 531 158 333 223 346 Seeds: Aniseed — 8,662 3,801 2,861 3,384 1,488 2,217 Cumin-seed . — 2,29) 921 2,899 6,559 3,603 5,396 Hemp seed • c hltvti. 727 570 123 'l35 40 12 Linseeil — I8I,2J2 212,619 151,193 156.222 145,291 217,944 Wormseed • poods 687 410 1,021 l,6:t8 l,5>-7 733 Skins: Calf . — 6,003 6,029 1,4 '4 23,215 30.2^7 21,777 dressed ■ pieces 688 278 1,122 1,320 3,261 8,633 Badger - — 1,655 3.528 711 401 1,045 998 Cat . ^ 953 2.330 361 1,604 900 1,636 Ermine ^. 64.690 14,880 2,190 16.757 6.5.190 49,500 Hare, gray — 108,589 1,000 81,246 83,370 37,680 71,730 white - — 60,840 118,260 33,640 408,f67 635,351 &82 7,131 7,695 1,673 1J,178 Sole leather - _ 2.978 3,346 3„16G 911 678 603 Squirrel tails - pieces 1,705,3>« 2,143,640 1,91.5.600 1,500.310 I.9«%410 988 3-4 Tallow poods 3,679.229 3,518,140 3,717,446 4,069.920 3,72l.2;is 2,631,192 candles — 36,545 23,148 31,177 3B,t.07 19,134 15,225 Wax, white . _ 6,614 5,024 3,690 6,711 1116 2 yell iw . ^ 6,894 3,424 1,05^ 2,490 705 5,59 candles • — 379 233 298 211 181 173 Woods: Kattens pieces 32,830 174,388 11.5,848 90,291 8i,ira 161,715 Feams — 11 • 151 10 14 2at Deals _ 669,000 657,394 614,319 608.640 754,866 674,312 I-aihwood . _ 83 967 34,824 I64,''65 57,635 99.842 l.'3.tiS7 Wool, Sheep • poods 8,^64 26,888 .18,711 65,979 36,670 4!.799 wool len yam • — 732 904 1.019 2,^81 2,165 2,IS4 Sundr}' goods, per value Total value roub. Roub. 1,121.633 111,255,171 985,243 1,097,718 l,02s,498 1,839,071 4,296,''78 115,938 678 113,543,825 116,954,9 119,44'' .91 5 1 l07,n:icV«n Ths navigation opened in 18.12 on Ihc I'lh of April. — — 1633 ■ 2.ili — — closed in 1812 • 14ih of Nnvrmher. — — 1633 - 2J of Uecemtxr. In 1833, the fini sliip arrived was Anjrricm, on the 26ili «l April. — — sailed • I*.us*iin • 7th nf M-»y. — last arrived • l'ru«>ian - 30 h of Nov. — — iailol • Briti.U • 27tli — , during the Six 1835. I,K3 B,t64 14,.'<2« I0^tf> I4,t98 3,115 1,656 37 149 180,423 bS,2l7 67,952 15 851 3,119 1 31,-69 697 , 85,755 76,010 ) 64,098 ) 9,812 J 1,899 . 13 1 I,5a6 2 m 3 i,s<;8 5 642 7 896,0i9 -, 441.145 6r.2,393 7 19,772 )l 6,374 )7 73.670 )| 32,SiS3 )8 6.812 19 B,6!-4 J3 2.16' 57 .10 14 502 84 22.489 BO S.WM 45 79U,468 43 9,096 13 6-',0S9 i4 30.i69 13 3,S25 40 2,123 7,1 688 72 67,179 61 Sl,328 79 66 446 4S 2,777,097 47 168,016 00 191.703 ,a 322343 44 1,700,332 1 470 f6* 32 74 10 9 J22 88,518 S26 210 771 345,297 773 64,740 22S 346 488 2,217 603 5,396 40 12 291 237,044 ,.7 733 2«7 21,777 261 8,63^ 045 M9 900 1,538 ISO 49.S00 tijtO 71,730 3--1 6.1,150 818 391 I70 4!.799 ,16-. 2,1S4 ;o7i 4,29S,'nS .81 i 1 I07,n?r,(«« , on the 26! h r f April ' . ^IhofMiy. SniuifNnv . 27th - i PETERSBURGH. 293 IV. Account of the Quantities of the Principal Articlea of Foreiitii rrndiice imported Into Petcrsburgli in each of the Four Years ending with 1835. Arliclet. 1832. 1833 It34. 1835. Alum - * poodf 15,253 63,814 23,C« 53.594 17,767 10,190 9,792 18,781 ''112 230 613 l,39t Brandy - »"l«™ nrinulone . • P<>«I« 859 931 686 24" '^?.'^li 104,986 80,799 151,271 Camphor , • — 2,118 2,595 536 193 CinualDOD and caMia 1,996 1,453 252 374 Cloves • " — 734 316 360 15 1,661 3,768 2,436 3,312 Cocoa or chocolate nuts — 3,036 l.SiH 35 1,631 Coffea ■ • — 101,350 111,638 94,728 78.328 Cotton, raw . • — 70,168 84,742 110,786 167,982 Cotton fCoo<]s, viz> Cambrics . • pieces 156,082 99,210 44,698 106,318 Muatini and hand- kerchiefs • — 43,081 33,754 28,2.37 26,610 printed • • — VelveteensJi velvets — 8,3 i7 15,190 3,593 4,929 l,3i9 8,321 8,839 7,669 Fruits: 1-enions - boxes 18,341 27,858 22,633 25,744 Oranees, sweet • — 20,234 42,581 33,898 52,549 Do. bitter - • — 808 907 603 l.lll >Ui»ins ■ - poods 3,700 3,035 8,861 3,973 Gums, Arabic and Senegal . ■ — 10,9.59 6,809 4,674 9,530 Benjamin • • — 803 79:3 320 609 copal • • — 951 l,IS!t 2,074 3,!.83 gulii or gamboge - — 170 157 97 51 olibanum • - — 5,392 6,121 3,521 11,962 Indigo - • — 30,726 24,253 23,93'> 22,72: Lead, in pigs • — 233,814 121,501 128,643 13li,773 in stieeti • — 10,367 17,866 12,598 16 420 Mace- • • lbs. 437 249' 863 3,716 Madder - • poods 75,077 36,312 69,023 117,37-. Manganese - - — 14,731 21,873 16,413 19,362 Nutmegs • - — 87 34 83 66 Oil apolhec., ft icenl- 1 ed, with the vessels — 855 737 698 995 salaJ and orjinary — 125,532 110,072 149,003 I22,30h Articles. Pepper Pimento Porter iJo. . Quercitron bark WuicksilTer- Hice Rum ijatllower • SatVron SaRo Sat animontac Salt • SarsaparilU. Sliiiniac SkinSf bear • racoon Su((ar, raw, Pruil I)o. Havannah Do. all other kinds Tin . Twist, dyed inidy»I Wine, Chanipapie Fiencli Port, anil Span, Rhenish . Woo.Is, Brazil, Nicho- las.anil St. ^lar(ha pofKli dye, rasped fustic luiTucjod - nrihnirany W'lnllen goods, viz. Camlets • ■ pieces Carpets - Cloth Kerseymere Uadies* cinth • poods • hhds. • bottles . |KlOdl ankers . pOiHis ■ lU. • poods ■ pieces • poods bottles hhd: pipes aanis j 1832. 1833. 5,642 b,6«2 2,0Ol 6' 10 583 735 4,840 2,400 17,973 6,5'<7 1,618 1,062 25,809 4n,N2n 7,28') 7.ti27 2,01' 1 3,n«9 774 1,107 202 240 2,801 3.121 390,sgi 666,411 3814 6,345 23.120 13,116 1,316 981 50,394 43.612 21,697 29,403 1,357.726 13.53,167 K,62l 484 33,880 29,034 23,8!-9 20,49'. 541,014 532,654 37b,,5»7 423,927 13,911 9,139 4,124 6,05S 1,363 1,031 76,32S 98,264 4,824 1,782 6.411 54,294 274,523 504.373 3tj,846 6<,571 37,744 25,7.53 .502 712 7,037 2,952 816 321 2,336 996 1).34. 1835. 9,3!I0 811 667 6,760 6,2-0 1,46 21.425 7,144 1,786 .579 530 1.612 428,330,; 4,679 10,422 189 19,IS5 47,494 1,179,837 450 19,8-3 10.393 441,916 393,441 6,539 4.21 1,100 100,301 2,9&5 iai,858 164,421 61,152 24,515 .398 2.70 508 36' 7,570 184 673 4.748 27,176 1,157 31.610 3,723 3,101 627 74 2,99'i 349.440 6,268 10,1.39 813 43.439 7,844 l,04S22l 18,417 15,902 4,427 675,512 329,051 10,472 4,.179 667 1I6.!^62 6,507 52,176 136,088 56,865 21,143 750 2,658 41 17S V. Official Statement of the Trade of tlie principal Russian Cities in 1830 and 1831. Places. Imports. Exports. Duties. 1830. 1831. 1S30. 1831. If 30. 1831. Petereburgh • 131,943,177 150,303,541 111,255,172 115,958,678 37,597,567 43,llS-,367 Narva - 207,642 209,570 715,740 939.408 No returns. Moscow 3,382,556 4,949,042 469.019 883,942 €62,107 1 925,508 Reval • 1,838,948 1,565,622 1,062,560 1,074,714 No returns. Hapsal 9,805 32,7,52 193,917 25,5,306 12,728 18,517 Kunda 93,529 63,933 51,270 57.041 1,1*1 18,680 Riga • 15,8=3,599 14,125,893 45,059.132 66,267,269 7,491,643 7,195,081 Ar>:hangel 1,188,096 1,155,872 11.9.33,033 12,829,710 1,344.872 1,453,321 Odessa 23,450,121 21,169,121 27,031,960 20,06 1,'»3 3.641.073 3,520,851 Taganrog 4,528,854 6,410,.352 8.393,647 9,403,298 1,387,123 1,938,437 Libau - 862,543 584,313 3,455,539 6,«ti3,ll5 648,127 449,078 Windau 69,708 65,254 461.344 403,498 No returns. Pcrnau 262,765 259,903 2,1 36.9 .e 2,313,410 413,955 324,158 Arenrburr 24,728 15,993 265,272 378,835 61,912 29,643 Bailzivilolr - No re turns. No r« turns. 1,677,604 997,348 VI. Official Statement of the British and Foreign Shipping at the Port of Petersburgh, during the Year ending the 3ist of December, 1833. Of what Countries Win lered, 1832. Arrived in 1833. Sailed. Lastage. Wintering. New built Full Car- goes. Part Goods. In Bal- last. At the Porls Of Ships arrived. Of Ships sailed. In Peters, burgh. In Cron- stadt. ToUl. Peters- burgh. Cron- stadt. New Ships. Peters. Cron. (ireat Britain 4 372 32 290 694 30 664 696 72,164 72,1071-2 . 2 68 I 3 62 1 61 62 9,2223-4 9,2223-4 Bremen 16 • 1 17 11 6 17 1,1761 2 1,1761-2 Hamburgh • 7 1 • 8 4 4 8 3251-2 3251-2 Hanover 15 2 14 31 30 1 30 1,461 1 2 1,421 1-2 1 Spain Holland 2 ■ 2 - 2 2 218 218 3 25 2 ii 33 34 4 • • 3 34 1,977 1,670 4 26 14 9 49 29 20 47 2,255 2,191 1 1 Lubeck 9 38 5 . 43 31 12 46 2,412 12 2,626 6 Mecklenburg 8 - 2 7 7 . 7 2931-2 2931-2 Naples ■ . 2 • 2 2 2.9 239 Norway 1 . 42 22 20 42 2,086 2,086 Oldenburgh • . 1 8 7 1 7 306 274 1 7 10 16 77 61 16 83 ;4,432 4,7943 4 - I Portugal • 1 1 1291-2 1291-2 4 7 19 8 52 16 36 10 49 11,1633^ 10,746 1 4 Rostock 1 5 6 . 6 2541 4 234 1-2 . . 1 . 1 1 140 110 Frince 2 4 14 67 20 33 67 4,099 4,208 Sivedet Total . 3 10 44 31 13 44 1,824 1,824 29 7 764 94 380 1,238* 339 899 10 3 1,239 116,0991.2 115,9671-2 14 8 In 1832 , , . 1,404 - - . ■ • . . - 1,381 In 1833 a de- 1 crease of - - - ■ • 168 ' • • • - ■ - 1 124 Remarks on Tables.— It would appear from tlie. above Tables, that the trade of Petersburgh has In- creased with extraordinary rapidity since 1812. Rut though its increase since tliat epoch has been very cousiderable, it has not been by any means so great as might be inferred flrom the previous statements. ■* Of these, 155 ships brought coals. •^fcil ;*^ 294 PETERSBURGH. The reason Is, that the rRturns are all made in paper rniiblci ; nnd that they have borne n much lower value, as compared with silver, siiice 1812, than llicy did previmisly. Since issti, howcvt^r, the value of the paper rouble has hcen pretty constant ; and in tlie interval thi?re li:ia been a conHidfraldB in- crease of trade. We have no doubt, indeed, that the coniinerco of Russia is yet only in its infancy ; and that it will continue to increase accordinK as the increase of pnpulation uiid the ^low l)ut Rradual progress of civilisatirin develope the gigantic resdiirces of this (Treat country. It is reasonable, tiio, to tuppn:jK that this developeuiunt will be accelerated by the udoptiun of u more liberal system of commer- cial policy. TllAOE AND NaVIOATIO!* OF TUB RtlSSIAN EMPIRE IN 1831. Account of the Total Values, as per Price Currents, of the ditferent Articles exported from Russia to ForeiRn Countries in I8:U, and of those imported by her from the same; specifying the Exports lo and Imports from each (Country. General View of the Foreign Trade of the Russian Empire in 1831. Exports. Article for coosunipMnn • — ni:if)Uliirture • ~ manufactured Sun'lriw . . . - tiulj auJ lilver Valur per price curreuts • Kxceiti uf iinjmrlf • nvEumpean fiy Asialic Tnt^I tmnliera. Froulierj. | '■ « iiWcj. I 8,63ii,9il l"l).0J3.S36! 13,901. 2>>fij 7,2*1,213' 8,I»2,4SI«| Roubles. 3,'J<)i),2>0 8,407.T:">i 3,9''8,777 453,905 I K'lihlit. 'J,-:96.3i7 171,014. 1'-e 2 ',31)9.023 11,201,020 S,64(i,3:jj Import!. jlly Knmpean' By Aniitic ' Frontit-rs. ' KmutiKra. t Total. 208,01S,7S6 I7,9j0,0i3 2.'5,9';g,!l39 . - - I t,820,Oli Valup Iter dccLirationi Elceu (if imporla • Avf.nte. value Etcesi of imports • , ?22,441,64S, 17,950,053 210.391,701 1 . . - -I 25,027,817 215,230,217' 17,950,053 I 2.')3,1«0,270 i - . , . -I 1(>,&23,9I6 Articles for cnnsumpli-m. — ni:iiii)fichiro- — niaiiuf .ctureil Siinilries (ioitt .mil silver Cuiifiacaleil (juods • Value per price carrenta • Value per declaralioni - Aveni;e valne Exceasof eaports RtiilUt. 66,2i-,ll3 92 9.17.617 26,978,001 6,3 1 ^..^21 18,«90,^93 45l,?48 R.uUrt. 7,iK2,-3l 3.1«7.2)-> .'5,694,142 .'i,f)4S,|)vH l,08'>.20l 3tj,277 . R hUci. 74,lt>il,044 9(>,l2l,tl32 32.672,143 11,31)7,511 19,976.099 4118,123 211,834,223 22,954,634 2i4,7e8,854 242,464,^gi 327,149,532 22,954,631 22,9S4,634 235,419,513 2'>(>,l40,lg6 11,927,410 Account of Ships orrived in the ditrerent Ports of the Russian Empire in 1832. Arrived at ^ 1 <£ i 3 ft 5 1 6 12 "is e ■z 5 a ■n i &_ 68 7 3 185 ■ 3 82 13 ■i a J_ 108 16 13 2 8 394 7 30 94 h i o 1 £ 129 9 III 6 9 7 273 32 32 »^ i_ 25 "7 119 4 H 23 6 191 1 ' a i. 135 1 2 81 9 I29 11 103 103 B C- (/■. 12 2 1 ~1 3 3 1 s. 7 '2 I'e 2 12 43 15 1 3 * £ e ; 1 1 10 10 2 £_ "126 85 294 136 81 171 7 8 90S ,4 i Z i B 4 s .56 3 5S u 1 1 43 ,3 3 ~ 10 10 4 1 16 Total. 1,404 61 tiU 5 18 1,522 96 339 67 3,601 4i7 15 47J to 1.1' m 81 171 7 20 "1^ 44 1.37 201 5,720 CronsI idl and I'elers- biirish Narva Reval Kiinda ILipial Hi^a Arensburg • Peruau I.ilnu Wii»lan To'al Rillic Sea • 581 34 14 2 2 341 16 18 3 95 139 33 1 19 2 2 1 1,36 101 4 - 12 9 54 37 10 9 • 7 62 69 • 8 8 1,017 356 299, 372 eiW 20 3 4 16 Arcllanjel - OniTp ToUl While Sea . 231 14 lOJ ~io3 1 1 2 3 69 70 1 1 182 19 201 * 60 2 6'2 ■1- - 1 17 247 (),lKisa Theodosia • • Taciimiff Ki^rlch Eupatnria Ismael Anapa H'doutkale - Tnial niack Sea - 30 : ■ 46 1 47 47 12 13 13 30 • 43 Astrakhan • Bik'i . Total Caspian Sei - 29 95 124 1 -^ - 751 • - Grand total - 158 1,294 i 462 301 375 305 192 343 18 43 221 65 10, DOS 69 58 4i .3 4 : In compilini; this article, we have consulted Sttireh's Picture of Peltrsburfh, c. 9. ; Schvif~Mr, Ftsai d'une StalUilique Oinirale de la Rus.sie, pp. 133 — 157. ; Ricard, Traili OMieral du Conmcree, ed. 1781, torn. ii. pp. 2ti8— 317. ; Tooke's VUxo of Kusaia, book l'2. ; Coxc's Trufch in the JVorth of Europe, fcvo ed. vol. iii. pp. 288—358. &.c. ; Oddi/s European Covtvierce, p. C9. ; Keturvi from the Consuls at relersbiirj;li and Odessa; but we have derived our principal Information from the pricate i:ofn7nunicufi(in« of emi- nent Russian merchants. (f.aiB as to Ships' Stores and Provisions in Pelersburgh and other Russian Ports. — Much inconvenience havini; arisen to shipmasters in Russian ports, from their not attending to the fullowing regulations as to Blori's, tec, they arc subjoined for their informatinn : — Hhipnmstrrs arrivinir in ports of the Baltic from beyond the Sound, or in the ports of the Black and AzofT sens from beyond the Dardanelles, are allowed to pass fur the use of their crews for each maa of the aaine, including the siiipiuaBter— PEWTER, PHILADELPHIA. 295 I much lower fir, III'" value isiileriitilc in- I its iiifanry ; V 1)111 Rradiial inalilc, to") W 111 of comiiicr- rniii Rnsgla to he Exportu lo Is. I Iniporli. ,2l'6 l.tOl RiUldn. Iii.4'tl,636 2 1, S3}, I « 21,210,234 284,030 ,446 I 214,324,630 iitiers. ! r/7f». 2.-31 «7.2r> 94,142 4S,9»8 .Si.iOl 36,217 Total. R nllf. 74,ltk',044 gtj,l2l,»32 22.b7i,143 11,3(i7,Sll 19,976.099 4b8,125 154,634 2i4,7o»,854 i )54,63t 235,419,519 I 1832. .r.dl, ,U -"I u •< j I 3l 4 K 3 ■ • ■ ■ 'o(>l 16 1,404 ' 61 bu 5 IS 1,522 IS 96 339 57 tsl ij 3; 4 16' 3,601 1 16 43 lU 43 I I 47* :o 1,446 44 157 201 [g44l,3 4'^li.''fl \iviercey I'd- ^~"> ■ Enrnpe, fcvo ed. DBlPKtersliiirpli niciitions of cmi- j inconvnnience Ig regulations a> If the Black and \a for each ina« Spirittinns liqiiorn, 2 ankers, 14 gallons; heer or porter, 3 gillnns : wine, 1 gallon : rn(r«?c, 10 tba- Russian weight : lea, li II). Uiisslaii wciitlit : sugar, 1(1 Ih.t Hiismi m Wfiisir, :<(> 11)^. Kimli^'li l)iit>' is ti) be paid on any overplus fniind on Imiiril ilie vi-ssi-l!<, il' ^llc li g.ioils Ix; .kIiiiiIIi-cI to tliity. Note— If III!' overplus hi* entcrcil, It is not rnnliscati'd : irimt, il is iiiDiisiMti'il, und a Hiin 1,'Viud of^^vt ti)»(:>' the duly on ailinineitile fiuudu, and twice ilie siile value uii pruhtbiled j;umIs. Account of the Unanlity ami Value of llir illirnri'iit Articles of Itnssiaii I'roiliiri-, sliiii'ic!il at Petcra- biirgli fiirUreat Uriluin, during each uf tliu l''ive Vt-urs ending with 1^35.— (/',ir/. I'uper, .No. 5S7< Seas. 1836.) Article!. lf3l. 1812. IS33. I ISM. IW3 Qu.ititily. Value. (^uanti'y Value. Quinliiy. V.lur, 1 (juaiiiity. i Value. (}uaiilily. V.iluc. Pondi. R fXibUs. PtHXtl. HmMi /><).-/. N..iiU». /•uiWf. RiliHrt /V«/.. R uUn. Tillow 3 9,IH6 33.llHl.),29 3,2a6,6l7 3-.9 3 117 3«.(i,M1 40.iii,1.9 3.419,336 3-,vl|,.ij6 2,l-0..« 26 IM),979 Hciii|i 1,175,138 7,0in,'2< I,r.:.4b9 6.94I,S1I 1,2 '..SSi 7,:7..2l6 1.216.11 II 7, 15J,6>iii 1,119.43 7.9 6,71)6 llai - 3 1,341 3.ni3,i:io 499. 41 4,5 9 ■.4 10 311,18; 3,III.S«) 341,102; 3,411.f2J 2 1', 31 2,101,310 I'l.iuliei 14,1,-21 l.lt!>,76a 10 201 M6 8 in,).i 1 6, OS 2>,62l I72.9>' i.3,:h 126,'i'?8 HrisIM 56 156 4,49i,l!«) 33.827 2,-Ofi 160 44,10.' .3,V,2.)«0 37,0 7 ZiO^i.tlO 32.IM1I 2,571,400 IiIikUu 4,6JI 1 ,6 8,9no 4.874 1,7.5,910 4,v() 1 .>5,-)ni) 2,301 876, 11)0 4, .1 1,432,'<30 lliJM- 8t>,ll3 i,2M.iin5 10).-. 12 l,r.lh,?SO 90^21 1,% .4t"> 19l,'9ii 2,'.<2l,H9i in),;;'2 1,.34,3«0 WoolJ 5,92 ^ i77,h:o 14314 411. 140 31314 '.1 9,li0 2 ■,S'3i 89 ..IM) 2-',-«-, m3.ft)(0 Iriin • 36s,011 Chills. 2 0934 Fiecfs l,S4U,3jj 3JC,6:9 1,753,39, 2J1,I5> 1,32 ,7; i 111.141 6i5,70i 216,J26 1,08:, 630 Linseed 6,028,020 122,62) 3,678,750 125,183 3,-5),490 108,70-. 3,261,1 >0 139 0,57 4,171,710 Ulhwood 4 ■' ,83J 114,971 638,081 I5I,S21 4 19,^23 112,331 40V75| I2%94 4-3 100 118,275 Deals • 2,ji5,53l 2,'ii5.53l 1,906,011 1,906,011 2,173,032 2.I73,'3> 2,t57,93S| 2 4.7,138 i",OI9,567 2.019,'67 ToUl value - b2,414, 66 61,7i)S.3.G 6o,ll2li2^ 62,9IV),18i 30,174.084 Orinile'lini- r. 2.714,986 £.' i.CSfi.^i ! L. 2 3~8 349| t. 2,733,22-1 r. 2,141,482 Sup.) PEWTER (Gnr. Zlnn, Zhirtireisscrzimi .• Fr. E/ahi ,• If. Sfafrnn ,■ Sp. Eyfann, Prtfrc ; Rus. Olowo), a factitious metal tisod in nr.iUiii'4 plaU's, disln's, and other d.)iiii'.-itic iiteiisil.t. It is a compound, the basis of which is tin. Tiie best sort consists of tin alloyal wiili uliout l-20th or loss of copper, or other metallic bodies, as the experience of the workmen has shown to be most conducive to the improvement of its hardness and colour, such as lead, zinc, bismuth, and antimony. There arc H sons of pewter, distinguished by the names of phiti% trifle, and Icy-pewtcr. The 1st was formerly much used fir plate and dishes; of the 2d are made the pints, ([uarts, and other measures for beer ; and of the ley-pewter, wino measures and large measures. — (Ure.) PHIIjADELPHIA, a large city and sea-port of tlie United Stiles, in Pennsylvania, near the confluence of the rivers Delaware and Schuylkill, in lat. 39° 57' N., Ion. 75^ 10' W. Population, in 1830, 168,000. Jfarbour, fAg-ltt-hnnsrs, Pilnlngr.Sfe. — Vessels of the largest Imrden ascend the river ns f.ir as New- castle, but those drawiiic aliovo 18 or 20 feet water laniiot reach I'hilailelpliia, on accoiinl of a har a little below the city. The entrance to ilii; nmjiiilict^m bay fnrined by tlu' eiiilioncliiire ulttiH Uelaware has Cipe May on its north, anil Cape Hcniopeii on its south side. The former in lat. :'A^ 57' N., Ion. 7.y 17' 45" VV., is a sainly headland, risinir about 12 feet above tlie level of the sea. It has rtM-eiilly been siiniionnted by a li^'lit-hiiiise,f>0 feet in heitiht. The liylii revolves once a niinnlt! ; an eclipse of 5(1 seconds beini; succeeded by a brilliant flasli of 10 seconds. It is seen in clear weather from 20 to 25 miles otr. Ciifie l!eiilo|)en, niarkiiii; the southern boundary of the bay, is in lat. SH'' 17' N.. Ion 75° 4' 3j" W. A little south from il is a hill, elevated about (iO fi.'et above the level of iIk? i-ea : and on it ia erected a liglil-hniise, 72 feet in hifis-'bt, fiiiiiislied with a powerful fixed liiilit, visible in clear weather 10 loa6 dollars. Bnnk.i.— There were, in 18.W, in Philadelphia, 12 joint stock l)anks, e.vcliisive of the Bank of the United States. Allowing for the share of the capital of the latter employed in hanking speculutiona in tin; cily. Hie total capilul engaged in bank business in Philadelphia that year may be taken at 10,607,000 dollars, on which a dividend accrued of fi!l.'i,075 dollars, being at the rate of 64'.I7 per cent. The bank oft he late Mr, Girard, being a private eslablistimenl, is not included in thisestiiiiate.— (SiatPtnent by J, II, Ooddard, Fsq., JVVw York Jhiilij Mdcertiser, 20th .Ian. Ih3l.) None of Ihe Pliiladelphia banks issue notes for less than 5 dollars. They all discount good hills, having fiO or 00 days to run, at () per cent. In Pliil.idelphia the banks have heun pretty successful ; but in Pennsylvania, generally, there hiivc been many failures. //i.s«ru«fe.— "There were, in Philadelphia, in 1830. 9 marine insurance companies, with an aggregate c.ipital of 3.280,000 dollars: they divided amongst them, during the same year, 275,400 dollars, being ut the rate of 8-396 percent. There were also, in 1830, 4 fire insurance companies In the city, having amongst them a capital of 1,600,000 dollars. 'Their dividends, during the year, were 90,000 dollars ; but, as one of the companies, with a capital of 200,000 dollars, paid nothing, the dividends amounted to 6°428|iercent. on the produc- ini! capital. In Pennsylvania, (he dollar is worth 7s. M. currency ; so that U. sterling = il. I3>-. 4(2. currency.-' (See Nkw Yoiik.) H'tighii and Measures same as those of England. e^ 4, i{r.»' 296 PHILADELPHIA. J-? 1 I < PHILADELPHIA. 907 II ► Rggulationt of the Port.— If »ny muter nr wpfain of »njr ihip or TetMl, or other person, shall rrfuw or hckIwI Io coiipty with Ihe dirvctimi^cif thn lurtKXir iiiAntfr, in matteri wilhm llie juriwlruliun ofhiinllue, such peri ii ihall, for each aaJ evriy lurh nltcnci;. i ve- rilly riirleit aii'l piy any wiiii iiol ukceediiis luO ttullan. AnI (he aid liirtxiur inaeu^r, ihiU in full loinprituiioii for hii ser\iisunet! tf eich airl cvtry hhip or vt^ct anivuix ji ihe 1)ort (if Plitl-iiltlphia (c asUnj? ves»e!» it"I exceeiliniC the Luriieii !if 7> uns excKpte.1) iJic mm nf I JdI ar fur rach and every voy.i^c by iuch lhip(r vrt'tl perf Tiiii'-l. ami nn iiiirf. Kvery iliiiMir vessel that in y iriive in Ihii harhour, and (hat M1.1II ennie to anchor ill lh«s(rni any otht-r c.iii»e, It iniy be thouichi mci'\-iary orcotiviiiient lo lie a Ininrcr litiie ill Ihe ST aiii. thru, and in vvvry such die, the owner, master, piiot, orotiter peiwiii havuu Ihe rhart^e or Uin-rtion of such vessel, khdl reni'ive lnr fnmt npiKiaite the city, md shnll moor her or cause her (o l>e niunrtd, to Ihe northward nf Vine Street, with I iitichur and cable lip, and I anch'n and cable down the sireani : and in Uith the ab 'Ve inen'ioiird silua'intis, the rej^ulaliou contained in the next sue credint^ar iile to lie duly attended lo. If any vew>. I properly inotred in the iitre.im shall have hcrandior or rihle oveilaid \ty any oiht-r vts>cl in .inctioniiK or niooriiif;, ihe niasler fir i*r»(m ha\ inj( Ihe care or directi'Mi of such lis'-meniionel ve^^el i>)>^'l iniinelatcly, nr as t'Kin as niny be-ftei .ippltcali«n niale to liHu by the party aggrieved, ciusi the said anchor ur cable s) over- I.iviiij; tu l>e taken up and cleareil. When any ship or vessel shill he iijiik'd in to any whiif or il-ick, or iiIoii toppe^l up, ill such a inanner as least 10 interfere wtlh vt-sseU pasiini;. It' the faslfiof ve>spls when moorcl at a whirf shill extend acroBi a dO'k, so at to obstiutd the passing or repining of >th\tbipt, lubter, cr 01 lii:r craft or vessel, the mister or other peis^ui bavinj; the com* nnii) uf such ship or \e<> much interlock with each otht-i as to pieveii' vessels liaulinK i» !^n<' out of duckii. (he niisler, owner, pilot, or otIitT perwu bavjinc the chtr^e nf the Fame, shall, immedalidy on .i|i|dic.iiii'n lioin any pfr>(in so w.iitdiiv to haul his vcs^trl in or out of docks aforesaid, have the ve*%i'l (tr vessels to interfering, moved in such a mam eras lo accon.ni'hla'e (he one applied fori <" which CISC the vessel inakiii;? r.iom f,ir ano'her In haul in or out shdl have liberty to tii.ike her wir| s f-is( (o he niiw( convenient pUce adjicent, ffir a reiionahle lime; and all si-a vessels, .vhen tmiSfKirtin^ or wsn'iiij; to Itifd uch Vi ssel is r' dollatK, In Piake a report within Utt hciUisalrei his ar* 1 ival, and again befnre h.s departure, signing his naiin- to !>.tid lejiort in the warden s book Every vissel of 7:» Ions and upv^ards arriving fniin, or I nund to, any poit vv ithiii ihe I' tilled Slates, aud the ina.itcr ol all suih vessels, are bound as above. The pilut of every vessel li rffptircd to inform Ihe master of his having tn fjiort a( ihe warden's ollice. As vessels obliged lo receive a iiilot are rRijuire I to pay Id dollars in addidon. ai wm't-r pilnMge, fioni Ihe 2uth c>f Nuvtiiiber to Ihs L'th of .Much, both i\x\s inclusive. Foieign vess Is, i. e. French, Spanish, PortuLMiese. Neajvilifan, Oaiiiah, Rnss;.in, South American, and llayliiin. to \;\y 2 dullan 67 cen s in aaura;xes. etTecling ....... 5 S on amount of premium. Adjusting and cnl ecting losses ...... 1 1 on iiiiiiiunt recovuicd. rortignanl mlinl bills of eichiiigeand nol« of lland, drawing or indors- ilii anil negotiiting, in all cises ...... V"rch.i7 053 Oil 498 520 701 701 2!)8 351 405 500 323 ihits the Niimhnr of Vessels which arrived in the port of Pliiladolphia from ho iHt of Jamtiiry, 18)0. C'oafttu ISO. 3*t - 4!N) . 370 - 715 - 853 - l.a'iO 1,228 1,011 i)2!) 1,002 82j 1,051 1,125 1,100 1,004 l,2!^2 1,235 1,213 1,170 1,951 1.0.S3 1,477 1,425 1,549 ■ltii.li. 9t0 !tOI 700* l,.SJl 1,1H l.^-fiS 2,(107 l,Mi9 l,J70 1,101 1,20S 1.587 1,792 1,759 1,075 1.790 1,755 1,917 1,871 2,249}: 2,0.14 1,SS2 1,!)25 1,872 Veir«. li>13 1814 1M5 ISIO 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1>20 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 18.12 1833 1831 18,35 18.30 18.37 18.38 1839 Foreign. 74 - 43 - 487 - 538 . 532 - 570 - 450 - 479 - 411 - 491 - 482 - .^01 - 484 - 182 - 4tl9 ■ AM - 374 - 415 - 396 - 428 - 474 - 4.30 - 429 - 421 - 409 - 404 - 521 - Coast iviw. 319 !)83 1,113 1,101 1,238 1,101 1,040 877 913 1,212 1,018 !».8| 1,195 1,1 !)5 1,320 1,217 2,210 3,287 3,262 2,819 2..^73 I 2,080 .3,573 .3,701 7,776 10,800 11,188 Total. 393 K 020 I « 1,000 1 .039 1,770 1,077 1,490 1,3.56 1,354 1,700 ^.WO 1,482 1,079 1,077 1,789 1,097 2,584 3,70211 3,058 3,277 3,047 3,110 4,002 4,185 8,185 II, .324 11,709 The Arrivals in 1839, were Colombian Danish Dutch French (Jenoese - Hamburg - Ilaytien - I'ortugtiese Prussian - Russian gjianish .- Swedish - Ships 90 Bar(|iies ..--..-37 Brigs 274 Schooners- - - - - - - 117 Galliot 1 Mislico .-.----1 Sloop 1 Total - - - 521 Of these vessels there were 86 belonging to foreign ports, viz. : Austrian .------2 Bremen -------9 British --56 Value of the Goods Imported into this port during the year 1837 and 1838, and three quarters of 1839, In 1837, *10,l.30.838 1838, 10,417,815 1839, (three quarters) 12,571,164 Showing an increase in the three quarters of this year, of $2,153,349, over the whole of 1838. Duties accruing to the United States from Imports into this port during the fiscal year in 1838 and 1839. 1st quarter, October Isl to December 31st, 1838, ... -« 1.39,682 90 2(1 do. January 1st to March 31st, 1839, ... - 735,080 51 3d do. April 1st to June 30lh, 717,003 78 4th do. July 1st to September 30th ------ 1,078,695 77 Total - 86 In 18.38 the amount was Showing an increase of Total, #2,971,122 97 - 1,917,108 80 - 1,054,014 17 Statement showing the Amount of Domestic Produce Exported from the port of Philadelphia, to Fo- reign Ports, from the 1st of January to the 30th of September, 1839. Articles. Wheat flour, bbls. 132,159 Rye do. do. 20,796 Corn meal, do. 66,712 Corn, bush. 11,971 Ship bread, bbls. 14,008 ■» 16,214 ]■ do. kegs Rice, tierces 449 Pork, bliLs. 1,082 ) Hams and bacon, |ll>ll tills 46,107 y Lard, do. 300,091 S Butter, do. 61,690 ) 8,895 X Cheese, do. Value. #969,882 lOl.OriO 221,728 12,815 85,204 13,177 65,319 11,259 Articles. Beef, bbls Hides, No. Tallow, pounds Pickled fish, bbls. Ginseng, pounds Sperm & whale oil, galls. Sperm candles, pounds Tallow candles do. Soap, do. Rosin & turpentine, blils. Tar and pitch, do. 282-) 365 J- 1,514 3 1,363 317,443 28,084 31,860 74,985 ? 755,186 3 14,486 I 926/ White and coloured cotton goods, Value. 5,224 7,3S7 117,765 24,378 13,811 80,792 43,301 160,956 .M • From the 1st nf August to Slst December : no records previous part of the year. + The dociiiimnts fur ilii-se two years lost or mislaid. t Embargo. 2 War with Great Britain. || Opening of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal i PHILADELPHIA 29a Brtificate of 2 n- ■au(M, brolieiagi, I.Twl, »nS9 I^B ,770 ^H ,C.77 ^H ,4'.«> ^H ,:t.'jii ^H ,354 I^H ,70ft . ^H ,500 ^1 1,182 ^H i,ti7a ^H 1,077 ^^1 1,789 ^H l,tW7 ^H 2.584 ^H 3,70211 ^^1 3,058 ^H 3,277 ^H 3,047 ^H 3,116 ^H 4.002 ^H 4,185 ^H 8,183 ^H ll,.S21 I^H 11,709 ^ 3 ^ . 2 w _ 1 ' n _ 2 i ^ ^ « 1 !» _ _ _ 2 » _ 2 i . 1 ^ ^ .. 1 i ^ . 2 _ « 1 ■J - 1 1 - • . 86 quarters o f 1839. 0,838 7,815 1,164 le of 1838. ■ in 1838 and 1839. 82 90 ^0 51 63 78 95 77 22 97 08 80 14 17 iladelphia, lo Fo- Value. 282") 365 V 5,224 1,514 > 1,363 7,443 7,387 117,7fi5 8,084 24,378 1,860 13,611 1,985? 5 186 5 80,792 1,486 1 926; 43,301 ds, 160,956 Coniparativp Stntomnnt of the Viiliii! of I'i)ri'i((n ami Dntiieittic Coocls pxpnrird frnni I'liiltult-lpliia during tlic years 1837 and 1838, uiid the tlirun i|iiarturg of 1»3U ending lSi-pteinliiid do. Tliird do. Fuurlli do. Knrri.'ii. #113,011 3i:.,(i27 4h\lsO 4S'.i, 1(18 n-unci'lc. »3i'3,732 050,5 17 7S(i,C,T7 7'.K(.^,VJ $1,130,310 .$2,507 ,815 S5 1,227 3-23,078 I3I,N35 2(12,046 5282,702 810,001 SN'i.OSI 778,5M Total, ^708,780 4»2,403,20.'> 1839- -Kirst quarter, SeiMind do. Third do. KorRiicn. f II 1.708 41)'.I.N27 3;!l.0-'3 ^SHI.(i(i2 l,:!()T,(Mii 1,180,9117 Total, #918,558 #3,3011,030 RRCAIMTULATION. Total value in 1837, — IKiri, — three (luurlers of 1839, #1,001,131 3,172,051 4,31»,lba Ooinparalive Staloineiit of the Amount of rornlun Sim.Tr Iinporti'd inS.) tlio Port of Pliilailelpliia for Five VearH, from 1835 to 1^39, Inclusive. With the (luanlity K.vported duriiii; the same period lor the benefit of Drawback. IS3J. Mi'ntlis. Si M .laiiuary - I'elirnary - March - - April - - May - - .Inne - - July - - Ausiist - September October - November December 22S 102 1,310 2,937 2,158! 2,809 072 2,134| 3221 5421 2,120 1,076 04 1,018 1,1.35 1,035 1,409 443 5(i4 158 14 254 140 7391 1,913 1,439 1,411 425 2,161 1,179 1,024 1,523 184 1,945 e 2i 2,494, 1,502 620 1 6,298 148 4,214 692 123 46 167 Total - 10,4081 6,124 14,280 15,218 317 859 .January - February - March- - April - - May - - Jii'.e - - July - - Ausu.st - September October - November December 70 2,010 911 3„537! 4,033! 1,105; 750 1,305 1,092 1,860 814 Total 18,183 IS37. 275 1,093 905 1,500 691 770 5t)7 264 345 4,483 119 2,288 .1,440 6,129 2,771 1.091 207 318 375 5,445 11 4691 2^0 099 814 42 5,902 198 182 143 11 -. 1705 2839 1M38. Moiilhs. January - Fel)rii;iry - March - - April - - May - - June - - July - - August Septeud)cr October - November December Total I ! I 269 123 2,07'< 2,2(i6 2,005 1,759 1,66S 4,058 2,7h6 4,137 1,7.10 3,537 9, 4011 - - 8.581 8,012 10,735: 38 27,922 1839. January - February - March - - April - - May - - June - - July - - Aufiiist September Octolier - November Decend)er 6,416 21,824' 1.3,722 .534i4514 Total - 23,4.58 11,391 16.807 10.,575 117 441 339 1,788 3,326 3,575 1,412 1,.3,S0 .3,778' 3,007! 2,700 1,.592 1011 1,832 1,112 1,6.371 1,429 903' 522 547 135 9,0.10 423 1,455; 2, 13 1 401 1,978 720 201 l,0Kl' 52; 107 - - ; - - 309 10 20 .. 2,866 3,375 130 17,2101 17,112 52 130 171 1,814 1,398 1,895; 1.188' 2,602 1,080 722 318 92 111 1,250 4 3,079 2,0961 3.30 l,^^58 3,593 1,813 203 8()7 07t) 1,0,38 51 3,259 1,798 401 4,'.HJ9 IF 154 - January - February - March- - April - - May - - June - - July - - August - September October - November December Total 1231 3,010' 3,392 2,369 1,538 769 4,127 l,585i 793, 80' 2,194' 257 599 2,210 330 744 435 .3.35 355, 8 979 6 853 570 106 1,728 101 416 6 559 107 19,980 5,323| 5,433 2,408 - . 3,450 - 4,640 - 326 50 2,530 -- 785 2018 14,139 50|2018 The Amount Exported during the same period for the benefit of drawback, has been as fol- lows, viz. — ExiKirtfd in 1835 - 1836 - 18.37 - 18.38 - 18.39 - 167 1 1,1351 4,746| 403 4,9421 10 219 44 4,215! 3,829 30' 500 2,805' 1,447 75 2,898 2839 The gross weight of Refined Sugar, exported in 1839, for the benefit of bounty, was 214 tons, 13 cwt. 1 quar. and 10 lbs. Comparative Statement of the Quantity of Coffee imported into Philadelphia front Foreign Forts, during the Five Years commencing with 1835 und ending with 1839. Imported from 1835. IS36. 1837. 1838. 1839. Bag., Ilhds. Tea. Bla. Dags. Tea. Bis. Baga. Hhda. nis. B,is;s. Hilda. Bis. Bags. Hhdi. Tea. Bis. I.if;uira 17,200 24,700 18,414 38,527 25,139 • - Rio de Janeiro ii,fS2 ,56,108 36,S37 4r.,ao9 46,476 . . . . 1 Si. Dominjo . 12,218 2,78S 4,4!'8 12,S7S 2,601 . - . . Cuba • 7,,')36 6,,'>S3 12,44i 9,745 4,717 80 2 117 Porlo Rico . 2,537 1,968 1,4*4 1,597 498 . . 10 Jata . 11,748 - 605 . . . . 1 . . . . Maracaibo . 1,808 2,736 • ■ 2,309 3,122 . . 8,788 - . . . . , Europe 9« • . . . . 105 • - . . All olher place* ToUl- S 47 21 424 • • 3 4»' - • 130 470 744 139 100! 769 18 1 27 66,031 47 21 424 93,8^ 3 ; 46 75,977 1 136 I 470 112,257 138 1 109; 89,193 98 2 155 55 I Canal 300 PHILADELPHIA. I : Comparative Rtntcmnnt oftheOrnsa Amount ofwniKhnblp Forelfirn Morclinndiin Impnrled inio PhUa- (lt!l|>hia diir ing the Five V'earit coiiim«iiclii g with 1H39 and eiidli Ig* ip 2^6' 13' 3 8 1,310 li 23 M7 4 3! 13' ,391 17 1 19 842 18 1 15 Pic • 43) li 2 a 4311 3 . 5 1,163 17 2 12i 840 18 2 26 314 13 . ! 26 01(1 An 8J » 3 If SO 6 • 1 14 5b 9 3 19 66 15 . 21 NaiU ani! ipikei 34 17 3 2.> 92 3 1 27 b* 12 3' S 134 17 1 H 170 4 • 27 4 19 2 II 6 II 2 17 1 f . 1 « 2 « 2 17 2 18 3 i: 8 11 43 7 2. 10 15 » 1 l\ 13 18 1 14 21 4 1 4 I.e.i4 9 . 25 452 6 2 17 67 17 24 15 1 21 916 19 S 8 Conhjje. 7 m 2 IS . 2 3 14 4 12 3 12 . . . . 3 2 3 Tallniv .... 11 S . ' 2 36 9 24 3 2 4 118 a 3 3 699 1 2 ID (ilau^vare ei I3l 2 4 It 16 . 11 17 It 1 t> 3) 4 2 9 M 4 2 25 Siijir of lead and paints 94; 3.1 s fO 10 . 24 60 1 2 20 31 8 2 1 Vi 5 3 131 DrlKltt .... . . 3: . 1 . 2i Itt , 2-. 1 16 . 1 13 . . ■ i . . It) 2. 2.'»| Olue .... - • 1 2| 1 13 . . 3 1 6 ' i 1 VVnnl .... 242 I3| 3 23 6r6i . 3 26 208 ' 10 1 IS 193 7 3 9 207 13 1 6 Fi»h, itiinkrd and dried 27, 13 1 8 41 13 2 26 62 19 . 1 1 25 7 6 38 » 3 14 Copper, rtAjt an J bolls • 2: 1' 1 20 1 ' 1 Cnrkj .... I61 6 2 21 S 15 3 24 6 9 2 13 8 3 . 10 12 1 2 15, Clieev! .... 3 Wl 3 14 4 to . 1 3 11 3 II 14 . 26 2 13 1 17 rimcolalB ■ • 1 «! 1 . 2 IN 1 1 18 2 4 11 3 3 27 Soap .... 30, 17 1 2 D 2 3 23 3 3 3 22 3 li 2| 8 9 14 3 7 P^pf r and bopks ir io| . 9 23 2 3 2 8 2 . 2 4 2 2li 9 1^ . 22 Twine .... 271 6 3i 12 6H 19 1 22 8 15 2 9 10 11 2 lU 4>' 19 1 t CoMon .... 27i I8| 1; 16 If 4 2 19 6 7 3 1 . . . 16 4 3' 9 Hams .... . . : . 1 . 1 3 3 1 1 II . >! 2 18 .1 21 to 1 3; 14 I'ork .... • • 1 • 1 • 1 3 9 3 16, . . 4 1 24 3 2 Alum .... • • 1 • • . 10 19 3 7 1 Suear .... 9,7o.' 1; . IT ll,4S7 6 1 17 8,235 13 1 2 1?,436 7 2 11 11,150 6 2 23 »Coir.e- 6,195 10! r 3 6,26-. 10 . 27 5,168 2 1 15 6,767 12 2 17 5,517 11 • i 3 •Tea, «rpen 2J2 19 2 . aj6 17 1 21 367 b 2 IS 274 13 . 6 208 5 1 2 »Black • 16 4 2 49 17 1 26 71 17 22 6 1 24 37 7 2 » •CaMij. 20 7 3 IS. 2a 8 2 .1 61 7 2 11 1 9 2 8 8 13 . 24 •('ocoa .... ISI 6 3 . 81 13 , 26 58 7 2 18 239 14 2 to 119 11 3 6 * Pimento IC9 I'i 3 21 I3« 17 2 ••2 5 12 4'< 16 • 4 4') 9 2 23 •Iniligo .... 91 17 1 26 157 7 3 12 2S 2 3 13 73 2 1 15 70 7 • ' I'j ♦Kaijins, p'unes, and fiss *Nufiite?8. mice, and cloves . 618 13 3 2. Ul> 15 2 1 637 15 1 4 964 13 1 14 1,626 12 2 24 8 3 2 15 1 10 3 » . 16 1 5i 2 t 3 12 II 6 1 2li •'Ground ^in^rr - . 3 2 17 . 4 2 3 . . . • 1 2 18 2 . 3 1 1 l» •Almonds ... I2S 10 2 2 67 19 1 12 42 7 . is' 68 6 2 21 7» 3 • , 13 •Pepper . - 4 . 19 99 • 3 18 39 . 3 16 33 17 1 •( ainphor . 1 2 10 •Currants r H 1 5 1 »fl;ll .... 10 15 . ! 3 Tliose marked thus • are (he estimated or invoice weights. Statement of the Quantity of Foroian Wines, Spirits, Molasses, &.C., imported direct into riiilndolplilit during the Five Years rotninenting with 18.15 and ending with IH'i'J; with the Uiiaiility e.xpurtej during the same Period for tlie beiient of Drawback. Articles. Molasses Brandy * llollaud gin Rum Whiskey Cordials- Arrack « Shrub . Porter, ale, and brown stout • Vinegar - Oil, oiive.in casks I.inseed Castor Fish . Wine, Madeira . Port • .Sherry Teneriffe San Lucar Malaga Lisbon Sicily . Champagne . Ilurgundy Rhenish Claret White French Moselie Cape - Muscat and Frimlignac - IS3j. 1836. Imported. 1837. GaUi. 1,279,195 329,330 133,225 12,134 1,2:1 577 2,407 3,318 15,341 15,246 50 34,830 48,§9S 75,247 33,616 99,978 174,-70 45,703 5,W1 3,050 45 4S8 F3,431 200,876 36 Galli. 1,035,981 321,600 93,8-3 416 2,351 639 2118 650 992 S,816 4,462 3,642 237 15,218 42,726 34, '37 11,053 79,052 128,985 9,206 1,850 1.179 68,417 125,697 7,118 (liiUi. 1,079.410 I0S,JI2 9..26I 3,302 2,6S2 599 979 1,6.37 6.157 7,250 9,076 I5,3')6 19,980 40.156 9,330 e4,2S,3 17,541 3,644 2,471 64.983 73,315 3,020 ISJi!. Galtt. 1.610,079 2V9.4U7 136,931 1,748 4,4 VI 306 40 873 2,012 1,963 1839. Galti. 1,359,025 2 16,6(1 i 1111,826 l.')95 10,349 441 I 42,191 67,,i6> 1,938 46,177 2,750 172.0<2 6,677 21s 971 2-i6 3,1.346 89,608 27 6,106 4,414 625 21,565 5,738 643 396 20,81.2 71,336 14,6SJ 2l,4CI 5,190 175,178 17,570 6,4S0 Kx ported. 1833. IS36. Ualh. 4,t6^ 2,(63 '9,410 31,032 a>7 184 648 633 1,0:0 221 2,097 5,425 269 I . . 96,2.2 ; 25,322 89,210 . • 6.302 200 243 S63 3,048 4,102 33,122 9,234 IS37. Ua)h. 2,676 :-,97 413 1,2 ;2 2,881 10,7.55 87 18.18. GaUl. 5,480 131 3,246 Duty jier 'gallon 10.8-4 1,114 (■(». 5 63 0.1 I 75 I 63 53 53 171 1,307 758 : 4,U22 sau . . . 11,805 16,gt'o lA'iO 4,683 3.690 2,370 l,!;92 20 " I ■20 25 ; 40 I 15 1 r.'i.2i 12 1 2] 712' 712, 33 41 334; 712 71-4 51-2 61-2 71-2 112 ■l\i 71 .' 712 SI 2 A'i>(e.— Suhjecl to a reduction of S-lOths of the eicess between the value of the articles at 20 per cent., and the amount at the differtnl rates as staled. There are now, 1840, 16 banks in Philadelphia, with capitals amounting, exclusive of that of tile Bank of the United States, to §18,050,000. The nunilier of marine insurance companies amounts to 10, with an aggregate capital of $3,330,000; and there are 9 fire insurance companies, with a capital of ?3,450,000; besiilosS associations for mutual assurance against fire, operating without any specified capital. — Am.Ed.] PHOSPHORUS— I'lLClIARDS. 301 B(l Into PhUo- s ). 1 IR39. 1 f , 1 """ ^i w ii iil 'J 6,0H-. 18 1 1» '*■ 3,6,4 ;i 3 » M 18 « ii 314 13' • ' M & » 2 ', 111 61 2 i6 48 M, 3 ! 241 11 • 1 '? 06 ir> • 21 ,70 4 ■ 21 2 18 3 21, 4 1 4 21 IB 3 10 aiH 19 3 H ..323 699 1 a 1? M' 4 2 2.;; W 8 3 13 . . 19 2 23 101 is' tl ,81 3S « 3j 14 1 > J ) « i' » 15i 2 13 'i '1 % ' . . 3^ 3 2l! S 9i 141 3 1| ■ 9, 12 • 22 D 4x 191 li > Iti' 4 3 9 1 10 I 3, 14 4 1 ■ »| ^ 1 11.I5S 2 23 1 5,317 1l' •. 3 6| 208 5, 1 « *.i3 4 37 1 2 „« L^ 8 » 131 -J "i 10' 119 11 3i 6 4l 49i 9 21 2? 131 10 1 • ' I'J 14 1,626! 12! 2 24 '/ 'i ' 1 zu 1 19 B 21 1» 3 L . 13 ! ^ nto rhilndcliiliin SM. tillJ. <■«"•'• k,4«) ■ 131 1,246 111 ll5S Du'y — - - jH-r If 39. Igiiloi: (11. 5 10.874 C3 1,114 , ":'> . . I 75 . - I M . . I 33 . - 1 53 . . i 20 . - I 8 1,307 20 4,022 23 . . 40 ■ 62U l893 16,9C0 IBOO I 1370 1,192 1* , li 1 21 712' 7U, 3.1 41 3.14; 71-.!| 71-4 il-i 61-2 71 11-2 ■2 1 J 71 Hi 612 lainouDt »t Ihe diSirtot h, exclusive of hjrate capital of l,0C0;bcsiilcs3 PHOSPIIORTIS, a sulistnnce of a liu;lil nmlior colour, nnd nenii-trnnsparcnt ; but, wlicn carefully nrcpnml, lu-iirly colourless niul triiiispnri>nf. When kfpt some tiiiio, it lu-romcs opnii Je externally,' ami lias ihen a gr.at resenililuiice to white wax. It may lie cut with a kiiile or twisted to piceeH with the linncrH. It i^^ innoluhle in water ; its siieridc p[ravily ia 1'77.' When cx|K)seil to the atmoHpherc, it emits a white Hinoke, ami i.i luiiiiiious in tho dark. When heated to 1<\S° it takes fire, and hums with a very bright thiiiic. When phosphorus is inflamed in oxygen, the light and heat arc incomparably more intense ; the former dazzling the eye, and the latter cracking the glass vessel. — {'r/iinn.soii'.s Chrinislri/.) PIASTRES, on UOLL-MIS, Spanish and American silver coins in very extensive circu- lation. Value, at an average, about 4.1. '.it/, sterling. — (Sec (^oixs.) PILCH.\HUS ((Jcr. SardfUan ,• Du. S(tr(/i/nen ,- Fr. Sardiiiet! ,• It. Snrdtne ,- Sp. Sar- dinus ; \\n». Sarddil ! l.at Snrdinir), fishes ehisely resembling the common herring, but smBlle'r, and dt the same time thicker and rounder. They are rarely found on the Hrilish shores except on the coasts of Cornwall and Devon, particularly tho former, where they are taken in great numbers from the month of July to September, both inclusive. It is a say- ing of the Cornish fishermen, that the pilchard is the least fish in size, most in number, and greatest for gain, taken from the sea. Pilrhard fi.vAfrT/.— Tills ia carried on along the coaat of Cornwnll nnd Devon, from Itie Unit Head in the latter, round "hy tilt! Land's End to I'adstow nnd Bossinry in llic fiii|ilii) i, iliiniiK tin' miisuir, from 1«") I" l.'XHI ii, anil ulmiit Wii Imau ; lliif niHl nl' eniti liojit iinil nils aiiionnllnH In hIidiiI 'MU. 'I'Ih' Pilmnr in llii- tun? of llie flsli may Im laki.li lit nlioiil If. n IniKalii-ail. 'I'lii' lol.'il ri\|iltal I'lnltarkvil in tliu I'lHlu'ry, in \93% was i-itiniaicil by thoKu uti- UnKi'il ill ii 111 iViiiii -Jllii.lHHl/. Ill ■i.'ili.diMi; Tlio ilrirt lUliiTiiii'ii tiii|)liiv till iiNilvcii, when not t-ngngeil in thi> (lilrhnnl flatipry. in tlin inncknrel, hcrrliif!, ami liimli'lliir I'lMln'rli'i*. 'I'lii' lo^an llBlii'rini'n tuMHiNt prim i|>iilly of nuriniltiiriil laliniircrx, niiiii-r^, Ate iillraili'il In tin? Iiiisiiii'sn in tliiM!.\|ii.Tlaliiiii, (In wiiiili. ImwrviT, llivy an; mil iinfrr- qiifiilly ihsiiiniiiinli'il.i III' liiakliiK a riiiii|iarallvfly largi' mini liy a tVw wi-rks' i^Xfrlinii. Iliil there nri' ahvayii 3 or 1 imhvuliialH of tln' cn-vv of imuIi Bi-nii that nrr rcmilarly hri'ii, i-xjifrt tmhrriiu'ii. Four liflhii (if the imtkoiih rin|iliiy(-il on nhoru in the aultiiii;, tiiriiii,', (imkiiiB, Ac. i-rally compnumlnl for.— (/v. I'aria'n (iiiiilr tn M'Hiii's Unit nnil the l.iind'a Knit, 2il I'll. pp. 1 lf>— I.Vi. ; Hrautiia i/ F.ngland and Units, vol. ii. p. 171., ami ynvaif informalton olitaineil from uiilheiilic Doiirct'^, and ohligingly coiniiiiinicaiL'd, hy Mr. I'oulsoii, of I'l'iizanci'.) IMI.OTfS .^Nii IMLOTAtJlO. The name of pilot or striTsman is njiiilicil rilher to a particular odicor, serving on board a Hhip during the rourso of a voyn^'o, and liaviiig ili,; charge of the helm and the sliiii'w route; or to a person taken on board at any particular place, for the purpose ot'coiuiuctinfj a ship through a river, road, or chatiiiel, or from or into a port. It is to the latter description of jiersona that tlic term pilot is now usually applied ; ami pilots of this sort are established in various parts of the country by ancient charters of incoi- poration, or by particular statutes. The most important of these cor[ioratiotis are those ot the Trinity Hou.se, Deptford tStrond ; the fellowship of the jiilots of Dover, Deal, and the Isle of Tlianet, commonly called the Clni/iir. I'ort pi/o/.s .• nnd the Trinity houses of Hull and IVewcastle. The f) Geo. 4. c. 7:). cslablisiied a corporation for the regulation and licens- ing of pilots in Liverpool. The principle of the law with respect to pilots seems to be, that where the nia.ster is bouiiJ by act of parliament to place his ship in charge of a jiilot, and does so accordingly, the ship is not to be considered as under the management of the owners or their servants, and tiiey are not to be liable for any.damage occasioned by the mismanagement of the shiji. unless u be proved that it arose from the negligence or misconduct of the master or men : but whiii it is in the election or discretion of the master to take a pilot or not, and he thinks fit to take one, the pilot so taken is to be considered as the servant of the owners, who are to be respon- sible for his conduct. — {Abbott on the Law nf Sliippinle of Wi^lit, and in the Kiinlisli Chaiiiiel from the \>\i- of Wi!;hl lip to London Ilridt'e ; and all ships and vessels sailing ns aforesaid (except as heielii-at'iiT nieiiiioned) shall be conducted and piloted within the aforesaid limits hy such pilots, and hy >io oilier persons whomsoever. No person shall be licensed hy the s.iid corporation as a pilot, who has not served na mate fur,'! years on board of, or been for 1 year in the actual command of, a siiiiare-ricired vessel of not less ilnin 80 tons register tonnage, as to licences for the JVorlli Channel upwards ; and not less than lAU inns register tonnage, as to licences for the A'urth Channel, Qneen'n Channit, Suiilh Chiinntl, or utliur channels downwards ; or who shall not have been employed in the pilotage or buoyage service ni' ilu' said corporation for 7 years, or who shall not have served an apprenticeship of ,'j years to snnie pilui vessel licensed under the act passed in the b'i year of the reign of (ieorgc III., or under this act ; and no person so licensed shall take charge as a pilot of any ship or vessel ilrawing more than II li-f water, in the river Thames or Medway, or any of the channels leading thereto or tlieniipon. iinlil such person shall have acted as a licensed pilot for 3 years, and shall have been after such J yi;irs. on re-examination, approved of in that behalf hy the said corporation, on pain of forfeiting !('/. 1. 1 every ■uch oll'ence ; and the person employing or permitting such pilot to take charge of such ship ur vessel is also to forfeit 10/. — J 3. Every pilot licensed by the corporation of the Trinity House of Deptford .'•trond is to pay an aiiiMuil licence of ?.l. 3s., and (ni. in the pound upon his earnings; which sums are to be applied to the iiscduf the pilot's fund of the said corporation. — D 4. The said corporation are further authorised to appoint competent persons, not more than fire, nnr leas than three, at such ports and places as they may think ht, (except within the liberty of the ('iiii|iiau ; llii- ciwl 111' liiuy III! Iiikin ut aic'il by Uiiiitu cii- , ill itii! iimcknri.'l, iiiiiiriil liilioiirfrH, t-y lire lint iinl're- >rti« It ■rally cotiiixiiiiiilnl li.i.irim ■•/ y.n/!lanil ■x't, und ulilighigly [ilieil cither to a , uiiil Iwviiig the at any imrticular I'l, or from or into iilly a|iplii'eai. and Hie N'e of 'rhanei, IoiiiIiIiik Ins aliililien, and shill lie iipprnveil anil ailniilled Into Ilie -laiil sorlely hy Hie Lord U'ludiii of the ('liniiie rorl-. or his Iniilrnant ; and any p.'rsoii nreBiiiiiini: li net hk a I'i'et. liehniKinif lo the said soiii'ly or fillowship. williuiil having lie.ii -o I'xnnilnril. a|<|iroreil, nnd intiiiitled, aliall for the tirsi oirence forfeit ID/ , I'ur Hie Neeoml 'JO/ , and fur cverv oHier olfenre Wl-i IS- Nil iierHon Ineniied hv Hie nforeHahl unrit'ty or fellowBhip Is lo lake rlnrire of any nhip or vi'SKel drau'iiiu more lliaii II feet II Ini'lies water, iltilll lie has arted as a pilot for 'i years; nor of a vo-sel driiW'liiL' more than 1 1 feet water, till he liits iieteil as a pllol for .'i years ; nor of a vessil ilrawini: niori! than 17 I'eet water, till he his aeled as a pilot for 7 years; wliinhi! Is to he a|!uiii exaniiiied; and if Ik< shall he approved of and lireiiHud n|Min ini'li leeoiid examination, ho may lake Charon of i. 'I'he commissioners of the ciislonis are to Iransinil lo their prinripnl olllcers, at the di/rirent ports, the names and places of resiilnire of all Hie pilots reslfliii)! williin Hie liinlls of e.icli port, as far an they nre aciinainled willi the sanii' ; and oveiy pilot is lo hi' fiiriiisheil willi copies of all proclamatioiis anil orders in council respecliiii! the perforinaiici' of (|iiaraMliiii - J ;iti. A particular description of the person of every pilot is to he wrilleii ii|Hin the hark of his licence : ami no person slmll lake charge of any ship or vessel, or in any iiiann"r act as a pilot, or receive any conipi'iisalion for acting as a piloi, until his licence shall li.ive liein reuislrnd hy the principal oilucrs of Hie rnstoin-housii of Hie place al or nearest lo which such pilot shall reside, (which oUiceisare hereliy reijiiired lo reuister the same withoiil fee or reward), nor wlllioiit liavini; his licence al the lime of his so acliii(j In his personal ciisioily, and proiliiciii;; the siiiiie lo tin.' master nf any ship or veii'ii'l, or other person, who shall he desirous of einployini; him as a pilot, or to whom he siiall iilfer his services, on pain of forfeilin); a sum not exreeilinK' ;iO/ , nor less than III/., for the first olfence; and for the s"COnd or any siihseqiieiil olfence, a sum not exceediii); 5(1/. nor less than 31'/. ; and upon further pain, as to any person licensed as aforesaid, of forfeitiii); his licence, or lieiiif.' siisptiided from aftiiigas a pilot, hy and at Hie discrelion of Hie corpora tioti or other authority from which such pilul's licence was derived, eillier for the lirsl, second, or any siiliseiiuent oHence.— (ij li.'i, llli. 2. (HorenimiHt of Ptliiln. — Wl persons licensed lo act as pilots hy the Trinity llinise, are siihject lo Hie government of the said corporation, which is empowered to make by-law's, rules, tiC. specifj iiig what Slims shall he |mid hy such pilots lo the suh -commissioners of pilotage for their examination, and for (.'rantine. or renewinit, or conlirminL' their licences from lime to time, and annexim; such reason- able penalties and forfcilures for the breach of such by-laws as lo tlieiii shall seem expedient. Hut no such by-lau-s, regulations, « (master and wardens of tjie fellowship of pilots of Dover, Deiil, and Hie Isle of Tliaiiet). The privy ciiuncil may, however, amend, correct, or enlarge such rules or regulations, if they shall appear to them, upon the representation of any person having an interest therein, to be in any material point erroneous, insiiflicienl, or defective.—^ J 21, 22. The Trinity House Corporation are aiilhorised and required to establish, vary, and alter, from time 10 time, as circumslaiices may require, the rales of pilotage performed by pilots licensed by the said c«irporalioii, accordiiip to the size and draught of water of the vessels, the distance piloted, iln; deten- tion and ri'sponsiliility of the pilot, and such other circumslaiices as they may Hiiiik fit lo take into iiccounl. Tables of these rates are lo be hung up at the several Ciisloiii-honses of the ports lo which Ihey apply ; and no greater or less rates, or oilier reward or emolument for such pilotage, shall, under any pretence whatever, be demanded, solicited, paid, received, or ottered, on pain of forfeiting 10/. for every such olfence, as well by the parly ollering as hy the party accepting or sidicilingllie same. Ships returning by stress of weallier, contrary winds, or on account of accident, into ports in the district of the Isle of Wiglit, I'lymouth, and l''almouth, shall he subject to pay half the common pilotage in such porls.- J H. If the majority of the pilots licensed by the Trinity House Corporation in any port or plare, or any ship owner in the same, be dissalisfn.'d willi the rates, they may appeal to the privy council, who may (leclile upon the matter as they think lit.— {9. Every pcrsiui applying for a licence to act as a pilot, shall, before any sticli licence he granted to him fxecute a bond in a |i iiiiiiir III till* pilot on l>i>iiri| lit to hi' p.'iinii'il In liiriin u liiii> ti-ti*rii iH iiicliea lonf) on n lilmk kcoiiihI on tin' ulrrii, iiinl on iiuli Imiv tlir iiiiinlii'r of tlin In mi i' of miili pilot ; unit thfl ronri'iiliniMit of hiicIi niinif or niiniln'r, or tin' •■vmhioii of nny of tliti hi'lori'-nii'iillonril provimoiiN, tiiciirH II peiiiilty of Ull/., Ill III' paiil liy tin' Hi'nior inlot on lioiiril, who h iiiihu rriilile for Ihi'ir ohin'rvuiirii. Any pilot riirrli'il otf In ii honi oilirr llniii ii pilot hoiii, in to lioint a iImu im pirvioiiHly orilvml, on puin bf forfiMtliiK Wl. iinli'HH III' ) iliriii or h> IIiom' iimjir thi'iii. for till' piirpoHvit of pll>>tu;{<', with thr iiunihiT of iinn anil hoys lirlonviiiK lo or Kt'rviiiK in huiIi vi'iiikIh.— ; 37. ■i. Dulirn of I'iliitn. — In orilrr to iirniri' tlu' iliii' pirforiiiaiiii' of liU liiiporliint iliiticM hy llii' pilot, it Ip rnui till, that i^vrry |iilot, iliily liii'iooil, who Hliall, w itlonil millirii'iit iiiiisi'. ri'liiM' or ilrrllni' Koiii|{ ulf III any vohhi'I wiinllnit n pilot, upon hiiinal hrliii; iniiilr hy tin' naiiM', or upon hi'inir rri|iilieil lo ilo HO liy till' niadti'r of micli xhip, or hy any prrson iiihrrxlril Ihrroin uh |iniii'ipal or a^iiii, or I'y any oII'k IT of till' corporation lo w liii li hiicIi pilot hIimII Ih'Ii'Iiu, or hy any prim ipai I'M'n it of ilir i'Iikioiiiii : or w ho Hliall, on any frlvolonn pri'lrkt, i|uit any i>hip or M'^'ioI, or ilii lini' pih tini! tlii'ri'of, at'ti'r lir haa bi'i'ii i'nk.'''i|.'i'il to pilot till' nano', or iilirr t-'oint! alonitsiili' iliiTrof. wilhoiit Ii'iim- of iliu inuKtiri »liull, for rvory Hiitli oMVino, foilVil not niorc than loll/, nor Iohm than Id/.- if 'i. Any liri'iiHi'il pilot I'liiployini; or iiiakiii|t iixr of, or ii'inprllini; or n i|>iirini.' any prrfon having tho rhlir;!i' of any Khip or vohhi'I to employ or niaki' nne of, any hoal, anrlior. ralilr, &r. In'jonil what i was licniHiil.— J7;i. If any liii'iisi'il pilot nhall Iriiil IiIh lircnri' In an iiiiliiriiiii'il prrsoii, to nnsist liiiii in artiiic or ilaliii- \ng to ait H8 pilot, anil if hihIi nnlicrio'i'il piTson sliall hy ilriiiiKriinr>M nnilrr liio hi'II iio up |.'-liook and employed ill piloliiiK the vensel, are to he iiiHerted in the rnlni or reimil of hiicIi vesKel inwiinls - .mil this inser- tion U lo he made (without fee or reward) hy the "proper oilicer of the cnsloiiiH, w ho hIiiiII reporl Iliu suine daily to the Trinity IIoiiHe, and inonlhly to I he Lord Warden of the <'ini|iie I'ortti. 'I'he prim ipal searcher or oilicer of the cnHloms al (iravesend Ik to ileiiiaiid and take the name or nainiH ol the pilot or pilots of all veHsels clearini; outwards, and tliall Iraiisniit monllily lists thereof to ihu Trinity House, on pain of forfeit iii|! a hiiiii not more than 111/., nor less than .'■/., lo he paid hy e.icli and every of the persons furenuid who nhall tieijlect to comply with any of the foresaid re;;nhilioii!i, — * 4.3. I'ilots quitting nny vesgel in the Thames or Mcdwny before she has nrriveil nt the place to which ■lie was hound, without the consent of the captain or other person in coinniand, and unless soineoiiu'r duly i|ualilii'il person shall with such consent come on board and take charjie of the ship, shall forleit for such otlrioe all pay or reward Ihey niifht he enlilled to, and shall also he subject to such oilier penalty or ponishmcnl as may le|:ally allecl Iheiii in conseiiiieiice of any by-law, \.c.— { fJ. rilolH nefilecling nr refusing to obey the orders of the diUerent dock masters within their respective jiirisdicilon incur a penally of nut mure than 51)/. utid not less than 2(1/. for each utreiicc, and inuy lie dismissed or suspended.— } 75. Licensed pilots may supersede unlicensed ones. Ann if any unlicensed person shall act after a duly licensed pilot has otfered to conie on hoard and lake char).'e of Ihe ship.^he heiiic al the lime within the limits for which he is (pialitied, such unlicensed person shall forfeit not more than 6Ui. and not less than iill/.— J70. liul unlicensed persons may act so long as no licensed pilot offers to lake charge of the ship, or makes a signal for thai purpose, nr where and so long as the ship shall be in distress.— {71. Licensed pilots who have e.xecuted the bond before menlioned shall not be liable to any actinn for danwiL'es on account of neglect or want of skill, al the suit of the parly grieved, in nny greater sum than Ihe amount which shall have been specified hy way of penalty in such bond, and Ihe piloiaee payable to him in respect of the voyage during w hicli the neglect or want of skill are alleged to have been e.xhibiled. — { 57. 5. Fetn iif Piliiinge. — The charge on account of pilotage is regulated in various places by us.igo nr Ftalule, and generally increases in proportion to the depth of water which tlie vessel draws, 'i'he Trinity House Corporation and the Lord Warden of the Cimiiie Ports have authority, as hel'oti' incii- tioned,tu fix the rates on account of pilotage to he charged by all pilots licensed by ll'iein.— (.Siihjoined to this article are Tables of the present rates.) Any pilot carried to sea beyond the limits of his district without his free consent, except in cases of absolute necessity, shall, over and above his pilotage, receive Ws. iii till- l"t iif I,. Kiv|irniiy iliily ir li> llioM' iiiiilir ixrrviiiK >■• >'»<'l> m liy till' pilot, it „r ilnliiii' K'liiiK II rrilllll'^il '" ''i> iitt.iii,iir !■> liny • I, I' llir lUKlcilliii : riMif, iilliT 111' lii>« lie iiiUKlirt kliull, rrirl lliu Its. Till' piiiiiiliiil (ir iiiiiiii'B 111 ili« Its tlii-ri'xl' III the III' pa III liy VMh buiil rujiiiluUiinii, lli(> place to which liiiiless siiiiii'DihiT Isliip, Hliall fl'llClt jetl til «in:li I'llior Ill their ri's|i(ative I'eiiie, ttiiil iiiiiy lio Lu net afti'r a iliily It the tliiii! within 111 5U1. Uliil not It'Sd Ice of the ship, or I til nny iirtioii f"r any ^'r^al('r sum J lilll'l till- pilolllBB |e alli'ged to have llnces liy iisaijp or ssel ilriuvrt. The ^■, us liiM'oti' mi'ii- Tifin.— (.rfiilijoir.eil l>xce|it ill caspsnf Inipiiteil Iriuii iiiiil licli Ihr pilot was I he was taken op Mlnt» ari" 111 tuilify thoiii'i'lvfii fur roniliirtlnn vi'mrln In (iml out of n inmuntr Iinrlmiir. ami tlin Inrliixirii of llovcr, Hiiiiiltvn h, nml Mnririili', iiml nhiill lii' I'liiiiliil in iiinl n i I'lvo l^r kih li pilnlaui' iil the rnir of ftd. for every fool of Ho' ilnmulit of wiiler nf eviry viHrnl mi pilnli'il ;. ( .'I'l. 10. J^llliw 111. mill t" the 'riiiiMirn, re|i:ilriiiu to H|i|iiil|(iiti' I'rrek, nr ollur lihui'K ii|ipiiliiti'il I'.if the |ier. fiirituiiiri' iif i/i «•/"'<"'. 'ifi' lo pay the lull i liat(!i'« of pilnliiiir tn Mii li plare, ainl a fiirlliir hiiiii iif h.i. n iliiv for the il'iyii llo pihii uli'ill he nliliireil to ri'iiiiilii on i;iiaraiitiiii> AliV liolll or M'snel riilili"" hefnre it nhip nr ve-url, iinl li.ivlinf ii lii'enHril pllnt nil linaril, W Ili'M »iuh uliiii or vi'fiiel eamiot be lniaf(f' nl'tMrriuMl i«lil|i>< nr VeKH'ld trailing to or '1 "»' port nf /i »»/"« rnay be rer he U-\ n il In like iiniiiii'r, airoriliiiu to th.' nmf 'Ul, a» aiiv penally may bn ri ' i\i ri'il anil levleil by v irliie nj llie ,|it, ili'iii.iiiil thereof heliitf mule in urltlimal leant /MiirrVcn ilays bifiire -m li livy. .\iiil the luantir of nther iierMon li iviiR llio iliarire iirBlilp.-i or vi'smi'Ih, not hdriiis! HrvUh muxtirn, \\ liii h Hhall ruler ilitu nr Hill friiin tin' |ioil of /."»i/"ii, anil » liii h nro hy law ri'i|tiireil to be pilniiil by piT.^onx liren.-i'il by tlie rorp r:itiiiii of Hie Trinity llniiMe, nr the i-iih<liip i> by hvv reijuireil In he piloleil ; a« In pilntaffe lii» ariN, tvlien' a pilnl xhall liavi' I ii nn lo'aril, Hie aiii'iiinl t'nr Ihi' iliKlani'e pilnteil by him, if cri'iiti'r than that wbuli xiie hIiiII be ri'i|Miri'il In be pilnii'il ; If |i'««, nr if no pilot Hhall have bieii on hniiril. the ainonnt f.'r Ihe ill'tanre uhiili ^lll' w.ih by law riiiuiriil lo be pilole'l : liu' piloiai'e Inwanls may Im levii'il, Ike iiimiii Ihe ma^tl'r nr nllnr piiHiiii in rliiiri.'i'. lou- toi/nee, nr aiJeii', in Ihe Hiiine inaiiner as in tho la^e nt i-lii|iJ hnrir:' llnii.-li rn.'infi-r.t, il Hiuli pilnlayo mwarils be not panl wilhiii fmirlii ii ilays frnm the il.iy nf the ship's repntlini; low anls. J 1 1. If' 'I'he pitnlii'.'e niiluatil iipun t'iiri'li.'li vessels Is tn be Vah'iilali'il an nnlliil.' lo the siate nt aiilnlliit of tonnaire iipmi vvliii'ii snili HJilps nr vessels are raliil lu III.' port nf l.nniloii fur pa\ iin'iit nf |i;;|it ami (itlier ilitei, or uecorilliiK til the ilruii({ht of water llitireuf,aii tliu Trinity IIoiihu may think iiiost proper. -^ 10. in iinler lo prevent rnntrnversii's with respert to the ilraiitrht of water of ships not having' llrilL-h fi'LosliTi., III'! Trinity llnii^e is enipiiwenil tn ii|ipnint mi nllu rr In iin a^iiie the ilraiiL'iit if u al. r nf fliips w nil ris|iei t In w liiili there is any i-nntmver-'y, sinh nilirrr rei eiviiis; 1/. I.-, I'nr his irnu'iJM ii'ilie hIiiji 111' lielnw the eiitriinie to the l.nnilnii Diirks. ami II'.-. I'l/ if iilmvi' sin h enliaiire, Irnni Ihe parly nt'iinst whom he may ileiiile. If arriviii)! inwarils, appliiiitinn fnr hihIi nllieer must In' maile w ithin \-l I rs afHT the ship has eome tn her ninnrlii^'s, unil liefnru she \ .'il. Nil t'oreiuii vessel hIiiiII be i leareil nntwanls until a lertlfieate, Hi(;iii'il by the person ap|iointeiI fnr that purpose hy the Trinity llniise, that the pllnta^e leis been paiil, has been proiliiriil ; the i nrpora- tiiin pay the pilot einplnyeil, on proof that he has iliily perfnrmeil his service, t lie pilntagi',afler ihilittt- iiii; the f'l' ililty.— I? 17. The consiKiieeH or auenla of nny ship or vessel are aiilhoriseil ami enipowereil tn retain in their haiiils ri'speetively, out of any iiiinies w hich they may have reeeiveil nr sliall Ihoreal'ler receive I'nr or on ai cinint of .siuli ship or vessel, nr the owner or ow in'rs thereof, sn ninili as shall he uiiltiiieiit to pav anil iliscliart'e sneli pilntajre, ami any e.vpenses altiinliii!; the same.— } I,'). fi. Ue^iwii.tihili'jh 'S'"- 'il pilot shall havu nllVrcil liicoine on hnnrd, or made a sijinal for that purpose, shall t'orfeit iliuible III" sum that wniild hiive I n lecally deiiiandalile as pilntace, iinil an additional penalty of .'i/. for every 'ill tons liunlen of the ship, if the 'J'rinily House or Lord Warden of the C'iinnie I'orls, as the cute iiiiiy be, shall think it proper to certify the same. lint the inasler of any of llie fnllnwInR vessels inay pilnt tlio snmo, sn Innir as he is -ml nssistril hynny i/ni'iri K.vfi/ pihtl nr nllicr pvrsiiii than the nrilinunj criir : viz. the master of iiny rolliec, .ir of any ship or vessel trading \n Jfnriniii, or to the C(i//i'i''(it or Hallir, or rotiiid the A', r.'.'i Ciipc, i r into the Uhite Sea, on their inward or outward voyapes, or of any ooiistnnt trader inwards, irnm the pints between Biiiilo/fiie inclusive, and the Utillie (all siicli ships nr vessels liavi'iir }iril,sh registers, and cnininR r,|i hy the Xorth Chiinml. hut not otherwise), or of any /ri.-/( trail 56. All masters or other persons having the command of any ship, who shall report, or he privy to any one re|)iirlinL'. a false account of the drau<.'ht of water of such ship, shall, besides the full pilotage, for. feit diinlile the amount thitrenf; and any master or other person having any interest, share, or pro- perty in any vessel, who shall fraudulently alter any marks on the stem or stern post thereof, dinii. nisliiig the drauaht of water, or shall he privy or consent thereto, shall for every such otlcnce forfeit and p:iy the sum of 50(1/, 7. Jiccorirrj PILOTS AND PILOTAGE. 307 e such licensed or Bel in not licaving i( taking on board nny ship i>r veaael sf 1 and her iipiiur- iich luiis ur damage iniaf;e wliicli slmU ly ni'Klect, defanlt, ii|ii)r vcsHi'l, under 1 'hiill liiMliilyqna- iiulilied |)ilui sliull ons of any remedy r, wliicli he or they le neulect, di-fanlt, ir vessel, under iir f no liilnt or of no be proved tlial the lot un board, or tu , or he privy to any 10 full pilotage, for- rcst, share, or pro- pcist thereof, diiiii- sucli otl'ciicc forfeit are to be recovered on of debt in any of fit shall lie made to iicemeiit of tin' pro- les, whellier oliund- licins! slated by alli- sff)-, any such judjie li further time as lie lair the jurisdiction city of London, nor ■ charter.—} {70,77, ty Corporation, and ity's service, by any itlicer for (he time matters of pilotage, service, shall im- Ihe receipt of any •fell bl., and for the hy governiiicnt ia ■e (in tlie part of the li pilot shall, on bis in board, such pilot the same nlotissiile Round Treii and cessily for so doin;;, lalf), and all plinth clear of the king's I or vessel, sliail, if d specify the paili- 's service: ; and in id previous enijagc- :n the river Tlianica half, wait on lioiiril elsewhere, fir want at lilierly t<> (pnt by winds, weiiilicr, ;oiint except wimls, required so to (In) im in that behalf by espect fully towards 's navy, and shall Ise his utmost care |ie charge of, and to I downwards, shall, iiroper ofiice at the fcnsidered as disen- lely, iiiliisownper- for that purpose, as IX. It is ordained, that every pilot licensed hy the said corporation shall, from time to time, and at at all times, in obedience to the order or summons of the said corporation, under the hand of the secretary thereof for the lime beiiiit, duly delivered or odered to such (iilot, or lefi a reason- able time at the usual or last known place of residence of such plb t, attend the said corporation, at their courts, by-boards, or committees, or tluMr S(.'crelary fur the tiriie biMiiji, at the 'I'rinily Mouse in London; and thai every pilot licensed by the said corporation, upon a (■eriili( ale oi' (inil'ification froii'i siih-c'immissioners of pilotage, shall, in like maiuier, attend the sub-coniinissioni'rs of the port or place for wliich sucli pilot shall he so licensed, in obedience to the order or suuiiiions cf the said Bub-coinrnissioncrs, under their hands, or the hands of the major part of them, duly delivered, otlVred, or left as aforesaid, to answer to any charges brought against such pilots respcciivily, or fur the per- formance of any public service, or for nny other purpose whatsoever ; and in defaull of such attend- ance every pilot so uffending shall forfeit for the first otVence iOs., and for the second and every 8uhse()uent otlence 5/. each. X. It is ordered, and hereby directed, that every pilot licensed or to be licensed by the said corporation, upon their receiving a certiticate of exaiiiinaliou by any suh-couiniissioners of pilot- ace, shall, for such examination, and for granting the licenci; thereon, pay Ihi! sum of 2 guineas to the said sub-commissioners of pilotage by whom he shall he examined, or to one of them ; and shall also, for the renewing or uontirmini; such licence from time to time, pay to tlii! suli-coniiiiissionera of pilotage for llie time being, at or for the port or place specilied in sucli licence, or to 1 of them, the annual sums following ; (that is to say), every pilot so licensed or to be licensed as aforesiid, for the ports of I'lyinoiith, Portsmouth, or diwes respectively, tlie annual sum of 2 guim.'as ; and every pilot licensed or to be licensed as aforesaid, for any other port or place, the annual kiiiii of I [.niinea, unless the pilots at or for such port or place shall be divided into 2 classes ; and, in that case the pilots of the 1st class are to pay the annual sum of 2 guineas each, and pilots not of tlie 1st class the aiiimal sum of 1 guinea each. XI. It is ordained, that no pilot shall add to or in any way alter his licence, or make or alter any enilorseinent thereon, nor shall he he privy to any such licence or endorsement being altered. XU. It is ordained, that every pilot who shall observe any alteration in any of tli(! sands or channels, or that any of the buoys or beacons of the said corporation are driven away, broken down, or out of place, shall forihwilh ileliver or send a correct statement tliereoi", in writing, to the secretary of the said corporation for the time being. XIII. It is ordained, that every pilot shall, whenever ho comes to an anchor, carefully oliserve the settings of the tide, and the force of the stream; and if it shall happen that he ckiiics near lo a sand or other object or cause of danger, and there be any other ships or ship in ciini|>aiiy likely to fall in therewith, such pilot shall immediately give notice thereof to the captain or pi incipal olli- cer of the ship iindei his care, that he may make a signal to such other ship or ships for avoiding the same. XIV. It is ordained, that no pilot shall, on any pretence, aid or assist, cither in his own person or wilh his boat or servants, or by any other means whatever, tloi landing, removiiiL', or secreting any seaman from any merchant shipor vessel, to avoid serving in his Majesiy's navy, or escape the impress for the same. XV. It is ordained, that every pilot shall from time to time conform himself strictly to all directions which shall be given to him hy any of the harbour masters atitiiorised by act of parliamiuil, under the corporation of the city of London, touching the mooring, unmooring, placing, or removing of any ship or vessel under his charge, as hmg as such ship or vessel shall be lying and situate within llic limits of the authority of such harbour master. XVI. It is ordained, that each and every pilot belonging to a licenced pilot vessel shall bo at liberty to entertain one apprentice and no more. XVII. It is ordained, that for any work done on the rivers Thames or Mcdway hy men in boats, being less than the work for the whole tide, the pay shall be, for half a tide's work -l.v to eacli man, Bini so in proportion for any time less than a whole tide, tlie pay for which is settled by the said act of the tiih year of the reign of his pr(!sent Majesty at i*s. XVIII. It IS ordained, that in all cases wlicre pecuniary penalties and forfeitures are annexed to the breach of the foregoing by-laws, rules, orders, regulations, and ordinances the said corporation of Trinily House may mitigate and reduce the same to 1-lth part at their discretion. XI. \ It is ordained, tlial every pilot who shall ollend against any or either of the forei:oing hy-!avv"j, orders, regulations, and ordinances, shall, for every such offence cwhelherthe same sliall subject iiini to any peciiniary penalty or not, and in addition to sucli penalty if any), he liabb; to have his licence aiinniled and forfeited, or suspended, at the discretion of the said corporation. JV f{.— Ilesides conforming themselves diligently to the above by-laws, rules, orders, regulations, and ordinances, the pilots licensed hy the corporation of the Trinity House are, of course, in all things to (ilisiTve and obey the same enactments and provisions relating to such pilots conlained in the said act of parliament made and passed in the (ith year of the reign of his Majesty KingUeorge tlie Fourth, a copy of which act has been delivered to each of the said pilots. ♦»* The following Tables of the charges on account of pilotage, &c. arc the most complete that have hitherto been piililished. They have all been derived from oflicial sources, so that their accuracy may be depended upon. cSl 808 PILOTS AND PILOTAGE. ! ( ,, r i I •1 • ' 1 ' 1. PILOTS AND PILOTAGE. 309 rorputllm* Pilot on Bo^nl, anu for''- lolaje of Shii« and Vesieli to the Alichorag): in "lO Dawns* From oH' nunjenwi to olt Fnlkeslone ; th.' clmnh lieariiig N. N. W. by com- Fmm'nlT Fnlkitone to the South Foreland, theliRlilsinoNe , „" ," . ,.' From olV the South Foreland to the Downs 60 Tons, ind under 130. I. d. 10 S ISO I'ons, and under 250. L. I. d. 3 2 I 6 250 Tom, and un Icr 400. 400 Tons, and under 6J0. 600 Tnns, and L. I. rf. 10 10 10 L. $. d. J. 5 5 4 4 3 3 In the River Thames Gravesend /- Fora boat of acl.isscarr\'ins an anchor of above L. i. d. '\ Per trip for the wh'ilc.listance from lies above J 4 cvvt. with a corresponding tow-line - 2 2 v Gtavcseint to lj»ii.loii; and m "S Do. do. 2 civt. - - . • I I r pro[Hirtion for any part of that (_ Do. do. iiiiiItT 2 cvvt. - . - li -/ distance. no. iiniitT ^ cvvi. • • - u n And for cacli man's service in those boats, 8f. per tide. Rates ciiAnoED for the Pilotage of Vessels, INO THEM IN SOME OF THE JJeanmaril Oistrict, viz.— From Rtngor to a line drawn from Gr.Mt Onnta Mead to Point Linas i and to and from, and into and out of. .all ports and placet within those limits. 'n. />'.— No master of a vessel is conipellcd to take a pilot within this jislrict, miles couiill? into or goiin; out of port; Imt if he do take a pilot, it must be one of the district pilots, if one oiler. Rata of Pilotage, far Piloti't^ Shift within the Bmumarit Dtiliict. Inwards. From the outside ) of the Sound • j r Under 100 tons . > ino "'"""^D'yiJoll-S : (.300 and upwards r Ihidor lOU tons From the inside ) |^,„ „,^ p > 100 to im - of llie Sound . S ' f 21W — 300 L30Uand upwards f>t//i07r(/.». t'lrlcT liW tons p to 2 '0 - an — .1U0 . . • - . 3ni nd upwards • ■ - - , ,, _ Slops not huing liriluh registers are to pay 14 more than is state.! ill the altove Table. Sliould the pilot be landed at Great Ormes Head— extra • ll i.iken nut of the limits of his licence, to Chester or Li- verpool ' ' • * -3 lu case tile pilot should happen to have charge of the vcjjc; to either of ihe 5 lid places - . • 5 . . The sum of "s. &d. per d.ay is to he allowed to the pilot for every day such pilot may be detained on tioani in consequence of ihe sliip or vrtsel performm< quarantine, or detained under any other restric* lionsor circumstances such ship may be liable to. Bdfoit. I., s. rf. l.i 1 1 1 11 « 2 2 10 H 1.-, 1 1 I 11 ti 10 fi 13 1 1 1 11 6 e Ihau IS A,, .f. rf. 2 2 3 5 Fore ign Rale. British Rale. /,. 1. d. /,.». d Tonnage dues • - 3 per too 2 psrton and never to exceed 3 per ves 2 per ves. Ballast delivered at the (iuay - 2 8 per ton 2 per ton Stones — 4 — 3 — delivered at Oarmoyle 3 4 — 2 6 — \ Sloiies — 4 6 - 3 6 — : l'iliili!!e fr.im Whitehouse 1 R i.il« to Garmoyle, and eiCE ixna ■ 9 feet 14 per ves. 10 6 per ves. j 10 - 1 — \h - 12 - 1 8 — 1 I — 14 - i 16 — 2 2 — ' From flarmnyle to the i (Juiy, & Vict vcrta, 4 feet 6 7 — 5 — 6 feet 10 8 — S — 7 — 13 4 — 10 — 8 — 16 - 12 — 9 — I 1 — 15 _ 10 — I 10 - 1 2 6 — 12 — 2 2 - 1 11 6 — 14 — 4 4 — 3 3 — From Whilcliouse RoaJs to tlie (Iuay, itice ueun. 9 feet 1 IS - 1 7 6 — 10 - 2 10 — I 17 6 — 12 — 3 10 — 2 12 6 — 14 - 7 - 5 5 — BniMm.—Ptlotaiie for the Uench':^ nt Jirightluhmtone^ Ilajtings, or Jie^hill. 8 Feet and under. 8tolOFeet. Above 10 Feet. Is. 3(/. per foot. If. Qd. per foot. 2j. per foot. The shove r-itfs fir Ihe harbnuni ami beaches are due [)oth in- wai'ls ati'l nulwartlsj but iiu ctiarge \% hulever is to be made fur the use of pilnt iHials. Hhii'i < -in? into the harbours of Rye and Shnreh.im, and unloadini? lifar thi* harln)ur'n iiji)ulh, are subject lo 1 2 |iili)tay jiiloiK to any dock nr wharf neirthel )wn, where such shi|i!,tnn^ into or toiiuiu (>ut n{ pnri, within a line drawn from the Mewstone to ihe Rlarkslnnt* ; but if he do take a pi- lot hetwetu H'ib's Nose and the Start, it must be uue of the district pilots, if one oiler. liutcs nf PiloUt^e, fir piloting Ships within the nnrtmouth Dis* (nrf.— All British ships, if boirslL-tl without ilir run of tin- Mrwhtoue Easi, or the Black»>uue West, are lo pay as follows : viz.— Per Foot. s. d. Drawing 10 feet rif water and under - • -26 10 to 12 feet . - • ■ - 3 I2to U — . - • - -36 Mto 16 — - • • . '40 \tj feet anit iipwarila • • - 5 All British ships, if boarded within that line, are to pay 1-4 part le«s. All British ships, boarde. d. B.illasI 'luf ». T.ikcn nn bnard within tilt- liartxMir • 2 6 per Ion 1 8 per ton thrnun nut — 10 — 8- Toiinagu dues 16 — 9- hiwardg. Pilotage (Ivor ihi- Wxr from wilhnut llic B.iliks • 6 per foot : 3 Operfcjol within _ . . . 4 — 2 — within the Ik'idii 3 — I 6 — FiX)ln Pooll)i>» tn tlio (Jiiays 16- 1 — Outwards. Tmm Ihe tiuaj's to I'oolheg lad<'n 16 — 1 — From Poolbcg over the Bar laden 16 — 1 — Dundee. Harhniir iluea. Vessels from India or Cliiii.i • West Indies, Azores, Ma-U-i- ra, Tem-ritf^, Cape de Vcrd Is!e%Greeiilaiui,and Davis's Straits . . . . America, Meliferratiean, or any port north of Dront- heini Any part lietween Dunkirk and (libraliar (iiichidiirs; Dunkirk), and from any part in the Baltic N. li.—hrUish vessels navi- jfaltvl liy nun-freenieu pay 12 more. Foreijtn Rate, L. s. d. 5 per ton 14 — 10 — 8 — British Rale. L. 4. (/. 2 6 per ton 8 — 6- 4- Rxttcr nixtrict, i^iz.—Trom Lyme to finl/s Nose, an»l vice versa ; anU (0 and from, anri iuto and out uf, all port^i, and places within those limits. A'. li.—Nn ma. »- u sit. « K = £.3 yz 100 — 130 — 210 — 230 — 300 — fifiipt from Fartien Parts. 50 tons T r ^ I""* ■'' 80 '•- = » N. B.— Nn muler of a vejiel is compelled to lake a pilot, williln this ilistrici, unless Roins into or coming out of a port within a lina draivn from the Manacles to the Dodniin ; but if he do lake a pilot between the Dndmau and Ihe Lizard, it must be one of the district pilots, if one olllr. Kata of Pilolage, fur jjitofinif .Ships wil/iin Ihe Falmouth District. 1(10 — |-.0 — 200 — 2 ill — WK) — -s r !HJ tons ;i u "1 w 100 — 3 6 's I -g 5 I 130 — 4 I s- h' I fe = 2 1 T3 oJ _ ■§ .{ 200 - = 8 230 - " " .100 — 1-400 — Ships not having Rrilith registers, nor being privileged as British, tn [lay 1-4 ihore than Ihe nbove ra'es. Pilots to providea iKiat and crew In assist over the Iisrio a mooring l»erth ; for which they shall be p.ii I. over and :ilHive the pilotage, 2s. Cd. fireach man or oir emplivfil for t!iat purpnse. Masiers nf ships Liking a pilot (df Ihe Rill of Portland, or the Start (which is optioiia' to tht iiO. are to pay. bevond the pilotage from Bob's No. 1 67 75 84 1 52 60 r. 94 Carrick f F.ilninuth, & "> ' Hoals.l Si. Mawos' 1 Is. 6d. per foot nf the draught of & recc ) llarlmurs, k. f water, wrja L St. Just Pool J I. 2 2 10 d. Masters of vessels taking a pilot at sea, are to pay— For putting a pilot on board without a line drawn from the Manacles \o the Dodinan .... Ditto, from the entrance of HelfonI Harbour to the Gull Rock Ditto, a mile without the Sing Rock of Pendennia Point • Ditto, otl" the Lizarl, or in the pirallrl of lh« Lizird, or meeting a vessel there, ;tnd running before her. not being able to put a pilot on board, provided Ihe master of the vc'Std consents to receive a pilot at that dis'ance - 3 3 Shi[>s not liavin? British registers are to pay 1-4 more of the rales of pilotage than stated in Ihe alt.)Vi' Talde. A'. /?.— Noallowance for a pilot going on board a ship in the har- bour to take her out, except in extreniely bad weather, or when bhipi are on shore or niakmir sii;nals of dislresfs, iu which case a reasouul>le compensation is to bcmaile. All VI ssels belon^ing to the port of Truro, Imund to or from forcien parts, inclu lin? Guernsey, Jersey, Al.ierney, or Sark, are lo pav no more than I-'2 the above r^itesof pilolage, when navigating wiihitj the limits of the Falmouth district on their jMi'-satre to or from Trurfi. The rate of \s. Gd. per foot for subsequent removal rcmaiiorts and places within those limits. A'. B.—^o master of a vessel is compelled to take a pilot wiiiiiii this district till becomes otl* the port of Looe ; or within a line drawn from the I./>oe to the Ciribtien Head, for thi' port of J'owcy ; or from the Gribben Head to Blackhead, lor Polkerris Bay ; r.r from the Gribben Head to the Dodnian, for Mevagissey ; hut if he do tika a pilot t'etween Looe and the Dotlnian, it must be one of the district pilots, if one otfer. Hntfs nf Pilotazefnr pijntine ships within the Fowey District. All British ships of M feet water and upwards, if boariled witlmut the land, olf IxMic or the Dotlman, which must he known I y the western land, called the Gray, being open oil" the Dixlmaji, shall pay 6*. per ffMit pilotage, if carried into the harbourof Fowey, Mevagissey Pier, Charlestown Basin, or Looe. British ships under 14 feet water, boarded as above stated, to piy 4f. per foot fnr the tike service. British ships almve U feet, within (hat line, to pay only 4i. ptr fixit ; and slii|>s under U ftet, boardul as above, only 3j. j'tr foot f, r the like service. All ships nor having a British register to p.ay 1-4 more than ti.e rates alwive stated. All the .above rates to be paid in proportion for even.- 1-2 footrf water, but tio allowance to be made fur any draught of water ahove, or un>ier 1-2 a fcKit. In carrying ships to sea from the said harbour, the pilotriKe to ti> in all cases 1-3 less than the inward pilotage, as mentioned in tlic third article. All ships which may anchor on their arrival either in Mevaeis^ry Bay, or the sands oil" Fowey, to pay only 1-2 of the btfare-nieiitinutil rales of pilotage. All pib'ts emplnyed to carry ships from any one of the harUnin t) another, to be paid the saine pilotage as if the said ships hnd Iwn boarde*! within the headlands coming from sea. Masters uf ships taking a pilot at sea (which is optiooal with them) 3 leagues without a line drawn from Ihe Looe to the D'v!> man are to pay . . , . - 6 leagues diito . . - - . 10 leagues dit'o ..... and proportionately for intermediate distances, Galtuay, L. t. rf. Foreign Rale. Rri isli Rale. /.. .. rf. /,. .«. rf. Pilotage from Sea to the Ro,ads, and iiirc ifcrsa i 20 lo 60 Inns 10 per vcs. .3 Operves. 60 — 100 — 14 — 7 - 100— ISO — 1 — 10 - 1 -.0 — 20O — 18 — 14 - 200 and upwards 1 14 8 — 17 4 - Fmin thi Itnads lo Ihe Dock, and vice ofr.Ki 20 tn 60 tons IS — 7 6 - 60— ino — 110- 10 6 - ion— 130 — 1 10 — 13 - 1 30 - 200 — 2 2 — I 1 - 2( ami upwards 2 12 — 1 6 - ' M tl •i ■ PILOTS AND PILOTAGE. 311 .(i In like a pilot, wiOiitl I (\( a port within a lina lull if he do lilte a |iilot usi bo Olio o( the district ttilhtn the FalmotUh 3il4,l3 Grtfttoc^, Unit — cmitiniud. L. I. d. 2 2 are to pay- line drawn from ■hour to ilie Gull enilcnnis Pninl • 10 6 of t\«: I.iiird, or ore her, not bein? Ihe master of llie I distanre ■, . ' n pay 1-4 more of the n\n m hoard a ship in the har- bad \vtallier,orwhenslii|ii ,, ill whicli case a rcisoiulilo iro, bound lo or from furticn ■ney, or Sarli, are to pay ii.i ige, when iiavigaliiig wilhin ■ir pa^KViTi' to or froni '1 rum. :it removal remaiuiiig uiial- elusive, to the Dodman, m\ id out of, all ports and [daces lelled to lake a pilot nilliin of Looe ; or wilhin a line lead, for til.' port of Koni-y ; , fur Polkerris Bav ; or from [evaeisscv i but if hedoulia it must lie one of the Mislricl uUMn Ihc Fotucy Dislrkl. lupwards, if boarded witlinut lich must he known t.y tiie ;n off the Dixlnian, shall pay ■bourof Fowey, Mevajisscy irded as above stated, lo f jy liat line, to pay only 4i. per l> above, only 3j. prr fool f, r ler to pay 1-4 more than i!.c lortion for every 1-2 font of lany draught of ivater alxive, I harbour, the piloliw to Ifl llolage, as mentioned iu tlie larrival either in Mevasiwy 1 l-J. of the bttorc-nieoliuuej Li any one of Ihe harUiun li if liie said ships had been hm sea. . ^■a (which is optional «i,ii i. 1. J, «D,oeto_lheIl.Kl. ^ ^ ^ . ^ -I . 6 ti le distances. Ti per vfs. 7 0- 10 - U - 17 4 - 7 6- 10 6 - l:i - 110- 1 6 - 1 i Harbour Jiics Anchora'e ■ Forei The Boiling > Grounds ■ J two thirds of Ihe abive. Ships not bavin? British rei^islers are lo pay 1-4 niore of the rales of pilolaze titan slated iu the above Table, to be paid al the Cusloui* house, llanvich. Kolyhend District, viz. — Tn and from the anchorT^cs al Great Oruies Head, alons the coaslof the Me of Analfsea and Wales, as far as llardsey lalan-l, an 1 lo and from, and into and out of, all ports and placi's within those limits (excrpl the bar and harbour of Caernarvon, anditieSwellies). JV, R—N'o master of a vessel is compelled lo lake a pilot wilhin Itiis district, till he cnnies to the Nnrth Stark, bound to Holyhead H.irlHiur; but if he do take a pilot between Great Ornies Head and Bardsey Island, it must be one of Ihe di»tricl pilots, if oue offer. Rata of Filotast, for piloting .Sftiju i>i(o and out of lAe Harbour of i/i'/y/i.ad. Vessels per Register to pay, for 300 and JOO and 120 and SO and | 60 and less than less than 1 less than ; less than i less than 400 Tons. 300 Tons. 200 Tons. I<10 Tons. 80 Tons. /.. ». rf, - L. J. d. 3 3 2 2 /.. ». d. ! L. I. d. 1 11 6 ! 1 10 L. >. d. L. a. d. IS 10 6 Under 6lJ Tons. I Ships not hivin? British registers are to pay 1-4 more ttnn stated io the above Table. All ships anJ vessels, umler any circumstances of distress, aro tn ny such pilot .1 further sum uf niMir-y, to t^e c^lcubtfd according to Iheexttut and circumatauces of uuch distress, and the services alforJcJ. Sliim ar.J vessels which shall be bnanled by pilots, .it the distance of 3 Ifa'HW or f.irther to the snulhwird and «eslwani of Holyhead (where 'it is optional lo masters of viaaels to take inlu's), are to pay the severjl rates lollowin^; viz. L. t. d. On havin?a Liverpool pilot on hoard, off Point Lims, and landing the Holyhe.id pilot thera • • • - 3 3 On lantJin? the pilot at the Gn-at Ormcs Head • . s d n If a pil-)t is taken beyond the limits of his licence to Ches< tor Water or to Liverpool .... With the sum of 7t. 6d. per day for every day such pilot may be de- tained on boanl in conse 14 — 7 6 - 140 1) 17 — H - IfiO 17 — H « — 160 17 — 9 — 170 17 — 9 6 — IS.0 1 1) - 10 — for every additional 10 1 — 6 — Fine on imporling a cargo 1 — Nil Do. exliMrliim — « 13 4 - — Harbour masiei's dues 2 8 — — Town Thxtt for British Vusclt. Jetlaje. Anchorage. Inwards. Outwards. L. t. rf. /.. 1. d. L. t. d. Under 40 tons 1 1 li 1 40 and nol 4') tons 1 2 1 4i — .'.0 1 6 2 1 6 50—100 1 6 ■-> 6 2 6 ICO — 150 2 3 C 3 6 no — 200 2 4 6 4 2110 — 2.'i0 2 6 5 3 2S0 — 300 2 6 6 300 and upwards ■ 2 6 7 6 6 Exempt if Not due unless wi*h belonging gonds landed al, or lo free- taken in al, Hull. n.eii. or wilhin the har- bour. hiwnrdi. River pilotage. From the Northiiesi of Uindin?- ton seen open, or clear of the land lo the south- ward Iht-reof From the same, for ves- sels coining from the southward From the same, for ves- sels coming from the northward and east* want .... From the flaatin^ liarht until Spurn lights at norih east From Spurn lights at north-east, to the buoy of the Burcome or Grimsby Outwards. With goods - ball.ist • goods from Grimsby ballast - Pilots altiiiding on vessels Dock dues. Vessels coming to, or going belwetn Hull and the West In- dies, North or South America, Africa, Green- laud, or any place east of the North Cape of Norway, within the SIrails of Gdtraltar, and south of Cape St. Vincent Between FTutl, and all places atwve the S"und, and westward of Vshant in Europe, without the Straits of Gibraltar Detween Hull, and any port in Svveiien, Den- niarkf or Korway, be- low Elsineur. Germany, Holland, Flanders, or France, to the eastward of Ushant Foreign Rate. L.S. d. 7 per foot 7 0- 7 — 5 3 — 3 6 — 6 0- 10 — 3 — 2 — 10 6 per day British Rale. L.s. d. 3 per foot 5 — 5 — 3 6 — 2 6- 3 6 per ton 2 6 1 8 — 8 — - 4 — per day 1 9 per ton 13 — 10 — m*\ 5-r3 fC >f 9> 312 PILOTS AND PILOTAGE. /pfwirA. i ; i- I I Foreii?n Hale. | Rritish Rale. I., t. d. /. ». d. Water bjilifT'j rliiM 3 4 per ve«. 1 8 per >■». Rivtr Juus, uii'lt^r 40 loin. 2 per ton 1 per ton 40 lo f.0 3 - 2- 50— m 4 — 3 — 60— 70 6 — 4 — 70— H.) 8 — 5,— 80— 90 1 — 6i — 90- 100 1 4 — 8- 100- IK) 1 8 — 10 - ISO.irvl ijpiv.irli 1 8 — If i|plivrriiif( or taking in a carj;", al or below Dowiiliain Hearli * • 5- Filoino from nr.wi.tiim Huirti to Lfviri^tuii CTfek.an'i vice viun t 6 per foot 9 per fool From l^eviiiitton Creek to Hirwicli Harbour, and vue veKia (1 1 — 1) 6- From Dowiibani Reich to Harwich Harlour, and vice vena 2 6 — 1 3 - From Ipswich Quay to Downham Kt»ach, and iMft erim. — Vessels with 1 mist • • - • 2 6 — 1 3 - With 2 or ninro - 3 6—0 1 li — No Brilisli vpssel, tntJin? to fdrpisrn pirts, inwanl aiiH outwani bouiiil, in Id rfrtise a pilot ; but if such vi'Huoy in Knrnihj' Chaniifl, or it" a pilot boat fall in with a vfssol in the narrows of the rhatmt'ls in stormy vvcatlier. tliat she cannot ttoanl her wilhont im- niiuent danger, the pilot slull then Icait the way, anil, in either ease» lie entitled to such pilutage a:f &h»lt be a^^ardlll by (tie cunnnittee at tbuir next iiieetiiig. For Alien Ships and fasch. Innmrii.—Trom Uie teneth of Great Ornies Head, as above, at the rate of - ' • ■ ■ • - From the eistwarJ of Great Ornies llcail, art above - , From ti.e only hou-^e now on tireat Ililbra Maml, hear- ing S. S. \V. by the compass, or sliall be pi.'nteil fnim the Roal of Ilovlake only, or from the buoy of the Fair-Wav in Formby Channel • • - • Oiffu>a»(i.— Whether tlifoui^li the Rock or Fonnty Chan- nel - ■ • • - - -0 Per Foot. I. s. d. 7 An alien vessel, inward or outward h iiind, is not to refuse a pilot, as circunislances are described for Kn^lish foreij^n ve^els as aUne, Far Coasting festeh, and thotr tra(tiui^ to and from Ireland, tht Islands of Faro or Fcrro, Jirsvy^ Uucnisey, Aiderncy, Sark, and Man. Per Foot. Inward.—Trnm the length of Great Ormes Head, as above, at the ,Mtf (if . - ... . From the eistward of Great Ornies Head, as al)0ve From Ibi' only bouse now on Great Hilhra I^l-ind, bear- injj S. S, \V. by the compass, or shall be piloted from the B ad of Moylake only, or from the buoy of the Fair-Way hi Formby Channel • - - - Ou/u'arrf.--Whether through 'be Rock or Formby Chaa nel ...... L. s. d. 4 6 i • 020 No coas'ina; vessel to pay for less than S feet nf water, nor any ves- sel to pay fur odd inchi's under 12 a foot. No crKistinj; vessel, in- wani or outward lr pilotatje and extra pay. The Pilots* ('ommitfee be* leave l-t recommend to the merchants of Liverponl, he. that when a pilot ci)iiduc's a ship or vessel into port to »heir satisraclinn, to employ the wme pilot tii take the vessel out aeain ; and if he should be absent on duly, that one belonging lo the same bott lie eniployed. Pilots^ Hnlif and Herniations. — Any person actini; as a pilot in the port of i^iverpooli without a licence, to forfeit ZOl. Pilots refu-:irk after parting with the pilot, and piloted out again from Htiylake, to pay 1-2 the prices. Every'master'to iive the pihtt a true account of tlie draught of water lif lii^ ship, ant pitnts aulhonicd to admeasure. Pilots to obey the orden of tht' liarbour and dock mns'era. No vessels lo be brought round the Rock, or into the ducks, in the night lime. Londonderry. Liverpool. Rata of Pilotage Jcr Bntish fastis ttading to Foreign Parts. Per Foot. L. J. (/. /niiwrrf.— From the length of the west end of Great Ormes Head, iK'arir.if S. bv W., or Iielore Penman Hachau be shut in with Gre.it'Ormes Mia I. at the rile nf -090 From the eastward of Great Urines Head, as above -080 From the oiit> house now on Great Hillira Island, bpir. iug S. S. W, tiy the compass, or shall lie piloted from the Road of Hoylake only, or froni the buoy of the Fair-Way in Formby Channel • - - -040 Oiiftonn'.— Whether through the Rock or Formby Chan- nel . . - • - - -040 Lynn. 1 Foreii;n Rale. British Rate. , '/. ». d. r.. ,T. d. i Town dueJ. Reacona^e 1 1 2 per ton 1 per 1(111 ' Slarkaire • u 3-4 — 1.:i' - and I-5(h of the liei- . I conat;eif atthe Hoal. ; Bill list - - -0 u 8 p»r 3 tons 4 pr. 3 tons 3-4 ptrlnn Mooring dues . • I 1-2 per Ion good. gooits which may be in- creised to • 2 — I - Pilotage, 10 fi.& under 3 per fr)ot 1 6 per tool 10 1-2 to 12 3 6 — 11 1 9 - 12l'2tol4I-2 4 — :) 2 - 14 1-2and up- 5 - 2 6 - wards - 1 Milford^ District, r»2.— From Caldy Island, along the coast !o St. David's Head, and froni theiice to Canligan Island, and ria ttr»(i ; and to and from, and Into and out of, alt ports and places wjOiiii those tiuiits. A', ii.— No master of a vessel is compelled to take a pilot wj'ii.ti tliis district, un?ess c.'ir.i; into or Cfinnng out ( f p( tt. wi Inn i I i;t drawn fnuii Lenny I'niiit t) Slmkani Mand ; but it he i\n i.tkf a |iil'!{ between Caldy Ishn I and Cardigan hiaiid, it nitut be one of Ijie il.^ trict pilots, if one otier. Rates of Pilotaee, f'^r pitotinf! Sfi\pi into tht Ffarl^tr of Milfcl, and up and down the uiid Harbour. \r a To Rates per Foot. | ruder |l*l Ff.and 14 Feet; upwards. (' Any part of lhebar-1 A line drawn fmm i ; ber ves. 10 6 per vr*. ,er foot 1 6 per innt () 1 9 — „„ n 2 0- n 2 3- 2 6- 2 fl - n 3 0- _. n 3 3- _ 3 tJ - I. in oods British Il.ite. [.. s. d. 1 I per ton | 1-2 -- ' 4 nr. 3 tons ' a 3-4pirinii 1 gOOitS 1 - I 6 per fool 19 2 — 2 6 - il.in'l. alnn? the cnast to St. ZMi 11*1.11111. in-t I'lrt i"ii"a ; II ports and plucks \iill.iii ■lied to lake a pilm wi'iiiii out (f pi 't, \M lim 1 I I'.t ,d; hut il heilol.,ki-i pil'il J, il niiiat heoneiitllie.l.* fl the flart'cntr i I ffitrivur. / Jtf l7/or,<, nates per Fort, I'nder JHFt.md 14 Feel! upwards. ' [„ ,. d. L. t. i. ne 1 "■ > 2 3 6 to! J a'; Ml 1 >nj 'o 2 ! 2 6 MMumat Oita for SAioi Imirded without llu eittratia of lU fret, 41. 13j : 12 feet, B/. li. 6if. ; 13 feel, 57, 9». €rf. i 14 feet, 5/. Iftf.i jcauumm mu» jo r Uarluur. , ^ jS feeN 01 iJj. j \^iif\, 6). I u j 17 feel, 71. 2j. ; 18 feel, 8/. 5t. : li rmm » line drawn from Lenny Point to Skokam Island, in addition per fmit ■ - • " ' „ f „ If In the snulllMird of .Si. Onweii's Head, ditto • -010 Or from Caldy Islind e.isl«anl, or Irom the westward of Ihe Grasshiilni, or 3 haiue. without Lenny Point, m addition to Hie harbour piloOge - • • J J eieagu.sdiilo B n n lOleigucsdiilo - ■ ■ -BOO One fourth part is to be added to the h.arbour ralcj for ihipa not having Brilish registers. Baler for Stroica and .liii'tatice perfurmal in Iht Harbour. For a iKiat carrjiiig an anchor of above 6 cwt., with a correspond- ing hawser — L.I. 2 2 Not exceeding ; at the discre- tion of Ihe suh- coiiiuiissioners. If in Iluhbcrslone Roads Each niau in the Uial, each tide .050 If lielow Huhliersloiie Ro.ids, a line dr.iwnfnmi Ihe E. point of Qilis- wirk, to the E. point of Angle U.iy and aliove Ihe Slack Rock - - 2 12 6 Each nun in Ihe boat, each tide - 6 If ill Dale Kn.id. and the anchor is brought from i\Iilford • -440 Or if carried nil' from Dale • - 2 12 6 Each man in Ihe boat, each tide -060 Eor a boat carrying off an andinr of 3 cwt. and not eicccding 6 cwt., wilh a corres'iMtnding hawser, Uie boat and men to liave 3-4 of the sums above snecihed. For a boat with an anchor of 2 cwt and not exceeding 3 cwt., with a corresponding hawser, the boat and men to have 1-2 of Ihe said above specilied sums. For uiininoriiig a sliip drawing 14 feet water, and upwards, and bringing her alongside the quay, nr into Ilubberslone Pill— From the situation, lit or 2d, before mentioned — L. I. d. .110 feet, 9(. ISi.j 20 feet. III. 5j. 13/. lOf. HaTl,our I'lMner.—Xno llt%ier ves. British Bate, L.t. d. 3 per foot 16- 10 — 11 1 1 4 per ves. 9 — 2 pr. chal. 6 per ves. — 2 — 4pr.chal. Nil. TS H j From To n f. to 10 _ t. 11 1. 12 s. 13 14 1. f. 15 16 I. ». 17 s. 18 1. 19 s. 20 t. Either of the 1 ^ Sea, and_ oici'Misa' roalsteads or piers in 10 16 24 30 35 40 1 45 SO'jD 00 67 77 Mount's Bay 1 1 1 1 ! il, , ■ Either of the 1 ' «JL™t dillerent piers 1 1.. id. per foot of the draught of „-~ ?' „ 1 n Mount's f water. i.TOUcrso|^| „^y . , J 2 2 • I 1 10 ^'eu}havenilnd Shoreham District^ viz.—Tram Dun^enwi lo the Owers, and virt versa ; ami (o and from, and into and out of, all porta and iv.ice.Mviltiin thnse limits. A", /f.— Nonnslor nf a vessel is cnmjiellrd to tako a pilot wjlliin this district, until he comes to llie enlranrc of Kye, Shorehsim, or Newlwven, and is bound lo one of tliose port* ; but if he doe« take a iiitot liclween UunReness and the Owers, it must he a district pdot, ifnne Ptli-rs. Rattxof PiUyfnsf, forpxlctiug Ships within the Xewhai'm DiS' trut.-Con\ pilotage from Dun^eneas lo the west end of the Owen: tfeetdraughT and under, 2/. I6i. 6d.j 7to 10 feet, 4/. 4*. 6d. j V Ships not havin? British rcgiiters are to pay \i more than stated in the above Talilu. lioals and vesu- la boarded by pilots at a distance southward of the lay- L. For putting a pildt on Iwnrd without a line drawn from the Lizard to 'J'ol Pedan Pcnwith .... Ditto, within a line drawn from the Liz-ird to Tol IVdan IVnwilh, and without a line drawn from Cam \)ew lo PenRwiriion I'oint Dift(), » ithin a line drawn from Carn Dew to Pen^ivinion I'oint, and without a line drawn from St Clement's Isle to Trewavas Head ..... And within those limits to be charged inwards. Plymouth District, vir.— To the westward as far as XjooCt antt eastvvard as tar as the Start ; and to and from, and into and out uf, all ports and places within those limits. A". }i. — No master of a vessel is compelled to take a pilot withii) this district, except f^oine: in or coniinc out of the port, within a I'mtt drawn from the Kan) Head to the Mewstone ; hut if he do take a pilot between the .Start and Looe, it must be one of the district pilots^ if one oiler. Rates of Pilotage, for piloting Ships within the Plt/mmith Dit- trict.—\. All British ships of 14 feet water and upward^ except Kast Indianien, if boardt-d without the land olT' I'enli* Puint or the Mewstone, which must be known by the western land beini< open off the Ram Head, shall pay bs. per foot pilolaf^e, if carried into the Harbour of Hanioize, Catwater, or Sutton Pool. 2. Dritish ^hips under 14 feel water, down to 8 feet, boarded u above staled, are to pay 4*. prr foot for the like service. 3. Ships above 14 feel, withm that line, are to pay only ii. per foot ; and ships imder 14 feet, boarded as above, only 3*. per fool, for the likf service. 4. All ships under 9 feet water, are to pay as above stated, as ir the ves'-el was of that draught. 5. All the above rates are to be paid ;n projiortion for eveiy 1-2 foot of water, t»ut no allowance is lo be made for any draught of water less th.'in 1-2 foot. 6. In carrying ships to sea from the said harbours, the pilotage U to he, in all cases, Ihe same as Ihe inward pilotage. 7. All ships which may anchor on their arrival, either in Cawsand Ray or Plymouth Sound, arc to p*;- only i-2 of the before-mentioned rile.s of pilotage. 8. All pilots employed to carry ships from any one of Ihe h-irbours to another, are lobe paid the same pilotage as if the said ship lud been boarded within the headlands cominK from 5ea. 9. Should any ship above 17 feet water be boarded while the west- ern land is open olV the Rim Head by one of the 2d class pilots, and he runs Ihe ship as far in as either of the buoys on the 1 anther or Shovel, and is there supen-eded by one of the Ist class, he shall be entitled to 1-3.1 of Ihe pibdaee. 10. Masters of ships taking a pilot at sea— L. t. d. Vol. IL— 2 D 40 3 le.iKuej without a line drawn from the Ram Head to the Mewstone, are to pay • . . - 3 3 6 leagues ditto - ■ . - • - 4 4 10 leaiiues ditto . - . - • .660 and proportionatelv for intermediate distances. 11. Ships not li.ivin([ British rt^ialers are to pay 1-4 more of llie rales of pilotaf^e than is slated in the almve Tahle. 12. ha master choose to retain or employ a pilot whilst at anchoi the rale for the lay days il to be 7i, 6d. a day, not iucluding Ibe dkt coming io or going uuL ■^ -•-?: ^^ '•L 8.-1 », ..<■ •■>-•■ 314 PILOTS AND PILOTAGE. ! I < 1 I -i Poote Ihitrirt, wfr.— Fmm Cliristoliurch, inclu^ivt*, tn St. Albiii'i HeaJ, atxl vice tvnn ; ari'l In nml rroiii, anJ into anil nut or, all pnrti and placAs witliin tlinsp Itmi's, N. fl.— Nn m.istpr rif a vpsit-l ii cnnipdlp-I tn take a nilnl witliin thii dlilricl nnlil lip rniiiH to tlie entrance n( I'lmlf, Slucllanil Day.nr Chrlllchurrti, bnund to one nf tlinai? ithrw [ liut if he (In take a pilnt between Chris'churcli and St, Alban a Head, it niuit be ooe u( the dis- trict pilo!i, if one olfer. Rtila nf I'thm^e /or piloting Sliipt wilhin thi Pmle Diilmt For the pilotage of any veual tram SluJIaod Bay to Puole Quay, 3i. p«r foot. For the pilotage of any feael from Stiidlind Bay la Browniea, 8-3d> of the above. For Ihrt pilnt.ige of any vessel fi^m S(. Alban's or Christchnrch Heail, to Poole Quay, 4t. per foot, and in piY)jH>rtiun fromthose heads lo RrownA ii and Sttiv ihev attend in ; and 4«. per day each man, if detained ou board after the iir^t day. Coasting vessels to pay 2-3ds of the above rates of pilotage. Port Gliu^ow. Harbour dues. If a foreign voyage . . - • Above 30 tons coasting Pilotage. From any place lielwei-n Cuinray Li^htft the Clnu^h Light, or from the anchnrare at Fairlee Roads, Hoihsay Bav, or Quarantine Station, tinly I.ock. tnCireennrk Knads, mooring and berthing, or Vice versa From any place inside the Clough Light, or from th2 anchorage at Gourock lioads, or the Tail of the Bank .... Vessels inward bound, not boarded until nearer Gourock than the Bay of Quirk .... From Greenock to Port Gl.asgow, which rale is to be addetl to almve for vessels from any of those stattpns for thai port Foreign Bate. British Rale. L. I, d. 1 per ton 6 — Zi — Ij - 0| — IJ - L. : d. 6 per ton 3 — I^ - 1 — OJ - 1 — Portlinoulh and Cowes District, mi.— From the t)wers, within and without the Isle of Wight, to Peverel, and vice versa; and to and from, and into and out of, all pons and places within those limits If. B — Tlie pilots of this district have authority to supersede jiich of Ihe Ixindon or t'lnque Port pilots as are licensed for the charge of vessels to Ihe Isle of Wight, when they arrive near tint channels lead- ing into the |)oru an I hirbours within the Isle of Wight ; hut nn mas- ter of a vessel is cnm|iclled to take a I'orlsmouth or'Cowes pilnt till within 5 miles nf Itcnibridge Ledge, or 3 miles nf Ounnose, SI. Ca- tharine's, or the NeeJles, (or till at St. Helen's, if he is piloted thereto by a duly licensed l.iindon orCinque Port pilot,) but if he do Lake on IwarJ a pilot between tlie Owen and Peverel, it must be one of the district pilots. Rata of rilola^e. for piloting Ships within Ihe Portsmouth and Cowis Dtstrict.—l'mni h miles without Rembridge Ledge, orSlniles without Duniiose or St, Catharine's, or 3 miles from Ihe Needles' Point, coniiii? in at that passige. To Spilhead, Molherbank, Stokes Bay, or Cowes Road. Per Foot, For ships of every draught, as fir as 17 feet inclusive . 5 6 From 17 fiTl to ^0 feel drauTb. inclusive - . .60 Above 20 bet draught -" - . . -70 But if the ship |« hnanled within 2 miles of the buoys oil' Bem- bridgc, or within 3 miles of the Needles' Point, the rale lo lie 1 j. per foot less than Ihe aliove for each foot Ihe ship draws. And Ihe same rales as the almve for pilotagii outwards. Ships inward bound, boarded between the Needles and Hurst Cas- tle, to pay it. per fool. Between Hurst Castle and Newton Creek, l>. per foot. ' Ships aiiclioriiig and remaining at St. Helen's, Yarmnulh, or I.y- mingtori, eitlier inward or outward bound, lo pay 1-2 the rate of pilotage. Pilots taken on board by the capiiin without the above liniiu, lo receive the following pay ; viz If at 3 leagues from the Wight • 6 ditto ditto 10 ditto ditto **a pinporlionalely for any intermediate distances. 6U[» coming into Cowes Harbour lo pay U. 6d. per fool, and Ihe im« 00 gomg out, aa harbour pilotage. ■ , ». ». d. 3 4 6 Pilots of ships drawing 17 feet water and under, are tn have ?/. fier foot in addition to the piloi.iga from sea, from any place withiri he Isle of Wliclit to Portsmouth llartinur, or to South imp'on, or to Buckler's Hard, or to Ijngstoiie Hartmur and Lyminglon ; and for all vessels drawing above 17 feet water, :)j. per fiHit, Ships coming fnim Ihe Downs svith a I/indon or Cinque Port pilot, to the Isle of Wight, .ind he continuing the charge into any of the places svilhin Ihe said i mils, no duly liceiiseil iiilol otFerIng, is to !« allowed 1-2 pilotage ti ,., SI, Helen's lolhe anchorage, but not other- wise. For transporting vessels from one berth to another in Portsmouth harbour- As far as 200 tons • • ■ I0>, ed. 201) to 300 — . . . . lii. Above 300 . . . . i\s. For Ihe pilotage nf ves-sels from Southampton to Rclbridge, Elinr Forlham, or Chapel, and vice vena, I*, per foot ; and from South' ampton to llimble, Bursledon, Leap, Iluckler's Hani, or Heiullto and nice eerja. Is. 6tion dues. Vessels trading to or from Iho river Tees from or to any foreign port (except laden with Norway limber only) • If laden with Norway limber only . Town dues ... Pilotage from Sea to"^ Ihe eighth buoy . From Sea lo Cargo Fleet ... 5 From Cargo Fleet to S Middlebiirg • - C.3 From Cargo Fleet to Newport or Porlrack From Cargo Fleet lo Stockton Foreign Rale. British Hale. | \ % L. J. d. I 6 per Ion I _ 6 per vei. I.. J. d. 9 per Ion 6 2 6 I 9 per foot 3 I 2 6 3 — A'. B,— 5», per vessel extra, if with lee. boards. I 3 per v«. per foot GI.N Fiiili Bcln\ Foi GI.N( FniUll Gel Foil fil.Nei Knilski Helow Foili OI.Neis Foilskir Below 1 Foilsl Filolai Tonnsg portiiif house, of whc coals, Ireland Veiwels.l cargo si I Vessels n port in 2 0- 9- 13- 2 0- Ballast di board Thrown irq/r/ioid tyr,rfi; ami within tliost A'. B.-N this district, to the Shanil PI.MI Nelkenp in great when rii nous, Iht their gre for the E counted. Dion, cloi dicinc; I "Then (iouB. A PIMENTO. r inJ imil«r, are to have 2t. n wi, fnim any plice within uir, or to Sdii'lunip'on, or fn )ur and I.yniin^lon ; and fur r, 3i. per f(«»i. » I^mlonnr Cinque Port pilul, vg llii* ch:irKR luln any ot tho liceiutcl [tilot nlTrrinfC. it tn l>e lo the anchorage, but oot other- orth to another in PortHmouth . H*. - 213. lliamptnn to Rci!t>ri<)(ll Mircll and 29th Seplvuiber, per Foot. Weymnulh, and n(T llio«i nf Bridpnrt and Lyme j tut if he do lake a I iliit liitin-en .11. Allp.iii'. Mead and Lyme, it must k« one of lite .lialrid ml.. la if »..a nll^v llolaie. ,,. , I'j Takinit piloli at the follewlng g-g. diiianceik '•' ". i tValward. Kaitward, GI.Newlown Head Salteea - Foilihirl - • Bi«&nunIM. Below Duncannoni and nearer than FoiUkirt or bag and Bun • GI.NewtownHRid I S.illeea • foil>kirt - -iBa^&BunHd. Below Diincannon, and ni-arer than Foilikirlorfljjaad Kun • Gt. Newtown Head I Sal'ees - Foilikirt - I na«ABun lid. Helort Diincannon, and netrerthan Foilikirt or Bag aud Bua Ot.Newtown Head | Saltees • Foilskirt - • I Bajft Bun Hd. Below lluncannon, ami nearer than Foilskirt or Bag aud Bud - Br. Fo. u u 5 , oce- 4-32 S3 ? Br. I 83 0'2 7 02 2 3 Fo. f d. 4 S 4 2 0.3 6 Br. Fo t.d.\t.d. 4 on 10 3 8:5 4 3 4411 Between 29lh .Septemher and 2jth March, per Foot. 2 113 6 183 9 14 2 7 3 0411 4 5's 3 2 7,4 6 4 OS 10 2 34 3 8,5 4 More than 6 and less Ih'in 12 Fei't, liclween 25lh March and 20lh Sept., per Foot. . 2I2 7 111 10 2 119 - 91 8 1 3 6'3 2U II 3 3 0|4 9 2 7 2 9 4 Between 29th September and 251b March, per Foot. 8 1 6 1 2 3 2 4 4 3 S 5 4 2 7 2 13 6 3 6;4 1l 2 11 10 303246 Filolage outwards, the same as Foilskirt, or Bag and Bun Head. Tonnsp! duea. Veaselj re- porting at tho CuJiora- house, (vessels, two Ibirdi of whose cargo shall be coals, or/ro»i any port of Ireland, excepted) • Vewels.two tliirds of whose cargo shall be coals Vessels arriving from any port in Ireland Foreign Rale. British Itate. L.I. d. 6 per ton 3 — 2 — L. 1. d. 2i per ton li _ 1 — Ballast duel. Taken on board • British foreign Thrown out British foreign If above the River or Pill of Killma. cow and below the Cove. Per Tail. C. I. d. 3 3 4 6 I 10 2 9 If between the River or Pill of Kilniacow and the Cove, If by Lighters. If at Bal- last Quay. Per Ton. Per Ton. L. I. d. L, I. d. I 10 14 2 8 2 2 11 j 9 1 7 ; I S district pdols, if one oiler. Jlalaof Pilolngt, far piloting. IMpiurilliin the W'eymouJA Diilrict. From To ^1 From H Feit to 10 Feel. it ■^s "/-rT t'ilOl. 1. d, 3 3 3 3 A line drawn fronn Weymouth or ) Lulworth 10 hell p;,r,|»„j f C;orsha":.utJi "-J'orBay; Weymouth or li Weymouth ) Porllandlioad.or^ Harbour -J _ ' '( Bridpnrt liar- { S" ■ ■ ■} hour ■ -J Ditto • . - Lyme Harbour • /Vr Foot. >. d. 2 U 2 2 2 I'er fi^Ot. 1. d. 2 G 2 6 2 6 2 6 The same rates of pilotage to be paid outwards. Ships not having Britih)i reiislers tn pay 1 4 more of Ihe rales of pilotage than is sLaled in the aliove Table. The pilot of any vessel shall, if rf<|Uireil by Ibe owner or master only, provide a boat with 4 men to attend her, fniiii the roads to thu quay, or from Ihe (|u»y to Ihe roads, to low her in or out, or carry ropes on shore or to the posts, he, as ni.iy be necessary, t^or which service each man is to be paid 4l. per tide ; the owner of the boat to be paid the B.ame as a man. Masters of ships taking a pilot at sea (which is optional to them) to pay as follows, viz. — From SI. Alban's Head or Dill of Portland, to off Bridport or Lyme ....-■ If 3 le.iguis from the limits of Weymouth, Bridport, or Lyme ... ... IfGdilto ditto . . . . . If 10 ditto ditto . . • • • L. t. d. 2 2 I'armoKt/i.— /(a(M 0/ Pilotage fir pilotinn .thipi uHlhin the Yttr- vioitth Diilrict.-^VoT ships above 14 feet dr3u.:,'ht of water. From To Amount. L. 1. The Dudgeon Light , ilsf Orfordnesa 10 10 inrallel of latitude Yarmouth Road, within > or without the sands . ) 7 7 the northward thereof, "j and vire versa - -I Downs . . - . 2 Yarmouth, and vice Orfordness 6 verta - • • Downs . - - . 16 16 i' Sen, through the Cockle, > SI. ^'ichnla5,orovertbeS■ Varmoutb Roads • 3 Stanford - - •) Sea - • • Yarmouth Rnails, through i any of the channets - > 6 S (- Orfordness S 6 Smith's Knoll, and Vice The entrance of the (iat-^ versa - ■I ways leading into Yar- > mouth Roads - •) The entrance of the Gat- > 3 3 Orfordncss • ■\ v^'ays leading into Yar- > 3 3 I mouth Roads - -) For ships of 14 feet draught of water, and under, 2-3ds of the above rate. fiirc and out of the Harbouri of Varmouth and Southweld.—Tor all laden ships, /- t. d. Of above SO and not exceeding 60 Ions 1 I Wcyriiaritk District.— Twm St. Alban's Head to Lyme, and tiioe vtrm) and to and from, and into and out of, all ports and places within those limits. ,V. /?.— No master of a vessel is compelled to take a pilot within tliisilijlrict, until becomes within a line drawn from LulworlhCove to the Ijlianiblc^, or within the Race, into the ports of Portland and 60 70 80 90 too no l?0 130 140 150 175 70 80 90 100 no 120 130 140 150 17> 200 4 I 6 I 8 I 10 I 13 1 16 2 2 4 2 8 2 13 3 The pilotage for ships in ballast is to be I-3d part of Ihe pilotage of laden ships ; and ships returning into {xirl ly distress of weather, contrary winds, or on account of accident, are to pay 2-3ds of their common pilotage. Ships not having British registers are to pay 1-4 more of the ra^es of pilotage than stated in the above Table. PI.MENTO, ALLSPICE, or JAMAICA PEPPER (Fr, Poivre de Jamaujue ,- Ger. Nelkenpfeffcr ; It. Pimenti), the fruit of the Mi/rtiis pimento, a beautiful tree which grows in great plenty on the hills on the north side of Jamaica. The berries arc spherical, and, when ripo, of a black or dark purple colour. But, as the pulp is in this state moist and gluti- nous, the berries are plucked when green ; and being exposed in the sun to dry, they lose their green colour, and become of a reddish brown. They are packed in bag.s antJ hogsheads for the European market. The more fragrant and smaller they are, the better arc they ac- counted. They have an aromatic, agreeable odour, resembling that of a mixture of cinna Dion, cloves, and nutmegs, with the warm pungent taste of the cloves. Pimento is used in mo dicinc; but its principal use is in the seasoning of soups and other dishes. "The return," eays Mr. Bryan Edwnrda, "from a pimento walk in a favourable eeagnn are prodi- {ious. A single tree has been known to yield ISO lbs. of the raw fruit, or 100 lbs. of the dried spice i €-% « 316 PINCIinECK, PINE there being commonly n long In wclirMt nf | In rtirinc ; hiit ililn, likr many other of the minor prndiie. tionii, is exceedingly uncerliiln, nnd perlmin ii vitv |)Ii.'IiIt I helii^ve itN averuKe for some years nnst may lie set down nl Til. per lli., ejtcliiaivu of the iliity (3rf.)."— (Vol. ii. p. 3Ti. ed. IHIU.) The price of pimento In bond. In the London market, has varied of Inle yearH from iJ. to ftj,(. per lb. At the period when Mr. Kdvvurds's work was piilillHlied, the annual imports of pimento from Jamaica nmoiinted to abonl 072,(100 II18., nnd were deirraHJiii,' every year— (/nr. nl.). Iliit at an average of tim 3 years endinK with IH32, the annual Imports were 2,3lll. por lb. riiniitn Iriiui Jamaica U nn Hvcrngi; of Dm rla l,'.l'27,731lli»., nnil rniixIdiTiibli! falling liiilf 1)1" llioHC of the prill! of lilt! urtli'le, Jamaica furiiishca ir ,• It. Tiimhacci) ; Rold. By melting iliiurs of wliich ap- lyt'il aH ft sutwiiluto u like (Icscriptiun, l-iir. [, in point of utility It U'livi'f", liiit a Kpo- nol ull, t!vcri;ri;«'ns; I's witli llu' spiTies, e tiinluT is liiiiiii st 'e slmll only iwlico itnina, and of most , Norway, and Iiap- I the lu'ii;lit of 8(1 or 1 70 or 80 years old. yellow, or of uhotiey a, and it has a strong not cxeeediiii; |', ih ih colour ; tin; wood nor filling its teeth ligii and Memel are ne, the dark parts of •esinous matter, feels ,t for bearing strains. tter, and presents a m of the celebrated as oak in all sitna- 1 for beams, girders, sily wrought, stands redwood. Norway sap wood ; but the om other situations. ; pieces from 18 to [ngth ; those of less and planks are im- Ir, pilch, and turpen- |ce has attained to a Ic, or Plnun nh'm ; lese are noble trtcs, le timber known by planks. |eC ('llUISTIAN'tA.) and arc afterwards I spruce thrives very Imewhat softer, and Irica. The wood is le liable to twist in I not much imported In the colour of the The colour of spruce fir, or white deal, is yellowish or br< .viii«)i white le hard part of the annual ring ft darker shade of the Hume colour; it (iflfii ;m a silky b, re. r-l>eciiillv )n the American and Urilish grown kindi". Kaeh annual ring , >iisistHof tw, parts; tl >• hard, the other eofter. The knots are generally very hard, 'liie clear and ^n li^hl-i lit J.."^- ^f aifl PIRACY. Hy thr nnripnt common law of nni^lnnd, pirncj', if fominittPil by n nuhjnet, wan hclil to bo II Mpccicfl of trriwoii, Immhij roiitriiry to lii>4 ii:itiiriil nlli'i^iunco ; iirnl, l)y n" titifii, to tn> felony only; liiit «inc«> l\w stiituto of trrnHons (2.') IMw. '.). c. 'Z,), it iw hold to ho only felony in n snl)it'ct. Formerly iIiIm olTence wiis only coKniHiiMc by the iidrniriilly conits, which proceed liy the rnle>< of the civil liiw; imt it heinn inconniHtent with the lilierlies of the nation thut liny nian'H life slmnld ho tiiken nway, unleHS hy th« jiiii({inent of his |)eerH, the Htiitute 8H Hen. 8. c. in. estiililished a new jurindiolion for thid purpoMO, which proceedn uccordiim to the course of roinnion Iiiw. It WHS formerly a qiMMliiin whether the AlTcrinrs, and other Afiiriin Htiites, should he considered pirates: Imt, however exce|ilionalili' tlii'ir conduct mii;ht have liecn on many occasions, mid however hostile their policy mi^ht ho to the interests of humanity, slill, us they had lu'cn sulijected to what may he called renular i^overnmeiils, and had lieen iidmilled to enter into treaties wilii other jiowers, they e(uild not he treated as pirates. Pirates havini? no ritflit to luiko compicsts, or t>) seize uiion what liclonns to others, cap- luri) hy them does not divest the owner of his property, .^t ii very early period of our his- tory, a law was inado for the restitution of property taken hy pirates, if found within tlio realm, whether lieloni?intx to slraiiijers or Knulishmen : hut any foreii^ner suin^ upon this Rtalute must prove that, at the time of the capture, his own Hovereii;n and the sovcreijjn of the captor were in mutual amity ; for it is held that piracy cannot ho committed hy the suli- jectH of stales iit war with each other. Piracy was almost universally jiractised in the heroic au;es, Insteail of hciny^ ostpcineil infamous, it was sujiposed to he hoiiourahle. — {l,(itnir!iiitnn niiiri.i i^l iriir lidhrliutur. — Jnn/lii. Ill), xliii. c. :}.) Merielaus, in the Odyssey, does not hesitate to inform his fjuest-, who admired his riches, that they were the fruit of his piratical ex|ieditions — (lih. iv. ver. !tO.) ; and such, indeed, was the way in which most of the (Jreek princes amassed great wealth. — (fiii^iief, (>n'liii('s or ammunition, or litting out any vessel for that purpose, or in any wise cmisnllin:;, comlijniiii;, cdii- fedi^rating, or ciirrespondiii^' with them; or the forcildy hoardini; any merchant vessel, tlidimh willi- ont siMZing or carrying her iilf, ami destroying or thru wing any of the goods oviolioard, shall lie iliiimil piracy ; and such accessories to piracy as are cl siriheil liy the statiue of King William are dei Ian i| In lie principal pirates, and all pirates convicted liy virtue of this act are made felons without lii'iiclil nf clergy. To encourage the di'fence of merch.iiit vessels against pirates, the commanders ami scaiiii.ii wounded, and the widows of such seamen as are slain in any eiigagi-ment with pirates, ari! ciilillnl to a hoiinty, to he divided among them, not exceeding the one fiftieth pnrt of the vahie of tin' cMr';i) saved; and the wounded seamen are entitled to the pension of (Jreenwich Hospital.— (II & \i ll'ill. i. c. 7. ; 8 Oco. I. c. 21.) The first of these statutes also enacts, that if any mariner or inferior olliiir of any English ship decline or refuse to fight witun coiumandud by the umslcr, or shall utter any woiJi t'4! Kir a' k >• I 11 n< or iiliii SWI imt Su. 1 ihjrcf, v/an hoM to tiy iiri (illfii, to III- I to l>e only t'l'lony ully ooiirlH, which iTlics ot'iho iiutioii S |)CITH, ihi' utiUutc [irocoeJn uecorilinjj 1 HtlltP^, Hhll\llll tl(! vc lu'cii oil iiiiiuy hiimiwiilyi K'ill. i»^ h.ul tii'i'u mlniillcd iiiH« to others, cnp- r pi-rioil of our his- f loll ml within tiiu IT Wllillt? U|)OTI tilii 1(1 till' SOVlTCitJtl ol' uniltoil by Iho huIj- of hciiiR pstroincd I irlir hdliiliiilnr. — inform his j^iifrit!', tionrt — (lil>. iv. vcr. iices amassed groat [IS, bo explained liy v;».s divided, and tlie leiourt and predntory Med that those wlio accurately exaniiiio as a more improvcii (Joriiith, t"te., had >irenee : but ihoiigh Rrcat stroni;hold of nc forces of Athi'ii8 luimbers and audi- TV to send PDiiipoy jthaii had been evtir d himself a sort of dly practised. The |inR the sliips of ihc was then infestcil. |ind been suI'vcrU'il, limes, some of thi; lerly, however, tlicy ill not unfru(jueinly Imnion law, rnnstilnli! slat. 11 & ri Will. :t afiiiiiist oIlHTs lit' Ills Itlioimll il \V(Mi!(l .iiily fr, any <'ciimiiaiiili'r nr , ordiviiii'o, iii!iiiii:iii- iicts ; III' any piTsnii IjMs Hlii|i, or ('iiiiliiiiii:> ofl'iilicrs be :u!jiiilL'ril I Tiiorcly iicci'ssury liy |r ('(iiii'.(^:iliiit' iIp'iii (ir ' H IVoiii llie lu'iielil dl' liiu' tlii'iii Willi >l(iii'j liii!», r()iiil)liiin'J, I'liii- [vfHsel, tliciimli Willi- l>aril, shall l)i' ili-i'iiicij llliiini are (Iccliin li l.i lis witliout licni'lil nf Viiimlers ami siuiiioii J pirates, arc eiililUil le value of lln' tiir^o Tiital.-(11 & 1-i '!'". lier or iiilerior olliciT [hall utter any woidi riSTArillA— PLANTAIN. 310 to ■(ll«fniirB«»! thn oilier nmrlncrii ("rom ilcfi'iiiliiiff the mini", hi> "linll Ihhc nil llii> wtiui'D iliio to lilin. 1< li'i'lhrr Willi •lull ((iiniiN an lie lialh in llii' »lii|>, anil lie liii|iriiiciiii'il ami ki'|ii lo lianl lalioiir I'lir li '"'i'he li (ien. t r. 4!l fnnrlii lliat a lioiiiily uliiill lii* pnlit In thn iiinrcrH ami I'ri'Wii nf micll of hi* MiiJiKly'i »lii|H "f wiir iiH limy lie •■iiuaiTfil in llie iidiiiil lakinu', niiiNihu'. Iiiirniiii', or nllnrwi"!' ile- Firiiyini! any vi'hhiI nr liiiiil niaiineil liy |iiriili'*, nf 'Jli/. for rai li |iir:ili' lnUcii nr kill'il iliiiinu iln' iillack, a till of,'/ fur ever ) (illnr mini i if I lie rri'W iinl lakeii nr kllli'd, w lio »liiill liiivi* lirrii iillvii on liininl Ilia s.iil nir;ill'irled from the I'iast are superior to those raised in Europe. — {Ij'irl.s'.i Miit, Mil.) riTCH ((mt. /'<<•//,• Fr. /'o/,c, lirnl ,- It. /'»<■»■; .Sp. /Vr ,• Uiis. Smntu ffu^/iijn), tlio residimin which remains on inspissaiiiiL,' tar, or b.iiiinpr it down to dryness. It is extensively used in ship biiililiii'?, and for otln r purposes, l.arin' i|iiaiilities are maiiufaelineil in (ireat Itiitain. 'I'lie duly on pitch, wliicli is lOi/, a cwi., produced, in IH'.'U, lis/., so that lO,');')^ cwt. must have lieeii entered for home eonsiimptioii. All lillnwiiiirc is 111 III' iii:iili> fur lure nn piicli, nf •Xi |!ih. eacll on An liaiiKi'l casks, Hll Ihs carli on gweilixli ilo., ami M Ihs. each nn Aiin'riciiii do. PLANF, a forest tree, of which iliere are 'i species ; the Oriental piano {I'Litiinits Oritn- titlis), and the Occidental plane {I'lalaiuix Otriilnildlis). The Oriental plane is a native of the Levant, and oilier Ka-/iittiiiiis). It is a lar^e tree, i;rows ipiickly, and stands th(! sea spray iielter than niost trees. The limber is very close and coinpact, easily wrinit;ht, and not lialile either to spliiitcr or war|). It is nenerally of a brownish wliite or yellowish while colour, and sonie- liiiies it is very lieaulifiilly curled and mottled. In this slate il takes a fine iioli^h, and bears variiisliiiit; well. It is chielly used in the manufacture of saddle trees, wooden dishes, and a variety of articles both of furniture and machinery. When kejit dry, and protected from worms, it is pretty durable; but it is ijuitc as liable as beech to be attacked by them. — {Tral- gold. p. l!)(i.) rii.A.NKS (fier. and Dii. Pliniken ,- Da. Vlunker ; Sw. Vlanhnr ; Fr. I'/uncIics, UoT' d 1814 — — 4,839 7 H),6no 12 It 10.7v> 12 53.4 : 1815 — — .>i,;'6l 12 lu 53, ,4 1 It 5 I2,il3 1 II ; 1816 I6f. & I7j. li. 3rf. ft Ij. 6d. 5,574 14 5,i.«16 \1 2 n.fi • It 63 1 IS17 17.. It. 6\uir\ nl' what might have been fairly expected from tlie increasing wealth and population of tli<^ couhiry. The preceding Table shows that our criticism was well founded. The Ptatioiiary amount ofilniyumy, jierhaps, be accounted for by the facility with which the duties are evaded. The increase oi duly iil lb20 is a curious phenomenon. PLATINA, a metal which, in respect of scarcity, beauty, ductility, and indestructibility is hardly inferior to gold, was unknown in Europe till about the middle of last ceiilury, when it began to he imported in small quantities from Wouth America. It has since been disco- vered in Estiemadura in Spain, and, more recently, in the Ural Mountains in Asiatic KussLi, where it is now raised in very considerable (juantilies. Platina is of a white colour, like silver, lint not so bright, and has no taste or smell. Its hardness i.i Intermediate biitween copper and iron. Its specific gravity is abm.t 215, that of gold being I'.! 3; so that it is the heaviest body with which we are ac<|Mainled. It is exceedingly ductile aii.l iiiallciiMe; it may be Iniiiimered nut into very thin plates, and drawn iiitn wires not exceeding l-l'.ll(llli ol'iiii iiiili in diameter. In llies(! properties it is probaldy inferior to gold, but it seems to surpass all the nllitr Bietals. Its tenacity is sucli, that a wire of itlaiiiia 0078 inch in diameter is capable of suiipuriiag a PLATTING— POPULATION. 321 ecn Uiis product and I planted with wheal ;« the product of Iho ui sur Id JVvuveUe Ks- the apathy and indn- (1 prolialily with good moans in sucli exteu- s an article of food. ^ ght into articles of ^jl ting a revenue, the rry it on are obliged le, p. 1:37.) Assay :1c previously to its ilate is passed at the id 2 dwts., or of the gold watch-cases, is ch-cases, chains, tip- he 52Geo. U.c. M.). lother, of the uiiirks, icfil of clert^y. But -(1 Will. 4. c. GO.) son said, "The rate of was aflerwarils raiscil le licit produce of ilin nore than iweiily-rnlil, liieiil iiicrcasiii); value lows how lari;(! a pnr- Drnanient aiidhixury." Gold and Silver PliiH!, lihle, (iold from Silver, Dulv not tlifllingtiiblii'jie. d- I.. ». rf. S fl.ss? 9 8 lil.VCI 11 314 2 1-2 10,SI9 IS 712 ' 61-4 1 1 ,042 8 514 03-4 12,V« 12 113 4 11 ll.i'il 14 01-2 , 12,IW 5 734 10 11.337 4 71-2 11 IO.7.5 12 53.4 5 I2,tl3 1 II 2 ll.ti ill C3 4 10 12 )fil s ni-2 6 I3,02S 15 (i34 61-i 9 1-2 01-4 51-1 5 1-2 5 61-4 (>l-4 6 1-4 6 3-4 112 634 4 1-4 D3-4 nislied for Ihe country lished in the accounts son had liecii cl>Ti'ivo(l jfthe dnlii'j, aii(l,ciiii- itcd, it fell l';ir ^hllrl ot' 11 of th(^ cdiiiiirv. Till aiooiint of diitv iiiiiv h<: i icrease of duly 11 ind indcstriiftihility )f last century, when 13 since been disco- lis in Asiatic Russia, ;nii'll. Its hnrdnessi'i if pold licing l'>3; so ■iictili.' mil inalli'iil'lei lii(! l-l'.)l(lthof!inimli Isurpass all the oilier Ipable of suppnriing a i weieht of 271-31 lbs. avoirdiipnis without hreakine. It is one of the most infusible of all metals ; but nieces of it may be welded together without dilticully when heated to whiteness. It is not in the Biiiallest ilejiree altered hy the action of airor water. — Ct'hniii.ii>n's Vhemislrii.) The late Ur. Wollaston discovered a method of fosinjj plalliia, and, conseiiuently, of rendering it easiiv aviiilahle in the arts. The lliissiaiis have, williin Ihi'se few years, issued plalina coins of the value of .■), f), and 20 silver roubles. I'latina first liejian to he an object of attention in Russia in ltt'24, when 1 pood ,13 lbs. were collected. In laiiO, the produce aiiiounled to SIKi poods 14 llis. In 1H31, a piece of native plalina was discovered at Deniidolf's gold mines, weighing 20 lbs. 2i zolt.— (Oj/iciiti Stulfiiients published by the Russian Government.) PLATTING, slips of bast, cane, straw, &c. woven or plaited for making into hats, &c. — (See Hats, St 11 aw.) PliUMS, the fruit of the Prttnus domcstica, are too well known to reijuire any descrip- tion, 'i'hcy were introduced into England in the l.'jth century, and are cultivated in all parts of the country, Tliere are said to be nearly 300 varieties of plums. PLUMBAGO. See Black Lkad. POMEGRANATE, POMEGRANATES (Gcr. Granatapfel ; Fr. Grenades.- It Gra- tnifi, Mclagrani ; Sp. Granadus), the fruit of the pomegranate tree {Punica ^ranaium). This tree, which grows to the height of 15 or 20 feet, appears to he a native of Persia, whence it has been conveyed, on the one side, to Southern Eurojie, and on the other, to the trojiical parts of Asia, and eventually to the New World. The fruit is a pulpy, many-seeded berry, the size of an orange, covered with a thick, brown, coriaceous rind. The pulp has a reddish colour, and a pleasant subacid taste. The value of the fruit depends on the sinallness of the seed and the largeness of the pulp. The finest, called by the Persians, btidanti, or seedless, is imported into India from Cauhul and Candahar, where the pontegranate grows in perfec- tion. The tree thrives all the way to the equator; but, within the tro[iirs, the fruit is hardly fit for use. The pomegranates brought to England from the south of Europe and the West Indies are very inferior to those of Persia. — (Private irifurnidtiun.) POPLAR (Ger. Pappcl, Pappclkaum ; L)u. Popelicr ; Fr. PeupUer ; It. P'toppn ; Sp. Alamo ; Lat. Pupulus). Of the poplar (Papains of botanists), there are about 15 species described ; of these, 5 are conmion in England ; viz. the common or White, the Black, the Afpen or trembling po|)lar, the Aliele or great white (lojilar, and the Lombardy poplar. In most favourable situations, the white poplar grows with great ra[iidity, sometimes sending forth slioots 16 feet long in a single season. The wood is soft, and not very durable, unless kept dry ; but it is light, not apt either to swell or shrink, and easily wrought. The Lom- bardy po|ilar grows rapidly, and shoots in a complete spire to a great height; its timber does not diller materially from that of the white poplar. It is very light; and is, therefore, well a(la|>ted for the manufacture of packing-cases. None of the species is fit for large timbers.— {Tredi!;(ild's Principles of Carpentri/ ,• Veget. Sub., Lib. of Eiiterl. Knowledge.) Pt)PULATION. To attempt giving in this place any exjilaiiation of the laws which rcu;ulate the progress of population, would be quite inconsistent with the objects and limits of this work. It may, indeed, be thought that the word has no business here. However, as it is frequently of importance in commercial questions, and in others materially aflecting coniinercial interests, to be able to compare the consumption of an article with the popula- tion, we believe we shall gratify our readers by laying before them the following Tables, showing the results of the dillerent censuses that have been taken of the population of Great Britain and Ireland, [and of the United States, Population of the United States. Stilcs. Pop. Pop. Pop. Pop. Pop. Slivps. Slaves. Slaves. slaves. Slaves. nao. 1800. 1810. 1820. l.«J0. 179,). ISM. 1^10. 1820. 1830. 9fi..'i-10 1.^1,7 !l l'2!i,70f, 29!i,Mj 399,9). New Him|(iliire I41.H<)9 IS3,76.' 214.360 214.161 2i23 29,264 69,404 11.) 21^ 149,636 217,331 Al»l).ima . . 20.S4S 127,t01 30;i,i27 > 41.^79 117,519 Mississippi . 8,S50 40,3n2 7'i,448 13(i,f2l . 3,489 n.oss 3'2S11 63.639 I.3,407 21'),7'!9 S4,6l- 69,064 109,388 'IVtiTli'Nsee 3i,701 IO-.,6' 2 261.727 422,M13 6-1.904 .3,417 13,'i'i4 44 53-, 80,107 141,603 Kciiiucky 73,077 220,9-.i 40(i5ll .'i64,3l7 687.91 7 11,.'-J0 4,034 80,561 126,732 163,213 Oho . . 4'),3lii 230,760 581,434 937,9113 Irvlisiia • . 4,87:> 24,52^1 147,l7t; 341,031 1,35 237 190 Iltirioii • - - 12.2!^2 5i,2I 1 I. .7,40.1 - 1()8 PI7 747 Missniiri- . . 21,84.S enwii 140,4 1) 3,011 10,22! 23,081 Diitrict nt Columbia > . 14,003 24,023 33,039 39,834 3,244 6,393 6,3-,7 6,119 Flftnda Territnry . ■ . 34 730 • - 15,301 Mictii^an Territory • . 4,762 8,896 31,f39 . 24 . 32 Arkiiuai Territory Totil - 3,92'>,827 • • 14,273 30,388 • 1,617 '!376 2,009,031 5,30.i,»25 7,239,814 9,638,131 I2,$'6(j,92a 697,S97 893,041 1,191,364 l,&38,lti4 Ik 41 .im. Ed \ n- '# 322 POPULATION. I. Population of Great Britain in l^OI, ISll, 1821, and 1831, showinB its Amount at each Period in eacli County uf England and Scotland, and in the entire Principality of Wales; with the Ratio ot Incrcasiu. ; 1 ' I II' ' 1. I ! I ■f ' ! I Increase Increase Increise Counlies. 1801. 1 ('"■ ISIl. iier t'ent. 1321. i P<:r 1831. 1 t'ent. Cent. England. Bedford - 63,393 11 70,213 19 83,716 14 95,383 Wcrku - I077 14 111,634 16 129,714 10 111,341 Hnnlingdon 37,S6S 12 42,203 13 4-,771 9 .33,149 Kent . 307,021 21 373,093 14 426,016 12 479,133 Lanc.ister 672,731 23 828,3119 27 1,032,859 27 1,338,834 Le-icetler • 13:1,081 16 150,419 16 174,371 13 197,003 Lincoln • 2n8,5-.7 14 237.S91 19 283,038 12 317,241 Middlesex 818,129 17 933.2T8 20 1,H4,'.31 19 1,338,541 Monnioulli 4i,5S2 33 62,127 13 71,833 36 98,131/ Norfolk - 273,371 7 291. 9^9 is 341,363 13 390,051 Northnmnfon Northumberland* 131,737 7 141.333 13 162,483 10 179,276 157,101 9 172,ltil 15 198,963 12 222,912 Nottingham 140,350 16 162,900 15 l.'.6,873 20 225,320 Oxford . 109,620 9 119,191 15 136,971 II 131.726 Rutland • 16,336 - 16,380 13 I8,4S7 6 19,383 Salop 167.639 16 I94.2il8 6 206 153 8 22,?,-K)J Somerset ■ 273,7M 12 303,180 \u 335,314 13 403,908 Southampton 219,636 12 243,080 283,293 11 314,313 Statfurd • 239,1.33 21 295,153 17 3)5,S93 19 410,483 Sner..lk • 210.431 11 234,211 15 270,312 9 29ii,304 Surrey . 269,043 20 .323,851 23 399,638 22 486,326 Sussex 13fl,311 19 190,083 22 233,019 17 272,323 Warwick 208,190 10 22^,733 20 274,392 23 336,9'(8 Westmoreland ■ 41,617 10 43,922 12 61,359 7 65,041 Wilts . Ia3,l07 5 193,823 15 222,1,37 8 219,181 Worcester 139,331 15 160,546 15 184.421 15 211.356 York(KastRidins) City of York and Ainstev - 110,992 16 134,437 14 154,010 10 168,646-] 24,393 12 27,304 12 30,451 17 35,362 s York (North Rid- ■H '"=>,.,■ „ ,• 168,225 7 IC9,S.ri 11 187,432 2 190,873 n (West Bid- ^- ing) - 665,2f>2 16 663,042 22 801,274 22 976,415. 8,331,434 145 9,.333,827 17f 11,261,437 16 13,069,333 i H'alu. 541,946 13 611,788 17 717,439 12 805,236 Scotland. Aberdeen 123,082 10 133,075 15 155,337 14 177,631 Argyle - 71,859 19 85,385 14 97,316 4 101,425 Ayr 84,306 23 103,954 22 127,299 14 145,053 Banff . 35,807 2 36,668 19 43,361 12 48,601 Berwick ■ 33,621 1 30,779 8 33,385 2 34,048 Bute 1I,T1I 2 12,033 15 13,-97 3 14.131 ' Caithness' 22,609 4 23,419 29 30,238 14 3l,.329 i Clackmannan - 10,868 11 12,010 10 13,263 11 14,729 '• Dumbarton 20,710 17 24,>f9 13 27,317 22 33,211 i Dumfries - 64,,597 15 62,960 13 70,S79 4 73,770 Klinburgh 122,934 21 I4i!,607 29 191,314 15 219,592 Kl,706 5 28,108 11 31,162 10 34.-231 Fife 93.743 8 101,272 13 11 4, .3.36 12 12>,»,)9 Foifar ■ 99,127 8 107.264 « 113,430 23 139.606 1 Haddin|;ton 29,988 4 31.161 13 35,127 3 36, N3 Inverness • 74,292 6 78,336 15 90,157 6 94,797 Kincardine 26,349 4 27,439 6 29,118 8 31,431 Kinross . 6,723 8 7.243 7 7,762 17 9.072 Kirkcudbright • 29,211 15 33,681 15 38,903 4 40,390 1 Ijinark 146,699 31 191,752 27 244,;W7 30 316,819 1 Linlithgow 17,844 9 19.461 17 22,683 3 2,1,291 1 Nairn 8,237 • 6,231 9 9,000 4 9,334 , Orkney and Shet- land - 46,824 - 46,133 15 63,124 10 58,239 Peebles - 8.735 14 9,935 1 10,046 5 10,378 Perth 126,366 7 133,093 3 139,030 3 142,891 Renfrew . 78,036 19 W,596 21 112,175 19 133,443 Ross and Cro* liiarty . 6.3,343 10 6<1,853 13 08,828 9 74,820 ! Roxt)urf;h 33,6S2 11 37,230 10 411,892 7 4:!.6'i3 Selkirk' • 5,070 16 6,889 13 6,637 2 6,8 >3 . Stirling ■ Su'h'Tlaud 60,825 14 58,174 12 65,376 11 72,621 i 23,117 2 23.629 • 23,840 7 23,318 Wiglon - 22,918 17 26,891 23 33,240 9 36,238 1, '■99,068 14 l,80j,6ii8 16 2,1 93,436 13 2,363,807 ; Sums rlARY OF GUE AT Brit mti. Kn?>and ■ 8,331,431 14| 9,331,888 "l 11,261,437 16 I3,nsi,lis l Wales • 611,346 13 611,7^8 17 717,133 12 803,2M I Scotland - 1,393,068 14 1,803,688 16 2,093.436 13 2,3i;3.S07 Army, Navj-, ftc 4:0,398 • 640.300 • 319,300 ■ 277,017 10,942,646 16i 12,609,864 14 1 14,391,631 15 I6,537,.19S f. PORCELAIN. 323 at each Period in Willi tlJe Katio ot 10 5 3 19 II 7 1831. 9i,3»3 14'J,2S9 I4e.6i9 143,935 334,410 302,4.0 I69,6!il ■217,i:0 491.103 lVJ,2-.2 2.i;l,W7 317,213 3<6,!i04 1 10,976 141,341 ."■.3,149 479,15i l,336,»54 197,003 317,241 1,3=18,541 9!<,13l< 390,054 179,276 222,912 22:),320 131.728 19,3S3 222,301 4U3,9U8 314,313 4I0,4H3 296,304 4P6,326 272,32S 336,9^8 63,C4I 239,1»1 211.336 16S,646-] 33,302 190,873 976,415J 13,069,33S 805,236 177,6-11 101,425 143,033 48,604 34,01s 14.131 31,529 14,729 33,211 73,770 2I9,3M 34,-231 12«,t<.19 139,606 3C,U3 94,797 3I,4J1 9,072 40,-i90 310,SI9 23,291 9,334 Sfl,239 10, 'CS 142,894 133,443 7-l,»20 4:!,6')3 6,S>3 72,621 2 -.,3 IS 36,23!» 13 2,36 -..SO? 16 12 13 13.089,318 fi03,2,18 2,3153,907 2:7,017 15 l6,i37,39S II Population of Ireland, as determined liy the rensiiBCs, talten in 1813, 1821, and 1831, showing its Ainoiiiit at each Period in each Couiiiy, with the Rates of Increase. Counties, he. Pnvinct of Ltinilcr. Carlow Urogheda Town • Dublin County ■ City Kililare ■ • • " Kilkenny County Ciy - Kinn's County - Longford • • ■ • l/tulh • - • ■ Mcilh . . - - (jueen'n County • Wfstineath . . - WexfonI . • • ' Wicklow- Total ■ Province of Muntler, Clare . . . • Curlf Cnunly Ciiy Kerry . - . - Linierick County City - Tipperary Walerford County City • Total - Province of Ulster. Antrim . - - • Arinash . • • " Carrickfergus Town Cavan • - • ' Donegal . - - • l)o\vn . - • - Fermanagh . - • I/inilonilerry Monaghan Tyrone - - " • Total • ProBina of Connausht. Cilway - • ■ - Town - Leitrim . ■ • • Mayo . . • • Roscommon Sligo . • ■ • Total - Increase Iter Cent. 69,366 16,123 1 10.437 176.610 53,138 134,664 113,226 95,917 » 142,479 113.837 » 83,109 160,603 623,930 61.394 17i',622 103,865 * 290,331 119,437 25,467 33 5 16 17 15 12 II 17 23 29 20 .36 21 no 19 7 12 231,548 121,449 6,138 • » 2S7,290 111.230 18ti,ISI 140,433 230,746 140,995 24,684 9-1,093 237,371 138.110 13 62 30 13 17 4 24 4 1821, Increase per Cent. 78,932 18,118 1=0,011 IS),*"-! 99,063 138,716 21,0.10 131,084 107,570 101,011 139,1-3 134.275 I2\8I9 170, --oe 110,767 1,757,492 208,0.B9 62n,71"6 1011,638 2I6.L-3 2IS,r!2 69,1)45 34d,'.H6 127,<42 23,679 1.933,612 262,830 197,427 8,1 -23 193,076 248,270 323,410 '0,997 I93,So9 174,697 261,863 1,993,494 119 12 32 23 32 309,599 27,775 124,783 293,112 20-',729 146,223 3 decrease 4 increase '22 9 9 6 2 9 4 7 II 8 6 7 10 81,576 7,363 l«.1,fl42 2 3,u=2 I0>,40l 16!>,2«3 2.3,741 141,(29 112.391 1 OK, Its 177,023 1 13,«43 136,799 182,991 122,301 1,927,967 21 12 6 22 6 12 16 13 19 II 8 16 2) 8 14 14 II 15 238.262 7ir,,9.'6 ID- ,011 2lil,539 il3.:>03 6«,57S 402,398 l4.-,077 ■Zi.i-il 1,213,364 314,(:03 220,631 8,698 22SO30 29!<,ll!4 332,371 149,355 2,2,416 193,532 302,943 2,293,128 27 19 12 23 14 17 394.'2S7 .33.120 141,303 3d:,93« 239,9"3 171, .308 1,110,229 1,348,077 SuMMAnv. ProvinCL,, Leinster • Miinster • CIsler - Cunnaught Total 1813. 1821, 1,737,492 I,93i,6l2 1,998,494 1,110,229 1831. 1,927,967 2,213.364 2,293,128 1,348,077 Increase per Cent, on 1S2I, 9 14 14 22 6,fOI,827 7,731,336 14t PORCELAIN, on CHINA WARE, a very fine species of earthenware. The first spe- cimens of this fabric were brought to Europe from China ami Japan. The best Chinese porcelain is of a very fine texture, white, semi-transparent, and sometimes lieautifully coloured and "iit ; is infusible, and not subject to break by tiie sudden application of heat or cold. The Chinese term for the article is tse-ki. But the Portuguese, by whom it was first brought in considerable quantities into Europe, bestowed on it the name of porcelain, from porcdla, a cup. Common earthenware, sometimes of a very eood quality, is mannfactiired in Canton, Foltien, and several other provinces of China. Rut it is a curious fact, that the heautiful porcelain imported into Europe is made only in the town of Kingtesing, in the province of Kyangpi. Us inaiiufaciure is fully di-scrihed by Duhalde, in his account of China, under the head " Porcelain and (;hiiia ware." The porcelain of Japan is decidedly inferior to that of China ; very Utile is imported, and it is valued only as a curiosity. After porcelain began to be imported, its beauty soon brought it into .great request, notwillistandins its high price, as an ornament '.)r the houses and tables of the rich and the great. The einulailon of European artists was in consequence liind liave excrli'd tlienisulves in preference to produce China ware suit- able for the middle rlasses; nnd liave Hiicceeded in producing nrticles at once excellent in (luality, elegant in furni, and cheap. We art! principally indehted lor the improvements ninde in this important nianulaclnre, to the genius and enterprise ol the late Mr. Jnsiah Wedijwood. This extraordinary man owed none of liis success to fortuitous circumstances. Devoting his mind to patient iiivesli'.Mlion, and 9parin<; neither pains nor expense in accomplishing his aims, he gathered round him artists of talent from ditierent countries, and drew upon the stores of science for aid in pursuing the olijects of his praiseworthy amhition. The early and signal prosperity that atteniled his efforts served only as an incentive to urge him forward to new exertions, and as means for. calling forth and encouraging talent in others, in a niannor calculated to promote the welfare of liis country. Previously to his time, the potteries of .Stalfordshire produced only inferior fahrics, tiimsy as to their materials, and void nf taste in their forms and ornaments; the best among them being oidy wretched imiiations of the Brote8(iue ami unmeaning scenes and figures portrayed on the porcelain of China. But such have been the etlVcts ri'sulting frcuii the exertions and example of this one individual, that the w.'ires of that district are now not only brought into general use in this country, to the exclusion of all foreign goods, which had been largely imported, but Knulisli pottery has since been sought for arul celebrati'd tliroughout the civilised worid, and adopted even in places where the irt was previously practised. An intelligent foreigner, M. I'aujas de St. I'ond, writing on tliis subject, says,— "Its excellent work- manship, its solidity, the advantage which it possesst.'s of sustaining the action of fire, its fine glaze impenetrable to acids, tin; beauty and convenience of its form, and the cheapness of its price, have given rise to a commerce so active and so universal, tlirt in travelling fr I'aris to Petersburgli, fVoin Amsterdam to the farthest part of Sweden, and from Dunkirk to the extremity of the south of France, one is served at every inn upon Knglish ware. Spain, Portugal, and Italy are supplied with it ; and vessels are loailed with it for both the Indii's and the continent of America."— {See the quotation in the Mcr.uiinl of the Piirceluin Muiiifuctnre, p. 10., in Dr. J.anlner's Cyclipirdin ; for the statistical details with respect to the manufacture, see the article Eabtiiknwaiie, in this work.) The Kriiish |iorcelaiii manufacture is principally carried on at the potteries in Staffordshire, and at Worcester, Derby, Colelirook Dale, and (t rsuiiig llie oliji;cts ol ifforls served only ns rtli and enen\ira(iiiif,' revioiisly toll's linii!, atcrials, and void of pd iiniialions of tliu ina. But siicli liavi! !il, lliat ttic wares of cliis^ion of all foreijin !lit for and celebrated prcviouslv practised. -"Its excellent work- of fire, its fine glaze eas of its price, liavo 1 to Petersbnrgli, frtihi ftlie Boiitli of France, s\ipplied with it; ami -(See the (inotalioii in r the staliHlical details 1 Staffordshire, and al the vasa vitirrhina, sr. who brought them to 1 as drinking cups, and [)f interpreting!, SNOim; ■ supposed to have iii- eld may be more accii- 3 was content lo silist were made in Persiii, lietty found on the I'ul- in.2fi.) d M. I-archer have, ir, Lobertson lias decliircil id of transparent sionc, I in vessels of colonreil and Miriffalion of the ithority is ovidenily on r porcelain, it had been lively moderaic. Unl I ; which, indeed, win >pe of (jood Hune.— 3.) nsiJerable article of Years.- nacoD. , Ollicial (iuantily. Vilur. Cwt. 366,20a 211,865 313,67.') 313,788 362,278 ;.. S07,li.'i9 3:1 1.^ JO 475,^^'^ 431,17,') 501,015 ;ood deal of the pork, it Britain and lrel;uiJ 1 8° 3a' 42" N., Ion, |0 to 20,000. It is Jepo gulf. It was tl of French Bt.Do- t)Our being protfcteJ lountry round is low I climate is then ex- lom exceed 2 stories em shore. TliedeplU kiary, but not cnni|iiil- Lut. Ships moor bcaa 1 of boats, as there are neither docks iinr qnay^ to assist these operation^. The Inrbour is perfectly safe, except during Imrricam-s, which m;.y'l)e expected from Aii-ust to .Noveuiber. Hiivli isi next to Cuba, the Iar;x''>it of tlie West Iiidia islands. It was Jisrovcrod by (^o- iuniliiis on ther)th of December, ll!):i. Its Rreatest lenL;th i.s cstiinatcil nt about KU) Ifui^ues, and il-i "-ivatest breadth at about 10. Its su[)crlices is estimated at about 2,'150 si|uaii' leagues, 'i'hree principal eiiains of mountains (from which emanate smaller mountain arms) run from the central groui) of (Jibao. 'J'hc whole of these arc described as fertile and Husei'iitiblc of cultivation, even to their summits; allordin>j; trreat variety of elimato, which, conlrary to what is the fact in the jilains, is remarkably bfaltliy. 'J'he soil of the plains is, in ireiieral, n very rich vegetable mould, e.xceedinuly ferlili!, and well watered. 'J'herc are several large rivers and an immense number of smaller streams, some tributary and others independent. The iiorts arc numerous and good. The harliour of Cape Wt. Nicholas, the forlili( alions of which are now in ruins, is one of the finest in the West Indies; being inferior only to the Havannah. Timber of the finest description is most abundant; and mines of gold, silver, copper, tin, iron, and rock salt, besidi's other natural productions, are said not to be wanting. The French are, therefore, fully justilied in designating this magnificent island, IjU Urine (Its Antilles. The principal towns, besides Port-au-Prince, are Cup Haitien, formerly Cap Francois, on the north coast, St. Domingo on the south, Les Cayes, and Jacmel. Previously to the revolt of the blacks, Hayti was divided in unecpial portions between the French and Spaniards ; the former jio.ssessing the west, and the latter the eastern and larger portion of the island. The revolution began in 178'J ; and terminated, after the most dread- ful massacres, and the destruction of a vast deal of property, in the total abolition of slavery, and the establishment of an independent black republic. The Spanish part of the island and the French were finally consolidated in 1822. I'dpiiliifion. — In ITH'J, the French part of Hayti was by far the most valuabh' and nou- rishing colony in the We.st Indies. The population was estimated at .'J2 1,000 ; of which ;31,(l()0 were white, 27', .500 peojile of colour, and 105,0(10 slaves. The b'panish part of the island was much less densely peopled; the number in 178.5 being estimated at 1.52, (i 10 ; of which 122,0'10 were free people of all colours, mostly mulatloes, and the rest slaves. I'he iioimlation of the entire island, in 1827, was estimated by M. Humboldt at 820,000 of whom ;?0,000 were whites ; but there are good grounds for thinking that this estimate is exaggerated. linports, — 'l"he ]irinci|)al articles of imjiort arc provisions ; such as llour, rice, mcsi and cargi) beef, fish, &c and tiiiiber, from the United Slates ; cotton goods of all sorts, Irish and Scoti'b line IS, earthenware, .n'.tlery, ammunition, &c. from England ; wines, sittins, liqueurs, jcwcllciy, toys, haberdashery, &ic, from France ; and linens, canvass, gin, ports from Ilayt , dnrin g tlie Years 1 789, 1801 , and f 0111 l- 18 to 1820, both inclusive. Years. ChyeJ Sugar. lit. Muscovailii Su^ar, IM. Cofll-e. ( Item. Cacao. >">>■='>• 1,111";, Dve Wdil.lS. Tol)acco. C.isinr Oil. Malm^any. Cigars. /.(,t. /./.t. Lis. J.hs. Ll^s. Lbs. U>. tnU. F.Ll. 17-9 47,r,lU,5,11 9i.>7;i,'5nn 76,^3 -),2I') T,w)i.;7i • 75i-V)2-* a.jn ISJl lb,540i IS.llS.TOi 43,^2(1,270 2,1V0,31' 618 fil- fcOl 99,-119 6,76S,(!31 . . i>,2l7 ism l;'8 5,ll3,'87l 2«,0ti5,'200 471, IIS 434,36-! . . (),SI9,3 (1 19,140 l.!l l;9,962 ISI9 157; a,790,ll(! 2'i,.'4"l,9l>( 2 G.IOl 370,131; . . 3,091,409 39,(i9S 711 141,-7 |»W 2,7S7 2,JI4.M^J Li'..l:t7,7''9 3 lli.Vlfl .ir)ti,42ll . ., . I,9I9,71S 97,6011 157 IJi'.sry l^il (wvyi -'i),=ij->,(c,i WO.'.ba 281,792' - . 3,72 ■,e-«: 78.40' 5'>,(l(lT l-JJ 'ZiH\\',\ 21.ir,,37.' 51'2,'itW 4(>l,l">4 - 211,927 S,2!i'.,0?pl ,';s'-,9>7 • 2,(;.^J,277 279.000 1-il 11,921 a;i,se2,-<;)7 ai2,i-| 3:ir.,vi.)! , (;,Wi7,;V S 3S7,(II4 2,3C9.,.47 3!)3,«X) 1^21 6,1 (Hi 44,2(13,0X1 I,(i2*,e4- 461, M14 1,240 . 3,>-)«,I"il 7IS679 2,l»l,747| 17J,0U; ISJi 2,0211 3li,l:34.3llO 81.^.,G:i7 339,937, ■ • . 3.91S,IM .Wl,.!2-, '2,HNi,4b9[ \ _-;^ m 326 rORT-AU-PRINCE. '' I tl mm »•, am t '01 am try unconnected with a farm. The rode ilotcrniincH the mode of managing landed property: of forming contracts for cultivation lictween proprit-tor and farmer — farmer and l,ilio\irer; of rcgulatini; Rrazinu; eatalilishnients, the rural police, the inspection of cultivation utid culti- vators; of repressing vagrancy; and of tlie rc)>air and maintenance of tl'c iiuhlic road>. Lastly, it alli.xea tiie penalty of fme in some cases, and in > 'hers of indcfiniti,' impii-^onnurit, at the option of the judge of the peace." — {Mr, C'unsul iMuc/icnzicn Dispatch ; I'uil. I'djto; No, 18. Scss, XS'i'J.) Another serious obstacle to industry seems to he the enormous weight of the taxes iin- posed to defray the French indemnity. These are greatly heyond the means of the Iluytiaiis; 80 that the stipulated payments arc in arrear, and will have to be abiuidoned. Besides the articles specified in the above 'I'able, hides, tortoise-shell, wax, gintrer, and bullocks' horns are exported in considerable (luantilies. Hides are principally cxjiortcd from the eastern, or, what was, the Spanish part of the island. They constitute a valuable article, In (li'spilp, liii\vcvnr,uu,iioo 30,000.(100 t!n. . 1,500,000 — . (,,(ir(i.(i00 fiel. f)00,000 Ills. Car.io, from all parts live wodils — ni.l.'s — Tortnisp.siiell — Cigars — .'rrr.ooo U.S. 6,0'0,(ion — ti C^iO Ibi. w o,ao "Tlie valiK' nf Itie crf^\i of cnfTcf ig esiiiu.itfil at nlmut l,0r;0A'ri;, Bterl. 'flif itiitiiij rialisf.l (-ii tins sum, l>I, liy tlit- jinjioiis rr'|iiiri' til piircliasf it. and 2'llv, IIn' nlliCC3r;t,)' weinht ; but they are about B percent, heavier than Uriiiih uti^'ii .-. I'V/tdjjirci.— Same as those ustil in t'rance. Jit^ulutiuns n.i to Tradi. —ll n enacted, that all persons esercir ■ : any trade or profession, excepting that of cultivating; tin; N>i|, mi..: pnivideii with a patent or licence lo carry on sucli tniip or y'. sion ; that ail stran^trs admitted as merchants into the ripul,li,ii;>', in the first place, procure the permiBsion of the prisiiliiit to ijjtu .■ a pa'ent, which, when obtained, only authorise then., ui, !(r 1. 1,. penalties, to carry on a wholesale busine-ss, not with iu!i (.Hut. Il: with the Ilaytians, in the open ports, which are i'oft-.iu-pMirf, Go- n.iTves, Cap Hutieii, l'orl-.\ Plate, Santo Domingo, Jat'inel, I.,T;C,iyej, and J<-rL'iiiie. 'I'he minimum quantities of (;oi>ds tint nay leMjIiUre fixed liy the same law. The Haytiaii consifjuee may bcafaoarflsticr, on takiiu; out a corresoonJing patent. A (.hargenf 2,C0O tlollars is nnde for each patent loa fircirer trading tf) t'ort-au-Trince ; I,SOO for Les ('ayes, (.'ap Uallifii, .uj Jacniel ; and l,COil for each of the remainin? pints. jyuties. — The duties on all imported conniimtiiici cnr. i^ptl h foreign mercliaiits are 17 1-2 per cent, on an is: .UiiliL ! i.\riti, whether they be brought in native or foreign shii s, ^^ i;!i tl e oxCi[- tion of those from the I'nited States, which pay an a.lJitinnal lOjieT cent, on the amount of the du'ies. Goods coiisigi.ej to unlive mer- chants pay only Iti 12 ])ercent. 'I'he ftpllowiiii; articles are duty free in all holloms :— Shut of all sizes, grenades, howitzei-s. homh*sh(;ll8, and oilier firnjcrtilcs nf artil- kry; iron and bronze cannon, mortars, imakels anif biyoiiels, car- bines. pisIoN, and cavalry satires, brioiiets, or short swor i's for iofin- try; machines and instruments for simfdifying and fncihtating ihe cultivation of the soil, ami Ihe preparation of ilspn'diic's; Iinftis-ini cattle, mules, asses, gold an'I silver coin ; chssical and clt'ineDtary works, hcrtud in boards, or bound in parchment, i-r llie iiistructioa of youth. 'I'he f(dlowing is a list of articles .-lUolutely prohilitfd, williout reference to their place of growth:— Mahogany, iogw-Kid, ligiiLUi ♦ This is the present consnTs statninent. Mr. Conpnl Markrnzie says, Uiat as Hnylian vr.^sols pny for a liconcc, they are not suhjecl lo the tonnape duty. Perhaps, liowcvor, tht regulation in this respect has been chungoU since his "Notes*' were published. 1830. lf.7 n,Tb7 171 23,ii-l5 (■:9 9.070 'I g Imiilfil property ; r anil l.ilionrrr ; of tivrttioM imil culli- f tl'i- iHiblif ro.iil>. nit(! iinprisonimiit, itc/t ! rail. Paper, t of the laxps iiii- iisof lln;lliiylimih; llOll. 1, wax, f?int;cr, am! pally t'.vportt'il from to a valiuililc arlii'le. Ily rrrl;iin lli!\l a inn. •r, rolliiM, liKili(iu:iliy, nil Willi ic'.-iHit rillin llio slave Inulf, liiilh •lory sliuriiu'iils wi't- A giiinl ill''' iil'siiiUL'. I.mI (111. 'I'lir siiliji'ii.i,! )f Jinic, lM:i3. Wtil., eiit juili^ts tlial il Cm, .f.rc.nnn \hs. . 5,0 tl.iof — U IHiO Ibi. I ea'.Imjto! at .iliout l,OW,i"i'tV, 111, Is.!, Ity ""^ ituiMuts ri'inin ' v\liiili .Tie suljtLl ui.iliHv ! .'i pir cent. 111! Ilie valiR( tl:, tl.t collVr. 'Iliis, at" ll.iu;>i. 3 l|7Jl)|UC0 dollars of innisi . Tlie total roroiptji^f jxceuiltil liy iIk; u.xikii- vde of Hayli. Tlio iin- try ; Iml lli" r.^iuirls [(■ e Vnitt'il Siiitis ar.', for imlnT. .^r.. tin; iiiiiiilici III! iiiidi^r any (illier thi: j'J9, 1'-^iO, and is:il,li;ivt the value of Ihf il Hil Jucs not i, avoirliipnis aivl apnliii-caria' lit. hc.'ivier thin tlnii^li weigh'.). I t'rance. Iacle(l,lliat all iicrsoiis escrcisin? it of cultivating Ml,: Niil, uni^llJv carry on surli trai'.p or jir^fis- juTcinnts into the n^|iiiblic niiist, tsion of the prcsi'luit tu takefi.! ily authorise thtii.. uh.Iit htivy Isiness. nut ^vi^l^ cxch (.llicr, I'Ll Y Mhicli are I'ort-ni ri.iire.Co- litn l)ooiinBo,,laiMncl, Lratayei, lies of eooclj Hint may l.i- miIJ »ri Iconsii^nce may be also a retailer, i for each patent tn a fiu-cir" Lcs Caves, t'jp IhKieu, and Iniainins I't'i'"*. Irtetl connuoiiilies cnibi^etl la ■ cent, on an cstiVrisln.1 taiit!'. Ir fore is" fbi|.s, witli ll^e ntif- Iwhicli pay an a.l.liMonal lOpet iJooils cou's^gi.el to native met. -'6 in all hnlloms:— Phut ofsU lla, and other pnjerlil's of irltl' trs, imiskels anil I lywiL'ts, car- linets, or short swoi !■* inr iiitsr.- limplifyini! ai-.il facihtalun *■' lationof itstm' let". ; liuftcssn. Tcoin ; classical an.l elemeBUry I p.ardinient, fiftbe iwtruclioB 1 alsnlutely prohilileil, willm-l -Mahogany, logn-joJ, Mi^w PORTERS AND PORTERAGE— PORT LOUIS. 327 \-T fuilie, C'lT.'e. cottnn wool, caroa, raw ani riavcl fiimr, niio, ■ UiV «yriip Ii"e.; cau.», wiiip', airl uinbn-lla». eout.lno,i^ ^,vu^ls, .lilelt..e^, or other aruiJi bookj, ami other worl», o|-|i.«o.l to KO<^l nioiali. ■,,,,■, 1, lliHi li's the export, there i« also lerritnrial duty levied ecpialty on the pnKluc.-ol the kMl, whether exporltvl in .lalional or foreiKo ships. The exinr' of the lotion iuk articles is strictly prohlhlled ;-Oold and silver coin, >i le and (u'e arms, munitions, and oilier .articles ol w.ir I old or ntiv iron and copper; horse.-, brwid iiiires, mules, Mse-n, ami ivi»id fnr ship buildin?. Tlie eo.«lin< Ira le is entirely CQiilinal to Ilaylian citizen!. Tlie cuiiuierre of I'orl au-l'iince is cirrii^l on liy virinus classes of persiuis. 'I'lic imp irH from t:urope and America are principally c 'iisurind to Kuiopein ami North American eoiiiiiiission hoiisrs, l.esi les a few H lytian cstablisliiiieuts. The capital Is one of the port! to vvhich foreiifii iiierehants are contuied by the law of patents ; but tliev an", or .At b a.st weie duriiii; the time of my residence, re.triete 1 bv heav V penalties to wholesale liusiliess. Of course tliey Clnliotdeal ivilli the e jisuimrs, but with the native ret. liters, who are ch.eily ivi.inen, styled " mirebandes ;" these employ liucksUrs, also women, wli.ilravnse the e.'Uutry. .alteiul Ibe markels, and giie an .aecount of their Ir.insictiiuis to their employers, eirlier every evenin^■, oiico a wfili, or once a month, accoidini; to their character for inlellly be ina le .after the crops have been ^tatliered j an-l these are etli-M'-.l by bi 'kers, who often barL'aiii with a class of natives called C'llL'e specubUoi-s, from their de.ilin« for the chalice of the •iiaikei with the cultivators, and either sell to the best advantage, or fulfil coiitraets prtviuusty entered iuto. PORTERS AND PORTERAGE. parcels, *Scc. In I/iiiilcii, llu-y .ire JiviiletJ iiitodiflftTent cl.iaics. It isenaclpilhy 30 Giro. n. c. f)H.', tint the fdllnwintj r:itcs ^ltall lie tin- maxinmm ili.ire" upiiu :ili prirci'ls not cxci't: lin<; nii lbs. ui^iijlit, iu 1/jnJuii, Weatuiin^iter, Soulhwark) auJ the suburbs ; vi^.— Aiiinne tlie resnectaMe mnrrhanila tlirrt* i» said tn hp nmrti gootl f ith ; tut » itli ilie ^real \Hn\y of tliu custoiiitr*, I boliovi-, the inef i'h;'iit« ,iri' (il'liircd to n%c Ihti utnimtcircmtisin-cttcni. All ihi: nnliniry tnili-MUfii, ^ucli ai tftilors iri>l ^honniAkt>rs, and ('Via a wa'er-iToof hat manufacturer, an- In he f.timl at P*ik«-il in vain fur such thiiii;s Ifotli in Rirhaih'M and AnliKua. The honks arc ittrierally clcnien* tary, Krcnch public.iliI, Cuurtois, who was I'ur a short tinto director of the pdst (tifice. The apothecaries' shops Tre nunu'rous, as they nniiht in W insiich a horrible dimatf. and are wt-ll supplied with all llm contents if tho Fieiuli Pharniacopu-ia. There aie als* siniie tmneries, in which the hark of the inan£n>ve is u^ed as the taniiiiu; iii.iterial. As far as I could asceriaiii, the icrt-al hulk of ilu; hordv r pifple wtre t-iilur of tha. c.issot Kurnpeaiis callfd in the Frmct. tune •■ /(fi/i /7(j/(,-.f,'' or people of colour. The labourers intownuud cuULtry are geuerally black. With the exception already referred to, we Iiave derived those de- tails with respect t(» llayti partly from tlii e*uiiniunic.\lion lonovern- nient, and the puhlishe I Xutis of Cli irlrs M lekenzie. Ks<|., late con- sul ill that island ; and partly liom Mr. Consul Lourteu.iy'a Atisictrs to the Circultif (fiunts. Porters are persons employed to carry messages or Pcrtcrf (Ttjclte-ffoitsc)^ are re£ful.itiKl liy the citynf fj^ntlnn. They ha\e the privilege of i)iTfnrniitis the labour "f unsliippiiii;, landinif, carryin,', and housing tlie ^ooiIb of tlie Smith .Sea Company, the Kast India Company, and all otlier (foods, exci pt fiom the Kist country, tlie produce of the British plantations and Irel.ui I, and jjimmIs coast- wise. They £ive bond for 500J. to make re^'itution in case of loss or damage, and are l.inited to rates fixe-l l-y Ihe cnr|Hinition. PorUrs {Tickit), are pers'>iis appointe 1 ly the rily of lyindon, and have ^rante'l to them Ihe exclusive privilege of un>4lilppint;, loading, and hou.-iing piich, tar, s'>ap, ashes, wainscot, tir, p(des, masts, deals, trs, cheslH, labltHi, flax and hemp, hroui;!)! to lyindiui from the Kast country; also. Iron, enrdas(e,and timber, and all ijoo^Isof the pn^duce 01 Ireland ai.d Ihe ^ritl^h pi intatious, and all i^iMids coastwise, except lead. They are freemen of thecity,j:iveseeurity in liXH. fortidelity, and have their names aiulnuniherseiitjr.ived on a metal b.adi;e. TI.ey are under the tarkle portei-s ; who irray, in ptTfonnim? the business of the port, employ other labourers, if ticket porters be not at IwnJ. — {MvJitfJiiin'a Du'timiary.) Any person may brin? nf>oil3 into the city of I^ondon; but he is liable to a line if He either take up, or carry, any within tfie city. It is astonishiuic that such absurd reiruhtinns should be still kept up: wliy sh' nbl not the merchants of l/mdnn, as well as those f>f Man- cluster, luallnwetl to empl-iy anyone lliey pleise in Ihe conveyance of gnoils ? Dors any one doubt that compttition would, in this" as in every thin;? else, he productive of the greatest ad\.inta'.^e? Therciiu- latiohs in (pu-sli-n merely bnd to keep up oppressive privilege?, in- jurious to the public interests, and disadvantageous even to those io whohe favour thev are enacted. laslTnytian vp.n. The blackwood or ebony of the .Mauritius is very abundant, and of a superior tpiality. V^ery little corn or grain of any kind is raijieil in the island ; most articles of iirovisinn iieing imported. Previously to 182.5, the sugar and other articles brousjht to Great Britain from the .Mauritius were charged with the same duties as the like articles from India: but in the above-mentioned year this dis tinction was done away, and it was enacted (0 Geo. 4. c. 111. §44.), that all goods of tho growth, produce, or manufacture of the Mauritius, should, upon importation into any port of the United Kingdom, be subject to the same duties and regulations as the like goods being of the growth, produce, or maimfiicture of the British colonies in the West Indies ; and that t!ie trade with the Mauritius should be placed as nearly as possible on the same footing as that of the West India islands. ^^Z ::^iii X^' 328 PORTO-RICO. ''Hal* 1 ■' " 1 This wns n grrat l)oon to tlin Mrinrilins, and tlio cxportH of siiear rioiii it, Iiavn sirirn rnpiilly In- cronsi' I. ArciirdiiiB to Mr. Millmrii {Oncnial Cnmmerce, vol. ii. p. .'illN), ilicy iiiiKniiilrd, in l^l'J, id about r>,()ni).()(l()lhs. In l>ilS, they umoHnlca toiihiiiil .s,UUU,Oll()U)!i. ; iinil in l^Jl, to ii3,a3t,55;nbs. Tlicy Imvo Biiicc been as under : — 1820 - 42,180,11f.lhs. 1*J7 •tO.(illi,'r>l — lh28 - /IH.M-'.ThO — 1829 33,371,2% — iR:?n 1K)1 lh32 n 1.300,520 IhB. ."iT.ilD.'i.OMfl — 811,(1 l'.»,bT3 — M Tho rnllivniion of sncar liriiiir found morn |irolitiilili; lliiin that of coiriM', iho cxportM of llio Inltpr, though of exi'i'llcrit (lualily, hiivn ilccliiicd .-io far, that in lf-l'.2 we ludy ohiiiiai'd Iroui the .Mauriliiis 2(',tV|(i lb«. The exports of folton an' also iiiidusiilir.ilili'. The cxpiin's of rlinny in 1^2li anioriuli'd to 2,01)2.7'':) Ills,, of till' csliMiatcd v;ilui> of 0,017/. Tlii' vahiii of the lorlnlsc-Klii'll expi-.rtcd in the saan,' year was also cstiriiati-'d at aliout '.I.OIIO/. CousiderablM i|uaiilitii'K ol' Imliari piece (;oodn are expiirlnl. The principal imports consist of provisi(Uis, particularly ;;raiu ami llour ; \\\'; supply reipiired tor Ihc us(! of tile island lieina almost entirely deriveil lY'iiii !li.' Cape of (iiicid lli.pr, iMailai.'as( nr, Imlin. liiuirlion, itc. r.arlhenware, machinery, furniture, hanlware, pii'ce L'oods. wine, &c. are also larmly imporleil. 'I'lie total estinuited value ol'lhe im|iorls in l^ill aniounleil to 70.'i,.''i.>-.')/.; the esiimaled valui: of the cxporls for the same year lieiiii! (''OI),lM/. In I"".'!!, 312 ships chared oiilwar, of whom 0,125 were slaves. , JSI'inien, H'li^slit.--, and .Mcnsiirrs. — Aeeoriliiu; to the rei;ulati(Uis of (foverninent. the franc is deeincil equal to KW., and the Spanish dollar to l.<, li/. The (;overnnient accounlH are kept in sierliiiL' mom y ; but merchants, shopkeepers, iVc keep their accounls in didlars and cents, and d. liars, livres, and s.ais. The njeasiires ami weiu'lils are those of Trance previously to Ihe Hevidiilion. 1(111 llis. Trent h — lOS Ills. Km;lish : tin.' {■'rench foot is l per ci'iil. »d nilm-rm is laid on ;i|| goods exported in foreiiin bottoms. The charges for pilolage, wharfaiie, &.c. are fixed by goveriimuM, and may be learned at the ('ustom-hoiise. I'or llie most pan tliey ,ire very moder.ile. h'lniiiii-i-. — In a linaiuial point of view, the .Mauritius does nol si'em to be !i very valuable acqiiisi- tion. DuriuL' the 15 years endini; with lb25, the expendiliire of c;overnnienl in Ihe islaiul exceiilL.,| the revenue by no less than 1,020,20'-/.! Acciuiling lo the esliinale of iIk! ciMiiiuissioners of impiiiy, the probal'li! fiitnre revenue of the Maiirilius may be estimated at l>l,2:i,'i/. a year; but the cninniis- sioiii'rs slate that the (^xpemliture in llm isl.iml in l>2s .anioiinied to lOli.aOO/., and the expenditure iii (;re;it Uritain on account of Ihi; island to 77,S.'')7/. ; making together 21 1.31.0/.— (/'.i/7. /'ci/icc, ^o, pi), Sess. l'-3l.) Il appears from the accounts publlshi'd by Ihe Hoard of Trade, that the total revemip nf the colony In l'-31 amiumted to232.13>/., and I hi} expend Mure to 2|i,).s-21/,_ (Vol. i. p. 210.) \Vi' Indicvc, however, th.at, by enforcing a system of unsparing retrenclinienl. Ibis unfavourable bal.-ince miglii lie considerably diminisbed : at present, both tbc' niimlKT dcclivily, is well built, elean, and conlains fiom 20,000 to 3(>,()00 iniiabitants. IT side by forts erected lui 2 small isl.inds. Within, the b:irl"iiir expands into a capacious basin, the depth of water varying from 5 to (land 7 fallioms. On llirslilo opposite to Ihe town there are extensive sand banks ; hut the entrance to the |)orl, as well as llie imri itself, is unobstructed by any bar or shallow. The i.':!and of Porto-rico lies in the same latitude as .lamaioa. 'J'houRh the smallest of the qieater Antilles, it is of a very considerable size. Its lurin is that of a paraiicloi^rain ; beiiifT about 1 15 miles in lenc:th fi-oin cast to west, with a mean breadth of about :).">, ('on- taining an area of 4,1M) .siiuare miles. 'J'he surface is plentiftilly diversilietl with lulls and valleys, and the soil frenerally fertile. It has, however, sullered nitieh from Innrieaiips; those of 1712 and 1S25 having been parlieularly de.'^trtictive. t^ince the breaking- up nl' the old Spanish colonial system, the progress of I'orto-rico has hardly lieen less rapnl than tliat of Cuba. Her population, which in 177S was estimated at 80,()r)(), amounted, accord- ing to a census taken in 1827, to 288,473, of which only 28,108 were slaves. A laigo ]iio- portion of the free inhabitants are coloured : but the law knows no di.stinction between the while and ib.e coloured rufuritr ,■ and this eireumstanee, as well as the whites liciii^ in the habit of freely intermixing with people of colour, has prevented the gi'owlh of those ihtjii- dices and antipathies that prevail between the white and the black and coloured po|uil;ilioii in the I'nited States, and in the English and Fiench islands. — {lUiIbi, Abroj^f dc la Gcugi-aphic, p. 1175; Puinselt's Nutcn on Mexico, Lend. ed. pp. 4 — 11.) y'rar'c— Sugar ami cofl'ee are by far the greatest articles of export. Next to them are rnlMe. t(ili-iri"n, inola.-sis, rum, collon, A.:c. Thi^ imporls consist prim ipally of llimi. i-h, and olher arlicles ofpinvisicii, lumber, ,V.i'. fnmi (be I'nited States ; cottons, h.ardware. machmerx . \i'. from l)io:l;iiiil ; wines, silks, jewellery, perfumery. A,-c. from Spain and Trance ; linen from the ilanse Towns; iron from ^ueilfii, &.C. Lurs{e (luantities of rice, luaize, &c. are raised in the islaiul. . -i I (» slnrn rapiillv In- lonntnl, in l^l'i. H' ;i,;«i,w:iii)». TKty ,,')'20llm. |,b7'i — MiorlH of >'«'' Inllor, iri.ui llif .MiiuriUiis ill Ihit'l UlllDllMll'll tl) xiicrti'il ill 111'' ^■'1'"' ^.(iimIh urn cxiMirlcd. ,ply rrqiiin'il I'M' lllc , *£(■. arc iilK" lurmly • ilic' csiiiii;!!'''' viiliic ril.i, (il'llii: 1)111''''" "1' li 8.1 U wi-ro wliilia 1(1 '2)7 rcsiilriil slriui- iu»— aiii(iiiiil>''l :U tin: , tlic friuic is ili'C'iiii'il 'pi ill t^ii'iliiiL' iiHiiii y 1 ll;,r-.livir>',iiiHl snis. II, 1110 lli!^- l'nii
  • tln'V :ivi' ^ii;- lUll Uiliis;i>l'""» il 13 iiiisinipliiiM ill Hiiii>li (■it'll sliil's 111''. '"1 II'" >iir i'.\|iMitf(l ill l!riii>li / nili'i-citi is liiiil nil 111! . iiM.,1 liy goviiriiiiRiil, (li'llitc. very vuliial'li! aniuisi. II I hi' is\iiml cxc'i'ilfil iiiiissiniii'rs "f iiiM»>iy. ■rar; Iml H"' '■"'in"'*- \iiil llie cxpt'iiililiiii' ill ^(/•„W. r.i/'f, N'>. I'.il, ,11 III,, liilal irvcuiii' iif i. |i. Ulii.) Wf lii-lii'vc, iriililc lialiuifi' iiuiilil lie ( ir sMliirios si'ciii iiiiilc ICIllS.) inc name, in kt. IS^ o isliiMil.ou ;i I'liin- ive very stcmiii: ; ilui •outaiiis from '-iO.OOO ,. ilavanni'li. In which lie M(irrii I'a.-Ui' on its Williiii, lliii liiirlwiiir irallii'iiis. On III!' side lurl, as well a:i Uie porl juRh the smallrst of dt" il j)iiriilli'l"^ram; Ith dl' about :i'), I'on- Isil'icd with liilU and I'll friim liunicancs; the hroakinu: up of lii'iMi h'ss nipiil than }, amouiiti'il, aicord- llaves. A laiRo jno. liiiolion lietwi'i'ti the Iwhito.s lifinu, in the Iwth 1)1' thiiso pivjii- Icol'iiiri'il pDpuhition \„!bi, Alingf dc la 1) (Miiarccnltli', tnliifn, • art iclisnl' prevision, liuMaiid ; wires, silks, Is ; iriMi I'ruiu f'wcikn, POUTS, rOSTAOE AND 1»0ST-0FFICE. 329 V.cminl of IlK! Value nf lliii ImporlH iiiKMiiid jli Aamiiu gpecilying iIiohc iiia.lu liy the f*V' rxpnrld from, llin lulnml of I'orlo-rico in 18.10 ; iiilarilEi, Aiiicrkiiim, Kn);hHh, &c. l.Vlf^, SjiiTii^li ifi"ni Sjuin) 11,,. I cMbulage) » Am- ril- 111 Kii«lW. • ll.iii.l '.i;-'!! lieriiiiii • lii-eiu'ii • * } ImiKirls. Dillari. l,l«l,llii:ii> a'j..i"iii-ii iio,7:o i uo 27,7i6-7 32 Expnrls. 23-. 7l)l-JnH Hw-,,'IUe2.|S l,(is«.S-.7'7-14 li3,h«ltjnII:iikI ■ Diiiiih • S.irdiliinn bivfdiili • Tiil.ll» liii|K>rli. Ihll.iri. 57,'1',>'CJI! I,2>N-2.1-. «, 1.(1 2-12 -■iSll-iU) 6I3',VUU ExiinrtSi 2Js,01l-l .''. J,ll|3 0i7 7.1.-.>-7r.|J iri.aieaio ;)'io II 00 2,20l<,94l:i-13 I 3,51l,84.r3.|l The »lu.vitily aiiJ Value of thi)J.niint.al Articles ot Export in 1830 ^ Cetlnn - I Sii«.ir ' riiir.e ■ ^l(llil^3ea• _ IMiii ' 'JnlLICCO - , llorecs, caltli!, &c. Qinnlily. 4,!)7'< (i"i"'- 31(1, 1 (iJ — 189,119 — 2,4b4,7;l« qii.irt. H7,l punch. 34,!I02 quint. Value. Bn.743 i! l,3S0,Ui'> i.ais,^^! SJ.2l'> 2(j,Jl>< 139.6(19 ■2"i.i(a •lUn- 3,2)9,120 dolUiii. il.in.I The Custom dullea cnlleclp.I at the diiVerent pnrts nf the islaint in 11)30 .iiiiimnted lo B84,9iX) dollars. The cily nf I'drlurioi has (ri.m 111 lo I'llh I'art nf the trade of Ihe i»liiiil. '1 he olher priiiti- inl piir^s are Mayagui'S, Pnlice, Anuadilla, Ouayania, and Faxardo.— '•Iliidily apprised of whatever took place in the remotest corners of the empire ; and instructions or functionaries could be sent to, or recalled from, the most distant provinces, with a celerity that would even now appear conpiclerablc. — (Rergicr, Hi'sfnire dcs Grands Chcminn, liv. iv. c. 4.; Bouchuud sur la PdHcedcs Komains, pp. 136 — 1,51.) Posts appear to have been established, for the first time, in modern Europe, in 1477, by Louis XI. They were originally intended to serve merely, as the ancient posts, for the conveyance of public despatches, and of persons travelling by authority of government. Siib.seiiuently, however, private individuals were allowed to avail themselves of this institu- tion ; and governments, by imposing higher duties or rates of postage, on the letters and paici'ls sent through the Post-olHce than arc sullicicnt to defray the expense of the establish- ment, have rendered it productive of a considerable revenue. Nor, while the rates of post- age arc confined within due limits, or not carried so high as to form any serious obstacle to correspondence, is there, perhaps, u more unobjectionable tax. £))if//,v/( Posl-uJJicc. — The Post-ofilce was notcstablisheil in England till the 17th century. Pdst-niasters, indeed, existed in more ancient times ; but their business was confined to the furnisliiug of post-horses to persons who were desirous of travelling expeditiously, and to the liespatrhing of extraordinary packets upon special occasions. In 1 63,'), Charles I. erected a letter oll'ice for England and Scotland ; but this extended only to a few of the principal roads, till' times of carriage were uncertain, and the post-masters im each road were requireil to fuiiiisli liors(\s for the conveyance of the letters at the rate of 2-^r/. a mile. This establish- , raent did not succeed ; and at the breaking out of the civil war, great difficulty was expe- rienced ill the forwarding of letters. At length a post-ofhce, or establishment for the ireefeli/ conveyance of letters to all parts of the kingdom, was instituted in 1649, by Mr. Edward Prideaux, attorney-general for tiie Commonwealth ; the immediate consetiucnce of which was a saving to the public of 7,000/. a year on account of post-masters. In 1657, the Post- office was established nearly on its present footing, and the rates of postage that were then fixed were continued till the reign of Queen Anne. — (Black. Com, book i. c. 8.) From the establishment of the Post-oHice by Cromwell, down to 1784, mails were con- * Till!; docs not mean a coasting trade from port to port in ttie island ; but the trade carried on undef ttio Spanish Hag witli St. Tliomas and otiier foreign coloniea. 2£S 42 It' m ,0t--J! '"?! m-i\ 'il r ?} 330 POSTAGE AND POST-OFFICE. I ! twg». veyed riilicr on horseback, or in carts mado for tlic purjJOHc ; nnd inHtrml of lipinR iho most cxpcdiliiuis niiin, on which the public may confidently rely hoth for security and despatch, 'i'lie number of letters and ne«s[)apers conveyed by the IJrilisli Post-olllee is ipiite iunnensc. Tho letters onK', despatched froiu London, may, we believe, be estimated, at an average, at about 40,000 a day ! — (See App, lo \Sth llcpurt of Revenue CuJiiiHisfiiijncrs,\>. ^'J'J.) Laws rfldtiniT In ihc roft-officr. — Tlip pnRt-m;ifitor (rntiprnl dnps not cnme imdor the (lpnnniin;Uion of a carrier, lor lie ciilcrs iiUo no ccmtract. and Ikis iki liiif.' ; Ilie |i(Kta':(" of Iclicrs liciiit; an iirtiili' nf revenue, ami not a mure reward fur tliu (.onveyance. lie is, Uierefore, nut Halite lo i(in>lniiiive licclicencc. Hnl llie salety of letters liy the post is proviilr'(l for liy numerous statutes ; and for inferior ntrincrs, wliirli dn not nmoniit lo aiis(itii1<' crimes, liy tlio recnlations of iIk' (Jcner;'.! rosl-ntrn'e, nil infi.Tiur oliicers are pnnislied liy ilismisKiim. on comiilaini lo tlie pusl-inasler i;''iieral, or liis depiilit^s. Till! early stiiliiles for the protection of Ictlrrs, liet'orc mail- coaclK.'s were invented, still apply to those roads on uhiih siirli couches are not esliihlishcd. 'I'lic first iii'iossary to he? noticed is U (Jimi. .I. c. '25., whicli liiiacts, that if post-lioys conveyiiur the niail-lias; sliall i[nii Hie mall, or siilfer any (iIIht person to ridi' on the Imrse or carriafre, or shall luiicr on the load, or not, if pussilde, convey the mail at the rale of (i mih'S an hour, they shall, on cmiviciioii Ih'Iuki 1 jiisiici-, on oalli of 1 witi I'ss, lift ^i'\\\ to the house of correction for not cxciMMliiig I nionili, nor h'ss than I I days. l"or unlawfully collcctiiii; letters to convey \.\wn\, hema, convicted in like manner, shall forfeit for every such letter Ifl,-'. to in- former, and lie committed for 'i months. mili;.'alile to I. Ami any person inlruslrd to InUein liiifi:-;a«d rereh^r tlic ;io.s7an-c, cnili('/.zlin2, or employiiiL' lo their own use, tin; same; or liiirniiii; or di'stroyiii!; said letters ; or advancing the rate of postage, and not accounting for the money shall bo guilty of felony. The 7 rjeo. .1. c. .'i. extends tlie pniiislimcnt to all jiersons vlintcpcr cmplovnl in the Inifinrss cfthr Pofl- office, piiilly of the like ollences. and for stealini; out of any letter, any hill, note, or other si'iiiiiiy I'l.r money, and makers the ollVnce felony without beaelit of clergy. Tliis statute did not e.vtend lo eiiibtz- zliiig money itself, or lo parts of securities. The 12 (Jeo. 'i. c. 81. e.vlemis the jiunishment of felony without benplit of rlcriry to all .!nn?, stealing parts of notes, hills, or otjier securities, out of letters, as also to all |icrsoiis hiiyiii!; (.r re- ceiving the same ; and the accessaries may he tried whether the principals he apprelirnded or nut, aiij the ollence may he tried either where it w.is committed or the olfi'nd'r aiiprcheiideil. And. by the same st;itute, if any person shall wilfully sei rete, or dflain. or refuse to deliver to any officer of the Post-ollice authorised to demand tlii! same, any Iclli'r or h.iL'of htlfrs intended to liociiii- veyed hy the mail, which lie shall have found or picked up, or which shall liy ar( ident or mistake have been left with any other person, he shall he guilty of a misdemeanour, and punished liy fine and im- prisonment. By .'i^Cim. 3. M.I., if any deputy, clerk, agent, letter-carrier, post-boy or rider, or any other ofliccr employed hy or under tho Post-office, on receiving, stamping, sorting, chancing, carryimr, convcyiiis, or delivering letters or packets, in any way relating to the Post-ollice, shall sicrete, emliez/.lc, or de- stroy any letter, packet, or bag or mail of letters, which shall have come into his hands inconseipiciife of such employment, containing the whole, or any part of any bank note, hank post hill, hill of ex- change, Kxcho'iuer bill, South Sea or East India bond, divideml warrant of the same, or any oilier company, society, or corporation ; navy, or victualling, or transport hill : ordnance dehentiiro, sea- man's ticket, state lottery ticket, or debenture, bank receipt for payment on any loan, note of assign- ment of stock in the funds, letter of attorney for receiving dividends or selling stock in the funds, or % I posTACJF, AND I'osT-nrrK^r:. xn of licinR the most , nlic of tlio xlowpst tlip ililii;i.'iiccs 1)1'- (it lA iiiiw lU'cDin- roiKWi llii'ir liito of if Hucli u ililU'ii'mi! I h\ those coiivcy- II iKiiri'ls. •omiitrolliT cmoral nivcyaiice of It'Ucrs, '. tlu' i)r>>prictors of III the joiiriicy in ii , I'.iliiicr's plan en- (■oliS('i|U('liri's hiive )art of the rini>iro; liroil utuliT the old III speed, a most do- mprovfiniMils in the xertions this dcpait- : but, owing to the on, iiiul the exti-eiMc s of the country till si niail-coaeli, fnim (. Previously to that s, however, is not to (he mail caiii.' rcumi Edinburgh desp:itch on^lcd, that the Post- the latter alone can it to the smallest \il- irl.s into one unilorm and desiKiteh. 'I'lip (piite iniinenso. Thn an average, at about , p. 'Z'J\).) r tlu" (Ipiinniinritiiin rf rs lii'iii!; an iirUilc of lial.lc to l•(lll^lnl(■uve I'l I'lr iiircriiir nii; imt:, rust-dtlico, nil inl'iTiot r Ills i!ipiitii;s. iivciiIchI, still ;ip|ily tn |i(> iiOtii'i'-d is 'i (',{"1. .1. :iil, or siiirer iiiiy ntliiT iI>1l', reiivcy the tiiiiil III iif 1 witpi'ss, Im; si'iil \r milawrully ciilli.'ctini! null li.'lti'f Kly. ti) in- \>(l to till,!- ill htlri-f,aiii tiiirniiiL' IT (Irstrciyiii? iney sliull bo giiiUy of ithf hiifi'irsf I'fthf f»-"(- , or etIiiT >iM'iiiiiy l'(,r ll nut extt'iid to eiiibtz- L'V to all .-iiirli porsnns, Ipirsoiis Imylii!; cr rt- :ipn'licii(k'(l (ir lint, uiij iili'il. I't'iis^t! Ill deliver to any |i'rs inlpiided toliocnn- i iilont or mistake liave lislied liy <"""-' iin'' ""• |;r, or any other oflici'r >, rarryiiii.', ronvpyine, l-rcto, eiiiliezzli', or de- i hands ill coiiseipiiMife Ik post liill, bill of ex- liR same, or any other liaiice debenture, se;i- ; loan, note of assign- stock in the I'limls, or 4 4 brlonillnc U' any rnnipnny ; Aineriean prnvinoial hill of creilil, t'liliNiiilllis' or hiinkern' letter of rredit, or iiolc ri'litlinu to tho paynn'iil nf nniiicy, or mlicr In mil, \\ :irriinl, ilrul'i, hill, or priiiiiiss.irv n.'tr what- I'Ver. fur pay nl of njmii'y ; or hli:ill Mral anil lakr mil nf imy lillor, i\ illi wliicli lie shall have hi^'ii „ "iin-ited, or H liic'li shall havo ( omo In his liainl, tin- \\ liulo nr any pari of iiny sin li hank imti', bank posl-bill, I'iie. ; "hall lie uniliy of t'lloiiy \mI1iiiiiI henolil of diruy. \ii\ porsiin stiMliii!; or taknm away frmii any earriai-e, iir Irmii the possessicMi iif any pir-on em- i)hi\r.\ iDcmivoy lettiTs sent hy the pnst, or fn iny riTc'ivin!.'-hoiii-c f,,r tlir I'lisi-ollici', iirt'minany haL' in- mail sent' or to be "ent by the suiiie, any letter, paekel, ha).', or mail, shall siilfor dealli without bemtit nfclercy- .. , , , . , ■ ■ . , Anil ill pi'r-^i'iis wlin sliall eoiinscl, coiiinmiiil, hire, persii ide. proniisi', aid, nr ahi't siiilt pirsuni, or shiiil with a I'raiiiliih'iil inlcntion hiiy or reeoivi' any siii ll Kciiirilirs. iii-lriiiiinils, ,Vr.. '■hull snilVr in likr manner: arcessarirs may ho trird ho fore appro In: ns Ion or trial of principals. Trials iniiy ho in lliu liiiinlv where ollVmlrrs ;iro ap|iri'heiideil. t:.irmliii:iii.-' friiiii Po.iiiiue, Fnnil.iiiu', ,'\ e. — The gtntiites for reaiilntine tho rales of pnstace, ami the exriii|iiiims from posta^'o, from the '.'lb of Anne to tlie filtd of (ioo. 3., are too niiineroiis to ho insortod, hilt the priricip:il ri'Snialions aro :is lidlows: — 'I'lo' kiiiir, tlio porsiin tillinu iho priiii'i|i:il oHiccs uf Koveriiineiit, tlio piiblie Hoards, and the I'ost-oflico iiia\ solid :inil rreoivo lollors duly froe. ANo all n iliors of oitlior house of parliament diirlnc the sltlinsrof ilio same, or within ID ihiys lie- foro or :il'ler any siiiiiinuns nr proro).'atiiiii, not ovii'oiliim I minro in woiuht, on I'lindllioii tli;it the n:iiiios of t!io moinbi'r, and llio' pnst town iVoiii which siiit. llio day ol'ihr minilh :il full li'iiL'th. :niil the yo:ir, sli:ill ho I'liilnrsod Iherenii ; :i|siitliat the iiioiiibi'r diroctiiii: it sli:ill ho :it, nr within 'ill niihs of iho post tow n, on the day, or d:iy before, Iho lot tor is put into I ho pnst -nllicu ; and also on condition that nil iiiomlior S"tid iiiore lloiii ll), or rocoivi' moro than IJ, lottors in ono day, I'riiitoil voles of |>arliainent, and newsp:ipi:rs in (overs open at tho nidcs, &c. are cxoniptoil from p(ist:ii;e. iliil till' post-masters may search to see if any tliiiiR else be contained in the cover; and if Iheru be any such fiiiind, il shall be cliarL'od irehlo posta^'o. rorsons ;ilioriiiL' tho siiporscriptinn of IV, inked lollors, or coiiiilorfoilina tho liandwrilinK of mombors on lli"in to avoid poslaso. (.'iiilly of fobmy, and to bo iraiisiinrtod for 7 yours. Ihit nevortholoss, memliors w ho I'riiiii iiilirniity are miahlo In w rite, may authorise and depute an- other to fr:ink fur lliem, sending iiutice thereof niidur hand ami seal, iiUested hy a witness, to llii> piist- iii:istor sroiioriil. liilis nf iMlniiiire, invnice.s, iiierchanis' nreniints, fcr. wrillen on the same piece nf paper with a letter, nr several letters written to several persons on one piece of paper, to pay as 0710 loiter. — (7 & 8 r.v... i. c. 21.) Sn writs or other loaal proroodinu's. I'iilloriis iiiid samples of u'oods in cnvers open at the sides, wilhniit any writ ins inside, to Iw cliarced as ~iiiL'le lollors. Ihil, by .''i'^ (ion. ".. if nut open at the sides, :iiid weii.'hiii!! only 1 oz., ;iii inlditioiial ratu of -'/. ; hilt if less than I o/. and niuii at the side only, the :iilililional rat" nf li/. I'nrei.'ii letters sMspected In m' 1 lin prnhihitorl (.'nods m:iy bo oponod in Ilo' presence nf n ji!stii;o, or neiL'i-'lriito. of the place, or di-'i ' 11 1, on oath of person suspect inn. If conirihind t'nods f iniid, to he de^aroyeil, and the letter sent 10 the comniissionors of customs ; if nnno I'aiiml, the loiter to he for- wanle'd with an attestatinii 01 ilo: circiimstances by tin: justice or niatristralo. l)y 11 Anne, c. 1')., no person o.vcepf the pnst-iinister, and persons aiilliorised by liiin, sh:ill c:irry or roiivcy any letters, on pain of ,V. for every niroiico, and a peinilty of lim/. per week besides. In bi:' re- cover! il ill any court of recnril. .And by 5 (Jeo, 1. c. '20., no pi:rson shall send or loniler, or deliver to lie sent, otherwise than by llle aiillmrity nf Iho pnst-ni:islor or his liopiilii -, nr in tin. nrnresl nr most convenient pnst town to he fnrwanlod hy ih.' post, :iny letter or packet, on pain of 0/. fnr each letter so seol, to be recovered in any cniirt at Westminster. IvvcepI loiters nincrriiinir fruud.i to he delivered irilh kiicIi 'rn'iils, sent by a cnmiiion carrier ; letters of IiierclKints, owners of ships or niorchant vessels willi cartincs to ho delivered ; such letters hoini; c:irrieil without hire or row aril ; any cnmniission or return thereof; process or ri:tiirii ilieronf mil nf any court, nr any letter sent hy :iny private friend in their way of jmirney ; or hy any messenger sent on purpose cniicerniiig priv:ito all'airs. I'list-inasters may make private aL'reeinents with persons livinc in places (not beinsr post towns), for llie receivinc and seiiiliiiL' to them respei lively, hllors lo and iVmii the post tnwii ; but for the de- livery of letters williin the limits of the post town, he is entitled to no reimiueration. CONVEVAXCK OF 1,I:TTK11S nV I'OST. UlcEiviNO AND nrsPATCiiiNCi OF I.DTrFits.— Speakiiis; geiieraily, letters may be put into the re- cciviiiL' lio.xes of the dillerent pnsl-nttices tlirniiL'liniit the cniinlry :il all hours of the day, and inoslly, also, of the nif.'ht. The mails fnr p:irtiinl:ir pi ices are iioide up at ciTlain speciliod hnnrs, nf wliicU pillilic iiili Ilia linn isu'iveii ; and letters put in :iflor those hniirsare not nf course despatched till next mail. dnirriil I'lL-'t-dJIire, J.oniloii. — Letters to be desp;itclied that day are received at the !.'enoral post rfceiviiii houses iill G p. M. ; by the lolter-carriors rin^ini,' hells, (on payment of \il. with each letter or iiewsp:iper), from 5 to (i p. .M. ; at the I'.rancli post-nllices, at Charini; Onss, Vere Street, Oxford ,-' li:iltli' lo ilir tnll iiil.iint riitrH, iiml u ni'II |irii' vInirliOcltori nro forwnrd'-d tlirniiRli thin offlcn to tlie Faiit IimIIkm and Ninv Siiiilh \V.il(M, on pnynii'nt of I,/, at ||ii> llnii! of piiilliik' In ; and hiicIi IcU'Tm from lint Ilaxt Iiidli;n am rli irL'i mMt Willi l>/ ,c>r :i / if lint piiMl-cillK c li.ivu tii pay tin.' Kraliilty of 'Ji{. id tliu ('iiinnnindi.'r wliita landi'ii in llii' liniii d Kint'dnin. Sinnirii mill .S(7\ iililn any p:irl iif IiIm Malfrtly'H dimiinlnnH, to and fmni wlilrli llicri- arc rcdular nmllH. ran acnd iiid rrcrivi' Hlin-lit |riiiM:t nn lliiirown private' cunci'mH niily, » lulu tlii'y aru cinplojud on liiH Maji'-ily'M Ki'rviir, fur \il. I.rit: r.-- i\iiiiitiir J null a >fi ni,iiu "r Scr/rriinl, Corjiiird/, 'I'runijieler, f'ifir, or jiririitf Siflilirr. — Tin- penny iinmt lie paid al llie lime it i-i pnt into tlie portl-olfn r. 'I'lie name of ilir Holdier nr Mallnr, Iiii4 (limn (ir ilefiiriplion. and llie nami; nf ilie -^li;p or rej-ii I, curpH ^r delMclimenl, I" \\ liii li lie lie- liniiiH. niiii't lie Hpe<'iiie(l nn tile letter. .\nd Ilie iilliier liMvinv Hie roiniiiand inuHt hIkh liin liaini-, and Hperli'y the name id'tlie Hliip nr re'inni'iit. i orpn, or ilelai liiiieni, \\i: iiHiimaml-<. /.ell'rra f,'iiiii'r ti) Sfiiineii ur Sulilicra.— 'l'Ui: penny iiiiisl lie paid at the timu it Input into tlio post. otn.- I'rinli'd voles and prnreriliiiL's in Parliament si'iit from (ireat Ilrilain and Ireland hy parket lioatu lo uny nf Ins .M.iJesly'H (■cdnnieH are In lie eliiirued Willi a rate nf om jifiinij luilf-jn iniij /« r iniiiic, and bd on in prnporlinii. In Hen nf any miiiii payaMe under any Inriner uil, Id lin pniil mi imiiiny llw said ruin Cnlniiial li i;lslaliv(.' ptnceediiigH may he sunt from lliu ciilniiieN to tint} firorffflinifs iiilii the I'ltst-o^flit' the Unlled Kiniidnni hy pai ki't hnal al the Maine rati I'ampliletH. miiyazin'es. reviewn. \.c. may he .sent h5' p.irkrt linat from I'almnuili to any of Ill.s Mi. Je!iiy'H eulniiies at tin; mlu of l:y. if not cxteedini; ui.v onncuH in weight, and Jd. pur ounce iihovu tliut wuivlit. .V. B.— If Hiicli printed vote, prorpedine, piiinplilct. innRn/liic, ftc. tin not sent irilhnut a rnrer,orin a cover I'jien al the .•.■ii/c.i, or if ««;/ irriiiiif,' he Ihi rei'ii, oilier than Hie Miiperseripllnn, or ««// olhcr }mjh r ur thiniT he eni Insed lliereili, the' packet w ill lie li.ilile In Ilii! full rales of pnslaiie an a leller. liiinU .V''/(.« and Draflu — I'erHoiH wisliini! In Mend hank iinlen or dral'l« hy post, are udviHod to cut fiiicli iinieH nr ilrafis in halves, and send them at two dilfurciit timuH, wailing till tliu rutuiiit of onu ll.'ilf is ackiiowleilijed hefnru the other Is sent. Mo Hiin'.i, or /.(if/.f^i. iV'c — When innney, riii2«, or lockets, &c. are sent liy the post frnni I.r dnn, particular care slimild he taken In ilelivir the same lo the clerk at the wliidnw ut the (.'i in iiil ' I'nsl-nllici'. and when any such letter Is In he sitnt from the cniintry, it slinnid he delivered into ih,! Innils nf the pnst-nia|ioitil(>y I'lof |n rson !|iccially .tpiioinleU fur tlial iiuriioK liy the |oii. iiia!:itr*,;eueml. Ci*C(lin< lilt" \M*i Hiililirr or Hitllnr, loni, lo w liirli lie 111'. St hI|I» tO'* ■>»ii>ei uiiil in put Into tlie piiKt. iliil liy piirket liiilttH 10 11111/ ;» !• inniic, lUiil >o imlliii)' the .iiiid i'm'm I Irimi llie coliinicH lu mil to any of IIU Mi- per ounce iihiivo tliul irilhovt n n>rer,orin a , or ninj oilur iKipir „r i II letter, 1st. lire uilviscd to cul till the teculpt uf one liy the post from I.nn- liiiilciw Ht the ('•! iiiiul he ileliveretl into llio !(;(! lo Insure the piirly ler» inlrnstei! to tlieiii, lie lirsl port of ariiviil, lasler's (lelivenna lln; e. 15:t.) Is arc Ifflin'l loilfliviT M llif iif'V :irrivi', nil lettem I'li tn.irl I li'ivi'I'i-i-n |.ri*vtmj>lv tltiii;iiiil. J fur tliat I'ui liosc l>y Hit i ^>;- irt mill Conveyance nf ce ill Iroluiid, or I'ruiii ■r, or HT r .in rirfi For everv Onnre Weitflit, aiPl lor fVfry racket imf I'xci't.Ijn; ail (liMice iu Win^iit. 3 C 9 3 (i 9 3 6 9 3 1 4 t H 2 2 4 2 K 3 u ;t 4 3 8 4 4 4 4 H fi II 5 4 & 8 8 4 4 I,»Mpn»niilili>lnf I fiifliitiiroinTlnrifiM" with 1 jliijln rn"». I ,Mir«i-. iii.ilMllK ll'iiri- Ihiii I ri,c|..Miif, mil liril uru'.lil'K I Mine.', ■iri-.liirili-il.l.- iviIIlImihIh mil". I..'ilir. r -.Iip.ic I niiiiri', >ilul- rvriili cv.ii'pii'i nil) In-, .iri'.li.iiirr.illi-»,lli 4 .mslr rit.M mlI for ivrry M "I .111 I'liiHH .il«>«y iti«l onilli'i mi »ililili"ii»l •inil" rilr ii 'i.i'vi, li ...Miin ir.l •ijlnr«, if •iniili', »ii'1 In i'"ll(iirlnlly lo lh» Ml III |4iliiiiKiil, am Ui.ir(c.iUlii ttiili I |'iiiiiij> ""^i- rit«i,iif» Af % (•mil nrilain. M' Hi" l.rMir ill I t'llCD. Fmiii 111V |..'«i-"(Il''c ill 'iri'sl niiiiln to «iijr fil«ce not ftfi .-l.iiil 1*1 null'* Ironi siu'li I'lDi'fl • * 4 For .111 .l.iiiii.Tiil.MH- n iiulu, .iii'l ii'il "tMiilliiu *' niili't at no Ml HO i.'ii 2J0 im r,o en Ijn i:ii ;>3(1 auu u 7 H II 10 II li Anl m In pmr'irllnni llir |vKhtii incnulnf pnfr«ilTet]l lA Itirt iirKla lillil li r uvi ry liilihiliv, !>■>•''«» of • /ri/iiMif. Siiiii:i' Lrlttir IU I'ntlCt. Kicni »ny P'nl nllii'i! In Irclin.l In niiy |.lii wllliin llr iiiiir, lid cairKlilif 7 Iriill hull! fliini >lii ll i.lllrr ...... Eii'vr linit 7 kuil tint r«rri->liiiK H Irlkli niilrx III I* It ;ii 4) M in 111! ill! ;vi .1.1 4A M (It Hi I in I VI i n a 3 * a 7 M III II IJ 1.1 II All'l f r tMTiy 100 lii.lfi, tri»ll liirKlins llmvp 3"0 inili'*, a filrl|lf*r ■inn nf 1./. Ili'iiMi' mill iiillr Irtmri cliar^t'4 ucci.iUiiiit lo Ills ' almif iiiiv:iii(.L' .u ill' KiiijUuii. KllllO I fiirrlifii rtirtn.—Pcitagt f^f a ilnjf/i LtUrr In anit from Lmtt'Ott Fr.iiire llini'r.ilii luly Itiiiiin I' l'oiir« (''rrihiny N.ir" ly H ■..II ■ llll■.^;.l n.hiii.lrk Mirilrn bivit?rrl.l •. ll. n IU ICihii • . :l lit nut Tmkiy fid S t 7 ■i I 2 flrriii:iny tnil Frniico • l"l .till ■ St-iiii nil V\ 'iK ll..:ii.i.| iiiiil ihi' Ni'llii'rl.iii.Ii AiiuTici • Wi'ii lii.ll.i M.iii.U M. ll lii^o . (l.llilMr Milri.itiil Mrililfminein •Mull in 'I lie Az'ri'S ■ 'I'ho C:lli.Ull'll • • t. .1, • I 4 I 7 • 2 i I I . 3 i 1 i 2 ■> 2 10 . 3 i f. ll. I'liriiiifnl • 2 II llii/ili . ■ 3 fi Ill I'liiia AyiM - ) riiiii ■ • i =» 6 I'lru • J ( ii| niilill 1.1 liiiiiri '■ ■ 3 lllllKllllill Mi'Uliii . 'I'lniliif'i Cilia • .' 3 I'oilujnI.inilCiilirall.ir, I'ln Frm.to 1 7 IN'Moii drn'Iin? Ii-tfrrn fmin (he I'nit^I Kiiurilnni to any j^nrt of rMt/nf. rii.iy, tftl, mrnl Un'in in nxi't, .illr)^!!!; Ihu*li'ili iiuhIi :»■ (o ill. pii I I y Hin rrcfivrr; nr, iwA, iln-v imv \>:\v 'In- ti-h' If y^'iUw. it) ailvumv { nr, 3nl. tin v hmv p.iy »Ih' llntn/i f«Ut(iin nn y in tliv (r 'ii* lirrt'l l''«ii'"''. Hul ilif lull |ms1;u(? iniiHt In- |i:ilil in ;itiMi>i'i», ott ill I.llrrn fi-rtillnT (•(•iiiilrifi iimsinir thr-'iinh Inmc, ;»ii I nii ji'l Iftlcn tn.my iif i!m* I'liiiTt ,iiii| |KirtH »|KTilii ll, :ilKtvi', (rtiT|il Ilu- Wrut lii> (]i;iii folMneiiitiJ flrilittli Anirrua,) othtTwisf liny will net bo I'ur* wanlfil. j ,Nii Ii-ifrr aiUrr«r.I to nvv y^T\ in Frnnrt- will It rliarifnl'lti with ' ninn^tluii;inimlii rttfi-i Itii iiinu h'\ if it 'I" not i'.\i I'f I 1-1 .f .in ounct; wi'inht ; or I ilonl'li' p"(ii"' frnni l-l fit, anil mr fxcfcilni^ 1-2 nz., diid IrL-lJe \ ij(ist;li:c tn'Hi 1-2 "/. ni"' "o' ricccfUnu I n/, 'rii~' |!'i'«tiif in Kntii'f i* clurRt* I \vUr.-ii' tin'.'l'n-k in Ibn i'\initnc n" nhlniary |«»l» iiij(lilai .iiid bufnrv IU >i\ K'l'k on Tuitiliitu tiiut FiuiiVfU Mailt inadt up in t.uuitun as JiAlvWi : Frattrr, ilailv. Ililximn, tutnt'l, Mnnd.iy, Tn^n-liy. Tbiir^liy, nnd Fri-hy* Wntrrirrt, lir>t VVcilniiln, nm Ihly. Ma /ci'Yi, Jiiitz'l, nnil Huim^ Juri'i, (irit Tup»d.iy, iniMilIily. /.i\foit :ind .Mii'ltim, rvt«ry SittnV.I ly, tiil.i.ilt Imlii, liK'<'.<|.p of (rx'd Ilopi', Ni-w South W.ilts, kc- will on Inii.-or bi! dinr^'iil by upigbt, but I*/. *.iih. N>«vp.i|;crc piiuifi in tin- Hrili-'lucinnif' »n I pi •*r»c*i''ns, brniji'ht to tin- rnitr! Km .il.mi by Iiis M.i.j.s'iN packet*, will be ildivt-n-d free nt rli.\r>rf ; if bicin^Ut by pii\.itt' bliipk thty uilt Iv cl).ir($ed Id, enrli nn i'rlivfr\'. i\r\vs)i.njifr» inny hv iirnt frnni pup Ilri'ish rnbiny to nnothrr, VII tlit! I n*!*-.! Kiii^li'iii, by Ids M,iji;^;>'!i |faikt':»,' free tf [loil* 51., ()r\> hit )i till! rollouini,' otVii-ial alistriioi h.m iwvw |tii1iliHli*'il f 'iiif. I !\ /ijf'i'in.— I'rictril nen'ipiiii'ni lia! Ic In flic stamp ilufy, nii.l Iiilv s'lni' I'l. s«nt by the (itiii-Tal I'm*!, unliiii tin- rnitrd Kinlr- i|»m. Will tic lb livi'^'d fieenl all cli uYi', brini^ no li)n/i:r subjcft to rffiny 'T twoprniiy pmt r.HfS at lu'ieliforf. Ni-ivs|i) .T* not havinc pii'^td. (tr to pi«, tbrnniih thcermral pisl, |iul « 'iM'li arc pnl i'ltni in] ilclivt red fhr"t!):li tbc i rnny or tun- Jhiiiiv ]>.;%! of aii> city, town, or td.icf, will l)t; chirgt'd IiZ/wLh nil H-ii'ih Cvhnitt and /'('.«f«fi(i»i«.— Prin'fd newxpiper^, dnly (•iiit|.fl. iil.'ni-*!"!] to ai'V f'f his Mije^iy'H c^Ii'Imi" anl po-ni s> iMn* U\iiiil sus H'nt by his Maji'siy's ] acki'lii, will be forwardtd tiifi.f fiin/'i'-"' Ports. — III tlic fonitor iin|trfssi!)ns (if this work, \vi^ lind occnsion to point nut and ronstiro tin' nhji-rtimiMhli' prMi'tifc lh;i( li;ni Iciil' prrvailn! in the rd^t-otVii'i', of rkin*.' out tlir s;iI:iri('M (if !h(» clerk*; in thf t'orri^'ii th'|i;irtiiH'iil liy alluv. injr tliiMo |i> cii-irirc hrnvy sums on the iM-wspainTS trruisniil- ted to ami rrcrivt'fl t*i»un (nrrii'n parl.-^. To siii-li an r.Mrnt was thi-^ prarticn carrit d, liiat, while the (iniiiial r"st nf a diiilv I.innhtii |),!i'i'r anioiiiitril tprr\ loitsly to th'' late rcilm-ti.in nt* the Kt;iiMp-iIiity.) in any part ol' (Jn'Mt Uriiiiin. to '.i/. l,v. ii year, it (< hi hi nut he had a I Cahii-; or IloiiicLMh' fur h-^s than 1,1/. .v., till' I'h'rK;^ ill tin; Post-ollirt' Iteinj.' ailowetl l<> chart'o U. \t*. fur Ihrir troiiMc in ronvcyine it! Till* r<'0:; clKiriri'd on till' l-'rcnch papers hroitohl to Mni:Iand were siinii:ir. It is not cninLMou fitr to sny, that l!ii>; prep()sti'rons sy.-'iein itpposed a fir inori* .-^rricM^ oli.t within 7 days after the day on w hicli thev wen' pttbiish- ». .flill. the p!ipe at which it shall liave been re-directed or rcpostcil to the place where dLlivcret. Goicral llixuItitionn.—AW newspapers forwardetl liypnst tiuist lie sent wiihnut cnvers, nr in rovert, npeti M the sides ; thty are ulher- wise char::falite with posing** as Ifllers. Nuwspniers, Hrilish or foreiKii, containinjc any letter, paper, or thing eni:Iof.e '| or with any writing or marks of reference or infor- mation whatever upon tlieni, or upon the covers, other than the ail- ilrcss, will be charged wiih treMe the duty of letter pci»la(;e. Po«tiuaslers are authorised ami required to examine .ind search nil newspapers, to prutecl the revenue fnun fraud; and tho FobMuasit-f tlenenil is empowered (jy tlie Act of Parliameut to proceed against parties atieuipiiiig any fnuds upon the revenue through the medium of uewapapers. Twopenny Post-Offick, — Bositlcs the General Post-ofiice, or that intended for the conveyance of letters from one part of the kingdom to another, and to and from foreign purtjj, letters are received in the metropolis, and other large towns, for delivery in the same. In London, those letters are charged 2(1, \ but in other towns they are only charged Id, The limits of the twopenny post extend to all places within a circle of 12 miles from the Genera! Post-odice ; there are daily several deliveries, and the esta!)lishment is extremely convcniciii. The 'i'vvopenny Post-ofllce is dependent upon, though in some measure distinct from, tln} General Post-ofFice. Its principal oilice is at the General Post-oilice. There are a great nun^.her of receiving houses scattered up and down the town and the adjacent country. The cross receipt and nett revenue derived from the two-pennv j'dst in the metropolis iu the under-mentioned years, has been as fol- lows :— Yean. Gross Receipt. Clnrjo of Cotlcction. Net I Revenue. If3l I. 109.148 II2,!h24 L. 45,425 47,310 L. 63,723 6:-.,414 V 3,nh\'- im of the Two-Painu Post-f>JJiee.— The principal ofllce .: . ' neral T >8t-oftice, St. >lartiii'5-le-Cirand« where It iters may I . '; ■ I hour later at each despatch than at the receiving houies. Foi . accommodatiounf the westeri? part of the metropolis, letlei-s are received at Hie dtHce at Chariuk! Cross, corner of CraiKj's Court, and at theolliee In Kesent Stree'. near I*angham Place. 1-2 hour later at each despatch than at any of the other n ceiviug houses. There are 6 [leliveries and C collections of kHiTs in London, daily ; and by a recent regulation, the 7 o'clock delivery has been exlemled to all places in the environs of London, within the circle of 3 miles (rom the Gener.il Post-oflice ; and most of these jdaces have now fj deli- veries and r» despatches, daily. Most other parts of the country dis- tricts have 3 deliveries, and two despatches daily. The following are the places within the 3 mile circle that h.7ve 5 deliveries and ;*) despatches dailv :— Camden Town ; Dalston ; Hack- ney; Isliuslon ; Kent RoJid (Old)^ m f^r ^ f*!- Marvde-Strand work- house; Kennin^ton ; Kentish Town, as far as Mansfield J'lace ; Kingsland ; Newiiieton Dults ; Penluuville; ijliacktewelt; Somers Tow-n; Vauxliall and Walworth. The foilnwni? places have 4 deliveries daily :— Baysw;\(er ; How ; Brouiptoii, Midillesex; Hrftmley, Middlesex j'Caniberwell ; Chelst-a; Little Chelsea, as far as Church ! They are flespatched ceivin? houses by | principal olTices by from tbe latter at b morning I 9 morning 10 iiioming 2 afleriiooii 3 afleniouu 4 afternoon 5 — 1 6 - 7 — To places having but 2 deliveries a day, letters are sent ufT at ll.j above hours of 10 in the niorning and 4 or 7 In the aflernoou. >ii(h as pf) oir at 10 are delivered at noon; those at 4 are deliven 1 M^ same evening; and such as po oir at 7 are for delivery early n^x: nioniing. To places having oi.ly I post a day, they go (dral Id, p.Li are delivered the same day at noon. The deliveries in the country should he completed, generally, l,e- tween the hours of II and I ; between 6 aud 8 in the evening'; and by, or about 9 iu the morning. From the Cmiutry to iMmlon.— ]( put into the post in time far the morning despatch, they arrive in town bet\\een lUand II o\l-,,i;, and are sent out at 12 from the principal otTice, for delivery lit nil parts uf Ixuidon. If put in fur the atlernoon despatch, ib* y .iir,\- bi tween the hours of i> and 6, and are sent out at 7 for deliuiy tLc same evening. From ('jit Pihi of the Crftnitry to another.~U going frnni nee part of a ride or district, to another pari of the same ride or diMnii, aiid put in for the morning despatch, Ihty are deliverc^l, lhr')i:±:i, \\,t means of a by. post arrangement, Ihesamediy atnoon. If put in ti.rilie aflerno(Mi desijatch, they are delivered the siime evening, where, to evening delivery is given. If going to parts not belonginir in the same ride, they come to Umdon, such leltei^ put into the pusi T riiie nioriiin^jdesn.itch, are delivered in thecounlry the same evening,.', hi n an evening delivery is given; if for the afternoon despatch, the inn morning, wiiere a morning delivery is given ; or olberwiM- at uouu, .SVafnpj,— The date stamp on letters, or, if there be more than f.i,*, that having the latest hour, sliows the day and time of day theytw^re despatched for delivery; that on returned letters excepting:, \vl,icti shous the time they were returned to the otiice as dead lettei-s. iVf sons having occasion lo coiiiplain of (be delay of their letters, ire re- ipu'stcd to transmit to the superintending prisiilent the covers, mih a statement of the tiiiie of delivery, as the date and stamp will asjisi materially In tracing their course-. Poita^c— The postage of each letter or packet posted at any niTlce within a circle of 3 mites from the Cjcneral Post-oHice, for .U'iury at any place within that limit, is Id. To or from all pl.ice.% Uyuiii this circle (being Within the limits of this oilice) It is id. All bevond tlie 3 mile circle, and wi:hin the 12 nnle circle, mt 3d. ' Soldiers and Sailors.— Sin^k\e{ier8 /rom nr /o soldiers and saJbn. under certain restrictions, pass lbrou«hont iMith this and the t'Liitral post, or either, for lef. only, if paid at putting in. A'l ;>-ip'j;;fr.f.— Newspapers posted at I^uJoii, or at any j-'ace within the 12 ndle circle, (or delivery within that Imil, are ciuriij Id. each ; but ihey pass lo or from the General t'oat free of j.i>s!n§e. Litters of ^alve. — This Otiice is not liable to nnke eool thelo*j of property contained in letters. But, for the eriatt r seiuniy li such properly, it Is recommended that notice of it 1 c u'lvt-n ii'.he otiice-keepeis, at putting into the [Mist. This, howcvrr. wiih tne exce[)tion of hank or other note.'*, or drafts payabli^ to '.t.-irer, which should he cut in baKes nnd sctit at twice, the liist half Iu be .tcknciw ledired bi fore the oilier is sent. irtigAf.— No letters or packiges exceeding the weight of 4 oi can be^sent by this p(ist, except such as have lirsl pasM:d by, or arc intended lo p.iss by, the general or foreign mads. Lrtterifor this Post uot to be put into the General Paft.—l.-Wm for the twopenny post are sometimes put Into the general ]fs\, l,y w bieh they are unavoidably delayed. It is, therefore. nTuniiiuDJej that tl'sy be put into tl e iwi.penny post oflices or recn\,iig h'l'.scs, that they may be regularly fnrwarded by their proper cin\t y.-uice. Lftttrs not to he delivered /i/irli.— And to prevent the rn«ih;hiynl letters being surreptiiioustv obtained frrmi the otiice* wlierc |:iit iu, ollicedu't'pera are strictly ^prbidden returmng, to any pery^n "lul- soe\tT, Itttei-s that may tie applied for, under whatever tiriiinis'iiicw tin- reco\ery may be urt'ed. This is moreo\(r forhiddi-n I; 'h'f-v lablisheit pnnciple. that the instant a letter is tonmiittL'-l to I'l.t jwit, it is no longer the properly of the seniler. Post-office Revenue, — The projjfrcss of the Post-ofTice revenue of Great Britain has hpcn very remarkable. Most part of its increased amount is, no douht, to be ascribed to the greatly increased population of the country, and the growing intercourse amonu; all cla^- j of the community ; but a good deal must also be ascribed to the ellbrts made in tin* early part of the reign of George III. to suppress the abuses that had grown out of the privilcajc of franking, and still more to the additituis that have repeatedly been made to tht^ ratt's. We believe, however, that these have been completely overdone; and considering the vast importance of a cheap and safe conveyance of letters to commerce, it will iminedialely be seen that this is a subject deserving of gruve consideration. In point of fact the post-iillice revenue has been al/out stationary since 1814 ; ihougli, from the increase of popiiIatii>n ami commerce in the intervening period, it is pretty obvious that, had the rates of postage n m POSTAGE AND POST-OFFICE. 335 hi- coven, "til" "'•'"' "" "'■ vlly of Idler ixislaiit. red lo rjjmiiie .iii'l »c;ircli nli n fraud J anil Iho I'oi.'ma'.lii. 'irlianieni to |iriici;e.l anams! revenue Ihrough the nicdiuiii it intended for the 1 from foreign inirls, ry in the same. In jr charged Id. Tlie les from the Gcricral stremt'ly convenient. re distinct from, llu; . Tliere arc a great jacent country. 1 day, letters are scut uir a! !'.; 1 4 or 7 ill the afleninou. >■;;!, ; those at ■! are didivin 1 !!• at 7 are fur delivery early in: wjladay, tlieygoolVal lu,:i.j lid he coiuplileil, senrrail) , It- ;u 6 aud 8 ill llie eveiiii^' ; ii.J f put iuln the post in time i ; town between lUand llo.l',;, jripal ollice, for didivery in ii; ■ atleriUHM despaUh. ihi y iir.i. ru sent out at 7 for dilmiytc lo niwthtr.—lt going frnni nr part of the same ride ..r ,li m. ; they are delivered. 11ip>i;;i, iit [ame day at noon. If piil ii. in!,.: ' ■id the saineeveninK. "Iim IE ,g to [.arts not heloliflii-' '" 'It .li lettel-sput into the P'-l !■ i lit icf ouiilrv the same eviiiin^, ■ I,; n ihe afternoon dcspalcli, li,<- i.vsi ,' is given ; or ollierwi^- at i/ lj. vn, or, if there be more t!.,m ■■, he day and lime of day lii.v . . • clurnBl letters except i,.-, »l, . lo the office as dead lell,■l^. I-: f the delay of their lelU-rs, in i,- iiding presiilent Ihecr.vei., «.•. as the date and stamp « ill d^i-; ■Iter or packet posted at any nlTicf b General Fosl-olliee, h.r .!i'i..'. il. To or from all pl.ice. li; i.; of this ollice) it is Jc(. d wiihin the 12 mile circl.', | v. ers froniOT fosnldievsanl sul i'. imhout iMilh this aud the pcnuiMi at putting in. ,1 at I.oiidon. or .at any f'"n .ry within that liii il, arecliiriid the General I'osl free of iiiMaje. ,t liable to make good Ihek-i „,i. f i.r Ihe grialir ^rHlrlU■ .'f lliLil notice of it be sivin tiihe II, St. This, howev.r. Willi the drafts pavaWf In 'laier, ivliirli ice, the iiibt halt lo be .ickiitiw ciceeding the weiglit of 4 M. , as have lirsl pas-id by, or in iireigii mails. t iiito the Henrrnl Pcist.—Unm cs put into llie general |nsl, W i. Il is, therefore. n'culmiit-uile4 post oHices or receiMUg l.'i'st!, :d liy their proper cmiveyiiKf. And lo iireventthernssilidilyot il from the ollire« wliere |iut ill, returning, to any peryn "hi|. ir, under »■halevercirc1lln^llllca is moreover forbidden !■ dufs. Idler is coininille.1 to tl.e l»il, ■nder. reat Britain has been be ascribt^l to the irsc amonp; all cIu'-'j rts made in tl.e early 1 out of the privilege In made to tlu^ rates. Iconsiderinsi the vast i, will immediately be bf fact the post-ollice hae of population and ! rates of postage n been so hich as to force recourse to other channels, the revenue must have been decidedly rrreater now than at the end of the war. Were the rates moderate, the greater despatch and seeiiritv of the post-ollicc conveyance would iiinder any considerable number of lelters from belli" sent through other cbarmels. But, in the estimatiiin of very many persons, the present duties more than countervail these advantages; and the number of coaehes that now pass between all parts of the country, aud the facility with which the law may bo evaded, by transmitting letters in parcels conveyed by them, renders the imposition of oppres.sive rates of postage quite as injiuious to the revenue as to individuals, 'i'lie "■m-s produce of the post-ollice revenue of Great Uiitain, exclusive of Ireland, in the under-incnlioned years, has been as follows : — r: Veir«. Duty. Years. Uuty. Years. Duty. Years. Duly. £ £ £ £ 1722 201, em 1810 1 ,fi75,076 1828 2,0 18,0 12 1832 2,03 1,603 IT.'iS 110,01)3 1814 2,00-i,9^7 1809 2,(l-i.l,tl8 isas 1775 3i^,ni 1820 l,9il;f,'*S.'J 1830 2,(l.Vt,T2l) 1831 2.070.509 1793 74.'),238 1825 2,100,390 1831 2,001,334 1833 2,107,077 1800 1,083,950 The progress of the Scotch branch of tlie post-odice revenue has lieen quite extraordinary. In 1093, Sir lloliert Sinclair of Stephunsmi hnil a "rant froni Williiun HI. of its entire proiliice, with an e.\tra allinvunce of .300/. a year, on conilition of his keepini; tip the post; 1ml, after trial, he alianilotu'd the umiertaking as disadvantageous. In 1709, the Scotili post-ollice revenue was under 2,(111(1/. : ils amotiiit in 1835 was 209,207/. ;r''''.''S and 107,988/. nell ; haviiii,' increased nearly a liiindrni fold, in lilUe more tlian a century! In 1781, the (ilasuow post-olHce produced only 4,311/. U. '.hi., wliile its revenue Is at present nearly 40,000/. \—iStu,rk's Picture of Rdinburgh, p. 144 ; Clcland's Slalinics of GUu^i'ir ; t'inuiice Book for ISai, &c.) The expenses nf collecting the post-office revenue amount, at an nverajro, to from 21 to ."^O per cent, on the gross receipt. In 1835, they were, fur Great Urilain, 582,509/., lieiii!; at the rate of iiliout 27^- pcr cent. After all deductions on account of collection, (iver-()ayinenls, drawhacks, &c., tin; tutiil nett pavinents into the excheiiuer, on account of the po.st-oflice revenue of tiieat IJritain, in 1!!3j, iiinonnled Tile liritish post-office is admitted on all hands to he manaeed with great intelligence, lliit there are several departments in which it is believed that a consideralde savin;! of expense miolit be cllected. In 1835, the packet service cost, freiu'hts deducted, .57,919/. ; and the mileage to mail Clinches, and the paytnenls to jjiiards, tolls, &c., amounted to about 90,0(10/. The conveyance of mails in ('aniula, iNova Scotia, and Jamaica, was an item of above 12,07i/. ! There may, in all, lie about 3,000 persons employed in the carriage and distribution of letters in Great Uritain only ; besides about 180 coaches, and from 4,000 to 5,0tl0 horses. Account of t!ie Gross Raceipt of the Tost-odice Revenue at the following Cities and Towns in l':33, 1831, and 1835. Places. Years. Places. 1 i Years. 1833. 1831. 1S35. 1833. 18.14. IS33. /.. J. d. i r.. 1. d. /.. t. d /.. .. rf. /,. J. .i. L. J. rf. London • 642 171 7 660,111 11 4 664.l!-9 5 2 Prcs'O'i • .6,190 8 11 5,146 8 6 r.,2.10 1 8 2S,8I4 4 0; 21).2:->.S 1 7 3U..;02 1 11 Shetii Id 11,5S2 16 2 11,7,^.9 16 4 I22li 4 8 Brislol • 33,212 13 SI 3,1210 17 8 31.710 4 6 Edlnhurijli 4 ,S61 16 41,6-0 6 0.'. 41," "i9 4 \i C'.ventiy 4,3-,7 S lOi d,l2l 2 4,il3 la 4 Abor.Ieeu S,4-,9 12 I ^,-*6 15 a !:,V-d 9 9 Hull • I4,S53 19 91 U.K'.S ll 1 |-..2in 17 1 Dundee 7,9fl4 8 2,S S,l(2 18 ll' ^.-W 6 b heels - 2l,3ai 18 0' 20,6:O 6 b 22,12 11 |l (ih.*;;o\v 3vl,-i3 3 5 3'. 9 4 4 6J Wces'er 6 !39 9 .1 6,4'-3 6 b 6,710 14 4 Unbliii - 69,006 9 8 70,314 1 1 ti',i..-i2 12 II Liverpool 74,OJiO 11 1 77,313 1 4 W,o39 1 3 Belbu^l - 9,4.7 13 II 10312 1 9 111,971 17 10 Miccl.sfiidd • l,9.-i5 2 r, 2,1 SI 10 2 2,0->3 2 tl Coik - 11,721 10 11 I2,,';i6 12 8 13,UJ2 5 Minciiester 5C.2S7 16 11 60.621 12 6 61.373 7 8 Limerick l,9d,i 14 3 2,010 15 -. b '..2> 16 7 Nrrivich 9 766 6 11 9,liSS 18 9.o'i7 10 3 Unigbela 6.;l,>7 ti 1 6,'.(i7 2 2,li".7 IS 5 1 Noiiiii?tiam 9,368 7 II 9,1 M 2 4 9,097 13 1 l»iid.'n:ery - 3,r.l0 19 10 3,ti3l 2 8 3,7:18 19 7 1 rolterios & New- 1 Waterturd u,361 1 2 5,339 12 7 6,334 4 11 1 cislle (Staff.) - 6,8i8 7 81 6.m\ 11 9 7,t06 10 6 7mA Post-nffice. — The most gross and ■?.'andalous abuses were long prevalent in every department of the Irish post-oflice. The commissioners of Hevcnue Inijuiry exerted them- selves to abate the nuisance ; but, as it would appear from the evidence of the Duke of Kich- moTid before the committee of the House of Commons on public salaries, without much elfect. His Grace, however, laboured with laudable activity and zeal to introduce .something like honesty, order, and responsibility into this department. The gross revenue of the Irish post ollice p.mountcd, in 1835, to 245,665/.; the expenses of collection were 'JG,C38/,; and the nett payments into the exchequer, 133,300/. {Postnrre of Letters. — We stated in our last Supplement that it was probable that the Post- otficc regulations with regard to the po.stagc and transmission of letters, would siieedily be placed on an entirely different footing; and in that anticipation we have not certainly been disappointed. It was obvious, indeed, to any one at all acquainted with what has been going on for these few years past, that the late rates of postage could not be much longer main- tained. The fact that the Post-oflice revenue had continued nearly stationary during the twenty years ending with 1838, notwithstanding the vast increase in that period of popula- tion and of the intercourse between the different parts of the empire, was a conclusive proof that the rates of postage had been carried to a vicious excess ; and that in the arithmetic of the Post-office, as well ns of the Customs, two and two, instead of always making four, sometimes make only one. The effectual reduction of these rates was, therefore, urgently required, not only because of the importance to a commercial and manufacturing connnunity .*■ ■i [li—" ■ \ J 330 POSTAGE AND POST-OFFICE. { i I <; ■ ( ! i •» ir ■JKM in* of having the chargn for the conveyance of correspondence fixed at a moderate amount, but because it was all but certain that moderate rates of postage would be more productive of revenue. It did not however follow, that because an average charge of Id. or l^d. each, on all letters conveyed by jjost, was very decidedly too much, that an invariable charge of \(f.^ whether the letter were conveyed 1 mile or 1,000 miles, was the jirecise limit tliat should be adopted ! This was to rush from one extreme to another, and to endanger a considerable amount of revenue without any equivalent advantage. It must, no doubt, be admitted th:it the proposal for a uniform penny rate of f)ostago had many recommendations in its favour. Being calculated at once to obviate trouble and save expense, it could not fail to be accept- able (what reduction of taxation is not ?) to a large portion of the public, particularly to persons engaged in business. We believe, however, that the scheme was more indebted for its popularity to the oppressiveness of the old rates of [)ostage than to any intrinsic merits of its own. Had t lese been reduced four or five years ago to a reasonable amount — that is, had letters of I oz. weight coining from Scotland or Ireland to London been reduced to fir/., and other letters in proportion, and mercantile circulars been allowed to pass under covers open at the ends at \i]. or 2f/. each, we venture to say that the clamour for a utiiform nie of penny postage would not have made any way. But in this, as usually happens on similar occasions, those who delay to make reasonable and necessary concessions, at the outset, are, in the end, compelled to concede a great deal more than would at first have been satisfactory, This, at all events, has been eminently true in this instance. The clamour for a unitlnm penny rate became too powerful to be resisted ; and parliament, whether it were so incliiii'd or not, was obliged to lend its sanction to the meastire. 'J'he act 2d and 3d Victoria, cap. 53., for regulating the duty on postage, did not indeed enact that the charge for conveying letters of a given weight should, in all cases, be reduced to \d. ; but it was introduced for the avowed purpose of enabling the Treasury to takt the necessary steps to bring the ctriiii,'c about with the least inconvenience to all parlies. In this view it gave the Treasury power to alter and reduce the rates of postage, without reference to the distance which letters may be conveyed, according to the weight of the letters, and not to the number or description of their enclosures: it also gave them power to adopt such regulations as they might think expcdiem as to stamped covers or envelopes; to susiieiid pailiaiiieiitury franking, - franked by virtne of tlieir oiiic;es. 5, Dreds if sent o|ien. or in covers opiMi at the sides. They may X-m tied with strin!» aiirl pi.;il,.(l, ill order to proveni inspeciion of l!ie Cdiitenls, Imt they murfl be open at tlie sides, lliat ii muy be seen that tliey are eiitilled to the privib'^i;. With these exceptions, all packets above the weight of IC oz. will be 'inineriiately forwarded to the Dead Letter Otfice. Hilt all letters not paid whon t!:ey are pnsti'ht think expedient :c. ations by which all conveyed, providcil o on. 27. iKiinL' miIiI.'iI xcui>tions, no iiutlii'l, officers tliat forinerl;- 1 striii!? ini't srtil'il, .\e sillL'!i, lllilt il IHUy tcly forwardi'tl to the he Bhove rates. of oillier licnise of ed siieli i)i.'liti,ius liu >riihle decrt'C on llit loliced in lliis iilacc letters in stamped and when il is jlopes beforehand, they are posted. ;an deny that it has it will greatly liifi- its adoption was dleincn, and retail heir satisfaction is isuie. The public raised, one way or sort, it is not much lom it fell with the id become a ncces- ensable to the bulk letters. But would it to Is. acvvt. T It cctionable on prin- :ial considerations 1 taxes, however im- posed, if they be carried (as was the case with the old rates of postage) beyond their proper limits are objectionable ; but provided these be not exceeded, we have yet to learn why a tax on a letter should be more objectionable than a tax on the paper on which it is written, on the food of the writer, or on lifty other things. It has, however, been contended, that in this instance there will be no loss of revenue, and that the increase of correspondence growing out of the reduction of the postage will be so vast as fully to balance the reduced rate of charge. 'I'hat there will be a very large in- crea.se in the number of letters posted is abundantly certain ; but, we apprehend, it will fall far short of this. Notwithstanding all that has been said about the furor ncribendi, we be- lieve that letter-writing is generally looked upon as a duty rather than a pleasure ; and it does not follow, when the expense of postage is reduced, that the occasions for writing letters are proportionally increased. The period since the new sy.stem was introduced is much too short to allow of any fair estimate being formed of its results ; though we believe i'.iat, in so far as the experiment has been tried, it has not realised the anticipations of its more sanguino advocates. The following statement of the probable results of the new system was dra:""vc)ad by \ua\, 2 ctnis in aiklilion lo i|,( ■ ,',,, ordiri.iry pP3t;<(re. "' ' " I Atwujafiei- l\.fta^e.—Vnre:irh neivspippr, nnt cnrriitd out of tie St.ile ill which il ij puhlishcd, or if larimj cul of llit Slate, lim |,,]i cairiftl over 100 niiUa, 1 cfiil. Over 100 miles, and out of the State in which it !;< piililialitil 1 12 cent. Mai(nzma ami Patnifiltix.—U piiMisl.cl periodically, tlii'^^ce not excecdiii' I' milts, I I-i cent per slust. — over ICO — i ii — If not pub. period, distance uot exceed 'ii? ' TO : ilts, 4 rts. per sheet — over 1 — G _ Sm.all pamphlets, coiitaiiiins not nmm than a 1-2 slire! rovil.are charijcd with IJ the a'love rates. E'lrlit pa.res ijtiariti are rale4 u oiii sfncl, and all other sizes in the sui f pKFpor'i'.ti. 'ill'' iimiiber "f sliieln in a paiitphlet sent t'V iinil Must he ririritpi or written on one of the outer pages. When" the niuiptjer of slux:j is not truly stated, d-niMe posta|;e is char;»ed. Kverv tliiii.: not cniin?' nnder the deiiouiinatiou cf newsiispenor pamphlets is charged willi letter postage. Post-o^fts and Piistasc Pa6t-ofRces in 1700 7,5 ; e.vtent of jiost roads in miles — I.sOO (103 -- — ISIO 2.30'} — — It-JO 4.'>00 — — \b'29 !^,004 — Rates of Postage. For Singh' Lettert, coinpaial of One Piece of Paper— Any distance not e-ceeiliii» 30 miles, ti cen's. Over 30, and not exceeding ^0 — 10 — — SO — ISO — 12 1-2 — — I'lO — •luO — IS 3-4 — — 400 miles • - - 2.) — Double letters, or those composed of 2 pieces of paper, are cliarged with double the above rales'. Triple letters, or those composed of 3 pieces of I'aper, ars' charged with triple the alKive rates. Qu.idruple letters, or those composed of 4 pieces of paper, are chari;ed with niiadnipt ! the above late*. All tetlM's weighing I ounce avoirdup'iis, or more, are charTed at the rate of single postage for each 1-4 of an ounce, or m 1 1,278 I:t,7n3 I3,1»K1 n,444 The post-master general of the United Slates stated, in a U.'tter to a cnniinlt'ee of Heitale, lOllinf May, l^•'^3, that it was aliiuist of daily orcnrrenre, that ti ton weight of newspapers was eaiiiel in oiio mail for hundreds of miles together. 'I'he total posl-otliee revenne of iIk! I'nited Slates, in the year ended the 31st of Marcli, 1832, ainoiinted to 1,171,371 dollars; of which the newspaper iin.stafc'o iiuile about 251,000 dollars. — (Jimeruan Jltiiianac for 1834.) [The niiinlier of Post-otlioes in the United States, on the 1st of Rtay, 1810, was 13,376. The revenue of the I'ost-ollice deiiartinent for the year ending the 3t)ih Jane, 183s, was .Sl,'335,077(r The expenditures were .-.. -.... 4,1)21,637 16 Excess of expenditures, ---.... This t \ee3s was made up by surplus funds of preceding years. The revenue of the year ending on the 30tli of .Iiine last, was The engugenients and liabilities of the de|iartment for the same year, were Excess cf engagements and liabilities, ..... 3.';fl,75910 ^i.t7r),fi3?;iij '1,1)21,11(611 li7,4;9-3 POST-ENTRY, POSTING. 330 inorPiise of aliout iitroilu(-cil to allow iHuiy, oven after tlie • exii'T'"*''"'"' ''^''■ I, wliiiK'vor bo the hat it will iticrcase 1011 oi" the country, meiuie would have ides in Reiu-ral u.se ; ol' populiitioii aiiil it 'vill 1)0 occasionrd iiil>ortaiu-t' ; thou'^h, it woulil not have 1 the great lirunclics :ioii has been tbrred >, anil when, consc- lor. ^Ve, however, of the more oiiprcs- lole, or, at all events, good without the im- f the existiiii? taxes. Uing olV in the Post- ifonn penny svsieni. ■Iters were i;>'ii<'i"..l!y who thus o^ealle(l ;i 1 neighbours^. — .Sup.. c extent of i)osl roails, lie p"stAgp, unless its ivfi^lu ti. ivcrpil .It llii' oflice wl.eii the v.'*. by |ii«t, I ceiils in aiWilion to Ui( lert'sf.ipp'', not carri»:.t out of '1/ c.irucJ out ol llic stale, liul i.',> ite in which it is puWislunl 1 12 iiiililisl.e'l periixlicilly, distatc; IMTSl.LSl. ■eJ'n; ' TO : ill s, I rt>. [ler >;,:cv over 1 — l) — ninre thin a I •2 (ihret mv->'. r-. 1 : Eiu'ht ]ir\xc^ lunrto are rate i ji kM iiu 1- |ii..|«>i'i IrlM'tit I'V 11 lil iimstl>epr::ilpl ^mi ,. When 111 : mUiibiTof slitia B^9 tint :!.■.!. • .i.iiuHiiuntioii of iii:w5|n|ier! or ^^t^ il.ise. W^ ,1 Towns of tlic United p 11, Urn. li l».7iT ; ll,-'78 l:i.7fl8 13,l«i3 1 11,«4 1 1 Tihlo of Mail Service for the 1st of .Tiilv, 1S3«, and llie Finanrpg of the Posf-Offlce Department for the Veiir emiiiii! the Willi of June, 183a, lit'ee of Hieiiato, Ifltlinf lper>: was cariii"! in onf Titeil JSiati'^. ill Hk? S''" liWSiiaiiiT iKislago iiwilc las l3.aT6. Il83s, was .JI.'^M.nTVO: ■ . 4,Ml,83:it) 3.^0,75910 $l.lTI),()3?'.'iH ■1,IW1,117»1) . U7 ,479-30 Slates .-inil Territories. Mail .Service.* 1 Finances of the Fott-llllice Uepartnicul. 1 Length of Routes. Annual Tn St.iBc an^l Cmcii. nsport-ation. ] Letter I'oslige. Newspa- pei-s and | Pamphlets.^ Compenia- lion of rustiiiaBters. Net! Amount of PosMge. Horse and Sulkey. Sleaiillio.lt . aii>l Railroad. Total. Miine- New lI-"ip>lliro 3,420 216,164 6S7.nss . '.1(13.252 fl,89,in9'27 A19,573-3.) ;j. 33,570-20 D. 67.855-77 2, Ml 121,121 7.'>2,7.)b . 90,i.8>i0 46,52011. 8,472-04 19,62'<-99 33.255-01 2,3s.S KI12 861,1)04 950.7I6 f0,955-90 10,ll)7'll 112,784-71 3T.615-.54 4,413 H,Wl i,v>9.2;o 274,6tit 1,918,748 268,457 86 31,939'55 liO,499-8-l 2IT,K-i5-44 2711 ll.2:U 6S,6»2 79,921 33,477-65 4.344-21 7,169-21 2-,.8l269 :M34 101,624 611,416 29.120 745,160 90.977-:r,i 14,01,3'53 29 7nO-il|l (.8.2)0-2.1 New ^'(-rk li.llU 9.11, 600 3,|-.l,-24 .5i2,::(W 4,645.-'<4 82»,6'M-92, 77,720-9-< 155,517-50 665,2.4-87 2.1V) aiS,l36 42S,324 1611,314 912.804 53. 145-09: 7,37692 17,461-49 41,911-82 lO.ti'l.') U''1,41X 2,0>9,412 176,172 3,247.332 391,797-20, 63,r.!'Sl 77,482-,5i 331.380-44 ti07 27,111 140,712 24.232 192.088 11,1 53-47 i 2,250-55 5.010-32 8,227-07 1 .Mirviiirl l,70H 26^,372 273,46: 136,96- 678,K)8 131,061-24 1.3,01-41 21,1199-82 lll.78^-,l8 , . . . . 40.755-15 2,747-23 .5,454-11 -22.8|s.3(i 1 Ohio - 10,1 it 92.'.272 l,41t,60S 32.032 2.368,912 244,139-19 4l,391-!-() 78,'<,12S • 1,366,404 I.57,412-I4i 18,373-52 36,991-35 122,684-.5» 1 Floridi 2,764 53, 00 84,916 109.301 247,520 23,625-3f 1,«6I-00 7,232-75 18.000-91 1 Michigan 3,371 277,3I!,S 327,704 23,236 621,368 62.444-34 9,427-91 21,078-60 41,078-95 1 Indi.Tna • 6.SII7 .I-* 1,0 18 7 19,0 -.6 1,300,101 77.713-12 12.357-76 30,9 10- IS 53.256-81 . IllillillS B,^!- 3(l>i,01 I l,ir.i.i>72 37,908 1,574,994 81,017-80 10.792-27 28,544-11 69.642-94 I,';77 I36.44S 11-.,1S( . 2 i 1,628 1.1.312-32! 1,412-15 4,565-20 9,860-79 MisMiuri 4.-.J2 37.1,361) 314.163 , 687,528 fiS,199->i: 6,1.75-84 14,588-26 41,136-91 Keiitucliv 7,009 616,516 752,801 230,880 1,630,200 114.801-69 14,346-75 32,270-47 8.5.I89-.56 Teiin*9see 6,'lli 689.4! 6 769,5 IS 66,141 1,5J5,10;' 101,872-31 ! 13,.'3>-34 33,699-85 73,61S-.57 6.2'i,'< 697,112 66ti,84! 58.S11 1,422,301 151,0,57-33 13 2,38-02 32,99206 118.713-06 4,726 S6S.776 3I.1,76- 188,240 1,070,781 81,-84-32 8,399-96 22,552-74 62.690-15 Aikausas 2,737 331,968 152,672 184,610 I3.30H..,6 1.77307 6,146-M 9,409- It I/iuisiana ' Iinva . . • . ''1" 207,376 15,340 1 110,552 333,268 153,138-70 4,341-05 370-56 4919 10,938-79 131-16 131,51 1-49 2»S-20 Caii.aJa Total Compensation • - 1 ■ - • 44,814-13 4,S2V-34 10,494-19 3?,845-44 2,966,823-49 IS4,81S 11,573,918 /). 831,028 20,,593,192 1.989,792 2,413,092 410,4S8 34,5'-0,2U2 3,770,125-24 458,737-73 933,948-11 3.131,308 ' ♦ Kxrliisivn of the cnnveyanoe of letters and newspapers by stcainhnats on Long Island Sound, and I.:il t-rii', Huron, and .Mirliiiran, iiiiiler the 5tli and titli sections of the act of 1825, the airiiregate leiiiiih of whi-h is aliout 1,'22!) miles, and the aiiiount paid for which is alioiit $16,000 for the year [ire- ceilhii; the l.-^l of .Inly, 1838.— .4hi. Ed.] POST EXTRV. When goods are wcished or measured, and the merchant lias got aii account thereof at the Custom-house, and finds his entry, already made, too small, he must make a poal or additional cu/ri/ for the sur|)lusago, in the same manner as the Hist was done. As a merchant is always in time, prior to the clearing of the vessel, to make his post, he should take care not to over-enter, to avoid as well the advance, as the trouble of getting back the over|iliis. However, if this be the case, and an over-entry has been made, anti more }iaid or bonded for customs than the goods really landed amount to, the land-waiter and surveyor must signify the same, upon oath made, and subscribed by the person so over en- tered, that neither he nor any other person, to his knowledge, had any of the said goods over-entered on board the said shij), or anywhere landed the same without payment of cus- tom; which oath must be attested by the collector or comiitroiier, or their deputies, who then compute the duties, and set down on the back of the certificate, first in words at length, and then in ri.;ures, the several sums to be paid. POSTINfi. travelling along the public road with hired horses, and with or without hired carri,ic;e.-^. Duties are charged upon the horses and carriages so hired. — (For the duties on the latter, see vol. '. [). 3,")1.) The duties on ])ost horses are regulated by the 4 Geo. 4. c. fi2. Duties.— V.vi-ry post-master to pay .'i.s. annually for a licence, l-'nr every lierse, mare, or {.'elding, let fur hire liy tlw iiiih', I l s, or in any other inaiiiier than liy the mile, or to go no greater dislance than 8 miles, in either ciise. l-jili part of the sum cjiariied on every such leltiiitr ; or the sum of '2..-. (>' ;. '"Wsi i ■',''" ^WMcn \U IIWT '!IIIIK3 Hi; -If ! ; ■41 ■' 'C check tickets are to be delivered np to the collector ; penalty 20;. Improperly ustnif a check ticket sub- jects to a penalty of 50/. Travellers are to deliver up their tickets at the first toll-gute, and to ask for and receive the necessary exchaii)!o and check tickets in return. LettinfT of Duties to farm. — ThecoininissinncrR of stamps, by authority of the Lords of the Treasury, are autiiorised to let the post-horse duties to farm for any period not longer than 3 years, either in whole, or divided into divisions or districts. Tlie biddings are conducted under regulations issued by the commissioners ; at least a month's notice being given of the time and place of letting the duties. The highest bidder being preferred, must forthwitli execute a contract, and give bond with three or more securities for payment of tlie yearly rent contracted for at the head olhce of stamps in equal por- tions by ei^At several annual payments. Tlie coniniissionurs have also the power to appoiiit u time for making a deposit, and tlie amount thereof; and in case any bidder fail of making such deposit, or of executing a proper contract and giving security, tlio duties to be again put up. Unties not to be farmed by persons licensed to let post horses. An Account of the Produce of the Duties on Posting, in each of the Eight Vears ending the 1st of January, 1833. — (.Pari. Paper, No. COO. ISess. 183U, and Annual finance Jlccounts.) d. £ sTdTl 4 Year ending 1st of Jan. 1830 - 252,772 2 H 5 1831 - 2-20.357 12 10 la32 - 231,863 3 4 4 1833 - 215,008 10 5 £ s. 232,051 2 239,375 19 225,861 5 238,858 POT.\SH (Du. Po/«.v/fe ,. Fr. Potasse .■ Ger. Poltnsche ,• It. Pokmsa ; Pol. Potasz ,• Rus. Polasch). If vegetables be burned, the ashes li.vivnted, and the solution !)oilud to dry. ness in iron vessels, the mass left behind is the pofmh of commerce — the impure carbonate of potass of chemists. It is intensely alkaline, solid, and coloured brown by the admixture of a small portion of vegetable inflammable matter, which generally becomes moist. When potash is calcined in a rcverbcratory furnace, the colouring matter is destroyed, it u.s.sum(.'s a spongy texture, and a whitish pearly lustre ; whence it is denominated peiirl-iis/i. The lat- ter generally contains from 60 to 8.3 or 84 per cent, of pure carbonate of potass. — (See vol.i, p. 29.) The ashes of those vegetables only which grow at a distance from the sea, are employed . I the manufacture of potash. Herbaceous plants yield the largest portion, and shrubs more than trees. It is principally manufactured in America, Russia, and Poland, the vast forests of which furnish an inexhaustible supply of ashe.s. Potash is of great importance in the arts, being largely employed in the manufacture of flint glass and soft soap, the rectification of spirits, bleaching, making alum, scouring wool, &c. At an average of 18.31 and 1832, the entries of pot and pearl ashes, for home con- sumption, amounted to 188,477 cwt. a year. Of 228,757 cwt. imported in 1831, 169,891 cwt. were brought from the British possessions in North America ; 15,835 from the United States ; the remainder being almost entirely furnished by Russia. The ashes of the United States are the purest, and bring the highest price. The prices of pot and pearl-ash in the London market, in December, 1833, were as under : — £ s. d. £ s. d. Canada, pot, 1st - 1 4 6 too pearl, 1st - - I 5 — United States, pot, ftrf. - — United States, pearl, bd.- Kussia, do. do. £ s. d. £ s. I • 1 4 to 1 3 — I 5 Ashes from CanoJa are duty free ; those from Russia and the United States pay a dutyof 6.s. acivt, POTATOES (Ger. Karfoffeln ,- Du. Aardappelen .• Fr. Pommes de terre ,■ It. Patak, Pomi di terra ; Sp. Patatas manchegas ,- Rus. Jabloki sen unile) the roots of the Solanum tuberonim, of innumerable varieties, and too well known to ''iquire any description. 1. Historical Notice, — The potato, which is at present to be met with everywhere in Eu- rope, and forms the principal part of the food of a large proportion of its inhabitants, was en- tirely unknown in this quarter of the world till the latter part of the 16th century. It is a native of America, but whether of both divisions of that continent is doubtful. — {Huinhuldt, Nouvelle Expa>rne, liv. iv. c. 9.) Some authors affirm that it was first introduced into Europe by Sir John Hawkins, in 1545 ; others, that it was intro>'uced by Sir Francis Drake, in 1573 ; and others, again, that it was for the first time brought to England from Virginia, by Sir Walter Raleigh, in 1586. But this discrepancy seems to have arisen from contbund- ing the common, or Virginian potato (the Solanum tuberosum of Linnajus), with the .sweet potato (Cunvoluulus battatas). The latter was introduced into Europe long before the former, and it seems most probable that it was the species brought from New Granada by Hawkins. Sweet potatoes require a warm climate, and do not succeed in this country ; they were, however, imported in considerable quantities, during the 16th century, from Spain and the Canaries, and were supposed to have some rather peculiar properties. The kissing comfits of Falstaff, and such like confections, were principally made of battatas and cringo roots. On the whole, we are inclined to think that we are really indcl)ted for the potato (as well as for tobacco) to Sir Walter Raleigh, or the colonists he had planted in Virginia. Gerarde, an old English botanist, mentions, in his Herbal, published in 1597, that he had planted the potato in his garden at London about 1590; and that it succeeded there as well as in its native soil, Virginia, whence he had received it. Potatoes were at first cultivated by a very few, and were looked upon as a great delicacy. In a manuscript account of the Iiousrl [iiwd ineiitin pxtcnsi 1084.1 were [i tiavo io I'ota qunntil of Vou furni.shi Pofal in tlie (1 at Edin The I years. as great in Engl; J previous * arc now : the IrisI India soi been int common or 4,000 these reg introduce portion o of the tas it has hn( kind.— (1 on the St, iii. pp. 4G Hitiluri/ o 2. hiji People. — number ol coniiiared the pro])or Young, 1 Newcnhai potatoes a Popuhitiu, posing, ho' the dilferci land piantc potatoes in is equal to point of nil produce of 480 lbs., gi of potatoes however, Ik is better ads lor the pota here, "an a an acre v.f ; It is clear ing country could have whether an be desirable. effects— pro( stances insej advantageoui hardly be sai excuse us foi 2f2 POTATOES. 341 iheck ticket Biib- le,audloask/«r of the Treasury, l 1 years, eillier in | ilalioim Usiieil by eltiiig the iliilies, mil Willi three or nips in eiiiial por- to iippDiiil a time g giicli ilepiiait, or Uulica not to be emllng the 1st of £ TdTl 252,772 2 8 i iiO.rol 12 10 j 231,8ti3 3 4 215,008 10 5 I !; Pol. PotaSZ; ion boiled to dry- impure carbonate by tbe ail mix lure Rs moi>it. When )yRj, it assumes a irl-dslt. Tlie lat- )tass.— (See vol.i. sea, are employed I, anil shrubs more id, the vast t'orcsts 10 manufacture of im, scouring wool, ACS, for home con- 1 in 1831, 109,891 S5 from the United shes of the United cr, 1833, were as £ s. d. £ s. I 1 4 too 1 3 — 1 5 yndutyof6.s. acwt. tene; It. Pntnle, ots of the Sulaiium description, everywhere in Eu- ihabilants, was en- , century. It is a itful. — {HatMdt, •st introduced into Sir Francis Drake, and from Virginia, len from cunlound- is), with the sweet le long before the New Granada liy this country ; they ■y, from Spain and [ties. The kissing battatas and eringo Jted for the potato [lanted in Virginia. 1 1597, that he had leeded there as well , at first cultivated •ipt account of the liouseholil oxpcnsea of Queen Anne, wife of .Tamos I., who died in lOlS, nnd wliioh is sup- posed to have been written in 1013, the puii'hase of a very small (luantity of potatoes is mentioned at the price of 3,«. a j)ound. The IJoyal Society, in l(!(i:}. reeommeiided the extension of their rultivalion, as a moans of prevenlinu: famine. IVcvionsly, however, to IfiSl. thev were raised only in the gardens of the nobility and gentry ; but in that year they were plaiited, for the drat time, in the open fields in Laueasliire, — a county in wliiih they have long been very extensively cultivated. Potatoes, it is commonly thought, were not introduced into Ireland till 10 10, when n small (iuantily was sent by Sir Walter Kaleigh to be planted in a garden in his estate in the vicinity of Vouglia!. Their cultivation extended far more rapidly than in England; and have long furnished from '.; to ;! of the entire food of the people of Ireland ! Potatoes wore not raised in Scotland, except in gardens, till 17'-i8, when thoy were planted in the open fields by a person of the name of Prentice, a day labourer at Kilsyth, wlio died at Edinburgh in 1792. The extension of the potato cultivation has been particularly rapid during the last 40 years. 'I'he (piantity that is now raised in Scotland is supposed to be from 10 to I'-i times as great as the ijuantity rai-"'' i it at the end of the American war ; and though the increase in England has not been i ly so great as in Scotland, it has been greater than during any previous period of eipial duration. 'J'he increase on the Continent has been similar. Potatoes arc now very largely cultivated in France, Italy, and Germany ; and with the exception of the Irish, the Swiss have become their greatest consmnors. They were introduced into India some 00 or 70 years ago ; and are now successfully cultivated in Hengal, and have been introduced into the Madras provinces, Java, the Philippines, and China. 13ut the common ])otato does not thrive within the tropics unless it be raised at an elevation of 3,000 or 4,000 feet above the level of the sea, so tliat it can never come iiUo very general use in these regions. This, however, is not the case with the sweet potato, which has also been introduced into tropical Asia; and with such success, that it already forms a considerable portion of the food of the pcoivie of Java, and some other countries. So rapid an extension of the taste for, and the cultivation of. an exotic, has no parallel in the history of industry ; it has had, and will continue to have, the most powerful inlluonce on the condition of man- kind. — (For finther details with respect to the history of the potato, see Sir F. M. Eden on the State of the Poor, vol. i. p. 508.; Humboldt, Essai stir la Notivplle Esparrne, tome iii. pp. 400 — 105. 2d ed. ; Sir Joseph Banks on the Introdtiction of the Potato, ■ Phillips's HLtlori/ if Ctiltitvted Ve^etaliles, vol. ii. art. Potato.) 2. htjiuencK if the Cult i rut ion of the Potato on the Number and Condition of the People. — There is a considerable discrepancy in the statements of the best authors as to the number of individuals that might be supported on an acre of land planted with potatoes, as compared with those that might be sup[iortcd on an acre sown with wheat; some stating the proportion as high as six to one, and others at only ttco to one. According to Mr. Arthur Young, 1 lb. of wheat is about equal in nutritive power to 5 lbs. of potatoes. But Mr. Newcnham, who has carefully investigated this subject, states that " 3 lbs. of good mealy potatoes are, undoubtedly, more than equivalent to 1 lb. of bread," — {Nrwenhatn on the Populiition if Ireland, p. 340.) ; and his estimate is rather above Mr. Wakefield's. Sup- posing, however, that I lb. weight of wheat is fully equal to fotir pounds of potatoes, still the dillerc nee in favour of the superior quantity of food derived from a given quantity of land planted with the latter is very great. According to Mr. Young, the average produce of potatoes in Ireland may be taken at 82 barrels the Irish acre; which, at 20 stone the barrel, is equal to 22, 900 lbs. ; and this being divided hy four, to bring it to the same standard, in point of nutritive power, as wheat, gives 5,740 lbs. Mr. Y''oung further estimates the average produce of wheat, by the Irish acre, at 4 quarters ; which, supposing the quarter to weigh 480 Ihs., gives in all 1,920 lbs., or about ^ part of the solid nourishment afforded by an acre of potatoes. — {Tour in Irehind, Appen. pp. 12. 24. &:c. 4to ed.) This estimate must, however, be somewhat modified when applied to Groat Britain ; the soil of which, while it is belter aibqiled to the growth of wheat, is generally supposed not to be quite so suitable for the potato as that of Ireland. But it notwithstanding admits of demonstration, that even here, "an iierc tf potatoes mill feed doubl" the number of individuals that ean be f d from an (tax if whe.it."' — {General lieport if Scotbtnd, vol. i. p. .^)71.) It is clear, therefore, on the most moderate estimate, that the population of a potato feed ing country may become, other thini^s Ijeing about equal, from 2 to 3 times as dense as it could have been, had the inhabitants fed wholly on corn. But it is exceedingly doubtful whether an increase of population, brought about by a substitution of the potato for wheat, be desirable. Its use as a subordinate or subsidiary species of food is attended with the bebt effects— producing both an increase of comfort and security ; but there are certain circum- stances inseparable from it, which would seem to oppose the most formidable obstacles to its advantageous use as a prime article of subsistence. The discussion of this subject can hardly be said properly to belong to a work of this sort ; but its importance may, perhaps, excuse us for making a few observations with respect to it. , 2r2 0^ ((-■ ^% k^^ ^\ 'it, ^7 4*' ^ ' !E 842 POTATOES. I 'i I li ' (. I !- ! i ^ 1 ' 1 ■ !: vrnt. 1IIIM9I 'C It is admitted on all hands, that the rate of wages is principally determined by the species of food made use of in a country. Now, as potatoes form that species which is produced at the very ieiwt expense, it may be fairly presumed, on general grounds, that wages will be reduced to a minimum wherever the labouring classes are mainly dependent on potatoes ; and the example of Ireland shows that this conclusion is as consistent with fact as with principle. It is clear, however, that when the crop of potatoes happens to be deficient in a country thus situated, the condition of its inhabitants must be in the last degree unfortunate. During a period of scarcity men cannot go from a low to a high level : if they would elude its pressure, they must leave the dearer and resort to cheaper species of food. But to those who subsist on potatoes tbis is not possible ; they have already reached the lowest point in the descending scale. Their wages being determined by the price of the least expensive sort of food, they cannot, when it fails, buy that which is dearer; so that it is hardly possible for them to avoid falling a sacrifiwj to absolute want. The history of Ireland abounds, un- fortunately, in examples of this sort. Nothing is more common than to see the price of potatoes in Dublin, Limerick, &c. rise, liecause of a scarcity, to 5 or 6 times their ordinary price, and the people to be involved in the extreme of suflering; and yet it rarely happens, upon such occasions, that the price of corn is materially affected, or that any less quantity than usual is exported to England. It may be said, perhaps, that, had potatoes not been introduced, wheat, or barley, or oats, would have been the lowest species of food ; and that, whenever they happened to fail, the population would have been as destitute as if they had been subsisting on potatoes. It must, however, be observed, that the proportion which the price of wheat, or any species of grain, bears to the price of butcher's meat, tea, beer, &c. is always decidedly greater than the proportion which the price of potatoes bears to these articles : and it therefore follows, that a people who have adopted wheat, or any species of corn, for the principal part of their food, are much better able to make occasional purchases of butcher's meat, &c. ; and will, consequently, be more likely to have their habits elevated, so as to consider the consumption of a certain quantity of animal food, &c. as indispensable to existence. And hence it appears reasonable to conclude, that a people who chiefly subsist on corn would, in most cases, subsist partially on butcher's meat, and would enjoy a greater or less quantity of other articles ; so that it would be possible for them, in a period of scarcity, to make such retrench- ments as would enable them to elude the severity of its pressure. But, though the population in corn-feeding countries were dependent on the cheapest species of grain, not for a part only, but for the whole, of their food, their situation would, notwithstanding, be less hazardous than that of a population subsisting wholly on potatoes. In the first place, owing to the impossibility, as to all practical purposes at least, of pre- serving potatoes, the surplus produce of a luxuriant crop cannot be stored up or reserved as a stock to meet any subsequent scarcity. The whole crop must necessarily be exhausted in a single year; so that, when the inhabitants have the misfortune to be overtaken by a scarcity, its pressure cannot be alleviated, as is almost uniformly the case in corn-fee(hng countries, by bringing the reserves of former harvests to market. Every year is thus left to provide subsistence for itself. When, on the one hand, the crop is luxuriant, the surplus is of comparatively little use, and is wasted unprofltably ; and when, on the other hand, it is deficient, famine and disease necessarily prevail. In the second place, the general opinion seems to be, that the variations in the quantities of produce obtained from land planted with potatoes, are greater than the variations in the quantities of produce obtained from land on which wheat, or any other species of grain, is raised. And lastly, owing to the great bulk and weight of potatoes, and the difficulty of preserv- ing them on shipboard, the expense of conveying them from one country to another is so very great, that a scarcity can never be materially relieved by importing them from abroad. In consequence, those who chiefly depend on potatoes are practically excluded from partici- pating in the benevolent provision made by nature for equalizing the variations in the har- vests of particular countries by means of commerce, and are thrown almost wholly on their own resources. We should, therefore, be warranted in concluding, even though we were not possessed of any direct evidence on the subject, from the circumstances of the potato being a crop that cannot be kept on hand, from its natural fickleness, and from the incapacity of import- ing it when deficient, or of exporting it when in excess, that the oscillations in its price must be greater than in the price of wheat; and such, in point of fact, is the case. The oscillation in wheat is thought great when its price is doubled ; but in a scarce year the potato is not unfrcquently six times as dear as in a plentiful one ! — (Minutes of Evidence taken before the Agricultural Committee of 1821, p. 212.) And the comparatively fre- quent recurrence of scarcities in Ireland, and the destitution and misery in which they involve the population, afford but too convincing proofs of the accuracy of what has now been stated. It is, therefore, of the utmost consequence to the well-being of every people, and to their POUND— PRECIOUS METALS. 343 1 by the sprcicn ich 19 produced It wngcs will bo it on potatoes; >? ilh fart OS with ') lie dolicicnt in a J ree unfortunate. '| icy would elude i. But to those lowest point in least expensive s hardly possible nd abounds, un- sec the price of 39 their ordinary t rarely happens, »ny less quantity )r barley, or oats, ipcned to fail, the on potatoes. It or any species of edly greater than therefore follows, cipal part of their it, &c. ; and will, • the consumption B. And hence it rn would, in most 3 quantity of other ake such retrench- t on the cheapest ir situation would, rholly on potatoes, ics at least, of pre- red up or reserved arily be exhausted be overtaken by a se in corn-feeding year is thus left to lant, the surplus is e other hand, it is s in the quantities e variations in the species of grain, is ficulty of preseiv- l-y to another is so Ihem from abroad. ludcd from partici- liations in the har- lalniost wholly on lerc not possessed Itato being a crop lapacity of import- lations in its price Is the case. The la scarce year the \utes of Evidenct 1 comparatively fre- y in which they of what has now [eople, and to their protection in years of smrcity, that they should not subsist principally on the potato. In this country, the pressure of a scarcity in evaded by resorlini; to inftninr spocii's of food, such ns potatoes, and a lower standard of comfort; l)ut if our people wire lubitualiy frd on the potato, this would bo impracticable. The chances of famine would thus be vastly increased; while, owing to the low value of the potato ns comjiarcd with most other things, the labourers would have less chance of preserving or acquiring a taste for animal food, or other necessaries and luxuries; and, consequently, of changing, at any future period, their actual condition for a lietter. It is not easy to form any very accurate estimate of the profit and loss attending the cul- tivation of potatoes to the farmer, as compared with other crops. This is n point as to which the statements of those best qualified to give an opinion diillr very considerably. Mr. Loudon says, "they require a great deal of manure from the farmer; while, generally speaking, little is returned by them ; they arc a bulky, unhandy article, troulilesome in the lifting and carrying processes, and interfering with the seed season of wheat, — the most important one to the farmer. After all, from particular circumstances, they cannot be vended unless when raised in the vicinity of large towns ; hence they are in most respects an unprofitable article to the agriculturist. To him, the real criterion is the profit which potatoes will return in feeding beasts ; and here we apprehend the result will be altogether in favour of turnips and rulalmi^a, as the most profitable articles for that purpose." It seems diflicult to reconcile this statement with the rapid progress of the potato cul- tivation : but those who assent to what has been previously advanced with respect to the mischievous consequences that arise from the moss of the population becoming dependent on the potato as a principal article of food, will not regret though it should turn out to be accurate. Dr. Colquhoun estimated the entire value of the potatoes annually consumed in Great Britain and Ireland at the end of the late war at sixteen millions sterling. But it is needless to say that there are no materials by which to form an estimate of this sort with any pre- tensions to accuracy. The one in question has been suspected, like most of those put forth by the same learned person, of exaggeration : and we incline to think that, had he estimated the value of the yearly produce of potatoes in the empire at twelve million.'!, he would have been nearer the mark. But on a point of this sort it is not possible to speak with any thing like confidence. POUND, the name given to a weight used as a standard to detcniiine the gravity and quantity of bodies. — (See Weights anb Measures.) POUND, a money of account, = 20s. POWDER, GUN. See Gunpowder, PRECIOUS METALS, a designation frequently applied to gold and silver. We have given, under the articles Gold, and Silver, a short account of each metal ; and we now propose laying before the reader a few details with respect to their supply and con- sumption. To enter fully into this interesting and difficult subject would require a long essay, or rather a large volume. Mr. Jacob has recently published an " Historical Inquiry into the Introduction and Consumption of the Precious Metals," in which he takes up the subject at the earliest period, and continues it to the present day. This work, though neither so complete nor satisfactory as might have been expected, contains a good deal of valuable information, and deserves the attention of all who take an interest in such inquiries. We confess, however, that several of the learned author's statements and concl«sions seem to us to be not a little wide of the mark. We shall notice one or two of them in the course of this article. 1. Supply of the Precious Metals. — Since the discovery of America, the far greater part of the supplies of gold and silver have been derived from that continent. Previously to the publication of Humboldt's great work, Essai Politique stir la Nouvelle Espagne, several estimates, some of them framed by individuals of great intelligence, were in circulation, of the quantities of gold and silver imported from America. They, however, differed widely from each other, and were all framed from comparatively limited sources of information.* But these have been wholly superseded by the more extensive and laborious investigations of M. Humboldt. This illustrious traveller, besides being acquainted with all that had been written on the subject, and having ready access to official sources of information unknown to the writers already alluded to, was well versed in the theory and practice uf mining, and * Humboldt has brought these estimates together as follows :— Ustnriz . Solorzano Moncada Navareie R»ynal . Robertson Necker - Epoclu. Ddtan. 1492—1724 - 3,536,000.000 1493—1628 ■ ■ 1,500,000,000 1192-1595 . . 2,000,000,000 1519—1617 • . 1,5'J6,000,000 1492—1780 - .',154,000,000 1492—1775 ■ - 8,800,000,000 1763-1777 304,000,000 jrofthe") '.a sur le f e, Amst. r Epoehi. DdOan. 1734—1800 - 1,600,000,000 1492—1775 - 5,072,000,000 Authort, Gerboux ■ The Author of the" Hecherches Comment, 1779. (,Essa\ sur la JVouoeIZe Espagne, tome Al. p. 412.) 3i \ 344 TRECIOUS METALS. i :i I I ,' ( t ,; t 1 ! 1 ir: '"•SI' »iuiin< ' critirnlly pxnniinnd Bovprnl of the moHt rrlobrntpd minrs. Hi* wns, tliorrforc, inrompamlily brttpr i|Uiililu<(l for lormino; corrcrt coiicliiKioiis us to the past nml jirfsnit i)r()(Iiictiv('ricss of tlio mint's, tluiii nny of those who hnd hitherto spccnlutcil on the snlijrct. Hi.s Ktatoinnits hiiv(\ imh'f'il, ln'cn iiccusi'd of cxiiiii^criilion ; mid wc iiirhnn to think ihut tlirrc are (?rouii(lH for hoiicvin'^ that this c'liiiru;e is, in some tiKMSdrc, well foiiiiih'd, partindiirly as rrspcrtH llic accounts of the prolits nmdt! I>y niiniiiR, mid of the rxtcnt to wliich the snj)]ilii\s of the pre- cious nu'tals may be increased. Hut this criliciHin apphes, if at ail, in a very irderior i]ei:tree, to tlie accounts M. lluniliolilt has Kiven of the total jirodiicn of tho mines, and tlie exports to lOiiroiio. And, making every allowance for the iinperl<>ction inseparahlf! from »«ucii investiiralioiis, it is still true tliat the (Statements in ipie.^'tion, and tlu! inipiiries on wliicli they are founded, uro ainoiifi tho most valuable contributions that iiavo ever been made to statistical science, Aecordinpt to M. Humboldt, tlie supplies of the precious metals derived from America have been as follows : — From 1 102 to l.-^nn — l.'iOO — ITilS — 1S15 — lliOO nnlliin a Vnr ill ail Avrr;iKe. '.'.'l(t,000 - 3,000.000 - 11,(1(10.000 From 1 '.00 to 1700 — 1 (HI — 17.'iO — 1 50— 1M)3 TMhn • Vnr at .1(1 Avcritije. - 10,0(10,0(1(1 - 22,;'0(l,(l(l() 35,300,000 (I'.s.^di sur la J u" ate Knpagne, tome iii. p. 42n. 2J imI.) The following is AT. Humboldt's estimate of tiio annual produce of the mines of the Kcw World, at the beginning of the present century : — Annual Produce of the Mines of America at the Commencement of tin- Nineteenth rentnry. rolilical DivUioni. Colli. Silver. Value nflheOo'l | andbilverinUolhai 1 M-ircH of C.isIMp. Kilo;i. Marci of C,l^ll't•. KilPijj. Vi(.t;-roynl(y of i\uw Hpnin Vi((;-roj:illy cifl'iTil - - - rM|i!niii"-i;riier;ilslii|i of rhili Vi((!-riiy:il(y <)f liMtiids Ayrca - Vice-iciyally of New (aiiuiada Brazil 7,000 3,100 12,212 2.200 2(i,.'i05 2'.i,il00 l.fiOO 7b2 2.fi07 50(i 4.711 (i,H7;( 8,3;f*,220 Oll.OUO 20,700 4^1, KIO 5.17,512 110,178 (1.^27 110,704 23,000.0(10 0,2 10.0(11) 2,0(iO,(l(M) 4.'','i0.000 2, '.1011,(1110 4,;,oj,(00 43,500,000 Total - . . . 7.'),2I7 17,201 3,4(10,840 1 705, 181 Takiii{» the dollar at 't.f, Uf/., this would give !),213,7.'J0/. as the total annual produce of the American mines. M. Huinbuldt further estiniated the annual produce of the Eurojicnn mines of Hunc^ary, Saxony, &c., and those of JS'orthcrn Asia, at the same period, at aliout 1,000,000/. more. The >/t/(tnti/i/ of gold produced in America at the beginning of tlie century, was to the quantity of silver as 1 to 40 ; in Plurope, the proportions were as 1 to 40. 'i'he value of eipinl (piatititics of gold and silver were then in the proportion of l.") or 15^ to 1. Latterly, the quantity of gold produced has increased, as com[)ared with the (piantity of silver. From ISOO to 1810, the produce of the .Xinerican mines was considerably increased ; Imt in the la.-it-mentioncd year the contest begun, wliich terminated in the dissolution of the connection between Spain and the South American colonies. The convulsions and inse- curity arising out of this struggle; the proscription of the old Spanish families, to whom tho mines principally belonged, who repaired, with the wrecks of their fortunes, some to (Jiiba, some to Spain, and some to Bordeaux and the south of France-, have caused the abandon- mi'iit of several of the mines, and an extraordinary falling oil' in the amount of their proilucc, There are no means of accurately estimating the precise extent of this decline; but accord- ing to Mr. Jacob, who collected and conqiared all the existing information on the sulijcct, the total average produce of the American mines, inclusive of Brazil, during the ~0 years ending with 18U9, may be estimated at '1,(>^6,8.3S/. a year; being less considerably than ^ of their produce at the beginning of tlie century ! — (Jacob, vol. ii. p. 267.) Since the publication of Mr. Jacob's work, some further light has been thrown on this subject, by the publication of returns obtained by the British consuls in South America, of the produce of the mines at diirerent periods. They difler considerably from those given hy Mr. Jacob. The following is an abstract of their results, comparing the 20 years ending with 1809 with the 20 years ending with 1829 : — Minea. Mcjira Panama Chili ■ Buenos Ayres • Total uf America Russia • Gold. L. 4,123,378 223,'il8 8(i3,g74 7,473,823 1790 lo 1809. Silver. 94,429,303 944,736 19,286,831 114,660,870 Total. 9?,9'.2,68l 223,.5I8 1,80!I,7I0 21,149,786 122,134,699 L. OolJ. 1810 to 1829. I Silver. I.. 1,913,075 23,603 1,904,514 2,101,940 6 003,132 3,703,743 9,706.875 45,388,729 878, IM 7,89S,842 64,162,739 l,5l.2.9l-l 55,6t»,740 Tolal. 47,301.804 23,603 2.7Si,:0.' 10,0)7,7a! (i0,165.Ml 5,206,724 65,372,613 ij ':i PRECIOUS METALS. 345 "ore, incompjiMlily ■lit jiroiliiclivrnesa ;. lliH Btntcinrnts tlieri' nre ({romuld rlv a>< !■('«] ii'i'trt the tijililics of till' jirc. ill a very int'i'rior ;h(i minoH, anil the 1 iiiHt'imriitilfi from il tho iiKiuiiifs on lat Imvo ever bi-ea ived from America llnlhr. a Yen al an AviT,„;e. - 10,000,0011 . '2'2,n(10,(MIII . 3."),;ioo,(ioo le iii. p. 'l^n, 2a ml.) 3 mines of iho New fiteenth Century. Value of IhcCinlrl and bilver in UolLta nip. >27 ,70t 23,000,1100 t),'i 10.000 2,000,001) 4,>,')0,IIIIO 2,000.11110 4,I.OJ,(00 ft81 I 43,500,000 I aitmial proiluco of ico of tlie European ime period, at aliout century, was to tlic <\0. Tlie milite of 1. 5 J to 1. Latterly, jitity of silver. luiMy increased ; tmt ditiSoUition of the Invulsions and iiiso- milics, to whom the incs, some to ('iilw, •auscd the ali:ni(lon- int of their proikicc, Iccline ; but accorJ- |ion on the subject, iirin? the ~0 years [considerably than i ■en thrown on this South America, of t"rom those given by le 20 years ending 10 to Ifi29. Silver. Total. >,3S8,729 87S1,1M ,89.S812 ,I62,7.VJ ,5t2,9Sl t. 47,301,804 '23,603 2,7S2,';0i 10,0)7,782 60,163,891 3,2C«,724 ,B6.'>,740 6'.,372,615 ThoTO are ro many sources of error nllachcd to nil invef"tia;alion.'» of this sort, that thPdo resultH, th()U«h deduced from wli.it may lie reckoneil Rood luithority, cannot be iilto(j;ctlicr deii niied upon. The consular returns contain no account of the proiluce of the IN ruvian miiicH, <'xce!)l in so far as they come under the head of Hueno.H Ayres; and in this respect tliev ililler very widely from the stntemeiitH Kiven by Mr. Jacob, who estimates the produce of the mines of I'eru and Uuenos Ayres, durinjj the 20 yearw ending with 1820, at about 18 .500 000/.! Wo also incline to think that the mines and washings in Colombia are not quite so nfslected as they are said to be by the coiisiii. It will be observed, too, that tho above account does not incluile the produce of the Uraziiian mines. 'I'hey are su|)po8cd to have yielded, since 1810, about 1,500,000 dollars a year; but this is not more than adequiile for the wants of the country. Tho produce of the Hussian mines were coinjiara- tivciv triding till 1810 ; but it has since increased, and is conlinuing to increase with consi- derable rapidity. Adding to the produce of the American, that of the Russian mines, and separating the gold from the silver, their total produce, according to the consular returns, during each of the 4 decennial periods ending with 1829, has been about — 'I'bis gives 3,146,000/. for the average annual sui)ply of the American and Russian mines during the 10 years ending with 1820. Hut the returns show that the produce of tho Mexican mines had begun materially to increase in the latter years of this period; and wo have to add to the above the produce of the Hungarian and Saxon mines. Hence, allowiuR for the increase that has taken place since 182!) in the productiveness of the .Mexican and South American mines, exclusive of Urnzil, and adding to (heir produce that of the Russiaa and other European mines, we may safely estimate (assuming the consuls not to have under-rated the American returns) the present annual supply of gold and silver from these sources at considerably more than 4,000,000/. Exclusive of the sources now mentioned, the United States have recently begun to alTorJ con.^iiileruble quantities of gold. Ft was first di.scovered in North Carolina, in 1804; and from that period till 1829, about 109,000 dollars had been found. It has since been disco- vered ia other States. The following Table exhiliits the value of the gold annually produced in the United States since 1829. — (Anierican Aluianuc for 1831.) Sutca. 1829. 1830. 1831. 1832. Virginia - . • • N'TlIi e.iroliiia S/)U'li Carolina (li(i'-tie(l to ornamental and luxu- rious |iiir|)oses in Etirope may lie islliiiated as follows: vi/. fJreat Dritaiii, 2,4.')7,22l/. ; rrauee, l,2l«i,(Hlii/. ; Switzerland, 350,000/. ; remainder nf Europe, 1,605,100/. ; making in all, .^,01'2,711/. And adilliiL' to iliig tlie sums directly applied to the same purposes in America, the whole will be about 6,90l),miO/. The data upon which this estimate has been founded, are in the last degree vague and * Even with this addition, their produce is materially under the sum mentioned by Mr. Jacob. 44 ,«Ss 846 PFM'.CIOUS MIOTALS. IWIilMr.: ' 'IHiiiiii- iiatM" ••c unf(ati!«fnrti)ry. Tt ran Imrdly, itnlccd. lip lookr'd upon ns iiny tliinir Imtlor flmn u inoro i^ickii; nnd iirt such, we do not tliink thiit it in n vt-ry liii|p|iy one. M. ("Iialirol (wIioho rcHi'iirclK-, nro far iiion- Worthy of (-niilidrnco tliiiii lliouc of .\I. ('hii|itid, to whifh Mr. Jncoli rrliTH} t'HtiiiiutrH the roii«um|iliiiii ofuuld iiml HJIvi'r in the (iriM nt I'lirix nt ll.ri^'J.OOO iViiiicM it ymr — (lu'r/iirr/iifi Xttif!s/li/iirs .si/r In Villi- ilf I'lirls, 1S1!:I, 'I'lih. No. 85.) ; which corrcM|).iiii|s witli till- rliilioriitt' ruliinalc of M. Ucnuiston do (.'h;itcauni'uf — [lirrlin-clnn siir lex Cim. Kiiiiiiiiiti'iifis (Ir I'lirif: cii IHI7, ',Mc |iiirlic, p. 7H.). Hoth ihcNc aiithnriticM ai,'rcc that llu' ronsiiin|itinii ol'lhi* prccioiiM iiictalH in the iiriM at I'ari^ i** dniihlc that ot' th(! rest of rruiicc; HO that xvc havp 'Jl ,S'.:s,()(li) francs, or HiKl. I !)(»/., for tlio coiiHunnitiou of llio whole kinH[ii(iiii, wJiich JM :i;t;i.Hl()/. a year under Mr. .lacoh's fstiniate. Wo h;»vo hecn nsmiri'd, hy those who have (rood meaiiH of forniini^ a porreet opiiiinn tipon such a point, that the ipianlily assiu'iied liy Mr. ,lacol) for liie eonsuniption of (ircat Kritain is oMr-rated in ahoiit tiie Name proportion a^ tiie consinnplion of France, or almut \ part. 'I'iu're has, no doul't, heen « eonsi(h'rahle increase ol'lale years in the ciiiisuM)|iiiiiii of plate and t;iU articles; hut it would re(Hiire fir helter eviirill>' E^jin^w, 8d edit, tome iii. p. 401.), the total eonsinnption of the precious mctuls in Knrope, for nilicr purposes than those of coin, amounts to only H7,lH'J,H()0 francs, ei|ual, nt the exehaiit;c of 85-'.:(). to :).1.'')!),7M/. ; and addiiii; to this ;J()(),()()0/, for the consumption of Amcricii, ih,. grand total will he, in round numhers, .'', 7(1(1, (Htd/. ; heing 801), 000/. under our cstinialc, ;iiij no less than 2,1 10,000/. under that of .Mr. .lacob ! Dut a portion i>l' the gold and silver annually made u.sc of in tho arts is derived fmin the fuHiun of olil plate, the hurning of lace, picture I'rames, &c. Here, however, we have to Innicnt the impossihility of ascertaining the |)ro|iortion the supply I'roin this source hears to the total ipiantiiy wrought up. Mr. .lacob estimates it nt only ^'„tli part, or SA per cent,; but so small a sum seems to be (juite out of the (piestion. Most pari of the precious lui'lal!! employed in plating, gilding, iVc. is certainly destroyed; but the (]nantity of mcliil so made use of is admitted by every one to be decidedly less than the ipiantity used in the manufacture of plate, watch-cases, and other articles of that description. And tluNp, when they cither become unfasliionable, or arc broken or iiiji red, are, for the mo.-t jjirt, sent to the melting pot. According to the statement of Necker, (pioted and sanctiuiied liy Humboldt, a litilfol' the gold and '^ilvcr used in France by goldsmiths and others in the arts, is sup[)()scd to bo obtained l\\ni\ the fusion of oM plate, &C. — (Aw(/i'r//t' Eiipir^m, tome iii. p. Wt'l.) But, notwithstanding tlie high authority by which this estimate is su[)pnrfed, we liilicve that it is nearly as nnich above the mark as Air. .lacob's is certainly below it. Assiiininir tlicrcfore, that, at a medium, 20 per cent, or Uh part of the precious metals annualiv male Use of in the arts is obtained from the fusion of old [ilatc, we shall have, by dediictiiii; this proportion froin the 4,.'i():),000/. applied to the arts in Europe and America, ;),()')0,(!()(l/. as the total animal appropriation of the new gold and silver dug from the mines to such |iiir- poses, leaving aliout 2, 0(H), 000/. a year to be niainifactured into coin. It is not nmch more easy to determiiu! the consumption of the precious inetrds when manufactured into coin, than when in |ilate. Mr. .Jacob h is entered into sonic cininiis details (vol. ii. c 28.) to determine the abrasion or loss of coins from wear, which lie isli- mates at f5,',,th part a year for gold, and :,,'„th part for silver coins, 'i'his, however, liups not give the total wear and tear of the coins. To determine the latter, the (juantiiics iust hv fire, shipwrecks, and other accidents, must be taken into account. The loss lVo:ii thisc fiource.s can only be guessed at; but adding it to the loss by abrasion, perhaps we sluill not be far wrong in estimating the whole at 1 per cent. It is singular that, in estimating the consumption of gold and silver, Mr. Jacob slioiilil not have made the .slightest allusion to the practice which has uniformly prevailed in all cuiiiitrii's harassed by intestine connnotions, or exposed to foreign invasion, of burying treasure iiithi! earth. Of the hoards so de[)osited, a very considerable pro|)ortion has been al(oge(licr lust; and there can be no doubt that this has been one of the principal means by which tlic stock of the jirecious metals has been kept down to its present level. Every one is aware lh:it, during the middle ages, triasuir Inirr, or money dug from the ground iiy chiuice I'liiilirs, belonged to the Crown, and formed no inconsiderable part of the royal revenue of this iiiul other countries. T)ie practice has always prevailed to a very great extent in the Eiist.— ;) ye;ir; cious II were furinerl period 18:t:l,) 18.)-.', s 3!)0,(l(l( dcralile |ir()viiic( iiiive for a Ici the .Mal ceased ; And ift ccrlaiiilv 4. //'/, custuiiiai (if most Uiit we ( u'licilicr till! Kast, ilscif liav just seen plios I'roi eiijiiyed i formerly iioan hiia (loiiht, tei wniild oti iiiiiiiit be employini whether tl be not as oil' in the of lieiiig d gold is tli( increased estimating I lie fall thi of money depcnilent metal is wi ciroumstan that) that I ♦Tills faci mend ttie ad m.\? PRKCIOUS MI'TAI.S. an rfhnnampri'K\u'»8; (wIkihc rrMciirclici li Mr. Jiictdi rflcrnj VJ.dOO t'niiii'K II yciir ; wliich i-orri-«|i'miU III trill s mir Ai ' 'n/i- •ilicrt ll^'r^(' llliil llic ' llui rest (>r rriilirr, illli- \vlu)li' kiii:;iliiiii, lU n rorrci't KpiniiMi i)nsum|ition onirciit 1)1' FrinuM', or iiImiui ^ III till- ciiiiHiiiiiiiiiin \uii any liitlit'ito laiii :,457,000/. irt apliro. 'olniMy iii't I'iir tViiDi rest of I'jurtnif simmh^ ■III. lUrili.in, l,Hl-:.'.n(l',; A; iiiiill, l.'Jii:),-^-^!/. iking tlw t'liliri; om- t (iWiiivillr /■.^/)'/,'»(, I ill l'iUi'i>iio, t'.ir ciihct 1, nt the t'Xch'lllirc nf ilion til' Aiiu'iitM, till' iidor our csliiniitr, uiij •Is is derived rrnin tlie howovi-r, wc li;ivi' to 111 this Bdlircc lii';\rsto p:irt, or 'Zh |u'i- ci'iit.; of tlU' prt'cioU:) lliCt.ll.! liliiiuitily of iiiri.il so Hiantily used in the (It ion. And tlirsp, , for tliP nio-l |i.irt, and saiuMi'JiiPil U H and otliiTs in the (i\(HU'r//t' 7','.s/j (/;'«(■, npportL'd, wc litTuvc )W it. A^isuiiiiii.', iictals anniiallv mule VI', l)V dciliiiiiii',' this mcrica, ;5.<'>.''l>.t;(10Lw le niiiies to i-ucli pur- ircfious ini't;ils wlicil •d into solium riirions wrar, wliiili lit- tsii- Tilis, ilOWl'VlT lilies tlu' iiuaiitiliis iostliy Tiie Ions from tlnse perhaps we shall iwt Mr. Jacob shmil.l not •vailed in all iinintrii's iryins treasure iiilho been allo'^ellier lo>t; IS liy wliieh the slock one is aware lint, Id iiy c-hanee fiiulers, |l revenue of this i'liJ extent in the East.- (IhrniiT, Voi/fiije ik Mofj^ot. Amsl. 1710, toinn i. j). SO!).; Srrtifliiii on l/ir (!iii'rrnmtnl of Ui'iiilny/nii, |i. i'l. »Ve.) Unt il in ii"t eoiitlned lo that ipiiiilrr. Wherever properly lit jiiHienre. it i-t iiiMirialily ret. .Mr. W'uki lii'id lelli ns iliat il is eoiiiinoii in Irel.iiid.— C.lwii//// "/ /''/'""A vol. i. p. I'l!':!.) It has alwnvH prevailed In ii eoiiHidrralile extent in Kii'^ia and 1' ranee ; and In the latter, dnrinii the revoliiiionary anareliy, iiiiiuense niiiiis were hurled, of wliiell It M idiiindantly eertain a liiri;e proportion will never lie rehUseitilled. 'I'he wars ami eoiivnl-iioim by wliieli I'dirope wits desolaied for more th.in '-0 years extended the pr.ieliii' to all parts of llii' (Continent; willidrawinit in this way from eireul.ilioii n very eniisiileral'li' part of the inereased ]iroilueo of the mines. — (.S'/u/r/i, Ecniuiiuic l\i/il!ijuf, toinei. p. 'J'.:! I'aris, IH'j:).) ;i. K.cpiiiialion iif Ihf. I'ni'iinis Minis to thr F.nsl. — Ft must he well known to all our reailers, that from the reni'ilesl era ilow II lo a eimiparalively late |ieriod hulUoii h h always firiiieil one of the jirineipai and most ad\aiilai;eoiis ailieles oj'export to ihe Da t. lIuiuhoMi eKliinaled that, of Ihe entire proiluee of the .Ameriean mines at the he;iimiiim of this eenlury, uinoiinlini?, ns alreadv seen, lo '1:},.')IM>,(I0(» dollars, no lees than v;.-),.'')(»(l,()(t(» were sent lo _.\^i.,,_17,r,(H).0()l) |,y Ihe Cairo of (Jood Hope, J.OOO.DOO by the Levant, and 1,001), 1)00 through Ihe Kussiaii iVoiilier. — (Xiiirrlhtvs/iinriir.Utuw iii. p. IK).) Laiterly, however, this iiiiinense drain has not e.nly entirely eeased ; lint /lir curnnl Ikis, in furl, /n i^ini !ii xtt .\inintrli/ In the ii/z/msilc tlinrHiin. 'I'liiis it appears that the loial imports (•;' cold iiid silver from l')nrope and .North and South .\iiieriea into jlinjid, .Mad. iv lue! )'oiiibay. (h.iini; the :i years eiidim; with H:)0-:tl, aiiiouiit"d '.o 4 i '.»,;irtfat IiiJin, ii'-.' vl of iiiiportinjf, as forinerly, very larijo ipiantities of bullion f;'oir ilio V/i'sleii \V-iKI, KUpplii'd, dorini; the period ill (piestion, aliout 2KI,00()A a year to its nr, ik' is I— ( / V/*7. I'li/ur, ^>- :i!»0. Scss. is;i;t.) The same is the ease with (Jhina, biiri ):r ih'* yxr ciidiii^ the ;! ' .t i,f .\Ia.eh, 18.)-, silver was exported from (.'anion to I'liid-oid l.> the bum. mi,', of l,'J7(i.'';hi ^o'laiis, or 3!)0,0I)0/., besides about ns much more exported u i idia '--("•'eo ' '1. i, p. :bll.) .:V »*'jn'i- dcrahle part of this larf^o exjiort eonsi.sts of naliie »;lui, o" wliie'i there iiv .rvn, i* in sevc. c.i provinces. China lias also mines of tjolil; n:il in f •inr: lote jf.i:,-' Ii.t exports of tlint i.iit d liave been considerable : she is, liowe-'er, ■oi iinpoit>" ru \\{\\ n<> 'all fxpoiter o'.'i'ol.', hiwiia for a leiiLflhened period drawn eonsideralile srrpli-s oi'tjint IT"'"'! from l till! liast, even ndmitlinii; lli.it -M. Humboldt has som'-iv'.i.ii ove,' n.i'd its i'.'>miui:;. \M)'i'd nf itself have ij;one far to counteract the decreased jiroiiiuru- eness of liie fiioes', |.-.il i\e I ,ivo just seen that it has not merely ceased, but that we are, in fact, lie.witi^ coMsii'erabl -i p- plies from that very (p.,irter. In addition to tliis, the Rrcater «'eu!'l\ om' l.jii.j;iillity cujiiyed on the CoMtinent since the peace, has not only checked that hury';!^; of in, me/, foraierly so prevalent, but lias caused the bringing t.. liijlit of n pood many ot tie snliterra- neim hoard.s. The iiistitulion of savinj^s' Imnks. no.v so rotninoii tm rywlvere, 'n.s also, no iloiilil, tended to prevent hoardiiip:, and to l,riii,'ood deal o( cciii into circula'ion, that would otherwise have been locked up. Tfi"*;- •.if i3ir; i ar.;\;s, roiipl ;d with others that miijlit he mentioned, such ns the cessation of iho dianaii' !<.-f iriliiiry diesis, the urealer empl'iyineiit of bills in mercantile transaction!;, '.*';■.! "llord thi oe.it grounds for diubting whether the quantity of the precious met. i m. hi illy iinplici.blo to the purposes of circulation lie not as great at present, as in 18"9 c: ^810. Il is farther to be ob.served, th.at the filling oil' in the produce of the mines has h . ■; in silver only; and that the supply of Rold, instead of liciuR diminished durinij th.e 1 1'-l .'.^ years, has been vert/ vidtiriallji incmiyal; and as gold is the standaid of Of 'n.feiicy, it is obviously false to allirin thai its value has been increased from i! ' Ix'iiig le.is abundant than formerly.* It is contended, indeed, that in esiimatiii|T the vciue of the precious metals, we cannot separate gold and .silver; and that tlie fall that has taken place in the prices of (/// commodities since 1 8 1 '), proves that the value of money has sustained a corresponding^ advance. But the value of gold is in no way dependent upon, or connected with, the value of silver. The exchangeable worth of each metal is wholly determined by the peculiar conditions under which it is supplied ; and the circumstances of gold falling in value when silver is rising, is no more to he wondered at, than that lead should fall when iron rises, or conversely. Neither is it true that the fall in ♦Tliis fact shows the reliance to tie placed on llie inforninlion anil opinions of tlioso who recom meudtiie adoption of a silver standard us a means of diniiuiahing tlie public burdens! -««i \ Hi 348 PREMIUM, PRICES. ,i/||i!iiiw«i "' 'IIHUIKI*;.; "< m\im~ ■ nam "■ ir" .IIIIMC * !llH»l»ll*'' lilllHUl «> ; '■ iw ' '' ..mi ' . I5I ■ J ■'* 1 1 ■I . . l! iiiii the vnlue of commodities since 1815 has been universal. Wc admit it has been very gene- ral ; but we venture to affirm that there is not, without any exception whatever, a single commodity that has fallen in price since 1814, the fall of which may not be satisfactorily accounted for without reference to the supply of gold and silver,— (See vol. i. p. 81.) Mul- tiplied proofs of what is now stated, will be found in various articles throughout this work. And we have little doubt that those who investigate the matter with any degree of care, will agree with us in thinking, that, even without distinguishing between gold and silver, were the influence of the decreased productiveness of the mines on prices estimated at from 3 to 5 per cent., it would be very decidedly beyond the mark. We believe its influence has been hardly perceptible, 5. Frubahk future Sttppli/ of Gold and Silver. — Nothing but conjectural statements can be made as to the probable future supply of the precious metals. On the whole, however, we should think that a very considerable increase may be fairly anticipated. The anarchy, in which the new South American States have hitherto been involved, will come to a close; and, with the increase of population and capital, renewed attention will, doubtless, be paid to the mines. It if reasonable also, we think, to anticipate that the supplies from the Kus. sian mines will continue to increase. [For the value of the gold received at the mint from the gold region of the United States, see article Coins, — Am, Ed.] PREMIUM. See Insurance, PRICES, By the price of a commodity is meant its value estimated in money, or simply, the quantity of money for which it will exchange. The price of a commodity rises when it fetches more, and falls when it fetches less money, 1, F rice of freely produced Commodities. — The exchangeable value of conmodities— that is, their power of exchanging for or buying other commodities — depends, at any given period, partly on the comparative facility of their production, and partly on the relation of the supjjly and demand. If any 2 or more commodities respectively required the same outlay of capital and labour to bring them to market, and if the supply of each were adjusted exactly according to the ellectual demand — that is, were they all in sutficient abundance, and no more, to supply the wants of those able and willing to pay the outlay upon them, and the ordinary rate of profit at the time — they would each fetch the same price, or exchange for the same quantity of any other commodity. But if any single commodity should happen to require less or more capital and labour for its production, while the quantity required to produce the others continued stationary, its value, as compared with them, would, in the first case, fall, and in the second, rise ; and, supposing the cost of it$ production not to vary, its value might be increased by a falling off in the supply, or by an increase of demand, and conversely. But it is of importance to bear in mind, that all variations of price arising from any dis- proportion in the supply and demand of such commodities as may be frech/ produced In indefinite quantities, are temporary only ; while those that are occasioned by changes in the cost of their production are permanent, at least as much so as the cause in which they origj. natc. A general mourning occasions a transient rise in the price of black cloth : but sup- posing that the fashion of wearing black were to continue, its price would not permanently vary ; for those who previously manufactured blue and brown cloths, &c, would henceforth manufacture only black c! jth ; and the supply being in this way increased to the same extent as the demand, the price would settle at its old level. Hence the importance of distinguish- ing between a variation of price originating in a change of fashion, or other accidental cir- cumstances — such, for example, as a deficient harvest — and a variation occasioned by some change in the cost of production. In the former case, prices will, at no distant period, revert to their old level ; in the latter, the variation will be lasting. When the price of a freely produced commodity rises or falls, such variation may evidently be occasioned either by something affecting its value, or by something affecting the value of money. But when the generality of commodities rise or fall, the fair presumption is, that the change is not in them, but in the money with which they are compared. This conclu- sion does not, however, apj)ly in all cases ; and we believe that most part of that fall in the price of commodities, which has taken place since the peace, and which has been so gene- rally ascribed to a rise in the value of money, occasioned by a decline in the productiveness of the mines, has been caused by the increased productiveness of industry, arising from the abolition of oppressive restraints on commerce, the opening of new and more abundant sources of supply, and the discovery of new means, and improved methods of production.— (See PnF.cious Mbtals.) 2. Price of monopolised Commodities. — Exlusive, however, of the ^commodities now Alluded to, there is a considerable class, whose producers or holders enjoy either an absoliik OT a partial monopoly of the supply. When such is the case, prices depend entirely or principally on the proportion between the supply and demand, and are not liable to be in- Huenced, or only in a secondary degree, by changes in the cost of production. Antique statues and gema ; the pictures of the great masters ; wines of a peculiar flavour, produced I I in sn he en fore, I in til) Mf with I liniita the m thoug lies of they V blishin of the Th« favour ture as for the the pec price ii the pul Neither p. 49a. The the inv« patent, i them th exciting ing inju 'I'hen These, ; cent, or Genei those till various < tions ill t exposes ! from whi Sometimi and extri serious lo 3. Nei kets, or n the price < ing of the 4. In_fl of commt cnmmodit haps, enti his sway power, to and valual the effect t the means elude or c which was manner th sumer, S commoditii Salonica, v Servia and sibly, into most contij of conveya voyage twi consequenc of sugar in u high as Vol.. II.. PRICES. 349 IS been very gene- ivhatever, a single )t be satisfactorily il.i. p. 81.) Mul- ughout this work. Jegrce of care, will d and silver, were ated at from 3 to 5 .nfluence has been ural statements can le whole, however, ed. The anarchy, (ill come to a close; , doubtless, be paid plies from the Kus- f the United States, lated in money, or ^ if a commodity rises e of conmodities— ?pends, at any given I on the relation of / required the same jf each were adjusted sufficient abundance, le outlay upon them, 1 the same price, or ny single coinmodity )roduction, while the ue, as compared wiih )osing the cost of its [ the supply, or by an arisini? from any dis- frecli/ produced in led by changes in tlie in which they origi- ilack cloth : but sup- uld not permanently would henceforth ed to the same extent rtance of distinguish- other accidental cit- occasioned by some distant period, revert riatton may evidently effecting the value of presumption is, that )ared. This conclu- ,rt of that fall in the ch has been so gene- in the productiveness (try, arising from the and more abundant ,odB of production,— le commodities now loy either an ahsoluk Is depend entirely or not liable to be in- J)roduction. Antique bar flavour, produced i in small quantities in particular situations ; and a few other articles; exist under what may lie called absolute monopolies ; — their supply cannot be increased ; and their price must, there- fore, depend entirely on the competition of those who may wish to buy them, without being in the slightest degree influenced by the cost of their production. Monopolies are sometimes established by law ; as when the power to supply the market with a particular article is made over to one individual or society of individuals, without any limitation of the price at which it may bo sold ; which, of course, enables those possessed of the monopoly to exact the highest price for it that the competition of the buyers will atford. though such price may exceed the cost of production in any conceivable degree. Monopo- lies of this sort used to be common in England, particularly in the reign of Elizabeth : but they were finally abolished by the famous act of the 21 Jac. 1. c. 3. — an act which, by esta- blishing the freedont of competition in all businesses carried on at home, has been productive of the greatest advantage. — (See Mo\opolt.) The corn laws establish a partial monopoly of the supply of Great Britain with corn in favour of the agriculturists ; but, as competition is carried to as great an extent in agricul- ture as in any other business, this monopoly does not enable them to obtain a higher price for their produce than is suflicient to pay the expenses of its production : though, owing to the peculiar circumstances under which this country is placed, this price is higher than the price in the surrounding countries. Hence it results that the monopoly is injurious to the public, without being of any advantage to those engaged in the business of agriculture. Neither, indeed, can it be truly said to be advantageous to the landlords. — (See vol. i. p. 495.) The rights conveyed by patents sometimes establish a valuable monopoly ; for they enable the inventors of improved methods of production to maintain, during the continuance of the patent, the price of the article at a level which may be much higher than is required to afford thetn the ordinary rate of profit. This advantage, however, by stiinulatins; invention, and exciting to new discoveries, of which it is the natural and appropriate reward, instead of be- ing injurious, is beneficial to the public. — (See Patents.) There are also partial monopolies, depending upon situation, connection, fashion, &c. These, and other inappreciable circumstances, sometimes occasion a difference of 30 per cent., or more, in the price of the same article in shops not very distant from each other. Generally speaking, the supply of monopolized commodities is less liable to vary than those that are freely produced ; and their prices are commonly moie steady. But there are various exceptions to this rule, and of these the C(v\ mono[)oly is one. The great varia- tions in the harvests of particular countries, and their average equality throughout the world, exposes a nation which shuts foreign corn out of its ports to destructive vicissitudes of price, from which it would enjoy a nearly total exemption were the ports open. — (See vol. i. p. 493.) Sometimes the expiration of a monopoly — a patent, for example — has occasioned a sudden and extraordinary increase of supply, and consequent fall of price ; entailing, of course, a serious loss on the holders of large stocks of goods produced under the monopoly. 3. New Sources of Supplif, — The ctrccts on prices produced liy the opening of new mar- kets, or new sources of supply, are familiar to every one. The fall that has taken place in the price of pepper,' and of most sorts of commodities brought from the East, since the open- ing of the trade in 1814, is a conspicuous proof of what is now stated. 4. Influence of War on Prices. — The effect of war in obstructing the ordinary channels of commercial intercourse, and occasioning extreme fluctuations in the supply and price of commodities, is well known. In this respect, however, the latter part of the late war is, per- haps, entitled to a pre-eminence. We had then to deal with an enemy who had extended his sway over most part of the Continent ; and who endeavoured, by every means in his power, to shut vis out of the Continental markets. Mr. Tooke has given, in his elaborate and valuable work on H!gh and Low Prices, a variety of details which strikingly illustrate the effect that the regulations then adopted by the belligerent powers had on prices. " Among the means," says Mr. Tooke, " devised by the ingenuity and enterprise of adventurers to elude or overcome the obstacles presented by the decrees of the enemy, one in particular, which was resorted to on an extensive scale, deserves mention, as illustrating in a striking manner the degree in which those obstacles were calculated to increase the cost to the con- sumer. Several vessels laden with sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotton twist, and other valuable commodities, were despatched from England at very high rates of freight and insurance to Salonica, where the poods -vere landed, and thence conveyed on mules and horses through Servia and Hungary to Vienna, for the purpose of being distributed over Gi^rmany, and, pos- sibly, into France. Thus it might happen that the inhabitants of that part of the Continent most contiguous to this country CDuld not receive their supplies from us, without an expenso of conveyance equivalent to what it would be, if they were removed to the distance of a sea voyage twice round the globe, but not subject to fiscal and political regulations." And in consequence of these, and other causes of the same sort, Mr. Tooke mentions that the price of sugar in France, and other parts of the Continent, during the latter years of the war, was as bigh as 5s, and 69. a pound ; that coffee rose to 7s. ; indigo to I8s., and so on. Vol. II.— 3 G 1 i 860 PRICES. 'c: Si. 1 Jl ■wri '■ :■ ' ■'WlHI >,'; , . ■ -iii« ■■» Ilk: t If, But the sums charged for freight and insurance were the most extraordinary. Mr. Tooke states, that he has known instances in which the licence, freight, and other charges on ac- count of a vessel of about 100 tons burden, making a voyage from Calais ti) London and back, have amounted to the almost incredible sum of 50,000/. ! A ship of which the whole cost and outfit did not amount to 4,000/., earned, during the latter period of the war, a gross freight of 80,000/. on a voyage from Bordeaux to London and back ! 'I'he freight of indii^o from London to the Continent does not at prcs'-nt exceed Id. a pound ; whereas it amounted, at the period referred to, to about 4s. 6'l» ■imm'>' C: ■Mii«;i, v. >mKi i:.' . Mint at 'iHBItlliki, 'WW ■mm • \m m lilt II An Account of the Contract Prices of the following Articles of Provision , fcc. at the Royal Hospital, Papers puhlished by th» Vmn. rinh, per CwL Bmd, p«rLb. Flour, per uck. BollfT, per Lb. Chww, per Lb. ^ Pku, per Buihel. Ualmral, per Gusliel. Sail, per Ruihel. MM, pur Quarter. Hopi, per Cwt. Deer, per Barrel, £ a. d. Avtrage. £ s. d. s. d. S. d. 5. d. £ s. d. <. d. £ s. d. £ 1. d. £ «. d. 1729 1 58 U.forlOrffoz. ■ - 4i 3i 4 4 6 5 1 9 2 5 - 1730 t 5 8 \d. for \A\ oz. - - 5 3* 4 4 6 5 1 6 2 510 D 3 9 1 1735 016 11 U. for 12J oz. - - 3» " 2i 3 6 4 4 1 3 3 9 63 4 13{ 1740 1 8 ! 3J 7 6 5 3 4 8 117 3 4 16 6 7 li{ 1780 1 12 6 Id. fori 1 fff oz. - - 6i|0 3} 7 6 5 3 4 8 1 11 1 2 14 8 7 3.i{ 1785 117 61 Id. for 10} oz. • - 6»0 3i 7 6 5 3 4 8 2 3 5 6 4 8 2i| 1790 11610 - 2 3 4 6i0 4 7 6 5 3 4 8 1 15 6 6 13 9 087) 1T95 2 210 - 3 5 8 810 5i 9 6 ^ 6 41 6 U 2 8 3 7 710 10 4i{ 1800 3 4 4 . 416 lu'o H 13 5 14 14 4 4 16 15 9 1 4i{ 1805 3 4 - 4 2 3 113 71 7 9 12 16 lOi 4 5 7 6 11 17 0* 1806 3 1 . 3 9 6i lUO 71 8 4S 10 3 19 9 3 16 6 7 9 16 31 1807 3 3 . 3 3 81 010 7il4 41 9 4f 19 9 3 13 li 5 19 15 5 rsos 3 3 - 3 9101 010 7J19 2J 10 10 19 9 3 16 n 4 12 6 16 51 1809 3 6 6 • 4 5 u ' ° 8 14 10) 11 9 19 9 4 4 5} 7 6 8 17 1810 3 12 . 4 8 4 UO 8J 9 5 11 7 19 9 4 4 5 7 6 8 17 10 1811 3 14 - 411 2^0 8* 8 9 11 6 19 9 3 13 6 7 13 6 16 3} 1812 3 18 - 5 1 5 3i0 8* 12 8* 13 3 19 9 4 18 6 9 17 1 91 1813 4 5 - 413 3;o 8J 13 81 13 3 19 9 4 16 6 U 11 8 I 1 10* 1814 3 14 6 . 310 6 2 P 8) 9 4 10 4 19 9 3 17 8 9 10 17 31 1815 3 8 - 2 4 9 2 8 6 71 10 3 19 9 3 9 71 9 13 7 15 43 1816 2 11 4 - 3 4 1 9i0 6i 7 Oh 9 2 19 9 3 9 41 14 15 8 1817 1818 211 4 2 17 1 d. „" Per lb. 2 T? 4 6 3 8 4 8J0 11 jo 5i 6 8 6) 9 31 13 9 13 51 19 19 9 9 4 610* 4 1 8* 22 4 Pockets. 8 8 1 7 19 11* 1819 3 4 3 — Ifra 217 5 11 ;o 8 7 8 12 9 19 9 3 12113 4 12 15 ,13 1820 3 10 ii 215 1 9iO 7 7 53 13 41 19 9 3 8 81 4 13 10} 1821 2 1810 - \VX2 2 5 3i 8^0 6 5 9 8 81 19 4J 3 III 3 12 12 IQi 1822 1 19 5i - \ih 117 5i 7*0 5 5 0* 8 6 f8s. 3d. J ^P' bush. ; 15». 6d. 18 2 12 61 3 10 11 53 1823 2 2 7i - U 2 2 5 7}0 4 S 6 10 21911 9 19 12 51 1821 2 2 81 - UrV 2 6 2 8}0 4* 5 11 fsplit < |>eas (lis. 11 ' <|» cwt. 17a.^?^cwt. } 4 9 3 3 1 7 5 14 10* 1825 2 19 6i - iffV 213 4 lo^'o 5* ^0 17 6 2 10 3 11 101 23 16 6* 1826 2 17 8 - ufV 2 5 2} 9*0 6i 19 1 m 3 5 1 15 5 17 5} 1827 1 IS 4i 211 8 2 3 6 8H 5i 10 6 1 5 1 8 3 410 4 10 13 gi I82S 2 10 7i 2 6 OJ 8H 5* 9 6 18 6 1 10 3 1 7 - 13 1 1829 2 6 3i - 2?Vo 2 15 lOi 8 5 8 9 18 6 1 8 3 no* 5 9 6 13 4 1830 2 3 6 ,,330 21411 6*0 4 8 16 11 1 8 2 16 U - 12 6* 1831 2 4 3i - 2 f Ji^ 3 Si 9|0 4f 9 17 6 1 8 3 10 51 5 110 16 01 1832 2 6 2i - U.T^I} 213 1 81 n 8 9 17 1 8 2 18 8 6 15 13 13 18.332 6 6 , 1 fl I — 1 2 Jffir 2 4 1) 810 4J 9 16 1 6 2 11 6 - 12 2 18312 3 9 - '^15 117 6iO 7»0 H 8 6 13 6 1 6 2 15 1) 5 1 12 33 1835 2 7k — 1 !T(Ti> III OJ 7i0 4 8 14 oil 3 3 I 4J' 5 11 13 91 ',i I It may be right to obaerve, Uut in tbu infanry Um of the Inslilnlinn, the clnthe« md be'Ktin^ were blue doth oow uwii for the Peustonera' coata, ia w < ■ PRICES. 353 he Royal Hnspital, m nrecnwich for the Years iinder-mentionfid.— (From the Pari. Papers, Nog. 54. 72. and 87 . Bess . 1830, and nra published bij tha M finard of Trade.) Hnpl. pfr Cwt. p« Dmr, 9 r Barrel. |H per Uiy. ,B"<^I«- ' Mason., layer., ,,„i>iy. 1 Plumbers, per Day. C.in(ttcs, Shovs, per |H.T l>)Z. lb.i Fair. C<«lj, piT Ch.iMron. Mope, each. stock inits ptr Pair. Ux't, each. S.d. CoiiiplKtf .Suits Ctf Bi^dJilK. £ S. d. Suits Cliilli £ I. If 8. d. Coati, e.tcb. £ a. d.£ '• i- Ji s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. i t. d. £ 3. d. £ s. d. S. d. £ s.d. 2 5 0- m ' « .. ^ - - - - - - e 5 4 I 8 5 104 per (\nz n. 1 9 2 8 3 5 i 12 2 510 ^ ^\ s C.T...2 6) JoiiicnS 6 5 2 6 2 6 3 a 4 4 1 4 6 10 1 6 2 8, 2 13 filarrkels 2 12 3 9 6}0 4 ij{ : . . 2 6| ; - -28) 2 6 2 6 3 4 2 4 1 5 10 6 1 6 2 3 eact). 4 2 2 6 3 10 7J * '^^l J !- .2 8^ 2 6 2 8 3 5 6 3 10 1 9 10 1 6 2 4 6 2 3 6 3 U 1 5 u{ ' ^ . . 2 6 J 1- -2 8| 2 6 2 8 2 6 6 3 6 1 10 11 1 6 2 4 6 - - 1 2 4 5 4 5 h{ - -2 61 - - 2 8]- 2 6 2 8 2 6 6 2 3 9 1 7 74 10 9 1 6 2 4 6 - - 1 1 5 2 15 4 51^ ^ - -2 61 - -2 SJ 2 6 2 8 2 6 10 4 1 8 7J OHO 1 8 2 4 44 - - 1 1 6 4 13 4 5 7j{ - -2 6| i. .2 81 2 6 2 8 2 6 6 6 4 1 12 8 12 1 8 "«! 4 4i - - 1 1 7 3 6 7 2l{ . : . . 2 6 > - -2 8J- 2 4 2 8 3 6 2 4 1 12 44 11 3 1 8 " 4 6 - - 1 1 6 5 16 4 5 10 1 * ;- -2 6» : . - 2 8| 2 4 2 8 3 6 103 4 '0 1 9 14 OHO 1 6 2 6046 - - I 5 4 16 6 7 n{ ; . - 2 6 > 1. .2 85 2 4 2 10 3 6 3 3 10 I 10 lU 10 6 1 4 2 2 5 4J - - 10 11 2 14 8 7 Si{ - -2 6» ..2 8; 2 4 2 10 3 6 9i 3 114 1 17 34 12 1 6 2 2 5 44 - - 19 5 5 6 4 C ' 8 2i{ 1 . . 2 6J .-2 83 2 4 2 10 3 3 6 6 3 6 1 14 24 11 1 6 2 4 5 44 - - 1 3 6 13 9 ( ) 8 7 j 1 ) 10 4j{ 1 - -2 6} . -210/ 2 4. 2 10 3 3 7 9 3 114 1 14 44 14 1 6 2 6 5 44 - - 1 8 7 710 . .2 6t . .210/ 3 2 10 3 3 9 2 4 1 19 9 15 1 6 2 3 6 6 - - 1 2 16 15 1 4i{ 1 1 6 110 17 9i I : . - 2 10 I -3 2} 3 2 10 3 3 10 4 5 8 2 11 7 15 1 6 2 3 6 6 • - 1 4 6 4 10 5 4 6 10 7 5 9 2 11 8} 17 2 2 3 8 9 - - 1 1 10 6 7 9 16 3i 1 4 6 4 8 5 4 6 10 3 5 9 2 13 4 17 2 2 3 8 9 - - 1 1 10 I 5 19 I 4 12 6 ,} 7 6 8 1 7 6 8 15 5 5 4 8 5 4 6 9 10 5 2 14 17 2 2 3 8 9 - - 1 1 6 16 51 1 5 5 5 4 6 13 24 5 2 15 9J 17 2 2 3 8 9 - - 1 1 4 17 1 5 4 5 1 5 1 5 3 14 54 5 6 3 9} 17 2 2 3 8 9 - - 1 1 4 17 10 1 5 8 5 2 5 3 5 9 12 5 6 3 8 17 2 2 3 8 9 - - 1 1 4 1 1 V « 1 7 13 6 16 3} : ■ 5 6 5 5 5 9 5 9 10 9f 4 11 3 1 6 17 2 2 3 8 9 - - 1 2 2 9 17 1 oH i 5 6 1 5 6 5 5 5 9 5 9 12 6 4 11 2 16 1 17 2 6 3 8 9 - - 1 2 2 11 11 8 1 1 lOi 1 1 9 10 17 3i 1 5 5 5 9 5 9 14 2 4 8 2 16 74 18 2 6 3 8 9 - - 1 2 2 1 1 * ^ ; 1 5 6 5 5 5 9 5 9 14 6 4 8 3 2 24 1 10 3 3 3 11 6 - - 1 4 6 1 9 13 7 15 4} 1 5 1 5 9 5 9 11 7 4 7 2 15 6} 1 10 3 3 3 11 3 - - 1 4 9 14 15 8 1 5 2 5 1 5 3 5 5 9 3 4 7 2 9 64 1 10 2 9 3 9 44 - - 1 4 9 22 4 10 7 1 l\ 52 5 1 5 3 5 9 9 10 3 10 2 6 7 1 10 Each. 2 9 3 9 44 Suits. - - 1 7 Pockets. 8 8 4 12 4 19 \\\ 1 15 H 1 i 5 3 i 5 3 1 ^ ^ 5 1 5 3 5 9 11 54310 2 8 6 2 6 2 10 3 2 19 104 2 1 04 1 1 7 5 I 5 3 5 9 8 6i4 23 2 6 8 2 6 2 11 3 2 19 104 2 1 74 I 1 104 13 Wi 5 1 5 3 5 9 8 234 44 2 5 9 1 104 2 94 3 2 19 104 2 3 34 1 2 7 3 12 12 lOJ 1 * ^ 5 1 5 3 5 9 ^ U 4 3 2 6 6 1 4) 2 8 3 2 19 104 2 1 9 1 1 11 3 10 11 5i ;.| 5 n 5 5 li 5 7i 6 14 4 24 2 4 64 1 34 2 5 3 2 19 104 2 2} 1 1 3 9 19 12 5i m 5 4 10 5 5 6 5 4 7* 2 6 7 1 2 2 2 3 2 19 104 1 19 114 1 1 U 7 5 ( ) 14 10^ 5 4 10 5 5 - 5 6 4 9i 2 3 8 1 U 2 U 3 2 19 104 1 19 114 1 1 2 1 <23 16 6i 1 5 4 10 5 5 6 6 4 6 2 3 2 1 24 2 14 3 2 19 104 2 84 1 1 8 15 5 < 4 10 ) 17 5} 5 9 4 10 5 6 5 6 5 94 4 5 2 4 I 14 2 04 3 2 19 104 2 1 64 1 3 2 B 13 %\ 5 9 4 10 5 6 5 9 5 10 4 3i 2 1 54 1 U 1 104 3 2 8 3 1 19 10} 1 1 4 . 13 1 5 8i 4 10 5 6 5 9 5 lOi 4 3 2 84 1 2 1 94 3 2 5 9 1 18 1 1 7 ^50 6 13 4 5 8 4 10 5 6 5 5 5 6i 3 93 1 16 7 1 14 1 94 3 2 5 9 1 18 6} i ■ i 5 11 - 12 6i 5 6 4 9 5 5 5 6 5 34 3 6 1 12 11 104 1 64 3 1 17 10} 1 18 6} a 16 0} 5 5 do. 5 3 9 e 6 3 6 1 7 Per Ton. 1U_8^ '"¥2 3 1 17 10} 2 1141 0.00 6 15 13 U . 12 a do. do. 5 3 5 5 2i 3 6 1 4 3 1 14 174,\ 3 1 19 34 3 3 4 3-^ a do. do. do. 5 5 5 2i 3 44 15 11 do. ''/-- do. do. 2 3 8} \ 5 1 i' 5 11 12 3i 13 9i do. do. do. do. 5 6 do. 14 11 do. 1 84 do. do. 2 7 24 i' do. ' do. do. do. 1 5 2 3 3} 16 8 do. 1 94 do. do. 3 1 17 to nmuk, tut l)ei 1825 I82(i 1827 1828 1820 1830 1831 1832 1833 1631 lf\ le poured in by originate a spe- lose. To have 1 the contrary, lerate person to 9, and the more tiosc miacalcula- 3 either obviated leing always far ^ • presumption is i rinciples of com- j )ccasionally flow ic very much in- L the attention of prosecute it as a ey may commit; and give by their ned by any other (t many, perhaps n any new chan- ticipated, are not )n fixed incomes, ency to gambling only of compara- eculations are left ting themselves to ions, and to distri- th so much provi- is that are in the •nly by a desire to less advantageous the mechanist who recious metals are fore, arc prices, as imodities, but they ether arising from Ithe art of mining, loditics, extending [enerally supposed, nded conclusions, red for its produc- le, or the ultimate (had the quantity quantity required t had really been if commodities, is shows the extent ly the bulk of the Table (pp. 352, ^rent descriptions it complete of the Idata, the accuracy jmall part of the deduced from it. ork, pretty ample nts go back to a in Great Britain, Isir F. M. Eden's imerce. Arbuth- known ; but the lie of M. Paucion, PRICE CURRENT— PRINTS. rnighcit Wholesale Prices at Boston, Mnssachnaetis, of U nrlirlim of the *- 1831 inclusive, rriini u Talile liy Mr. Jnliii lluyward 355 l)nst qiinllly, from 1795 to Ye»r. Flour. til. Corn. Norih. i/iit. Ry«. lAU. Barley. „. . 1 Heel, fork, No. 1, Fish, CoJ. .Mer. Cotton, t'plaiiil. Tobicco, Vi. Liif, ColTte. ' Tei, Hyson. Su^r. Muico. Molasui. lut. cwl. ' /./.(. (.;,;. civl. Ih. cw\ lb. It,. cwt. (TOl- 1795 1711(1 1200 I'OO 110 7-00 13 00 1800 4-66 33 6-87 21 1 .33 14(10 60 1600 1-25 1-30; 100 SOOillOO 1800 6-00 30 7 00 25 1 25 1316 62 1707 1000 100 1-33 100 4-00 1300 18-50 550 30 900 26 1-50 10-00 68 1 i o' 17itS 171I9 700 60 75 90 2-25] 1000 1870 4-25 36 12-00 21 112 15 50 56 1000 67 83 83 3-00 8-00 17-00 350 30 10-50 30 1.50 11) 00 50 1800 1000 75 100 79 4-.'iO 8-00 1700 350 40 500 25 1-34 14(10 48 18U1 1^0! 1300 116 1-20 90 700 1300 26-00 600 30 S-.'iO 26 1-10 14.00 56 9'00 63 83 1-25 4-75 11 00 IS-OO 425 25 7-.'i0 22 101 15.')() 38 |g03 7 00 70 75 100 6-25 1300 10-00 4.50 19 7-25 22 1 16 13-(K) 42 1801 7-75 86 64 83 5-50 12-00 15 50 4-80 18 850 28 1-35 13 00 54 1803 1300 1-25 1-33 1-00 6-50 1000 16 50 6-:,0 25 800 31 1-20 14-.')0 40 l8flR 7-50 75 110 92 5 25 10-50 21-00 4-25 23 7-.50 32 1-20 12-00 38 18117 825 100 96 90 5-25; 11-00 2-2fl0 4-50 21 8.50 32 1-12 ir.50 41 1H08 600 65 65 90 3 25; 10 00 15 00 3-50 17 600 25 100 1200 50 ISO!) 7 50 BO l-OO 75 . 3-75 11-50 17-50 3-50 17 7-00 27 I 30 13-,50 52 1810 8-25 115 175 87 400 1000 19 00 3-00 16 6 00 21 100 12.50 48 1811 10-50 95 140 92 3-50 1000 18 00 400 15 6-00 17 95 1400 51 1812 10-75 100 1-08 85 4-75 1200 16-00 375 11 600 16 95 12-.')0 52 1813 13-00 125 140 110 7 00 10-00 1800 4-.50 18 50.1 21 1-75 15-50 75 1814 11-.50 1-67 2-25 120 700 11-00;2200 5-50 27 6-50 24 210 1850 85 1815 9-25 100 I 12 1-08 3-63 12-50 2500 5-50 20 700 23 1-75 1600 75 18111 7.37 100 1-00 108 4-75 11.50 2200 3-75 .30 2000 21 1-70 17-50 57 1817 14-75 1-90 1-55 1-20 7 25 1200 2600 3-()0 27 13-00 20 120 14-50 53 1818 10-25 1-08 1-08 95 6 75 13-50 26-50 32 12-00 28 1-20 1100 54 18li) 8-00 80 90 100 6-25 14-50 21 00 3-.50 25 1200 30 l-IO 1600 50 1820 5-37 00 65 67 3-50 10-00 14-.'.0 2-75 16 7-00 26 95 1000 34 1821 4-25 43 45 50 3-25 8 50 J 1-50 3-00 14 600 27 91 11 '00 28 1^22 7-00 84 78 65 S-.-iO- 7-75 1300 3-00 18 6-50 20 90 12-.'i0 32 1S23 7-75 63 70 65 3-75 i 8-25 1300 30O 11 10-00 26 95 12(10 28 |8'2I 6-62 48 58 60 3-7.'j' 7-00 12-00 3-00 16 1000 19 100 1000 27 1825 5-37 53 68 50 3-75' 7-50 14-00 2-75 20 10-00 18 1-05 1100 28 1820 525 85 75 60 3 50' 800 1200 2-75 13 9-00 17 1-00 10--10 28 1827 6-00 75 90 105 3-25 6 00 1050 3-50 It 9-00 15 9.i 976 33 1828 5-50 55 55 70 3-75! 8-25 13-00 2-62 11 650 15 105 925 30 1829 8-00 63 82 65 3 •92' 9-50 14-00 ' 2-37 13 4-50 13 95 10-64 30 1830 5-00 55 65 50 3 00 7-75 1200 ; 2-08 11 600 12 90 9-50 25 1831 7-25 82 81 60 3-62^ 7-75 14 00 ; 3()0 10 6-12 12 95 9.50 27 1832 5-62 62 65 75 3-62 6-25 1300 2-75 11 5-.50 13 80 8-40 27 1833 5-87 60 90 65 362 6-75 13.50 aso m 500 13 70 1008 32 1 1831 ] ' Av. Pr. 550 66 62 98 65 1 3-36 8-50 12-00 2 33 ni 7-00 12 70 10-64 34 8-51 86i 84 14-61 10-2-2 16-99 3-76 201 807 1 22 1 1-16 12-83 44J Jim. Ed.] PRICE CURRENT; a list or enumeration of the various articles of merchandise, with their prices, the duties (if any) payable thereon when imported or exported, with the drawbacks occasionally allowed upon their exportation, &c. Lists of this description are published periodically, generally once or twice a week, in most great commercial cities and towns. — (For examples, see the articles CAN-ros, Gf.xoa, Havue, Sixgapoue, «Scc. in this work.) PiJlMAGE, is a certain allowance paid by the shipper or consignee of goods to the mariners and master of a vessel, for loading the same. In some places it is Id. in the pound ; in others dd. for every pack or bale ; or otherwise, according to the custom of the place. PRINTS, impressions on paper, or some other substance, of engravings on copper, steel, wood, stone, &c., representing some particular subject or composition. Prints, like paintings, embrace every variety of subject ; and difler very widely in the manner in which they are engraved. Their prices vary according to the style of the en- graving, the fineness of its execution, the goodness of the impression, its rarity, &c. The art seems to have taken its rise in the 15th century. But, >:s a dissertation on one of the n-iost beautiful of the fine arts would be singularly out of place in a work of this sort, we have introduced it for the purpose merely of stating the law with respect to the copyright of prints. This is laid down in the acts 8 Geo. 2. c. 13., 7 Geo. 3. c. 38., and 17 Geo. 3. c. 57. By these nets, the cnpvright of all sorts of prints, including maps and charts, is secured to tlie engraver; or author, for tin'niy-eigltt years. The Inst mentioned act declares that every individual who shall, within the said jj ynars, engrave, etch, or worit, or in any other manner copy iii the whole or in part, by varying, add- jni; 10 or diminishing from the main design ; or shall print, reprint, or import for sale, or shall publish, sell, or fillierwise dispose of any copy of ony print whatever, which has been or sliall be engraved, etched, drawn or designed in Great Britain, without the express consent of the proprietor thereof first obtained in writing, signed by him with his own hand, in the presence of, and attested by, two or more credible witnesses ; then every such proprietor may, by a special action upon the case to be brought against the person so offending, recover such damages as a jury, on the trial of such action, or on the execution of a writ of inquiry thereon, shall give or assess, together with double costs of suit. In questions as to the piracy of prints, the courts proceed upon the same principles that are followed in those with respect to the piracy of books. — (See Books ; see also Mr. Oodson'$ excellent work on ttie Law of Patents and Coryriffht.i, pp. 287—301.) Regulationt as to /mportation.— Where prints or maps are contained in, and ibrm part of a book, and ■II '»>** *r^r: ■I 356 PRISAGE, PRIVATEERS. r-Hfi iHHIItlMlM "' iiililiMiw -' ,(|iai. 11 ^-" ,«B.- IIM sltll .# .4 1^ ti'it n IM ■erve merely tn explain or illiiitrnte the »iil>ject of iiich hook, they are to be deemed n part of the work, and Im; iliHrgi'd with duty, by wuiKhl, a« hooks ; but wlif n prInlH or Tiiniis are hound or stitchod together wilhiiiil IctlHr-pri-HS, or when the Ictti-r-proHa in merely di-scriptivo of the prims or maps, then Ihijy iin- to lie diarued with duty hy lale, as prhits or maps.— (J»/in. Com. Cu.i. 5th of Hept. IHSU.) But ifHiitisfactory proof he adduced, that prints or nmpfi, nlthonch imported separately, do really form part of a work, lliey niav he rharRed wiih the hook duly hy weight; hut iu other cases they are to bo clmrced with duly hy la'le.— ('/Vfiiji. Oriler. '2d of .Iiine, ISHO.) I'iclures, skeiihes, and drawings, lirought from the Conlinent, and accompanied hy the proprietor, are to ho admilled to entry free of duly, upon proof, hy oath of llio proprietor, that Ihe same were wholly exei'Mli'il hy hiiu for his amnsuMienl, and not iiitcndod for sale in this country.— (YVcoa. Order, 6th of Aug. 1817.) PKISA(5E, Oil BUTFiERAGE, was a riptht of taking 2 tons of wine from every ship importing into Enu;iand 20 tons or more, which was changed hy Edward I. into a duty of 2.9. for every ton imported by merchant strangers, and called hutiaragc, because paid to the king's IjUtler, The term is now fallen into disuse. — (Blac/tstone.) PRIVATEERS, ships of war fitted out by private individuals, to annoy and plunder the public enemy. But before commencing their operations, it is indispensable that they obtain let- tcrs of marque and reprisal from the government whose subjects they are, authorising them to commit hostilities, and that they conform strictly to the rules laid down for the regulation of their conduct. All private individuals attacking others at sea, unless empowered by letters of mar(iue, are to be considered pirates ; and may be treated as such, either by those they attaek, or by their own government. 1. Pulley of Vrlraleerlns;. — The policy of this system is very questionable. It seems to be a remnant of that sjiecies of private war exercised by all individuals in early aires, but which gradually disappears as society advances. In wars carried on by land, the property of the' peaceable inhabitants who take no part in the operations of the armies is uniforndy protected ; and it is difficult to discover any solid grounds why the same rule should not be followed at sea. Privateers rarely attack ships of war. Their object is merely to jdunder and destroy merchantmen. They cau.«ie an infinite deal of mischief to individual's, and aggravate all the miseries of war, without havinn the slightest influence on the result of the contest. Experience has also shown that it is not possible, whatever precautions may bo adopted, to prevent the greatest abuses from being perpetrated by privateers. The wish to amass plunder is the only principle by which they arc actuated ; and such being the case, it would be idle to suppose that they should be very scrupulous about abstaining from excesses. A system of this sort, if it be ever useful, can be so only to nations who have little trade, and who may expect to enrich themselves during war by fitting out privateers to plunder the merchant ships of their enemies. In all other ca.scs it seems to be productive only of mischief; though it is, of course, most injurious to those states that have the greatest mercantile navy. Instead, therefore, of encouraging the practice of privateering, we think that a due regard to the rights and interests of humanity would suggest to the great powers the expediency of abolishing it altogether. A few efforts, have, indeed, been already made towards this desirable object. Thus, it was stipulated in the treaty between Sweden and the United Provinces, in 1675, that neither party should, in any future war, grant letters of marque against the other. In 1767 Russia abstained from licensing privateers: and in the treaty between the United States and Prussia, in 1785, astipulation was inserted as to privateers, similar to that in the treaty between Sweden and the United Provinces in 1675. But nothing short of a convention and agree- ment to that effect amongst the great powers will be able to effect this desirable object,— (Essal concernantles Arinateurs, par Martens, 1794.) 2. Appoint ment of Privateers.— The captain of a privateer is nominated hythe owners, who may dis- miss liim at pleasure. The commission or letters of marque given to the owners, authorises theni to attack and seize the ships of the power or powers specified therein ; but they are not to look upon them as their property, or to appropriate them, or any part of them, to their own use, till they havi been le/rallij condemned. Besides the stimulus atTordcd by the hope of booty, government has been in the habit of allowing them il. for every man on board such enemy's ships of war or privateers as Iliey may capture.— (.13 Geo. 3. c. 06.) A privateer cruising under letters of marque against one state may, on obtaining authentic information of hostilities being commenced by hur government against another, capture its ships with full advantage to herself. The king has in all cases the right to release any prize previously to ils condemnation ; this being an implied e.\ception in the grant of prizes by the Crown.— (Chitty on Commercial Lam, vol. i. c. 8.) In some privateering adventures, the crew are engaged on the terms of no prize no pay ; and, in such cases, the produce of whatsoever prizes may be taken goes half to the ship (for the owners), and half to the men, divided among them according to the articles of agreement ; liut when the men sail for wages, the captures belong entirely to the owners, e.vcept a small share, which is commonly stipu- lated to be given to the crew, over and above their wages, in order to stimulate their enterprise. Both ways of arming are regulated by the articles entered into between the owners and crews. Privateers are forbidden from doing anything contrary to the law of nations, as to assault an enemy in a port or haven, under the protection of any prince or republic, be he friend, ally, or neutral; for the peace of such place must be preserved inviolably.— (J»/«Hoy, De Jure Marilimo, hook i. c. 3.) When letters of marque arc granted, it is usual, in most countries, to exact security that the regulations with respect to the conduct of privateers shall be observed. In Great Britain, a bond for 1,500/. mast be given by responsible persons, not concerned in the ship, for all ships carrying less than 150 men, and 3,000/. for every ship carrying more, that they will give full satisfaction for any damage or injury they may commit at sea, contrary to the regulations under which they are to act, and to their duty as privateers. If privateers wilfully commit any spoil, depredation, or other injury, on friendly or neutral ships, or on the ships or goods of their fellow subjects, they are to be punished, according to the crime, eitber With death, or otherwise ; and the veisels are lubject to forfeiture. I Wh or imr obtiiin If 2 take h my, at tliat a) hy I lit' irttK tainiiif; unftllif H licit la hoiirid ill a pir a siroiii lliDcafU sayH IJ« tiiro ini eiioniy wis(!ly ( W.XA ace peiiallin 3. He, issued i lb03:— Ar'. r. liV Itl'trsnf hy fi/rcf ft": iL'ls, ^inJs, he, (trio ai') bil.iiits will) that 1,(1 Ill's nilliiii t'le h rivers or rci of sucli pnii of iiicli iilar Art. II. V ttu-fitiii'iaiiil vnseli, an 1 1 Eii^l'utd, 01 veineiil fur tl HiCli Ciiurl other .i(liiiinl Art. III. into pL>rt.~A br(iu<{hl into f olhfr \m!»m \ assoini as posi {tvhert'fif ihe i) of every si our IIkIi Coui ltiejuli;«of St fully autliorise tiniK'il in lh.it n)<.ilorirs as si jiileie^tnr ;im| (((Wls, mtTcIiti ihili be ftirtlie exditiued, and deiivtr iiiin ttit ofEnslanJ, In wiijiiii our dm i* afi>res.ii(I, .il cfU.Iiii;;. ccck) l^ilelivcrt-d u] Ills cliiL'f fillict* capiiire, aipl s: ollit;r«'(sc Iniiiii ttiat tlie biiil [ thfv were rece lion, or eiuljtz nine u|Min naili Art. IV. Xot p>kli, w.irns, n itiarl Tliecoiinindiler taking oullelten wriliiijT, subscrit Biilaiii, or our < bein;, or tlie lie rally, or bis sin true, anil exw lucli letter of nil den of such slii|) PRIVATEERS. 357 Bcmed n piirt of the re bound or stitched tho piintH or maps, H. Mhof ri«pt. IH'-iy.) \lely, een single : so that all ships that are in sight, though they cannot come up to assist in the enifagenient, are entitled hy the common law to a distribution of the spoil.— (iicdWM, Lex JMereatoria, art. "Prtvuteem.) It'tliose to whom letters of nmrquearc granted should, iuiiiiead of taking the shiiiand goods apper- taining to that nation against which the said letters are awarded, trUfaUy take or B|)()il the goods of iinnilicr nalion in amity with us, this would aiiM>unt to piracy ; and Ihe p(;rann so oifending would, for sach fault, forfeit their vessel, and the penalties in which their securities are, according to custom, bound on taking out such letters. But such penalties would not follow, unless tiie taptnre were made in a piratical manner. For if the circumstances incident t(» the captured vessel were such as to afford a strong prcsiiinplion that she really belonged to the country aaainst which the leii*»rH were granted, the captors would not be liable to punishment, though they might he to damages. " U being iuiprjssihlo,** says IJeavves, "always to determine an all'air rifihis sort at s^a, it is allowal)le to bring a dubious cap- ture into port. In order to more nice and just scrutiny and ins|)ectinn; otherwise the goods of an eneniy would often escape. However, to guard against unlawful sei/ures, il: » government have wisely directed aulHcient caution to be given (as Itefore-mentiuned) for tlie due observance of the Ict- Icrs according to law, before they permit their issuing; and when there is a brea^l. comuiitled, the penalties are inflicted." — (Aci; JMcrcatorin^ art. Privateers.) 3. Rcaulationa for the Government of Privateers^ i^-c— Tlie following instructions to privateers were issued under an order in council, at the commencement of the last war with Trance, ItJth of May, lb03:— nld shall hold and Icep, and are hmhy enjoined to hnld and kefp, n corrwpnndpnce, by all cmiv. iiieiices, and upnn all Decisions, with our Itiifli admiral id (ittnt i>V(((ii/(,ornurc'oniii(iMiiuirrs I'.ir executing thill oflicH for the lime heiujc. or llieir afcrftary, bo as froin tiiiiti to time to render or give him or them, not only an account or intellisicnce of tlieir c.ipturtsaiid proceedinjia by virtue of such conniiisiiiin/but also of whitever tUe stcil! set-iii unto' them, or le discovered md declared to iheni, or found nut hy them, or by fxaniiuation of, or coiift-rcnca with, any marnies ur pa!»ieii;5er4of or in the ships or vessels t.ikrn, or by any niher vvaysi or ine.ina whatsoever, toucliim or concerniufj the designs of the enemy, or auy of iheir Heels, ships, vtasidi, or par- lies, ami of the slalionsi, sea-pnrts, and placet, and of their inlenlt therein ; and what ships or Miistis of (he enemy bi)und out or home, or where cruibiusj, as they shad hear of; and of wh.U else matenaf in the>e cises may arrive at their knowk'di;e ; to ihe end such courta m;iy be Iherenti lakfu, a'l I such orilers given, as may be rffpiisi'e. Art. VIU. IVftat Ct'luitra a Privateer i$ to u'cur,— No cnmniander of any ship or vessel havins; letlersof nnnpiennd reprisals as afore- uid, shall presume, m they will answer it at their peril, (o wear any iick, pendant, or oilier ensign or colours usually borne by our ships ; nt, besides Ihe colours usually b4)rne by nierchnn's' iihips, lliey shall wear a red jick, with the Inmn jack deicribed in the canton, at tliu uppf r corner thereof, near the slatll Art. IX. Not to raittom any Capture.— ^o commander of any ship or vessel, having a tetter of inar(|ue and repris.\l as aforesaid, shall ransom, or agree to ransom, or quit or set at Idterty, any shipor vessel, or their cargoes, which shall Iw seized and takeri. Art. X. To dclivir their /'rixnners tu the prfifin- 6'(un»»i.fiio/iir,t.— All cap'ainsor connnandingofticers of ships having letters of marque and repriwls shall send an accuunt of, and deliver over, what pri- soners shall be taken on board auy prizes, to (he crtmniissinners ap> pointed, or to be appointed, tor the exchange of prisoners of war, or the persons appointed In the seaport tou ns lo take charge of pri- soners; and such prisoners shall be subject only to the ordeis, regu- lations, and directions of the said ct-nimiit^inners ; and nocoinmander orolherolTiciT of any ship, having a letter of maujue or reprisal as aforesaHl, shill pre!>ume, upon any pretence whatsoever, Iu ransom any prisoner. Art. XI. Cmnmisxioti forfeitat /)r actins; contrary hereto.— la case the commander id" any ship, having a letter of marfpie and re- prisal IS aforesiid, shall act couliary to theM; instructions, or attv such further instruclinrs of whirh be shall have due notice, he shall forfeit his comnii-sion to all intenis and purposes, and shall, togeijier with bis bail, be proceeded against according to law, and be con- demned lo cosU and damages. Art. XII. Copia oj Jcttc/ia/*.— All commanders of ships and ves- sels having lellept of n atciue and re|iri'>aU shall, by every opporlu- nily, send exact copies of tiieir jnnrnals to tht- secretary of the admi- rally, and proceed to the condenmalion of the prizes as soon as may be, and without delay. Art/.Xlll. Tooisove alt OirfiTf.— Cnmmindersof ships and ves- sels having jetlera of marque and reprisals shall, ni)on due notice Iwing given lo them, oliservr all smh other instructions and orders as vvf sliall think tit to direct from (iuie to time, for the belter carrying on this service. Art. XIV. t'iolntin^ these Imtmctiffns.— AW persons who shall violate these, or any other of our instruclious, shall be severtiy pu- nished, and also rc(]uired to make full reparation to perst.ns injured contrary to ourinsliuctjons, for all daniaices they shall sustain by any capture, embeyzli-nienl, drmurraie, or otherwi^e. Art. XV. Uailiobe g-io'jt.— Before any letter of ntarque or reprisal for the purposes afore!»aid slnll issue unler seal, hiil bhall he given with sureties, before ihe lieutenant and judge of our High Court of Admiralty of Knelaufiy or his surrogate, In the sum of ;',0< 0/. sterl- ing, if th<: ship carries above l'.0 men ; and if a less number, in the sum of l,5CK)/.; which bail ahall he to iheetltjct and in the form fol- lowing : — Whii:h day time and place, personaPy appeared and who, suhmltling themselves to the jurisdiction nf tlie High Court of Admi- rally of England, obliged thcnistlves, their heirs, executors, and ad- ministrators, unto our Sovereign Lord »he King, in the sum of fH)und8 of lawful money of Grtat £ritai7if to this effect ; that is to say, that whereas is duly authorised ty letters of marqiio and reprisals, with the ship called the of the bun'.en of about tons, whereof he the said Roeth master, by force of arms to attack, surprise, seize, and take, nil ships and vessels, gootis, wares, and merchandises, chattels and ett'eds, belonging to the French re- public, or to any persons being subjects of the French renublic, - Art. 1. .tfCrti'"' what, and wherft L(tter$ of tVnrr/t» may art fttjtIi/(/y.— It sli'dl I'C liv-vl'ul f'lr the commanders of ships authorised 1)1- letiei-sof marque and reprisals fur private men-nf w.ir, to (.el u|H)n tv fierce nf arms, and Mibdiie and lake the men of war, ships and ves- ich, gifiJs, wares, and merchandises, belonging lo the Krench repub he. orio any purson being auhjccts to the French republic, or inha- bilaiils wiilim any of the territories of the French republic ; but so tlijt no hostility be connnitfed, nor prize attiicki'd. sc,zL'd, or taken ttilliiii the harbour* of princes or states in amily with us, or in llieir rivers or roads, within the shot of thetr cannon, unless b> permission of such princes or slates, or their commanders or guvernois in chief of siicli places. Art. II. Caftnrei to be hronght into Port.— The commanders nf thesli'l'S'i'id vessels so authorised as aforesaid, shall bring all ships, vetseli. an I goods, which Iliey shall seize and take, into such port of EiH'iHii, or some other port of our dominions, as shall be most con- veineiil fur them, iu order to have the same legally adjudged by -vir Hicli Court of Admiralty of England^ or before the judge of any oilier admiralty court, lawfully authorised, within our dominions. Art. 111. Condttct of the Vapton after the Capture is tirought into Port —At\er such ships, vessels, and goods shall be taken and bmuKht into any port, the taker, or one of his chief olBcers. or some oilier pcrsiin present H the capture, shall be obliged lo bring or send, assnoii as possibly may be, 3 or 4 of the principal of the company (whereof the master, supercargo, mate, or boatswain, to be always 2) of every ship or vessel so brought into port, before the judge of our ihih Court of Admiral ly nt England, or Ins surrog:ite,or bef .re tlieju'l^eot such oiher admiralty court within our dominions, law. fully audmrised as aforesaid, or such as shall be lawfully coinmis- siinK-d in th.it behalf, to be sworn and examined upon such inter- nif Uiiii^, cockels, letters, and other documents and wri'ing^, as kha't l-eilelivered up or found on board any ship ; the laker, or one of l;is chief olUcers, or some olher person who hhall be present at the cipiiire, and saw the said papers and writings delivered u[i, or oi'ierwise found on bt'anl allhe time of ihe capture, niaking oath lltat tlie Slid papers and writings are brou'^hl and delivered in as tliry were received and taken, without any fraud, addition, subdue- lioi'i, or enibtzzlement whatever, or otbtrwise to account lor the unie u|Min oadi, to the satisfaction of the court. Art. IV. Xut to break Bulk before Jtii/fftnent,— The ships, vessels, p>Kli, w.ires, merchandises, and effects, taken hy virtue of letters of marnup and reprisals as aforesaid, shall be kept and preserved and nopirl of ihem shall be sold, spoiled, wasted, or diminished, and tlie bulk thereof shall not be broken, before judgnieni he given in the Hi
  • '> or vessels as sliill hive letters of manpie and reprisals as afi-rt'stiil, s'lall use their best endeavours to give aid and succour to ill such sliip and ships, and shall, to Ihe utmost of their power, la- k)ur lo bee llie same fnnu the enemy or any ollu-r distress. Art. VI. Jpfilication to the .fr/uimi/fy for Ixttcra of iMarque.- The coiiiniaiKlers or owners of such ships and vessels, hetote the taking out letters of nianpie and reprisals, shall make application in wriltii£, subscribed with ibeir hands, to our high admiral of (ireat ^limin. nr our coniniissinners for executing th»l office for thelimc beiii;, or the lieutenant or Judzeof the said High Court of Admi- nity, or Iiis 8urn)gatft, and shall therein set forth a particular, true, aiiil exact tlescripiion of the ship or vessel for which mil letter of nianiue and reprisals is requested, specifv ing Ihe bur- den of such »liip or vessel, and the immber and nature nf the guns, anJ wlitt other warlike funiilnre and animunition are on board the lime, Id what place the ship belongs, and the name or name« of the princi|nl owner or owners of such ship or vessel, and the number of men iiiieiileil tobe put on baird the s.ame, and for what lime they are victmlleil ; also Ihe names of the commanders nnd officers. Art. Vll. Corrtspondence with Ihe Jdmiralt v.— The commanders of ttniis and vesieU having letien of marque and repriuli as afore- I ^9 368 PROMISSORY NOTES—PRUSSIA. ; I' Mill'"' >lfll«li^'' ir; HUM"':' iil»i» ' ' 'Cr S 4 it it'in il »■» tu.n Inhiblllnn wllhin iny of the Irrrllorin nf the Fnnch rrpiilillc; n- rr)itin|{ niity »iMi'ii llif h.irt'iiurl it roAiU witliiii lh copy ofcrrlain im'rui'HnuB, approvfil of .iii-i pameil hy lii» M-iic^ty ill iniinril, li \,y tlir ti'iiinir nf (tie it:)ii| IctU-ii nf iii.ir(|iji^ nint ri-|)ii ulCfaiiil ihsiruciiiiiit tlit'iktu rei^tliii^, iiiuru al liirK*^ iip):varrltii il' Iherrfuru tiiiMr liii o(n''i'ri, niiriiifra, nrr(in>inny, conlnry 10 Ihf lni« ti;triiiiip^ if rlip »ai.l msin.fiiiii.i, aii<] if ;ill fi'lur iii«inif- tioni winch II. ay U' ii^iiol in like iii.iiint-r tiereaficr, ati>l \\ln-rci>( A\ie niltici* ifi'ill lie I'lVrii hull ; hut that iiii-li Ivlirn nf liiariliir aii'l rr- |iri»aliafnrKs.iii"' ''x' 'li'>" ""'y '"^ '■'"'> V^Vi or faime to l» palil, lo hi< Ma|«ly. nr th« catloman or olTirrri if,. I'Oiiitol to rt-ctur Ihi' i.aiiir Inr hm M.ijf^iy, llie uiiial cniii«iiii ijni; t , Ilia Maii-\ty, of ainl fur all shipa an I Kioilii m aa afurraatU rn aiid aJjuiUetl OS prtzi' i and ntureovrr if tin- aaid ihjil nnl lakf any ahip or vnael, or anr KOfwS nr mi-rrhan'liar, hrloiit(ini( In Itie eiieiny, or oihrrwi^e li,ihlK i,', ciihliaralii'il, llirinis, it<><»i, and rhallels, whcrtsiiever thu a,iuie may he found, to the v iliie nt tu sum of |Hiui) Is before tlnntinni'it ; .n^l in ttt'imony nf the truth thereof they hava hercuulu subscnUJ their iiainea. l)y Ills Maje«ty*s comniaod, (Signed) PEI.IIAM. PROMIiSSOUY NOTES. See Banks and BANiuNtJ. PHOri'al'TlON, in mercantile navitjiUion, a privileRC grtinteil to certain descriptions of 8fiiiii(>n, Ity wliifh tiiey are protefted I'roin imprrssmeiit. — (See Imimikssmkst.) PUrNES AMI PUUNELLOES, n sporirs of tlrinl plums, of which there arc innny varielioH, The lincHt are irnporteil from P' ranee, in the south of which this fruit is very abinulant. 'J'he Iiest prunes are pacUiil in hampers or baskcta made of white osiers, weigh- ing from () to 10 ll)s. each; the second quality in quarters, and the third in punchions, The entries of prunes for home consumption, in ISUl and 1832, a/nounted, at an average, to 0,2Sr) cwt. a year. The duty is I/. 7.v. Gd. a cvvt., being more than 50 per cent, upon the price of the inferior qualities. There cannot be a doubt that it would be more productive were it reduced to 10#. or \'is. Prtinis, (lie protlticc of riirtipe, mny not lie iiiipnrterl for hnme i^onptiniplion e.xcnpt in British sliipj, or sliipn of tin; country of wlilrli tlu'y tire llir iirotliice, or front wtiicli llicy iiro e.xporlod, on peiialiyof llle forfeiture llicreof and of lOH/. by tlie iimsler of tlie Hliip— (3 & 4 Hill. 1. c. 52. ^2. 22.) (PRliSSIA. — Trade of England with Prussia. — A superficial observer may be di.«poscd to feel surprise that the intercourse between Great Britain and Prussia should be so very limited, as our Custom-house accounts represent it to be. In point of fact, however, these accounts apply only to that portion of our trade with Prussia which is directly carried on through her ports on the Baltic, and which is tjuite insignificant, compared with that which is indiieclly carried on through the channels of the Elbe, the Weser, the Rhine, &c,, or by way of Hamburg, Bremen, the Netherlands, &c. Corn, timber, linseed and linseed oil, iron, flax mid hemp, bristles, and other raw and bulky products of the northern provinces of Prussia, are principally exported from Kiinigsberg, Memel, Dantzic, C "ttin, and the other ports of the Baltic ; but her more valuable products, as the linens of Silesia, the cloths and other manufactured products of Saxony and the Khenish provinces, the wools sold ai the Brcslaw and Frankfort fairs, and so forth, are all, or mostly all, exported from Ham- burg, Bremen, and the ports on the Rhine and the Scheldt; while the sugar, coU'ee, and other colonial products, the dye-woods, cotton stufls and yarn, hardware, earthcnwitrc, Ac, supplied to her by England, are mostly all imported through the ports in question ; as is tihe raw cotton and other raw articles furnished to her by the United States, with the greater part of the wines sujtplicd by France, &c. But neither Hamburg, Bremen, Rotterdam, nor the Scheldt, belongs to Prussia. All of them are independent of her ; and hence it is that nine tenths of the trade which we carry on with the Prussian dominions is set down in our Custom-house accounts under the head of the trade with Germany, and with the Nether- lands and Belgium. There are no means by which to determine the exact portion of the aggregate amount of the exports from England to the whole of the Germanic coutitiics, including Holland and Belgium, that falls to the share of each ; but we shall not lie far wrong if we suppose that they are divided pro|iortionately to the population of the couiitties among which they are distributed. On this hypothesis, and taking the entire pojiiihition of Germany, exclusive of Austria*, but inclusive of the Netherlands and Belgium, at 36 millions, Prussia will have about 14 of this number; so that about r,^, or yg, of all the trade we carry on with Germany, the Netherlands, «fcc. must be set down to the account of Prussia. Now, at an average of the six years ending with 18.35, our exports to Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Prussia, amounted to 7,410,133/. a year, ^'jlhs of which, or 2,881,718/., may be taken as the average amount of our exports to Prussia during that period ! — (^Ante, p. 29.) This statement shows the real value of the trade with this flourishing monarchy, and the importance of keeping up and extending out intercourse with her. Pritssian Commercial League. — Next to the efforts of the Prussian government lo dilTuse the blessings of education, their eflbrts to induce a free commerciiil system into Germany constitute their best claim to the gratitude and esteem of their own subjects, and of the world. Germany, as every one knows, is divided into a vast number of independent, and mostly petty, states. Until a very recent period, every one of these Btates had its own custom-houses, and its own tariflf and revenue laws ; which freiiuently * We say exclusive of Austria, because almost nil the English prodnctB made use of in the Austrian | statcB arc imported by wuy of Trieste, ijvvitzerland is supplied throu^jh Genua. PRUSSIA. 359 cmtomeri or oBirf n ip. , Ihc lliU.ll Cll»li'l"'ilu«l3 «l , »ny ihlp nr yr"'h "r "J ■my, oroihfrwiw IjiWtlD nif\y, "f Ijy CiiUu.inn.tT iinriri'ctl »iiil I"'"'" "y anil ailniiiii»lr.il"i». « ""'1 « fniuiil, In llip V llllf ll( II.! illjUfdireni'llliini'-'' ; inl havo hertuulu tul»ctilchl)our«. The internal trnile of the cnuntry ^viis, ill conHequeiice, Hnlijected to nil those vcxiiiidU!' and riiiiiiMH n':Uiit'tii'in tliit ;iro usiiiillv h'id on the iiiterciiurno lielween distiint mid iiiileiieinli'iit mates. J'];icli petty state eiiilei»vmi''ed either lo procure a re\eiiue for itself, or to ailvmico itM own iinliistry, hy liixiii'.; or priihiliitiiifli the proiUirtiims of llmse hy wliicli it wa^ siirrnuMilcil ; and eiislonis' „lli,;crs and linert of ciistoiii Iiousch were upreail till over the eoiiiiliy ! Iiwtead of lieiim redproeid and dependent, every thiiii; w.is .si'[iarate iiidepeiideiit, and hiHtie: tlie eoiiitno- (lilii's nilinilted into Hesse were proliiliiiei' in Uadeii, and those prnliiMtrd in \Virtcm!)crf{ were admitted into Haviiria. It is adinilled on all hands iliat iinlliiii'j; has eoiitrilnitcd so iniii'h to the (rrowth of industry and wealth in (Jreat Urit.iin, as the perfect I'lcedun of inlcriial imluslry we have so l()iii» enjoyed, and that intimate correspoiiili'iiee aiiiiuiff the various parts of the empire, which has rendered each the liejtt market for the prodifts of the other. How tlillerent would have been our present condition had each county been an independent state, jealous of those around it, and anxious to exalt itself at their expense ! But, until within these few years, this was the exact condition of (fcrinaiiy ; and, cciu-iderinu the extraordinary obstacles such a state of things ojjpises to the proijre.ss of mannf icturcs, commerce, and civilization, the wonder is, not that they are comparatively backwurd in that country, but that they should hv so far advanced as tliey really are. But. thanks to the intelligence and perseverance of Prussia, this selfish anti-social svstcm has been well nigh suppressed ; and the most perfect freedom of commerce is how established among the great bulk of the Germanic nations. The disadvantages of the old system hiLs long been seen and dejilored hy well-informed men ; hut so many interests have grown up under its jirotection, and so many deep rooted prejudices were enlisted in its favour, that its overthrow seemed to be hopeless, or, at all events, exceedingly distant, 'i'he address and resolution of the I'russian government have, however, triumphed over every obstacle. Being fully impressed with a strong sense of the many advantages that would result to Prussia and Germany froiH the introi!uctioii of a free system of in- ternal intercourse, they pursued the measures necessary to bring it about with an earncBtncss that produced conviction, and with a determination, cmite qui cmite, to carry their point. The first treaties in furtherance of this ohjcet were negotiated by Prus-ia with the principalities of Schwarzburg 8onder.shausen and Wchwar/.burg Rudolstadt, in IHIS and 1819, on the principle that there should be a perfect freedom of commerce between the-io countries and Prussia ; that the duties on importation, exportation, and transit, in Prussia and the principalities, should be identical; that these should he charged along the frontier of the dominions of the contracting parties ; and that each should participaf^ in the produce of such duties, in proportion to its population. All the treaties snli-eiiuently entered into have been founded on this fair and equitable principle ; the only excei'tions to the perfect freedom of trade in all the countries comprised within the league or larilV alli- ance being confined, 1st, to articles constituting state monopolies, a.s salt and cards, in Prussia; 2d, to articles of native produce, burdened with a dilferent rate of duly on con- gumption in one state from what they pay in another; and, 3d, to articles prodiued under patents, conferring on the patentees certain privileges in the dominions of the states granting the patents. With these exceptions, which arc not very im])ortant, and arc daily decreasing, the most perfect freedom of commerce exists among the allied states. Since 1818, when the foundations of the alliance were laid, it has progressively extended, till it now comprises more than three fourths of the Germanic states, exclusive of Austria. Ducal Hes.se joined the alliance in 1838, and Electoral Hesse in 1831 : the kingdoms of Bavaria, Saxony, and Wirtemberg, joined it afterwards, as have Baden, Nassau, and almost all the smaller states by which it had not been previously joined, with the exception of Mecklenburg Schwerin, Mecklenburg Strelitz, Oldenburg, and Brunswick. Hanover is not included within the league. At the commencement of 1836, the tariff alliance comprised Prussia, without Neufcliatel, but Inclusive of the small parcels of her terri- tory snrrounilod hy other states --.... Bavaria and her detached territories ...... Saxony (Itingdom of) ........ Wirtemlierg and Ilohenzollern Sigmaringen ..... Hesse (Electoral) ........ Hesse (Duchy of) and Ilomburg ...... Tlie Thuringian States ......... B,iilen(duchy of) and part of HohenzoUcrn . - . . . Nassau .......... Frankfort ......--.. Totals . . . German Sq. .Mi lea. P4>{)ulation. 5,157 i:!,snn,i20 1,477 4.2,=i2,813 2-2 l,5ii5.!»)8 385 l,ti;il,779 182 7(I0.;«7 179 709,691 a.'is 908,478 280 1,2,'?2,185 83 373,601 4 60,000 8,252 I 25,324,668 Throughout the whole extent of this immense country, from Aix-la-Chapelle, on the I confines of the Netherlands, eastward to Tilsit, on the confines of Russia, and from Stettia f I ■tt .a i ^s :*•> \ '% ■"'2 ,'■-•' 300 PRUSSIA. «iM)K! -Mim'' I Ml if nnd Dnntzic uniuhward to Rwitzorlnnd and Dohomin, there ia nothinff to interrupt the freedom of coinmcrcr. A commodity, whrtlirr for ronHuniptioti or trannit, that has once paBticd the frontier of the league, may be KulMequcntly conveyed, without let or hinilernnce, throughout itH whole extent, Insteod of heinR conOncd within the niirrow precinct* of iheir own tcrritoricH, the products of each Repnrute country of the oliiiince may now ho Ment to every one elne ; eoch will, in connequence, npi)ly itself, in preference, to those (le|)artnieiit» in which it haa Rome natural or uc(|uired advantage ; and each will have to de|>en(l for iti* Huccesfi, not on the miserahle renource of custoniH* regulationii, hut on itii Hkill any I hear complaints, I) reiiuired. Tlie r the only one in oned accoriUn^ to vantages, tlio now jompared witii iu lunnda of cuhIoiiw' t pnrtH of Germany ut the equalisation II the allied Htatos, :hcrcof, shall, in all mited to the sums le tolls cxislino; in mil not in any case opinion is not yet I'tcd against ua, and I Germany ; we do r of these oiiiiiions. B, in the view, ami ;raint8 by which the )ted ; and nut with f the alliance wiih dd have this ellVct. te the industry and measures, tliiit their nd the inlmlutanu ;niented demami for [several years since, je slightest inlluence :luding Holland and (Sec anie, p. 29.) jn all the finer dc- ince to make them iheir interests would opinion, and would Is a mistake to sup- She must conciliate done by acting on f them, that are at litch ; does any one led into all parts of ind coast guards on xperience that it is immense quantities, 18 of the league are IS ; and though the found that it was deluged with such ka, and that we had [she has only thre« crcat staple nrfirlcn of rxport — corn, titiiber, ami wool. Now, of these, we admit only till* luNt on any tliini; liku lair tt'rnix ; in onliiitiry yi'arM we intirrly ixcltnli^ corn, and wit liiv II duty of no li'Hx tliiin .'').'i.'f. ii loud on I'nixDi.in linilx'r, wliili' we adiuil the inl'i-rior ,i,',il,tr 1)1' North America on payment of a arlieular tuition ; as it is well known that l'ru^ 86? PRUSSIAN LEAGUE. tWIIIIM. ■''*' mum- IHINSI':, '' ' ir: , I ! ^C-' I'iliP. n' I.: k Hi whole of their territory, or for a p«rt, to the Bystem of customs and commerce of one or other of tf,, contractirii; stutiis, liiiving regnid to llieir spt'ciul relalioiiH, fi)umled upon lliu cunveiiiii)iis of udliesion concluded witli the staten wliicli have intervened. III. But tliere will remain excluded Ironi tlio general re-union tlie parts separated from llie cniin. tries of tlie contractinn,' states wi.ich, beciiiise of their Hiluation, are nut yet included eitlirr in llit' rn. union of the lluvarian nr VVirleiiiberg tustoiiiH, nor in Ihose of Prussia and lle.-se. NCvirlliclcHf, n ^ regulations now in force to facilitate the roninierce of these territories with the principal cnuniry vv;!| be maintained. Other favours of this kind :unnot be accorded without the unanitniins cun.scnt of Oj^ contracting' states. IV. In tile contracting states there shall ! e estahlishcd uniform laws for the duties of inipc.rl, cfc,. port, and of transit, except such modificiili iMiI as, without injury to the common cihject, risull netis- sarily from the partii-ular leiiislation ofench contracting slate, or from local i/itere.sls. Thus, exceptions and modilications to the common taritf may talie place, as to rates of duties of entry, of export, and of transit, ^i.ccordin!; as tlie dirf'cliun of llie routes of c(Miiiii(rce niiiy lecpiirc,) established upon articles recognised as of minor consequence in extensive commerces pfiiviilcil iii. ways, that these modiliiations lii^ prelVrred liy separate stales, and that they shall not lie disuilvaijiii. geous to the uenctral interests of the Association. The administration of the duties of import, export, and transit, as well as the orj;anisali(m nf n^ authorities wliicli are (engaged therein, in all the slates of the Association, shall he eslahlislK d npfiiij uniform footimi, liaving regard, however, to the particuhvr relalioiis exislinir in tlmse counliies. Th( laws and ordinain;es which, a(cording to tlmse priuci|>les, unglit to he uniform in the toMlriictiiij states, anil which are to constitute the law of ilio taritf aiul the reirulatioiis of the ciisiiuiis, shall t' considered as an integral part of the present treaty, and shall he puhlislieil at the same lime. V. There can neither be alleraticurs, or additions, or exccpliims, to ihe acis above iiK'ntiiuied (.^ri IV.), but by the unanimous consent of all the contracting parlie-i, and in tiiu I'lirm reipiired fur w^ making (cuiifertioii) of the laws. The preceding applies cciually to all the ordiiuinces which would establish, for the administialioiiof tlie customs, disposiiioiis entirely dilferent. VI. I.ilierly of commerce, and community of the receipts of customs, as regulated hy Ih • foIhiMji,. article, will commence simultaneously with the operation of tin- present lr(!aiy. ' VII. Dating from this epoch, all duties of import, of export, and of uauHit sli.ill cease on Ihe cmniiioc frontier of 'he Bavaro-Wirtemherg and I'russo-IIessian customs' re-unions. All articles of trii'diii:. nierce in one of those territories may be imported freely and without duty into all the ollurs, u.vir,! only as follows : A. Articles monopolized by the states (playing cards and salt) confornialily to Ariirles IX. and X. U. IniiiL'iMious arlicli's, now subject in the interior of the contracting sl.itcs lo (liferent (lutjcii,,,, excepted I'ldiii all duly in otu' stale, and imported into anoliier, and wliicli .-iccurding lo Ailiclu ll.oujli! conseqiieiilly to be subjict lo a duty of compensation. Fiiially, C. Articles which, without prejudice to patent rights or conceded privileges in one ef Hit contracting stales, cannot be imitated or imported, and ought conseiiueiilly to be excluded during Hu existence of the patent.! and privilesres from importation into tin.' state which lias giaiiK'd tin in. Vin. Notwitbstamlin;.' the frecMlcm of commerce, and the exemption from dniies, esiabluhpd i^- Article VII., the traiispoit of articles .if commerce, subject by the common tariff lo duties ol' Imiiortui export on the frontiers oi'llie Associat On, cannot take p!ai(! bctv.een tli ■ states of liavi.ria aiicl \\'\!\. eniberg, and the slates o'' Prussia, of r lectoral Hesse, or of tiraml Dm al ITi ssn, and reciproi ;;llv,ei. Cept by the public roads, military rou'es. and navigabh' rivers. I'lir this purpose tliere sbnU lie e;. tablislied, on the interior frontiers, c( inmon bureaus of verilicalion, to wliich the conductor.-, nf iw. chandise must, on exhibiting their licences, declare what are the uriicles wliich tiiey are enijilujcJi,; transport troii' one territory to another. Tills disposition will not be applicable to retail commerce in raw materials, nor to tin- pfitycnm- nierce of the frontiern or the fairs, mir to tlie elfects of travellers. Trocess for tlie veninaiiinioi liierchamlise will go no farther than is required for security of the duties of couipeiisiiiiun.— ,.->te An VII. B.) XIII. The contracting parties reciprorally renew their adhesion to the principle, that the tnlls.ot other charges in lieu thereof, shall only he sutlicient to defray the expense of niaiiitenaiiii: ii.nl re- pairs of tile roads ; whether the tax he for the state or for private rights, li was ibns ihai Ims lipiii approved I le supplement to the duty of customs, created in Ilavaria and Wirtemberg, lo rrplacKtlit duty of ni'is, paving, causeways, bridL'es, and t'cnerally of all analogous ta\is. The (oils, &c. now existing in I'rnssia, according to the general larilf of Ihirt, shall be consitieieda- the highest rules, and shall not be exceeded in any of I'li^ contracling states. In accordance with the principle thus announced, the inilividiial duly for closing Iho rates of cjijo: shall be abolished ; a.s also the duty of paving of causeways, whi're it still exists ; anil all I'.ivi il niiul; will be considered as causeways of a description liable only to the duly on cause wavs i sialili^l, t'Xi'hidiHl duniii! ll;i: las irraiilcd thnn, 1 (liuii's, I'slaldislipd hv itf 10 iliilios (if iiiiiiiirli'i I'S iif liav:.ria and Wii;. s!^ and rcciiToi :.!!>, e\. •|ii)S(; tlu'r(! fliall lie r,- (liu coIl(lM(l(lr^ (if i:ier. cU tliey aro umii'mjcaif. 3, nor tn Itn' p'-Hy oom- ,d f(ir till' vcriiu.iii.'iiui )iiiinjiijalii)n.--.''ue Ati nri|d(\ tliat tlu^ tolls,,,! if iiiaiiueiiaiuo nin\ re- was llin^ iliai has lii'iii [rl(;nib(;ra, to r,|ilaccllic s, shall he coiiiiidini'da- .isinp till" irati'S (if ciii^ sis ; and all piivcd riwili liis(;\va;s ^■^lallli^l,(;ll^ |intolh('?lal('samiif,irm jiiKi nl>^'(llia!i"ll^ fcrllii! I' unifonii tiisiiiiu-lumse ^ Defiii-i; ilii> invitycws lit has noi alr":\,ly lic'i, 4 tli(! larill'sdf lliiMilli,'i ilie giivetninciilof die | |ac^,ordill^ to \\w .lyslcin [in rrnpsia.licarriirdini I il'.ose of liuvarui; Mi lishcd. lirt'sscd iiccordiic'lollif liynii^ntofilulicsineacli | Jaxi'S- latfs, with the oxcpplifii] Ijr the Atbocialiiini ni'" | Iwhicti apply to vpsspli. litMiiia, oriifsiicciiilcoii- ltcrminiUionRbuadoined I that whirl! partindarly | ler to elfoct an artang': irient by which the import, export, nnd transit of the productions of all the states of the TTnion upon said htrcaniH shall ho, if not ahsoliitoly free, at least relieved us lur us possiblfj from duties of naviga- tion, under the reserve of charges of reconnoissance. All (he advantages granted by one state of the Union to its subjects, in the exercise of the naviga- tion upon said streams, shall extend eiiually to the navigation of the other associated states. lirion the other streams to which neither the acts of the Cong'.eas of Vienna, nor any other treaties apply, tlie duties nf navigation shall be according to the special regulations of the governments in- ti'rcsied' Nevertheless, the subjects of the contiacling states, their uierchandisa and vessels, shall lliroiii-'hoiil, he treated on those streams with perfect e-?icc/irc), which still exist'' i" 'be ti^rritories belongingto tlie Association, shall cease, no one shall he liable to forced delay, ^,ir 10 the di^icharging and storage of his merchandise, except in cases authorised by the common feoiilations of the customs or navigation. XVII. No duties shall be claimed for > anals, locks, bridges, ferries, cranes, weighing and storage ; and the eslahlishments destined to facilitate coniinerce shall not he allowed rent, except when actually 'used. Charges ciinnot he increased; and the siilijecis of the other contracting states shall be on ;i ncrrert equality with the subjects of the country having those eslablislinients. If the establishments for weighing, and cranes are only used by the custoin-houbcs, no charge shall lie made, if the articles have been previously weighed at a custom-house. XVIII. The contracting states engagis to continue their common elforts for the encouragement of industry by the adoption of tiiiiform regulations, so that the subj(!cts of each slate may enjoy, as e.\- tensiveiy as possilile, the privilege of seeking work and occupation in every other state. From tlie coming into operation of the present treaty, the subjects of any one of the contracting states, tradinff or seeking employ in the territory of any .>lher of those states, shall not he sul ject to any imP'i*'' *^''''^'' does not cijiially atfect the native similarly euiployed. Manufacturers anil nier- olninls who are only making purchases for their trade, or travellers who have not goods with them, butslniply pallonis for the purpose of soliciting commissions, shall not, when thus employed, have anv duty to pay in another state, if authorised to carry on such commerce in the state where they have llii'ir domieile ; or if employed in the service of native manufacturers or merchants. When trading in the markets and fairs, or when they are selling the produce of the soil and fabrics, inaiiy one of the states of the Association, the subjects of the other contracting stales shall be treated In all respects as subjects of the same states. XIX. The seaports of Prussia shall be open for commerce to all the subjects of the states of the Ilniini, on paymentof the same duties as are paid by I'ru.-.sian sul jects, and Ihe consuls of the several jtali's in the seaports or places of the foreign commerce, shall he hound, in cases of need, to assist wilhtlnur advice and support the subjects of the other contracting slates. XX. To protect against contraband their common custom- house system, and to insure the regular piviinnt of the duly of consumption in the interior, the contraetiiig states have concluded a recipro- r;ii riirtel, which shall be enforced as soon as possible, but, at the farthest, at the same time with the nrespnt treaty. X.\I. 'fhe community of receipts of the contracting slates, stipulated by the present treaty, shall cniiipri heiid the product of duties of entry, of export, ami of transit, in the Prussian states, the king- I'oms (if Bavaria, and Wirtemberg, the Electorate, and tlie Grand Duchy of Ilessi!, comprising therein thnsi' riniiitries which have down to the present time acceded to the custom-house system of Ihe con- tracting slates. Tin- following are excluded from the community of receipts, and remain preserved for the particular benefit nf the respective governments;— 1. The imposts collected in the interior of each slate on indigenous products, comprising therein the compensa'.ory duties reserved in Article XI. 2. The toll on rivers, to which are applicable the regulations of the acts of the Congress of Vienna, or spirial conventions. (Article XV.) 3. Duties of paving, of causeways, of bridges, of ferries, of canals, of locks and ports, charges of weigliing and storage, as well as similar receipts, wliat(!ver may he their name. 4. The fines and conliscations which, beyond the pait allowed to inforiners, remain the property of eachsiiveriiment throughoul its territory." XXII. The produce of the duties received into the coniinon treasury shall he divided among the Etat(!.s .if the A,-sociation, in proportion to the population whiirh may be found in the Union, subject to diMhiitiim, 1st, of the expenses specilied in Arti( li; XXX.; 2(1, of the restitution of erroneous receipts; 3il. of llie restoration of duties and dimiuulicns made in conse(iueiice of special common conven- tions. Tlie popnlation of every slate which has entered or may enter into the Association, by treaty with oneorelher o'' the coiiiraiting stall's, under Ihe eiigagenient made by (he latter to make an annual coiitrllnilion. for the participation of tlie former to the coiiimon revenue of the cusioms, shall he added to tlie population of the states which make this contribution. There shall lie made every three years, dating from a period to he hereafter fixed, an exact enume- ration nf the population of the associated stales ; the states shall reciprocally communicate the results tliereiif. .\.\1II. .Ml restitutions of duties not antliorised by the legislation of the customs, shall remain cliiifjii'il to the treasury of the government which shall have granted it. t'oiivenlions, hereafter to be concluded, will regulate in what cases similar restitutions may be accorded. XXIV. Ill conformity with the object of this association of customs tending to facilitate a freer and more iialnial con.niHrcial intercourse, the favours accorded t'or the payment of custom-house duties at cetl;\iii places in which fairs are luMil, especially the privileges of abateinenl d-nbat I'l-ii-ilei'ii n), cannot beesti!iidi'(l to those stales of the Association where lliey do not exist ; on the cmiirary, they shall he reslricted anil abolislled as far as possible, regard being bad Id Ihe means of siilisisleiice of Ihe places lierolofiirc f ivoiired, and to the commercial relations which they have with foreigners) but others can. on no aeroiiiit, he cranted wilhoiil tlu! g(nieral coiisent of the coiilraetiiig parties. XXXIII. There shall every year, on the Isl day of June, be an assembly of plenipotentiaries of the Itnverniiienls of the Unitin empowered goiierally to deliberate ; and each siale may send thither a duly aiiiliorised r"presenlativc. The pli!ni|io;eiiiiaries will choose from among themselves a president, who, however, shall have no pre-eminence over the other members. Tlie first assembl ■ shall be held at Munich. AtlliiMlose ofeiuli annua! assembly, the place of next meeting will bo determined, having reference tothenaliire of those subjects which will then come under "iscussion. XXXIV. The iisbeaibly of plenipolenliuries will liave under its consideration the following sub- jects ;— A. To consider the complaints which may have arisen in any of the states of the Association, con- cerning the e..ecuiion of the geuurul treaty', of special (.inventions, of the law, and of custom-house 'hi 0f» 364 PRUSSIAN LEAGUE. , It I '. .Kill*-"""'"' .limn**"''":. 'lllHI*'".., a"- m iiiwni'''''- .ibw ■me?' "it 1:11 regulations ; also of the tariff, when these shall not have been adjusted during the year by correspond* ence between the dilferent ministers. B. The definitive . .paration among the states of the Union of the total common receipts, based upon the observations made by the superior authorities, and verified by the central bureaut as may be rcti. dered necessary by the common interest. C. To deliberate upon propositions and suggestions made by the governments for the perfection of the administration. D. Discussions upon alterations demanded by any of the contracting states, in the laws, tariffs, and custom-house rcgulutions, us well as in the organisation of tlte administration, and in general upon the development and perfection of the general systoni of customs and commerce. XXXV. If, in the course of the year, wiicn the phinipoteiiiiarit's aro not in session, extraordinary incidents shouhi occur, which require prompt decision on tlie pitrt of tlie slates of llie Union, the cun. tracting parties will consult upon tli.ese through their diplomatic agents, or they will order an extra sitting of their plenipotentiaries. UoYAL Tariff of thk Prussian Statks, and of the German Customs' Union. To be in force from the 1st January, 1840, to the 3]si December, 1842. I, Ariicki not liable to any (hity. Trees for transpl.intatinn, and vines j Lce-hiveg, willi live hees; blood of slaiishttncd cattle, both in a liquid and dry state; ?as of brandy (hn^wai-sh) j atiitnal and other sorts of inannru ; I'^^s ; clay and ore, not specilically charifed with (hily, as bolus, pnniicestone, bloodstone, bnnvnsione, plaster, yellow clay, &c. ; ajriiullunil pro- duce, and caltle of an estate separated by the frontier ; fresh fish and erabs ; grass, folder, and hay; fresh garden produce,— as, MowTrs, vestetable«, succory (not dried), potatoes and turnips, citable roots, &c.; poultry, and small game of every kind; potters' ore {alquifoux); gold and silver, coined, in bars and frajrments, exclu.linj; foreign small coin of silver ; furniture and elTecIs, worn clothes and lincii, tools tha' have been usfd by individuals settlini; in the country ; alfo, by particular perniissiun, new clothes, linen, and eHects, if they be- [ cordiiisf to the prece'iin^ regulatinns, arp entindy t^xenipi frtuii Ji^i wood; stonrs, hewn and rouie wood and brooms, and willow for baskets; travellcis' and seamen's clothes and linen, and travellers' carriages, waggons, and boatH for transporting persons and goods, furniture of veasels, ami provisions used for Iravellms ; instruments, and patterns carried by Iravellt-Ts for their own usii only ; peat and tan In- fuel ; milk ; frchli fruit ; paper cliippings an! written papers (deeils, waste paper, fic); seeds of forest trees, siiave grass, reeds for rooiling, &c. ; refuse or, according to the following sections, are liatde to duty ; as- j Arlicli's suliiect to a hijjheror lower import duty than half a Jol!.f I for one quinlal ; or, 1 Articles sulijcci to a diity on exportation. The following are tliose arlictts on wiiich tbe affixed duties irt levieJ : — fWe stdijoin a note of the duties imposed on some of the prijicii^! artick-s of import.*] Names of the Articles. V 3 Bter of all sorts « Brandy, rum, and ai ^'ack Cocoa, ground, chocolate, ) and chocolate succory • ) Cacao Cotlee and coffee succory ■\ Cheese Coal Cotton and cotton goods:— Ruv cotton Cotton yarn, white, un- twisted yarn,&. wadding Doubled, twisted thread (thread, knitting yarn), and all sf>rts of dyed yarnalso bleaching yarn Cotton stutrs, and cotton "\ and linen goods, with- out any admixture of silk and wool; stock- ings, lace, buttons, and finry articles; tissues, and^galoons of tinsel and cotton, or cotton and !!• nfn.tri(/it7T(/any ailmix- ture of silk ; wool, iron, gl iss,wfHid,leather,brass» steel, .fe other materials . Copper and brassy- Brass and copper in pigs, crude or black copper, pure (or ro^e) copper, oM pieces of copper ami bia«s, as also tilings of cop|ier jirid brass, bell metal, copper, and other small com for melting (the latter on especial Duly on Free 2 60 Reduction for Tare on the (iu'ntal, gross Weight. f25 lbs. in I boxes, IS in ■{ baskets, 7 I tbs. in dou- U'le casks. r 22 Mjs. in 1 barrets and J cases. 14 Ibj. 1 in baskets, I 7 lbs. in Lbags. (\4 lbs, bar- I rtis (if oak I and other 1 hard woods, ^ 10 llii. Iiar- Irels of st'ft woo !, an 1 in biskets,4 (.lbs. Icigs. { 12 lbs, in \ ca^ks. "j 18 lbs. in , barrels and r boxes, 7 ll>s. in bales. {20 lbs. in barrels and chests, K lbs. in bales. Names of the Articles.' ^;i pprniisMon), may be im- ported on pa> iiig the pe. neral im[)ortalion iluty. Wroujjhf, lolled, and east copper and brass, for utensils, &c.; also cop- per kettles ,as they came from uiiderthe hammer, )- brass plati^s, common and plated wire, with polished, n)lled, and Jitated tables, and plates j Manufactured goo^ls ; as, kritk's, pans, &c. &c.; all other articles of cop- per ar)d bras!<, candle- sticks, bells, brass "ork for harness, ^c. pin", if tlicy are not condiined with the precious me- lain; also painted ja)>aii- titvl copper and brass wares - - -J Fancy article«|| lie laws, tariffs, and » nd in general upon ision, extraordinary the Union, llie coii- will order an extra sbtf, tilM and bricki, mill iiol tlestineJ for sliiii|.iii<; iniala for ivhicli no iliily n ■oal i husks of grain and ., iity m Importation m llnr, is Ilie (jenenl .lulvr.j •iRlil)l'ru»ian s^ross «c,i;li'; vi,:il in the ciuulry, nor ilito 1 articles, which cither, a;. c entirely cxemiil froni Ji,'v, ,r(! lialile to linty i as- imjiort duly than half a JolLi 'on. «, , , ■ which the affiieJ duties ir( Kiscd on some of thu (irii;, li«usu»llytakcD»t3i. The PRUSSIAN TARIFF. Pruasian Tariff— <:o;ifinwcrf. 365 Ntinei of (be Article!. of r'.incy wares (nnincail- Icrie), unless olherii ise spcrined, with articles ipurnf cotton linen, silk, ,» fpi|,wliich are connect- td ivil/i iron, ijlass, wood, leather, lir.iss, or steel ; fori"»t'nce,ca|i5of cloth, anil other stulTs, com billed Willi leaiher, hut- loos, tassels. Uc. tc. Glass .lo'l •I'liclc'ofglaui— Green botile Jass jv'oie. — Wlien loo«ely MckeJ, 3J cubic feel »re Blinij!»l .18 1 quintal. White 1 oHIp glass, cut or with cut bottoms (Hul- lenrau le), brims, and 1 obic slass, V ithout dis- I liuction of colour Ciit«la'.sfili,iiainte(l,Jic,,-i withallkindsof massive I jnd cast glass, drops for i. chandehtrs, knobs, | brail!, ar.d enamels -J lyxikine gb'ses, with or willumtqiiieksilver: — Cast; if the piece do not measure more than 1 square foot Shwii: if the piece do not measure niore than 2 square feet, like table glass Cmt; if the piece measures lU to 2tS sq. inches ^7.171. I'/.tri, 1 2-8 to 076 •g.-Su . 576—1,000 "iiilg Sl.OOO- 1,400 ' = '" - 1,400—1,900 Si qti. iu-°^^ I l,i(O0 Glass wares cnnnecft-dl with Ci'iimion iiK-tala j anJ oll.er maierials not )■ I wovtii; :»iso tpf'kiiig I ghs*LS of every kind •.' ;GunriO«Jt!r jHsirdrtare:— Conmioii cast articles; as, »toveH, i.lales, railinga, I Comninn gnods made of I cact iron, iron. ami atf et, I iron |>lites, sleel, and iron wire count cted with wo'd; gnoil* of the aiiie description which are tinned Imt not |>o lished ; as. axes, sword blailes, files, hanimera, fcitclietvhii.KM, screws y flax combs, roffee roast- f en an-l niills, chains, Diachintsof iron, nails, pans, sliovels, locks, buckles and rings iruil p.ilishrJ), vices, scythes, lickles, chisels, horse O'tiil'S, stteple clocks, iciison. Lalance beams, tonps, he. i^c. • Fine hardware, whether maJe entirely of fine ca^l inui, iine pnliihed iron or sleel, or frnm these combhied with wood, hum, bone, lea- ther, copper, tin, (no- lit'hbl). brass, and olfier conininn in'tals; as. fine cast i.on waieSf ciitierj', Dcetilts ami Pins, icis- kftr«,e'l-ket8. ( M lbs. in ( casks. Names of (he Articles. c C f 10 lbs. in casks and cheats, 6 bas- ket;*, 4 in L bales. (-20 lbs. in ca^ks and ■i chests, 13 bat,k<-t9, U>>ilei. :i 2h2 Cast iron; as. bar, scrolled, slnl, rolled, or hammer- ed, hoop, locks, &c. fcc.j as also blistered and sol- dering steel, cast and refined steel, also rails for railways Exceptions:— Unmannfactured steel, im- ported exclusively from the Russian frontiers (o the mouth of the Vistu- la, is subject only to the gen'-ral impurlation duty. Hammered iron, v^'hich^ has been manufactured I into finer sorts under the stretch and cut works, I as also black iron sheet- ing and iron plates Whitf iron sheeting, as ais^, ir>n wire, anchors, and Arirhor chains I^d :- Le.id, unwrought, in blocks - ('()ar.,e articles of lead, as. kettles, pipes, shot l-lllfS, &c. &c. • Fine .irticles of lead ; .is,"} toys, Ac. wholly or ! partly of h-ad ; also j.i- r panned articles of lead -J MolasFes • Paper and articles of paste- board :— Grey blotting and packing p.iper, general imimrta- tinii duly is ^laid. Flimsy or thin printing paper, coar8e{ white a. id coloured) packing ju* per, and pasteboard AU oilier sorts of paper - A'o(€.— Paper v\hich w lithographed, piinted, or ruled (to l)e usod in this slate for accoutds, labels, invoices, &c. &c.) belongs to those sorts of papers mentioned above. Paper tapestry Rookliinders' work of pa-"] perai.d pastelmard.also | coaise j.ipanned wures > out of such prime mate ri:inlB, lact'f bloiiti lace, K.iiize, buttons, &c., needle wiirk, aiiJ milliners' ariicles; wovinsitkanove artirles"^ mixed with other woven iiiatcrialii exclusive of silk ; as, woo), or other hair or ariiuialfi, cotton, and linen - •) Tea - - • } Sugar • • 5 Refined and brown suyar | Raw sugar for inland"^ &\i£,\T lioust'S, under \_ cniitril of the proper! ollicurs • lU'T Ru^ar, and farina ; and sugar ntual - \ (ill. Duly on Import atinn. R. I),il. Eiport ation. R. Uol. Reduction for Tare on the Quintal, i;n>u Weight. Names of the Articles. f| I„,,.nrt. K,,,or..i ««;";' ; 22 in chests, > 13 in bales. ; 22 in cl.v-sts, [ 1^ in bales. ( 23 lbs. in } chests. (W Ibi. in j oaken bar- ! reU, 10 lbs. I in other dit- I tn. Vi Ibi. in Lcbtsts. *71b8.inbales Klbp. in bas. kets, 14 lbs. ■^ itl oakrn ca-ks, 10 !l)3. in cask^ of l^soft WOOll, fl6 lbs. in I chests of S I ({uin'als and above, 13 lbs. in chests under 3 quintals. 1 anil anicira oi on:— )arse tin wares ; as,"\ dishes, plates, spoons, f kettles, pois, and o'herr vessels, pipes, and pities^ Tin and articles of tin:— Coarse tin disi ke vessel* Fine and' japvnntd tin j wares, tojs, &c. &c. Sote.. —Tin in bloc. », and n!d tin, pays the gent,* rat inij)urtation duly. Tobacco lea ves Manufactured Wool and wool ipioJs:— Raw sheep's w .i.l White th'-eefnld or mani- fold twisiid woollen nnd caniel yarn.and ail other C sons ol dyeil yarn O Woollen slull's ant hose, &c., cloths, s'lawls, banilkerchitfs, an 1 felt goiKls; friiiite, ann but- ton manufactures, not connected « ith iron, plasfl, Wi. ', leather, bras", or steel ; further, the same sort of articles '" uiuiufactured from the hair or wool of other animals; finally, wares of the above description made in cor eetion With other woven mate- rills, rvrlusive of silk j Carpets of wiml and other ) animals' hair, mixed > w lib lit. en • - ) .V(7c — Oil cloths maiie of horse hair pay the «ene- ncral imporlaiion duty. Duly on n. I B. g Uol. O Dol. J Free Reduction fm oil the VVeialil. V-^ II incheils, " in Ijaskcts. r22 in chfs's 11 in baa [kcls. 12 lb!, in cask?, lOII,.. in basl!t(s,7 lb*, ill Ijalti. 1,10 n.s. i„ 1 barreli, 13 1 in bi.lit;i,(, Uu bales. ri7 Ite. I casks I clicsls, 7 III,; Lin bales. r2Q lbs. in cbcMs-lls, Li" bales. (30 lb,. ■:„ rbrsS,7II,s. t in bales, N. n.— The duty on wheat, beans, and peas in.norted into Pruss'afrom Poland by tlie Vistula and the Niemen.and exported by Oan'zic, .^:c , has recent'y tieen raised to ^j silver ^ros. per schfc.'tVI ; do. on rye, barley, and oats, 2 silver ilo. Formerly it was only half as nnjcii. 'riii!, m, crease ot diiy, inteniiel to oper^'x as a retaliation on Rui»sia, shows pretty conclusively that in coniluercial aflaire Ruiisiau iiilluiiice (Joes not go for niuch in i^russia.— .Sii^.) PRUSSIAN BI.TTE, on PRUSSFATE OF IRON (Ger. BerVnerhhiu ,• Fr. Bhidt Pruss'' ; It. Azurro I'nismmn ,- Sp. Azul de Prussia,- Rus. Lasor Bcxiinshdja), ^ beautiful (jeep blue powder, acciJeiitly iliscovereil at Berlin in 1710. It is of "onsitliTaMc importance in the arts, being exten.sively used by painters; it is manufactured in this country. Many attempts have been made to render Prussian blue available for the dyeing of broad cloths, but without much success. The didiculty is to dilluse the colour eijually over the surface ; for, from its extraordinary vivacity and lustre, the slightest inctiualities strike and ollcnd the eye. Prussian blue resists the air and sun extremely well ; but it cannot be used in the dyeing of cottons, or any sort of .stulF that is to be washed witli soap, as the alkali contained in the soap readily dissolves and separates the culouring matter. — {Bancroft on Coluurs, ve»L ii. pp. 60 — 94.) Blue is a fHvotirite colour with the Chinese, and in 1810-11, the imports of Prnasinn blue into Can- ton from RnKhuid .imotinted to l.w.iy piciils, >r 2,5;i,200 Ib.-i. U\it, for some ye.ir.< past, the (;iiine.seliave not importuil a siiif!li' puuiid wisiit. Tlitr •tiiise of the cessation of the trade deserves In be men- tioned. A common Cliiiiese suilur. who cutiii> (o EiiL'ltiml in an East liidiamaii, havin;; freqiiciilcd a manufactory where tlie drug was jircpared, learned llie art of nialviiiK i' ; and on his return to C'liina, he established a similar work there, witli .sticli success that the whole empire is now .'unply stipiilicj with native I'riissian blue I The West has derived many iiiiportant arts from Ihe Hast ; but we incline to think that this is the first well authenticated iiislatice of any art having ever been carried frtini !lie West to the East, by a native of the latter. Bui, in all that respects indiislry, ingenuily, and Invcn- lion, the Chinese are incomparably superior to every other people to the east ofthu Indus. PUBLICANS, are persons authorised by licence to retail beer, sjiirits, or wine,'!. Under the term publicans are comprised innkeepers, hotel keepers, alehouse keepers, keepers of wine vaults, &c. An inn differs from an alehouse in tliis, — that the former is a place intended for the lodging as well as the entertainment of guests, whereas the latter is intended for their entertainment only. If, however, ale or beer be commonly solil in an inn, as is almost invariably the ca.se, it is also an alehouse ; and if travellers be furnished with beds, lodged, and entertained in an alehouse, it also is an inn. It is not material to the character of aa innkeeper that he should have any sign over nis door ; it is sutlicient that he makes it his but-'iicss to entertain passengers and travellers, providing them with vdgings and otiier ace inmodations. PUBLICANS. 867 ", r 1 Reiluctinn ftir alion. i(jui„i.it, sr(,s> Dol. J 1-1 1 1 in rbesh, 7 in liasliutj. I f 22 ill clies's. [ - 1^ 14 in \JM Ukcts, (-12 lbs. i JcMk>,l011, ii in baslifis,; 1 \]b^. ill Ijalei. I rl6 U.S. ii j barrels, la 1 in ln^fit:8,t Un baks. ni lb. in j casks ami 1 clii'sts, 7 lbs.) Lio balu, (20 11;- Jchu»ls11U. I in bales. ' (?.n lbs. ill ; Jtllc'Si<,71bs. 1 ( in bales. »k1 esporleil by Ilan'^ic, U, ..inly half as nxicli. 'riiititi' iirs ilinsiaii iirllutiice Jo«nol hlaii ; Fr. BIm de >r Bcxlinsk(fja), a is of '■onsidcrii'Dle nufactured in this l\ble for the dycin; the colour equally ifrhtest ine(iuiilili« mely well ; but it be waslu'd witli ates the colouring lissian blue into Can- last, tlie Cliinesehave r. Jiiflices dinqiialiJied.— Ko justice wlio is a common brewer, distiller, maker of malt for sale, or retailer of malt or any exciscable liquor, shall act or be present at any annual licensiiis: met:ting, or adjournment, or special session for transferring licences, or take part in llie adjudication upon any application for a licence, or upon an appeal ; nor iii the case of licensing any house of which he is nttMcr, or agent of the owner, or of any house belonging to any coinnion brewer, maker of malt, &c. towliotn he shall be, either by blood or marriage, the father, son, or broth .r, or wiili whom In; shall be partni-r in any other tnule ; in any of these cases knowinily or wilfully lo act, subjects to a penalty i,f l(i|i/. Hut disqualification does not arise, wlu^e a justice, havinii uo benejii-ial inlercst in a house lireii'cd or about to be licensed, holds only the legal estate therein as trustee or for a cliaritable or niililic use— Jfi. When in any liberty, city, or town, 2 qualified justices do not attend, the county justices may act. _i)7. The power given lo con. ;- lustices not to extend to the Cinque Ports.— } 8 Questions respecting licensea lo be determined, and licences to be signed, by a majority of the justices present.—}!). JjiliH -aiiiin fur a Lir.encr. — Persons intending to apply for a licence to a hotiRO vnt before licensed, lo afliv a notice on the door of such house, atid on the door of the church or chnpi'l of the parisli, and, where there shall be no church or d.apel, on some other conspicuous place within the piirish. on three screriil Siindaya, between thi^ 1st of January and the last day of Kebruary in the counties of Middlesex anil Surrey, ami elsewheri' between the 1st of June ami tlie last day of .Inly, at some time between the liiiiirs of K) in the forenoon and 1 in the afternoon, and shall si^rve a copy of siicli notice upon one of the overseers of the jHior, and upon one of tho constables or peace-otlicers of the parish, within the jioiith of February in the counties of iMiildlese.\ and Surrey, and elsewhere witliin the month of July, prior lo the annual meeting ; sucli notice to be in a legible hand, or printed, and si'.'iied by tlie appU- taiit. The application must state the Christi; .i and surname of the parly, with the place of liis resi- dence, and his trade or calling during the li mo.itlis previous lo the serving of tlie notice — 1> 10. .Vutice to tran.-'fer lAf.encE. — Persons desirous of transferring a licence, ami intending to apply to the nest special sessions, must, 5 days previously, serve a notice upon one of the overseers and one of the confiables of the parish. Persons hindereil, by sickness or other ri.usonabli' cause, from iittendiiig any licensing meeting, and proof thereof adduetJ on ualh, may authorise another person to attend for them.-} 12. Licences to be in force, in Middlesex and Surrey, from the 5th of .\pril ; elsewhere from the lOlh of Octnher, for one whole year.—} 13. Promionfor Death or other Contingenry. — If any person licensed shall die, or become incapable, or a baiiliriipt or insolvent, or if he, or his heirs, executors, or assicns, sii.all remove, or neglect to apply for acnnliiuiation of his liience, the justices u( special session maygrant a licence to the luMrs, executors, otassiLMis of such party, or to any new tenant ; or if any man's house should be, or l)(? about to be, piillcil down for a public purpose, oi rendered, by fire, tempest, or other unforeseen calamity, uolit for llie piir|ioses of av inn, licence may be granted to the occupier, if he intend to open anotlier house as an inn. Such transferred licences shall continue only in force to the end of the year ; and in case of removal to another house, notice must be given on some Sunday, within weeks before the special ((s«inn, in Ihe manner and form before described. — } 14. Fies fi'r Licences. — The clerk of the justices may lawfully receive from every person to whom a iiair;c is granted, for trouble and aU expenses, the following sums : — s. d. For constable i ofBcer serving notices - - - - - - -10 For clerk of jii:tt ices for licence - - - - - - - -50 For precept lo the higli constable, and notices to be delivered by the petty constable 1 6 Clerks demanding or re<<^iving more than these fees, to forfeit .I/.—} 15. Nosheriir's olficer, f.. ollicer executing the process of any court of justice, qualified to hold or use mv licence under this act. — } 10. I.'rfi.-e Licences.— Ko licence for the sale of any exciseable liquors, to he consumed on the premises, 'hall lie granted b;' Ihe excise to any person, tinless such person be previously licensed under this ad.-} IT. Cf(iu/(iM.— Any person without a licence selling or exchanging, or for valuable consideration dispos- liijof, any exciseable liquor by retail, lo be consumed in his premises ; or xrith a licence, and so sell- ins in premises other than lliose specified in his licence, shall, for every offence, on conviction before 1 jiisiire, forfeit not exceeding 'HU. nor less than 5/. with costs ; but the penalty not lo attach in case of death or insolvency, and sale by the heir or assigns, prior to the next special sessions. — } 18. Every licensed person shall, if required, sell all liquors by retail (except in quantities less than a i pint) by the gallon, quart, pint, or J pint, sized according to the standard ; in default thereof to forfeit ihe illegal measure, and pay not exceeding iOs. with costs, to be recovered wilhiii 30 days before 1 justice.—} 19. In case of riot, or probability of riot, houses licensed in the neighbourhood may be closed by the order ofUjii.stices.- }20. Any person convicted of a first offence, before 2 justices, against the tenour of his licence, to forfeit lot exceeiiing bl. with costs; guilty .if a second offence within 3 years of the first, to forfeit not exceed- IS 3 ..MUM ? i ■'^ » >.*•' •^^ ..:•■»*"' 5 :,;,i^ •*» ,*»-•' A^ ,...•'''*'■ 'A •li^"**'. 3", ,„i a-- ;i*'*. ;** iKII^f- . •^- 368 PUBLICANS. \ I imdiiHW''' ... iHIWHS: •• • *"*" ,.„ 111*"";; "UK,;.-.' ■ C m ing 10/. with costs { and guilty of a third offence within 3 years, to forfeit not exr.fieding 50/. with coats: or the case in the last instance may be adjourned to the petty sessions, or the annual ninetlni;, or the general quarter sessions; and if the offender is found guilty l)y a jury, he may be fined 1002., or hiI- judf;ed to forfeit his licence, or both, and rendered Incapable of selling any exciscublu liquor in any inn kept by him fur 3 ijears. — J21. rroicedincH lit the session in certain cases, may be directed by the justices to be carried on by ihj constalile, and the expenses diifrayed out of iho county rates.— } 2a. H'itncffes refusing to attend without liiwfiil excuse, may he fined not more than 10/.— JSS, Pcnaliii's afiainsl jusllcos may be sued for in any court in Westminster ; a moiety to the king, and a moiety to tlie party s\iinR.— iJ21. Penallii^sadjnd^'ed by justices may be recovered by distress, or the party imprisoned 1, 3, or 6 calen- dar montlis. — t^ 25. The next seitions relate to the mode of prosecuting actions. The last secfion of the act bears that the word "i«n" shall Include any inn, alehouse, or victunllini; house, in which is sold by retail any exriseahle liquor, to he drunk or consumed on tlie premises ; und the words e.xcisealile liquor are to include all such fermented or spirituous liquors as may now or liereafter lie cliarsed Willi any customs or excise duly.— {37. Tlie act does not affect the two Universities, nor the privileges of the Vintners' Company, e.\ccpt those freemen who have obtained their freedom by redemption ; and it does not alter the time of granting licences in the city of London. Innkeepers are bound, by the tenour of their licence, to keep order in their houses, to prevent drunkenness and disorderly conduct, and gambling. If they fail in these respects, they forfeit thej, licence, and siihject themselves to the penalties mentioned before. Allowing sediti(uis or iiniiioral books to be read in an inn, also forfeits the licence, and subjects to penalties. — (39 Geo. 3. c. 70. { ,'ii.) 2. Duties (if Innkeepers. — Innkeepers are bound by law to receive guests coming to ihcit inns, and they are also bound to protect their property when there. I'hey have no option to reject or refuse a guest, unless their house be already full, or they are able to assign some other reasonable and sufficient cause. Neither can they impose unreasonable terms on such as frequent their houses : if they do, they may be fined, and their inns indicted and suppressed. An innkeeper who has stables attached to his premises, may be compelled to receive a horse, although the owner does not reside in his house ; but he caiuiot, under such circumstances, be compelled to receive a trunk or other dead thing. By the annual Mutiny Act, constables, or, in their default, justices of the peace, may quarter soldiers in inns, livery-stables, alehouses, &lq,., under the conditions and regulations set forth in the statute. 3. liefpnnsibilifics of Innkeepera. — An innkeeper is bound to keep safely whatever tliinTs his guests deposit in his inn, or in his cu.stody as innkeeper ; and he is civilly liable for all losses, except those arising from irresistible force, or what is usually termed the act of God and the king's ememies. " It has long been holden," says Sir William Joins, " that an innkeeper is bound to restitution, if the trunks or parcels of his guests, committed to him either personally or through one of his agents, be damaged in his inn, or stolen out of it by any person whatever (except the servant or companion of the guest) ; nor shall he discharge himself of this responsibility by a refusal to take any care of the goods, because there are suspected persons in the house, for whose conduct he cannot be answerable : it is otherwi.'^c, indeed, if he refuse admission to a traveller because he really has no room for him, and the traveller, nevertheless, insist upon entering, and place his baggage in a chamber without the keeper's consent. Add to this, that if he fail to provide honest servants and honest inmates, according to the confidence reposed in him by the public, his negligence in that respect is highly culpable, and he ought to answer civilly for their acts, even if thev should rob the guests that sleep in their chambers. Rigorous as this law may stem and hard as it may actually be in one or two particular instances, it is founded on the great principle of public utility, to which all private considerations ought to yield; for travellers, who must be numerous in a rich and commercial country, are obliged to rely almost implicitly on the good faith of innholders, whose education and morals arc usually none of the best, and who might have frequent opportunities of associating nilh ruffians or pilferers, while the injured guest could never obtain legal proof of such ccmbinations, or even of their negligence, if no actual fraud had been committed by then'. Hence the pra;tor declared, according to Pomponius, his desire of securing the public from the dishonesty of such men; and by his edict gave an action against them, if the goodf, of travellers or passenger? were lost or hurt by any means except by inevitable accident {daiano fatali) : and Ulpian intimates, that even this severity could not restrain th; i..> from knavish practices or suspicious neglect." — (Essai/ on the Law of Bailments, 2d ed. ,.p. O."), 96.) Even if an innkeeper bid the guest take the key of his chamber and lock the door, telling him that he cannot undertake the charge of the goods, still, if they be stolen, he is held to he responsible. In all such cases it is not competent to the innkeeper to plead that he took ordinary caro, or that the force which occasioned the loss was truly irresistible, A guest is not bound to deliver the goods in special custody io the innkeefier, nor, indeed, to acquaint him that he has any. If he have property with him, or about his person, the innkeeper must be responsible for it without communication. But the innkeeper may require that the property of his guest be delivered into his iiands, in order that it may be put into a secure jilace; and if the guest refuse, the innkeeper is not liable for its safety, The guest exonerates the innkeeper from liability, when he takes upon himself the exclusive custody of the goods, so a.s to deprive the innkf^per of having any care over them; lins 5W' with costs; iiul niRctin^, or the B fined 10l«., or Hd- l)le Ikiuor in any inn je carried on by tliu I0l.-ii3. icty to tlie liing, and oncd 1, 3, orCcalun- hniisR,or victunllinj n tlie iironiisf s ; anii nors 08 niuy udw ot rs' Company, cxcnpt lot (liter tlie time of r houses, to preveiii cts, thoy forfiiil llieii seditions or iiiiiiiorni 39 Geo. 3. c. 7U. H 31.) «t8 coming to their sy have no option to able to assign some Basonable terms on r inns inJiclcd and lay be compelled to it he cannot, under ng. By the annual quarter soldiers in ns set forth in tlie fely whatever things I civilly liable for all ly termed the act of Villiam Joiie.s, " tliat guests, committed to inn, or stolen out of uest) ; nor shall he the goods, because answerable : it is Uy has no room for iggage in a chamber ;\onest servants and ic, his negligence in ir acts, even if they law may seem, mid junded on the great ield ; for travellers, ged to rely ahiiost are usually none of ruffians or pilferers, ons, or even of their the pra;tt)r declared, nesty of such men; or passengetF were tali) •■ and Ulpian actices or suspicious le and lock the door, they be stolen, he is keeper to plead that Iras truly irresistible. Lkeeper, nor, indeed, Ibout hia person, the [the innkee[)er may order that it may be I liable for its safety, limself the exclusive care over them; PUBLICANS— PUTC HOCK. 360 thus, if a guest demand and have exclusive possession of a room, for the purpose of a shop or warehouse, ho exonerates the landlord from any loss he may sustain in the property which he keeps in that apartment ; but it is otherwise if he have not l/ie excltt.iive pimcssion of the room. The innkeeper cannot oblige the guest to take charge of his own goods ; for this, in elFect, would be a refusal to admit them into the inn. And it is no excuse for on innkeeper to say that he delivered the key of the chamber whence the property was stoli'M to the guest, who left the door open. A case of this sort occurred very recently, at IJriijbton. — A lady having left the door of her bed-room, of which she had the key, open for « few minutes, 50/. were abstracted from her reticule. The innkeeper contended that the pbiintiir, by selecting particular apartments, and taking the key, had cxoiierateil him from bis liability. The jury found for the plaintilf; and upon a motion for a new trial, Lord Tenterden said, — " By the common law of this country, and also by the civil law, the iirinciple of the liabilities of innkeepers was founded on two reasons ; first, to compel the landlord to take care that no improper company was admitted into his house ; and, secondly, to prevent collusion. — The principle, as stated in the civil law, was this — 'lYe, qitlsiiuain putet gravitcr line in eos cundiluin esse. ,- nam est in ipfioruin arhitriu 7U(/uciii. recipient ; ^t "'■'** '""-" c**^^ ntulutum, materia daretur cum furi/iiin, aJirmtis cos (pios rcciiiiiiiit, coeundi : cum fie nunc t/uidem aljstincnt /ii/Jusmodi fraudiljitn.' It was true thai, i" t''" P>'escnt state of society, it was very diHieiilt to prevent the intrusion of iMipro])cr company into inns. But still the principle was such as he had elated it to be, and it would be (Ijni^erous to relax it ; and he did not think that the taking rooms in this way was siillicient to discharge the landlord. Then, as to the objection that the cases did not extend to money, it was clear that money was as inueh within the fniuciple as goods, and that no sdli^lantial distinction could bo made. Ho was therefore of opinion that the verdict was jjglit." — Rule refused. A landlord may exempt himself from lialiility, if he can show that the loss was occa- sioned by the misconduct of the guest; as, if his goods arc stolen by his own servant or compa^iion. It has been decided that a man is a guest at an inn, if he leave his horse at it, though he has not gone into it himself. If a man come to an inn, and make a contract for lodging for a set lime, and do not eat or drink there, he is no guest, but a lodger, and, as such, not under the innkeeper's protection ; but if he eat and drink, or pay for his diet there, it is otherwise. Any innkeeper or alehouse keeper, knowingly receiving and harbouring any person convicted of an oifence against the revenue laws, for which ho has been in prison, or for which he has fled, shall forfeit 100/. and have no licence for the future. 4. Kemcthi nf an [nnkeeper anraiiial his Guest. — An innkeeper may, uitliout any airrenmciit to liiat cffeil. (liMaiii llin person of a i;ui!st who lias eaten in his house, unlil piiymonl ; ami lie niiy ilo the same by tlie horses in his stalile. An innkeeper is not untitled to recover for spirits snpplifd to his gnosis, of the value of 20o-. and up- wiiriN miless so[iplied or contracted lor at one time.— (■23 Geo. 2. c. ID.) Uylhe cMstiim of London and K.xeter, if a man commit a horse to an Imsllor. anil \\»\ expense of liia jjePli biconie eiinivalent 10 his price, the hostler may appropriate ;lie linrse to hiiii'elf upon the ap- nniseineiit of four of his nel(.'liliours, or may liave him sold. J'ut innkeepers in oilier [iiirls of tlie counlry have no power lo sell horses detained liy tliem. ,V liiirsu coinmitti.'d to an innkeeper cannot he detaiiii.'d as a security for the honrd of liis master. It is enacted by 11 & 12 Will. 3. c. 15. that innkeepers, alehouse keepers, ic. ri^fiisititf to specify in (inaiciHint the iiiimlier of pints or ipiarts for which ileinand is inaile, or selliiiu in iiniiiarki'it measures, l'.,.'.l Inve no power to (hnaiii any ijihkIs or cither lliin!»s lieloiij,'iny to the person from wlium demand isiinnlc, Imt shall be left to their action for recovery of the same. [In ihe United States, the system of licensing public houses has been adopted by the several states. For the details of the system the reader may consult I'lirduii'.s Digmt of Ihe L"n-s nf Peunsi/lraniu, the Revised Sfiitittes of New Yor/i, dve. — Am. Ed.] PU.MlCb STONE (Ger. Bimstein ,- Fr. Pierre poiicr ,• It. Victra pomicc ,- Sj). Pirdra piimez ; Lat. Puniex,) a light, spongy, vitreous stone, fouml usually in the neighbourhood of volcanoes. It is used for t'oli-hing metids and marble, and snniolhiiig the surface of wiioil and pastelward. It i.s said to form a good glaze for pottery. The lighter puiiiice stones swim on water, their specific gravity not exceeding ■1)14. The island of Lip.iri, in the Mcililerranean, is chiefly formed of pumice stone, and may be said to be the magazine whence all Europe is supplied with this useful article. There are several species of pumice sloncs; but those only that are light and spongy are exported. The price varies in the London market from 8/. to 10/. a ton. PL'TCIIOCK. An article of this name is imported in considerable quantities from the nonh-wcat coast of Iinlia into Chine., and is regularly quoted in the Canton price currents. It is the root of a plant that grows abundantly in Sinde. When burned, it yields a fine smoke, and a grateful and dillusive smell. The (Chinese beat it into a fine powder, which they burn as incense in the temples of their gods. — {Hamilton's New Account of the East Intlits, vol. i. p. 120.) 47 ^ ^ » ■.»i m % y ti>u consul or oilier con>iietent autiiority in tlio pUee which the ship has left, (lesrrihinq its state of health at the time of her cleariui; out. A c/ruii bill iiiiporls that, at llie lime of her sailing, no infectious (li>()r(ler was known to exist, A sii.i/inin/, or, as it is iiii)re eonnnonly called, a lotich'd hill, imports that rumours were alloat of an int'ectious (lisiiriler, hut that it had not actually appeared. A fmilViW, or tin; nlisence of cluin HUm, iiiiiiort that the place was infected when the vessel sailed. — (Heo IJii.i.s of IlK.vLrn.) The duration of the (|uarantine is regulated hy the nature of these instruments. 'I'liey seem to have hcen first issued in the Mediterranean ports in IGtiS, and are obviously of gnat im- portance. Qiuinintine lin^ulallons. — The existing ((uarantinc regulations are cnihodied in the act 6 (ico. f. c. 78., and the dill'erent orders in council issued under its authority. These orders s|)ecify what vessels are liable to perform (luarantine ; the places at which it is to he nerrornied ; and the various formalities and regulations to be complied with. The publica- tion in the Guzetle of any order in council with respect to (piarantiiie is deemed suuicient notice to all concerned; and no excuse of ignorance is admitted for any infringement of the regulations. 'J'o obviate, as far as possible, any foundation for such jjlea, it is oriKrid that vessels clearing out for any port or place with respect to which there shall be at the lime any order in council subjecting vessels from it to (quarantine, are to /jc fiiniis/itd with an ab^^tract of the (juarantine regulations ; and are to fiiriiiffi ///r///,v£'//7vs' with ([uaraiitinf! sii^jnal Hags and lanterns, and with materials and instruments for fumigating and immersing goods. Tlio fallowing are the clauses in the act as to signals : — Every ciiiiiinander, iimsirr, or oilier person liavhi!.' Ilip rliniee of any Vfssi'l lialile tn qimrniitiiip, fliall, ill "" times, wlii.'ii siicli vessel shall meet willi iiiiy oilier vessel at sea, or sli;ill lie uitliiii'i li.asnes el" llie coast of the I'liiled Kiii^'iloiii, or llie isliinds of (inenisey, .Il■r^ey, Alilemey, S:irU, or Jiaii. heist a sifimil to denote that liis vessel is liahle to (iiciraiiline ; wliicli siL'iial shall in llii- day lime, il'lhe vessel shall have a clean hill of lioalth, he? a larire yellow ihiL', of (i hreadllis of 111111101!:, at the iiuiiii lopiii'ist-liead ; and if such V(!ssel shall not have a elean hill of health, then a like yellow llac. *villi a circular mark or hall, entirely hiaek, in the inid, at the same mast-head ; and siith (■(iniinamler, master, or othi!r person, shall keep sncli siL'iials hoisted oari 111; sac li time as li:e s:'. id vessel sliiiU continue within siiihl of saeli other vessels, or wiiliin 2 leairnes of llie said eo 'st or irdairls ami while so in sifilit, or within sneh distam(\ until such vessel so liaide to (iiiaranliiio sli.ill liave ar- livi'il at the port where It is to perform iinaranliiie, and until it sliall have lieen legally disriiarL'ed from the perform nice thereof; on failure whereof, sach commaiuler, master, or other person, sliiU f.irfeit 1110/.-} 8. Every coinmandcr, inastijr, or other person having the charsre of any vessel on hoard whereof the pligiieor other infeiMJoas disease hishly daniierous to the health of his .\Iajesiy".s sulijeris shall actu- allv'hc, shall at all times, when sneh vessel shall meet with any other vessel at sea, or shall lie wiili in 2|i:;i|;iii's of the roast of the United Kiiifidom, or the islands of 1 1 ;i1 I « ..**'' » '■■■r-i a> '.MHM .1"'- i t ••••' s* jm* ..H«r" ? ,,iwi.-< :> >•*••'■' ,i«M«« ' . V * ••• ^m'- •A*i 372 QUARANTINE. y him-Ii (|iii>riiiilihi' ijniiv wiili Hal'iUy, in (jln'iliunci' to lliu rccinlHilion of ilm (|niiraiitini' oiliiiT, Niiliji'clti liiin lo llic pi'iiaily o| 'Jllli/ Ri'lui'ilii.' to aiiMwiT Hiirli i|iii'HiiunH, or KiviiiK iiiiy I'alde aiiKU'cr tlivrcto (if nut upon unllO,tuliju(:tj IiImi to till' pi'iiiiliy of '^1)0/. If upon oath, to im- piinislinii'nt for wilfnl aiirl corrnpt pprjiiry. If any inrutliiniH iIIhcuhi' hIiiiII appuar on hoanl, llir ni'iHlrr Ih to repair tn «iirh plnrc nx IiIh IMaji'Hty rliall illriil, ami niaki> Known his i iijo' to llir oIIIiit of cmsIomim, anil lir is tort' main at that plarc until rlirt'clions ari' f'ivi'ii hy ilii' I onls of thr I'rivy ('onmll. Ilo Ii4 not to permit 'iiiy of tliu i rrw or pm. NtMiKers on hoanl to ko mi sin re, anil liR, his crew, unil pa)iKi.'ii|;erii, nru to uliey hiicIi diructlonH iih iiri; reci'iveil from the Lords of the I'rivy roiiniil. Not acliiii; III coiiforiiiily to the re'.'iiliitions herein, illrnrtrd, or pctiiip in (llnohiillctico to inch direc. lions as shall hn received from the I'rivy Coiiiicil, he incurs the penalty of Kin/. If inforiiied hy the pilot that his vessel has heroine 'lalile to i|iiaraiitine, liy reason of any procliiinn. lion made siilisui|iieiil to his departure, to hoist and keep hoiuted a like sitjiial, iindt-r the Hainx penally of 1(1(1/. To pivu to the pilot coiiiin!: on hoard a written piiper coiitainini! a true nccoiinl of the ditrerent nrlj. rlt>« coniposiiii! his car^o. Ne^'lecliiiL; or refusing' to do so, or niakini; a falsu representation or will'iij (iinidsii • solijecls him to ii piwuiliy of .'(I/. Masier- r vessels lialde to ini.iiiinliiie, and otlier persons on hoard lliein nr havinc rniiiiniinicailiin •vlth tlieiii. .tri! to repair to the appointeil i|iiaranlitie slations, and may he coinpelled to do so liy l'iiri:i>. The master of any vessel liiiviniJ disease on lioaril.on nieelint; with any olli t vessel at sea, or wll||. in 3 lea Biles of ilie coast ot I he I iiiled IviiiL'iloni, or the islands of (iiiernscy, .lersey, Alderiiey, Hark, or Man, is lo hnist a pi^'iial to deiiiiie that his vessel li;is such iliseasi! on hoanl, and is to keep such sjj.. iial hoisted iliiriii!.' such time as lie shall conilniie within siiiht of siiili vessels, or within 'i leat'ios ',( the coast or islamis aforesaid, while so in sluht or williin such disiaiice, until tin; vessel shall .i rive at the port when.' she is lo perl'Oiii i|iiaiaiiline, and until she shall lie legally discharged from Ilie |ii;r. fiirmance thereof l''ailiiiy herein, tile louhl r incurs the penally of KKl/. If III! shall refii -o or oniii to ilisclosi! the circiiinstance.s of such iiifuctiiin prevailinL' either iit my place at which he has hieii, or on hoard Ins ve.'^sel, in his answers to tlie preliminary (piesiiiiii^ |iut to him hy the ipiaranline ollicer, or If he shall \\ ilfiilly omit to liiiist, and tn keep holsliil. Hk propi>r i[iia rani ilie siciial to dr note that his sliipis li.ilile to i|iiaraiiliiie. he InciirH the penally or.'Km/ Upon alteiiiptini.' to Riiter any port, vvlilrh is not llie port 't which lie oimlit to pirform (|iiiiriiMliii|i, lie may he compelled lo desist thi'ri'l'rom, In iider lliat he may proceed lo the proper i|iiaraiiliii.' fu,,\f hy (.Mills heiiii; tired upon the siiip, or any oilier kind of force iieint; used lluit may he neucssaiy tiir tin' attainmi'iit of that oliject. (■liiitling or kiiowinuly siifTerlntr nny gennipn or pnssenper to qiiil bis ship, hy poing on shore, nrliv piling' on hoard any oilier vessel or hoat, hi'fore discharged from (|iiaranline, or, Not repairini,' to the proper (luaranline station w illiiii u convenient time alter due notice given, in- curs a penalty of 1(1(1/. To repair in all cases lo the proper (iiiarantine port, ns lierein-after slated in the Appendi.x, iirrntj. ing r.s he shall or shall not he liiri islied with a chan hill of health, and according to the port nr pLae to which he shall he hound, as herein stated lint if throiiL'h iLMKirniice, or hy stress of weather, dnmnsfl) loss, or nrcidents of the seas, he slnji have passed the proper ipiar.'inliiie port, he may (having a clean hill of health on hoard, ami iijirn giv ill}! satisfactory proof thereof upon oath, ronl hy the oath of the pilol, il'iiiiy on hoard, ami ijin the same was not wilfully or inteniionally linne or occasionnl) lie periiiilled to proceed losniup other (|iiarantine port, in the illscrelioii of the i|iiurantiiie ollicer, keeping the proper (iiiaruiitine signal hoisted during the whole time. Vpoii his arrival at ilie proper iinaiaiiline port, lo give true answers npon oalh to all tlie (jinirantiri i|iies!ioiis, and lo iiiak.' oalh to ilie triilli of his log-hook, and the limes at which the eiilrii s wiri' therein inadi' : lailini; herein, lie incurs the penally of wilful and corrupt perjury. He is ,'ilso lo repair lo the particular Btation which shall he appointed by the ((uarantinc nllicir for the said sliip or vessel. To deliver op to the quarantine ollicer his hill of health, ninnifest, log-hook, andjonrnnl. Willfully refusing or neglecting so to do, siihjects him to a penally of lOlV. If not hound to any port of the United Kingdom, or the islands aforesaid, and attempting In rnirr any port thereof (e.vcept to wait for orders, or in conseipieiici.' of stress of weather or accideius ef ijip tieas), he shall t-'ive satisfactory proof thereof to the ipiaranline olficers, and give true answer.^ ii|ioii oath to the preliininary qiieslions, and strictly conform lo all such direclions as he shall receive from the quarantine othcer, lonching his conliniiance at sin li port, or departure from thence, or repairing lo any other ; and also with respect lo all other qiiaranline reiiilalions ; in default of which, hi' may be compelled to proceed to sea by any means or hy any kind o' force tin ; shall be necessary I'm tliai purpose. Ilavinir performed quarantine in any foreisn lazaret, the vessel is to he put under qiiaranline ,ii some of ihi^ porls he re in -a tier appointed, ninil the master shall produce to the qiiarnnline olliierllie proper dociiiiienis in proof thereof ; upon production whereof the said vessel shall not be obliged lu iierforiii (|iiarantine, hut shall remain at such slalion until released hy order in council, rnshippiiig, or moving in order tu unship, any goods from on hoard any vessel liable to quarantine Buhjects lo a penalty of ,5(10/. (.'hindestinely conveying, or secreting nr eonrealinp for the purpose of conveying, nny letter, pooiis. or other articles, from anv vessel actually performing (|iiarantiiie, snhjects to a penally of llio;. A"u/f.— Kvery comniander or master of any vessel clearing out or about to sail for any port or plact in Ihe Mediterranean, or in the West liarbary on the Atlantic Ocean, or lor any port or place respccl- ing which there shall nl the time he any order of his Majesty in council in force, snbjecling vissels coming from thence to (iiiarantine, is to receive from Ihe principal othcer of the customs at such imrl or place, this printed Abstract of the Uuarantine Kegiilalions, w lilcli such commander or niasler ikIo raiiso to be atlixed on some ronvenient and conspicuous part of his said vessel, and to reiiiiiin sn atii.Ycd until his return with his said vessel to sunie port or place in the United Kingdom or the isslanilj aforesaid. And every such coniniander and master is likewise to provide and take on hoard 1 at least of each nf the proper (|uaruntine siunal flag:i and lanterns, ami likewise materials and instruments fur fumi- gation, and iinmersioii, and to keep the same on hoard, to be used upon his return to tlie liniled Kingdom or the islands aforesaid. Dm II of Pilots. Pilots are strictly to observe the following directions : — To receive an account in writing from every cummandcr or master of any vessel coining fronij All vessels (a.s Frniii or liav nccaii. Fmiii any oth so declare h •lisleniper h Xnle.-TltBy I lilaccs. K\i vessels havii .■Iny person w the said plac iiiion her arr Any goods, wi any ntlier an .V,)^f.— They ai .411 vessels coi continent of Any of the anil Ami not prnduc slating eiiher pl'ice in Afric stating of win I All vessels and bo Any of the said For vessels with tl III Ilie (lay tiiii,._ tnpinast-bead. in Ihe night lime , li'i'ird bis Maje «r vessels withe Inilieilaviiiiie- 111 die night time , "IS iM.ijesty's s '«' vessels withou ' Voi,.IJ._2i ICl (iUARANTlNE. 373 iiniiriltiiB n" »* Iter, lor lln- |>nr- l•lill^■ Of rcfiitiin (■(IHisllllHI'il' Ihll lit Unit I'li""' """' f,l„, ,ri'W iir I' IS. I (llit'tlioiiH lis an: ■iicc to BUtli ilirec- I of niiy proilania- 111, uiiiler tliu nuiiio f i»in (llfTcrciit nni- sciiliiUtiii or williil ;„(r coiiiiii'i"i'''''i'in .'(I l<) ill' B'> by I'lrrr ;h('1 111 sea, i.r \vi\li. "is to kfi'P "'»'' ^'S- vviltiin'i It'll L'li'Hiif i. vi'sM'l dliiiU I n\( iiirgoil If""' "" 1 "• ailini! I'iilii^r iil :iiy rcliuiiiiary iimsiiuih I to ki'i^p lioisiiil.Uif rsllii' )»''>»l'y ot:il«ii nVrl'min niiarMMtinc ,„.r iniiinuitiiu' |i"ti«, bo nt'tessi" y lot llii; going on sliori'. nrliy or, Jiie notice given, u\- lli«! Appendix, iirintJ. ng to till! I'lift '■' i'''''' of till' spas, til' -Inll ih mi iMiiiril, !iiulii|i'ii i,,iy on liiiaril, ami Ui.il ,■(1 m proipiil 10 tome (lie proper iniaraiilnie to all tlie iiuaranliii [luili iliu eiilricswirf quarantine ollicrr fur 1 11(1 journal. Itulattoniptineio'"."!''' VrorHCi'irti'iilsiil llie [vc true answ its U|ioii he Hlr.ili receive from Hiitlience. or rcpairiiif itaultofwliiili>l"'";«y ll be necesiiiiry fia twl Lt tinder qunraiitiiip nl Tniiarantin'-ollin'rlM thall not lieubligeaiJ council. lol liable to nuaranline Line, any letter, gooils. Lcnaliyofimt/. Iil for any port "t I'lact L port or place r.'>^P« • Irce, BUlijecliiiL- V; ssi'l. Ic ciistoiiis at sudi iiiirt hianiler or inai^ter '^ M L\, and to remiim S' kiilgdom or Ibe island! Lard 1 at least of cacti I \"istru.nent.forf"n"- return to tbe imteil vessel coming fw fiirciin pari*, of the places nl which lii« vcmuI loaded, nnd at uliii li lie touched on liU snid hcinn- uuril vnyade- 'I'd ^ive iHillcn to Hiich coniinnnder or innnter nf any proi'lamallon, or order In nomcil, inndu after ,l,i, i|,.|iiirliiri) ol'HUiii vesnol I'roiii the lliiiti'il Kiiiiiiloiii or the ULiiiiJ!! al'..r.'Mniil, ntnl iben iri Corcc, by wliii ti vi'XMelK I'oiiiliii; from aii\ iilaii,' iiiciilioni'cl in miicIi aciiniiit aIiiII hi: liable toi|iiaraiiliiiu. Nog- l,.,.|iiH( or IllliijJ to Rive Riicli iiiitice Hir.Jiiii thi'iii to a penalty nl' lnit/, ■|-,i ^ive a like nolli e of any prorlanialion liicn In Ion o. by wbii li vessi-la bnvliiR on hofird any of Ihi' nrtii leH iiieiitioneil in the master's acroiinl hIimII hi: llalile to i|iiuranliM('. Neglectlni; or omiuinK toK'^'c "■"''' notice NiilijectN them to penalty of 1(1(1/ 'I'm ri'inain on lioaril in the Hame manner v.* any of the officerH, crew, or pnnHenserii, and not to i|iili the Bind vessel before or aid r tbo arrival, elthor by (>olim on Hliore, or by iioini! on board ai >, other vi.*»i I or boat wllti intent to (jo on Hliore, iinlil she is reijiilarly illsrharyed from iinariinlim' ; uii'l (liey iii;iy be coinpi'lleil by any persons wlialsocver, iinil by aiiy kind of necissarv fon e, to r' turn on board ll,,' same. If they olfenil herein Ibey incur a penalty of.lUU/. and b inonihs' imprlsoniin'iil. j,,il to lirlns! any mil h V('Hsi:l inloany port or place other than the port or place appointed for thn rtreplion of vessels ho liable to i|iiariinliiie, as slated In the Ajipendix, llliless iDiiipilliil by stress of «callicr, adverse winds, or acciilcnls of tin: seas, of which llie pilot, as will as the roiiimaiider or ijinsler of the veasci, is to give satinfactory proof ti|)oii oath. If they olfeiid herrin they incur u p,,„„|iyof2()(W. To briiii.' the ship to, as soon ns it ran be done with safety in obedience to the reiiuisitiun of Ihu nimrantinu ollicer. I'ailing herein subjects them to a penally of 10U{, IJnhj of other Persons. \Vtien any infectious disease aciunl'y appears onboard any vcsacl, all perions on board nro to (ilicy llie direction of the privy < oiincil, under a penally of l(MV. Not III unit such vessel, eiUn i liy (joiim on sliore, or by Koiii({ on hoard any other vessel or lioat with Intent to Ko on shore, until regularly ilischarKed from i|iiaranlliie ; and if itiey quit the ship ilii'y may be compelled by any perHon whatsoever, ami by any kind of necessary I'mh'c, to return on board the fww; and are also liable to a penally of :{(lli;. nnd It inonlhs' imprlsonmeni. Wliellier li:ible to (|(iaraii1ine, or riclually iierforminu i|iiaraniiiie, or liavniR had any iiitercniirso or coiiiiiiiuiication with any such persons so lialile to or under i|iiar'iiitine,all [lersiMis are to oliey nil such i.rilcrs as they shall receive froiii tiie i|iiaraiiliiie otiieer, and to repair to tlie la/iirel, vessel, or pl;icn ^lijiiiiiiled for the performance of i|iiaraiiline. \Villiilly refiisiiiK or iieiilectiii|{ to repair fiirthwilh, wlicii reiinired so to do by siiili ollicers, or escapins; from or out of sioh la/.aret, \i'ssil, or pl.iee, mai \,f roinpelled to repair or return thereto by any ki!id of necessary force, and are subject lo a penally UiiilinR or unshipping, or niovinp In order to the land ins or nnshippinir. of any ponds, packets, pack - iiK's, liaRKagc. wearing apparel, bonks, letters, or any other articles wliitever, from vc.-^els liable to giiaranliiie, are liahh; to a penalty of .'■)0P^ CI uiil' ■({niii Haia. r.i[>». or l>onnrtf of itraWf chip, cane, or Aiiy other inateriaj Apparrl nf .lit kiinJs Ariiliciil llowert Rosl, (ir iiiv irli<:lf« mule lher(H>r Beads, tncclcts or nccklnctt in klrtiigi Bed> .ind btxJ ticks Books Ifrooiiii of all virli Ilruihcs u( all torti Dunleii Camlets Can VIM Caruifriia wool Carpfs <;oruiii(r not tarred Cotton wiMil Cotton viirn Cottiin Ihn^aJ All artidcN whnlljr made nf or mixetl with cnitnii, ailki wool, thmiJ, or yarn Down Feat tie n Flax Furriers' waste Hemp Horiti llnrii »n>l horn tips ll»ir nf all lorti I. rat her Ijnen l.iiie string;!, l^athiogi, or harp ftlrinp Map* Manre»e« M.itsariil mittioK Moluir yirii Nc'», new or oM Paper Packthread Pdrctinieal Pelts platting of biM, chip, cane, straw, or Itorw hair Quills Ki«, ao't fm^. niij tarli nr pieces of skins, hiuound to the followitij; places to perfors niiarantiiie at Juverhetthhi^ Hay:— *rhe eastern coasts of Scotland, Anstruthcr comprehending the porta of Piu^tunpins L^idi Dundee RormwstoneM PerMi Alloa .Mf(ntr>50 Dunbar AhLiJeen Kirkaldy Or any member, creek, or otlier place belonging to or wilhiD wy or cither of the above ports. All ships and vessels bound to the f'tlhwin^ places, 1 3 prrtbRn nuarantine at //i>/i/ Lfch, in the Fritk oj i'li/fi. : — The western coast of Scotland, comprehending the ports of Glasgow Greenock Irvine Campbell Town Oban Or any member, creek, or other p Koil.^jy For: William Avr P'lrt Patrick S'ra liner Wigtown acebclongin* toor wilhin wtoj eiiher of the above ports. All ships and vessels bound to the following pliices, to perforti nuarantine at Invcrktith^n^ Itay;— Orkney Caithin'^s Stornaway ace belnneing to or witliio ujai Fonle Weymouth Lyme Kxcter Dartmouth Plymouth Looe Fowey Falmouth (iwe«ic Penryn Truro Penzance Scillv The northern )iorls of Sci>tland, comprehending the ports of hivemess. Zetland Or any member, creek, or other p n either of the above ports. All ships and vessels l>ound tn the full iwirg places, to perfom quarantine at Holy Lochy in the Frith nt Clyde i— The south-wpst p«irts of Scotland, coiiiprfhtridinj^ the porti I'f Dumfries and Kirkcudbright, or any meniher, creek, or other plin belonging to or within any nr either of the atKivu porif. Bound to any |Kirt of Ireland, butv^eelt Mi^m-ii Ih-ad anil Tuslur', to |K*rf(>im quarantine at the Buy nf Bultum/re. i Bound twtween Tuskard and Rathlin, t'l perform qninntii* i' | lAJUgh Ijirn and the Bay of Carlingford^ near Kilhwan /'ust:. opposite to the town of Carhneford. Bound lo Kathlin and Tory Island, to perfinn qiianiitine at Bai- lyrnoitoker Bay or Red Cattle limd, near I.i'tuioiiiknij. Bound to Tory Island and Blacksod Bay, to perfftrni quiraaliDe K I the harbour nf KWy Begi Bound to Lnnp Head and Missen Head, to perform quarantine i> Scnttery Bay, in tho river of Lirrwrick. Bound lo any place on the coiBtsof the I'nited Kin^lnm.notwithii | . , , , , , . f i . • . • > •.mill' • n- nil J iiiavi. I III iiiE t. iJi tin • iii ii n iiiiii, i ■" - And any creeks or places belongmgto or within any or cither of the , any of the ports or limits hereinbefore iiie<.tinne.l or dmcrilid.'J ^^^^^^^ ^l^^^^^j.^^ _^j ^^^j^ plires hereinlrt?lt)rt' «p|K'iiite.l fur prt formance of quarantine, as shall lie ne.irest to the portorpUcev which such ve^atls respectively shall be so Iviund. above porti All ships and vessels Imund to the following places, to perform quarantine at A'ing Road and Porlthute Pill:— Bridge water Chepstow Minehead CaniilT Bristol Swansea Gloucester And any cret-kt or placet belonging tn or within any or either of the above porta. Prelitntiuiry QuestioiiM. 1. What is the name of the vessel, and the name of the conunaDds I or master? 2. Are you the commander or master? Where does the beloni' 3. From whence do you come? 4. To what place are you twund } I. What i^ the QUARANTINE, QUASSIA. 375 black, in tlie middle tiiiiiiiuHt liuail. ipiiii, nr for nnyphtf friuiillii'iiii! loiiiiii;i- |i the Hiiiiif oil boaril, lay or night, knowing | [0 rnfertinn. \ ,1 dull, "lie, »tr»w, or hor« ipr« ami tiffinin, ^u«l" >n< s.lk ilir"*Mi iuiil nrsiii7ii.i ^ilk, ivr^'ijtti* siik ill.l furs. "iiJ |>;>r" "' P'fi^' '^ ■■liiJ ("". wlielhiT un.lrnM.1. ' ur wholly laniii.-^i, uweJ, « )• arllcli! niaJe or mi'^i "•> ill «nr1s . , t .1 vjlluiii, wliiilH, wool, whelkft ,\i-« wroii^ltt "cKvIl WllltVlfHT, if ltl« llll' eJ in nrwith inrkisf^ c.,a>,- f or ill I"" "' "">■ "' "" "'■ Uicc acluallij infecUd,niir he fnllowing plMM, 10 peK^n I.I inHl)- jvnilir.ke Mill'ipl Cir.li?»Il Al.rrvstwilli (o or williiii »">' Of '^'""'' "' '" jiorti. till- fillnwiiH |llir". Ii P"!™ ,r I'.tiifnmilh, or SI. Juil'i Pj-k f fjdiioKi/i;— I S»rk AllrrufV y parliif i-iili""! I'i''">- the follnwiu? pbcM to pertora Anslnitlier riu-tti'iipiii* Dunlce TitMi Mmitr'^e Alii-rJeen ihM bplongiiig to or nilhio "! " above ports. Ilie f'lll-iwini; place), IJ perbra VitAo; (■/!/■'' ; — Knlliwy I-.,r; William Avr I'.'irt r.ilnck S'miner Wigtown lace |iHon?ins to or wilbin wy i« |e JlKive ports. Ihc tollowii.g places, to peifoto 1 Orkney Laillinws Stornaway jee belonirln? to or within "J» I'e above porn. i lo the foil iwiiijCpUws, top'""" lan.1, C..ni|,re!iel.am5 H'.P"'".' lauy ineiiit'er. rreoli. or oilier \'W iier of '.he ali"ve portj, ■beiweeii Misseu Head and Tiuka". rR(lhi!n""M'erf''™n™"*''.' l'„W.',iS%r./,ucarA-.«.io«,./V"- laroi, to perfmn iiinraitine « W- luiif near /.'^»''o'"'f"'y- , ., l& Biy'V' perform qu»MtiDe at | Ln Head, to perform (iu»i«iiti« " ii lie neTcsi to tlm porlorpUCf » Ishall be N) h'mvi. 1 ^ef, and »l>e name of Oic master? Where doetiliebe\on«^ A At wh^t pnrfi h*vr you t'luchM •liir*» you left the port of your |.» liilK "" >-'lir h''lntv%.ir.l \'-\\j:t? 6. Will' vi!vttU hive )'iur [MMaiP. mJ from m ticiire r 4l .my. •tay at' which, and whrn. Are any nrrMUit on h iirl your nhip iiilTrrinic under atiy iiilcctinufl dllK!l^■? (ii ht\p my | ci oi,* dud f)r I-crn ill of a di*pa*t; of Ih.tt iLtfure t II I'tc t:nniff»areriin;: uliich Ihtre is any order iu council iii force 0ii;i' niii.it i)ii.ir.inlint*.l 9. Ha^e J'U any, And v%li.it hill of htalth? 10. What'nunilier of utfic!-i8, mannt-rs, and passenirerB have you on ly».u>l ? (And in r-.weni or h»vitii» touched at any pnrtn ni the WiV In It.«. (he follow in^ questiuus are lo be put, in addition to Ihf al' 'Tcsaid qiicstinns:! 11. In thf fiHir**' of yotir voysee, have any persons on boinl sufTered fr tn aicko**'* of any kind? Wh.it wns the nature nf n^cii iirk!»*s? and when di I it previit ? How m.inv pervini were affi t-.-J ljy il ? and luvf any of them died iu the course of 'he vny.ifi- ."' \l How lone .if'er ssiliiiz from yonr i>ort of h liriff, or havinz linclied at any porl of the contiin-nt of America or the i^landi aiij.iTiit Ihercio, oranv of the iiorls in the West Indies, was Ilie lir^t iciwarance of itiieaiie obwrvcd ? 13. Mow \\v\ i»if [icistms atlackel been etnploycd before Ihey came on IiMnI ? U. Hail II « V I (■•■n employed in lo;idiiig or unloading the vessel before ih.I.'ft th.'i"^'^'? 15. HaH thf |t).ici- which they inhnbited before they s-iiled, the rcpu* tali'Mi of heiiiif hnliby; or was it buLject particularly to the ftvrr iiiridint to the ciimlry ? 16. H.tI the fever h-en fnijui nt in the place b«tfi)re the vessel sailer! ? 17. ijid 'l.p peiMins who were ill in Uiard y(,iir vessel fall sick nnrly .itimt the same time, or within a few days of each otliir? Or, di i the disorder spread successively from one to tiiMilier, and increase cnn»iderablv ? Or, did it abate ^radn- ilU. Aiiil ttasi- to niulii|ily is the distmce fmni the [wrts you Miiet from or touched at as aforcsiid incrpise I ? 18. Wlut It .as the ftreaiest i.iunber of persons ill at the most sickly [jrri'il of your \oyie«'? 19. Whii was the ivhole number of personi on board your vessel H tn'ii you sailed ? W. What i5ihewholenuniberofpcr^''na now illonbnarl yourves«pl ? II, l.in V'li s'llc uint w-rre the symptoms of illness with which your crew were first attacked; an 1 what was llie daily suc- cevii'i : and clLui^e in them till ihur death ? 22. Wheiher :iny and \vh:«l meibcines have been use*! ? and what nirtli -(U have bevn adnpted to prevent its spreading among tin-on vv? 23. Wtir'licr .ittentjon has been paid to cleanliness and ventilation oil Imr 1 your vessel ? U. Wlicii (lil you sul firm the port or p'.ice fmm whence ynu took on iHurd your outwiid car^-i ? and at what place diil you toudi U-iore >nn arrivi J at the port or place where you took iu your present carifi? 2?. Did vtiu (ar»y.my bill nf heallh with you to the port or place wl.fre y'U )oort orplice? nnd at vvhif place or places have Vfiu t'UH'lml in the (oiirse of the voyai^e ? ?. IhW v'tii aii> bill or bills nf health on Imanl? From what place or [ liC' s ? Are the wme clean, unclean, or suspected ? I'ro- llllCt 111- III. [if tlip \p^M'| sliiM hnvp ssilerl from any pnrt or place in Kumpe witliou! the Straits, or oil the conlinenf of America.] t Of what ar'iclea does your raren consist? Have you on bo.ard Uiy goo-Is eniiniei.aied in this lis* ? iHamliiij up a list of articles enumerate^).! If ynu have. «pet.'ify the MHie, and whe'her they are of tlie jtro'viii, prodiicp. or nnnufactui-e nf Turkey, or of any place in Afiini, vviihin the Strail^of Gibraltar, or in the West Har Uri' on it't; Atlmiic Ocean, or of what other place. Have ymi any dt-rhntif.n to pmve of what place Uay are the powili, privliice, or manufacture ? 9. At v*'lial place nr places was tlie rarfo or any pirl thcrefif taken on tKiml > On what ,l,iy .hi yoii arnvp at ihe place or placet where you took in ibe whole, or any aiitl what pan of the c.irifo > And on what day liid you sa.l fmiii %uch [dare or plicei ? And wh it part of your cargo was tak*n in at each I'lice, and whin "' 10. Did Ihe plapie or any other iiiferlious diseaup nr disVmper pre* vail in any dej^ree'at the place-, fnuii whence von miU-.I, or al any of the places at w huh your c.ire miy be) > 12. What nun. her of ofhcerjt, nianner^, )>.assnii(ers. or Mther penoni have yon on Ixianl ? Iliicribe the number of each. 1.1. At what |Hirt dill you take on btard your pivseinfcrs ? 14. Were they residenis at that place, or hid ih< y hem embarked at piss4'ii);ers on board any other ve'>el fnuii any other place* ? and from what places aikl ;it w h.it tune } 13. Do the said olhcers, nnrinet!*, |>:i\ien:;ers, and rther persons consist nf Ihe same inii your homeward vo\.i(;e 'f If any o'her persons hue been liknn on boar I, or if .itiy of your ofliccrv crew, or passeneers have (plilt(^l your vts*el iince jroa sailnl from such [tort, or befi re your arrival al this pl.ace, or if any other alterations in Ihat resptct b.ive takin place, spe- cify the same, the c.iuses .uid the time or timts of >uch altera- tions, 16. What number of persons (if any) have die.l on board during Ihe voyage oulwardt and honnwardii. or al any port at w hich yoti have touched? When, and inwhal pait of the \o\age did inch person or persors tlie? Of what disease or ili-,ttmper? 17. Have any of ymir ollirers, marinen, or oilier persu have louctiitl, have my p'-r^ioi on l>oan1 sullerc' fnmi ntkness of any kind • What was the nature of such sckne-is? When di,! it prevail? Kow luany persoon were allected by il ? Are there any eonv.il»scerifs oo board? Or, are all persons on U.aid aI preM-nl in ifood healih ? 19. Were any of those who diet!, or who have been sick in Ibn cuirse of the voyage, or any pnrt al which ynu have touched, atltcted, nr suspected to have been alii ctedi by any infectious disetse or distemper? Were the beilding and clothes of such dcceised and sick iwrsons desln'yed ? If so, whtii and in what manner were any of Itie persons immediately eniphved aliout the si(k aflerwanls taken iil ? If so, of what tti^ieaDc f and iii hf>w many days after havin» been so employe-! ? 20. At what precise time did such deaths happen? IiThowmanj days after bein? indis(»osed diil Ihe sick die ? What were the most obvious appearances of the disease ? 21. Have yuu spoken to or otherwise bad ,my commmiication with any vessels at se.a, durin? the vfiyate ? What were the names of such vessels ? and to w hat country, ftorl, or place did they belong ? From w hat ports or places were Ihey coiiiinf^, or at what ports or places had they touched on their voyage ? and lo what country, porls, or places were they bouiitl ? What was the nature of the communication held? What dn you know respecting Ihe state of heahh on l»o.ard such veswii? 22. Have there been any letters, parcels, or other articles ilelivered out of or received into your vessel, from any vessel or Itonl met Willi on the voyaije, or l»efore or since yre or since your arrival at Ihis place? If any such pilots or other persons have come on boani, and have after- wanls (]nit'ed yiur vi'ssel, specify the names of such persons, autl Ihe time, manner, and circuniblances of Ihetr so quittiaf^ vour vessel. 25. Did you leave any British vessels at any of the ports you sailed frtnn ? U you did, mention ibeir names and the names of their comniaiiders. 26. Weie such vessels loading ? were they near (licir departure? and wliiiher were Ihey bound ? 27. Did ynu meet with any Brilish ve«sels at any of tlie places yoo louchtd at ? |f you did, say w hen, w here, and w hat were thr namc.4 nnd destinalions of such ve:isels; and lo what ports or places did they lielong ? 23. Do ynu know whether any foreitrn vessels loading at Ihe port fr in w hich you sailed, were Ixinnd beyond Ihe sirails of Gib* ral'ar? And if so, what were tUey? and whither were Ihcy bound ? 29. Do you ktiow whether any pervin whatever employed in loading ytpiir vessel, or in brineiiif any articles inin it, or hiving any C'lmmunications on l>oaid thereof, was taken ill during such employment or conmiuiiicatinn ? or whether, by the absence of buch person or persons in ihe course of such employment, any j^uspicion \vas entertained of Uieir having been ill? If so, of what disease ? 30, Do yoii know whe'her or not your carm. or any part thereof, had iHcn long in warehouse before its bein:; l.iken on Ixtard > H you do, say how lon^. Have you any knowleilne nf its being pscke>l or handled nn shnre, < r conveyed from shore, or sloweil on board, by persons atl'rcted with the jd.igue or any other infectioui disease or distemper ? ^1 ''«* \ it i ,01 s* rJf* ^**^. ? •*< p 4*^ m^ l^' 1^ < ii '^^ 3'^ , it ' •ft' '^ [For infiiriii'ition conrrrning the quarantine regulations of the United Stales, the reader is rcfi'rroil in the statutes of the several states on the seaboard. — Ant. Ed.] Qr.\SSI.\ (Cut. Qiiassicn/inlz ,- Fr. Riiis de quimsie ; Sp. Leno de qua,i.iia), a beautiful ill trre (Quassia (imurd), growing in North and South America, and the West Indies. The wocxl is of a pale yellow colour, and inodorous ; it, as well as the fruit and bark of the 376 QUEBEC. liV- 5^ 'C. 1 •AC. ,1 tree, has a place in the materia mcdica. Its tasfe is intensely bitter. It is said to hare been sometimes used by the brewers in the preparation of beer, instead of hops : but the »«> of it for this purpose is prohibited, under severe jwnalties. — (Sec Alb ami Bkkk.) 'J'hc price of quassia in bond varies from 1/. 4.1. to 1/. 6.v. a cwt. The duly is 8/. 17*. (iJ. ; it k of course intended to bo prohibitory ; and is one of the few imposed for such a purpose, against which no good objection can l)e urped. yiJEUEt', the cajiital of Canada, and of the British possessions in North Americn, nn the north-west banli of the river St. Lawrence, about 'MO miles from its mouth, in iat. IG' 48' 49" N., ion. 71° 10' 45" W. Population in 18:U, a7,.')()'J. Quebec is situated on a ridge, or promontory, formed by the 8t. Lawrence on the S, and W., and the river !St. (Jiiurles on the E. The extremity of this headland, calbd Cape Diamond, is al)out 34.') feet al)ove the level of the water, and on it the citadel is built. The town extends from the citadel, principally in a north-e,\st direction, down to the water; and is, from the dilVerencc of elevation, divided into the upper and lower towns. The forlilica- tions, which are very strong, extend across the )ieninsulii ; the circuit within them hein? about 2:J miles. From their situation, many of the streets arc uneven; they are alsD, for the most part, narrow ; but they are either well paved or Maciidamised. 'I'hc greater num- ber of the houses are built of stone, with shingle roofs. Some of the public buildings arc elegant, and well adapted for their jiurposes. The harbour, or basin, lies between the town and the island of Orleans. It is safe and commodious : the water is about 28 fathoms deip, with a tide rising from 17 to 18 feet; and at springs from 2:J to 2.') ditto. Quebec was founded by the French in l(i08. In 1020, it was tiiken by the English ; luit was restorej in 10;}2. It was again tuken by the English under fJeneral Wolfe, who f.'ll in tlie eiigaijc- menf, in MM ; and was finally ceded to us by the treaty of Paris in 170:). The rapid increase of population in Upper Canada has occasioned a j)roportional iiirrease of inlcri-ourse between Quetiec, Montreal, &.c. The first steam boat tiiat plied on the St. Lawrence was launched in 1812. There arc now above a dozen steam boats, 1 of ihem of 600 tons burden, employed in the conveyance of goods and passengers between Quehcc and Montreal ; and a steam ship of from 700 to 800 tons burden is engaged in the trade behvecn Quebec- and Halifax in Nova Scotia. Thus is formed a line of steam comnmnicatii)ii from the Atlantic to Amherstburgh, one of the remote settlements of Upper Canada, — a disiiinre of more than 1,.'J00 miles; which wc may soon expect to see extended to the head nf lake Huron, and eventually to the western extremity of lake Superior, about 700 miles I eyond Andierstburgh; giving to Quebec a command of internal navigation inferior only to that of New Orleans. The navigation at Quebec closes at the end of November or beginninijof December, and opens in April. Below Quebec the river is seldom frozen over; luit ihc masses of floating ice, kept in constant agitation by the flux and reflux of the tide, render navigation impracticable. The waters of the St. Lawrence are very pure; and in pDJnt of depth and magnitude it is one of the noblest rivers in the world. — {liuuc/ielte's Bri/ish Dtk fuinidii.i in America, vol. i. p. 272.) Quebec is a free warehousing port. We have already given (see vol. i. p. 42.5.) an account of the aggregate value and amonnt of the trade and navigation of Canada, and our other possessions in North America, lor three dillerent periods; viz. 1806, 1825, and 1831. The act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. .'i!)., regu- lating the colonial trade, and tlie duties upon the different articles imported into (-'aiiailaand the other colonies, is given vol. i. pp. 420 — '134. But the following statements illustrate some of these points in detail, while others refer particularly to the trade, charges, iScc. pecu- liar to Quebec and the St. Lawrence. Monies. — Talile of Coins in Circulation. r - En»li*h, rnrtiiriie^c, Amerirm, Weight. Halifax Old English, Porlugup^e, American, Weight. H.lif. < 1)14 1 Spanish, aiiil French Coins. Gold. Currency. Ctirrency. Spanish, and French Coins. Curnjncy, Ctirrency, t.tv. tUt. DwI. gr. /.. 1. d. /.ii: tiill. .Silucr. Diot. gr. /,. ». d A (guinea - 5 6 1 3 4 if A cmwn • 9 fi 6 12 Snv.Tt'is^n - It 3 1 2 3 26 11 Kiuilishshillin'; , n 1 1 1 6 H.ilf iii.nea 2 li II fi 14 Oj Spanish and American dollar , 6 e Tliird of a guinea • 1 IS 7 9 9 6 Fistarcen • . 1 1 4 Johiii! e4 - IS 4 96 French crown, coined before Half dilln . 9 2 4S 17!J3 • , 3 fi 6 12 MoiMore • 6 IS 1 10 ;6 French piece,Dr4Iiv. lOsols Ka^le II 6 2 10 6J Touniois , 4 2 3 Half iliilo • h IS 1 S 30 French pit- ceof 6 francs, since A .IculiiooD 17 3 14 6 89 8 l-9i - ■ . , , 5 fi 1 Half dilln - 8 12 1 17 3 44 14 French piece of 3 francs, do. , 4 H 1.01113 'i'nr, coined befor« 1793 6 4 1 2 8 27 4 I'islolf- do. 4 4 IS 3 21 18 The 40 francj.coiiii-d since I7W 8 6 1 16 2 1 The tweii'y francs, ditto 4 3 H 1 L. 123,368 13 iV. /I.— No notes or oilier paper money are inued on tlie creJi! of the pmvince. Deducting l-IOlh from the currency value of these coins will give their slerling value, PaprT Ctirrnicy. — There is nn estatilisbel gnvernnient bank in the province; Imt there are private cbartereil banks, unich have tiie follovving sums of paper currency in circulatirui. viz. /.. ». rf. Oueliec nank • • - 2S'.391 Miiiiln-al nank • - • >fH,',t3 5 Cauada Bank - • - I<,-|32 10 Jtnountt kept in Halifsx currency. IVtigfiti saim- as in Ktx'and. .Wtd.Mirpi.— Standard « ine gillon, liquid measure of the ppirinff. The Canada niiiiiit fir all giain, Ac. except where specially szrtfi uiKin to the c'liitrary ; and *his measure is ihrar l-*«th ia-:rt-r lh»n 'I'J Wirichesifcr bushel. The English Wini-liester bushel, when sp<-i-ii''* agreed for. The I'aris foot, for all mexsum of Ian Is gr.iiiieil pn- tirtBf In the CO uioiit IB rnaili- UiidsgrjnteiJB Wine - Rum ■ 11 randy • Glnal^l whis Sugar, refined inutcot ! CoSee • I Tea, hyson txilie.! I Salt - ■ Flaying cards Tulacco, leaf niani .Cigars ■ .MercbaJidiie, I ; Xew ships : Mufs and span . (bk Hfd pine Vtllon- do. ilih Elm ■ Birch, kr. juves, headior, ' Hals ■ ■ Bo»rls.snd plani Deal enil4, rars, ' che^in .hmiks. The roniniii tenths or lliiH sumed in l'|i|i< on-lni! In liiu i pioviiicu. F Great Brilaia Do. . : Iri;iand- IK . Jeney . I Cibrallar j iVihrrlands Ss-eilfD .| M,v rromti.e J I III i„-| rromib,. isiii .vo Ralnnf pilot wat( t».Vlvcr or lu'i^imiinijof •Qzcn over; tnit the _ of the tide, render re; and in puint of chette's British Do- rt. tc value and amount North AtinM-ioa, for Will. 4. c. .')'■)., ri'!;u- rted into (-aiiaila and btatcments illustrate charges, &c. pccu- value, uoney are iuueilon tlietmli'.ol «1(M lo the mnqiiMt, inri all meuiim of length, eicept ati icree* I The Rtanrtard rnKlith jrint (nr meamirinc alt riolhi nr ^tufli. v>lil hy uitiit II iiiA')'' t" "'^ t-'iiitrary. The KuKJittt feciall]r UudlSfjiile,! tilicc:hi;cuLitiu-it,auil wlitrevenpecnlly a^n-til upnii. ' .i^rt-eJ u|miii, TnADE OK Canada in 1832. ■: /xc.-|)l wl,.-n' .I""-""! '-T. ' ■:;,;i,^.K,u.i.Hhi.Y-r';", ,-i„,.|if«lorl.u.h'-l.»li'""l"',J Importi. 411,201 at I,0ti9.66i ■ 1N1,277 . 61,954 ■ 1. 2 2 6 6 ■i. 6 9 1. d to 7 - 3 6 l,0-,l,«72 . 6,7'i-.,n2 . 174,999 • 1 e 4 f3 003 . 0l,o«2 . 627,031 . 3 2 2 6 6 260.227 33,900 . 124,213 ■ 147,109 • 635 ■ t 3 4 8 Wine • - • gallnni Bum • . . — (Inndy . . . — Gin auil » hiiky • — SulAr, refinrd • • lU. iiiusfovado • — ■ Coffee . ■ • — To, hymn - • — biiliM ■ ■ — 1 peeD • • — Silt - ," ■ • •»"'•'• TuUtco, Iraf • - ll>«. nianufactured — \ Cigan . • • — ' McrcbauiliK, Driliih manufactum, paying 2^ per cent, ad valorem duty I.. 13,409 2i;296 9.', HIS 8,745 11,1X2 9.100 103,379 13.017 2,431 2,070 4,!lfl3 134 Total L. 32l,l2i 130,959 123,670 72,MS 1,33S,S74 1,940,11)3 Gipniiff. iXewihipj . - • - 10 Hurt and span ■ - • -3,123 : llak . - • ■ toni 20,«04 ' Rrd pine • - ■ — 3H,723 Vtllowdj. • • • — lJ5,tJ8 Aih • • • • — '.W^ F.lm • ■ • • - ^^6i8 Birth, *c. ■ • ■ — 936 iiutt, hrading, Sic. . • - 4,910,249 ! iieii, .... pieces 1,031,404 BMrllMid pl^iik. • . — 584.176 Deal enil*, ' -i", hatten^, Inndspikes, latliwocd, pun- chffii «ti'*''k!t. tn'cnails. shine es, shrppin:; polei . Valued at. /,. 2K.000 8,»II0 41,108 6I.B3I 13!>,6i8 1,1,11 24,iT0 .VJ9 ep,7.i-. (.6,^12 23,641 17,2'<3 Exporti. Pnlash Pearl a?h cwl. 113,116 — 49,146 Total produce of the fniest Fish, oil, seal, nkiiw- I'nrk. ('••••f. butler, lard, live stock, hide*, castoreuui cipillairL*. iialural curinsilits, jic. . W|jtM(, ludiau coru, barley, &c. Furs, &c. . . . . - Kk-)>oris from New.Carlisle . U«. from Oasitti .... Total eiports, the produce of the Camdas ■ I, Value.1 at. 1,027,363 The reiiiniiiinjr exports congiet of Britinh fabricR, West India produrn, anil tens re-exported. Nine lenlhs of this irHilc is carried on from Qiiehec. A great prnporlioti of the imports is, liowever, eon- iunied in l'|i|>i'r Catiad.i ; and il also supplies a very larsje sliare of the exports ; lint it is iinpnssilde, onins to tliu iiiucciirucy of the returns, to discriiniiuite the imports and e.xports on account uf each province. An Account of Arrivals at Quebec In the Years 1831 and 1832. From Vessels. Tons. Mm. From Vessels. Tons. Men. Greil Britaia * with carnoes 278 80,333 3,7.5 Oilotnbia (Rritish) . wilh caries 1 130 6 Do. . • in bill.ist 303 97,598 4,146 Do. (fnri'iKIl) . . — 1 1.1«i 6 Irdurf. Willi cargoes 3 21.5.34 974 Ilrazil Hrdish . • in ballast 1 4 -.7 17 Do. . in ballast 146 35,523 1,609 China - • . wilh cargoes 1 ."iHli 45 Jeraejr . - 1 111 8 Arrivals at Gasp^ 41 6,670 379 Gibraltar 3 431 22 Uu. at New Carlisle . 43 7,631 395 , Nrihrrtands - in ballast 3 974 1^8 43 9 Total arrivals in Canada, in 1631 l,ltl 267,641 1.1,778 Spin - 2 338 19 Uo. departures frtini do. 1,101 27j,773 12,586 iv.rtuffil . 4 879 37 (X Ihc laller, 9 were liuill dur- , Bfiiiih N. A. colonies with carioes in ballast 117 10,316 ^ 562 ing the year, uf the burden of 1 Do. . 29 6,317 234 3,3«6 Ions. • Dnliih Weal Indies • wilh canfoes 66 7,512 423 Arriials in Canada, in 1832 - 1,084 2ST,727 12,716 Do. . In lallasl t 425 IS Do. departures in do. - 1,098 292.0X6 12,800 1 r.S. (British)- wilh cargoes 3 449 20 Ships built iu do. 10 2,800 235 ■Dnilo. in ballast ' 373 17 A". B.— \Vc arc iiidelited for these details to the valuable work at Mr. M'Oregor on British .America, Medil. vol. ii. pp. 504—515. fupiilulion.— According to the latest census, the population of Lower Canada amounted to 539,823. 1 18 U 1 3 1 8 IR 15 9 1 9 1 S 9 Rates of Pilotage jor the River St. Lawrtnce, Per Foot. L. f. d. rr[)mBictoQiieliPC(t';3 milenflistance)— FronilhpJd t«> ihe :Jnth April, iiiclusivB . - Fmm ilie 1st May to Hip lOih Nov., inclusive • Fmmllir llih In thu IHh Ndveniher, inclusive • From Ihe I9tli Nov. to the lat M.irch, iucluiive • * FnmQueltff In H c— Fmni Ihe 2-1 m itic 30(h April, inclusive • From Dif 1st Mty to \hv lOtli November, incltiiive Fromtt.e lltli 'u the I^ili November, inclusive • Fnm ilu> 19(h Nov. tu the ht March, inclusive - RiteiPf pilot water anil poun'lajce on pilot money ire payable at tb«N»¥»I Oflice, by masters ami comniaiiders of vciseU, viz.— Fit every limt of water for which masters or conimanden of ves> itli irt bound to )tay their pilott, from BictoUuebec, aod from t|ue< ItttoBic, is. &(. currency per foo(— FffieaeUcoinK *" Tliree Riven or Montreal, or lOOio I'lO tons, inclusive • • - L. 2 currency. nf ISIto 200 Inns, mcliiBive • - • 3 — Of Ml to 2.')0 tnnn, inclusive • • . 4 — 01 231 torn a: ! upv\ard« • • ■ • 6 ^ Ooiettline <* :;h pilcttn. marten or commanden of veitelf; or Ihe flwipjeei nf lurh vtwels, are lo deduct If. in the pound for Ihe ■Mutof the iunu to be uud for pilotage, which will be eucted by 2i2 the naval officer at clearing out j Ihe same being funded by law under the direction of the 'Iriniiy House, for the relief of decayed pilots, their widows and children. Regulationi for the Payment of Pilotage al/ove JJic to Quebec. At or above the anchorage of Ihe Draiidy Pols, 2 3ds of the present rale for a full piloiase. Atinve the point of St. Roc, I.3d do. Above Ihe Point auK Fins, on the lleaux Grues, and below Patrick^ Hole, 1 4th do. At and above P.ilrick's Hole For sliiftin< 1^' ^f> 9T8 QUERCITRON BARK, QUIU.S. MMK ToThn» Ri»fri, or] •Unf I'lirl Ncuf, j Gt. currciiry • j — 71.] — 81. To MontmU arat ' above 'Ihrre Hi vers, lll.currcncy. Forvew-linoteiceBl. (From TH't, Rivrn, If atKive 20() ton' not eiceciliitg torn If above 2')0 totii I- !'. 41. lOi. r,i. loi. CFroin Mon'rral, a[nl For vmrti not eicerd- j alxivr Tiin-e Ui- iof 2uO toua - I vom, 7J. (Of. cur* To Mnntrral, »n< aliovc *riiri:« vrrH, I3J. cur rtiicy — I6(, '"'"1 If alHive 200 toM .inl f'^'","' """'r"!.""! ur f |„ni . - . "■"' "'• '^- cur J V. reucy. " ■ — • - 10). 13,. Iiini If alwve 250 lou riloU ar^ at lit)flrty to travc venelt 49 hours after tliey arrive at the place of Itietr Jestiuatluli. fiiuUc Mmanac, for IftU. Exports to HRiTiaii America. Quantity nml Dcrlnrpd Vnltin of ilin (lifTiTPiit Artiflcs of Ilrilisli iiiid Irish Produce nnrt Mnniifacturc ex|)iirli!il lo the Xorlh Aiiivricaii ("oloiiiiis iii lH'M.—(l'iirl. I'aiicr, No. i.'iO. Scss. Ie3.1.) Articlef, Apparel, alopi, ftr. • Arnt't mil) .iliioiuiiiliun llariio Anl tiiiiis Re( .111,1 pirk n>i'r a.i.lali- IVMtk* prtii'wl Rrass ;uit)er manufactures Pu'lir aii't cfi.-pse • Coats, culm, ail t cinders • C'-nla^u Coilon iiiannfirtures Hosier}', I ire, ice. * C'olloii'twnl and yam Karlhemvare Fi.h Glass at v.ilue Hanlwarrs .in'I cn'Iery Hats. Iieavrraiiil frit Iron * I'lrl, ivrouflit k tinwrought l.e.>il anil shot l.*ntlii-r, n-mu!< 2..57J 31,134 20,l*» I5,6IS,I0«> 907,997 2,2J3,s-il 62 17,883 29,4«2 7,46 1 j I2.IIX) 320 42!l,23« I8>i,7'.2 ld,V4l 4i'< 24,(K>2 4,9 4 9,-(i; !l,7i2 !).a;tO l'.,.2« 4'V.ll'i 413.737 2'>.i3(i 10,376 2a,3 !) till 81,'il9 l,3sn 127,318 26,734 133, ,27 fi,541 e«,02l Article*. I «)uantities. V.\Iuf, Si Mlery .Hid hamesi • I.iiifii niuiut.ictiires Tlirei'l, t:ipe«, kc, M.-irliiiifiy and mill work l':^lrlter^' mloiirs • I'lilp, plaliil ware, jewellery, * walrhes Sih - - • . ■ . .'^ilk niaiiuf.ii''iiri:s So,i|i and cm Mi'S • Siatioiii ly iif all sorts SniC-ir, n line! Tin, unwifiinht - Do. an I pf'wtrr w.ires Wool, slietp's aiiil l.tiiitis' Wfwillen ,111 1 wtirstfd yarn Oil. iiianuficlures ; viz. entertil liy th.' piice • do, liy llif y.ird - llmieryatiil iniall wares • All utlit-T articles • yards 3,309,165 bushels lbs. cwt. lbs! pieces yards Total ileclareil value /,. I,539,6»4 1,267,683 10,513 39 It,ai7 0,353 89,203 900.124 I.. 6319 117,333; 5,116 I 4,«0] l.',9S7 7,ti94l ».l,OIJ ' 32.l.)!l ' 3iJSi i 3l,>77 I H7i 12,^:0 Cll 717 27I,4M 5",229 I1.WI 127,761 2,f.iiwn /mini>r(inf.i!,— Tilt! niiiii1)i>r of hiiittierants arriveil at (liti»hr>r, in 182!), wiia IS.Ol."! ; in 1830, 98,nnn; j^ 1831. M),25l ; in \KVl, il.Tlti ; [in I83H, '22,0(12 ; in 1^31, 30,217 ; in 1835, 30,017 ; in 183«, 27,513 ; in m, 21,855; in ls:)S, 2,'.l.'i0; uiiil in lt>37ti,7l!« I8.W 3JJ,>'37 4IS,S23 38, 155 62I,S73 3.-,,927 I91.61X) 4' 7 .239 l,li;4,;96 1831 317,764 405,074 b6,l3i 786.114 34,0i6 IH0.3i5 4:J3,'ih I,4II.1M I&32 J72.8«0 465.966 411,548 415.668 30,Slft Mi,6fi9 44). 247 I,fr27,303 1833 .380.821 486,455 38,512 42',24l 35,712 IS 1.977 4V5,(;75 l,C0-..li:3 1S34 4"i«.9T0 676,,586 2S,407 295,325 36,3HI 191,9.19 621,759 i,i6e.'c0 1833 4«:l,'"ivt >i itUc Mmanac, tor 1833. cc nnrt Mnnuracturc Segs. Itt33.) I Quanlilin. di i 3^,165 1 ecpa ards 1^9,684 )l267,683 ' 16,513 39 " ll,ai7 5,551 89,203 ! 900.124 V.»lur. T. 5JW II7,IM r,,\l6 ; I2,9n 7,BM| 2>,I2: I 9:1,01} 32.U<| 34,»'n U7 12,'''0 (ill 717 27I,^M lt,*l 127,761 ■ 2,r,!0,3n 1)1.'); in 1830,28,0110; n in 1836, 2T,il3 ; in br, land ofthc same name, ,' W. ro|iuliitioii 'i'M ■iimliiin nttordcil I'V llic iiv-iiicciitltlnisl'iirwilli- . wliitli also iMijciys llir '» incroasiii« h*M than I those of UiK'bcc. of tlie Tonuano and isliins tl>« rr"l">r""iu r Tons ; the "rdimagi" "cllicr with Ihc Value Totol clearal, No. ot Shii>»- Tom. I Mni- ■2-,3,9V2 ' 2.->7,2 1 i 27IJ.-5?2 26(),'i78 2-7,411* 1,289 I 329,411 1,2(16 3ll.2lti 1,005 4,0'>1 1,103 1,077 1,157 ll,«9 : Il,li77 1 12.>7I I 12,737 12.S10 . 14503 U.V66 ToUl Eil|<-'>'>- Tons. Vilue t^lrtlio;. 402,117 417.239 433,'t2i 44^.247 4',5,l'7i B21,7'>8 MO.I'il I- 976,706 I,16l,i9« ) 4II.IM l,(r27,3(B 1.W''.671 I,l60.*t« l,OJ7,178 in 18.12,4,202/. 11,», ; which, ns the duty is at tho rntc of '^v. Cuf. tho 1,000, nhows that tlio niiinlipr of quillx rntcrcd tor Iiixih! ('iiiisiini|ili()ii that yvnr must have iiiiKiiintcd to 3;}_(J()H,0()0, tJuilU arc princij>nliy iiiiporti-d Iroiii the iS'i'llicrlaiult) and (itTiiiiiiiy ; but tiuisc Iroin Riga arc the finest. The price of Uiga nuiiU in London, in I'Vbruary, 1831, duly paid, was as under : — £ s. d. £ a. d Quills, gooBC, 17 lolh per mille fe^lOll.of Octol«r,1835.-S(if.i ImanyparU of North line da scrhere ; Kus. ■of the wings of geese, Isified according to the TuiilU being the best L judged partly l.yfe lfV"«o»"l*'^^,'?!:^' gooso quiUs produced, 16 - \!> - 14 2 l.'i 0to3 1 12 0—1 !.■> 1 2 0—1 4 Hamburgh quills arc about 40 per cent, lower. Uullla, goose, 1.1 Inth per mlUe 12 - 11 - - - Pinions - . . . £ s. tl. £ s. d. l» Olod 14 M P — 10 (1 — 12 5 6—006 R. R.\GS (Dii. Lompen, Vodden ,• Fr. Chiffes, Chiffons, Drapentix, Drilkt ; Gcr. Lumptni It. Slrasci, Slrazze ,■ Kus. Trepjc ; Sp. Tropoi, Htira pos), ehroih or fragments of (generally decayed) linen, woollen, or cotton cloth. Though commonly held in littlo csliiiiation, rags arc of great importance in the arts, being used for various purposes, but esiiecially in the manufacture of paper, most of which is entirely prepared from tiiem. As the mode in which British rags arc collected must lie well known to every one, the following BtatcMii'iits apply only to the trade in foreign rags. Wiiiilkn KufTs. — Woollen and linen rags arc imported in considerable quantities from the continent of Europe, and from Kicily. 'J'hc woollen rags arc chiefly used for manure, espe- fially ii> the culture of hops; but rags of loose texture, and not too much worn or decayed, arc unravelled and mixed up with fresh wool in the making of yarn ; a practice more favourable to the cheapness than to the strength and durability of the fabrics into which tliia olJ wool is introduced. Woollen rags are also used for making flocks or stuiling for beds, &c. : this process is jwrformed chiefly by the aid of the same kind of engines tli.it jirepare pulp for paper ; these wash the rags thoroughly, at the same time that they grind and tear llicm out into separate threads and fibres. Tho chief importation of woolU'ii rugs U from Hamburgh and Bremen ; and there arc some got from Rostock, but the quaiitily is trifling. The total average importation varies from ."300 to .500 tons, and the price ranges from 6/. to 7/. |M'r ton, duly (7s. 6(/.) and freight paid on such as are used for manure; and from 13/. to \'->l. for coloured woollens of loose texture, and 18/. to 20/. for while of the same description. Linm Rags arc principally imported from Rostock, Bremen, Hamburgh, Leghorn, Anroiia, Messina, Palermo, and Trieste. Their export from Holland, Belgium, France, Spain, and Portugal, is strictly prohibited. The imports usually amount to about 10,000 tons; worth, at an average, from 81/. to 22/. per ton, duty (.5,?.) and freight included. Exclusive of the very large quantity collected at home, all the rags imported were, until very recently, employed in the manufacture of pajier ; but the Americans, who have for some years been large importers from the Mediterranean and Hamburgh, have lately come into the London market, and purchased several cargoes : a circumstance suflicicntly indica- tive of the languid state of the paper manufacture in this country, occasioned by the op- pressive amount of the duties with which it is burdened, and of the duty on advertisements. —(See P.vPF.H.) The imported rags are coarser and inferior in appearance to the English ; but, being alino.it exclusively linen, they are stronger, and bear a price disproportioned to the apparent dItTiToncc in quality : this disproportion has been materially augmented since the introduc- tion of the process of boiling the rags in ley, and afterwards bleaching them with chlorine, has rendered foreign rags fit for making fine paper, and, indeed, in some respects preferable for that purpose, by their afl'ording greater strength of texture combined with eijual whiteness of colour. There is considerable variety in the appearance of rags from diflerent ports; but, in (;eneral, tho.se from the north of Europe are darker and stronger than those from the Medi- terranean ports. The latter are chiefly the remains of outer garments, and have become nhitciicd by exposure to the sun and air; but since the improvements in bleaching, this Joes not much enhance their value in the British market. The rags shipped from Trieste are chiefly collected in Hungary. It is only within these few years that we have brought rags from this port, which now furnishes us with considerable supplies. Most part of the rags collected in the Tuscan states, to the extent of 10,000 or 12,000 bags a year, goes to America. FreJBlits are, at an average, about— Hninbureh and Bremen, linen 20s. per ton, woollen, 2.'5s. ; Rpb- lock, 40*. ; Ancona and I.eehorn, 38*. to 40*. ; Trieste and Sicily, 45». to 4fi«. Linen rags are alinosl all lelerted and assorted previously to tlicir shipment from the foreign port. Their distinguishing marks inJ prices per cwt. in the London marliet, January, 1832, were as follow : viz. 2> i !^.' s» •^ *«**' V^ .<0r- «i rJK" •' ,0^ «»* ^ »< *«*- 34 '%' 311 )«.•■■ i»*'l ^^ IT- ■ i' " ' 1^ 380 RAIL-ROAD. '^^ MtaK' 8 P P P . . 8 !• F - - - F F .... P X or F M . . P B - - . . Rmlack, lltniburih. DraaMD. £ «. d. 1 13 1 7 fi 1 3 17 17 Triw't. £ 1 1 1 «. 13 10 n 17 17 d. £ ». d. 1 13 1 8 1 3 17 17 £ 1. 1 1 5 1 3 in 13 d. £'$. d. Otol 13 0-1 80; 0-1 50 0-0 lU () IS RAIL-KOAD, TRAM on WA(iON ROAD, a species of road linvinp: tracks or wiiy, formed of iron, Htonr, or oilier solid material, on which tiic wheels of the carriages fmssinir along it run. 'I'he object in constructing such romts is, l>y diminishing the friction, to niuke R less amount of power adequate cither to im]>el a carriage with a greater velocity, or to urge forward a greater load. Conslriiclion of Unil-roarl/.. — The friction on a perfectly level rail-road, properly con. structed, is cHtimaled to amount to from ,'|jth to i5th only of the friction on an ordinary level road; so that supposing the same force to oe applied in both cases, it would move a weight from 10 to 7 times as great on the former as on the latter. But if there be a vrry moderate ascent, such as 1 foot in 50, which in an ordinary road would hardly be perreivoj, a great increase of power on the rail-road is required to overcome the resistance that is thus occasioned. The reason is, that the ordinary load on a krel rail-road is about seven lima as great as on a common turnpike road ; so that when the force of gravity is brought into operation by an ascending plane, its opposing power, being proporflimed to the Imul, is 7 times as gnat as on a common road. Hence the vast importance of having rail-roads uitlier level, or os nearly so as possible. It is also of great importance that rail-roads should be straight, or, at least, free from any abrupt curves. Carriages being kept on the road by Jtunires on the wheels, it is olivj. ous, that where the curves are quick, the friction on the sides of the rails, and conseiiucnt retardation, must be very great. In the Manchester and Liverjjool rail-road, the curves form segments of a circle whifh, if extended, would embrace a circumference of 15 miles. Iron rail-roads, the kind now generally used, arc of 2 descriptions. The JIat rail, 01 tram rond, consists of cast-iron plates about .'J feet long, i inches broad, and ^ an inch 01 I inch thick, with a (launch, or turned up edge, on the inside, to guide the wheels of tlw carriage. The plates rest at each end on stone sleepers of 3 or 4 ewt. sunk into the earth, and they arc joined to each other so as to form a continuous horizontal pathway. 'J'hey ore, of course, double; and the distance between the opposite rails is from 3 to 4^ fed, according to the breadth of the corriage or wagon to be employed. The Cf/ifC rni/, which is found to he superior to the tram rail, is made either of wrought or cast iron ; if the liiitet be used, the rails are about 3 feet long, 3 or 4 inches broad, and from 1 to 2 inches tliick, being joined at the ends by east metal sockets attached to the sleepers. The upper edge o| the rail is generally made with a convex surface, to which the wheel of the earriiifjc u attached by a groove made somewhat wider. When wrought iron is used, which is in iiiiiny respects preferable, the bars arc made of a smaller size, of a wedge shape, and from 12 to 18 feet long; but they are supported by sleepers, at the distance of every 3 feet. In thp Liverpool rail-road the bars arc 15 feet long, and weigh 35 lbs. [icr lineal yard. The wagons in common use run upon 4 wheels of from 2 to 3 feet in diameter. Rail-roads are either made double, 1 for going and 1 for returning; or they are made with sidiniiii, uhcre the carriages may pass each other. — (See the able and original Essays on Kail-niadf, Inj Charles Maclaren, Esq., in the Scotsman for 1824, Nos. 511, 512. and 514. ; sec also Mr. Booth's Pamphlet on the Liverpool and Manchester Rail-road.) Speed of Carriages on Hail-roads, c^c. — The eflcct of roil-roads in diminishing friction is familiar to every one ; and they have long been used in various places of this and other countries, particularly in the vicinity of mines, for facilitating the transport of heavy loads. But it is only since the application of locomotive engines as a moving power, that they have begun to attract the public attention, and to be regarded as of the highest national import- ance. These engines were first brought into use on the Darlington and Stockton ruil-niad, opened on the 27th of December,- 1825. But the rail-rood between Liverpool and Man- chester is by far the greatest undertaking of this sort that has hitherto been com|ilctcd. This splendid work, which is executed in the most approved manner, cost between 800,000/. and 900,000/. ; and, as far as speed is concerned, has completely verified, and, indeed, far surpassed, the most sanguine anticipations. The road has the advantage of being nearly level ; for, with the exception of a short space at Rainhill, where it is inclined at the rate of I foot in 96, there is no greater inclination than in the ratio of 1 foot in 880. The length of the rail-road is 31 miles; and it is usual to perform this journey in handsome carriages attached to the locomotive engines, in an hour and a half, and sometimes less! So wonderful a result has gone far to strike space and time out of the calculations of the traveller : it has brought, in so far, at least, as respects the facility of passing from the one to the other, Liverpool as near to Manchester as the western part of London is to the eastern part ! RAIF.-ROAD. 381 Trim'*- ~n ,. rf. £ U to I 5 0-1 8 - I « 0-0 5 0-0 «. 13 H 5 Itt 18 d, 1 , 1 » ! inini> e fricliiin, to make [iter velocity, or to oail, properly con. )n oil an ordinary I, it would lUDvc a if there be a very lardly be porccivod, istancc Uint ix thus i about nereii limu I'ily is brought into ed lo Ihe lixid. is 7 ■ing rail-roads eilhei , at least, free from le wheels, it is olivj. Ms, and consciiuont rail-road, the curve;) rence of 1') miles. The fat rail, oi ad, and i an inch m de the wheels of tlw sunk into the carih, tal pathway. 'I'hey s from 3 to 4^ fact, The ecti^e rail, which ist iroii ; if the laltct 1 to 2 inches thick, The upper edge ot ■el of the carriage is ,ied, which is in m;iny hape, and from 12 to I very 3 feet. In the ir lineal yard. The leter. Rail-roails arc with sidinsfs, wliere \ys on Kail-midt; Inj ' 514. ; sec also Mr. piminishing friction is ies of this and other tsport of heavy loads. ■power, that they have Ihest national import- ed Stockton rail-rirail, L Liverpool and Man. [erto been comiilcteJ. lost between 800,000/. fificd, and, indeed, far htage of being nearly \a inclined at the rate I foot in 880. The Kourney in handsome [and sometimes less! lie calculations of the passing from the one [of London is to the The extraordinary upred of carriaijen on rnil-ronds depend* on (he fact, that the frirtinn, whiili (HI a jterfeclly levi-l ruil-mad is the only reHislaiin- to be oviTcunie, is Ihr mii'ii for all Xflticilirs I HO that, nbHlractiii); from (be resisiunce of the air, which is so triilini; us not lo munre to be taken into account, we b.ive mcri'ly, in order to doulile or treble (he velocity, to (Idiilile or treble (he power. Hn( in vessels at sea, or in canals, which have to iiiiike (heir wav ihrouRb a comparatively dense niediuiii, (be resistiuiee to W overcome iiicrea^es as the MUiin iiflhr t'cldcihf ; so that, to t^" If w^ *•* a^ •< #*r :0 fir' 10 !!■■■■ 3«-» ••li"* -r' 982 RAIL-llOAD. I ( •>♦ If*** *'i' I 1 Ihrre iIhom not nppnir to be any matcri.il progrrnn made towanln realising the anticipntionn I j of the wiincH.si's. | ^ TliP hiiIiJkIiu'cI llnl (irHif prinrl|inl cxisllnif mid prfijcrlcci rnll-ronilH, (.liowinB tin- tiiinitirr nnil ni m oflhi! Kimri'ii In uiicli, Itn- kiiiii puul up. Il'i' mi'IIImiT priiv nliln' hImti'm, &.r in tiikcii Irdiii llic .s/im-, /.„i, fur till! I'Jili iiCOctiibir, |h.i:i, piililjxlii'il liv .Mr. KilimniiU, llroki'r, Nn. U r.xclmiiKr Allry, ('.iniliill No. l:f .Sham. s.inii l.tillO !>IIO a.'iO 1,000 1,000 8..'.00 1,000 ::> . - Siinry .... . m - . Si'vrrii and Wyo . so . . I'liri'Nl 111 |)c;(ii ... - .w M) siiuluiiii .mil Daillngton - . 100 100 u iMollMllllllll - - - - . ,')0 . - Cl.'irani'i' tHiirhain) . . IW) 100 l.i'li'i'Hii'r and SwaiiiilnL'liui . .•lO 60 iN'fwcaHllu-npiiii-'ryne it Carl IHit' 100 101) u lliilliiii and I.i'IkIi . 100 . . ricfl. UiviJcii'li. £ $. d. 210 20 , :ii) 7rt 10 n 'J I 2'.»5 11.1 57 107 10 1 2 I) B 15 TtHM' i.f Cayiiii'iil. Jun. July. July. Jnly. .Mar. 8i'pt. Jiini.', Iiii:. .May, Niiv, Ap. l.,fovi.rn- nient can go further without opening a door to all sorts of abuse. Railunn/ Lrj^ifilation. — Our legislation as to railways, and most other descriptions of public works, appears to be as defective as can well be imagined. It is, it must be ailiiiilleJ, no easy matter to decide how far interf rence should be carried in such cases, and where it should stop. But still it seems sufficiently obvious, that in this case the public interests have been too little jjrotected ; or rather, that they have been sacrificed in a way o>)t ven" creditable to parliament. At present the practice is for a railway act to authori.so the eoin- pany in whose favour it is granted to charge certain specified rates of toll on the pa.sseiiijers and goods to be conveyed by their road, not for 15, 20, or even 50 years, but in all time h RATI.-nOAD. 3R.1 j{ the nnliciintliorw • niiiiitii'r nnilniiiiiiini ,. Allry, riiriilull. i'lHH' Ml 1 \ iJcu'l'* 1 I'ayiii' 1.'. «. d. » 8 U Jul). July. .Inly. . .Inly. 1« " Mar. KiM't. 1 )i (1 .Innr, I'" 8 Miiy, N'lV. lAp. l.Uct. 1 'ancluwtpr, wliirh liml |)leinciit, is now imiii- lilway ill tl"' t'luiHrt. I it coniu'cts, iiiiil the ono 1)1" til*; i'riii(ii>al :li\y upon i'. ''Ii.'ri ;< in niid lJinniiigh:uii, lire 13 uilniiriibly exfcuted, mil ManrhosIrr liiipas , lhoii!J;li tlio (lillii'iiliiej forniiiiiililc iU'siTi|iii.)n, Ipiit. Should tills W in eighteen or Iwiiity ■January IS'IO) iicirly In ; Oarlisle nnil New- jiniule in otluT parls ul railways wimv jia^.-oil; iVci't. It would lio iiro- ibility seems to lio Itwt, ners, and prolialily the ly lie fairly aiii'.iip.iteil and cs|)efially ul' hico- l)le lilies may foMie, in stand, and ulislriiitin; is advantageous for llie [d, and an able report Imcnt. TliiTc sooins, luted by pi i vale ii. *•" ««•" ••* ,*•" »^*s .«r -•4 5'! If -■ 1 a*-»l tj" ■' ;<* Ji'-**" " 6. ■ ft K. ^ 381 UAILKOADS. ,J(S' T- ■ |9B •011- mm*'- raw Htcnni not diilijrrtPil to tlw unmo duty ? If it lir iiip.mt l»y l«>i"(l compnrntivcly honvy iliity on the I'lriiiir lo (li>ici)iiru«ii llir iito of h irxcn, iiii>l to iimkc liu' viirioun nnlwiiy iiiono|iiilii'i« an rornplflf iit |iiit»ilili>, tin- rxi-im;; Hv^ti'iii is judicioutly foiitrivi-d, uiid will n^wt likely Ih« rHiHliial lo iN olijct-l ; hut it ix lui'dlcNit to xiiy lluit in hucIi iimtlirH coMipftitioii c-iiiiiKit !>« rnrrifd to rxcrwM, and tliiit it ix the oidy sccnriiy ii«iiinHt irn-nuliiriticM, imposition, nn. ItMicf. And yi't, iiy ii Hiiimd.ir (•oiitrinliilioii, our li-;{isl,ition hi'imos iih if it procn-dcd nn tli,' UMitumplioii tliJt I'oniiH-tition it lui evil, und lliiit it cannot liu loo much ducuurat^cd. \\\. ■ulijoin a — HintiMnnnI <>rilin NuiiiImt of Itnllwny Aclii pniiiiPil iinniinlly liiire INII Vrtn. JNIH IM>3 I Nil I NIK') INKI IW»7 1H()X I8(m I Act*. 3 I I (I u u 1 3 Vnn. i-^ii INII IMt MS IHIO IHI7 Vann. Aeli. Vran. Ar». ~_.— ai^B IHIO 1 IHW 11 |h«0 (1 IH'W U IN'il 1 |8;i0 N iH'i'J |!h;ii « |MW 1 |s;ta H IM'il H l-^.'i.'i II lh« 9 IKII II IHW |h;<3 IH 1857 e IH38 3.1 Tlicri" It a vrry hdikI nrcniint «( llii' |irinii|i.il llrilixli riiihviiyn in 111" Ciimp/iMH/n ta Ihr JfliiniiKuk for 18.17 : mill II Nlitli'iiii'hi III till' iiiiiiiliir iiiiil a Mil III lit nl'ilio Hliari'i in •'ai'li.nfllii' |iiirliiiiii tln'ri'iit'lli it ;i(,. |Miiil ii|i, anil ilirlr luUiiiu prii'i.' on tlit> '.2jili nl' Juiiimryi 1^3'J, will liu rminil in tliu urticlu i4aAut.?t m tlm Uicllillliiri/. Aiiirrifiiii liiii/riniifi. — IJ.ipid n< luis lu-rn the Rrovvlh of railroads in this country, it j« really iniinnilicant, coiiiparrd with ;!icir cxtt-nsion in Amerira. 'I'hcir profjrpHx their hnj bpen (juili' exlraordiniiry. .Several of those that have been completed in diirerent part.-) ufilie Union, as well us Hcverai of those that are now in proj^ress, are Htate undertakingH ; Imt tl^ great miij irily hiive heen wet on f'lot and canii'd on hy private asHoeialioiiH. The first riiij. way roiisinieled in the I 'nited Slates was completed in l.S ".;.') ; and Mr. Pitkin ntnles ihai, on the 1st of .laiiuary, 1H:}."), the railways that had either been or would very speedily lie completed ill diirerent parts of the I'liion, amounted to alioiit 1,(!00 miles in length; liaMii; cost, in the a«;i,'ie>?ate, aluiut HO.OOO.OOO of dollars ! — (S/dtinlicdl riiir nf the Vnilnl Slutn. p. 571. ed. Is:i.").) louring the last two years their progress has been more rapid than pvit. In the course of last session (18U(i) the legislature of the stale of New York incor|ior:iii'i| no fewer than 'l'.! railway companies: aii. ore iiro-eeiiled with unparalleled alaciity and perseverance; und undertakings are every liav entered upon and completed that might t) prior! have been concluded, even by the most san- lijuinc projeciors, us far beyond the means of so young a country. — (Sec American Ahnunack for 1837, pnsnim.) — Sup.) [See ait. ItoAiis. — Am. iW.] R.MSINS (Fr. Rtii^ins ,sfc-i,oH pas.si'.s ,- Ger. liosinen ,• It. Vvc pa.fse ,• Por. Pams,- Rus. Isiim 1 Sp. l'(ix(i.hest estininlioii. The muscntelD friini Malaga fetcli full) a third more than any other description of raisins. The Miiiyrna lilaik is the cheapest variety, niidiiia) BveraL'i- fnini ,')2.<. to S.'i.s-. a cvvt., duly iiicliideil ; miisrnteld vary from 80s. In 130ii., duty inciudi.-d. Bui the priie depends mui'h on Ihe season, and the period of the year. — (See Malaoa.) The duty on raisins varies, ai-cordiiig lo (lie species, from Ws. to 42«. IJtl. a cwt. ; that is, it variei I from nhoiii i;i(l per eent. on the elieapi'sl sorts, to from .10 to ,15 per cent, on the dearest. This pxorbi- 1 tant duty has confined the demand for raisins within very narrow limits, the entries for home cuiisiimp- 1 tlon heiii(», at an nveraije of 1831 and IS.'t2, only 150,254 cwt. a year. The fact is, that raisins nre, all present, a luxury that can be enjoyed only by the rich : but were the duty reduced, as it ouglit lu be, r RANCJOON. :)8S ,r«livt«ly hpnvy tluly ilwny ini>i\i>]>(>tii'* a* will iivHt lik'ly l» inpotili"" ci>iiiii>l tie iil)OHiliim, niul iiit>. it |irii(0'ili'il oil ilic li Jwcourugeil. ^V,. IHOI. Vriin. IH'l'.l 1k:i() 1h;ii I Kit iH:m Arl>. u H U 11 II IH norlii>"'iil lliaii rvtr. w York iiuMri>or;iti'ii no hi'ir i-xti-nsioii is li.inlly 835, i:< one o^llu' \'J>'A- nwurils i>f 5"" ""''^'' '" already been coiniil^'U'i! legislature of MaryinnJ lis of equal inil)"rlanco Kvpry whore, imli'i'il. [ly cannU nml rail\vnv>, lertakioRH are every day , even by the must sau- ce American AJmumck [procluceil from various lliey grow, as t-^mvmas, fare inailc, as imiscatol?, Inoro on the nielhoil of To methods ;— eillirr by hcarly ripe, and Icaviiig ic sun dries ami I'amlies Ingthcminalcy iMile Ve sun to dry. Thost Eins of the sun. The li jars and } l)0.\e8 wcign- l9fromT.irkry,anrt7.W Iroin Malaga KMoli fu 1 lieapL-st variety, and 1 Il30i, duly iiiclud('il. Bui laovi^ ; tlmt is, it variet I IVdearcst. Tlilsex"rbl-I liitriesforlioinoci'i'siiniP; let is, mat rais'''^""''' 1,1 in. B t\v\, on ihf f licnpoiil r \ft\ rnimiili'r.ililii liii|« "f " di'alralilit arilili*. nii ilif< i nml hIii|iIiI pri'li'Mi'i- nl' Iih ln'inu ni'c rxKary, In iinli'r In l,,.,>|i ii|i tliK ri'vrnui', llial 11 uli'inld Ui- loailitd witli iiii ii|i|iri'Hrlaii('i> uf Ki' r'lilMK up "■■' ri>V)'iiii(' ; lull mi fir frnin I'lnrliUaiil diilli'^ liavliiK nucli an cilVc i, ihi.y i niiintiiitn imiru ili:iii any ililiiX <'t'<) !■> 'I" ri'durliiiM Tlii'y I'llln-r limit tlii^ ('iiiiHiimpliiiii nl' llii' arlh I'lt mi wlih li llii'y iri' lahl t(i lliH vi'ry riilicMt claiiHi'ii, nr tlii'y ramtii lliiiii In lie rlaiidrxlltii'ly xiipplli'd ; rrilih In:; tin* r, u'liai' an wrII nit tin' lomiiitiiptiiiii I'ar liclnw tlir level In wlileli It wniilil altaili were llie iliilleH iiin- , .r:il>' Hut ll \» Ili'edli'Kil to rrniidii Kpi'Ciilail\ ely mi ilU'li ii pmiil. Ilavi' WU Imt neeii lliu revenue ,' rivi'd fruiii iiplrilK lm'ren«ed, by redmlnii the duty I'rmii .V. I'lil. ii Kallnn in 'li. >ht. I nml the revemn, ,', iivril Irniii I'ollee Ireliled, liy rediirliin the iliity rriiiii In. Ti/ per lit. In In/ I And, ait neither nl' tlii'HH !|ili, !■■< waB ninre |{rn»iiirl!i|inl. In Jam, packed In Kuwduiit. I'liu ihlty iiii Uiomu K'apt'fi, wlileli In 'iOpvr euiil. ml valurnn, prn- auced, in IM'i, l.'7«>'- K;ii»liiii. Ilie prndiiee of Riirnpe, iiiny not Ixi Imporlcil fnr liniiie rnniniinpilnii, t-Jirepi In llrlllnli HlilpM, or III HJilpa nftlii! roiiiilry nf wliii li tjiry are I In; priiiliiee,nr frinii » liii h I hey are impnrU'il.iiii t'nrrullliru ofihe KnnilH. and i>f KKI/. liy the eaplain nl' the itiilp. — (S 4. I IVill i. c. .II. d i'l.'i'l.) \ii uliuluniviit ordiilyU inndu on oecuiiiit til'ntiy duiiinvu rccilvi'd liy ralmiii.- (.1 & 4 IVill. \. r. 99. \k) (The duty on nil raisinH, without diHtinetion of ({UBJity, brounlit from n fnreiun rountry, ha« l>eru reihieed to 15^. u cwt. ; aiul to half tliat sum on tiio.-ie lirmii^ht from a Dritiitli pos- Hpgnioii, — ('I '//<.) f. Nearly a million of dollars worth of raisins was last year imported into the United States; (l.iellv If""! Malaga, and the other Mediterranean ports of (Spain. — Am, Ed.] H.\N(<<)()N, a commercial port and town of the Uurmese doniinions, situated about Sfl niilcn from the sea, on the left bank of the eastern branch of the river Iraw.'iddy, in hit. 1(1" \-l' .N., Ion. 9(1° 'Hi' K. 'I'lm town and snburlis extend lengthwise about I mile aloii); the liiiik of the river, lioitig about I of a mile in depth ; but the houses are very uiieipially si'aUt'red over this area. 'J'hc fort, or rather wooden stockade, which conlains the town, [ iiwiH'rly so called, is a regular sijuare about II feet hi^h, composed of heavy beams of t^'ak liiiilior. It apjiears from a census, taken a short time previously to the ciimmeticemeiit of I ilio war in 1821, that the population was 18,000, which, probably, is not fur from its pre.-ienl jinount. • Riiignon In tlie rliinf, and, indeed, nliiinut llio only, port of I'lireiifn trndo in the lliinneHn dnmiiiinnii, wliii-hextend t'min lielween Ihu l.'illi and lliili, up in the Slitli and 'iTili ileKreeM nl' .\. hit., ami I'rniii tliu ifJdlotlic Wtli (leKreu nl K. Inn., eoiitainiii).' an area nl' aliniit lal.dOll Hipiaru iiiileH, willi a pnpiilalinii ufaliiiut I.UOO,0(H). Its situation is oxtruniely eniivuiiient I'nr tMiniiiiurtiul piirpniies, lieiiiK sitiialed sn ni'»r till! '^ea, and coiiinmndinL' the iiavi);allnii of tliu Irawnddy, wliieli exlemls tn Avn. tliu cnjiilal, a Uiprings I'rnin 25 tn .10 feel. Tlin priiiripiil teak fnrt'sts arc, at the name time, at a cninparalivHly .'hurt illHtaiice, and tlieru U a water conveyance I'nr the timber nearly the wlinle way. iSlilp-liiiililinn Ibat.iii fail, been carried on at Kaii);oon since 1780, and in the 38 years wliicli preceded n^ir capture o? llMlure had licea built 111 siiuare-rigKcd vessels orEurn|ieun cnnstructinn, the total liunlen nt' which lammuiteil to above 3,'),000 tons. Several uf these wore ol from 800 to 1,000 tons. tmliT tin.' direct inii u'Kiiropean inaHters, the liiirnicsc were found to make dexterous and laliurioiis artisans; in this I ri.v& (rod beam) = 1 Ijrge Kw^. I 'i Mm = I MiCli. tUrecdo. • • = 1 Bai. 1 4 Mal'h'i • = I Kval.uii'ifo Tinl. I Bill . • ■ = t Mu. I lOU Kyali • =: I faiklna, vutfa v <•, = 3-65 Ibi. avoir Xtiswrta of capacity are as follow : — i Uliivea • - = I Ijini<, I 4 Salrfj • • = 1 Pyi. I 2 Sarnit • • = I Sail. i lauet ■ ■ = I Salii. j 2 l'yi» • - = t Sarot. j 4 Salli - • = 1 'I'en. Tim last measure is what Is usually culled by iis "a basket," and ought tn weigh 16 vis of clean liin.of 58'41hs. avoirdiipnis : it has coiiiinonly been reckoned at ^ a cwt. All grains, pulses, certain |M!, natron, sail, and lime, are bnught and sold by measiirn : other commodities by weight. (onminial Rt/rulations. — The fnllnwing commercial treaty, entered into between the government |ofEn;laiiil and the Court of Avn, in 1826, regulates the intercourse between the two countries : .^n. 1.— Peace being made, Jcc. jic.— when merchants with an English certified pass frim the coun- Voi.II.-2K 49 I s i c: H .4 A •m m» m* :» <"" :> i^ a»* *•" *^ ■•r- it vr' K it ■ • atJ»' ^* IT'' 386 RAPE. ,1 '.'■ '• taitf'' r'i*r'" Cm-"': ■•*■ 1- «■»■■■■ ■jar, , it*** :*'•■ fir; WW i .: try of the Enuliah ruler, and i.ierrhnnts from the kingdom of Tiirmn piss from one country In Hd otliKr, onllini; nrid buying inurclmiulixi;, tin; gontiriKls nt thn pasniis and ciitranc«H, tlir RHlnhliKhitd gate- kcepcrK of the cniintry, Hlinll niuke iiiijuiry us iiiiiiiil, lint wlllioul demanding any ninney ; and g|| merchants coming truly for the iiurposu of trndn, with merchandise, shall he suflercd to paHs withnin hindrance or molestation. The governments of both countries, also, shall permit ships with CHrc-ej to enter porta and carry on trade, giving them the utmost protection and security. And in regard to duties, there sliall none be taken beside the customary duties ut the landing places of trade. Art. 2.— Ships, whose breaillh of beam on the inside (opening of the hold) is 8 royul lliiriiian ciihiti of 19'1 Knglish inches each, and all ships of smaller size, whether merchants from the Uurmese comj.' try entering an Eiiiilish port under the liurmese tlae, or merchants from the lOiiglish country, wiili qi, English stamped pass, entering .i lliirtnese port under the l^nglish dag, shall be .subject to no ni||f>r demands beside the payment of duties, and 10 ticals,2S per cent. (19 sicca rupe(!s), for a passport on leaving. Nor shall pilotage bn demanded, unless the captain voluntarily rei|uires u piiol. Ilo^v. ever, when sliips arrive, information shall be given to the oiiicer stationed at the entrance of the sea. In regard to vessels, whosi^ breadth of l)eam exceeds H royal cubits, they shall remain, according to tin Otii article of the treaty of Yandabo, without unshipping their rudders or landing their guns, and Ik free from trouble and molestation as lliirmc^se vessels in British ports. Besides the royal duties, no more duties shall he given or taken than such as are customary. Art. 3. — .Merchants belonging to one country, who go to the other country and remain there, slinn when they desire to return, go to whatever country and by whatever vessel they may desire, wiihouj llindrance. Property owned by merchants they shall be allowed to sell. And property not sold, anj liouschold furniture, they shall be allowed to lake away, without hindrance, or incurring any e.vpoiisp Art. 4.— English and liurmese vessels meeting with contrary winds, or sustaining damage in nam, rigging. Sec, or sutfering shipwrecks on the shore, shall, according to the l.iws of cliinily, receive ;ij.' Bistancc from the Inhabitants of the towns and villages that may be near, the master ot ilie wreckcj ship paying to those tliat assist suitable salvage, according to the circumstances of liie case; and whatever property may remain, in case of shipwreck, shall be restored to ihe owner. Commerce. — .V considerable intercourse is carried on between the liurmese and Chinese doininion? by nn annual caravan, of which the merchants' are ail Chines :. The imports from China consjjiu! manufactured articles, the chief export from liurma being cotton wool. The trade with foreiL'ri loun! tries seaward is carried on with the ports of ('hittagong, Dacca, ami Calcutta, in lieugai ; .MmliMjanil Masulipatam, on the Coromandel coast j the Nicobar Islands, in the Bay of Bengal ; I'enaiiL', in i||.. Straits of Malacca ; and occasionally with the Persian and Arabian Gulfs. Tlie laru'est trad..' is wnjj Calcutta, owing to the great consumption of teak tlinher in the latter, and the facility rvith wliiclisji; supplies the deiriand of the Burmese for Indian and British cotton goods. At an average of the 3yeari ending with lS22-i.';, being those which immediately preceded the war with the Britisli, there eiiierej inwards at Calcutta, from the Burmese dominions, 2'j ships, of the burden of P,l()l tons; and in thej years ending with I829-3I), 33 ships, of the burden of 8,920 tons. - No direct trade lia? yet been riipriej on between Burma and any European country. The ships and tonnage which entered inwards ai Madras from Burma were, in the 3 years ending with 1822-23, 5 ships, of the burden of ti83 tons ; and in the 3 years ending with 1829-30,8 ships, of the burden of 1,170 tons. The articles exported to fureign countries from Rangoon are the following : — Teak wood, terra Japonica, or catechu, ^tick lac, bees' wa.\', elephants' teeth, raw cotton, orpiment, commonly called in India hiirtal, gold, silver, riilileg, sapphires, ami horses, or rather the small, hardy pony of the country, which is much esteemed, parti- cularly at Madras. By far the most important of these commodities is teak timber; the i|iiainityor this wood annually e.xported is said to be equal to 7,500 full-si/.td trees, which, for the most p.irt, con- sist of what India ship-builders call skinbin, which are planks hewn out of the log wiinilie adze at an immense waste. The teak forests of Pegu are by far the most abundant in India. The teak is no. where to be found in the low alluvial lands to which the tide reaches, but abounds in the high liuiiU beyond its influence. It seems to be very generally disseminated throughout the Burmese dniiiiriions, In the territory ceded to the British in Martaban, there are some line forests, the tliolier of wliiclili cut down for exportation, and where It is believed that saw-mills have very recently bi^eti estahllshei by some European settlers. The nmst accessible and extensive forests of teak in the Burmese dominions are in the province of Sarawadi, about i.'iO miles to the north of Uangoon, with which there isawatei comuuinication. The principal imports into Burma are cottmi, piece goods from India and Britain, Itti- tish woollens, iron, steel, quicksilver, copper, cordage, borax,sulphur, gunpowder, saltpetre, lire-arms, coarse porcelain, English gbass ware, opium, tobacco, cocoa and areca nuts, sugar, and spirits, orthesc, by far the most important is cotton piece goods. The Burmese have few cotton nianul'aciures nl'tlieii own, and appear from very early times to have been furnished with the principal part of their supply I'roni the Coromandel coast. To these were afterwards added the cheaper fabrics of Bengal ; ami both are now, in a great measure, superseded hy British manufictures, the use of which has spread very ra. pidly since the opening of the trade In 1814. In l82i)-27, the exports and imports of the purl of Uan- goon were estimated each at the rale of .300,000?.— (We are indebted for this valuable urilclclouui esteemed friend, .loiin Crawfurd, Esq., who ascertained the paiticulurs on the spot.) R.\PE, a biennial plant of the turnip kind (Brassica napus Lin.), but with a wo«!y fusiform root scarcely fit to be eaten. It is indigenous, flowers in May, and ripens its .seeds in July. It is cultivated in many parts of England, particularly in Lincoln and Caml)riili;e ; partly on account of its seed, which is crushed for oil, and partly for its leaves as food lor sheep. The culture of rape for peed has been much objected to by some, on itceoutit of ils supposed great exhaustion of the land : but Mr. Loudon says tli.it, where the soil and preparation arc suitable, the after-culture properly attended to, and the straw and oH'al, instead of being burnt, as is the common practice, converted to the purpose of feeding aiiJ littering cattle, it may, in many instances, be the most proper and advantageous crop that can be employed by the farmer. The produce, when the plant succeeds well, atid the season is favourable for securing the seed, amounts to from 40 to 50 bushels an acre. The seed is sold by the last of 10 quarters; and is crushed in mills constructed for that purpose, — (Loudon's Ency. of Agriculture.) In addition to the rape-seed raised at home, we import considerable quantities, princifially from 1 Denmark. In 1831, our imports amounted to 407,275 bushels; of which 290,.368 were I'roui Deiiiiiarli, 67,910 from Germany, 41,961 from France, with smaller quantities from Prussia, the .\elherlatids,aiiil Italy. At an average of 1831 and 1832, the entries of foreign rape-seed for home consumption nmoiiiit- ed to 491,798 bushels a year, producing an annual revenue of 3,109<. The price of English rape-seed in December, 1833, varied from 28/. to 29/. per last; the duty on foreign rape-seed is Ilia, a last. Rape-seed, the produce of Europe, may not be imported for home consumption, excci't in WrM RATTANS— REGISTRY. 387 [4 n one country to the , tlii^ 08tiilili«lii''l (tale. uiiy money ; and all lerftl to paHs witlinui III gliips will! car|!-ej ily. Ami in rugutilto ;c8 of triiile. roynt llurinan ciiliiis, ini the lluniiese cduh. [llsh coiinlry, with an le siiliji:tt l<> "o nlliet }«»), for a p;i9H|)(irt on HiiireB 11 liilot. Iluw- le entrance of llifi sea, nviiii.ai'xonling ti)lli» iiig tlieir (.'un«, and be Qg the royiil duties, no 1(1 remain lliere, shall, ey may desire, willioui Iproperty not sold, anj incurrina any expeiisp ining dmnaije in lUKsts, of c.lialily. reieivi! ;ig. master ot tin; wrtokd ineea of llie case ; and owner. . and Cliineso dominion" s from Ciiiiia ecHisislu! rade witli foreign ooim. in licimai ; M;iilr;isaiiJ Bengal "j I'cnaiii!. in Hi; :iie lar;.'esl triid.: is Wilh ! facility Willi wliiclisii! in averitp'e of tlie 3 yean he Brilisli, tliere eiilered 9,11)1 tons; anil intlieS •ade liai yel lieen carried jiicii entered iiiwariisal burden of IW:i Imis ; and ■liclea ex|iorled lo foreign • catechu, elicit lac, bees' rial, sold, silver, rubies, is miicU er'teeincd, parli- I timber; the iiuanlilyof :h, for the most |iart, con- he log wiinilU! adze at an in India. ThS teak is no- lionnds in tli« liii^li iMits . the Uiirmcse doiiiinions. is, the liiiilier of wliichu recently heen eslalilished in the Burmese dominions ith wtiicU tlieie isavvaier uni India and Britain, Bii- wder,sulti)elre,lire-atnii, icar,andsi)iiils. Oflliesc, ion maiiufacliiresol'llieir ilparloflhoirsiiiiplyfroin J of Bengal; ami both aie hich has spre:ul very n. iportsof the port of Han- lis valuable iirliclelooui lie spot.) n.), but with a woody ay, and ripens its seeds incolii and CamlmJa;e ; [r its leavetj as IboJ tot Isomc, on uccouiit of its ,it, whore the soil and Id the straw and ollal Tjurpose of feeding and idvantngcous crop thai Succeeds \vell, and the 1 bushels an acre. The Iructed for that purpose, liantities, principally from ] I 368 were from Doiimarii. Isia, llie Netlierlamls.iiiw j lineconsumiiiioiiamouiil- Irice of English rape-seed L-seed is IUj. a !:."*'■ ., , fmpiton, except m Hn"'' shipsi Of '" s'''P* of the country of which it is the produce, or from which it is imported.— (S b, 4 M'ill, ' n'^pp.l'jKK, is the adhering masses of the husks of rape-seed, after the oil has heen expressed. They ore reduced to powder hya malt mill or other machine; and are used either as a top dressing for croiw of dilfercnt kinds, or are drilled along with turnip seed. Rape cakes were worth, in Decem- ber !''•*•'■ ''■'"o 5'- '" '"■ " '"" ' "'"' '"P" "'' '""" "• '^■'' '" "• '"*• " ''■**''• '" "'■^**> ^^'^ imported about 330 OtX) cwt. of rape and other oil cake. It is charged with a duty of U. a cwt. RATTANS, OH CANES, the long slender shoots of a prickly hush (Calamtis rntang Lin.)' '"'"•' "^ '•^*' most useful plant.s of the Malay peninsula, and the Eastern islands. They are exported to Bengal, to Europe, and above all to China, where they are consumed in iinniense quantities. For cane work they should be chosen long, of a bright pale yellow colour, well glazed, and of a small size, not brittle, or subject to break. They are purchased by the bundle, which ought to contain 100 rattans, having their ends bent together, and tied in the middle. In China they are sold by the picul, which contains from 9 to 12 bundles. Such as are black or dark coloured, snap short, or from which the glazing flics oir on their being bent, should be rejected. When stowed as dunnage, they are fjcnerally allowed to pass free of freight. — {Milburn's Orient. Com., i.\c.) The imports into this country are very considerable. In 18.30, the number imported was 2,414,562; in 1831, 3,908,423 ; and in 1832, 3,922,9.55.— (Par/. Paper. No. 425.Scss. 1833.) "The ri'ttan," says Mr. Crawfurd, "is the spontaneous product of all the forests of the Archipelago; but exists in great perfection in those of the islands of Borneo, Sumatra, and of the Malayan penin- sula. 'I'bc finest are produced in the country of the Butaks of Sumatra. The wood-cutter, who is in- clined to deal in this article, proceeds into the forest without any other instrument than his iwrnnff or cleaver, and cuts as much as he is able to carry away. The mode of performing the operation is this ; — lie makes a notch in the tree at the root of which the rattan is growing, and cutting the latter, strips off a small portion of the outer hark, and inserts the part that is peeled into the notch. The rattan now being pulled through as long as it continues of an cciual size, is by this operation neatly and readiljr freed from its epidermis. When the wood-cutter has obtained by this means from ,100 to -100 rattans, — being as many as an individual can conveniently carry in their moist and undried state,— he sits down, and ties them up in bundles of 100, each rattan being doubled before being thus tied up. After drying, ibey are fit for the market without further preparation. From this account of the small labour expended in bringing them to market, they can be sold at a very cheap rate. The Chinese junks ob- tain them in Horne>^ •'.t the low rate of 5 Spanish dollars per 100 bundles, or 5 cents for each 100 rat- tans, or 27 for Id. The natives always vend them by tale; but the resident European residents, and the Cliini'se, by weight, counting by piculs. According to their quantity, and the relative state of supply and demand, the European merchants dispose of them at from U to 2i dollars the picul. In China, the price is usually about 3J dollars per picul, or 75 per cent, above the average prime cost. In Bengal they are sold by tale, each bundle of about 100 rattans bringing about 20Jd."— (/ndjan Aniiipdago, vol. iii. p. 423.) RE.\L, in the Spanish monetary system, is of two sorts ; viz. a real of plate and a real vcllun. The former is a silver coin, varying in value from about 6^a. to 5d. — (See Coi^s.) A real vellon is a money of account, worth about i^d. REAM, a quantity of paper. The ream of writing paper consists of 20 quires, each of 24 sheets ; but the ream of printing paper, or, as it is sometimes called, the printers' ream, extends to 21^ quires, or 516 sheets. Two reams of paper make a bundle, RECEIPT, is an acknowledgment in writing of having received a sum of money, or other valuable consideration. It is a voucher either of an obligation or debt discharged, or of one incurred. fied, and amounting to 5/. or upwardi, shall be expreaser the duly on insurances ag-ainst fire. [*i»:i (iirnni|jon the payment of njpney,wliereliy any sum of money, ! In IS'JA the nett prmluce of the receipt diilv was aa fojlows- — itbl, or ileiiianJ, or any part of al^debt or demand, therein speci- ■ Great Britain, 194,5011. 10«.; Ireland, 17,9931. 7i. 9d. REGISTRY, in commercial navigation, the registration or enrolment, of ships at the Custom-house, so as to entitle them to be classed among, and to enjoy the privileges of, British built ships. The registry of ships appears to have been first introduced into this country by the The 3'' tieo. X c. fi'i. emcfs, that every note, memorandum, or wrilliiT vl.ilever, given lo any person on the paymenl of money, ac- knpwit'i^i';- 8''''b piiyioent, on \» hilever account it be, and whe'IuT rgned or li'.>t, shall i)e considei-ed a receipt, and liable to a stamp dutv. And every person wlio shnll write, or cause to be written, any rt^- ceipt l"< r luoiiey on unitainped paper, lexcept in certain excepted cases litrv.iuireieuntrateJ.) or on a lower stamp than the proper one, ■hill t'Tli'it 101. if f'lr a sum under 1110/.; if above, 20;. Giving receipts for less than actually paid, writing nlT sums, or other traniiuleiit contrivances, penalty 60/. ; but receipts may be llamjw.l If bnuight within ffirtrtcen days after date, on payment of ipenalty of fi/. over and above the duty ; and if brought within ' ne ciinidar mt'iith. on payment of a penalty of 10/. and the duty. Any perMu refusiiig lo irive a receipt ujHin demand, or to pay the amouiit ol the stamp, is liable to a penalty of lOi. .S.'i/c uf Statnp Dutiti per 55 Geo. 3. c 164. L. >. d. Receipt or rii-rVargc, eiven for or upon the payment of nicmv, ^ini'Hiiiliiig to 6/. and under 10/. - - 3 1(1/. h\\ uinler 20/. • - - -006 20/. - SO/. . . - . .010 iX — ton/. - - . - - I 6 »./. - 200/. - . . . - 2 6 im. - 300/. - . - - -040 30G/. — 500/. - - • - .050 m. - i.oiio/. - - - . - 7 6 1,0011/. or upwards . - - ■ - 10 AD>t ivLiTf Miv sum shall be therein expreued to be re- ceived in full of all demands - - - - 10 9 i 3' \s3 388 REGISTRY. ^^ n . giiiV- fir-' . mm.*'' Navigation Act (12 Car. 2. c. 18. anno IGGO). Several provisions were made with re- spect to it by the 7 & 8 Will. 3. c, 23. ; and the whole was reduced into a system by the 27 «eo. 3. c. 19. It may bo laid down in general, that a vessel, in order to bo admitted to registry, and consequently to enjoy the privileges and advantages that exclusively belong to a British ship, must be the property of his Majesty's subjects in the United Kingdom or some of jtj dependencies ; and that it must have been built in the said United Kingdom, &c., or been a prize vessel legally condemned, or a vessel legally condemned for a breach of the slave laws. The great, and, perhaps, the only original object of the registration of ships, was to facilitate the exclusion of foreign ships from those departments in which they were prohilijtcj from engaging Iiy the navigation laws, by allurding a ready means of distinguishing sucli as were really British. It has also been considered advantageous to individuals, by preveniinu the fraudulent assignment of property in sliips; but Lord Tenterden has observed, in reference to this supposed advantage, that "the instances in which fair and honest transactions are rendered unavailable through a negligent want of compliance with the forms directed by these and other statutes requiring a public register of conveyance*, make the expediency of all such regulations, considered with reference to private benefii only, a matter of question and controversy." — ^Law nf Sltipptng, part. i. c, 2.) The existing regulations as to the registry of shi[)s are embodied in the act 3 & l Will. 4. c. 55., which, on account of its importance, is subjoined nearly entire. Act 3 & 4 Wii.i,. 4. c. 55., for reuisterino of British Vesskls. Commencement ofJict. — From 1st of Septciuber, 183.'?, except where any oilier cominencenienl jj heri^iii-at'ti'r particularly ilircctcd. jV» ycfxel to enjoy Pririleiiea until registereil. — \o vessel sliall be entitled to any of the privilojjesor advantages of a llritisli r«gislt'red ship iiiiless the person or persons cUiiniing properly I herein shall have caused the same to have been registered in virtue of the act (i (ieo. 4. c. 1 10, or of the act 4 Geo, 4. c. 41., or until such person or persons shall have caused the same to be registered in manner luTtiiii after mentioned, ami have obtained a certificate of such resristry from the person or persons autlio. rised to make such registry and grant such ccrtiticate as lierein-after directed; the form of whjth certificate shall be as follows ; viz. — " This is to certify, tint in pursuance of an act passed in *lie -Ith yeir of Ihr rei^n of Kin? Will. 4, inlitulej, An Act [hire insert the title t'f this actt the uaittes, oecupatiniif and rcmttnce of the sub- tcrttnijf oiwicri], having made and sulfscntjcj the declaration re- quireil hy tlie sai I act, and liaving decline 1 thiit [he or they] together with [naniM, ucctipatiems, and rtittience of non-mhrtritAnif awnen] [is or are] sole owner or owners, in the proportions specifieil cm the ' back hereof, of the sfiip or vessel calleil ine [ship's tuime] of [ptwe ' tu whtch the vtssd ttcton^s], which is of the burden of [niiniler of rim*], and whereof [»wu/er't ttai*it} is master, and that the said stiip or vessel was [when and luhere Imill, or cundeinned at pnze, riftr- ring to tntilder's certificate, jwltce's certificate, or certificate if tast registry, tlieii deiivcred up to It canctllcd], and [nanieaud enip/oy- ment of surveying officer] liavinEt certified to us that the said stun or vessel h.is [mtmUr] decks and^ [nnintjer] masts, that her lerigtn aloft is [immber of feci and tnc^l, her breadth at the broalejiM^ [st'tting whether that tic alxn'e or Mow the main wales] ii[tiu>nln of fiet and inches], her [height Utioeen decliS if more tliati | duL or depth III t/ie lotld if only I dtcK] is [numUr of feet and i„cftu\ aul that she is [tinio ritfted] rinsed with a [staiiiimg or rn/inutti twwsprit. is [description of stern] sterned, [carxl oi clnnhn] tp# has [it'hfther any or no] irallery, and [hind of head, ij any] heajl autl the said suhscribinif owners liaving conse .ited .and agreed 'e '.vtn as is retjuired |)y the sai'i act, thes-iid ship or vessel calle'ltlipijiflw] h.as been duly registeretl at the ptirt of [ita>ne vf port] ler'.ifn] under our h-ands at the Custom-house in the said port ot [naoit oi port] this [liafej day of [name of month] m Uie year [wuriid length], [Signed] Collednr. [.Sii;/ifs lieldhy each of the owners mentioned and described in such certificate, in the form and manner I'ollowiii". -J 2. * Nanrn of Ihp several owners tvilhin ineiitiont'J. [ All tut ] fA(im«i (A'amej [A'amcj Number of sixty-fnurlh shares held by e.irh owner. Thirty-two. Sixlaii. Ki^ht. Lisht. [.SitTHCci] Per.tovs authorised to make Rejristnj and ^ranf Certificates.— The persons authorised and renuirpi mak«; snrli r('i,Mritry and grant such ceriiticales shall he the several persons Iierein-at'ternieri'iu and descrilied ; (that is to say,) CVuiiplmller." itfl ThecnI!cc!or ,in i cninplroller nf ruslnnit in ,iny port in the I'nifed Kiiu'ldin, and ill thf Isle nf Min itspectivefy, in respect of ships or ve^iS'-ls to be there reijhiercd : The principal ofliceni of customs in tho Island ftf Guernsey or Jer- sey, toijethcr Willi the ^ovenifir, !ieiiteii;uit-?ovt mor, or com- niand( r in-chief of those islmls respectively, in respect of ships or V'-sstds to I* there rei^istered : The colh'ct.ir and cninplrflltr of customs nf any port in the British possessions m Asia, Africa, and Atiieric.i, or the collector of any such port .It which no ap[)ointiiient of a comptroller has bceii ma Ir, in respect of ships or vessels to be there registered : The collector of duties at any port in the territories under the ?o- viTniiieiit of the Kast India Company, within the limits of the charter of the said company, or any other person of the rank in the said company's service of senior merchant, or nf 6 yeap" s'anditigin thes-iitl service, beini; rispeclive!v apinm'ti to j(t in (lie execution of this act liy any of the uovirinin^iils nf \\i saiil company, in respect of ships or vessels to he ititrc re > ten-d : '' The cnll.-ctnr nf duties at any Hritish possession wiiiiin Ihe mH limifs, and not under the eovertirnent of rtie said cnii)ji.inv mi at which a Custom-house is not estiblished, totteiher v\iih ih* governor, Jiuurenant-ifovernor, or con.niaiideriii-chirf i f si.cfi |K)ssessi:)n, in n-spect nf shi()S or vessels to (»« thiTi- ri'(i^'.;>i; The governor, lieutenant governor, or comminderin-chu-f nf Mil!!, GilT.iltar, Heligoland, and (.ape of Gi«xl Hope respeclivelv, iii rcKpect of ahips or vessels to be there registered : Provided that no ship or vessel to he reeistered at Heligoland, except such as Is wholly of thp huiltof that plarc, and that ships or vessels, after having heen registered at Malta, (Jihralittr, or Hf'li"(ilaii(! shall not he registered elsewhere ; and that ships or vessels registered at Malta, (Jihraltar, or lleliso^ land, shall nut he entitled to the privileges and advantages of Urilisli ships in any trade hetweoii the said t'niti'd Kingdom and any of the Hritish possessions in America : provided also, thai whercvprin and hy thi-^ art it is directed or provided that anv act, matter, or thing shall and may lie dnnr nr ii r- Ibrmrd hy, to. or with any ctdlector and comptroller of his Majestv's customs, the same shall or wm he done or performed hy. to, or with the several persons respectively herein-hefore atithoiised ami re', quired to make reiiistry, and to grant certitkaies of reiristry as aforesaid, and according as ili.'sime Hct. matter, or thins is to he done or performed at the said several and respective places, and wiiliin the jiiri-'di'-lion of the said several persons respectively : proviiled also, that wherever in anil hy iIih act It is directed or prnvi(h'd that any act, matter, or thine sitall or mav he done or performe.l hv.l<>, or with the comnii»c"jners of lus Majesty's customs, the Hume shall or may be done or perroniic'tll'v, REGISTRY. 389 1 !1 were made with re- into a eystem by the itted to registry, and y belong to a British ngdom or some of its [ingJom, &c,, or been a breach of the slave ition of ships, was to h they were prohiliilej )f distinguislung such ividuals, by prevenling rdcn has observi'd, in liich fair and honest compliance with the ristcr of conveyance., LMice to private bunedi ut. i. c. 2.) led in the act 3 & 4 irly entire. V'ESSKLS. Oilier commencenioni u loony of the privileges or ing properly iticrcin shall c. Ill), or of lliu act 4(i(!0, [istered in manner lii'reiii. ' person or persims antlio. reeled ; the form of wlijch ha], her hreadlh at Ihc hrralMtpui ir Woui the main wales] h\mmltT between da-hs \] more Hum \iu\ rrll is [immtir 0/ /"I ami i,.cAu':, rgfil Willi a {stamtins or ri;;i?iirif| li] Itemed, {carxl 01 cdiuAni l^iih, L-, and [kind of head, i) any] hcjJ; s having conseited an.l agreed 'oih* pauswl hnilicic.it security to be givHi > s-ii^l ship or vessel calleil the [iinrw] port of [tiojn* of port] tertiliftl house in the said port of \ttamt ej of month] in llie year [winii d Signed] ii(iif(/l 10 or witli ilio governor, lieutenant-governor, or commancler-in-cliief of any place where any ship or .,,'fsel limy lie re».'iHt(rc(i under tlie aiitliority of Uiis act, ho far an such ucl, niatler, or thing can be ap- nirable to the registfring of any ship or vessel al siieli place.—} 3. iJAipjf exercising Privileges before Registry to be forf tiled.— U\ case any Hliip or vessel not being duly rp'-i-iierwl. ami not having obtained such certiticule of registry as nfori'sniii, sliall uvercise any of thu trivilcgi's uf !^ British Bliip, the same shall be subject to forfi.uiire, and alw> all the gun!4, furniture, ainiii""'''""' ""='''•'. ""d apparel lo the same ship or vessel Ijclonging, and shall anil may be seized by nnv ollicer or officers of his Majesty's customs : provided always, thai nothing in this acl shall extunil construed lo extend to afl'ecl the privileges of any ship or vessel which shall, prior lo the coin- any or be III Colleilnr. CounilrollPT." Iio purts or share's liclil by rill and manner I'uUowiiig. ityfnurth shares ach owner. ■ty-two. W. Collector. Coni|itrnIler.'' .ulhoriscd and reiiairpiltn IS herein-after iiieiiUijiieil nf senior merchant, or of 6 yaK beinB nspectivcly ap|ioiii'el to in l,y any of tlie uovcriiiiieiili "f Ihi ships or vessels to Ijk tlierc rt-^ii. Ilri'isli possession witliin lliesvi icrrinieii' of llie iii 1 cnin|i.iiu, irii not esLililislii-J, toecll'cr ui'.li '.b It, hall be issued for the use of any ship, as being a ship belonging lo Malta or (•'ilirultar, e.xcept suL'li ss be duly registered at those places respectively, or such as, not being entitled to be so register- ed shall liave wholly belonged, before the lOlh day of October, 1827, and shall have continued wlmlly to'belong, to persons actually residing al those places respectively, as inh.ibitants thereof, and entitled 10 be owners of British ships there registered, or who, not being'so entitled, shall have so resided up- wards of 15 years prior lo the said 10th day of October, 1827.— } 0. Fonif.'" Uepairs not to eiceed SOjs. per Ton. — No ship or vessel shall continue lo enjoy the privileges of a llriii^h ship after the same shall have been repaired in a foreign country, if such n.'puirs sliall ex- (teii tiie sum of 20.9. for every ton of the burden of the said ship or vessel, unless such repairs sliall have been necessary by reason of extraordinary damage sustained by such ship or vessel during her alisence from his Majesty's dominions, to enable her to perform tlie voyage in which she shall iiave been engaged, and lo return lo some port or place in the said dominions ; and whenever any sliip or yessel which has been so repaired in a foreign country shall arrive at any port in his Majesty's do- minions as a Urilish registered ship or vessel, the master or other person liaving the command or tliaree of the same shall, ujion the first entry thereof, report to the collector and comptroller of his Majesty's customs at such port that such ship or vessel has been so repaired, under penalty of 2n»-. for every ton of the burden of such ship or vessel, according lo the admeasurement thereof; and if it cbati lit^ proved to ihe satisfaction of the commissioners of his Majesty's custonis that such ship or vessel was seaworthy at the lime when she last departed from any port or place in his Majesty's ^Pi^iiiioiis, and that no greater quantity of such repairs have been done to the said vessel than was necessary as aforesaid, it shall be lawful for the said ciuninissioners, upon a full consideration of all Ihe circumstances, to direct the collector and comptroller of the port wliere such rliip or vessel shall bave arrived, or w'liore she shall then be, to certify on the certificate of the registry of siicli ship or vessel that it has been proved lo the satisfaction of the commissioners nf his Majesty's customs that the privileges of the said ship or vessel have not been forfeited, notwithslanding the repairs which have been done to the same in a foreign country.—} 7. Ships (ierlared unseaworthy to be deemed Ships lost or broken vp. — If any ship or vessel registered un- der the aulliority of lliis or any other act shall be deemed or declared to be stranded or unseaworthy, antl incapable of being recovered or repaired lo the advantage of the owners thereof, and shall for such reasons be sold by order or decree of any competent court for the benefit of the owners of such ship or vessel, or other persons interested therein, the same shall he taken and deemed to he a ship or ve^sei lost or broken up lo all intents and purposes within the meaning of this act, and shall never acain be entitled to the privileges of a Urilish built ship for any purposes of trade or navigation. Bri(i. ^l ««• m S m % 4 i4 1 .40 t itf'''" P If :*" m^ ft' ^' !»■'. .«-r. 390 REGISTRY. 1 , iimw*'" M.. lONC nSJr mnytlicn be to certify upon the back of the existing rcnificatc nf rcffistry of guch Rhip or veHscI, ili.it tile same i^ to retnain In force for tlie voyage upon wliicli llie saiil sliip or vessfM is limn aliimi Id sii| or depart : provided alno, tliat If any Hlilp or vuiiHel Hliall lie built in any iif the cnliinlcH, plantatinn^, islands, or territnrien In Asia, Africa, or America, to his Miijcsty belongitiK, for owners reHidin); in i||,. United Kincdoin, and the master of such ship or vessel, or the ajjent for the owner or owners Ihcrcdf, Blmll have produced to the collector ami comptroller of the port at or near to which such ship or vcsnci was hiillt, the cerlilicate of the builder re()iilred by this act, and shall have made and subscribed a cl(s claration before such collector and comptroller of the names and descriptions of the principal owiiura of such ship or vessel, ami that slic is the identical sliip or vessel mentioned in such certificate ofili,; builder, and that no foreigner, to the best of Ills knowledge and belief, lias any interest therein ; tliu collector and comptroller of such port shall cause such ship or vessel to be surveyed and measuriMl in like manner as is ilirected for the purpose of registering any ship or vtrssel, and shall give the niasior of such ship or vessel a certilicatc under their hands and seals, purporting to lie under the aiiilKjritv of this act, anil stating when and where and by whom such ship or vessel was built, the di^scripiloii, tonnage, and other particulars re<|ulreil on registry of any ship or vessel, and such cerlilicate shall have all the force and virtue of a cerlilicate of registry under this act, during the term of 2 years, un- less such ship shall sooner arrive at some place in the United Kingdom ; and such collector and cninp. troUer shall transmit a copy nf such certificate to the commissioners of his Majesty's customs.—^ ||. Persuiif residing in foreign Counlrics ninij not be Oicncrs. — No person who has taken the oath oralli!. glance to any foreign state, except under the terms of some capiliilation, unless he shall al'terwardj become a deni/cn or naturalised subject of the United Kingdom by his Majesty's letters patent or by act of parliament, nor any person usually residing in any country not under tile dominion of his Ma- jesty, his heirs and successors, unless he be a niiunber of some Dritisli factory, or agent for or parlnt'i in any house or copartnership actually carrying on trade in (ireat lirilain or Ireland, shall lie enli. tied tr) be the owner, in whole or in part, directly or indirectly, of any ship or vessel rei|uired and au- thorised to he registered by virtue of this act : save and except that it shall be lawful for any pursun who was a member of the company of merchants trading to tlie Levant seas ut the time of its dissulii. tion, am! who was a resident at any of the factories of the said company, to continue to hold any share or shares in any lirilish registered ship of which at the time of such residence he was an owner i,r part owner, although such person shall continue to reside at any of the places where such faciorjes had existed prior to the dissolution of the said company.—} 12. Der.hiration to be made by subscribing Owners previous to Registry. — No registry shall henceforth be made or certificate grantee! until the (tillowing declaration be made and subscribed, before the persun or persons herein-before authorised to make such registry, and grant such certificate respectively, by the owner of such ship or vessel if such ship or vessel is owned by or belongs to 1 person only, nr m case there shall be 2 joint owners, then by both of such joint owners if both shall be resident wjtiiln 80 miles of the port or place where such registry is required, or by 1 of such owners ii 1 or Ijoili of them shall be resident at a greater distance from such port or place ; or if the number of such owners or proprietors.shall exceed 2, then by the greater part of the number nf such owners or proprielnrs jf the greater number of them shall be resident within 20 miles of such port or place as aforesaid, not in any case exceeding 3 of such owners or proprietors, unless a greater number shall be desirous injiiin in making and subscribing the said declaration, or by 1 of su':h owners if all, or all except I, sliull be resident at a greater distance : " 1 ,1. It. of [ place of r{tid< nee and in-aijiation] do truly tiec'are, thit Iht' ship nr vui^el [ua'tu] of [port ur idtice], vvhereor [inwtlei'i name] ia M prMeiil mister, h« iiij? [kind of litiilty tntrden. !fc. at rft-- KTibedia t/ie certijicate of the surutyin^ oJfker\^ wm [when and where Ittilt, or, 1/ prize nr forfetled, capture and candenvtatiou as xuch], ami lint I the s/ir/crriTiafioii of ni.'i}, airJ that the siiue dnih ishclly aiid truly b«* when-of [inojlt'i'* name] is at present mister, beirn [kind of unilt^ I long to [imific of company or coipjration].^^ — Sect, 1 J. tuMen. ^-c. ai described in tlie etrtificateofthesuriKyingcflicer]^ I Jidtlitinn to Declaration in case the required JVnmber of Otcners do not attend. — In case the required number of joint owners or proprietors of any ship or vessel shall not personally attenil to niakeard subscribe the declaration hereiii-before directed to be made and subscribed, then and in such case such owner or owners, proprietor or proprietors, as shall personally attend and make and subscribe the declaration aforesaid, shall further declare that the part owner or part owners of such ship or ves- sel then absent is or are not resident within 20 miles of such port or place, and hath or liave iint, in the best of his or their knowledge or belief, wilfully absented himself or themselves in order to avoid the making the declaration herein-before directed to be made and subscribed, or is or are prevented by illness from attending to make and subscribe the said declaration.— } 1-1. I^essels to be surveijed previous to Registry. — Previous to the registering or granting of any cerlificale of registry as aforesaid, some one or more person or persons appointed by the commissioners of cus- toms (taking to his or their assistance, if he or they shall judge it necessary, one or more jiersnn or persons skilled in the building and admeasurement of ships) shall go on board of every such ship or vessel as is to be registered, and shall strictly and accurately examine and admeasurees'i^ry stichsliijior vessel as to all and every particular contained in the form of the certificate herein-before dirertcil, in the presence of the master, or of any other person who shall be appointed for that purpose on the pan of the owner or owners, or in his or their absence by the said master; and shall deliver a true and just account in writing of all such particulars of the built, description, and admeasurement of every such ship or vessel as are specified in the form of the certificate above recited to the collector and comptroller authorised as aforesaid to make such registry and grant such certificate of registry; and the said master or other person attending on the part or the owner or owniirs is hereby required lo sign his name also to the certificate of such surveying or examining officer, in testimony of the truth thereof, provided such master or other person shall consent and agree to the several particulars sei forth ami described therein. — } 13. Mode of Admeasurement to ascertain Tonnage.— Tor the purpose of ascertaining the tonnage of ships ur vessels, the rule for admeasurement shall be as follows; (that is to say,) the length shall be taken REGISTRY. 391 hip or vcHsel, lli.it lliitn al»l owrii.Tii Il cprlitiiiiK! "f ilie ernst llioroin ; tlii; (I ami iiiiintiurcil iii all five llic inask't mdcr llm auUmrity ill, tlie ili^siriiillon, ell ccrlilicalu shall pjrin of 2 years, iin- collfctor and (■(imp. 'g customs.— J 11. ,cii llie oath (ifalle- lie shall afti'rw iirdii letters patent or by loniinioii of his Ma- [il-etit for or parliii'i iland, shall lii' I'lili- ifl riMiiiired and iiu- wfiil for any |ilt:-iiii B time of its dissulii- ue to hold any shari; he was an owiiin.r vhcrc such factories )• shall lienceforlh bo 3il, before the pirsun cale respectively, by 1 1 person only, or in ill be resident wllliiii )wni)'>ltilen ■iif l/if (Oiin wlu II !i«'i 111- , I ftjii ctwdy, or llic i.o" "r mmli.m(iinl >"»" (■"""' "■ .ctlvnr inJirccUy, hilbauy hclonginp to any cor- iiration hereiii-holore • such corporate budy; fc-irf w forfnl'd. nfturt and luje Jnili wbclly and truiy be- Uwi)-"— Sec'- l^- -In case the rcqnired ,y attend to make and ,hen and in sucli case a make and subscribe rs of such ship or ves- il hath or have not, to ;lvcs in order to avmd or is or are prevented uins of any certificate onimissioucrs of cus- one or more person or of every such slop or iureeverysiichshipot Bin-before direcli'd.ni ai purpose on the part lall d(!liver a true anil iieasuremenl of every A to the collector and ficale of registry; anil ' is hereby required o lestimony of the truth everai particulars set . the tonnage of ships 'length shall be taken on a straight line along the rabbit nf the keel, from the bark of the main Btern-post to n poriii'iuliriilar lino from the fore part of the main hKmu uihIit the bowsprit, from wiiiih loihlractiii!; .'<-:'' Kliip. » In-ther that -"hall he above or below the main wales. e.\clusive of all manner of douiilini: planks thai inav bn nriinKht upon the sides of the ship; then imilllplying tlie bmuth of llic kei-l liy ihe hrcadlh r^n taken, anil lii't product by i the breadth, and dividing the whole by 'Jl,tlie i|iiotienl s'liall be doi'iiied tliu truu contents of the tonnage.—} IC. .Viirff nf ascertaining Tonnage when Vessels are afloat.— \n cases where it may he necrs.«ary to ascer- tain the tonnage of any ship or vessel when atliiat, accr>rding to tlio foreunini; rule, the' fullowini; method shall be observed ; (that is to say.) drop a pliinib line over the stern of the ship, ami nnasiirc llic distance between such line and the after part of the stern-post at the load waler-niark. tlnn mea- sure from the top of the plumb line, in a parallel direction willi the water, to a perpendicular point im- ineiliatoly over the load water-mark at the fore part of the main stem, siibiracliiiu I'rom such iinasure- meiit the above distance, the remainder will he the ship's exIriMiie, from which Is to hi! iloiliicicd 3 indies for every foot of the load draught of water for the rake abafl. also .'J-fjihs of the shipV breadth for the rake forward, the remainder shall bo esteemed the just length ol the kei.l to tind llie tonnage ; mil the breadth shall be taken from outside to outside of the plank in the broadest part of the ship, u'lieilier that shall be abovo or helovv the main wales, exclusive of all manner of sliealliiiiL' or donliling that may be wrought on the side of the ship; then mulllplying the leiiL'th of the keel for toiiiia;; •« .«• .."II' • :t .lllUKl ^ ,;;::» ■%t* .«» ■ **• « V .20 ,. ■«. 315 w ^ a*-»' 1? i^^ 392 REGISTRY. CI '^ I**'" 1 «liC.'. .. C' - Buant to this net, who shall likpwiric make a memornndiim of the same in the book of registers, wliirij is hernhy iliri'ctHd and required to lie kept, and sliall forthwitli give notice tliercof to llie coinniiaHJon. crs of Ill's Majesty's ciistonis : |irnvided always, that lielbre the name of such new master shall Ik; jn. dorsed on the cerllfieate of registry he shall be required to give and shall give a bond in the like (leiiai. lies and nnder the same conditions as are contained in the bond liereln-bel'ure required to be given at the time of registry of any slii|i or vessel. — { 21. Biiniln li'ihlr In snme Puties or Slamfis an Hunils for Customs. — All bonds rP(|iiired by this act shall h,. liable Id tile same duties of stamps ax bonds given foror in respect of the duties of customs ure or sjiajj be liable to under any act fur the time being in force for granting duties of stamps. — } 22. Crrlifif.aic of Kc/rialrij tn lir piren up h,/ all Persons, as dirtcled hij the Bond. — If any person wliatevpr shall at any time have possession of and wilfully detain any ceriilieate of registry granted iiinler iIhj or any oilier act, which oimlit to be delivered up to be cancelled according to any of the conditions of the bond berein-hcf'ire rei|iiired to be given upon the registry of any ship or vessel, such pi'rsdn j, hereby required and enjoined to deliver up such certificate of registry in manner directed by the con. (lilions of Hiicli bond iii the rcs]iuctive cases and under the respective penalties therein providtit —i 9:t. .N'limr of Vca.iel which has heen registered never afterwards to he thanaeil. — It shall not be lawful fn, any owner or owners of any ship or vessel to give any name to such ship or vessel other than lliui i^, which she w 13 first registered in pursuance of this or any other act ; and the owner or owners nf a|| and every ship or vessel which shall be so registered shall, before such ship or vessel, after such reels. try, Bliair begin to take in any cargo, paint or cause to be painted, in while or yellow letters, (jfj length of not less than 4 indies, upon a black ground, on some conspicuous part of the stern, the name by which such ship or vessel shall have been registered pursuant to this act, and the pnrt lo which sill' lielongs, in a distinct and Icgilile manner, and shall so keep and preserve the same ; and if piich owner or owners or master or oilier person having or taking the charge or command of suilisliln or vessel shall permit such ship or vessel to begin to take in any cargo before the name of siiili sliin or vessel has been so painted as aforesaid, or shall wilfully alter, erase, obliterate, or in anywise hi.Je or conce:il. or cause or procure or permit the same to be done (unless in the case of square-riggcil viis. pels in time of war), or shall in any written or printed paper, or other document, describe sinli fljm or vessel by any other name than that by wliich she was first registered pursuant to this act, or shall vi,. bally describe, or cause or procure or permit such ship or vessel to bo described, by any other iiiune lo any otlicer or otficers of his Miijesly's revenue in the due e.tecution of his or their duly, then and in every such case such owner or owners or master or other person havingor taking the charge orccjin. niand of such ship or vessel shall fcirfeit Ihe gum of 100/.— } 24. Biiihler's Certificate of Purliculars of *Viip.— All and every person and persons who shall apply fi.ra cerlilirale of the registry of any ship or vessel shall and they are hereby required to produce Icitim person or persons authorised to grant such certificate a true and full account, under Ihe band of ili^ builder of such ship or vessel, of the proper deiiominalion, and of the time wlien and the place wlnTe such ship or vessel was buill, and also an exact account of the tonnage of such ship or vessel, In.'i.||i(.f with till! ninin of the first piirclnser or purcliasers thereof (wliich account such builder is benhv (tirecled and required to give iiniler his band on the same being demanded by such person or |i>'rsiiii'j so applyin'.' for a certificate' as aforesaid), and shall also make and subscrilie a declaration Ii>m.,,,, the person or persons herein-before aiilhorised to grant such certiticatc that the ship or vessil („] which such certificate is required is the same with that which is so described by the builder as alnrc. said. — J 25. Certificate of Registry Inst or wiaVaif/.— If the certificate of registry of any ship or vessel sbal! lie jijsi or mislaid, so that the same cannot be found or obtained for the use of such ship or vessel wlieii needful, and proof thereof shall be made to the satisfaction of the commissioners of his Majesty's customs, such commissioners shall and may permit such ship or vessel to be registered de nuro. anj ,1 certifiiaie thereof to be granted: provided always, that if such ship or vessel be absent and far distant from the port to which she belong^or by reason of the tibsence of the owner or owners, or of any otlwr iinpeiiiment, registry of the same cannot then be made in siilticient time, such coniiiiission. ers shall and may grant a licence for the present use of such sliip or vessel, which licence sliall, bir ilie lime and to Ihe extent specified therein, and no longer,be of the same force and virtue as a ceriiliiaie of registry granted under this act : provided always, that before sncli registry de novo be niadf. tlie owner or owners and master shall give bond to the commissioners aforesaid, in such sum as to ilipm shall seem fit, with a condition that if the certificate of registry sliall at any time afterwards he fDiiml, the same shall be forthwith delivered to the proper oflicers of his Majesty's customs to be caiicelliil, and that no illetral use has been or shall be made thereof with his or their privily or knowledce ; ami further, that before any such licence shall be granted as aforesaid, ilie master of such ship or vessil shall also make and subscribe a declaration that the same has been registered as a Uritish ship, nam- iug the port where and the tir^e when such registry was made, and all the particulars contained in the certificate thereof, to the best of his knowledge and belief, and shall also give such bond and wiili the same condition as is before mentioned : provided also, that before any sucli licence shall be t'raiit. ed, such ship or vessel shall be surveyed in like manner us if a registry de novo were about lo lie niaile thereof; and the certificate of such survey shall be preserved by the collector and comptroller nf ijir. port to which such ship or vessel shall belong; and in virtue thereof it shall be lawful for the .«iiia commissioners and they are hereby required to permit such ship or vessel to be registered after her departure, whenever the owner or owners shall personally attend to take and subscribe tlie declara- tion required by this act before registry be made, and shall also comply with all other requisites orHiis act, except so far as relates to the bond to be given by the master of such ship or vessel ; which certiii. cate of registry the said commissioners shall and may transmit to the collector and coniptroller of any other port, to be by them given to the master of such ship or vessel, upon his giving such bond, aial deliverinsi up the licence which had been granted for the then present use of such shipor vessel.— J Sfi. Persons detaining Certificate of Registry to forfeit \00l. — In case any person who shall have recolveil or obtained by any means, or for any person whatever, the certificate of the registry of any shipor vessel (whether such person shall claim to be the master or to be the owner or one of the owners ofsiicli ship or vessel, or not), shall wilfully detain and refuse to deliver up the same to the proper otlicers of customs, for the purposes of such ship or vessel, as occasion shall require, or to the person or iicrsons having the actual command, possession, and management of such shipor vessel as the ostensilde ami reputed master, or as the ostensible and reputed owner or owners thereof, it may and shall be lawfid to and for any such last-mentioned person to make complaint on oath of such detainer and refusal to any justice of the peace residing near to the place where such detainer and refusal shall be, in Great firitain or Ireland, or to any member of the supreme court of justice or any justice of the peace inllie islands of .Jersey, Guernsey, or Man, or in any colony, plantation, island, or territory to his Majesty helonginein Asia, Africa, or America, or in Malta, Gibraltar, or Heligoland, where such detainer and re- fusal shall be in any of the places last mentioned ; and on such complaint the said justice or other ma- gistrate shall and is hereby required, by warrant under his hand and seal, to cause the person so com- plained against to be brought before him to be examined touching such detainer and refusal ; and if it shall appear to the said justice or other magistrate, on examination of such person or otherwise, tliat llio REGISTRY. 303 )k of registers, which f lo llic comiiiUnlon- w master stmll I"; in. nnd ill tlie WWe pi.iial- .(juired to be given ai crt by this not shall he f ciiritiims are or shall IS.-} 22. uny person wlialevpr try crttiUed uiiili^r iluj ly of the coiuliliiiiisnf Vf'SSel, SHCll lliTCliIl \i •r directed l)y Hh' inn- lies tliercin provided. »linll not he lawful fnt 3sel other tlian llinlliy iwiier or owners "fail cssel, after siicli ritis. or yellow letters, df a part of the stern, ilie lis act, and the port lo lerve the same ; ami if command of siulisliip the name of suih ship lite, or in anywise hi.le e of square-ri'.';.'eilvi!s. (!nt, describe smli slup 10 this act, or shall vit- il,hy any other nainuio their duty, tlien ami ia king the charge orcdin- is who shall apply f..ri inired to produce imiie , under the hand of the 'en and the place wliere ship or vepsel. I'i;i.|h(!t piich builder is lienhy such person or pirsoiij ihe a declaratiiin luM ito I the ship or vessel t'nr by the builder as afore- lip or vessel shall lie lust ich ship or vessel wlmi lioncrs of his Majesty's registered i/e novo, and jssel be absent and far owner or owners, nr of time, such coinnussinn. lich licence shall, fur the 1 virtue as a certificate , y de noro be made, the in such sum as to them me afterwards he feuml, ustoms to be cancelled, viiy or knowledce ; and • of such ship or vessel as a British ship, luiiii- [larticulars contained ia ive such bond and with licence shall bo mm. were about to be made and comptrnller nf the be lawful for the ?aiu be registered after her • subscribe the dcclara- , other requisites ofthis ir vessel ; which certili- and comptroller of any giving such bond, and ich ship or vessel.-} 2". rho shall have received registry of any sln|Mir le of the owners iirsiicli to the proper olficers of o the person or iicrsnns lei as the ostensible and Inay and shall be lawful detainer and refusal lo ifiisal shall be, in Great itice of the peace in the territory to his Majesty re such detainer and re- laid justice or other ma- nse the person so coiii- ■rand refusal; andinl norotherwise.tliaiiuJ mid certiflcnte of registry Is not lost nr mislaid, but is wilfully detained bv the said person, such por- fi(in shall be thereof convicted, and shall forfeit nnd pay the sum of Kill/., and on failure of payment (liereiif he shall be committed to the common gaol, there to remain witlimit bail or mainpri/.e fur such IJnie as the said justice or other mngislrate shall in his discretion deem proper, not being less than 3 niniillis nor more than 12 months ; and the said justice or other mattislrale shall and be is hereby re- paired lo rerlify the aforesaid detaini^r, refusal, and coiivictioii to the person or persons who grunted sacli certificate of registry for such ship or vessel, who hIiiiII, oil the terms and eoiiiliiioMs of law being complied with, make registry of such ship or vessel rfc nnvn, and grant a cerlilicate Ihereoreoiiforiiiably to law.nolifyingon the back of such cerlilicate the ground upon which Ihe ship or vessel was so reiiislerecl rf, niTi) ; lind if the person who shall have detained and refused to deliver up such cerlilicate ol registry aaiif'iresaid.or shall be verily believed lo liavo detained the same, shall have absconded, so that Ihe said warrant of the justice or other magistrate cannot be executed upon him, and proof thereof shall be made to Iho satisfaction of the commissioners of his Majijsly's ciistoiiH, it shall be lawful for the said coiiiinissioners to permit such ship or vessel to he registered ile Morn, or otherwise, in their discretion, to grant a licence for the present use of such ship or vessel in like manner us is liereiii-bufore provided in the case wherein the certificate of registry is not lost or mislaid.—? 27. S//i;) allered in certain Manner tn be regiatrred de novo. — If any ship or vessel, after she shall have been re^'islered pursuant to the directions of this act, shall in any maimi'r wlialever be altered so as tint to correspond with all the particulars contained in the cerlilicate of lii'r registry, in such ease such shili or vessel shall be registered de nam, in manner heri'iii-bel'ore re(iuireil, us soon as she ri'lurns to the port to which she belongs, or to any other port which shall be in Ihe saiiK! part of the Unileil King- dom, or in the same colony, plantation, island, or territory as the said port shall be in, on failure whereof such ship or vessel shall, to all intents and purposes, be considered and deemed uiid taken to be a ship or vessel not duly registered.— J 28. yessfh condemned as Prize, S^-c. — The owner or owners of all such ships and vessels as shall be taken by any of his Majesty's ship.s or vessels of war, or by any private or oilier ship or vessel, and coii- deiniii'd as lawful prize in any court of admiralty, or of such ships or vessels as shall be coi.ileiiii.ed in any riiiiipetenl court as forfiiited for breach of IIk; laws for the prevention of the slavt! trade, shall, tor llic [iMriinse of registering any such sliiji or vessel, produce to llie collector and eom|ilroller of customs a cerlilicate of the condenination of such ship or vessel, under the hand and seal of the jiidue of the [onrl ill w bich such ship or vessel shall have been condemned (which cerlilicate such jiidjii' is hereby aiilliorised and required lo grant), and also a true and e.\acl account in writinu of all the particulars contained in the certihcale hereiii-before set forth, to be made and subscrihed hy onu or more skilful pirsoii or persons to he appointed by Ihe court then and there to survey such ship or vessel, and shall a!se loake and subscribe a declaration before the collector and comptroller that such ship or vessel is ,|ie same vessel which is mentioned in the certillcale of the judge aforesaid.—} 2!l. Pri-.t Vcsurls not to be repintered at Oiierniey, Jerscii, or Man. — No shiji or vessel which shall be taken and ccnidenined as prize or forfeiture as aforesaid shall be registered in the islands of (iiiernsey, .ler- fPV, or Man, althoui;h belonging to his Majesty's subjects residing in those i^laiuls, or in some one or other of lliein ; but the same shall be registered either at Southampton, WBymonth, K.veter, IMy- moiilli. I'alinoulli, Liverpool, or Whitehaven, by the collector and comptroller, at such ports respect- ively, who arc hereby authorised and re(|uired to register such ship or vessel, and to grant a certifl- calc ihereof in the form and under the regulations and restrictions in this act contained.— } HO. Transfers of Interest to be made hy Bill of Sale. — When and so often as the properly in any ship or vessel, or any part thereof, belonging to any of his Majesty's subjects, shall, after registry thereof, be cold 10 any other or others of his Majesty's subjects, the same shall be transferred by bill of sale or other instrument in writing, containing a recital of the cerlilicate of reaisiry of such ship or vessel, or the principal contents thereof, otherwise such transfer shall not be valid or eil'i^ctual for any purpose whatever, either in law ct iii equity ; provided always, that no bill of sale shall be deemed void by reason of any error in such recital, or by the recital of any former certificate of registry instead of tho eiisiina certificate, provided the identity of the ship or vessel intended in the recital be elfeclually proved thereby.—} 31. I'rofertij in Sliiii.i to be divided into Sixty-four Parts or Sliares .—The. property in every ship or vessel ofwhi'h there are more than one owner shall be taken and considered lo be divided into CI eipial parts or shares, and the proportion held by each owner shall be described in tlii! registry as being a certain niindier of tilth parts or shares ; and no person shall be enlilled to be registered as an owner of any ship or vessel in respect of any proportion of such ship or vessel which shall not be an inlegral 64lh part or share of the same ; and upon the first registry of any ship or vessel, the owner or owners who shall take and subscribe the declaration required by this act, before registry be made, shall also de- clare Ihe nninber of such parts or shares then held by each owner,and the same shall be so registered accordiiifrly: provided always, that if it shall at any lime haiipcn that the property of any owner or owners in any ship or vessel cannot be reduced by division into any number of inlegral Ollh parts or shares, it shall and may be lawful for the owner or owners of such fractional parts as shall be over and above such number of inteL'ral fi llh parts or shares into which such property in any ship or vessel can III' reduced by division lo transfer the same one to aiiolher, or jointly to any new owner, by memo- randiini upon Iheir respective bills of sale, or by fresh bill of sale, without such transfer beins; liable to any stamp duty : provided also, that the right of any owner or owners to any such fractiiuial parts shallnot he alfected hy reason of the same not having been registered : provided also, that it shall be lawful for any number of such owners, named and described in such registry, being parliicr.-: in any honse or copartnership ncliially carrying on trade in any part of his Majesty's dominions, to hold any ship or vessel, or any share or shares of any ship or vessel, in the name of such house or copartnership, asjiiiiit owners thereof, without dislingiiishing the proporlionate interest of each of such owners, and lliat such ship or vessel, or the share or shares thereofso held in copartnership, shall be (leeiiieil and taken lo he partnership property to all intents and purposes, and shall be governed by the same rules, both in law and equity, as relate to and govern all other partnership property in uny other goods, chattels, and ellects whatsoever. — } 32. Oiihj Tliiriy-liro Persons to be Oicners of any Ship at One Time. — No greater number than 32 persons shall he entitled to be legal owners at one and the same lime of any ship or vessel, as tenants in com- mon, or tn he registered as such : provided always, that nothing herein contained shall atl'ect the equitahle title of minors, heirs, legatees, creditors, or others, exceeding that number, duly represented bv or holding from any of the persons within the said number, registered ns legal owners of any share or shares of such ship or vessel : provided also, that if it shall be proved to the satisfaction of the coiniiiissioners of customs that any number of persons have associated themselves as a joint slock company, for the purpose of owning any ship or vessel, or any number of ships or vessels, as the joint properly of such company, and that such company have duly elected or appointed any number, not less than 3, of the niemhers of the same lo be trustees of tlie property in such ship or vessel or ships or vessels so owned by such company, it shall he lawful for siicli trustees or any 3 of I hem, with Ihe pcrmi.ssioii of such commissioners, lo make and subscribe the declaration required by this act be- fore registry be made, except that, instead of stating therein the names and descriptions of the other 50 11 ma •3 -» » hliKril m # *'■■ 4 % ii WW :«• rfv 2> „i|f»n uKKII :> •»«« .»'' 10 :'V, .3' '0 t.». 'VH'-f' 894 REGISTRY. ' ••— ',i» lii.S ,y - r4Ut ownem, thoy Rhnll sinte tho nnme nnd ilpirrlptinn of the company to which iuch ihip or vosgpi or thipfi nr vcH.tf^lH dhnll In Hiich iniinner liclnii);.— ( 33. Bilta of Sale mil rfffelual until prndured to Officers of Ciidlomt.—No lilll nrinle or other initrniriFnt in writliie hMiiII Iiir):rtiinl tn pnni lliit prnporty in any Nlilp or vexHi'l, nr in any Riinri* tlnTiMif nr for luiy nllinr pnrpo.'tp, until Niirli hill of niiIo or otlii>r inNtriiincnt in writing Hhnll linve Ihm'm |ir collL'clor unci roinptrollcr nrilic- port at wliicli Hncli ^liip or vi'ssci in already rvgiati'ricl, ,>, 10 thu colli'dor iind comptroller of any other port at which she ia about tn be rcgliitrred ile noivi, ns Kj^ cnoe may he, nor until stich collector nnd comptroller respectively uliall have entered in the liiii>|< „( unci) hint regifitry, in the one case, nr in the lioiil< of Hnrli reuistry itf nmtK, after all tlie rei|uiNiii>$ „f law for Hitch regislry oTt rtn't date ; ttfimc, residence^ and dcsoiytiun of vendor or mcrtcagor] Ins traniiferreit by [biU oj gale or otho iiulrumtnl] dated [((ale; number of ihara] to Inaint, raidtiwe, and dacriulion of yWQixaier or murtgaftc] A. B. Collpci.ir. C. D, Coiiijitnillpr." And forthwith to give notice thereof to the cnmmiissinnera of customs ; nnd In case the collector and rntiiptrollcr shall he desired so to do, nnd the bill of sale nr other iiistriinieiit shall he produced to tl|p|„ for that purpose, then the said collector atid comptroller are hereby retjuired tn certify, by iiiilorsi'ir.eni upoti the bill of sale or other instrument, that the particulars before mentioned have been so enlt.11.4 in the book of reiiialry, and indorsed upon the certificate of registry as aforesaid.—} 34. h'.nirtj of Hill of Sale to be vnlid, eiccpt in certain Casts. — When and so sooti as Ihn particulars nf nnv bill of sale or other InstrutiKMit by which any ship nr vessel, or any share nr shares tliercof, shall bj transferred, shall have been so entered in the hook of registry, ns aforesaid, the said bill of silcr,, other inslruiucnt shall be vnlid and eUcctunl to pass the properly thereby intended to be trunsfiTrcd jj ncainst all and every person and persons whatsoever, and to all intents and purposes, .•xu.'in a, against such siihseiptent purchasers and mortgagees who shall first procttre the indorseimnl lob. made ttpoii the cerlilicate of registry nfsiich ship or vessel in manner herein-after ineiitioiied.— }35, H'hrn a Hill of Sale has been ctitercd for any Shares, Thirty Days shall be allowed fur iiidiirfiiif iii Certificate of Registry, before any other Hill of Sale for the same shall be entered. — When and aftd ilJe particulars of any hill of sale nr nther instrttinent by which any ship nr vessel, or any share or sliaroj thereof, shall be transferred, shall have been en entered in the bnok of registry ns aforesaid, the cnl. lector nnd comptroller shall not enter in the bnnk of registry the particulars of any other bill of sale nt Insiriiiiient purporting to be a transfer by the same vendor or mortgagor or vendors or ninrtgaiiurs (hHh game ship or vessel, share or shares thereof, to any nther persnn or persons, unless 30 dayssliallilanse from the day on which the particulars of the former bill of sale nr nther instrument were enli riilin the book of registry ; or in case the ship or vessel was absent frntn the port to which she bi'loiiBcii ai tlie time when the particulars of such former bill of sale or other instrument were entered in tlic lionjt of registry, then unless 30 days shall have elapsed from the day on which the ship or vessel arrived ai the port to which the same belonged; and in case the particulars of 2 or more such bills of sale or oilier instruments as aforesaid shall at any time have heen entered in the bnnk nf registry of the said ship or vessel, the collector and coinptrnller shall not enter in the book nf registry the particulars nf any other bill of sale or other instrument as aforesaid unless 30 days shall in like manner have elapspj from the day on which tho particulars of the last of such bill of sale pr other instrument were eiilcri'il in the books of registry, or from the day on which the ship or vessel arrived at the port to which slie belonged, in case of her absence aa aforesaid ; and in every case where there shall at any liini! han. pen to be 2 nr more transfers by the same owner or owners of the same property in any shiii or visiii entered in the book of registry as aforesaid, the collector nnd comptroller are hereby rcipilrcd in In- dorse upon the certificate of registry of such ship or vessel the particulars of that bill of sale nr oilier iuslruineiit under which the person or persona claims or claim property, who shall produce tin! ctr. tilicate of registry for that purpose within 30 days next after the entry of his said bill of sale or oilier instrument in the book nf registry as aforesaid, nr within 30 days next after the return of the saidslnp I or vessel to the port to which she belongs, in case nf her absence at the time of such entry as al'ire- said; and incase no person or persons shall produce the cerliticate of registry within eiilier oi'ihe said spaces of 30 days, then it shall he lawful for the collector and comptroller, and they are hereby required, to indorse upon the certificate of registry the particulars nf the hill of sale or other instru- ment to such [lerson or persons as shall first produce the certificate of registry for that pitrposi', it be. ing the true intent and meaning of this act that the several piirrhaserH and mortgagees of such sliipcr 1 vessel, share or shares thereof, when more than 1 appear to claim the same property, or to claim seen. rity on the same property, in the same rank and degree, shall have priority one over the other, iioi according to the respective times when the particulars nf the bill of sale or other instrument In Hhici such property was transferred to fheni were entered in the book of registry as aforesaid, hiitaitnrd- ing to the time when the indorsement is made upon the certificate of registry as aforesaid : pmvide.l always, that if the certificate of registry shall he lost or mislaid, or shall be detained by any person whatever, so that the indorsement cannot in due time be made thereon, and proof thereni'slialHie | made by the purchaser or mortgagee, nr his known agent, to the satisfaction of the coniniissiiiiiersof his Majesty's customs, it shall be lawful for the said commissioners to grant such further time asm ] them shall appear necessary for the recovery of the certificate of reL'istry,'or for the registry de wurooi' [ the said ship or vessel under the provisionsof this act ; and thereupon the collector anil coinpirollet shall make a memorandum in the book of registers of the further time so granted, and during sueli time no other bill of sale shall be entered for the transfer of the same ship or vessel, or the same share [ or shares thereof, or for giving the same security Ihereoti. — } 36. Bills of Sale may be produced after Entry at oilier Ports.— W tlic certificate of registry of such ship or I vessel shall be produced to tho collector and comptroller of any port where she may then be, after any I such bill of sale shall have been recorded at the -port tn which she belongs, together with such hill of ( sale, containing a notification of such record, signed by the collector and comptroller of such port as I before directed, it shall be lawful for the collector and comptroller of such other port to iiiil(irseon) such certificate of registry (being required so to do) the transfer mentioned in such bill nf sale, and! such collector and cnmptrnller shall give notice thereof to the collector and comptroller of the purllol which such ship or vessel belnngs, who shall record tho same in like manner as if they had inadesiir|j| indorsement themselves, but inserting the name of the pnrt ot which such indnrsement was made: provided always, that the collector and comptroller of such other port shall first give notice to the col- lector and comptroller of the port to which such ship or vessel belongs of such requisition made to I REfilSTRY. 305 '> ' luch •hip or vpsael or ar otlier ln»truiiicnl in In any Blmri' tlnTiMif, ■ Btmll Imve Ixmmi \:t«. \ already reglsUTid, nr [Iftcred lie noro, as th,. •ntiTfiil in the lnn.k or ur nil tliu rt!(|iiiHiicsof ciise (iiml wliiili thev ir oilier iriHtriMMrni fnt r, or ol' cntli vcinliiror nee, ami tleHcrijitinn en nnil llie 'liile I'fllif Ijiii p or vcfBel 18 not iilmni gliip U retiisli^riMl shaii of Biile or olliiT iii«lrii. all l)u produced to ilicu, iferml by tl"" "J '"'' "' »<*• '*"'"■' ^./..Collect,,,. I C. B. Cuiniftrnllfr." n cnse tlio cnlleclor ani) mil lie prodiiecil to tliPiu ) certify, l>y iiiiliirsiir.em L'd liave been ho eiilirtil id.-} 34. US the particiiliirs of anv shares llieroof, shall he d, the said hill m" silent nded to he iraiisfirrcdai and purposes, >xn'iitai ■e the iiulorstMiifiit tubt after luentioiied — } 35, allowed for indtirfini; ih „j._VVhen and uficrilie »l, or any share (jr sli;iroj ilry as aforesaid, the col. jf any other bill of sain oi udorsor niortt'aa.irsdi'iln unless 30 days sliullilapse strunienl were enliriilln to which she bi'lnnpdai were entered in llic liook e ship or vessel arriv'.dai s such bills of ealtMjfoiliet f registry of the said ship itry the particulars (if any ike manner have elajised • instrnmenl were eiiloN 1 at the port to wliiili she !rc shall at any lliin! hap. lorty in any sliip or visji! ire hereby reniiiii'il I" in. f that bill of saliMirntliet ho shall produce llu! ctr. 3 said bill of sale or oilici the return of the saiil sliij le of Buch entry as al'orc [istry within either ni' the dler, and they are litnliy III of sale or other iiisttu- ry for that puriiosc it lie- iiortgaL'ees ofsiicli sliipor iroperty,or to claim sucii- , J one over the otlur, iiot [ther instruineiii liy wliich as aforesaid, bm aanrd. .■y as aforesaid ; priividi'il 1 e detained by any pfrson Uid proof Ihcreol' sliall be I of the coinniissiiiiiirsii' |nt such furthi'r limi: iiMo for the registry ik mu of [collector and coiii|itrullct granted, and during such vessel, or the same sliire if registry of such sliipor I lie may then be, after any logether with such lull of I Imptrollerof siicbimria! 1 other port to iiidnrse cnl J in such bill of sale, and Icomptrolleroftbepiirtto ■ as if they had made such I indorsement wasiiwue: Irst give notice to tliecol- Isuch requisition luaJew them I" Indorfo the rRrlitirato of reL'istry, anil the rollcrmr and roinptK.llcr of ilir purl lo wliiih .siirli sliipor vexsel beloiiKH shiill Ihereiipoii huihI iiifiiriiialiiiii to the cnikMinr iiiid icinpirnllrr of siu h oilier iiirl. whet her any and wliat other hill or bilU of NUle have been rcconled in I lie limik if the ri'Kirtiry of iiioli "'lip or vessel ; mid the rolleitur and romptrolier of fiiiih other port, liavina Mieli itiloniiatiiin, fliall proeeed In manner direetcd by this act In all res|iri Is to the iiulorsinK nf tin' ecriilii ate of regis- IfViis lliey would do if such port wert! the port to wliieli micli vessel lielmmed, -,1 :iT. 7/i/;iiin Hrgiilry de novo uiiij Hill nf Snle .hip px vessel shall have been sold since alio was last registered, and llu- transfer of sii, li sliare or uliiires shall not have been recorded anil Indorsed in manner iierein-before diiei tiil, llu.' Iiill of sale tlirri'if shall be produced lo the colleelor and coinptroiler of hiii .Majesty's iiisloins, win, are to iiuiku reilislrv of such ship or vessel, iilherwisu such sale sliiill not be iioiieed In sin h ngisliy i/> ii„ro, <:.\. rept as herein-after excepted : provided always, that upon the liiliire prodiutlon of siieli oill of sale, [iiid of I lie e.xisting certiticaic of registry, such transfer shall and may be recorded and Indoised us Well dfler such registry de noi'o as before.— } ;<■*. I'liiiH Change of Propcrlii, He/rintnj de novo niny be crnnted.— \{ upon any chanL'e of properly in any ship or vessel, the owner or owners shall desire to have the same registered dc nnro, alllioii;:h not re- ipiireil hy this act, and the owner or proper number of owners shall attend at the Cusloiii-lioiisu at the port to which such ship or vessel belongs for that purpose, it shall be lawful fur the collectur and coiiiiilroller of lii§ Majesty's customs at such port to make registry de mini of siieh ship or ve.ssel at ilie same port, and to grant a certiliciite thereof, the several requiHites hurelu-before in this act men- liuiied and directed being first duly observed and complied with — } :i*J. Copies of Declarations, ilj-c, and of Kitraela from Bonks of Registry admitted in Kridenr.e. — The col- Ipctnr and comptroller of customs at any port or place, and the person or persons acting for them, re- gnectively, shall upon every reasonable reipiest by any person ir his interest in that behalf, and such acent or correspondent who shall have execiiteil a bill of sale to the purchaser of the whole of such ship or vessel, or of any share or shares liiereof, sli.ill not have re- ceived a legal power to execute the same, it shall be lawful for the comniissioin rs of his Majesty's customs, upon application made to them, and proof to their s:itisfaction of the fair dealingH of the par- lies. In permit such transfer lo be registered, if registry de noro he necessary, or to be reeordi'd and in- iliirscd, as the case may be, in manner directed by this act, as if such legal power bad been produced ; and also, if il shall happen that any bill of sale cannot be produced, or if, by reason of di.slance of liine, or the absence or death of parties concerned, it cannot be proved that a bill of sale for any share orsliaresin any ship or vessel had been executed, and registry (2c tmru of such ship or vessel shall bave bernme necessary, it shall be lawful for the commissioners of his Majesty's cii.stuiii.s, npon proof to their satisfaction of the fair dealings of the parlies, lo permit such ship or vessel u) Im re^'islered tic notn in like manner as if a bill of sale for the transfer of such share or shares had been iirodiiced : provided always, that in any of the cases herein mentioned, good and snllieieni security sli.ill he uiven toprudnce a legal power or bill of sale within a reusonahle time, or to abide the fiitiire claims of the aliseiit owner, his heirs and successors, as the case may be ; and at tin? future roiiucst of the party whose properly has been so transferred, without the production of a bill of sale from him or from his lanl'ul attorney, such bond shall be available for the protection of his interest, in addition to any pow- ers or riubts which he may have in law or equity against the ship or vessel, or against the parlies tonceriied, until he shall have received full indemnity for any loss or injury sustained by him.— { 41. Transfer by way of Mortgage. — When any transfer of any ship or vessel, or of any share or shares thereiif, shall be made only as a security for the payment of a debt or debts, either by way of mortgage, tr of assignment to a trustee or trustees for the purpose of selling the same for the payment of any debl or debts, then and in every such case ihe collector and comptroller of the port where ihc ship r- ' ItMf cnmnicn( pil or Himll liprcnfirr In- rnimnr>nro(l in iiiiy roiirt wliati-vrr in nny of itif inid cnliinlcs, |il,in. tntiniiH, I-iIhiicIh, nr ti'rrit«rl)>!i ri'<<|ii>( lively, luiiililni.' tli)' fiirri> anil I'irrri iil niiy ri:Kl< any lliifi fir vi'!is('l, ii|)iiii :i ri'iiri'sciiialjiin iiiailtMo any siiili K<>vi'riiiir, tli'iilriiaiil-KdVi-riiiir, or coiiiiiiainliT. iii-clii(.>r. to raiMi! all iiriu'enillii),"* iIktimiii Io Im' hIiivimI, IT lio xliall hv>; Jiint taimi! ho lo ilo, until liiji MiJrBty's pli'iHiirf shall Im kimwii and crrliliril to I'liin liy IiIh MajcHly, hy ami with llic advici' n( \\\i Mnji-Hly"'! privy roiincil ; and hihIi itovcrnfir, licnicnaiit-KovHrnor, or roiiinmndir-in-ilili^r Ih lirrrhy ruipiiri'd to Iraninilt to ono ot' IiIm ,>la|i-Mly'M priin ijiii Hccrclai Icn ol'Htati;, to lit! laid Iti'l'iirt; IiIh Majinly III ronncil, an aiitliiMiliralitd < ipy of llii- 'prm'fnlliiKu In (.'Vtry Hnrli caiiu. logiMlier Willi liis rfaMniii I'ur raiiainu Ilii" siiiiin In In- xlayrl, a"tnl hmiIi tlociiliit'iita (properly VcrltliMl) aa liu may .IndUB ncceti.-iury for tllP Inforinatioii of IiIh Maji'Hiy.— } II. Prniillii iif 511(1/. on Per.iDiin miihin^ fulsr Drrlnrnliiin, nr fiihiftiing iinii l)ociiiiiftil.—l( nny pcrsnii nr pi-'ruoMH shall falsnly inaki- di rl.iratiiin lo any of Ihi' inaltrrH liiirrin-lii'lori! rrijiiiriMl lo \tv vithIiiI hy dcclaraliiin, or if any person or prr.sons "Iwill ronnlt.'rlVil, crane, alter, or f iNify any cerlillrale or oijur in>l .siirh ru.sideni'e, unless such citizen hi; in the capacity of a consul of the United States, or an agent fir.anil a parlnrr in, some house of trade nr copartnership, consisting of citizens of the said states, actually carrying on irailo witliin the said states; JInd provided further. That no ship or vessel built williifi the ilnlteil States, prior to the said sixicenlli day of May, which was not then owned wholly, nr in part, by a ciiizen or citizens of the Uniled States, shall be capable of being registered, hy virliiiMif nny transfer to a ciiizen or citizens, which may hereafter be made, unless by way of prize or fnrfi'il- ure : Prooided, nevertheless, That this shall not be construed to prevent the registering anew of any ship or vessel which was before registered, pursuant to the act before mentioned. J 3. That every ship or vessel, hereafter to be registered, (except as is hereinnfler provided,) shall heregislereil by the collector of the district in which shall be comprehended the port to which sncli ship nr vessel shall belong at Ihe time of her registry, which port shall be deemed to bo that, at or nearest to whicli till! owner, if there bo but one, or if more than one, the husband, or acting and niaiLigiii; owner of siidi ship or vessel usually resides. And the name of the said ship or vessel, and tlie port in which she shall so belong, shall be painted on her stern, on a black ground, in while letters, of not less tlian three inches in length. And if any ship nr vessel of the Uniled States shall be found willi- out having her name, and the name ofthc port to which she belongs, painted in manner aforesuiil. Hie owner or owners shall forfeit fifty dollars; one half to the person giving the information thereof, the other half to Ihe use of the tlnited States. i 4. That, in order to the registry of any ship or vessel, an oath or affirmation shall be taken and subscribed by the owner, or by one of the owners, thereof, before the officer authorized to make such registry, who is hereby empowered to administer the same, declaring, according to the iirst of thi knowledge mid belief of the person so swearing or affirming, the name of such ship or vessel, licr bur- then, tlie place where she was built, if built within the United Stales, and the year in which she was built ; und if built within the United States before the said sixteenth day of May, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-nine, that she was then owned, wholly or in part, by a citizen nr citizens nf the United .Slates; and, if not built within the said States, that she was, on the said sixteenth day of .Mar, und ever since hath continued to he, the entire property of a citizen or citizens of the United Statesi or th'it she was, at some time posterior to the time when this act shall take effect, (specifying the said time,) captured in war by a citizen or citizens of the said states, and lawfully condemned as prize, (producing a copy of the sentence of cundeinnation, authenticated in the usual forms,) or that she lias | been adjudged to be forfeited for a breach of the laws of the United States, (producing a like copy of the sentence whereby she shall have been so adjudged,) and declaring his or her name, and place of abode, .111(1, if he or she be the sole owner of the said ship or vessel, that such is the case ; or, ifthere be another owner or other owners, that there is nr are such other owner or owners, specifying his, her, or their, name or names, and place or places nf abode, and that he, siie, or they, as the case maybe, so swearing or aflirining, is or are citizens of the United States; and where an owner resides in a foreign country, in the capacity of a consul of the United States, or as an agent for, and a partner in, a house or copartnership consisting of citizens of tlie United Slates, and actually carrying on trade mid colnnl'-J, plan- iMliT uriintril to any nor, or fiiiiimiiiiil■»<>' I"* nil the uilviic 111' liu • r-liiilil'-f '" •"■"■''y ,1 lii-fiirK lilst Miij'fiy Willi l'i« ri'iiH(iii:( lur ' .judge iicces^iify Idi If —If any pprsnii nr iriMi t" I'l' VL'rilird hy lyiTrlillfiif '" '"'"' 1 liy lliis act, "f ►liiH I'ilfd, t'riisiMl.altirril, iiK, kiiowins ii '•> '"' -J 4S. ,1 hii'iirred by tliisnci IT, aiidliy BiK'li ^v'VH. urrid foraiiyoiti'mis , priist'Ciilcd, riMovi r- iitiiiiiK miller tins m nil HC'l/iirc'S lis HI the IK frniiiaiiy I«"aiiiiiry ire now liy uiiy law or ■ England in ninfor- to be a vcHHol I't'lhc uitizcn of the Unilod American vessels. ;h slinll liavo hpfn re- vfuscM, rcgiilaliiiu the f March next, sliiill be iricd.nrcnrdinc t" liiw, ioiiiiiia'''d and cliii'iunl ,i:rtainin|{t0 8ii(lisliiiN 111 11 they sluill ciintinue Btatea. or after, the f^" Hi of ;o a filizen or i mznis ill the year oni' tlmii- !) helong, loa ciiizonor hy sitehriii/.eii crnii- gedtohe forleiird fnra •iti7.en8 Ihereiif, anil im or vessel shall he enli- hole, orin part, hy any tie continiianie nt surh JC8, or an aRi'iit t'lr.aiul [he said plates, iictiMlly \ or vessel Imilt williln In owned wlmlly, or in registered, hy virlm'of w-ay of prize or lorfeil- ;gislering anew of any linafter provided,) shall 'port to which siicli ship lie that, at or nuarcsi i,r acting and niaiiagiiif , or vessel, and the port in white letters, of not es shall he foiiiidwith- n niannerafiiresiiiiUlie iiforniation thereof, the lion shall be taken and liithorized to make sucli triling to the i)rst ofm Iship or vessel, her bur- J year in which she was ■ay, one thousand seven ■^.izcn or citizens of the I sixteenth day of Mar, m of the United staiesi Ect, (specifying the saiil ly condemned as pri«, 1 forms,) or that she lia Iroducingalikecnpyo ler name, and P ace » lis the case ; or, if the« lers, specifying Ills. he. ly.as thecaseiiisylie. fan owner resides in a Vt for, and a partner in, 'ually carrying on traae RF,(JISTHY. ;]97 within the United SInles, that «ii(h i» tin- rn.i., -ind that there \n nn «iili|p(>l or citizen of nnv fnrf Itfn ,,,,,„(' nr stall', diriTtly nr indiri'i lly, hy way of IriiKl, roiiliileiire, nr niUrrw Isi-, miiTf.-'liil in niiiIi ,.|ii|i nr vesmd, or in the |irn|iln or Imiii'B lln-ri'iil'j imil ilim ih,. maHler nr rniMiiiillnliT IhiTenl'. In a ritl- /iMi, naiiplnu the said iiiUHler nr riuiiinaiiiti'r. and hImiIiiu the nii'aiiH whereliv. nr riianiier in w hirli, h^ i„Miui clli/en. And in ciiKe any of tin- iiiallerN ol' ('art In tin- Hiiiil nalli nr iitllriiiallnii alh'irnl, which »hall he wilhln the knowleilife of the parly ho MWearlnK or alhrniiinr, Hliall imi Uv im,., Hirrr HJialJ he ,, i.irlVIIiire o( the uhlp or ve«Hel, tngelher with her tackle, I'lirniliirr, and apparel, In ri'upiil In which III,' same shall have been made, or ol' tlin value tin. rent', lo lie rerovered Willi cnsis nlHiiii, ol' i|i>' per- son hv whom such oalh or athriiiatinn shall have heeii iiindc ; I'mrnlnl nlinii/^, 'I'liat if ilie ni;i>lir, or |,iTs"ii having the charge or cnniniand of such ship or vessel, shall he williin the ilisiriit iiinrisaid when apidicalinn shall he made for reKiMlering thi- saiiie, he Khali, liimsi-lf, make oalh or ullirinatlnii, iii«li ad of till' said owner, touching his b g a ciii/.i'ii, and the means whcreliy, or maniiir in wliiih, l„. IS HI1 a citizen; in which rase, If what the said Master, or person having the said cliariti' nr loni- iiifiiid, shall so swear or athrni shall not he trnc, llii> fnrleinire aforesaid shall not be innirinl, but he {ih.ill, himself, forfeit and pay, hy reason thereof, the sum of one thoiiHand dollars ; Jhnl iir^'t-nlnl fur- ,iiir. That in the case of a ship or vessel, built within the llnlled Kiates prior to the Hi.xteeiilh iliiy of >|,iv alnresaid, whiili was not then owned by aciiizen or citizens of the I niled Stales, bin which, liy virtue of a transfer tn such citizen or ritizeiiH, shall have been registered, piirsiiaiit tn the act lieliire- iiiinlinned, the oath or allirmalloii, hereby reijiiired, shall and may hi? varied accnriliiig to the truth of tlio case, as often as it shall he reiinisile to (.'rant a iii'W register fiir hiicIi ship nr vessel. {ti. That before any ship or vessel shall be registered, she shall he nieasured hy a surveyor, if there he one, or hy the person he shall appoint, at the port or place whi're the said ship or vi'ssel may be, and if there he none, by such person as the collector of the district, within which she may he, shall appoint, according lo the rule prescribed hy the forty. third section of the act, entitled " An act to pro- Milc ninre effectually for the collection of the duties imposed by law on gnods, wares, and inerchaii- ilijc, imported into the United States, and on the tonnage of sliipH or vesKels." And the ollicer, or lnrsiiii hy whom such ndmcaBiireinent shall he made, shall, for tlu! infnrinalion of, and as a vipiiclier II, the (lihcer by whom the registry is tn he made. Brant a certillcnte, h| ilying thi! hiiilt of hiicIi KJiip ,ir vessel, her number of ilecks nnd masts, her lencih, breadth, deplh, the number of tons she mea- Hiri'". and such other particulars as are usually descriptive of the iilenlily of a ship or vessel ; and iliit her name, and the pl.ice to which she lielom.'s, are p.iintcd on her stern, in manner re(|uiied hv (lie lliifd section of this act ; which certificate shall he coiinlersiLMieil hy an owner, nr hv the master if such ship or vessel, or by souie other person who shall attend her admensurenient nn fiehaU'of her (Wiicr or owners, in testimony of the truth of the particulars therein conlaiiied ; willmul wlmh llie iiiil rerlilicate shall not be valid. Hut, in nil cases where a ship or vessel has before been refisiered. .-.ill ship or vessel of the United Htales, it shall not he necessary to measure her anew, for tlie purpose fif olilainiiig niiollier refjister ; except siii li ship or vessel shall have iinilergone some alteration, us lo h r liurlhen, subsequent to the time of her former registry. ( 7. That, previous lo the registry of any ship or vcssid, the hiishand, or acting and mnnaKinu (nuiT, together wilh the masti^r thereof, and one nr niori! suri'ties, to the satisfaction of the i ulleilor (fihc district, whose duty it is to make such rcKistry, shall becnnie bound to the United ."'■lales, if >iuh ship or vessel shall he of burthen not exceeding tifty Ions, in the sum of four hundnil ilnllars : I'eriMirtlien above fifty tons and not exceeding oik; hundred, in the sum of eitfht hiinilred dollars ; if 1 1' linrtlien above one hundred tons and not exceeding two hundred, in the sum of twelve biinilred (i.ijliir;! ; if of burthen above two hundred tons and not exceeding three humlreil. In the sum nf sixteen liiiiiilrcd dollars ; and if of burthen exceeding three hundred tons, in llie sum of two ihouFand did- lirs; with condition, in each case, that the certilicale of siKli registry shall he solely used f.rtlie ship or vessel for which it is granted, and shall not he sold, lent, or otherwise disposed of, to any person or pirsnns whomsoever ; and that, in case such ship or vessel shall he lost or taken by an enemy, hiiriil, orhroken up, or shall be otherwise prevented from returning to the port to which siie mav helong, the sail! certificate, if preserved, shall he delivered up, within eight days after the arrival of the master, nr person having the charge or command of such ship or vessel, "within any district of the rniled .■'nies, to the collector of such district : and that, if any foreigner, or any person or persons for the Mieaiid benefit of such foreigner, shall purchase, or otherwise become entitled to, Ihe whole, or any purl nr share of, or interest in, such sliip or vessel, the same being within a district of the United i»!alps, the said certiticate shall, in such case, within seven days after such purchase, change, or transfer nf property, be delivered up to Ihe collector of tlie said district ; and that if any such pur- chase, change, or transfer of property, shall happen when sucli ship or vessel shall he at any foreign ffirtor place, or at sea, then the said master, or person liaving the charge or command tlierenf, shall. wiihin eight days after hi? arrival within any district of the United States, deliver up the said certifi- cite tn the collector of such district ; and every such certiticate, so delivered up, sliall be forthwith transmitted to the register of the treasury, to be cancelled, who, if the same shall have been delivereil up to a collector other than of the district in which it was grunted, siiall cause notice of such delivery li be given to the collector of the said district. } S. That, in order to the registry of any ship or vessel which, after the last day of March next, phall be built within Ihe United Slates, it shall he necessary to produce a certiticate, under the hand of llie principal or master carpenter, hy whom, or tinder whoso direction, the said ship nr vessel shall havehecn built, testifying that slie was built hy him, or under his direction, and specifying the place where, the time when, and the person or persons for whom, and describing herhiiill, number of decks and masts, length, breadth, depth, tonnage, and such other circumstances as are usually descriptive of tlie identity of a ship or vessel; whiclt certificate shall he suflicient to authorize the removal of a lew vessel from the district where she may ho built, to another district in Ihe same, or an adjoining s'.ale, where the owner or owners actually reside, provided it he with ballast only. } 9. That the several matters herein-hefore required, having been complied with, in order lo the rofistering of any ship or vessel, the collector of the district comprehending the port to wliidi she shall belong, shall make, and keep, in some proper book, a record or registry thereof, luid shall grant an abstract or certificate of such record or registry, as nearly as may he in ihe form following : "In pursuance of an act of the congress of Ihe United States of America, entitled 'An act con- cerning the registering and recording of ships or vessels,' [inserting here the name, occupation, and place nf abode of the person hy whom the oath or affirmation aforesaid shall have been made] having taken or subscrilied the oalh (or affirmation) required hy the said act, and liaving sworn (or aflirmed) lhaihe(or she, and if more than one owner, adding the words, 'together with,' and Ihe name or names, occupation or occupations, place nr places of abode, of the other owner or owners) is (or arc) Ihe only owner (or owners) of the ship or vessel, called the [inserting here her name] of [inserting here the port to wliich she may belong] whereof [inserting here the name of the master] is at pre- !'nt master, and is a citizen ol' Ihe United Stales, and that the said ship or vessel was [inserting iere, when and where built] and [inserting here, Ihe name and office, if any, of the person hy wliom ! fhe shall have been surveyed or admeasured] having certified that tlie said ship or vessel lias [insert- in; here, Ihe number of decks] and [inserting here, the nninher of masts] and that her length is [inserting here, the number of feet] her breadth [inserting here, the number of feet] her depth Vol. II._2 L i I 9 I ^9 .*» fl^ '*fS ■'■*" .it . i1!i 308 REGISTRY. C^'^'- 1 *•• ■It." iir 'BE? " rinnnrllnB lifri*. thr niimhor nf fi>p»l nn.l Hint «lif iiiiin«iiri'i ( limorilns linro. Iior nnmlxr of lon«l ihii ■ lif IN (di'iiirlliiiiK liiTi', till- imrlii iilir kiiiil oi' vrici'l, wIh'IIht »Iii|i, hnuniillin, i«iim« , h. Iikmih r, (il.,.,|p or \vliiitrvnr«lNi',liigi'lli('r with Imr liinll, iiml «|M'iiiil wlirllicr »Uw liiin niiy.or im, Kullfry iir Ium,! J Ami till! milit [niiiiiliiK Hi'' "wni'r, nr lint iniiHlcr, or ulln'r iirmcui iiiIImu In liiiliiiU'iir Itic nwiinr ur nw,,. Kt», liy whom tliK <-i'riilli'iiti< of luliiii'iixiiruniiiiit aliiill Inivi' lii-i'ii niiiiiti-rHlKiiiMl, ii« iiti>ri-iiiiiil| lintn,] ligri'i'il to IliM ili'mrliHloii iiiiil nilimMmiiri'iiKMit iiliovn pi|m'i'|IIi'iI, iinil Hiillli'lunt m-nirlly liiiv iiik I,,., i, KlviMi.ni'ciirilInK tot|i(> hiiIiI net, lliii xiilil Hliipor vumii'l Iiiim Immmi duly ri>Kl»t**>'eil it tin: jiort ot' |iiiiiiiiii;( till) port wlirrn ri'ili>ti-ri>il.| tiivcii iiiiil>-r tiiy liiiml niiil«i'iil, nl, |iiainlnK tlii' "iilil |iort| tlilH [liiKirliiD tlicporllciiliir il:iv|il;iyol' j'liiiiniiiK tliit moiilli) In tin' yur {xpcrit^ inv tlit- iiiimlicr ol ili<' )i'ur, iiiwi.ril, at It'iiKtli :"] l'niriilnl,'yu.\l II' tlio miintiir, or pi'moii ImviiiK tlir iliiiriji) or loniiiiiiml nl' ■iiili nliiji ,i, Vi-mdI, Hlmll, Iliiiii4i'l(', U:\vr iniiili! outll or iilllrmitlon IimkIiiiik IiIh IimIiiu ii cltl/iii, Hit' wonlliitf ol lli,. • '■Ill ccTtllli'ati- hliiill ho varliiil no im III 111! conrormiililf to tlni trillli of thi' n\'f ■ .iml imirtil.il.Tlm uhiTi' 11 iH'W (■(■rtiliratf of ri'Kimry in Kriiiiti'il, In roniii'iliU'tiri! of iiiiy triilmfi'r of u i«lilp ^r m»„i, tlit> \voril<4 hIiiiII lit! HO viirli'il lu to rcfir to tlir rorinrr crrtilii iilit of ri'Kmtry for lu'r uilmi'iiHiiriiiiiiit ^11. 'I'lial whiiriMiiiy ritl/.iMi or I'lti/riiH of till! I'lilti'il HtatrH ulinll piirrhaac, or In (tiimi! iumht or owiinm of, any sliip or vPHtit'l, oiilltlril to liu ri'i;i»li'rt!il liy virliir of linn act, mnli nlilp or vrnml, Iji ii,^ w illiiii any ilMlrlrl, otiirr than tlii! om- In which liu or they imiially n'nidr, hiiiIi nliip or vrnml ,|iull I,.. t;iitillrd to hu ruKlHluriid hy tlu'. collector of lliii dlNlrlct whurii hiuIi uhlp or vr.>Hid iiiav liu, iil tin.' iji,,,, of hln or ilii'ir liicoiniiiu o« iirr or owiHTH tln'nof, upon hU or tliclr i'oiii|d) iiiif w jih llii! joim,.!,,!,, liiTi'lii-hc'fiiri' prfHcrilHil, III ordiir to tin; ri'Ulmry of mIiIjih or vi'hmiIh ; And llii' imlli or iilliiiii iiIm.i wlili-h U rr(|iilr(!il to ho lukiMi, may, M the option of hiicIi owiht or owiicrH, lio taken, I'llhor lulnrn n,, collnlor of tho ilJHtrl't, I'omprrliiiidiiiK Iho port to whli li hiuIi bIiIji or vi'UkoI may hiloiic, i r ImI',,,,. tliu rolluctiir of tliu illMtrlit within which hiicIi Nliip or vomhi'I miiy hi', citlior of whom is hen liy |.,|,. povvornd to ndnilnlstor thn tinnii' : I'mriilnl, nirrrihi list, TUm whi'iiovi'r Kiich hIiIji or vikscj niian arrivo within the dlntricl, cnmprolioiidiiiu tho port to which HUch eliip or vi'hni'I r^hall lo'lnni;, Ihc (,,. tilicato of ri'K>!*lry. w hich Hliall hivo hum olilaincil ax afoiosaid, xhall Ur. di'llvirrd up In tin' < ulj, d,/ of Kiinli diHtrlct, who, upon tho ri'i|iiiHlli'H of thin act. In order to the reuiiilry of «lilp» or vi'f-il<, |,i.j,|j complli'ii with, nIiiiII grant a now one, in lieu nf the tirni ; and tlii! cerlHiculo, ao drllvend up, h|,;,|| forthwith bo riMiiriiuil, hy the colluctor who Hhall receive the namv, to tliu collector who i-liull jm;,, 8 runted It : untl if the gaid llrHt mentioned certilicale of roglHtry nliall not ho deliviTi'd up, an iilrfell the sum of one hiindred dollars, to hu recovered, with costs of suit ; and the said i erinir;iic>,',|' rejiislry shall he tlieiicefortli void. And, in case any of the niMllcrs of fad in the said oath ni iiilirn,,. lion nlh'iied, wlinii shall he within the kniiwled|{e of the parly so swearing or alliriiiing, hIi ill ni,| i,,. true, there shall he a forfeilure of the ship or vessel, together with her tackle, fiiriiitiiie, ami ip|i:irii, ill respect to whii h the same shall have heeii made, or of the value thereof, to he ncovered, u iiliduij rf suit, of the piTson hy whom such oath or atllrmution shall have heen made : Pminliil iiln-aiig, 'Mi,) If the master, or person liaving lliu charge or command of hiicIi ship or vessel, shall he w itiiiii lliu ih^. trict aforesaid when application Hhall he iiiudo for rogiHtering the same, ho shall, himself, maki' iiiin, or nlUrmatlon, instead of the said owner, touching hi-* heiiig a cill/.en, nml the ineaiiH w In reliv,.i, ninnnor in whicli, ho Ih so a citizen; in which case, if what the said master, nr piTsoii hnviiii; llin'iiaij charge or command, shall ho swear ur ullirm, Hhall not he true, the forfeiture afores lid shall ma Im; in. curred, but hu shall, himself, forfeit and pav, hy reUHon thereof, the sum of one tlioii!iand doll.irs. !) IS. That when any ship or vosael, entitled to he rogistored pursuant tn this act, shall he piirrlin9i!i| by an agent or attorney for, nr on accniint of, a cillzen nr citizens of tlie United States, sik li y|ii|h,, vessel, being in a district of the United t^tntos more than titty niileH distant, taking the neare>i u^u,,! route hy land, from the one comprehending thn port to which, hy virtue of such purchase, and hy fmrt of this act, such ship or vegsel onaht to hu deemed to helong, it shall he lawful for the ccdleclnr ei iln. district, where hucIi ship or vohhoI nniy he, and he is hereby required, upon the application id'auili agent or attorney, to proceed to the registering of the said Bliip or vesnel, the said ajient or allorinv first complying, on behalf, and in the 8t;iy brlunj;, shall, severally, forfeit the sum of one hundred dollars, to he recovvri:d, with costs of sail, anil ilic said certificate of registry shall be thenceforth void. And In case ary of tlie matters of fact in tln'tniil oath or athrmation alleged, which shall ho within the knowledge of the party sn swearim: < r allinii- ing, shall not be trms there shall be a forfeilure of the ship or vessel, together with her tacMc, furni- ture, and apparel, in respect to which the same shall have heen made, or of the value therkol'. id >e recovered, with costs of suit, nf the person hy whom such oath or athrmation shall have been luuile: Provided ulwaijs. That if the master, or person having the cliariio or command of such ship or vcsal, shall he within the district aforesaid, when application shall lij made for registering llic siiaie, he shall, himself, make oath or atHrniation, instead of the said a^cjiit or attorney, touching his beinea citizen, and the means whereby, nr manner in whlcli, ho is so a citizen ; in wliicli case, if wliiit ilic said master, or person havitig the said charge nr command, shall so swear or nthriii, shall imi In: irm, the forfeiture aforesaid shall not be incurred, but lie shall, himself, forfeit and pay, by reason tliorcof, the sum of one thousand dollars. il 13. That if the certiticate of the registry of any ship or vessel shall be lost, nr destroyed, or mis- laid, the master, or other person having the charge nr command thereof, may make oath or ainriiia- tion, before the collector of the district where such ship nr vessel shall first be ofler such ln?s.iIoslriic- tion, or mislaying, who is hereby authorized to administer the same, which oatli or aflirniation shall be of the form following: " / [inserting here the name of the person swearing or aflirniingi bcin;' mnsur (or having the charge or command) of the ship or vascl, called the [inserting the name of the vessel] do S'rear (nr affirm) that the said ship or vessel hath hern, «.i Iverilij belirrc, registered, according tu law,hjtk nam' of [inserting again the name of the vessel] and that a certificate tin reof was grunted by the ealUctor of the district m/ [naming the district where registered] which cerlijicate has been lost, (,ordeslroii(J,nrn- intentionally and by mere accident mislaid, as the case may bo,) and (except, where the cerlilicule is al- leged to have been destroyed) that the same, if found again, avd within my power, shall be delirmi up to the collector of the district in which it teas granted ;" which oath ur aflirtiiation shall la subscribeil by REGISTRY. 3U9 iiiim . >" III""" '. "I""!!, i.r ii.p.KiillfryorlK'iKll llil'lllf "W I"'' "' """• I, lu iilMri'Kiiiill liiuHiK , upriirUy Iiuvmik l..t i, nt lli« I""' "' l'i'"i"ii< [III |i.irl| llii* li"»'tl.Tin eripl ili'^ >|''"> Hiwi.nl, iiiiiiniKl t'l' »"'■'' "'"I'lr ■.I'll, llii- W"rillii« "I llii' HI' : Jtiiil iiriii'iilnl, Tim frr cil' 1» hIiIii it M'»»il, lirr uiliin'iiHiifiiii'iit ,,, cir 111 Cullll) tUMIIT ot ( h Klii|> iir vuBHrl, 111 11;^ li nlii|i (ir vciiml "liull l»: Hi'l limy In.', Ill -i'l-i, lii'hn If, KM (IrliviTi'll lip, >li:ill Colll'lHT >vlll> bllllll llUiil llrliV.Tfll UP> IH llllliVl; ! ilnie 111' 111 r '''"'' nfiiml ■ licloiig, xli'ill. :-i'Vtrully, iim! Illi' ^iiitliiTMIira i till' Kiiiil ""111 I" iiHirii.i. (ir iiiriri"iii«i I'll ill iii'tlic ,; fiitiiiliiiL', mill ijipunl, II lif ri'i'iivrrijil, wiihniMs ! : iV"rJ(/ !i sliijihr , lukiiii-' lln- nuarr-l u>u;il nil piircliiisc, iiml lij Cum fill fiT llif idllfiii'if III ll;e n till' npplii'iilioii »t niiili siiiil iiai'iil 111' ailoriiiy f, Willi tlic leiiuisili'K iiri'. in tlie "iitli or all'irinatnin H'lniiiim iliiil 111' '■•' ""I'if. or iiitiinicy t'lir llu: (nviiir isel, fiT Ilii: piTSKiioriiit- uviiltd, iiti'tr(A<'/i'-.<, 'Mini g lliti port to « lilcli siuli li(!cn (ilitaiiu'il as aluri'- liaitfiHof lliis ml, in unlcr le.in lien of lln: lirsl ; aiil r, will) sliiill ininsiiiii ilie iifil fBrlitifiiie 111' rc|!isiry UHler of such sliipur vts- to w liitli siiinlli or aillriimlloii lii>inK innil)>, niitl tlii< ollirr ri>i|ii|. alli'ii of IliK act. III onlir lo Ilic ri'i(i«lrv ol uliipn or vcmoU, Imiiiii roiii|i|ii,|| with, li iilinll liti liwl'iil for llii, iiilli'i lor of lliit iliDtilcl, liiifori) wlioiii audi oiilli or iilllrniiilloii Ix iiiiiil(>, to (iriiiit u new rt'irioler, In- iiitlinu itiiTfiii lliiilllHi naiiii! m Ixmiuil in iIm' r ii oi the oiic IimI or ih'itlriiviil Iim In all ciikuk w liera „ ri'Kl il'T "li'ill I"' Kriiiiled, lii lini of llii> one Juki or licKlroyi'ij, liy itnv oliirr lli.in tlii> i ii||i'( lor of ihn ,li.lrii'i I" w Imli lliii iihip or V-*»i'\ arliiiiily lii'loiiuit, mirh ri'i/lntcr nhail, w llhiri im iluvii uOer her llr«l arriviil i\ illmi Ih" ili«tricl to w)ll' h nhe Iii'Ioiikh. Iii< ilt'livercil up to the collninr of Nalil ilimrlrl, who ,ii;ill, ilnri'iiiion, tiriiiil ii new ri'ui.lrr <" lieu lliiTtMif. Ami In ciihi> the iiia»lrr or coinnianiler aliiill ,„,kIi ( I 111 il. 'liver lip oiirli re((i«t..r, wiilo ji fh" time ufi.reiiuld, he Mhiill forfeit one hiiiiilreil (lolhirit ; uiiil l)ii> f'liriii'T reiiWler iihiill liecoin« null ami vol') ,> II llml when any kIiIji or vi-o.i I, xvhlcli sin II hn v.. been reiilHlered piirmiant lo iIiIh net, or the (III liiTi'liy, III pari, repealed, Nhall, in a hole or in pail, I'l' »olil, or traiiHferred to ii citi/.en or cili/.eim ,,(• ihi' lulled Hlali'K, or nlrill lie iilii!rr.( III form, or Imrilun, liy lielnu lenulheneil, or limit upon, or ipiiii line ilenominiillon lo ^i Hi'T, liy tin. ino<|p ''f meiliod of rlUKlns or llllliill. In every hihIi (line ihu mini Mliip "r veBMi'l Nhiill he rciii. rnl anew, hy lii»r fnniier nniiie, arcorilinK lo the illreclloiiH liereln- li,.|',ire lonlained, (otherwiiie Hlie s.jall ri'imc to he deeiniii i| ship or veniiel of the I'iiMimI rtlaieH,) ami l„.r f.iniier certlllciilii of reul«lry simll he delivered up to the cidlnMor to \vl i ap|illcaliiiii for mio li new ri'i.'Hirv Khali he made, at the time ihi' the ■eiine hIhiII he made, to '•'•■ hy him traininiilled to the ffimler ollhe treiiHiiry, who nhall caine the ninie to he canrelled. Ami in every mich case of xnlu or irminhT. there mIi.iII lie»onie liiHlriimenI of writlnir, in llie nature of a hill ofmih^'wh" li fliall recite, at li.iiuili, ilieHiiid cerlillcale, olhi^rwlKe the Hald Hhip or vessel shall hi; incapalili! of heinu so reu'l-li reil jiicw And In every rase. In which a ship or vessel Is hereliy rei|iiiriil lo he retfistered anew, if she iliall mil he so renisiered anew, she shall iiol he entitled to any of Ihi |irivlle|/es or heiielllsof a ship or v,.H ,i#'«j, ■■:..: jA^ 400 REGISTRY. rnsBl"*' - » 'f.l ,ii.;- k».^* Jill*""' ..... »■■ jiii»«' .IBM.'— "t:., rinWSf-'!'! I mai^" MSiSI nut. the particular day] day of [naming the montli] in the year [specifying the number of the year, in words at length.]" i) 3. That it shall and may bo lawful for the collectors of the several districts, to enrol and llcenso any ship or vessel that may be registered, upon hiicIi ret'istry being given up, or to register any shi;) or vessel that may be enrolled, upon siirti enrolment anil lirenao being given up. And when any shi|) or vessel shall be in any other district than the one to which she belongs, the collector of such district, on the application of the master or commander thereof, and upon his taking an oath or aflirniatiun, that, according to his best knowledge and belief, the properly remains as expressed in the register nr enrolment proposed In be given up, and upon his giving the bonds required for granting registers, shiill make the exchanges iilijresaid ; but in every such case, the collector, to whom the register or eiirnj. ment and license, inay be "iven up, shall transmit the same to the register of the treasury; anil the register, or enrolment an iceiise, granted in lieu thereof, shall within ten days after the arrival nf oU'h ship or vessel witliin >iie distrirt to whirli slio belongs, be delivered to the collector of the ■iai.j ilislricl, and be by him ranrelled. And if the said muster or commander shall neglect to deliver ili,. !iaid re^'istcr, or enrolment and license, witliiu the time aforesaid, he shall forfeit one liuiiilrr.ii dollars. } 4. That, in order to the licensing of any ship or vessel for rnrrying on the roasting trade or (ish. eries, the husband, or managing owner, together with the master tlicreof, with one or more siiri'tlpj. to the satisraction of the collector granliiiu tlie same, shall become bound to pay to the United StaiLvi, if such ship or vessel be of the burthen of five tons and less than twenty tons, the sum of one liiiiidnid dollars; and if twenty tons and not exceeding thirty tons, the sum of two hundred dollars; anil if above thirty tons and not exceeding sixty tons, llie sum of live hundred didlars ; and if above sj\iv tons, the siim of mie tlioiisaml ilullars, in ease it shall appear, within two years from the date nt' tl.^ bond, that such ship or vessel has been eiiiplnycd in any trade, wlierely the revenue of ttie Iniiiii States has been defrauded during the time the license granted to such ship or vessel reniaincd la force ; and the master of such ship or vessel shall also swear or atliriii, that he is a ciliirn of the I'mid Slates, and that suck license shall not be used for any vlher vessel, or any other employment, than thiii j,„ which il is specially jrranted, or in any traile or business irherchy the rcroiue of the United States niwi h' defrauded ; and if such ship or vessel lie less than twenty tons burtln'ii, the husband or nianaL'ingo\vii,.r shall swear or allirm, lh.it she is wholly the property of a citizen nr citizens of the United States ; v\ lieni. upon it sliall be the duty of the collector of the district, compreliending the port whereto siirli slii,i or vessel may belong, (the duty of six cents per ton being lirst paid,) to grant a license, in tlio Innu following : " Licence for carrying on the [here insert, coasting trade, whale lishery, or cod fishery, as the case may be.] "In pursuiince of an act of the congress of the United States of America, entitled " An act fnr m- rolling and licensing ships or vessels to be employed in the coasting trade and fisheries, and fur njii. laliiig the same," [inserting here, the name of the husband or nianaging owner, with liis occiipatinn and place of abode, and the name of the master, with the place of his abode] having given bund Hm the [insert here, the description of the vessel, whether ship, briganline, snow, schooner, sluop, „; whatever else she may be] called the [insert here, the vessel's name] whereof the said [naiiiin;' liie master] is master, liurthen [insert bete the number of tons, in words] tons, as appears by her enroji ment, dated a< 'naming the district, day, month, and year, in words at lengtli] (but, if she he less than twenty tons, insert, instead thereof) proof being had of her admeasurement, shall not be employed in any trade, while this license shall continue in force, wliereby the revenue of the United States slmli be defrauded, and having also sworn (or aflirmcd) that this license shall not be used for any oilier vessel, or for any other employment, than is herein specitieil, license is hereby granted for the sail [inserting lierc, the description of the vessel] called the [insert here, the vessel's name] to lie em- ployed in carrying on the [inserting here, coasting trade, whale fishery, or cod fishery, as the case may be] for one vear from the date hereof, and no longer : (iiven under my hand and seal, at [naming ili'e said district] this [inserting the particular day] day of [naming the month] in the year [specifying the nuuilier of the year, in words at length.]" } 0. That after the last day of May next, every ship or vessel of twenty tons or upwards, (other than sucli as are registered,) found trading between district and district, or between dilferent places in the same district, or carrying on the fishery, witln)ut being enrolled and licensed, or, if less than tHtniv tons, and not less than five tons, without a license, in manner as is provided by tiiis act, siiili ship or vessel, if laden with goods the growth or manufacture of the United .States only, (distilled spirits only excepted) or in ballast, shall pay the same fees and tonnage in every port of the United Sialesai which she may arrive, as ships or vessels not belonging to a citizen or citizens of the United hi|ati.s; and if she have on board any articles of foreign growth or manufacture, or distilled spirits, nihfriha.i sea stores, the ship or vessel, together with her tackle, apparel, and furniture, and the lading (iuind nn board, shall be forfeited : Provided, however, if such ship or vessel be at sea at the expiration ol'lhc time for which the license was given, and tlie master of such ship or vessel shall swear or alllnii that suiti was the case, and shall, also, within forty-eight hours after his arrival, deliver to tlie cdlltcnr of the district in whicli he shall first arrive the license which shall have expired, the forfeiture afori!- said shall not be incurred, nor sliall the ship or vessel be lialile to pay the fees ami tonnage aforesaid. i T. That the collector of each district shall progressively number the licenses by him granled, ln- giniiing anew at the commcnceuient of each year, and shall make a record thereof, in a book to hehy him kept fiirthat purpose, and shall, once in three months, transmit to the register of the trea., to the treasurer of the United ijtales, in the penalty of two thousand dollars, conditioned, that tlii; saU REl'ORT— REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE. 401 umber of the year, in g, to enrol and licenso or to register any shi|i (. And when any slii;i \lector of such dislriti, an oath or aflirnmliun, eased in llie register «i -ranting regislern, sli!i;i m tlie register or oiirdl- ■ tlie treasury ; ami the lys after tlie arriviil df lie collector of llic sai.l II neelert to deliver lli.' ill forfeit one liuiidnil 1 coasting trade or tisli. III one or more stirciii'?, uy to the United »\k\U:f, the sum of one luiiKlnil lundred dollars ; anil if lars ; and if aliove sixiv ilrs frotu the date or U,,; [■ revenue of the I'liili,! ip or vessel reuiaiiu'il n e is (iciliien of the I'lniil eiiivl^'l'""''< "'"" "<<"}" the i'liilcil «'n'''-< III"'.! I"- liaudorniaua'-'ingnwnT >te United states; vvlicr.'. (! port whereto sue li sliij u!t a license, in the Inrin fishery, or cod fishery, as entitled " An act fnrpii. id fisheries, and for n»u. nier, with his occnimtir.n ] having given lioiul iliai mow, schooner, sldop, ,„• reof the said [nanuni;tii^ as appears hy her enrnl. li] (but, if she be loss lliai>. t, shall not he eniployi'il in of the United Slalt's sliall not be used for any otlur ereby granted for the sail vessel's name] to lie em- id fishery, as the case nny i\ and seal, at [naming llie [in the year [specifying llie is or tipwards, (other than pjen ditTerent places in llie ^d, or, if less than twenty Id by this act, suih ship or mily, (distilled spirits only |rl of the United States at (!ns(.f the United Sfiiosi ..istilled spirits, oilier lliaa |e,and the lading Iniiml on a. at the expiration of llie shall swear or allirni lliit I, deliver to the colledor ,ired, the forfeiture afore- ;es and tonnage aforesaid, lenses by him granteil, In- hereof, in a book to he hy register of the treasury, [ of such licenses as sliall And where any ship nr afterwards be reaisleni', ry such case,beciitollci). Iceed on a forciga vnyaje, latrict coniprehendinilllie |g duly registered bysiuii I t'urniture, and the L'oods, II forfeiture : Prerii/Hioi- Th foreign voyace, be not III district shall give to llic Ll license of snelisliipor ^rtificate shall al'ierwaidi [enrolment and lieence. J States, going to anyj* lest of the master, he Hit- lith a passi"irt of the fenn Isport thf master of such X him; and, in order tnk Id wilhsutlicienlsurelif;^, Icouditioned, that llw said pnpspnrt shall not be applied to the use or protection of anyothcr shipor vessel than the one described In llie same ; and that, in case of tho loss or sale of any ship or vessel having sucli passport, the same shall, within three months, be delivered up to the collector from whom it was received, if the loss or sale takc^ place within the United States ; or within six nu>nths, if the same shall happen at any place nearer iban the cape of Good Hope ; and within eighteen months, if at a more distant place. jci of the I'th of June, 1797. — J 1. That no ship or vessel which has been, or shall be registered pur- suant I" any law of the United States, and which hereafter shall be seized, or captured and ciuidemn- eil. under the authority of any foreign power, or that shall, by sale, become the property of a foreigner nrVoreiisners, shall, after the passing of this act, be entitled to, or capable of receiving n new rciiister, nDlwillislanding such ship or vessel should afterwards become American property ; but that all such ;lij|)s and vessels shall he taken and considered, to all intents and purposes, as foreign vessels: Pro- vided. That nothing in this act contained shall extend to, or be construed to affect, tlie person or per- sons owning any ship or vessel, at the time of the sei/.ure, or capture of the same, or shall prevent such owner, in case he regain a property in such ship or vessel, so condemned, by purchase or other- wise, front claiming and receiving a new register for the same, as he might or could have done if this act had not been passed. Act iif the 2rf of March, 180.?.—} 1. That if any person shall knowingly make, utter, or publish, any false sealetter, Mediterranean passport, or certificate of registry, or shall knowingly avail hiuiself of any such Mediterranean passport, sealetter, or certificate of registry, he shall forfeit and pay a sum not exceeding five thousand dollars, to be recovered by action of debt, in the name of the United States, in any court of competent jurisdiction ; and, if an officer of the United States, he shall forever thereafter be rendered incapable of holding any office of trust or profit under the authority of the United States. J 2. That it shall bo the duty of the comptroller of the treasury to cause to be provided blank certi- ficates of registry, with such water and other secret marks as he may direct, which marks shall he inaiie known only to the collectors and their deputies, and to the consuls or commercial agents of tlie Vnited States; and from and after the thirty-first day of December next, no certificate of registry shall be issued, except such as shall have been provided and marked as aforesaid ; and the ships or vessels of the United States, which shall have been duly registered as such, shall be entitled to new ccrtilirates of registry (gratis) in exchange for their old certificates of registry: And it shall be the duty of the respective collectors, on the departure of any such ship or vessel, after the said thirty-tirst day of December, from the district to which such ship or vessel shall belong, to issue a new certificate accordingly, and to retain and deface the former certificate. } 3. That when any ship or vessel, which has been, or which shall be, registered pursuant to any law of the I'nited States, shall, whilst such ship or vessel is without the limits of the United States, be sold or transferred, in whole or in part, to a citizen or citizens of the United States, such ship or vessel, on her first arrival in the United States thereafter, shall be entitled to all the privileges and benefits of a ship or vessel of the Tliiited States : Prnridcd, That all the requisites of law, in order to the registry of ships or vessels, shall be complied with, and a new certificate of registry obtained for such ship or vessel, within three days from the time at which the master or other person having the charse or command of such ship or vessel, is required to make his final report upon her first arrival afterwards, as aforesaid, agreeably to the thirtieth section of the act, passed on the second day of Marrh, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-nine, untitled "An act to regulate the collec'iion of (hities on imports and tonnage." And it shall he lawful to pay to the collector of the district within which such ship or vessel may arrive, as aforesaid, the duties imposed by law on the tonnage of such ship or vessel at any time within three days from the time at which the master, or other person liav- ingthe charsie or command of such ship or vessel, is required to make his final report, us aforesaid, any thing lo the contrary in any former law notwithstanding: Provided, uhcay.t. That nothing herein contained shall be construed to repeal, or in any wise change the provisions, restrictions, or limita- tions, of any former act or acts, excepting so far as tlie same shall he repugnant to the provisions of this act. M of the %th of March, 1810.—} 1. That, from and after the thirtieth of June next, no sealetter, or other doeiiinent, certifying or proving any ship or vessiU to be the property of a citizen or citizens of the United States, shall be issued, except lo ships or vessels duly registered, or enrolled and licensed, as ships or vessels of the United Stales, or to vessels which, at that time, shall be wholly owned by citizens of the United States, and furnished with, or entitled to, sealetters or other customhouse docu- ments; any law or laws, heretofore passed, to the contrary notwithstanding : Provided, nevertheless. That no sealetter shall be issued to any vessel which shall not at this time he furnished or entitled to a sealetter, unless such vessel shall return to some port or place in the United States, or territories lliereof, on or before the said thirtieth day of June next : Provided, nevertheless. That no sealetter or other document, certifying or proving any ship or vessel to be the property of a citizen or citizens of ihe I'nittd Stales, shall be issued to any vessel now abroad, which shall not, at this time, be furnished or entitled to a sealetter, unless such vessel shall arrive at some port or place in the United States, or territories thereof, on or before the said thirtieth day of June next: And provided. That nothing here- in contained shall he construed to operate against any such vessel or vessels that now are, or may be prior to the said thirtieth of June, detained abroad by the authority of any foreign power. i^ee farther Gordon's Digest of the Latos of the United States, Book 9lh, Chapter 2d, and Kent's Coinmenluries on American Laio, Lecture 45th. — Am. /■.'(/.] REPORT, in commercial navigation, a paper delivered by the masters of all ships arriv- ing from parts beyond seas tu the Custom-house, and attested upon oath, containing an ac- count of the cargo on board, &c. — (See ante p. 4.) REPRISALS. Where the people of one nation have unlawfully seized and detained property beioniring to another state, the subjects of the latter are authorised, by the law of nations, to imlemnify themselves, by seizing the property of the subjects of the. state aggress- ing. This is termed making reprisals ; and commissions to this effect are issued from tho Admiralty. — (See Phivatekiis.) RESPONDENTIA. See Bottoimuy and REspoNUENTrA. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE. Though not properly belonging to a work of this sort, we believe wc shall do an acceptable service to our readers by laying before them the following com[irehensive Table of the revenue and the expenditure of the United Kingdom in 1836 1837, and 1838. It contains more information in a brief space than most parlia- mentary papers. It was originally framed according to the suggestion, and printed upon the motion of Mr. Pusey ; and there are not very many members who have left so useful a me- morial of their parliamentary career. 2l2 61 H 13 31 «« « •ffl «' •u m ft- «1 *v. u #^' % t ::^i>' TU s> p f •*1* •»'" % * d ii *7%\ T" ll .ilir 402 REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE. I I Iff* ■'-' IN**, . ."♦ ,,S1»'J«""'* ;ii»W»-"»ia.' ►sun*' fO^Oii^ lOS.- ■'«B« •''■■ Hndi of Incom*. PuiUic hteome in Ms rsors. 1 1836. 1837. 1838. j Cuir jmi and £i«». ) foreign . Spirito > mm JBriliih . 1,402,573 1,4%, 156 6,503,477 L. L. 1,399,868 1,432,929 6,015,071 L. L. 1,389,371 1,411,067 6,467,201 Malt . . . . 6,848,950 3,252,410 4,932,080 Hops . . . . 402,290 344,364 3(«,906 Wine . . . . I,7W,a33 1,687,201 1,846,057 Sugar and molusea 4,479,809 5,(H6,888 4,893,684 Tea ... • 4,674,635 3,223,840 3,362,036 Coffee • 691,606 696,644 684,979 Tobacco and anuff Butler • 3,397,108 29,750,53 3,417,663 7 " 7,496,87 • 3,661,812 27,851,192 238,306 265,563 251,665 Cheew . 105,087 120,034 113,907 Currants and Raisini 311,916 307,988 300,829 Corn 149,661 683,721 186,760 Cotton wool and iheepa' imported • 622,293 671,080 725,445 Silk . . . . 24,768 218,376 254,874 Hides and skins . 67,171 62,866 61,478 Paper .... 712,119 654,497 641,788 Soap .... 756,138 730,788 810,813 Candles and tallow 207,788 203,977 153,669 Coals, sea borne . 8,667 8,910 7,632 1 Glass .... 652,225 637,947 688,837 Bricks, tiles, and slates . 474,921 439,264 418,336 Timber .... 1,537,463 1,369,381 1,572,618 Auctions 294,803 274,264 285,186 Excise licences . 1,018,002 1,019,431 1,023,202 Miscellaneous duties of Customs { and Excise . • ) Total Customs and Excise 1,633,221 9,014,554 1,501,173 3,859,799 1,596,366 9,023,403 - 38,765,091 31 S,355,d77 • 36,874,595 Slampi. Deeds and other instruments 1,621,741 1,603,207 1,663,720 Probate and legacies 2,(U2,528 2,185,880 2,192,231 Insurance {™""° ." '. 252,712 831,367 260,512 824,138 251,866 891,704 Bills of exchange, bankers* nces - 739,957 714,703 734,109 Newspapers and advertisements . 466,701 328,661 341,974 Stagecoaches 614,628 498,943 494,284 Post horses 226,049 240,283 241,266 Receipts 172,098 172,280 173,825 Other stamp duties Land taxes 482,601 7,350,377 436,606 ?,265,127 468,784 7,453,753 1,199,609 1,192,636 1,184,830 Windows 1,254,325 1,257,878 1,262,561 Servants .... 207,311 201,044 201,018 Horses .... 390,222 380,693 377,477 Carriages ... 449,792 441,173 442,757 Dogs .... 158,190 165,931 156,200 Other assessed taxes 162,056 3,921,606 260,892 ,890,146 278,242 3,903,055 Pof; office • 2,360,602 S ,339,739 • 2,346,275 Crown lands • 361,693 • 419,780 • 388,(!42 Other ord inary reiienues and other > resources * " 5 Total income • • ■ 146,130 • 322,188 ■ 312,575 • • 62,896,298 60 ,592,663 . 61,278,928 Excess of expenditure over Income • • • . « • 726,460 . 441,819 52,896,298 61 ,319,Ti3 1 . 5I,720,T47 1 flE VENUE AND EXPENDITURE. 403 Account of the Public Expenc iilure of the United Kingdom in the Years 1830, 1837, 1 838. 1838. L. 1,389,371 Ml 1,067 5,467,201 4,932,080 27,851,192 9,023,403 ^B/ Htada of Expnidilure. 1836. 1837. 1838. Reitnue—diargcM of Colkition: Civil S Custoim Depirlment ( Exciie rreventive service, Ijnd guard, revenue police cruizen and harbour veaielt Stamps ..... Aswsscil tafa .... (lihrr ordinary rcvemies . iiupeniuiuatioa and other allowancea ■ Total charge of colleclion Fuhlic DM. lr,\tminlpeTmuimtieU • TcrniiMlile anouilies Management Interest on Eichcquer bills • ■ , , • Total debt Cioi'l Goixmmtnt. Civil Lilt. Privy Punt. Silaries of the household, tradesmen's bills Tlie allowancea to the several branches of the Rival Family, and to his Roj-al Highness Leopold Frince of Coburg (now King of the The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland's establishment Tlie salaries and expenses of the Houses of I'ar- liamenl (including printmg) Civil .•jepartmcuts, incluJujg superannuation al- lowances ■ -. • * • Oiher annuities, pensions and superannuation allowances on the consolidated fund and on the iross revenue .... Pensions civil list •_•... • Total civil govermnent Jtulict. Courts of justice . Police and criminal prosecutions correction. ■ ■ ^^^,,^^.^- DipJomafic. Foreipi ministers' salaries and pensions Consul!' salaries and superannuation allowances Disbursements, outfit, Sc. " . „• Total diplomatic Fana. (•rm.,.;™ J Number of men . Effective {charge • ^^ \Non.effective|~rofmen - Total army jEffective {S,"?^-'-" I '''^ |Non.effective|~'o(>»en - Total navy [Effective {^h™^'"'""™ " "^"""{Non-effective ^^'"[^'^ [ Total ordnance Total forces Army and ordnance, insurrection in Canada 1 Boun'lies, *c. for promoting fisheriet . 1 Public worlts .... i l^ymtnts out of the revenue of crown lands, for fnipmvt'nteiits and various public services • Poit office; charges of collection and other pay- ments ..... Quanntine and warehousing establishments . Miscellaneous services not classed under the fore^oin§ heads .... Total expenditure Surplus Afrniornraftim — The amount of terminable An- nuities on 6lh January was . In corresponding perpetuities, u eitimated by Mr. FiaUison .... Difference L. 647,138 869,191 L. 'l,516,329 562,219 L. 633,842 862,080 L. 1,497,922 561,096 2,059,018 159,035 163,130 49,427 381,162 L. 636,<147 861,494 L. 1,488,341 570,129 3(n,g06 1,846,057 4,893,684 3,362,035 684,979 3,561,812 24,156,664 4,224,427 126,958 28.508,049 726,824 24,215,779 4,193,745 132,482 24,212,580 4,1M,941 (29,076) 2,616,829 (26,227) 1,588,697 (30,995) 3,216,075 (25,329) 1,534,584 (30,399) 3,046,967 (24,.330) 1,473,561 4,205,7-26 4,750,639 4,520,428 1,274,442 (1,403) 139,617 (8,632) 1,290,338 (9,012) 1,219,633 (622) 163,048 1 1,184,830 1 1,262,561 1 201,018 1 377,477 1 442,757 1 156,200 1 278,242 1,434,059 1,444,523 1,384,681 • - . — 3,903,053 1 ^H 60,819,305 2,073,993 • 51,314,113 • 51,720,747 1 52,895,298 - 61,319,113 - 51,720,747 312,57 • 4,220,817 1,928,155 • 4,202,042 1,870,745 ■ 4,292,173 1,830,664 1 ; 51,27S,92 441,81 2,2^,662 . 2,331,297 • 2,461,619 HI 61,720,74 lJ| I: «tl III n «« II HM ••IH! Ik ■ 111 (« « i''i «' «.,:, at i in -*«. a #•■■ n • ■ 31 Till :•« a, :t lli!1 Hill :> < *««• .10, *• .13^ »- :0 ' 3i'*' «i ^%'^ 404 REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE. [Revenue and Expenditure of the United States for 1838 and 1839, aB reported by the Secretary of the Treasury. Recfiptt or muni in 1838. Amoiinl. Balanceon the Ist of January, 1838, #37,100,251 95 Receipts from customs, ...------ 17,478,770-5fi Receipts from lands, ---------- 3,130,8ai'54 MiscellaneoiiR, """""'*''"in **'''''3' M Treasury notes Issued, .....---- 12,710,i52u^6 Second and third bonds of United States Banli of Pennsylvania, - . - 4,548 .10222 #75,294,20(^01 'Vmuii illllMI'JI ' ■' 1* icj .t^ ,,,i»r!l» ■-'-■• ,|,»«W.m:..*'' iir i,iHl*;a'''-*' Expenditures in IS38. Civil and miscellaneous, first three quarters, Military, first three quarters, - - - - Naval, first three iiuarters, - - - - - Estimate of above expenditures for the fourth quarter Public debt for the year, - - - - . Redemption of Treasury notes for the year. Balance on the 31st of December, 1838, . . . Total, Unavailable Fundi in 1838. Deposites with the States, ..-..-■,-- Due from insolvent banks before 1837, .--.-.. Due from banks that suspended payment in 1837, and not payable till 1839, - Part of money in the mint, -- -...-- Total, From balance on the 31st December, 1838, being ------ Deduct total unavailable as above, -..-..- Available balance remaining. Revenue and Means for 1839, exclusive of Trusts and the Postoffice. The balance in the Treasury on the 1st of January, 1839, which could be considered available for general purposes, was ..----. The receipts from customs, the first three quarters, as appearing on the Register's books, are ----------- This includes about two millions and three-fourths collected last year in Treasury notes, but not carried on his books till 1839. From this cause, the actual receipts in this year will, to that extent, appear larger than they ought. Receipts from Lands the first three quarters, including also some collected last year in Treasury notes ---------- Miscellaneous receipts ----.--.. Estimated receipts for the fourth quarter from all those sources - . - Receipts on some of the debts against banks not available, on 1st January, 1839, but since paid ----------- From the third issue of Treasury notes under the act of March 2d, 1839 Aggregate means, Expenditures for 1839, exclusive of the Post^jfRce and Trusts. Civil, foreign, and miscellaneous for the first three quarters . - - . Military, for the first three quarters ------- Naval, for the first three quarters -------- Estimate for all during the fourth quarter -.--.. Funded debt for the year --------- Redemption of Treasury notes in the first three quarters, interest as well as prin- cipal ----------- This includes two millions and three-fourths paid in for duties and lands last year, but not carried on the Register's books till 1839. From this cause, the expendi- tures on that account will appear larger by that amount than they actually have been within those quarters. Estimated amount of notes redeemed in tlie fourth quarter, . - - . Aggregate payments Leaving an available balance of money in the Treasury, on the 31st of December, 1839, of #4,029,07113 15,731,323 fij 4,325,50321 8,249,000 00 2,217>(j» 8,089,4 10 (,) 34,800,0^7 33 #75,294,20thii #28,101,fi4f97 l,ioo,oon-fi() 2,400,000(10 5OO,000M #32,101,oIh7 #34,800,9*733 32,101,044 'j7 #2,705,34236 #2,4C6,flCl'95 18,328,393-50 5,417,2?631 125,20S7^ 5,700,00000 l,322,6?6no 3,857,276-21 «37,217,S12-:5 #3,fl49,50S-53 10,791,709-21 4,71,1,701-5: 5,000,0(iOifl l4,65S-!o 24,769,6()7-M 9,891,75953 1,000,000-00 35,661,42S-:2 l,550,3>4-93 #37,217,813:5 Statement of the Annual Expenditures, exclusive of the Public Debt, from the commencement of die Government to the 31st of December, 1837 ; as reported by the Secretary of the Treasury. Yean. DoMara. Years. Dollars. Years. Dollars. Yeara. Dollar!. March 4, 1789 For 1802 3,737,080 For 1814 30,127,687 For 1826 13,062.316 toUec. 31, 1791 1,919,590 1803 4,002,824 1815 26,933,:i71 1827 U,6V),09J , For 1792 1,877,904 1804 4,452,839 1SI6 23,373,433 1828 13,296,00 1793 1,710,070 1803 6,357,223 1817 15,454,610 1029 iMM.jeo 1794 3,500,546 1806 6,081,109 1818 13,808,674 1630 13,229.333 1795 4,330,658 1807 4,984,572 1819 16,300,273 1831 13,S()4,0i;7 1796 2,531.930 1808 6,504,339 1820 13,134,330 1S32 I6,3I6.3«8 ! 1797 2,833,591 1809 7,414,672 1821 10,723,479 1833 22,7I3,7SS 1798 4,623,2a 1810 5,311,082 1822 9,827,643 1334 18,43.417 i 1799 6,480,167 1811 6,592,604 1823 9,784,154 1836 I7,.'il4,9-i0 1 I8(XI 7,411,370 1812 17,829,499 18^4 15,330,144 1836 30,«6«,I64 1 1801 4,981,669 1813 28,082.397 1825 11,490,439 1837 39,IM,:t ' jtm.m y the Secretary of the Amount. . *37,U>0,251 9S . 17,4-8,770M 3,130,82-W 253,t3lM - H,71f'.''2«"6 1 , 4,542,10225 f75,294,moi ft4,029,f>7113 15,731, 32:if>J 4,325,56321 8,24U,onnno 2,2n'0» 8,089,4 II) 01 34,86I),-c quantities in Indi.i, ("liiiia, and most eastern countries; in the West Indies, Central America, and the United States; and in some of the southern countries of Europe. It, in fact, occupies the same [lUce ill most intertropical regions as wheat in the warmer parts of Europe, and oats and ryo in those more to the north. Forming, as it does, the principal part of the food of the most fivilised and populous Eastern nations, it is more extensively consumed than any other spe- cies of grain. It is light and wholesome, but is said to contain less of the nutritive principle than wiicat. When rough, or in its natural state in the husk, it is called /)ar/f/y. There is an immense variety in the qualities of rice. That which is principally exported from Ben- gal has received the name of cargo rice. It is of a coarse reddish cast, but is sweet and large grained, and is preferred by the natives to every other sort. It is not kiln-dried, but is parboiled in earthen pots or caldrons, partly to destroy the vegetative principle, so that it may keep better, and partly to facilitate the process of husking. Patna rice is more esteem- ed in Europe than any other sort of rice imported from the East. It is small grained, rather long and wiry, and remarkably white. But the rice raised on the low marshy grounds of Carolina is unquestionably very superior to any brought from any part of India. Tlie produce of lands naturally or artiflcially irrigated is, as far as rice is concerned, from 5 to 10 timi's greater than that of dry land having no command of water: and hence the vast importance of irriiiaiion in all countries where this grain is cultivated, lint it 13 worthy of remark, that owing to the not uiifrequent occurrence of severe droughts, there is a greater variatiou in the crops of rice tlian in tliose of any other species of grain. Those who, like the Hindoos, depend almost entirely on It I'lir subsistence, are, consequently, placed in a very precarious situation. Tliere can be no doubt that l';iniines are at once more frequent and severe in llindostan than in any other quarter. AtVw years ago England was principally supplied with cleaned rice from Carolina. Latterly, how- ever, tlie imports of Carolina rice have been much reduced. An improved method of separating the liii=k, which throws out the grain clean and unbroken, has recently been practised in this country ; and IIS the grain, when in the husk, is found to preserve its llavour and sweetness better during a ioiia voj'iiire than when shelled, large quantities are now imported rough from liengal and the United r*i;UP3. Unquestionably, however, the oppressive discriminating duty of Its. a cwt. on American and other foreign cleaned rice has done more than any thing else to increase the imports of roiigli eniii; and the fact of the duty on paddy from liengal being only li^ perciuarter, while that on paddy from C'lirolina is Is. 6rf. a bushel, sutlicienlly accounts for the increased imports from the former. The consumption of rice increased rapidly after the reduction of the duty on the cleaned and rough sraiii from India in 1828. In 1S30, the entries for home consumplion amounted to ISH.O.W cwt. of cleaned, and 189,219 cwt. of rough grain. IJiit, contrary to our anticipations in the former edition of lliis work, the consumption has since materially fallen off. The entries for home consumption in b32,iiiiounted to only 111,401 cwt. of clean, and 179,627 cwt. of rough grain, or paddy ; and, during hsl year (lb33), there was a still further decline. Mr. Cook ascribes this diminution to the reduction that has taken place in the price of wheat, which has fallen from 64s. 3(/. in 18;t0 to 52s. llrf. in 1833. Mr. ('.farther mentions that, in bad seasons, when grain is soft and damp, the millers consider it ad- vantageous to grind a certain proportion of rice with it. — (Milburn's Orient. Com.; AinsUc's .Mat.Ind., Cook's Com. of Oreat Britain in 1833; and private information.) — -' ^B The price of rice lii bond in the London market, in January, 1834, was as under :- I RiccCarnlina, new, percwt. £iM India, fine, F.itna, do. Eineal, wiiite, do. cartfo, and ordiiwry • L. 1. d. L. J. rf. 19 to 1 1 U 17 0-1 1 13 6-0 IG 9 - 12 U Duty on paiitly, the produce of, ami importwl from, British posses- sions, \d. |ier (juarter. From America and other foreien places, 2s. Gd, per Imsliel. Duty on American and other fort-ign places of growth, 15s. per cwt — Uerifpil, and other sorts, If. per cwt. RIGA, a city of European Russia, the capital of Livonia, situated on the Duna, about 9 I miles from the sea, in iat. 56° 56' 5'' N., Ion. 24*=* 0' 4'' E. Population about 47,000. Harhonr.~X light-house has been erected on Fort Comet, on the western side of the month of the I river. It hac 2 lights; the iirst, elevated about 104 feet (English) above the level of the 8*ja, may be ^ ; f 1 1. « •; ill m •11. (|i i' 11(11 a m ««< iH' Ml •* «,B • ,,. «» .^. \i - '1 •: '31 % ■»• ;:; :> .. •«.•« ,. ,*f \ ,;S3« ;.::; ■ J^^ ..;■ ^^'^ 400 RIGA. I !•»• ^ xincn IT',,, :":.^ iHi-i • . ..lai 'C i^.-rK'VTJ ,:"«?. HI- ,| HO*'''''''"'*' m <-. "■■■■ ttnmv gefin, under ftivourahlc circiim<;tnnce8, nt the distance of 4 leagues ; and thn second, elevated nhnnt 24i fuet, may l)e seen at the distance of 'ii IcaKues. The bar nt tlic moulh of the river lias nHiially from 12 to 13 feet water ; and vessels drawing more than this frequently load and unload pan of ihciV cargoes l)y means of lighters at Holderaa, a small town on the west side of the river, near its niouiii Tlicrc Is a fairway licacon without tlie bar, in 5 fathoms water ; and within the chonnel, is tiiioye,| Willi black and white buoys ; the black being left on tlic right or starboard side when entering, anil the white on the larboard. Vessels bound for Uiga take pilots at Uolderaa, who carry them to thci, anchorage. No ballast is allowed to be discharged, e.xcept at I'oderague. Kegulations as to clcarini,', &c. Himilar to those at I'etersliurgh. — (Coulier sur Us Pliares, 2d cd. j and Regulations published bij tk', Hussian Jiuthorilits.) Trade. — Owing to its advantageous situation near the mouth of a great navigable river, the trade of Riga is very extensive ; being, of the Russian towns on the Baltic, in this rcspett second only to Petersburgh, The trade is chiefly carried on by foreign merchants, partin;. larly by the English. The principal exports are corn, hemp and flax, linseed, iron, tiinber, masts, leather, tallow, &c. ; the imports are salt, cloth and cotton stuffs, silks, wine, sugar colFee, and groceries of all sorts, indigo, dye woods, salted herrings, &,c. Tlie mast trade is very extensive. The burghers of Riga send persons who are called mast brnkcrs into the provinces to mark tno trees, which arc purchased standing. They grow mostly in tlii;i|js. tricts which border on the Dnieper, are sent up tliat river to a landing place, transported 30 vcrsts to the Duna, when, being formed into rafts of from 50 to 200 pieces, tliey descend the stream to UIk The tree which produces the largest masts is the Scotch fir. Those pieces which are from \^ t» 2; inches in diameter arc called masts ; under those dimensions, spars, or, in England, Norway mw^l because Norway exports no trees more than 18 inches in diameter. Great skill is required in (lisim] giiisliing those masts that are sound from tliose whicli are in tlie least internally decayed. Tliuy ur- usually from 70 ic, 80 feet in lenplh. Hemp is lirouglii from the I'kraine and Poland, and requires 2 years in its passage to Riga. Tlie barks in wliich it is conveyed are from 250 to 300 tons burden, covered with mats sloping iiki! a pi i.i house roof, and have a false bottom. They ascend tlie Dnieper and the Duna ; but on accnimi of rn. mcrous slioals, can only pass the Duna in tlic spring, or about .1 weeks after tin; snow begins tn mcii nnd, if tlicy miss that time, are delayed till autumn. The hemp exported from Riga is conslilertj the best in Europe, and is generally about 30 per cent, dearer than that e.xported from Petcrsljiirth Riga hemp is chiefly used flir the shrouds and stays of men-of-war.— (Coic' Travels in the JS'urili'oi Kurope, 5lh ed. vol. ii. p. 241.) Tlie best kind of flax shipped from Riga is grown in White Russia, and is called Druana rakii/cr' its colrur is very white, anil tlie threads long, fine, and loose, but it lias sometimes black spms; \\l next quality, coming from the province of Trockic in Lithuania, is called Lithuanian rakit/er, and ji very little inferior to Druana,but its colour is a little brown ; of this kind the best sort is Tlije.si;iiliaii. sen. The best kind of Courland flax shipped from Riga is Mnrienburgli ; that grown in Livonia is of inferior quality. There are two kinds of linseed : that of the last crop, which is used for Pdwijiii. and tliot of former years, for crushing. To prevent deception, tlie year of its growth is slaiiiindoj the barrel by sworn inspectors (brackers). Some hemp-seed is occasionally shipped, nioslly to llni. land. Riga wheat Is very inferior to that of Dantzic. Two descriptions arc shipped— one iIil' prnwis of Russia, the other of Courland; tlie last is much the best, being larger bodied and of a lirlclnei colour tlian tlie Russian ; still, however, it makes but indifferent flour. Oats are of a good qualiiv and are largely exported ; peas are also occasionally exported. '' In shipping masts, the rest of the cargo generally consists of deals and wainscot logs ; the latter are I much exported to England, and are very superior. Tallow is not so cheap here as at Petcrsliiirsli. Money.— Far the monies of Riga, see I'ETEnsDUROii. The current rixdoilar of Riga = 3s. jiij sterling; hence 1^ sterling = 6 rixdollars 36 groschcn currency; the Riga dollar being divided iiio I 90 grosciien. H'cighls and Measures. — The commercial pound is divided into 2 marcs, or 32 loths ; and also jntj j halves, quarters, &c. It contains 0,452 Englisli grains. Ilence, 100 lbs. of Riga := 92- 17 lbs. avoinlu. pois = 418 kilog. =gfl-32 lbs. of Hamburgh = 84'64 lbs. of Amsterdam. The lispound =20 lbs.; ihi shippound =r 20 lispounds. The loof is the measure for grain : 48 loofs = I last of wheat, barley, or linseed; 45 loofs=r ] |,is' of rye ; and 00 loofs = 1 last of oats, malt, and Iieans. — According to Dr. Kelly, the loof z= 1 ;c-; I Winchester bushel ; and, conseiiuently, the last of wheat =; I1'625 quarters. Nelkenbrcclior doeilioi value the loof quite so high as Dr. Kelly. Tlie fiidcr, the measure for liquids, is divided into 6 ahms, 24 ankers, 120 quarts, or 720 stoofs. Tte I anker = lOj English wine gallons. The foot of Riga = 10-79 English inches. The ell = 2 feet ; the clafier = feet. 1. Account of the Quantities of the Principal Articles exported from Riga during each of the Tlire* I Years ending with 1833. Articles. 1831. 1832. 1833. Articles. 1831. 1S32. 1 IK)3, Flax, Isl sort • sh. Iln. 85,10-6 88,003 98,613 Wheat - lasts 11,365 4.9') 1 ■T ai - — 17,363 24,802 40,749 Rye . 34.375 36,1 L'O 1 A.f.i 3,1 — — . 9.i:o 10,860 13,647 Rarley 5,95S 7,441 coililla ^ 3,000 2,9i0 4,060 Oats - — 10,802 l,4'>l 1 Hemp, Rhine — 31,099 25,529 22,143 l'e.13 - _ 489 St 1 outshot — 12,933 iR'^'l 15.101 Tallow sh. lbs. 6,384 5,.1-0 1 .Ti23 pass • — 21 146 30,111 23,725 IliJes- pieces 117,218 103,184 1 cdlilla — 7,974 10, r-'. 11,776 Wainscot loM- 6,699 6. 511 : Linteed, crushing - barrels 245,378 189,926 174,821 Beals - _ 344,580 122.000 204.731 sowing — 119.218 37.528 95,595 Snuare tinibe*'- M.2 1,4'JI 99 489 M IT 6,384 5,370 3,1H 117,215 103,184 111.9*, 6,699 6,511 6,il! 344,5K) 122,000 201.731 26,103 44,a9 26,:ii 2,351 2,20S i,:j) 1831. 37,15S',M 18,431,0-. a 65,589,92 RIO DE JANEIRO. III. Shipa cleared out from Riga in 1S35 407 run.. Shipa, l-l.i?i. .ShipR, To what Cnurilry. Mii|v Til what Cminlry. Ship.. 1 Brili'h 3«0 PniMi:\ll 14U To (ircal lUilain 342 To PruM'a ■ 21 ll.iii"vcri»n • log Mtrrhleiibur^h I5N Hanover • ft l.u'ifck • •24 IJiitcli • 193 oldetiburKd - Hainburgh iJ7 ll»ll.wid • 322 llaii.htjii;h B I),ini^ll 178 2 HcUiuni • l(>5 Preiiii-n • 43 Srtttlish 81 Liilieck 16 France • 30 Hmlcick • » Snr«Hl»n • 121 Rrenien 13 Dcitniark • 143 A'lieiica . Klfiicli 12 American 2 Sweden & Norw.iy 112 Kliinuro - 214 Spanish 1 Ruuiau 44 t'orlui^al • 8 l,4H3 i,4>3 IV. Ships despatched from Riga during the P i.x Years ending with IS.Ti. yean. 1827. 1628. 1829. 1830. 1,24-. 1831. 1832. f3)lil>9. 1,378 l.l'-O 1,331 1,573 1,483 RIO DE JANEIRO, the capital of Brazil, situated in Iat.22° 54' 1.5" S., Ion. 43° 15' 50" W. Population about 160,000. The harbour of Rio is one of the finest in the world, both as respects capaciousness and security for all sorts of vessels. In coming from the N. E. it is usual to make Cape Frio, in lat. 23° I' 18" S., Ion. 42° 3' 19" W., being about 4 leagues nearly E. of Rio. The entrance to the harbour is marked by a remarkable hill in the form of a sugar loaf, 900 feet high, clo.se to its we.st side ; while on the cast, or opposite side of the bay, at the distance of about 1^ mile, is the fort of Santa Cruz. But the wood- cut in the next page, taken from a chart published by order of the Brazilian authorities, give.4 a much better idea of this noble harbour than could be obtained from any description. Entrance to the Harbour.— \'esav\s bound for Kio, coming from the N., should, after rounding Tape Frio, steer due W., keeping about 3 leagues from the coast, until they come witliin .*) or b miles of the IlhaRa-.a, or Flat Island, lying almost due S. from the month of the harbmir, at the ilL-itance of about 3 leagues. A light-liouse, the lantern of which is said to be elevated nearly 300 feet abuvi; the level of the sea was erected on this island in 1829. The light is a revolving one, tinishiiig its revoliitiun in 3 mi- nutes, and exhibiting alternately a white and a red light. There is also a lighl-lunise in the fori uf Santa Cruz, the light of which is fi.ved and elevated almiit 50 fiiet above the level nf the sea,— ( Cnv- liersurles Phares, 2d cd.) Having got within 5 or miles of the lllia Ha/.a, ships may enter by day or by night, the dotted line in the cut marking the fairway into the harbour. There are no pilots to be met with ; and, as there are no hidden dangers of any kind, their services are not wanted. On en- tering, vessels must pass within hail of Fort Santa Cruz, to be renily to answer any qiieFtinns tl::.t may be put to them. They then proceed to Fort Vilganhon, below or opposite to which they must bring to, or come to anchor, allowing no boats to come alongsidi;, but those of the govcrniiieiit, until tbey have received ;ir«ri(/HC, when they will be permitted to jiroceed to the usual place of an- cliorasie for the merchant shipping. The sea breeze generally sets in about II a. m., and lasts till about sun-set. It is strong enough to enable ships to overcome the ebb. High water at full and change at 2 in the afternoon. Trade. — The trade of Rio is extensive, and has increased rapidly of late years. The principal articles of export are coffee, sugar, cotton, hides, rum, tallow, indigo, coarse cotton cloths, gold, diamonds, precious stones, tobacco, cabinet and dye woods, rice, &c. The im- ports consist principally of cottons, hardware, flour, dried fish, linens, woollen.'!, soap and can- dles, wines, oils, &c. Until 1830, slaves formed one of the princi[)al articles of import into Kio and other Brazilian ports; so many as 45,000 having been imported in one year, of which Rio received the greater proportion. But, according to a convention cnloicd into with this country, this infamous traffic should have ceased in February, 1830: whether it has really done so is more than we can undertake to aOirm. Coniparative Monthly and Yearly Statement of the ColTee, Sugar, and Hides exported from Rio de Janeiro, during tlie Six Years ending with l&'!2. CoBee. Sugar. Muiiltis. 1827. 1828. 1829. 1830. 1831. 18.12. 1827. 1S2B. 18-29. 1830. 1831. 1832. Bagi. 2:..57i Bass. Bai>- JUi^s. B,iK'. Bat!. Cmti. Cant. CISC'. Ca*n. Cnut. Cttscf. Jur.uary • Kebribirj' * M^rch 21,824 34,I0'2 38,490 19,028 43,074 1,141 1,679 1,658 3,224 1,912 1,093 18.687 20,369 33,i36 2 1,327 26,630 3>.-03 1,236 l,HS7 l,t,*S 2,737 747 1,399 30,ti|4 .34,560 23,,3i'9 31, '89 37,'i6fl 33,271 3.1 "3 1,463 3.62.3 2,076 l,>-27 3,475 May. . - 10,013 14,306 13,0s9 22,341 31,534 26,5i'8 1,721 83 > 2,690 1 1,318 1,1 12 1,1,74 27.10.5 2!l,96fl 27,31 1 20,ir9 23,027 39,817 2,227 2,(78 1,248 2 311) 2,r'24 5f'4 28,518 32,341 27,2 -.0 24,028 38,192 31,571 1,117 2,7S9 1,358 1,796 4,41,8 l,-233 July • - 31,066 37,283 36,347 4,1,717 33,1.9 38,398 1,'35 593 1,2 9 1,277 2.7:0 1,870 40,215 52.160 47,207 33,9>9 53,237 43,9 !<• 1,484 1,134 1,377 671 9l7 l,P41 Stpieniber • 33,58S 41,393 33,074 4,>,l-24 4!S09J ' 40,02 i 908 I.SflO 173 806 6d2 811 41,707 28,677 36,891 2s,-: 'iO 42,173 ' 44,712 tfi 794 1,907 1,7M 1,100 771 ' November • 31,415 30,,'-.62 36,029 33,815 42,164 51,215 876 4-.6 6.33 2,101 1 ,270 737 DfcceBiliur • Total • 32,001 2),413 26,772 44,i^97 50,477 46,932 3,091 3,407 1,112 2,391 2,373 605 3jO,900 1 36!), 147 373,107 391,783 448,249 478,930 19,614 19,033 13,864 22,1 263,657 1 iti IIU 'in ' ll ... ^ '■" HI HP ■»»'• ■■•■■ ■,!(*• Thiiitilenient ia taken from the Circular of Stockmcyer, Grade, 4- Co., dateJ Hio Je Janeiro, 4Ui of Jauutry, 1633, who ilale that lht.» iluited the ilelaiU from ttie mauifeiti of the Teneli clearing out at the Custom house. 408 RIO DE JANEIRO. iff" II"— '■"'Si 'C •:r'"'::3i t'Vum.. Sri' References to P/an.— A, Ilha do Catiinduba. B, Fort de St. Joao. C, Morro do Flamengo. D, Ponta do Calhabouco. E, Fort da lUm das Cobras. F, Ilha das Ratios. G, Fort da Boa Viagem. The increase in the exports of sugar and coifee from Brazil during the last 10 years has been quite unprecedented. In 1822, the total export of sugar from the empire was only 40,000 tons, whereas it now amounts to about 75,000 tons. In 1821, the quantity of coffee exported from Rio did not exceed 7,500 tons ; but in 1833 it amounted to more than 4 times that quantity, or to about 35,000 tons ! The exports of cotton have also increased, but not so rapidly. The imports of cotton from Brazil to England in 1831, were 31,695,761 lbs., being between a 7th and an 8th of the total quantity we imported that year. In 1832, the imports declined to '20,109,560 lbs. mo DE JANEIRO. 400 |do Flamengo. D, ronta . Boa Viagem. the last 10 years has the empire was only [the quantity of coffee I to more than 4 times klso increased, but not fwere 31,695,761 lbs. It year. In 1832, the A considerable part of the extraordinarily rapid increase of the sngnr and cofTee cultivation in Brozil must be a8cril)ed to the facility with wiiich slaves luivc recently been imported; and it ■« possible that the cessation of their importation, supposiri); the convention to that I'irect to be executed, may check, for a while, the extension of cultivutiun in Brazil. We Imve dorlved the Tnllnwing statemflnts, as to the trnile of Brazil, from tlm liiRhoHt mcrcnntile aiithorily. Of their acciirncy there cun he no more (iiiesllon thiin of their iiitcreiit niul iniportniice : — "I'nfiirtnnBtely, the government of Brazil does not puhlish any otlicial BtnteincntH of the trade of ihpiiitfcrent porta, not even of tlie amount of exports or imports, so that information on these points caa only be drawn from private sources. "Estimated Amount of Brazilian Exports, with their Values at the Port of Shipment. Middle Provinces. RlO.— Cnffee - - bags, 650,000* at Hides - - - No. 300,000 — Sugar . - . coses, 22,000+ — Cotton, drugs, dyes, gold, and diamonds JVortkern Provinrea. Baiiia— Coffee - - bags, 10,000 Cotton - - . — 47,000 Sugar . - - cases, 58,000 Tobacco - packages, 15,000 Drugs, hides, leather, rice, rum, &.c. at £ I. d. 3 10 per bag 13 per skin 11 16 per case 3 10 per bag 4 10 — 10 per case 3 4 Operpck. Ceara— Cotton Hides - Macavo.— Cotton - Sugar - Mabanham.— Cotton Kice Paba.— Cocoa India rubber bags, 14,000 — 4 13 per hag bags, 10,000 cases, 3,000 4 10 per bag 10 per case bags, 75,000 — 4 10 8 per bag. bags, 60,000 tons, 300 Isinglass, rice, drugs, and cotton bags, 60,000 cases, 20,000 Pernambuco.— Cotton Hides and dye woods Sugar - PiBAiBA.— Cotton - Sugar - bags, 20,000 cases, 5,000 — 10 8 per bag — 00 13 4 per ton 5 per bag 10 per case 5 per bag 10 per case Southern Provinces. Rio Gbande of the SoiiTH.— Hides and tallow, (chiefly coastwise to other ports, but) foreign export about - - . Santos.— Sugar, rice, and coffee, (much direct to Rio, but) foreign export -...--.- £ 35,000 190.000 580,000 50,000 20,000 £ 875,000 70,000 75,000 400,000 250,000 600,000 150,000 65,000 5,000 45,000 30,000 340,000 60,000 50,000 20,000 180,000 300,000 100,000 200,000 100,000 50,000 100,000 100,000 ' 1,025,000 195,000 2eo,ooo 500,000 2,880,000 2,420,000 200,000 5,500,000 "The imports are chiefly from Great Britain, consisting principally of our cotton, linen, woollen, I barilware, and other manufactures, amounting annually to about 4,000,000/. The remainder of the Imports consist of wines, brandies, &.c. from Portugal and the Mediterranean ; flour from the United I States; cod fish from ditto and Newfoundland ; with a comparatively small amount of French, Ger- 1 man, Swiss, and Indian manufactures, and tea ; the latter chiefly through the United States. "Tlie duties on all imports, without exception, are 15 per cent, on the tariff value, which averages aljoutSO per cent, on the real value of British goods : those on exports vary at the different ports, and on every description of produce. On coffee they amount to about 10 per cent. ; on sugar, 12 per cent. (i being paid by the planter). The export duty on cotton has lately been reduced from 20 to about 3 per cent. ■'There are no commercial or discount hanks in any part of Brazil ; but at Rio there is one of issue, tlie whole of its transactions being with the governnipnt. "The usual mode of selling goods in Brazil is on an open credit of 4 to 8 months, and sometimes even 12 months, the parties paying by weekly or monthly instalments, as they eff.^ct sales, generally eiceedinglhe stipulated credit, by 2, 3, and even 6 months, according to the slate of the markets, with- oM allowing any chorge for interest. On the other hand, all produce is bought by the foreign mer- ttantsforcnfft down, or, if any credit be given, the usual extra charge is 1 per cent, perinonth ; in fact, the whole commerce of the country is on British capital. "The usual commissions are, 5 per cent, on the sale of goods ; 2^ ditto for guarantee ; with 2^ per I cent, for the purchase and shipment of produce in return; 5 per cent, when purchased by credits I on London : the usance being 60 days after sight. 'Thecurrency of Brazil is chiefly paper and copper, of a very depreciated and base kind, and vary- I ing in almost every province. The par of exchange, when the silver currency was maintained, was S;]d. and the current rate always above it, say from 70d. to 72d. ; but now, owing to the introduction I of paper and copper, the exchange has fallen at Rio, to 36d., Bahia 32d., Pernambuco 38d., and Ma- ranliam 40d. ; and, at one period, the exchange at Rio fell as low as 20d., owing to the extensive issue lof paper by the bank. "The great difliculties under which our trade with Brazil labours are, — 1st, The prohibitory duties chargeable on sugar and coffee, the chief productions of the country ; which admit to consumption $.\ I •t 'i' «l 11 .a* ■■:■ ;n» '■■'3"i *Bag of coffee about 1 cwt. 1 qr. 14 lbs. Vol. II.— 2 M 52 f Case of sugar about 15 cwt. 410 RIO DE JANEIRO. I , ■'"'11 ,.,•..(-•1 grtK ,^rk-^ *^^' only coltona nnrt hiden, thn Utter not tmlnu wnntpd ; io ilmt, with nn report of nearly l.onn.nnn/,, «. hovo no ihrttt intmns inK, and curry on «„ extenHivn coiiinii.-rre, entirely on Urltiith capital, vvliiixt the llritiHli merchant \* c pelled to tr;iii»|Ft his property Into their handii for 5 or II nionllm, as the only means ofgetthiK payment for Hit! niiiniiin. turcH he has exported ; at the same time that the BrIllHli consumer at hninii Is compelled to piiy, ,., elusive of the heavy duties, a decidedly higlierpriuu for suKar and colfeu than Is paid by thocuiisuiinr. of any other European state. "The ad urlevance is the wretched state of the currency in Ilrazil, which occasions tluctuatioriH in the cxchanKe of from 10 to '20 per cent. In 2 or 3 months, anil even 50 per cent. In the course of n,, year ; so that the actual proceeds, In sterlinK, of any Koods sold on credit can never he Rur^ssed m i^ the motley 18 received; there heing no discount banks or means of realisation, till the expirutimiui the credit. "The llrazilian Regency have at lenmli recommended their currency to the Imincdinte attention (,( the 'AsHembly ;' but it maybe doubted whether they have cither courage or honesty to liiliuan, etTectiial means to eradicate the evil; this can only be done by a return to a gold and silver sluiiilar^, and a new coinage, calling in the old, one-half of which is debased."— il3:-.,72l 4,6.12,324 2,431,664 /.. I,8IN,28I 767,!)H I,.3V2,-IS l,4fS,J7| 1. 469,01 5 2,27»,0.i() Account of the Quantity and Declared Value of the principal Articles of British Produce and M,iiiij. facture exported to Brazil in 1833. Articles. truant it ies. Value. L. 14,759 Articles. ()uaiititie«. VjiM. Apparel, sinpj, anil h.iberdisliery Sadillery and ham»*v , ^ L. 3.iOO Arnis anil aiiiiiiuiiitinti • • 8,732 l.inen nnnufaclurfc^ yanis 7,527,781 1S7.5M cwt. 637 2,032 Thrcid, tapes, Ac. • iSf.\ barrels 77 199 M.achinery and .u.'.l M -.rk . to Beer and alo * tuns 467 7,77» Painters' colours - • 4,:30 cwt. 20 516 riale, plated war..-, jewellery , and Bras.^ and conper manufactures _ 5,425 27,103 watches - n Butter and cfieese • _ 21,371 72,0H3 aall - - • bushels 37,944 u tons 1,863 853 Kilk manufactures • - 2V-3 Conlage • cwt. 9,114 14,786 Soap and candles • lbs. 3,330,495 6i.$l0 Cotton manufactures • yards 63,903,398 l,607,73:i Slationrry nf all sorts • 6,]!*l Hosiery, lace, and small waret . 69,848 .Sugar, refined cwt. 10 a, Cotton twist and yarn - ll». 11,434 1, 07a '1 in, unwrought - ^ 322 IH Earthenware of all sorti - pieces 2,950,155 27,469 Tin and pewter wares, tin plates • • 3,loO Fish— herrings barrels 6 6 Wtiolleu manufactures, by the Glass cwt. 11,616 22,371 piece . . . - pieces 89,107 2J3,I2< at value • 23 Do. by the yard • Hosiery and small wares - yards 231,858 i:,tu Hardwares and cutlery ^ 11,255 42,099 ■ • 4,oi: Hats, beaver and ftlt • dozens 4,423 14,430 All other articles • • 23,9)9 2,191 ».,9lfi Lead and shot 522 7 .-"o Total declared value . , 2,575.tiO leather, wrought and unwroughl lbs. 43,573 6,'!. The number of ships which arrived at Rio in 1826, were— From slave settlements < From Oreat Britain . . ■ France .... Spain .... Fortugal . . . • Holland .... Hanse Towns United SUtes North of Europe • Cape of Good Hope, and Cape Verd Islands .... 19 C 4 Spanish. J 15 foreign. J 51 Portuguese. 1 10 British. ( 14 Dutch. ( 6 foreign. 15 ( S3 American. ) 6 foreign. 37 5 12 British. } 3 French. South America 5 53 rortunw 1 1 ( Unuiliu 81 Total In 1832, there arrived at Rio SSI vessels j and in If.ll.C.'O. fJ| the arrivals during the last.nenlioned year, 244 n ere En^lisk,!; I eluding packets, and 161 American Perhars not morelhin lli I of the 626 ships would load at Hio ; many calling inquestorrreiih'v I and for orders, stores, tic. The returns do not include Ihe ma,:! coasting vessels. In order still better to illustrate the trade of Brazil, we talce leave to subjoin the follo\vini;dclai!il from Mr. Caldrleugh's Travels in Sntith .America. They are neither, however, so recent, nor of sutlil authority, as those already laid before the reader; — "The colonial system, which wait siricllyptef served until the arrival of the court, kept the country in a state of ignorance of many of those beau-l tiful articles of English manufacture, now so greedily purchased by all. The Brazil trtiiiH iiiaybe| considered as entirely in the hands of the British, as if an exclusive monopoly existed in tlieir favoui I Brazil takes from us every thing she requires, excepting wine from Portugal ; and the itn|i(.rlaiiceofl this trade to England may be well conceived, when it is mentioned that, after tlie East and Wesll Indies and the United States, it forms the greatest mart for our fabrics, and one that is most rapiiilyl increasing. I "In 1820, the imports of British manufactures amounted to 1,860,000/. ; in 1821, to 2,230,000(, Tlie| exports of 1820 were 950,0002. ; in 1821, 1,300,000/. ; showing a great and progressive increase. "Of the amount of imports, about three fifths are brought to tlie capital, owing to the greater cor-l sumption, and from its being in communication with tlie mines, the most inhabited districts ofilit| interior. "The other nations trading to Brazil exhibit a poor figure after Great Britain. By far the mostat-l live of them— the United States— exported to Brazil only to the amount of 320,000/., chletiy in liouj fish, and minor articles. It is impossible to say what may happen, but ut present it does nut appeirl that England has much to fear in this quarter. The immense commantl of capital which our meif chants possess strikes all foreigners with astonishment, and forces them to abandon all idea ofcoml petition. The trade carried on by the rest of the world amounts, in tlie aggregate, to little : thai ol§ RIO DE JANEIRO. 411 f nnnrly 4,000,000/., «, rcfil liil" 111'" liniiil«iii |i|iiiiKi ""•• ''""■y "" '" ) ciiiiilH'lltMl III triiiiKlVr /iiiriit I'lir ll»! Miiimniic. H conipi'll'"' toimy.ix. B pitlil liy ll>" C""«uiiii'r! •cimlnns ttiicUmUnin In >iit. in ll>« course iif tli, III'VIT III! ((UI'Hdl'll lltlil 111, till tl"« exiiiriiljiiin,! I liiimciUnte atlenllnnfif or lioni'Hty to Hike any (iilil mill Hilver sliiiuluij j/ Jiuguat, l»33,) J Willi 1831,Bccoriliii8u Iiiiporit from Bruil. — - -/,. ■ 1 I,8IK,2H1 I 767.914 1 l,3"2,'« 1 l,4l'!l.2 1 1.469,015 2,27S,0,y.l rilish Produce and Man«. ()u>nlitin.| Vj1«. /,. _ . 3.W . yania 7,527,781 ISI.iM 2,iri ^ ^ 4,T)0 try, »nJ ^l| builiels 37,944 ! lbs! 1 3,330,49,-1 6l,9M 8A11 ". cwl! 10 _ 322 1,1* 3,iljfl '°. pi«M P9,lf>7 2;W2< . yirJ> 23I,S58 lUn 4,o>; . . ' . • 1 2,H5,6» 1 55 J rortuju* t » Btuiliu. . 8 Total 440 |o69l vessels! an' in I^.W- Intioned ye.ir, 244 were Eri^lri, Irican Perha^^s not more IhJn i i;! Kio J many c;illiin in iiuest of fteiiki le returns du nut include the tii'a'.: Frnni'i* liAinn chiefly condnoil to articlci of ilrcnii anil Tugliion ; and of ilwcdci' "> a i-W ship >l> of iriin nriiiiiilly- "Tlif Irnile ex|irpi«ly cnnfliiod to Itrnxtlliin vonseU is the ronalinK tnd \(i\ n. ThJH Inltvi -i*!*!*, II |g well kiiiiwn, i» now rvatrii ted, liy trenty, tn Hint piirt of Afrlra fiiiiiih of tii, line, wliiili > < '' the wliiile of Ihe l'i>rtiiKiiene |iim»eimlonii. The Inipdrlaiion nf ne(jfiip« i.tfiei in miiiiiiiit ; hiil of hite yeatH It cannot he eHliiinted, on an nvernge, at loss than 2I,0(MI into Kin da Jnnclrc only- It airnrdn too great a return of ffaln to ho easily almmliined ; iiinre enpeclally when, HtriiMue III Hay, iiatrlotlr. feelhiKH are cnnsidered. In IIiIk inntance, to \tn hand in hand with |iriiiU ; ami H'lii'ii It H liiiaitliiiul, that (lie iiiDiiient the trade in prohllilled, the proHperlly of the i-otinlry iiumt di'C.iy When it In lonHlilered that llim ntinilier in aniiiinlly rereiveil iiitn the capital, and that there gp. :j other portH tradlni< to the Hatiio extent, and that Hcarcely ) of ihe iiegnieH taken fniiii tlie loaHt {iv>' til lie lainhMl, the iiunilier of negroes carried away hy thlB outlet only in the course uf tliu year apneais prodinioiifl. "Many yearn since, a conniderahlc capital wa« employed in the whale llshery. The lilack wlialc wni extreniely conitnon near tlie inoitth of the harlioiir ; hut an increanin)! Iralllc haH driven thiH ani- iiial In the Niiuthward, and the only eHlahliHliiiienlH at present are in the province of 8t. Cuthariiio's, ll f.iririH another of the royal nionnpolies ; and, in IHai), was funned hy some I'reiichtnen. "The other trade carrieil on In Hrazilian lioitoms is very much conliticd to lliat with the niolher fniintrv ; itn dependencies, as Madeira ; and its possenHhiMH in Africa and Ihe I'last. The tralhc with I hina \* Mtill continued, hut no longer in that way which made Portugal at one time the envy of all iiiirilinie nations. "'I'lii' internal trade is very much confined to the products of the district of the mines i and Is car- fjpil (in liy means of larco troops of mules, some of which, from the western provinces of (Jozna and Mill'i (irossn, are I months on the journey. It in not easy to learn with accuracy the produce o( the (|i;iiiiiiii(l mines ; as they are worked by (jovcrnment, and strictly monopolized ; much smujjglini.' con- (Cipicii'ly prevails. In some years, the (|iiantity recovered hy Rovernmeiit has amonnti'd to as much ns 4,l'llil octavas of 18 carats; but these are years of rare occurrence : taking the averaue, however, ol'sniiie years, the number of octavas would come to near I,'200. In this quantity there would be, of rfiiiriic. many of largo size, adding immensely to their value. It i.s calculated that iilidut the same (limiililv is smuggled ; and there arc strong reasons to suppose, that if no dilUculties were thrown In tlio way, owing to the facility with which they are obtained, the produce of Ilrazil diamonds, in every way iia line as tlie Oriental, would have considerable etl'ect on the demand. "Willi respect to the quantity of gold which comes from the mines, it is immersed in a certain dc- •ree of obscurity. The l-.')th due to government is the principal cause that I could never ascertain, in any iiuac wliicli I vlhited, its exact produce. I shall have another opportunity of saying nore on tliin liead, anil exiilainiiig why the produce of gold mines is on the decrease, which I certainly conceive to deilie case. " Nil silver is produced in Brazil. As there is lead, it would he loo much to affirm that none exists ; but prolialily the quantity would he tritling. The silver coin is mostly Mpunish dollars, reslamped into S.patac pieces, by which a considerable proflt is obtained on each. "The ipiantlty of precious stones shipped is now very considerable. In most cases they are sent to jlnnini; market ; being, in fact, more valuable in Hrazil than in London or I'arls. Aquamarines — (sec liEBVi.l— of a very large size have been founil. In .January, 1811, one was found in tlie Uiberao das Ameritanas, near the diamond district, which weighed 15 lbs.; and in the same place, in the October fojlowint.', one was discovered weighing 1 lbs. Topazes of tine quality, but seldom large, amethysts, undi'lirvsolites, are also articles of exportation ; and at tiiiiea some tine specimens of these gems are to lie met with in the jewellers' shops. "Correctly speaking, there are no trading companies In Rio do Janeiro : there is a society for cfTect- in;inarltl:nc assurances, but no other. "Tin; Hank of Brazil has had very extensive concessions itiade in its favour, and ought to he in a lloiiriiliiiig state. It has the power of i.ssuing notes ; and all disputed monies and property of the de- ceased and absent {mortes e auzentes) must he placed in its hands, and 2 per cent, per annum charged forlliecare and trouble. This, in addition to the interest which might be obtained for the deposit, would alone, in an active mercantile country, form no inconsiderable revenue. (Specie is prohiliiled from lieiiig carried coastwise : merchants who wish to deposit cash in one of the northern port.s, where tlie l.'irgest purchases arc made, are therefore forced to take hand bills, and pay u premium for them, varyiiii; Iroin 3 to 5 per cent. "Siinie enormous capitals have been amassed ; but generally the speculations of the native mer- chains are conducted on a very limited scale. "Tin: leeal rate of interest is G per cent. ; but money can seldom be obtained under 12."— (CaW- c!i«."/i's Vrareh in South Jlmerka, vol. i. pp. 53— 5'J.) p'eiiithtion of Hra-M—T\K magnitude of the population of Brazil is involved in great uncertainty. Onenl'tlie latest eslinmtea is us follows :— Portuguese and Creoles, 900,000 : free mestizos, 000,000; en- slaved oie.sliziis, '250,000; free negroen, 180,000;" enslaved negroes, 2,900,000; Indians, 450,000 ; mak- ing ill nil, 5,-i80,0n0.— (/reimui- Almanac, for 1832.) Hut we incline to think that this estimate is rather Uyondthe mark. Ibjoin thefnllo\vini;dctaili tver, so recent, imr of suilil Ini, which was strictly pief Ice of inanv of those beau- I The Brazil trade iiiayl't| loly existed in their favoui al; and the impcrtaiiccoll after the Kaal and Weill , one that is most rapidly I L 1821, to 2,230,0001. M jngressive increase, lowing to the greater con-l inhabited districts oflWI llain. By far the most acJ f 320,000(., chietly in lloiii,| lirescnt it does not appetil l)f capital which our met-l I) abandon all idea of coml tgregate, to little : !'«' «| Account of the principal Articles of Export Iriiii Kio .laneiro, during the Four Years 1 ending with 18.30. Account of the Shipping entered Inwards and Out- wards at Uio Janeiro, during the Four Years ending with 1830. j Coiree. Sugar. Hid<->. No, Horns, Customs Uuliis iu France. years. Trade with oilier Perls of Brazil. Trade with Foreign Cuuutries. ;i'""' Sack. ! ,10 i 1 B.irreli. 1 j Chests. 15,0011 r>.H07 19,165 20„'i94 S.l(;k5 and Barrtls. No. EiilereU. Left. Entered. Ltft. Ships. 1,629 1,612 1,970 2,008 Ton- nage. Ships, Ton- nage. Ships. Ton- nage. ISM M'l.ll- i 18j; 627.1M 1.^6 -JI,3S3 19,421 ! lS7,'i30 20,028 1 t96,67.-i 2t,3S9 1 144,404 i7,836 tr,\009 330,242 439,293 293,003 2;i 1,938 I3,13.>,446 14.936, -.22 14,929,269 16,960,131 18.13 1834 IM'i 1836 1,701 1 - 1,60!) IO->,08.3 1,920 1113 117 1,976 ll21,7.S8 1 1 7,0'3 128,106 132,386 696 3n3 672 660 131,479 13.1,912 146,398 -617 1 583 l,'-,9.847 622 139,743 629 140,214 Port fi^(?n(it»7H.— The ciptain of every ship entering Rio, or I ut other port of Binzil, is or^lereil, — I i. Tu i-i liftctly with his vcssul from the entrance of the liarbour I to ihe aiic!!')ra^i,' iilnrv winil.or any other just cause, he should be compelleil I Kccnieloancl.or, ami ahail remain anchored fur twelve hours after I Hfihiiiiieranccs a^e removed (except in case of bein^ (luanntinetl), I htthiiliuya tint^of 100,000 reis, and shUI be compelletl.by thefort^ I otbra .,'ou'niiiu'iit vfc8^eI of war, (whichever may be nearest,) to I pwetti ininifdialely to the Frinipiia anchoring frround, * Ue ituJl not »uilt;r any kiad of vessei to buard hiiUf nor any per* son to come on boarJ, or to leave bis vessel, before he lias been visited from the custoiu-hnuse, excepting only the pilot, liealth officer, the head officer at the entrance, wlipu there is one, and in the case of a shipwreck, or for the savin;; of lives. 3. Kven after the custom-house visit on arrival, and until the ves- sel is dischar^e\er, Ukinn rara (•> Savt llwm •IMliin» oii txnnl aihl m- lurii. In I i>r of Iht inAndloii of itir aUtvi* ri- ■h.UI vutrr Of k»vi> 111! vrtMl withoiil lit-rnif , uiili-w lit* Ix- .i [imwiJitcr, or Iw- lnnfm< tu ihr rrvw ; ami rvtry othrr {itTMiti who K(»ri on tHunl ur Icuvtri the vrMrl, ilull |i.iy litO.UNt rnt nric, AikI hr kri'l m i'u«tiiirrii m itia>lr. 'Ihr urif Ihir-I i^rti.r (hew- flin-i Oi.ill l'« >iWi'lr)rt ami r.ir^n l«Hik, ft. Hf fthitl ch-livtr In thfi niinMt«n.UT nf thr cu.irl l">.it Hiihrnil the port, it ht^ I'D (h'-re, ur at Iha l'raii()iiu, if h«l'« Iheri*, (he iiaril* Int a« ilcBiTihi'il hrlow, 6. He ■h.tll cnttr at thit nitlnm-hniiM'. wilhin U hoiin .ifdr tlxi gtuiritu innr han tj«fi) on txMnl, mil conntitiic Ihc 1*)% on it Inch tjn- rmlniiihouw it Mhiii, ami jirraful liiiiiarif In thi' in^pnlnr, ;ui>l i^irar, or allirni, ihat he haimit mi boanl of hn vnuiet ativ iiirrih.iii'liN*i)lhi r than »Fi it la •li-acritMvl ill Ihc iii.iriiri-^l lit* ht« JriiviTiil, aii'l ili.tl ht> haimi hir>lirr 'li'cl.irahnn in maki' ; anil tf li<* iln nol riiltr wiihin the 34 hoiin. In- Nlitll |i.i)' M)0.()(H) rci^ Inr rarlt 'by'i ilrjiy a-tililmn.il. T. If ht> tth.ill ilfl.iiii hi* vfiM'l ,11 rithcr ul tlip aiH'hnrai{ra nmra thanil li'iiir*, uhfii hcnlnlt tm i|irfi'ii'>l l>y ihf KiunU nmr. it liU rfprr>i>nli)ti\r, to ri-inovt! Il.eucc, Im ilull piiy liH),UOU icii fur every day hedftiy*. 8. He khill ftiwhirfe no part nf hii c-xtgn hut hy lit nrdrr in writ* ing fmiii ihi' iM*|HTtnrt ami if he la'nl my wilhnul audi fnter, hu ihall I'ly MMI.UOil ii-it fnr t-ach pack.tKr mi laixlftl. 0. 111! Hh.ill ttive nntice lo the nlliccr altrndiriK llie (liM'h.ir<('nf the veaael) a> toon aii hit r,irK>i it dmchiritfil, Ih.ii he li.ii iintluiiK rciinin- int(oi\ iMLirl. If he ninil to on hninl in htilk ; \i t n.uueB of Iht- coii^ixiieei, nr In order ; all lo he Hrjliiu at length, eKceiil Ihe niiiiihrri of the pachaifes. I). Whi-n the vi-siel his t.iken in lurcirno at more Ihan one port, there iiiiinl he two miti>ri-nii the vaituu derl.ir)tr>ini fre ' ' ' "■■ ■• - ' ' ' ' ' amine lliem, and il at;tee.ihlo tn these rrKiilalions, certify them. M. In Ihose pm >^ w hi-re there is no Hra/dim consul ur nuhslifule, the maiiiresis aliall 1 1 it-rtihed hy two ItrA/ilrMi resident iiierchanla; or if there he none, l)> two merctVinls of Ihe place ; in either case, Ihe aignalurea to he anihenlicatett hy letc*! authority, IN. Th« rapitin whnut maniAvti ar« nnl ennfrrmaMa In Itie^^ ., fulalinnt, ali.ill t« hned fnuii l(NJ,l1)U rrii to one roitlo it$ rm, . will of the rol|e4'lnr, Acror| , ap|>e:ir, and hn ciiuint ditchari{e niiltl Ihr fine ■• |>iiid. r). Ill cabd 1h m^ \ per teul. on the value of the cirKii, m 4j diliiMi h) Ihe uiual duiie*. /'fiiMf/tjiii. — Viwi-lt proreediiiff lo Bntil, ami when It is withf,]), ditiHtvr of ihrir cirKoen at diiri-rriil |iorl», must clear nut hir " Hnii niifl other puiii," or for " I'ernamhuio, Hahia, Itio de Janeini, ||^ other |Hirt». ' They are Ihi-n ruiilleil hi the |trivilt-|r of *fjiii(m. ami iiijy html a part of Iheir carnor* at one |Hirl, imyiu^ du'iri <,|,|. on Ihe i(o<<.U w> linded, iiid proceed with the rriluindiT 1) nih^ pnrtB. Ilul if Ihey clear oul for one jHirt only, Ihey are roiiipelifj ^ iiLiku a roiiiidele entry, ami diw harKr the whole of Ihe cuip), 111 pfiH-i eduiK from one lln/il an |ior1 to another, it i» iiereMtn thai a hill o| heAllh ih'Hild he taken from Ihe hirai aulhonlin, .j i-atli |M.ft i and wlirre my put *i the cjri(o it Umird, ihe wnif h.^,, he iioird on Ihe oruiiiil mauifeal by the customi' ridicer of thi- i»,t^ W-icAiTOH".- Koreitcn vr»wlipayjin all (Hiitaof Iheempuf, lur^j pfr hiM prr d,iy, from the .Vli d.iy .iftir Iheir entry. 7,1 (A( /i< I'll —'1 he luhl Iioum' duly, MX) n m nrr Inn, for a II viui i ov*r 10 Ions dejiiilinit frmn porta whtre there n a liKhl-houtf. V,, sell under lO lorn ni- exeiniiled frnni Ihiaduiy. /'off (/iWj/.-Un all \e*«-la mtl rniaiui( the har at the hartx.^i,^ Rio lie J.iiinro, the hdloWiiiK iharifea are levied, vix., o| ihreriiMHi I2,MU teis; 1 1 Uvo nnsts, t>,UUU reia; and ol one niml, 6,'|0u rvii, ' .Si-ri/. — 'I he duly i» -tO reis for evrry written half sheet. //ia/(/i,— Viiit of the physlciui la tiled it N,i(X) leii; hut mrw the ve^Ml it made to pi-rfoim 4iiarnnlini-, then another surii n| h^i, ri'iM in payihlu on Ihe idmiwitm of the u'ttel to fiee prilKjur. H'l*} tinlt.—A vei-^d of iliree m.-ials pi)s ti,( ()() retii; Ititt.vf vettet, hould he au exprt-ui-d in tlie inatrumrul ul contricMj prevent dmpule. I'urthaseaof produce af p.iid for in cash, and lalei are maJi- en itiiiulited crediis, hut nominally for ci>iiM.'. Jiate$ of C\imtniitwn charftd at Hio- 5 iier cent, on sales of nieTcliindise, 2 \-i per cent, on purchaM* of lucrchaudise, with fundi iu hto'l^-i amount of cost and charijes. 2 \-2 per cent- Kiiaruily on amount of tnles on creiUh 2 \-2 per cent, fiirdrawinft or indomiin, md ne^nli.itin? hilli. 15. should any ft^caler (|uanlily of )((hhU he found on )>oard than are staled in the nianiftsl or the declarition of the captain, Ihe over- plui stnll he seized iiiid divided imoin^st Ihoae who tuize Iliem, after paying Ihe duties, and the ciptain lihall p.iy n line nf half Ihe value of the Koo-h;. Itf. If there are any s;imls ini-vsinx of IhoMMdted in Ihi: manifest or dechraiinn of the captain, Ihey shall tie reputeil lo he concealed or smu.2.HI9a38; /A3,(i(J2,(X)() j /).4.623,3<'i ; />.3,2')4,%,i j Z).2,123,20'>; and nf Ihe bniwn sugar in like mannur : 7^.356,^65; i?.395.US3, /;.l,579,r.96; /J.199,3S7i />.429,8J3. ears. Coifee. Brown susar. Hides in val. 1834 Lbs. 26,'i7l,368 Lti. 6.S16,l'i6 /J. 1 ,09.1, 1 3 1 1835 3i,774,S76 7,96(t,HW3 1,1.10.691 1R16 46,810.219 27,849,654 679.ti34 1^7 3.VJ<16,2.|6 3.2^7,401 917,193 1833 27,41 l,9HG 7,8i;5,0h7 124,730 Exjiorted from the I'nited States to Hrazil within the al»ove speci- fied time, of foreign and domestic articles, the following amount : how fir Flour and HreAd, Cotton Manufactures, aid S[iirrs Inn | drain, conlrihuled to make up the list, to say nnthInK of iirnvifH^w, nil, '.perm C'lndle*, household furniluru, and other nianufatlures :( the United Slate- Vear. IS34 IS35 1836 1837 183S Flour and hrcad. i/S>94,440 991.269 884,126 6IS,6>0 1, 0*16,033 Cotton man. 2;.2:J4.72I 266.916 200.^94 303,1'>2 636,513 SI'iri'^ I6.t^0 KJC2 LWI /ear. 1834 I8a5 1836 1837 183B Fnr. expnrt. i}.473,2*)4 797>65 i,rif;2.i9» 441,9f)2 662,237 D'-m. expnrl. /). 1, 586,097 1,810.791 1,732,741 1,3 '1,217 2,094,957 'lotal exp. 2J.2.059,3-»I 2,60«.«"6 H,091.'^3(> 1.743.209 2,657,194 The Kxports from Hio J.ineim for the month nf .lune hut fW9. compared with tliose in Ihe same period of the two preceding ya"v were as follow : Coffee, SuRir, Ilntes. baijs and barrels. iu cases. >n. d In 1P39 52,188 1,544 ll.'M IB-'tH 60,603 1,58*. e.ii\ 1837 42,234 2,438 2^,5" The Kxport of Sugar during the first six months of l!-39wa8 ..... 9.fiii:nsrt. 1838 . - - . ■ • hM^^9 -''* 1837 tir''"'-' ■'"■ The exports from Santos, 1838-1839, were 400,0(0 arrol^s I igainHt 294.0(;Oin !«37-lH3H. The stock of Hides on huul at Rio J.uieiro, at Ibc clowof J-.M | last, was about ^0,000, nearly all heavy weights. ROADS. 413 I %r» nnl ronforiMhU to ihm tt. W rri^ til mil' funtu il* rr<(, tf u,, lir ilrnrrr ii( i'ul|l>l>llll)' tlul ihlil llll Ihl' llll'' " |i«l'l' lii.>iiil"li li' !"•> •''" '"■ •il "li'" " '' ""■'■'■I' I iKirU, iniinl rlrnr mil liir" III i; 1 lillin, H.llll», Hill 'I' J»ii'ii". w llail III 111" |invlli-|(<- 111 ►riiii|i.ii, ira at mil |«irl, imyilK 'lu'in "iilf Ttil with Itir rciiiiiiiiirt I'l Niher in iKittiilily, lli'V »'• riil'il'tlifJta imr Ilia wlKileiillhi- rjiKn •n |iiiit lii«linlli«'| 'I I" 1111'ia.iTi km rriilll Iho loral iiilli"iilit% i iIh' art" ia Uiiilr.I, Ilii- 'iiiif n,,.' by llin I'ualiinia' "Hicir iil Uii- 1' r' ly, ili«ll(«illai'tlh»«uil;iii-, IN!,,, .illtr llii-ir nilry. duly, IIXI niB jirr liiii, (nrall viw , »|i»n' llll'" la » lnlil-liiiU'i'. V'l nmi lliiailuijr. cnKalin 111" liaralllin harlniir < rKi'aarii Ifvinl, vil., nl IhririMH, ■t-ia; -uiil III (ifif* iii"li ^^^^ riit- •vrry wrilirn h.ilfalucl. I ia lilfil >l H.iOl tria ; lull in ri-< uniitiiii't ^'i**'! aiiii*li*'r auin nl li,j(i iflliu M'aai'l liifrra |iri>lli|tir. iiiaaia inya «,l "" I'-ia; Ithi, at. r;i,!vi\. birkv l.ii-U. uy ul vcaaria lailiiiK iiulii > Imp ,ali>lii:>ry llial llif •«|irna« if iMJ,t( thiiiii I I'' l"i>l I'y 'ii" "»<:'i "I'-ll l,il|,.,r;;i.liiin. , , air li.irnliiii il f"'. In cnlilntu r( ai'il ill llll: ilialruiiirul uf cn|,liul,k I fur in i':»ali, anil aali-a art* niiJi ci, fur iMsll- fiir llll* iiuirtniei'f I'niiluri- mBa liriiLiluiiiiif 111" Uiiiliiii lull* itiuii cAarjul al KlO 6,058 SI.JC2 IWl llido. No. of. i;,:'ii 6,211 ii,:" _ SuRir, ■is. in c.astta. I,f.4t l,Wi I 2,438 [efirataiiuionlhact ^^_^^.^^ . 10,439 J* I . . ■ 6,il'J J* I Ifisg-lKig, were 400,010 snoka II Rio Janeiro, allbc clow o(J'.» I heavy weighu. M,;(» lii.lra. |||^,;M llll. 111,4 lU llll. iiionih i nrlielM IImI rnme imler ihe .leBomlnillon of tNiiva rxila, irr alloiae.l In reiiiiMi (nr llir iiui i, i,| one liioiilh, ani llirii pay l.i 1*1 r lint, piir liiniilh alorint'* n-iil, Miiliiiiery, n 4 pravimiily in im. al the |i|iorter. Tliu aUive duliea ar« levied niioii valuahoita AscJ hy a wttklv larill'. I'rcriniia inetala in coin or hara, ami cold dlt^t, whether fnrelfu or national, are aiilijeel In au eipnrl duty of i per eenl. ad \aloreiii. f'iMfiiin /loijir Tiirta iifnf .litutvawn.—tln kikuU iiii|>orleil in fi»eki»el and cleared tiy welicht, the n-al taiea are allowed ; on li* ipiora there ia allowed fur leakage and lireakaife. in ifUaa Imtllea ^ per cent., atone dii. 3 per cent,, ami in ciaka or ilciiiijniiiia i per cent,, and nil . l»fW, Ikv ■«»■ IKW. Miiitw4r^ I'/ th$ i^niifivni nrtulu importtd frrmi Funtfn i'otli during Jun*t IKIO, iilivea, M harrelai Hteel, tvn inrkaifea | Tar, 111 liarri la { Arms, Hidcaarai Itrandv, 12 pipes, fttVl itemij.duia { flil lollve), 27 pi pea, 18 liirn'ls, 2:1 !••■"■' ! thi Itiihl, 3,'klll risks ; Coillish, 2,otO hirrela j VVIialelone. I,2t<> "'• 1 )("4 tiarri Is, FrovKnina-leef, .'I2il ,,,-1,1 i».ik,42 t . -il,, i.'ke.l beef, II,,||.|S ■inintals. Coal, WU ' ,„ \V<«, /» ''^. M'l 1,307 banelij lea, 1,201 eliesia | l,.ii|*r,,T Imac'i .2«liiii', la-ad, 27ll Imrs. II rollsi llran, 7U) lan, fli'iifi AniH,.-.;), lo,lll» barrels | do. Kiiro|irnn, .'20 barrels: iiilliin aoi'l', 2,l>2Tpack>(es; I. men do. 43\ do.; WiKillrii do, 2li'2 I,..; Mill do. 41 iln. : Iron, I4i bare, ^.'ili bun Ilea, Inns; Tin, 70 I, in ; llll Iware, itil pai k iKi a l Nailkeetis, 12 klles ; lee, 2liO tmia ! (li'i, l» pipe'i '"* hards, 3'>ll barrels Willi liotih.s, l,|i deniljohns, ;''«"e, .100 pnrka00 hoars; Deals, Ndil iMiards, WlDfrtl; l'ilrK2' iharrels; paper, 217 balea; ('h,ese,ll2* |i«ck ,j«np. -.'"*l>' 'I '*''l'i Mti-^* ali|uelrea; Tallow, l,4()ii ar- r„l).«; I'ainK 3ei3M irrels; Kurnilure, || packa>es; landles (lab i,,»i,3W)l' •''*', ''"rlo Ale«re (H, (), S,). /iiiport /.infirr. — All forelKii mi.rchan liie ia siiliject to an import liily nf 15 per cent., i-xcelit tea, which paya 30 per cent., and kuii. i^.wdrr, ss also wines and spiriluoiis liipiora. (the prmlnciionof ciuii- iriesHhicli hive iin coinmerclal treaty with Hrarih paymn .'iO per cent. no valiiatiiina fixed by a tarilT, (which is the same IhroiKboiit 'he rmpiri'i and arllclea not apecille.| in such tariff, pay duty on a rilurilcci^reil by the importer, the cuslniti hnuae oflieera haviiiK llie rj^lil 10 taa^ lie Rooda at audi value, and 10 per cent, thereon. The rcuii'rifs havili„ treatiea ^f.\\\\ Braril, and the dales when they ex- i..rf,accnrilin< to the intimation aent from the foreign nflire to the ruitiirnhmiie, are aa hillowa i I'nisaii, 2'ith Noveiidier, IKJ9 ; llaiise- i,.*M, do. ; ilcnliiark, 7th March, Id-IO ; I'nited Statea nf North Anirnca, ITili Noninber, l»ll ; Midland and IhlKiun', ISih April, |MI;flre7l llrlnin, Tilh Nm. tuber. IS12. Since the lit of July, IS.itI, wines, ipinluous liipiois, and flour, are suh.iecl to a special wrekly tiriir. A coiiimilleu has been appointed Ly'tlie i^ovcinincnt lorrvise the gencrtl tarilVj cnnaiderahle pnigresa has been already on.lf iniistevision. Pniilrillie afiirenientioneildiitiea, gooils fexceplinR linen eamtirica, iKreflhrcad or silk, matiiiricliirea of Roll or silver, and precious iiiiaci, ivliicti pay only 1 1-2 per cent, iryulitnlv) are aiihied to a dunteiif.'iper cent, on the like valualiniia for clearance charges and [lonfe rent |i //iri/'C'ife and flnnazcilrtirrrnl, dry (ooilsare, however, [*nniltril In remain ill the ciistom-houae warehouses without any f„r If 416 ROADS. V' i- iiiiMa'' MM* '' ■f 'S* I^IK**— «•■:■ iC"' %iV ■ •» '«i .■ma: .^■»r' i.»i«»- ■; ... on condition that the Inntllords and others interested should advance the other J, and that the work should be executed under the direction of parliamentary commissioners and engineers. This arranerement has been highly beneficial. Through its means about 600 miles of excellent roads have been constructed ; and in consequence of the easy means of communication they afford, a s^pirit of improvement has been excited even in the wildest and least frequented districts, Dr. Smith seems to have inclined to the opinion, that the roads of a country would be better attended to, and more economically managed, were they placed under the control of government, than when they are left to be planned and superintended by private individuals, But this opinion does not seem to rest on any good foundation. It is, perhaps, true that a few of the great roads between the principal towns of a county might be better laid out by government surveyors, than by surveyors appointed by the gentlemen of the different coun- ties through which they pass. But these great roads bear but a very small proportion to the total extent of cross and other roads with which every county cither is, or ought to be, in. torscctcd ; and, besides, it is abundantly certain, that when the formation of the great roads is left, as in Great Britain, to the care of those who, either by themselves or their tenants, have to defray the greater part of the expense of their construction and repair, they will be managed, if not with greater skill, at least with far more economy than if they were intrusted to the agents of government. M. Dupin has set this matter in the clearest point of view, in the remarks he has made on the administration of the roads in France and England. In the former they are entirely under the control of government ; and the consequence is, that while there is a useless expenditure upon a few great roads, the cross roads are almost entirciv neglected, and the facilities of internal intercourse are incomparably inferior to cars. Sir Henry Parnell, who has published by far the best treatise on road-making in the English language, while he approves of the system of local trusts, proposes that measures should be taken for increasing the responsibility of the trustees, and that every trust should he obliged to submit its accounts to the inspection of some public Board. We have no doubt that tiiis plan would be in several respects advantageous. Perhaps, however, the object in view, in making accounts be submitted to a public Board, might be attained hy the erection of local tribunals for their inspection. We should be extremely jealous of any ]ilan, how advantageous soever in other respects, that might lead to the employment of gnvern- ment surveyors generally in the laying out of road^, or to any material abridgment of the powers of the private trusts. Length of Roads, Cost, Src — The following «.^ntails, taken from the report of the commit- tee of the House of Lords on turnpike road trusts, show that, in 1829, the total length of the different paved streets and turnpike roads in England and Wales amounted to 19,798 miles; that the direct expenditure by the trustees, on account of these roads, during the same year, was about 1,. '500,000/., and the revenue about 1,455,000/. But, exclusive of this pernniarv outlay, the value of the work performed on these roads, by parishes, and not brought into (he charge, is estimated at 1 00,000/. ; making the whole expenditure 1,600,000/. The length of the various cross roads and other highways is estimated at about 95,000 miles. Siiiiimury Slalemevt of Roads, in England and fVaUs ■ miles, 19,798 Length of (unipike roa'is JN'uniiier 01 turiipiku trusts • ■ * • 1,11 .Acts or pnrliaintnt passed . . . • 3,7S3 Toll gaits - . • . . . . 4,H7I Uibt ...... i,7,304,803 Income in 1829. L. Income from tolls ..... 1,309,014 — parish caliipo&itions received - • 59,.'1:> — liii'i ■ - . • . 2S8 — iiicideiilil causes - - . 38,648 Rents of toll piles ai.d parish > Tolls ■ - - 39..i4i conipositiuiis due, but unpaid $ E'arisli compositions* - 7,8S3 Total income for the year L. 1,4.')5,293 Krpunditure in 1S29. I. Interest paid on mortgage debt Mjiiual labour ..... I'eani labour, improvements, materials, on contracts. L. . 236,6.>9 . 303,173 • 578,237 Land purchased or damages paid for in getting materials Repairs to toll houses, gates, &c. Salaries to clerks, surveyors, law bills, printing, adver tisiiiff, stationery, ant incidental charges . . igc.OH Payments comprising part of the debts or accounts of for- mer years, &c. (as ilcducted from the accounts delivered to the clerk of the peace) .... 213,75' The gross expenditure for the year 1829, as delivered to the clerk of the peace by the clerks of the roads - . 1,675,0^1 Interest not brought into charge In the accounts delivered to (he cteik of tlte peace, but included in the current el- penditure ... ... 65^0 The nett current expenditure of the several turnpike road trusts for the year 1829 . - ■ -I.IM.'S Expenditure . Income • Expenditure above income L. l,4r-9,-.68 • l,45'>,i»l L. 44,i77 Tolls. — In fixing the rate of tolls, great care should be taken to keep them as low as pos- sible. When they are either too much multiplied, or too high, they have a very pernicious influence. They then operate as a most oppressive and unequal tax on commerce; and ob- struct that intercourse they are intended to promote. The same remark is applicable to all sorts of dock and harbour dues, light-house dues, &c. When confined within due hounds, they cannot justly be objected to ; for nothing can be fairer than that those who benefit by such increased facilities and security in the prosecution of their business should pay for them. But whenever they exceed the proper limits, they tempt the navigator to resort to ports where the charges are lower, and to direct his course through more insecure but less costly channels. Improvement of Roads. — It is not easy for those accustomed to travel along the smooth and level roads by which every part of this country is now intersected, to form any accurate idea of the difliculties the traveller had to encounter a century ago. Roads were then hardly * Exclusive of parish labour, valued at 100,0001. ROADS. 417 )ther i, and that the (nersand enginenrs. 00 miles of excellent communication they , frequented districts. a country would be under the control of ^ private individuals, perhaps, true that a le better laid out by )f the different conn. nail proportion to the is, or ought to be, in- n of the great roads vcs or their tenants, [1 repair, they will be if they were intrusted irest point of view, in and England. In the equence is, that while Is are almost entirely erior to oars. n road-making in the foposes that measures tiat every trust should Board. We have r,o •erhaps, however, the ight be attained by the ly jealous of any jd.in, mployment of govern- rial abridgment of the ; report of the commit- , the total length of the anted to 19,798 niiks; during the same year, iisive of this pecuniary id not brought into the iOO.OOO/. The length ,000 miles. i. lor in gelling materials - 5i),JB I . . ■ t)3,yiji Iv bills, priming, aJver- icliargea - • Iwwi (tbis or accounts of for- II the accounts JclivereJ _ 1829, as delivered to the if the roads ■ -liKS.OVI 1 the accounts delivered •luded in the current «• ■ . . - W,270 \e several turnpilie road^ ^^,^ L. !,4r9,.C.8 . 1,43),2'J1 L. 4-l.iT7 Ip them as low as pos- lave a very pernicious [on commerce ; anil ob- Irk is applicable to all \a within due bound?, [those who benetil by ^iness should pay for navigator to resort to here insecure but less ivel along the smooth [form any accurate itlea Ids were then hardly formed ; and, in summer, not unfrequently consisted of the bottoms of rivulets. Down to the middle of the last century, most of the goods conveyed from place to place in SctHland, at least where the distances were not very great, were carried, not by carts or wagons, but on horseback. Oatmeal, coals, turf, and even straw and hay were conveyed in tliis way ! At this period, and for long previous, there was a set of single-horse trallickcrs (cadgers), that regularly plied between ditferent places, supplying the inhabitants with such articles as were then most in demand, as salt, fish, poultry, eggs, earthenware, &c. ; these were usually conveyed in sacks or baskets, suspended one on each side the horse. But in carrying goods between distant places, it was necessary to employ a cart, as all that a horse couhl carry on his back was not sulFicient to defray the cost of a long journey. The time that the earners (for such was the name given to those that used carts) usually required to pcrlbrm their journeys, seems now almost incredible. The common carrier from Selkirk to Edinburgh, thirl //-eight miles distant, required afortnltr/it for his journey between the two places going and returning ! The road originally was among the most perilous in the whole country ; a considerable extent of it lay in the bottom of that district called Gala-water, from the name of the principal stream, the channel of the water being, when not flooded, the track chosen as the most level, and easiest to travel in. Even between the largest cities, the means of travelling were but little superior. In 1678, an agreement was made to run a coach between Edinburgh and Glasgow, — a distance of 44 miles. — which was to be drawn by six horses, and to perform the journey from Glasgow to Edinburgh and back again in sijc days. Even so late as the middle of last century, it took 1 i day for the stage coach to travel from Edinburgh to Glasgow, — a journey which is now accomplished in 4 J or 5 hours. 8o late as 1763, there was but one stage coach from Edinburgh to London, and it set out only once a month, taking from 12 to 14 days to perform the journey. At present, notwith- stamling the immense intercourse between the two cities by means of steam packets, smacks &c,, fi or 7 coaches set out each day from the one for the other, performing the journey in from 45 to 48 hours. — (Robertson's Rural Recol. pp. 39 — 44.) The cflccts of this extraordinary improvement in the means of travelling have been as striking on the manners as on the industry of all classes. The remm-k of Dr. Smith that "man is the least transportable species of luggage," is no longer true as applied to Great Britain. During spring, the metropolis is crowded with visiters of all ranks and orders from the remotest provinces ; and during summer and autumn vast numbers of the citizens are spread over the country. Hence it is, that manners as well as prices arc reduced nearly to the same standard. A respectable family in Penzance or Inverness live very much in the same way as a respectable family in London. Peculiarities of all sorts have disappeared ; every thing is, as it were, brought to a level ; the fashions and opinions of the metropolis are iinineiliately diffused over every part of the country, while those that originate in the latter powerfully influence the former. (These details have been partly borrowed from the treatise on Commerce, piililishcil by the Society fertile Uitl'usion of Useful Knowledge, contributed by the author of this work.) [Tlie roads of the United States have been improved and multiplied exceedingly within a few years past ; and the extension of the system of Internal improvement — meaning thereby the introduction of easier and more rapid communications between the different points of their territiiry.has been latterly urged forward with a zeal that seemed nearly regardless of the amount of present expenditure. Turnpike roads have been carried through the country, especially the eastern and middle portions of it, in almost every direction. But it is by their canals and railroads, as much as by any other circumstance connected with their progress, that the United States have rendered themselves conspicuous among the nations of the earth. This will be apparent from the following condensed summary of the canals and railroads in tho United States, with their lengths and terminating points, drawn up by Mr. H. S. Tanner, which we have been kindly permitted to copy, with his latest corrections. AConilensed Summary of the Canals and Railroads in the United States; their Lengths, and Termi- nating Points. CatiaU in ^faine. Caiialt in Masnachuaettu N,uiie. From To Miles. Cmberlaud and Oxford, near Portland, - Long Fond, 20'50 liaU-roadt in Maine. Bangor and Orono, - - Bangor, - Orono, • ■ 10-00 Candb in New llampihin. n™ Falls, ...... 0-15 ll>-kut Kills, ...... 0-13 Am skeag Falls, . - • - - - I -00 Iwuu, . . . . • - • 9'tO Senill'i Falls, ..... - 0-^6 Railroad$ in jVcu) Ilampihire. iMiem, ■ - - Ma«. Line, ■ PortsmouU), • I5'47 Nuliua and Lowell,* - . . - • U'25 CanaU in yemwni. WWlf River FaUs, ..... 0-50 Bdlow! Fills, - . - . . - 0-16 WllenfitcUy, ...... 0'40 Name. From To Miles. Middlesex, ■ ■ Boston, Chelmsford, -1!7'00 Paivtuckel, - - Lowell, - I '30 niackstone, - . Providence, . Worcrster, - «'0O Hampshire and Hampden, • Couu. Line, - Korthampton, - 2200 Montague Falls, Soutli liadley Falls - - 3-00 • • 200 Rail-rcadt in MtutachuKttn, ■ Eastern, - Boston, - N. II. Line, - 3S-00 noston and l/>well, . • Boston, - l-OWt'll, - i!600 Hosion and Portland,! - Wilmington Exeter, N. IL - 3400 Cliarleslnwn, - Charleatown - 1-75 lloston and Worcester, • Boston, • Worcester, -4500 Milbury Brancli, • Milltury, • 323 Western, ■ - Worcester, . W. Slnckti'e., 11606 Boston and Providence, - Boston, - Providence, -41-00 lied ham Branch, , Uedhani, ■ 2-00 Taunton Branch, - Mansfield. Pauiilon, - II'OO Taunton and New Bedfonl, - Taunton,' New Bedford, -20-00 I I n 0^ * B miles in Muuchusetts. 53 1 14 miles in New Hampttire, 418 ROADS. lis.:"*"" -urn 1«^ ' ■■■<* t.». . *-« ami ■■' ....•raa VI^^-% S^'5. -*« :Si ^-^ ■-^ imui- ^ '1 wmt' '■ MKK''' «* t.^ ■•■-'•iJ '«'*'■;':■■■ ,53 , mamt.-. i'»*>i« ■■»*•_■ iS" I Name. Trom To New nedfiird and Fall River, N. IleilfcirJ, • Fall River, Seknnk, • • • Sekonk, • ProviiitMice, Quiucy, • ■ • Graniti! (J., • Q. Landiug, Itait-roads in Rhode Island. Providence and Stonin^ton • Providenre, • Stonington, CanuU in Vaimtctiail, Miles. . 13(0 . li'OO . 3-00 ■ 4700 Farminiitnn, New H,iven, Mass. Line, . SS'OO Eiifwld Falls, . 5-50 liailroadt in Coiineclicut, Nnrwich an'I Worcesler,* • Norwich, . Worcester, . BS'50 New Haven and liirtford, - New Haven, HarlfnnI, . 36-00 llousatunic, • Bridgeport, New Milford, . 3.r00 Canab in Xew York Erie, Albany, West Troy, Buffalo, 363-00 Cliamplain, - • Whilelull, 76-00 thenanno, . L'lica, Bin^lumton, - 97-00 Hlack Kivcr, Rome, Carthage, . 83-bO *>8vv('i;o, Syracuse, (tswet:o. 38-00 Cayu^i and Seneca, . ,St neca lake. Cayuga lake. 23-00 In Miked Lake, Peiniyan, Seneca Lake, 7-73 Cheuiuiie, - Seneca Lake, Elmira, . 23 0(1 Rrancliofdo. ■ Klniira, Kuoiville, . 16-00 Uol.iware and Hudson, Kddyville, Lackawaxen, . ga-00 Geiiessee Viillt-y, Rochester, Olean, 119-63 DansviUe Br.uich, - ,MI. .Morris, Dansvitle, . 11-00 Harlem, Hudson river Kast river, 3-00 Croton Aqueduct, - Crotun river. N. Vork, . 40 56 Rail'roads in Xew York. I-nn? Island, Brooklyn, - Hirksvillc, . 27-00 Harlem, New lork, - Harlem, 8-00 Hudson and Perkshire, Hulaon, W. Sti.ckbridge 33 0(1 L'ltskill aiil C'aii.ijdliarie, Calskill, Canajoharie, 7S-00 Ilt-nsstlaer and Siiialcga, Troy, Balsinn, 23-50 Mohawk and Hulsnn, Alhativ. ,Schenectady, 13-86 Saratoga and Scheneitady, Schenectady, Saratoga, ■ 21-50 L'tica and Sclitneclady, Schenectady, Ulica, I tica, . 77-00 Syracuse and I'lica, - Syracuse, 53-00 Syracuse and Auburn, Syracuse, Auburn, -26-00 Auburn and Kuchcsler, Auburn, Rochester, ■ 80-00 'JVmawand.t, • Rochester, Attica, 43-00 Kuli'aln and Niajara Falls, Bullalo, N. Falls, . 23-00 LockiMirtand Niaifara Falls, nullalo and lilack Kjck, L*)ckport, N. Falls, ■ 20-00 Butlalo, B. Rock, ■ 3-00 K'lchester, - Rnchester, Port Genesee, • 3-CO lihaca and (>s\vego, .- Itliaca, Oswego, - 29-CO ralh, B.ath, Crooked Lake, ■ 5-00 Port Kent and Keesville, P, Kent, Keesviiie, 4-50 Canali in New Jersey. Delaware and Rarilan, Bordentovvn, N. Brunswick, ■ 42-00 Morris, Jersey city, • N. Eastnn, Pa. 101-73 Salem, Salem creek, Delaware river. 4-00 Rail-roa ]it in New Jersey. Camden and Amboy, ' Camden, S, Amboy, .61-00 Trenton Branch, • . 800 JubstoHn Branch, Johstown, • Craft's creek, . 13-00 Paterson and Hudson Jersey city, • Paterson, 16-30 Camden and Woodbury, Camden, Woodbury, 9-00 New Jersey, Jersey city, - N. Brunswick, - 31-00 Trenton and Brunswick, Trenton, N. Brunswick, . 27-00 Morris and Essex, • Newirk, MorristoWD, .22-00 Eiizabctliiiorl and Somervilte, Elizabelhpor ,Souierville, 23-00 Canals in Pcymsylvania. _; Central Pivininn, Columbia, - Hrdlidaysburg, 172-00 S Western Division, Johnstown, • Pittsburg, 104-23 ■3 Susquehanna, do. Duncairs Is. Norlhuijiberland,39-O0 West Branch do. Northland, Farrandsville, 73-(0 ,!< North Branch, do. do. Lackawana, . 72-^0 Delaware Division, Bristol, Kaston, 69-73 D^ .Beaver Division, Beaver, Shenango R. .1073 Schuylkill Navigation, Philadelphia, Port Carbon, lOS-00 Union, UhiKh, Re.iding, MiiMlelown, - S-2 CS F^aslon, Stoddartsville, 84-4S l^ckawnxen. Delaware R, Honesdale, 2o-0() Conestoga, . l.ancas[er, ■ Sale Harbor, 18-CO ("odorus, Vork, Susquehanna R. 11-00 Raid Ea'le, West Br. Ca. Bellefontc, 25-00 Sus()uehanna, Wrighlsville, Havre de Grace , 43-00 Minor Canals • - 21-00 Rail-roadi in Pmiiinilvania. Columbia and Philadeljiliia, ■ Philadelphia Columbia, 81 -CO Portage, - Iiollidaysburg,John3ton, 36-69 I'hiladelphia City, &c. . 6-00 Valli'v, • Norristown, Columbia R. R. 20-25 West'Chcsler, ColuiTibiaK.R.\Vest Chester, 10-00 Harristmrg and Lancaster, Harrisburtr, • l,ancaster. 3V50 Cumberland Valley, - . Ilarrisburir, - Chamhersburg, 60-00 Franklin, . Chaml)ersburjr,Willianisport, 30-00 York and Wrightaville, ■ Vork, Wrighlsville, 13-00 Strasbur^, . C. Val. R, R Strasburg, 7-00 Pbiladeliihia and Reading, I.illlc Schuylkill, • Phil.adelphia Pollsville, 93-00 P irt Cliulon, Tam.»qua, 23 00 Danville and PottsvUle, Pottsville, Sunbury, 44-34 Lit. Sell, and Su^q. - Tamaqua, • Williainsnort, Beaver M. R. R 106-00 Beaver Meadow Branch, • Litidnei*s Gp ,12 00 VVillianispnrt :ind Elmira, - VVilliamspor ,Klmira, 73-30 Corning and Hlussburg, • Blos8burt(, . Corning, 40-00 Mount Carl^n, Mt. Carbon, Norwegian Cr. 7-24 Schuylkill Valley, . Purl Carbon, Tuscarora, 10-00 Branches of do. . 15-00 Schuylkill, • Schuylkill, ■ Valley, Coal Mine, 13-00 Mill Creek, - Port Carbon, 9-0O Mine 11, and Sch. Haven, .Sch. Haven, MinellillGn. . 2000 Mauch Chunk, Mauch C hunk,Coal M. 9-00 Bra ichesofdo. • . 16C0 From To • Mauch Chunk, Coal M. • I*arryvile, • Coal M. • Hazelton M. Beaver M. R. • Nt'8*lioni)ii;M.I.ctiii;h R. • White Haven, Wilktsbarre, - Cirtxiiidale, Honestlah-, • I'ort Lyon, • Coal Mines, • Broad Alount. MillerahurK, - Pine (irove, Coal M. • I'hiladflpliia, Morrlsville, • Philadt'l[diia, Norrlstctwn, Name. Room Run, • Braver Meadow, llazellnn and Lehigh, Ni'squehoiiing, Lfhigh and Susquehanna, Carbiindale and Hunt:5(laU>, Stony Creek, Ljkens Valley, I'liie Grove, - rhiladel)>hia and Trenton, PhiliiiPa. Ger. and Norris. Gerniantown Br. l'hiladel[diia and Wilmington, Fhiladclphia, Wilmington, Hail-roadt in Ddaware* New Caatleand Frenchtown, N. Castle, - Frencht^ Md. . I6 ig Railroads (wm New Caslle to Wilmington and from Wilniiiii;:^. to Nanticoke Creek, are i>r(»posed. CanaU in Delaware. Chesapeake and Delaware, • Delaware City,Back Creek, . 13f;3 liatl-rottds in Marylaitd. Baltimore and Ohio, •liitimore, • Harper's Ferry, ^•^ W,ishim;ton Branch, • Tatajisco river, Washini^lon, - Jo 35 Balrimoreand I'ort Deposite, Ballnu' re, • Havre de Gnce, ;n6(t) Balriniore and Susquehanna, B.illinii^n% • York, I'a. ■ 5C-C0 Beislertown Branch, • 6 ui. trom Bal. Reistertown, ■ ^m Wil. and SuMiuclianna, • Hav. deGrace, Wilmin^t., Del.,32ifi AnnajKjliiand Elkridge, - Wash. Br.,. • Annapolis, • 19:5 Canals in Maryland. Chesapeake and Ohio, 'Georgetown, Hancock, 136iX Hail-roads in yirginia. Richmond, Fredericksburg ' " ' • Richntond, • Aquia Crerk, • Tjr< • 21 m. fr. Rich.,Gordonsvillt'. . 4y-(^ • Ricliniond, • Petenihuri^, • 23ro • Pftershure, - Weldnn, • 5ti - llriO - IfO I' • .!(>■-) • ITiO • \-if ■ il-K and Hotoinac, I^juisi Branch, RirhiTiond uid Pelershurg, Petersburg and Roanoake, Greensville, City Point, Chesterfield, Portsmouth and Roanoake, Winchester and Potomac, Weldon, Hd. Roanoake ri.l2-flO 1-50 Weldon Canal. Club Foot and Harlow, - Club Foot cr., Harlow cr., Rail-roads in Soiit/i Carolina. South Carolina, - -Charleston, -Hamburg, Columbia Branch, • - Branchville, Columbia, Carials in Smith Carolina. • 66-00 - Cooper river, Santee river, . 22rC • KiniockCr., WinyawBiy, • T-l.i - Shoals, - Gran'by, - 6.'1 - Saluda Falls, He.id of Falh, . 1-33 - Bmad River, Head of Falls, - I-OO • Head of Falls in Broad Riv. To Foot, • 2-:5 - Jones's Mill, Elliot's, . 4« - At var. points on the Catawba, "-77 Rail-roads in Georgia. - AuKiista, -DeKalbCo. lfii-0' • Georgia R. R. Athens, • 33-CO - De Kalb Co, Tetmessee R. 130-00 - Savannah, . Macon, IKJOO - Macon, - ForsMh, • 2i-00 • Macon, - Talliotlon, . 70a Canals in Georgia. Savannah, Ogeechee, and Ala- tamaha, - - - Skvannah, • Alatam.iha R. • 16-00 Brunswick, - • Alatamaha, -Brunswick, ■ 12W Rail-roads in Florida. Wimico and St. Joseph, • Lake Wtmico, St Joseph, • I20C> Rail-roads m Jllabama. Alabama, Florida, and Georgia, Pensacola, • Montgomery, 156-16 Monfgnniery and West Point, Montgomery, West Point," • ST-OO Tu'-cumbia, Courtland, and Decatur, • • ■ Tuscumbia, • Decalur, ■ 44-00 Selmaaiid Cahawla, - Selma, - Cahawta. • lOW Wetumpka, ■ • Wetumpka, • • ' - lO-OO Canals inMahama. Santee, Winyaw, S.I hi da, Drehr's, I*orick, Lock harts, Wataree, Catawba, Georgia, - Alliens Branch, Western and Atlantic, Central, - Monroe, Macon and Talbotton, Muscle Shoals Canal, Huutsville, • - Head of Falls, Florence, ■ Triana, - Huutsville, . 35-:5 Rail-roads in Mississippi. West Feliciana, - - St. Francisv., Woodville,(Miss.r,)7'"S Vick'burg and Clinton, - Vickslnirg, • Clitilnn, • 54lM. e, . Coil M. 1 M. Heaver M.B.K in^M.U■llil!l'n• lavcn.Wilkisliaire, . lak', lliinKKbU', rin, • Coal Mines, lount. Millerslmrg, cne, Cnal M. l|iliia, Morrisville, Iplua, NorrWoivn, Iphia, Wilminglon, riouiorf. le, . French!., M'l- ■ 16 I') nington and from WUnui^loi aware. ire Cily.Back Creek, • 'aryla}ul. on, ■ Harper's Ferry, HI river, Washini>lon, - i. re, • Havre ile Once, Lure, ■ Viirk, I'a. nini Bal. Heisterlow n, ■ leOrace, Wilminfit., Del., Br.,. • Anuapulis, iryland. eloM n, Hancock, yirginia. *3i ,32<0 i'Jo IJG-C* „on<1, - Aquii Creek, ■ fr. Rich.,(io"lnnsvillf, iionil, • Felersburg, Oinrc, • WeUlon, Hicksfor(l,Ciaslon, N. C. st.iirs, - Cily PoH'V Hii'hnion'l, Weld/in. N. C. Winchester, Mines, snio\ith, ). Ferry, i^irginia, r^etown, iniond, p Creek, Atex.indria, Biichannan, Joyce's Creek, Torlh Carolina. mington, Weldon, ligh, • Oaslon, mth Carolina. l,lr,n - lId.Roano.nkeri.l2ffl b Footer., Harlow cr., • IJO ■.otilh Carolina. Irleston, - Ha:nburg, icliville, Columbia, lift Carolina. i3r:; per river, Sanlce river, dock Cr., Winyaw ll,y, . ]5 . Oranby, „ la Falls, H"''"ff;»l'"' " ad Hiver, Head of I alls, ■ id of Falls Broad Riv. To Foot, ■s'sMill, Elliot's, ,ar. points on the CatawM, Georgia, usta, • De Kalb Co. ■iaR. R. Athens, ■ ,1b Co. Teiineisee R. niiah, • M:>con, - lorsMli, . Talbolton, 22ffl 7'IJ l'33 l-OO ■ i'Ti . 2;-(« Georgia. . Alatatnaha R. ■ I6« • IZW mnah, , , taniaha, ■ Brunswuk, 171 Florida. c Wimico, SL Joseph, 'I Jllalania. sacola, • Mnntpimery, otgomcry. West I'oint, cunibia, • Hecalur, xt^ . Caliawba, tuinpka, • /llahama. id of Falls, Florence, tna, - Hunlsville, Mitiissiypi. kanci5V.,Woodville,(Mis!.r.;i'J'i tslmr!, - Clinloii, • 3j« IndC.ulf, ■ I'orl Gibson, - ison, - Brandon, I Limisinna. ■Orleans, L. Ponlcharlrain. « J-rancisv., Woodv.U-i. 1'-) ^ 156' 16 ■i'M -44-W .10(« . 3i-:i .low .uoo NamM. From To ,i,,jndria, and CheneyviUe, Alexandria, ■ Cheneyville, Neiv llrleans and Clrrolton, New Orleans, Ijfayeltt, OrlKUis Street, • . New Orleans, B. SI, Johns, CanaU ir^ Louisiana. • New Orleans, Lake Ponch, ■ New Orleans, H. SI. John, . NearN.Orl ns.Berwick'8 Rav, Lake Veret, • La Fourche ri'v, KaH-roadt in 7'ennciiee. Orleans Bank, Canal Carondclet, Banlarii, • Uke Veret, Miles. 31100 ■ n-ii ■ 1-50 4-25 2(X) Bi-lfl 8-00 60-00 llj-00 96'50 ■ 92-75 • 1-50 20-00 6-00 Namet. To Wabash and Erie, Whiiewater, From Cawili in hi'liana. • Uafiyelte, - Lake Erie, • I,,awrencelmnE, Brook Vlllc, Rail-roadt in Indiana. Madison and Indiaoapolis, • Mulisnn, • Indianapolis, CanaU ifi C/tio. • I'ortsniouth, • • Coliniibus, . Lancaster, • IJliic.asler, Ohio and Erie, Coluinbns Branch, ■ Lancaster Branch, - llockin?, • Z:\Tiesville Branch, • Walhonding Branch, Miami, Warren Branch, Sandy and Beaver, • M.ilioning, • Cleveland, . Cainl, • Canal, > Alliens, . Canal. . • ZanesviUe, • WalholidingR Canal, - Cin-innati, . DcHance, - Middlelown, Lebuvm, • Bolivar, - Ohio river, - Akron, ■ Beaver river, Rail.r0iiil3 in Ohio. Ma I R,,and Sandusky city, • TitTin, . Sandusky ciiy, Ohio, • - . Manhattan, • Sandusky city, Itail-roada in Michigan. Central, • - . Detroit, - Ann Arbor, Erie and Kalamazoo, - Toledo, . Adrian, Ypsilanti and Tecunueh, • Vpsilanti, • Tecuniseh, Detroit and Foutiac, • Detroit, - Ponliac, MilM. IS7-00 • ao-io ■95-00 30700 • 10-00 • fl-lifl . 50-: O ■ 1400 - 23 00 178-01 • 20 OU • -(i-no ■ 77-00 . 30-no •4000 • 44-00 -33-00 • 23 00 •2j'0O VM *m XHd 5MI0 !«■« vm 13M so-co 32-« ITvfO ; • 23«l • i™ :: 16'-« ; - «« Coupee, • Opclousas, UGnnee and Memphis, - La Grange, -Memphis, 'niiirn ille Branch, • -Moscow, • Snmerville, Hiuhrt-assee, • • Kuoxville, • West tikI Atlan^ Jiail roodi in Ktntucliy. tiiineton and Ohio R, R., • Louisville, - - Lexington, ^fljge, - - - Bowlinggreen, Barren river, JiaiZ-roadi in tUinoii. Meredmia and Jacksonville, Meredosia, - Jacksonville, Coal Mine Blufii!, • • Illinois, • Coal mine, Canals in Illinoii. Iirinoi! and Michigan, - Chicago, . Near Peru, 105-90 For farther information on the present subject, the reader is referred to Mr. Tanner's work on the canals and railroads of the United States. See also article Steam Vessels. — Am. Ed.] ROPE consists of hemp, hair, &c. spun into a thick yarn, of which several strings are twisted together by means of a wheel. When made very small, it is called a cord ; and when very thick, a cable. All the didcrent kinds of this manufacture, from a fishing-line, or whip-cord, to the cable of a first-rate ship of war, go by the general name of cordage. — (See Cable.) ROSEWOOD (Ger. Rosenhoh; Fr. Bois du rose,de Rhode ,- It. Lef^o rodie. ,• Sp. Leno derosa; Port. Pdo de rosado) is produced in Brazil, the Canary Islands; in Slam, whence it is pretty largely exported by the Chinese ; and in other places. It is in the highest esteem as a fancy wood. The width of the log imported into this country averages about 22 inches, so that it must be the produce of a large tree. Rosewood has a slightly bitterish, somewhat pungent, balsamic taste, and fragrant smell, whence its name. It shoulil be chosen sound, heavy, of the deepest colour, in the largest pieces that can be procured, and of the most irregular knotty grain. The small, light^coloured and large shivered pieces shoulil be re- jected. The mo'e distinct the darker parts are from the purple red, which forms the ground, the more is the wood esteemed. It is usually cut into veneers of 9 to an inch. — {M'dburns Orient. Com,, ^c.) Roscwond is one of the dearest as well as most beautiful of the fancy woods. Its prico in bond va- ries from about 120i. to 125/. per ton; so that it is principally used in vennerine. Its coiisiiinplion lias more than trebled since 1820. At an average of the 3 years ending with lb'22, the entries for home consumption were 277 tons a year, whereas they amounted, during the S years ending witli 1832, to (ll'Jtoiis a year! This increase is principally to be ascribed to the reduction of the duty, in 1626, from 20(. to 10/. a ton,— a wise and judicious measure, by which the revenue as well as the consumption has been considerably increased. ROSIN. " This substance is obtained from different species of fir ; as the Pinus abie,i, sijlvestris, larix, bahamea. It is well known that a resinous juice exudes from the pinus sylvestris, or common Scotch fir, which hardens into tears. The same exudation appears in {he pinus ahies, or spruce fir. These tears constitute the substance called thus, or frankin- cense. When a portion of the bark is stripped off these trees, a liquid juice flows out, which gradually hardens. The juice has obtained different names, according to the plant from which it comes. The pinus sylvestris yields common turpentine ; the larix, Venice tur- pentine — (see Tdrpentine) ; the balsamea, balsam of Canada — (see Balsam), (Sec. All these juices, which are commonly distinguished by the name of turpentine, are considered as composed of two ingredients ; namely, oil of turpentine, and rosin. When the turpen- tine is distilled, the oil comes over, and the rosin remains behind. When the distillation is continued to dryness, the residuum is known by the name of common rosin, or colopkoniuni ,■ but when water is mixed with it while yet fluid, and incorporated by violent agitation, the mass is called yellow rosin. During winter, the wounds made in the fir trees become in- crusted with a white brittle substance, called barras or galipot, consisting of rosin united to a small portion of oil. The yellow rosin, made by melting and agitating this substance in water, is preferred for roost purposes, because it is more ductile, owing, probably, to its still containing some oil. The uses of rosin are numerous and well known." — (^Thomson'c Chemistry.) (ROSTOCK, the principal city of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg Schwerin, on the Warnow, about 9 miles above where it falls into the Baltic, in lat. 54° N., long. 12° 12' E. Population, 20,000. A large fair for merchandise is annually held at Whitsuntide ; and there are wool fairs at other seasons of the year. The outport of Rostock is at Warnemunde, at tlie mouth of the Warnow. The depth of water at 1» ■,..ij* 420 ROTTERDAM. . I wilt*. . iMM 111*. ■ •->M *.» »!«• f!t\,L .;•«■ ^^i:^ ^Hu^::^ '^' *.'- V • dl ,^*r -l-«l«l 4'"'*''"' w*™, ; If-*"" «•!•'• -^ '-I «:!.•.- ■ i ■ , 1 »«.-»;<«.' ■ I ij Ihe latter vnries from lOJ to 12 feot; but wlien tlin wnst pier, . w in llio course of boing constniftcil, liug been completed, it is expected tlmt the deptli of water will bo from 12 to 14 feet. The duplli of water in the river from Warnenmnde up to Uoslock ia iisuiiUy from 8 to 9 feet; so that vcssmI, drawing more than this must be lightened to get up to the latter. Uoatock has a good harbour, and commodious quays. Afntiry.— Rnstnck and all Mccklpnbur)( rpf kin ty rix-flollars new, two Ihinli III' 48 iiliilliiiKv 'I'he rixdollar conUini 199-1 grain* pure •ilver, auil ii vvorlh Durly 2s, 4d. (2l. 3 M.) ■Ii:rling. H'eig/ilt. — The cftmmercial wtif^htH are tlie lame ai those of Him- burg, which see. There are, however, other weights, lutroJuced iu 17S7, which are 5 per cent heavier than the above. They are prin- cipally usetl in the trade witli Ruuia. WeaJiiTM.— The Rmtiick I i = 11-38 Enif. inchee. The ell = ^ feet. 1 he la«t contains !Mi •.clu llcls ; the lail used in the imajurin. of oats — 14 I 2 imp. ipiarterj ^42 hectolitres : the Ust used m u.e niiMsuriiii; of oiher jrain — 13 imp. quarters or 37-3 hectolitret.- I (A'lHy'l CdJiM'l.) fmporls.—The principal articles of import are sugar, coffee, and other colonial products ; cottons, woollens, and hardware, with coal, earthenware, salt, iron, horses, &c., from England; hemp, flut, tallow, oil, sail-cloth, &c., from UiiHsia ; alum, deals, timber, lime, tnr, &c., from Sweden; herring, and fish oil from Norway ; wine, brandy, molasses, drng.^, &c., from France ; with rice, rum, grnce. ries, 4:c., from Copenliageu and Hamburgh. The total value of the imports by sea, in 1835, was csli. mated at about 20U,000{. AV;>,ir<.'i.— Tliese consist chiefly of very good red wheat, barley, peas, rapcseed, and a few oats; with wool, rags of a very superior tpiality, oil cake, rape oil, bones, flax, 'horses, cattle, provisions, fcc The average export of all kinds of grain may be taken of late at from a'jout 115,000 to about 130,000 quarters a year. The total value of all sorts of exports, in 1835, was estimated at about 185,000/. Shippinff.—The port of Rostock has 180 ships, of the burthen of 25,996 register tons, which traiJe with most European nations, the United Slates, and Hrazil. In 1835, there entered the port 510 6lu|is (burthen not stated), of which 215 belonged to Mecklenburg, 152 (mostly small crafl) to I)enni:irk, \, to Sweden, 27 to Hanover, 18 to Prussia, 12 to Russia, 19 to Holland, 10 to Lubeck, 2 Hamburgh, aiuli each to Erance and England. It is only, in fact, when our ports are open to the importation of foreign corn that Uritish ships are met with, in considerable numbers, in the ports of Mecklenburg. Port Char^a These are the sameon native and privileged ships, amcnf which are included those of l^n^^land, France, America, Tru. sia, Norway, &c. The port charges on a vessel of 100 tons burthen areas .''ollow, viz. :— Privileged. Not privileged. Rix-d. Schill. Sixd. Sch,n. Inward with cargo 10 2 10 > Outward ditto • 23 44 32 6 Inward in ballast 12 6 12 6 Outward ditto . 19 36 31 10 Ditto withoirt either - 17 32 25 u Duties.— These are extremely moderate. On most imported articles they amount to only 3 per cent. ud valorem. An export duty of about 5d. per quarter is charged on corn, and of about 4s. 8d. per lihd on '.vine. Wool is not subject to any duly on export. Gooils imported in vessels not privilpgeil pay 50 percent, additional on the above duties ; that is, they pay 41 instead of 3 per cent, ad valorem. iVismar, the second sea-port town of Mecklenburg, ot the confluence of the river Stor with tliesea, in lat. 53'' 49' 25" N., long. 11° 30' 15" E. Population 11,000. The harbour of Wismar is conimuJions and safe, being nearly land-locked by the islands of Poel and Wallfisch. Close to the town there is from 8 to 8j feet water; in the inner roads there is from 12 to 13 feet ; and in the outer, from 16 to 2(i feet water. The port charges on a native or privileged vessel of 100 tons amount to about ,10 rii-dnl- lars. The articles of import and export are the same at Wismar us at Rostock ; but, owlii)! loilie proximity of I.ubeck, from which Wismar is not more than 27 miles distant, her foreign trade is com- paratively limited. About 30 ships, of the burthen of 4,.')60 tons, belong to this port. Tbcrt; cleared from it, in 18.15, 277 ships, of which 11 were English. The duties at Wismar are somewhat hjiilicr than at Rostock, being 4i per cent, ad valorem on colonial products, and from 4d. to 8'»"»( .clolilrei! IheUiluiiMinll,, luartcn or 37-3 bectolnrej,- ial products ; cntlons, England ; hemp, Iliu, Din Sweden; herrings with rice, rum, arnce- sea, in 1835, waa esii- 'Bccd, and a few nats; .cattle, provlsioiis.ic 110,000 to ahout 130,0(«J nt about 185,00(«. ister tons, which traile lered the port 511) shi|is II craft) to Deniniirk, M ccl<, 2IIainhurt!b,iinill e importation of t'orcigii Aecltlenburg. rivileged. Not privileged. r-d. SchM. Rizd. HchxU. 10 2 10 2 23 44 32 6 12 6 12 6 19 36 31 10 17 32 23 U •he best market for madder and peneva. Our imports of madder from the Netherlands, in 1831. amounted to about 18,726 cwt., most of which came from Rotterdam. — (Sec Mad- iiF.n.) Geneva is sold by the aam; but, for the convenience of smuggling to England, it ia divided into ankers and i ankers. The legitimate imports of geneva from the Netherlands, ,;„ 1831, amounted to 210,038 gallons. Y B _The channel from the sea to Rotterdam is exhibited in the cliart of the Dutch coast in the ,„a|) of Kuropc in tliis worlt. M'lti'U IVtiK^tty omi Wean*»-»'«.— See the article .flm-tferrfam, for bu*heU. Rock salt is snlj per great hundred of 404 ma-iten, enn- . iiiit of the current monies, weights, and measures of llollau'l. [ t lining froui 21 to 22 tons. Cijals per hoe(I jc 1-2 a cliildrcu of Scvr* ' lun ,lilh-rfnt BoniniiTcial lbs. wi-re fnrmerty U8ellons very nearly. 1 I ',J5liKid of ll"i-«e»d contaios from 7 1.2 lo 8 Winchester 67 3 4 Rii^litih wine gallons. Ilrandies were sold per 30 viertels; whale oil, per 90 stoops ; vegetable nils per 300 sloops. Ttie ell is the same as at Amsterdam. 100 feet of Rotterdam m 109 1-2 feel of Amslerdaui, or 102 Kujlish feel. \ccount of the principal Articles imported into Rotterdam in 1834 "nd 183."), wltli at the End of each Year. — (Circular of Labouchere and Co.) th the Stoclts on hand, ^Tweflv Surinam Imports. e Stncks on the 1st January. 1 1834. 1835. 1835. 1S36. andNickarie • hhds. 1,3601 3,888-1 80-1 1021 Ja7. ■ l'"l'f» 37,553 31,865 8,374 4,003 Brazil white chests 3t> 78 . 44 muscovado - — Ihvjonah white • boxes 2,'575 , kilnp,. 11,027,003 6«6 674 1 kilogs. '^16,264,000 '214 kilnes. ^ 2,113,000 408 •1,776,000 kilogs. yellow • — . 6,0«0 7,104 1,05S 2,014 1 Manilla ■ ,- •>'»'» 10,lti9 4,053 . 1 SuDdries bags and mats ■ 2,409. 3,392. 1,939. 178. 1 Coffee :- . East India - b'S" West India - — Ditto ■ • ol" 254,160) 50,937^16,700,000 824) 227,986 > 30,49 )M3,808,000 404 > 126,0001 16,000 ■ 7,650,000 /- 103,000 . -J > 6,400 81. Domingo f. kilogs. S 300 Havannab f 5,870,000 (. 2,900 Brazil ) 1,-OOi i jpj . - cheats 10,500+ 8,070i- 2,400j 1 Rice - - '^^'^^9 9,270 7,120 l,.-|0O 1 pj,|, . . bags 34,600 45,8;0 4^000 3,500 1 Pepper - - — 3,710 7,090 800 2,000 Tolnwoi— Msrjland • hhda. Virginia • — 7,621 8,407 6,394 4,229 2,520 886 2,111 233 Kentucky • — 59 60 7 Stems • • — 638 219 232 222 Biiles:- East India nnmber 43,048 42,987 6,091 12,732 Buenos Ayres • — Rio Grande - — 9,569 8,660 4,000 8,460 7,837 2,899 3-5^ 2,899 Valparaiso ,- — St. bom logo • — • 400 455 , 1 Maraiiliam - — 2,918 j Tin, Baiica - tlaba 24,5&t 25,990 4,127 CcltoD:- Norlh America - bales 10,3901 9,626-1 . 1,6521 Surinam • — ^ 2,046 638 • 10 Nickirie • — 1,030 > 36 Eiyptian ■ — Sural and Bengal ■ — ii'soo bales 25,785 toi376 bales 22,135 '87 b.ales 200 ,6,5 3,412 bale.. Sen ma ■ • — 26 172 too 1 SI. Domingo - — 1,223 . '113 • '. Maranham • — 300. 293, ., , Indiiic Java chests • 1,060 ■ • '460 Uyevroods, lundriei tons • 3,000 .500 Coflee, Surinam St. Domingo Bourtxin • Mocha - hn • -u^irj Jamaica Surinam Tare.. 6 per cent. .- • 10 lbs. per bale . 24 lbs. — - - 1 • I4lbs.perbaleof2701bs. I - 18 per cent. •20 - r.ut India, in bags • 10 — Ilivre chests below tillbi.- • 80 Ibi. per chat abore ^ 13 per cent. Martiniijue St. DoDimgo Coltofl Dnfla. I per ct, 1 — Tares and Allowances Allow- ances. 1 per ct 1 — - r |.8 - 1/S. 1 — }■- - t — I — Tares. Dnfts. - 2 per ct. - 2 — • I — • t — • 1 — Alloir. ances. 1 perct. 3 — 1 — 1 — 2 — Hides, Buenos Ayres - 2 lbs. per hide Tobacco, Virginia - 3 per cent. Logwood - - 3 — Pimento J- - real tare Indigo . ■ 3 per cent. Pepper - - 5 lbs. per bale Whale oil • - t per cent. - - • I — Madders - - real tare • • -1 — The number of ships entering the Maese and the Gore, chiefly destined for Rotterdam, in the 5 years ending with 1828, was as follows :— Years. Ships. Te.ar8. Ships. 1824 - 1,373 I 1827 • 1,731 1825 . 1,396 1828 ■ 2,085 1&!6 . 1,587 I RUBY, a precious stone, very highly esteemed ; but under this name a variety of minerals have not unfrequently been sold, which differ essentially in their characters. The Oriental Ruby is, in fact, a red variety of the sapphire. When perfect, its colour is a cochineal red, presenting a richness of hue the most exquisite and unrivalled : it is, how- ever, in general, more or less pale, and often mixed with blue ; hence it occurs rose red, peach blossom red, and lilac blue, passing into the amethyst. It is harder than any other mineral, except the diamond. Easily frangible. Specific gravity from 3'916 to 4'283. In- i fusible before the blowpipe. Oriental rubies of 10 carats are extremely rare and valuable. One of 22 grains was sold for 160/. Rubies in lots, Indian cut, or small sizes, and of dif- ferent qualities, are at all times to be had, and sell at from 15$. to 65s. a carat; but a perfect I stone of a carat, or 6 grains, may be deemed rare, and falls little short of the value of the dia- mond: nay, in some cases, rubies of 2, 3, or 4 carats, if very fine, are much scarcer, and V01.IL-2N it ..jx"! 10 .,3* "■f. 422 RUM. «f« ■ mm; ■ ■•••; m*Xi :i>' iff"' -w^" "«r. r mi: '■ '"ll ■ sa. •- ■■.• I ; r. 1 f oven more valuable, than diamonds of equal weight. The finest ruby in England, or, per haps, in Europe, is in the collection of the lato Mr. Hope, author of" Anastnsius." There are two other species of ruby, the Spindle and Ualuin, When perfect, the Spinclle is a gem of great value and scarcity. Its colour is n fine full carmine or rose red, but It never presents that rich mellow tinge that attends the Oriental ruby. It is also inferior to the latter in hardness and specific gravity. Stones of 3 carats and ujjwards arc very rare and valuable. The liulais Ruby is a pale variety of the spinelle. It varies in colour from light rcj to yellowish red. Though not so rare as the spinelle, it is by no means common. It is much admired for its agreeable tinge of colour ; and, when pure and perfect, fetches a very high price ; though considerably less than the other varieties. Rubies are not found in any considerable (juantity except in Ava. — (See SAPPiiinr..)-. (Mawe on Diamonds, 2d ed. pp. 90. 101.; Thontsun's Chemidry.) RU.VI, a well known and highly esteemed spirituous liquor, imported from the West In- dies, of which it forms one of the staple products. It is obtained, by means of fermentation and distillation, from molasses, the refuse of the cane juice, and portions of the cane, after the sugar has been extracted. The flavour and taste peculiar to rum arc derived from the essen- tial oils carried over in distillation. When the distillation has been carelessly performed, the spirit contains so large a quantity of the grosser and less volatile part of the oil as to be un. lit for use till it has attained a considerable age. When it is well rectified, it mellows much sooner. Rum of a brownish transparent colour, smooth oily taste, strong body am) consistence, good age, and well kept, is the best. That of a clear, limpid colour, anil hjt pungent taste, is either too new, or mixed with other spirits. Jamaica rum is the first in point of quality ; the Leeward Island rum, as it is called, being always inferior to it, liolh in flavour, strength, and value. The price of the latter is usually 20 per cent, below tiialoi" the former. We import all our rum in puncheons, containing from 84 to 90 gallons each, It is customary, in some of the West India islands, to put sliced pine-apples in puncheons of rum : this gives the spirit the flavour of the fruit ; and hence tlie designation, pinc-upnl: rum. Rum is said to be much adulterated by the retail dealers in England, sometimes with com spirit ; but if done with molasses spirit, the tastes of both are so nearly allied, that the cheat is not easily discovered. Consumption of, and Duties upon, Rum, i.\c. — The following Tables show the quaniiiv of rum consumed in Great Britain and Ireland since 1800, the rates of duty charged upon it, and the produce of the duties ; the quantities derived from our dillerent colonies last vear, and the countries to which the excess of imports has been again exported, &c. I. Account, stated in Imperial Proof Oallons, of the Uinn annually entered for Home Cnnsiimption in tlie United Kingdom, from ISOU to 1832, liotli incliisit'e, dislingnisliing En^'Iand, Ireland, and Hcui. land ; the Rales of Duty payable respectively thereon; the Produce of the Duties; and tlie Price of Uuin in Bond since 181'1. (This account has been prepared partly from published, and partly from unpublished ojjkial documents- The column of prices has been sup|)lied principally by Mr. Cuok.) II. Years. Quinlitira entered for Homo CoBsumption. Rite of Dut> (Custoiiuaiid pay.-vble Excise.) Netl Produce of tlie Duties in Nell Pniduce of the Dutiei I'riceor J.ini.iiM Rum United Kingdom. Ualluiu. In En;- In Great Brilaiu- in Ireland. in Myiid. England. Scotland, Ireland. l.-iiid and ScotUnd. Ireland- Gdllona. GaUont. Gallom. Per Oal. I. d. 9 1-2 Per Gal. L. I. d. >. d. 6 83-4 920,K7 6 4 L. 1. d. Per Gallon. 1. (1. 1. i. 1800 1,945,266 239,913 864,411 3,049,590 263.355 IM)! l,6S7,839 349.237 1,057,316 3,094,392 8 10 14 - ! 95>,177 1 5 347,1-1.5 7 9 l«Ol 2,J04,897 468,163 637,005 3,310,065 9 03-4 6 111-4 I,222,9S9 11 2 20'i,861 2 10 1803 2,573,602 379,043 259,968 3,212,61 1 13 4 1-4 3 6 1-4 1,368,870 13 4 88,110 7 8 1804 1,508,899 121,548 180,289 1,813,736 13 614 9 2 3-41 1,051,625 1 6 69,29-2 8 3 1805 1,696,384 153,635 l'A049 1,973,068 13 6 1-2 ■ 1,223,770 9 56,401 2 4 1606 1,857,321 ISS.Sll 160,148 2,201),2bO 13 6 1-2 • 1,373,936 5 72,615 16 isor 1,999,783 226.296 2I0,«2 2,436,901 1,496,814 1 8 69,776 13 3 1803 2,174,751 239,263 343,313 2,757,347 10 31-2 1,637,475 16 2 161. 7H9 3 9 1809 2,260,625 2*9,325 1,063,661 3.613,611 is 7 3-4 ■ 1,738,074 5 8 546,747 1 7 1810 2,703,718 330,560 336.6i8 3,370,936 • 2,059,170 7 172,424 II 8 1811 2,711,945 300,306 150,290 3,162,541 • 2,0.55,101 4 77,378 3 11 1812 3,205,465 286,569 2S3,l;t6 3,775,169 • 2,366.338 12 10 I49,1>I7 9 1 i 1813 3,041,680 241,686 463,008 3,749,374 13 10 1-2 12 10 1-4 2.27s,63'j 10 251,6.19 9 2 1 1814 3,332,188 280.493 91.154 3,703,835 12 8 3-4 2.513,578 2 7 58,060 6 6 4 t>to6 6 1819 3,019,204 281,748 64,833 3,365,785 . 2,240,472 17 10 41,295 5 10 3 !-4 6 1816 2,221,533 I8-.,S74 21,543 2,428,950 . 1,636,35.6 13 10 12,171 5 3 7-4 8 IH17 2,179,213 198,412 30,656 2,408,311 • 1,619,425 16 5 19,423 6 2 3 9-3 0, 1818 2,406,266 203,951 21.366 2,631,583 . 1,775,714 12 2 13,-.87 13 4 3 6-4 6 i 1819 2,390,193 148,955 25,735 2,564,883 is 11 1-2 . 1,730,446 14 9 16,289 14 6 2 6-3 9 1 1820 2,325,733 142,997 20.390 2,489,120 • 1,684,425 7 8 12,981 5 2 2 6-4 1 1821 2,166,441 138,189 19,685 2,321,315 . 1,576,377 I 4 12,538 6 1 6-2 9 1 1822 2,100,923 130,879 15,015 2,246.839 1,516,615 11 6 9 Vi7 6 8 1 %~i% \ IR23 2,222,923 108,562 18,175 2,349,660 13 11 1^2 1,590,666 18 6 ll,i34 6 5 1 8-2 4 j 1824 2,407,207 134,988 9,453 2,651,646 12 714 12 71-4: 1,600,827 6 6 6,0-37 7 I 1 7-2 6 1 1825 1,980,807 104,762 10,123 2,01)5,687 . 1,278,313 19 1 6,313 19 4 2 6-3 4 1 1826 S,982,0-.3 295,505 27,758 4,305,316 'a c 8 6 1,817,108 2 3 11,770 6 6 3 0-4 i 1827 3,080,162 185.214 23,240 3,288,603 . 1,386,726 1 1 9,850 7 10 3 4-4 4 1828 3,064,ai6 188,089 21,708 3,277,6.3 . 1 1,382,624 19 5 10,628 17 9 3 3-4 3: 1829 3,202,143 162,461 21,202 3,375,868 ■ j 1,425,746 18 8 9,035 14 5 2 3-33; I83U 3,503,144 136,520 19,294 3,6J8,fl58 'a 9 1,591,838 II 5 8,492 18 6 2 3-3 8; 1831 3,479,911 125,702 18,984 3,0!4,597 . 1,621,341 II 6 8,540 9 2 2-3 8 1 1832 3,377,507 112,026 £4,432 3,513,965 • - 1,569,402 10 3 10,977 13 6 2 0-32; ■4 RUM. 423 in England, or, per Luastasius." I perfect, the Spinell, 10 or rose red, but ii It is also inferior to pwards aro very rare Dur from light red to jommon. It is much ;t, fetches a very high -(Sec SAPPiiinr..)- cd from the West In- neans of fermenlalion is of the cane, after ihe erivcd from the es.scii. relessly performed, the of the oil as to be un- U rectified, it mellows taste, strong body anJ limpid colour, and hoi lica rum is the first in !H inferior to it, both in per cent, below that of I 81 to 90 gallons each, e-apples in puncheons designation, pim-appk id, sometimes with corn ly allied, that the cheat ables show the quantity jf duty charged upon it, jrent colonies last year, orted, &c. for Home Consumption in lulaiul, Ireland, and Sc(i|. lie Duties ; and tlie Price inil)lislied, and partly from incipally by Mr. Cook.) Nett PniJuce I'rice ot ' of llie Dutiet Jatiaica Rum iu lielaitd. in tad, 1 L. 1. d. Pir Gallon. t. d. t. d. 263.333 347,4;Vi 7 9 iOS.sei 2 10 88,110 7 8 69,20^2 8 3 56,401 2 4 72,613 16 69,770 13 3 161. 7»9 3 9 546,747 1 7 172,424 11 8 77,378 3 U 149.1*17 9 1 231,639 9 2 68,060 6 4 t>to6 6 41,295 5 10 1 3 !-4 6 12,171 5 1 3 7-4 8 19,423 6 2 13,387 13 4 3 9-3 3 5-4 6 16,289 14 6 2 6-3 9 12,9H1 5 2 2 6-40 12,538 6 9.-.57 6 8 1 8-i 8 11,334 6 5 1 8-2 4 6,097 7 1 6,313 19 4 11,770 6 6 1 7-2 6 2 6-3 4 3 0-4 9,8.i0 7 10 3 4-4 4 10,62S 17 9 , 3 3-4 3 9,033 14 5 8,492 18 6 2 3-3 3 1 2 3-3 8 ■2 2-3 8 2 0-3 2 8,540 9 10,977 13 6 II. An Account of the Total Number of Oallons of Rum onlprod for Homo Consumption, with the Auioiml of Duly paid thereon, in tJri'at Urilain niiil Ireland respnctivi Iv, fnnn the ."itli of January, IH.ta. to the r>lli 1)1' .lanuary, lt>;t:i, disliri),'uisliiiij{ Kngliind from iSuotland • also, a similar Account of alldllier Spirits from I'orttiKn Countries, entiTed for Hdiuu Coii8unu>tlun,(listiiiguishiii^ such Coun- tries, f'37,J0'( 6 9 3,212,261 2 6 127,901 14 1 3,370,162 10 7 48,344 12 R 3,418,707 9 4 III. Account of the fiuantity of niini imported into the United Kingdom, distinfjiiisliing the several Colonies and Countries from which the same was iiii| iportcd ; and the Quantity Imported from each. in the Vear ended 5lh of January, 1833. Coiiolrin fmni which imiwrted. Ruro inipnrlcd in Ihe Year 1 endiiii(l|je6lhof Jan. 1833. Countries from which imported. Rum importej in the Year ending the 5th of Jan. 1833. Into (ireat Brit.iin. Into Ireland, Into the United Kingdom, Into Gnat Ilrilain. Into Ireland. Into Ihe United Kingdom. Brilisii colonies and planla- liom in America j viz. Anli?"a • Birbailoea • Dominica • Grenada ■ Januica • MoDlMrrat • Nevii SI. Chnslophcr St. Lucia • St. Vincent • Tobago Prf. Ualll. 27,233 5,700 34,599 101,650 2,735,335 11,504 11,189 29,931 4,075 29,7.32 281,631 Prf Gain. 1,940 40 4 1,718 " 2,469 PrJ. Galll. 29,171 5,740 34,399 103,6.34 2,757,033 11,504 11,189 29,951 6,544 29,732 28l,6;31 Torftda I'rinidad • Berntudas - Deinerara • Rerhrco ... llritish N. American colonies Foreign colonies in the West Indies; viz. St. Thomas and St. Croix • Other countries Total /'r/. Galll. 109 1,797 30 1,290,673 122,194 19,716 10,907 1,233 Prf. Gain. ' 3,759 2,492 Prf Ualll. 108 5,636 30 1,293,265 12i,194 19,718 10,907 1,233 4,741,367 1 12,422 4,753,789 IV. Account of the Quantity of Rum e.Yported from the United Kingdom, distinguishing the Coun- tries to which tlie same was exported, and the quantity exported to each, In the year ended the Sth of January, 1833. Rum el ported in the Year Rum exported in the Year ending the 6th of Jan. 1^33. 1 ending the 61h of Jan. 1833. Countries to whlclj Countries to which eiporlud. From Great Britain. From Ireland. From Ihe United Kingdom. Prf Oalh. exported. From Great Britain. From Ireland. From Ihe United Kingdom. Prf. Galll. Prf. Galls. Prf Galll. Prf Galls. Prf (lain. 64,917 387 63,304 Cape of Good Hope - 12,1-93 . 12,893 Sweden 14,342 - 14,342 Other parts of Afiica 217,593 165 217,738 Norft-ay Denimrlc . • - 6.281 • 6,2s 1 Kast Indies and China 32,176 > 32,176 &l,422 ■ 64,42i New South W.ilfs, Swan 3«6,2I 1 40 3:6,231 River, and Van Oienien's Oeniiany 622,216 ■ 62.',246 l^nd 327,911 > 327,911 I The Netherlands 146,104 * 146,404 British North American co- 1,661 40 1,701 lonies 68,826 11,065 82,881 ' Porlnpl, the Azores, and British West Indies • 17,334 1,465 18,799 10,878 169 11,047 Foreign West Indies • 4,017 • 4,017 Sinin and Ihe Canaries ' Gibraltar 5,562 89 6,631 United Stages of Ainerici 7,109 2,045 9,1.51 16,893 203 17,098 Mexico 338 • 338 Inly . . • • M.iiu. 113,231 > 113,231 Ctdotnbia 133 • 133 ll,6'-2 > 11,6S2 Brazil 3,079 185 3,204 1 The Ionian Islands - 13,644 ■ 13,644 Stales of the Rio de la Fhata 290 . 290 ' Turkey and Continental Chili .... 4,007 . 4,007 Greece 61,675 160 51,841 Peru .... 2,923 . 2,523 Mnrea and Grcelt islands • Guernsey, Jen.ey, Alderney, anJ 51an • 96 • 96 The Whale Fisheriet 6,213 6,213 90,317 • 90,317 Total 2,304,324 1 19,011 2,323,335 Though rum has »ot been so much over-taxed as brandy, geneva, and wine, still it seems pretty clear that even, in its case, taxation has been carried fur beyond its proper limits. During the 3 years ending with 1802, when the duty in Great Britain was about 9s. a gal- lon, and in Ireland Gs. S^d., the consumption of the United Kingdom amounted to 3,150,000 gallons a year; while, notwithstanding the great increase of population, during the 3 years ending with 18'-J3, when the duty in Great Britain was 13s. 1 IJf/. a gallon, and in Ireland 12s. 8Jf/., the annual consumption amounted to only 2,307,000 gallons ! The reduction of the duty in 1S26 to 8s. Gd. increased the consumption from about 2,500,000 to above 3,0(10,000 gallons in 1830. But 6rf. having been added to the duty in 1830, tho consumption, influenced no doubt partly by this, but probably also by other circumstances, has since declined. The great demand for rum from 1811 to 1815 was occasioned chiefly by the high price and inferior quality of the British spirits that were then manufactured. The decrease in the consumption of rum in Ireland is roost striking. Unfortunatciv, m II II mm "9 ii«^ SJlJ Sii .I&.-I 424 RUSSIA COMPANY, RUSSIA LEATHER. . 1^ ^Kk'**-" -.i«i *5;;.'»« ..^ mihK: ' '' '"■«■ »■*. -^Ml > ,.ji« "•^••-M 1 ■"Kt T.TII : •«' .,««fl^l '^'l>. ,'. mv wi« n;** ■ 'Jii f «.a- r.;3 iM*' I ;;. .' 1. ' I ■ ' ' * [■ ■ ; t '. ■' however, this ia not the only inntance the sister iiingdotn afTords of the dcBtructivo cfTvcUi of oppressive taxes. The excessive ndditions made to the duties on brandy, wine, sui^ar, &c. since 1805, have had similar cfl'eets; tlie (juaiitity of those articles conmimed in Irclanil being deddedlij lens now Ihun it tuas 30 years ano f — (Hoe Uiiandv, HrcAii, &c.) Kxiirl)!. tnnt taxes have gone far to deprive the Irish of every comfort ; and, coiigeon every di'Krcc per (i-m innro than 3 di'grous, and not more llinn 10 decrees, hy wliiili the annal slreiiLMli sliiiU exceed i|;o strenfilli denoted by Hykcs's liydrinnrter. a ilnly of lU. Od. : provided, that if Ihe iiii|Mirior rannot niiik.i a perfect entry tliereol'^ for payment of duly on the aclnal ^trt'nl{lll, lie may demand in \vrilln).Mi(j(iii \\,_ entry, timt Irial be made of llie actual slrenijlli (lie paying the expiuines of huiIi trial), instead of em,.,., ing sucli rum for the payment of duty upon any Htated nuniher of HUih excessivi! degreeH of slrcimiii; provided also, that all trials of actual Ktreiiglli of such rum shall be made by some skilful peraoaai^ pointed by the commissioners of customs for such purpose. — (7 Ont. 4. c. 48. J SI.) ' Hum, the produce of the llritish plantations, must lie iniportod in casks containing not Icsh tlinn 2ii gallons. —(3 & 4 Will. 4. e. .')2.) Hut rum in caski capable of ccuitainiii!,' ao gallons, may lie iinpoileildn the otilcer being satisfied that the deticieticv has been wholli/ uccaiioncd bi/ ab^firiilion or lcukii're,ni,i liot by iibstraclion.— (C««/unis Jilin. 21ili of >iarcli, 1S3I.) Ruin in bonded warehouses may be drawn olf into casks containing not less than 20 gallons rnch,aq stores for ships, and may be delivered into the charge of the searclnr, to be shipped as storis rnrnnr ship, without entry or payment of duty, the same being duly borne upon the victualling bill Iri'luiul IMiAll, &c.) Kxorl)!- onacqucntly, to tnlu- rood conduct. 'I'lic \vv tninistcrs ; M'tn, 7jt(f and an inrvasi particularly nl'trr the )ii of the Kiiirit duties. •live ; I'ut the wit of ifrtlVcction. liity rlmri;«(l on swppt. 'li liyilrdTiii'ler l)y iimrc 1 (•v(-ryili'Kri!i' per (imii (MiL'tli Hliiill n.xccrd lb: c; iiii|iiirtrr raniiot iii:ik>' mill in writiii|.Mi|"iinlii; 1 iriiili, iiislt'ail cf ciiiiT- ivi> ili'priM'H of slrcni!ili: sdiiii! sklirnl pcrai'ii up. :U.) itiiiiiiiiR not Ipss tlmnSO MIS, limy lit-' ini|iiiriiMliiii bDirplion or lcak'■) of diirerent strengths for tlon of rntkins might lie might be complied wiili, lortpd, and that tlio duty in. — (Min- Com. C'lis.STiii sion ill America, or of the iciitu of origin to llm cn|. rtuce of such place— U«: RYE— SADDLES. 42.5 1 trade with Russia. It act of parliament in sh subject dc- iriug aJ- , ; and every individual itc adventurer or as he 1. d. . the liiinilrecl . ■ 412 . thelOOdciMD .0 2 . ihezimiuer • ' 1 6 . each • • 1 . eacll ■ .0 1 !■; . the tnn . 9 . the humlred • -0 2 . ttie Ion • 6 . tlie cwt. • 2 . llic quarter • • 1 . tlio IM • 4 the 120 .0 a . tlie 120 • 1 . tlie UO ■ 11-: . the 120 ■ 3 ■ Ihe 120 • 1 the 120 • 4 the 120 _ • • 9 the fathom ■ ■ 1 the hail - 1 the l.'O • 1 1-! the falhom • .0 1 M BACh - .0 2 cicli • ■ 1 the 120 . 5 the load . 3 the lead • 2 llie 120 ■ 4 i: the 120 - I the 120 •0 2 the 120 ■ 1 Ihe iMt . 2 Ihe load ■ 2 . ii III,; i,t»v» - , Sill per cent, ad valorm on i.J ittojo di Russia ; Pol. I and other kine, dono- [jrived from their being crnprally manufactured in pairs. The huHiness of tanniuR \a carried on in tnowt towns ,1" tlie emiiiie, hut |irinci|)ally at Moscow and I'etcriihurgh. Hus.^ia joalher is Hoft, has 1 slronRly prominent Rrain, a great deal of lustre, and a powerful and peculiar odour. It is nrincijially eillier red or Muck : the former in the liest, and is liri^cly used in lliiM iinl other countries in hookhiiuling; for which purpose it is superior to every other iiiiitcriiil. The black is, liowever, in very exten.sive demand in Uu.-^sia ; luri-e iiuantities p,,ii,.r made up into lioots and shoes. 'I'lie process followed hy the Russians in tho |ir.'[iar;itii)n of this valuahle commodity has licon fieiiuciitly descrilieil ; hut notwiiii.stand- iiijr this circumstance, and the diet that foreigners have re[)eatedly engaged in the hu- l, I'ntsto! sr/inj'nm), tlio IIdwit dI' nn uiimuil pliint {^('tiilluninisliiirUiriui lAi\.) KniwiiiK ill Iiiiliii, K.KVpt, Amrricn, iiml Noini- of the wurmcr purtM n|" Hiiroiic. |i is not ciwily ilisiii)>ruisliiil from sttU'ron by Itie I'yf, but it liiw nolhins of iix »imll or tU'ilo, Th« llowt-rn, wlilrli i\r(! p>imclliin!n »(ilil iiiidiir llin imino nfnifniiiiin, nrn llin only \>nrtn Ptiiiilayoil ji, ilytiiiiU. 'IMii'V \iclill\vri Hcirls 111" iHliiiirliiK iinlliT ; iini- miliiliii! In waliT, iiii'l iirniliiriiii: ii yillnw ,,|- liiit little liiMi'iiy ; till! iilliiT IS i-iMii.iM". mill In mi ili-ril-iii ml iiilmir exriTilliiu m (Icllciirv iiiiil lii!;ii|ij (IH it iliM'N III i-iisiliiiL'^'J. Miiv wliirli liui 111' uliliiiiiiil rvi'ii Croiii imiIiuh'uI, tlii'iiiiti miii'li hilVi lur tn iju hiltiT ill iliir.iliilily. 'I'ln; luldur nl 'siilllmviT will iml lii';ir lli" .■iclioii ul' ho m', m^r oven tlial •il'llii' iih, lliiil iiir I'iir il rmi; lime; nml lieliiu very cn.lly, It in |irliMi|> illy eiii|il,iyeil f.T iiiilcilinu n|"iii Hilk Iht line Hriirlel (/..iihthh ul'llie I'n'iirlii uiiil nwi; iiilolirH ilycil Willi cncliiiieiil U|mim «.M,llen iluili 'I'lie linn riiM! ciildur nl' Hiilllewer, extraeled liy tryHliilliTil hikIii, liiuti|iiliileil liy citrli- uciil, i||,.„ slowly ilrieil, iiiiil (jrouinl Willi the piircal liile, iifodiiciH llio lioiiiitll'nl r(;«i'« known liy llii; iitiiiicul' niiijrr nx'ititli'. Halllower HliDiild he rlioHen in tl;il(en ol' ii liriiilil (iliik culMiir. nml of a ciiiell Hoinewlmt rescnililiin tiib-icTO. 'I'liiit whiili in III |iii\viler, il.irk I'nl.iiir.'il, or i.ily :,'lil to lie lej^'c ie,|.— (//,i,s,wi/7»i.,(',( {•„,. ilfTiy, Kii!.'. eil. |i. 'J'i'i ; lliiiicn fl'.i I'enn.ininl Ci.liiiir.'i, veil, i. |i|i. 'i»'>- -M" ; .Mlhidn'.s Urinil. (.', m.) ()l''2,T7'i ewl. of Hiilll'iwer iiii|iii||i'il In l^:il, 'i.VAi't riiiiiu I'miii llie llasi Imliei j Imt we ocniMienallv liii|iort coiisideriilili: iiiiaiitilita from lliu Ihiiluil Slalctf und l'.:il in illimiratidn nf n,., Iieiiel'iiial elVeclH of nidilerale iliilien. At an aver;ii.'e iif the :i yearn emlin'.' \> iili 1>"W, when ||ii. i|,||y wa^s '-.•.. '.W. il i;wt.. Ilie t'lilriis f ir lidine (■diisiiiii|i|idii were al llie rate df I.'.IIC iwt. a year. In !rc|)ari'(l from llic sllKiriiiH, witli a pro[iortion of ||,,, stylo, of a piTcmiial ImlliouH plant {Cronis .wtlriix I. in.) fuliivutcil lo n small rxtcnt in Cnmliridijfi'shire. It in also imporlcil from Sicily, rraiicc, nml 8;)aiii ; Itut tlio English, OH licinc; fresher, more premiine, mid better rnred, is always prefrrred. \V'h(>n (;iii),|, sallron has a Swedish, penelratiiiij, did'iisive odour ; a warm, punu;eiit, bilterisji tiisto: niid a rieh, deep orange red colour, ft should be <'hoHen fresh, in elo»ie, loiit;h, comiiaft cakes, moderately moist, niid jiossessing in an obvious defjreo iill tlu- above mnitioni'ij qualities. The not slaiiiim;; the fiiiLjers, tho maUiiiir them oily, and its beiiii; of a vvliiti-h yellow or blackish colour, indicate tliat it is bad, or too old. Satlron is used in incilicine, and ill the arts ; but in this country the coiisumplioii seems to lie dimiiiishincr. It j^ employed to colour butter and cheese, and also by paiuler.s and dyers. — ('I7ii))nmu's Dispeiisii/ori/ ,- Ltnidmin I'.iici/, of Ai:;ricullun\) SAGAPENUM (Arab. tSuftrli< riiii'lKyi'ilIn I iiroiliiiiiii: II yi lli'w nf IS . II in tlli^ I'l''! NN>»<|| I III (Iclil'llcV mill IPIlllll'y, .■ll lillirll liil'ilini- In u;,, imr (.'Vrll Uliil 111' III'' till, iinlDiline i> Hllkllu: I \% oiilli'ii I'lmli itnl liy rilrii' uilil, llu;, kiiiiwii liy ilii! ii'Uiiv ui II (jdiiicwlmt ri'jii'tiililinii ,.,|._. (//li.vM'/./lll.W'd J'ulj. Iiiiiii'm (irinil. ('■ m.) iw ; lull »VI' (iCrH^lillllily ■H-v. ol' Biilllivvur ill liniij iiril In llliisiraiinnof 111,, i\ llll \>~'i. Wllrll llll' llilly ini7 cwl. 11 yriir. In I'ii, u'ti iif llK^ :i yiMiH nuliin ly liu« aliicc buL'ii rudiici:,! nlfrnii ; Fr. Aziifran; a jiroiiortiiin of iho itPil to a small oxtoiit mill ; l)Ut till! Eiii;lish, (■I'l-rri'il. \\'\wn cool, iii'^iMit, hilli'vish taste; II rloso, tiiiiijli, ciiinpart 1 till- aliovi' iiinitioncil III i'lS iH'iiiu; of 11 \vluti>h ■iri is us'i'il ill iiicdicir.o. (liiiiiiiisliiiuT. It '» . ilyiTH. — {'I'liDiimiin irmliico of an unknown It has till oddiir of •opsi or niiisscs, of an with a homy fractiiro, tilt, ami liuriis with a 111(1 joavini? behiiiil a Dispni^dlori/.) prodiii'P of a palm Ucrii islands as iir.uluce of the iiilialiit;iiitiJ. 8 to 'Z'i iiichrs in ili- 11 external wall ahoiit iin;;y incdullary matter. stem is (luitn linlloiv. Iracted iVoiii llio tniii'ii, seiiaratcd by wasliinj. [lakcd, i:5 eaten liy the water, and the paste [is. This is tlio species loson of a reddish hue, io few year.s, however, ;o as to give it a fine in all the European lin the islands where it Chinese. Thecxport inent. — {Ahislits Mat. I. 348. ; Bclis Rcmc Xlie coniumptlon o( tngn hil* hnnn nhoiil irRhlcil ilnrliiit llin lant i|ori'" '" Kruiit Mill lii:illiin. S.MI'i a ronrnc linen or raiivasx Hheet nitaehed to tlio inuHt'i niul ynnU nf t\\\^n, the I'adeii of wimtiiiilU, iVe., to intercept ihu wind and oeeasioii their iiinveinent. I ifi'lail Huilx, wliril ilii|iiirt<'il liy, iiml lit iiinl iii'ii'ioiary I'.ir, iiml I'l llir nrlmil iin' iil'iiny llrllinli «lll|), iiri' i'triii|il''il Ir"!!! (Inly ; lull wtnii otlirrwiMU iIih|iohi'i| nl', tliry imy II (Inly iif'^l) (ii'r cnil. ml ruhirem. .,.\(ln,. 1. r.7rt. } Vi.) SiiilK Hint ciiriliiiii: ol' llrllHli ni'inuriirliirc, •■\;il rnnii (iri'iit llrilaln l» lln* nilnnii'i, iiinl nrii^r- fViirili liii|>orli'il iiilo llie I'lilli'il Klni{i|iiiii. :iri! in nil iiihch, nlli.T lliiiii lliuxi' In wlin li llii'y aro iin|iorliMl hy Ai// 1^'"''""'. '" ''" (l<'<'ii«'.ii liini( ;i4 III'! v>'xi*<'l i'inillnn''x III lii'liiiitf to llin culony, lii'riinii' Hnii|i'rl In llic iIiiIii'm In (|ni'rtilnn ms hiiuii uh ill,. venKiil buiiinn.'H llni |iro(i(;rty (if iiiTniiiiH n.'rtlillnu in lliiii cuiiiilry — r/Vf(i.i«c{^ I'cil' r, 'J'.lili olMiiii., 1>'^.) SAlinP. n fpocicH of powder prepared from the dried root* of a plant of the orchis kind {i>ir/ils musenhi Fiiii.). Tlml which is iinporlcd from India is in white oval ,iii'('i'<, hard, clear, nii'l pellucid, without smell, and tastiiiu; like traijacaiitli. A-i an article of diet, it is said to lii> liu;lit, Idiiiid, and niilritimis. 'I'lie plant thrives in Kn^land, Imt it is not cultivated to any extent ; and very little is iiii[Hirted. — Ainn/it'n Mat. Inilicii I Milhiini'n Orient. Cniii.) SAl'M^^^" (der. Liirlis', Siilin ; Fr. Suumoii ; It. Sirinniir, SahniKinr • Sp. Sainton; ]h\f. I.niii;"). 'J'liis capital lish is too well known to reipiire any description. It ia i'liiiid only in noilliern sc.is, lieiin^ unknown in the Mcililirrancan and other warm ro;;iiiiis. I'l ''"'' country it is an arlicle of much value and inipoitaiice. It is exceed- ini>lv alnindaiit in Ja[ian and Kaiiitschatka. "Saliiiini lialicrios," Mamlmll olisTvcs, " urn Cdpliiiiii and roiMiint scnrci's of linnian foi.i!; tlipy rank iicM to iiiirii'iilliiru. 'I'lioy have, imltiil, one advantape over evrry otiii't inlirnal innilnce,— llieir iiicroasc (|(i(M not lessen olliur arliili's of lininan roilislHUMice. 'I'lie saliinin ilues not prey on llic pro- (liK,; of llll! xoil, nor (loi'H it iiwi! ils 8i/i' anil iintrilivi! (inalitii'H in llie (Irslrnilidii (if iih cninpatriot irilion. It leaves its nativ(' river at an early Hialo of Krowlli; and L'niiiu', even naluralisls luiow 11(11 ivliori', riliirns of ample si/.i", and rich In liiniiaii noiirislinieiit ; expoi^iii^ ilS'lf in llie narrnwest \ or saliinm traps, have also heen nnicli ohjected lo ; thoii!;h,as we have '..■en assured, with slill less reason. On the whole, we are iin lined In think that the falling offiii the. iii|i|ilynf this valuable tisli is prinripally to he ascrilied lo llio temptalinn to over- lish the rivers, caused liy ilic extraordinary rise in the price of salmon ; to the prevalence of poachiiii; ; and, more than all, IM llie Ion limited diiratiiui of IIk! close lime. In It-'i-', after a ifreat deal of disciissioii and imiuiry, aii art was passed C.XJRo. t. c. H'.l.), wliich has done a cond deal to remedy these (hifei'ts— in so far, at leist. as respects the Scolcli tislieries. The rivers are to lie hIuU frinii the 1 llll of SepUmilier lo the 1st ol'feliriiary ; and every person cauhing or atUuiiplinil to calcli lish diirina; that period is lo forfeit not lesillian li. and not more than 11)/. for every ollen('\ besides the lish, if he have caiiijlit any, and sucli liiiats, nets, or other iinplemeiits, as he may liavi! made use of. Pecuniary iienallies are also inllicteil ii|ioii poachers and trespassers ; and provision is made for the watchini! uf the rivers. We iimler- stanillliat this act has had a very uooil ellecl ; ilioii;;li it is believed that il would bu'butter were tlio *,|j time extended from the 1st of Septemtier to the middle of February. It is enacted by slat, t (Jeo. 1. st. 'i.e. 18, that no salmon shall he seiillo any tlsluuonpor or lish-seller in Enctand. of less than 6 lbs. wciijht, under a penally of 5/. The b'^ fJeo. 3. c. 13. authorises the jus- tices at fpiarler sessions lo appoint conservators of rivers, and to lix the beginnin;; and terminaliiur of llie close time. The penally upon poacliiii'j and takini: lisli in close time is by the same act li.ved at UOt iiKirelliaa 10/. and not less than il., with forfeiture of tish, boats, nets, .Sec. SAIiONICA, a large city and sea-port of European Turkey, at the north-east ex- tremity of the gulf of the same name, in lat. 40° 38' 47" N., Ion. 2?.° 57' 13" E. Population estimated at 70,000. There is no port at Salonica, but there is excellent '< If I I I li ]0 428 SALT. llwuii mm- tfsm 3i anwcn WK* ' •*■•■ lfS(£ „•**" !!.-l«- 'IBSP-r ;-;i»Wi»*l ■)«"' .IJHjix -Iff"!*! iiCwiitaHiiti ■ i«i anchorage in the roads opposite to the town. The access to them is by no means tliflicult, Pilots, however, are, for the most part, employed ; and of these, some are always on the look-out. IJuring that period of the late war when the anti-commercial system of Na. polcon was at its h('ii>ht, ISalonica became a great depot for British goods ; whence they were conveyed to (ii-rmany, Kussia, and other parts of Europe. At ail times, however, Salonica has a considerable trade. The exports principally consist of wheat, barley, and Indian corn, timber, raw cotton, wool, raw silk, wax, and tobacco. The average ex- portation of cotton is said to be about 100,000 bales; of tot)acc.o about 30,000 bales; each i)aic oonlaining about 275 il)s. 'I'hc export of wool is said to amount to about 1,000,000 Ills. 'J'he im|)i)rts are sugar, coiree, dye woods, indigo, muslins, printed calicoes, iron, lead, tin, watches, &c. Jlrrira\!!.—\\\ l^^l, lliiTi" !irriveil nt Salonica SUS vessels, of ttiR Iiiirilcn nf 31 20j tons. •Vi'HPV, lleii'lilf, and .Miui.iiiris.— XrctnwMa are kepi in piastres olWO paras, or I'-IO aspers. Ttie coins are Itiosi- orConHliUiti'ioiili' ; wiiirli see. Tlie weii-'lii^! anil nn-as^iiirs !ir(! tlii' same as tliose of Smyrna, except lliat the liisioz, killow, or corn measure of Halonica, = :i7S liislnz ol Smyrna. SALT (Gcr. Siih,- Du. Z„iit ,- Fr. .SV/,- It. Sule .- Sp. Sal,- Rus. Sn/ • I,at. .S7rt,. Arab. Mclh ; Oliin. Yen; Hind. JSimmuck ; Vex, Nun), the chlaride of nod.hi in of mo- dem chemists, has lier n known and in common use as a si'asonov and [ircserver of fooj from the earliest ages. Iiiimeiisc masses of it arc found in this and many otiier eountriof, which rcijuirc only to be dug out and reduced to powder. In that state it is calliij rock-salt, ""'ic water of the ocean also contains a great deal of salt ; to whieh, iniltcj, it owes ' .-; ;. Ue, and the power which it possesses of resisting freezing till cooled down to 'ZS\ ■ r hen this water is sutFieieiitly evaporated, the salt precipitates in ery.stuis, This is :ie coiniiion proees:^ by which it is obtained in many couiitricii. There aic various processes by which it may be obtained quite pure. Common salt usually crvs- tallises in cubes. Its taste is universally known, and is what is strictly denominain] salt. Its specific gravity is 2*125. It is soluble in 3-82 times its weight of cold water, and in 2-76 times its weight of boiling water. — {Thomson'' s Chcriilfifri/.) Besides its vast utility in seasoning food, and preserving meat both for domestic con sumption and during the longest voyages, and in furnishing muriatic acid and soJa, salt forms a glaze for coarse pottery, by being thrown into the oven where it is baked; it improves the whiteness and clearness of glass ; it gives hardness to soap ; in meltini metals, it preserves their surface from calcination, by defending them from the air. and is employed with advantage in some assays ; it is used as a mordant, and for inijirovini' certain colours ; and enters more or less into many other processes of the arts. Ahiny contradictory statements have been made as to the use of salt as a manure. Probajjly it may be advantageous in .some situations, and not in others. Salt .l/iHe.i, SpriiirrD, .ij-r?.— Tlie principal salt mines are at Wielitska in Poland, Catalonia in Spain, Alteinonle in Calabria, I.oownr in Hungary, in many places in Asia and Africa, and in Clicsliire in tills country. Tin; mines at Wielitslia are upon a very lartte scale ; but the statements that have fre- quently been published of their containing villages, inhabited by colonics of miners who never saw the light, are altogether without foundation. These mines have been wrought for more than COO years.- iCoic's Travels in the vVoWA of Europe, vol. i. p. 141). 8vo. ed.) The salt mines in the neighbourhood of Northwich in Cheshire are very extensive. They have been wrought since 1070; and the iiuantity of salt obtained from tliem is greater, probably, than is olilaineil from any other sail mines in tlie world. In its solid form, when dug from the mine, Chesihirc sail is not sufiiciently pure for use. To purify it, it is dissolved in sea water, from which it is afterwards separate cods ; whence they all times, however, ■ wheat, barley, and The average ex- bout 30,000 bales; o amount to about ns, printed calicoes, flj tons. [iO usiiiors. Ttic coins kialoz, killow, or torn us. Sol; I. at. .S7«; 'e of .sdflium of mo- .iid jireservor of foDd lany other countrie!--, state it is callod t ; to which, indeed, ing till cooli'd down ?il)itates in crystuls. lunlriesi. There are r)n s.dt usually crya- strictiy denoiuinaled iveight of cold water, til for domestic con iatic acid and soda, I ri where it is baked ; to soap; in multini; in from the air, and int, and for iniprovinj of the arts. Many manure. Probably 11(1, Catalonia in Spain, ica, :inat of till" sun i andllie j;r slowni'sa of tlie pro- tonsidcrablu ilciiiaiiil in ]l!riiaiu at present are a year. Neckcr estimated tlie jfroin \\\e /riibdle (.Pii:j5 ihs FiiHuiccs.Uniii'.ilf. lilt! consMinption iif tlie Ireiicc in onr I'oml anil lance. On tliiri supp;i- luntlo 3()3,OUO,0&0 lbs,, nnO.OOO bupliols, wliich, It ronsiinuTs iifl!riti:li lels. DnriiiL'tlie pame 111 American culonies, itsdiffiiBion. Itsprc- finarum; sec Burmai, f)isfcrttttio de Vcctigalibus Pop. Rom. c. 6.) ; and it has been heavily laxeil in most modern slated. Tlio cixlfUt, or code of salt laws, formerly established in France, was nioHl oppressive. From 1,000 to 5,000 inTsons are cnlcnlated to have been sent annually to prison and llie galleys for olFences connected \villi these laws, the severity ofwhich had no inconsiderable share in lirinaing about the Uevoliition. — lYouns's Traeels in Francr, vol. i. p. 50-.) In this country, duties upon salt were imimsed in tlie reifc'n fit" William III. In I79.S, they amounted to 5s. a bushel; but wore subseiiuenlly im-reased to lH.i. a busliei, or about forty times the cost of the salt I So exorbitant a duty was productive of the worst effects; and occasioned, by its magnitude, and the regulations for ullnwing Kiilt, duty free, to ihc ti.-berieB, a vast deal of smuggling. The opinion of the pulilic and of the House of Coiunions liav- liiL' been strongly pronounced against the tax, it was finally repealed in 1823. That the repeal of so exorbitant a duty has been productive of great advantage, no one can doubt; hut seeing that a large revenue must be raised, we question whether goveriminnt acted wisely in to- tiillvrelimiuisliing tlie lax. Had the duty been reduced to 2*. or '2^. Gi/. a bushel, and no duly free stilt aiioived for the fisheries, but a drawback given on the fish exported, a revenue of l,0()0,(iO(li. a year niishi have been derived from this source with but little injury. It was not the nature of the salt tax, biirthe absurd extent to which it had been carried, that rendered it justly odious. When at the liijjli- est, it produced about 1,500,000/. a year. [For the quantity and value of the salt which is annually imported into the United States sec article iMPonTs and Exports. A great quantity of salt is, however, produced in the re rioii beyond the Alleghanics, and at Salina and elsewhere in the state of New York. The fdlowing extract from a Report made to the legislature of this state, in January, 1839, ex- hiliits the condition of its salt-works. jSniiie new manufactories have been erected, and a few maniifiicturers have enlarged their cisterns. The le^'islatiire appropriated in 1638 .JS.OOO for the purpose of sinking a shaft or well 000 feet in ili'piii, ill the village of Salina, and a well has been sunk to the depth of 56U feet, which will cost about sH.iilK), incluiling S500 for a set of drill poles. I'roiii siinie cause unknown, the brine obtained at one of the wells in the village of Oeddes, during till' present season, has been from three to s;ven per cent, weaker than that usual in otiier villages. The principal well is now 100 feet deep and 3i inches in diameter; it is proposed to increase the depth \,i ICOor I'^O feet, and the diameter to ti.j inches, and to tube it so as to include the surface water — to co53,.549 3S 540,147-49 222,125-14 2,575,032-53-,56ths. Number of manufactories in the town of Salina, Jann.iry I, 1839 Do. pms and kettles Do. sup' rli._-i.il feel of vats Do. ^Ilons iu kettles Coarse Sail Campania. 144 4,478 6,943 344,437 Onondaga Salt Company Syracuse d,,. Henry Giff.ra dn. i^. C, Brewster do. at Geddes Superficial feet of Vats. - 6! 9,000 - (!6-,4'3 - 119,8.13 67,198 1,173,494 .»m. F.d.^ SALTPETRE, on NITRATE of POTASH (.'Ger. Srilpder .■ Fr. NUre, Stilpetre .• ]\. Nilrn, Salnitro ,• Sp. Nilro, Salitre ; Rus. Sem'Ira ,■ I,at. Nitritni ; .\rab. Vbkir ; HinJ. S/ioruh), a salt well known in commerce, and of very great importance. It may be regarded both as a natural and an artificial production ; being found on the surface of the soil in many parts of India, Egypt, Italy, &c. ; but in these and other places all that is known in commerce is obtained by an artificial process, or by li.\iviatiiig earth that has been formed into nitre beds. The saltpetre consumed in England is brought from Bengal in an impure state, but crystallised, in bag.s, each containing Ifi-I lbs. Salt- pdrc forms the principal ingredient iu the manutUcturc of gunpowder; and is used in various arts. It is also of great utility in the commerce of India, from its furnishing a large amount of dead weight for the shipping engaged in it. Saltpetre possesses con- siderable antiseptic power. That which is of the best quality and well refined, is in long transparent crystals; its taste is sharp, bitterish, and cooling; it flames much when thrown upon burning co-als ; ^t is very brittle; its specific gravity is 1'93.3. It is not altered by exposure to the air. lieckmann contends, in a long and elaborate dissertation (Hist, of Invent, vol. iv. pp. 525— 5S0. Enj. *.^ct passed allowing a bounty of three cents per measured bushel on coarse salt sent to the Hudson, Lake Erie, or Canada. HI. I a ■ ! MR 430 SALVA.GE. € iipitt i«i«"""«" IKS'!'-' ■ —• wpii ''•■" ■•"-'•■i.,aii * t^mb^"r*»mnm ^(^.,..,.miii* Wi-rrfEHBIl i • I ...^KHiOUSSini i 1. «Mlf*.««!t. , Hfe.^.-*: 1 rxT .; 21 |S«» i ■ s,*iia..iiwwri \ rr- ,•'-';- ed.), that the ancients were unacquainted with saltpetre, and that their nitrum was rpally an alknline salt. But, as saltpetre is produced natiiruliy in considerable quantities in EpypI, it is ditficult to bm, . pose that llicy could be entirely ignorant of it ; though it would appear that lln'y had confoundoil ii with otlii>r tilings. It has been known in the East from a very e;irly period, licckinann concurs in opinion with lliose who beliiive that gunpowder was invented in India, and hrouL'ht liy the Saniceiis from Africa to the Europeans ; who improved its manufacture, and made it available for warlike piir. poses. — (Vol. iv. p. 571.) The consumption of saltpetre during periods of war is very gretit. Its price is consequently lial,le to extreme Huctiiation. In remarking on the varieties in the pri.e of saltpetre, Mr. 'I'ooke observes, "It reaclu'd its greatest hcii;ht in 17M, viz., 17(l.«. a cwt. ; in 17'Jfi, it fell at one time to 45.1 and ruse again to Otis. It seems to have been afiected considerably by the scale of hostilities on the Coniincni. I!ut in consequence of the discoveries in chemistry, by which the I'Vench were enabled to dispose with a foreign siijqilv, ami by the increased iiiiportaliim fr(un India to this country, by which we were enabled to supply tin! rest of the Continent at a reduced cost, the price declined permanently adcr i7nS-r!iti'iis Liable for warlike pur. is ronsoqnfiiilly liaUc , Mr. i'noke nhscrvM, n time to '15.« and rose ilii'S on ttieCDiiliiicul, e enatilnd to dispLnse tryjiy wlii< h we woro lied |iRrnmiicii11y ultit pldiirinsj tilt; sticirtiii. reakint! out of llm war 1 market varies ut ijiij tion, consumption, kc. , 1833. Vears ending withli«33, Slock. I Cloje of it.e i Year. 1 Avmse .^ ct ilunng the Ye»r. — /.. <. d. I 1 1 5 5 ) 1 10 1 3 4 1 4 1 1. 4 11 1 15 2 5 1 14 1 1 IS 7' 'VII. 12.M0 !l,9;0 l<,2.M im 6,5:0 4.600 3,130 2,4<0 3Sffl 4,(i00 ion of nitrate, 0/ sorin, liai 70 tons in 1831, to 1,450 in ipetre is used, it is railicr The delivcrie.^ of litis Jc- andinl833,l,210.-(Co«!t, • compensation made to le dangers of the seas, )e obvious to every one, this respect they have larty who has saved the them, and may retain I be performeil at sea, or iliclion over the sulijeo; care of the proiierty tnd divide tlie iirocefil? in. And in fixing ibe four and peril incurreJ Jen to stand in respect II by thcra, and to the -hich they we-e rescueJ, If the property saved as |l remuneration for the their duty as welUs [of their possililc service eiUilled to claim any ^ to a vessel in distress, jur of danger, iirovidcJ le id entitled to a pro- land salvors, the juris- led to further the pur- lent to the proceedinss burdensome upon the Incd state. narlies, in cases where the property saved is not, perhaps, very considerable, the legislature has endeavoured to introduce a more expeditious and less expensive method of proceeding. Tlie first act for this purpose is tlie 12 Ann. stat, 2. e. 19. It appears from the preamble, that the in- fiiinnus practices, once so common, of plundering ships driven on shore, and seiziiiy whatever could be laid hold of as lawful property— (see WnKCK),— had not been wholly abandoned ; or that, if the nroperty was restored to the owners, the demand for salvage was so exorbitant, ilrjil the inevitable ruin of the trailer was the immediate conaeciuence. To remedy those miscbiefM in fiiliire. it was enact- ed, "that if a ship was in danger of buin^ stranded, or heint; run ashore, the sheritfs, ju^ftices, mayors, toiiBtables, or oHieers of the customs, nearest the place of d.in(.'er, should, upon appliiaiiou made to tlii^ai, suiiiiiion and call together as many men as should he thought neces.sary to the asnijitance, and for the preservation, of such ship in distress, and her cargo; and that if any sliip, man-of-war, or lucrtliaiitiiiaii, should he riding at anchor near the place of danger, the conntaides and ollicers of the cuslnins might demand of the superior othcers of such ship the assistance of her boats, and such hands jscnulil lie spared; and that, if the superior otlicer should refuse to grant such assistance, he should forfeit 100/." Tlien follows the section respecting salvage. It enacts, " that all persons employed in preserving sliipsor vessels in distress, or their cargoes, shall, within 30 days after the service is performed, be paid a reasonable rewurd for the same, by the commander, master, or other superior otlicer, mariners, or owners, of tlie shipor vessel so in distress, or by any merchant whose vessel or goods shall be so r.aved ; and, in default thereof, the said ship or vessel so saved shall remain in the custody of the olficers of cusl'onis until all charges are paid, and until the olficers of the customs, and the master or othi-r offi- cers of the ship or vessel, and all others employed in the preservation of the ship, sliall be reasonablij iralififil for their assistance and trouble, or good security given for that purpose ; and if any disagree- jiient shall take place between the persons whose ships or goods have been saveii, and the otficer of tlie customs, touching the monies deserved by any of the jiersons so employed, it shall be lawful for IhecoHiiiiander of the ship or vessel so saved, or the owner of the good.->, or the merchant interested tliercin, and also for the officer of the customs, or his deputy, to nominate 3 of the neiglibonring jus- tices ofllie peace, who shall thereupon adjust the quantum of the monies or gratuity to be paid to the several persons acting or beins! employed in the salvage of the said ship, vessel, or gooiU ; and such Bdjustniont shall be binding upon all parties, and shall be recoverable in an action at law ; and in case U shall so happen that no person shall appear to make his claim to all or any of the good.^ that may be savcii. that then the chief officer of the customs of the nearest port to the plate where the said shipor vessel was so in distress shall apply to 3 of the nearest justices of the iieace, who shall put him or soiiie other responsible person in possession of the said goods, such justices taking an arcoiiiit in writing of the said goods, to be signed by tlie said officer of the customs ; ar I if the said goods shall not be legally claimed within the space of 12 months ne.xt ensuing, by the rigliifiil owner thereof, then pulilic sale shall be made thereof; and, if perishable goods, forthwith to be sold, and, after all charges (leduc.ted, the residue of the monies arising from such sale, with a fair and just account of the whole, slijli be transmitted to her Majesty's exchequer, there to remain for the biMielit of thi! rinbtful owner, wlien appearing; who, upon atlidavit, or other proof made of his or their ri^'ht or property, thereto, to tlie satisfaction of one of the barons of the coif of the excheiiuer, shall, upon his order, receive the -me out of the cxchetiuer." ' • a sv.iiseiiueiit statute, 26 Geo. 2. c. 19, it is enacted, " that in case any person or persni, not ein- I t-v >iie master, mariners, or owners, or other person lawfully authorised, in the salvage of any , e cargo or provision thereof, shall, in the absence of the person so employed anil aiitho- , my such vessel, goods, or elTects, and cause the same to he carried, for the benefit of the ,,roprietors, into port, or to any near adjoining Custom-house, or otlior place of safe cus- ti,„,, ..iimediately giving notice thereof to some justice of the peace, magistrate, or C'ust iiii -house or excise otlicer, or shall discover to such magistrate or olficer where any such goods or elfects are wronpfully bought, sold, or concealed, then such person or persons shall be entitled to a rca.-:onable rc- rariifiir such services, to be paid by the masters or owners of such vessels or goods, and to be ad- justed, in case of disagreement about the quantum, in like manner as the salvage is to be adjusted and [laid by I21I1 Anne, or else as follows :— '■And he it further enacted, that, for the better ascertaining the salvage to be paid in pursuance of the present act and the act before-mentioned, and for the more etfectually putting tiio said acts into exe- cution, the justice of the peace, mayor, bailiti', collector of the customs, or chief constable, wlio shall be nearest to the place where any ship, goods, or effects shall be stranded or cast away, sliall forth- wilii give public notice for a meeting to be held as soon as possible, of the sherilf or his deputy, the justices of the peace, mayors, or other chief magistrates of towns corporate, coroners, or commissioners ofthelaiid xax, or any 5 or more of them, who are hereby empowered and required to give aid in the execution of this and the said former act, and to employ proper persons for the saving ships in distress, and such ships, vessels, and effects, as shall be stranded or cast away ; and also to examine persons upon oath, touching the same, or the salvage thereof, and to adjust the quuiilum of such salvage, and dislrihule the same among the persons concerned in such salvage, in case of disagreement among the parlies or the said persons ; and that every such magistrate, &.c, attendin;! and acting at such meet- ing, shall be paid is. a day for his expenses in such attendance, out of tlie goods and effects saved by their care or direction. "Provided always, that if the charges and rewards for salvage directed to be paid by the former sta- tute and by this act, shall not be fully paid, or sufficient security given for the same, within 40 days ne.« after the said services performed, then it shall be lawful for the officer of the customs concerned in such salvage to borrow or raise so much money as shall he sufficient to satisfy and pay such charges and rewards, or any part thereof then remaining unpaid, or not secured as aforesaid, by or upon one or more hill or bills of sale, under his hand and seal of the ship or vessel, or cargo saved, or such part ilicreof as shall be sufficient, redeemable upon payment of the principal sum burrowed, and interest upon the same at the rate of 4/. per cent, per annum." An act of the 53tlco. 3. c.87., continued and extended by the 1 & 2 Geo. 4. c.70., contains some regu- lations supplying defects iu former statutes. They enact, that goods of a perishable nature, or so much damaged that tiiey cannot be kept, may, at the request of any person interested or concerned in lliesaine, or in saving thereof, bo sold with the consent of a justice, the money being deposited in the liaiulsoftbe lord of the manor, and an account of the sale transmitted to the deputy vice-admiral. They also authorise tlie passage of horses, carts, carriages, &c. to the part of the sea coast where a vessel may be wrecked, over the adjoining lands, if there be no road leading as conveniently thereto, under penalty of 100^, the damages to be settled by two justices in the event of the parties not agree iiig.-Cl t 2 Oeo. 4. a 27. 29, 30.) It is ordered by the same statute, that no lord of the manor, or other person claiming to be entitled to wreck or goods, shall appropriate or dispose of the same until he shall have caused to be given in writing to the deputy vice-udmiral of that part of the coast, or to his agents if they reside within SO luiles, if not, then to the corporation of the Trinity House, a report containing an accurate and parti- cular description of the wreck or goods found, and of the place where and time when found, and of I » I m i 432 SALVAGE. £;-- ,> p*^ ,.MI» «dijg,"' -.1« ..j». *'• te ,r,.: ■'13 1** .ll»«'^ 1 ««•«•'■■ ^,*.-. '-jm ..r-t-r 3' ..-t«' ::3» ''"Koki «■,- -m c; nny marks thereon, and of such other particulars as mny better enable the owner to recover them, iind also of the place where they are deposited, and may be found and cxninined by any person cluiiiiiiigany right to tliem, nor nntil the expiration of 1 whole year and a day after tlie expiration of such noiiie the deputy vice-admiral, or his agent, is, within 48 hours of receiving such report, to transmit a copy thereof to the secretary of the corporation of the Trinity House, upon pain of furfeitiiig, for every neg. lect to transmit such account, 50/. to any person who shall sue for the same; and the secretary is lo cause such account to bo placed in some conspicuous situation for the inspection of all persons clulm. ing to inspect and examine it.— (I tc 2 Geo. 4. c. 75. } 20.) It is further ordered by the same statute, that pilots and others taking possession of anchors, cnlilt^^, or other wrecked or left materials upor tlie coast, or within any harbour, river, or bay, shall send no.' tice thereof, within tirenty-four hours, to the nearest deputy vice-admiral, or his agent, delivering tho articles at such place as maybe appointed, under pain of being deemed receivers of stolen gddds' The deputy vice-admiral, or his agent, may also seize svch articles us huvc vol been reported to Aim, anii is required to keep and report them to the Trinity House as aforesaid ; and if he seize them vviihoiit previous information, he is to have l-3d of the value; if he seize in pursuance of information, the ihird Is to be divided between him ond the informer. If the articles are not claimed williin a year and a day, they are to be sold, and the money applied as directed by the act of Queen Anne (12 Ann Rim 2. c. 18, previously quoted), the deputy vice-admiral, or his agent, and the person who may have given information, being in such cases entitled to the salvage allowed upon unclaimed property. Anil it u further enacted, that if any dispute shall arise between the salvors of any goods found, lodged, and re. lorled as aforesaid, and the owners thereof, as to the salvage to be paid in respect of the same, it is to e determined by the decision of 3 justices; or if they difler, by ilieir nominee, who is to be a persnu conversant with maritime affairs. Masters and others bound to foreign parts, finding or takini; nn board anchors, goods, &c., knowing them to be found, are to enter the same in the log book, wiili iini place onil time of finding, and to transmit a copy of such entry, by the first possible opportunity, to the Trinity House, and to deliver up the articles on their return home, which, if not claimed, are to lics(,|i{ \vithin a year and day, according to tlie aforementioned statute of Anne. Masters selling such urlinlej incur a penalty of not less than 301. and not more than 100/. Pilots, boatmen, or other persons, conveying anchors and cables to foreign countries, and disposing cfthem there, are to be adjudged guilty of felony, and may be transported for 7 years. ' The same statute authorises 3 justices, or their nominee, to decide upon all claims made by ho.it. men, idiots, and other persons, for services of any description (except pilotage) rendered by llieiii i.j any ship or vessel, whniher in distress or not. Parties dissatisfied with the award of the justices or their nominee may appeal to the Court of Ad- miralty ; but the justices are in such cases to deliver the goods to the proprietors, or their agent, on their giving good security for double their value. This act does not extend to Scotland. None of the previously mentioned acts have any force within the Cinqvc Ports ; but the Lord Wnr. den is directed by stat. 1 & 2 Oeo. 4. c. 76. to appoint 3 or more substantial persons in each of tlitse towns, who are authorised to decide upon all claims for services of any sort or description rendered to any vessel, or for saving or preserving, within the jurisdiction, any goods or merchandise wrcclieil, stranded, or cast away, or for bringing anchors or cables ashore, &c. No commissioner can act for nny other place than that in which, or within u mile of which, he is resident. Either party mav. within 8 days of the award, declare his intention of bringing the matter before sonie coinpeleiit" t'niiri of Admiralty ; selecting, as he may judge best, the Admiralty of England or that of the Cinque Poris. The provisions in this statute have been justly eulogised by Lord Tenterden, for the cheap andeasr means they afford for settling such questions. It is impossible, as Mr. .luslice Park has observed (Law of Insurance, c. 8.), to suppose 2 instanrf? of loss by shipwreck, or other peril of the sea, so similar to each other, that the trouble, daiigur, and expense of the salvers should be exactly equal ; and it would, consequently, be contrary to the first principles of justice to award the same sum for all possible cases of salvage. There was, therefore, no other resource but to appoint competent persons to decide as to the allowance due in any case of sal- vage that might arise, after taking the various circumstances with respect lo it into account. 2. Salvage vpon Recapture. — It was the practice of our courts, previously to any regulations nn tlio subject, to order restitution of ships or goods, if retaken before condemnation, to bo mrule to tbecri- ginal owners, on payment of a reasonable saleagc to the rocaptors ; but by stat. 4^ (ieo. 3. c. Ifid. it ha^ been adjudged, that "if any ship or vessel taken as prize, or any goods therein, shall appear, in lie Court of Admiralty, to liave belonged to any of his Majesty's subjects, which were bethre laktn ijy any of his Majesty's eiiemies, and at any time afterwards retaken by any of his Majesty's ships, ni nny privateer, or other ship or vessel under his Majesty's protection, such ships, vessels, and goods shall, in all cases (save as hereafter excepted), be adjudged to be restored, and shall be arcordinely restored, to such former owner or owners, he or they paying for salvage, if retaken by any ofAis .Vu- jestfs ships, one eighth part of the true value thereof, to the flag officers, captains, &c., to Ire divided as tiie same act directs ; and if retaken by any privateer, or other ship or vessel, one sink [lart of the true valtte of such ships and goods, to be paid to the owners, officers, and seamen of such privateer or other vessel, without any deduction ; and if retaken by the joint operation of one or more of his Ma- jesty's ships, and one or more private ships of war, the judge of the Court of Admiralty, orotliercnnn liaving cognisance thereof, shall order such salvage, and in such proportions, to be paid to tlie captors by the owners, as he shall, under the circumstances of the case, deem fit and reasonable; hut if such recaptured ship or vessel shall appear to have been set forth by the enemy as a ship or vetpcl of war, the said ship or vessel shall not be restored to the former owners, but shall in all cases, wbeilicr re- taken by any of his Majesty's ships or any privateer, be adjudged lawful prize for the benefit of the captors." This act is decidedly more favourable to the merchants than the old law, which adjudged that all ships recaptured after sentence of condemnation should be the property of the captors. In the case of neutral ships captured by an enemy, and retaken by lirilisli men-of-wnr or privateers. the Courts of Admiralty liave a discretionary powerof allowing such salvage, and in such iirdporlioiis. as, under tho circumstances of eacli particular case, may appear just ; but there is no piL^iiive law nr binding regulation to which parlies may appeal, for ascertaining the rate of such salvage. "Tlie ma- ritime law of England," says Lord Stowell, " having adopted a most liberal rule of restitution on i^al- vage, wit'.i respect to the recaptured property of its own subjects, gives the benefit of that rule to its allies, till it appears that tlicy act towards Ilritish property on a less liberal principle ; in such a aist.u adopts their rule, and treats them according to their own measure of justice." — (1 Hub. .^itm. Kip. 51.) Salvage is one of those charges which arc usually provided against by insurance. When, however, the salvage is very high, and the object of the voyage in so far defeated, the insured i.s. by the laws of this and all ot'ier maritime nations, allowed to abandon, and to call upon the insurer as lor a total loss.— (See AnANno.N.MKNT.) For further infortiiation with respect to salvage, see .Abbott on the Law of Shipping, part iii. c. 10 ; Park on Insurance, c. 8. ; and Marshall on Insurance, book i. c. 12. } 8. [For information on the present subject interesting to the American reader, reference may be had to Kent's Commentaries on American Law. — Am, Ed.] SAMPLE— SANDWICH ISLANDS. 433 to recover them, nnd ,■ pursoiitlaimiiigany ation of such nolicf: rt, to traiisniit n copy ViliTig, for evi-ry iiftg. nd thH secretary is to I of all persona claim. Ion of anchors, caliles, or bay, shall send iin- 9 agent, delivering 111" livers of stolen gcioils. ■en reported to //iiii.anil lie seize them willioiii f information, the ihirj !d within a year and a en Anne (12 Ann stnt n who may have given ed property. And it is 1 found, lodged, and re- lect of the same, it is to , who is to he a iiersfin s, finding or taking on I the log book, willitln> liblc opporlnnity.totlie I claimed, are to be s(.l I icrs selling such arliclM ;onntries, and disposiiii^ 7 years. II claims made by boat, ge) rendered by them to peal to the Court of Ail- ietors, or their agent, on Scotland. ,rts ; hut the Lord War. icrsons in each of these or description rendered )r merchandise wrcckeJ, ommissioner cai\ act for lent. Either party may. :e some competent Cdim that of the Cinque I'lirts I, for the cheap and easy i), to suppose 2 inslaiiPH the trouble, danger, iinJ , be contrary to llii' first There was, therefurc. no ;e due in any case uf sal- it into account. [0 any regulations nn W)" n, to'bo made in tliecti- t. n Geo. 3. c. IfiO. it lia^ ein, shall appear, in lie ich were bctiire taken by f his Majesty's ships, oi fehips, Vfsjscls, and goods [and shall be areordingly jtaken by any of /lis.Va- jitains, &,c., to be divided Isscl, one filth part of the men of such privateer or f one or more of his Ma- .dmiralty, orotherenurt to be paid to the captors reasonable ; but if such a ship or vessel of war, jn all cases, whether re- [ize for the benelit of tiie [which adjudged that al! 1 captors. len-of-wnr or privateers, I and in such iiroporlions, lore is no posilivc law or Itch salvage. "Tlieiiia- lull! of restitution on sal- iienedt of that nilc to its linciple ; in ■«"'•/' anise.n -(1 Hob. Mm. Kip. 51.) lance When, however, Insured is, by tlio laws of ■he insurer as lor a total b/iippi»f, part iii. c. 10.; Ireatler, reference may SAMPLE, a small quantity of a commodity exhibited at public or private sales, as a gpeciincn. Sugars, wool, spirits, wine, coffee, and, indeed, most species of merchandise, are sold by sample. If an article be not, at an average, equal to the sample by which it in soM, the buyer may cancel the contract, and return the article to the seller. Subjoined is a list of most articles that may be warehoused, and of the quantities that may be taken out as samples. — (Customs Min, Oct. 11, 1825.) Alk»liorl)»rill»i • Alow Arsol ; arrowroot B«rii, Jnuil"!, in ifeneral, ticepl Jrauil'i • BriiMlon"! ""Sl]' ' in rotli C»i« . , ■ Cantbsnuct af" , • Cochinal • • diiit CofM nut oil CoBee • Cojoquin'idi CMCulul Indicui • Coilon Creim of UrUr • Cumnti • EUDM of pmot or mon , " Euphorbium rnihtn, b«l Gilli 0«ili»» • O'"*" • „ . .■ Onnllla, la Coclii- Deal. Ctim Arabic SenepI Inpcanth • oilier gum ■ Hooey jiiip Indigo •, .. • Any furllier Slbi. ptT pile 5 tona Ion. per packaie. 1-9 lb. llirown waste - Smatts Spirits Sugar, foreign British plantation Tiltow • Tapiica Turmeric • Valnnia \Va>, bees' W'ine Wool, cotton sheep lambs' Spanish Yam, niotiiir cottim or I nz. per packai*. 1-2 lb. "^ do. 1 oz. do. 2 oz. do. 2 oz. do. 1 oz. Ho. 1 oz. do. 1 01. do. 1 lb. per lot 10 bags. 2 oz. per package. 1 oz. do, 2 oz. do. I oz. do. 1-2 pint per cask 2 oz. per b.tg. 4 oz i^er boz not ei- ceedin< 5 cwt. Boz. lerbox or cheat exceeding 5 cwl. 1 1-2 III. per hosshead. I I 2 lt>. ))€r tierce. J 1-2 lb. perches!. 12 nz. per barrel, 12 lb. ninl:isjes per hhJ. or ca^fc. 4 lbs. per lot lOpcka. 1 oz per package. 2 lbs. pitr pile. 3 lbs. per lot, 1-4 lb, (ler package. 1-2 pint. 4 oz. per package. 1 lb. do. 1 lb. do. 12 lb. do. 1-2 lb. do. Mother of pearl ) 7 lbs. per lot of 10 ^ sliells - J packages. Vermicelli - • 1 oz. per ])ackage. S.\NDAL WOOD, the wood of a tree {Santalum alburn Lin.) having somewhat of the appearance of a large myrtle. It is of a deep yellow colour, and yields an agreeable perfume. The tree, when cut down, is usually about 9 inches in diameter at the root, but sometimes considerably more. After being felled, it is barked, cut into billets, and buried in a dry place for about a couple of months, during which time the white ants eat off the outer wood, without touching the heart, which is the sandal. It is then taken, up and sorted, according to the size of the billets. The deeper the colour, and the nearer the root, the higher is the perfume. Reject such pieces as are of a pale colour, small, decayed, or have white wood about them ; and take especial care that it be not mixed with wood resembling sandal, but without its perfume. — (Milbum's Orient. Com.) Sandal wood is extensively employed by the Hindoos as a perfume, in their funeral ceremonies. But the Chinese are its principal consumers. They manufacture it into fans, and sniall articles of fur- nitiirfl, and use it, when ground into powder, as a cosmetic. During the year ended the .31st of March, 1832,thflre were imported by British vessels into Canton, 6,338 piculs (395 tons) of sandal wood, valued at 74,471 dollars (see vol, i. p. .SOI,) ; and the imports in some years are more than twice this amount. Theavnraire importation into Calcutta is about 200 tons a year. It grows principally in Malabar, in the mnnntainoua country at a little distance from the low sea coast; in Timor; and in the Fejee isl.tnds in the South Sea. Calcutta is principally supplied from Malabar, while China derives the hrger pnrtii>n of her supplies from Timor and the other islands. It is seldom brought to Eutope, ex- cept by individuals for their own use, or as presents for their friends.— (Be/i'y F.xternul Com. of Ben- [il, pp. 49. and 85. ; Crau>furd'' Indian .Brchiyelago, vol. i. p. 519., vol. iii. p. 421. &c.) S.\ND.\RACH, a resinous substance, commonly met with in loose granules a little larger than a pea, of a whitish yellow colour, brittle, inflaniraalile, of a resinous smell, and acrid aromatic taste. It exudes, it is said, in warm climates, from cracks and in- i:isions in the common juniper bush. It is used as a varnish, dissolved in spirits of wine. (Ainslie's Mat. Indica.) (SANDWICH ISLANDS. — This secluded but interestinij group of islands is situated in the midst of the Pacific Ocean, nearly under the tropic of Cancer, and in about the 160tli degree of west longitude. There are, in all, 13 or 14 islands; but with the exception of Owyhee, where Cook was killed, the rest are but of inconsiderable size. The islanders are honourably distinguished among the Polynesian nations by the advances they have made ia civilisation ; and particularly by their progress in manufactures and commerce. Bht thej are principally entitled to notice, in a work of this sort, from their being frequently visited I bjf English and American ships engaged in the southern whale-fishery, or in the commerce I of the Pacific. The principal port is Honororii, on the south side of the island of Woahoo, in laf. 21° 18' 3" N.,lon8. IS8^ I' W. It has several good houses ; with a considerable population, among whicli are from 150 to !iO English and Americans. The anchorage is good ; nnd it is a very favourable place for refitting. In iS3l two ships, one of 180. ,ind another of lilO tor s, were hnve-down, caulked, and coppered in live days. Water is gnod and plentiful : and fresb provisions may generally be bad on very reaiionabte terms. Vol. II.— 2 66 I 434 SAPAN WOOD— SARDINES. •hi*. awcn c '> .pi^-^^^'i i,(jjir.':.ri^**| Becently, however, Mowee, on the islan 37 II, Ml 19 4,077 56 15,616 3 9'iO 79 ifv I92ti II 4.vil 2 410 ri S.2i!4 07 21, '•92 21 S.'HS fH 23,8-8 6 1,112 107 '•^' Ki I8i7 16 fl.iO-, 2 Xtl IS 0,819 66 21,201 16 3,693 82 21,9-)4 7 1,721 II '7 50,0 !1 I82S M !l,77i 6 391 31 llVi63 no 31, IMS 28 5, Ml 116 37,029 8 2,:) 13 I5-. 1829 21 8,172 6 1,19!) 27 9,371 87 3I,0S7 21 5,210 lOS 36,297 4 1,003 139 4fii,TI 1830 16 6,9S2 10 1,093 28 8,075 77 26,K80 23 1,072 100 ISi),9;l2 3 413 129 4 ,i;? 1811 ai H,i07 7 ' 1,202 30 9,>09 5S 2l,-)ti0 2'. 4.:>S8 81 26,149 5 1,172 118 37,K1 a i The decrease in the amount of American ships nt VVoahoo is accounted for by tlie fact of many of them now toiicliing in preference at Mowee.— (We liave tliese details entirely from private soiirci;<) SAP.\N WOOD is olitained from a species of the same tree that yields the Drazil wood (CiBsa/pinlu Sapnn Lin.). It is a middle-sized forest tree, indigcnou.s to Siam, Pegu, the Pliilippiiic Islands, &c. It has been employed for dyeing in the greater part of .^sia for many centuries. It found its way into Europe some time before the discuvery of America ; but very little is now imported. Its colouring matter dilVers but littlu from that of Brazil wood, but the best sapan wood docs not yield more than half the fjuaniiiy that may be obtained from nn equal weight of Brazil wood, and the coloui* is not (|uiteso bright. — {Bancroft on Cufours, vol. ii. p. 329.) Its price in the London market varies from 8/. to It/, a ton. SAPPHIKE (Gcr. SfippJilr ; Du. Sijicrfteen ,■ Fr. Sfiphir .■ It. Znjjirn ,- 8p. Sufm, Sajtr; Rus. Juchant ; Lat. Supphiriis), a precious stone in very high estimation. Colours blue and red ; also gray, white, green, and yellow. It occurs in blunt-edged pieces, in roundish pebbles, and crystallised. Varies from transparent to tran.sliicent. KelVacts douljle, After diamond, it is the hardest substance in nature. The blue variety, or s.ippliire, is harder than the ruby, or red variety. Brittle. Specific gravity 4 to4-2. It is found in lioliemia, i^iaxony, Franco, &c. ; hut the red sapphire, or Oriental niliy, is not foiiinlin «ny cotisideralile (inaiuily anywhere except in Ava. Nexl lo diamond, sappliire is the iikisI viihiiinl.' of the nenis. The wliile and pale blue varieties, by exposure to Ileal, bi'come snow white, ami, wlim cut, exhi'.)ll so hi;;)! a degree ofliistre, tliat they are iisimI in place of diamond. The nuisl hi;'hly pn/ij vari'!li"s are the crimson and carmine red ; these are thi! Oriental nilnj of the jeweller; the ncM is | sapphire ; and l.ist, the yellow or Oriental (ii/in:. Tlie ii.^lerUis, or slar-stoins is a vi'ry licaiiiiinl va- riety, in wliicli the colour is generally of a reddish violet, and tliu form a rimmboid, with tnnicatrj apices, which exhiliil an opalescent lustre.*— (See III nv.) Mr. (,'rawfnrd gives tlie following diilail.s with respect to the sapphire and ruby mines of Ava ;- "The precious stones ascertained to exist in the liiirimse territory are chielly those of llie sapiiiiire family, and llie spiiielle riiliy. They are found at 2 places, not very distant from each oilier, tvillH MoL'.uit and Kyatpiian, about 5 days' journey from the capital, In an 10. S. Iv direction. Ircmi win I coiilil liN'irn, the gems are not obtained by any regular mining npiMalions, but by diiigliigaiiil wasliin? the gravel in llie beds of rivulets or small brooks. All the varieties of the sappliire, as well as He Bpinelle, .■ire found together, and together with tliem large quantilies of corundum. Tlie varj.ilei nscert.iined to exist, are the Orii'iilal sapphire; tlii; Oriental ruby, or red stone ; the op:ili'.-ireiit riilij', or cat's eye ruby ; the starrnliy; the green; the yellow and the while sapphires ; ;iiiil ilie (lii.'inai amelliyst. The roinmon sapphire is hy fir tli.' most freiiuent, but, in comparison willi ilie ruiiy.ij very lillle prizi'd by tin- Ilnrmese, in which lliey agree willi other nations. I brought bmiie wiilime never. il of great sjy.i', the largi'st weighing no less Ihan 'Sfi'M grains, or above 907 carats. 'I'lie s|iiiiH|le ruby (zebu-gaong) is not uiit'ri'(|uent In Ava, but is not much valued '"■ the natives. I linnislii iviih me to l:;nL'l:iiid a perfect specimen, both as to colour and freedom from rl;i ws, wciL'liing 23 i;ar;Us. Tlip Happhiri.' and ruby mines are considered the property of the king : at U ...it he lays ilaini to all sloiies that excei'd in valine a viss of silver, or IIIO ticals. The miners, it appears, eiideaviuir to evinli' iliij law by breaking tln' laru'e stones into fiaginenls. In the royal treasury, tliere are. nolwitlisluulin:, many line sloiii's of both descriptions. The year before our visit, the king received I'roni llie niini'sa ruby weighing I2i grains ; anil the year preceding tiiat 8 good ones, but of smaller si/,e. iNo slranm | is permitled to visit the mines ; even the ('iiinesi' and Moiiatumedans residing at Av.i are curofuHj excluded." — (.Juiinial of an Kmba.-gijtotlic Court of^ea. — p. 412.) SAKCOCOLLA, a subviscid, sweetish, and somewhat nau.sv-ous gum-resin, It is brought from Arabia and Persia in small grains of a pale yellow colour; tlie whiicst, aa being the freshest, is preferred. It is but seldom imported. — (Mit/jurn'fi Orkiil. Vwn] SAKDLXES, on SAUULMAS (Gcr. Sarde/lcn ,- Fr. Sardines ,■ h. Sardine.- Hf. Surd'7uts'), a species of fish of the herring tribe, but smaller. They are taken in roiiji- dcrable quantities on our coasts, and are exceedingly plentiful on the coasts of Alyirvein I Portugal, Andalusia and (iranada in Sjiain, and along the shores of Italy. The siii sardines, caught on tiic coast of Provence, in France, are esteemed the best. From l,(li to 1,200 fishing smacks are engaged in catching these fish on the coast of Urilaiiy, from j June to the middle of October. The French frequently cure them in red brine; aiiJ, | • Professor .lameson says, in his Mineralogy, that some peculiarly beautiful sapphires ;iro fniiiiilin the Capelan mouiiltiins, in I'egii. Hut we do not believe tliat tliere are any sucli inoiiiil.iiii.'< iii any part of the world ; and, in point of fact, there are no inuuntains in Pegu, nor have any precious slonei been ever found in it. SARDONYX— SEAL. 435 r many as a pliice fur re ,1 of'i,030tiins: of lli,.,,, foriiiRiit'fn CHlaMisliiMl in . at lloiiororu :— wich Islnnds, rturins ihn can, anil bulwceu Whale I Under other (\irtiii;n Sit. in I. i,8il, i.flIB 3 r.8-8; I,0i9! i,U3 Tutil. Trnir Shipi] Tmi. 1,310 l-H he.n 9'.0 71 2VJI 1,112 107 I 32,20(1 , 1,721 107 133,511 1 2,;ll3 131 150,0;-,! 1,003 1 139 ; 4fi,>i;|l 515 1 129 '4 ,\)i. I 1,172 ■ 118 3;.ln for liy tlic fnct of many of 'ly from privulc soiiroiis ) ! that yiclils the Brazil ec, indigenous to Siani, /eing in the grpatcr pari imc before the iliscuvery Iter (litVcrs hut iitlle frnin ■c than half thu inmntily > colouf is not quite so indon mavlicl varies from It. Z'ljjlrn ,; Sp. ,%fm, ligh estimation. Colours n blunl-edgrd pieces, in shiccnl. Refracts double, 3 variety, or sajiphirc, is o4-2. rii-ntal iul>y, is iml found in ippliire is tin' iimsl v.ilnalile nine snow wliilo, ami, when iiul. Tlio iiiiisl liifjlily pri/.i'J I of llic jewellor ; Iho iipmij tone, is a very lieaiiliriil va- a rlioiiiboid. witli tniacated I anil ruby niines of Ava;- liieliy lliose of the sa|i|il;ire [liinl from eaiii oIIht, talW K. cliri'i-tioii. rroiii wlul Iml by (liUHiii^'aiid Wiisliin' I lie siippl'ire, as well as IIk rorundnm. The variMiei tdiie ; llie opalesreiil riiliy, appliiri'S ; ami llio Oih'iiul inparisdii witli llie rnliy.ij " hro'.iiilil liiinio Willi iiie ve 907 carats, 'rin; s|iiiiH|le lie natives. I linnislil wiih ^vs. wi'iL'liinsa2i'ar;il3. Tlif lie lays tlaiiii to all sidiits rs, endeavour to evaili^ tlia [tliere arc. notwitlislaiiiliii:. S received from llie iiiiiii'sa 'smaller si/.e. Noslriinser | idiiig at Avaaru carefully i-ous qum-rcsin. It is low cohnir; the wliitcsl, \Milburii\s Oritiit. Com.) jines ; It. i^unilnt ,■ i^ They are taken in miisi- 'the coasts of .Mjarvcin es of Italy, 'riic small Id the hcsr. From lIHlO liP coast of Britany, from licm in red brine; aiiJ, llifiil sappliiresarofoniiilin | Iny stii'li inouiilaiiisiii any Ir have any precious stone) when thus prepared, dcsignato Ihetn anchois^e.i, or anchovicd mrdine.i. These nro packed in vessels previously employed for holding wine, and exported to the Levant. VVlien per- fectly frish, sardines arc accounted excellent fish ; but if kept for any lime, they entirely lose their flavour, and become quite insipid. SARDONYX, a jirecious stone, a variety of chalcedony. Tlip ancients geUcted this siilistance to engrave upon, no douht frmn its possessinglwo peculiar and neci'^ixary qualities, viz. hardReas and ti'nai liy, liy which it is capahle of reieiviii); the tinest touch or stroke of the tool without clMp|ilng, and sliowin); the art of the engraver to the highest perfection.— {Mufton l.Hamiindu, 2(1 ed. f. 121.) SARS.APARILLA (Ger. Snrsnparilk ,• Fr. Sahepnrcille ; It. Sahapnrinllu ,. Sp. 7jtirziipiir'Hart3 of North America, Oochin- China, and several of the Indian islands. Sassafras \*Bii, root, and bark, have a fragrant odour, and a sweetish aromatic taste. The wood is of a brownish white colour ; and the bark ferruginous within, spongy, and divisible into layers. Their sensible (ptalities and virtues depend on an essential oil, which may be obtained separate by distilling the chips or the bark with water. It is very fragrant, hot, and penetrating to the taste, of a pale yellow colour, and heavier than water. It is used only in the maleria vicdica. Very liltle is imported. — (T/ioniso?^'s Dispensatory.) SAUNDERS (RED) (Arab. Sundul-ahmcr ,- Hind. Ruchif-chundum), the wood of a lofty tree (Plerocarpus santalinus) indigenous to various parts of India, Ceylon, Timor, &c. The wood is brought to Europe in billets, which are very heavy and sink in water. It is extremely hard, of a fine grain, and a bright garnet red colour, which brightens on exposure to the air. It is employed to dye lasting reddish brown colours on wool. It yields its colouring matter to ether and alcohol, but not to water. The quantity imported is but inconsiderable. The price in bond varies at this moment (February, 1834) from 13/, to 14/. a ton. — (Thomson's Dhpensdlory ,- Bancroft on Colours, vol. ii. p. 236.) SC.AMMONY (Ger. S/cainmonlen ,• Fr. Scammonve ,- It. Scammoneu ,■ Sp. E:camnnea), a gum-resin, the produce of a species of convolvulus, or creeper plant, which grows abundantly in Syria. When an incision is made into the roots, they yield a milky juice, which, lieiiig kept, grows hard, and is the scamniony of the shops. It is imported from ,Mcppo ill what are called drum.s, weighing from 75 to 125 lbs. each ; and from Smyrna in cakes like wax, packed in chests. The former is light and friable, and is considered the best; that from Smyrna is more compact and ponderous, less friable, and fuller of impurities. It has a peculiar heavy odour, not unlike that of old cheese; and a bitterish, slightly acrid taste. The colour is blackish or bluish grey, changing to dirty white, or lathering when the surface is rubbed with a wet finger. Its specific gravity is 1-235. It is very liable to be adulterated ; and when of a dark colour, heavy, and splintery, it ouglit to be rejected. It is u- inly in medicine. — (Tliomson's Dispensuturij.) The duty on scam tuony, which wa^ rly as high as 6s. id. per lb. was reduced in 1832 to 2,'(. Gd. SI I 1,1'TURES, figures cut in stone, metal, or other solid substance, representing or describing sjmc real or imaginary object. The art of the sculptor, or statuary, wa.s carried to the highest pitch of excellence in ancient Greece. Fortunately, several of the works of the Grecian sculptors have been preserved ; and serve at once to stimulate and direct the genius of modern artists. Mudels, are casts or representations of sculptures. The act 54 Geo. 3. c. 56, vests the property of sculptures, models, copies, ami casts, in the proprietor for Ityears j provided he cause his name, with the date, to be put on tbeiii before they are published ; Willi the same term in addition, if he shoiilil be living at the end of the first period. In actions for piracy, double costs to be given. The act (i Geo. 4. c. 107. proliiliits the iniportalioii,oii pain of turle kjai».«c«;('t|l public body, or private individual. It is employed as a stamp to make an impreision on sealing wax, thereby authenticating public acts, deeds, Ac, or to close letters or packcu. Seals were very early invented, and much learning has been employed in tracing thoir history, and explaining the figures upon them. — (See particularly the work of Hoplcinck, De Sigilliirum Prisco el Novo Jure, 4to, 1642.) Thoy are now very generally used. The best are uaimlly fnrnicd of precious Htnnea, on wliicli the crent or thu inillulR of the poraon'a nnme are engruvcd, get in Kniil. Hut linrncnHe niirnlii-m nn; fornuMl of Htiiiiied ^\u»», and set in gjit copper. They are nmnufuctiirud at London, Uirrninb'hain, Sn:., and are exlunsiveiy cxpoitcd. SE.\L FISHERY. The seal, an amphibious animal, of which there arc many varieties, is found in vast numbers in the seas round Hpitxhergen, and on the coasts of Labrador ami Newfoundland. As it frequents the British shores, it is well known, niid has been repeatedly described. Seals are principally hunted for their oil and skins. When taken in the sprin); of the year, — at which time they arc fattrst, — a full grown fli-sii will yield from 8 to 12 gallons of oil, and a small one from 4 to .'j gallons. 'J'liu oil, when extracted before putrc. faction has commenced, is beautifully trans|)arcnt, free from smell, and not unpleasant in itj taste. The skin, when tannccLj^ extensively emjjloyed in the making of shoes ; and when dressed with the hair on, serves /or the covering of trunks, &c. "To the Ksqiiiinaux the RenI is of an niiicli ini|inrtanre na lirend to n Kiirnpo.nn. Its flesh fdrrns their tnoHt usual food ; the fat in partly ilresiied lor eatiiii;, and piirlly conHonied in their i:inip. L. » « Olo 22 — 23 25 ro - 26 21 10 — 22 Fisli oils, southern fishery, p.ile, ppr tun (Imp.) yellow 221. to Oi. — sperm ... — lied.1 inattcr - - — /, I. i. 1. 23 111 lo 9 C brnrt'n 22 (i9 n- 70 0- Fish oils, cod, NenrnundUnil. per tun flmp..) seal, tirowD and yellow — pale - . — whale, Greenland • — Undressed seal skins are worth from Ix. to \s. 6d. each. See also JU'Oregor's British America, 2d edit. vol. i. p. 197. &c. Tliere is a good account of the seal in Laings Voyage to Spitibergen. SEALING WAX (Ger. SlegellacJc; Fr. Cire d'Espagne, Cire d cacheter ; It. Cera iMCca, Cera di Spagna ; Sp. Lucre,- Kxia. Sargut.sch), the wax used for sealing letters, legal instruments, &c. It is a composition of gum lac, melted and incorporated with rcsiii, and afterwards coloured with some pigment, as vermilion, verditer, ivory black, &c. SE.\MEN, the individuals engaged in navigating ships, barges, &c. upon the high seas. Those employed for this purpose upon rivers, lakes, or canals, arc denominutcJ watermen. A British Seaman must be a natural born subject of his Miijesty ; or be naturalised bj act of parliament; or made a denizen by letters of denization; or have become a Britisli subject by the conquest or cession of some newly acquired territory ; or (being a foreigner) have served on board his Majesty's ships of war, in time of war, for the space of 3 years.— (3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 54. § 16.) But his Majesty may, by proclamation during war, declare that foreigners who have served two years in the royal navy, during such war, shall be deemed British seamen. — (§ 17.) Various regulations have been enacted with respect to the hiring of seamen, their conduct nil wl SEAMEN. 437 nakc an impTession on 080 letters or packeU. loyed in tracing Ihoii the work of Hopfcinck, I generally used. lie inilittiB of the porson's iiied (.'Inns, and set In gilt !ii8lvt!ly cxpoilcil. icro are many varieties, Miiflts of Labrador ami [jiid has been repeatedly hen taken in the spring will yield from 8 to 12 extracted before |ni(rc- ml not unpleasant in itj ing of shoes ; and when Riiropnnn. Its flesh furins siitiitfil in thuir lunip's; \\k hie skin, wliieli llli: llsiini- III the h:iir oir, it is usimI ;is llicMHelves ; sliiehh.d wlili Iheir hodics wet. Il sirvcs ifls nnd irowKers ini h ni or preserving ihem Iromoil 1 aro frequently fi>miil lyinij seal nie.idiivvs." 'I'lii' si^ai relre;it to the water. Tliey leing easily Uespatclied by a northern sens liy ahipsfrnm T only fri'iii Enaliiiid.ihiMijIi Is. Latterly, howcvir, ih« success, by ve^s"ls (if ft.iiii the ports of Newl'niinilhiiil, I instances freiiniiiiily iicciir We borrow the rnllowing ndour JVurtA American Pw- ed within no distant perioil, ico which, in the niMnllisof many henls of schIs; these re attacki'd and sliinslitereJ ich island these voyiiijfsare 1 ilii'ir harbours, saw tlian- g tields, throiiiih the ejien- lanRers, till they eridiiiiilM ins well coiii|MMisateil liy iu tly on the increase. Th'Te HHO, 'j'^iAXt; and in b3l, THS seals'. The iiiiiniierof and in 1S32, 15U; beiii|! in London, in January, 1831. /, .. /., I. ^, rrr tun (Imp.) 23 10 lo 9 C ' _ . 68 n - _ . 70 0- i a good account of the seal Ive a cacheter ,- It. Cera 1 used for sealing letters, I incorporated with resin, Ivory black, &c. Vs, &c. upon the high tanals, are denominated Ity ; or be naturalised by Ir have become a British ; or (being a foreigner) i the space of 3 years.- Ition during war, declare liring such war, shall be [)f seamen, their conduct while on board, and the payment of their wa^es. These regulations difler in dilTerent nmnlries ; Imt, in all, they have been inteiideil to obviate any ilisjuiles that iiii.jlit ntlierwise arise between the master and seamen a.s to the icrinM of the enntnict lielween llie:n, to secure due obedience to the master's orders, and to interest the seamen in the completion of (ho voynge. by making their eariiimrs depend on its successful termination. 1. Iliriiitr (if Srumcn. — To iirevent the mischiefs that freipienlly arose finm the want of pro[ier proof of the precise terms upon whidi seamen engaged to pcrforiii ilu-ir service in nuTchaiit ship.s, it h enacted by statute (3 (jieo. tl. c. HO.), " that it shall not be hiwt'td for any master or eommunder of any ship or vessel bfimid to parts beyond the seas, to carry niiy seanum or mariner, except bis apprentice or apprentices, to sea from any port or place wiierc be or they were entered or shipped, to proceed on any voyage to parts beyond the seas, without firbt coming to an agreement or contract with such seamen or miiriners for their wages; which agreement or agreements shall be made in writing, dcclariiig what wages each seaman or mariner is to have respectively, during the whide voya.re, or fur so long time as he or they shall ship themselves for; and also to express in the saiil iigreement or contract the voyage fur which such .seaman or mariner was shipped to perform the same ;" under a jicnalty of .0/. for each mariner carried to sea without such agieenu nt, to be torfeited by the master to the \isc of Ctreenwich lIos|,iial. This agreement is to be signed by each mariner within 3 days alter lie shall have entered himself on board the ship; ami is, when signed, conclusive and binding upon all [lartics. Jly a subseqiuMit slatule, tliesn provisions have been ext.'uded to vessels of the burden of 100 tons and upwards, employed \\\\.\w conxl!i>a(!c! : and ihe said master dnih ln'reby apri'e with and hire the seamen am! mariners t".,r Ihn said voyage at such monthly wajiis, lo lii^ paiil fiur.-iiniiit tn Ihe laws of fireat Ittilain ; and they, llii' said seaiiini and mariners, do hereby promise .iiicl i.liliije tli'.'iiiselves to do their duly, and obey the lawl'ol cornmaiids of ihi'ir oliuH-is on iioani the fs\i sliip or hirats thereunto ludon^Mii);, as lierome );oo(l and failhl'iil seamen ami ni ■ i liiers. and at all pbces where thP said sliip shall put in oraiichor diirinj; Ihe said ship's voyage, lo do tlii'ir best endea- vdiirs fur the preservation of the said sh'ip and eariio, and not lo iii'irleit or refuse doin;,' their doty by I'lv or niirlit ; nor shall so out of the said ship on board any other vessel, or be onf slnoe under any I nlence whatsoever, till the voyatri,' is ended, and the ship lli^^har!;ed of her larijo, willioiii leave iir:.tijl)lained of the master, captain, or comniaiKljii!; ollicer on board: and, in defiiilt Ih.rec!!', lliey (rri'ly uirree tn be liable to tlu! penalties mentioned in Ihe act of [larliaiiient made in the '2d year of thu ri'i);i! lit' Kinj; (Jeorire the Second, iiililiiled " An Act for the heller Ueyiilatioii and (oivemmeict of I the Merrhaiitb' Servi and the act made in the :i7th year of the reifjn of Kinc (i lorfto ilie Third, inlinih'd, 'An Act for preventing the Deseilion of Seamen frnm Dritisli Jli reliant Ships I'adiiif! to bis Majesty's Cidonies and I'lantations in the West Indies :" and it, is further ajjrec li by the parlies to these presents, tliat21 hours' absence wilhoiit leave shall he dia'med a total desertion, and renilersucli seamen and mariners liable to Ihe forleilnres and penalties eonuiined in the acK above rccilpil; l!iat each ami every lawful commaiMl which Ihe said master shall think necessary to issue forllio elVucliial Kovernment of the said vessel, siippressinii imnioralily and viceofall liimls, iie strictly tijinpliea with, under Ihe penalty of the person or persons disidieyint: forfeiting his or their whole wiijres or hire, IngiMlier with every thing belonging lo him nr tluiii on hoard the said vessel : and it is futllu'r agreed, that no ollicer or seaman, or pi^rson belonging to the said ship, shall demaial or bo piililli'd lo his wages, or any part lliereof, until the arrival of the said ship at the above-menlioiieil pnrl of discharge, and tier cargo delivered, nor less than 20 days, in case the seaman is net employed ill the delivery ; and it is hereby further agreed between the master.^ and otViccrs of the said ship, that wlntevcr apparid, fiirnitiire, and slores, each of them may receive into their charge, belonging to the sail! ?hi|). shall be accounted for on her retiirn ; and in case any thing shall he lost or damaged through llii'ir carelessness or insiilhciency, it shall he made good liy such olhcer or seaman, by whose nieai;s it may lia|ipeii, to the master and owner of the said ship : and w hereas it is customary for the ollicors siHlsoanieii, on the ship's riMiirn hioiii' in the river, and during the lime their cargoes are delivering, to to on shore each night to sleep, greatly to the pn jiiilice of such BTiip and freighters; belt furtln r asrepd by the s:i!il parlit s, that neither olhcer nor seaman shall, on any prelenco w liatsoever, be eiiti- lli.'il lo such iiiihilgence, but shall do tlieir duly b)' day in disc Irirge of the cargo, and keep such w'alch hy iiiirlit as the niasier or commander of the ■ iil ship sliall ihiiik iiece: s.iry, in order fir ihe preserva- linii oi' the abovi^ ; and whereas it ol'ten hapijens that pari cd' the cargo is embezzled after being deli- vered into lighters ; ami, as such losses are maile good hy the ow ners of the ships, he ii therefore ajreeil, hy these presenls, that whatever otlii'cr or seaiiii'.il the master shall Ihtnk proper to app lint, shall lake charge of the cargo in the lighters, and gowiih the seme to the lawful quay, v.rid there lii'liver his charge to Ihe ship's hua'aaml, nr his representalive, o'. see the same salV-ly weinlied at the kiiis's heani; and, in coiiseiiiience of their true lideliiy, siirli .'eaimn shall be entitled to ■-'.-•. d,/. each li.'liter, exclusive of their monthly pay ; and should it so happen that lighters are detained any con- siileralile lime at the quay before iliey can he uiiloaded, snc!i otlicer and seaman so appointed shall in tliat case be entitled to 2.<. (W. for every 21 hours, exclusive of their monthly pay ; that each seaman ami mariner, who shall well and truly perform the a'.iove- inentioneil voyage, (provided always, that lliere hiMio phinderage, einbezzleiiient, or other U'llawfiil acts, coinniilted on the vessel's cargo or stores,) shall he entillcd to their wages or hire Uiat may become due to liim pursuant to this agree- menl; that, for thedue performance of each ar.d every the ahove-mentioiied articles and agreements, awl acknowledgment of their being voluntary and without compulsion, or any other clandestine means being used, the said parties have hereunto subscribed their names, the day and month set oppo- site to their respective names. 2q2 I I * f 111 438 SEAMEN. c:^: ■vNi wm '■• ■' ;«■ *Jk nm -in ■im IW' .^ ~« r" ■'- 11 s:?i:3ii C^*' •> It .-^fflm •^1 ,.i»ltt'*J4' ■,),;:) III imA',.rji,-aisi til Cwvr »»!,[,, ■'■"Tli! 'I CL.~t:ri,iit:iiii| ««i»*..-Ti'-.(,i ,;i , <■•• ,1- ■ r Ptua mil Time of Rntry. Mtn'i Ntmn. (lualiljr. Wiiii««iii lo ucli Min'i ■ifnirig. P«jr in lh« Hlvur. Mciriih, or for Ihi! Voyjjf. Whole Wajw, Whola. llilf. The statutes Jo not ronilor a verbal agreemerit for wii)?ofl nlisoluttily void ; but impose R purmlly on tlio master if a written agreement hi; not iniule. WlRti a written a^Tcc- ineiit is made, it beeomi-s the only evideiir.o of the eontrnct between the parties ; aii,l ,, oeatnan cannot recover any thing agreed to be given in reward for his »c^vi<;c.^, wliidi 18 not upccified in the article*. A seaman who has engaijed to serve on board a KJiip, is bound to exert hiinsi-il' to the iituitist in the service of tiie ship; and, therefore, a promise made by the master of « shin in distress, to pay on extra sum to a seaman, as an inducement lo extraordinary exertion on his part, is held to be essentially void. 2. Conduct of Seumrn. — It is essential to the b isiness of navigation that the most prompt and ready obedience should be paid to t i-- lawful eommands of the master To tills eflbct it is covenanted in the articles of agreement previously quoted, that " each and every lawful command which the said master shall think necessary to issue for the cirectual government of the said vessel, suppressing immorality and vice of all kinds, be strictly complied with, under the penalty of the person or jx^rsons disubeyiiijt forfeiting his or their whole wages or hire, together with every thing belonging to liin, or them on board the said vessel." In case of disobedience or disorderly conduct on the part of the seamon, the master may correct them in a reasonable manner. Such an authority is absolutely necessary to the safety of tiie shi[) and of those on board ; but it behoves the master to act in such cases with great deliberation, and not to pervert the powers with which he is intrusted for the good of tlie whole to cruel or vindictive purposes. Masters abusing their au- thority must answer at law for the consequences. In the case of actual or open mutinv by the crew, or any part of them, the resistance of the master becomes an act of self- defence, and is to be considered in all its consequences in that point of view. The Ordinances of Oleron and Wlsby declare that a mariner who strikes the master shall either pay a fine or lose his right hand ; a singular as well as cruel alternative, unknown in modern jurisprudence. But although the master may by force restrain the commission of great crimes, ho ha.s m judicial authority over the criminal, but is bound to secure his person and bring him before a proper tribunal. And all justices of the peace are empowered to receive informatiuiis touching any murder, piracy, felony, or robbery upon the sea, and to commit the oirenJers for trial.— (43 Geo. 3. c, 160.) The desertion or absence without leave of seamen from a ship, while on a voyaije to foreign parts, being attended with many bad consequences, has been provided against in all maritime laws. It was enacted in this country, by the 1 1 & 12 Will. 3. c. 7., "That nil such seamen, officers, or sailors, wtio slinll dcsort the slilps or vessels whirfiiii tlicyarc hired to serve for that voyage, sh:itl for such offence forfeit all such wages as shall be then ilin^ to liliii or them." By suhseqiient statutes ('20co. 2. c. 30., and 31 Geo. 3. c. 3'.).), it is euacteil, that if, afierliav- iug entered into the agreement previously referred to, a mariner deserts or refuses to proceeil on llii; voyage, he forfeits to tlie owners all the wages then due to him, and a justice of the peace may, on complaint of the master, owner, or person having charge of tlic ship, issue a warrant to aiiprelitiiij him; and in case of his refusal to proceed on the voyage, or of his not assigning a sufficient nsisoii I'nr such refusal, may comiuit him to hard labour in the house of correction for not more than tliiriii nut less than /ut/rteen days, A mariner absentinjr himself from the ship without leave of the inastcriir other chief officer having charge of the ship, forfeits two days' pay for every sucli day's absence, Kitlie use of Greenwich Hospital. And in the case of foreign voyages, if, upon the ship's arriviil at lier jiori of delivery here, he leaves her without a written discharge iVoin the master or other person having charge of the ship, or if in the coasting trade he quits tlie ship bofure the cmjiifre is comi'leltil utidmr. CARGO DELIVERED, or before the expiration of the term for wliich he en;; iged, or before he has obtiiincj a discharge in writing, he forfeits I month's pay to the said hospital, liut these provisi>jiis da nut de- bar seamen from entering on board any of his Majesty's ships. In order still further to discountenance desertion, a penalty of 100/. is iinposcd by the 37 Geo. 3. c. 73. on every master or commander of any British merchant ship who engages any seaman or other person to serve on board such shi[), in the event of such master or com- mander being aware, at the time, that such seaman or person had deserted from any other ship or vessel. For an account of the penalties imposed on the master for leaving seamen in foreign countries, or refusing to bring them back, see Master. Neglect of duty, disobedience of orders, habitual drunkenness, or any cause which will justify a master in discharging a seaman during the voyage, will also deprive the seaman of his wages. If the cargo be embezzled or injured by the fraud or negligence of the seamen, so that the ing seamen in foreign the seamen, so that the SEAMEN. merchant has a right to claim «.: r •■ ^30 cu«l..m of merchants. ZlS a.«^ < l"" '"""" """ """"tcr an,? conduct the injury I,;; ^ p C A^'^rT'' ''^"^ '^^^S^^^:^ ZT' '''7 """y- ''^ "•« vidually. a« affecting o, )/£' ' r "'T' ^''''« Proviso, ho wo v ^.''''T"'' "'"'"''/l.'Lnt whole crew. Nor is anv L P'"''"'"'" Pei-sons guiltJ „f 7 ' ■ '" ''^' <-""«tru..,| i„,|i. The o/Ience, of runn[n7«!vay^rh";^' f "'^ers. " P"^""" "^ ^.h w.,g..s t, .„,ko -r mnkmg a revolt, are puni.hahle^y j'.V 'y-'h"'" '"'""'"'"^ yi-'''i"« her u„ f , "Tm, >f any commander or manter nf ^^ "'»'"'« ' » & 13 Will T '^ 1 "" ''"'"'"y. liiiii..u«ly run away with hi. „L ,i ^ '"" "i"" and tiirn i.ir„. " "" '"■»•■ M(>r nhaU i., n., . any pirate, •■nc. y or r he " " "'' ^"'"'-'irily lo ,,"'„ nir *' "*'«"• '"'»'. <'rrnn. Kiiyn, lli;it l.y nn ortlininico of I'liilip II. of Spnin. mmlo in the ynir I .')(;.), it is oriliinfd, tlmt tlic Hi-iinirii ^l>illl hhvc us nuirh an llicy cnn from Hliiiiwrrck ; uml, in ili.it ri»si<, llic niii-tcr is lioiiiul t > |i!iy tiK'ni llicir wiiij<"-<, nnd to five iIii-mi ii finllicr rcwunj in, th«'ir lalioiir ont of tin- ijodils. And tin- HiuiHfiitic Ordiniiiiri- of tlio year KilJ oxiirc-ly dirrciv, thai if hO inurli of llic sliij) lii> mim il aiH ('(uml.* the viiiiic of the wiujch of tlii' mioiji n, llwy sliidl 1m! puil their uholc v\ii^i'M. In like inaiincr, liii- Ordiiunirc of J{..iti'id.iin ar.,| ||.,. I''rnir/i Ordinrincc id^i cxpri'ssly din'ct the |M(yniint of w.iijcs out of llu! ri'liis iind iiiudij;,:, of the Hlii|i. — {Alilintl 1,11 III!'. 1.(111' iif Shlppim;, part iv. c «•.) " F liavi- not liiM'n iilili'," Vayt Lord 'IVntcrdi'ii, " to Iind nny di-ci.sioii of nn I]nt,'li>-Ii camt on tho point, iiiid llio li-ttiKlatum Iiim nindf no provision nl:'.liiij? to it. AMnn indinciiirnt in the rniirincrs to rxcrt ihcinsi'lvcH in tliii ho\ir of danuir, it may nM lin unlit to holl nut ii thrtn till' iirospcct of olitaiiiinu: thfir wni^i's, if they xavi- so nuicli of tho hlop as bhall W •■iil'- ficicMt to |),iy tlicni ; hut Ihrir claioi upon the Hiiiji sccins not to cxti'iid to. a rase, vvlii n in, accordinj; to tlin prinfijilis of tho law uptin which tlu'ir claim m founded, lit) wayc.-i arc [lay. ohlc to tlicin." — (I'art iv. c. ',;.) 'I'he laws of ONtoii, Wishy, nnd the llnnso towns, direct, that if a senninn die durin;^ tlu: voyajre, washes shall he paid to his heirs ; hut it is not clear wheliirr the sum thus dini'tcj to be p:iiil is to he nmiersiooil is mi'aninp; a payment pri>poirti()iied to tile lime of his .service, o( the who|(' sum tliat \u' would have earfie! loic iiifitlij cit'the \va^;i's wlilc h ^ h^ill he .liie ill IliiiJliiiio of HMcli p.iyini'iit, iMitil HiK'h sliip or versscl shiill return to (h-eat Itiiliiiii or Irrldvil, nr Ih" |ihuiliitiiiii,«, or to 8i)nii: other nl' liU .Miijesly's dninlnions, whereto they hcloM?, iinil fr ni wheiici! thny \V( n; lir^t filled out ; and ifsiiili niasirr or owiiir orsa< h tin'rcliMiit shi|i nr WisscI shall pay nr !I(Iv:im( c, nr ciuiiic to he paid nr adv.inced, any wa^es to any siMinan or mariner iihnve the t^aid ninicly, smli mi-iirnt owner shall fnrli'it nnd pay dmihlc the ninney he Hhall so pay nr ndvanre.-tn he rernviri'il in tin' Ili;|i Court of A/// rA/yi after the shiji's entry at the (,'ustoni-house, excejit in cases where a covenant shall be ciiicrni into to the contrary ; or at the time the seamen shall be discharged, wdiich shall iiist 1ki|)]icii, if demanded ; deducting the penalties and forfeitures imposed by the act, " under llie imiiiiIiv of paying to each seaman or mariner that shall be unpaid, contrary to tho intent ami hicim- ing of this act, tirenfi/ ftfilllings over and above the wages that shall be due to each |itrson, to be recovered by the same means and methods as the wages may be recovered; and surli payment of wages aforcsaiil shall be good and valid in law, notwithstanding any action, bill of sale, attachment, or incumbrance whatsoever." — (2 Geo. 2. c. 3().) And as to ships employed in the coastiiiir trade in the manner before mentioned, It is enacted, that the master, commander, or person having charge of the ship, shall be oMi.'fil to pay tho seamen their wages, if demanded, within _^('C (/ayf< after the ship shall he ciitcrcJ at the Customdiouse, or the cargo be delivered, or at the time the seamen shall bedisrliaigpil, which shall first happen, unless an agreement shall have been made to the contrary ; in which case the wages shall be paid according to such agreement, deducting in every case the penalties imposed by this act, under the like forfeiture of finenfiy s/iillina;!!, to be recovered in the same manner as with regard to ships coming from abroad ; and such payment .'.hall lie good in law, "notwithstanding any action, hill of sale, attachment, or incumbrance wiiatso- ever."— (31 Ceo. 3. c. 39.) Seamen, have a threefold remedy for the recovery of wages; viz. against the ship, the owner, and the master; and they may jirocced cither in the admiralty courLs or those of com- mon law : in the former case all may join, and payment may be obtained out of the value SEAMEN. 441 m«(lc to ipomm on hiiIviil;!'. "f t» rccntn- iTnl |)riiii'i|ilrH, tliry ('tinininitiiri/ iiii Ihe i> ill till- yt'iir IT)"!:!, iwrci'k ; iiii'l. i'l lliil .1 I'liitlitT rt'Wiird r^if your Ull I t'Niiro-ly kiiurn of till' Kt'iilucn, if KuUt'ril.iiii ni.il tly ! ri'liiM aiitl matnii', of nil Kn«li'*li <' li'ill (Hit I'l L> hlwp 'an uliiill Ih' i-iiI'. 1(1 to. a case, wlirniii, jil, \iO waacrf are puy. onnian il'io durin? i!ie 1' piim t'liio tliri'i'ti'cl 111 liiiu! (if liH service, or II (if llie vi)yii:;c. '\'\\h 37 (li'o, '.1. c. V.i. i! in y slii[) irailin.; Ici the i|i ill (Jri'at liritaiii, to lit the Kcaiiuiir.sixrcii. Bume, incur a iieimlly i pntitlcd to receive the Lle(.l till) iiicrihaiU ship ■in in forei>jrn roimtrirs, lilies, wlial iiiijilit'itlii.'r- it has been eiiaeted, :iiirfi, nr ('Hiio(" to lie ]iniil lyoiiil Ilie HeiiM, iiiiy nm- f\\:i\\ lie due ill tliiJliiiii! UnuK or lie' |'l-iiil;ili(iii?, wlioiice lliey wirn lirst iiy (ir iiilvdiii c, er riiiise (I niiiiely, t^ieli nei-lirnt i recnvereil in tin' llisli iiie."— (« Oio. I.e. 'it) jert of parlianinitary oulereil, that ii|i:iii the master or ceniiiiaiKlcr niandoil, in thirtiidivf venaiit shall he nitcrcil licli shall iiist hiipiicn, 't, " under the iitiially the intent and moan- he due to each jicr.-ion, recovered; and siirli nding any action, bill before mnnlioncil, it i-^ shiii, shall be olili:oil ship shall he oiitPrnl en shall he discliavgcd, de to the contrary ; in cting in every case the naco are authorii4C upon the complaint of any seaman as to tho nonpayment of wa);eN not exceeding 20/. ; nnd if they find the chiiin well founded, may, in the event of ilM not Ixina; paid within '-i days, issue their warrant for tho levy of the same hy distrcsN: parties dissalislieil may appeal to the admiralty. ■t, Pdi/mfiit It) (irernwich Hd.ipilul, — During tho reii^n of (Jeorjje 11. an eKtaliliHhntcnt iitiacheil to (ireenwich Hospital was erected (20 tJeo. 2. c. M.) "fur IhfrrllifiiiKlsii/iport „f,iinimid and di.iiiblnl neamnt, and l/ie wiilowi aiuf chiltlrin iif siirh «.» n/inll Iw killed, sliti", '"■ d iiwnrd, ill the merchant nervier. To provide a fund for this charitalile itiHtitiition, every person serviiin in any merchant ship, or other privatt* ship nr vessel, lH'loiigini{ to any (if liii .Mitjenty's Hubjectii in Kif^lnnd, (except ajiprentiees under tho ago of IH, persoiiH em- iiloycd ill bouts upon the coasts in taking fish which are brought fresh on shore, or in boats within rivers, or upon boots upon tho coast, and jiilots (except persons employed in tho ser- vice of the F.dxt India Company, and who ore not entitled to the benefit of this institution, liciiit? provided for by a futiil established by the ('ompany),) pays sixpence per ntiinth, which in (Icdiieted out of bis wages by the tnaster, and by him paid over to tht> persons aptioiiited under the authority of the act at tho port to which the ship beloni-s, before she shall bu alliiwed to clear inwards. For the management and distrihiition of diis fund, a ''orporiition wan created, comimsed chiefly of eminent merchants, with power to j i .ehn :: 'and and erect nil liospilid, and to provide for seamen reinler- 'J incapable of 8ervi(.\ i y Bii'k'M'n.-». wounds, or otluT acci lent il misf irtunes, and decroint and worn i it by :x\!/\ tidicr by ri'i . , ing them into the lioj-jiital, or by [lensioim; and also to relievo tl'.'S iUiswi- nnd oliiiJiVii if seamen killed (If ilnnvned in the merchant service, provided tho <.li Idrcr. ".^v. ia>t of .iic age of I'l yenrs; iir, if of that age and u[>wards, are incapable of getliag ri ii' -•iihooj ly re'ison of lui.i'.ineHs, Miiidiiesi, or other infirmity, and an* proper objects o. cUirily , art 'o niak.- ru. .o'lablo allinvaiices to those who shall lose an eye or lim'-, or lu (.fhervviac h.u; or inain-ei', in "t!u r ,lutv v.< t'li ir s. rvico, in p-'ipi'ion to their hurt ; so far forth as the income and reven ie;» cf IIk' ( liariij will o\i\'t' .o; tl'icse nur|iO!e years, an*' isiJ the CMii.iii iiion. Ami in p.'ovl^i-.Dg f r tliij eliisa, a preference is given to such as have serv 31I longest and ■■ "'titnbiito'j nii'.t, 1. An .Vcrnunt of the Mnney dediiolcd out of llio Wngi^s of f(,'iiiiien eni'i'iy'il .n Die iMi^rt .riiit .'ecvlct of Ihc Cdiintry, for tlie Years 1H28 and IS2i>j allow iiix tlie (Jrcja At'i 'nl rmi 'led ilie Nell ! )i,nny piiiil in (]re(3ii\vicli Iliii«|)itul, and tlm Amount and Uit'.c pur Com. puul " : (,; llcctii 1; il't: uLiue in e.icti Year, and for what Purposes employed. 1. 11. 18J9. /.. 1. /. /.. 1. d. Gm« smfiunt of tt« collection - • . • • ■ - 23.i*;i 1 ae.ia: i H Money iisiil ic Ort'ciiwich Hotpttat . . . . • . . I'.DiS 10 H 2l,4li n H T(jl»leli.cii>eo( collection ...... 4,8,17 1 > (,:2t 4 10} 1 Dttaxl of Ihe TiKal Exptnn of CaUtclian. """■ ■*"- . — ... — .- TolliflfPiily rfteiveri of Great nriliin and Iroljiid, America, Guernief, Jem v. Jnl V^w.'nina. iiuid, IiJ per cent, for cnlleclnii?, eirepi Ihe port of Lu-crimol, which is 7t per cciil. ■ Tj llie recifivi'rs general for .Scollaitd an t Irt'laud, .1 talary ol50^ |Tr aniiiin each t'i» ;t t> ;,' 11 4 1 1(11 (1 ion I) I^Uti'atiiiti cleik at the CiMloni-huuve, 10 per cent, on the ain-innl collected in America . 7tt 4 :7 ii !• v.v»iv iif llie c'lii'f receiver at Ni-wfoundl.ind, 71 per cent, on the collection tl 1 H i Sdirlin tn ilie receiver geiiitral and comptroller at the port of LAiiidoQ, tlieir cleriis, clerk at tiie cui'iims nieaaeiiger, and houiekceper ....... i,iiperannu»tlun allowances --...-. 36 '1 n." f ' ht'ift, ilitiouety, taiM, and bouaekeeper'a ditbuneaientt ..... L. 4(jS 16 10 4 " 1 1 1 6 ;,7i.i The monies paid to Greenwich Hospital are applied lo the rT«/>eral piirpoups of the insliiiitinn. V i ir. ORVT tier'; oniie Cheque. The mtiil expense of collecting amnunted in the yeai M*^ m 2(1; ik - er*"., f-i il in Vj*H\ to 18 percent. OH the griiss receipts ; but arrangements are now ordeicd I'j ix cafilti Um} ti^'Xu '»y which the whole e\p(!nsi; will he reiluced to about 10 per cent. RnyalHoripilul, Greenwich, lOth of M-.y, 1830. W. 11. HOOPER. Secretary. II. Account of Merchant Seamen now in the Roj il iIoi«pitHl f^i^flpatn^^o tit Greenwich, with the Com- parative Amount of Service in >^^'j Uuvy ami in the iMerchunts' Employ. Nunihirof Mel) whti have BCver servtd in (he Navy, Numhftrof Men wlin havp Bervcd in the Navy Mid 'I lll'J Merch. ■!;( SiTvlce. of Vuars ; rvc! ly them in the King't Service. Nil. 1,121 1R,I95 Totil Number of Viurs serviJ hy them In the Merchant's Service. 14,485 Averi^e Number of Years ■rrved \>y each Man in the Navy. I6i Average Number of Ye-im •erved tiy each Mm in Ihe Merchanti' Service. 13 The uubtiabinent of Greenwich Hoipital is or thwe are- Seamen whr> have served in merchant ihips Seamen who have served in {Ling's ships only Rnyil marines ■ - . - Lutiaticj . . • • Absent • ■ - • - Vacancies . . . • 2,710 4 « I I J) 66 442 SEAMEN (LAWS RELATING TO). in. Account of Children ofMerchant Seamen in the School of Greenwich IIoBpital. Tffii <0r 'i^'" i'^ •• t:. Jl H IStmt... ■.,ixm mi 711 ■UK^ ...-vnftii.' I* ..US*'- njsatii"' ^' 3 Kb k ■ Number of Children of Merchant Seamen whfue Father! have never terveil in the Navy. Nnniber of Children of Merchant Seamen whtite F.ilhera have also si-rvej in the Navy. Rcmarki. 89 23 Theoriff nal Greenwirh lfr>spit,il schrw.i, to whlth Ihc rhit'lren of merchinl at-anien are eligible, consialeJ of 200 cliil>lrt;n, until, hy a re^uldlion uf l^2ij, it \va.i incrtoicj to 30U. R. O. KEATS, Governor. Hoyiil Hospital, Greenwich, 0th of April, 1831. In order to ascertain the times of service and payment of the contribution, the inaster must keep a muskr-mll of the persons employed in the ship, and before its departure deliver a duplicate to the collector of these duties at the port; and, during the voyage, enter the time and place of discharge, (juitting, and desertion, and of receiving other persons on board, and of any hurt, damage, death, or drowning; of which he must also deliver a duplicalc at his return, under the penalty of 20/., to the tiulh whereof he may be examined upon oaih by the collector. Am! in case any person employed on board any ship or vessel shall, in doing his duty on shore or on board, break an arm or leg, or be otherwise hurt or maimpd. he is to be properly relieved until sufliciently recovered to be sent to the place to which the ship belongs. 13ut, notwithstanding the principle of this charity is excellent, it has been alleged, and, we apprehend, on pretty good grounds, that the conditions under which merchant sca:nen are admitted to participate in its benefits arc too onerous, that they have not reaped from it an advantage equivalent to the sacrifice it imposes on them, and that the ex[)enses of col- lection have been quite enormous. The last part of this statement is, indeed, completely borne out by the first of the foregoini; documents, which shows that the expense of collection is, in future, to be reduced to a Imlf of what it has hitherto been ; and wc have been well assured that the reduction may be safely carried a good deal further. The second of the foregoing accounts shows that there is not at present a single senmen in Greenwich Hos()ital, except such as have served in the navy ; a circumstance wliicli, con- sidering the nmnber of men in the merchant service, the large sum (26,000/.) annually paid by them to the hospital, and the period that has elapsed since the termination of tiie war, strikes us as not a little extraordinary. The subject is one that seems to require a thorough investigation. Merchant seamen ought to participate, equally with those in his .Majesty's service, in the benefits of an institution to which they contribute so largely. For further details with respect to this important subject, see Lord Tenterden's work on the Law of flipping. (Seamkx (CoxsoiinATioN OF Laws hkiatixg to). During the session of 1835 an Act was passed (5 & 6 W. 4. c. 19.) of great imporlanec to seamen, and to persons connected with navigation. It is intituled " An Act for ainondiii,; and consolidating the Laws relating to Merchant Seamen, and for forming and maiiitainin,' a Kegister of all the Men engaged in that Service." It lays down the various forms and regulations to be observed in hiring, paying, and discharging seamen ; establishes an olUco for their registry; and prescri'uos the mode in which lists of crews are to be transiiiitied to the registrar. It also regulates the number of apprentices to be taken on board ship; the conditions under which seamen may, in certain cases, be left in foreign parts ; with a varieiv of other interesting particulars. As any infraction of the provisions of the Act incurs, iii most cases, the forfeiture of heavy penalties, it should be carefully attended to, both by mas- ters and men. After declaring that the prosperity, strength, and safety of the kinijilom prin- cipally depend on a large, constant, and ready supply of seamen, as well for canvimi^ nn tlip commerce as for the defence thereof, and that it is necessary, by all practicable moans, to in- crease the number of such seamen, and to give them all due encouragement and protcciion; and that, in furtherance of this end, it is expedient to amend and consolidate the laws rolaiinj to their registration and government, the statute goes on to enact : — Repeal of different Mctis.-Vtnm and .iflor llio 3Ist of July, I8.T), from wliirli day tliis net sliiill lato ell'ect, tlie act i & .') Ann. c. (>. for llie Increase of seamen. &,c. ; llie act 2 V,. 2. r, liti. lor the lu'lh'r ri^«Iiilation,&c. of Hi-anieli in llie miTcliant service ; tlie net 2 (J. .I.e. ."il. for pi'rpetiialinu' tlio hst-iiien- lioned act, &.i;. ; the art .11 (i. 3.c. :!!). for the l)etter rcenlation, &r,. of seamen In the co.isiin" iriulei'i the kinirdom; the act l.'i (;. 3. c. SI. for nnieiuliiig tlie last mentloneil act; the act .ST ther persons on board, deliver a duplicalc at ; examined u[ion oath ship or vessel shiill, in rwise hurt or maimed, the place to which the has been alleged, and, hich merchant seamen ave not rca[)cd from it iial the exiHjnses of co!- .hc first of the foregoin:; to be reduced to a linlj it the reduction may be present a single seamen ircumstance which, con- '26,000/.) annually \n\i termination of the war, ins to require a thorough ,h those in his Majesty's largely. n-d Tetikrden^s work m } to). 19.) of great importance il "An Act for amending l)rming and maintaiiiin,; n the various forms ami n ; establishes an ollico are to be tran^lll:tted to .lUcn on boanl ship ; the [gn parts; with a variety ans of the Act incurs, in ttended to, b,>th liy mas- [ety of the kiuL^dom [irin- well for rnrryiii'^ on the iracticable means, to in- fagemcnt and protection; lolidatc the laws rdaiin? ill day tliis act sliall take [2C;.2. c.atV I'nr tlie houer IpiTpeliiatiim tin: lasl-nim- lu'ii in till) coivstiiiiJtr.idiM'l 1; llu: act :<7 (i. 3. 0.71 fur \l Indies; tlie ad fiSCJ .', •alariim m')" a'nl Imys.sc, Ir iiiiiiil)or(if iipiif'"'"''*':' IhH. fur i-iii,tiiHiiiis: tlie '^'J''' Vis' service, iire Inn'liy re- Vs iiiriirriMl previous to llie liuiiishable and retuvewbie lawful for any master of .^y ghipnr vpssrI helnnsinB to any 8iil>jert of the V. K. trading to parts lipynnd seaa, or of any llrltish rec.jslpred ptiip uf llie Imrdeii of bOlons or upwards employed in the (isliiTiis of the V K , or in trading Cdastivise or otherwise, to carry to sea, from this kingiloin or anyoiiirr pine, any seaioan or ntlier pcrsiin as one of his erew or roinplemunt CupprentireH excepted), without firsi cnii'miii into an ajirec- meiit in wrilii'B "'ith every sncli seaman, specifying what monihly or olher waL'e^ .-nch seaman is to lie paid, the capacity in which lie is to act, and llie nature of tlie voyage in which tlie sli'p is inlemied in be piiipl'"yed, so {hat the seaman may have some means of judging of the |irolialile pi-riod for which Vjj ji, likely to he encaged ; and the said agreement shall contain llie day ot tlie nionili andyearin ■ liifli the same shall be made, and shall he signed hy the master in the tirst instance, and hy the sea- men respectively at the port or place where such seamen shall he respectively shipped ; imd the niaster fliall cause the same to he, by or in presence of the parly who is to attest tiieir respeciive ^ignlllures lliereio, truly and distinctly read over to every such seaman before he shall he reiinired to sign the c'lnie, in ordi-r that he m:iy lie enabled to understand the pnrpoit and nieaning of the engagement lie enters into and the terms lo which he is bound.—} 2. RfiriilnliiinK rcfpecliiifr h'lirws uf Jlgreeiiiciil.i.~i\\ the cases of ships b.iund to parts beyond seas, cx- rniit as herein-after provideil, every agreement shall be in llie form and shall contain Irin' entries iin- i r their lespeclive heads of the several particulars set forth in the schedule marked (A.) at the end nftliis act, so far as the sai le can lie ascertained ; and tlie owners anil the master of eierv such ship, nf (iiie of I lie Ml, shall, on reporting his ship's arrival at her port of destination in the 11. K .deposit with il fiilleclor or comptroller of customs at such port a true cojiy i { siidi agreement, attested by ; ujmiatnre of the master, that every person interested in such agreement may at all times know 1 10 leriiis and conditions thereof; and in the cases of ships employed in lisliing on ihe coasts of 1 1(. U K.. and of ships regularly trading from one pan of ihe I'. K. to another, and of ships regularly niliii" eV inaking regular voyages to any of the islands of Jersey, (iuernsey, Alclenii-y, Sark, iind .,' ,^r |„ iiny port on the contiaeol of Kiirope between the river lOlbe inclusive anil liresl. the airree- ii ent to 'ic entered into as aforesaid shall be in the form and shall tonlain due entries in der their rc- Lierlive he:i(ls of the particulars, set forth in the schedule (H.) at the end of this act, so far as the same r\n lie ascertained ; and the owner or one of the owners of every such ship enipluyed in lisliing or in indiiia '" any of the cases I isl mentioned shall, within ten days next after the e.xjiiralicni of every 6 mnnllis ending the .SOih nf ,]une and the 31st of Di.'cemlier eacli year, deposit with the collector or cnuiptroller of the customs of the port to which the ship belongs a true copy of every agreement en- ipreil into with any person com|insing pan of the crew within the preceding fi niontlis, a, tested by the sicnainre of such owner ; and all c ipies of agreements reipiired to be deposiieil as al'urisaid shall, when the same have been deposited, and be required to be produced in evidence on the part of any seaman, be received and taken as legal proof of the contents of the agreement.— } :t. 'pc'ial'm fur Dcfiiiilt —l('U\y master nf any ship as aforesaid carry out to sea any seaman (appren- tices e\ee|ited) without having first entered into the agreement hereby rei|nirecl, lie slinll for every fUi'li oll'ence forfeit and pay the siitn of 1(1/. in respect of each and every seaii an carried out contrary toihis act ; and if any master nciilecl to cause the agreement to be dislinctly read over to each sea- 111 in asen'ioined above, he shall for every such neglect forfeit and pay the sum of.''/, ; and if any mas- ler n'eVleri I" deposit a copy of the jigreement with the collector or complreller of the customs as is herein' renuired, or shall wilfully deposit a false copy of such agreemeiil, lie shall for every sucli neg- lect nr offence forfeit and pay the s.;. of .OO/.— } 4. Sfiimen vol III lie. iliprircil if Irnal Ileiiirdic.-!, i^-r.— No seaman, by entering into or siL'nin? such ngrec- nent as aforesaid, shall forfeit his lien upon the ship, nor be deprived of any retnedy for the recovery of his vaL'es which seamen are now lawfully entitled to against either the ship, she muster, or Ihe owners thereof; nor shall any agreement made contrary to or inconsislenl with the provisions of this art. or any clause whereby a seaman shall consent to forego le right whiili the ii ariliine law gives liinitn wasis in Ihe case of freight earned by ships subseoiienlly lost, or cont.iining any words to that clfert. lie valid or binding on any seaman signing the same ; and in cases in which i may he necessary that the aL'reenient should be produced to sustain a claim on the part of a seaman, no obligation shall lieupeii the seaman to produce the same, nor shall any seaman fail in any soil or proceriling for the recnverv of his waaes for want of ilie production of sin h agreement, or of any dopi sited copy thereof as aferesaiil. or fir the want of any iiolice lo produce tiie same ; any law or usage to llie contrary nnlwiihstaniliii!!.- } .''■ Jffliiifii rifdfiiig lo join or to proceed in the. Ship, lyc. may be ccvimilled lo <7i;e/.- In case a seaman shall, after liaviirg signed an iigreeinenl as before-mentioned, neglect or refuse to join the ship on iioiirii of which he had engaired lo serve, or refuse to proceed to sea in her, or absent himself therefrom wiihiint leave, il shall be lawful for any justice of the peace, at home or abroad, near the pbice, upon com|ilaint of the fict made upon oath dy the niaster, mate, or own.'r thereof, and such justice is re- miireil, by bis warrant, to cause such seaman to be appreliendeil and brongbt before him ; and in case Biich seaman shall not give a reason lo the satisfaction of such justice for his neglect, refusal, or nb- Eciice, iiiioii due proof thereof if shall be lawful for such justice to commit such senm.iu to the liouse (il'tiirrection. to be kept lo hard labour for a period not exceedinc nil days : provided that in case such Feanian. on being broiiclit before said justice, shall consent lo join the ship and i.roceed on the voyage fDrwliieb h(! has agreed, it shall be lawful for said justice, at the request of the master, instead of cniiiniitiing such seaman, to cause him to be conveyed on board the said ship, or be delivered to llie master, for the purpose nf proceeding on Ihe voyage, and also to award lo the uiasler such costs as fliall se'eni reasonable, not exceeding in any case the sum of ■in» , which sliall be chargeable against anil iniv !"■ abate! frni.i the wages to grow due to such seaman.—} (>. Fiirfi'iliire fur lewporunj Mnevet from J)iily.—l( any seaman, iifter having signed the aforesaid agrce- inent.nr after the ship on board of'wliicli he has agreed lo serve has left her first port of clearance, and lieforeihe iieriod for which he has acreed lo serve be completed, shall wilfully aid v.ithout leave ab- fpiit himself from the ship, or from his duty, he shall (in all eases not of absolute desertion, ornot ireateil as such by Ihe master) forfeit out of liis wages to Ihe niasteror owner of siu h ship Ihe amount ofSilays' pay fur every 21 hours of such absence, and in a like proportion for any less period of time, or, at the option of the said master, the amonnt of such e.vpenses as have been iiecessaiily incurred in hirincapiilisfifute to perlonn his work ; and incase any seaman while he belongs to the ship shall whhniii siilfn ient cause neglect lo perform siii li reasonable duty as is lequired of liiui by the master nriiiher person in command, he shall be subject to a like forfeiture in respect of every sm li oirenco, am! nf every 21 hours' continuance thereof; and in case a seaman, after signing such atieenient, or afiir the ship's arrival at her port of delivery, and before her cargo be (liscliari'ed. shall quit the ship wiihnnt a previous dischatge or leave from the master, be shall forfeit 1 month's pay eiit of his w age-s. Hill nn sill h forfeitures shall be incurred unless the fact of the seaman's leniporary absence, neglect of itiilv, nri]iiiiiing the ship be duly entered in Ihe ship's log-book, which entry shall specify truly the liniirofllieday at which llie same shtill have occurred, and the period during wliich the seaman was aliseiit nr iiegU'iied his duly, the Iriilli of which entry the owner or master must, in all cases nf dis- jiufe, siihsianliaie by the evidence of the n.ate or some other credible witness.—} 7. IhirJItnoiint of Forfeiture is iifcerldineil vhcu Seamen conlrurl for the /'ei.ojLC— In all cases where tlie eeaiiiiiii has cuniructed fur wages by the voyage or by tliu run, und not by the iiiuntli ur oilier slatea ij! II 444 SEAMEN (LAWS RELATING TO) ««■• • !T5 ••a. ^ -a* IT''' ''•'' '■? pair- ■f'^«|l period of time, the amount of forfeitures incurred under tliis act shall be ascertained as follows : viz., if the whole liriit? spent in the voyage agreed upon shall exceed 1 calendar month, the forfeiture of 1 month's pay, expressed in this act, shall be taken to be a forfeiture of a sum of money bearing the same proportion to the whole wages as a calendar month shall bear to the whole time spent in tlie voyage, and In like manner a forfeiture of 2 days' pay or less shall be accounted and taken to be a for- feiture of a sum bearing the same proportion to the whole wages as the same period of time shall bear to the whole time spent in the voyage ; and if the whole time spent in the voyage shall not exceed 1 calendar month, the forfeiture of 1 month's pay shall be taken to be a forfeiture of the whole wages contracted for; and if suchtime shall not exceed 2 days, the forfeiture of 9 days' pay shall beaccouiiied and taken to he a forfeiture of the whole wages contracted for; and the master is authorised to abate the amount of all such forfeitures enacted out of the wages of any seaman incurring the same.— } 8. Fiirfeihirc. f,ir Df.sertiun.—Eyety seaman who absolutely deserts the ship to which he belongs shall forft it to the owner or master all his clothes and effects left on board, and all wages and emoluinenis to which he might otherwise be entitled, provided the circumstances attending such desertion be en. tered in th(! log-book at the time, and certified by the signature of the master anil mate or other creiij. ble witness ; and an absence of a seaman from the ship for any time within the space of 21 hours ini. mediately preceding the sailing of the ship without permission from the n)aster, or for any pi^iod however short under circumstances plainly showing that it was his intention not to return, sljall \,e deemed an absolute desertion; and in case any such desertion take place in parts beyond seas, ami the master be under the necessity of engaging a substitute for the deserter at a higher rate of wates than thai stipulated in the agreement to be paid to the seaman deserting, the owner or master slmii be entitled to recover from the deserter by summary proceeding, in the same ninnrier as wages are hereby made recoverable, any excess of wages which he shall pay to such substitute beyond l!ie amount payable to the deserter had he duly ptirfurmed his service pursuant to agreement.—} 9. Penalty for harbouring Deserters. — It any person shall, on shipboaril or on shore, harbour or secrete a seanicin uho has signed an agreement to proceed on a voyage to parts beyond seas, and has deserted or absented himself without leave from his ship, knowing or having reason to believe him to be a de- serter, or to be absent without leave, he shall for every seaman so harboured or secreleil forfeit 10/ ; and no debt exceeding 5s., incurred by any seaman after he has signed any agreement as aforL'sald, shall be recoveral)le until the voyage agreed for has been concluded; nor shall it be lawful for any keeper of a public-house, or of a lodging-house for seamen, to withhold or detain any cheat, berl or bedding, clothes, tools, or other effects ofany seaman, for any debt alleged to have been contracted by such seaman ; and in case any chest, bed, &c., or otiier effects as aforesaid, be withheld contrary to this act, it shall be lawful for any justice of the peace in any part of H. M.'s dominions, upon com- plaint upon oath made by such seaman or on his behalf, to inquire into the matter, and if he see riithttu cause such property or effects so withheld or detained to be seized and delivered over to the seaman — } 10. The Period wtthin which Usages are to be paid.— The master or owner of every ship is hereby required to nay to every seaman entered as aforesaid his wages, if the same be demanded, within tin; piirlods followitig; viy,., if the ship be employed in trading coastwise, the wages shall be paid witliiu ajays after the termination of the agreement, or at the time when such seaman is discharged, whichever shall first happen; if the ship be employed in trading otherwise than coastwise, then the wages sh.ill be paid, at the latest, within 3 days after the cargo is delivered, or within 10 days after the seaman's discharge, whichever shall first happen; in either of which last-mentioned cases of paynieni being delayed, the seaman at the time of his discharge is ctititled to be paid on account a sum equal tn one fourth part of the estimated balance due to him ; and in case any master or owner neglect or refuse to make such payment, he shall for every such neglect or refusal forfeit and pay to the seaman ilie amount of 2 days' pay for each day, not exceeding 10 days, during which payment shall wilhdiii snlA- cient cause be delayed beyond the period at which such wagef or part wages are hereby required to he paid ; for recovery of which forfeiture the seaman has the same remedies as he is entitled to fur re- covery of his wages : provided that i\othing in tliis clause contained shall extend to the casi'S ofsliiijs employed in the southern whale fislu'ry, or on voyages >r which seamen by the terms of their agres- ment are ccunpensaied by shares in the profits of the adventure. — } 11. Payment of IVuges to be valid nottcitUstandivg Bill uf Sale, S^c. — Every such payment of wascs tna ■eaman shall l)e valid and effectual in law, notwithstanding any bill of sale or assignment made by any seaman of such wages, or ofany nttachnient or incumbrance thereon ; and no assigriiniMit nrsale of wages made prior to the earning thereof, ni>r any power of attorney expressed to be irrev(icablo for the receipt of such wages, shall hi; valid or biniiing upon the party making the same. — i 12. Masters tn give Seamen Certificates on Discharge. — Upon the discharge of a seaman from ship, he Bhall be entitled to receive from the master a certificate, signed by him, of his service and discharge, specifying the [leriod of service and the time and place of his discharge; and any master refasingio give such cerlificatc, without reasonable cause, shall for every such offence forfeit and pay such sea- man the sum of 3/.—} 13. For obtaining imvieiliale PaT/vient of Wages of Seamen tn certain Cases. — If af^er a seaman has been discharged froiii any ship or vessel 3 days he shall be desirous of proceeding to sea on another voyage, and in order thereto reigiiires immediate payment of the wages due to him, any justice of the peace in any part ol II. M.'s dominions may, on application from such seaman, and on satisfactory proof iliai he would be prevented from employmenl by delay, summon the master or owner of such shi|i or ves- sel before him, and require cause to be shown why immediate payment of such wages shoiil I not be made; and if it appear to the satlsfiction of such justice that there is no reasonable cause for delay, he shall order payment to be made fortliwiih, and in default uf compliance with such order sucli mas- ter or owner shall forfeit and pay the sum of 5/. — i 14, Stininiary Mode of recovering Wages not exceeding 20/. — And whereas seamen, in cases of disputH.roay be exposed to great inconvenience, expense, and delay in obtaining payment of their waps; fw remedy thereof it is enacted, in all cases of wages not exceeding 20/. which are due and payable in a ■eaman for service in any ship, it shall be lawful for any justice of peace in any part of 11. M.'s dominions, resiiliiig near the place where the ship has ended her voyage, cleared i>r dischar|.'ed bci cargo, or near the place where the master or owner upon whom the claim is made sliall be or reside, Upon complaint on oath made to such justice by any seaman, or on his behalf, to summon such master or owner to appear before him to answer such coniplaint, and upon his appearance, or in default thereof, on proof of his having been summoned, such justice is empowered to examine upon llie oaih of the parlies and their witnesses (if there be any) touching the cject8 lieing master or owner of any ship rcgisiered in any port of the U. K., for so long time and until such boys shall respectively attain the age of sj years, which binding shall be as elTectual as if such boy had heen bound hy virtue of any statute now in force respecting the binding of parisli apprentices, or as if such boy were of full age and had lioimj himself an apprentice, and notwithstanding the residence of the master or owner to whom lie may be bound be more than 40 miles distant from such parish or place : provided that every such bjnilin^ shall be made in tlie presence of 2 justices acting for the county, riding, borough, or place wiiiii,, which such parish or township is situate, whicli justices ahall execute the indenture in testiiiiony of their being satisfied that such boy hath attained the age and is of sufficient health and strength aa required liy this act ; and that the period when (he service under such indenture shall expire may ihi> more certainly appear, the age of every such boy shall be inserted in his indenture, the same btinj truly taken from the entry of his baptism in the register book of the parish in which he was born (wliere the same can be obtained), a copy of which shall be given and attested by the olliciating minij. ter of such parish without fee or reward j and where no such entry of baptism can be found, llie jus. tices shall inform themselves as fully us they can of the boy's age, and from such informatinn sliali insert the same in his indenture, and the age of every such boy so inserted therein shall (in riilaiion to the continuance of his service) be takeiii to be his true age witliout any further proof llitreof — } 26. Parish Apprentices mtiij be turned over to the Sea Service.— It shall be lawful for any person to whom any parish apprentice is bound to a service on shore according to the statutes already in force roluij,,, to such apprentices, or for the executors or administrators, or, there being none such, for the wnluiv of any such deceased person, with llie concurrence of two or more justices residing in or near in Hu place where such poor boy shall he bound apprentice, to assign and turn over such boy, with lijs co^. sent, but not otherwise, apprentice to any master or owner of any ship not having her complement oi' apprentices as herein required, to be employed by such master or owner in tlie sea service during Hj^ unexpired period of liis nporenticeship. — { 27. Indentures viaij be nxnigned on the Death -' the Master. — In the event of the death of the niastpr of any parish approntl..c; to the sea service, aliall be lawful for the widow, executor, or adniinisiraicir of such deceased master to assign his indenture for the residue of tlie unexpired term to any nia.4(cr or owner of any ship not having the complement of apprentices herein required ; all which a.^.-i jn. ments, if executed within the port of London, shall be atiested by the registrar or one of his a^^si.slanls or clerks, and if at any other port by the collector or comptroller of the customs thereof.— { 23. Parish Officers to prepare Indentures. — Such overseers, ic. shall cauae the indentures of apprtnticp. ship to be prepared and transmitted in duplicate, if the master or owner of the ship to wlinni siicii apprentice is bound be or reside within the limits of the port of London, to the registrar, and ifatany other port to the collector or comptroller of customs such port; and the said overseers or oilit, persons shall cause each poor boy to be conducted and L.nveyed to such port or place by the cnnsia. ble and at the expense of the parish or town.ship sending him thither, and shall also, upon thecxecuiion by the master of the counterpart of the indentures, cause to be paid down to the master the sninof 5/., to he expended in providing such boy with necessary i:ea clothing and bedding ; which sum, tviih the other expenses, are to be allowed in their accounts in relation to the poor. — tl 29. How Counterparts nf Indentures to be ^«esterf.— The rounterparts of all indentures shall, if the mas. ter be or reside within the limits of the port of London, be executed in the presence of and altesiej by the registrar or one of his assistants or clerks, and if at any other port by the collector nrcnnip. troller of the customs at such port, and also in both cases by the constable or other oflicer wliosliaii convey such apprentices thither, and such indentures shall bear date respectively on the days on winch they are executed; and the constable on his return shall deliver such counterpart to tlie overseers or other competent persons to be registered and preserved. — } 30. Knery Ship to have .Apprentices according to her Tonnajre. — The master of every ship bclnngins ti any subject of the U. K., and of the burden of f-0 tons and upwards, shall have on board, at ilie tiine of clearing out from any port of the V. K., I apprentice or more, in the following proportinns to the ship's admeasurement, according to tlie certilicate of registry ; viz., every ship of 80 tons and umicr 200 tons sliall have 1 apprentice at the least, every ship of 200 tons and under 400 tons shall have i apprentices at the least, every ship of 400 tons and under 500 tons shall have 3 apprentices at the least, every ship of 500 tons and under 700 tons sliall have 4 apprentices at the least, and every ship of 700 tons and upwards shall have 5 apprentices at the least, all of whom at the period of Unit being hound shall have been under 17 years of age, and shall have heen duly bound for tlie lerninf 4 years at the least ; and if any master neglect to have on boanl his ship the number of a|,{ircnlicei hereby required, he shall for every such offence forfeit and pay the sum of 10/. in respect of e.ich apprentice so deficient. — } 31. Apprentices erempt from Contributions. — No apprentice bound nr assigned pursuant to this ad, nnr any master or owner in respect of any such apprentice, shall be liable for the payment of any contri- bution for the support of any iiospital or institution. — } 32. Indentures and As.iignments to he registered. — The registrar in London, and the collector and comp- troller of customs at each other port, shall, in a book to he kept for that purpose, enter all indentures and assignments of parish apprentices, specifying the dates thereof, the names and ages of theappren. tices, the parishes or places from whence sent, the names and residences of the masters to whom bound or assigned, and the names, ports, and burden of the respective ships to which such niaslers belong, and shall make and subscribe on each indenture or assignment an indorsement piirpurtin; that the same hath been duly registered pursuant to this act ; and every collector and comptroller shall also at the end of each quarter of the year transmit a list of the indentures and a^^ilsnuienii registered hy him within the preceding quarter, containing all the particulars aforesaid, to the regis- trar in London. — } 33. Indentures of .Apprentices to be registered. — In every case of a person volunta.lly bindins iiimsHf apprentice to the sea service, the indentures to be executed on such occasions shall be registered iiu book to he kept for that purpose hy the registrar in London, and by the collector and comptroller of ru<- toms at each other port at which the indenture shall be executed, in which books sliall lie exptess'd the dates of the several indentures, the names and ages of the apprentices, the names and reslilente of their masters, and (if known) the names, port, and burden of the several ships on hoard wliiili they are to serve; and such registrar or collector and comptroller shall indorse and ."uhscrihn LipM each indenture a certiticato purporting that the same hath been duly registered pursuant to this act; and the said collector and comptroller shall also at the end of eacli quarter of the year iransniitaliil of the indentures so registered hy them witiiiii the preceding quarter, crmlaiiiing iill the pnrluiiliri aforesaid, to the said registrar, I'nr the purposes of this act ; and it shall he; lawful for tlie inasler,(ir his executor or administrator, with the consent of the apprentice if of the age of IT years nriipwardi, and if under that age witli the consent of his parent or guardian, to assign or transfer his indenture to any other master or owner of any registered ship ; and all such viduntary apprentices may, diinm tlio term for which they are bound, be employed in any ship of which the master of any apiircniiceu SEAMEN (LAWS RELATING TO). 447 ving attained the age of inta is or arc nuiintained III, but not ollierwiai', an er of any ship regiglcreil ively attain llie age of 21 irtiifi of any stalule now of full age iintl liad hound owner to wlioin lie miw i that every such biiiilin'5 borough, or place wiiliin indenture in tcstunonyof nt healtli and slreiigih ag iture shall expire may the indenture, the same being jh in which he was born Bd by the otlicintiiig minis. ism can be found, the jus. im such inforniiUion sliaii d therein sliall (iu rtlaiidn my further proof thereof. \i\ for any person to wliom es already in force rehuing none such, for the widmv 8 residing in or near lu the ^er such boy, with his ton- having licr comiiloiiicnl f]f I llie sea service during tlie the death of the master of , executor, or aduiinistraKir expired term to any master eqiiired ; all which assign- irar or one of his assistants istonis thereof—} 23. le indentures of apprentice- ■ r of the ship to wbnni such n the registrar, and If at any the said overseers or otiier port or place by the consia. ihall also, upon the execution vn to the master the sutnof i bedding ; which sum, wtlti poor--} 29. indentures shall, if the mas. the presence of and altesteiin entry ti> tlie delivery up of all hj, clothes and eflects on board such merchant ship, and (in ciise ilic slilp shall have earned freiflii) ,„ receive from the master the payment of the proporlionaKt amount of his waL'es up lo the period of ■Itch entry, in money, or by a bill on the owner ; all which cldllies, etfecls, mcjuey, and bill sncli mas. ter is required lo deliver up to liim accordingly, under a penally fil'-iJi. for any relusal or neglecl, ii, l,e recovered with full costs of suit by such seaman : prnvided. Ili.ii if no freight have been eaiiu-d ai Hi^ time of such entry, then the master shall be niinired to give the seaman so entering a bill ti|i(.|i n,, owner for his wages to thti period of such entry, p.iyahle on llie ship's safe arrival at her clcsiiiuj port; but in case the master shall have no means of ascerlaining llie balance! justly due, lie siimi make out and deliver to such si^aman a certificate of the period of his services and the rale of \\:i«,.^ lie is entitled to, producing at the same lime to the cominanding olliccr of II. M.'s ship the ;iKri'iiMi.|| entered into with the seaman for the voyage ; and every niaslcr, upon Hie delivery up of such cIdiius and effects, and the settlement, as now direcleil, of such wagi s, shall be eniiiled lo receive Inim n,, officer in command of II. M.'s ship into which such seaman has nilered, a certificate si^'iieil i,y iln, officer, which he is hereby required to give upon the rii|Uesl of the masKir, leslifying that sinli'si.ii. man has entered into II M.'s ship to serve, as proof ttiut the muster had not parted with the licuiiiiiii contrary to the provisions of this act.— ^ '10. Power in If. M. lo sue fur the Jlmuunt otlruvreil fur Seamen left ahroatl. — In all rases where any niaslij has forced on shore or left behind any person against tlie provisions of this iicl, and any sin ii ikm-ih shall become distressed and be relieveil under the |irovisioiis of the acl II (ii:o. 1. c. '2(1., or niitjir iinv act hereafter to be passed, then, in adilitioii to the wages clue from and llie pi'iiallies imposeil im siimi master, H. M. shall be eiililled to sue him or llw owner of llie slii|i, at ilie opiioii of ilie lords i.in,, admiralty, for all charges and expenses incurred ou the sulisisleio c, necessary clothing, and ciimvij! ance lioiiie of such person, as so iiuicli iiioney paid and e.xpendid lo Ihe use of llie ilefeiidaiii, wlmji, together with full costs of suit, may be recovered in tlie same inaniier as oilier delils diii> to II. .M. mj recoverable ; and in any proceeding for that purpose proof of the account liirnislieil lo ilie s;iiil da,,. Iiiissioiiers by anyone of such functionaries, or by such I wo merchants or oni,' inerchanl, accohlm^. lu the else, as provided by Ihe said act of the II (ieo. 4. c. '2U., shall, togiiher with proof of pajii.ciit l.y the said lords or by the treasurer of the navy, of the charges incurred on account of sucli persiin.l'e sufficient evidence that he was relieved and conveyed home at H. Al.'s expense; and llie ci.iirl m whiih any proceeding for the recovery of the said money is insliiiiled isauthorised lo issui! ai Dinaus. sion for llie examination of witnesses abroad, and thu depositions so taken shall be received asuvi. dence.^J 47. Ship's Jigreement on Arrival at a Foreign Port to be deposited irith the Consul. — Kvery master of j British ship, on his arrival at any foreigii port where there is a Hrilisli consul or vice-coii>iil, shall deliver to such functionary the agreement with his ship's crew, to be preserved.by him dnrinj,' \\,t ship's stay there, and to be returned lo the master before his leaving tlie port, witlKuii auylecdi charge for the same ; and if nny master refuse or neglect to deliver sucli agreement to the i unsul m vice-consul, as is hereby required, he shall fur every such olfeiice forfeit and |iay the siiniui'Sij —i 48. JVo Seaman to be shipped at a Foreign Port vithout the Privily of the Consul. — During the ship's sl.iy nt any foreign port no seaman shall be shipped by any master except with the privily of ilic r.insuli.t vice-consul, indorsed or certihed on the agreement, under a penalty of 23/. lor every seainuii blnpiKj In breach of this act.— J 49. Mtstersto produce .Agreements to Officers of King's Ships. — The master of every liritisti sliipis liprrhy required to produce ami show the mustier- ml I of the ship, and the agreemenl with his crew, liiilie c,i|i. tain, commander, or other commissioned olHcer of any of II. M.'s ships requiriiiL' a prndin linn and eight thereof; and it shall be lawful for any such officer in II. M.'s naval service, if he tllill|^ it nects. sary, to muster the crew and passengers (if any) of any liritish ship, in order to he satisticij iliai ilij provisions of this act. and the laws relating to navigation with respect to llie crews of mi reliant slij|i,, have been duly complied with ; and if any master shall, upon being reiiuircd by any siuli nllicor, ni:'. lect or refuse to produce the inuster-roll or agreeinent, or olistriicl any olhcer in niiistcriiig tliii saij crew or passengers, or produce any false muster-roll, lie shall for every such ulleiice luiicii aiij nay the sum of 251.— i 50. Registrar and Officers of Customs empoirered to require Production of the .Agreement, i^c- For the bet. ter carrying into effect the purposes of this act it shall be lawful for the registrar and his iissi.stanii, and also for the collectors or other chief officers of customs, at the several ports of the V. 1{. anil of the Dritish possessions abroad, to demand from the master of every ship required to eiiier iiitn an agreement with his crew, the production of the muster-roll of the ship, and also of such asrci'iiioni, with liberty to take a copy of either or both, and to muster the crew and apprentices of suili sliip, f,ir the purpose of ascertaining whether the provisions of this act, and of the hiws relating to iiavlcatimi, have been complied with ; and if any master, ou such demand being made, refuse or neglect liipniiliKe Buch iniisler-roll or agreement, or refuse to allow a copy of either document to be taken, or ri hisi> to permit, or prevent his crew and apprentices from being iniistered, he shall for every such nefe'luct.rtlV sal, or offence, forfeit and pay the sum of .')()/. — i 51. Definition of the Terms Muster, Scauian, Ship and Owner. — Every person having the rliargo nr cfiiii. mand of any British ship sliall, within the meaning and for the purposes of this act, he (Icciiiid ar.d taken lo be the master of s;i( h ship; and every person (apprentices excepted) employed or iiigapj to serve in any capacity on hoard the same, shall be deemed and taken to be a seaman witliiii il:e meaning and for the purpopes of this acl ; and the term "ship," ns used in this acl, shall he takin and understood to comprehend every description of vessel navigating on the sea; and tin,' lenn "owner," as applied to a ship, shall he understood to comprehend all persons, if mure than one, lo whom the ship belongs ; and all steam and other vessels employiMl in carrying passengers or gum!) shall be ileemed trading ships williin the ineaning and for the purposes of this act.— J 5'2. Recovery of Penalties. — All penalties and forfeiliires imposed by this act, for Ihe recovery wliprfif no spcM'itic mode is herein provided, shall be recoveri'd, with costs of suit, in iiiaiiner lollnwiiiL': illiit is to say), all penalties and forfeiliires not (exceeding '2li/. shall be recoverable at Ihe suit of any |ifr-(ii by information and summary proceedinu before any one or more justice or justices in nny ii.irlufn. M.'s doiiiiiiions, residing near lothe place where the oll'ince shall becommilled, or wliiic Iheclliiijii ■hall be, which justice or justices shall have full power lo levy Ihe amount ofanysinli pi'iialiVit forfeiture and costs by distress and sale of the olfender's goods, iir by coinmitmenl lif the ull'ciiiierl'i I SEAMEN (LAWS RELATING TO). 449 from entering or being crllon from iIih iiiprduini ,r flViTl", or oilier iiiuitei itiTH niul ownt^ra ol shipj Willi tilt) crew niiy clause iirreil by a seamuii iipoii Delivery of Clnlhes, ^-c- - 111 nervicH, iiml is ncliiiilly litiK I" Kii'l trcii't'il liy till! lilt! ilflivt!ry up of all Ins 11 luive eiiriictl frt;ii'lii) lo ;iL'i^» up '" •'"' l'""'"! nf iiioiicy, null '''" "'"'' "i''*- iiv relusiil tir iii'!!lfil,U)|ie itliiivf lii-'on I'iinii'd iillln; Id fiilfrinK a bill npnii Uie fi, iirrivul »t bi;r tlcsiinej liiuto jiiaily 'l""') '"■ ^liiiH HI'S ami lliii riiti! ol' wiims i. M.'s aliip 111'-' iiKri'i'iiicn liilivi'ry lip "I t-io'b clmius iiIIiIimI to leci.'ive Iriiiii lln ]i ifrlilifitl'! siiiiifil liytlic r, ti'stil"vinu' Uwl sue U siii. lol purliJil Willi llie scauiai; nil rnt^i!s wlieroauy ui;isi(r is ad, and any sui li inir.-Dii «i(;(). l. c. '20., or iniiliT ;iiiy : |ifiiiilli«s iuiposi'il 1111 siiiii ■ (iplillU ol' lilt! lllflls I'l' ll,- isary clolliini;, :iii iiiereliaul, ai-ciiiilnimu r wiltl proof of pajiiifiil !iy I account of such |.cr:iiiii,l'e f.Npi'llSO ; iiutl llll' liiurt Ml mliorifiMl to issue aiuiiiiiiis. tu sliall be rtittiivcd astv.. Covsiil.—li^'iiry iiiastiT of a consul or vicc-inn>iil,slinil irtjservt.'d.liy bini diiiinL' llic llie liort, wit bout any Thohi k n);r(!enieiil to lln: cmisiij m 'eil and pay tlio sum i)l'2j|. „;._l)iniiig Ibe sliiii'sslny lit! privily of lln' ciiiisuliir for every SLSiinan slii|i|;til every 15rili?li sbip is lirrchy I Willi liisircw. Inllie c,i|i- iMluiriiiL' ii prculnitiiinaiid rvii-e, if 111' lliink it iieci'*- li:r lo bt: salislii'd llv.il the llll- crews i)f iiiirclnuilsliiii^ (1 by any sneli olliior, nw- Hirer in inusteiiiil! Iln' fui utli oll'eiice fuil'eit ami ii:,y /Iprerwevt, i^c.-Vm tliii liet- i'!;isUar and liis a!--sjsliiiits 1 purls of tlie V- K. anil of required lo enter iiiln an nd also of sncli asri'i'iiiciil, ippreiiliees of suili slii|i. fur laws relaliniJ I" navicatiim, ri:fuseorne;.'leiltiM'f'"''i'e Mit to be taken, or nfiisMo fur every sucb iicgled, rul'u- bavins tbe cbargo or cdiii. (if this act, lie dceiiiril ar.i! ;|iled) euipbiyed or insasiil lo be a seainan williiii ll:e in this acl, shall 1"' lakin on till! sea ; and tin: ti:m LTSons, if more tli;iii "Hf.''' Iirryiiig passengers or gimilj 7 Ibis ail— J 'j'i- ■t, for tbe recoveiy wlifwf in Miauner follnw ini;; (lint Jil.lcat tliesnitiifaiiyiiPM liir jusliees in any p:irliil 1 liiitled, or wlieii'llienlli'iiil'i Vunl of aiiv siirli |ii'iiiiliy;t liiiiilnienlof llieolfeiiderlt and that nil peniilliea anil fnrft!iturea inenlioned in ibis net for wbicli no s|ieeilic a|i[ilicaliou is before provided simll, when recovered, be paid and applied as follows ; viz., one moiety iif every such penalty 'iliall he pai'l 'o the informer or person upon whose discovery or information the saiiie lias been recovered, and the residue sbiill be divided between (Jreenwich Hospital ami the mercbanl seamen's liosiiital or institution at the port lo which the ship shall helonu, and if there be none such at said port ilien the whole of the said residue shall bo paid to (Jreenwicb Hospital : provided, thai it shall he law- ful for the court before which or the justice or justices before whom any procuedines are iiisiiiiited for the recovery of any pecuniary penally imposed by Ibis act lo mitigate or reduce such penally as to ihein shall appear just and reasonable, in such manner, however, that no penalty shall be reduced Mow half its original amount: and provided also, that all proceedings so to be instituted he com- menced within 2 years arter the commission of the olleme, if the same have been cominilled at or beyond the Cape of Good Hope or Cape Horn, or within 1 year if coinmitled on the European side of those limits, or wilhin 6 calendar monilis after the return of the oflender or coniplainiiig parly lo the U. K.— } 53. jJs lo Ships belon/rmg to avy Brilish Culovy havinff a f.egislature.—TUia acx shall not extend or apply 10 any sbip registered in or helonging to any Hritish colony having a legislative as.»eiiibly, or lo the crew of any such ship, while such ship is within the precincts of siich colony ; any thing lierein con- tained to the contrary in anywise notwithstaiuling.— ( 54. Schedules referred to in the preceding Act. SCHEDULE (A.) An Agreement niatJe pursuant to the Directions of an Act of Parliament passed in the Sixth Year of the Reign of His Majesty King William the Fourth, between , the Master of the Ship . of the I'ott of , and of the Burden of Tons, and the several Persons whose names are suhscribeil llierelo. It is agreed hy .iiiJ nn Ihe p.irl uf the € done, and Ihe plans at 'thcii nil ""ended the iMp shall touch, or if " ' ' tCliiCh II ^ "h, u}- if that caiilt'>t be don':, liitnature of the voyage in which she ts tn be eniplot^ed], ami lj.ack to thf port elf ; ami the siiii crew liirtfier eii<.;.ii;e to coDduct themselves in an onlerly, I'aithfiil, linneat, careful, and lober maimer, and to tie at all times Jiliueiit in their respective dntie-. and (tatiolis, and to be obedient lo the lawful conuiiauils of the master 111 eierv tliinj relating lo the said ^hip, and the niaieri.il<, slorfs, and ear^n thertdf, whetlier on board such ship, in bo;il-', or on sliore [/«■»■« i/irij/ If inlotid any other climses which the jiarltis inatj think fro- pirtii be introduced into the a^rceinent, provided that the same In not cuntraiy tour incunsisltnt with the provisions and spirit jf thit act.] In coiisidenition of which services, to tje duly, luiuestly, care- fully, and faithfully peifoinied, the said master dotli hereliv promise and aKree lo pay to the said crew, by way of cninpensniioii'i r wages, ttie amount aicainst their names respectively expressed. It witness vvheroof Ihe said p.arti)3 have hereto subscrilreil their uamjsou Ihe days against tlitir rcspeclive signatures nieuliuued. FUce awl Time of Entry. Men's Naniea. Age. Place of Birth. Qualitj. Amount of Wases per Calendar Month, Share, or Voyage, Witness lo Signature. Nanic of Sliip in which the Seamen last served. Day, Month. Year. iVo/c—Anv embezzlement or wilful orneglieent loss or destruction of any part (if the ship's car^o or storea may be in.ide pooii to the owiiernutof the wapes (so far as they wiU'exteml) nf the seimen ruilty of the same ; and if aoy keaiiian shall euter liiitiself as quali- fied for a duty to which he shall prove to be not competent, he will be sul»ject to a rt-diiciion of the rale of wages hereby agreed for Id pro- Iioriioii to his incompetem-y. SCHEDULE (n.) An Agreement made, ptusuanl to t!ie Directiona of an Act of Parliament passed in tlic Sixth Year of Ihe Utiign of His Majesty King Willianitlio Fourth, between , the Master of the Phip , of the Port of , and of the Rurden of Tons, and the several Persons whose Names are suhscrihed hereto. It is.i^reed by and on the part of Ihe said persons, and they seve- nlly litTfby eti^ge, to serve on board the said ship iti tht* said sever-il cjjacities nViiiiist their respective names expressed, which ship is to if employe 1 in [here the. tmtnre of the. ship^s employnunt is to hedt- Krilat^ whelhtr in thefisfiirics, on t/>e. coaU, or in trading f rum mie }^rl of the United Kinndorn tn anotiur, or to any of the irlnndi of Jersey, Guenmy, Aldtmcy, Sarhy and A/an, or iu nntj port on iJu cctittriciit of Europe between the rivei Elbe inclusive diidlinst]; Ml the said crevi" further ens^age to conduct thcinselveain anorderlVj faithful, hfine-if, careful, and sober ininner, and to be at all times di such ship, in boats, or on shore [here may be inserted any othtr clauses which thr partiis may think proper to be inirodnced into the apfnnent, prividid that thi same be not contrary to or incoitsistait tvtth t.'.e provisioifi and sjiint of this act]. In consiier.ilion of which services, lo be duly, honestly, carefully, and faiilifiilly per- formed, the said master doth hereby iii-oniise to' pay (o (he stid err w, by way of compensatioii or w.ikps, the amount against their n:un<« respectively eKpres.se,i ; pr'iviiled alway,», and it is hereby declared, that no beanian shall be entitled to his dischari;e from the ship duriufr ar7 voyage in which she may be engnffcd, nor at any otluT than a li^pfit in thtirrespeitive duties and stations.and to heobedient to the tmrt iii tlie I'nited Kii)j?dnni. hiwitnets whereof the sa'd parties Uwful comniatiils of the mas'er in eveiy thing relating to the siid liavc hereto 5ubsf'ribeil the!; names ou ttie days again&t their rtspec* (liip,and the materials, stores, and cargo thereof, whether on board tlve signatures inentiontd. Place and Time of Entry. Men's Names. Aio. PI are of Biilh. Quality. Amount of Waees per Calendar Moiuli, Share, or Voyage. Wi'ncss to Signature, Name of Ship in >vhich the Seamen l.-ul served. Day. Month. Year. .AWc— Any embezzlement or wilful or negligent loss or destruction pf any part of the ship's cargo or stores may oe made good to the owner nut of Ihe wages (so far as they will extend) of the seaman luilty of the ume ; aad if any seamau shall enter bini'jelf aa qualitied 2p2 57 for a duly to which he shall prove to be not competent, he will be subject lo a reduction of the rate of wagei hereby agreed for io pro* portion to his incompetency. it* .vZ. .»*» >• ■ ■ '« nur <;..'■;»■ ««"l-» ■ ■ ..'1 umtK- ''J • mtji '.■xs»ors are antliorised lo provide, in llieir hospital, for such seamen as are reiKJiTi'iiinca. pahln of service by sickness, wounds, or other arcideiital misfortunes, and those wlio .-iliall Imniiie decrepit or worn out by age, or to allow them certain pensions, or oiherwisi;, as the proi^iili'iii ami governors deem meet and most for the advantage of the said charily ; and also to relieve tlin wit mis and children of such seamen as shall tte killiMl, slain, or drowned in the said service; aiiiliiifiito relieve the widows and children of seamen dying after having contributed during a term of 21 jcari .o the funds of this corporation, provided such children are not of the age of 14 years, or if of tbii ). SEAMEN (ESTABLISHMENT FOR). 451 w«« Mastnr. her HiiiliiiK from 'Im Pott piirliirK (111 liiT Voyutiiii) I |>c|iiirlnri! ami iinlil liir 1 lliiitotl KiiiKilom. linn ! i.'di.r nr niiiMiif""'''' "' ""' '■uliimi, 1 litr iirival al Iw l'"!' i-' J'liii* inu»iiii 8:3.') ; and that SO.OOn/, a ,al, to make good llie ili- knd to provide still more Ihant seamen, aiitl of ihe act 4 & 5 Will. '1. c. it so far as it relates tctlie Ihe relief of maiiiicil, &c, or drowned in the iiicr- t3. as relates to the wages Having thus cleircJ laid president and soveitMii Iranien as an; reiiili'n'il iiici- Ind tliDse wliosliiill hfimt Iwise, as tlie prosidiMit and llalsn to relieve thiMviimvj Ic siiid si'rvii'(>; atiil uIhiio Id during a term of 21 \ai> Ige of 14 years, or if of m me or upward*, nnt capable of gcttini? a livpliliond liy reaiinn of liiinnnr no mhiT othcer, or in ctise the master shall ilitt, or lie killed or drowned, Hieii of the person who shall takit ii|iiiii lum tlio (.„rit of tint ship nr vessel, and 2 of the seamen on hoanl the same 11 11 tier their hands ami sitils, Hiereliy ^luiiifyim; how and in what iiianiier such setiiiian reccivitd such hurt or damage, whether in liKhtiiig, ilefeiitling, working, loading, or unloading the stiid ship or vessel, where and when hit eiitereil, and liinv long In) had serveil on hoanl the stiiiie ; ami the (larties so sigiitng and sealing such cerlilii ato nrii hereby rcntiireil to make oath to the truth thereof b ■fore some justice of the peace, if given in (;rittit llritaiti nr Ireland, or the chief nllicer of the ciistoiiis of the port or place where there is nojiis- (iceof Ibe peace, or before the lirilish consul or resident in any foreign country vvlntrit snili crrtilicate i, exiciited (who are respectively authorised ami required to administer the same wiilioiil tee or ri'waril); ami in case of sickness, whereby such seaman shall be rendered iiictipable of service, a cur- tlliitiile, signed, sealed, and aiiHieiiticated in like iiiaiincr, signifying that he was ietilHiy wiien he cnlitroit on board such ship or vessel, and that such sickness was conlracled on board tint same, or on fhiire in doing his duty in the service of the ship, and not otherwise, and expressing the ti-ie and place hiM'iitcritil on hoard such ship or vessel, and how long he had served therein; and lli.it no widow, I'hilil, or children of any seaman killed, slain, or drowmtd in the said service, shall Ik- relieveil or eiiti- llf.l 111 any allowance by virtue of this act unless she or they, or some person on her or their behalf, shall pr'ilnce a cerlilicate, signed, sealed, and authenticated in like iiianner, signifying liow tind in wliiil iiKiniier such seiiman lost his life in the service? of the said ship or vessel, the time ami place he Piiieri'il on board, anil how long he had served Hiereiii ; and that no widow, child, or cliildien of any si'iiinan in the said service shall be entilled to any reliitf by virtue of this act, unless slut or Hny shall pniibici', or cause to bit produced, a certilicate under the hands and seals of the iiiiiiisler and clnin h- warilitiis and overseers of the |ioor of the parish, township, or place, or any 2 of tlieiii, or under the lilniUand seals of the minister ami overseers of the poor of the |iarisli, township, or place, or any 2 of tliitiii. where there are no chnrchwardens, or if in Scoil.iml, by the minister and elders, or if in Ire- lanil, liy a justice of the peace for the parish, towiishi(i, or place where such widow, &c. shall at llio lime reside, and if such widow, &c. are some of the people called (linikers, then by any 2 repntahlo piTsiins of that persuasion of Hie parish, township, or (ilace where such widow, &.c. have a legal set- tlitinent, or do inhabit ami reside, to he attested by 2 or more credible witnesses tliat such widow was ttiii lawful wife and real widow, and that such child or children was or were the hiwful cliibl orcliild- ri-niif sikIi deceased seaman as aforesaid, and that such child or children is or are under the aire of 14 years, nr if of that age or upwards, not capable of getting a livelihood by reason of lameniss, bliiul- ncsn, nr other iiifirniilies, and is or are proper objects of itharity ; and thai iioseaimin shall be provided for by 1 pension nr otherwise, as decrepit or worn out, unless he have served in the inercliant siTvice for the space of five years, and liave during that time paid the monthly duly out of his wages, imposed bv the act 20 Geo. 2. c. ,'!S., or by this act required to be henceforward paid and deducted, as the case iiiay happen, for the uses and purposes herein provided.—} 2. Fiiraerij of CcWi^cffl^e.— Forged certilictites to be null and void ; and those knowingly using thoin to be liable m the punishment of an incorrigilile rogue.— { 3. C!i)iiW.«.— The president and 5 assistants to make a court, who are to meet weekly. The rniirt may apply the inonies of the corporation, and appoint the otiicers and their salaries, and do all other mat- ters ami things necessary.— J J. . AW Miislem and Oinnirs nf Merchant Ships or Vesacl.i, S;r. to pay 2,?. per Month. — For cITecting the ends and purposes aforesaid, every master of any merchant ship or vessel belonging to any liritish giilijert, and every owner, being a Hrilisli subject, navigating or working his own sliip or vessel, wlie- thi>rthit saiil ship or vessel be emplnyitd on the high sen, or coasts of Great llritaiti or Ireland, or in any port, bay, or creek of the same, shall, from and after the 31st day of Uecember, \H'M, pay 24-. per miii.lli, and jiroporlionably for a lesser time, during the time he or they shall be employed in such merchant sliip or vessel, for the uses and purposes aforesaid : provided always, that such masters or owners, nr their widows, and chililren under II years of age, or being objects of charity as aforesaid, sliail be entilled to a proportionate incre.ise of the pension or allowance by this act provided, accord- inL'toIhe dilTerence between Ihe ainount of the monthly duty paid by other seaiii(>n, mariners, and pilots, ill Ihe case such master or owner shall have paid the 2,s-. per month for a period of 5 years or 60 nioiiihs before any application to the said president and governors for relief under this act ; but in case any such master or owner be killed or drowned, or become decrepit, maimed, or disabled, before he oribey shall have paid such increased rale of 2.y. per niontii t'or the full period of 5 years or (lO months as aforesaid, then such masters or owners, or their widows and children, shall be entilled to such sinallitr pension or allowance as the said president and governors, or the trustees to be appointed, siiall think fit.— J 5. All Seamen, or other Persons scnjinir on hoard such Ships or Vessels, to pay \s. per Month. — Every seaman or other person whatsoever who shall serve or be employed in any merchant ship, or nlhcr private ship or vessel, belonging to any Hritish subject, whether employed on the high sea, or coasts of Great Britain or Irelaiiil, or in any port, bay, or creek of the same, and every pilot employed on taril any such ship or vessel, shall, from and after the 31st day of December, 1834, pay \s. per month, andprnpiirlionably for a lesser time, during the time he or they shall be employeil in or belong lo the saiil ship or vessel, for the uses and pnr|ioses aforesaid : provided that this act shall not be construed toc.ttenil to any person employed in taking lisli in any boat upon any of the coasts of fireat Kritain or Ireland, or the islands of Guernsey, .lersey, Alderiiey, Sark, and Man, nor to any person employed in boats or vessels that trade only from place to place within any riverof Wreat ilritain or Ireland. — $0. Masters of Ships to keep in their Hands \s. per Month out of Seamen's Pay. — The ninsler, owner, or commander of every such merchant or private ship or vessel is hereby required to deduct out of the wases, shares, or other profits payable to seamen or other persons cinployed on board such ship or vessel (Other than those hereby exci>pted), Ihe said inonthly duty, and shall pay the same, together with the anioiiiitof the duty owing from himself, to such olHcer or otiicers as shall be lawfully appointed atanynf the out-ports for collecting the said duty of \s. per month, if such seamen or other persona be entilled In any such wages, shares, or protlts — J 7. Appoiiilmenis of iifceiBcr.-'.— President and governors, with the concurrence of commissioners of customs, to appoint such persons to receive Hie monthly duties at Ihe out-ports as they may think (it, making them a retisonable allowance for their trouble, which is nut, however, in any case, to exceed Spercent. on the gross sum collected. — } 8. \ 3 ;*!■ 462 SEAMEN (ESTABLISHMENT FOR). 'MiK"' ' -".« %^ •f* M£ •■«• El:; Mwr*--" ■ 1 aMM"^-' - ...... «* , -lUt . .. villi ;,-,(»iii» t i0l> •• •■ .-,i,i»i 3i» fc..-* ■■"•"„ !»'* (japisiB!»''7 MmUt Roll.— E\efy mniter If to Keep a true and ftUhfiil minter roll of the crew of hl« »hlp, «ppr|. fylngin writlnif llic nnnif ofevery oneof rlie crow, InrludliiK apprenticed, with the various piirllnihi,, nslolhi- pliircoCfiirh pi-rBon'H liirtlMlie place anil time (il'hlii entry to iho glilp, the plncr unil lUniM,! hia ili«< liarite fmni or IciivinR tin! siinie, and If he l>« illiicliaried or left, with the other purlituU,, •perilled in the siilpjolned forinulii. In the event of his being hurt, killed, &c. ;— A I.i»t and Acroiint of the Crew (incluilinu the Master and Anpronllces) of tlio Ship , of Hip I'ortof , whereof is the M^isler, at the Period of her Departure from Iho l'ijrii,| in the United Kingdoni, and on her Reliirn lo the I'ort of In the Lnut,] Kingdom, and uIko of ihoau who have Joined the Ship at any lime during the Voyage. Mm\ Pl.cti of nac e ind Time of Entry. riire nriil Tinin of Div ctarKf, or Itavinn Ijip Ship. ml 4V4 3 -- r i D,y. ^!onth. Tear. D,y. Mnnih. Vtar. 1* t i '^tiis ^.. '•^llMlr t.l.d. ' UuplirnleH of IIiIh nrcount are to be dellverctd to the coUeclors of Ihc duties at the port where ilie vessel (lischar(ie» ; iind any master or commander iiegleiling lo keep such musler roll, and neujirin,,', or refiisini! to diliver it to the collectorg of Ihe duties, shall forfeil for every such otfenre lliti «ii,||„J 61. The colleclors are to transmit to the president and governors the duplicales received from „„|| vessels as do iu)t belong to the port of discharge ; anil the latter are lo transmit them to lln; iju,,,,. Colleclors neglecting to iransmil such diiplicales incur a penally of .'5/.— J 9. Mi.ilers til iluliicl I'ciiiillirs from /tViirc*.— The master of every ship coming wllhin the provisinnsof this act shall deiluct out of liio wages of the seamen thereof Ihe amount of all forfeilures Inciirrcij In any such seauien, and every muster is hereliy required truly to enter Ihe same In u hook lo Im kf|ii|,; him for Ihat purpose, whiiii shall lie siL'iied liy tiie maslcr and the person next In conuiiaml. Imihi/i them crrlifyi'ig thai it coniains all the forfeilures which have been incurred hy Ihe seamen ol'llic t,!,,, during Ihe voyage, lo Ihe truth whereof the master shall make oath when required before Ihe nillif', of ilie pn-sideut anil governors in London, or before llieir colleclors at the out-poris ; ami ijn' saij book, or a Iriie copy Ihireot signed and cerlified as aforesaid, shall, williin I calendar moiilh afurtlii. uhlp's relurn from her voyage, lie delivered lo the said ollicer by the inasler, logelhiT with i:.xir,i,|s from Ihe lou-hook of the enlries llii rein of Ihe causes of the several forfeilures : and evrry muster who shall refuse or neglect lo deliver such account shall forfeit and pay the sum of 20/.— } 10. /■.'xamiHO/iun .'/.Va.>rcr«, i^c.— Collertors may summon masters of vessels, and examine llieiii upon oath as to the trulh of the miisler-rolls ; masters refusing lo appear or to answer, to forfeil 12'.-{ || iieffHiatioii.i IIS lo Oorernment *7ii/)«-.— Secretaries, &c. of public government olHces to give in a list of ships and vessels employed in their service, and of the seamen or other persons employed in gudi ships or vessels j and the treasurers, &.c. of such offices are to pay no wages or freight lo any niaalir, &c. iinlil he produce an aciiuillmce signed hy receiver of dulies.— } 12. Payment vf Duties.— Tha said monthly duties are lo he paid at the port where the ship or vessel im. loads iier cargo, bcfure she be cleareilimrards ; and all olhcersare Interdicted from granling aiiycoclitli, transire, &e., or permllliiig any vessel lo go out of any port, unless it afipear by Ihe acquiuanccsof the collectors of the said ilulles that Ihey are not more than 3 months in arrear of the same ; cvitv oflicer acting contrary lo this regulation to forfeit 10/. Hut masters or owners may agree Willi ihe trustees and collectors for half yearly payniciits. — i 13. Preveiiliun nf delay. — To prevent unnecessary delay, it Is enacted, Ihat if masters fail to produce proper aciiuitiance or certificate of agreement, tidewaiiers to be continued on board at their cxpenw -}11. Penalties by this act recoverable before a magistrate.—) 15. .Appoint me lit of Trusteis. »^-c.— I'roni and after the Ist day of October, 1834, it shall be lawful for ifce owners, masters, and commanders employed on board ships and vessels belonging to any of llieoui- ports to assemble and meet at any time and place within ihe same Ihat shall be appolnled by any J or moreof lliem by giving 10 days' previous notice, to be fixed at the custom-house, wharf, quay, or iitlicr public place ; and such persons, or the greater part of them, being i-o assembled, are authoriBcd I'roni time to time 10 nominate and appoint, hy an instrument iu writing under their hands andstals, 1} persons to he iruslees for such out-port, for receiving, collecting, and applying the said duties, which trustees shall continue to act until the 2Gth day of Uerember, IM!).'), and until new trustees arc imnii- natcd and conliriiied ; and Ihat williin 10 days after the 2(iih day of December in each siicceiillii! year, the owners, masters, &c. at such out-ports shall have power to meet and choose 15 persons to be trustees for Ihe year ensuing, by an instrument in writing under their hands and se.ili?, or the majority of them so nsseuibleil, having given previous notice in the manner before directed ; which eaid respective trustees shall continue from tiine to time until new trustees are nnmiiiatud, iS^c. as aforesaid ; and the said instrument shall be sent, free of expense, to the president and assistants or committees of ihe said corporation, who are required to conlirin the saine under the cominun seal of the corporation, without fee or reward, within 15 days after the receipt thereof; which trustees when 80 conhriued i.aiiil whereof/i-e shall be a quorum) shall have Ihe same powers and authorities tuniake by-laws, and lo revoke or alter Ihe same, and to receive and apply any sums of money which shall be contriliuled, devised, or bequeathed by any well-disposed persons for the purposes aforesaid, and to appoint receivers and other officers, and to collect, receive, pay, and apply the said duliesoffe. per month and Is, per month so to he allowed and paid by the seamen or other persons serving on board any ship or vessel belonging to such persons, at such oul-porls, according to such rules, orders, and regulations as are or shall be established by virtue and in pursuance of this act, or have been established and conlinued under the provisions of the act 20 Geo. 2. c. 3tj., so far as the same arc not inconsistent with or repealed or varied by Ihe provisions of this act; and the said receivers and other officers shall have the same powers and authorities as the other receivers and othcers n|ipiiintediii pursuance of this act, and shall be liable to the same penalties and forfeitures : provided always, that if the Inslrument of trust be. not sent to the president and assistant or committees within OOdaysafier every appointment of trustees, the trust Ihereby created shall he considered void, and the trustees appointed under it as discharged from the same ; and that the president and governors shall have power to appoint a receiver or receivers for the port or place from which such inslrument of trust has not been sent, for collecting the forenienlioned dulies and allowances payable at such port or place aforesaid; and Ihe said president and governors shall have power to demand from the outgoinj trustees of such port or place an account in writing of the former management of such void trust, anil also to demand payment from such trustees of any balance which may ot the time of such defauli be in Iheir hands, who are hereby required to pay Ihe same to such receiver appointed as aforesaid, together with the books of account and other books belonging lo such trustees relative to such trust. •■ J 16 0. e erew of hii ■hip, »por|. til IhR varliiiiii piirtiniliitt lilp, the pliicc uiul iiiiKMM Mth the other purticuUtj lio Ship .nfihi. epartiirc from the I'dric^i ill Ihu LhiitJ iho Voyage, L.i.d. tics at Ihc port vvliprei|,e iiMiMtor mil, imkI ii<'i;li'rih,|i •y Hiiih otronin I lie siiiiini liliciili's roceiviid fioiu «ufi ruimiiiit them to th« lume ig within the prnviiiimuf.f 1" nil fiirt'einires iiinirrnlliy lliiu in u bonk to lie. kcjil ij next in oonuiiaiiil, iKJihii' il by the ccniiien cirHii; Miip I reqiiireil befiire Ibe nHitit ilic out-ports ; anil ilie n\i 1 calendar iiioiilh afurtlic stcr, toBelhcr with c^ximd fcilurcs : niiil every luusler lesiiniofao/.— { 10. Is, and cxaniine lliemiipon answer, to forfeit 12'.—} H ncnl oliices to give in a list r persons employed in suUi ;es or freight lo any niasttr, iVhcrc the ship or vessel un. il from granting any cockels, pear by the ac(iiiiitance8of arrear of the same ; every >wner8 may agree with ilie t if mnsters fail lo produc? d on board at their cxpenH'. 14, it shall be lawful for the lelonging lo any of the out- ill be appointed by any 5 or joiise, wharf, quay, or otlicr mbled, arc aullioriscil from .- their bands and scnls, 1} lying the said duties, wliicii ntil new trustees are nrani- eniber in each succeedin! :et and choose 15 persons to ir hands and seiils, or llie ner before directed ; wliitli teea are nominated, &c. as iresident and assistants or under the common seal of reof; which trustees wlien ersand authorities iDniake unis of money wliitli sliall he purposes aforesaid, and ipply the said duties of Ss. r other persons serving on rding tosuch rules, orders, of this act, or have been so far as the same are not he said receivers and olliet 8 and oflicers appointed in res: provided always, thai [littees within COilaysafier red void, and tlie trustees and governors shall have ich instrument of trust lias rahle at such port or place Jeiiiand from the outgoin,' [lent ofsHch void trust, ami It the time of such default er appointed as aforesanl, tees relative to sucli itusi. SEAMEN (AMERICAN). 4M jlpjininlmtKli on /J'/iu/r— Tlipun arn not to he rcvocnhio within 5 yonm.— J 17. hWmfi 7V«« nf imiIIiIiiii; parlies to relief and siip|iorl can- niii 111! iilil.'iini'd, SOI II other ceriilicates as shall be salisl'aetory lo Ilie pri'siilent iiiiil eovrrnors or triis- li,|.rt ri'speelively sliall lie received anil allowed, ho as to entitle the party producing the same to tho piiisiiiiis or other relief provided by lliis ait.— J 2!). Ifiii'i.' "f ilerra^-cil Sniniin In be pniti In the J'rii.-liea. — All siiiiis of money due for wages to any sea- iiinn, niiiriner, or oilier person enssat'ed on board any Hrilisli iiiereliant ship in any purl or ports in riri'iil lirilaiii and Ireland, who slitill have died on bnaril iliiriiii; the voyaL'e, sliall, within ^ iiiontha afler III'' arrival of hiu h ship in any port of (ireat llrilaiii and Inland, bi^ paid to llie Irnslees of the s;iid |Mrt appoiiiti'il ill pursiianie of this act, or to the nceiver or enllei'l.ir or other iiuilioriseil agent if Ihi' sail! president and ifoveriiors, where there are no such trustees, to and for llie use of i lie evecii- tirs or iiilniinislrators of the seaiiiaii or other (lerson so dyiiia ; and in case no claim shall be made on (he said iriislees by sin h e.xeciiliirs or adininistriiiors on aecuunt of mhIi wages, williiii I year afler Die iiaiui' have been paid over, llien the said trustees shall remit the same to the collei tor or receiver iiriillier llieir aiillioriseil agent of ilie president anil governors at the |iorl of London, in sin h maiiner niul limes as llie said president, fcr. shall direct, to and for the use of the exeeiilors or uilmiiiislralori iif ihe seaman or other person so d> iiig ; and in case no claim sliall be iiiaile on tlie said presiileiil, &c. hy the e.\eeiitors, &c. of such seaman on aicouui of such waues wiiliiii 1 year afler Hie same shall hnve lieeii tirsi paid over to their collector, llien it shall lie lawful fur them to direil such wages to ho iiaid over (hut wilhoul interest for the same) to Ihe widow, or if there be no widow ilaiiiiiiiL', then III 111,' III IV I'll I issue respectively, or siieh persons as liy virliie of Ihe st a lutes of ilislribiilion of in I es- tates' ellecls shall be entitled to the same; and if any master or eommaniler of any nierihaiit ship nVijiect or refuse to pay over to the said trustees, or the receiver or collector at the port aforesaid, all mahsiiins of money within the time before limited, he shall forteit for every such ollence double the aiiioiint of the sums of money due to any seaman or other person for \vai:es — ; IIP. (('i.i'f.<, if iKit (leiiiiiiided in 3 Years by representatives, to go to the use of the president and govern- ors, or the Iriistees of the respcitive ports.— J HI. Pmimnil In Hiaiiien's Iloapilal in /.u?i(/on.— President and coveriiors to pay 5 per cent out of duties received hy them I'roiii seamen in the port of London to the Seumeii's Hospital Society in that port. _} 3'I Dedurtiiins from Gross JImount.. — It shall bo lawful for the receiver or collector or other authorised .iseiit ;if Ihe president and governors at the port of London, and he is hereby authorised, to deduct, and receive friiiii the gross aiiioinit of such sums of money as shall Ue derived from the iiiielaiiiied waueg of defeased senmeii, received by him in respect of such wages, ,'j per cent, in satislaciion of all ex- pense.'! and trouble he may be put to in the n.'ceipt, collection, or transmission thereot'. The cniilributions to the new fund will, most likely, ninntint to about r30,0()0/. a year; so that, if it be discreetly anil economically matiagcil, it will alVuni the means of suitably jiro- viding for a large number of disabled merchant seamen, us well as for the wives and children of tiiiise who have lost their lives in that service. The distressing cimscijuences of those ■iccidenls and casualties lo which scanicn arc so peculiarly liable, will tliu.s be materially re- duced ; so that the service will, in fact, be rendered less hazardous, and more respcctaide. Sup.) [Seamen (American). We subjoin the principal statutory regulations for the protection and government of sea- men in the United States. Atl (if Ciiv^ress of IheWlh of Jiibi,\~90.—l! I. That fromandaftcrthefirst day of December next, every master or ciunmander of any ship or vessel bound frri in mirh mcmnruniliiiii, nnil If thn innati'r, niiiiinnriilvr, or oilier (itllcKr of ihc ililp or vnaai'l, iliull, im ihc day on wlilrli mich ni'Kl)'i't Imppciii'il, miikc nii oiilry In llii' lnuhiiok niiiNli'r, owiii^r, or mnNlvni'i', nf ilm hmhI alii|i nr vi'nai'l, n anni i'i|ii»l tu iii,,| wlilrti hIiiiII liiivr Iii-hm piilil In lilin liy ailvaiiiv at llif lliiiiMif Hl|;iiK llin cnnlraul, nvrr anil liiHlili^n ih. Rilin HO ailvuiiroil, hntli which aiiiiia aliall hi' rci'iivi-rahli- In niiy I'niirl, or lidfnro liny Jii»llr« nr jiimi,,., nf any atati', rlly, Inwii, nr cniinty, wllliln tho TnlliMl Stiiti'a, which, hy thi! lawa liii'ri'iil', havr rii|jt,|. /.unci' nf ih'litii nf eipial viiliii;, aitaliiHt am h acuniiin or ninrlni'r, ur hit luruty or aiirutlta, in cutein (hall havi' kIvi'II anri'ly to |irnri>i>il Ihi' vnyaRC. { .1. 'I'lial If till! mall! nr liint ninccr iiiiili'r tlii! nuiali'r, nnil n majority of thn crtw of any Rlilp nrvn. •pl, liniiiiil nil a vnyaiii- In any furi'lKii pnrt, aliall, after thi! voya|2)! la liritiiii (anil lii'fnrt! tlir kIii|i,, VMaai'l Mhall have lel'l tin- lam!) iliai'nvi'r that tlio aaiil alil|> nr vi-hhi>I la Inn li>aky, or la nthiTwi!!!' uiiM III hrr rri!W, linity, laikh', appari'l, fiiriiltiiru, prnvlNiniia,nr alnrua. In prncei'il nil thi' inliinih'il vnyuci, anil Nlmll roiiniri! audi iiiitllni>aa In liu L>Mi|iiiri!il liiln, thi! inaatitr or cniniiianilur aliall, upon IId' ri'i|ur,{ of thn aniil niali! (or olliiir olUci'rl nnil aiiih inajnrlly, fnrlhvvllh prncci'i! to nr ainp iit Ihi: m'liri'ht,,, innat cniivi'nii!iit pnri nr place wlieri' aiicli uniinlry can hi; nmile, anil ahall Ihern "(iply In llii> jiid^',. ,,^ till! ilialrlcl cniirt. If liu ahall thi'ril rnHiih', nr If nol, In hhiik! JiihIIci; nf Ihc peaci! nl tin! clly, inwii, i,[ placi', laklnK with hliii twn or iniiru nf Ihi' aaiil crrw, who ahall havi< inaili) auch r(!i|ii<'at ; iiiiil iIk.^,.. iipnn aiich JiiilifH nr jiiallcp la hi!r»!hy aiithnrl/.i'il ami rcipilri'il to iaaue lilx pri'ccpl, (llri!cli'il in Uif,,, pfraniia In Ihii nitlKlilinrhnml, Ihn innal akilfiil In niarlllinii alfalra, that ciiii hu prnciiri'il, rL'i|uiiiii|[ Hi,.,., tu ri'[iair on honnl audi ahip or vcaad, and to nxainlno tliu aaino, in reaped to the dcfecla and iimufii. cienciea coniphilned of, and In niiike report In hliii, the aiild Jiidgn or Jiialico, In wrllliiK, niidrr i||,.|, hnnda, or the hanila nf two of llieiii, whether In any, or In what, reaped the aald ahIp nr vesael is umji In prncecd on the Intended vnyaire, nnd what addition of men, prnvlaions, or aliirea, or what ri'ijan, nr alleratlona in the lindy, tackle, or apparel, will he neceaaary | and upon audi repnrt. Hie Halil Jmlte or JUHllcp Hlinll ailJiiilKR and detennhie, and ahall endorse nn Ihc aald report hia juilKnienI, whetliir il,; said ahip or veaael la III to proceed on the intended voyngn ; anil if nnl, whether auch repairs iiin |,j iiindn, nr deliciencii'H aupplied, wliere the ahip nr vcaael then laya, or wliellier It he necessary fiiriliil aald ahip nr veHsel to return to the pnrt from whence alie liral auiled, to he there relilled; nml Hi^ innater and crew ahall in all thiiiKa cniifnriii lo the aaiil jiiilgmcnl ; and the masteror cnniniaiideriiliaii, in the Aral inalance, pay ail lite ciista of auch view, repnrt, and JiidginenI, In be taxed nnd allniviMlfiri a fair copy thereof, cerlllled hy the aald jiiilKe or Jiiatlce. Ihit if tlie cnniplaiiit nf tlie aaid crew sliall appear, upon the aaid repnrt and judKinenl, to have hecn without fnundulioii, then the aaiil iiiHslor,nt tile owner or conaipnee of audi ahip or veaael, ahall dediirl the amount thereof, and nf rciisijnalii,. daninRea fnr the detention (lo hj nacertuined hy thn said jiidice or jnatice) out of tlie wni;es (.'riiHinj due to tlio complaining aeainen or mariners. And if, after auch JiiilKmcnt, such ahip or vessel ig tii i) proceed on her intended voynKe, or after procuring such men, proviaiona, atnrea, repairs, nr ultrri. lions, as may he directed, the said anninen or innrlners, or either of them, shall refuac In prurcpil.n the vnyaRe, It shall and may he lawful for any Justice of the peace to conmilt, hy warrant under hit hand and seal every such seaman or mariner (who shall so refuse) In the common |i[aiii nf liie loiinu, there In remain without liall nr mainprise, until he shall have paid double the sum advnnciMl tii{|,'„j nt the time of siihscriliini; the contract for the voyage, together with such rcasnnahle cohIh as sliallli( nllnwed hy the auidjualice.and Inserted In the said warrant, and the aiirety or sureties of aiichsi.'aiiiiin nr mariner (in case lie or tliey sliall have Kiveii any) shall remain liable tor sucli payment ; iKjrtliaii uny such seaman or mariner be discharged upnn any writ of habeas corpus, nr otherwiae, until umi, sum be paid by him or them, or his or their surety or sureties, for want of any form of cnmiiiliineiil.rr other previous proceedings. Provided, That sutllcient matter shall be made to appear, upon tlie reliirn of Slid) habeas corpus and an exanilnutlon then to be had, to detain him for the causes hereiiibci'ur! assigned. i 4. That if any person slmll harbor, or secrete, any seaman or mariner, belonging to any ship or vessel, knowing them to belong' thereto, every siicli person, on conviction thereof, before any conn m the city, town or county, where he, she, or they, may reside, slmll forfeit and pay ten dniiars Tit tvirv liny which he, she, nr tlicy, shall continue so tu harbor or secrete such seaman or mariner, nne liall'i'i rho use of the person prosecuting fnr tlio same, the other half to the use of the United iSt.iiesi auj no sum exceeding one doiiur, slmll be recoverable from uny seaman or mariner by uny one pirsun, fur uny delil cnntracted during the time such seaman or mariner shall actually belong tu any sliiii ur vc^. sel, until the voyage, for wliich siicli seaman or mariner engaged, shall be ended. i 5. That if any seaman or mariner wlio simll have subscribed such contract as is hercinliernreil;. scribed, slmll absent himaelf from on board the ahip or vessel, in which he shall so iiave sliiiipej, without leave of the master or oiHccr commanding on board ; and tlie mate, or other ntiicer liavii'^ charge of the logbonk, shall make an entry therein of the name of such seaman or mariner, nn llieilav on which lie shall so absent himself, and if such seaman or mariner slmll return to his duty wiiliiii forty-eight hours, such seaman or mariner shall forfeit tliree days' pay fur every day wliicli lie sjiali so absent himself, to he deducted out of liia wages : but if any seaman or mariner aliall nliseni hiinself fnr more than forty-eight hours at one time, he shall forfeit all the wages due to him, and all Ills fiouili and chattels which were on hoard the said ship or vessel, or in any store where liiey may iiine lieeii Indgeil at the lime of his desertion, to the use of the owners of the ship nr vessel, and iimreovbr eliall be liable to pay to him or them, ail damages which he nr they may sustain by being nhlit'oil toliire other seamen or mariners in his or their place ; nnd auch damages shall be recovered wllli costs, in any court, or before uny Justice ur Jiisticcg, having jurisdiction of the recovery of debts Ui tlie value often dollars, or upwards. } 6. That every seaman or mariner shall be entitled to demand and receive, from the master or com- iiiander of Hie ship or vessel tu which they belung, one-third part of tlie wages wliich shall lie diielo him, at every port where such ship or vessel shall unlade and deliver her cargo before tiie vnyagelie ended, unless the contrary be expressly stipulated in the contract : and as sonn as the voyage is eiidnl, and the cargo or huilast be fully discharged at the last port of delivery, every seaman nr niininersliallbe entitled lo the wages wliich ahall be then due according to his contract: and if such wages sliall nolle paid witliin ten days after such discharge, or if any dispute shall ari.se between the masteranil seamen or mariners, touching the said wages, it shall be lawful for tlie Judge of the district wliere the said ship or vessel shall be, or in case his residence be mnre limn three miles from the place, nr id' his ab- sence from the place of hia residence, then, for any Judge or justice uf tlic peace, to siiniiiinn thi'inaj. ter of such ship nr vessel to appear before him, to show cause why process shniiiil Jiot i.-^siieapain'! such ship or vessel, her tackle, furniture, and apparel, according to the course of adinirally courts,!" aii'4'vcr for the suid wages : and if the master shall neglect to appear, ur appearing, sliuli hut sliow i ' SEAMEN (AMERICAN). 465 ho llnio m«ntlonr(l in «iifli ir vt'KDi'l, iilinll, nil lhi< ihiy ) or VfHiii'l, of Hip iiiiini- ,if K iirulcrluil ti> rt'iiiliT liim. I, fur I'vrry limir w lili h h, wiiKi'ii nKn^i'il iipoii, \u I., illy IinKliit to rciiilrr liiiii. Iiiill iil'tcrwiirilH ilcniri m,) iKMininii or iiinrlm'r nliu, I'HHi'l, n mini I'lpuil id nini ilriict.ovt'r mill IuhIiIch i||. fori! liny Jii»llr« nr Jiisiin, I llUVH llU'ri'llf, llllVi! Idijiii ruty (ir mirutlvii, In tuav U lincrrw ofniiy Klilpnrvn. nil (mill lii'fori! III!' hIiiiii, I'liky, iir U ollicrwisf uii,; (m1 on llii- iiiliiiiili'il viiyuiif, (lisr bIiiiII, Ujion tli>' rciiuHsi or Hliip III till! m'liri'hiir ttiern miply I" tint jiiiIl'c iif piMCi! ol till! city, lijwii,i,r ti 8Ucti r(!i|iicHt ; mill ilicri;. H prrcopt, iliriu'liMJ in ihre, lu prociiri'il, rtM|iiiiiiiK iIihiu 1 to lliii (Icfei'ts mill iiisuffi. ieo, In wrltiiiK. iiiiiIit ihi.|, (• fialil Hliip or vi'skiM in iimji , or nlores, or wliiil rcimiri Niicli ri.'piirt, tlio Hiild jiiiij, I liiH jnilK><>*^'il>^''"'il>*:ril,i! Iii'thiir Huch ri'piiirs (niii,, llier it Im iitMi'stiiiry fntiln Iju there rt'litli^il ; niiil tim inniitcr or I'oniniaiiiliT «li;ii|, to he tiixeil mid iillnvviMlfin piniiit of the Hiiiil cmw shall on, then llie Hiiiil iniiatcr.nr thereof, nnil of rnisonalilc out of the wn).M'8 urowim , such ship or vessel is fino 8, Htores, repiiirs, or ullira. I, Hhall refuse to proceed m iiiitiilt, hy wnrrmit under hii coiiiiiioii gHol of 1 lie loiiniv, lie the Slim udviinreil tulnlii rcanonahle costs iis uliall lie kjor sureties of such seaman such payment ; imr tliall , or otherwise, iiiilil sutli y form of coiniiiiinienl.or to appear, upon llio rctuin for the causes hereiiibcl'ure er, helonging tn any sliipor thereof, heforc any coiiri in il pay ten dolliirs fdnvcry an or mariner, nne lialli'i of the United f5|.iles; aU iner by any one ptrsun, fui belong to any siiipur vci- mded. ract as is hereinbefore ile- he hIiuII so liuve slilppd, late, or other ollicer liavir; man or mariner, on the day return to his iliily nilliiii every day wliieli lie sliall lariner sliall alisent liiiiiscif tue to him, and all his jiodits where they may inive lieeii vessel, and monovtr eliall in hy being olilitroiltoliire be recovered with costs, in every of debts to the value i-e, from the master or com- •a^tes which sliall licdiielo cargo before the voyage be oiin as the voyage iseiijeil, seaman or manner shall be il if such waiiessliiill nolle ei.'n the master and seamen the district wile re the iaiJ foni the place, or of his at- eace, to siinininii iheiiias- 'SB should not ir^siieagainsl irseof adniirallycnurls.tn appearing, shall liOi show tMt the waseii .\rn paid, or ntherwiiin iilliini'd or fMrfelled, and If th(> mnltrr In diiipiilc kIiiH not bn |,irtliwllh iii'lllerf, In micli rniin the Jildije or Jiistlie nlmll certify to the rliTk oftlie roiirl oftlie dimriil. iMiil tliRrn Ik mithrlnnt rniin)) of cnnipliilnt whernoii to fniiiid ndmlralty pnin-MH. ami tlii'riiipon the fl^rk of »iich court iihitll laniie prore»« HRnlmit the itnid oliip or vessel, luid the suit sImII he prorri>dpii tn tliesiild court, mill final ludvnieiit hu Riven accordiiiK to the course oriidmlrally i niirtu in mich rnw „„,d; and In Ruch suit all the lemnen or iiinrlnerN iliavliiK cause of coniphiliil ol' ilii> |i|«t> kind n|rnlii*t ,hi' •nine "hip or vessel) ihall Im Joined as coinplalnants ; ami It shall he Inciimlient on ihe ninsler or , jiiiiiaiider to produce the contract and logbook. If rei|iilred, to ascertain any niaittTs In dispute; i,,lii,rwlse the complainant* shall he permitted to state the contents thireof. niiii the iiroof of the con- irary shall lie on the inaNler or coniniander; hut nothing herein conlaineil shall prevent any seaman ir mariner from having or ninliitalning any action at coinmon law, for the recovery ol' his wages, or I'rniii iiiimedlain process out of any court having admiralty Jurisdiction, wherever uiiv ship or vessel „i;iy be found. In case she shall have left Ihe port of delivery where her voyage t'loled (lel'ore payment nf the wages, or In case she shall be about to proceed to lea before the end of the ten days next after the delivery of her cargo or ballast. J 7, That if any seaman or mariner, who shall have signed a contract to perform a voyage, shnll, many port or place, desert, or shall nbient himself from such ship or vessel, wilhoiit leave of the master, or olMcer coinmamllng in the absence of the master. It shall he lawful for any Justice of thn p,,„ce williin the Tnited Htates (upon Ihe complaint of the master) to issue his w arrant to apprehend (iiihileserter, and bring him before such Justice i and If it shall then appear, by due proof, that he ha* nsned a contract within the intent mid meaning of this ait, and that the voviiBe agreed for is not (itmln'd, altered, or the contract otherwise dissolved, mid that such seaman or' mariner has deserted ijie siii|i "f vessel, or absented himself withniit leave, the said Justice shall commit him In the house (,f correction, or common gaol of the city, town, or place, there to remain until Hie said ship or vessel thall lie ready to proceed on her voyage, or till the master shall reiinlre his rlisrliarao, niiil then to In- j,.|ivered to the said master, he paying all the cost of such comniilnient, and deducting the saiiie out of the wages duo to such seaman or mariner. { s. That every ship or veasel, belonging to n citizen or ciliznns of ihn United Htates, of thn bur- then of one hundred and tifty tons or iijiwards, navigated hy ten or more (lersons in the whole, and liiiiindiin a voyage without the limits or tlie riiiled Stales, shall be provided wlih a chest of rnedl- riniK, pat "P ''V some apothecary of known reputation, and accompanied hy directions for ailminister- iniithc snnic ; and the said medicines shall ho examined by the same or some other apoiherary, once, nl least, in every year, and supplied with fresh licines in the place of such as shall htive liiMin used orapniled; and in default of having such medicine chest so provided, and ki'|it (it for use, the master (ircnniinnnder of such ship or vessel shall provide and pay for all such advice, medicine, or attendance of physicians, as any of tha crew shall stand in need ol in case of sifkness, at every port or place wliero the ship or vessel may touch or trade at during the voyage, without any deduclion from thn naeea of such sick seaman or mariner. }() Tliat every ship or vessel, belonging as aforesaid, bound on a voyage across the Atlantic ocean, iliall, at the time of leaving the last port from whence she sails, have on board, well secured under deck, at least sixty gallons of water, one hundred pounds of salted tleshmeal, and oni.' hundred poiindu of wholesome sliiphread, for every person on hoard such ship or vepsel, over and besides such other provisions, stores, mid live stock, as shall, by the master or jiassengers, he put on hoard, and in like proportion for shorter or longer voyages ; and in case the crew of any ship or vessel, wliirh shall not have hecii so provided, shall be put upon short allowance in water. Mesh, or bread, during the vovace, Ihe master or owner of such ship or vessel shall pay, to each of the crew, one day's wages beyond the wages agreed on, for every day they shall he so put to short allowance, to be recovered in the same manner as their sti[iulateil wages. The provisions ol the 8th section of this act, relating to a chest of medicines, have since been cx- leiulcd to all merchant vessels, of 75 tons or upwards, bound to the West Indies. M of Ihe With of Jvlij, 1708.—} 1. That from and after the first day of Septemher next, Ihe innsler or owner of every ship or vessel of the United Stales, arriving from a foreign port into any port of the United States, shall, before such ship or vessel shall be admitted loan entry, render to tlie collector a true accniint of the number of seamen that shall have been employed on board siirh vessel since she was last entered at any port in the United States, and shall pay, to the said collector, at the rate of livenly cents per month for every seaman bo employed ; which sum he is hereby authorised to retain out of tlie wages of such seamen. {2. That from and after the first day of September next, no collector shall gram to any ship or ves- sel whose enrolment or license for carrying on the coasting trade has expired, a new enrolment or license, before the master of such ship or vessel shall first render a true account to the collector, of the number of seamen, and the time they have severally been employed on hoard such ship or vessel, during the continuance of the license which has so expired, and pay to such collector twenty cents pcrmonth for every month such seamen have been severally employed as aforesaid ; which sum the said master is hereby authorised to retain out of the wages of such seamen. .\nd if any such ma.ster shall render a false account of the number of men, and the length of lime they have severally been employed, as Is herein required, he shall forfeit and pay one hundred dollars. } 3. That it shall he the duty of the several collectors to make a quarterly return of the sums col- lected by them, respectively, by virtue of this act, to the secretary of the treasury ; and the president ofthellnited States is hereby authorised, out of the same, to provide for the temporary relief and maintenance of sick or disabled seamen, in the hospitals or other proper institutions now established in the several ports of the United States, or in ports where no stieh institutions exist, then in such other manner as he shall direct : Provided, That the moneys collected in any one district, shall be expended within the same. J4. That if any surplus shall remain of the moneys to be collected by virtue of this act, after defray- iiii; the expense of such temporary relief and support, that the same, together with such private dona- lions as may be made for that purpose, (which the president is hereby authorized to receive.) shall be invested in the stock of the United Slates, under Ihe direction of the rresidnnt j and when, in his opinion, a siilticient fund shall he accumulated, he is hereby authorised to purchase or receive cessions or donations of ground or buildings, in the name of the United States, and to cause buildings, when necessary, to be erected as hospitals for the accommodation of sick and disabled seamen. {5. That the president oftlie United States be, and he is hereby authorised to nominate and appoint, in such ports of the United States as he may think proper, one or more persons, to be called directors of the marine hospital of the United States, whose duty it shall be todirect the expenditure of the fund assigned for their respective ports, according to the .'fd section of this act ; to provide for the accom- modation of sick ond disabled seamen, under such general instructions as shall be given by the presi- dent of the United States for that purpose, and also, subject to the like general instructions to direct and govern such hospitals, as the president may direct to be built in the respective ports : and that the said directors shall hold their offices during the pleasure of the president, who is authorized to lill up all vacancies that may be occasioned by the death or removal of any of the persons so to be appointed. Aiid the said directors shall render an account of the moneys received and expended by them, once ia a- 456 SEAMEN (AMERICAN). ■ 't WK"?" , *«• !.»■ ■■•«■■ .jaw il*?;*' :f- * ' :. i > ■ .1 "■■'if ,, HI' I ,1 every qnnrtflr of a year, to the see retnry of the trrnsnry, or such other person na the president shaH direct; hut no oilier ulli)vvnnr,e or cumiit'iisnlid'i sliiill !)« made to the said dlreclors, exrepl the pny. ment of siii-li expcnsi'o us tliev niav incur in t'u! nciiial diacliaru'e of the dnties required hy thl^ aci. Jici of lilt 'U of March, IT'J'.l'.— Jl- Tliat the presiilent of the United Stales shall lie, and he hen l,y Is, anliioriaed to direct the cxpiMidilnre of any moneys whicli liave heen, or shall lie, collected Ity vir- tue of an act, entitled "An act for the relief of sick and ilisabled seamen," to he made vvillilii Uie state wherein the same shall have heen rollecled, or within the stale next adjoining therein, except. inp what may he collected in the siairs if New Hampshire, Massachusetts, llhode Island, and (;,,n. neclicnl ; any Ihintf in the said act cnnl.i ned, to the contrary thereof noiwithstandlns. } 2. Th,\t the secretery of the navy si all he, and he lierehy is, anthorised and direcled to dcilucl, after the first day of Heptendxir next, noai the pay thereafter lo become due, of the oHicers, Kcniiicii, and marines, of the navv of the United rtlates, at the rale of twenty cents per month, for t.'very siiili officer, seaman, and marine, a J lo pay the same, (inarler annually, to the secretary of the Ireasuiv, to h>; applied tred as seamen of the United Slates, and enlitled to the relief extended by law lu sick and disabled seamen. } .■). Thai each and every director of Ihe marine hospitals within the United States, shall, if it c;u! with convenience be done, admit iiili the hospital of which he Is director, sick foreign seamen, nn ij.e applicali'in of the master or coiiiniunder of any fireign vessel lo whicli such sick seam.in may liiliiiii;i and e.icli seaman so ailinilied sbal, be subject to a charge of seventy-live cents per day fir eai li il i\ |i,. may remain in the hospital, Ihe p. ynieiil of which the in ister or comiiiander of such foreign vessel sli ill make lo Ihe collector of Hie district in which such Imsfiilal is sitnaled : and the collecinr sliiill nr,; grant a clearance to any f iiei!;ii vessel, until the money due from such master or coiiimaii 'er, iii nian. ner and form aforesaid, shall be paid ; and llie director of each hospital is hereby direcled. mulcr lli'. penally of lil'iy dollars, lo make out the accoiinis against each foreign seaiiiitii that may be jilucod iii the hiispilal, iiiider his direeti.in, and render the same lo the colleclor . ,^rt of Ihe 'iSih of Fthriiarii. 1S():1.— J ;i. That whenever a ship or vessel, belonging to a rlliycn nC the tJnileil Stales, shall be sold in a foreign cminlry, and her company discharged, or when a teaman or mariner, a citizen of the United Slates, .shall, with his own coiisenl, be discharged in a foreign idunlry, Ush ill be the duly of the master or coin ma nderlo produce to the consul, or vice consul, commercial, igeiil. or vice coinmercial agenl, the li-tof his ship's coiii|iaiiy, certified as afiiresaid, and to pay In surliinii- Eul, vice ciinsiil, commercial agent, or vice coin mere ia I agenl, for every seaman or manner i-o discliarsjc;!, being ilesiL'iiated on such list as a ci!i/.eii of the United Slates, three montlis' pay, over and almve Hit wages which may then be due lo siicli mariner or seaman, two thirds thereof to be paid hy siuhicn'. 8ul or commercial agenl, to each seaman or mariner so discharged, upon hi.s engagemeni on ImarJiif any vessel to reliirn lo the lliiiled Stales, iiml the oilier remaining third lo be ri liiined fur ilic puijinse ofcreatiiii' a fund for the payment of ihe (lassages of seamen or iiiariners, citizens of the Uniliil .■"ialc, •who 111 ly be di siroiis of returning lo ihe Ui iied Stales, and for the maintenance of American siaincn who may be deslihile, anil may be In such f.ireigii port ; and the several siiii'i retained fir sticli luiiil Bhall be acconiiliNl for with the invisiiry every six montlis, by the persons roc -Iviiig the same. J 4. That il shall be Hie duty of ilie conse!:,, vice consuls, commi'rcial ageiili , vice commercial a jrnU of the United Siaies, from time lo time, lo |iroviile fur the mariners and sea'uen of the llnitci! .SiaU'S, who may be faun I desliliile wiibiii their districts, res|>(;clively, siillicieiU siibsisten. e and iias5ii;;Hs in some poll in the Umled Stales, iii ilie most reasmialile manner, at Hie expense of the Uiiileil Sijifs, siiliject to such inslriictions as ihe s 'crelary ol'slalesli ill give ; and that all masters and co iiie:iiii!irs oi vessels belonging I o citizens of the li oiled Slates, and bound lo some port of the same, are liertliy tennired and enjoined lolake such marineisor seamen on board of their .ships or vessels, al llie rciiuojl of the said consuls, vice consuls, commercinl agents, or vice cominercii! agents, respei lively, am! in transport lliem lo the port in ilie lliiiled S:,iles to which siicii shiiis oi vessels may he 11011111!' oii^ntli terms, not evceeding ten doll.irs for each persmi, as may le; agreed helween Ihe said niasler aiiilciii- Hill, or commercial agenl. And the saiil mirinersor seanien shill, if able be bniniil lo ilo ilulynn hoard snc.li ships or vessels, nccor'llng to their si'veral abilities : I'roimled, That iin 111 ist.'r nr cajHai!! of any shi|i or vessLd shall be obliged in t.ike a greater iiniobef than I wo men to ever\ one liiiiiilrrilli;:iJ inir'lieii i.f the said ship or vessi^l, on any one voyaiie ; ami if any such captain or imisler shill rcl'iH' the Hiiiue, on Ihe reipiesl nr order of tlie consul, vice consul, idinmercial iiL'ent, or vice coiiiiiiiTcnl agen'. such captain or inaslei shall tin f.-li iind p;iy ibe sum of one hundred dniliu- fnr en li niariiiiTiir seiimaii so r,..fns(?d, lo be recoverc'd. for Ihe bi'iielil of the United Stales, in any court of cniii|iilr:il jurisdiction, And the certificate of any such consul or commercial agent, given under his hand aiiJ SEAWORTHY. 457 i " 1 119 tho presiilenl shall KClorP, cxcrpl ll"' I'^vy- rcqiiiriMl l>y lliis ii< t. shall 111', :>'iiT< liy mil lie, <:(ill«rliMl by vir- to be iiiiiile williin Itie jdiiiing lb«riTn- snch refliilatiivns, luul to hat, for defraying lli^ . ■:- any nnnifys arising u u] k-rry boat, raft, or ll;it, lie- ippi.wilh inteiitioii iii|irii. cttir or naval oliiicr tlu-r;'- ft.or flat, and the liiniMlial la'val otlii-er, at IIk! lalouf n-rehy anlbori/cd ti> r.iiijn all not pive a cleariniri; l')i leciiMiit be ri'nderi'd loliim the money paid to liiinliy I account of the nnnihiT of i!rein reiinired. In: t-liuUI'ii. f, the said uencr.il finiil.l'it 'any snch boat, ral'i.or I'li;, ief extended by law to sick lited States, shall, if it i"ii< sick fori'ijin seamen, 1111 ll.c h sick seam. in may Im'Iuhl'; Ills per day for eai h (li\ lif of snch firt'i.mi vi^ssi'l shall ml the collector sliiill 110! tcr or coinman 'er, in iiiiin- hereby directed. iMuldr Ih'. man that may be lil.iceit ii, I'longinji to a citi-znii nf the Iged, or when a seaiiiiiiioi Inirsjedin aforeiuri muntry, [o consul, coimi\erciiil;igeiit. lid, and to pay to such roll- knor manner sodistiiarscl, lis' pay, over and ahove Hit >if to be paid by siiili iw'- lis pn(!ai.'emenlon huarJiil lie r.-tained for ilie |iiii|»'se Ilizensoftlie United .Sinlt!, Inance of American si'iimcn liii'i retained for siicli luiid lee living the same. ill. vicecoinnieriKilngnnU (.•lien of the \Inttei! Sliu^s, libsisten.eand iMsswfs to l.„se of the United St,iW, || masters and coine^nukis lirt of tbe same, are luTir.iy l,s or vessels, at lliereq.l.-l Ticenis, respectively, ini'll;^ Lelsniiiv lie liooml eii^i"" li tin; said nrisler and t'l'i- be bound to d.i d'HV"" h'hat no m isier or c;i|iiai!i III cverv one liiiiiclrcii iciiS Itain or master slnll reins' In-eiil, or vice coiniiierciil l|,.|lai- for e;uli iiiiinm''"' lin any court of conili''!''"' given under his band :iii>l official neai, shnll be prima facin evidence of such refusal, in any court of law having Jurisdiction for the recovery of the penalty aforesaid. Thp reader may also be referred to Kent'.i Commentarks on American Law for a com- prehensive and excellent statement of the law rclatiii)^ to seamen. — Am. Ed.] SEAWORTHY, a term applied to a ship, indicating that she is in every respect fit for her voyage. It is provided in all charterpartics, that the vessel chartered shall be " ti^ht, staunch, and strong, well apparelled, furnished with an adequate number of men and mariners, tackle, provisions, &c." If the ship be insufficient in any of these particulars, the owners, though icuorant of the circumstance, will be liable for whatever damage may, in consequence, be done to the goods of the merchant ; ani* 'f an insurance has been elfecli'd upon her, it will ho void. But whether the condition of seaworthiness be expres.sed in the charterparty or not, it is always implied. " In every contract," said Lord EUenborough, " between a person holding hinist'lf forth as the owner of a lighter or vessel ready to carry goods for hire, and the person nulling goodo on board, or employing his vessel or lighter for that purpose, it is a term of the contract on the part of the lighterman or carrier implied by law, that his vessel i.s tight, and fit for the purpose for which he olfers and holds it forth to the [lublic: it is the. immediate foundation and substratum of the contract that it is so : the law presumes a promise to thai tjfal on the part of tlie carrier, ivithout any actual proof ; aiiiJ every reason of sound po- licy and public convenience requires that it should be so," Not only must the ship and furniture be suflicicnt for the voyage, but she must also bo fuinishfcd with a sufficient number of persons of competent skill and ability to navigate her. And for sailing down rivers, out of harbours, or through roads, i&c, where either by usage or the laws of the country a pilot is required, a pilot must be taken on board. But no owner or master of a ship shall be answerable for any loss or damage by reason of no pilot being on board, unless it shall be proved that the want of a pilot shall have arisen from any refusal to lake a pilot on board ; or from the negligence of the master in not heaving to, for the pur- pose of taking on board any pilot who shall be ready and ollijr to take charge of the ship. — (48G'ro. 3. c. 104.) A ship is not seaworthy unless she be provided with all the documents or papers necessary for the manifestation of the ship and cargo. Neither is she seaworthy, if, duririg war, she lifi not supplied with the sails required to facilitate her escape from an enemy. It is only necessary, to guarantee the owners from loss, that the ship should be seaworthy at the time of her departure. 8he may cease to be so in a few hours, and yet they may not be hable. The question to be decided in such cases always is, whether the ship's disability arose Irom any defect existing in her before her departure, or from a cause which occasioned it afterwards. But if a ship, within a day or two of her departure, become Iraky or founder at sea, or be obliged to put back, without any visible or adcipiate cau.se to produce such an effect— such as the starting of a plank or other accident to which the best ships are liable, and which no human prudence can prevent — the fair presumption is that she was not sea- worthy when fhe sailed ; and it will be incumbent on the owners to show that she was seaworthy at that time. They are liable for damage occasioned by every injury arising from any oris;inal defect in the ship, or from bad stowage : but they are not liable for any injury arising from the act of God, the king's enemies, or the perils of the sea. It is further to be observed, that how perfect soever a ship may be, yet if, from the nature of her const ructiv)ii, or any other causes, she be incapable of performing the proposed voyage, with the propo.sed cargo on board, she is not seaworthy. She must be, in all respects, fit for the trade in which she is meant to he employed. And it is a wholesome rule that the owners should be held to a pretty strict proof of this. It has been already observed, that any defect in point of seaworthiness invalidates an in- surance upon a ship. There is not only an express but an implied warranty in every policy, that the ship shall be " tight, staunch, and strong, &c. ;" and the reason of this is plain. The insurer undertakes to indemnify the insured against the extraoi-dinary and unforeseen perib of the sea ,- and it would be absurd to suppose thErt any man would insure against those perils, but in the confidence that the ship is in a condition to encounter the ordinary perils to which every ship must be exposed in the usual course of the proposed voyage. By the old law of France it was directed, that every merchant .ship, before her departure from the place of her outfit, should be surveyed by certain sea oiricers appointed for that pur- pose, and reported to be seaworthy, " en bon ctat de navigation ,•" and that previous to her return, before she took her homeward cargo on board, she should be again surveyed. Valin has shown — (Tit. Fret, art. 12.), that very little confidence could be placed in these surveys, ffliidi, he tells u^, were only made upon the external parts, for the ship was nut unsheathed; and, therefore, her internal and hidden defects could not be disclosed. This practice seems now to be aliandoned by the ^Vench ; at least, there is no allu-siou to it in the Code de Com- mem. It is, one should think, much better to leave the question as to the seaworthiness of tiic ship to be ascertained, as in England, after a loss has happened, by an investigation of the t'uo cause of such loss, tlian to permit so important a question to be decided upon tho Vol. II.— 2 g 68 458 SEEDS— SHARES. ■0* - '• taw* :' -^ ,«*• *« .^3!;||l» B^ ;; SBli'^'- V report of officers without any motive to inquire carefully into her actual condition. A ship may, to all appearance, be perfectly capable of performing a voyage ; and it is only after a loss has happened, that her latent defects can be discovered, and her true state at the time of her departure rendered manifest. Indeed, the survey made by the French was not deemed a conclusive proof that the ship was, at her departure, really seaworthy : it merely raised a presumption that such was the case ; but it was still open to the freighter or the insurer to show the contrary. For further information upon this point, the reader is referred to the able and excellent works of Chief Justice Abbott (Lord Tenterden) on the Law of Shipping, part iii. c,3, and of Mr, Serjeant Marshall on Insurance, book i. c. 5. § 1. SEEDS, in commerce, the grains of several species of graraina. Those of most import. ance are clover seed, flax or linseed, hemp seed, mustard seed, rape seed, tares, • .100 161 10 June and Dec 2,849 \t Orand I'nion .... lOO 24 1 October \,Vlt) (irwi Surrey . . . - 100 . March and Sep. 3,096 Oral, ( Wotern • • - • 100 lOO 12 [and Dec. 600 GlainMrganthire Av. co»« 17W. 13*. 4* 13 12 8 March, Juue, Sea 749 Gninlham . . -150 . 2 May 6,239 Huddenfield, - ■ Av. (fll 6t. 6(f. Kennel and Avon - Av. 391. im. fOd. 35 10 2 September 25,328 26 1 7 March and Sep. March 11,699 1-2 fjincaster . Av. 471. til M. 28 10 I 6 2,897 3-4 Leedt and Liverpool • . • lOO 750 60 May and Nov. 646 3-4 Leicester . . - -140 205 15 10 Jan. and July 1,S97 r,( -100 200 10 July 500 Mersey and Irwell • - - 100 560 23 October 3,000 Macclesfield • - - -100 46 2 10 August 247 Neilh 100 325 7 Jan. and July 1,786 Oxford • . . • - 100 610 30 March and Sep. 2,400 Peak t'lTftK ■ Av. alMut 78 91 1 June and Dec. ?I,41S Regent's . 8d. 121. 81 121. 2i. Gd. 7 July 5,669 Kocbdale - - ■ Av. 8S 95 6 May 600 Shropshire • - - - 125 138 goo June and Dec 800 Somerset Coal . - • - ISO 190 9 10 3,600t 700 Somerset Lock Fund Stock • 12/. 10». 11 6 4 10 — — .Stafford and Worcester - . -140 680 36 Jan. and July 500 Shrewsbury . - . - 125 280 10 16 May and Nov. 300 Stourbridge .... 145 396 7 Jan. and July 3,617 Stratford on-Avon - Av. 79!. 9». Sd. 44 2 August *200 Stroud water • - . - 150 500 26 May an'I ^ov. 633 Swansea - . . - - 100 263 16 November 3,762 Severn and Wye, and Railway ■ Av. 3a 42 2 6 March and Sep, 1,300 Thames and Severn, black, • - 100 34 2 June 1,150 Ditto, red - . . .100 39 2 2,6001-4 ML 8,149 Trent and Mersey - • j^ sh. SO Thames and Medway . Av. 191. 5». 8d. 597 10 2 10 June and Dec 2 1,000 ih. 1,000 1-2 ih. 98C Warwick and Birmingham • Av. 100 268 13 May and Nov. Warwick and Napton - - - 100 195 15 — 6,000 Worcester and Birmiagham Av. 78f. 8f. 68 4 Feb. and Aug. 6,000 Wills and Berks . Av. 67i. 10». 8rf. 2SJ.10«.&28f.5#. 1 10 May '800 Wvrley and Essinglon - - - 125 . 6 January 126 W'ubeach - - • - 105 30 903 WeyandArin - - - - 110 DOCKS- 22 10 1 May «0* 1,065 1-2 8h. Commereial ■ - • .100 66 3 Operct. Jan. and July East and West India ■ - ■ Stock 103 6 — — 1,033 East Country - ■ - - lOO 10 m. 8i- 3101. 5«. 10 l,.ondon . . . ■ - Stock Ditto Bonds .... 66 10 3 — 4 0- June and Dec 2,209 Bristol . . . Av. 1471. 9t. "74 6 3 6 5 April and Oct. May and Nov. 63,3241. Ditto Bonds . . Various amounts 108 5 — 1,332,752 600,000 St. Katherine .... gtoeJc 101 5 5 — Jan. and July Ditto Bonds .... - 4 10 — S Ap. and 5 Oct. 200,000 Ditto Bonds 1840 Soutbamptoa • - • GO 8 WATER.WOBKS. 4 — 4,800 41433 Birmingham ■ - • - 25 25 20 10 East I,nlidon - - • -100 164 10 7 Jan. and July 5,500 Grand Junction - • Av. 411. 13i. 4d. 66 S 2 10 — i,000 Kent 100 44 2 .— '372 Liverpool Boolle - ■ -220 New River London Bridge Water An- 327 10 U January 1,500 nuities .... 69 2 10 April and Oct. March 6,436 Manchester and Salford • ■ Av. 30 57 10 2 10 1,000 V.tuxhall, late South Loidon - -100 103 6 — April and Oct. 8,294 West Middlesex - Av. 631. I2t. 9d. 961. IOj. ex. div. 4 — June and Dec- 1^60 York Building Co. Lessee Prop. ■ 100 BRIDGES. 35 14 April and Oct 1,600 Hammersmith - • • -SO 22 10 Jan. and July 7,231 Southwark with new subscr. Av. 63/. 2». 8d. 2 10 1,700 Ditto, New, of 7 1 2 per cent., - • 50 13 5 1 16 Operct December 6,C00 Waterloo - • - -100 3 5,000 Ditto Old Ann. of 81. - - - 60 201, 10». ex. div. 1 2 Feb. and Aug. 6,000 Ditto .New ditto of 7t • • -40 IB 19 3 ^ 60,0001. Ditto Bonds .... . 5 — — 5,848 Vauahall - - Av. 701. 10». 3d. ASSURANCE COMPANIES. 2S 19 June and Dec 2,000 Albion 600 60 73 3 IS necember 60,000 Alliance, Bril. and For. • • - 100 11 14 12 6 6 0- April and Oct 50,000 Ditto Marine . ■ • . 100 t 5 10 6 — January 24.000 Atlas 50 5 15 5 12 Opersh. July 1,200 Mill. ■Ji'mingham Fire • • • 230 66 107 10 5 5 May 4eo SHARES (PRICES OF, etc.). Table of the principal Joint Stocic Companies in England and Wales— confinuei. ■••^•■V,., ■•:3I mm ■• JX* nafcl ^ V ,,«l'Hk i.'j-..'. :ri|l» ii«»'"' .- "* .s •■mauL' . I"' ,£- flf iro. . ■'';!# I**' ■ *m*^ i --i'll 'l^ r " . E-'im c % :, .,j>'Kn» »'"' ;)» ;r Jl iWtStf-"'"' ■ KMI.' si{=^.! »■")!■■ L',.: , No. of Shun. Description of Amount of Shares Companies. paid up. Price per Share. Dividends per Annum. Dividends ^ Due. Shares. Paid, /,. t. d. L. 1. d. 20,000 British Fire . . . 2^0 60/. 40 4 per ct. March nid Sep. June and Dec. IJMO Britisli Commercial - • . 60 6 51. 13«.fc5(. 17>.6rf. 6 — tm Clerical, Med. and Gen. Life ■ ■ 100 2^ County 100 III 4 5 6 — 3 Au,;ust Ilecfinber Crown 60 Hi . 8/. per ct. bs. November Eage 60 6 Economic Life ■ - • 1,000 2-i0 5 7 6 400 5 il. p. ct. k 30i. bs. October Jan. and July *^ EnK. and Sroil. Law, Fire and Life - 60 2 European Life • - • - 20 22 1 2 ~. S.'oo U.lloNew • • ■ - M 2 1 lit 2 _ Freemasons • - • . 20 3 6 per ct. 100,000 Globe Stock 123 6 0- June and Dec. 20,000 Guardian - - ■ - 100 27* 33 1 5 — July 3(1,000 Hope Life - - - . 25 2 4 September 30*000 Ditto Fire • • • - 25 2 . 2 6 March 8|400 Imperial Fire • • . - 600 60 . • June and Dec. ! 760 Imperial Life ■ • - . 100 10 Indemnity Marine ' - tOOI. 6f. 13i. (id. 10 S . July ^^ 20 10 • August j Kent Fire - - - • .50 50 92 3 10 Feb. and Aug. Ditto Life • - - -60 79 3 (8^ Law Life - - • . 100 10 i.c.'xl ani General Life • - ■ 60 2 30 3 16 April t 18)900 Ixjndnn Fire - ■ - . 25 12i '. 10 March and Sep, ) 81.000 Ixindon Ship - • • - 23 12^ i .0 10 ^^ M:irine 100 10 10 July ~ j Minerva Life - • • • 20 2 . 4 0- Sl'SS ' Nation il Life • • . ■ 100 6 12 8 — _ «MM» Palladium Life ■ - • - 60 2 2 7 5 — Jan. and July i Phoinix 175 5/. per ct. bs. "S'^SS I'roleclor Life - - . • 20 1 U 18 4 per ct. _ 2,500 Provident Life • . • - 100 10 11 1 0' June t0O,0lX) Rock Life ■ . ■ -212 I 15 6 October 689,2191. ITi. lOd. Royal F.Kclnn^e . - - . stock 202/. Si 20:)/. 5i. per CI. bs. June and Dec 10,000 Riyal Naval, Milit., and E. L Com. - 23 3 3 4 |ier ct. Siui Fire ..... 210 6/. lOi. pern. lis. _ &SS2 tliiiversily Life - - . . 100 5 5 per ct. July fffiJ Univmal L.fe . - • - lOD 5 '7 15 li 6 — Miy 1,M)0 Union Fire - - - • 2i,0 20 JOINT STOCK BANKS. 1241. Il 125L 3 10 Jan. and July fltiM) Asricullural and Com. of Ireland - 25 10 Aijslralania • - - - 40 40 57 10 8 per ct. Jan. and July ••99? llillo New . . - . 40 20 23). 10 & 20/. 5i. 10,000 Birmingham Bank - • - 60 10 10 • March 20,000 British North Aniericin . - 50 30 261. is. & 26/.'l5>. 6 — Juni; and D^r 10(1,000 Coinmercial Bankof Englaud • .56 7 — ■• *■.* iJt.^, 20,0U0 Colonial - ■ - . 100 25 32/! 15». i 331. 7 — Jan. and July IMQO Hiberninn - - ■ • 100 25 1m| Imperial Bmk of England . . 20 8 . 8 — March aod Sep. ^B luniaii Stale - • * . 2i ii 6 10 4H London and Westminster * . 100 20 22!. 15l. * 221. I2s. 6c(. I7i. 6^. & 15*. 5 — March 80^000 Lonlon Joint Slock Company . . 50 10 12 10 5 — Jan, ami July JW|M8 Londrin and County • • . 60 10 9 WtwO I ■ Toool - - . .100 121 ftlaiichester and Liverpool Disct. - luO 15 21 5 10 — __ ^SkSs 9 12 6 7 10 — March a^jw Manchenler • • . . 100 25 7 — Oclober ' jffiBIP Metropolitan • - - . 25 7J mjBBf M-inmouthshire and Glamorganshire • 20 10 . 10 - Feb. aii'l Au^. Jan. aiij July 1 *^Ss Provincial Bank of Ireland - . 100 £5 44 5 S — 8$ora Uitio New - ■ . . 10 10 17 8 — National Bank of Ireland . . 50 17j 16 6 C 10,000 National Provincial England • ■ 100 35 34/ loj. & 34(. 12,i.ia. 6 — - 10)000 Ditto New - . . . 20 10 9;. I5i. & 10(. 5l. fpfOOO Northern and Central Bank of England 10 10 5 0- 31 December jO^dgy North and South Wales . . . 20 5 . 6 0- 81^00 Norlhatnptonsliire Union • . 25 5 14 14 — Jul,- 1 'tOOO Gloucestershire • - . . 50 10 30 Feb. \ni Au». ' wQO llim|)shire . * . . 50 5 . 10 — Au^iist a wuO North Will 25 6 . 7 — ] ^i^D Southern District - - . 20 6 . 5 — May Jan. and Juiy 9 ||^D West of F.iis. and Siulh Wales Dis. . 20 12* Wilts and Uonet . . . 15 7} Union Riiik of Australia - . 25 17^ Union B^nk of London • - - 50 5 12 5 5 — ^^2 8 5 6 — I^OOd *>** 5 2 GAS LIGHT AND COKE COMPANIES. ' ^ Bath 20i. IGi. Bradford • • - . .25 - 16 — 10 — March aa4 Sep. 8^ British 40 18 'l9 6 1 5 May an 1 Nov. Diiln Provincial • . - . 20 19 1 7 n Birmingham - - - 77/. 10.t. 93 6 10 J,tn. aivt Jijlf M^rrhautlSep April %ac B'Tinin^ham and Slalfordshire • . 50 60 73 4 .flP RreTilford . . . -50 IS 4^w Bristol . . . . .20 38 200" Feb. an.l Aii». ' jmw Brighton - . - . - 20 10 15 March aM Sep, w Ditto General • . . - 20 20 9 10 Canterbury . . . .60 6 — Jan. an'I J'lly DfiCetiiber Chelmsford - - . .60 4 — 800 Cheltenham • . . .50 , 8 — April aii'lOd. IiQOv City of Undon - . . - 100 100 . 10 M\rch 111 1 ^*p. 1)1^^ Ditto New . . . . ICO 75 10 Jiini" '*V'i Dec. ^ C in'iiHMital Consolidated . . 75 62i Ditto New . . . 60 11 110 2J/. t 24/. 6 lU Opersh. Jan. aad July Bk Oventry . . . . .25 2 10 1 a^JBk Dulley . . . . .20 17 6 Operct ] JOSBy Depiford, Rolherhithe, Bermondsey, . 1 1 0|W0 Kquilable . . - . 60 00 20 . JiiDe and Dec i kuSi/ Eiiropran . . . .15 11 7 6 ll'inBr Impen il . . . . . 60 50 63 10 5 — P^^H Ditto Roods - . . .100 4 — ^gDu Isle of Ihanet - - . . 25 20 18 5 — Atipu^ wBK' Indepeo'j'^nt * - • . ?0 ,10 ^0 6 — April aii'lOc!. ■ ^sK Lon 10' . . . . . 50 50 4 — MirchmilSfL. oflO Live-,,ool . . . 242J I81. 370 6 I IT — March les — eontinued. SHARES (PRICES OF, xsxc). Table of the principal Joint Stock Compaules in England and Wales— con(inuei{. m dendi per DivWendi | knnum. uue. ( d. a per ct. March tn<\ Sep. - Juno and Dec. — Anisujl Iteceliiber per cl. bs. J November October ct. t 30s. b». Jin. and July j 2 - 2 — Operct. — 0— July September i g Msrch 1 June and Dec, July August 1 10 Feb. and Auj. 16 April 1 10 March and Sep. \ 10 — i 10 July 1 — — 1 — - — Jan. and July per Cl. b%. per ct. —^ i June 1 5 ()clol)er per cl. bs. June iind Dec. j per ct. 1 lOl. pnrcl. 1)3. — 1 > U per cl. ./nlf 1 5 0- M.y 1 J 10 Jan. and July ' 1 8 Operct. 1 Jan. and July ■ Mirch 6 — June and D«. 7 — 7 — Jan. and July 8 0- March and Sep. 5 — March 6 0- Jan. and July 10 — - 7 10 — March 7 0- October 10 — Feb. and Aue. 8 — Jan. anJ July 8 0- >'o. of ShircJ. 6 — r. fi u 11 10 n 7 ft .ft u 6 31 December Jul,- ¥eh. and Auj. August May 16 to [l ft 1 7 6 10 4 |2 16 — 14 — 18 — 10 10 l6 10 Opersh. Is Operct. IS I* ■ ft 300 9,000 1,000 4,000 8,200 240 400 7.-.0 12,000 6,000 6,300 g.soo 13,000 7,500 3,000 6,000 600 3,000 60,000 12,600 fi.lXiO m,ooo 16,000 10,918 11.000 !0,000 2i.l.'00 25,000 6,000 2,000 8,000 2,100 6,100 7,9«S 11,475 36,000 24,000 20,000 25,000 25,000 31,250 36,000 26,666 2,000 13,000 13,000 10,000 10,000 15,000 6,128 2,500 2,eoo 1,000 1,500 28,000 6,000 Jan. anil July ^He 1,800 ^^K 8,000 ^^B 4,000 ' IB 10,000 \ ^K 8,000 t ^^^B 2,000 March aod Sep. \ ^H ^H| 10,000 M.iy in 1 Nov. ^^B 6,000 ^H 11,000 Jnn. ^\v\ July ^n 10,000 Mj^rrhand^ep. ^K 10,000 A|)ril ^H 20.000 Feb. anl Ant. ^B 10,000 March art Sep. ^H J^n. :^n'I July ^H 6,000 Dt-ceniber ■■ 12,000 A|tril ^B 10,000 Mirchmtyp' ^H 8,500 JllTU? -T'l \kC.. ^K 1.500 Jan. tLuJJul; ' ^V 1,850 ^B 20,000 ^^B 10,000 ^^B 5,151 ^^B 20,000 June and Dec. ^M 1 ^^m 11,500 < H S,000 Anns) , ' ^M 10,000 Anril and Ort. ' ^H 2,000 .Mirch and Se^. ^B) 30,000 March 1 ^B •Ma Description of Conijunies, Amount of Shares l>aid up. Maidstone PlKBuijt • RatclJir - South Metropolitan Company United General • W.arwick Wakefield Warrinijton Wesiuiiuater Cliartered ■ Ditto New aitara. Paid. ■ SOL ■ 60 39 ■ 100 80 ■ 60 22 - 60 4« - 60 - 23 • 20 ■ 50 ■ 50 10 IRON RAILWAYS. Birminicham and Derby Birii'iiif;hani and Gloucester Bristol and Exeter Cheltenhim and Great Western Chester and Berkenliead Clarence - Dublin and Dro|;heda Durtiain Junction nepiford Junction Kaslern Counties Gla&i^ow, Paisley, and Ayrshire . Kdinburf;h, Leith, and Nevstuven Kdinbiirgh and Ula;;gow Glasgow, Paisley, and Greenock Grand Junction - Ditto Half Shares Great North of England ■ Great Western - Ditto New Gosport Junction HartlelKwl Hull and Selby • Leetis and Selbv - .'.iverp, ■' -•nd Manchester Oillo Hall ... -- Ditto (Quarter snares tondou and Brighton Loudoa and Blackball • London and Greenwich ■ Ditto New London and Birmingham ■ 100 90 • 100 70 • 100 40 ■ 100 4S . 60 35 . too 100 ■ 100 5 . 100 100 • 20 I . 25 21 - 51 30 - 20 11 ■ 50 25 . 25 17 . 100 100 - jO 30 - 100 55 ■ 100 65 ■ 60 30 ■ SO 20 ■ too 100 • 60 ;15 . 100 too • 100 100 ■ 60 40 - 25 2,5 ■ 50 35 - 25 17^ - 20 20 - 20 20 • 100 90 • 25 fi • 32 24 18i. 6d. 10». 100 too 60 70 ■ 70 100 Ditto Quarter Shares Ditto New Shires Ditto Ronils, 1S43 Ln (inn and Southwestern Av. 3S/. 17*. 9d. Ditto Bonds I/indon and Croydon Ditto Scrip Llanelly Railway and Dock Co. M.inchesteratid l,.eeds - Ditto New Shares Mani-'he^iler and Birmingham Ditto Extension - Midland Counties North .Midland • Ditto New Northern and Eastern - Predion and Wigan Preston and Wyre Stockton and Darlington S'auliope and Tyne South ilaatern anil Dover York and North Midland MINES. Ari^ia Iron and Coal Company Albion Copper - Allen Ano • Columbian, iss. St, pm ■ Ditto New English - General Mining Association Hibernian .Mexican Company Mi,lin,f Company of Ireland Real del Monte, llegistered Av. 63.', Ditto, Unregistered Milto Loan Notes Reitnionr Cons'ilidated ■ Rtiyinney Iron - Isle of Seek, GuL.T ry - United Mcxiciui, iss. 21. pu Price per Share. /,. ». d. 100 30 10 60 55(. lOt. h 661. 5i. !i 55L 15r. & 66<. II 65 6 9i. 5«. & 91. 6<«. k mi. k m. 301. 10». k 301. 15j, &31I. &31I. lOi. 24 5 151. 5». MS/. 7i.6d. ai5i.&13I.5j.&15( Sf.oj. &8i. lO.t 81. 15j, S «i. 12j. 6<7. 15/. I0>. k 151, Bi. 1511. 10^'. k 1651. k 1571. 24 44 43 72J. lOt. k 721. 15>. 100 100 I Of. 100 25 20 60 jO lOO 100 lOO 100 50 18 50 40 50 M 6 H ■ 15 12J 100 100 2-, 60 40 . 160 !50 25 , 35 20 25 25 20 It 20 20 , 10 10 , 103 50 • lU eh .20 76 10 96 IT 6 18 10 12 10 12 40 20 13 56 55 II li 25 14 20 19 60 10^ 100 651 25 7 lOl, 6d. 160 , 6 4^ . 60 60_ • 40 40* ll.tH. lOi. 40 9 2 6 Dividends per Annum. I . d. 10 ■< per ct. 4 ■ 5)0 — 4)0 — I S U I 5 I 3 1 12 14 Operth. S per ct. 5 0- 9 10 persh, 9 !0 — 9 13 — 3 Operct 8 per sb. 4 per cl. 3 0- 6 Dividends Due. Feb. and Aug. June and Dec. March and Sep. July Jan. and July October June and Dec Jan. and July 10 September August Jan. and July April and Oct. Feb. and Aug. 16 March Jan. 9nd July 1 5 2 per sh. 10 2 lO Operct. April and Oct. MaKh March and Sep. May and Nov. April and Oct. Jane and Dec. Jan. and July 468 SHARES (PRICES OF, etc.). Cfgglii •jJ'rtW "• v.. flW ■■BB::.,..'*«wiim» iK, ■'■.■:"^ '" i riii% ijRlBK'-' ^•tlll r J Table of the principal Joint Stock Companies in England and Walea— eonttnuerf. Nc.orshirei. Dcnrription of Amount of Shares <;oiiipariie9, p<-«i«l tip. Trice per Share. Dividends per Annum. Divilcndi Due. { Siturcl. Paid. t. t- niton, wiih Urnrizc Ticket • 7P?'. 1, I.Ai i:iiivci»ily - • ■ 11") 100 1ft 10 '?S? BOO Rmwll • • . - liOJ 7 Kiuj's Collejo . . . 100 19 10 a MISCELLANEOUS, 1 10,000 Ar.Rln.Mi'xiranMinl - • . tn 10 . 1 4 Jtine and Dec. ' 10,000 Auilraliaii ARmuilutal • • • 100JS(.2j. * 1 10 Jaimaiy 10.000 Assam Ti;i ( "nipai:)- • . - 60 5 41. I7f. ad. k 4i. 10>. lO.OUO Aiili-llryr.l Cci. Kesi'lcreil • - i'i 17.J ! 10,000 Hritish iat, iil t oil ... I ! fO.OOO llrilinh ABricullur.il l,naii Com. • 10) 6 1 K,600 Hriiiih ll.tk.inil I'aichlSilt • . M 3,i . 1 April and Ori 6,000 Hrilish Aii.erican Laud Culitpany - f'O 33 10 4 U per ct. Much .111(1 Sep. 10,0*10 Can.aila Con paiiy - • .100 3ii- . 6 — Jau. and July 10,000 t'lipur Canada lionda ... 6 — — . Clly lloncis .... 101 4 — 6,000 Eastern Coast of Central Aiucrica Com* pariv, OtlJtiltures - * -20 I'.i . 4 — 6,000 (ien. hever. and liivestH.enl Co. • UK) 7S . 4 2,700 Eiiuil.alili- llfversion.iry Society- -100 45 . 4 a, 100 lluinerlorcl .Mirkel - - . 100 luO 6,000 London Cemetery - - - 20 li 20,0UO General Steam .Nivigitiou - - 15 14 > W. Hj. ft 2.. 6(/. hs. Marcli aii'l «ep. lluiUnu'sHay Stocl( - - - 1(0 100 - 10 per ct. Jan. and Ji.iy M,000 London Reversionary Int. Society - 60 10 20,000 MeKican and S mill Ainericau ■ • 10 7 New Brnmwjck (Land) ■ - - 57 "l2 10 — 1 5,387 Reversionary Interest Society - . 100 100 1331 & 1347. 5 — 15,000 Koval .Mail SI, am racket . - ll'U 5 4 13 2,100 S'. ileor I 3,(100 slop Owiiers'Towing Company - 10 7a - 10 i 14,000 Sn,i'h Aus'ralian • - - - 2'> 15 12 4 — ». 1 4,000 'riiamtsTiiipnel - - - • ."iO 50 lOf. iiBf. I'lS. & ICl ; 10,0W) Van Dicmau's Und - . - 100 17j 11 10 1 6 .V. D. — Wlitn the aniouiil of a slureouiy ismcnlioried, it is to be presumed that it is entirely paid up.— 5u/t.) [See sup., article Stocks. Aiit. Et/.] SHARKS' FINS form a regular article of trade to China; and are collected for this pur. jiosc in every country from the eastern shore of .\frica to New (ruinea. In ihc Canton Price Currents they arc as refrularly quoted as lea or oiiiiini; and the price of late years ha.^ been, accoinling to qualily, from 1.5 to 18 dollars per pieul, equal to from 50,s. to (JO.v. porcivi SHAWLS (Ger. Sc/iakn ,■ Fr. C/iitls, C/ia/es ,- It. Shavali ,- Sp. ffchuiHilos), aviicjes ot fine wool, silk, or wool and silk, manufactured after the fashion of a large haiulkcrcliicf, usoo in female dress. The finest shawls are imported from India, where they are highly estfctiipj and cost from .50 to .300 guineas. But tiie British shawls miinufactured at Norwich, Pais ley, and particularly Edinhurgh, have recently heen very much im|)roved; and Ihoush .still inferior, in point of (juality, to the finest specimens brought from the Ea.st, they look well, and are much cheaper. The native shawl manufacture is of very considerable value and iniportaruf, Cn.fhviere Widw/.--.— Tlit' sliiiwl iiiiitMiliictiirc ishelievpil toliave oriL'inatcd in tlievallry ll^(',l^.|||^crH, lli itioii w illi those of ('nslimere. Tlit,' iii,iiii|. facture has been eslablislietl at Delhi and Lahore for soiue years ; hut notwithsiaiuliti;; it is larrii'ilon by ii.ilive ("ashmeriatis, and Ihoii|;h the material eioployed be (iiiile tlie same, the fabrics are suiil to want the fineness of those made in (■aslitnere, ami l< have a degenerated, coarse appearance. It i< ditliciilt to account for tliis siiperiorily. It has heen ascribed lo some peculiar (luality of Ihc water in the valley of Cashmere ; hut it is inosl. pruliably owing 'o a variety of circiimstances, wliiili, iluiugli each may appear of little importance, colleclivtdy give a character to the manufactttre. The followiii, details as to the inanulactiiro of C^ashmcre shawls are extracted from a recent iiuni- I'cr (if an Knglisli paper puhlistied at Delhi : "The grtsit man for the wool of which shawls are made, is at Kilghet, which "ssaid to be adepcnil- ency of J.adak, and situateii 'K\ days' journey from the northern boundaries of Cafihniere. There art 2 kinds of it : that which can be re.tdily dyed is white ; Ihe other sort is of !\u asliy colour. uiiiiiilji;iii' Willi (liHii.iilly chant'ed, or, .it least, inijiiovtMl by art, is generally woven of its natural lute. Aliouf' lbs. of eillier are obtained from a siriKle poal once a year. Alter the down l;as beiMi earel'iilly separaleJ from the hairs, it is repeatedly wnstied wiih ricc-slart-li. Tliis process is reckoned iiiipurlaiil ; audit ^ to itie quality of the water t^f their valley that llie Cashmeriaus littrihute tile peculiar aiitl iuimila- w i. I siip:ep. 463 ilea — continued. JcikU Iter LllllUIII. Uivi'lcntli Due. 4 10 Jiini* and Dtc. ■ H; Jajiuaiy ■ 1 H 1 U per cl. 0- — 0- ! m. April and Oct. K Much .lu'l hep. ^m, Jan. ami July ^B ^^B Ij. & 2<. 6(1. bs. pur ct. March aii'l «pp. H, Jau. and July ^B 10 — B — ! 1 i — 1 1 DOG 10 0- H 6 B We fineness of the fabrics prodiicpd there. At Kilfhi-t the host raw wnni is sold for nlmiii I rupee a nniind. I'V l''e prcpnriilion niid wnshinis rcfrrred In, It loses i, anil the roiiiuliuler bciii),' spun, 3 ru- pees' weight of the thread is cniiflidrrcd worili 1 rupee. "Sliiiwls lire iiiiide (if vnriims fdriiis, sizo, and hordcrs, wlilchiire wrimt'lit scpaialcly, w illi I Ik- view of ndiipt'i'B ''"'■" '" "'" •liferent iiiarkels. 'riidse Hciit Ki Tiirkcv used td lie of Ihi! sdl'icst iiiid iimst Jflicate Ie.\turc. Carpi'ts niid coniiterpaiies ar(! fahricatcd of iIk! hair or coarser part of Ihe wool. Knana variety of eniises, buioiir others the desiriu-iioii of the, laniss.iries, who dressed iiiik li iiishawl.^, ,l,e loss of royally in Cal)iil, and the mined linaiices of I.mknow, il is certain thai the di'inand for this cicjiaiit oniMiodity has (ircally declined of lain years. Under the IMomil emperors, Caslin. ere found work for 3l),0C'0shawl looms. In the time of the Afiihan kinirs, the nninher decreased t(p l>-,(:oii. Tliere arc now not more than (i,OI)0 employed. I should altriliule litih; of this diminulion to ilie sale of Kwfs- lisli iiiiiialioTis among the Asiatic nations. VVIuii these counlerfeils first appeared, the preii j paiierns and hidliaiicy of the cidours took llie fancy of siuue, liut tlicir ureal inferiority in the soilness and waririlli which marks the genuine shawl, soon caused the new article to he tiei!lccied A taiuel-load oi' iliein was lately put upat outcry in Delhi, wlien scarcely a native would hid for one : ■■Tlie averane value of shawls exported from Cashmere aiuoiints annuallv to l,h(Hl,P(lll rupees. Uun- jiet Sinah takes | in kind as part of the gross revenue of llii! province, which is aliont 'J.') lacks a year. ll;s IliL'hness is said to sell J of what he thus receives, and to keep the remainder for his own court. (M'llic rest disposed of by him and left for sale in the valley, 7 lacks' worth l-o to IJi'inhav and West- ern India ; .1 to Ilindostan,chielly Oiide; Ja lack each to Calcutta, C'ubul, Herat, and 13alk, whence some pass on to neighbouring countries. "A carious calcululion of tin' successive exactions from Cashmere to Bombay inclusive, which mag- nify ibc price of shawls, is herewith subjoined. '■Actaal cost for materials und labour in making a pair of reel shawls : — Fd. rs. Tnlal frtim Kilghct to Rombay, 171 18 and 85 12 1-2 = 2.Vi 30 1-2 iulirely paid up.— .Suji.) are collected for this pur- Guinea. In 'In' Canton the price of late yeavs lia.> ) from 50,s. to UO.v. per cwi >]). Schavalos). articles U X large haiKlkcicliief, usoij tlioy are lii;;hly estcciiipd actureil at Nurwicii, I'jis |irovi'(l; ami lluiu^li still East, they look well, and luble value aiul ininortana', I in the valley of (',i>liiiicrH, 1 iLiid '.i'llU decrees cil'N. luli. irishiiii; as it onco was.lln xteiit. The sliawls are Uk uuilh. They arc I'liriiicil cf 1 the cold, dry tlilile l:uiil i:i he Hoat thrives siill'.ci.'iiiW Ills hardly more liiur lliun i is for the most pun, slia;:;) t it yields the pcciiliiirlys.ili t, therefore, suppose lliiitlhe he contrary, we luiievi: llw d beavers in a lnu tuuiilry, I lung shaggy hair, wliitli is, finest rdinburcli niul l',iii- t'ls have nowhere liccn luaile if Cashmere. Tlic iiiaiiu. Ivvitlisiandin^' it is lariipilon ;iie, the fabrics arc said Id ll. coarse apiicarance. It ii liliar (iiiality of llic water in Ircumslaiices, wliidi, tluiugb linaiiufacHire. Titractcd from a recent imni- Ivliich >9 said to be a ilepcnJ- Ti'S of Casliinere. TIHTeart lull astiy colour. wliirlilii'inS If its natural biH'. About'' |l;as been carefully Pi'I'awlC'l li-cckoiieil iniporliiiil; iu"! '! Tie the peculiar and iumiila- Fnur Fiirrukabid sci^rs of wool CItJr.iiii!. w.ishiiig, and spiiiiiiiig Ilxiiif ■ Wiia 10 iveavcil ■ ToUl Piitin m the lamc—Oa lalc and importalion to Cash niiTe . • • • ■ On lli(.' ihread .... Wlidc llie fal'ric is in llic liom Fits 10 tlijwdies, Irokera, assessors, &c. Total amount of duties in Cashmere Duties from (^-"'"""elo Amrilsir - Fitmi Amnlsir to Ilonibay il Bouiliay ■ • % - Total from Anirilsir to Bnmhay Fd rs. ■ \Z 8 ■ SO • II . tin 6 ■ 337 II '• 3 14 8 4 ■ 12-> U ■ 35 • 1-1 18 • 12 H . 3 6 12 ■ 70 - W 12 12 Prinif cost Priiportiiin of carriage Insuraiicu • Total cost 337 14 12 21 610 58 1-2 ''A pair of such shawls mieht sell for fiOO rupees at Amritsir, and in Bombay for 900. The am(.unt of the imports, ;nd the snins levii;,! t»y each BDvernmci,*, will api)(;ar more in relief il s'ale.l as Ihejr atlVct a (aniel load in its [trofircsa. It ronsints of M 1 2 cuUlia inannils, aii.l coii'ains, on an average, 2,000 sliauls of riitVertnt kinds, valued, on rtaclmig It'nnb.iy, at .iS,o0U Farrukab.id ru* pees. "The government of Lahore exacts Fd. rs. 1,'>G4 6: Falialah, 61 0: Hikineer, 43 0; ,b,udpnre, lit 4; H!ini\ nujuur. 20 0;— total levied bv native prince.", I, St fl ; Itondiay, (10 ( er cent, n/1 vnluretn) 2.8".0 0.^'— ((Quoted iu Mr. Montgfmieiy Martin's --Jii.idc C'y/(>«it.t, vol. i. |i. 231.) SHEEl* (Gcr. iichafe,- Fr. Rrebis, Biles a laine, Mmttons ; It. Perore ,- Sp. Pecora, Ovrjas ,• Rus. Owzii ; liitt. Oves). Of the domestic animalsi belonc;ing to Great Urilain, sheep, with the e.vccplion of horses, and, perhaps, cattle, are hy far the most important. Tln-y can be reared in situations and upon soils where other animals would not live. They aiford a large sujiply of food, and one of the priiici[)al materials of clothing. Wool has long licen a staple conimociity of this country, and its manufacture employs an immense number of people. "Tbe dressed skin," says Mr. Pennant, "forms dilfcrent parts of our apparel ; and is used fjr covers of hooks. The entrails, properly pre)iaicil and twisted, serve for stiings for various musical instruments. The bones, calcined (like other lioncs in general), form materials for tests for the refiner. The milk is thicker than that of cows, and consequently yields a greater quantity of butter and chee.se ; and in some places is so ■ ich, that it will not produce the chfc-^c without a mixture of water to make it part from the whey. The dung is a remark- ably rich manure ; insomuch that the folding of sheep is become too useful a branch of hus- bandry for the farmer to neglect. To conclude; whether we consider the advantages that '■''"ult from this animal to individuals in particular, or to these kingdoms in general, we may, with Columella, consider this, in one .'tense, as the fust of the domestic quadrupeds,"* — {Painaut's Urithh Zoolo 6 16 2 1-2 3 1-2 2! 2 14 3 12 1 3 1 12 3 1.2 3 1-2 13 2 3 20 3 7 IS 2 1-2 2 12 18 2 2 IS 312 2 10 4 12 3 16 4 1-2 1 1-2 7 4 1-2 134 8 4 1-2 312 14 2 12 2 3-4 Ki 2 _J For delaila as to the number of sheep, the quantity and quaUly of wool, &c., see Wool. * Postniiji.ipsqnndrnpe.les nvilli pecoris second » ratio ist ; ((na- prima sit <\ ad nia^nilu linem iilililalis refcras. Nam id prx' ipne contra fri(oTisviolcniiain nrotegit, c'>r{ioril)Usque noslris liLcrali\ira OLx-bel velauilua ; el tliani elegaDtiani meusa* jucuildis cl numem^iis nap i)U« )v,na.l-{lli Ke Ruitiai, lib. vii. cap. 2.) i <\ 464 SHERRY— SHIPS. mm- ••'>•'■' '.'X^ mm I.- 2 '*»l('' SHERRY. SeeWiwB. SHIPS. Nautical men apply the tcnn ship to diHtinKuinh a vessel having 3 masts, each consisting of a lower mast, a topmast, and topgallant-mast, with their appropriate ri(r<;ii,g In familiar language, it is usually employed to distinguish any large vessel, however ri(,'(r,,j. but it is also fre(|uenlly used as a general designation for all vessels navigated with sails; aii.| it is in this sense that we now employ it. Merchant Ships. — It is Imrdly possible to divide merchant ships into classes, at least wit!i any degree of precision. Their size, shape, the mode of their rigging, &;c. depend not mcrdv on the particular trade for which they are destined, but on the varying tastes and fancies df their owners. The ships employed in the China trade, by the I^ast India Coni[iaiiy, arc ihe largest merchantmen belonging to this country ; the privutc traders to the East and VVisi Indies rank next; then follow tlie whale ships, those engaged in the trade to the Baltic anj Canada, the Mediterranean, and a host of others of every variety of burden and shape. The reader will find, in the articles Navigation Laws, and Rkoistiiy, an account nf the peculiar privileges enjoyed by British ships, of the conditions and formalities necessary to lie observed in order to acrjuirc and preserve these privileges, of the mode of transferrinir pf^. perty in ships, &c. And in the articles CuAnrEKPAUTr, Fueioiit, Masteiis, Owners, Seamkv, &c., the law with respect to ships and ship-owners, in their capacity of carriers o( public servants, and the reciprocal duties and obligations of the masters and crews, is prottv fully expounded. In this place, therefore, we shall content ourselves with laying before the reader some official statements exhibiting the progress and present magnitude of the tna. cantile navy of Great Britain. Increase of Shipping:; in England. — It would be to no purpose, even if our limits permii. ted, to enter into any details with respect to the shipping of England previously to tlie lie. volution. Those who wish to examine the subject, will find most of the scattered notices of contemporary writers collected by Anderson in his '' Chronological History of (Jommerco," The mercantile navy of England first became considerable in the reign of Elizabeiii; ml gradually increased under her successors, James I. and Charles I. At the Restoniiion, thf British shipping cleared outwards amounted to 95,866 tons; but such was the increase ii navigation during the reigns of Charles II. and James II,, that at the Revolution, the Britisi; ships cleared outwards amounted to 190,533 tons. The war terminated iiy the treaty of livs. wick, in 1697, checked this progress. But commerce and navigation have steadily advanceij with the exception of 2 short periods during the war of 1739, and the American war, from the beginning of last century down to the present day. The first really authentic account of the magnitude of the commercial navy of Englaml was obtained in 1701 — 2, from returns to circular letters of the commissioners of customs, issued in January of that year. From these it appears that there belonged, at the period in question, to all the ports of England and Wales, 3,281 vessels, measuring (or rather esti- mated to measure) 261,222 tons, and carrying 27,196 men and 5,660 guns. Of these there belonered to London Bristol Yarmouth - Exeter . - Veiiels, 600 165 143 121 Tons. 84,882 17,338 9,914 7.107 Men. Hull - ^ - Whitby Liverpool Scarhoroui;h Vessels. 115 110 102 100 Tons. 7,564 8,292 8,619 6,860 Mn. 10,065 2,359 668 078 167 571 I.iOl m None of the other ports had 100 vessels ; and there is some mistake in the returns as to ihetonnago assigned to Newcastle and Ipswich. Of tlie Hull vessels, 80 were at the time laid up, wliicli iiccoutli for the small number of men in that port. — (.Macpherson's -Annals of Commerce, anno 1701.) I. Table of Ships cleared Outwards from 1663 to 1811. Years. English. Foreign. Totil. Years. nrilish. Tont. Foreign. Total. Yem. Briliih. Foreign. Tolil. Tom. Tom. Tont. 7*0)11. Tmu. Tom. Tom. Tmt. 1663) 1669 < 93,266 47,634 142,900 1760 640,241 107.237 617,478 1786 1,115,024 121,197 i,ix.m 1761 682,020 122,735 704,755 1787 I,279,a33 138,220 1.417,253 1688 190,533 95,267 285,800 1762 643,441 124,926 663,370 1788 1,411,689 12v,997 1.5ID,6-« 1697 144,264 100,524 244,7«8 1763 631,721 91,593 723,317 mo 1,515,021 103,722 l,6lii,:H 170O 1761 6«2,4M 79,800 742,234 1790 1,424,912 143,919 l,5:3.S!l 1701 ■ 273,693 43,633 317,323 1763 726,402 72,215 708,617 1791 1.511,246 184,729 1,695,9:5 ]l^' 1763 7'>8,''8I 66,153 824,234 1792 1,561.153 175,40) 1,73«,J6J 1709 213,693 45,623 389,318 1787 723,83; 68.006 793,841 1793 1,240,202 187,032 1,427,2)1 1712 326,620 29,115 335,735 I76S 761,786 77,934 839,770 1794 1,3»2,I66 218,1177 l,6W,2« 1713 1714 1715) 1769 805,305 68,4iO 873,725 1795 1,145,4,50 382,567 l,i28,Ci; 421,431 26,573 448,004 1770 806,495 63,176 869,671 1796 1,2.4,624 478,356 l,:}2,9li0 1771 877,004 66,898 943,902 1797 1,103,781 39i:,271 1,500,052 1726 1772 923,456 72,(131 996,387 1798 1,319,151 365,719 l,6«4,K0 1727 >■ 432,832 23,651 456,483 1773 874,421 67,994 932,415 1799 1,3W,351 414,774 i,7n,i« 1728) 1774 901,016 63,402 969,418 1800 1,445,271 685,051 2.130,312 1736 1773 882,579 68,1)34 950,613 1801 1,345,621 801,830 2,150,501 1737^ 476,94t 26,627 603,568 1776 872,108 74,323 946,431 1802 1,626,966 461,723 i,m,m 1738 1 1777 827,067 102,638 929,705 1803 1,45.1,066 574,342 2,02-,6« 1739) 1778 732,558 93,778 8^6,336 1804 1,463,286 587,849 2,051,135 r'?f 384,191 87,260 471,451 1779 642,981 149,040 791,021 1805 l,49.-.,:09 603,821 2,10I,(t<0 '41) 17W) 731. 2S6 154,111 835,397 1806 1,436,3 2 563,170 2,054.« 1749) n.si 608,219 170,775 778,991 1807 1,424,103 631,910 2,(K6.0:3 1750 > 609,798 61,386 661,184 17-2 615,150 225, 4 i6 840,606 1808 1,3-2.810 282,145 l,liil,93i 1751 ) I7S3 865,967 170,938 1,0.37,903 1809 l,-.3l,I52 699,730 2,2J0,i«! 1755) British. 1784 932,219 Il8.2ti8 1,030,487 1810 1,624,274 1,133,527 2,762, 1757 > 496,254 76,456 572,710 1785 1,074,862 107,484 1,182,346 1811 1,507,333 696,232 J,2lB,58J SHIPS. 46S el having 3 masts, each leir appropriate ri(5(;ing, vessel, however rii;gcd: lavigatcd with sails ; aivl into clasBCS, at least with ;, &,c. depend not iiicrdv ing tastes and fancies of , India Company, aw. iho irs to the East niid Wist e trade to the Baltic nnj burden and shape. iisTBY, an account of the Kmalilies nccfSBary to lio node of transferritii; pro- lix, MaSTEIIS, OwNtllj, 3ir capacity of carriers or isters and crews, is pretty iulves with layini; before ;nt magnitude of the hut. even if our limits permit. md previously to the lie. jf the scattered notices of 1 History of Commerce," iC reign of Elizabeth ; anj At the Restoration, the such was the incrcise d he Revolution, the Briu-:; lated by the treaty of Uys- on have steadily advanced, d the American war, from imercial navy of Englaml jommissioners of cusloms, belonged, at the period in measuring (or rather est G60 guns. Of these there VesselB. Tom. 115 7,564 167 110 8,292 571 102 8,619 l,i01 100 0,6ti0 ti06 Men. the returns as to ilietonnagt lime laid iip, which accousii lerce, anno 1701.) i8ir Briliah. Tans. 1,1I5,M4 1,279,0)3 1,411,689 1,515,021 1,424,912 1,511,246 1,561,15a 1,240,202 I,3s2,16« 1,145.4.50 l,2-.4,624 1,103,781 1,319,151 1,302,551 1,445,271 1,345,621 1.626,966 1,45.3,066 1,463,2!<6 1,49'>,:09 1,486,3 '2 1,424,103 1,372.KI0 1,-)31,I52 I 1,624.274 I 1,507,333 The precAdInK Table of the DrillRh and rnreign shippinK clcnrnd niitwnrdii rrnm 1(V1,1 to 1811, hnth Influsive, i» luktii from the Inst edition itC Mr. t'liiilmerti'n Comiianilirr Kstimute It Rivi'H a very com- nlfle viewof the iirogrcxx of tin.- iinvlKatioii of the country ; and from the iiiieiitloii piiid liy the author oDticli HiihjectH, and the facilities whicli liin Hitiialion in the Uuard uf Trade gave him fur acquiring aiitlit'iitic information, its accuracy may bo esseis eniereci in» ,iros iuio cieiireu uui- warils (incl'"''nK their repeated Voyages), with the Numlier of their Crews; sejiariiling Itrilisli from l'or6 53.698 2,269 Sww«n . - - 77 12,036 .571 19b 35,061 1,724 68 10,6'>3 523 139 22,434 1,224 Norwjjr 28 2,592 161 627 95,019 5,108 .37 3,179 261 678 110,563 6,184 49 6,007 218 l>77 49.008 2,7I'6 327 57,5,32 2,313 839 82,441 4.50-2 152 25,511 1,178 6oi; 121,141 5,375 119 18.690 929 633 111,173 4.837 Oermny 6-,6 II 8,32 i 5,407 497 39,393 2,251 710 133,380 6,131 627 34,0-8 2,943 HoltaJ 1,021 150,387 7,205 556 66,ti22 3,0-,9 9)6 142„'0 102 . . 1 116 9 .(-oliimhii 32 6,703 358 ■ . 10 1,860 104 1 233 15 Bnuil 173 40,360 2,065 4 I,2l0 61 204 60,034 2,.340 1 319 15 Siiteiofthe Rio de la Plata 49 9,220 600 2 417 li 46 9,380 615 Filkluid Islands 1 7!) 7 XMi. 31 7,322 436 6 1,18S 65 24 6,210 322 Peru ■ 15 3,051 179 . . . . 16 2,n"9 187 Tbe Whale Fisheries • 94 31,608 6,5S8 . . 101 33,026 4,32- ble; ot Ouermcy, Jersey, and Total 2,372 151,973 10,876 133,638 39 .5,003 26!) 47,13. 2,136 13,948 130,479 9,979 14,295 2,442,734 6,005 866.900 2.410,911 136.537 6,047 903.270 47,927 59 466 SHIPS. IV. Account of the Veiiela employed In the Coaiting Trade of Great Britain and Ireland In ISM IFM, ami lB3a. Tun. 1H30 IH.1I IH3i 1830 1831 1832 Coasting Trai,ti,5 133,571 131,M„ 51 aU 161,731 164,00(1 I IGX.'^I ___m£a) I N. B, — The falling ofl* in the number of ships in 1827 is .ipparent only. The numbers returned in the nrevioiis years were tbiise thati^ fxared on the registers. But a ship, when once placed on them, remained (ill evidence was produced of her hiving h.-en sold to foreimfii' Dst, or otherwise destroyed ; so that a go rom the books. '^^^ VI. An Account of the Number of Ships or Vessels belonging to the different Ports of the Britlih Empire on the aist of December, 1835, stated in succession, ngreeably to the Ainount of Tonna»t belonging to each ; and specifying ulso the Number of the Crews. (Ubtained from the C'ustoui House.) Ports. London Ships. 2,828 Tons. Men. Ports. Ships. Tons. Men. Ports. Kirkw.ill . Ships. Tons. 1 Men, 566,152 32,392 Penzance 94 6,00: 474 77 4,218 323 Newiaullo • 1,034 208,100 9,665 Rye • Cliepstow 90 4,319 361 Banll 73 4,218 322 Liverpoiil - 096 2117.833 11,511 68 4,580 312 Lerwick 101 3,W>7 7(1 Sunderland • 712 132,070 6,952 Padslow 81 4,333 301 Thurso 40 2,573 Whitehaven- 443 65,978 3,490 Bridlinginn • 30 4,160 192 Stornaway - 56 2,3l>2 231 Hull - 603 t>3,.324 3,7-3 llfracnmbo • 63 3.897 222 Campbeltown 64 2.2 il 2(0 Bristol 281 42,913 3,899 Cardiff 48 3,735 213 Stranraer ,37 17^9 ' 111 43,583 39,954 2,324 2,065 Blackney and Clay Llanelly Carlisle Whitby 252 64 3,734 268 Total Scotland 3,287 335,820 2J,924 Plymouth • Seal .x)roMgh 373 172 30,701 27,032 l,S03 l,3'-9 72 39 3,637 3,419 236 209 Belfast 293 52,315 l,'21 Uartmouth • 373 27,140 l,7tO Wisbeich - 48 3,374 181 Dublin 324 23,036 , 2.891 Beaumaris • 393 21,885 1,453 .SImreham 65 3,372 223 Cork 302 21.514 l,5M Eieter 1 92 15.979 873 Wells 63 3,287 244 Waterford . 126 13,S79 S26 Lynn 120 15,283 736 Arundel 33 3,034 171 Newry and Poole 163 15,113 939 Woodbridge 38 2,682 146 Slrangfnrd 161 9,060 l»i Cardigan 273 14,436 1,030 Chichester . 69 2,620 164 I/ind,iiiderry 43 6.237 37- Stockton 104 13,308 619 Truro 34 3,411 142 V iford . 109 6.750 \m Gloucester • 346 13,237 1,113 Soulhwold - 34 2,310 164 Limerick 69 4.8S3 311 Goole 167 12,686 469 Aldborough - 39 2,170 162 Droghala . 39 4,272 272 Rochester ■ 274 12,364 744 Barnstaple . 37 2,063 119 lldiiinore - 19 2,925 312 Ipswich Portsmouth - 154 11,308 595 ■Scilly 41 2,038 236 8ligo 19 1,762 101 201 11,968 7.30 Bridport Newhaven • 19 1,932 99 Galway Duiidalk 10 649 41 Milford 152 10,376 634 20 1,476 66 II 613 40 Boston 175 8,982 628 Lyme 19 1,382 83 Cnleraine - 16 .5,59 lil Lancaster • lai 9,613 627 Grimsbv 33 1,187 92 Westport . 6 123 18 BiJeford - 115 9,509 645 Minehead Port of Bridgewater. — — 1 St. Ives 117 9,019 608 Gvveek II 6l'8 43 Total Ireland 1,627 131,733 1 9,282 Swansea Colchester • Cowes Southampton 137 236 170 177 8.918 8,648 8,330 8,363 663 940 737 668 Ueal- 23 641 132 British Islands. Jersey ' Total England 14,823 1,853,112 105,943 243 78 23,221 9,ISii 2,023, tas' Faversham • 229 8,370 694 Glasgow Diimlee St Perth Alierdeen 312 68,478 4,321 Alan 242 7,229 U97t Maldon Fowey 1.30 95 6,9,33 6,827 413 411 387 339 44,S69 41,743 3,002 3,095 Total British \ islands ) 563 1 Aberystwith Falmouth • 129 86 6.717 6.73;' 442 411 Greenock Uilh 367 227 42.722 23,538 2,723 1,7,^8 j,i»j Newport 61 6,0-2 323 Grangemouth 184 22,887 1,239 Total United Bridgewater 77 6,796 615 Mitiitrose 181 18,012 1,1.33 Kingdom A Dover III 6,702 333 Kirkaldy 179 13.493 1,301 Brit, islands 20,300 2,360,3fa 143,1(9 Weymouth - 73 5.69.S 306 Irvine & Ayr 128 13,393 »89 Chester &3 5,627 429 Dumfries 192 11,798 779 British plan- ( Harwich 89 5,3:2 403 Bii.'rx)wstonei« 121 8,4:-2 488 tations 6,211 423.458 2T.9I1 Ramsgate • Berwick • 83 65 6,546 5,160 7,597 7,500 630 400 Grand Total 318 Port Glasgow 60 23,6111 2,7t3,T6l I7I,M SHIPS. ivr Itain and Ireland tn 1630, an Oreal Drilain and Inlwd, Oulwirdh •STiipi. Tom. I»,I4« I.S!4i,UI7 l:l,iriH I I.^IUJ'ti 14,604 I I,4I7,&33 Uni. he Unilnl Kln|i)oni. er«!il In, nnd of IhnsB helnin. h iiicliiHiVB ; Bperil'yiiig i|u I8laii(l8 and Pusavuaiuiia m njing to lh« Briliih Empire. t Tolll. Cren ma. Shim. 2i.37( Ttiui. mA 2,«1«5)3 ni.Mi ^M 25, (HH J,5riU,2ii3 169,179 H4I 24 64'2 2,5I9,(H1 106,113 R»S it Mi 2 506,7811 iK.m g73 \ 34.716 2,5-.9,5-n li.s.fcSI 875 24**" 2,r>.-)3.682 lli«,IS3 ,1S3 H.BTi 2,635 614 .S7,i,:« ,:V!'J 23 199 2,1fio 'mil r.1,115 8»l ! 21,095 2,518 191 In.W 1141 iLij;) 2 517,01111 \M~,« )«7 23 7 a 2,.W1,8I9 I-.111' r,fiiia 24,242 2,581,981 m.m iaw 21 43.'-. 2,618.1161 M.-n\ 1,«6 24,385 2 634.177 161.11(10 1715 25,115.3 2.716 1 nil l6H,'i irlc - 101 3,1*7 711 40 2,r.73 l!« i,w,iy . 66 2,3i>2 231 itieitown 64 2,2 it m raer Scotland 37 I,7j9 1 iJi 3,1!87 33.^820 2J,92l! 293 52.515 l,'2t 11 321 2,1,936 2,291 302 21,511 I,5W rford • 126 I3,S79 826 y and innfonl 161 9,060 69) iiiderry 43 6,237 317 ord lot) 6,T-0 m ■ick . 69 4,S(-3 31! ie.la • 39 4.272 272 lore • 19 2.92", 312 19 1,762 101 Ifk " 10 619 41 II 613 10 line ■ 16 M9 SI lorl Ireland ihlinds. 6 123 1 IS 1,627 131,733 1 9,282 j y 243 23,MI 2,(ia| naey • 78 9,18ii l)3Sl 212 7,229 1,297 Irilish > • i 563 39,636 3,959 United loni k island! 20,30C 2,360,3ca U3,ltS plan- 6,21 423,459 27,911 '■ Total 25,511 i2,>3,:6l \\1I0_ VII. Aronnntof the Ntimbflr of Ship*, with the Aiiiinirit of Ihrlr Tonnmo, dlmlnBiii«hlnB hrtwcen llrlli,.ti mill Knrfimi, whii h enlt-riiil thii iiMiliT-iiiintioiiiMl l'orl8, frmii ruitiliin riiilH in eiichoftli.i Tliiee Veam ending with IHM.—il'apera publtuked by Buard uf Trailt, vol. v. p. 4(1 ) |V)rli. limloii • Livrriiiol Hrnliil • Hull • N«««Mlo >>lvin[iutll Uiltl • Cli»K"«» • I'lreeuuck Cnrk Hflful • Dulilio - IU3. Brillth. roralgn. SIlBI. rnill. .V*ip». 3,421 078,289 1,061 1,801 410,fl« »0« 278 51,182 2t 7,W I42.;kii 610 42i 69,2l>:l 415 285 30,490 22 198 3I,3M8 160 117 11,0.11 270 e'<,o,9 II 144 29,215 IK 153 30,733 It 1140 45,!I3» 3» \tM. 1 lib. ronlfib Tinu. Shiiit, Tnnj, 740,i55 1,057 i'-H,8g3 517,172 809 269,1137 1 Kl'ii 28 4,9W IH9,16I 7311 77,589 1112,1.35 459 60,079 il.l"! If, l,.l«7 ai,'MI 143 13,078 17,137 10 /,,I68 «!., Mil 17 4.310 2i,'M0 27 3,415 30,(101 34 aIhhs 02,430 34 6,847 VIII An \croiinlof the Number nml Tonnage of the Vei<8('l«pntfring Into and snilliiBlrotn tho PortHof licliinil III IhiM, mid Ihi! Rnli8i'(iii(!nt VoiirB nionlioiiiMl hijlow, (ll.silnKiiiHlilntt ImUWimhi tin; rrmlu vvtili (ireul Drituin und lliut with I'uroijjn VnxXa.— (Papers publhlied by the Board uf Trade, vol. i. |>. 174.) Tride with Great Britj varda, Tant. Trade with Foreign Parti. Total. Ian. Iniraitli. Pj'l Inwardi. Outwardi. towanlf. Oulwardt. ,S''llfH. Toiu. SMpl. Ship: Tnni. Shipt. Tm>. ,sh,r>. Tittu. SMpt. bOI 6 816 ,582.11.3.1 874 r29 239 T.li'M 711.212 iw6 6,875 598.720 6,306 566,790 1,085 15.712 829 I36.W7 7,!l«i) 754.162 7,115 703,717 Irtn!) 7,011 5811.587 7.111 1 61)0.898 853 115.3,8 696 1113,212 7,864 695,913 7,737 704,110 Mi) 9,U96 773.286 8,Sj9 718,851 8'26 1 '23. 895 986 171.319 9,922 899.181 9,555 690,170 1-17 111,112 815.260 9,186 770,517 718 1US,7.52 7-23 116.973 10,890 9.51. 012 9,9i)D bh7,5iO Ml 9W4 811,997 9,110 819,648 8110 116,538 621 98,718 10 7'24 961. .535 lo.()6l 918,266 I15 IX. Account specifying the Number and Tonnnge of the Ships built nnd registered in ( nch Uivision nt'thu BritiHli Rinpiro in 1832 ; witli their Cliissitication accurding to the Amount of thuir Tonnage. — {^I'tipi n published by Hoard of Trade, vol, ii. p. 40,) Great Britain. Ireland. lilei of (luerniiey, Jerwy, U .Man. British Plantation!. Total. Shipl. 18§ Torn. Shift. Tmi. Shipi. Tmt. Shir: Tunit. SMpi. Tmi. I'ttier SO loM - 5,644 15 414 12 299 From 50 In 100 tons 200 13,868 3 208 4 3116 100 • 150 - 74 9,078 2 214 3 336 150 ■ 200 - 68 11,679 2 377 . 200 • 300 - 137 33,603 3 666 6 1,354 , 221 25,470 960 118,385 300 ■ 400 - 31 10,340 • • • • 400 ■ 51)0 — 7 3,018 . • . 1 440 M0•600- 1 301 . ■ > . Abone 600 toiu • 1 708 612 • • • - • J ToUl f 8,271 25 1,909 26 2,735 221 25,470 nSlO > 118,385 1 Siip-diiiWiii^'.— TLecost, including the outfit, of the ships built in IS.IS, iiiny, we believe, he tnkcn,atu tougli average, at fr iinlO/, to 12/. per ton, or \\l. at u medium, making their total value l,30'.2,33,')2. Lon- don, Sunderland, Newcastle, Liverpool, Hull, Yarmouth, &.c. are the principal building ports. The busi- ness has im-toased with extraordinary rapidity at Sunderland; so much so, that wliile only tiO ships, of the ')dr(len of 7,560 tons, were built in that port in 1S2(), no fewer than 109 ships, of the burden of B.Iitltoiis, were built in it in 1832. Ships built at London, Liverpool, Bristol, and other western ports, are, however, in higher estimation than those built on the Tync and the Wear, at least fur those branches of trade where the best ship.s are required. Within the last few years, a jireat many sleam boats hiive been built on the Clyde. — (As to building in the Isle of Man, see next paragraph.) Slattof the Shippitiff Interest. — A great deal of evidence was taken by the Committee of the House of Commons on trade. Manufactures, &c., in 1833, on the state of the shipping interest. The statements inaileby souie of the witnesses ditfur very materially from those of others ; but, on the whole, they go 10 show that it was then, and had been for some years, very much depressed. It is difficult, however, seenigihe number of new ships that are every year built, not to suspect that the complaints of the ship owners are very much exaggerated. No doubt tlieir profits are a good deal lower than they were dur- ing the war ; but this, if it be really an evil, is one that is not peculiar to them, but equally atTects agriculturists, manufacturers, and merchants ; and is not even confined to this country, but extends to others. We have already shown the grounillessness of the clamour raised against the reciprocity treaties (vol. ii. p. 211.) ; which, far from being injurious, have been signally beneficial lo our commer- cial and shipping interests. It is believed that, owing to the peculiar facilities alforded by means of docks and other devices for the loading and unloading of ships, the employment of steam tugs to bring lliem quickly to their moorings and to take them to sea, and the greater economy and despatch that nowp'Tvade every department of the business, 3 ships are able to perform, and do, in fact, perform, as much work as was done by 4 at the end of the war ! There lias, in this way, been a virtual addition of -100,000 tn 500,000 tons to our mercantile navy. And this surely is enough, without looking at any thing else, tn account for the decline in the rate of freiglit since 1815. The full in the value of ships has been a consequence of tiie still greater fall in the value of the timber, iron, hemp, &c. of which they are constructed ; and, however injurious to tliose who happened to have bought or built ships during the high prices, it is in no ordinary degree advantageous to the public, and lo the ship owners that are now engaging in the trade. Tlie heavy discriminating duties on Baltic limber are, in fact, the only real grievanca under which our shipping interest labours. Were it not for ibein, ships might be built cheaper in England than in any other country. Such, however, is the vast iiiilinrlance tn a maritime nation like this of being able to build ships at the lowest possible rate, that wethink they ouehtto be allowed to be built in bond, or, if that would he inconvenient, Ihat a draw lack should be allowed of the duty on every article used iu their construction. A measure uf this sort IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I |4S 150 Ul 125 m ■ 40 ■ 2.2 ^ 13.6 iMI US u IL25 i 1.4 H H2.0 La 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STMET WEBSTER, N.Y. I4SS0 (716)S72-4S03 ^^4^^ ^ 5 468 SHIPS. jife.jj •«••• ■• laa.-i ■'•'■* -^1. -11 «»*- '>*'niiiii|t .nr..,.. 4, 1 1^. ■■r'-«»ll would give to the «hipping of England the name superiority, in pnlntof chenpnetiR, that in now prijnycii by our cnltoim ; and would do mure than any lliiiiK else to congnljdnte uiid streiipthcn the IdUiichiti'on^ of our niiiritline ascendency. It \a entirely owing to the operatiun of the dutleH that so many hIiIih ar« now built in the cohinies. Tlicy are very inferior to those huilt in Fngland ; and were the latter hinit in bond, or were tlie duties on the articles used in their construction drawn bacic, they would alaube the cheapest of the two. It may bo worth mentioning, as illustrative of the singular anomalies that have been nllownd to in- ■inunte theiuHelves into our conmierrial system, that timber may be imported into the Isle of Man, nr into any otiier Ilritisli possession, without re^tard to its origin, on payment of an ad valorem duty of lo fer cent. ! It is remaritable that advantage was not earlier taken oflliis anomaly, to build shipi in the sle of Man, Latterly, however, several vessels have been built in it ; ond it is cbmr that, uiili'ss ii be placed on the same footing as tlie other parts of the empire, it will become the grand seat of tin- >|np building business. We Inipe, however, that the ei|ualisation will he made, not by exteiulingoar tiiulier laws to the Isle of .Man, but by giving to Britain and Ireland the same advantages as it enjoys. There cannot be a doubt that the equalisation of the limber duties would be one of the greatest improvcniciils whicli it is possible to make in our commercial xystem. Mercaulile Mwij of France.— Vie have elsewhere given (see vol. i, pp, 752,753.) very full details iviih respect to the navigation and shipping of Krance ; but the subjoined classitied account of the sliippiui) belonging to that kingdom on the 1st of January, 18W, 1831, and m32, may not be uiuicceptaMe u> uur readers. Account of the Mercantile Marine of France on the Ist of January of each of the Tliree Years endin; with lb3'2. Tonnage. 1830. Shipi. 2 6 3 14 83 201 678 IS31. 1832. Tounagb 1830. IS3I, mi. Ships of SOO Ions anil upwards — 700 lo 800 tons — 600 — TOO — — 500 - 000 — — 4')o — sno — — 3IKI — 400 — — 200-300- Shipi. 6 2 1,5 SI 198 6-0 Shipi. 8 15 47 108 5(i0 Ships or too tn 200 Ions — 60— KK) — — 30- 60 — — 30 and under Total . Shift. 1J4-. I,n6 1,101 9,993 Shipi. i,;i08 l,'<44 1,086 10,250 Shipi. I,2i(i 1,5 '0 1,0-1 lOJSI 14,852 15,031 1.S2J4 (Archives du Commerce, tome iv. p. 139.) (SHIPS (CtAssiFiCATioN, QUALIFICATIONS OP Masteus OF, &c.). — Thefo is in the All. WmxK, an account of the annual average number of shipwrecks from 1793 10 1829, with a classified account of those in the last year. Since then, the number of these calami- ties has in no degree diminished. The fallowing account, compiled from Lloyd's books, shows the amount of shipwreck, in so far as it can be ascertained, from the Ist of January, 1832, to the 30th of June, 1836. Statement of the Number of the Vessels lost, abandoned, broken up. &.C. Drilish. Foreign. 1 Tobl. No. of Average No. of Average No. Pf Average ■ In 1832, actual losses, &c. from Lloyd's hooks Ships. Tonange. Ships. Tonn.ige. Ships. TonnJ?e. 315 unknown 139 unknown 464 unknown! In 1833, actual losses, &c. from Lloyd's hooks 626 ditto 185 ditto 811 ditto , In 1834, losses, &.c. Ist of January to 31st of December, from oflice hook, Lloyd's list, and oilier sources, surveyors, &.C. 432 113,184 158 41,396 590 154,580 In 1835. losses, &c, 1st of January tn Slst of December, from office book, Lloyd's list, and other sources, surveyors. Sec. 594 121,770 158 32,390 752 151,160 1 In 18,30, losses, &.C. 1st January to Slst of June, from Lloyd's list, and other sources 284 50,268 115 20,355 399 70,623 , This account must not, however, be taken as fairly representing the total loss from ship- wreck. The return as to foreign losses is too defective to be of the least value ; and even ai respects British shipping, such losses only are taken into account as are entered upon Lloyd's books, whereas it is well known that very many vessels are annually lost that are not cntcreJ in these books, and of which, consequently, no account is kept. But, such as it is, the above account shows, estimating the value of the wrecked ships anJ cargoes at the moderate rate of 18/. a ton, that the pecuniary loss arising from the shipwreck of British vessels, in 1835, amounted to the immense sum of 2,191,860/. (121,770 X 1^-) But the loss of property is less afflicting than the loss of life. In 1833, the crews of 38 ships were entirely drowned, while those of very many more partially shared the same fate. But. owing to the extent to which emigration has of late years been carried, and esjiccialK to the numbers of poor emigrants ready to embark in any ship, provided they git a cheap pas9ai,'o, the loss of crews is no criterion of the loss of life occasioned by shipwreck. Tluis, in 1834, no fewer than 731 emigrants, bound for Can9da, lost their lives by shipwrerk, principallv in the gulph and river of St. Lawrence (see vol. i., art. Emiorants) ; and within the last ft™ years there has been a still more lamentable waste of life, in consetiuence of the loss of con- vict ships bound for Australia. The frequency and amount of shipwreck is, indeed, quite appalling ; and has at length begun forcibly to attract the public attention. It may be thought, perhaps, that these disasters are wholly ascribabic to the perils inciclcnt to navigation, and that they are not really greater than might be expected to occur to aiiifr- cantile navy so extensive as that of England, whose flag is displayed on every sea, howwr remote or dangerous, but such is not really the case. If we suppose that a third part 01 m SHIPS. 409 i», that i» now enjoyeil cllicM llie riiuiiiliilioiii lliul80iir.iii>nlii|war^ III w«re tliB l'"'«' '»"'> Ltk, tliey would ul«u be vo been nltowcd m in- into tlie Isle of Mnn, nt n ad valorem iluty iil 10 ily tobiitUl ships in the icloar thiit,iinl''sa'llie Brand seal of Uii: flnp bycxleiidinso'irl'"!''" .Kfs as it enjoys. Tlitic . greatcBt uiiprovcmenis 3 ) very full details wiih account of tlic sliiiniins I be uimcceplalile lo (jui r the Three Years endin; 1830. i;i4> 1,101 9,993 14,8*2 1831. l,;i08 l,-.4l l.OSO 10,260 ""15,031 mi 1,320 1,0-1 lOjJI , 139.) mmerce, tome IV. p. &c"). — There is in the •cks from 1793 lo 1829, number of these calami- om Lloyd's books, sho«> Ist of .lanuary, 1832, to ' ditto 1 81i 1 ditto 41,396 I 590 I W,!^ \ 32,390 1 20,355 752 399 151,160 i I the total loss from ship- least value ; and even as are entered upon Lloy'l' ', lost that are not entered of the wrecked sWpsanJ lising from the shipwrec £l,860/. (121,770 XS.) |833, the crews of 38 ship lared the same fato. but lricd.andesi.ecmll.Vtolh. |theygHachrap.I«' Inwreck. Tbu:<, m 1834. and within thelaf Iquenceoftheloss fcj l;ipwreckis,tndecd,qt"« Petothe perils inda^ Lectedtooccurtoara fc^d on every Bea,ho«>^ Urhi^t^ third partoi^' wTPeks that have taken place of lato years have been occasioned by the dan^^ers of the sea, we believe wo shall not be within, but beyond the mark. The other livo tfiirils, or more, have originated in artificial causes, of which the principal have been the crronrous system adii|itcd by the underwriters in the classification of ships, and the incompetency of the masters. ' 1. Old System for cliisvfi/infr Ships. — To insure a ship on right priiicipicii, or in such a way that the premium shall bo the fair equivalent of the risk, is no easy matter. The risk depends partly on the condition of the ship and the capacity of the master and crew ; partly on the nature of the cargo she is to take on board; and partly on the voyage she has to per- form. The last two circumstances disclose themselves, and their influence may be appreciated At least with sufHcicnt accuracy for practical purposes, without any ditFiculty ; but it is far otherwise with the condition of the ship, and the capacity of the master and crow. It is es- sential to the adjusting of an insurance on fair terms, that these should be known ; and it in, at the same time, exceedingly difficult to acquire any accurate information with respect to them. It is plain that there is but one mode in which any thing satisfactory can be learnt with respect to the condition of ships, and that is, by the inspection and examination of persons of competent information as to such matters. To acquire a jusl character at first, a ship should be repeatedly surveyed while she is being built ; and to learn her condition at any subsequent period, some of the planks should be taken oiT, and her hull and rigging sub- jected to a thorough examination. This is the only method to be followed if we wish to arrive at results that may be safely depended on. The age of a ship should not be alto- gether overlooked in estimating her condition ; but it is not a criterion that, taken by itself, is worth almost any thing. There is the greatest possible dinferencc in the materials of which different ships are built, in the way in which they are built, and in the wear and tear lo which they are exposed. Some have been so very bad, that they have actually gone to pieces on their first voyage ; others, with difficulty, last for 3, 4, or 7 years ; and others, again, run for 10, 15, and even 20 years, and upwards, with but little repair. It may be presumed ttiat the condition of ships built of similar materials, on the same plan, and cin- pioyeJ in the same departments of trade, will depend materially on their ages : but a thou- sand circumstances conspire to defeat this presumption ; and it would be ludicrous to suppo.se lliat it should apply at all in the case of ships constructed of different materials, and engaged in different lines. But notwithstanding the criterion of age is thus really worth less than nothing as a rule iiy which to judge of a ship's condition, it is almost the only one that has been referred to ill this country. From about the year 1 7G0, or perhaps earlier, down to 1831, ships were arranged, by the underwriters at Lloyd's, in classes marked by the letters A, E, I, and O, and the figures 1, 2, and 3; the former referring to the hull of the ship, and the latter to the rigging. A ship marked A 1. was in the highest class; that is, her hull and rigging were liflth declared to be in the best condition; ships marked B 1. were in the next class; those marked I 1. were in the lowest available clas.4, or that formed of such as were tit only for carrying coals, or other goods not liable to sea damage along the coast ; ships marked O were uniieaworthy. But to get into the highest class, no examination of the ship, or none worthy of the name, was required. Unless some very flagrant defect were obvious in their construc- tion, all ships were entitled, when new, to be marked in the highest class ; and they were entitled, whatever might be their real condition, to stand in it for a certain number of years, varying from 6 to 12, according to the port in which they happened to be built ! It is not easy to imagine that any thing can be more absurd than such a classification ; but the whole extent of the injury arising from it is not immediately obvious. The great majority of mer- chants and underwriters have not, and could not be expected to have, any personal know- ledge of diSerent ships, and have nothing to trust to but the classified accounts. Suppose, now, that two ships were built at the same time in London or any other port ; that one was constructed of the best materials, and in the best way, while the other was constructed of the worst materials, and in the most defective manner : these two ships were placed side by >ide in the class A I.; the underwriters, seeing them there, were ready, without further in- iiuiry, to insure them at the same premium, and the merchants were, for the same reason, quite as willing to employ the one as the other ! A bounty was thus given on the construc- tion of what have been called slop-built ships, or ships of an inferior class. For a half, or, It most, two thirds, of what would be required to construct a good and re.ally sufficient ship, « shipowner got an inferior vessef of an equal burthen sent to sea ; and, owing to the match- Ins abaurdity of the system of classification, the inferior was placed in the same rank with ^i superior ship ; enjoyed all the advantages such distinction could give ; and was, in thii public estimation, deemed quite as good and as deserving of employment as the other. This >)s been a more copious source of shipwreck than all the currents, rocks, and fogs that infest wseas; but it was not the only one. At the end of a certain number of years, depending (»s already stated) on the port where the ship was built, both the vessels referred to above *i>re degraded to the class E ; and yet it might happen, that the superior ship was, when so %aded, better entitled to continue in the class A than the inferior ship was ever to be in U- But even this does not exhaust the whole absurdity of this preposterous schome , for Vol. II— 2 R 470 SHIPS. ri* »"W ;;jiM» .**»» •^.^1 kMKc . -■"■•li .*M»«' supposing that the superior ship hail been so thoroughly rcpaireil as to ho as prood as tlio day she came otV the stocks, and that the iiiforii)r siiip iiad got no repair at all, Htill tlii-y wore both placed, side hy side, in the class E ! All the annals of all the maritiiiiu nations of the world, from the Phcenicians downwards, furnish no example of a more pervirsc, contradic- tory, and absurd regulation. That it should have existed amongst us for the irrcat"r part of a century, strikingly exemplifies the power of habit to procure toleration for iho must d^. structive practices and errors. It may be said, perhaps, that, whatever system of classification is adopted, there must !«. great numbers of inferior vessels; for, though we did not, foreigners would build them ; and, being consequently able to sail them cheaper, would drive us totally out of all trades in wlmli they could come fairly into competition with us. This is true; but no one ever thoui^ht of |>roscribing inferior ship-s or of dictating to the shipowner what sort of ships he hliouKI buiiij, or to the merchant what sort he should employ. We do not object to inferior sliijis, luit we do object to the same character being given to them that is given to superior ships. 'J'his is practising a gross fraud upon the public; and gives an unfair and unjust advantage to the owners of inferior vessels. The interests of navigation and of humanity imperatively require that ships should be correctly classified ; that those that are not scawonliy sliould not be classed with those that are, but that the real stale of each should be distinctly set forth in the register, and be made known to every one. If ihis be done, the merchant and the underwriter may be safely left to deal with them as they think fit. In consequence mainly of the laudable exertions of Mr. Marshall, the attention of the principal merchants, shipowners, underwriters, &c. of the metropolis was some years ago directed to this subject; and in 1824 a committee, consisting of representatives I'roni these difl'crent bodies, was appointed to inquire into and report on it. The committee collected a great deal of valuable evidence ; and laid an able report before a general meeting of mer- chants, shipowners, &c., on the 1st of June, 1826. We subjoin an extract from this report, which more than bears out all that we have stated : — "From the absence of all rdiitrol on the originnl construction of ships while hiiihllne, nnil tho impoj. sibility of ascertaining hy any insipcction, after cnnipletion, their real quality, it iippeiirs Id hi; injis. putnhly proved, by an almost iiniforni concurrence iif testinuiny, thnt tlie first characlir, or A I., jj indiscriminately extended to ships differing widely in strength, durability of niateriuls, and nil those qualities on which character nu^ilit to be depenihMit ; that many shijta to which the lir»t clnss is !Hsi);ni>d are decidedly inferior to others which are placed, from lapse of time alone, in a lower rliiss;i|iji many become totally unlit for the conveyance of dry cargoes, long before the expiration of t\v period during which they are entitled, according to the present system, to remain on the tir;:i letter in whicli ttiey are notwithstanding continued ; that instances are on record of lirst class ships winch hiive been unlit from their origin for the conveyance of dry cargoes ; and sotue arc dechirc d to have ln'cn lianlly fit, when new, to proceed to sea witli safety. ()ne case is even adduced, in which, I'r. m ill construe- tinn and insufficiency of fastening a new ship, her insecurity was predicted, and she uctiially fonnili'reil on her first voyaee ; and yet this identical vessel was ranked, accorditig to the indiscriuiiiiatu system pursued, in the first class. "Such, as respects new ships, appears by the evidence to be the practical results of a system which, assuming to designate by marks their intrinsic quality, provides no mennsof actually a.xci'riaiiiiagilmt quality ; but olfers, in effect, a premium fur the building of inferior and insufficieiil .v/ii/).«, by the iiidiice- nient it holds forth to fraudulent construction, and by the equality of character it indiscriiDJiiatelyei- tends to the best and the worst 8hi|)8 built at the same port. "Nor, your committee regret to have to rejiort. is the evidence of the errors, incnnsistenries, and evils arising from the existing system, as apidied to old ships, by any means less cnnrliifiive. ily ilie refusal to restore character, in conseguciiec of repairs, however extensile, the inducement to ma lata In sliips in an elAcient slate is removed ; whilst, from the absence of all regular provision for stated or periodi- cal examination, their efficiency or inefficiency is rendered dependent upon the varyiiia views, llie caprices, or the interests of the proprietors. Hence, though the second character, or M, is declared by the rules of the system to be the designation of ships which, having lost the first cliarartrr from age, are kept in perfect repair, and appear, on survey, to have no defects, and to be coniph'lely ciilnilated to carry dry cargoes with safety, the whole body of evidence distinctly proves that cliaractrr tnbe. In very numerous instances, assijjned to ships which, from original defect or want of reijiiisite repairs, are utterly unfit and unsafe for dry cargoes ; while others, which, fVom sound constitmiun nr clliciem reparation, are found to be pronounced in the evidence to be superior to many new ships, are iiwliscrimi- nalely classed with the actually worthless and unsea^orthy. Hence, loo, the employnicnt of .sliips, alter they have passed the period prescribed by a tall.iciotis standard of classiticaiion, beciiaics iincerlaiii, precarious, and difficult ; the shipowner is injim^l; tin* shipper and underwriter tni'-lcd; llie build- ing of superior ships, capable of ion^ service, is disciTnraged, and direct inducement is held out tntlie construction of those of an inferior description; the general character of our mercantile inarineis degraded ; aiffl it is to be feared that, cnuld^ie system be traced to its ultimate results, it would be productive of a lamentable loss of property 'and life." _ It may have seemed surprising that, despite the continued complaints of the lovvness of freights, and the want of employment for 8tii^{>ing, so many>ncw ships should be annually built. But this was, to a considerable extchKat least, occasioned by the system of classifi- cation now described. Hitherto, instead of building a really good and durable ship, the principal object has been to construct one that should, at farthest, be, as the phrase is, riin off her legs in about ten years or thereby. T!ie reason is, that, whatever niislit be a ship's condition, she was then degraded from the class A 1., and that it was hardly possible, in most departinents of trade, to find a mcrchatit to employ, on any thing like reasonable terms, a ship to which these symbols of imaginary excellence were not attached. Hence, the ship- owner, instead of repairing his 10-years-old ship, sold her for what she would fetch, and built a new one. But the person who purchased the ship degraded to £ 1. forced hec SHIPS. 471 to bo as (jood as llic if at all, still they wnre iiaritiiiio nations of the ire pervtrsc, contradic- for tlio i;r(';U"r irarl of alioii lor llio nw.si lif. ttiloptcil, there must k ifoulJ build them ; ami, It of all trades in whidi no one ever thi)\ii;ht of f ships he nhould build, to interior ships, Init we superior ships. This is id unjust advai\tai;e to humanity imperatively e not scaworiliy slioulil should be dii'tiiiclly set done, the merthaiU anJ t. ill, the attention of the is was some years ago preseutativcs from these he committee collected ;i [reneral uicclinK of mcr- I extract from this report, lilo Imililiiie, nml Hi'' \m\ica- iilily, it iiiipciirs In In; iiiilis. e first cliiiraclcr, or A l.,ij of materials, anil all those liili tli« first il;ips is msippii one, ill a li>\v(!r f lass ; llm the expirtiliiiii of 111" iwriod 1 on lli« first Ictlcr in wliitli class sliips wliicli lwv(! been lottarKl li) h;ivi Ih'imi hardly in wliidi. In III ill rnnslriit- I, Biid slif' actually fnrndiTfd ;o the iiidihcriuiiiiati; syglcni results of a system which, if actually asct'naiiiing thai ^•cienl o/ii;'.s liy the iiidiice- acter it inaiscriiiiiiiaiely ei- errors, incnnsisteiifies, and ins less coiirliisive. By llie idiiceiiu'iit to ihiiiiilaiiisliipa ivisioii for slaleil or perioJi- "ipon llie varyina viiws, the iracler, or 1'., is declared by ilie tirst i-liararler fidiiiagf, to be coniplelely calculated aves that character m be, in ir want of requisite repairs, mil coiistitiitic.il or eflicieiil y new ships, am iiiilipoiiiled hy and be under the direction of the cnmmitlee. Tlie ceiiMiiitlee shall meet lor the despatch of Im sin ess every Thursday or on such other day as they may ap|ioliit, at II o'clKck precis ly, and 5 members uf the comiiiittee shall hi; a uuoruiii. S'piMjal tiiiL's of the committee may be convened by order of the chairman, the iJe|iuly chairman, or any 3 iiiHinbers. All Vleciions and appointments whatever shall be made by ballot. The cciMiiiiitlee are empowered to make such by-ltiws for Iheir own povernment and procendines as they imiy deem reiinisile, not beinu inconsistent with llie original rules and regulations under which tile uncifty is eslahllshed ; but no new rule or by-law shall be introduced, nor any rule or by- law altered, wiihuui speciul notice being given fur that purpose at the uieeiiiig of the cummittcc next pre V !, *l ft 472 SHIPS. S^1^ i^ : I >'ur tlie linl talrf and Cl.iuiHulion. ffirfifhitiip Dil'o Dilt'i ■ Uillo . - unilnr ISO IMaiiil UMilir 30O 300 - '.00 SOO .ind upwanli For Rfgiilenng Rcpaira after Survey. /. f. d. ■ 10 fl ■ 110 ■ 220 • 330 Fnr Pach «hip llillo iSiilu Uillo ■ T' ni. • iin lor 1 lO IMand under 300 301} — :M 600 and upnardi L. t. d. ■ 10 ti -110 ■ 220 ■ 330 Tnlll. Forencl) thip ■ uiuler lOJ Dill.i ■ irOand uivler 2X) Diilo 2r0 _ 3 llillo 3 ro()iiiiiite fur the olijiTts and purpoaes of the lociitty. No Riirveyor will he pormiCed, without the special naiiclion of the romnilltee, to receive any foe Rratiiily, or reward whutitoever, to his own line and hnnutll, fur any service performed by him in |||,' capacity of surveyor to tliis nociely, on pain of iininediate dismiHdiun. The surveyors to Ihc society will he direrlcd lo iillenil on special surveys of ships under dniii!i(;(. «[ repairs lor restoration, when rci|iiired hy merchants, shipowners, and underwriters; the charuu fi,, which will he regulated accordiiiK to the nature and exii'iit of the service performed. /|'« »(/.(.— Tile fiinils will he iiiiiler the aiilliority mid coiiirol of ihi- coiiimittue, and a statement of ihe rerelplH iind i-xpeiiditiires will he anniiiilly printeil for Ihc iiiformalioii of the siihscrihi-rs. The following fees will be charged to the owners of slilps surveyed, prior to their being classed and registered in the hook :— For enlcrint »iil riiitiii< New Ships bnill in Ihe ^nil^l KmjrJon, and tur tulcrinif and clawin({ ihiin re|iainHj (^ Keatdratiiiu, ' '■■ > i. • I I ■ J • • 3 J • •! I • '> i U For ipccial aurvrya, antl wliere ihe survrynn tn the aociciv art- rt quiru) tijf the owiii th iit !>h'|"» I" superinlriid rcplirs fnr riv.iriiir, a chirKi' will be niade accurJinx lo the nature and extent ol ttie ycj. vice ■•t'ir>rMH-d. All certific.i'es nf rIi«iifimtion will he pizne'l I y one nf IIip rVj ■. I men, an i ctiuiilcnijni- 1 ly tlie secretary ; the cluigc tur w likj, [^ (^ ' lUi. fitr each ceitiftcate, Rui.EB FOR Classification. The following rules and reeulations for Ihe cinssificalion of ships have been adopted nfiorniiirh labour and matiire consideration, assisted by Ihe valuable information and practical knowledge oi' Hi,. commitlee of the fieneral i^hip Owners' rtociety. Tlie characters to be assigned lo ships sliali be, as nearly as circumstances will permit, n cdrrcri indicaliiiii of their real and inlrinslc (|iialities ; and the same shall no longer he regulated by II n- certain slandnrd of the port of building, nor hy the uncontrolled decision of surveyors, but will, Inaii cases, lie tinally tixed by the commillee, after due consideration of tlie reports of the surveynni und the diioiinieMts which may be subiiiilted to Ihe coinniittee. FinsT Class Ships.— There shall be two denominnlions of ships of the first class, tohedistiiigiiislid) aa " First Description of the First Class," and " ."Second Description of the First (;iass." 1. Firal Hesrriiiliun of Ihe Fimt C/ii»«— will comprise all ships which have not passi^d a pri'scriliei] age, and which are kept in the highest state of repair and eflicieiicy ; tiiese will be designated liy ijic letter A. The period for the continuance of ships on this class shall he limited. The extent of that |HTliiilnii| be deleririiiied by reference lo the original construction und i|ualily of liie vessel, the m:ili'ri;iU mi. ployed, and the moile of building; but it is desirable, on gnuiiids of national policy and of iiiilivnliiil jitsfire, ibat after the expiration of Ihe (irescribed period, ships shall be permitted to remain llic I'im i)eiMi, [e. alteration I bjci"!'' '"• Jor aeeiil aariMMiic m piyoi'i far that there baa been buM- ll, after survey on their iirri- Iroiii that siiporvisinn win e |l>e assiiMied lo them attord- lluined. Ibeon surveyed while btiiia^ Irojiresa: — Lt least iwostrakeaofthc nlank of the celline, between the lower dork anil the bilge, iinwrniiglit, to admit of an c.xnmlnalion of Ihe liiiier Kiirfice of tin- plank of tlii^ lioltion. Thii'l,- when ii)io|ilete(l, and, if poHni de, lief.Mi! the plank be palnleil or p.iyed i CiHi.liiteiiiiMit. aureiMJiiv lo a Bcliediile prepnreil for the piirpciKe, of the ilnoi'iiainns, sraiilliiiKS, fiC of all new shi|H, veriiled'liy tlie builder, shall he (ransinitted by IIk- surveyor, and will he liept an jri.nircl in thimlliie of the? soifety. Ill liiiilliiiu shipH, lo entitle them to be ranked in the longest period of this class, the followiiij! riilei Id" III he olif'i"i' — 'lie whole of the timherinff to he of KnRli-ih, African, or live oak. or teak, ol L'nod iiiiliiv the stem, slern-posl, beams, transoms, aproiw, kiiiirlil heails, hawse tiiiiliers. and kelson, to lei'Mliri'ly fnv from all defeels; the frame lo be well sijiiared from lirsl Ibolliook lieiuN upwards, and iV,.i. from sap, and also helow unless Ihe limber Is pniporlioiiahly larcer linn llie seiiiilliiij,' hereafier lesiriliid; I'verv alleriiate set of limbers to he framed and bnlled tojeiher to the cunwale. Tin? hints "f the limli'Ts lo he close, and not to In; less In tlilrkiiess Itian one third of the entire moulding at that place, and to bi; well chocked, with a butt at each emi of the chock. piScanlliitstloUatfoUoxeii— ' ' ' ' '" Trm. Tiiu. IV) MX) litchn. Imhct 20 ■M 8 13 7 II «I2 10 6 9 8 13 7 II 4 6 Scantling fiT ship* I'liion »i 'i^'''. 't wpiire. *'"i fri'c from wp, to be not It-H'*'!' If'*' kel^in 'hill • Finl ftxiIliK'k*. iide-i, if I'lUAre, at floor licadi • If otil f^-'Uii'kn, *i'l«;'i. if 5i|U.iri', at llir heads • "ihirJ foothooki, »iiiel«tm Tw frtnii' t" be inouliltil at H xir twidi Toutmitj I* 1 1 be iiioulJeJ at their liuaJi at the ■he-inlnke .... The in'crnipiia'e tlimfnsinni for the scantlhiir of tiinhf-n bclwwn •hetlncir fie^iiis mmX the itun\<'Ale lo tie rt'(l iii |>ri>)»uriion In the JijMiice from the t«o (loiitts. Should tlie rmnii aii'ur tlii|>s II-; 10 For ships Tom, 150 Iitchct. Tom. soo Inches. II 10 13 of 1 f«el may bf all.iwt-d ; ami no butt to be on the same tiinber, ub- le« 'here bu Ilirre Mrakr-* beh%eru. 'ihickiifu of I'taiik (o be u uuth-r :— For ihips Oitttide. To be mi'ilile I '" 'he ii»i I "e On»t lew than) To t* 111" -l i'*'l '»t "he eihls ui '' h'ss than) 7 jinlio bfsi VI • ■ • -9 Th'we 1* ilc ifti-r eii( till* mam lueitlih ; an I in ships under 206 tons, to be nnt ]m ihin l-Hth of the imiii brea llh. PldfU.— 1. Th'outiile plank, alx>ve the lifht-w*a*er mark, lo be Eii(liih fir Aftican oak. KasI Indian le;tk, or red cedar. 2. 'IV (i! irk* i)t'Io^v t!re li.;tit water iinrk to he X'hmI whi'e otk. elm,nrli*rf!i; Imt tlie ehii or herrh not tn be wriu^ht hiifhtr than the first l"oh -ok heid^: ir if vvTon?ht hiihcr, then I year will be dftiucifti fniin 'In- period that would o'herwisr be assigned. 3. TbecUmi'S, >i)iir::ct[in;^,ahi:tf pieces, and ceiling, lobe Knglish orAfrirtnn;ik, or teik. Theoutii'e ptaiik In lie clear of all defects; the in.side to be free ofailffny, ttnixy, or deciyd phnks, and Ihe whnle to be pnperly iltiM »'ii f.isIt'iiL',1, N" hut's lo be nearer than 5 feet to eich other, anieis tliere Ijo a tlrak»'' \vr(m.;hl between them, and then a ilistance Hil^ to wales not less than SiKirl hiHhIs . • . . Htlne pl.tnks . - • • Ril tapper deck .... Water ways .... Fust mil 1^1. —The treenails lo be all of fiwl F.njiish or African 'lak, Inciist, or oilier hard vvotion of the tint class are rctjuired tu be copper bs'.eueU below iheir wales. Ttb, or wiih sheil' pieces and Icnees ; the sime to tte well and siitTtciently l)tiliei] ; and it is re, (piired lliat I iKtIt in eicb bull hetow the wales, and ihc bolts in Ihe biUes. shall be thronjjh and clenc-herl, 111 all cases where the butt and bilge Mis are not through and cicnchal, I year will beiledurteil from the period that would other- w.sc he assi^ncen fulfilled, others have been omitted ; hnt in which all the requisites for a 10 years' ship sIimII have been complied with, will be marked in the book thus, "11 A"; denotinR ihfy iiri! Ill rein:iin in the first description of the first class II years, provided they be kept in a slate of elliiieiit repair. ,1. Ships surveyed while btiildinir, as before mentioned, the scantlins of timber, thickness of plank, anilsizi'of I'usleiiiiiKS of which shall be in no respect less than those in the foregoing specilii-ations, biinvhirli may not he framed, nor chocked, nor the timbers so well squared, as in the manner before desrrllieil. or In which live oak and red cedar alternately may have been used in the framing, or in wtiirligiind foreign while oak may have been used for ceiling, shelf-pieces, and clamps, will be marked in the lioiik tliiis, " 10 A" ; denoting that they are to reinuin in the first description uf the first class 10 years, provided they he kept in a state nf etiicient repair. 4. Ships surveyed while bnilding as before mentioned, but In the frame of which foreign oak timber shall he used for kelsons or for floors and (irst foothooks only, or in which good white Dantzic oak plank shall be used below the wales outside, whilst in other respects they are constructed in the man- ner set forth in the preceding descriptions, will he marked in the book thus, "9 A"; denoting that they arc to remain in the flrst description of the first class 9 years, provided they be kept in a state of eicient repair. i. Ships surveyed while building, as before mentioned, and framed, fastened, and constructed In the " n2 60 I'd '', 'I i 474 SHIPS. ■9: .■ fvjm «»•..*»« »'| I mannrr net forth in the prcriMllnR drurriptinnR, b'lt In Ihc pinnkiiie nf which ifonil fnrcign wliiic -,,; Rhiill III' i>ni|)l'iyiMl in olIiiT imrt* lliiiii tin- ImiIIiiiii, will Uv. niiirki'il In llii! Imok IImih, "H A"; ilmoinr. thai llii'y iiri' In rvninin hi Ihi! lirst ili.-Hi'ri|ili(in ot'lhc lirnl clung 8 yciirii, iirovldud llicy Im k«iit in u ft;u,' orflticlciil rcpiiir. 6 Shi|m unrvpvcd while liiilldinir. n» bc'orp mrntlnncd. nnd framiHl, fnilf nrd, nnd coimtriipfi-d in ihe niiiiincr hcI fnrlli In the prrci-dimr drucriptionii, hnl in which good furoign while oak Khali hi; mmi'iI i,, the rriiincs ahcivi! 111!' lirKl Indlhcicik Im'ikIh, or in lli'i, remain in the first dvarriptinn of Ihe lirHt claim fi years, provided they be kept in a stuto of 'etlnn.,,, repair. N. Ships surveyed while hiiildinff, ns before mentioned, In the frnnies of which, above the first fi,n|. honk lieadn, red jilne tinihir, either American or Italtic, or Hackmatack, and in the hnltunis «rulii(|i below thai mark, the same materials are used, or black birch, elm, anil, or hard wood of like i|ii:iliiy' and ill the plankini; of which Kood yellow pine shall he used, but in other respects con^lnicliil ifne. ably to any ol^lhe precedliie descriptions, will be niarkuil in the bonk thus, ".1 A" j denotini! thai ilin are to remain in the lirst description of the lirsl class .'i years, provided they bo kept in u slate or iir,'. cient repair. 9. Ships surveyed while bnildinK, as before mentioned, the frnnies of which, above the first rmihrM.jr heads, are composed of yellow pine, elm, ash. birch, spruce, nr nllier similar woods, but in oiImt rr- specls cnnslrncted agreeably to any nf the precedinc descriptions, will be marked in tlie bimk ilm,. "4 A" ; denotiiiK that they are to remain in the lirst description of tlic first class 4 years, prcivulni they be kept in a state of efficient repair. Ships built in the I'. K. under a roof, and which shall have occupied a period of not less ihnn 15 monilis in their cnnstriiction, will have one year added to the period |irescribcd fur their comiinijngi,, the first description of the first class. Ships built In the V. K. since the proniiilRatinn of these repnlatinns, and not surveyed while liiiililir; by the surveyors to this society, or where the owners or builders may have refused to permit Ihem in survey nnd examine the sanie'al the several periods prescribed by the rules, will be sulijectcil luj special examinatinn previously to nsaiRninR Ihe class in which they are to he placed, accordiiii; Ui ijip preceiliiiK regulations ; but in all such rases, 1 year will be dediicled from the period allnweii In thai class, in considerntion of not having been siibmilted In such survey diiriiiB the cnustrnctinn. S eriiil F.irriitiiDin.—TUc. prohiliilinn, in nil cases, nf the use i>( jfr will nnt apply to ships llie l(ip«|i|,. plankiiiL' nf which, between the lower paint or shear sirake nnd the upper black struke only, shnll b» composed of pilch pine, or Uantzic nr Rli;a fir, of the best i|unlily. InON-KASTFNKD SlIIT.'). Ships, iron-fuftenrd, if under l.'iO tons, luny be entitled to ronlinne In the first desrriptinn of lliedM class for a period not exceeding 10 years; but if above I M) tons, then fur a period not exceeilini'^ vcir*. provided that in all other respects they be constructed in accordance with the prcscribeil rule's, aiiii that tlieir holtonis be not copper-sheathed. At the ex|iiratlon of ilie several periods assigned to ships for remaining on the first description of ih,, first class, they will be reduced to the second descriplion of llie lirsl class, desi'.'iialed by the ilipliilion; ilO ; but If not surveyed within 12 niontlis after entering this description, such ships, iiaviiii; liei'ii iliir'- ing that time in snine pnrt of the (I. K., the cliHrncter will be omitted until such survey lie licld, ur, if re(|uired by the owner, will be allowed to pass into the letter I'.. Second DeKcripiion of Fii-nt CUihk Ships. — This class comprises ships which, havinor passed tlip pre. scribed iige, but not having undergone the repairs that would entitle them to hecnntinued in nr rcilnrcl to the first description, nr whicli shall have been restnred,nnd the period assi'.'iied for sncli ristiiruliun having expired, are still ill a condition for the safe conveyance of dry nnd ;.crisliable cargoes; ilh:« will be designated by the diphlhoiiL' .V.. Generul Remark.-.— Vol the purpose of ascertaining the competency of any ship for this descriplinn, careful survey will he required to be made annually, or on the return from every foreign vciyagu, liy one nf Ihe surveyors to this society. The bottom of every ship of this description will be reqiiircil to be caulked at least once in nvirvS years ; nr, if wood, sbeallied and felted once in every 7 years ; but if any sliip be snipped wiiliin iIkisc periods, the bottom to be caulked if necessary. The surveyors in their reports to the committee, on which the cnntinnanre nf ships on lliis Iciirri' to he fnunilcd, are reiiuired to stale, distinctly and separately, the actual condition of llie deiks, ht'ii(!«, top-sides (particularly in the way of the deck fastenings), water-ways, hatcliway-coniiiigj, iicuits, breasthnnks, upper and lower deck fastenings, timber, plank, and treenails. Where the surveyors to this society consider repairs to be requisite, they are respectfully to inlimale the same, in writing, to the owner, agent, or master ; and if such repairs be not entered upon wiiliin a reasonable time, a corresponding report will be made to the committee. Porties considering the requisitions of the surveyors to this society to be unnecessary and unreason. able, may appeal to the committee, who will direct a special survey and report fnr their giiidanci': but should the requisition nf the surveyors he confirmed by the coinin'ittec, then the e.xpense of suclisiir- vrv shall be paid by the party appealing. In cases where it shall sntisfactorily appear to the surveyors to Ihl.t society that doubling, of !iif)i. cient thickness and properly wrnught and fastened, may be allowed as a substitute fnr tlie s^liifiin'of plank, either in the wales or bottom, the surveyor is tn make a special report thereof, togullier nilli his reasons to the committee, who will determine thereon. Second Class Shipi Will comprise all ships which shall be found, on survey, unfit for carrying dry cargoes, but porfcctly safe and fit for the conveyance, to all partt of the world, of cargoes not in tlicir nature subject losei damage ; and they will be designated by the letter E. Subject to occasional inspection, ships will continue in this class so long as their condition sliall, in the opinion of the committee, entitle them thereto. Third Class Ships Will comprise ships that are in good constitution, and which shall be found, on survey, fit fnr the con- veyance, on thort voyages (not out of Europe), uf cargoes in their nature not subject to sea daniagei and tbey will be designated by the letter I. SHIPS. 476 Lg as their condition shall, in RRKTonATION or HlllPK TO TIIK FlU^T DkiICIIIPTION or Tllf. l'lR>iT ('!,««». If nl nny tim«', lii'forc I In- pxiilrnlinii iil'iiiii' hall'iif \\w iiiiiiitiiT of ynirs (icnoihI Hic piTind for wlilrh ,hi|H ariMo ri'iniiiii ill lint llr*! (|i"irrl|ilii>ii nf ilii' ilfl iliiti, iiii mviicr Id- ilrxirmi'i to liivr 1114 hlii|i ,„niiriiit'il ill, iir rt'slornl lo iliiii (li'MiriiUHui, hiii li nMinraiidii (nii Iii4 cuiiKi'iiiiii:: |.. iln- .'hih'ciiI juirvi-y |iiTi;ifl fiiiir'* lliiTiMii f.iiiipl riM|ni.ili>) « ill li,> ^r intril fur ii fiirllwr ni>ri'<'l. not rtiTi-iliMK two lliiriln »( llic linic nrluuiiilly iiHHiu'iii-il ("r li'T ri'in:iiiiiii|{ in Iln; lir«l ili-Mcrip- liiiii iif ill)! Ilrm claim : llii* a.iiiit! lo In- ralnilali'il from ilii> ilali- of smli ri'iiairs. Hi I'lifiie-i fur Wf»»finifi«n — All llio IioIih In Ihi- r ini.'i' of larli cli-c k lo he rlrivi'n mil, ami Itic plankR inki'M oiil ; lli>- iippiT dcrk wali'r-uayx, ami plank xlicar', ami Hpirkt'llinir, ami ilic hiriKc in'M llii> ^';il,'r-wavH on llii; lower ili'ik in (lo> niicUliJp!*, 10 h>' also taken oni ; the Hlieailiini; to lie niiirely ^t|i{i|i>'(l oiniie liotloiii; a strnke In the upper ronrse of ilie Imtloni lielween llie wall's iinl llie litflit- iv!\|i'r in irk, fore ami al'i, ami a plank In llie leillni^ ai the lloor lieails, lo li ' taken out ; ili" iiniler!* lo I I li'ir.aiiit (lie liooks forward I o he exposed ; and in that Klate llieHliip to liesnliniilted toaHpei iiUnrvi'y aii'l I'saiiilnilllon, at wliirli the allenlion of the Hiirveyors to thlM mu teiy in to lie parlirnlarlv iliri^lcit III the >'lale of the derki), the rciiiaininit plank of the topHidei4, the wales, upper ronrses, ami liefiialla, iiml (itlier faHtPiiiiiKH ; also to the Mlale of the fraine, luiwse tliiilierH, and kiiiu'lit hinds, kehon, (Inor, f.iiitho'iks, ciMlinit. and lireast hooks, the rudder In all its parlH and han<.'in|;s ; and if. ifler siii li exn- iniiinliiin, llie owner shonlil conHent to take out all plankx, tiniliors, huaiiis, knees, water ways. I'astun- iiiC'i. and otIiRrpaila that may lie found dcferiive, and olijiileil lo, and replace ilieio willi inaierialii iif the same species, or of eiiiinl i|iialily, nM tiiose of whirli the ship was orlidnally con«innteil. such ,|,Mi,i III he entitled to reslorntion to the lirst descriplioii of the first class for a I'lirlher ihtimI propor- imniiie to their real roiidltion and the edeiit i-f the repairs perforiiied, and provided that lliey beat allliiiies thereafter kept In » state of elticieiil repair. .Iihliiiiiniil Rule.— ttul if, at any atte, the wlmle of the outside plank of a vessel slionM he taken oflT jj'liuv as tliu second foothook licads, niid the remainder of the plaiikinj;, either oni'-iil ' or inside, liipcllier with all the decks, he removed, to «s lo trpuse Ihr limhrr.i e/ the framr eiilirclij in nnr, and in tliii stale llie ship he siihniitted to a special xiirvey ami examination liy the surveyors lo this soriely ; anil If. afier such examination, all lliiiliers. heams, knees, kelsons, transoms, hreast-hooks, remaining iilank, inside or outside, or other parts to he found ileferlive, he replaced with materials of ihe saiiiii [nprii's, or of eiiiial (jiialily, with those of which the ship was oriuiiially nmslriicied, and ill llie tree- nails driven onl and reiii;wedi sinli ships may he restored to the lirst description of the first diss, for miliiica period lis may he deemed expedient hy ihe commillee, not exceedini! in any case the term of iiil years, as provided hy (he seventh general rule for sliips, in the construction of whicli sucoikI-IiuikI liinlier has lieen used. >'„r .s7ii;).'i irliirh comprise thr txi^linfr Tnnnngc — All ships coniprisiiiB the existing toniiace are to iin- i|,.i,;ii a very careful survey hy the surveyors to this society, prior to reyi-lration, and will he ilassoil 111 ifii' ri'Sister book agreeably to the descriptions herein -before laid down for Ihe hiiildlnj,' of mw sliips, mili'ss nil such survey there be found siiHicleiit cause 10 iissiL'ii them a less period. ()•! Ill" proposed survey, especial att'ntioii is rei|iiireil to the follow ing poinis; namely, to an exami- n.iiiiiii "\' llie stale of the upper deck fastenings, water-ways, spirketling, plank ^lii irs. to|ii1 In rrporl ih»> niiinhor, ulr.n, Icnflh, fhatrninf*, nndmodeof iirr(lnffi>nii<(ii of llic ciiKiii'i! iiiiit hiilli'r Hlet'iMTH, mill llii- ili'Hi'ri|illi>ii of tiiiilii^r of wlili li lli>-y iiri- ('iiiiiihihi'iI. ;,,„{ wlii'lliir iliiiuoniillv triimiuil with wnml iir iriiii, anil In tvliiil r^lrnl ; Ilii- li'iivlh, hi/.<-, iiiiil raalciiiiiK^ „|' Rhi'll'-iin'CfH iiiiil imilillf lii'iiiiiH J mill uIhIIut tin- vr-Hi'l 111! riitiHiriii'li'il with ii|iiiiii'iii|iii, uiiil how limy II ri! lortiii il ; iiiiil In ttivc iln' kimiitiiI Ii-iikiIi <>iilU, iiiirlKirK, I'liliIeK, li:i\v«i'rii, wiirjiN. mill bniiH, im iliri'ilnl In Inr il ! I'nr MailiiiK vi'.ni'lj ^ lull till' mnlinrM mill riiiilrs will Mill III! rri|iiiri'il In cxrri-il III niiiiihrr, \vri)!lil, mill li'iiglll lliiiau i,\ 4 Riiilliiii vi'i'Kfl iif Iwii IIiiiiIh iiruii' ri'i^Hlrrril li>iii>it|.'i' nl Ilic nIimiii vi'khi'I. 'Mil' mirvrynrs iinr inlii' |i:iiiiriilur ill cvuiiiiiiiiit,' mill ri'iinrliiitftliu conililiini »l°llie buultof ull vvueit eiuiiUi) vil ill vurr)lii|| |KiiiHt.>iif;riii. r'nllM I>l' ("KRTIKICATK Inn VknmKI.S NAVIOATKD DV HTKAM. Lloyil'i Ri>Kl*tor nf llrllisli iinil I'linHKii Hlii|i|iiii|{.— Ccrliticutu lor VmacN imvi|{iitn(l by Slutim. |l la.f.in.l I,i'i-| , , 1K.1 , , ilii rrrtify ilul iliu wholg nf (lis loilen tat michiiicry ur llin ilrniii vhm. I , btluli|iii|{ 10 , Hhfn'.if In iii»«irr, loiii, hivp Itreii rjrrfully ii)i|>ecteJ inJ ci.iiiiiuut L^ , at . ■ ii'l (lifli liiifl llie vine Ut te at litis time In gouU oriltrr aiillo» lilt it > Ini* iccounl of ihr iiirtinilanuf the niachinerf 01 tbc atiiam vcmcI | lierelii iiajiiej — F.ngintt. Niimlirr ...... (;tllntatnl [Kiw-fr ..... l)ialfi('trr nf |'.iu. louni ilin ctilnint'y IHimfi. Nunilier of land pumpi .... If any ali.iclird to I'nginc, (tirir plirpoae antt power NuniliiT nf fnrrp pniiip• iiividiniis to impose on oiip ^^l t of miTclKiiiisunil pliip-owiitTM till! tusk of (li'ci(!iii}» upon Iho roiiililioii of the ships or other pro)MTly lH'!iiii;.'iiiir||) olluTs; and, ihoun^h wc liavo every coiilideiice in the intej^rity of the Krntlemeii ec)iii|M)sin.r the eominitlee, the most honouriilile men nre lialile to he inlluencud liy an c'-jiril da cn/yj ,,aiij by iiiseiisilili! hiasses. We, therefore, cannot help thinkini; that the schetiic would liawa imich heller ehanee of suceess, nnd tiiat the clasRifiration woiilil he more likely to ho I'Dirnn, were it muiiai;ed hy individuals nowise comieclcil with busiiieHS. 'J'he surveyors, on wiiose cnpaeily ami honesty the whole selicme prineipally depends, ou^hl to Ik; tjuite iiid<'|iciiJi'iii(,|' tlie Rood or ill will of those 011 whose jiroperty they have to report. Hut can ih it he suiilto lie the case at present ? and can il he fairly presumed that incrchants or shipowiu is will iIimiI hy the propcity of their friends nnd neighbours as it mii^ht he dealt with hy oll'icers apiiiiiiiitii by, and responsible only ti>, (.'ovirniiierit ? Wc apprehend that both those questiinis mii't be answered in the negative ; and hence our conviclioii that this is a matter in which ijiivirn- nient should interfere. No one can doubt that it is bound to do every tiling in its pDwcrin promote the safety uf navij^ation, and to preserve the lives of our seamen. In thij\ii'ivit erects li<;hthouses, and prescribes regulations as to pilola);e, &c. l)ut, how inilispeiisaiiii' m- ever, these are not more essential to the interests of navigation than a proper chissiiiciitiDii of shi|)s ; and, if other means should fail to effect this desiral'Ie purpose, govcrnmmt will certain- ly neglect a most important duly if it do not interpose. — (For a further discussion of this im. portani "'"' •''""'"llllll 111' II H| i'IHK!), UIkI IioW llhy < mill lllnill)'. ihiT mill ilf»rrl|Mli)ii rf tin. • iliMii! I'lir miiliiiK vc.,i.i, , gilt, mill li'iiglll tlloau 111 d nil of the boat! of all veueli TEAM. I'lHtmvignlndby SIoimm. Di'i'tii- inriiK Hie water wilhiml iui«iii(>iir •ide of lh« boiUr ■ r piirpoae and power a t.raiicli anil )in«r of iufll* y pari ul ilie veiat'l , Maater Kii^inrcr. mijr ll all •imra t>« alifri^l lij- il.f fj.. ly tu liirft aiiv ai-kn"« If ilif I iiii|>r..tf- iuvil u-cliilcctuji', or ill ilic ii.ileiii:i up; a ]iliin of this sort rum- wIipIIkt lliisriiii 111' iliiiiii II (iiirst tof iii('r(lK\iilsiiiiil (ihof |ir(iprriy lu'l'iiiuiinitii tlm t»riitU'incn comiiDsiii;' liy an esprit du ri'/7i.,,iiil the scheme woulil liiivci I more likely to iHM'nin'ct, 'J'lie surveyors, oti \vl\iise to be quite iiiih'iieiiili'mdl But cnn th it. In; saiil to itK or shipowiu iswill iloai with liy olTii-ers iiiijiiMiiii'il lotit those qiiestiiiiis mint ii iiuitter ill which Qiovirn- |vcry thing in its iiowiTto sf.iinen. In thij view it [jul, liow iiuli.siieiis-alilc so- a proper clii.>isiricatii)n of I, (Tovcrnnieiit will ccrlaiii- ther disrussion of iIiIm i:ii- ll the 122il nunilioiot'llie niittee of 1 830, on Sliiii- Vj. — IJut government will tsification of 8lii|)pin!;ha.i ]pc and incBpiicilv of ilie disaster. Olliccrsofthe libmit to certain examina- te with the olFiccrsot' the \\. Indeed, the Company : skill of their otliccrs and J and officers of ordiiiaiy liar examination. Every fhis, as every one knows, 1 to it, on the skill, indus- lat masters so chosen can- Iss. Few, however, liave Ic been assured l)y gciill«- lusiness of insurance, that nrarly half the lomics at sen may hn Uftcrilied to the iKtiornnec, inenpacily, and rnre!ei(il''(i'i ilf uiiiiie, iju'il unit iinri<^ui' pciiddiit rim^ tins, ft n'ai'f tie rX'iiiiiit<' /iiihlupu- men! ""■ If fiiit de In iinviiiutwu, et Irauvi' ciprih/e par deux nnrienn nniilns, tn prrnnire dm (ij/icicm de rAiniraule il dn I'ruJ'inMitr de I'Hijdnt'^riiphir, s'il i/ in ii dans k litn." (I,iv. ii. tit. 1. (j I.) A similar article has Ihm'h inserted in the Cudc df ('oinniinr; and, III \H'^Pt, the French K»vernment i.-t rriMisi'd in him, including not merely the Nhi|i,ind goods of his employers, but tlic lives of tho crcnv and passengers, so very extensive, that it is the bouiiden duty of the public to jiroviilo lliat it bo not committed to ignorant or incapalilc hands. Pciliaps it would, at (irst, be enough lo enact, that no sliip, whiih cleare to notice this fubji'ct will bo to announce that the measure now suggeiited, or one of a like import, has liceii carried intoelVect. — {Kdinhnrirh Rivirw, /iic.cit.) 4. Dlsordcrli/ Conduct of the Crews. — Mmns hi/ which It mi-'^ht he idiri'iilnl. — \othing, wc are well assured, would of 1 luf riiwv, Jency, and Man Bnluli riinUluina On the Slat Dccfmber, 183V Vrtnlf. Ti'iii. Mtn. 19,737 iiSlf,Ml I3!),l'il 663 .■W.6W 3,011 6,211 42 MW 2:,U11 On Ihc 3 hi Dmnib rr, 1816. Mm. I3S.116 28,51.0 On Ihc 1 'ttK-/r. 19,1136 6U0 5,MI 3lsl ni-cemb 1 Timt. i,2 6.227 3-.J 6,432 Tmt. 2,;)12,Sl6 3(!,'03 .Vcn. K19.232 4.2.!0 30,044 ToUl 2S,5II 2,7S3,76I 171020 2-|,«20 2.7<)2,B|6 170,637 26,037 173.50" 478 SHIPS. II. Alnlfnifnt nt Ihn fliilpplni emplnyvH In Iha Triidi- (if Ihr ITnllRil Kingilnm, tn Ihn Ycnr l*A7, cthl. liKliiK llii* NiiiiilM'r iiMii TiinimKii ol Vi-^ukU Hint lliilnri'il liiwunlK iiiiil ili'iiri'd OiitwiiriU (im liiilii,] llii'lr r>'|M'iiii-cl ViiyiiK'''). Willi till! Niiiiiliiir odlDilr C'ruwii, ii'iiurutliig liritlili Iruiii l''uii'igii VvmiIi, iinil tllxiiiiKtilaliIng Ilia Triidn with fiii-li I'miiilry, r J ■•U...i ••'"1. • i I* ■; > '1 1,3 f kW.- <' CaiiniriMi InwafJa. UlMwanh. tiff; BriUtk. IbNlfK ■flnini rMriin. Tnu. M>n. ' 1^ I\mt, IMh. 'MM Tatu. M*t|, '^ Tnii. 1 v.a. Ru«1« lit. 9»»l»n * 41 7,«W 3i>2 2ll 42.6112 l,'l,H 66 0,374 4 IKI 31, Vm i,i,„ Nriri»»jr II 1,0 » 12 an 8H.IHJI 4,712 20 i,'t,t 111 648 mi-2' M„; l)i*liiiurk • * 4^ ft,;i»7 2«0 191 A6,><«l 3, KM) 2:lK 6,3.261 a,vi3 1,^1 lio,»»l h,:j, j'rilMU 411 6', i3 IH,74J 6,11 II) 3^2 61,11113 2.616 61.2 lU.im ',;,' (Idiiitiiy • IMT l:li,iJO 7.611 • 11 mi,il3 I.li-i. ivi,'i:« H,ll>4 64') 6*I.V(i ,V|, IliUioni ^4I A7,in« »,2'>7 4a 49,*»l 3011 6t> 6ii 2,437 81 lO.'iU 74 Asiri-t ■m 2ii,iMii I,4' Ht'urlr UlaiiJi - 4M 4ll,<>*' 3,612 ' 13 8,17*1 ' 687 21M 3l,]vl 2,'i'J4 >• ».»2«' 5-1 Ciiunu* Ul 3.3-B I7!» 1 lUU 6 21 2.UH 111 4 6.12 jl (iiliraltir S^ in.m »(M l!ll 2'I,'I23 2.c:lii 6 91". (1 Irdy iii'l llie l(4luil liUnii* Mifu- 4^l» 66II ' « 10,ld'> 660 33.1 ri2,l>l 2,91" 41 »,1.3| W II 1,-WP !•« > . 71 l.'l,lPi4 7(HI 3 1,012! 1, liliiui) l«Uli'U • • * 71 9,iV) (127 . • . • 41 6,iT" 3<>2 2 Mm it riirki) .kill ro'ilinenUI (IrMCS 110 |^I4J 9-11 • . 147 2I,.'I.'6 1,'Ul C 1,M| M.irrt an 1 lirofll ULiirli '*! 2.KI6 I4» • . 23 4.121 21 . 1 !l2l> 1} K«)(|il Hi 4.:l!ii 2111 . , 6 . 21 3,322 1:11 24 »,744 m Cikial 111 Aim 1. fniiit M>>r(>ccuto llir C^iir iif lio»l ll.i|i« Cape of rif>»il tlii)ie IW 4Mi:9 2,4n<" 6 460 30 13M, 1 »2 10 Hi* 4,7M 270 ■ • 62 I4,6U9 hii Eailfni fi..«l,(i"ni the Capi- of (I'Kil IImI'II in llilwl MauJel • Capr J« V>r*« 4 870 46 173 4I.6-.1 3,139 3 M MaiMiif nio Jolal'lili 32 Ii,2i7 323 .. . 49 12,!lll 67 ICIiili. 41 9.387 612 8 l,Ain lOO 22 4,67i 27M 2 m 3ji Peru .... 19 4,174 231 1 '259 13 13 2,6'W 164 1 248 lil Tho Whal. FiihoriM • 71 21,^54 2.777 ... 61 20,11 8 2,Mi j bluol Uuoniuy.JcrKy.anJ Man 2,419 r.,i.vi IJI,I2U 2,617,166 11,691 22 2.039 123 2,21/2 1 13,262 lll,fil.8 14 ■',632 i Total 116,319 7,343 l,l)0-i,94n 56,778 I4,,')67 7,41; 1 I,ii3',73!( .■,7.0:1 ,Sl,,M [Tho following tables, rolaliiiff to tho shifipingr of the United States, are from oflicial ri|m(ij made to Congress by tho Secretary of the 'J'reasury. Number niid Class of Vpsflels built, and tliu Tnnnn)(c lliiirenr, in cnrli Rliite nnd Territory of the Uniivil Htatua, for tlm Vimr ending on the 30th Septuinbur, InllU. SUtw. Clau of Vfiieli. Total miniliiT of Total Tcinuijt. Shiiii. Bris«. Schoooera, Sloo|ii. S'cain. lii.llH. vesarU built. Tom. ji'lhw 1 Mniiie . . . . ■ 26 48 61 . 3 14i 27,-(lil0 1 New llalnpihini 6 2 . 7 2.7ni5l .MajMHrliuselta . « - . 31 14 100 1 , 116 HUUfi 1 Hliiiile Maud .... 2 4 2 1 . 9 i.iii IJ (Iiiiineclicut .... 1 17 16 3-> i,7Tl !■ New York .... 10 7 26 46 17 100 17,' •■•1 n New .leraey .... ■ 1 37 24 10 11 |.,7lj'l 7) lVnn«ylv»nii .... 4 7 14 13 11 49 6,.>-.l i7 1 Deliware • . - 9 7 . 16 I..2I o; ^ Marylaiiil S 7 114 6 129 13,1 HI i? Di.lricI of Coliunbii 1 1 10 2 14 1,2 5 2« VirKiiiia - • . - . • • . 9 1 10 Wli 31 Niirlll Cinilinl • . . 23 2 26 l,3l't.'7 S<,uih Caruliiu ■ • . 3 1 4 442 70 1 flpor^ia . . • . . • • * Z . 6 7 K73 10 Ohio ..... • . • . i . 42 41 6,»2 III leiinonee • • . • ■ . • , 3 3 497 Oj Alabama .... Mimwippi .... Loiiisima .... • • . • 6 1 4 II W3I9 Kpniu'^kjf .... . . . . 11 II 2,iniW MiU'iiiri .... • . , . 5 6 1*1 ro Mii-hiitan .... . . 3 , 4 7 6M22 Florida ..... Total • • • • 1 1 1 3 UO fi b3 89 439 122 126 858 ll'O.r'K-' 31 , Nini's. 47U n. In 111" Y«nr IW, pihl- ifftl ()iit\viiril« Ciiirlii.liii| iditruiii iMjicigii Vi'xili, ttiiiemenl of Ihe Tonnntn «tni»rml n«rh Hinln iinil TBrrlinry nf ihii riilinl i»iniri, romnien(tn| on llio lit day III' Ucliiltvr, l»'M, anil finliiiKiiii iliu Jiiili ilny nl n<'|iii;iiibi'ri iO^J, UutWMllt. rontfik H,i\. Mill. Il,«ll t/T| S'.O 4 1.1 a. Via «,UI« H,lu4 ft.VSdl .'Ii,0-l0l l,.10l 3I,V«I IVi, H-i.li'J' Vi,i. 1 lU.II >l ^ •! Ill.lHi ''(,1 1'l It-l.llO 4.t»i ftll.V h ■I.Hi •»..»> J.'ll Wt,l4l Ijllt lli.irK T'« l,lil lit ,1111 26 1 { 447 ,h9l ',i4U ,US i,M« i.UUI ,2116 ,47.'. ,126 U3 I'll .8 ■.7 ,ll f,7U 1,000 S"l .!> 'I U tcs, un [ennd Territory of tliel'nitjJ lti39. .TolJl Toimijt Tii(»l ; limitl»'r lif •c»m- I vcucla6uLlt. ; Tmit fth- 17 10 II 6 2 I 1 5 I 42 3 4 II 5 4 1 14-. 2:,*ii) lO 1 2.7rt Jl 146 24416 ;« » l.l'-ti li 3> ■J.771 1! 106 r,!''l « 72 I..W :s 49 C.'-J '1 16 i..:i o; 129 13.' *) '.' U 10 k.'C JI 26 '•"'!:'■; 4 7 41 4ij:o Sll 10 6,iW fi 3 497 Oj 11 «C1!3 2,101 50 i 1 3 t,1'i ft) 6«3;l 1(0 (J ' Anrtrlcin. runl6«. Tiilal AimrlrM •I..I l^nrcitn. I ibM inl Ttrnloriai. No. Tom. Craot, No. 926 Tom. illlM Cnwi, Cniwi. Mtn. 1 thfk 1 42* IM Mm. !!(<¥•. 3,2111 4H 1,211 iin.M Mm. ft.7ii Ili4 Mil* Ml *>.*I4 \M llimi«liil« • • m ft,H2I 221 S 19 «;« ii • • 31 •.,»'> 2li2 a Wfrtw*"' if< 4I.II1I 1.204 • ■ ■ •.I. 41.111 1 .2..^ U4M).tli.Mll| ■ • 1,222 I 4.. 22 I2,i'9il| 610 606 44,070 il,ioii »» I.KiK 3C11 7»2 1 i.im 169 ||fr liUll.l • 1 IJ7 2iiU2« l.JUl • D 911 .m . . Ml 2I..M.I, 1,111 I2'l 2-., in \MS\ II lU i.mti ^1 . . 1.1(1 2I.. Ml I.I.I 1 II s,» » .Ik • 4,0011 ai4.ii*>i 3l,40l' l,40H 1,110. 344, .11 20,-..>M 2:16 6,111 l,OI9,17j 61.KIII i,«ri SfH Jrnrjr 9 1.2.9 M • ■ 1 97 4 . ■ in .,1 11 t.2 |>rni.l)llll>l* 4t:i 9a,ii«7 4,200 M» 11 u.'.ue 690 HI 631 lll,.llkl 4.11.0 331 l»l)«.it< • S3D »«,»')ii t,Ht 1 90 in,ii04 971 . . 42n 19.S02 S.UII 1 ||„,„fl ..( ColUllll)l4 ti 6,H44 2 iia 10,111 2 1,1. S 16 s«ih Cutiliitt I4t 20, .22 1,21.3 M 9« 27,614 1,171 194 210 »4,>tKl 2.117 2111 itffi 1,777 M,» • 41 1.206 m 3ft >,4n2 99 ■ ■ K 4,6811 1!W fhj.iiU 110 10,449 900 13 14 1,119 160 . ■ IU4 ll,6M l,l'.0 13 SInimin • Totll *AK 1,491,279 li^922 _2jU14 4,li4 024,HI4 34.211 H34 12,441 2,ll«,ill»3 101,1(10 3,118 futement of Ihn Tonnnve clonrnd from each HtntP ami Trrrltnry nf tho T'niinil Htntfn, cnnimRneins on tim l>t (Juy ol'tictubcr, IttSi, and uinliiiK un llit :illtliil:iy i>r r*ii|iii'iiiliiir, ItilK). ! ^H itaiH inJ TerrlioriM, AnMrlun. tonitn. Tula 1 Anitrion anil I'lin »l(n. CniwB. Trtwa, I mvi. 1 2J!) IS ^H 1 No. Tona. No. Tima. __ — Nn. Tona. 1 .Men. Bnya. M«n, It!.)'. Mi'n. Rnjfa, 1 148 B ^m llllina 4» 11,9«1 3,114 244 921 61. mi 3,252 49 I,.1«0 139,1 K5 e.HKt 292 ^H Nr* HimiHbln U 3.l4lt 151 ft 10 67n 3. . is 4, -.-'7 ir!) & 2 «, U IS.6 44,766 1.275 . . . \>:> 4i.:i« l.-V-i ^B Mloc illKlll 9iO 193,3-11 9.61:1 201, 612 4ft,oi:9 2, 91 6 l,6!ii 231,147 11,113 215 1 ^H Hli .kill III 1 121 22.K1'. i.im . • 3 319 13 li- 21.^01 i,r.i \ 1 ^H ('...iDrdirul III, iti.'MW 1 670 1. 9 916 49 . lt 27.2M 1,719 16 ^B vm 3,601 M'.m 2H,01i l,62t; l,72H 330.1166 111,91 1 186 6,3iJ 0O0,4"2 4».ii"0 I,7l2 9 41 i W ^H \,» IrntJ 17 3.mii 117' 1 2 3»7 16 2i 4.2-11 1111 1 ^H l'niii>)lvllli« 333 ei.uiH 2,0)2 217 11 I3,3»l 6.11 61 m 17,6.19 ,1,6 U 218 no! ".cc 1 3i« ^H llrliwire • 1 624, iM,V D 11,141 ^M M2 6 .'47 8.244 41-. 13 \ ^H Vir(inia 19.' 41,191 l,79V lb 60 1,19j 449 242 49.3>» 2. Ml 18 r » «' r. ^H Xxrhl.rolinl 314 4',Sl.i 2,ll«l 6 37 3313 24; 3-1 4.. '.11 2. I4ii fc 3 t* J 431 ^H NHl'tl Cilaiioa '2\1 6I,^2•< 2,168 97 102 30,621 1,24J m' ,114 12.4 S il.to-l 2M 1 ^H fjt^'V* 111 3l,5li4 l,242| 1 60 19.4' IN 162 1 11.1 '>0,!'-2 JMn 2 2' r. H 3J; ^H tl.binu • 2t<0 4)1, 2N6 2,077 . . 44 17,606 111 214 6-.,2u2, 2,7UI 1 2 » lil ^^1 Vlmmifipl . 1 ^^H l/iaitiud • 681 117.2 -,1 7162 3 209 »4.1T2 2,77-' 19) 2.12.0. '<)! lo.rii'i 3 ^H iJkn ■ 16 4,116 il)K . . 3« 1,991 97 • • 112 6,lW 3U. — _— ^H krnluckr - ; 1,461 l,J0,166 24 1,298,9.')8 70 1,324,699 17 l,.3.3t),.505 68 l,: ££ S •I- lit 1=1 II C U tj3 1% II u .a M s I 3' .'•8 ssioSEisagi s s; ;S'.?tSS3!2??'.Ea = SPS!S2S.'!58RI3!SS8S38!:?SSr:: ^'2ES8'-# 5 -- !3sss'.=g.s3a. -z-ti- •g=^33£2sa .ass's ijj^sjs SS 3 RB3SaS£5!2?a3 SSS »S«nrS«ooo*ntoI-PSr- SS a -^ Old ^« ■■ B4 -■ ■* ^ 01 ■■ ■• >* li 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 illi 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ill ill I lifii 1 1 1 1 mill aj ■■ '5 « I' ^ ^ ^ I -. 1 ■ 'i • • ty ' 'i-A' cr'i- •-•I^B^sf • iii' -it" •■^Uitu .Slap 3 agssa 65 5 9S RRSSSSnJ^^S 3!;oC;-.ci- ?ss Im' ss s ss a III I II II nil'!" ^■i 0f 13* feSKZ"" SHIPS. 481 9 SS!8 SS S HI S ,!!»"» 8S5a2Spa8S!83!p5RPE85S8S2PffiaB2i2?PSJ;ffi2gjgt; 8 =gs5238a!saps 8 S3 sa 8 . ts »l 3 § 2,314 93 2- ? s;S8S!:2823aS8S®SS'-9Sa«i5SS;SSS2S9aSo?SS 3 S35853383ESS8 S R CO t .g.gS. .9'S8SiSS3S^S- '2SSSSS .SSSISS&'SS. S SS S .% 9 S ■ of' • • - ■ • - • -■■ ' • ■# « 3 , . § ^ [ l88S82SP8828aES25!oPE8SSa2paaBSP5SgRa2glS{: 8 =a85238S£5SS 8 K S: . 00 ■ • > « • 'S83S a s a s ^ i r-r- '3' '£'S"; SSS S9 3 SSS^S SaS 8 3 « r- S 'lis . f 1 Mill l|l|l I 1 I ilrs>i 1 1 1 3 I* '•B .1 I I I I llll II I II I I IIJIII|I IIIIiIImI '^ms ,.ll|l I M ^3 mil VoL.II.-2 8 61 ■ (■;! I 482 SHIPS. Statistical view of tho Tonnage of Aineriran nnd Foreisrn VcsseU nrrivinR from, aiitl rlcpuriin" (,, each foreign country, during tiie Yuura ending on tliu 30tli duy of Supteiiibcr, IKtT, IMS, and Itfiy, ca« — IT- 5** t0ti'-- ' " -Mi •* ■ ■0* M! -m ■1 -31 •fdM ST' «a«in'. 1 Miic^' . ■^^■.^i :•«■;- flaw ■» ft rn $ , -I ''4iP< 1836-1837. eirn 1837— 18.38. l838-1^39. Ci'li American For American Foreign American F.ir Countriea. Tonnage. Tonnage. 1 Tonnage. Tonnage. Tniin.ige. 'l'..iiI..Ti;e. Entered Ihe United States. Cleared t from Ihe I'niled States. Entered Ihe Uniled Slates. Cleared from Ihe Uiiitfd Slates. Enler.d Ihe I'niled States. Cleared from the Cnilcd States. Enlereil llie Uliite.1 Slates. Cleared; from the l.'nilca Slates. Entered the fiiiliJ Slates. 1 Cleareil from the ri.ile.l Slates. Enlcrel '^[""•-1' Ihe i '""1 I'liil.'l ,."it Slalts. '"'*! WaiK. Tonnage. Tonnage. Tonnage. \ Russia 13,153 6,644 6,091 4,147 12,801 7,253! 813 ins 15,423 8,540 2,011 [ 3j- Prussia 707 - - 17,7J7 4,i;2i 2401 643 1,433 '2S3! 816 311 \.ii\^ Sweden and Norway • 7,9SI 1,3311 ll,4'>7 4,0-l ' 7,221 1,4121 6,613 1,639 9,6b 1 i 797 13,711 2.6>», ■Swcdiih West Indies • 1,021 2,628' - ^4 29:-' 1,943 - - ■ . f.09l 2,1 S4 d Denmark 234 1,092 3,514 4,797 . 8S0 1,024 1,072 2341 703 23 &b,i Dinisli West Indies • 20,013 31,657 \,-3l .5,1911 24,22.1 31,1B!< 921: 719 23,79»l 3.3,563 1.024 3,601 Nctlierlands - 12,933 13,74), I8,13li 22,71-8 lO.TOii ll).50l 5,260 12,029 14,1671 11,612 3,63! li^il' Dutcti East Inities 4,026 5,441: - 7,340 3,7 6 1l,43ll - . 4,S79| 9,234 6 •■ Hulcli West Indies 1I,60J 6,i03 631 5(i;l M,2:i9 2,')48 8.5 16S 9,.125 4,02(1 532 441' Dutcli Guiana • 6,069 6,37s; • 2,177 7, 2' 2 4,718 ■ • i 7« 6,390l 6,ra7 Relgium 6.363 4,905 3,14". 9,211 5,027 1.3,314 1,334' 6,044 3,S4h 2,211 i.ens 3.7*; Knf^land 273,377 268,C68 100,900 67,125 3l4,l5J 344.616 72,369 76.6HS 277,1.^2 269,41.6 110,(H|. !r2*i SeotUnd 8,257 12,641 10,747 7,924 6,1.3 9,437 7,361 , 6,3S7 4,1)84 2,321 10,211 6,4(0i Ireland 480 551 11,961 1S4 1,391 472 7,429 166 1,313 l,3(i2 9,0-9 33i Gibraltar 3,410 10,387 749 1,673 640 .11,496 . 1,911 1,640 13,V61 'j3J 214 Malta - 1,0J7 1,993 • 710 390 857 . 914 1,869 *,iv. Hriiish East Indies 11,574 3,487 - • 3,697 8,334 . . 8,92N 10.337 Rritisli West India 62,l»l ®»'?;:j 26 315 16,08S 30,i22 56,769 23.389 11,243 43.113 70,740 23,614 ll2i' Rriliah Guiana ■ 599 4,113 1,961 4!l3 1,266 6.992 2,249 1,763 1,083 4,'»2 6,W 2> Rritish Hntiduras 4,5'J4 6,083 1,963 2,15S 2,797 2,406 2,237 1,50^ 3,J3I 6,431 1,171 24;i! llrilisli African I'orts • 3^4 - • • 1,179 309 491 lis Cape of Good Hope 878 453 • - 716 1,064 • 312 I,r44 2,27s 53) Mauritius • 91 - 91 • 295 . 419 924 533 Rrltish North American Colonies 286,660 282,234 388,996 440,002 266,220 261,286 370,397 383,156 334,121 395,5061332,097 373,77i: llanse Towns and other ! 1 Ports of Germany 14,767 6,957 74,576 48,565 7,40-2 8,366 34,581 34,542 10,721 4.892 i 37.741 French A'lanlic Ports • 79,747 91,687 14,434 20,032 8I,9S3 108,036 lu,4u3 16,10S 77,902 88,3191 14.3>i N,7;; French Mediterranean Ports 9,196 10,525 '•^I 5.116 7,166 17,345 3,839 2,691 7,039 9,236 7,7"- 3.i!il French West Indies • 13,078 21,514 8,030 2,276 11,721 23,168 6,703 1,871 21,332 24,339 3,liJ3 iM French Guiana 2,3'>9 2,600 • • 1,815 1,9S6 216 2,843 2,303 French African Ports - . - • • . 22>< i Hayli 20,200 17,642 2,7iJ '•^S5 1,332 17,120 ir,06'6 2,005 2.914 22.P00 21,031 1341 2.017' Spanish Atlantic Ports • 12,453 696 5,813 14,331 j,301 . 1,536 6,749 13,129 '307 i,6;r' Spanish Mediterranean Ports 14,786 1,846 3,502 4,838 8,679 I,S53 2,764 4,736 16,472 6,637 6,112 2,'!- Tenerifle, and other Ca- naries 3,697 2,157 435 • 3,335 2,177 228 3,576 1,192 744 Manilla ,\nd Phillippine Islands 7,4S8 • 718 • 2,347 1,780 . . 7,413 I,B74' Cuba • 151,193 175,796 7,686 13,194 184,398 193,74b 11,491 10,618 193,014 I9!,37,.i 13.02S I2.'«: Porto Rico 38,728 17,071 2,341) l,:55 4*1,261 19,33! 1,137 2,406 61,461 22,317 1.0i4 1,16.1 Portufal 6,034 3,226 1,032 10,407 9,6l9 2,92i i,4'-4 1,041 13,403 3.f»il 2,057 ips. Madeira 2,783 4,230 434 - 2,437 3,461 4 '.2 2,112 4,2731 ^ 1 Fayal and other Azores 1,263 486 • 1,114 509 - 68 '814 S!9' It2 ' Cane dn Verd Islands • Italy ■ 529 3'2?^ - 2,148 835 3,224 . B68 337 3.8:16 1 6,193 2,637 7,144 3,531 3,181 3,041 2,105 1,310 4,233 2,100' 1,016 l,S3ii Sicily I0,6ti2 1,230 3,701 2,103 10,807 1,012 3,517 1,824 13,707 2,233 1 3,7S0 2,*i Trieste, and other Austrian Adriatic ports 4,761 *•!!? 8,072 12,919 2.679 4.974 1,477 2,703 4,480 S.m', 760 2,874; Turkey, Levant, be. - Mocha Morocco, and Garbary 4,756 484 1,231 1,759 2,274 1,29. 233 - 305 3,381 2,232 IM Sute. 844 • 426 . 646 213 143 , 447 . 371 Meiico 14,475 17,502 1,571 4,018 15,538 11,338 1,6.30 2.725 17.409 17,816 4,721 5,6» Teias- 9,239 12,939 938 1,092 25,091 28,195 662 397 38,841 48,303 S9j \M Central America 1,167 1,083 - 1,580 1,843 - 741 471 Colombia . - - . 9,794 6,8'23 2,569 1,917 Veneiuela 9,666 7,815 1,808 1,893 - > - 4.976 9,241 I.S24 \.v» New Grenada • 3,098 960 1,298 l,2n2 - - - 2,186 1,262 1,723 1.367. Rra7.il 23,122 19.576 5,766 4,107 23,037 30,623 276 1,601 34,457 39,431, 2,367 3,1S^ Argentine Republic 4,575 4,372 1,313 951 7,119 3,00. 169 169 645 929 Cisplatine Republic 2,073 l'^'' 433 1,473 3,112 • 170 7,341 8,336 1 570 iffi Chili ■ 6,048 6,944 • - 4,266 6,235 • 4,571 8,683' - - W Peru . - M21 • • 196 1,674 • . 1,019 \ South America, «ne- 1 rally 418 800 • • 197 11" • 1,612 China 16,160 3,793 • • 11,821 7,314 ■ . 7,392 6,419 i Europe, ^enerallJ^ ■ 1,015 - 250 219 . 141 ,3!K) . - 636, Asia, generally 2,084 2.2M 321 - ' 1,345 707 . '2,367 4,320 369 Africa, generally 6,307 6,632 1,121 641 4,939 6,925 405 611 6,538 6,870 - . I.* West Indies, generally ■ 11,801 80 6,851 . 13,908 . 4,38S 374 16,279 - - 3;i9i South Sell and Sand- wich Islands 63,902 61,978 - . 50,5'iO 66,396 . , 65,951 38.3,19 302 Australasia 274 637 ■ • 824 620 . . 772 1,033 Northwest Coaat of America • 246 . . . . . . 1,601 107' Atlantic Ocean • . 7,092 1,193 1 Uncertain placet Total "2,645 " - 2 is , . 1,101 • - • - • 279' 1 1,299,720 1,266,622 765,703 756,292 1,302,974 1,408,761 592,110 1 604,166 1 1,491,479 1,477,928 621,814 6II,S3!; ii 'i Vi,:, during the Year ending on the 30th i^ep- teiiihcr, \xM. felW;F9 1,477,928 624,814,6n,Wl Flag. Bnliili frcicll vvvcdi^h |)»iii«h llijlch !|i„»e,ilic • I'orliU""" • Puwian iiciliM Genoese Sir iiii'"' • >'isi|jnliUn • Tu'can Aujiiijn Btljun j;„rive^iali • Bfjrili^in • .Meiirin • Teian • yew Gr«tiaaian OiloniMan • \Viie7iielail • HJVlieli - tnrejislerw Total Cleared. No. Tons. Crows. No. .Men. B js. 3,534 4(r).3.Vl 27.74 1 7il 3,500 '•11 22,bS6 I,1S4 U 92 102 iD.iOl 1,0S9 7 5.0 64 17,72-. 7)2 14 66 28 5,053 1,8 J 6 28 19 3,.1S4 177 4 17 139 41.139 l,8'i4 17 132 7 l,0n9 64 3 6 8 2,788 119 3 8 2,2114 88 4 5 17 3,6 18 340 197 8 18 2 24 . 1 3 621 38 1 1 2 461 20 2 2 71S 32 2 6 1,662 63 . 7 6 1,143 52 3 S 3 739 36 . ■ . 2 3 433 28 . 1 17 1,462 143 • 16 18 995 94 . 16 5 923 12 . 5 6 1,142 54 2 ■1 3 455 28 . 7 6 1,004 42 . 6 6 1,313 68 4 Tons. Crews, 491,481 21.6-0 13,753 18,787 4.719 3,211 38,1167 81.8 I, '2' 4 1,213 4,000 219 |i-3 455 748 2,173 1,145 3>J 140 l,3C0 844 922 800 1,074 961 9:0 Men. 2c,ll,9 1,1IS 964 -M 277 1^7 1,759 62 61 60 226 12 12 22 32 99 61 19 12 140 78 46 39 69 53 41 4,105 62J,8I4 34,277 834 61I,S39 31,3S9 Iliijs. ~l27 20 6 10 4 2 16 2 493 Am. Ed.] SHIPS' PAPERS, the papers or documents required for the manifi-stalion of the property of ihe sliip and cargo, &c. They are of 2 sorts; viz. 1st, those required hy the hiw of a par- ticular country — as the certificate of registry, licence, charterparty, bills of lading, bill of health, 4(.,_(see those titles) — required by the law of England to be on board British ships; and, 2dlY, those required by the law of nations to be on board neutral ships, to vindicate their title to that character. Mr. Serjeant Marshall, following M. Ilubncr (De la Saisic des Biiti- mens Nculre.t, torn. i. pp. 241 — 252.), has given the following description of the latter class of documents : 1. T/ie Passport, Sea Brief, or Sea Letter. — This is a permission from the neutral state to the captain or master of the ship, to proceed on the voyage proposed, and usually contains his name and residence ; the name, property, description, tonnage, and drstination of the ship; the nature and quantity of the cargo, the place whence it comes, and its destination ; with such other matters as the practice of the place requires. This document is indis[)cnsably necessary for the safety of every neutral ship. Hubner says, that it is the only paper rigor- ouslv insisted on by the Barbary corsairs ; by the production of which alone their friends are protected from insult. 2. The Pronfi of Properti/. — These ought to show that the ship really belongs to the subjects of a neutral state. If she appear to either belligerent to have been built in the enemy's country, proof is generally required that she was purchased by the neutral before, or captured ami legally condemned and sold to the neutral after, the declaration of war ; and in the latter case the bill of sale, properly authenticated, ought to he produced. M. Hubner admits that these proofs are so essential to every neutral vessel, for the prevention of frauds, that such as sail without them have no reason to complain if they be interrupted in their voyages, and their neutrality disputed. 3. T/ie Muster litill, — This, which the French call role d\'f]uip(vj;c, contains the names, ajes, quality, place of residence, and, above all, Ihe place nf birth, of every person of the ship's company. The document is of great use in ascertaining a ship's neutrality. It must naturally excite a strong suspicion, if the majority of the ciow be found to consist of foreign- ers; still more, if they be natives of the enemy's country. — (Sec Skamkx.) 4. T!ie Charterpartf/. — Whi're the ship is chartered, this instrument serves to authenticate many nf the facts on which the truth of her neutrality must rest, and should therefore be always t'ounil on board, chartered ships. .5. Tiic Bills of Lading. — By these the captain acknowledges tlin receipt of the goods speciiieil therein, and promises to deliver them to the consignee or his order. Of these there arc usually several duplicates ; one of which U ki'pt by the captain, one by the shipper of the goods, and one transmitted to the consignee, 'i'his instrument, being only the evidence of a private transaction between the owner of the goods and the captain, does not carry with it the same degree of authenticity as the charterparty. TItp Inroices. — These contain the particulars and prices of each parcel of goods, with the amount of the freight, duties, and other charges thereon, which are usually transmitted from llie shippers to their factors or conaigiiees. These invoices prove by whom the goods were fhippi'd, and to whom consigned. They carry with them, however, but little authenticity, being easily fabricated where fraud is inlendcd. 484 SHOES— SIERRA LEONE. -m K 1 r ■■ '"111 7. T^e Logf Book, or Ship's Journal. — This contains a minute account of the ship'g course, with a short history of every occurrence during the voyage. If this be faithfully kept, it will throw great light on the question of neutrality ; if it be in any respect fabricated, tlie fraud may in general be easily detected. 8. The Bill of Health. — This is a certificate, properly authenticated, that the ship comes from a place where no contagious distemper i)revail9 ; and that none of the crew, at the time of her departure, were infected with any such disorder. It is generally found on hoard ships coming from the Levant, or from the coast of Barbary, where the plague so frequciuly prevails. A ship using false or simulated papers is liable to confiscation. — {Marshall on Insurance, book i. c. 9. § 6.) SHOES (Du. Schoenen ; Fr. Sotiliers ,• Gcr. Schtihe ,• It. Scnrpe ,- Rus. Baxchmnla; Sp. Ztipatoa), articles of clothing that are universally worn, and re(iuire no desrripii,,!,. The shoe manufacture is of great value and importance. The finest sort of shoes ia rnutlein London ; but the manufacture is carried on upon the largest scale in Northamptonshire and Staffordshire. The London warehouses derive considerable supplies from Nantwicli, Con. gleton, and Sandbach. in Cheshire. During the late war, the contractor for shoes gpncrallv furnishud about 600,000 pairs annually. — (For an estimate of the value of the shoes an. nually manufactured in Britain, see Lkathkh.) SHUiMAC OK SUMACH (Ger. Schmack, Sumach ,- Fr. Sumac, Rmire, Rnux ,• It. Sim. macn ; Sp. Zumaque ! Rus. Sumak). Common shumac (Rhus Corinria) is a shriil) that grows naturally in Syria, Palestine, Spain, and Portugal. That which is cultivated in It;ilv, and is improperly called yountr fustic, is tlie Rhus Colinus. It is cultivated with i.ieJt care : its shoots are cut down every year quite to the root ; and, after being dried, thev are chipped or reduced to powder by a mill, and thus prepared for the purposes of dyeinir i„|j tanning. The shumac cultivated in the neighbourhood of Montpellicr is c;dled r^dnul nr rouduu. Shumac may be considered of good quality when its odour is strong, colour of a lively green, is well ground, and free from stalks. Italian shumac is used in dyeing a full high yellow, approaching to the orange, upon wool or cloth ; but the colour is fugitive. CDm. mon shumac is useful for drab and dove colours in calico printing, and is also capai)lc ol dyeing black. — {Bancroft on Culotirs, vol. ii. p. 100.) The entries of shumac for home consumption amounted, at an average of 1832 and 1833, to 13S,'2II cwt. a year. The imports are almost entirely from Italy. Shumac, the produce of Europe, may not be imported for home consumption except in British shins or in ships of the country of which it is the produce, or from which it is im[H)rted, under peM.'iltv'ol confiscation, and forfeiture of 100/. by the master of the ship.— (3 Sl 4 fVill. i. c. 54. {{ 2. and 22.) " SIERRA LEONE, an English settlement, near the month of the river of the same name on the south-west coast of Africa, in lat. 8° 30' N., Ion. 13° 5' W. Objects if the Colony. — This colony was founded partly as a commercial estal)lishmenl, but more from motives of humanity. It was intended to consist principally of free blacks, who, being instructed in the Christian religion, and in the arts of Europe, should become, as it were, a focus whence civilization might be difliused among the surrounding tribes. .Alioui 1.200 free negroes, who, having joined the royal standard in the American war, were oMJired, at tiie termination of that contest, to take refuge in Nova Scotia, were conveyed thither in 1792 : to these were afterwards added the Maroons from Jamaica ; and, since the lei^nl alio- lition of the slave trade, the negroes taken in the captured veasels, and liberated by the mived cotnmission courts, have been carried to the colony. The total population of tlic colony in 1831 amounted to 31,627, of which 18,073 were males, and 13,554 females. The whites make but a very small fraction of the population. Success of the Efforts to civilise the Blacks. — Great efforts have been made to intrmlucc order and industrious habits among these persons. We are sorry, however, to he ohiiijed lo add, that these efforts, though prosecuted at an enormous expense of blood and treasure, have been signally unsuccessful. There is, no doubt, much discrepancy in the accounts as to tlie progress made by the blacks. It is, however, suHiciently clear, that it has been very iii'-on- siderable, and we do not think that any other result could be rationally anticipated. Their laziness has been loudly complained of, but without reason. Men are not indu.strious without a motive ; and most of those motives that stimulate all classes in colder climates to enuaie in laborious employments, are unknown to the indolent inhabitants of this burnini; region, ■where clothing is of little importance, where sufficient supplies of food may be ol)t lined with comparatively little exertion, and where more than half the necessaries and convenieiieesof Europeans would be positive incumbrances. And had it been otherwi.se, wh.at priia;ress could a colony be expected to make, into which there are annually imported thousandjof liberated negroes, most of whom are barl)arinns in the lowest stage of civilisation ! Influence of the Colony upon the illicit Slave Ti-adf. — As a means of rheckini^ the pre- valence of the illicit slave trade, the e.-itablishnient of a colony at Sierni Leone li;is been wow than useless. That trade is [irincipally carried on with the countries ronnd the higlil of Bidfra and the bight of Benin, many hundred miles distant from Sierra Lcoue ; aiul tlie SIERRA. LEONE. 485 ;e account of the ship'g If this bo faithfully kept, ly respect fabricated, the ated, that the ship comes e of the crew, at the time enerally found on hoard the plague so frequcptlv .(Marshall on Insurance, 'firpe; Rus. Bnschiiink'i; (1 require no dcarriptiun. •st sort of shoep is in;ule in in Northamptonahiri" m\ lies from Naiitwicli, Con. tractor for shoes Roncmlly lie value of the shoes an- jc. Rnnre, Rnux ,• It. .Sim. I Con'aria) is a shruli that fhich is cultivated in Italy, It is cultivated willi i^ie.it after being dried, tlicv are he purposes of dyeiiii,' and tpellier is called r^flmil or )dour is strong, colour of a lac is used in dyeina; a full he colour is fugitive. Com- ing, and is also capal)lc ol ige of 18.32 and 183.1, to I3S,'211 imption except in British sliips I is impt'rted, under penalty ol v'ui. i- c. 54. ii 2. and 22.) the river of the same name commercial establishment, i'-'lil «f Ini Sierra Lcoue ; ajul the piortality in the captured .ships during their voyage to the latter is nfleti verj- great. In fact, ihere is but one way of putting down this nefarious truH'ie ; and that is, by the great powers Jocl-.iring it to be pirac;/, and treating those engaged in it, wherever and by whomsoever they may be found, a.s sea robbers or pirates. Such a declaration would be (piite conforinablc to the spirit of the declaration put forth by the Congress of Vienna in 1821. — (See Slave Tii.ui'^:) And were it subscribed by England, France, the I'niled States, Russia, &e., the Spaniards and Portuguese would be compelled to relimiuish the trade; but unless stinietliing if this sort be done, we are afraid theie are but slene GiiM Ci ast, from C.pe ApoHonia In llie Rio Vulla. Coajl South- ivanlofihe R Vnlla, wi h the Is- land of Ter- Daudo I'o. Sierra l.onne, the River Ganihii, and the Coast between the Gambia and the Meaurada. Wind- wanl Coast. from the River Mesurada to Ca|>e Ap^lli nia. Cape Coast CaMleand the Gold "oast, from Cape April Ionia 10 'he Kio Volta. Coast Southward of the Rio Volta, with the Island of Fer- nando Fo. Total. 'Coffw ■ • ths Dye and liard woods, 1 VIZ.— Birwood tontf cwt. qr. lb Cam » 00 1 ' I'm, cwt. qr. lb. ■ Ebony j ( lit, cwt. qr. lb 1 Rtdor (niiiiea wood ' to',1, fit-r qr. lb. Elefhim'stficth not. qr. 11. .Cininsduinca • Ibt. 'Gum, cn|al • U-it i Senegil cwt. qr. lb. [Hidei,uii'aiiri'd act. qr. lb. Oi'.pjim cwt qr.lb. Skiu, calf ami kip civt, qr. lb Titntff, viz.— TcAkwood loadtl^ feet Wu,be«'cuj(.qr.«. Oiher»rticle« ojjidal value 1,327 103 4 1 3 318 2 24 9.007 12,576 2,587 1 6 3.6^6 2 25 2,9J3 1 15 827 1 21 16.015 26 4,510 1 19 400 o"o 3 6 638 .•» 6 5,302 56j 7,001 2 18 6,766 246 15 2 13 15 18 19 12 4 2 20 3 1 3 15 1,233 2 22 ' 423 ' 169,556 3 7 64 2 /.. ». 82 18 825 14 1,912 S 131 7 524 5,493 11,101 12 2,963 7 2,606 8 10,207 15 21,436 II 767 12 L. ». 400 6 2 10 1 5 403 15 L. J. 3,820 16 77 6 23 11 -',001 13 464 4 11,387 12 /.. .. 4i2 17 9,871 4 127 6 201 17 123 15 7,432 3 17 12 169,5iSI 16 "aC6'7 614 3 L. .. 5.i5 16 9,871 4 952 19 201 17 12J 15 13,'6i 6 208 13 665 3 6,493 11,101 12 1-9,'.'21 17 2,603 19 10,207 15 2I,7»2 19 1,847 B 58,107 15 188,674 3 258,573 6 2s2 486 SIERRA LEONE. II. Export* of Britlih Produce unci Mn nii furl ii res from the United KinRdom, In 1829, to the Woslcrn Coast of Africa, (listinijuiiiliinf; tlieir Uiiniitities ami Valiicx. cr >«■ %»'>**' :1^ jlgBiV ' '.« W «»• re ••• 1 > «wi-< 3 a«>^ i^-11 .«•« •re ■ '■■. ««.. ..rvM* IK?* ••,r"i» ■»** »n*l|| tl^-- ■r w . ' lif ,»«- i" 4**^ •icr ..!'-'ii.*'r I '■■■ . i:v>>-*- Qumlitin riported. OSIcitl Value of Ei|iorti. i Sierra I-eonc, Wind- Cape Coait Sierra l^enne. Wind !r™rm.. Cmft (he Hiver war.1 CaMleand Com Sou'h- the River wanl f n«t ll> .111(1 *^tiittivvnrtl Articlei eiported. Gambia, and Cont, Ihe (iohl want (if Ihe Oaiiihii, ami Coail, ^ tilt 1 V. 4IIIU the Gold .^.•11, 11. 1..,. nf the Itio thcCoa-it from the Cia^t, fnim K>0 V.illi, Ihe Coast rmni Ihe C'laati f n*ii> Voll.t. with Total. between the K'ViT Me- Cape with the 1*' helweeii the River Cape A|Mil Iniiia Itt (he the ivtand (ianiliia silnrla to AiKtUonia laiiit i>r Ter- (Unihla Mesuraija of Ker- ' and (he A{)ollc)nia. ti) Ihe nanilo Po. and Ihe to Cape Hjo VolLi. nando Po. MeKurada. Kin Viilla. Mwuiaila. Apolliiiiia, JVI1 f ■ »*l •'•• L. f. I.. $. /.. 1. /,. .. X~7 Apparel and slnpi ■ . • 7,172 14 10 670 2 1,333 16 9,186 II Bram ami copprr ciy(. t/r, lb. 32S 2 10 77 2 242 7 1,637 9 45 360 7 l,:62 10 3,205 6 Cottons, entered by Ihe yani, yardi Ilosiery, lace, and 558,187 119,484 651,908 631,361 41,501 IS 6,961 6 40,049 6 61,068 9 141,581 1 siimII war' I . • ■ 218 15 • • • 2I« i; Ola:-^ anit t-arl hen ware , . . . 878 II 13 15 139 7 931 1,962 It Gunn a d pialola So. 21.151 2,5 15.783 5 2,220 I0,93S 15 28,468 5 S^Ws 5 Gunmwder • lln. Hamvvare and cullerv 3i7,601 2i,000 23J,400 I,54a,3!i0 10,802 12 736 4 0,960 4I),S03 6 C>,3il > cwt. or. lb. Iron, wmiifrhl and uu- 420 2 43 2 1,194 2 20 1,157 1 6 10 119 12 3,285 7 4,567 11 w roil 4 lit f'lfir, cwt.qr. lb. 627 18 17 20000 151 8 2 6 1,157 12 00 8,647 16 210 2,220 3 11,684 16 22,762 u Ijead and shot tdHSt cwt. qr lb. 8 32 4 7 00 3530 4 6 00 85 16 47 13 309 1 45 8 6-18 C I*eather, wrought and wrought • . . ■ . 772 19 • 174 3 . 917 S Linens • yards 36.102 3,918 i,K53 1,736 17 . 178 79 10 I.W)4 ■ Salt • • btuhei* Soap and candles nvt. qr. Ih. 38,440 • • 141,700 1,279 16 • ■ 4,723 6 fi.OUi } 500 3 21 , 20 226 270 16 1,795 16 , 68 4 810 8 2,675 « Stationery of all sorts - • - • 958 9 - 44 10 - lil»2 1> Sugar, refined i cwt. qr, lb. 199 1 2 . 14 3 22 261 3 3 690 II . 41 2 478 14 1,110 7, Swonis and cutlaut's No. 16,193 . 400 12,162 4,048 6 - ICO 3,OtO 10 7,I8S 13! Wood, viz.- Staves and casks vacki Wo'llens, entcrfii hy 170 200 1,295 10,747 113 6 60 756 13 7,164 13 ^084 13 the piece piacts 196 3 228 40 934 3 13 10 435 ISO 1,552 13 by Iheyird, ijanls 8U0 . 60 660 53 10 . 5 48 13 107 j Hosiery and smalt wares . . . > 161 19 3 66 6 1,323 10 l,5>t 1; All other articles 7,'.a) 19 133 4 2,0!I5 2 l,5t-8 7 M,377 13 I07,8K2 13 12,46S 3 6->,791 IS 164,21'* II 3V),3«I ; Exclusive of the above, we exported, in 1829, to the western coa.st of Africa, 1G1,'I,31/, worth of foreign and colonial merchandise ; of this amount, 43,550/. worth went to the coast south of the Rio Volta. Expenses incurred on account of Sierra Leone. — The pecuniary expense occasioned hy this colony, and our unsuccessful efforts to suppress the foreijjfn slave trade, hsvc been altogether enormous. Mr. Keith Douglas is reported to havestated, in his place in the House of Commons, in July, 1831, that "down to the year 188t, the c/w7exj)ensps of Sierra Leone amounted to 2,208,000/.; and that the same expenses had amounted, from 1821 to 1830, to 1,082,000/. The naval expenses, from 1807 to 1824, had been 1,B30,000/. The payment to Spain and Portugal, to induce them to relinquish the slave trade, amounted to 1, '.230,000/, The expenses on account of captured slaves were 533,092/. The expenses incurred on ac- count of the mixed commission courts were 198,000/. Altogether, this establishment hail cost the country nearly 8,000,000/, The prodigality of this expenditure is unmatched, except by its uselcssness. It is doubt- ful whether it has prevented a single African from being dragged into slavery, or conferred the smallest real advantage on Africa. The kings of Spain and Portugal have certainly turned their spurious humanity to pretty good account. We hope there is now, at least, iin end of all attempts to bribe such monarchs to respect the rights of humanity, or the treaties into which they have entered. For further deaths with respect to Sierra Leone, and the trade of Western Africa, see the Report of the Select Committee of the House of Commons, No. 06 1. Sess. 1830. SILK (Lat. Sericum, from >Stercs, the supposed ancient name of the Chiticse), a fine glossy thread or filament spun by various species of caterpillars or larva; of the phalrna genus, Of these, the Phalmna atlas produces the greatest quantity : but the Phulaena boinhijx is that commonly employed for this purpose in Europe. The silkworm, in its caterpillar state, which may be considered as the first stage of its existence, after acquiring its full growth (about 3 inches in length), proceeds to enclose itself in an oval-shaped ball, or cocoon, which is forni' ed by an exceedingly slender and long filament of fine yellow silk, emitted from the stomach of the insect preparatory to its assuming the shape of the chrysalis or moth. In this latter stage, after emancipating itself from its silken prison, it seeks its mate, which has undergone a similar transformation ; and in 2 or 3 days afterwards, the female having deposited hereggs (from 300 to 500 in number), both insects terminate their existence. According to Roaa- mur, the phulaena is not the only insect that affords this material, — several species of the aranea, or spider, enclose their eggs in very fine silk. Raw Silk is produced by the operation of winding off, at the same time, several of the j SILK. 487 om. In 1829, to the Western Values. il V»lu« ot Eiimrti. lc»P«Co"l im** ,1 I Cattle anil Soullnvar.1 the Cii>ld nf the Km ' C"asl,fnilii'VMlta. wilh Cape AiH.l I Ihe l«l»i»l ' Bio VolU. 1 iiauJn ro. Tola], >• i L. ». 610 2 1,333 19 /.. 1. 9,i«e II 360 7 1,1© 10 3,203 6 6 40,019 6 51,068 9 141,561 1 15 ' 139 7 10,D3S iri 4 0,960 931 2)>,466 5 411,803 5 21? 1) 1,962 11 r>7,i(iH i 10 119 12 3,285 7 4,567 11 2,220 3 11,684 IS 22,762 U 13 369 1 45 S 649 ■ 174 3 178 • 1 !»n s 79 10 1« • 4,723 6 6,0W J 69 4 44 10 810 8 2,675 » . 41 2 478 U'^ 1,110 T. • ICO 3,040 10 7,1SS lii 1 756 13 1 7,164 13^ S,OM 13 3 10 435 5 180 l.WiiS 48 15 10- 5 3 : 66 6 j3 4 2,0fl3 2 1,323 10! I.Vvlli 1,,W8 7 : 1,3:7 1) 68 3 6-.,79l 18 164.22S^n 3V1,36I 7 m coast of Africa, 101,431/, 550/. worth went to the coast liary expense occasioned liy f,.ijrn slave trade, have been ted, in his place in the Hou»e 'ivil expenses of Sierra Leone anted, from 1821 to 1830, to 1,(V30,000/. The payments ade, amounted to l,'i30,OflO/, he expenses incurred on ac- her, this cstahlishmcnl hail its uselcssness. It is doubt- ;ed into slavery, or conferred ,nd Portugal have certainly ope there is now, at least, an of humanity, or the treaties ) of Western Africa, sec the 061. Sess. 1830. ifthe Chinese), a fine glossy 1 ofthe/)/i"/?ascnu3. Of lie yhalxna bomhijx is that T in its caterpillar state, which ling its full growth (about 3 111, or cocoon, which is form- Ilk, emitted from the stomach lalisor moth. In this latter \ mate, which has undergone ale having deposited her eggs Itencc. According to Reaa- Irial,— several species of the L same time, several of the bjillrt or cocooil^ (which are immersed in hot water, to soften the nafiira! gum on the fila- ment) oil a common red, thcreliy forjiiing one smooth even thread. Wlun the skein is dry, It is taken from the reel and make up into hanks; hut liefore it ir* lit for vvcaviiii;, and in order to cnahlc it to undergo the process of dyeing, without furring up or separating the lihres, Il is converted into one of three forms ; viz. sin!j;/es, tram, or orifunziiif. aiiiiilea (a collective noun) is formed of one of the reeled threads, heing twisted, in order to give it strength and iirmncss. Tram is formed of 'i or more threads twisted together. In this state it is commonly used inweaving, as the shuut or irfft. Thrown Silk is formed of "Z, 3, or more singles, according to the substance required, heing twisted together in a ciintrari/ direction to that in which the singles of wiiich it is composed jri' twisted. This process is termed organzining ; and the silk so twisted, oririniziiic. The art of throwing was originally confined to Italy, where it was kept a secret for a long period. Stow says it was known in this country since the 5th of Queen Elizabeth, " when it was gained from the strangers;" and in that year (1562), the silk throwsters of the imtropolis were united into a fellowship. They were incorporated in the year 1039 ; but the art con- tinued to be very imperfect in England until 1719.— (Hce/ws/.) 1, Historical Ski tch of the Munufaclure. — The art of rearing silkworms, of unravelling the threads spun by them, and manufacturing the latter into articles of dress and ornament, seems to have been first practised by the Chinese. Virgil is the earliest of the Roman writers who has been supposed to allude to the production of silk in ('hina, and the terms he emiiloys show how little was then known at Koine as to the real nature of the article : — Velleraqao ut foliis depectant teniiia Seres.— (Ocor^. bnolt ii. tin. 121.) But it may be doubted whether Virgil does not, in this line, refer to cotton rather than silk, Pliny, however, has distinctly described the formation of silk by the bomlii/x. — {Hint. Nat. lib. .xi. c. 17.) It is uncertain when it first began to be introduced at Koine : but it was most probably in the age of Pompey and Julius Cscsar; the latter of whom displayed a profusion of silks in some of the magnificent theatrical spectacles with which he sought at once to con- ciliate and amuse the people. Owing principnlly, no doubt, to the great dintance of China from Rome, and to the difficulties in the way of the intercourse with that country, which was carried on by land in caravans whose route lay through the Persian empire, and partly, per- haps, to the high price of silk in China, its cost, when it arrived at Rome, was very great; so niaih so, that a given weight of silk was sometimes sold for an equal weight of gold ! At first it was only used by a few ladies eminent for their rank and opulence. In the beginning of the reign of Tiberius, a law was passed, ne vcsti.s scrim viros fmliret — that no man should disgrace himself hy wearing a silken garment. — {Tacit. Annal. lib. ii. c. S.*?.) But the prolligate Heliogabalus despised this law, and was the first of the Roman emperors who wore a dress composed wholly of silk (/lotosericttm). 'i'he example once set, the custom of wearing silk soon became general among the wealthy citizens of Rome, and throughout the provinces. According as the demand for the article increased, eflbrts were made to Import larger quantities ; and the price seems to have progressively declined from the reign of Aure- lian. That this must have been the case, is obvious from the statement of Ammianus Marcel- linus, that silk was, in his time (anno 370), very generally worn, even by the lowest classes. Sericum ad ustim antckac nobilium, nunc ctium injimorum sine ulla discretione proficiens. —(Lib. xviii. c. 6.) China continued to draw considerable sums from the Roman empire in return for silk, now become indispensable to the Western World, till the Gth century. Abont the year 550, two Persian monks, who had long resided in China, and made themselves acquainted with the mode of rearing the silkworm, encouraged by the gifts and promises of Justinian, succeeded in carrying the eggs of the insect to Constantinople. Under their direction they were hatched and fed; they lived and laboured in a foreign climate; a sufficient number of butterflies was saved to propagate the race, and mulberry trees were planted to aflbrd nourishment to the rising generations. A new and important branch of industry was thus established in Europe. Ei|)erience and reflection gradually corrected the errors of a new attempt; and the Sogdoitc ambassadors acknowledged, in the succeeding reign, that the Romans were not inferior to the natives of China in the education of the insects, and the manufacture of silk. — {^Gibbon, De- dint and Fall, vol. vii. p. 99.) Greece, particularly the Peloponnesus, was early distinguished by the rearing of silkworms, and by the skill and success with which the inhabitants of Thebes, Corinth, and Argos carried on the manufacture. Until the 12th century, Greece continued to be the only European country in which these arts were practised : but the forces of Roger, king of Sicily, having, in 1147, sacked Corinth, Athens, and Thebes, carried oflT large numbers of the inhabitants to Palermo ; who introduced the culture of the worm, and the manufacture of silk, into Sicily. From this island the arts spread into Italy ; and Venice, Milan, Florence, Lucca, &c. were ■oon afler distinguished for their success in raising silkworms, and for the extent and beauty of their manufactures of silk. — {Gibbon, vol. x. p. 110.; Biographic Universelle, art- %rJ7.) i»'. 488 SILK. ^*"* •ML Bi. ,■• een used l)y persons of distinction i^o centuries previously. 'J"he tnanufacturc docs not appear to have made much proi^ress till \\^„ Ui^e of Kli/.ihelh ; tlie trani|niility of whose lont; rei^n. and the inllux of Flemings occa;i,inp,| hy the disturltances in the Low ('ountries, i^ave a powerful stinnilus to the manufactiiris of Enijland. The silk throwsters of the metropolis were united, as alrenily ohserved, in a WW.'n. ship, in l')()2; anrasccutn| i,, . ri'WiudiMl Kuch of llll' IMtly s, with iintents of tiDliiliiy. have luHMi intnnliicnl im, persons of ilistiiiction two miiilo m\ich progri'xn tillih. lux of Fli'in'm^!* oci-iniiiiuM ilus to thn niniiufiutiiri'snf Ircmly oliscrvt'd, in u fi ll^.w. ili'il iiy lilts civil wurs, the itr hiitl it l'i'''omi', tli;\t ii j< 2. c. 15.), that lUfif wiTc ai ! And it is of iinpDrtanoe cigii Mk* was occMsiimally •oti'ctoralc, nnd the U'V^n of rally speaking, their iiniiorta. en commonly 8Uppn07, i'arli.iiiv'iit the importation of all Vmv'w ras extended to the silk g.iods entertained, that we owe the (diiUitivc system. So fir from lets of parliament, anil othir dl the dilliculties iiiciilont lo If great value and impDrtanre, is, heforc the maiiut'.u'turers lis of Custom-house oliiccrs, iDritish silk inaniif,ii'turc; a Inbe and his hruthor, lor the L^rby, for throwing silk, from ton of the patent, I'arliaineiil renewal ; but granted him intrv, in creeling a iiiachine [wholly with the supplies of In Italy : but instead nf lain; V throwing mills in En^lanJ (of the manufacture ammi^st Isivc duties had been laiilon been erected, and a lar;e Ire than a century, as aeon- Ifacture presents little more Ition of foreign silks ; iinpo- libinalions and outrages on In passed in reference to ihij \e it would 1)0 exceedingly found principle, or that was V filers estimate the average rtpar8 from a report of a committee of the i)rivy council, appointed, in 1760, to inijuire into the subject, that siniiggling was then carrictl on tu greater extent than ever, and that 7,072 looms were out of employment. The same com- mittee reported, tliat tiiough the French were , however, the substitution of cottons in the place of silk gave a severe check to the manufacture, and the weavers then began to discover the real nature of the Spitalfields Act. Being intenlicted from working at reduced wnges, they wwe ti'tail) thrown out of employment; so that, in 17913, upwards of 4,000 Spitalfield looms were quite idle. In 17'JH, the trade began to revive ; nnd continued to extend slowly till 1815 and 181(3, when the Spitalfields weavers were again involved in sulferings far more extensive and severe than at any former period. It appears from this brief sketch of the progress of the English silk trade, that from the year 1095, downto our own limes, it has been exposed to the most appalling vicissitudes. The reason is obvious. The monopoly enjoyed by the manufacturers, and Ihe Hpitaltields Act, fiTectually put a stop to all improvement ; so that the manufacture continued stationary in England, while on the Continent it was ra[)idly advancing. Whenever, therefore, the markets were, either from the miscalculation of the manufacturers, or a change of fashion, over- loaded with silks, there were no means of disposing of the sur|)lus jirolitably abroad, and the ilistress became extreme. Notwithstanding the unparalleled advances we had made in other ilopartmentsof manufacturing industry, it wasafTirmed, in 1826, by the member for Coventry (Mr. Ellice), in his place in the House of Commons, " that there were in that city 9,700 looms; 7,500 of which were in the hands of operative weavers, who applied their manual labour, as well as their machinery, to the manufacture of ribands. These looms were, for the most part, of the worst possible coiisl ruction ,• and it would scarcely be believed that the improved loom in France would, in a given time, produce 5 times as much riband as the common loom in England with the same manual labour ! He could also state that there exi^ted an improved manufacture in Germany, by which one man could make farfy-eiirht thius as much velvet as ciiiilU Ije made in an tf/iial tiiiie by an Eiiirlish muc'tine. What chance was there that the English manufacturer could maintain such a competition V Perhaps these statements may be somewhat exaggerated ; but there can be no doubt that they are substantially well founded. Surely, however, no one lH.'lieves that the, inferiority of the machinery used by the English manufacturers is to be ascribed to any thing except that the protection they enjoyed had made them indifferent to improvements. No one Lelieves 62 II 400 SILK. !c::^? r .1 r J -31 ,>SI» <"» tu lf;<1 ^,71 ■>■!» iHJ nc •• j;|fi.JI -il that tlip Frenrh or Oormnnn nrc Kiiporior ti> \\w Rntjlixh in tho ronMriirlinn of mnrliirirs ; n\\ \\w. roiitraiv, lli»'ir iiifiTiorify ix inlinitli'il liy tluMiii-clvcH, imd liy rvcryliDily i'Ihc. Thiit tlmt Hliiril (il iiiviMitioii, wliicli Imn rtliiti-tl miuIi nst(iriiHl»iii!» riMultH in llip c.ittoii rimmiriuiurr, Hhould liavo Ih'cmi wholly •mkiiown in tiuit orniik, in rntiri-ly to lio iiscrilicil to liic I'.irl ol i|i,. lornicr nrvcr liavint? been tlio olijpct of li'tj;iHlativo j)rc)li'clion. Tlu! cotton innnulm iiinrs wcro not brilifd into tlic ndnpiion of a routine syHtoni ; tliry could not ri'«t Hiitisfu'ii uiiii nu'diocrity ; l>ut hoini^ roinipi'llcd to put forth uil their poweiH — to avail llu'inwlvcH of cmiv roHourci' of ffiiMicc and ofiirl — liicv iiavi-, in a few yearn, raised the Urilish eoltoii niaimri.iur,. from a sidiordinale and trilliiiur. to the very firHt place amongst tiie manufactures, not of iln, country only, hut of the world ! Cliiiiiirr, ill IM'^fi, itf l/ir Miiiiii/inli/ Si^yfeni. — At lenRth, Iiowever, the impolicy of the HVi^lem liv which the Hilk inanulacture had heeu so lont; depressed, became obvious Ioimtv intelligent individual. 'I'lie principal manufacturers in and about Fiondon subscrilicij, m 18-1, a petition to the Hou-se of ("ominous, in which they stated that " this important niiinii. fai'turc, thouiih recently considerably extended, is still depressed below its natural level, Iv laws which prevent it from attaiiiinu that decree of prosperity which, under more favoiir,i!.|i. eircuiiistances, it would accpiire." Fortilled by this aulborily. by the experience of KKtyiMM, iluriiiii whicli the ])rohi!)itive system had been allowed to paralyse tlu' ener%'ics of the iiiiuiii. facinrcrs, and by the sanction of parliamentary commillees, Mr. lluskis.son moved, on lli(>;aril to im])rovenient. 'I'hat iiid'ui zeal which t^ives life to industry, which fosters inj^'einiity, and which in manufacturi's ei,-,. sions unceasing eilorts to produce the article in the most economical form, had been eoiii|ar;i. tively extinnuislicd. Tu llie pnthihilivc si/sfnii it irni to lie (i.ir.rilird, tlitit in silk ini/ii.iii the iv/tolf ntiii;r of mannfiictures, irc were lift lichiiitf our ncijrhlnturs ! We have Ik re \ proofofth.it chilling and bonumbinu; ell'ect which is sure to be produced wlien no (jeniu^j^ called into a'tioti, and when we are rendered indillerent to exertion by the indolent sei'mjiv derived fioin restrictive rej^ulation-s. I have not the sli«iitest cloubt. that if the saiiio sy.inr oliviiillM tofViTv iiiit liondipii HuliscrilM'il, in th;it " llli^^ iini""''""' '"'""I- lic-low its naliiriil Icvil, l,v liicli, uiidcr miiri' t'liv.Mir.iMn till- cxiiciicnco ot I'-tOyiMf*, i> the oiior^ico ot" llu- iiiniiii. luxkUHoii moved, oiitlirs^!i so on tho fith of July, [<-\ lit of u duly of :)() per ivnt, oly Imil produced. \vl\;U 111,1. iin]iroveineiif. Tluit 11 .1'lil .vliieii in nmnul'iu'luivs wcx- ie;»l form, Imd l)eeii coiiipiir;!. scriliiif, Ifi'il '" •""'''■ ""'"• "1 ir/ihinirx .' Wo liave lure a produced when no (jciiius ij rtion l>y the indnleiil seciiriiy i)ul)t. tliiil it' lilt! Mium> .sy>iiMii would hiive beiMi iit this mi. in ita introduction iiilo liic in 1719, when Sir 'rimnns p silk. These, tho\i'.^h sulw. per II). ! There was also, at Ueni^nl, nnd of .'j.v. 7^(i, per fiieture been otlierwi-e in a terial were eiioU'j;!i tn liave Iprepiirini; the nv.uiufiU'lurcrs thrown silk shmiM lie iiii'in'- fi), unii the duly on raw si'li Irrable reductions wore at llie ills used in the nmiuii'iiciiiro, he reduction of llie diitiisoii lilks, should lie siimillanivus lufacturers to make iiri'|iiri- stock of Roods to jiiiur into itanco, !i singular dcviiv \v;u lil'aclurc their pomls of a cfr- Itock unlit for our inirki>is,a Is except such as were oftn- lie French ! No one cm re- rely failed of its objoi't. The ical, the preparatimi nl'^iiils [ileahlc at any tiling' like tair ist entirely, into thisnimitry. on the wdiole, the ell'icl of f pations which the ailvocales only state the jilaiii niatler , more rajiid progress (liiriii? I in lH2(i, than it did ilnrin; Ithat " the once existiniili-- Ihas. with some very uiiim- led itself on the side of the little surprised to learn, ihat the real or decl.ired value of the silk Roodn of lirilish inanut'icluro exported to France, in 1«,;)J, iimounled to ;,"», IHi/. .Mosl of the iiiiK'hiniN and processeH known on the Oonlinenl have been introihicrtl iini()iin>t iiH, and many of lliem Imve been iimleriidly improved. ,\,ir, after wlml lia» taken place, eun llie least dunbt remain in the mind of any one, that had the same freed. un U-en j,jv,.|i to the Hilk manulaeture M) yiiiritano, that was wiven to it in iS'Jti, it w.mld now have fiiiikid amonn the nioHt impoilant iind valuable businesses in the kinndom, and would liavo |,;„| nolliin« whatever to Har from the ailmission of loreiKH silks, I'ne of duly. It is tlui o|iinioii of the most intellit>ent persons in the trade, that the exisiini,' iluty of iiO per cent, on fort'iuii silks imuht to be reduced to '*0 per cent.; and that it nIiouI.I be fiirlln'r redured I [H-r ifiit. per ainnnn till bronchi to l-J or I,") per cent., at whieli it miulit be allowed loe.mlinue »tiiliiiiiary, not as a protecting duty, but as a duly imposed for the sake of revenue. A inea- iiurc of this sort, by increasing J'liir eonipetition, would continue the impulse already K'vcn to the manufacture, and excite to new elforts of invention. I'nder such a system, we are well assured that, in a very lew years, perha|)s not more than .'') or (i, our superiority over rraiice in some im|)ortaiil ilepartinents of the silk niainifaeture would be little lc.■^s ilVcided than ill lliat of cotton. '• 1 maintain," saiil Mr. Poulett 'J'homson. in his cxrellent speech on the Htate of ihe silk traile (lllh of A|iril, IHil!)), — a sjieech eipially distinguished for soundness of principle and InMUiy of illustration, — " I maintain, without fear of contradiction, that the very essence of eoinniercial and inanufaclurinK industry is freedom from lenislalive interference and le|,'isla- tjvo protection. Atlcmpt to assist its course by legislative enactments, by fosti rinu; eare, you arrest itn progress, you destroy its vij^our. Unbind the shackles in which your unwise ten- Jorness has eonlined it — permit it to take unrestrained its own course— expose it to tho nholtsome liree/.es of eonipetition, — you jjive il new life, you restore its former viujour. In- ilusiry has been well likened to the hardy Al|)ine plant; self-sown on the inounlairi side, exposed to tho inclemency of the season, it Ratliers strenKth in its struy;irles for existence — it alioots forth in vigour and in beauty . Tiansplanted to the rich soil of the parterre, tended liytlie fostering hand of the gardener, nursed in the artificial atmosphere of the foieiiit{-);las;i, iljrniws sickly and cnervnted, its shoots are vi;.'ourless, its llowers inodorous. In one sinulo word lies tho soul of industry — competition. The answer of the statesmin and the econo- mist to his sovereign innuiring what he could do to assist the iiuhislry of his kiiij^'dom wa>, 'Let it take its own way.' SSuch is my prayer, lielicve ns from the chains in which your imliscrcet tenderness has shackled ns ; remove your oppressive jirotectioii ; i;i\e us the fair Held we ask; and we demand no more. The talent, the genius, the enterprise, the capital, the industry of this great people will do the rest; and England will not only retain her pie- sent position, but she will lake a yet more forward place in the race of competition lor wealth and iniiirovement which, by the nature of things, she is destineil to run amongst the nations of the world. Place tis in that condition, not by any violent change, but by slow and easy transition. Here wo shall find security for our enterjirise, and reward for our labours. '"Hie patet hiconiiH campus; rertiisnno mrreiili Htat favor; ornatur propriis iiuliisiiia iloni!..' " It was not, however, to be supposed, that all departments of the silk manufacliiie would W equally benefited by the change of system that has taken jilace. — Ps'mi tnnniit jioxxumtis. The probability is, that the trade will in future he divided between the English and French. in pint of substantial excellence, the plain silk goods manufactured in England are superior to those of France; and the dilTerencc in favour of the latter in point o( Jbiis/i is every day becoming less perceptible; while in all mixed manufactures, of silk and wool, silk and cotton, silk and linen, &c., our ascendancy is admitted by the French themselves. On the other hand, the ritiands, figured gauzes, and light fancy goods, manufiictured in France, are superior to those of this country. Even in this department we have made a very great jirogiess; and fancy goods are now produced at Spitalfields, Coventry, and other places, contrasting most advantageously, in point of taste and beauty, with those produced previously to the introduc- tion of the new system. Still, however, we are not sanguine in our expectations of our fountrymen being able to maintain a successful competition with our neighbours in the manu- facture of this class of articles. The greater attention paid to the art of designing in Lyons, ihe consequent better tiiste of the artists, and the superior brightness and lustre of their co- lours, give them advantages with which it will be very dilTicult to contend. But, supposing that the trade is partitioned between the two countries in the way now stated, it is easy to see that the best share will l)elong to us, and that that share will be incom- parably more valuable than the whole manufacture formerly was. The proofs of the accu- racy of this statement are at hand. Notwithstanding the decline of tho trade at Coventry and a few other places, the manufacture, taken as a whole, is rapidly increasing. During 1822 and 1823, when the restrictive system was in its vigour, the entries for consumption of all sorts of raw and thrown silk amounted at an average to 2,4.54,842 lbs. a year. But. in despite of all the sinister predictions indulged in with respect to the ruin of the manufac- tare, the entries amounted, at an average of 1832 and 1833, to 4,565,850 lbs.; being an increase of nearly 100 per cent, upon the quantity entered during the monopoly ! 402 SILK. Thi' inrrmfn* in thr export* of wroiiuht silkH nfrtnln. if poMnihlo, n «till niori» drriiiivp proof of till' fxinioriiiniiry iinprovpiiiiMit iiml cxti'iisioii of iho niniiufnctiiri'. (nnti>n(l of hiiviim i„iy tliini; to fnirfrom tho romprtition of llm Fri'iirh nt homt', w«« iirr mliinlly iiinlfrwllitijf il,,,,;, ill tin- licnviiT mill morn iinportiiiit npfrirn of hoimIh, in ovi-ry forci«n nmrkcl ««i|uiilly mi .•«!. Mo to lioih piirti«'n. 'I'ho export* of Hilkn from Friinri' hiivr hrrii dcclininK, while tlidKc |r,)ni EiikIihkI huv<« lM'«n inproiwinn Iwyond nil prociMlrnt. Thi- ticcliirpil vuluc of our ('xporiM nf oilk iroodn, in lHa;j, iiniounti-d to U5I,40!I/., wluTCiisin |H:I3 it iiniountrd to74«,2!)l/., Inirn an iiilviinrc nf mnrr Ihim rnit, ptr mil..' Not otdy, llH-rrforc, iiVc tho Htnti'mrntn ns to (i,, ruin of llu) nilk inniiufucturn proved to lio wholly without cvi-n the Hhndow of ii foumhiiiiin, liut tin- ex|nTtiilionH of tlioMC who conlcndrd Ihiit the repeal of the restrictive nyHteiii woul,) Imi the eoiiuneneenieiit of u new era of invention and improvement, huvo heen reuliscil (^ the fulleNt extent. Whiil hull now been nfnted renders it ohvioiin, that though the ninnnfaeturerN of hwn go(Mli4 inuy lie olilit^eil to ehiinjre their employment, n new, nnd nt the ««rne time a more cj. tensive nnd fruitful, field is opened for their exertions. We Inment the hnrdships ineiliiu t,, tho trniiMilioii even from one department of the siime liusineHS to another, hut the Hiillirinij thenee arisiiiK will speedily diHappenr ; and when the eh.iiiQre hits heen etlectcd, the niunul'dr. turers will enter with fresh vijjour on n new eareer of prosperity. It is to lie renretted, thnt it is not posNilile either to ahiindon a routine system, or to jniro. dueu new and improved methods of production, without injury to individunls. liut Ihcuim such is the fact — liecauso the hridge cannot he built withuut displaciiiK watermen, nnr ihp plout^h inlnidueed without siiperscditiK the Npail(<, nor wine brought from nliroiul witlmui diininishiii); the demand for nie nnd beer — is that any reason for proscribing inventimis, nnj denying ourselves Kratificatioiis within our reach F To ninintnin the allirmntive, would Im> evidently nlisurd, — it would be eipiivnleiit to mnintninina; that the interests of society nrclnst promoted by perpetuating poverty, iKOoraiice, nnd barbarism ! The injury occasioned liviji,, adoption of an improved iiiethod of iiroduction, or thn opening of new nuirkels wlionca cheaper supplies of ony article may be oblained, is temjiorary only, niiil nlVecIs but .i vorv small portion of the community ; while the ailvantntce is periiianent, and benefits every iiidj. vidunl, even those whom it may, in the tirst instance, have forced to resort tu t.iher businesses. Those unneiiuainted with the history of the silk trade, who may have looked into the pamphlets and speeches of those opjiosetl to the late alterations, will probably be dispnsi'd tn think that, thoiif^h more limited in point of numbers, the condition of the workmen i'ii„Mp<(| in the trade was belter previously to XH'iT-) than it has been since. But those who Jian. looked, however cursorily, into the history of the trade, must know thnt such is not tlict.ici; and that, speaking generally, the situation of those engaged in il has l)een materially improvcl since 18'.;.'). We have already adverted to tho stale of the trade in 1793 and I81G. At Iho Inst mentioned period, 7 years before any relaxation of the monopoly had been so niiich a.< thought of, the distress in the silk trade was infinitely more severe than it has ever been gjticp tho introdiiclion of the new system. In proof of this, we may mention that, at a jinhlir meeting held for the relief of the Spitnllields weavers, at the Mansiim-house, on the 2()thof November, 1816, the secretary stated, that two-third.i of them were without emplovnicnt, nnd without the means of support; " that some had deserted their houses in despair, unable to endure the sight of their starving families ; and many pined under languishing dispases brought on by the want of food and clothing." And Mr. Fowcll Buxton, M. P., stiitcd, at the same meeting, that the distress among the silk manufacturers was so intense, that "i7 partook of the nature of a pestilence, which spreads its contagion around, and devastates an entire district." Such was the state of tho workmen under that monopoly system that has lieen the worthless theme of so much recent eulogy. But such, we are glad to say, is not their state nt present. The trade, being now mostly diverted into those branches in which we have a superiority, is comparatively secure against revulsions ; and it would be an absurd- ity to imagine, that measures that have about doubled the manufacture, should have reduced the rate of wages, or been otherwise than advantageous to the workmen. We have already noticed the smuggling of foreign silks carried on in the early part and towards the middle of last century. The evil was not afterwards abated. The vigilance nf the Custom-house officer was no match for the ingenuity of the smuggler ; and at the very moment when the most strenuous efforts were made to exclude them, the silks of France and Hindostan were openly displayed in the drawing-rooms of St. James's, and in the House of Commons, in mockery of the impotent legislation which sought to exclude them. We doubt, indeed, whether the substitution of the ad valorem duty of 30 per cent., in place of the old system of prohibition, has been productive of any materially increased importation of foreign silks. " I have lately," said Mr. lluskisson, in his famous speech in vindication of his policy as to the silk trade, " taken some pains to ascertain the quantity of smuggled silks that has been seized inland throughout the kingdom during the last 10 years: and I find that the whole does not exceed 5,000/. a year. I have endeavoured, on the other hand, to get an account of the quantity of silk goods actually smuggled into this country. Any estimate SILK. in Rtill miirr tlrriKivi' (invif .. Inntrntl of hi«viim imy •liially iinil«Twll'n>« tliiin II iniirkol ••i|iiiill.V iKi IS.!. iTliiiiiiK, whili' tlxiiM' iVoin 1 vhIuo of mir <"XiiiiriH ,if ,untr.l to710,'J!H/.,l.rin.i (• iho utiilfinriitK n* lo tin- ) nhndow c»f n f"Uiuliiiii)n, > rrntrirtivo HyHtciii wimiM it, htt>o Itt'cn ri'uliHiil i.j lO ninnnfnrturprH of faiiry thi> Hiinir lime a niorc r\. t Uir linrdHhipi* iniMilini i,) imothiT, luit thf Hiiir rinn it'cii elVootcd, tlio nittiiuldr. rmilinp syMrm, i>r to intro- iiulividunlH. Hut Ihcuim pliiciiiK watpriiHii. ni>r the iiiuht from nbrond willmui proscribing iiivciiliniis, anj . tlic allirmntiviN wmilil U inforcHta of unciety nrc Irsl '111' injury occnsioiu-ii liy llic jr of new nmrki'ts whence Illy, and ntVcftH liut a very ['lit, and lu-nt'titrt rvfry iiidi. c forced to resort to othn mny have lookotl into the will jirobably be (lis|HiKei| tn >n of the workmen fii^MRpil iiice. But those wIid Iwvi. )\v that Hurh is not llict.ui; as Iwn materially iiiiiiroveil ill 1793 and 1810. At the )noly had been so nuich as V than it has ever been since ^ mention that, at a |mlilir nsion-house, on the '.itiih of were without eniployMionl, •it houses in desjuiir, unable under languishing diseases 11 Buxton, M. P., stiitcil, at ira wns so intense, tiiat " i7 1 around, and devastates an monopoly system that has , we are glad to say, is not fo those branches in wliich land it would be an absurd- cture, should have reduced jrkmcn. [d on in the early part and \ abated. The vigilance of smuggler ; and at the very !m, the silks of France and lee's, and in the House of it to exclude them. We 10 per cent., in place of the / increased importation of s speech in vindication of uantity of smuggled silks 10 years: end I find that the other hand, to get an Is country. Any estimate f ihi* nvii'ntity miint he very vngue ; but I Imvc born (jivrn fo under-tlnnd that the vuliic of 4iii'li KDOtlx ns lire reKul'irly entered iil the ('iihIhih-Iiouhim of Fniiiei-, I'lir expurlatii'ii to tlim .MUiilrV. i" (f»ni lOtt.OOO/. to l.'')(),Ot)(l/, n year; and thin, of eonrKc, in rxeluNive of llio fur ,,rnilt'r ii"ppf.i/ which is poured in tliroiigliool all the rhiiiinels of Niiiiii;i;ling, williout lu'iiii^ .ulMielf'd ii xnv entry. In fuel, to aueh an extent is tlii/4 illieit tnide nirrinl, that llirre is ^arrely a haliriilfl»beT's shop in the siiialleitt villuKe of the United KiiiKdnin, in which pro- liiliitcd xilkx are not snid ; and tint in the fare of day, and to a very coiHiilt'riililn extent. .•'I'lic honoiiriible nwiniii ! for Coventry (Mr. Kllice) has nientioned the cilk vnmU from IiJiuttM those ag.iifi^t which any itiitlg but prohibition would prove an unavailing prntcctidii. \ii\v, It- '"Y opinion, it m srarccly posathle to conceive a stronger caNC than ihosc very silkii I'lriiirth HH'. 'the hoiiour'tblo nienibcr's own arHument. I believe it is uiiivcrHally known iliit a lin'ge '1" .iili'y of Dandana liiirHlkerchicfs are sold every year, for exportation, by the Hint Indi" t'ompan*. Hut does any gciitleiimn tjiippose that thcso numhinas lire sent to the I'lintiiient for the purpos.' of remaining there ? No sueli thing ! They arc sold at the Com- l,iiiv'ii gales, to the iiumlHr of about SOO.OOO or 1,0(10,001) a yiar, at about If. each; lliey irc iinmeiliatcly shipped oil' for Hainhiirgh, Antwerp, Kotlerdam, Oslcnd, or (iucrnscy, uiiil from thence they nearly all illicitly lind their w \y back to this country. " Mark, then, the efTect of this beautiful system, — Thise Handunas, which had {ireviously been sold for exportation at 4.^., are finally diNtrihuted in retail to the jieople of England at iMut 9ii' each ; and the result of this prohibition is to levy upon tlie consumer a lax, and to jijivothosc who live by evading your law a bounty of 4s,, ujion each handkcrcliief sold iit I iIiH country !"—(.'>/mv.cAm, vol. ii. p. .MO.) Indeed, one of the principal objections to the present duly of HO per cent, on fori'i;^!! nilks I i<, that it is high enough to enable a considerable smuggling trade to be still carried on ; (he ficility for smuggling being increased by means of the legalised iiiiportalion. A duty of 1'^ of 15 per cent, would not, however, be so high as to balance the risks run in sinug:;liiig; and Loiild, therefore, really all'ord the inanuf.icturer a more elllcieiit proteelion tli.in he derives from the existing duty, at the same lime that it would place all clasHcs of dealers on the same Ifuilini;; whereas the advantage is at present on the side af lliuxc iv/ia cnirdi^t in fniiu/iiiriit 1 K(h'MtS, li';;uliilions an to the fmporlation of Silk». — Bilk innniilHfliirfls nrc not to \w Imported In imy vessel I ijiiili'r Tl) tons biinlcii, exrept liy lieeiteu frniii the riMiiiiiisHlciiii'rH iif llie eiislDMiN to veiiHil!) IxIntiKinir Itilliivi'r, t» Import sneli iiianiitactiireH illreol t'ri>iii CaliilH, tlioiiiih siirli voshi'Ih iiiny not exienl (id Iuim Ibiinli'n. Hilk Kooiln, tliu iiinniil'actiiri! of Kiiropi!, nut to lie im|i(irteil excipt into llie port of l.iiiiilna LiTilieport of Dublin direct from llorduaux, ur the port uf Dover direct rrinii Calais. —(.1 & 4 Hill. 4. |c SJJJSj antf, p. II.) When (lie shoot or tlie warp only is oT sllli, tlio article is to he rnnsidercd us coinpoHed oT noi mure llluiione lialf part uf Hill<, and siiliject to tlie ad Kulnrem duty of ,10 per cent.; Ii.il ii the Hhoot or the Inarji be entirely of Hilk, and a portion of the oilier Im of uilk alnn, tlie urtiele is to he eoiiKiilered to he Icomponeii of more, than one half part of ailk, niiil siihji'ct to the ruteil duties at per Ih., or to the atl rii- ■ lirdiidulle!), ut the option uf the nt)K'er!i.—(.1/in. Com. Cus. Mill of AiiKUgl, IHiU ) Hut in all ciiHeg IwliiTetlie dalies chnrijed hy \vel|{ht U|>on mixed articles would iiiaiiife! lionnl'thi! weight of the wool, or other incredient thereof besides silk, the article is to be admitted to Idilrynl value.— (.^Hn. Com. C'm». IWth of Decpiiiher, 18.11.) 1 I'ortlie regulations as to the sniiiggling of silks, see HvicnoLlNo. ||. .Ucnunt, illuatrntlve of the Progress of the ISilk Manufacture, showing the Qiiuntlllns of Raw, ivasle, andThrown Silk imported at diirurent Periods.— (Ai«;)urt «/ laS'ion Silk Trade, p. 10., and tirl. Paptr, No. U. Bess. 1834.) Average Iin|)orU. \'i\ r66, 1767, l)cing the commencenient of the ataotute prohibition •«S,17AI787 'l<(l|iol811 :jiS, 18 6, 1617, bein{ SO ynn after pmliibition, anil the lint 3 yean of neace ' '22, 1823, IjeiiiK the' vein imniiiliately previoui to the abolition or the prohibition . I«I,I822, 1 — , „ .... i ISI, 1832, 1893, beion the lail 3 yran Riw. Waste. Ihrown. Total. LU. Lit. I.bs. l.U. 3V2.000 3h3.W0 7IS.(«0 664,0(X) . 337,100 89l,(i4JO 760,000 SiO.OOO 1,11 ,000 i.tai.ooo 27,000 2'j3,000 1.413,0 1,97U,0C0 71,000 35i,000 2 399,000 3,137,271 6S»i,3(i9 »4=>,J70 4,17' ,910 111. Account of the Quantities of Raw, Waste, and Thrown Silk entered, for Consumption in each Year frnnil814, with the total Amoiml of Duly received on the same in each Year from l.v2(t.— (From the M. Papers, No. 678. p. 10. Seas. 1832, No. 9. Sess. 1834 ; and Papers published by the Board uf Trade.) 1 1 Tun. 1 l«l« I VAi I^I6 I 1!17 I m m m m m m \iU l>2! i<2e I "27 I l!2j I 1<29 1 m 1 I m ! \m ' M I Raw. I,.W4,23J 1,069, <>96 873,414 l,313,0M 1,414,881 1,446,097 I,«!l,5g0 1,861,425 1,993,509 2,061,896 3,414520 2,S48,li06 l,8r4,ISS 3,539,138 3,912, )S0 2.419,062 3,771,969 3,020,015 33i2,6l9 3,104,244 Waste. Liu 29,234 27,921 4,l(i2 49,0.'>S 86,940 71,331 96,091 105,115 6i,l76 62,362 133,257 191,910 150,000 200,000 2iO,OU) 300.000 4«5,0I3 758.748 160,696 663,965 Thrown. Total ofallSorlt. niitf received. I.i>. Lhi. L. SS6,505 2,119,974 377.H-22 1,475,3.39 20S,0I4 1,08 s^SO 294,6.->3 l,C86,6i9 391,166 1,922,987 331,125 1,848,553 309,9->3 2.027.6)5 614,478 360,248 2,329,808 732,542 3«2,''79 2,441,583 772,451 36.1,86.1 2,468,121 768.630 463,271 4,011,033 3i^,9S4 659,642 3,604.0 .S 246,430 2S9,325 2,2';3,5I3 84.4S7 454,015 4.213, l:d 128, -.09 385.2b2 4,547,SI2 111,907 172,2 '9 2,(!92,201 45.248 436,135 4,ti>)3,il7 89,544 614,210 4.293,031 49,378 329,9.12 4.373,247 66,6SI 268,244 4,768,4.53 59,682 Hitei of Duty. Rnteof Duty^ firtU'.— FromIn'Iia4i. perlb.. fnniinthpr places 5f. Gd. pi-r lb., to the 2jih of Mnrcli, IS24 ; Srf. |)er lb. fmm all phcpi, to tbe 5lli of July, IK26 ; Id. per )b. fnun .ill pUren, from llip 5th of July, 1826. Rate of Duty, ll^/c— Fmm In lh,3j.9ff. per lb., f mm other places -1*. per lb. to the 1M\ of M;irch, 1H24 ; 3d. per lb. from all place-i, to \W. 5th of July, \Si^\ Id. per lb. to the 5th of July, lW9j 1*. per cwi. from all places, after the &th uf Julv, H29. RaU of lixiiy^ Thrmoiu—On iH kinJ», -lye^I, 2/. 5i. 6d., and imdyett, Uf. 8d. per lb., to the '2Mh of March, IS24 ; dyed and untyed, Tt, 6d. per lb., to the 5lh of November, 1^2.5; then St. perlh. on undyed, to the 6th of July, 1826 ; thereafter, 6f. 8d. on orjpinzine and crape, and 4i. on tram and sin Total entered by wei.i;ht Plain aillf lace or net, cailnt tulle si]iiare yds. Millinery viz. turbans or ca[>s No. lilts or Iwnnets - — dresses • • — at value declared value Manurnctures of silk, or of silk and any other materials, not particU' larly enumerated - Siltl of India. Bandanas, roinals, and silkhandker. chiefs • . • pieces Silks and crapes, in pieces • — C'r\pe shawls, si-irfs, gnsvn pieces, and handkerchiefs, • No. Silk Manufactures iujporltil into the Uuilid Kingdom for Hon e Cuiuuniption. IS28. From the 6ihof July. 1827. 1923. 1829. LU. flz. Llii, oz. Lla. f'Z. | Lit, oc 20,228 II 12 3ll,ri49 012 61,321 214 ?»,,,,, ,,„ 7,6rf 11-2 20 9-.8I1I-2 ai,-.l6U jO*,"!'' ■» I ■* 5,2»2l4l-4, 6,301.112 4,(»I0 |.4 ( ,„ „., ,,. 3,617 15 ! ifi,.'in 14 3-4' 21,917 13 i J '»,"« .JJ4 6,496 13 3-4 I6.3HI I | 21,951 13 I 22,786 1112 S,3I8 8 1-2 15,ir3li3-l 18,170 7 ! ! ,„ y,^ q 1830. 52 10 '242 2 2;i01 103.4^ $"''''' Not entereil under this dcnoininatiou until the 5lhnf July, 1829. 27 14 339 8 54 I 48,301 I 1-2 40,i;76 1-4 113 in 44 L. J. d. 2I,IS9 5 208,'^6 32,734 77,776 223 5s1 10 1-4 220 13 II 4 512 734 125 I 317 S 3 12 438 12 |.2 Lb*, oz. 61,417 Cl'2 30,241 3 28,8t>0 4 14,847 6 52!) 3 '.2 II 412 7 \^\. Lbi, oz. 82,246 5 33,4SS 73-1 19,607 12,210 34". 14 9512 401 8 IM!. /.JT ■o.u. 46, Mj 15,031 ll,'J>T 6;; 10: I,: 11.1,278 Sl-4 169610 9 ' I21,9'i3 13 1-4 126,3:0 Sl-2 l48,-.l«:fl3 4 Mtijj I3;,23i« 1 2 326 428 213 L. s. d. 60 12 54,128 9 10 66,183 18,150 21.200 I7l,r0i 1 2 295 1 414 275 L. ». d. 13 10 7,189 8 . 69,628 4,7,'S 109,729 1-2 r-23 330 /,. ». d. 30 12 114.3«1 1 4 368 63) 293 /.. ». d. 154 4 u SI,II7 201 412 2uu ; /.. .t. rf, I 27 16 85,299 19 5 44,923 IS 10 31,636 67,465 10,164 1,959 77,913 2,U78 17,620 101.023 3,779 10,117 L : 3; 43,n !-'.19! lyiii i\'ote. -The distinction in the rates of duty between silks and ribands having ceaseil to eiist in 1829, on the passing of the ^ct IOG« j. I c. 2).. Imlh arlirltfs have since bee/i entt^rod at the Custom house under the general denominations of silk or s-itiu, gauze and ulu'l,a,.Jw I necessarily st.ital in thi? same nLinner in the above return. ' I IV. Account of llie Ollicial nnd of tlio Declared or Real Value of Dritisli Maniifiictured Silks exporitl I from the United Kingdom since lb'20, with tlie Bounty or Drawbtick paid thereon. ' Total British Silks Years. expor OIHcial ed. Goods all Silk. Value. Declared Value. L. > d. t. 1820 203,666 1821 136,841 19 1 224,2^7 1822 141,174 17 6 211,1-98 1823 140,469 19 5 203,71)9 1824 159,670 17 6 183,635 1825 110,886 19 9 93,988 1828 106,931 10 1 73,247 1827 173,593 4 6 99,015 1828 179,013 19 II 97,346 1829 221,998 1 3 143,&)S 1830 427,849 5 7 3,15,790 1831 471,119 3:8,826 l»32 475,165 • 1833 . - . Sdk mixed with Total British Silks othiT Materials. oKported. Bountvor Onicial Value. Declared Value. DrawUicli paid. L. /,. r.. 168,109 371,771 2'i,i> 11 110,183 374.4-3 aivi 161.801 381,702 SL-m 147 610 311,409 32,446 268,961 442,596 342',2 202,750 29i,736 M 95,154 168,801 67 137,289 236.344 a 118,524 251,870 124,296 2i)7,931 *,fM 161,220 621,010 3l>,lil0 190,048 678,048 46,l,i9 . 52y,!«0 . 740,294 The Unilftl Stales is our best customer for silk goods. Of the total quantily exported in 1831, they took neirly 1-2, nr to Ihr imoMi j 237,9851. of r»al value. During the same year, the exports to the British North American colonies, were 93,0131. j to tlie liritiili «■ Indies, 27,608(. ; to France, 43,4621. ; to Spain, 24,8331., &c. -. . . ng Sources of the Supply of Silk. — The following Table shows the sources whence we dirpcily ilrtiri I our supplies of raw and of foreign thrown sill<, and the tiuantities brought from each in 1^31 and \ik Imports of Silk. Countries. Raw silk from India - Cape of Ijood Hope China Turkey Italy France Other countrial Tola) of r»w silk ■ Waste aud knubs from India Turkey - • 1831. I.bt. 1,721,850 26,930 8,374 451,421 111,766 821,349 86,375 3,236,865 1832. 1,814,707 8,194 28,105 418,278 216,702 719,418 116,318 3,391,721 112 701 Countries. I If3l. 1331. W.isle and knubs from Italy • France Uthsr countries Total of waste and kjiub« ThrowD silk from Italy France Olher countries Total of thrown silk I.U. 4 1 0,7 '.0 329,321 16,743 IJi. . 347,a J ilT.OH 50,:27 ■36,723 699 612,190 l\9S3 6Jl',OIO ItliSI il,lj« 629,2S1 i;7,iii« It is necessary, however, to observe that this account does not exhibit the countries which reallfl furnish us with silk, and the quantities we import from them. It merely (exhibits tlie sotirres nlienctl we immediately derive our supplies, without tracing them to their source. Ileiicfi it makes the lm|ioili| of silk from China and Italy appear very much less than they really are, and those tViim Iiiili.i anil France much larger. With respect to Chino, it would appear from this account llitit only t*,.'!:iilii.l were imported from it in 1831 ; whereas it appears from another parliamentary paper. Hint tiii; imponil of Cliineso silk in that year really amounted to 460,092 lbs.; and even this last is, we belii'vf.uiiiier-l rated— (see vol. i. p. 304.). The reason is, tliat by far the largest portion of the (^hinese silk iiii|H)rleil| into Encland is carried, in the first instance, to Singapore, or to Bonie port in India, anil is llii'ticeini-l ported under the name of Indian silk. During the year 1831-32, tlitire were e-vporliMl t'roin CiiiiMii.inl liritish ships, ti,V>l piciils, or 1.126,800 lbs., of silk, costing at the port of shipment (Caiilon) 3,fiM,M| dollars ; and of this, by far the largest portion came to England. — (See vol. i. p. 301.) The silke.vpoileill from Canton consists of two leading varieties, known in commerce by the names of Canton .indXin-r king. The first which is raised principally in the province of Canton, is divided into 5 si.,..-. Aiul average, (he picul of Canton silk brought nt Canton, in 1831-32, 158 dollars. The Nanking silk,pro.r duced in the province of Kiangnan, is divided intp 2 sorts, known in commerce by tlie names of Tiii-I lee and Taysaam. It is very superior to the other, and usually fetches more than dntible its prion. Ill cost at Canton, in 1831-32, 368 dollars a picul. We have no doubt, now that the trade to Cliina is iliio«>| iy. 1820, to til > present Time., olUiily, sneTAHiKF.) ijdoni for Hon e Cuiuumi lion. b 1830. 1S31. 1831 : LU. 01. 1 it'- M- 12 61,417 61-2 Si,H6 5 | •O.Ui 3 4 30,241 3 33,483 73-4 46,a) 12 28,880 4 19,667 1.1,051 14,847 6 12,210 11,'W J2!> 3 345 14 6-.; ^l 11 9512 i« 1-2 412 7 4GI 8 u: 1-4 I26.3T0 8 1-2 I48,-.10:0 3 4 114,!,i« | ■2 114,31114 61,117 ' .is.T 368 201 i 3 s 535 412 ! M6 '293 2U0 i m d. 1- >■ rf- L. .t. (/. , L 154 4 27 lU •s. 5 44,!«3 16 10 35,636 «,n 77,953 101.023 9!.19! 2,978 3,779 :,*; ) 17,620 1 16,ir.7 i 12,Jl! 1 in 1829, oi\ llio (Mssinn of llip act IOG«.i ions of silk or initio, ■iM.-l.c and 1 1 Ucl,i,.J „ liali Maniifiicturecl Silks exporltd )rawbiick paid thereon. DoSe,l Value. nrawb.uk part. 1 L. /.. 371,775 2.M)I 1 374.4-3 3.I.W3 1 381,702 31.3,3 3i 1,409 3J,4I6 442,596 34.23 29i,736 m 168.801 57 236.314 m 2M,870 267,931 4,!1U 621,010 36,010 678,048 46,li59 52U.9U0 740,294 SILK. 495 B3I, they took iieirlv 1-2, or In llif ammitH I coloniea, were 93,0131. j lo llie Brilish Wti I iiirrcs whence we dirpclly rtirivi] luughl from each in 1S31 and \i'Sl \ If 31. IM!. It.aly • IM. I.ll. 4in,7-.0 ' 317.4^ 329.32:1 . 2i7.0H 16,743 j aO.Tfl ind knubt 736,728 ■■ 656,010 r 698 612,590 l'',993 I4i.!8l 2;<,136 wn silk 629,281 I7;iii Ixliibit tlie coinitrii'a which reallfl lerely exhihits tiie poiiroes wlieiKtl free. lltMice it makes the iiiiFliI ly are, anil tlinae finm India audi |i this account tli:il only S,3:illi!.l lampiitary paper, tliat tlie imi»ml In this last is, we l)i'licvi',miiier.l Ition of the riiin(!se silk iiiijuirWI le port in India, anil is lliciice«-I Te were e.vporleil from ('■"i';']V!l It of shipment (Ciiiiton) 5,6M,MI levol.i. p.SOI.) TlicsilkMFlfll lythc names of Canlon aiidNai'l In, is divided inloSsc... Aunl Idollara. The Nankins*. , Icommcrce hy the iiiunes ol 1« 1 ^s more than double its pntc- J I that the trade to thina is lliio»»l open, that the exports of Chinese silk will bo materially increased ; and that it will become nn article of (!ri!:it commercial importance. HiiBt India native silk comes wholly from RenEnl. About the year 1700, the East India Company iriirodiici'd the Italian mode of reeling silk, wliicli was proiiiiclive of a very grent improvement in thn nuuliiy of the article; but wo are not aware that any snhsei|uent improvement has been etfectod. Acooriliiig to the Piirliaiiientiirii Paper, No. i'l5. Sess. 1H33, the imports of raw silk from all places to the eastward of the ('ape of Good Hope, e.\cept China, were, in 1830, 1,730,231 llis.; iu IhSl, l,72.5,fi50 lbs.; and in lS3'i, 1,S1 1,811) lbs. lint, notwithslandiiiB this exception, we believe that a very consider- jhj,. i|uantity of the silk so imported was the produce of China; being broimlit to ns partly from Sin- papiire, and partly from the Iiulian ports. Some of it was also the produce of I'ersia, shipped, in the lirsl instance, from liushire for liombay. The silk goods brought from Inilia are not only inVe'rior, in point of ,!S3 225,787 ■ 788,043 2,339,013 130,655 [The following account of the silk culture in the United States, from the third report of the Agricultural Society of Massachusetts, will be interesting to the American reader. The production of silk in this country has been repeatedly brought before the public ; and presented in various forms as a subject of general interest to the agricultural community. When the state oi* (Jeorpia was settled, silk and wine were recomniiiuded as particular objects of culture. In Virginia, nicasnres were taken as early as 1G03 to encourage the general production of silk ; and the failure to pliinl mulberry trees at the rate of ten for every hundred acres, was made by the lav.'s a penal olfiince. In ITCiO, the society in London for the encouragement of arts, manufactures, and commerce, oll'ered liberal premiums for the production of silk in (Jeorgia, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut. " The society propose 10 give for every pound weight of cocoons produced iii the Province of Con.Teclicut in the year lir'i, (ifaii hard, weighty, and pood substance, wherein one worm only has spun, three pence; for every pound weight of cocoons of a weaker, lighter, spotted, or bruised quality, thougli only onu worm has spun in them, two pence ; for every pound of cocoons, produced in the same year, ivherein two worms are interwoven, one penny. These premiums will be paid on condition that a imi.Mc filature ic establisheil in Connecticut, and that each person bring his or tier bulls to such public filature." This iii'italinn, says Jared Eliot, in his remarkable essays on Field Husbandry in New England, is not to a business to which we are wholly strangers ; it is not to an empty, airy, and untiied project; for there lias been something of this manufactory carrit^d on for sundry years, and by a number of our people ill divers of our towns, by which we are assured that it is practicable. As early as 1747, the povcrnor of Connecticut, Mr. I.aw, wore the first coat and stockings made of New England silk; and in 1750, llis dauiiliter wore the first silk gown of domestic production. Ill an almanac of Xalhaniel Ames, for tlie year 1T0'.I, it seems the subject had been matter of much piililio di>i:iissioii, and " a gentleman, whom p,()II0 lbs. cocoons, deemed sullicieiil to make l.'iOO lbs. of silk. Other rtMiiarks of Eliot, considering the time when lie wrote, are particularly dc^serving of attention. Ill' coininends especially the cultivation of silk lo llie norlliern colonies, " wlio are destitiile of any staple coniinodity by which they could make an immediate and din^ct return to England, for such goods as we want, and must always want, more abundantly than we have means at present by whifh we can refund. This seems to be the state of fieorgia, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut." The cultivation of Hie {]|reat staple of cotton was not pursued then to any extent in the southern states. He goes nn lo say that, " those aii.ong us, who raise silk, say, that it is more profitable than other cnlinary business. Some yc'iirs past, I asked a man of good faith and credit, who had then made the niosisilknf any among us, what profit iiiiglit be made of it. His reply was, that he could make a yard of sillt as cheap as he could make a yard of linen cloth of eight run to the pound. A woman of expe- rience In tills business told me, that, in the short time of feeding the worm and winding the silk balls, fhecnnld earn enough to hire a good spinner the wliole year. 1 have not the least scruple of the informer's veracity, but liow far their capacity might serve for an exact calculation, 1 know not." ♦ ♦ * Two lbs. avoirdupois are equal tu about 2 7-0 libri Nupblitani. 496 SILVER. r»t .»' gij.j .J. In 1772, as appears from the manuscript Journal of President Stiles of Yale College, his foniily en. ffaged, to some extent, in the culture of silk, and their production was sent to England to be manu- factured, a sample of which cloth, presenting a singularly beautiful fabric, together with the Journal itself, is now in mv possession. About the year 1770, a filature was established in Thiladelphia, and it is a remarkable fact, from ihe 25th of June to the 15th of August 1771, 2,3(K) pounds of cocoons were brought to the fliaturc m be reeled, or were bought by the managers. These cume (Voui I'eiinsylvunia, New Jersey, and Ihh. ware. About the year 1760, the culture of silk was introduced into Mansfield, Conn., and some of the neigh. bouring towns. It has been pursued ever since that time, to a small e.vtent, in several other plaeis ig New England ; but it cannot lie said to have maintained its foothold in any otiier situation tliurnn Mansfield. In other places, where it planted itself willi every favourable prospect of success, it pre sently expired. In Mansfield, Conn., it iia.s continued to In; pursued to Hie present time. The larjist auKuint of raw reeled silk reported to have been produced in any erne ye.ir in Manslielil, as was stii|,.i| to me in that town, has been about seven thousand poutidi". In t;enerul, iiowever, it has not Hxcfii|~j three thousand pounds per year. Tlie inhabitants of Mansfield have bcfn wholly dependent npnn i||s white mulberry for feed for their worms; and a large proportion ofthese were destroyed by tlieaevirp winter of 18.14-5. i'lie silk culture became again strongly the subject of public attention in IS20. Congress encoiirawii it, by the publication and distribution of large editions of manuals atid treatises, prepared with groat care and fulness, and giving all the directions and delails necessary to the prosecution of ih(! Imsiniisj^ from the raising of the trees, to the preparation of the article for us(!. The vast amounts of uidiuv annually sent abroad for the purchase of tiiis article of universal use and almost of necessity, Hij increasing use of tlie article among all classes of people, and to an e.\lent I'robably not known In am other country ; and, at the same time, the acknowledsji'd capacity of the country to produce silk, ami (f tlie best ipiality, gave new prominence to the subject in llie cimnnunily, and drew the public atteiiiinii to it with an intense interest; but with no greater interest than in an economical view, in the opinion of many intelligent men, its national importance may justly claim. In Ih30, the introduction of a new plant into the country, (llie Pernttet mulberry, or morns iniilii. caul is,) whicli promised, from its extraordinary capacity of rapid multiplication, and its prodiHilvriM.^j nf fidiage, to furnish superior advantages for the prosecution of the silk culture, g.ive a new impiii,, to the cause, and aroused pulilic enthusiasm to a high degree of (Vrvour. The disappointment luta- sioned by tiie almost universal diislruction of these plants by the frosts, produced a revulsion in pui,. lie feeling ; and the progress of the silk culture was again arrested and set back in a strong eiili. It does not fall within my province to detail more particularly the history of events in relation toihi) subject. The introduction of ibis extraordinary variety of the mulberry, the morns nmltiraiilis, m many stalked mulberry, or, as I tliink it should be called after the name of the spirited individual who brought it into Europe, the Perottet mulberry, led to the introduction of other valuable varietii,, About this time the erection of a cocoonery at Northampton, in Massachusetts, of extraordinary di- iiiensions and expense, and the reiterated and extravagant calculations of profit, which were lo MWw from the culture of silk, continually given to the public in the most imposing forms, and the estalili^ii. nicnt of societies in all parts of the country, witii large capitals for this object, kept the curiosity aiij interest of the public constantly upon the stretch. The announced introduction of varieties (il'ih.. iiiiillierry, of sucli hardihood as to brave the severity of our climate, and especially the adoptinn c:'i plan for taking up the tender varieties and resetting them, or laying them down in the spriiu;; aiij the practlcableness in this way of obtaining in the same season from trees thus managed, an ample sii|i- ply of food for the worms, seemed to give strong assurance that the bright hopes wliich liad been indulged on this subject, were, at least in some degree, on the point of being realized. In the year 1838, a new chapter in the history of the silk culture was to be unfolded. There isliiile reason to doubt, that, at this time, a conspiracy or combination of some principal individuals, deeply interested in the multicautis in the United States, was formed, in order to force the sales (jf this tree 't high prices. By every species of finesse, and by tlie grossest impositions, the pulilic piiUewas ciiirkened 10 a rapidity and intensity of circulation almost unparalleled in the history of tlie e.vciie- I iiMiis of the human mind. The selling of spurious seed, the disposal of trees under false names, tlie s.dliin^for niulticaulis that which did not even belong to the species of tlie mulberry, and especially the villany, for it deserves no milder name, and should shut out its perpetrators from all coniniiniiiv with lioiiest men, of getting up extensive auction sales of multicaulis trees, which were purely lieti. tioiis, and this with no other view than that of fraudulent wliolesale imposition upon the pulilli', pre- sent facta ill the liistory of our community equally remarkable and disgraceful. Tliey are instrnrlivc nioiiuinents to mark the extremes lo which, under the influence of an unbridled avarice, thecniiniiis of some men will proceed, and the credulity of others may be led. In tliese circumstances the piibbt attention was directed exclusively to the growing of trees. The production of silk did not enii r Iiiid tlie calculation. Thousands and thousands of acres were planted with the Perottet niiilhurry; ami iniiiiense importations of these trees have been made from foreign countries. Hy the caprices and fluctuations incident to all human aflltirs, and liy no means unexpected In .lease nf such violent and extravagant speculation, as that of which I have been speakini!, it has li.ippened that the elib has gone down in proportion to tiie elevation of the fliod. This speciilaiion is at aneal; anil ihoiiifh all the growers and speculators in morus multicaulis from Florida to Maine shnnM piiinp at the bellows together, they are much more likely to blowout the last embers that remain nn ilie heartli, than to fail them into a flame. It is feared that in too many cases Hie exposure of the specu- lation, as it was termed, would present only humiliating e.xamples of fraud and credulity; aiiJ ii w3 361 692 794 '1 " 116 214 932 U 14,324 6,391 S,39t . 15,191 - . ' 6,797 5,797 ' 19,715 20,978 The principal merchants and agents are Englishmen, of whom also there are a few shopkecperi, I luclioneers, &c. There are also some respectable Chinese merchants ; and the bulk of the shopkeep- er!, with the most valuable part of the labouring population, consigt of Chinese. A.bout 5,000 adult Hies arrive annually from China by the Junks ; about 1,000 of whom remain at Singapore, the rvat 2t2 63 i M !? 498 SINGAPORE. US'.- , .'•m _, .^■^ (rtfc - / :■■• m» ' ,..tfi^ IKI m -«»»"•« dispersing thomselveB among the nelRlibouring Dutch, EngliBh, and Malay gettlements. The bnatme, are chiefly natives of the Coroinandel coast; and the Malays employ themselves as lishernien, In cm ting tiniher, and in supplying the settlement with the rude produce of the neighbourhood. There ar» Sgood daily markets, open at all hours, and well aiipi>l><-'d with vegetahles, fruits, grain, (Ish, pork, aini green turtle; the latter the cheapest animal food that can he procured. At Hinfiapore there areno export or import duties levied, nor anchorage, harbour, light-house dues, or any fees ; but a register |, kept of all exports and imports. Reports must bo made to the master attendant by the masters uf ve,. Bels, and invoices delivered to the superintendent of imports and exports. CommoJitie.t and Price*.— Singapore is chiefly an entrepdt, having, with the exception of pearl sajo manufactured on the spot from the raw material imported from the north coast of Sumatrn, iirijiip^ ments of agriculture, and some others fabricated by the Chinese from European iron, and guiiiliii..r „, catechu grown and manufactured on the island, few commodities of its own exportation. The Inljon. ing price current of the 22d of August, 1833, will convey the best idea of the miscellaneous articleui' wliich tlio commerce of the port consists :— Articles. EoMtem Artida, Bees' wai Biclie (te mer, 1st sort • inferior tale of France Bcnj.iiniu RctuI nut • Bird's nests, white - blick- Camplior, Barai • Clijna Canvass^ Bengal - Colt'ce, bumatra oilier descriptioni Copper, Japan, • > Cordage, coir Cotton • ■ • Danimer, raw Dholl Uragon's blood, inf 'r (block) Ebony, Isle of Prance of ottier parts • Elephmt's teetb, Ist sort • 2.1 ilo. 3d do. Gambler, Rhio and Singapore Silk . . ' . Gamboge - Ghee, cow buiralo Grain, rice, while ■ car^o, Ist sort do. inferior - Bengal • wheat gram, 2 maunds Gold dust, of Pahang & Siac of other parts - Gunnies • Mother.o'-pearl shells Nankeens, long juuk short do. Oil, cocoa nut Opium, I>atna Benares Malwa Pepper, bl.ick long • • . Piece goods, Bengal sannahs Mahmoodies- • Gurrahs Bafl.is chintz of 12 cubits chintiof 10 cubits Madras, mories, white - blue niempirea, blue brown - handkerchiefs knlanikoriea • kambayaa ■ - bugis sarungs Bali cloths - Balick bandkfs. Rattans . S.ign, |)earl, in casee Salt, Siam Saltpetre • Sapan wood, Manilla Siam • Silk, raw, China, junk Canton, No. 3. Macao Spirits, arrack Stick lac ■ Segan, Manilla - Sugar, Siam, Isl sort per picul per catty per picul per catty per picul per bolt per picul per bale per picul per bag per picul Prices. per coyan per bag per bung per 100 per picul per too per corge per picul per chest per picul per corge per picul per coyan per picul 72 cyts. lOOcyts. SScyts. per gsl. per picul per 1,000 per picul From 2S dol. 40 20 7 16 I 1-2 30 30 12 30 3 91-2 9 27 3 1-2 18 I 2 3-4 12 3 2 too 95 70 4 6 15 14 12 65 4S 40 2 1-2 3 2 30 27 7 20 38 7 6 630 630 630 5 1-2 4 33 28 12 20 14 1-2 8 22 80 40 30 30 20 12 16 6 8 1 1-2 2 3-4 23 7 1-2 I 1-4 13-4 KO 320 300 16 Ota. 12 6 6 1-2 To 32 dol. 60 25 15 65 13-4 43 200 30 35 4 10 9 1-2 30 6 22 I 1-4 3 26 31-2 3 120 100 90 6 80 18 14 60 45 2 3-4 3 1-4 2 1-4 31 12 30 9 22 45 8 6 1-2 720 TiO 6t« 6 34 30 14 22 16 10 25 40 50 36 100 46 13 30 7 16 2 3 24 8 1 1-2 2 240 330 310 20cla. 14 6 1-2 6 Articles. Eaaltni Atlida. Sugar, Cochin-china Sugar candy Tin, Banca Straits Tobacco, Java China Tortoiseshell Ihiropean Artida. Ale, Hntlgsou's Allsnp's Barcl-iy's Ancliors and grapnels Kiittles, English - Canvass • ■ • Copner nails and sheathing • Cordage - Cotton twist, No. 16. to 36. No. 38. to 70. - Gunpowder Flints Iron, Swedish, bar English nails, spike Lead, pig . sheet • Patent shot Faint, oil • Provisions, beef, American English porK, Engl ish - flour, • Rosin Speller Sleel, Swedish • • Tar, Stockholm Piece goods, Madapolams, 25 yds. by 32 to 36 inchis iniitalion Irish, i2dyds. by 36 inches long cloths, 3S to 4C yds. by 36 to 37 in. 3Stn40yds.ly38to40in. 33 to 40 yds. tiv 44 in. - 38 to 40 yds. by «0 in. - 38 to 40 yds. by 54 in. • 3S to 40 yds. bv CO in. - prints, 7 8, liifnt grounds, single cnfouni • 9-51, do. do. 7-8, dark, do. - 9 8, do. do. 7-8 and 9-8, 2 colours - 9-P, Turkey reil ground, 24 yards 9-8 furniture, 24 yards - cambric, 12 yds. by 42 to 44 inches • - 12 yards by 45 inches • jacconot, 20 yds. t)y 44 to 46 inches lappets, 20 yds. by 40 to 44 inches handkerchiefs, imitation Baikic, dbl. • Pulicat Woollens, long ells camlets • • ladies* cloths (scarlet) - bombazettea Wines and spirits — sherry • port . claret, French • English ■ brandy rum ■ gin . per picul 40 baskets per picul per hhd. per picnl per 100 per bolt per picul per IDO lbs, per picul per bag per gallon per bri. per picul per tub per brl. per piece per corge per dozen per piece per yani per piece per dozen per gal. per case Prices. From 3t cts 6 IS^dol. 120 14 1,000 36 .13 10 10 312 9 35 10 38 60 26 30 cts. 6 dol. 2 3 6 5 1-2 1 1 1-2 2 30 25 4 2 4 6 5 11-4 2 1-4 3 1.2 4 6 \ « 10 212 3 2 1.2 3 3 1-2 10 1 14 1 1-2 1 1-2 11-2 5 2 1-2 10 25 I 1.2 7 6 9 4 8 34 SOcli. 6 l,OW 40 40 20 12 4 II 40 M 40 5l2i 212 . 314 (HI 6 ' 2 I 134 5 3 I 41-2 10 3 21-2 6 6H ■ 31-3 : h\-i 2 ' 2M 4 j 2 I 61-2 ' II I 32 { 214 1 9 i 45*: 7 The following arethe rates of commission and warehouse rent charged at Singapore, except in cates of ipecial agreement Cammiition. 1. On all sales or purchases, eicept the following, 6 per cent 2. On purcliases of goods or produce for returns, 2 Ui per cent. 3. On sales or purchases of opium, 3 per cent. 4. On sale or purchase of shipa, vcMels, housci, or lands, 2 1-2 per oant £. On sale, pnrchue, or shipment of bullion, I per cent. 6. On sale or purchase of diamonds. Jewels, ftc, 2 per cent. 7. On returns in treasure, bullion, or bills, 1 jper cent. 8. On all goods consigned and withdrawn. 1.2 commisalon. 9. On eale, purchase, or negotiating of bills not serving for purchase of goods or produce, I per cent. 0. On all goods sold by auction by the agents thenuelvm in tddi- tioa to Ills ibon, > 1-2 per cent. 11. On del credere, or guaranteeing salts when siieciallymiiiRil, I 2 1-2 per cent. 12. Shronrage, I percent, per mille. 13. On all advances of money for the purpose of trade, nbetbtrltt I goods are consigned to the agent or not, and ^vhereacommiwn I of 6 per cent, is not charged, 2 1-2 ))er cent. I 14. On ordering goods, or superintending the fullilmeot of coDtnn I whence no oihercommiseion isdtrived.2 l-2|)erccDl. | 15. On guaranteeing bills, tmnds, or other enga.^nienla, ami od ^ I coming security for administrations nf estates, or to mtt^ j ment or individuals for contracts, .'•grecments, Ac, 2 life I cent. I 16. On acting for the estates of penont deceased as eneutonn tl' I minMrators, 6 per cent. SINGAPORE. 499 ay getllemenff". The bo.iimeri einaclves as fishermen, in cm. he nclglilioiirhood. There atn sB.ffuils, grain, fish, pork,aiij id. At Singapore there are m a, or any fees ; but a register ii tenUant by the maslera uf vtj. •8. . , , ih the exception of pearl saw, orth coast of Sumatra, iiii|iie. European iron, anil painlMcrur own exportation. The follow. )f the miscellaneous articles of I I'ricn. IT On the muiAfement of atatei of othert, on the amount receiveO, * i 1 2 per cent. per i>icul idet. 40baikcti per picul per htvl. per picnt per 100 per bolt per picul per ICO IlM. . per picul per tug per gallon per lirl. n>,2S ;hM li.bjr per picul per tub per brl. per piece unda, 10 en per yani per piece per dozen led at Singapore, except incases I luariDteelni salii when .i«cially reeiis, ainl Kuniiy t.i;(ti, p«r packn^f, I tlolLir. 33. At the option of the a^i-nt, on the amount ilt-bilr I ur credited within the year, incliidnig inlrrt^t, and tixrcpt iuf{ onlv iturh items, on which at lean 2 1*2 per cent. Iiai bt-en charjceit, I per ct'iit. This chargt^ not to apply to paying over a halatice ilut mi an ac* count inadt: up to a (articular peritxl, unleu where luch balance is withdrawn williout reasonable notice. li^arehmae Rent per Month, Chesti of opium or litk, bales of woollens, pipes of wine or brandy, tba<;uera<»r arrack, Ac, I dollar. nates of Iitduii piece i;>)"d!i, cotlm, anti gunny t>a:{s, 50 cents. C.^sfs of lilurupean pieci> ^i>mls, trUiiM'S uf wualh-iia, ^c, 2o ctnts Hot^lie.ids of liquor, 1-2 chests of wine, &c., 4i) cents. I'cpper, rice, cuttee, sui^ar, &nltpetre, ^c, lU per cent. Iron, tin, luteniKue, speller, comber, lead, &c., tt percent. All other goods, not mentiont-J, to |>ay accordingly, or l)y measure- oirnt, at the rate uf, per loo of 50 cubic feet, 1 dollar. IB. On -irocuring freight, or advertisinv as the ajjenl of owner or coui'nianders, on the amount of fieight, whether the same passis through the hands of the agent or nol, 5 pt-r cent. iQ On chartering ships for oilier (larties, 2 I 2 per cent. K)' Ou making insurance, or writing orders for do., 1-2 per cent. fj' ons^lilioK insurance losiet, total or partial, and on procuring rrturu of premium, I per cent. 21 Oil jt-'ltts, when a proceu at law or arbitration is necessary, 2 1-2 per cent.— And if received by such means, 6 per cent. M (^ bills of exchange noted or protested, 2 per cent. 21 Uncollecting house rent, 6 per cent. «! Oi»ihi|»' disbursements, 2 1-2 per cent. M Ou negotiating loans on respondentia, 2 per cent 27' Ou letters of credit granted lor mercantile purposes, 2 I 2 per cent. M On purchasing or sell uig government securities, or on exchange in? or transferring the same, 12 per cent. M On delivering up do., 12 per cent. to On all advances not puiiclually liifuidited, the agent to have the oT)\ion of charginga second conmnssion, as upon a fresh advance, iirovijed the cnirge be ouly made once in the same year. frade of Sinffapore.— The foWow'ing TRbU'n dire taken (Tom tljc ollicial Htateinenls published in the SiHffdpo^i ChrovieUf '27th of September, 1832. The sums are expresaeU in sicca rupees, at tiie fixed escWge of 310^ sicca rupees per 100 Spanish dollars. I. Total Account of Imports and Exports at Singapore for the Years 1823 to 1831-32. Yean. Impurti. Eiporls.* Yian. Iiii|H)rls. Exports. Sicca Ruptti. Sicca Rupees. Sicra Rupees. Sicca tiujiees. 1823 not Blate'l. 117,21,818 1W8I829 IWi, 11,203 lS,i,41i,t)04 1824 145,55,098 139,02,685 1829-1S30 212.1.5,599 l87,B2,r.09 IK2i 132,39,178 122,87,863 1810-1831 187,53,505 1^.2,66,319 1S28-I827 138,19,786 13?,K1,0«2 183M832 178,09,918 156,51,673 18271828 148,85,999 138,72,010 II Total Value of Imports and Exports, with tlie Places stated, to show the general Channel of Tran- shipments. — ""^ Ini porta. 1 Countriei. 1826-IS27. 1I27-IS28. 1828-1829. 1829-1830. 1830-1831. 1831-1832. rtom EnfUnd and Foreign Europe From China FremJava Sicca Rupees. 28,35,477 15,13,555 11,78,676 Sicca Rupees. 24,61,800 17,92,675 22,84,638 Sicca fiupcu. 2.i,09,X)9 66,'22,I36 14,49,149 Sicco Rupees. 34,bS,549 71,84,407 17,81,427 ■Sicca Rupees. 26,04,403 6I),I5,1'40 21,89,228 i'tcca Rupees, 33,.U,U7 51,2J,4S3 2u,60,-48 Eiporls. To Enjland and Foreign Europe • To t iiina . - - ToJ«> . • • • 26,89,576 30,61,745 24,61,^15 15,19,897 8,26,966 10,2ti,379 68,60,717 18,12,729 10,34,598 77,63,176 23,82,328 8,97,488 76,52,126 18,93,037 11,41,729 64,38,988 I5,4i^,042 7,;7,l:-3 Note. — Japan copper from Batavia is an article of tmuabipnieat to Calcutta, and occosion.illy to Duml>ay. Ill Table showing the total Value of Cargoes exported to England, distinguishing Transhipments from Straits' Produce, in the Years 1820-30, 1830-31, lb31-32. Vean. Veiaels. Tons Register. Straits' Produce.t Transhipments. Total. 1 1629-1830 1830-1831 1831-1832 20 23 20 6,019 7,785 6,7-6 Sicca Rupees. 19,03,792 23,34.232 19,53,613 Sicca Rupees. 68,55,209 80,713.361 6I,16,7&« Stc^ Hupces. ,UU1 ,4,lU,'.93 7U70,377 IV. Quantities of the principal Articles exported from Singapore, in the undermentioned Years. Articles. Year ending 1st of April, Year ending Ist of April, 1830. Yearendins Ist of April, 1831. Year ending 1st of April, 1832. Picul«. CoJu' Ba^t. Corg. PicuU. Cases. Sags. Corf. Piculs. Cases. 2)<. Piculs. Casts. Corff. 8 75 . . 428 28 • • 56 It 6 842-69 C»ia- • • 3,461 ■ • . . - • • 5,512- 1 • . 1,870 buds- ■ 224 Cimphor, ChlM • ■ 3,535 . ■ , 958 1,854 • ■ 467-3 - 142 Coffte ■ • 38,620 . . . 18,525^ - 1,211 - 31,770-38 • . 23,228 23 Unsnn's blood • 26 25 . . 8* ■ ■ 202-3 68 > 101-84 Elephants' teeth Itelh . • 37i > . . 70 65 1 17 > 77-12 • . 41-87 C bungk. ) 18 "S purell 7 bungk. mayams GolJdiut • ■ • " • • 3 94 3 j 8-62 12 • 8-20 72 Nirikeens « 4,588 7,012 8,524 260 6,335 pieces 885,081 piece« 28ti,tij4 Ptppn, liljck • 8,395' - . 31,814 • 559 . 32,051-84 . 37,539"88 white - 6,009 bund. bund. Riwiillt . • 150 234 3,810 . 98 1911 4,420 , 2,355 • . 1,65416 . 103 Rice . . • 2,658 " 26,277 2* 707 bundles • 46,470 • • 38,784 llallaiis • • 6,120 " 7» 43,146 • 1,940 lbs. 25,672 ' 34 15,232 10 Spica- . . 87 66 • 2,670 4,953 •J hhd. \ 2,777 3,433 i 4 311 3,052 hps. . . 34,356 , . 38,409 10 79 . 63,917 , , 44,183 5,0. . . 2,305 " " 4,965 75 slabs • 2,050|^ • • 5,084J It. . . . 2,841 • • 24,262 ■ 843 • 19,776 teti 22 • 25,063 Toiloiwshell . 158 . 94-31 ?2 ■ • 218 mi 10 • Ptnang and Malacca ar« included. t Mcr this head it included Banc* tin. which bu been largely trasihipped, but the state of the entries does not permit of its beinc iu. tiafuiibed. ^^ 500 SINGAPORE. ,27,;H7~ VI. Corrected Liat of Cargoes to Europe, hy VcsspIs which sailed from the Port during tills Offiriii Year 1831-32. "" Veiscis' Namefc Toil!. At wick 341 Helen .Mar 2r. Madeline 2.>6 Kliia • 53S Victoria 375 Ei^Ie 2(16 Edni'ind Castle 2S5 Reucnnleii 402 I.ady Qordon ■ 2-3 (anny • 280 RuQDyniede • 4C0 Straits' Produce. DoUars. 9,900 86,117 6.0ti6 60,K|8 8.5, 1 HI 37,997 83,006 6'>& 66,833 49,153 65,037 Transhipt, Dollars. 198,159 13,845 3:,6I-I 40390 61,546 10,710 6,0.0 29'),201 727, ,61 Total. Dullarf. SOX) 284 276 6,061 64,«i3 12.',872 78,577 138,552 11,365 72,855 341,658 79.',511 Vessels* Nanicfl. ! Harold Childe Hebe Aurora Rilavja Orynthia Spirlaii DiikenrRoxbur);)! ■ Edward Irene Tolils Tons. 463 256 5,50 360 318 237 417 354 180 Straits' Pnxluce. Di'llart. 36,504 6 -,368 Ii3,79,> 32,060 54,5S1 2,091 33,239 64.32/) 40,1 04 Traiahipt. Toui. Dollars. SO^COO 2,700 61,003 3+t,i«! ,'1.0*1 'PI 4,039 654,536 9,J93 10,000 6>,6M| 2,091 "WiO , 6o,o:^ . 0,756 92a,0.-2 2,130,767 I 3,3j?.fH Ciirrencij, Weights, iMnguage, ^c. — The currency and weights are simple and convenipnt. Met- chantM* nccniints are kept in Spiuil.«h dolhirs, divided into 100 |iarts, represented either l)y Diiich (i,,|(," or by English copper coins of the 8nine value. The weights in use (and almost every thing is soM iiv 1 wpiglil, as in ('hiiia) are the Chinese picul of 100 catties, or IliSJ Ihs. avoirdupois. Rice (llu; prdducj of Sinm and the Archi|iela!,'o) and salt are sold by Ihii coyaii of 40 piculs. Gold dust is sold hv a .M;i|m weight called the buiigkal, wliich weighs two t^panish dolpirs, or 8,S'2 grains Troy. llenL'al rii'o, \\\in\ I and pulses of the s;iiue country, are sold by the bug, containing 2 Uengal niaiinds, or IO!J lbs. avoiniii. pois. IMere goods, &c. are sold by the corge or score. English weights and measures are frcc|u,:iii|y used in reference to European commodities. The iiinde of transacting business among llic IJirdiiial, merchants is simple and etlicient. Instead of trusting their affairs to native agents, as in nihir m\i of India, they transact them in person, with tin! occasional assistance of a Chinese Creole, tis an jubr- preter and broker. The European merchants transact business on their own account ; but a pnai deal of their employment consists in acting as agents for houses in London, Liverpool, Glasignw, .^m. sierdain, Antwerp, Calcutta, Uoinbay, Mailras, Canton, and liatavia. They are also agents for' van. ous insurance othces at Calcutta and elsewhere, and policies of insurance to any exterit may betlt'fiipj without (lilficulty. The langnagi; of commercial intercourse, winire any of the natives of ihc Da^i are concerned, is universally Malay, — a simple and easy dialect, of which all the resident inerilialiii have a siilficient aciiuaintance f"r ihe iriinsiicting of ordinary business. A newspaper, the Siiimm Chruiiirli; is publishivl once a week, and contains a price current, an account of arrivals and dtMiarl- lires of shipping, and an oltirial detail of all the exports and imports of the preceding week. Tlie adniinislratiipu of justice is enlirely EuL'lisli, there being a recorder's court for the settlenieiit, in com. flion with the two neigtibouriiig ones of fenang and Malacca, (Statement of the Value of r'le Import and Export Trade of Singapore, with the undermentioned Prices, in the Years 1836-37 and 1837-38. Imports. Exports, Countries. 1836-37. 1837-38. 1836-37. 1837-3?. ' Dollars. Dollars. Dcllars. Great Britain .... 1,720,428 1,632,457 1,11-0,8.53 970,392 Foreign Kurope - 88,036 9,516 34,K14 70,4>S United Slates .... 100,298 60,680 308,540 113.1^2 Rio de Janeiro .... 2,725 41,883 22,700 Mauritius ..... I2,P47 28.720 73S,7.:3 i,iii.2(a Calcutta 1,406,907 1,619,794 111,985 175,614 Madras and Ports in Cape Coast . 272,5.56 379,400 469,658 3W,K),i Bombay ..... 23.,ail 301.607 16,641 60,ui7 Arabia . . . . - 2,220 25,:i61 2^9,372 413,T95 Manilla 94,048 213,305 10,320 SIM Ceylon ..... 8,120 17,049 1,312,054 1,169,7-0 Chin* 790,735 659,272 608,171 fiM.700 Java 892,961 1,037,157 106,618 1I5,M Rhio 148.394 124,282 360,872 324,782 Slam ..... 22.5,969 3S1,516 105.558 95,6:i Cochin Chlni .... 94,918 70,908 174.934 293,393 Sumatra ..... :: ^81 321,890 406,295 314,22^ E. S. Peninsula ■ W„ 368,777 24,<94 26,406 W. S. Peninsula .... .i^,. !■) 44.061 250,043 31-,4il Borneo ..... '!•!) IW 289,058 253,992 293,5-1 Neighbourioi; Islarls, &c. l&ft,t'->3 117,573 129,006 116,516 Bally CelMies and other Eailem Islandt Total Dollan 91,382 273,242 83,097 310,184 136,413 106,243 7,628,980 8,166,862 6,973,618 7,095,«9 7,528,990 6,973,618 627,862 121,841 Eastern Ports trading with Singapore.— ks every thing that relates to the trade of the East is now becoming of the first importance to commercial men, we make no apology for SINGAPORE. 601 [o 1831-18W. 1830-1631. Sictn Rupert. l,ni,58,» 2,22,311 itai-naj, S\cca Hum, 22,-.Ml;,3 2.|iii,wn l.lU.TUi " as-.M.Me 2:,iv2i; 22.31,713 2.»Sli78 4,06,528 iKii.ri 3,I2.7-..' 3,W,1U 29,26,919 2M;'xr~' 3 m the Port (luring this Offitiii vXL Tra.^hipt.1 Toui. Dvllari. Dollnri. a liar,. 36,404 5 -,388 ao«,ooo 2,700 M,7D3 61,003 i2i,:» 32,060 - 31,'\ii 54,581 4,039 'AW. 2,091 . m 33,239 654,530 «■;,:!■; 64,32:-. 9..'95 ■iUli 40,1 04 10,000 EO.U.I .7j6_92a, 0.-2 2,130,767 \ MJvH^ B simple and cnnvenifiiil. Mer. >|irt' sentcil cither by Unuli doiti, mrt aliiiDsl every tiling isscildby avoiriliipois. Uice (lln! prdiluti I ula. (Jold (lust is snlil hy a .M;ihy ! B[rainsTriiy. Hciiiral riio, wlicai, gal iiuiiuulH, or lOli His. avoinlii- jhts and iiit'asiireH are frtMiu.Milly iig business anions.' I lie lliir.iiitan o native agents, as in ntlnr pjrli 8 of a Ctiiiiese Creole, lis an iiilpr- their own account ; liiii a pmi ] fondon, Liverpool, Glasgrnv, Km. . They are also agents for vari- nee to any extefit may be tlleilcil any of the natives of llio tasi hich all the residenl lucrchanis A newspaper, the t^imrapm iccount of arrivals and deiian- rts of the preceding wuvk. Tlie court for the seltlenieiit, in com. ipore, with the undermentioned 18. 1 Ex|K)r(8. 1 lK)6-37. 1837-3S. 1 mllan. DMm. ■ l,I^P,t<=>3 970,592 ■ 34,('34 70,4>S ■ 308,640 113.1M ■ 4l,bt^3 22,700 ■ 73H,7'3 l,lri,2«) ■ Ill,9b1 175.614 ■ 469,658 35J,K)i ■ 16,641 60,HS7 ■ 2»'9,372 443,193 ■ 10,320 C,736 ■ l,312,0'>4 ■ 608,171 1,169.7-0 .5$3.7C0 ■ 106,618 115, -.04 ■ 360,S72 324,782 ■ 105.558 95,671 ■ 174.934 293,J93 ■ 406,295 3\i.ili ■ 24,':»4 26,406 ■ 250,043 3r,42J ^1 253,992 293,571 ■ 129,005 116,516 ^m 136,413 106,243 H 6,973,618 7,095,459 6,973,618 H 12l,«l tit relates to the trade of the en, we make no apology for lavifR before the reader the following statements, taken from a late number of the Sin^n' fore Free Press, respecting the Enstcrn ports from which native ships arrive at Singapore, hey are mostly all very imperfectly known even to residents at the Hcttlcmeiit ; and tlie names of some of them may now, pcrhajis, be learned for the first time hy the English rciuler. Commencing with ports to the northward, those in China, from which junks (which are included mnong the native cru/O arrive liere, are, Canton, Tkw-chevv,Ciii.'Nawa, mattan, rONTIANAK, PASSKIR, I'EOIJOTAN, SAKAWAK, SAM»A8, SUCCAUANA, Bri.ssU, Bu'ltHcheil, Bllliralun, Blll- \otdDO, Calakiik, Cuti-ringin, Coobno, Chiukol, Knijona, Monterado, Miikah, .)[(ihtii, Oijiik, I'diiihiKinjr Sadons, Sdinpit, Tekrann-, uml Tixnnah Diirat. Some of these are well known, others only by the names reported : the locality of the l.ittcr is also but little understood. Ttiose with whicli trade is principally carried on are Brunai, or Borneo Proper, Banjermassin, Pontinnak, Hambas, Coti, Passier, Tea'Dlan, and Sarawak. The productions commonly brought here from Borneo, in general, arc, raians, birds' nests, bees' wa.K, torloiseshell, gold dust and diamonds, biche de mer, pearl and raw sago, camphor, rice and paddy, mother of pearl shells, garro and lakka woods, pepper, seaweed, mats, eliiinyaml antimony ore. The number of boa tsar riving here annually from all the above pi ices average ^ aboni l.'iOor 100. The boats which come from the southern and eastern parts are commmily manned bvBuifis, who seem to be the principal carriers in the Archipelago, and, next to the Chinese, are the iiiost enterprising and industrious of the traders in tliese regions. 'I'liey are considerably less tainted Willi piracy than the iMalays. CEi.EnES is the parent country of the Bugis, whicli name, though properly belonging only to one of llie tribes on Celebes, is applied generally to all traders from that island, from the east and south-east coasts of Borneo, and from the islands to the southward and eastward of it. Of these triiies, by far I ilienKist considerable in point of improvement and numbers are the Uiigisof WajoorTu\vujo,a coun- try ne:tr the centre of Celebes, and situated up the Bay of Boni. The ports in Celebes from which pralms arrive here are Bonirati, Bugis Pari-pari, VVajok, Bugis Peniana, Kailie, Macassar, Mandhar, I airl:^aiigye. They usually bring sarongs— the produce of their own looms— ratans, wax, torloisesliell, pearl shells, seaweed, biche de mer, cnllee, birds' nests, sandal and bookoo^oods, and other articles ofiiiiiinr iniporlance. The imiiiberof vessids arriving here from the above places average about 50 or i CO annually. The islands to the eastward and southward of Celebes, from which the Bugis bring cargoes to this I port, are chiefly Bootoon, Knd.iy or Flores, Selayer, Timor, Booroo, I,ombok, Suuibawa, Aniboyna, t'erani, and even from the Aroos and Papua. The articles are the same as those from Clebes, with the adilition of kayu-pooteh oil, birds of paradise, and wild nutmegs. The vessels arriving from these I places may averasie about 30 every year. The island of Bali, or Bally, contains several ports, from which upwards of 50 pralms annually arrive litre: tlu' principal of these are Baliling, Bali Badong, Sasak, Saiiparang, and Ampanan ; they bring rice, oil, bides, tobacco, sarongs, wax, birds' nesls, and biclie de mer. In this tratlc, we believe, the 1 Biiijisare likewise the principal carri.,rs. Hemming westerly, we come to ,Iava,from various well-known ports of which upwards of 00 native I craft, iiidepi'ndnnlly of siiuare-rigged vessels, annually freipient this harbour, bringing the productions oflhat valuable and fertile island, principally rice, sugar, tobacco, cachang or peas, tamarinds, hides, I cnlielis, llatlic handkerchiefs and salendongs. We go next to Sijmatua, from the various ports on the eiistcoast of which the greatest number of native craft freiiuenting this port arrive, amountiiig on an avenee to between .SOO to 100 annually. The names of these ports are, Acbcen, Apong, .\ssahaii, Hatu I bira, Diikitliatu, Billah, Ayerctam, Campar, I)-i'.)-:ii), was >.()ili,'il3 dollars. Besides these, there is also a conHlderalde amonnt of rortiiKoese, Spanish, Trench, liaiiibiirgli, Danish, and Swedish trade annually. Tlie trade of Manilla, already amoiintini! lo several nilllioiii', 13 on the increase. The nUMd)crof 8i|iiarc-rigged vessels liial imported lo SliiLMporo during IStl-H."! \\i\f M7, which exceeded any former year; llial of native craft was IISI, wlmli Is li:>s than in ,,illur (if the two preceding years. Tlie iiumlier of Dutch, foreign, and native vessels whitli cleared Iroiii Java in ll?33 was 1720, with a tonnage of 190,193 tons. "Willie such is the annual amount of trade carried on in these seas, cmplnying in the foreign ves- sels more than 10,000 seamen, what care have our governments shown for lis prolecllcm 1 «V«« ««« ofhii Hr.llanit, Majesty's ships is slaliuned itt the Chiiie.-e Sea; nut one is iiet staliininl ccm al Sintrapnre, thovgli an occasional visitor makes a sireep among the pirates. 'J'he Americans have done nolliln!,' Iiere since llw! bloody olTair of (^uallali llatoo; it is said, liowever, that these seas are lieiiceforlh lo ho one r.fllie sl.ilions for the American navy. A wide range, indeed, will two or lliree small men-of-war liave from Ihe Cape of (iood Hope lo .lapan ! The rorliiguese here, we underslaml, iinvn no naval aniiaiiiniit whatever. It is long since a French man-of-war has visited lljese seas. Tlic Spaniards 31 .M;inilla have a number of small craft called ponllnes, for the deslruclion of tlie piraliial Malays who Infest the sea to llie southward of l.uconia. These are characterisi'd by a writer In a tale number ofllic Canton Free Press as particularly successful in the capture of sliills and turtles, but most inefli- cienl In the destruction of the pirates. The Dutch alone have done anytliiiig ellecliial towards the guiipression, and their activity in this respect is worlliy of all praise. In Java, and nein'rally in all places contiguous to their possessions, tln^y have ellloT suppressed or greatly clKicked plraiy, and, were it not the tendency of their severe and restricted governiiient to niaiie as many outlaws, as they ilestroy, no deduction need be niaile from tiieir praise. They ahme have systematically ailempled la pill iliiwn lawless misrule in these seas, and make tliein, what the Creator duslj-Mied them to be, the highway of nations." — Sup.) Trade of Java. — Since Ihe article B.*tavia was printed, we have received a number oftlie Si)firnpor» Clronic/e, contoining the following account uf the i» 3,St9 K3 i,:m 5,144 (.See .Tournal of an Eiiibasi>y to Siavi and Cochin China, by John Crairfard, Esq., chap. xiv. ; Keliirn t-j the Population of British India, in Report of the Select Committee of Ihe Cummous, It>3i ; licport of the idut Committee of the Common.i, for 1830; and Singapore Chronicle, passim.) SINOPE, a town of Asia Minor, on the S. coast of the Black Sea, lat. 43° 2' .30" \., Ion. 3.5° 9' 45" E. Population uncertain, probably from 8,000 to 10,000. Sinnpe is situ- ated on a low narrow isthmus, connecting the high rocky promontory of Ada with the main land. Its port, which is the best on this coast, on the south side of the town, is jirotected from the N. and N. E. gales by the isthmus and promontory already mentioned, fships an- chor within 5 mile of the town, in from 13 to 17 fathoms; or nearer to it, in from 5 to 7 fathoms. There is a roadstead on the north side of the isthmus, but it is open and exposed. Sinopc is one of the principal stations of the Turkish fleet ; and there are docks and arsenals for its accommodation and outfit. Ita exports are inconsiderable, the principal being tiin- kr, salt, cordage, fish oil, &c. In ancient times, Sinope was a city nf great wealth, magnitude, and importance. It was the birth- plicenf Uiogenes, the Cynic; ond Mithridates niade'it the capital of his dominions. After its cnii- ijuesl by tbe Romans uiider I.ucullus, it became the scat of a colony ; and continued for a lengtlieiied petiiiil to enjoy a good deal of consideration. .'ihoiild civilizalicin and the arts once more revive in the ancient Pontus, and the other countries lo the south of the Black Sea, the excellence of its port could not fail to restore to Sinope some portion I oflts former grandeur. Even now a considerable intercourse is beginning to take place with the countries E. and S. of Sinope. Diarbeker, on the Tigris, in lat. 37° 54' N., Ion. 30° 53' 45" E., is one of the principal seats of Eastern commerce; and caravans set out regularly from it for Aleppo, Smyrna, I md Constnntinople : but any one who consults a map uf Asia Minor, and of the contiguous countries, I will see at once that Trebisnnd and the neighbouring ports on the S. E. coast of the HIack Sea are tbe natural channels through which Armenia, Koordistan, ond the north-western parts of Persia may best j maintain an intercourse with Europe. We shall afterwatds show that the danger to vessels in the roads of Trebisond has been very much exaggerated. — (See Tredisond.) In the event, however, of the commerce with the countries referred to becoming of any considerable importance, Sinope would be an advantageous entrepdt to which goods might be brought, and whence they might be conveyed in pioper vessels, and ut proper times, to the other ports. At all events, it is of material importance A K 004 SKINS, SLATE. ■■.1 J «^";jd .,ii« (•If*-'-* vW'** ■li^t jr.* till'" iir»i» 1*1''' '' •lii''^''' thnt n direct liilcrcnuriin wllli {\u> Doiitlinrn rnnsi of tlio llliirk Hen nhmild lin pstnlilinliril, nnd that ihu triiilu Willi it aliDiilcl not lir carrird on, iih liillirrto, llmiijuli OdcKKii — (I'lir I'lirllM'r |iurli( uliirN uh to rji. nope, Ni!(! l\iurnifort, y'lnjaife ilii l.rrani, t 20^-^18.; liwA Kuril' t Sailing IMrtcltont for tki liiiuk liea. Slmi ulmi Itie lirtiili) Tui^niNUNi), in tliia work ) SKIIVS, Tho term io npplied in comini'rriiil Iniigua?o to the skinfi of those aninmls, « calvcH, (li'cr, goatH, liiiiibs, Acv,, which, when prrpured, arc usi-il in the lighter worlcH of Imok. binding, tho manufacture of gloves, parciuneiitM, &v.; whih) the term hides is applied to the skins of the ox, horse, &c., whicli, when tanned, arc used in the manufacture of shoes, hnr. ness, and otlicr heavy and strong articles. J^and) and kid skins are principally used in the glovo manufacture; 120 skina being supposed to produce, at an average, 18 dozen pain of gloves. Account of the Skins imporlRd in ii^.ll, sppcifyinir tlio Countries whence thcv ratne, and tlio Niiiiiberi lirought fruni each.— (/'aW. Paper, No. 030. Idess. Iti'M.) CouDlriei from whldi Imported. Shim. — Cilf aiiil K >!■> Dter, 1 Oint, Kill, Kill, l«iiiib. .Snl, ui)Utntie< . unJrmirt]. XwnUr. ^ IIIKlrtSH-il. NumUr. j unilrcsflul. ilrti.eJ. unilrt-Mtil, L'wt. tirt. "i. Kumhtr. Auiiitw. NwnUr. Rniinia ... 27,501 3 " Hwpdcn ... . . s Norway 3 5 a 18,210 617 DiMunitrk ... 220 lU . . . . 13,20,1 Prn."''""• •, Saiti^lt HirecltonifuT thi nkinK of those aninmls.u the lighter worku of Imnk- ■rin hiilcs is applii-J to the nninifnciurc of Bhocn, har- »ro i.rincipully uho.I in ihe n average, 18 doxeii \)m they 183S.) came, and tlie Niimticti 617 1 Kill, Lam''. Sral, I I unilrt-Mt'il. nuilrfn'i. A-uiiiUr. i A'tH"l«r. .VumUf ] 13,205 2,211(1 ' 570 ll,tMl>i ,7«0 599.973 23l,7H) 150l - - ^'•'.■•"•'j 3,3121 500, 296,710 M57 ■ 4,032 2,113,078 509 i(l« ippUcalilr, lui-h as tha f««(i'riiin of -" for llifi' circd ton> Mt i mid, w >i in Londii r in Mr. Peu iT" iht) iiioaa 111 1,020 iiivfi Mt«n*iv«ly amploycd for varlniiii piirpoaci tn whirh it w « not rirmnrly HoorliiK or warehnuiea anil vuiiUh, tint pnvliiK of Klrexi llie fornmliiiii worn or decayed flonm, anil of the walli of housefi In lupoi., <\ Ritiiullimii K nurpoi" l»c"t '>y "i^ circiilnr law Into ploceH of fri)iu i an iiirli to 2 Incbcit iliiuk. M-> Uve t)eii ' belicVK. with much advantage to the coinpuny. Largu Utpdlt of sUtea uru now I' anit otiier great towns. The principal sinte quarries In Great Drltaln are In Cacrnnrvonnhlre. Thnun licloii. nint (fiirnierly Lord I'enrhyn's), near llangnr, einphiy about 1,500 inen and hoys, :,JO - 10, - 65 - . f. d. 1 60 per ton. 41 - 430 — 41 — 31 8 - 140 Oper m.-i 900 — 40 — 18 - 7 6 — 13 6 - ■1 110 Opens, 680 — 27 6 - 13 6 — , ■s Slabi, uwn, prrtniinru? ft. luprrricial, in. Ihick, l)n. ir uo'lur 2 ffel Innff, or I ft. 6 iii. wntn CO per ton. - 70 — OravetUme),nollnitl»n6ft. I>v3ft. 2r2iil. Ihicll, -M — Kiiiltst l)l()Cl(ii or itabt, uwn at the euds only > • 6!> — Unpawn do. . - • ■ 43 — Siiippiiig expenam, Gd. per ton ; btlli of lading, 3i, 6cf. An allowance niarle for l)realtage of 1 cwt. over intvery ton, and 60ilalei over iu every 1,200. I. No. 1. plain Jamba, mantel and turned blocking, with plain edge ihelf . ■ ■ - -10 each. 2. moulded .lamlis, mantel with turned blocking, with plain edge ibelf . . . - . 3. nioutdnd Jamba, be, with bead mould 18 — 21 — 30 — 30 — 30 — 4. (ireciaii fret i'\mbi and mantel 5. moulded In .j jatnbn .ind mantel • 6. panelled janiba and mantel Cisterns, with aidea and eudi, inch thick, Ir. lOd. per foot cubie cooteuta. Do. do. 1 l-2in.Uilck,2i.2if. Tlie subjoined account shows a very material increase in the quantity of slates exported. I An Account of the Quantities of Slate exported from England to Foreign Parts in each of the Five ' Years ending with 1832. Ttan. Slale or Slatea, rough. Slatea in Pramea. A"Km6er. 37,034 32,106 35,160 Ycare. Slate or Slatei, rough. Slatea in Framea. Kwnlier. 18,372 15,420 18S8 1829 1830 Tmit. 3,741 3,925 2,536 Number* 3,250,929 4,768,953 3,999)594 1831 1833 7*<»if. 4,798 6,061 A'uinfcer, 4,257,494 1,859,283 I6,S27 621,780,2_,829,709J2WM Y,a.Laslra.- Sp. rnarraU l.UW split into even, smoolh, Lr«\, the prevailing colours land fllates arc often marketl Incipally used in the covenns % tiles, and is far less expen. td it should be so compact as properly selected, roof ste Ud imbibe moisture speedily I be renewed. IVa^rSrdat't'irSiiJ lerially increased; and it is now (Slate and chalk laden on board any ship or vessel bound for foreign parts shall be deemed illast; and all such ships or vessels having on board only slate, or slate and chalk, shall I be deemed to be departing in ballast; and if, on the return of any such ship or vessel, any hlates or chalk be remaining on board, they shall be deemed to be her ballast. — (4 & 5 Will. \i. e. 89. § 3.) JVew Uses of S/««e.— Slate is now generally used in framing the tops of billiard tables. The size of each slate is 6 feet H inch by 3 feet, and 1 inch thick ; 4 of these make a table top, 12 feet by 6 feet clear of the cushions. The first slate billiard table was made in 1834, and 500 have been made in Lon- don down to December, 1836, many of which have been exported to the East Indies and America : the price of each table top is about 132. Slate is likely to be largely consumed in the shape of Idocks for railways ; a piece of slate 2i inches tliick being found to be as strong as a piece of stone 1 foot thick. A piece of slate 2 feet 6 inches by 2 feet and 2 inches thick, bore the pressure of 20 tons, and broke with 25 tons ; and a piece of the same ien;lh and breadth, but 3i inches thick, bore 35 tons, and broke with 40 tons. The experiments were made by placing the slate blocks against a bearing of 3 inches at each end, leaving a clear hollow iipaceofSfeet between the bearings, and applying the piston of a hydrostatic press, 9Unches diameter, [toihe centre. —Sup.) SLAVES AND SLAVE TRADE. A slave, in the ordinary sense of the term, is an in- iviilual at the absolute disposal of another, who has a right to employ and treat him as he aseg. But the state of slavery is susceptible of innumerable modifications ; and it has in usual, in most countries where it has been long established, to limit in various ways I power of the master over the slave. The slave trade is, of course, the business of those 'ho deal in slaves. Origin of Slavery,'^— A great deal of learning has been employed in tracing the history slavery, though the subject is still far from being exhausted. It seems most probable that originally grew out of a state of war. In rude uncivilised communities, where the pas- ion of revenge acquires a strength unknown in more advanced states of society, captives ikeii in war are adjudged to belong to the victors, who may either put them to the sword, reduce them to a state of servitude. In antiquity the ideas of war and slavery were in- parable. Probably, in very remote ages, prisoners were most commonly put to death ; but le selfish gradually predominated over the more passionate feelings, and for many ages it as usual to reduce them to the condition of slaves ; being either sold by their captors to lei^, or employed by them as they might think fit. " Jure gentium," says Justinian, jertit nostri sunt, qui ab hostibus capiuntur." — (Instit, lib. i. 5.) Voi.II.-2U 64 I BOO SLAVES AND SLAVE TRADE. lJlr«J "2 r 1 •w» ••'3 a • • »* «! Ml •^ jg|-T I .f4 *,.|(|J|| 1^ ■"":; all ..a I -v t^ The practice of reducing men to a itato of Mlnvory, liaving onco begun, wan extended in variouH wityH, The progeny of hIuvoh, or of women in a Niato of Hiavcry, were HliiveN ; im <,^ born free mit{ht Hell tncmflelveit um nliiveH; oiul |mrentM litid authority, in Judea ai.'l Uoinc, ^^,, (]iH|>nHe of their children for tlio name purpime. — {Michiiflin ou thr /.«(('»(riodH, and among dilU-rent claxHex of Hlavo in the Hamu country and at the Hiime time. A great deal uUo depended on the chiirn'tcr ^f particular maHti^rn. MInveH bred up in the houxe or family of the maMterit were unif<)rii„i> trcuteil with greater indulgence than olhern, anil became entitled, by euHlom, to Hrvcrut ). portant privileges. At Athcnit, xluveH ap|H>ar to have Ix'en better treated than in uiiv n ,, ancient Htnte ; and DemoNthenen mentiouH, in IiIh riecond IMiilippic, that " a slave wu^ {>nu:, oil* at .\thenH than a free citizen in many other countries." In republican Konu!, liu- \n^ torH hod liio power of life and deatli over their hIuvch, who were often treated with Ibi) 1110,1 detestable barbarity. It wan not an uncommon practice to expose olil, useless, or sirkHJuvfi to starve in on island in the Tiber! We may, as Mr. Hume has justly remarked, "imj. gine what others would practise, when it via» the ])rofeHscd maxim of the elder (Juto, tusrl] his superannuated slaves at any price, rather than maintain what he esteemed a usi>|i'.s!< hur. I den." — {Plutarch, in Ilia Cutonis.) J'Jrijajilula, or dungeons, where slaves were cm,. lined ond chained at night, and where they were sometimes made to work in the diiy, were I common all over Italy. Columella advises that they Ih) always built under ground — (lili.i c. a.) ; and remains of them are still seen in the lower stories of ancient buil.lixir^t jn ly, anil Sicily. Hundreils of slaves were sometimes put to death for the crime of oni! ..■'ily;ai|j Ihey were exposed, when they committed any petty fault, to all the violence of the mo«| capricious and unrestrained despotism. It was not uncommon in the biirliarous ages to immolate captives on the tomb of sutk chiefs as had fallen in battle ; and magnificent games were celebrated on those occasions,' The gladiatorial exhibitions, so common at Rome after the Punic wars, seem to have urmvu I out of this practice. These were contests between slaves, denominoted gladiators, luintj I to fight in public for the amusement of a ferocious populace, who took the greatest i!di4il in their sanguinary combots. Thousands of unfortunate wretches were annually sacrilicejl in this inhuman s|)ort. After his triumph over the Ducians, Trajan exhibited spectaeli'!j,io| which no fewer than 11,000 wild beasts of dilTerent kinds were killed, and 10,000 giadiatjn I fought ! — {Adam's Konian Aiil!(/uilks, p. 13 17.) The cruelties inflicted on the slaves occasioned frequent revolts, attended by the inasl dreadful excesses. Wpaitacus, a Thracian captive, destined for the profession of a gladialotj headed a rel)ellion of gladiators and slaves, wliich continued for 3 years, and reiiuindallilifl force of the republic to suppress. When finally defeated by Crassus, about fi,O00ofliii| followers were nailed to the cross, in double rows, that extended almost from Cajiualjl Rome. — {Ferguson, Rom. Krpuli/ic, c. IB.) No one acquainted with the manners of lie I Romans can be surprised at the atrocities of so many of the emperors. The worst of ihenil treated the citizens better than the latter treated the slaves. Humanity could not he looWl for in the rulers of a state in which human life was held in contempt, and human sulFeri^-l made the subject of popular sport. In consequence partly of their ill usage, and partly of its being accounted cheaper to boj I than to breed slaves, vast numbers were annually imported into Italy. Thraco, and tJnl countries round the Black Sea furnished large supplies of the best slaves ; and minitel were olitained from Egypt, Syria, Cappadocia, and other places. Uelus in Ciiicia was tkl greatest slave market of antiquity ; as many as 10,000 slaves have been sold there in a sill gle day. — {SIraho, lib. xiv.) Besides its brutalising influence on the manners of the people, the institution of slavql was in other respects productive of the worst eflects. The best Roman writers bear teni'l mony to the negligence, waste, and bad conduct of slaves. — {Columella, lib. i. § 8.; Fk\ Hist. Nat. lib. xvii. § 3.) The inferiority of the ancients in most of the useful artsisprijl cipally to be ascribed to the prevalence of .slavery, which not only extinguished all eraulvl tion and invention on the part of most of those engaged in industrious employmenls, tal made the employments be considered in some measure disgraceful. In the ancient %M agriculture and arms were the only occupations that were reckoned worthy of a frccmiil The mechanical arts were carried on either wholly by slaves, or by the very dregs ofllil people ; and remained for ages in the same stationary state. The establishment of Christianity contributed more, perhaps, ihan any thini; ol5e,linl| to mitigate, ond finally to suppress the abomination of slavery. But within no verylotJl period after its abolition had been completely elfected in every part of Europe, its hi began to be inflicted on America. * Achilles sacrificed 12 Trojan captives on the tomb of Patroclus.— (//iad, lib. 23.) E. ;o begun, won cxtcnilfJ in f Hlavcry, were wluvfit; iin, mly.in JuiU-a ai'l Uduumo , th,- /,««" «/ 'W' .'-•'. *>'l- li. d not iliHchargc, ulioulJ be- r nx ii» " '"' moiliTU lunw, iln dillWiMU cla>tH»>n 1)1 «liiv,N JflieiitW'il oil tliuilmri'l.r f the muHUTU werB uuil-f y ,.,1, by niHloin, to ncvi^fal > ;tcr triuitfd than in uny " let npic, that " u Blavc wun Uiiet 1 rcpubhiim Uon«!, tho mas- to often trcatoil with Itin nvw [)oHC oUl, useless, or Hii-k shivM ,0 hart jUHlly remarkLHl, " inij. ' luxiin of tho oUler I'lito, to *E (hat ho oBli'Oini'cl a uwli'ss but. | I'ons, whore wlavea won- cdh. nmJc to work in tho dny, were y« built n"il''f Rrouild— (lili,!. M of aiiciout l)uil:>"";>< in Italj for tho criino of ono .:'ily;unill all tho violence of tho mo(l| ;e captives on tho tomb of sud crlobraled on these occasions' ?unic wars, seem to have k;ruwnl denominated Rladialors, \mM , who took tho greatest MM 'retches were annually sacrificejl 1 Trajan exhibited speclacb, ml Jere killed, and 10,000 gladiaWrsI ,t revolts, attended by the \m\ for tho profession of a glailialot.l for 3 years, and reiiuired allltKl by Crassus, about fi,000 of hill extended almost from Capuaul [uainted with the manners of ikl I emperors. The worst of ihml Humanity could not be lookeil contempt, and human sullerinsj , being accounted chcaiier tobiijl led into Italy. Thrace, and tin I If the best slaves ; and minilwil laces. Dolus in Cilicia was till I3S have been sold there in aii»| people, the institution of slarcijl , best Uoinan writers bear »l l_(Cr)/«/rte//a, lib.i. §8.;P««.I In most of the useful arts IS rii»l lot only extinguished all eniij|.| [in industrious employ raenls,te| lisgraceful. In the ancient wrtJ V reckoned worthy of a frce»l Ives, or by the very dregs oflJil Lrhaps, ihan any thini; clse.linl ivery . B ut within no very l»i!!| [very part of Europe, its [>atroclU8.-(«iad, lib. 23.) SLAVES AND SLAVE TRADE. 507 Afrirnn Slave Trade. — Thin infamou*) trolTic wni» commenced by the Portupfucnc, in 1112. The triiilo, however, wan but of triHiiiK extent till the coiniiie unent of the Hixteeiith cen- tury. '" con»e(juen("c, however. i)f the rapid dextruelion of tiin liitliiuiit employed in llio tniiifHof St. Domingo or llayli, Cliurles V. anthoriMeil, in l.')17, the introductiitn into tiio iHlaiul, of .\frican slave* from the eHtaliluhmentfi of the I'ortiiitneHe on tho const of (iiiinea. The coiiriirrenee of the emfH'ror was obtuined by the interce.sHion of the ecUilirated Las (Jasas, lii>l>r the contracts in relation to the ohj-^cts, which objects and contracts have herein-before been declared unlawful; or shall take the charge or eomniand, or navigate, or enter and embark on board, or contract for the taking the charge or cintiniand, or for the navigating or entering and embarking on board of any ship, vessel, or boat, as captain, master, mate, surgeon, or supercargo, knowing that such ship, vessel, or boat, is actually eni|iliiy(>(l, or Is In the same voyage, or upon the same occasion, in respect of which they shall so take the cli;irgenr com- mand, or navigate, or enter and embark, or contract so to do as aforesaid, intended to he employed in accomplishing any nf the objects, or the contracts in relation to the objects, which ohjects and con- tracts have herein-bi'fore been declared unlawful ; nr shall knowingly and wilfully insure, orcnnlrarl for the insuring of any slaves, or any |)roperly or other subject matter engaged or employed In accom- plishing any nf the objects, or the contracts in relation to the objects, which objects ana contrac's have herein-before been declared unlawful ; or shall wilfully and fraudulently forge or coiiiilerlV'it anycer- (ificatc, certillcate of valuation, sentence, or decree of condemnation or roslitution, copy nf sentence or decree of condemnation or restitution, or any receipt (such receipts being recpiired hylhisaciv any part of sucbcertilicate, certiticate of valuation, sentence or decree of condemiiatiun ur ri'stituilog E. jyal assent on the 25th of Lord Grenville. " Thus after a continuance of 20 it of brutal violence, but of ;9 and the honour of their e impulse of avarice, had yen attempted to cUacc all I. were soon discovered to be •y on the trade to a (greater or of their tlags, to become lis practice in 1811, by the hat made trading in slaves lard labour for a term of not liy thoact 5 Geo. 4. c. 113. te statute for the extinction r readers the clauses siill in Y snl'jecl or sulijncta of his Ms- liiiimis, f.rts, stailtMiioiils, fac. nd ill liis Miijesly's (xciipntion rclianls of Knglaiul iniding to I, aftiT llie 1ft lUiy nf .linuiiry, •e llie admiral has jiirisilictinn, t in carrying oway, rniivcyiii', rpcise of his, lier, or lluir lieiiij try, territory, i^r place wlialso- ise'd or dealt with a8 a slave oi cases as are by tliis act punnit- icly and wilfully sliii>, i iiiburk, ne, detaining, or contining, on ■of his, her, or their beingcar- irnosc of his, her, or tlieir Ijein; iitry, territory, or place whiilso- ised, or dealt with as a slave or ; deemed utid adjudged guiliijoS h without bev^t uf clcrgy,-ini the seas ought to suffer.-} 9. of Fdony.—\m\ (except in such trade in, purchase, sell, barter, barter, or transfer of slaves, or as aforesaid, carry away or re- ■ r persons, as or in order to their u importing or bringing iiilnany ,g dealt with as slaves ; or shall, r confine on boanl, or contract i'lningon board of any ship.ves- [rried away or removed, as or in k, receive, deiain, orcimtineon detaining, or continin!! on board .their being imported orbronglil laves ; or shall tit o"t, man, iia- Lor contract for the lilting out, or taking to freicbt or on hire, the contracts in relation to the .unlawful; or shall knowmfly Inco, or contract for tlie leiidms goods, or effects, einployeilor n relation to the objects, which shall knowingly ami wilfully r security, for agents employed In relation to the oljecls, which n any other manner to engage, , or otherwise ; or shall know- ontracl for the shippin?, Iran- boat, money, goods or etlefl!, I, relation to the obj'-cts, which all take the charge or coninianil, the charge or coiiitnanil, or for lel or boat, as captain, inasler, R.'is actually employed, or IS in IshallsolakelhecbMrgeorcoiii. aid, intended to be emplnvcd in ibiecls, which objects and con- iml wilfully insure, or cnulract L'ngagedoremidoyediMiicroni- llich objects ana coiitrat s Mie llv forge or counterleilaiiycer- .r ro.slitution.copyofscnlenoe , lieing required by this ad,. • of condei. nation or resimitioil SLAVES AND SLAVE TRADE. 509 toriy of sentence or decree of condemnation or restitution, or receipt as aforesaid ; or shall knowingly and wilfully utter or publish the same, knowing it to be forged or counterfeited, with intent to di'l'raud his Majesty, or any otlier person or persons whatsoever, or any body politic or corporate ; tlieii, aiij in every such case the persons so offending, and their procurers, counsellors, aiih'rs, and abettors. .•■IkiII he felons, and ehall be transpnrtcd for a term not exceeding 1-1 years, or slialkbl; coiiliiied and kept to liarj labour for a term not exceeding 5 nor less than 3 years, ul the discretion of tlie court before whom sucU oVemlers shall be tried.—} 10. Seamen, i^'C. serving an Board such Ships guilty of Misdemeanour. — And (except in such special cases, or for such special purposes as arc by this act permitted) if any persons shall enter and cmliark on board, or contract for the entering and embarking on board of any ship, vessel, or boat, as petty oll'icer, teainan, marine, or servant, or in any other capacity not herein-bcfore specitically niemioiied, kiiow- jiiBthat such ship, vessel, or boat is actually employed, or Is in the same voyage, or upon tlic^ sanui occasion, in respect of which they shall so enter and embark on board, or contract so to do as afore- said, intended to be employed in accomplishing any of the objects, or the contracts in relation to the objects, which objects and contracts have herein-before been declared unlawful; Iben, and in every such case, the persons so oiremliiig, and their procurers, counsellors, aiders, and abettors, shall be cuiltvofamisdemeanour only, and shall be punished by imprisonment furatcrm not exceeding 2 years. i. p. 413.) to the ever memorable British colonics. In enact iiig this celebrated statute, parliament endeavoured, and, wfe think, successfully, to reconciio the Abolition of Slavery. — We have already alluded (vol. act of 1833, for the Aiiolition of Slavkuy throughout the British colonics. In enacting apparently conflicting claims of humanity and justice, by providing for the cmaiici|iation of the staves, without prejudice to the just rights and claims of their proprietors. 'I'his was effected by assigning to the latter the sum of twenty millions sterling, which is to be dis- tributeJ amongst them on their complying with the provisions of the act. This is the greatest sacrifice ever voluntarily made by any nation in vindication of the right of property. But it was not too great for the object in view ; for had that right been violated in this in- stance, a precedent would have been set for its violation in others, and the con.sequences would have been most disastrous. The measure, in fact, reflects (juite as much credit on the wisdom and honesty, as on the generosity, of the British nation. We subjoin a full abstract of such parts of this important statute as seem to be of general interest. Act3&4 Wn.L. 4. c. 73., ron the Adohtion or Slavery thuoi'chout the British Colonies; for promoting the Industry of the manumitted Slaves ; and for compensating the Persons hitlierto enti- tled to the Services of such Slaves. Slaves to become apprenticed Labourers from \st of August, 1831. — After reciting, that it is expedient that the slaves in the British colonies should be manumitted and set free on compensation being made to those entitled to their services, the act goes on to declare, that from and after the 1st day of .\ugiist, 1*34, all persons who, in conformity with the laws now in force in the said colonics, shall, on or before the 1st day of August, 1831, have been duly registered as slaves in any such colony, and who, on the said 1st day of August, 1834, shall be actually within any such colony, and who shall by such registries appear to he, on the said 1st day of August, 1831, of the full age of (i years or upwards, shall by force and virtue of this act, and without the previous execution of any indenture of apprenticeship, or other deed or instrument for that purpose, become and be apprenticed labourers; provided that, tor the pur- poses aforesaid, every slave engaged in his ordinary occupation on the seas shall be deemed and taken to be within the colony to which such slave shall belong.— 5 1. l(7io entitled to Services of the Slave. — During the continuance of the apprenticeship of any such labourer, such person or persons shall be entitled to the services of such labourer as would for the time being have been entitled to his or her services as a slave if this act had not been made. — } 2. All Slaves brought into U. K. with Consent of Possessors, free.— AW slaves who may at any time pre- vious to the passing of this act have been brought with the consent of their possessors, and all appren- ticed labourers who may hereafter with the like consent be brought, into any part of the United King- dom, shall from and after the passing of this act be absolutely and entirely free to all intents and purposes whatsoever. — i 3. Apprenticed Labourers to be divided into pr(rdial attached, prcrdial unattached, arm non-prwdial . — And whereas it is expedient that such apprenticed labourers should, for the purposes herein-after men- tioned, be divided into 3 distinct classes ; the first consisting of prandial apprenticed labourers attached to the soil, and comprising all persons who in their state of slavery were usually employed in agricul- ture, or in the manufacture of colonial produce or otherwise, upon lands belonging to their owners ; the second consisting of prandial apprenticed labourers not attached to the soil, and comprising all per- sons who in their state of slavery were usually employed in agriculture, or in the manufiicture of colonial produce or otherwise, upon lands not belonging to their owners ; and the third consisting of non-pra'dial apprenticed labourers, and comprising all apprenticed labourers not included within eiilier of the 2 preceding classes ; be it therefore enacted, that such division shall be carried into ctl'ect in such manner and form, and subject to such rules and regulations, as shall for that purpose be esta- blished by such acts of assembly, ordinances, or orders in council as are herein-after mentioned : pro- vided always, that no person of the age of 12 years and upwards shall be included in either of the said ^classes of priedial apprenticed laboiii'ers, unless such person shall for 12 calendar months at the least next before the passing of this act have been habitually employed in agriculture or In the manufacture of colonial produce.— } 4. Apprenticeship of the pro-dial Labourers limited.— Tio person who, by virtue of this act, or of any act of assembly, ordinance, or order in council, shall become a pra-dial apprenticed labourer, whether altacheil or not to the soil, shall continue in such apprenticcshiii beyond the 1st day of August, IHtO ; and during such apprenticeship, no such prieilial apprenticed labourer shall be boiiiid or liable to per- form any labour in the service of his or her employer or employers fur mure than 45 hours in one week.—} 5. •Apprenticeship of the non-prcFdial Labourers. — No person who, by virtue of this act, or of any act of assembly, ordinance, or order in council, shall become a non-pra'dial apprenticed labourer, shall con • tinue in such apprenticeship beyond the 1st day of August, 18.(8.— J 6. Labourer may be discharged by Ai.? EHi/i/uj/pc-If before such apprenticeship shall have expired, lilt person or persons entitled during the remainder of any such term to the services of such npprenlicctl labourer shall be desironsto discharge him or her from such apprenticeship, it shall be lawful for such person nr persons so to do by deed or instrument; which deed or ii'Strument shall be in such form, and shall he executed and recorded in such manner and with such solemnities, as shall bo prescribed under authority : provided that, if any person so discharged from apprenticeship by voluntary act as 2 v2 m ■'S' 1 1-: . .1 510 SLAVES AND SLAVE TRADE I 1 I ( , - nfnreHaid shall at that time be of the age of 50 years or upwards, or shall he then lahnurinff under anj such disease or mental or bodily intirniity as may render him or her incniialle of earning liis or her subsistence, the person or persons so discharging such apprenticed labourer shall continue and he |j;,. !de to provide for his or her support and maintenance during the remaining term of the apprcnliccshm Bs fully as if such labourer had not been discharged.—} 7. ' ^jiprenticcd Labourer vtay purchase his Vise har^re.— It shall be lawful for any apprenticed lahniirerio purchase his or her discharge from such apprenticeship, even without the consent, cjr in opp(isiti„n,jc necessary, to the will of the person or persons entitled to his or her services, upon paynicnt losud, person or persons of the appraised value of such services ; the appraisennMit being cficcled, the pur. chase money being paid and applied, and the discharge being given ami e cutcd, in fuih nuiniieranii form, and subject to such conditions, as shall be prescribed by competent aulhurily.— J S. Jippreulictd Labourers not rcmorable fnnii the t'(;/i/?i;/.— No apprenticed liilionrer shall be sniijccloi liable to bo removed from the colony to which he may belong; and no pra'diiil apprenticed laihnrif who may become attached to the soil shall be subject or liabli; to perform any labour in the prrviceff liis or lier employer or employers except upon the work.s and business of the plantations or eslaies lo whicli he or she had been attached, or on which lie or hhe had been usually employed previ(,ii..,|y ,„ the said 1st day of August, IbSl; provided that, with the consent iji writing of any 2 iir iiKjn. jug. tices of peace holding such special commission as lien iii-al'ler mentioned, it shall be lawful Inr tlin.-e entitled to the services of any prailial apprenticed labourer or labimrers to transfer his or tlieirstr. vices ti) any other estate or plantation within the same colony belonging to them ; wliich written cnnstni shall in no case be given, or be of any validity, unless such justices of the peace shall tirst have as. cerlaincd that such transfer would not separate any such apprenticeloiiiiiiiicii with svliich the voluntary discharge of any apprenticed labourer may be elfi-cleil, and for pr.si ribiuK the manner in and the solemnities with which the purchase by any apprenliieil lalioiirer of liis or her discharge from such apprenticeship, without, or in opposition, if necessary, to, Iho consent of those entitled to his or her services, shall be efTected, and how the necessary appraiseiiicnt of ihe future value of such services shall be made, and how and to whom the amount of such appriiisciin.Mit shall he P'lid ■I"*' ttpplied, and in what manner and by whom the discharge shall be given, l'^<'cllted, and recorded: and it is also necessary, for the preservation of peace throughout the said (ulniiies, that proper regulations should be established for the maintenance of order and good discipline amongst Uio said apprenticed labourers, and for insuring the punctual discharge of the services due by them tu their employers, and for the prevention and punishment of indolence, or the negli'it or improper performance of work by any apprenticed labourer, and for enforcing the due pcrforinance by such labourer of any contract into which ho or she may voluntarily enter for any hired service during the time ill which he or she may not be bound to labour for his nr her employer, and for the prevention and punishment of insolence and insubordination on the part of such apprenticed labourers towards their employers, and for the prevention and punishment of vagrancy, or of any conduct on the part of anvsuch apprenticed labourers injuring or tending to ihe injury of the property of any employer, and fur the suppression and puniaiiment of any riot or combined resistance of the laws on the part of such apprenticed labourers, and for preventing the escape of such apprenticed labourers, during their term of apprenticeship, from the colonics to wliich they may belong : and whereas it will also be necessary for the protection of such apprenticed labourers, that various regulations should be framed and esta- blished in the said colonies for securing punctuality and method in supplying them with food, clothing, lodging, medicines, medical attendance, and such other maintenance and allowances as they are enti- tled to receive, and for regulating the amount and quality of all such articles in cases where tlii; laws at present e.\lstingmay not have made any regulation or any adequate regulation for that purpose ; and it is also necessary that proper rules should be established for the |ireventioii and punishment of any frauds which might be practised, or of any omissions or neglects which might occur, respecting the quantity or the quality of the supplies so to be furnished, nr respecting the periods for the delivery of the same : and whereas it is necessary, in those cases in which the food of any such pra'dial appren- ticed labourers as aforesaid may either wholly or in part be raised by themselves by the cull ivat ion of ground set apart and allotted for that purpose, that proper regulations sliould he made and estublished . as to the extent of such grounds, and as to the distance at which such grounds may be so allotted from the ordinary place of abode of such pra:dial apprenticed labourers, and respecting the deductions to be made from the cultivation of such grounds from the annual time during which such pricdial appren- ticed labourers are declared liable to labour: and whereas it may also be necessary, by such regula- tions, to secure to apprenticed labourers the enjoyme-t for their own benelit of that portion of their time during which they are not required to labour in the service of their respective employers, and for securing exactness in the compulation of the time during which such labourers are required to labour in the service of their employers ; and it is also necessary that provision should be made for prevent- ing the imposition of task-work on any apprenticed labourer without his or her free consent to under- take the same ; but it may be necessary by such regulations in certain cases to require and provide for the acquiescence of the minority of the pra;dial apprenticed labourers attached to any plantation or estate in the distribution and apportionment amongst their whole body of any task-work which the majority of them shall be willing and desirous collectively to undertake ; and it is also necessary that regulations should be made respecting any voluntary contracts into which any apprenticed labourers may enter with their respective employers or with any other person for hired service for any future period, and for limiting the greatest period of time to which such voluntary contract may extend, and for enforcing the punctual performance of such contracts on the part both of such labourers and of tho.4e engiiging fur their employment and hire ; and it is also necessary that regulations should be made for the prevention or punishment of any cruelty, injustice, or other wrongor injury done to or inflicted upon any such apprenticed labourers by those entitled to their services ; and it is also necessary that proper r ulations should be made respecting the manner and form in which indentures of apprentice- shipsknli be made on behalf of children, and respecting the registering and preservation of such inden- tures: and whereas it is also necessary that provision should be made for insuring promptitude and despatch, and for preventing unnecessary expense, in the discharge by the justices of the peace of the jurisdiction and authorities committed to them, and for enabling such justices to decide in a summary way such questions as may be brought before them in that capacity, and for the division of the coIo- iiies into districts for the purposes of such jurisdiction, and for the frequent and punctual visitation by snch justices of the apprenticed labourers within their respective districts; and it is also necessary that regulations should be made for indemnifying and protecting such justices of the peace in the up- right execution and discharge of their duties : and whereas such regulations could not without great Inconvenience be made except by the respective governors, councils, and assemblies, or other local legislatures of the said respective colonies, or by his Majesty, with the advice of his privy council, in reference to those colonies to which the legislative authority of his Majesty in council extends ; be it therefore enacted and declared, that nothing iii this act contained extends or shall be construed to e.Uend to prevent the enactment by the respective governors, councils, and assemblies, or by such oiher local legislatures as aforesaid, or by his Majesty, with the advice of his privy council, of any such acts of general assembly, or ordinances, nr orders in council as may be requisite for making and establishing such rules and regulations, or for carrying the same into full and complete effect: provided nevertheless, that it shall not be lawful for any such governor, council, and assembly, or fiirany local legislature, or for his Majesty in council, to make or establish any enactment, regulation, p pision, rule, or order in anywise repugnant or contradictory to this present act, but that every such ei Ictment, regulation, &c. shall be and is declared to be absolutely null and void. — i 16. ■ keh Colonial ^cts may not authorise the whipping or Punishment of ihe Labourer. — It shall not be lawful for any such governor, &c., or other colonial legislature, or for his Majesty in council, by any such act, ordinance, ^c, to authorise any one entitled to the services of any apprenticed labourer, or any person or persona other than justices of the peace holding special commissions as aforesaid, to punish any apprenticed labourer for any offence committed or alleged to have been committed, by the whipping, beating, or imprisonment of his or her person, or by any other personal correction or pu- nishment whatsoever, or by any addition to the hours of labour hurein-bcforc limited ; nor to authorise any court, judge, nr justice to punish any apprenticed labourer, being a female, for any offence by her committed, by whipping or beating her person ; and that every enactment, regulation, &c. for any such purpose is hereby declared to be absolutely null and of no effect : provided always, that nothing Inthiaact contained doth or shall extend to exempt any apprenticed labourer from the operation of any law nr police regulation in force for the prevention or punishment of any offence, such law or police regulation being in force against and applicable to all persons of free condition.— ( 17. The next 2 sections provide that none but special justices, holding commissions as aforesaid, shall act in execution of this act, or interfere between apprenticed labourers and their employers; but re- serving to the supreme courts such powers in relation hereto as may now be vested in them. m ; 61*2 SLAVES AND SLAVE TRADE. —■<''■ /,ji* ** , .-Si Ml" .. ^ ■■'^ ■■-"•• -J If.....-- r*'' «-lIM»''J Apprenticed Labourers not to besubjeet to ^Prolan ffatinn or Renewal of Apprenticeship. — No apprcmicej labourer shall, by act of assembly, ordinance, or order In council, he rendered liable, In respnrt of aiiy ofTeiice, or upon any pretext whatsoever, except as hereafter ia nieiitioned, to any prolon|,'utiiiii , as to his Majesty shall seem meet, to he commissioners of arbitration for in(|uiring into ami deciding upon the claims to compensation which may be preferred to them under this act.—} ,1,1. Sections 31. to 43. inclusive, regulate the appointment of, meetings, and manner cf proceeding be- fore, the commissioners. JV'« Part of Compensation to be applicable to any Colony tmless his Majesty declare that adequate Pro- vision has been made by the Legislature thereof. — No part of the said sum of 20,000,000/. sterling shall be applied for the benefit of any person now entitled to the services of any slave in any of the colonies, unless an order shall have been first made by his Majesty in council, declaring that adequate and satisfactory provision hath been made by law in such colony for giving etl'ect to this present act by such further and supplementary enactments as aforesaid, nor unless a certified copy of such order In council shall have been transmitted to the commissioners of his Majesty's treasury for their giililanre or information; and every such order shall be published 3 several times in Ihe London OuMle^ani Bhall be laid before both houses of parliament within 6 weeks next after tlie date thereof, if parliament shall be then in session, and if not, within 6 weeks from the next ensuing session. — } 11. The Commissioners to apportion the Compensation Fund. — The said commissioners shell proceed to apportion the said sum into 19 diiferent shares, which shall be respectively assigned to the several British colonies or possessions, viz. the Itermud.i Islands, the Uahama Islands, .lamaica, nuiidnras, the Virgin Islands, Antigua, Montserrat, Nevis, St. Cliristopher's, Dominica, Uarbadoes, (ir('nad:\,^t. Vincent's, Tobago, St. Lucia, Trinidad, British Ouiana, tli-; Cape of Oood Mope, and Mauritius; and in making s'icli apportionment of the said funds among the several colonies, the coiumissiimerssball and are rei|uired to have regard to the nuinlier of slaves belonging to or settled in each of such colo- nies, as the same may appear and are stated according to the latest relurns made in the ollico of the registrar of slaves in England, appointed under the authority of the act 'y'i (Jeo. 3. c. 120., intituled "An Act for establishing a Registry of Colonial Slaves in ttreat Britain, and for making further Provision with respect to the ttemoval of Slaves from British Colonies;" and the said commissioners arc further required, in making such apportionment, to have regard to the prices for which, on an average of 8 years ending tue Slst day of Deceinher, 1830, slaves have been sold in each colony, excluding from consideration any sales in which they shall have siiincicnt reason to suppose that slaves were sold or purchased under any reservation, or suhject to any e"pre8S or tacit condition alfecting their price and the said commissioners shall then proceed to ascertain, in reference to each colony, what nmount of sterling money will represent the average value of a slave therein for the said period of tj years; and the total number of the slaves in each colony being multiplied into the amount of sterling Inoncy so representing such average value of a slave therein, the product of such multiplication shall lie as- certained for each colony separately ; and the said 20,000,000/. sterling shall then bo assigned to and apportioned amongst the said several colonies rateably and in proportion to the product so ascertained for each resfiectively.— } 'l.'i. JVu Compensation to be allowed for Per.J3| p. 53.) Slaves were freely imported in immense numbers into Brazil, till February, 1830, when the trade was to cease, conformably to the convention entered into with this country on ihc 83d of June, 1826. — (See Rio nr. Janeiho.) But whether the clandestine and iile),'al, as well as the open and legitimate importation of slaves, be at an end, is more than we can un- dertake to say. On the whole, we are afraid that nothing short of a declaration by the great powers, makiti" the slave trade piracy, will be sufficient entirely to rid humanity of its guilt and horrors, ° IDistribution of Slave Compensation. — The Comniissioners for the apportionment of tlie sum of 30,000,000/. granted by parliament as compensation to slave owners, under tlie act 3 & 4 Will |. r„„ 73., have issued the following table. It shows the average value of a slave in each colony ; iha niinli ber of slaves in each by the last registration ; the total value of the slaves, supposing tlic iuimiui vain. of each were realised ; and the proportion of the 20,000,0002. to which each colony is entitled. Colony. Average Value of a Slave from 1S22 to 1830. Number of Slave! by the hist Re- gislration in tt.is Country. Relative Value oflhe Slaves. Proportion nf ilie 20,000,000/1,, wliiclieidi Colony is entiiltj. Beimuda • . • . . Ballainaa - - - . - Jamaica . . . . - Hondurafl . - - - - Virrin Island! .... Antipia MoDt»errat .... Nevii ..... St. Chriitophert . . - • Dominica . - . > . BarbaJoet ..... Grenada ..... St. Vincent'! .... Tobago ..... St. Lucia Trinidad British Guiana .... Cape of Good Hope Mauritius ..... L. I. d. 27 4 11 3-t 29 18 9 3 4 44 15 2 1-4 120 4 7 1-2 31 16 13.4 32 12 10 1-2 36 17 10 3 4 39 3 113 4 36 6 1034 43 8 7 1-2 47 I 3 1-2 69 6 68 6 8 45 12 1-2 66 18 7 106 4 6 1-4 114 II 6 1-4 73 9 II 69 14 3 4,203 9,705 311,692 1,920 6,192 29,537 6,355 8,722 20,660 I4,3S4 82,807 23,536 22,997 11,621 13,348 22,359 84,915 38.427 68,613 L. t. d. 114,627 7 6 1-4 299,.573 IS 33.4 13,931,139 2 3 230,844 165,143 9 2 961,198 10 1-2 234,466 8 1-4 341,893 6 3 1-2 760,840 7 1 624,715 2 3,897,276 19 1.2 1,396,684 16 1,341,491 13 4 629,941 16 21-2 739,890 10 4 2,352.635 18 3-4 9,729,047 13 6 1.4 2,824.224 7 9 4,783,183 16 3 /. ». rf. 60,584 7 1.2.41 I2S,340 7 63.4.47 6, 161, 927 5 103.4-5? 101,938 19 7 1.2-92 72,940 8 5l4-:6 425,866 7 01.4.13 103,5,8 IS 3 .38 151,007 2 1134-33 331,630 lU 7 1-4 -82 ' 275,923 12 8 |.2 -30 1,721,345 19 7 .g7 1 616,444 17 7 <3 ' 692,508 IS 01.4.93 i 234,164 4 1134 35 33.5,627 15 113 4-19 1,03!),II9 1 3 1211 4,297,117 10 6 1.2 30 1,247,401 7 3.4-6 1 2,ll2,fc32 10 II3.4 06 1 Deficient fractions -CH I 780,993 4.3,281,738 15 10 14 20,000,000 i [It was by an act of Congress, passed on the 2d of March, 1807, that the importation of slaves iiiio the United States was prohibited, under severe penalties, after the Ist of .Tanuary, 180S ; this belli; the earliest day on which the prohibition was allowed, by the constitution nf the general governnicni, to talprcs3ively high duties. It does not originate in any depravity inherent in man ; but in the folly and ignorance of legislators. A prohibition against importing a commodity does not take away the taste for it ; and the imposition of a high duty on any article occasions a universal desiro to escape or evade its payment. Hence the rise and occupation of the smuggler. The risk of being detected in the clandestine introduction of commodities under any sy.stcm of fiscal regulations may always be valued at a certain average rate; and wherever the duties exceed this rate, smuggling immediately takes place. Now, there are plainly hut two ways of checking this practice, — either the temptation to smuggle must be diminished by lowering the duties, or the difficulties in the way of smuggling must be increased. The first ia obviously the more natural and efficient method of effecting the object in view ; but the second has been most generally resorted to, even in cases where the duties were quite excessive. Governments have uniformly almost consulted the persons employed in the collection of the revenue with respect to the best mode of rendering taxes effectual ; though it is clear that the interests, prejudices, and peculiar habits of such persons utterly disqualify them from forming a sound opinion on such a subject They cannot recommend a reduction of duties as a means of repressing smuggling and increasing revenue, without acknowlcdijing their own incapacity to detect and defeat illicit practices ; and the result has been, that, instead of ascribing the prevalence of smuggling to its true causes, the officers of customs and excise have almost universally ascribed it to some defect in the laws, or in the mode of administering Ihem, and have proposed repressing it by new regulations, and by increasing the number and severity of the penalties affecting the smuggler. As might have been expected, these at- tempts have, in the great majority of cases, proved signally unsuccessful. And it has been invariably found, that no vigilance on the part of the revenue officers, and no severity of punishment, can prevent the smuggling of such commodities as are either prohibited or bailed with oppressive duties. The smuggler is generally a popular character ; and what- ever the law may declare on the subject, it is quite ludicrous to expect that the bulk of society will ever be brought to think that those who furnish them with cheap brandy, geneva, tobacco, &c. are guilty of any very heinous offence. " To pretend," says Dr. Smith, " to have any scruple about buying smuggled goods, though a manifest encouragement to the violation of the revenue laws, and to the perjury which almost always attends it, would, in most countries, be regarded as one of those pedantic pieces of hypocrisy, which, instead of gaining credit with any body, seems only to expose the person who affects to practise them to the suspicion of being a greater knave than most of ills neighbours. By this indulgence of the public, the smuggler is often encouraged to con- tinue a trade, which he is thus taught to consider as, in some measure, innocent ; and when the severity of the revenue laws is ready to fall upon him, he is frequently disposed to defend I wuh violence what he has been accustomed to regard as his just property ; and from being at first rather iniprudent than criminal, he, at last, too often becomes one of the most deter- mined violaters of the laws of society." — ( Wealth of Nations, vol. iii. p. 49 1.) To create by means of high duties an overwhelming temptation to indulge in crime, and Ilea to puuish men for indulging in it, is a proceeding completely subversive of every prin ..4 616 SMUGGLING. IT *■ ■ r 1 » MIL. '.iii|;lntij any one of the said islands; any s\ich vessel or boat so found or discovered, liaving on board orin any manner attached thereto, or having had on board or in any manner attached thereto, or conveyinr or having conveyed in any manner, any spirits not being in a cask or package containing 4U ifallonsii tlie least, or any ten exceeding 6 lbs. v/eight in the whole, or any tobacco or snulf not being in a aA or packaec containing 4.^0 lbs. weight at least, or being packed separately in any manner within any cask or package, or any cordage or other articles adapted and prepared for slinging or sinkiufsmili casks, or any casks or other vessels whatsoever of less size or content than 40 gallons, of the desciip- tion used for the smuggling of spirits, then and in every such case the said spirits, tea, tuhacco, or snutr, together with the casks or packages containing the same, and the cordage or oilrer arilclei, casks, and other vessels of the description aforesaid, and also the vessel or boat, shall be forfeited.-^i! jS»;/ Vessel or Boat arrivinjr within any Port of the U. K. having prohibited Oouds on board, f«rjt\i;i, unless there was no IVant of Care in the Master or Owner. — If any vessel or boat whatever sinill arrive or shall be found or discovered to have been within any port, harbour, river, or creek of ilie I'liM Kingdom, not being driven thereinto by stress of weather or other unavoidable accident, iiavinggg board or in any manner attached thereto, or having liad on board or in any manner attached therelo, or conveying or having conveyed in any manner, within any such port, liarbour, river, or creek, an; spirits not being in a cask or package containing 40 gallons at the least, or any tobacco nr siiiitt'noi being in a cask or package containing 4A0 lbs. weight at least, or being [lacked separately in any man- ner within any cask or package, every such vessel or boat, together with such spirits or tobaccoor snutf, shall be forfeited : provided always, that if it shall lie made appear to the satisfaction of llic commissioners of his Majesty's customs that the said spirits, tobacco, or snutf were on board wilhout the knowledge or privity of the owner or master of such vessel or bout, and wilhout any wilful negleti or want of reasonable care on their or either of their behalves, that then and in such case the said commissioners shall and they are hereby authorised and required to deliver up the said vessel orboai { to the owner or master of the same.—} 3. Certain Cases in which Vessels shall not be forfeited.~-'Nothing herein contained shall extend loren- der any vessel liable to forfeiture on account of any tobacco or snuff from the East Indies bein; in I packages oflOOIbs. weight each at least, or on account of any segars being in packages of 100 His. tveltlil each at least, or on account of any tobacco made up in rolls, being tlie produce of and inipimcd from the State of Colombia, and in packages containing 320 lbs. weiglit each at least, or on accoinil o/any tobacco of the dominions of the Turkish empire which may be separated or divided in any manner I within the outward package, provided such package be a hogshead, cask, chest, or case conlainin; 450 lbs. weight nett at least, or on account ol^ uny rum of and from the British (dantatlons in mil containing 20 gallons at the least, or on account of any spirits, tea, or tobacco really Intended for the consumption of the seamen and passengers on board during tlieir voyage, and not being rnnreia quanlily than is necessary for that |iurpo!,e, or to render any square-rigged vessel liable to lorleiture on account of any tea, or of any spirits in glass bottles, being really part of the cargo of such shlp,3Di included in the manifest of such ship, or to render any vessel liable to forfeiture if really hound fm one foreign port to another foreign port, and pursuing such voyage, wind and weatlier periniuiii|, — }4. Vessels belonging to his Majesty's Subjects, J^c. throwing overboard any Ooods during Chase, forfdtii I — When any vessel or boat belonging in the whole or in part to his Majesty's subjects, or having io( the persons on board subjects of his Majesty, sliall be found within lUO leagues of the coast of ibi) kingdom, and shall not bring to upon signal made by any vessel or boat in his Majesty's service, u in ( SMUGGLING. 510 ruyante ; and he may truly jhibited, is introduced into ton twist, and various other ivcrywhero met with, luropo, by uplioldini; vicious mutually injure each other, id variety of their productj, :ce than is carried on by any 's advancement, and the pre- ,h, their intercourse has Iwn I narrowest UmiU ; most part, imato channels ; so that what alth, and the most i)owerful y productive of crime andJe. as to their interest. Hmm^ possint. . . ^f(i "' '"«?"« c nulla tarn detestabiUs ptilii lib. ii. c. 6.) id on illicit dealing in comnio. es on such commodities. Tlw id penalties, refers entirely ij 18 to give it nearly entire. ijj Of Smuoclino. •„rfeiled—if any vessel not lieinj Wiiiesty's Hul)j«cl»,or ImvingJiiK B(lio Imve bceiiwitliin lOOIuatuei le whole or In part ^^Ms Mujosiy'i V or any foreign vessel iiol bein? re'suhjccls of his Miijesly, shall:, tho United Kingdom wliidi is be. on the coasl of Sussex, or williinj 'any foreign vessel or l)oal shall bt . United Kingdom; or ifaiiyvcsid ',( the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, river, or creek of or belDiigiiiBto discovered, having on board ohn luer attached llicreto, or conveying ir package containing 40 gallons ii obacco or snulf not being in a aA parately in any manner wilhiiiany tpared for slinging or sinking simll ent than 40 gallons, of the desciip. U the said spirits, tea, luhacco.oi , [ and the cordage or other aniclei, fssel or boat, shall be forfeiled.-H. \trohibiled Goods on board, forfnt;i Wsel or boat whatever shall arr.ve foour, river, or creek of llie I'niled r unavoidable accident, having oa Ir ill any manner attached iherelo, port, harbour, river, or creek, any I least, or any tobacco or snuff not ine packed separately in any man- '•r with such spirits or tohaccooi ) appear to the satisfaction of ibe lo or snutf were on board wilhom Ut and without any wilful negleti hat then and in such case the said deliver up the said vessel or toil Icin contained shall extend loren- Iff from the East Indies bems iii leing in packages of 100 Ih9.nei?lil llie produce of and iinporlcilfroin lach at least, or on acconnl ni any larated or divided in any manner Td cask, chest, or case conlaininj li the British plantations in cas i lor tobacco really intended for lb« Ir voyage, and not being more u le-risged vessel liable to forleiiurt t,art of the cargo of such ship, mJ fto forfeiture if really houmUrom le, wind and weather pernuiuni, hny Goods during ChaseJorfM l^lajcsty'ssubjects or having » In 100 leagues of the coast otltiB Voat in his Majesty's service, 01 ui tht iiervlc« of the revenue, hnliiing the proper pendant and ensign, In order to bring such vessel or boat to, and thereupon chase shall he given, if any person or perNons on board surh vessel nr liiiiit so chiisi'd shall, during tho chase or hefciru such vessel or boat shall lirliiu to, throw overboard any part of the iadlngof iuch vt'ssel or boat, or shall stave or destroy any partof sucli lading, to prevent seizure Ihereof, then and in such case the said vessel or boat shall be forl'eltrd ; nnti all pers4)iis escaping front inch vessels or hoali, or from any foreign vessel or boat, during any chase niaiUi thereof by any vchhoI or bout In his Majesty's service or in the service of the revenue, shall be dueiiied and taken to be sub- locii of his Majesty, unless it shall be proved to tho contrary ,—i S. VdhIh in Port mth a Cargo, anil aftericarilnfounil in Bnlinut, and Cargo unaccnunttd for, forfriled. — Ifany vessel or boat whatever shall he found within the liuills of any port of the Hulled Kliigdnni with a cargo on board, and such vessel nr boat shall afterwards lie found light nr In ballast, and ilie master Is iinalilu 10 g've a due account of the port or place within the United Kliigdmn whore such vvkhcI or hoat shall have legally discharged her cargo, such vessel or boat shall be forfeited.— j 0. Higtilalioiig as to Vctstla nailtng from (hternsey, Jtmcij, S[e. — No vessel or boat belonging wholly or In part lo his Majesty's subjects shall sail from (iuernsey, .lersey, Alilerncy, Hark, or Man (ienrance, whether in ballast or having a cargo ; and if with a cargo, the master Majesty, in double the value of the vessel or boat and of the cargo, for duly '' nnri for which the vessel clears ; and every such vessel or hoat not having s without a hall give bond to his landing the same at the norl tor wnicii iiic v,TBBt:i i^iuum , iiim cvciy Bu^i, vrcaiTi ill ifiiui not iii^vihk sucli Clearance, or which, having a clearance fur a cargo, shall be found light or with any part of the cargo discharged before delivery thereof at the |)ort specilled in the clearance (unless through necessity or for preservation of llie vessel or boat, to he proved to thu satisfaction of the coiiimissionera of his Majesty's customs), shall be f.irfelted.— } 7. hatch to bring to «u being chased by VessrU or Boats nf the JVary or in Preventire Serrier. —In case any vessel or boat liable to seizure or examination under any act or law for the prevention of siniig- cllnl shall not bring to on being required so to do, on being chased hv any vessel or boat in II. M. navy having the proper pendant and ensign of 11. M. ships lioisted, or by any vessel or boat duly cm- navy sign hoisted, it shall be lawful ninyed fur the prevention of smuggling, having a proper pendant and ensli for the captain, master, or other iierson having charge or command of such vessel or boat In II. M. navy, or employed as aforesaid, dlrst causing a gun to be fired as a signal,) to fire at or into such ves- sel or lioat; and such captain, master, nr other person acting in his aid or assistance, or by his direc- tion, shall be indemnitied and discharged from any indictment, penalty, action, or otiier proceeding for lodfling.— { l^' yesstls belonging to his Majesty's Subjects not to hoist any Pendant, Ensign, or Colours usually worn hykia Majesty's Ships.— 1( any person or persons shall, from and after the passing of this act, wear, carry, or hoist in or on board any vessel or boat whatever beliuiging to any of his Majesty's subjects, whether the same be merchant or otherwise, without particular warrant for so doing from his Ma- lesty, or the High Admiral of Great liritain, or the coinmissioners for executing the ofHce of High Ailniiral of Great Britain, II. M. jack, commonly called the Union Jack, or any pendant, ensign, or colours usually worn by U. M. ships, or any flag, Jack, penilant, ensign, or colours resembling those ofhis Majesty, or those used on board II. M. ships, or any other ensign or colours than the ensign or colours by any proclamution of his Majesty now in force or hereafter to be issued prescribed to ba worn, then and in every such case the master or other person having the charge or command thereof, or the owner or owners on board the same, and every other person so ofTending, shall forfeit and pay the 8«ni of MM. ; and it shall be lawful for any officer or oHicerg of II. M. navy on full pay, or for any oflicer or offlcers of customs or excise, to enter on board any such vessel or boat, and to seize any guch flag. Jack, pendant, ensign, or colours, and the same shall thereupon be forfeited.— } 9. fusels and Boats used in Removal of run Goods to be forfeited. — All vessels and boats made use of in the removal, carriage, nr conveyance of any goods liable to forfeiture under this or any other act re- lating to the revenue of customs, shall bo forfeited.—} 10. BootJt of V'essels to have thereon the JVame 9f Vissel, Port, and Master. — The owner of every vessel belonging in the whole or in part to any of his Majesty's subjects shall paint or cause to be painted upon the outside of the stern of every hoat belonging to such vessel, the name of such vessel, and the port or place to which she belongs, and the master's name withinside the transom, in white or yellow Roman letters, not less than 2 inches in length, on a black ground, on pain of the forfeiture of such boat not so marked, wherever the same shall be found.— ^ II. Boats not belonging to Ships to have M'ante of Owner, ^e. thereon. — The owner of every boat not belonging to any vessel shall paint or cause to be painted upon the stern of such boat, in while or yel- low Roman letters of 2 inches in length, on a black ground, the name of the owner or owners of the boat, and the port or place to which she belongs, on pain of the forfeiture of such boat not so marked, wherever the same shall be found.—} 12. yesstls and Boats used in piloting or fishing to be painted Black. — The owner or owners of every vessel or boat employed on the coast of the United Kingdom in piloting or fishing shall paint or tar every such vessel or boat, or cause the same to be painted or tarred, entirely black, except the name or other description now required by law to be painted on sUch vessel or boat ; and every such vessel or boat not so painted or tarred, and every boat so painted as to resemble any boat usually employed for the prevention of smuggling or in any other employment in II. M. service, shall be forfeited: provided always, that nothing herein contained shall extend to prevent any distinguishing mark being placed onany vessel or boat, or to be otherwise painted, if the commissioners of customs think proper to allow the same, expressing it so in tlie licence of said vessel or boat. — } 13. British Vessels having secret Places, Jf-r. forfeited. — All vessels and boats belonging in the whole or in part to H. M. subjects, having false t)ulkhcads, false bows, double sides or bottoms, or any secret or disguised place whatsoever in the construction of the said vessel or boat adapted for the purpose of concealing goods, or having any hole, pipe, nr other device in or about the vessel or boat adapted for the purpose of running goods, shall be forfeited, with all the guns, furniture, amnmnition, tackle, and apparel belonging to such vessel or boat; and all foreign vessels or 'boats, not being square-rigged, Cuming to any port of the United Kingdom, having on board any goods liable to the payment of duties, or prohibited to be imported, concealed in false bulkheads, false bows, double sides or bottoms, or any secret or disguised place in said vessel or boat, shall be forfeited.—} 14. Goods concealed on board forfeited, and all Goods packed therewith. — If any goods which are subject to any duty or restriction in respect of importation, or which are prohibited to be imported into the United Kingdom, shall be found concealed in any manner on board any vessel, or shall be found, either before or after landing, to have been concealed in any manner, in such case all such goods, and all ether goods packed with them, shall he forfeited.--} 15. Licences.— A*. B. The clauses of this act, with respect to the licensing of ships, from } 16. \.-y ) 27. both inclusive, are given under the word Licences. Vessels and Goods. Ooods unshipped toithout Payment of Duty, and prohibited Goods, liable to forfeiture. — If any goods liable to the payment of duties be unshipped from any vessel or boat in the United Kingdom or the Isle I of Man (customs or other duties not being tirst paid or secured), or if any prohibited goods whatsoever 620 SMUGGLING. I ) •■r» J b« Imported into any part of lh« United Kingdom or ofllie lile ofMnn, or If any goodi warohniiicd or nllinrwliin neciired In liie llnllod Klnudoni, fur liiinin riinmiriiplloii or cxporlnlldn lie clanilpunni |y ,,^ lllugully riMiKived frnin any wnrelionie or pluci' of iKciirily, lliiin nnd In nvrry ■ncliiBio nil mirti Knodi ■hull III! forfeited, toRetliiir with all liomt-ii luid otlior unliiiuli, and all currlaKei luid other tlilni(«, „u\it die of In tlin removal of snch goodi.— ^ 'M. Hpirilt ami 'I'ubarrn found tcuhuiit a I'cnnit lo b» dttmeil ri/Ti.— All iiplrll» or tnhnrro which nlmll \,f, found riMoovIng wllliout u liiitul permit for th« Haniu *hull li« drvincd to hi; rnlrllii or liilinno hiilili; i^ and iiniihlppud without pnynieiit of duty, unlvii the parly lit whoso pniHeiilon the laine bo fiiuridot •elT.Rd prove to the contrary.— } UK. Heilrutid (ioodi to be dtrmtd run.— All gonda thfl Iniporlnllon of wlilch li in nny wny rcairirti'j which urn of n duHcrlptloti ndniliHlltlH loilnly,aod wlilili ii|i:ill hi! foiiiiil mid hcI/imI In tho lliiltnl Kiiji.' dom iind^r nny law rttlntlnir to ilie ciialoniH or exriiic, hIiuM, tor Ilie piirpom- nf procccillnir fur ilni f,„] fultiiruof them, or for any piiniiily IncorrtMl In rpuppit of th<-iii, hu doirlln-d in nny lnforiimii(,nrt' hllilled on nccuunt of audi forfeiture or puniilly a« gnoilit linliiu to und uiialilppi'd without pnyiin'nh.r dulii.'H.— ; :io. ProhibUed Goodi fhippid or u>at$rbiirne, wilH intent li> br iipnrted, i^r. furftitrd, iV«— 'f "Oy Cnd^ n,,,. hibltt.'d III lilt exported lie put on Imnrd any vrani'l or Imat with liili'iil lo he iaili'ii or alilppvil lor i'\|j„,|] utiiiM, or lie hrouiiht to iiiiy quny, whurf, or iillicr yXwtv In llii; Dniled KliiHiluin to tie put on lniMrd any vi.'HHel or boat fur lli« piirpiiio> of lieiiix exporled, or if nny k.i(i(I» prnliiliiteJ In he exported, lie liiinilin any pnckiiife produced to llie oltlccr or oilicerfi of the iiixloiiiii mi contaliiiiiir K'>odi not 'o prii||||,i|,.,{ then and In every inch cnte, not only nil audi prolijliltud |[oodi, but itluo nil other i;iiodi pnikcil Hj,.,,,,' with, Khali bo forfuiled.— Ml' yesseln. Boats, and (ioada may be eehrd bii Offir.rrs and Pemnitii berth mrntianfil, ^-r .— All voiiiii<|| j,,j hontH, and nil kooiIh whatHOCvi-r, liable to fiirleiiiir« under IIiIh or nny oilier act reiHtini; to tlic> ri:vii. one of cuHtoniR, inay be eeued In any phice, eillier upon land or water, by any nllU'er or oIIIuih nf id, iiriny, navy, or iiinrlneH, duly pinpliiyed for Ihu preventiiin of hiiiokuIIiii.', and on full pay, or hy uii> olHcer oroilicera of cUHtoma or excise, or by nny permin Imvlii); aiilhnrily to nelzefroni Ihe cdiiiini.sinn' era of cui that such person has any uncustomed or prohibited goods about his or her (lerson ; and if it appear lo stich justice, collector, &.c. that there ia reasonable ground lo suppose that such person has nny iincus- lomed or proliihited goods about his or her person, such justice, collector, comptroller, or ntlier supe- rior officer of customs shall direct such person to be searched in such manner as lie shall ililnk lit;bij| if it shall appear to such justice, collector, comptroller, &c. that there Is not reasonable ground Insup. pose that such person has any uncustomed or prohibited goods about his or her person, tlienaiiclijiii- tlce, collector, Itc. shall forthwith discharge such person, who shall not in sucii case be liable tube ■earched t and every such officer or officers is and are authorized and rcijuired to tnke siirli penon, upon deniand, before any justice, collector, &c. detaining him or her in the meantime: provided alw!iyi| that no person, being a female shall be searched except by a female'duly authorised by the coinnili- ■loners of customs. — } 35. Penalty on Officers for Misconduct uith respect to Search.~\( any such officer or officers shall not take Buch person with reasonable despatch before such justice, collector, comptroller, or ntlier superior officer of customs, when so required, or sliull require any person to be' searched by liiin, net liavlag reasonable grounds tn suppose that such person has any uncustomed or prohibited goods about tils or her person, such officer shall forfeit and pay the sum of lOl.—i 3(1. Penally on Persons denying having Foreign Goods about them. — If any passenger or other person on board nny vessel or boat shall, upon being questioned by any officer of customs, whether he erslietii) any foreign goods upon his or her person, or in his or her possession, deny the same, and any sucli goods shall, after such denial, be discovered upon his or her person, or in his or her possession, aucli goods shall be forfeited, and sucli person shall forfeit treble the value of such goods.— ^ 37. Officers, authorised by Writ of Assistance, may search Hou.ses for prohibited Goods, dj-c— It shall and may be lawful for nny officer or officers of customs, or person acting under the direction of the com- inlssioners of customs, having a writ of assistance under the seal of the Court of Exchequer, lotak! a constable, headborough, or other public otficer inhabiting near the place, and in the duylime tnenier into and search any house, shop, cellar, warehouse, room, or other place, nnd in case of resistance lo break open doors, chests, trunks, and otiier packages, there to seize and from thence tn brin; an; uncustomed or prohibited goods, and to put and Necurc the same in the Custom-house warehouse in the por* n'.'xt to the place whence such goods shall be taken : provided always, that for the purpngei of this act any such constable, headborough, or other public officer, duly sworn as such, ma) actai well wilhoiit the limits of any parish, ville, or other place for which lie shall be so sworn in nltliln 8uch limits.—} 3S. JOuration of IVriis.—K\\ writs of assistance so issued from the Court of Exchequer shall continui SMUGGLING. 521 r If any innili warehoiiicd or portnliiin lie clQiulmllmly or vrry ■iiihcuio nil «inli kmihIi laiiei niid alimt lliliiii*, iiiudc I or tnhocco which «linll h* hi! (pirtlii or liilmi'ici Inililc in inetilun the mine bo rciund ut Ich ii In nny wny rostrlficj, mil »i!I/«mI Inlhi! HiiiiimI Kiin- loiii' iif (irnci'i'illtiB I'lf Hm fur- rihi'd In Hiiy Inforniaih.ii pv iiBlil|>|it'il wilhoul Mii)inini(,r rfeilnl, Sfc.—lt nny enmU pro. lie liiilt'iicir!l"-''' l"r <'M""I- iii)('» li'i'iril any If.) (II liB i!.x|iiirlt!ili I"' I'uriliii liiiins (TiHiilii nly in iinjf i[ive or otr«r, or |itiinii*i.' lo)in* make any cnlliiBivi! iiijrpi'inriii ay to nfftlprt hix 'Iniyi nr lo ili., act of parliament reliiiiiiKlnlw 3. ghnll and may he lawful fur any he prevention of miiiiCL'lii ;, and their warrant nr depiilatinii (if irlH of thU kingdom, liiHtlorum. lilted and iincnstomeil niiiuls, anil I shall continue williiii llie limits I or who shall have lanileil from lOBO that iitich person or jiorsiiiii her, or their person or piTsons; iiii! on board, or in emiirlii|joi se the Biiin of \m.-ti a4. jjg^ jj.e. —Before any pi:riinnilmll person to renuiru Iheofliceiot collector, coniplroller, or rnhfi reasonable prmind to fnippii!!! her person ; and if it appear to that such person has nny iiiituj- ctor, coniplroller, or ntlier sup*- manner as he shall think tit ; but is not reasonable ground losup- Jiis or her person, then such jm- not in such case be liiible lob« d required to lake such person, the ineanllnie : proviiledalwayi, duly authorised by the comnii!- I offlcer or officers shall noi take , coniptroUer, or other superior be searched by him, not liaving or prohibited goods about liisoi ly passenper or other person on customs, whether he or she tiai I deny the same, and any suth tr in Ills or her possession, sutli M such goods— J 37. hibiitd Goods, ilj-c.-Il shall and ■under the dircclioM of tliecom- lthe Court of Exchequer, lotalii Lee. and in the daytime in enter tee, and in case of resistance to k and from thence to bring anj ■le t;u8toin-hoiise warehouse in Id always, that fur the pur|mM Inly sworn as such, may iiei ai Ihe shall be so bWi.rnaiwUM Irt of Exchequer shall conlinui jind t\e. In force ilurinf the whole of thn reign In which inch writs have boon granted, and for A innnlhi from luioncluilon- J Sit. okftrt mil V, on probahit Cau»t, ttop CarU,^-f.,nnJ tutrrh fur Oitaitt ~ It Hh:ill he lawful foraiiy "flii-er nf I'lmloina or iixclsn, or olher jiiirann aitiiig In liii« or llinr ulil or aNaintiinci', or duly enipliiyi'd Inr Iha iinvi'ntliin of sinuugllnir, U|iiiii reaHoiiuble aiiiiiili'ion, to slop ami riiiiiiiiiii any carl, wai(iiii, nr olliur iiii-inK of conveyancu, for the piirposH of aNcerlainiiiii whother any •iiiukkIuiI gooils am iiiiilaiiii'tl tliiri^ni ami If no luch giiodn liu fniind, the olRi'er or olher person ■ioppinii and enaiiiiiiiiiu 'sin h carl, tviiifoM, die. having had probable cause lo suspect thai KiniiKgled goods were contaiiu'd thin •in, nliali ,11,1 on uccnuiit of such stoppaga and search, be lialilii to any acllnii at law on ai rninii tlnTi'iif ; and ill oi'miina driving or conducting hucIi cart, wagon, &.c. refusing to slop when rei|iiireil so lo ilu in llld KiiiH"" "»'""' »''"" ''"'''■" '"<"•-* •'"• ji„(„.j o^etrt telling to tarry Ihrm to tf'urehoii.'e - If any goods subject or liubli' lo furfuiturti iinili'r tbix or any olher act relating to the custoiim lie Hlnpped or taken by any ihiIhi! oillci'r >>r oilmr m.rsiin acting by virtue of any art of parliament, or ntlierwise duly nulhurlsiid, such gnnilH -11. Ci,}a(li itoiiped hy Police Ojjirtm maij he retained until I'rial of Pertonn eharfed leitlmtealinif lhem.-\( any fiiiiiU bi II shall r. stopped or taken by a (kilice utllter on siinpicloii thai the sanii; have bren felnniouHiy sloleii, _ III) lawful for tile said lUllcer lo carry the same to the police olllcelo wliicli tlieoiremleri'* l.ikeii, ilier'e in remain to bo pnnlueed at the trial of said otlVnder ; and in such case the olllcer is rei|uirril to iijvii notice In writing to the coiiiinissloners of ciisloiiis of his having so delained Ihe gouits, Willi Ihe piirliciil'ii'S of the same ; and liiimeiliately afler III,; trial all such giioils urn to be di'piiHlleil in llir Cus- tiiin-lioa^:! warehouse, to he proceeded agaiiiKt according to law ; and in case any police otHcur niiiking itetiiniion of any such goods neglect lo convey the same to such warehouse, or to give nutlcuuf having slopped the saiiiu as before described, he shall forfeit 'MU.—i I'i. Ciimminiiiunera of Treaaurij, \c. may restore Stiiures. — \\. shall and may be lawful for the commission- ers of the treasury, or any 3 or more of them, or for the ciimiiiisNiniiirs uf cuslnms or excine, by an orili.'r for that purpose, to direct any vessel, boat, goods, or commoililios sei/.ed under this or any act relating to the customs or excise, or to the Iraile or navigatiiiii of the Uiiiled Kingdom, or to any of liin Majiisly's possession* aiiroad, to be delivered lo Ihe prnpriulor or pro|irl('tiirs, whether condemna- ilon liuvo taken place or not, upon such terms and conilitiiuis as they may deem expedient, and wliicti iiliall be inenlloned in Ihe said order t and It shall he also lawful for the saidcoiiiiiii>nl, nr knowingly permit or fUlTer to be harboured, kept, or concealeettor nf such person, shall for every such olTence forfc'll 500i. over and above any olher penalty to which he may l>e liable ; and every person who shall agree to pay any money for the insurance or conveyance nt such goods, or shall receive or take them into his custody or possession, or sutfer them to be so received or taken, shall also forfint 5002. over and above any penally to which he may be liable on account of suchgoods.- H*^- Penalty on Persona offering Ooods for Sale under Pretence of being run or prohibited. — If any person or persona olfor for sale any goods under pretunco that the same are prohibited, or have been unship* ped and run on shore without payment of duties, in such case all such goods (although not liable to any duties or prohibited) shall be forfeited, and the person or persons, and every of them, offering the i:iuie for sale, shall forfeit the treble value of such good^, or the penalty of 100^, at the election of the commissioners of customs.— J 47. Persons found to have been on 6y Force or Violence may he transported. — If any person shall by force or violence assault, resist, oppose, molest, hinder, or obstruct any otiicer of the army, navy, or marines, employed for the preventlcm of smuggling, and on full pay, or any officer of customs or excise, or other person acting in his or their aid or assistance, or duly employed for the prevention of smuirgling, in the due execution of his or their office or duty, such person, bjing thereof convicted, ahull lie traris- porled for 7 years, or sentenced to be imprisoned in any house of correction or common gaol, 'iiul kept 10 hard liihnur, for any term not exceeding 3 years, at the discretion of the court before whom tue olfenJer shall be tried and convicted as aforesaid. — } 61. Commanding Officers of Vessels in the Service may haul their Ve.isels on Shore irilhout being liable to iny Jlclion fur so doin^. — It shall be lawful for the commanding officer of any vessel or boat employed for the prevention of smuggling to haul any such vessel or boat upon any part of the coast of the United Kingdom, or the shores, banks, or beaches of any river, creek, or inlet of the same (not being aivarden or pleasure ground, or place ordinarily used for any tiatliing machine or machines), which gh°all be deemed most convenient for that purpose, and to moor any such vessel or boat on such part of the'aforesaid coasts, shores, &c. below high water mark, and over which the tide flows on ordinary occasions, and to continue such vessel or boat so moored for such tiiiie as said commanding officer shall deem proper ; and such officer, or person or persons acting under his direction, shall not l)e liable to any indictment, action, or suit for so doing, any law, statute, custom, or usage to the contrary not- withstanding-— } 62. okcer, if wounded in the Service of the Customs, to be provided for, ifc. — In all cases where any officer or seaman etnployed in the service of the customs or excise shall be killed, maimed, wounded, or in any way injured in the due execution of his office, or if any persim acting in his aid, or duly employed for the prevention of smuggling, shall be so killed, maimed, wounded, or in any way injured while so nidins such officer or seaman, or so employed, it shall be lawful for the commissioners of customs and excise to make such provision for the officer or person, so maimed, wounded, or injured as aforesaid, or for the widows and families of such as shall be killed, as they shall he authorised and empowered to do by warrant from the Lord High Treasurer or commissioners of the treasury. — } 63. Vessels and Goods seized to be disposed of as the Commissioners direct.— Wl vessels and boats, and all goods whatsoever, seized and condemned for breach of any liw relating to the customs, shall be disposed of as soon as conveniently may be after the condemnation thereof, in such manner as the coinmissioncrs of customs shall direct.—} 61. Rewards. Revards to Officers for detaining Smugglers.— U shall be lawful for the commissioners of customs, and tlieyare hereby authorised and empowered, to award, to any officer or other person detaining any person liable to detention under this or any other act relating to the revenue of customs, to he paid upon the conviction of such person, any reward they may think flt to direct, not exceeding the sura of 201. for each person.—} 65. Rewards to Officers where pecuniary Penalties are recovered. — It shall be lawful for the commissioners of customs, and they are hereby auth.')rised,to order the following reward to be paid to any officer or officers nr persons by whose means any pecuniary penalty or composition is recovered ; (that is to say,)i part of the penalty or sum recovered, except in seizures of silk goods, in which case the officers may receive i the penalty or sum recovered.—} 6(3. Remards to Officers making Seiiures.-U shall be lawful for the commissioners of customs, and they are licreby anthnrised, to order to be paid, in respect of any seizure made under this or any act relating to ilie custoina or to trade and navigation, to the person or persons making the same, the following re- wards ; (that is to say,) In (he at of Mitum of ipiritt or tobsoco : — If til ll\e parlies cnncernnl in (he >ct which occMioni (be leizore, beinit athivp .he aj^e nr 16 ymn, are detained and convicted, ttie wliole value Ihereof, luch value to be fixed jiiJ letlled by the l,onl« of Ih'' Treasury, or by llie coiiimii. ilonmof hii Majesly'a custonii, as hereinafter directed; It2ar more of such parlies, not beini the wliote, are so detained tnilc^iiviclel, 7 Slhsof such value: It I nic'i pirly, not beini( ihe whole "f Ihem, but brine a seafaring man, is 1 1 detained and rnnvicted, 3 4lhs of sucll value : Ut such parly, not being the whole of ihem, is detained and convicted, and the vessel or means of conveyance is or are seiled and cnndemned, 3-4ths of such value ; Itl such lurly, not being the whole of Ihem, nor bring a na- farm; man, is so detained and convicted, 6'Bths of luch value : If the veset or means of conveyance it leixed and condenaned without any person being detained, t 3 sioners of liis Majesty's customs may iliiiilc proper to direct, not exceedini; a inoiely of the ituly payable on such goodi in case the same had been sold for hnnie consumption : la the case of snzurea nf sitit goo twri'. ■■•••1 ■■«"■. »** OK^. *ij«l ■t^ll *•«»*■ •»1I % Tht Treasury, ^e. to fix tk$ Value of Spiritg ^ Tobacco,— The value of apirits and tobacco fleiztd aa aforosalil ahull in all casea be deemed and taken to beaiichasthe Lords of the Treasury or the coiniriis. sinners of customs nrjay think fit lo fix the same at per gallon or per pound weight, for the purpose of rewarding the otflcer; and all the before-mentioned rewards shall be paid, subject to a deduction of 10/. per cent, on account of law charges and other expenses.— $ 68. Ml Hewardsy S^'c, payable to Offir^ers of Jininj, dj'c. to be regulated by H. M. Orders in Council. —y^y^j^ such reward, or part or share of any such seizure or of the value thereof, as shall he payahle lo any olTicer or odicers, non-conimisstoncd officers, petty otflcers, seamen, or privates of the army, navy, or murines, or acting under the orders of tht> Lord High Admiral or commissioners of the admiralty, shall be divided and distributed in such proporiiims, and according to such rules, regulations, and orders, aa his Majesty shall he pleased to direct and appcdnt.— $ 09. Commissioners may distribute Shares of Heiiures so as to reward Persons not actvalUj vresenf.^\\ flhati be lawful for the commissioners of cuj^toms or excise respeclivoly, in case of any seizure of ves. sels, boats, or goods, or of (he upprehensinn of any parties, under Itiis or any other act relating tothg cu.sloms, lo direct the distribution of the seizor's share of such veast?ls, boats, or goods, or of any pe. naliics (pr rewards that may be recovercul on account of any seizure, in sirl* manner as to eiiahleany otiicer or otlicera, or other person or persons through whose information c»r means such seizure shuli Iiave been made, or penalty recovered, or parly apprehended, and who may by them he deemed in bu 60 entitled, to participate in such proportion us the said commissioners shall respectively deemexpe. dient.— $ 70 in case Ojjirers act negligently or collnsivcltj.—Vpon proof being made to the satisfaction of the com. niissioners of customs or excise that any otticerorodicersor person or persons as at'i>rt'sai(l have artod colhisively or iieuligently in the making of any seizure, the said commissioners may direct that llie whole or any pari of the proportion of such seizure he applied lothe use of his Majesty.— $ 71. JV'o/ic except Officers to take up Spirits in small Casks sunk or floating upon the Sea. — No person or persons whatsoever, being a suhject or subjects of his Majesty, other than an otiicer or othccrs of ttie navy, customs, or excise, or some person or persons authorised in that behalf, shall internieddle will] or take up any spirits, being in casks of less content than 40 gallons, found Hoating upon or sunk inihe eea within 100 leagues of the United Kingdom; and if any spirits shall be so intermeddled wiihor taken up, the same shall be forfeited, together with any vessel or boat in which they are found.— ^t^. Rerards to Persons filing Information of Goods floating or sunk in the i?ca.— If any person or persnns shall discover any spirits, being in casks of less content than 40 gallons, floating; upon or sunk in tho sea, and give information to any officer of tin: customs, or other person or persons authorised to niak^; seizure of such spirits, so that seizure be made of the same, the person or persons giving such informal tion shall he entitled to aiut shall receive such reward as the commissioners of customs may dceinei. pedient lo direct.— $ 73. Mluwanccs to poor Persons confined for Offences against Laws of Customs and Exrisc—Vftr the neces- sary subsistence of any poor person confined in the United Kingdom or in the Isle of Man, under or by virtue of any exchequer or other process for the recovery of any duties or penalties, upon bond or otherwise, sued for,under or by virtue of any order of the commissioners of customs or excise, it shall be lawful for said commissioners respectively to cause an allowance, not exceeding the sum of "^^ and not less than 4id. per day, to be nmde to any such poor person, out of any mun ' i:. the'r hands arising from the duties of customs or excise, as the case may require.— $ 74. Jurisdiction. Penalties and Forfeituret koto to be nud fi)r.—A\\ renaltiea and forfeitures incurred or ini|)OSbiI by this or any other act relating lo the customs, or to trade or navi^tion, shall and may be sned for, |*ro* wcuted, and recovered by action of debt, bill, niaiiit, or intormalion in any court of record at VVestniluiter, or at Dublin, or at Edinburgh, or in the royal courts of the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Sark, or Man, in the name or names uf the attorney -general or of the lord advocate uf Scotland, or in the name of some officer or officers of customs, or by inf.irniaiion before any 2 or more justices of the |ieace iu the li. K., or before any governor, deputy governor, or deemster iu the Iiile of Man.— Sect. 7^. yesselsj Boat), aiui Goods teized^ thail he deemed to he condemn' edt uiilest the Owner gives Xotice that he ititejidi to claim— A\\ vessels, boats, and ^oods which have been or shall be hereafter seized fts forfeited under any law relating to the customs, and which have been or shall hereafter be ordered to be prosecuted by the commis- tinners of customs, shall be deemed and taken to t>e condemned, and may l>e sold in the manner directed by taw in re8|)ect to vessels, boats, and goods seized and condemned for breach of any law relating to the custouis, unless the person from whom such vesssels, boats, and goods have l)L'en seized, or the owner of them, or some person au* ihorised l)y him, shall, within I calendar month from the day of seizing the same, give notice in writing, if in London, to the penx)n seizing the snme or to the secretary or solicitor for the customs, and If elsewhere, lothe person seizing the unieortolhe collector and comptml ler or other chief officer of the ciiitonis at the nearest port, that ne claims the vessel, boat, or goods, or intends to claim them.— Sect. 70. Offences on the High Seas deemed to have been committed at the Place into which the Offtnder is brought, or in which he is found,— In case any oftence be committed upon the high seas against this or any other act relating to the customs, or any penalty or forfeiture be iijcuned upon the high seas for any breach of such acts, such offence shall, for the purpt^e of prost>cution, be deemed and taken to have been committed, atid such penalties and forfeitures to have been in- curred, at the place on land in the U. K. or the Isle of Man into which the person committing such offence or incurring such penally or forfeiture hall t»e taken, brought, or carried, or in which such person sliall be found ; and in case such place on land is situated within any city, borough, liberty, division, franchise, or town corpo- rate, as well any justice of the peace for such city, boroueih, liberty, division, franchise, or town cor[>orate, as any justice of the peace of the county within which such city, borough, lilicrty, division. franchise, or town corporate is situated, shall have jurisdiction to hear and deteniiineall cases of offences agninst such act so committed Upon the ^ighseas, any charter or act of parliament to the contrarj- notwithst Tiding: provided always, that where any offence shall he coromil'.cii in any place u\xtn the water not being within any county of the U K., or where any doubt eiists as to (he same l*ing within any oiunty. stich offence shall, for the purposes of this art, be deecied and taken to Iw committed upon the high seas.— Sect. 77. Justices may iummrin Offender^ and theSummont may be left «l Alt last Place of kesidena, or on InMrd any thip to which he he- longi. —Ut>on the exhibiting any information before any justice of the paace for any offence against this or any icl relating to the custnmii or to trade or navigation, for which the party charged is not liable to be detained in marmcr hereinbefore mentioned, such justice Is hereby required to issue a luuimoos for the appcanmce of the party againit iienihii d any ship or whom such information is exhibited before : and such summons, directed to such party, ! or her last kiiown place of resilience, or o _ _ vessel to which such party may belong, shall be deemed I'o'Lve teen sufficiently served.— Sect. 1^. Two Justices way, upon J9ppcarance or Ikfault of tht Party proceed to tlte Hiaring.—Vpon the apptaraLce or default ofaiiJ f)ai1y so summoned, it shall be lawful for any 2 justices oflhe ittace proceed lo the examination of the matter contained in such iofnr< mation, and upon due proof thereof, either ui>on the couftssioo ct part^ or upon the aath of I or more credible witness or witnesses, lo convict such party in the penalty or penalties sued fur by such in- formation ; and in case of nonimyment thereof, such justices, or I of them, or someother justices or justice of the peace, are hereby lu- thorised and required, by warruit under hnnd and seal, to coniOi;! such party to any of his Majesty's gaols within their or his jurialie. tion, there to remain until the penalty or penallits shall be paid- Sect. 79. * l^'arrants shall and may be executed in any part of the I'Dited Kingdom.-Sect. 80. Justica empoiixrtd to mitigate PmaWy.— Where any party ihilj or may be convicted before any 2 or more of his Al.ijcslj's jusiices of [he p&.ce in any penally or penalties incurred as atornaid, eireptjj is he.ein-afier provided, it shall and may be lawful for the uiJ justices, in cases where upon consideration of the circumstances tlMy shall deem it expedient so to do, to mitigate the )i:iyiiit;nt of the said penalty or penalties, so as the pum to be paid by such party t.e oct less than 1-4th of the amount of the penalty in which sucfi lorl) shall have been convicted.— Sect. 81. ^s to Persons onnmitted for Penalties under lOW,— Where uiv person shall have been so committed by any justice* or juslit-eofihs peace to any prison for nonpayment of any penalty less than lOCi., [be gaoler or keeper of such prison is hereby authorised anti required (o discharge such |>erson at the end of 6 calendar months from the commencement of such imprisonment.— Sect. ii. Married IVomen may t^e committed to /'riwn.— Where any pirty so convicted before 2 justices of the peace sh:ill be a married wqdiid, such party shall be liable to be conimiltcd to prison In n)aDDerher6 in-twfore mentioned, notwithstanding her coverture.— Sect K). Mode of Proceeding before Justices.— When any informalinn ihi I have been exhibited before any justice of the pearefir iheforfeiiiire of any goods seized under this or any act relating lo the cuitonu, it shall be lawful for the said justice, and he is hereby authnriteil t&l required, to summon the party to whom such gooc's belonged, or from wUi'm they were seized, lo appear before any iJjusticesof the [wct; and such summons, directed to such party, beiiig left either at hisor her last known place of residence or on board anyihij) to which !tj:h parly may beioug, shall be deemed to have been siifiicit-ntly sfrve-J; and upon'his, her, or their appearance or default, any i justicrs mij proceetl to the examination of the natter, and, upon due \irwi ihit the said gootls are liable lo forfeiture under this orany act relaliiiglo the customs, may condemn the said goolic«liui Xof the matter, and, upon due |im.il ihil Ifnrfeiture under this or any act rtlilngto I the said goods.-Sect. 6-1. . lo for fell KXll. or i/ fM.(anny Wn ton art —It shall lie lai/ful for any 2 or mm .wiiom any person liable lo be delnnel. ftflainetl, for »iiv offence apinsl any ul 111 be brought, either on the cniitessi™ ol [or on proof thereof upon the o»Uu of 1 « -ore creililile wilnan or witneaet, to e«niicea, an I thry are hereby required, in lieu of such penally, lo or- drr any officer of the army, navv, or marine, eniployed fir the pre- vention of smug;;liug, and on full pay. or any officer of customs or exciie to carry or convey, or cause lo be carried or conveyed, such oerson ini board any of his .Majesty's ships, in order lo his serving in (tie naval service for the term of 5 years ; and if such peiion shall at any lime wiihin ihal period escape or desert from such custody or lervice, he shall be Ij.ahle at any tmif afterwards to be again arrested and iletaine I, and d-livered over to complete his service of 5 years ; urn i Ic-I also, Ih 't if il shall be made lo apnear to any such justices that convenient arrangement cannot be made at the time of the con vicli inof the sai 1 pirly for immedialely carrying or conveying such leafarin? man so convicted on board any of his Majesty's ships, il ihdl belaivful for such Justices lo commit such conviclrl seifarini; min to any prion or gaol, there to remain in safe custody lor any neriod not exceeding i month- that time may be given to make ar- nniiments fir cimveying him i^-- one of H. M. ihiiis j provi led also, thai the comiiiissioners of Ihe treasury, or any 3 or more of theiii, (ball have full jrower to remit or mitigate any such penally, punish- mc jt, or service, whether Ihe parlies be seafairing men or otherwijc. —Seel. S5. jiaiita irwyameiul In{antviUcni.—\( zny person shall be pro- ceeded against under this or any other ad relating lo the ciistnnis or unse, and the information exhibitefagaiiistsuch person shall charge hnn as bein{ a teifaring man, and fit and able to serve his .Majesty in his naval service, and it shall appear lo the justices before whom lufh iienon is brouglil thai he is guilty of the oB'ence with ivhich he iichar?el- but thai he is not fit for Ihe naval service, then and in such ciseilslnll lie lawful for such justices, and they are hereby reipiireil, to ainind such infirmation accordingly, and lo convict such person in the penalty oflOOf. as if proceeded against as not being a seafaring mill or fil'f r the naval service — Sect. «6. // Ptnons conviclcd, oiirf Jciif on t,nard H. M. Shift, bt found Hurt/, lltty »miy ** "<""* conveyrd btfure MagistraUi^ and c^rnvicled III Ihi Pmiitly uf 100(. If any pera'oii so convicted as a seafaring min, and carried on board any ship of war, shall, on eianiinalion by any sur«on or surgeons ofH. M. navy, within 1 month after being so'carrieil on board, be deemed to be unfit, and shall be refused on that account lo be received into H. M. service, such person shall, as rxraai convenient, be conveyed before any justice of Ihe peace, and upon pnof that he has been refused lo be received on board any of iTm. shijis as unfit for H. M. service, such instice shall, and he is iiereby authorised and required to call upon iRb said person to pay Ihe iienally of 1001. without hearing any evidence other than such proof ai list aforesaid ; and in default of immediate payment of Ihe ometo the said justice, for Ihe use of his Majesty, lo commit Ihe laiJ person to any gaol or prison till such penally be paid ; provided il«ay", tlial no person so convicted, and onlered lo serve on board any of H. M. ships, shall be sent away from Ihe U. K. on board such s'lip io lets than I month from Ihe date of lucb conviction.— Sect. 67. At lo Juritdiclion in JJorougftf— Wliere any offence against this or any other customs act shall be coinmitler shall any writ of habeas corput issue to bring up the body of any person convicted before any justice or justices of the peace under any such act. unless Ihe parly againit whom such proceeding shall have been directed, or who shall have been lo con- viclcd, or hit allorney or agent, shall state in an affidavit in writing, to be duly sworn, the gmundi of objection to such procee>lings or conviction, and that upon the return lo such writ or certinrari or tsfnu coepiu no objection shall be taken or considered other than rich as shall have lieen stated in such aflidavit ; and il shall be linfol tor any justice or justices of the peace lo amend any in- lormilion, conviction, or warrant of commitment for anv offence under any such act at any time, wliether before or afler conviction.— Seel. 90. hi/briiwfion», ^c fo be in fAe ^orm f twii in the Schedule.— AW inforraalion before jiislices of Ihe peace for any offences cnmmitled l(iin!t this nr anv other act relating lo Ihe customs, and all convic ti ml lor such offences, and warrants of justices of the peace founded upon such convic'ions, shall be In Ihe form or lo (he ellecl in the Khedule tn Ihis act annexed.— Seel. 91. /n/urmaliu.ii, Ifc. deemed valid ifOffenft it let forth in the IVmds of l^it .flcf.— F.very informalion for anv penaltv or forfeiture, and every conviction or warrant of commitment for any penally, shall be deemed valid an I sulHcient, in which Ihe offence for avhich such penalty ilttll have been inflicted, or Ihe cause of luch forfeiture, ii let firth in Ihe worls of ihis act.- Sect. 92. fduxri of Juilica to be exenitcd hy Oooemori or DMnwterf of IhiliUnf Min-AII Ihe powers vested in anyjusticra or justice of the peace by virtue of this act are hereby ve^le-l in and may be exer- ci»l. in Ihe Isle of Man. bv any govenioV, deputy governor, or deem> Iter of the li'enf Mm, so f.ar as regards offences committed against orpjndiiesnr forfeitures incurred by Ihii or any other act relating lolhecuitami.-Srct. SX Penalliu, ^e. lo bt paid to Committionert of Cuttomi, ^,— All penallieeand lorfeitures which miy be recivered before any justice* of the peace under this or any other act relating to Ihe customs or ex* else, or any prosecution by order of Ihe commissioners of cuttoma, shall be paid to said commissioners of customs and vn any prosecu- tion by order of Ihe ciiuiniissionen of excise shall be paid lo said com- missioners of excise, or to the pervin apjioiiiled by tliem respectively to receive the same ; and such peuallies and forfeitures shall be ap- filled by Ihe said commissioners respectively in such manner as IIh) »w directs, any thing contained inaii act paued in the ;1 U.;o. 4. c. 5i., intituleil " An Act f t the more effectual Adniinislratioii of Ihe Office of A Justice of Ihe Feace in and near the .'Vleln)|H)lis, an.l for the moru effectual frevenlion of Depredations on the Hivur 'f hanies and its V icinity, for Seven Years," or any other act now in furce or hereafter to be made, to the contrary in any wise itotwilhslandiiig.— Seel. Ud. Capiat may itnie agaiittt i\ront tued tdiii. r r/m .^cr, who are to give JJail.— Whenever penalty shall be sued for as afon^said by in- lorniatlon against any person in any court of record at Weslmiutter, Dublin, or Edinburgh, a lapiat may thereupon issue as the tiist pro- cess, specifying the amount of tl. -penally sued for; and such persou aftainst wh:im such capiat shall issue sliall be obliged to give sutii* cieni bail or security by natural born subjects or denizens, to tlie person or ptrsoiis to whom such capita; shall tie directed, to ajpear in the court out of which such co;i-,.ii shall issue, at Ihe il.ay of Ihe leturn of such writ, to answer met suit and prosecution, and shall likewise at the time of such appearing give sufficient bail or security, by such persons as al'orcs.iid, in Ihe s.ud court, to answer and |}ay all the fir. feitures and penalties incurred for such offence or otlences in case tie, she, or they sliall be convicted dli-reof, or to yield bis, her, or their body or bodies to prison.- Sect. 9j. Periitls in Oaul nut apiiearmg or pkadinf; to tta Informationf Jud^Tiuint may b entered by Ot/iritf/.-lf any pers'iii a,4.iiust whom a capias shall i^sue out uf any court uf recont shall be ai rested u^jon such capias, and taken to [iris"n for want of sullicieiit bill, a copy of the information exhibited agains- such perMin shall be served upon him or her in giol, or delivered to he gaoler, keeper, or turnkey of the iiiisiin in which such persou shall be confined ; and if such person shall iitgiect or refuse lo appear or plead to the slid iiiforiiialion for the space of 20 days, judgment shall be entered by default ; and in case judgment shall be olilained against any such person or persons by detault, verlict, or otherwise, and he or Ihey shall nut pay the sum recovere'I for his or their olfence, execution shad be issued, not only against tlie body or bodies of the [leriou or persons, but against all their real and personal estates, for the sum, or sums recovered agai ^st him, her, or Iheni.— Sect. 91). I'eiiunt not worth bt. may defuid Suite in forma pauperit. — la case any person arrested and iniprisoned by virtue of any writ of ciiptas shall make affidavit before Ihi; c-.urt where the informalion il brought, or before any other persou comiiiissioiied lo like affidavits in such court, Ihal he or she is not north, over and above his or her wearing apparel, the sum of 5t. (which affidavit the judge or judges of such court, and such ]ierson so commissioned, is antnorised and required to take,) and such person shall petition such court to defend himself or herself in forma pauperis, Itien the judge or judgea of such court shall, accon og lo llitir discretion, admit such person to defend himself or herself against such information in the same man- ner and with the same privileges as they are by law directed and authorised lo admit poor subjects to commence actions for Ihe reco- very of their rights; and for that end and purpose Ihe judges of such courts shall assign counsel learned in the law, and ap|)0int a I . m '4 626 SMUGGLING. '•mi*! -"2 ■Iti'a"! 'Iff ■«'■■ '"^ it.:; 4 lull r- |jt..i^ .jmiaBJJw'''' ttlnrnet or lollcttor by whom lueh claim or appearancf ihall be en- tered, (hat he hu full |)ower and legal authority aud directions from tuch owiien or iimprietor to enter tuch claim or appearance, and that to the best of hit knowledge and belief such veisel, boat, or goods wete, at the time of the seizure thert-of, hoiiafidtzxvX truly llie real properly of the |>erson or (wreons in whose name or names such claim or appearance is entered; and on failure thereof, the vi«sel, boat, ornmisshill be absolutely coniJemned, aud ju'lgmunt bhall be en^er&l ihcreoit by default, in tiie same manner as if nu claim or ap |iearance h.id lieen entered thereto; and every (leraon who shall be convicted uf maLiiig nr takiiiic a false oath to any of the facts hf rein- belore directed or nquired to be sworn shall be deemed guilty of perjuiy, ami fhall b- frnbleto the pains and pemlties to which per- sons are liable lur wilful and corrupt perjury.— Sect. 100, Ownnri to f(ive Seijirity for C'oifr.— Upon the entry of any claim 10 any boat or vessel, or to any goods, seized for any cause of for feitiire, or of any ap|iearince to any infurnntioii iiled for sucli forfei ure, the prnon or persons who enter the claim or appearaiire as the owner or pmprietor thereof, (in case surh claimant shall re^i(le in the U. K.) shall be bound, with 2 other sufhcient sureties, in the penal'y of IGO/. to answer and pay the costs occAiiiDned by such claim or appearance ; an*! if such owner or nroprietor sh it I not reside in the V. K.. then the .itlorney or solicitor oy whose direction such claim fhall ba entered, shall be bound, with two other sutlicient suretiet), in the like peiiaby, to answer and pay the costs occasioned by such clnim or ap|ieArance.— Sect. 101. If Suit ^roMuny virtue of ahynM of capias ad rtspondendum issued out of the &;iid couil, is riow > (Ained, or shall be committed to and detained in any gml lorHju of hail, it shall be lawful for the prnsecuiur of such liKjiclnjentoriQ. formatiiin to cause a copy thereof to tie delivered to btah penon n 10 tlie gaoler, keeper, or turnkey of the gaul wherein such i.tmjtj|i detained, with a notice thereon indrr^Ld, (hat unlrtib &i,rh \^j^^ shall, within 8 days from the tune of such delivery of said com cause an appearance and also a plea or demurrer to tie emerej m court to such indictment or information, an appearance an 1 the u\a of Not Guilty will be en'ered thereto in the name of siicli iiery^n- aiid in case he or she shall, for the space of tf days after tlie drlivfrr of a copy of such Indictment or Information, neglect to cause anjti. p&irance, and also a plea or demurrer, to be entered in thesaiJcouL to such indictment or information, it shall be lawful fur the iirritnU' tor, upon affidavit being made and filed in t, e court of the delivrn of a copy of such indictment or information, with such i.olice indond thereon as aforesaid, to such person or to such gaoler, keeier turnkey, as the case may be, which affidavit may be made befort'icT judge or commissioner of the court authorised to tilte ^flidavits, to cause an appearance and the plea of Not Guilty lo be entered tnmch indictment or Information lor such person ; and such pn*cctdinn shall be had thereupon as if the defendant appeared ami pleaded >'di Guilty, according to the usnal conrae cf the court ; and if, ui>outrii| any defendant bo committed and detained be acniiltted of all ihe of' fences .therein charged upon h'm or her, it shall he lawful fnrthe judge before whom such trial 'hall be had, although he \\\m not i* oneof the judges of the King's Bench, to order that siichdeftiKJaitit« discharged out of custody, as to his or her commitment as afortuH) and such defendant shall be thereupon discharged accordingly.-iHcl' lOS. IVfan Recognizance is g^^^^^ ^"rf '^ Party shall not pkad « Copy of the Information or Indictnunt may be delivertd to hii At- torney or Agent,— V/lieTe any person arrested by virtue of a wamni i&Buedas aforesaid, enters into a recognizance, and appears iucourlil the return of the said recogniz.'ince, but does not afterwanis plead lo Ihe information or Indictment, it shall be lawful lor (lie prosecutor lo cause a copy thereof (o be delivered to such person, or to his or htt attorney or agent, or to be left at his or her last place of abrvic, wnii a notice thereon indorsed, that unless such person shall, wiibinfidni from the time of such delivery, cause a pica to be enler^ In court io such information or indictment, Ihe prosecutor will enter a pin li Not Guilty on his or her behalf; and upon affidavit bein^ n.ade ind filed in the court of Ihe delivery of a copy of such inforniaiinn orin- diclment, with notice indorsed thereon as aforesaid, to such persn or to his or her attorney or agent, or at his or her last place ofaboJe as the case may be, it shall he lawful for the prosecutor to cai«e ilw plea of Not Guilty to be entered to such information or indlctu ni for such person, and such proceedings shall be had thereujjfin ij jf be defendant bad pleaded according to Ihe usual course ot the said atn. —Sect. 109. Certain Articles not to ^f landed until the Thus of the City of London are paid. —If a1 1 or any of Ihe goods of the description ht^^ in after mentioned, (that is to say,) firkins of butter, tnns of chffs* fish, eggs, salt, fruit, roots eatable, and onions, broiij5titcoMlwjscii,!e the port of the said city, and which are liable to the said dues, sfwll be landed or unshipped at or In the said port btfore a jirnper cer:ti- cate of the payment of the said d'ltiei shall have been obiainttl. luth goods shall be forfeited, and may be seized bv any oflicer of custufw empowered to seize goods landed without dne' entry; ami such forfel!- ure maj; be sued for, prr.secuted, and recovered by action of debt, bill, plaint, or information in any court of record, at Weilmitislpr. ,q Ihe name of Ihe chamberlain of Ihesaid city, on behalf of tlie ti.:7or, commonalty, and citlrens.— Sect. 110. IVhen Offenders art urresttd and give Bail, the Bail Bmd to U assigned to his Majesty.— If any person shall be arresied lyivrW of capvas nd responaeiiaum issuing out of ai.y court nf record, rr net of any of the superior co,:rts oi record of either of the countiej juli- tine, at the suit of his Majesty, and the sheriff or other oflirer sfjil take bail from such person, he shall, at Ihe reqiital and costs d [h prosecutor, assign to his Majesty, his heirs and succssrira. the hit bond taken irom such person, I y indorsing Ihe same, ami aflcsiing ii under his hand and seal, in Ihe presence of 2 or more credible wit. nesses, which may be done without any stamp, provided the assizs- nient so indoised be duly stamped before any suit he cnmeiH thereupon; and if such bail bond be forfL-itn), such procfti »tjll thereupon issue as on bonds originally made to his Majesty, hishni and successors ; and the court in wh'ch kuoh bait bond is put in lurl may give such relief to the defendant or defendants as is agreeable to juslice and reason. — Sect. 1 1 1. Indictments to be preferred l/y Order of the Comnmiiontn-yts indictment shall be prelerred or suit commenced for Ihe recovery ff any penalty or fbrfcinire under this or any other act rflatir< to \k customs or excise (except in the caws rf pi- rsons detained •■'dcirr'*' before I or more justices in pursuance of this act) imlrss- tiiuiiU commenced in the name of Ihe attorney general, or of tlie lonlid vocate of Scotland, or unlen such indictment be preferred ur,dff Ihe direction of the com mi ss loners 'tf customs or Fxci»r, or uulia such suit be coniT "need in the name of vtme oflicer of cu<>t(init or excise, under the direction of the said coniDiifsiouen respect ii tit.- Sect. 112. The Attorney-genereU or Lord Advocate may sign a A''^i proff^n. —If any prosecution xvhatrver be cnmmence«l forilierfcnverjtfiiiy fine, penalty, nr forleiture inrurred under this or any olhrr «t re- lating to Ihe cu&loms or excise, it shall be lanful fur the altoiuT* If. I SMYRNA. 627 i aninit wch penon In Ihe said com iiiav bo l.wtui f"f •>"'' i'^l' '° '»» nd ial, ami ti.ereby to caUM such p«. .rounhlWore hiiii or wine ulherHn, mn.l I i"«li« o' "" •'""i '" ''"'" " I .uincient aureties, in luch Jum ai ia iireMtcl Willi coudilionto aiii«rmiht ,„«iiT.'iucti warrant, and tu aiii.eno or ii.forn.alioui lur any audi oUeiict| .hall litKlccl or rtluae lo bwoinij Umi ful for .mil judge or ju.me to amn,,! gaol of lire cuuoly, ciiy, or l.laci *hn led or where he or ahr »lwll hue Ut« 111 he or .he ih.ill beculi.e bound or I, mrl in urn tinir, i.rol I of ibr judgn,! ,"e Jc,.|!n.«..« 10 be lak«. shJl 1« ,. c oun, and »b»ll cmiliiiue in forct uma tdof.ucboaence.onnoseofconvici,,, ill for the same, unUw sooi." orilaij l, and where any I><;r«on, cUI.er by vi,l« Hieut aforeMiJ, or by. yirlue ol any «,il n issued oulol Ihewidcnuil, is m» * led to and detained in »"y /'"l '"".M r the nroaeculor of auch uiJii nieia (ir in. hereof to tie delivered lohiith penon, ct irnkey of the Raol wherein such |.tni«„ hereoii indrr,td, that unless .i.cl,|™, the tiiue of such delivery of saiJ coi,y, .Iso a lilea or demurrer to lie enlereJ tt I information, an ap|.e.iraiice an the via ered ihcrelo in the mme of such iitrvn; 1 for the suace ol b daji after the ildiur, ;,t or infornialion, iie^lecl to cau« an .,,. or demurrer, to be entered m the ssiJ court "rmalion, it shall be lawful fur the iinw.. made and filed in I. ecourl of the Jelurt, ,nt or niforination, wiUi such i.olice indonol such person or to such gaoler, ketitr, m be, w\.ich alfidavit may be made hefire it, r the court authorised to tike ailidavilj,n the (ilea of Not Oiiilty to be entered iniuH on itir such lier»« [ihr defendant or defendants as u agrceaM.lo Klili'f* Ordir e/ Ihe ronimi.ii(mm.-So '"under this or any n'ler nct.rel. in lo'^ lr,i in the cas"B r f persons detuned ".I tatii« t\'„^u™u.nceof\hi».cl)unle«; .«'< 11 r,f the attorney general, or of the c«>« TunU .ucrwlcfnient be preferrrf .* ImLioners -.f "}^'""" "L'J"^C^« Id in the name of vrnie officer of cu>«™^ * , of the said coniniirsloneni respecli..!).- ;^.i:;^:;rti^iru!^:^'"*''- -nsral, or for Ihe lord advocate of Scollaml, if he Is salirflcd that uch ftne *c. wa. incurred with'iut any inlentioii of fnud, or that ii if ineipe lienl to procoid in the said prosecution, lo stop all furl her nniecedinjs liy entering a iiod proatijui, or oHierwise. on such inlor- Eulion M "^" "'"" t*'!'"'^' '" "i" ''life "' "t"^'' "nei peiwity, or ivrfeitu're to which any olFrer or officers may be entitled, a« to ihe kint's share Ihereof.-Sect. 1 13. fmf n/ Payment uj lAi'iii, or of Ihe lawful tmporlalion of foodlto ie un thz (turner, — U iny goods bescizvd fur nuiipayment of duties, or other cause of forfeiture, and any dispute arise whether ihecuilouis, eacise, or inland duties have been paid for the same, or Ihe time Inve been li» fully impurled, or conceriilnir the place whence such goods weie brought, the prrvif thereof shall Iw on the owner or ctaimer of such goods, and nut on the officer seizing and Jomiing the same.— Sect. 1 14. llu Jiulia cunnecltd toM (V Collfcd'mi of Ihe Revalue lo inter- fee ill tuninvxry CViivciimii.— No justice of the peace being a col Woror coini truller, or otherwise connected with the customs or ficiie shall take cognizaiici of any in liter relating to sunmiary con- JicliiiDs of persons otTenJiug ajaiusi this or any other customs act.— Mtrmmt of certain Matteri lo U iti^cieiif,— Incaaeof any in* foriiutinR or proceedings h.id under any act relating lo the customs, the avermeot that the cominissioneis of customs orexcis" havedi- r«ted or elected such iiformatioii or proceedings lo be instituted, or [hit any vessel is foreign, or belonging » holly or in part lo H. M. luliiects, or that any person detained or found on board any vessel or L,i lialile to seizure, is or is not a aubjecl of his Majesty, or that any ~^u detained is or is not a seafaring man, or fit or able to serve in }(« naval service, or that any person is an officer of customs, and where the odliice is cnmnjitled in any port of ihc U. K., Ihe nam.n; ofiuch port in any informaiion or proceedings, sh ill be sufficient widioui proofas to such fact or facts, utiless defeudaut prove to tlie PQntrary.— tied. IIS. ftrtoiupr'ueiili'tjf fmuggUng to bt deemed duly emphyed.— All persons employed for the prevention of sniuggling under the com* miawncrs of customs, or of any officer or oUiceia in the service of Ibe customs, shall be deemed and lakfn to be duly enipl lyed fur tk, prevention of smuggling; and Ihe averment, in a,./ informa- iion or suit, that such parly was so duly employed, shall be suffi- cient ptnof thereof, uideas the defendant prove to the contrary.— Srtt 117* riPfl voce Evidence ma]i be ^inen.— If upon any trial a question ihall arise wheiher any person is an officer of the army, navy, or marines, duly I'liiploye'd for Ihe prevention of smuggling, and on full IS such shall be deemed sufTicient, and sorh person shall not be ro* quired lo priiduce his comiiiisainn or depulalion, iiiiL-ss sutTicient proof be ;5iveii to llie routrary ; and every such nlVner, and any per- S'lii acting in Ins aid or assistance, stuill lie a eompe'enl witness upon the trial of ai.y suit or informalK.n on accounl of any seizure or \ns naky, iiolwillistanding such officer or person may be enliileil to Ihil whole nr any part of sucli seizure or pen illy, or to any reward Ufion cunviclinu if the party charged iu such suit or inlonualiun.— ^ect. 118. H^'idf detmed ntfficient Evidence of an Order of Commiuionertof Cuilutii' or £xivK. — I'iKiii the trial of any issue, or uiniii any judicial hearing or investigation touching any |ieiialiy or liirli'iture under any latv or laws relating to Ihe customs or eacise. or lo the law of navigv lion, where it may lie necessary to give prmif of any order issued by the c^ln1Illi^^ioners of the treasury, or by Ihe ci.muiihsioiiers of cus- toms or exeise, the letter or instructions olliei.illy re.-eive>l by th« offi.-er of cusloiusor excise at the place or disiriel where such penalty or forfeiture was incurred, or shall be alleged to have been incurred, for his government, and in which such order is inentiuned or referre.i to, and under which instructions he shall hive acted, shall be admit- ted and taken as sullicient evidence and pniof of such order to all lu- lent, and [lurj-oses what.socver.— Sect. I lit. IVtthin what Time .Su.fv, ^r., are tti he exhlbiled.^AW suits, in- diclmeiit,, or infirinationa extnbited for ai.y ollence against this or any other act reliling to the cusloiiia in any court of record at West- iiiinst. r, or in Dublin, or in Edinburgn, or in the royal courts nf Guernsey. Jersey, Aldemey, Sark, or iNlin, stiall and may be had, brouglii, sue t, ui exhibited vviihin three yeirs next after Ihe date if theolfeuee coiiilntted, and shall and may be ealiilnted before I or more jii.vlices of the {leace within ij iiionlhs next alter the date of the otFence conimilt-d. -Sec'. 120. l.ifiH malion may be exUibiledany Time after 6 .Uoiif/ii.— Where any p irsoii shall have been detained for any oirence against this or any other customs act, and shall have iiinle'his escape from custody, an infirmati.in may be exhibited befire I or more justices of the pe-ice a:;aiiist such person, for such ollence, .it any lime aflerwards, a:tlioure than 6 months have expired.— Seel. IJl. Indietm ntj or Infiirma'ions may te tuiui i't ai «M:i ..'■-> •ei- 1 ,«< •^^'^iJI i0t*-^' :■■■ 1 ■•WW'" «■;,**'- !« ■'''««t'lt 1}. i Referrnr.es fo Plan.—\. Partridge Islnnd. on the south aide of which there is excellent anchcngc in rem 15tn 7 fatlioms, mildly l)ottoni. M, a mud point. C, Pelican Point. 1), James's Cattle, E,Liiv» narrow islands. Soundings, e.wepl where othcrwlbe niarlsod, in fatlioms. SMYRNA. 520 ,Uierci9excellenianchcw« nt. 1), James's fttbile. E.ww loms. woods, iron, tin, and tin plates, rum, brandy, paper, cheese, glass, wine, &c. from Great Britain, France, Italy, the United States, &c. The exports consist principally of raw silk and cotton, fruits — particularly raisins; opium, rhubarb, and a variety of drugs and gums; olive oil, madder roots, Turkey carpets, valonia, sponge, galls, wax, copper, hare skins, goats' wool, safflower, &c. — (For further details, see Tourrcfort, Voyage du Levant, tome ii. pp. 495-507. 4to edit.; and MacgiU'a Travels in Turkey, vol. i. Letters 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.) Monitt, Wtighti, ani JUeattiret, same as at Conitantlnnple ; which see. Acconnls are kept in pias- irei of 40 paras, or iiiedinl. The value of the piastre fluctuates according to the excliange. It has been very much degraded ; and Is at present worth about 4d. The oke is the principal weight used. It ii equivalent to 3 lbs. 13 oz. 5 dr. avoirdupois ; 45 nkes = 1 kinta = 100 rottoUis = 137 '48 lbs. avoir- dupois. The kintal of Constantinople is only 44 okes. A teffee of silk = 4S lbs. avolrdiipnig. A chequce of opium = 1| lb.; u chequee of goats' wool = 5i lbs. Corn is measured by the klllow 1456 Winch, bushel. The pic, or long measure, = 87 £ng. inches —(Ar«Hv'» Cambist, ^-c.) CoMMEBCE OF Snthna. — The following details with respect to the commerce of Smyrna with Western Europe are copied from a letter addressed by an intelligent English merchant, eslablished in Smyrna, to his correspondent in London, to whom we are indebted for it. Nothing so complete or satisfactory has ever been published as to the trade of this emporium. It is right, however, to mention, that since 1828, when this paper was drawn up, the com- merce of Sroyrnn ' s lost some of its importance. Syria, the islands of the Archipelago, the eastern parts . Greece, &c. used formerly to derive a considerable part of their supplies of foreign produce at second hand from Smyrna ; but they now, for the most part, are either supplied direct from England, Marseilles, Ac, or indirectly from Syria, which is become a considerable dep6t. Chargtt on Selling and Buyinff.—Ke we conceive that a correct list of selling and buying charges is aneasential piece of information fur those interested in the commerce of the Levant, we annex the same, including every item of expense, namely :— OnSdling. _ On Buying, Fer ecfit. Cuntoni duly (acrording In the quality of the article)- ■ I (a 3 For'erifce (included in llie cost of picliaites, which vary according lo the quality of the goodi packed), Hduae and street brotierajje - * • - - I 1.3 Cnmniiuinn (except ODiiga, which ii 6 per cent.) - • 3 Warehouie rtut ■ • - • • • !■> Fer cent 2 3 019 2 3 1 1-2 2 012 fnifht (Mcoriiing to Ihe nie agreed upon in England) ny Cuil'm>luly(onren«ral gmvis) - • ^. ■ ^ forteraje trom 1 to 2 piaalres per package (according lo Ihe ii»i. ShroSije • • Houie >nd ilr"' broHerage ■ ConmiMion'oreffecllDgMe . ■ DUO i( proceed! are remilled by bill or ipecie nil creiltre dillo (when required lo be charged) I Wirtbouse rent . • • • • Willi regard to the cost of packages, those for silk are about 24 piastres each ; for gnlls, 18 do.; gums I mastic, tragacanth, Slc, 20 do.; scammony, 18 do.; opium, 30 to 38 do.; raisins, 12 to 14 do.; tigs, 25 to 30para8 ; cotton wool, from 12 to 20 piastres, Slc. \Vp learn from , Ihnt your lirm deols largely in skins and furs, but he does not state the quality lof eitlier; the latter article is, however, of a very limited and ordinary nature wth us, and chiefly consists of hare skins, which are abundant and shipped in considerable quantities for the German and Frencli markets. They ore most plentiful during the winter BPason, when they are also cheaper and I iieep bntter than in the hot months of the year. Sheep, goat, lamb, and kid skins ure plentiful, and lareonen in request for America; particularly the 2 latter when in souson, which is, for liiiiib skins from tlie middle of March to the beginning of June, and for goat skins from November until April. I We have no want of ox and cow hides, both dried and salted, the leather of which is said to be more Ipljaljle than those of Europe. They are now and then sent to Marseilles in small parcels ; but as it I would be difficult to convey, by a written description, the exact quality of those skins, we intend Imakingupalittle bale of such kinds as may for the moment be met with, and to forward it by an early I vessel to London, when it shall be submitted to your inspection, with an invoice, and remain, if you |thinl( proper, at your disposal. I We now proceed to make you acquainted with the manner in which our sales, purchases, and bar- liersare efl°ected, together with the nature of sales made on credit or for cash, &c. Sulci are etfected in this country between our house's brokers, and what is termed a street or out> Idoor brolter; tlie former receiving their instructions from us, and the latter acting on behalf of the ibcyer When the terms are mutually agreed upon, the real buyer and seller personally meet ; and a ■ bond or obligatory note stating the terms and amount of the transaction is drawn out' and signed by Ithe buyer, and when not much approved of, one or more signatures are required to the bond, whoindi- Ividually and collectively become responsible for the fulfilment of it. I FiircAiuMare similarly made, except that the purchaser or agent himself, in the first instance, and Ibis broicers, inspect the goods he is about to treat for: cash down is generally expected ; and it is but lidilom that a short credit of 1 or 2 couriers is obtained : it not unfrequently happens, also, that i or Ifven 'i of the purchase amount is advanced to the seller, when an insullicient quantity of the article Iviuied by the buyer is in the place, and which must then be procured from the interior or place of Ifrowth. The money advanced (which is to be returned if the quality does not suit) is sent by a con- Itdenlial person on the part of the purchaser, accompanied either by the seller in person, or by some lone representing him. fiaricr> are generally attended with delay, impediments, and sacrifices to the Kurnpean agent who Idchanges his constituents' goods for native produce, and are never completed without his paying a |lar;e portion in cash, which is mostly }, sometimes even i, but never less than i of the full amount; Ibesides always paying a higher price for the produce than if it were bought for ready money. On the |otljer hand, so far as the agent's transaction goes in goods, the price of which he also advances, it is Itoan advantageous cash sale, deducting a discount ; but still he loses, as we have just stated, Ion that part of the operation which subjects him to the necessity of giving ready money for such part jcf the produce as remains above the counter-value given in goods, at a higher rate than it is worth in ■the open market. Thus the advantage is all in favour of this country, and against the agent. Indeed, ■barters are seldom undertaken unless when a profitable result is anticipated, when European goods lire difficult to be placed upon saving conditions, either from the want of demand or a glutted market. krwhen (which is mostly the case) the holder of such goods has orders from the owners of them lo llemiuhcm in produce, and thus realise their property, if not upon profitable terms, at least without llberislt arising from bad debts ; sometimes, also, outstanding bonds are taken in part payment, to the Ititent occasionally of | : another i is taken in goods at an advance of from i to 10 or 12 per cent, abovo ■Vot.II.-2Y 67 no SMYRNA. ■If.'.. -■!• I 111 \T}"t- "■"' '*..';- as*-*' current prices ; and the remaining \\n casli against produce, at from 6 to 10 percent, more than it fetches in the bazaars. However, it is by barter alone that any extensive transaction ever takes place, or that it can be either readily or saTuly etfocted. Salea on Credit.— The terms of credit vary considerably, and depend entirely upon the ijimllty ofiijj goods which the ogenl gulls : for current or deninnded niorchandise, 2 couriers (or 9 periods of 1.1 day,, and two and three 31 days, are the present terms; which ore extended to four, five, and six ,1i i|,,yj for articles not much in request. Couriers mean post days ; of which wo have 9 in each iimiilli; a, each courier, and 31 days, a proportionate payment becomes payable ; for instance, on a creilii cf ,|, 31 days, 1-Cth falls due at the expiration of the first month ; and if pnid, is noted accordingly on the bond, and so on until tlio remiiiriiiig 5 periods are expired ; it must, however, be observed, thai pay. inents are by no means punctually made, except by a few of our more wealthy bazaar buyers, iilihoi^i, for the first 3 or 4 periods of a lonij credit some regularity is observed ; but as the time liinin, ,, shorten, payments are proportionubly retarded, so that two 31 days on a bond of credit for momhj may be considered as a fair average of lime in addition to the limited term. Sales for CasA.— Those very seldom occur, indeed, and then only when money is abundant, orihj article sold scarce and in great demand ; in fact, not 1 sale in 100 is made on these terms ; anil In ulmui the s.inie ratio is a discount taken off from a bazaar bond at oven an e.xorbltant rale, liowevi-rjlmri the period may be that it has to run : occasionally a sale is, however, effected for \ cash, and the othtt i short credit, for some very current goods. Charactr.r I'f Dealer».—na(MO entering upon the articles of commerce, we are desirous of rimkin» you acquainted with the character and customs of our bazaar dealers. The Greek dealers nro In ^'. neral petty shopkeepers, very cunning, and very bad payers. The Jews have similar defects, Ihuj,, well supported by their brethren, who generally become guarantee for each other. The Arinerilan, are by far the largest traffickers both for buying and selling; and tliough hard bargainers, uru inngHy all solvent, and honourable as well as honest. The Turks are, however, as far superior to the fnr,. going races in all moral qualities, as they are inferior to tbem in means and commercial ahiliilea; y^, they sometinies deal largely, and tlieir bond is as punctually discharged, in general, as the ilny comet when it falls due. The laws in this country mostly favour the debtor at the expense of the crcdiioi- and so far they encourage dishonesty. The number of insolvent native dealers was at one limeci' cessive; but of late the means of each individual buyer have been so corefully investigated, thai j, present we are not aware that there is one bazaar dealer who is not able tomeetthedeiniintlaofiiiose from whom he has purchased. The European con.suis, who enjoy nmch ronsiileration by the Turks. protect the interestsof their countrymen in disputed points ; and, in general, questions of a coiniiieniai nature are suhinitled to the decision of a Turkish tribunal, where very little pleading, but a goodJeil of plain straight-forward justice, goes forward; except l\vAl, perhaps, the European is, if any thing, rather less favoured than the native. We now proceed to olTer some observations on the leading articles of our imports and exports for your government, the correctness of which may be relied upon. Imports. Cnffef..—Th\s is by far the most current article received here, and is sent from England, Irance. Holland, Trieste, Marsi'illes, Leghorn, Genoa, and America ; but first, and principally of late yean, from the latter country; the vessels of which are frequently laden with coffee, and always partly so the next in point of quantity comes from England ; but is shipped mostly in small parcels ut a ilriir of from 300 to 600 sacks, although occasionally that amount is doubled. France follows, but nn a lesi extensive scale ; and Austria, Holland, and the small ports in the south of Europe, do not tneeilicrex. port more than what is received from Enijland alone. We have 4 different qualities of cntri^e in our markets ; namely. Mocha, St. Domingo, Ilavannah, and Brazil : the first is sent from Alexandrin,an(l by American vessels, and but seldom from Europe; the consumption is, however, limited, arid docj imt exceed 60,000 okes annually. At Constantinople, about 3 times that quantity is sold yeiirly. W« never remember to have known such heavy importations of West India coffee as within these lasit months (written in November, 1827) ; the consequence of which has been such an excess beyond the wants of the place, that not only buyers ore fully supplied for some time to come, but also the heavy stock in first hands can only be diminished either by forced or ruinous sales, or must wait fntin'i months, until the demand agiin comes round; wlilch is, however, certain to lake place, as rnfTee forms one of the necessaries of life in this country: in short, an Asiatic cannot do without hlsrnffee; and it is well Imown that in Smyrna alone not less than perhaps 400,000 cups of it are diiily dninli! which, compoted at the cost price of 2 paras each, amount to 20,000 piastres I The St. Doininenand Havannah cotlee are preferred to the Brazil, although, when the latter is of a fair round iiiiiility^tliere is not more than 5 per cent, diiriirence in price ; the small green West India berry certainly comiiiaiidi a ready sale ; but, for the finest sort, not more than 6 or 8 per cent, can ho obtained above the midilhng and sound quality. Coffee is amongst the very few orlicles which occasionally meet with .i partial and entire cash sale and short credit ; and is, moreover, from the means and diameter of the dealers in it, the least liable to risk from inscdvency. It is also the easiest through which an advanlagcw barter can be effected, as a much larger quantity of coflTee will be taken in exchanste for produce than almost any other item of European merchandise. Annual consumption, about 3,000,000 okes. Svgitr is the ne.xt in consequence. This article is supplied from the same sources as coffee, and ij attended in its disposal with similar results. We receive the following qualities:— White criislicil, white Ilavannah, brown do., white East India, refined in small loaves of 4 lbs. and in large of Slbs each : the 2 latter are mostly shipped from America and England. The brown and ordinary sorts are not so current. Annual consumption, 10,000 kintals. Indigii follows the 2 preceding articles, not so much in extent as meeting a ready sale always, aitd not unfrequentlya profitable one: It is attended likewise with all the advantages and fat'iliiiosattncheil to coffee and sugar, and is fornishi'd by Europe and America, but principally by England. The quali- ties we receive consist of East India purple and copper, ditto common, and Guatemala. The lirstof the 3 is the kind best adapted for our markets, and is placed sooner and bettor than the other 2; but. as is the case with coflTee, the ?)«ry/ne will not pay cost price, and ought therofore never to be si'iit The pieces suited for our buyers ought to be good sized, with about an equal proportion of piirjile anil copper in each piece. The few cheats on sale are all ordinary, and consequently dull ; aiidihelirsl arrival of 15 or 20 chests (and not more ought ever to be shipped at one time) oTfair Ea«t India will meet with a ready and favourable sale at 20 piastres per oke. Annual consumption, 80 chests. Manufactures. — This is, in point of amount, the most e.xtensive branch of trade carried on in Tiirkev, We have, as you will perceive from our price current, a numerous assortment of British and Bail India cotton goods and English shalloons. The white or unprinted cotton goods are most in demand during the warm weather, and the coloured or printed BtiifTs during winter, although a considerable | quantity of all sorts is regularly and largely sold throughout the whole year. The East India manu- factures are supplied by America and England exclusively; the latter country also sends f.iir iiiiiii- tions of the East India loom, in long cloths, seersuckers, &c. The native consumers are ejceedinily fastidious in their choice of designs and colours, which ought very frequently to be altered, in orderto meet their capricious taste. Manufactured goods are always sold at long credits, but large barters ue SMYRNA. 631 5 to 10 per cent, more than n e tran»acHon ever lakes pUce, nllrely upon the ijnality of ibe Liriera (or 4 periods of 15 days), 1 to fiiur, five, and »\x 31 dayi wo hnve 3 ii> each iiiniiili: bi for instance, on a creilil of iii lid. Is noted accordiii|!ly oil the wever, be observed, that pay. reallhy bazaar buyers, iililioujh ed i but as the lime bi'gin* i,, 1 a bond of credit for « niumbi hen money Is abundant, orihe do on these terms ; anil in uIkhh exorbitant rate, however ihnn ffected for I cash, and the oitet irce, we are desirous of making The Greek dealers are In je- ws have similar defect!*, but are jr each other. The Aniieniani juh hard bargainers, are iiiosUy Bver, OS far superior to tiii! fnre. IIS and commercial abiliiicsj yei ■ed, in general, as the day comej • at the expense of the cnilitot; itive dealers was at one liiiicM- so carefully investigated, lliaut \ble to meet the demands of iluise nuch consideration by llie lurks, oneral,questlonsof ttcoiiiiiienial ry little pleading, but a good deal w, the European is, if any ihiiij, jg of our imports and exports for id is sent from England, trance. rst and principally "f 's"" y^M. ,vith coffee, and always partly sn mostly in small parcels at a limp, led. France follows, but nn a less utti of Europe, do not toceilierex- [liflfprent qualities of coffiM! in nut ' first is sent from Alexandria, ami ion is, however, limited, anddoci that quantity is sold yearly. W. ^ndia coffee as within these last Is been such an excess beyond tlie time to come, but also the heavy lous gules, or must wail for 2 or 3 ' certain to lake place, as rnlfee Btic cannot do without his rnffee; [on 000 cups of it are daily drunk ptastros: The SI. DnniiiiBnanil er is of a fair round riuality, there ftt India berry certainly commamli [an bo obtained above the niiddlin? 'occasionally meet with a iianinl Bans and character of the dealers through which an advantageoin \en in exchanse for produce llian ion, about 3,000,000 okes. llie same sources as cnflec, and h [wing qtialities :-\Vliilc triislied, Ives of 4 lbs. and in large of Slhs ^lic brown and ordinary sorts are meeting a ready sale always, and Jidvantagea and facilities attncheil Incipally by England. Jlie,aii«l'; Ion, and Guatemala. The lirs o ^iid better than the other 2; Imi. huBht therefore never to lie senl^ In equal proportion of purple snd Tconseqtienllydnll; andlhetirsl i one time) dTfairKaMlmliamll lal consumption, 80 ibests. Teh oftrade carried on in Turket^ 1 assortment of British and Em lotton goods are most m demand I 1 winter, although a coiisKleraWe ■lie year. The East India inanu- Ir country also sends for imil'; | latlve consumers are exceeding) inuenlly to be altered, ni orderto long credits, but large barters a« often eirbctedthroufh them. A person deiiroui of entering Into this Item of onr commerce Is almost certain ultimately to reap an advantage ; but he must hnve patience, a large capital, and must not be disheartened at the Ural or second result of his enterprise, should it diNapjioInt his hopes of proHi. He must also enter into the thing with spirit, and keep his agent always su|iplied with the goods he may recommend; and he is to remember that many months must elapse before he can expect a return by billi of exchange, but sooner if he order a barter. The capUal employed must also at least lie to the xinoiint of 20,0UO/. to do any good; and further, this sum ought to be disbursed by him withmit any pecuniary embarrassment or inconvenience. For a person willing to undertake such a step, he would require to he regularly furnished with patterns, and advices of the manner in which they oiii;lit to be printed and varied ; and we again repeat, that wiUxcnmpnteitt meant, a real desire to follow the branch up Ariiily, and full information hence of what is required, a most extensive and Anally lucrative busi- ness would be done: and we recoiiiinenil the matter strongly to your best consideration. Annual cun- lumption of all kinds (British), about 307,300 pieces. Ciitlon Taitl forms no Inconsiderable article In our trdde, and is iiipplied exclusively from England. Mule twist has, however, superseded, in some degree, the demand which formerly existed for water twist, and is consequently more in request. Water twist is nevertheless saleable, and both qualities nuiht to be of rather high numbers. This article is oflen given in barter, but mostly sold nt rather long credits, and hardly ever fur cash. Annual consumption of water twist, 10,000 okes ; ditto uf mule diuo, W,000 okes. Iron til Burt, English, was formerly largely consumed ; but from the buyers being plentifully sup- plied, it is at present but little demanded, even at the losing price of the day. Barters are very fre- quently effected through irons of all descriptions, and command a short credit, and sometimes a cash tale. Annual co.isumplioii, 10,000 to ItJ.OOU kintals. Iron I'lalea are generally employed for building purposes, and store doors. Iron Hiidt are always saleable. Ironlliiopi are most saleable in August, September, and October, for fruit and other export barrels. Iron, Uussit, and Swedisk Burt. — These kinds are sent in rather large parcels, particularly the former, and fetch a higher price than the English, owing to their malleable qualities, which render labour easier, and by that advantage command a preference : though the high price, boyonil the Eng- lish make, puts the two qualities upon a level, and commands a larger consumption of the latter. An- nual consumption, 3,500 kintals. Tin in Bart is a good, steady, saleable article ; is often given on fair terms in barter, always disposed of oil short credit, and now and then placed fur cash. It comes from England exclusively. Annual consuiiiptinn, 830 to 1,000 barrels of 4 cwt. each. TVs in Plates ia attended with the foregoing advantages, and is also supplied by England alone. Annual consumption, 1.200 double boxes. Uiid in Sheets, Pigs, and SAut.— These 3 items have lately, particularly shot, been sent from Ger- inany,and prove dangerous competitors with the English ; in consequence of which the thing is over- done, and we have more in market than meets the demand at losing prices. i«id. Red and jrAite. —These 2 articles have lately been much in request for the formation of paint. 8oine large parcels of red have lately arrived, and sell well and currently, but we are altogether with- out white. The consumption uf all sorts of lead has, however, considerably decreased of late years, and no longer forms nn item of any great consequence in our trade. Runand .Branny.— Leeward Island and Jamaica are furnished by America and England ; the former narlicularly in the lower qualities, of which we have a full market at low prices. The better kind and krandy are supplied from England, but do not obtain a proportionate 'idvance compared with the com- mon sorts. Brandy is but of limited demand, and 2 or 3 puncheons are sulticient at a time. It ought, as well na rum, to be deeply coloured. Annual consumption of rum, 300 puncheons. S^iceiare all saleable in small parcels at a time, particularly pepper'und pimento; the latter of which, in small sound berries, is demanded at good prices. Nutmegs are very abundant, and offering very low without fliiding purchasers. France, America, and England supply us with spices, but France more so in cloves than in other kinds ; and it may be remarked that the qualities received from England are preferred. Credit on selling is generally short. Ciiciiiitea/ is a fair article now and then in small qualities; and, when in demand, at times fetches good prices, occasionally a cash sale, and always one of the shortest credits. Annual consumption, 1,500 okes. In concluding our observations on imports, we could wish to impress the conviction, that a poor man's purpose cannot be answered in speculating to this country ; for, should his circumstances re- quire a speedy remittance in bills, be must submit to a heavy sacrilice, in order to meet his wants, by telling his property for whatever it may fetch in cash ; and such a measure cannot but be attended with very heavy loss. On the contrary, when an opulent person tinds that his property cannot be realised at saving prices, he can afford to wait until a more favourable moment presents itself; and eiich a moment, in less than 12 months, is almost certain to arrive, when he retires his money with tn advantage more than equal to any interest he couM obtain for it in Europe. That the rate of exchange has regularly advanced, and will continue to advance, is the natural re- •aliof the continual deterioration of the Turkish specie. We remetnber when the piece of money denominated ' Mahinoudia,' passed at about its value, or nearly so, of 10 piastres : it rose to 23 soon afterwards ; and the few which remain are ut present worth 38 each. At the period we allude to (1812), the exchange on London was at 25 piastres tlie pound sterling; and until lately (owing to the great stagnation of trade, and to political events, which have lowered it), the rate has been up to 60. It cannot, however, increase beyond that rate more than 5 per cent., as it then will nearly be on a par with the value of the gold and silver current coin of the realm, when it will be better to remit in specie than by a bill at 63 piastres for 61 days' sight.* The rates of exchange lluctiiate considerably, and a Merence of Ho 1 per cent, often occurs between one post day and another, and are attributable to the quanlitynr scarcity of paper in market: it is for this reason that the rate always decreases during the fruit season, which takes place at the latter end of August, and continues until the middle of October; whea It rises again to meet the limited wants of drawers, and the larger demands uf those remitters who did not ship fruit, and invest the funds of their employers in that article. These observations lead us to submit the question of the advantage which a person in Europe has in receiving from this country, instead of sending to it. Late extensive liarters have proved to us, and which we have en- deavoured to show you, the unprofitable terms upon which they are conducted, were it only in pay- ing, and that in cash too, for at least i of the p.mount, at a higher rate than was current ; now this higher rate is, in itself, supposing the produce taken in barter to meet with a saving sale in Europe, of no small consideration;— then you have the advantage of drawing at a high e.\change in making a purchase; and again you have the choice of selecting the good part uf the produce, and of rejecting * The exchange, partly from t^ie farther degradation of the coin, and partly from the balance of payments being against Smyrria, is now (February, 1834) 08 piastres to the pound sterling! This variation of the exchange renders the holding of property upon a speculation for an advance very haurdoiu. \ • 632 SMYRNA. cr; tt0 l«U-«H ** MKjV ..Jia Ml •na mi' .^ x« r f «Sf ... --J c- :> .^ •? ■ ■ 3"», '-;' — .,« iJl* >* ■ ill :y.-:'. ■■■" • r" th« Inferior,— B choice which li not allowed In iBkIng It In barter i laitly, the principal ai)v8nta(i> Hi buying over bartering it, that you can avail yourielf ofa depreiilon In the produce niarliet, and KfTen your purchaie upon eaiy terine; whereat, when a barter It prnpnted, it hut the imnivdiate eiritiof producing a general rite In the whole inarlcet, and alHo of engeiiderinti tho most ahiurd preteiiHioni on the part nf prciduce hnldert, whoare tooconverinnt with cominercu not tn ice that either the Eiirnpei. honte, wishing to barter, it In want of procuring returni for hit principnl, or elie that the nrtlaiiiior produce wanted are in great demand in Europe — without which, the European agent would never ■ubniit to tiike produce at to much higher a price than ho could procure it for with caah I The only time in which the person tending to tliTt country ciin calculate upon a profitable return, It durinn lh« fruit tenton ; and fur that reason he ought to forward hit shipments from Europe so us to uieei i|), demand, and to be cashed by the beginning of August. A vessel from England hence is In gK]\tn\ from 4(1 to 50 dayi In performing her voyage; sonit'liuiRS nnich less, and but seldom longer: gu(,^, ought, If possible, always to be shipped in n fittt iind llrst clasi ship. We now continue our reinarlcs on the articles of our trade, and the following are tome of tiieinieu hence, and deserving of lerioui attention. ExPORTt. Silk.— TMt Is the richest raw article In our export trade with Europe In general, but almnst eiclu. tively with England, which consiimet nearly our niitlre proiUu'e. There are 3 dilfKrent <|uiiliiiet, vi^ fine, middling, and coarse. Dales, adapted for the Engliith nmrltet, lire cimiposud of tin- ,1 i|iiiiij(,^, but the lesser quantity is of tlie coarse klrl ; at one lime, all course wus in request in l.oiiilon, hm,! present an assortment of the 3 qualities li preferred. When an order is given, it oiiglit to l)c uccnm. pnnled by a description of the quality reqi red ; ^nd it is necessary to stale that, for all of ihu linen without being mixed, a higher price Is d w .ided. A b»le contains 40 letl'ees ; niid, liet'nn: Ikji,! packed, is carefully examined and upprov^d of l>y cunipeiitiit iiiitive JiidgcH. Silk is iiroiliiced ai Briissa, a large city ubout 300 miles distant from Siiiyrnii, whence it is forwarded by cHruviinit to n,, different places of consuuiplion, which are C'onstaiitlno|ile and this town. Vnlil very lately, alinnii the entire crop of silk came for snie to flmyrna, but at present tlie most cuiislderaldu pun in nunti,, Constantinople, where the price is higher : we have therefore liere an udvaiitiige, not only in |iric( but also in our manner of packing, which fetches 5 or 6 per cent, more in England than if packidjij the cupilal. I^ilk is mostly a ready money article, though it sonictiniet may lie had in small i|iiuiiiliiei at a short credit ; or half cash and half 1 or 2 couriers : it is alto now and tiien given in barter. Ag. nutti overage produce, 2,500 bales, or about 4)"0,0(iO lbs.* Opium, in point of value, and as an article of speculation, hardly gives way to silk : hiit ag It ji largely shipped by Americana, and sent In smaller quantities to Holland, and the south of l'',nrii|ii', juj Bubject to much competition and variation of price, although we have invariably observed llni't ihe opening price of the new crop is always the lowent, which, however, ii^ in some nieariure eoiiiiivrli:!. lanced by the decrease in weight which occurs by keeping. This is alsoa cash article, and iinleednub! ject to the same conditions as purchasing or bartering for silk ; it nevertheless has one iiirerlnrliy which the silk Is not liable to— namely, a difference in the quality of the crops : hint year, for instance opium was of a very bad kind, and hardly saleable in England ; this year, though small, it U fine. On the Continent and in America, the small sort is preferred to tlie larger si/.ed. We olitierve tlml,jn England, the prices of opium fluctuate considerably; but we are not aware llmt, by Imliling it, J;,. loss has ever happened, — another reason wliy a wealthy man only should emtiark in the Turkey trade It would be impossible, or at least dltiitult, and atten(led with much expense, to obtain a iiionnpulyor the opium crop, at it is produced through some thousands of individuals, each one (and they are all I poor) adding his produce ; and when collected in suflicient quantities, it is brought to market by the natives, having each of them 1 or 3 baskets for sale. What might be done is tills :— Send a pfrson lo the place of growth with ready money to purchase a certain but limited quantity, and wliicli hecag do easily, if not hurried, to the extent of 50, or even lOU baskets, and upon terms of udvuntuge, from the simple fact that Ihe collectors of it prefer to receive a remunerating price on llie B|iot of gnjwili rather than perform a long and expensive journey, with the chance of not finding pnrchaHers ininie' diately. Opium is produced at sundry places in the interior, of from 10 to 30 days' distance hence' but that grown at Caissar, about 600 miles from Smyrna, is tiie must esleenied, from its cleanness siiii good quality ; It comes to market In June, and (Inisiius about December or January. Annual averare produce, 3,000 baskets, or about 400,000 lbs.* Drugs and Qums form one of our principalbranchet of commerce, and is almost entirely in the handi of the Jews. At present, gum Arabic and mastic are exceedingly scarce ; and it is only when ihatli the cage, or the demand for exportation is very brisk, that much variation exists in the price nt'driiKi. Trieste, and occasionally America, consume a considerable portion of gunii<, but the largest quanliiy goes to tlie English markets. Uurters are often effected through this medium ; but it is n(>t altendeii with much advantage, as they are conducted by a race who never lose in any transaction they under- take. It is Impossible to ascertain the quantities of drugs received in Smyrna, and equally su to know the quantity remaining, as they are dispersed all over the city, and consumed so irregularly in Europe, as bids defiance to all regular calculation. Sponges have been, and still are, an article of considerable moment, particularly for the English mar- kets, and are found about the islands in theGreciun Archipelago, brought here, and cleaned for export- ation. They vary in price from 6 to 90 piastres per oke, according to fineness and quality : the betlei sort alone answers for speculation, and which, it would appear, from the considerable quantity sent to London, turns to good account. The produce depends so entirely-on chance, that no correct esti- mate of Ihe yearly quantity can be formed ; however, we are seldom in want of a niudernte supply, Oalla are shipped in considerable quantities for the English, German, and French markets ; the ihi former, however, being the largest contumers : for EuL'land, Ihe blue galls are those principally senlj though the market there for their sale being dull and low, prices with us, moderate as they are com- pared to last year, will still fiirtherdecllne, should a demand not spring up, of which there is noappeai- ance. Annual produce of all sorts, 5,500 kintals. * Since the period when this paper was driiwn up, a considerable change has taken place intheiilk and opium trade of Smyrna. A few years ago, the Turkish government so far receded frnni the free principles which pervade its commercial policy — (see Conbtantinopi.e), — as to attempt the establish- ment of monopolies of silk and opium ; by compelling the producers of these articles to sell them ata fixed and low price to the government agents, by whom they wore afierwards disposed of at an ad- vanced rate. But a plan of this sort could not be carried into effect in such a country as Turkey; and had, consequently, to be abandoned. A duty of nearly 10 per cent, has, however, heen iinpiisedoa j the silk and opium exported to foreign parts. And in order to facilitate the collection of this duty.ihe whole of these articles Intended for exportation are required to be bnuight to Conslantliiople! Tbii regulation has done considerable Injury to Smyrna ; but it seems so very ahsiird, and its inrnrcemenl itrl ik nehiin nn mlvnntage, not only in prite, re in England than if puchai jn B may he had in sinnll i|iiaiilliiei and then given in butter. Aj. r gives way to silk; hnl as it ii lid, and the south of EMrdpe, iiii ve invariably observed lli;it itn r, if in sinnll, it is fine. On rger si/fid. We observe llial, in 111 aware that, by ludding it, any onid embark in the Turkey trade. expense, to obtain u nuiiii>p(i|ynf duals, each one (and they are all es, it is brought to market liytlie 3 done is this :— Send u persdn lo lied quantity, and wliidi he can upon terms of advuniuge, from ng price on the spot of growth, ■ iiot finding pnrtbasers ininie- .. 10 to 30 days' distance hence; esteemed, from its cleanness anil r or January. Annual average id la almost entirely in the handi tree ; and It is only when thatii aiion exists in the price nfdnip. ' gums, but the largest quantity . medium ; but it is ni't attended ifi in any transaction tliey under- Smyrna, and equally so to kno* nsunied so irregularly In Europe, particularly for the English mar- [gilt here, and cleaned for export- fineness and quality ; thebettei n the considerable quantity sent ri/«l, of which we hav« aevoral qualities. Is chiefly exported to Trieste and Marseille*. The demand at present for all kinds of this produce Is exlreniply llmllvd, and we expect that priecs will gn Inwer with us before long, when perhaps something good might be done in Hoiibougens lo England, which generally receives onlv that quality. Barters are made to a large extent In cottons. Annual average produce of all sorts, nU.UOO kintals. fu/'i'iia einployg more British shipping for fiill cargoes of only one article, than any other speclet of produce. If we except, perhaps, fruit: it is also sent to Dublin and to the Uerman markets In con- fiilerahle quantities. Almost any supply can be obtained, and It Is shipped generally near the place* of irowth, which are numerous, although there Is never any want of it in the Hmyrnn market. It la iniich resorted to as a means of makinir barters, which perhaps are as easily uifi.'Cled, upon pretty fair tprnm, as with any other article of produce. The annual produce Is sulHcienttumoet tlio wants of all Curopc. It can be had to any extent, and ut all periods, ' /I'riiit.— This Is an artlclo which occupies the attention of all Smyrna, more or less, and produces, during the season, great interest and activily. Figs come to market early in 8epteiiilier, and raisins are ready for shipping early in October : the former are procurable rmly at Smyrna, whiTc the latter mall their qualities may be procured ; but the Hliipinents are generally made at Cesmu, Vourla,(.'iira- lioiirna, Usheek, &c., from which ports the name of the raisin takes us origin. Large sums are fr<;- oiii'ntly gained In fruit speculations ; and when the demand in England Is brisk, and the prices aid , iiallty fair with us, it very seldom happens, Indeed, that any loss Is sustained : it is, liowev.tr, attended with risk ; must Iw shipped dry ; and ought only to go in a very fist, sound vessel, as much depends uiion a first, or at least an early arrival, which obtains in general a higher price tliun the later irrWnls. The quantity prn.luced is always uncertain. For the remaining articles of exports hence, we refer you to our price current. Carpets are pro- duced to the extent of about 80,000 to 100,000 pikes a year. Oil (olive), to the amount of 10 to 15 iiiid- dhng sized cargoes, from the islands of Mytilene, Candia, kc, is generally shlp|ied for America and France: seldom for England ; the season commences in September, but the crops of olives tliictuute rtccediiigly in point of quantity ; hence arise dear and cheap years : last year was a high one, uiid It ii expected to be lower this. Copper, old and new, may be computed at .10,000 okes, which are gene- rally I'ought up as soon as offered, for Europe. Hare skins are coin|iuted at from .S.'iO.dOO 10 400,000 annually. Madder roots at 12,000 kintals. Peletons, at 13,000 to 15,000 chequees. (Jnats' wool of all kinds may be calculated per year at 45,000 to 50,000 chcqueea ; sheep's wool ut 23,000 kintals. Wax (yellow), 1,600 kintals. We have now flnished our general remarks nn the exports and imports of the place ; and in cnn- duilini! them, wc beg to state tliat, upon an average of all of them,) with the exception of fruit from, and of Iron to, Turkey,) the selling charges may (excluding del credere commission) be calculated at ahoul 12 per cent., and on purchasing at about o per cent SNUFF (Ger. Schnupftabacic ,• Fr. Tabae en poudre; It. Tobacco da naso ,- 8p. Tabaco depvh'O; Rus. Nosowoi tabak), a powder in very general use as an errliine. Tobacco is the usual basis of snuff; but small quantities of other articles are frequently added to it, to vary its pungency, flavour, scent, &c. Though substantially the same, the kinds and names of snuff are infinite, and are perpetually changing. There arc, however, 3 principal sorts: the first, granulated; the second, an impalpable powder; and the third, the bran, or coarse part remaining after sifting the second sort. Unless taken in excess, no bad consequences result from its use. Dealers in tobacco and snulT are obliged to take out a licence, renewable annually, which costs 5«. Tlieyare alsojibliged toenter their premises, and havetheir names written in large legible characters over their door, or on some conspicuous part of their house, under a penalty of hOl. The dyeing of iniifT with ochre, amber, or any other colouring matter except water tinged with colour. Is prohibited miller a penalty of lOOf.; and its intermixture with fustic, yellow ebony, touchwood, sand, dirt, leaves, ic. is prohibited under a penalty of 100/. and the forfeiture of the article. — (1 & 2 Oen. 4. c. 109.) If tnuffbe found to contain 4 per cent, of any substance, not being tobacco, and other than water only, or water tinged with colour, or flavoured only, such snutT shall be deemed adulterated, and shall be forfeited, and the parties subjected to a penalty of 100/. over and above all other penalties and forfcit- mi—(lb.) No quantity of snulT weighing above 2 lbs. shall be removed by land or water without a |)crniit.-(29 Oto. 3. c. 68.)— (See Tobacco.) SNUFF-BOXES are made of every variety of pattern, and of an endless variety of ma- terials. We only mention them here for the purpose of giving the follo'.ving details, not to be met with in any other publication, with respect to the manufacture of Ijaurencekirk or Cumnock boxes. These are made of wood, admirably jointed, painted, and varnished. These beautiful boxes were first manufactured at the village of Laurencekirk, in Kincardineshire, about 40 years since. The original inventor was a cripple hardly possessed of the power of locomo- tion. In place of curtains, his bed (rather a curious workshop) was surrounded with benches and receptacles for tools, in the contrivance and use of which he discovered the utmost ingenuity. The inventor, instead of taking out a patent, confided his secret to a joiner in the same village, who in a few years amassed a considerable property: while the other died, as he had lived In the greatest poverty. The great difliculty of the manufacture lies in the formation of the hinge, which, in a genu- ine box, is so delicately made as hardly to be visible. Peculiar, or aa they are called, secret tools, are required in its formation ; and though they must have been improved by time and experience, the mystery attached to their preparation is still so studiously kept up, that the workmen employed in one ihnpare rigorously debarred from having any communication with tiiose employed in another. About the beginning of this century, an ingenious individual belonging to. the village of Cumnock, in Ayrshire, of the name of Crawford, having seen one of the Laurencekirk snuff-boxes, succeeded after various attempts, by the assistance of a watchmaker of the same village, who made the tools, in producing a similar box; and by his success, not only laid the foundation of hia own fortune, but ireatly enriched his native parish and province. For a while, the Laurencekirk boxes were most in demand ; but Mr. Crawford and his neighbours in Cumnock not only copied the art, but so improved and perfected it, that, in a very few years, for every box made in the north there were, pro- bably, 20 made in the south. In 1826, the Cumnock trade was divided amongst 8 master nmnufactu- lers, who employed considerably more than 100 persons. The demand at that time equalled the sup- ply, and It was calculated that the trade yielded from 7,000/. to 8,000/. annually,— a large product for a manufacture seemingly so insignificant, and consisting almost exclusively of the wages of labour. Plane is the wood in common use, and the cost of the wood in an ordinary sized box does not exceed \i.; the paints and varnish are rated at 2d.: and though something is lost by selecting timber of the finest colour, the whole expense of the raw material falls considerably short of 1 per cent, on tli« return it yields! !8i3 ■..i'r,Si:-\ SOAP. z- •sM H-' 8r 1 «**. Jl' Jc^' > d "•'3 •m- :J •■«. -'-JW c:''^' •^v'ill .^n» «t'.' ■ :^^m M^ ••^••i ^ :v'»» flnulT-boi, like pin maklni, •dmiti of iiibdlvUInn «riiihniir; nnd In rII wnrkihnpi of nny iIik] clnaiRi of perinnR nr» eniplnyRii,— palnlniiR, polUlH'ra, niiil Jolneri. At Iha perlixl •llii<|pil lidiliiea*, lin oiiinltiHil nlniiim any prliR lii> rli>iii>|„ auk ; and many Initancei occurred, in which nnlliinry il/.nd •niil]'-l)iixei lold at V. I'ij «rf., ami Indi^,' work-boiKR at V)t. Hut ai the trade iiicrraiRd, it liccanie nnreiiary in eniiiloy npiireiilic)!*, who tlni lii'rntiK' JmirnHyiiinn and thon ninitort j and xii'h have hren Ihe vtwexn i>( Inijiriivi ninnt iiiiii rciiripcu. tiiin, llial artirlcii iiuch ai ore Rp<>riMtMi above may now hu olitHliif prli:'.»\ cnRrnvinnii are rviliicud loilii> li/.R mud ronvonicnt fur llio wnrkmnti, wiihimt iiiJiirliiK ih, priiilH in thi! iiliKliti'Rl doK"'*! : and he iirii ii miiirT-licix niniiiinii'lurcr, IjI<(' ii DiiiirnnnliiiR Wimivit, cng work toord«r by nxhibitinir on wood IiIk i'iiipbi\ fr'« coal of arrm, or, in c'lorl.nny obji-ct liit iiiiiy fm,,. w ilhlii the range of thR pirtorlal art. Home f>f Uih piiiiili-ri iliH|iliiy roiiKiitcriililii lalriil, anil an nfi,,! »iii and Rome of thoRR who eniigrnlcd, having iiiaile a good deal of money, iiixlend of being rniipeil iiu|. a workahop, are now thriving propri«torH in lljiper Canada. Iliil ufler a lirlef Interval Ibe iriiile ral. lied ; and ihniigh pricea are low, it is now more Hoiirinhing Ibun ever. In (.'iimnock, ihe niiiijbi>rnr haiida haa IncreaRed cnniideraiily, nnil In Mauchline there Ir one workRhop no cxteiiRive ihul It ma, alinoRt be compared tn a cotton mill or factory. In other quarterR the trade Ir extending, rim h on i|p! leiiRhiirg near Oreennck, Catrine, Maxwellinwn, DiimfrieR, &c. The principal iiiarketR for ibo inutT. hoxca are London, Liverpool, GlaRgow.aitd Kdinburgh. Alone lime, large IoIr of Iioxcr were cipum^ tn teen made, to add iwl initio the copper or vessel all the fob and skimmings taken out nf Ihttune, and also grease, in the pmiwrtion of at least 10 cwl. of peue fw every ton ofyellow or mottled soap which the copper or vessel ibiil be by the officer computed to boil or make, and inimediilelvmwll iuchgrease in the presence of the officer of excise. No lers lit fortbi making of loap may be manufactured for sale ; nor mar unr binlli be ground or pounded for ule ; nor when grouol or poiiadcd bciiU Ripilaliimi tu lo Iht Manufacture.— Sotp il charged with a duty of excise, and its nianufacture is consequently regulated by several prnvisions intended for the protection of the revenue. No jienon is fiermitted to make soap within the limits of Ihe head office of excise n London, unlew he occupy a tenement of 101. a year, and iaasunsed to and pays the parish rates ; nor elsewhere, unless he is assessed and pays to cfiurch and poor ; and every soap-maker is required to take out a licence to be renewed annually, for which he is to pay 41. j but persons in partnership require only 1 licence for I house. They are also required lo provide sufficient wooden covers for all coppers and other utensils wherein they boil hard soap ; which covers are to be locked and sealed down by the officer whenever anv soap is left in (he same ; and the furnace door, cover, and the ash note door is also to be locked aad sealed at all timee except when the same is at work. Regulations are also m.ide for preventing the use of any private con. ▼eyance or pipes; empowering officers to break up Ihe ground lo •eareb for the nine, and cut them up if found ; If not, the officers ■nasi make compensation for Ihe injury done. (In cleansing or taking •oap oul o< Um coppen, the maken an required to (ire notice ; and SOAP. 035 n III worliihopiof anyilMj lha p«rlii<1 Klliiilfil ti), nn liiclm. mil n |Hi|i»herc(iniililiT;ililyi,.„ I'll nlniimi »ny l"'*" '" '•"■•i-tn ■ milil lit IW. I'J* M; nnil litdlti' eniiiloy «|i|ireiitlr«». who tlr«i I 111' Imiiriivrninnt nml riiiiipni. lliR rrfpi'Cllv P'tte" "f »"«iiil I nri'liy •liilloiinry, llint nf ihr Willi It 111 i"i"cl' e">i|''"y<'ili ili« vnrkiimn, wIlhoHl lnjnriin ih, ikf 11 Duiifuriiillii" wiMiviT, tun , ii>\cirl, i\iiil ««I"!" I""" ll'<'<»'i " "'ruin O'Hhuiili'r," " WiilK I'i'vrry iimirlvr nf lli« liiilmablj Ihc miiilloH i'( Wilkip, mill 1.11,(1 ,rl will! im llKOf'' • "'"' IIXTi-K iiinrt' iir li-m porlVclly »ii Ihe H iiirli iiMVclHil liy llii! l.Piig-cnml. t It r.ir minii- olhtr liinliloyiiiem: y. InsU'lliI of IxlliR I'liiipi'illlliln IT u lirii'f Inturvnl lli« Irmle ml- 't. In riniiniick, lint nunibrrct irknlii'P Bii cxteimive itial it ma; I iriiile i» iixli-mliiiK, miiii sillf. . primlpnl iiiarkfts fur llin muff. liirgc liim "'' lioii"'' w<'"' eipii'led ord, In ropnril In lis ulnple monu. -"The riiiiilUlon lii"«t fiivniirabl« (liMiioiiilK of opulent ni'iptilifluti; iiry, i^xRinptB ihtMU Irniii llieevili iiiIh of luxury, thone are Ihn moii «nii(l iiittniifnctiirorp J nrtliiuein r the tHW ninterlnl." Hnmevety TuMt piirts of Englnnd j but ihey II ao the llnluhliig, la clumsy In the psteemeil frlenil, John M'Diarmid, era In Ih" empire. Rub. Millo ; Lat. Sapo). Th« hard and soft : the former ii imilar oily matters. Soap made somctimea denominated whik e price of iho article, to mix i irma the common yellow soap not assume a solid form ; iu iperties of soft soap as a deter- not nearly so convenient foi lans in the formation of loap lans as an unguent. The oil A little tallow is also added, joap in fine white spots. The [of France, Italy, and Spain, is lufactured from grease, tallow, 1 Glasgow, are the great «eat! of In made in Great Britain in I8A Vwc8»tle, 6,962,049 lbs.; Bristol, [and Glasgow, 4,607,354 lbs. 0( rurnished above \; the rest beii){ Iconsidercd as a necessary of life. Ims us, that soap was invented by {German soap was reckoned the lare limited for complelim the clnniiDi >^ ■acconling to the kiiiJ of loap, ami ihe m\f WM unie is put. I'opiiera ami olher uwill in evOTV month. Thernninui'J mmikiij j l( «nd putlini the same into »K-i UkMKi lid nnd prepared, mu.t be either > .^air or* ] Idea, and end of such framea are IoImJikIm I, 45 inches loni!,»nd ISinchrabniaa.lhtBM IlKTed at the eipenae of the ajap "■iktr. Tit lottled aoan it regulated by ^ G"; '■ ^J*- lit required, >■ awm as the jameii *>»«!« In which it haa been marte, to a* an (« itj Ithe fob and skimmmp taken oulnfihttim, I proportion of at leaat 10 c»l. ot p« ta Inrnttled aoap which the copFT or v«».l*^ l,Bl to boil or make, ai.d "imedialth^m* Vce of the officer of eiciae. No IM Hi b'™ rmtnofactured for tale ; nor «". .wtenjU utitHiH "■* "eitkt of M lla. nf tuh Uritia al dm time. In the HBOval of anan ticeedinf the qiiaoliljr of 2i ll)t., Ihe woril **Mia|i'* tiull I)" p«i"i*<' or in.arken in ItrR* letten of At Iraaf i nirh^e lonfon „try clieal, tttakal, boi, caak, or |>ackaf at le:itl :1 inrM 10 hnfih nn every wtfnr), Ctrl, or olher rarrlaae rtfrying mniT 'tian irl llie., in tome cnntpicinua and open part of Hie uniR, unl.M II ■* lamtd by a perann t>eiiiK a known and p'iblic nr cuninon tirr.«rof |otidt ami luarcbaudita fnim one |iart to anolhtr ; oltn-eii may Imi ee' Ihe map and 'he arenmptrying eertiltcate, !l,iap'Swlltif tie altn III knii Ikh'Ik. an,l enter ihrrein all ipiihhlita ' I »«p tnlj cirr*liii( in IU. t;«tfy Urnl of iiiiip mini cm, lam i 11 lU. aiiiir. du|.>ii>j rviry liliarri'l \l* lln. ; avriy Aikiii 61 lln. ; aii'l avrrv I I nrkin W lln , bri da. Ilir <*>i(l,i and larai.f Ihe r uk. N>ip maker* niiiil hrrp traira and writhtt, aivl ataitl llie elcae nltireri in ihe uaa of 1' rill, anil liiii.t wri^ti Itirir niatrriil. fur lli.ikln^ mu\\ befnni tin otTir.r, nn (leiully of Mii — iC'/iiilyi Cum, iUiui, »c.l. li. Pp. 4I»— Uii.) F./poff «f >^«0P '>"'< Candlfs —We annually export from 10,000,000 in 12,000,000 llm of iioiip iinil can- dl«(, worth rrnin 230,00()(. to :tOO,00(l/. Nearly \ nto evpnrti'il to the llrlliiih WutI liidliin iiiid American roliinlci. A very large quantity In alio ^xpnrliMl to llray.ll. Opprii!'ivn>ft »f Ihe />Nfif.— The dlri^rl duty rliiirgt-il on hard lonp, which la by far the niont nxlrn- ,iv,.|y iiaed, ainounlcd, till June, 1833, to 3ii. per Ih., or ViM. per iwt., while Ihe prlie of Nimp rarely iix- rerriiiil (Id. per lb.,or 5A«. percwl.in that the illreel duty wni fully 100 per rent.! Hut tiiHh'ea this rtiiiriiiiiiia duty, the lubilanceii of which Roan la made, viz. tallow, harlllii, nnd turpentine, or main, were reapertively eharired with diitleaof 3<. 4il., 'in., nnd 4«. 4iJ. a i:wl. ; and Inking theae Indirect laxea Into iii-rniiiil, II may lie truly atated that aonp waa Inxed from 120 to 1.10 pur cent, ad vuliinm ! The lmpii> tiiliiii of >■" exorbitant a duly on an article that Is Indiapensnlile to the pritnlliin of ninny hrancheg i.rnianiifactitre, and tn thn comfort and cleanllneaa of all ordera nf peraona, wna in tlie laat degroi mnipciliont. There were good reaaona, too, for ihlnkliig that in ciiii»ei|uence of the eiicoiiragenieiit wiiicit li*'" '^'"^^*'''^'' ''"'y K"^" to Hintigt'llng iind fraud, the revenue derived from It waa not much ireili'r tltsn It will he now that It la reduced to i its forniur ninoiint. During the 5 years ending with l^tl, tiie i-oiiaurnpllon nf duty-paid snap waa nearly alallonary ; ihonsh there can he no doiitit, from the inrreaMe of ntanuflicturea and population during that pi Mud, that It 'vo'iUI h,tve breii very conal- ilt'iitlily extended, but for Ihe increaao of amiiKgling. Tliia harmful prad.ce la r'acllllaled hy lite total r\eiii|itii)n wlileli Ireland enjoys rrnni thia duly , fm It not !'r4''ii>i|i . |y hnppena that the xonp made liilhm cotitilry, and acnl tolrelani' under n drt. tvhr .'.k, la :'..)..iii . laiiileHilnely Inlroiliiceil iiitn fireat Briiiiin. it la, perhaps, needle:..' ri diiction nT the duly could put isiop to tli*' ""■"l^f"'>ll and frniiil that hr.' hee:. .<■> :fi'ii. r,i|ly p^tt t .nl. Ho long na Ihe profit to lie iii^du by breaking Ihe law waa an high bp I '> ')r U<'< |i>.r rent , '' i '..i: ^ atum It sure to he broken, In de- ipitd ol the intiltipllcallon of petialilea f;i«I i ;n iirn'iiit u livitv f >'il vigilance of the ollicera. Hut now tint Ihi! duty luia been reduced \, Ihe teiniitii'lon to 'i;!iiii;,, nn donhi, f llnv. this reilui lion of iliily, will go farm render the low duty na pro I >ct'.ve n > itio '.iRlierone ; an lli.il tliundvuiitiigia result- in;' rnita till) dimlniahed InniptntiiM tu i;mn;;jlinv, a.i.i l a il the i.'tliieiii-iHif° it-e reduced price <>.' Ill" article in facilitating mniiufaclur'iiK inil'tm >, •inJ it' iiii)i'.io'l:!i; ha ji< of ''toi.iiliii.:8r vv I'l, ii:jal priiliably, bu obtained, without any conaid>-r»l !> loac i ' le^' iniir. The entire repeal of the aoap duty woiilil be » j.njiulu inen.ture ; hi>v :. .-Kiit i.iat a In'ttr^ pnwitnt of revenue muil be raised, and that thoae '■•i.ioa only i-i pro-iMi'tlve vv!;tch ailcci all clis.'ji o' ,',i» rom- inimlly, we should not bediapoaed n ii;f i>v.iiion mod tliul '.;a,(t' it i lijec-'uoubic InnrMt,! of j'r. v- i 'iig Va rcpen!, we think It ought to lie extended lii IrelaiMl. Tlu efomiU'i'" of one '^rr' or'ihif eiiruf, r oiii a liuty „(' thiiinrt iinpoaed on another part. Is ci-iUn'-v to jl! prim r'it, •'ml Is fr''.iuggliiig ; > I )->^ r<' .hlH liijiivU il'i-'iiiiitioi' iij ciiiA- i ^ to eiiit. Were the duty extended to Ireland, the >,u the s-wp .i;i...r>'.er d"vlui-tio,> were nin..e f inn ih? riit.1 oi' 'ti.'.)', itn pir.. duciiveneia would not, under such clrcumt'.iince;. be ..ti,m',r> a ever >,: Ki'^jiaiKt. I, Account of the Quantity of Ifa.-l and •?»/« ioap c.'iarge.i Vii!i !7icciso Dut/ in G'l-c.t Brit tin. In fsch of the Rievcn Years ending ftth January, 1S,13; ttit* nat> s of I>iUy ; e.tid tae Orvta and J^t'ult ) luljue of the Dulles.— (Compiled from diirerenl /*&. liamenlary Pffpri-a.) Ton. isn m iMi m m 1927 \m 1830 1831 1832 FsuDdt' Weight uf Soap. j !iatee rf tint) . Hard. Lbs. 89,168,934 92,9IM,382 97,071,496 100,261,333 102,623,165 96,859,694 104,372,807 108,110,198 103,041,961 117,324,320 119,379,037 Soft. Lbs. 7,583,9.'58 8,073,803 8,226,922 9,297,485 8,910,.''.04 7,278.446 9,64i1,477 10,024,(vi;- 9,068,9 IS 10,209,M0 10,350,703 Ha"!, p-..- ih. d. 3 pi.1,818 3 8 l,r4.098 19 l,42i,;i6 11 l,'«',,152 ],s:3,149 19 1,550,344 15 a. d. 1,179,612 a 1,147,060 7 1,199,409 18 1,210,754 11 1,151,009 15 1,249,684 13 10} 1,186,219 11 llf 4 lOJ 5i 4t II. Account of all Soap exported rt. during the Nine Years e.'dln!^ ir^lanii and Foreign vith 5tli -f January Countries, on which a Drawback was allowed, 1833,— (Par/. Paper, No. 23. »ess. 1831.) li i\. nu, 1 Foreipi CouDtrin, Tor. i Foiudt ^I'.'hl 0. Soap ea|iorl6d. Drawback allowed thereon. Pounda' Weijhl of Soap exported. Drawback allowed tbereoii. Hard. Son. Hant. Soft. ISiM lii« \M . m \m \m 1830 1831 1833 Lbs. 116,401 146,855 210,912 301,642 947,326 2,751,558 6,559,461 10,714,1»3 Lha. 72,814 83,041 88,890 89,280 90,875 140,673 120,992 120,25« £ a. d. 1,935 18 lU 2,441 3 10} 3,284 11 U 4,421 10 6 12,504 4 n 35,420 4 3} 82,875 9 11 134,805 3 1 Lbs. 4,993,694 5,764,070 4,073,973 7,445,467 7,936,569 6,884,061 8,098,205 Lbs. 3,729 3,526 2,773 6,491 12,734 4,467 10,324 £ a. d. 62,448 7 3f 72,076 11 8t 50,944 17 7» 93,115 13 \i 99,299 19 3* 86,083 6 H 101,302 16 i 1 'f 536 SODA— SPERMACETI. •'Si .a—A' V" »" jws.-'aja ub ''1* SODA. So<3 Alkali. (SOUND. Return of the Number nf Veiaels which passed the Bound and cleared at Elsinore, in 1833, 1834, l$3> 18.^0, and 1837 ; diBtinguishing the Countries to which they belonged, and stating tlieir Tonnaei for 1837. *' FUs«. Shipt, 1833. Shipt, 1834. Shipi, 1836. Shipi, 1838. Sh p., 1837. 3,417 Tonnije in I83;.i liritish 3,102 2,756 2,472 3,194 C5.'),447 i Ilmioverlan 314 386 386 416 477 60,572 1 Dullish 826 7.'.9 752 920 1,113 110,256 ■ Swedish - i,aiiu 930 991 963 1,058 111,090 Norwegian 1,461 1,496 1,357 1,447 1,843 1W,1I3 1 PriisHian - 2,0.S0 I Oldenliiir'g 60 35 46 60 55 6.770 Lubeck 91 82 71 91 93 9,052 Totals 10,985 10,605 10,255 11,921 13,102 _ J,033,70C i Sup.) SOUTH SEA DUTIES. The act of the 9 Ann. c. 21., establishing the South Sea Company, conveyed to them the exclusive privilege of trading to the Pacific Ocean, aiij along the cast coast of America, from the Orinoco to Cape Hum. This privilege was t.iken away by the 47 Gen. 3. c. 23.; and in order to raise a guariintce fund for the indemniliciitinn of the Company, a duty of 2 per cent, ad valorem was ioipnsed by the 55 Geo. 3. c 57. on ali goods (with the exception of those from Brazil and Dutch Surinam* ; and with the eicepi tion of blubber, oil. See. of whales, or fisli caught by the crews of British or Irish ships) imported from within the afnrt-said limits. A duty of Is. 6d. per ton was also imposed on all vessels (except In bal- last or importing the produce of (he fishery of British subjects) entering inwards or clearing outwardi from or to places within the said limits. The duties are to cease when the guarantee fund isconi. pleted. SOY, a species of sauce prepared in China and Japan from a small bean, the produce of the Dolkhos snja. It is eaten with fish and other articles. It should be chosen of a good flavour, not too salt nor too sweet, of a good thick consistence, a brown colour, and clear; when shaken in a glass, it should leave a coat on the surface, of a bright yellowish brown colour ; if it do not, it is of an inferior kind, and should be rejected. Japan soy is deemed superior to the Chinese. It is worth, in bond, from 6s. to 7^. a gallon. It is believed to be extensively counterfeited. — {Milbnm's Orient. Com.) SPELTER, a name frequently given to Zinc ; which see. (The exportation of spelter or zinc from Europe to India, which began in 1821, pro- duced an extent of speculation, and a fluctuation of price, that could hardly have been con- ceived possible- —Subjoined is an account of the Quantity, Value, and Selling Price of the Spelter imported into Calcutta, ft'om all Parts, from tbe year 1920— 31. Vmn. quMlilT imported. Vllua. Averaiie Price per Fy. Md. Ye»n. Quintitjr imported. Value. Average Price per f)-. .Ml, Baz. Udi. So. Si. Cur.Bt. Bat. Mdi. .sa. m. ISI20-2I Nil. Nil. 1887-28 185,634 1,173,614 9 3 1621-22 22,63S 225,3«0 23 7 1828-29 133,4'il 711,217 7 2 1822-23 46,032 6IO,4ffr 20 10 lffi9-30 89,795 4S7,if7 6 1 1823-ei 64873 1,412,338 IS 10 183(K>I 74.416 3M,208 6 10 1824-21 190,900 l,9Bi;,790 13 8 1831-32 64,331 299, -.83 5 8 182i-26 130,380 l,IS3,9S6 12 13 1832-33 30,710 130,94!4 I82S-27 |S8,670 1,328,738 10 13 1833-34 24,941 96.312 1 This table shows the extraordinary e.xtent to which speculation had operated on this article. The excess of imports from 1824-25 to 1828-29 was such, that recently the trade may be said to have been altogether extinct ; the supplies that were carried out during the 3 years ending with 18;i4-.13 being intended rather to serve as dead weight than as a merchantable article. The stock in the India mar- ket has now, however, been so much reduced, that a considerable rise of prices may, at no distant period, be fairly anticipated. IBell't Comparative fieui of the Commerce of Bengal for 1S30-3I, and 1831-32, p. 5.; and for 1832-33, and 1833-34, p. 24.)— Sup.) SPERMACETI (Ger. Wallrath ,- Fr. Blanc de Baleine, Sperme de Baleine ,- It. Sperm- aceli ; Sp. Esperma de Ballena ; Rus, Spermazet), a product obtained from the brain of the physeter macrocephalus, a species of whale inhabiting the Southern Ocean. The bnin being dug out from the cavity of the head, the oil is separated from it by dripping. The residue is crude spermaceti, of which an ordinary sized whale will yield 13 barrrls. Aller being brought to England, it is purified. It then concreirs into a white, crystallised, brittle, semitransparent, unctuous substance, nearly inodorous and insipid. On being cut into small • Tbe provinces of the Ilio de la Plata bave since been Bdded.-(7V(af . Order, 12tb of Marcli, M) SPIRITS. 537 »t Elainore, In 1833, 1831, 183:, id, aud itating their Tonr.ag« «. ?h p., 1837. 14 3,417 ft 477 in 1,113 -.3 1,0.^8 n 1,813 n a,319 fti -21 fiS 817 ft 43 in 769 27 38 49 4n 33 194 3 4 ns 130 2ft 2fi 19 14 fin .15 91 93 Tnnmje in 1837.' 65,'),447 60,5:2 110,2riC 111,090 |Sfi,113 475,395 15fi,4,')7 101,610 5,(129 00,920 5,168 4,8f)o 26,2iO 624 10,9^1 3,276 2,5S0 6,770 9,052 ni 13,102 2,033,706 1 Sup.) , establishing the South Sea ing to the Pacific Ocean, ami >rn. [ler to raise a guarantee fund foi I was imposed by the 55 Geo. 3. c. I Surinam* ; and willi the excep. itish or Irish ships) imported from ispaX on all vessvls (except in bal- •ing inwards or clearing oiitwardi vhea the guarantee fund is coo- n a small bean, the produce of It should be chosen of a good ce, a brown colour, and clear; of a bright yellowish brown [jected. Japan soy is deemed a gallon. It is believed to be la, which began in 182 1, pro- lit could hardly have been con- talcutta, from all Tarts, from lie Value. 8a. Kf. 1,173,614 711,217 4S7,2!-7 3ia,209 130,949 W,3li Avenge Price per Fy. Md. Cur. Si, 9 3 7 I 6 I 5 10 i 8 ^___ I Ld operated on this article. Tbe K trade may be said to have been kreara ending with 1834-35 being Be. The slocli in the India rait- lise of prices may, at iiodisiant herce of Bengal for 1830-31, and [erme de Balelne ; It. 8pm' \ obtained from the brain of Southern Ocean. The brain td from it by dripping. The [will yield 12 barrels. Aflct V a white, crystallised, brittle, Ud. On being cut into small \as. Ord«r,12lh of March, 1*8.) pieces it assumes a flaky aspect It is very heavy ; its specific gravity being 9-433. It is used in the manufacture of candles, in medicine, &c. SPICES (Ger. Spezereyen ,- Du. Speceryen ,- Fr. Epieerien, Epices ,- It. Spesj, SpeziC' fie; Sp. Especias, E/tpecerias; Port Enpeciaria ; Rus. Prdniie korenja). Under this de- nomination are included all those vegetable productions which are fragrant to the smell and pungent to the palate ; such as cloves, ginger, nutmegs, allspice, &c. These will be found under their proper heads. SPIRIT OF WINE. See AtcoiuiL. SPIRITS. All inflammable liquors obtained by distillation, as brandy, rum, geneva, whisky, gin, &c., are comprised under this designation, 'i'he term British spirits is applied indiscrin>inately to the various sorts of spirits manufactured in Great Britain and Ireland. Of these, gin and whisky are by far the most important. The manufacture of spirits is placed under the surveillance of the excise, and a very large revenue is obtained from it. The act 6 Geo. 4. c, 80. lays down the regulations to be fol- lowed by the distillers in the manufacture, and by the oHlcors in charging the duties. This act is of great length, having no fewer than 151 clauses; it is, besides, exceedingly compli- cated, and the penalties in it amount to many thousand pounds. It would, therefore, be to no purpose to attempt giving any abstract of it in this place. Every one carrying on the business of distillation must have the act in his possession, and must be practically acquainted with its operation. 1. Spirit Duties. Consumption of British Spirits in Great Britain and Ireland. — There are, perhaps, no better subjects for taxation than spirituous and fermented liquors. They arc essentially luxuries; and while moderate duties on them are, in consequence of their being very generclly used, exceedingly productive, the increase of price which they oc- casion has a tendency to lessen their consumption by the poor, to whom, when taken in excess, they are exceedingly pernicious. Few governments, however, have been satisfied with imposing moderate duties on spirits ; but partly in the view of increasing the revenue, and partly in the view of placing them beyond the reach of the lower classes, have almost invariably loaded them with such oppressively high duties as have entirely defeated both objects. The imposition of such duties does not take away the appetite for spirits; and as no vigilance of the oiRcers or severity of the laws has been found sufficient to secure a mo- nopoly of the market to the legal distillers, the real effect of the high duties has been to tiirow the supply of a large proportion of the demand into the hands of the illicit distiller, and to superadd the atrocities of the smuggler to the idleness and dissipation of the drunkard. During the latter part of the reign of George I., and the earlier part of that of George II., gin-drinking was exceedingly prevalent ; and the cheapness of ardent spirits, and the multi- plication of public houses, were denounced from the pulpit, and in the presentments of grand juries, as pregnant with the most destructive consequences to the health and morals of the community. At length, ministers determined to make a vigorous effort to put a stop to the further use of spirituous liquors, except as a cordial or medicine. For this purpose an act was passed in 1736, the history and effects of which deserve to be studied by all who are clamorous for an increase of the duties on spirits. Its preamble is to this etrect : — " Where- i as the drinking of spirituous liquors, or strong water, is become very common, especially among people of lower and inferior rank, the constant and excessive use of which tends greatly to the destruction of their health, rendering them unfit for uscfril labour and business, debauching their morals, and inciting them to perpetrate all vices ; and the ill consequences of the excessive use of such liquors are not confined to the present generation, but extend Id future ages, and tend to the destruction and ruin of this kingdom." The enactments were such as might be expected to follow a preamble of this sort. They were not intended to repress the vice of giii-drinking, but to root it out altogether. To accomplish this, a duty of tmnlij skilliiigs a gallon was laid on spirits, exclusive of a heavy licence duty on retailers. Extraordinary encouragements were at the same time held out to informers, and a fine of L was ordered to be rigorously exacted from those who, were it even through iiiadvcr- Iteiicy, should vend the smallest quantity of spirits which had not paid the full duty. Here I was an act which might, one should think, have satisfied the bitterest enemy of gin. But [instead of the anticipated effects, it produced those directly opposite. The respectable I dealers withdrew from a trade proscribed by the legislature ; so that the spirit business full I almost entirely into the hands of the lowest and most profligate characters, who, as they had I nothing to hse, were not deterred by penalties from breaking through all its provisions. The |p>^|iulace having in this, as in all similar cases, espoused the cause of the smugglers and un- used dealers, the oflicers of the revenue were openly assaulted in the streets of London land other great towns ; informers were hunted down like wild beasts ; and drunkenness, dis- lorders, and crimes, increased with a frightful rapidity. " Within 2 years of the passing of Itheact," says Tindal, "it had became odious and contemptible, and policy as well as hu- jinanity forced the commissioners of excise to mitigate its penalties." — {Continuation of Jiw \pk, voL viiL p. 358. ed. 1759.) The same historian mentions (vol. viii. p. 390.), that during 68 i; 1188 SPIRITS. to.'-- ■»*» Iff--' ;■-, Mian .^ • .'•-; c:: .»(••*»• «rit the 2 years in question, no fewer than 12,000 persons were convicted of offences connecteil with the sale of spirits. But no exertion on the part of the revenue officers and magistratei could stem the torrent of smuggling. According to a statement made by the Earl of Choi. mondeley, in the House of Lords — (Tiniherland's Debates in the House of Lords, vol. vijj p. 388.), it appears, that at the very moment when the sale of spirits was declared to be i\](. gal, and every possible exertion made to suppress it, upwards of sevkw millions of gallons were annually consumed in London, and other parts immediately adjacent ! Under sufi, circumstances, government had but one course to follow — to give up the unequal strugrr|f In 1742, the high prohibitory duties were accordingly repealed, and such moderate duHej impo.sed, as were calculated to increase the revenue, by increasing the consumption of h^nWy distilled spirits. The bill for this purpose was vehemently opposed in the House of Lorjj by most of the Bishops, and many other peers, who exhausted all their rhetoric in depiciin; the mischievous consequences that would result from a toleration of the practice of gii,. drinking. To these declamations it was unanswerably replied, that whatever the evils of the practice might be, it was impossible to repress them by prohibitory enactments ; and thai the attempts to do so had been productive of far more mischief than had ever resulted, q. could be expected to result, from the greatest abuse of spirits. The consequences of the change were highly beneficial. An instant stop was put to smuggling; and if the vice of drunkenness was not materially diminished, it has never been stated that it was increased, But it is unnecessary to go back to the reign of George IL for proofs of the impotency »{ high duties to take away the taste for such an article, or to lessen its consumption. The occurrences that took place in the late reign, though they would seem to be already forooi- ten, are equally decisive as to this question. Duties in Ireland. — Perhaps no country haa suffered more from the excessive height to which duties on spirits have been carried than Ireland. If heavy taxes, enforced by severe fiscal regulations, could make a people sober and industrious, the Irish would be the most so of any on the face of the earth. In order to make the possessors of property join heartily Iq j suppressing illicit distillation, the novel expedient was here resorted to, of imposing a hem fine on every parish, town land, manor land, or lordship, in which an unlicensed still wm found ; while the unfortunate wretches found working in it were subjected to trampnrlalm fur seven years. But instead of putting down illicit distillation, these unheard-of severities rendered it universal, and filled the country with bloodshed, and even rebellion. It is stated by the Rev. Mr. Chichester, in his valuable pamphlet on the Irish Distillery Laws, pub- lished in 1818, that "the Irish system seemed to have been formed in order to perpetuate smuggling and anarchy. It has culled the evils of both savage and civilised life, and rejected i all the advantages which they contain. The calamities of civilised warfare are, in general, inferior to those produced by tlu Irish distillery laws; and I doubt whether any nation of modern Europe, which is not in a state of actual revolution, can furnish instances of legal 1 cruelty commensurate to those which I have represented." — (Pp. 92 — 107.) These statements are borne out to the fullest extent by the ofRcial details in the Reporli of the Revenue Commissioners, In 1811, say the commissioners {Fifth Report, p. 19,), ' when the duty on spirits was 2s. 6d. a gallon, duty was paid in Ireland on 6,500,361 ga|. I Ions (Irish measure) ; whereas, in 1822, when the duty was 5s. 6d., only 2,9.50,()47 gallons were brought to the charge. The commissioners estimate, that the annual consumption of spirits in Ireland was at this very period not less than tex millions of gallons; and, as scarcely three millions paid duty, it followed, that seven millions were illegally supplied; i " taking one million of gallons as the quantity fraudulently furnished for consumption bv I the licensed distillers, the produce of the unlicensed stills may be estimated at six milliom \ of gallons." — (lb. p. 8.) Now, it is material to keep in mind that this v^ist amount of smug- gling was carried on in the teeth of the above barbarous statutes, and in despite of the utmost { exertions of the police and military to prevent it ; the only result being the exasperation c the populace, and the perpetration of revolting atrocities both by them and the military. "In I Ireland," say the commissioners, " it will appear, from the evidence annexed to this Report, I that parts of the country have been absolutely disorganised, and placed in o|)position not only to the civil authority, but to the military force of the government. The profits to be I obtained from the evasion of the law have been such as to encourage numerous individuals] to persevere in these desperate pursuits, notwithstanding the risk of property and life v which they have been attended." To put an end to such evils, the commissioners recommended that the duty on spirin | should be reduced from 5s. 6d, to 2s. the wine gallon (2s. 4d. the imperial gallc.i), government wisely consented to act upon this recommendation. In 1823, the duties were I accordingly reduced; and the following official account will show what has been the result | of this measure : — It may appear, on a superficial view of this Table, as if the consumption of spirits in Ire- 1 land had been nearly trebled since 1823 ; l)ut, in point of fact, it has not been in any degree I increased. The reduction of the duties substituted legal for illicit distillation, and freed thei SPIRITS. 539 ficted of oflfences connectftl nuc officers and magiBtrates ; made by the Earl of Choi. he House of Lords, vol. viij, pirils was declared to be ille. 'SBVBIT MII.I.IONS of gallons tely adjacent ! Under sucli ve up the unequal 8trug:>lo, I, and such moderate duti« ig the consumption of lei;ally jaed in the House of Lorilj all their rhetoric in depiclin; ration of the practice of gin. that whatever the evils of the ibitory enactments; and that ief than had ever resulted, o; [8. The consequences of ihc imuggling ; and if the vice of stated that it was increased, br proofs of the impolency (it lessen iu consumption. The Id seem to be already forgoi- e from the excessive height to »avy taxes, enforced by severe the Irish would be the most so ars of property join heartily in sorted to, of imposing a heavy which an unlicensed still was 'ere subjected to trnnspnrtatim ion, these unheard-of severities ind even rebellion. It is stated 6 Irish Distillery Laws, pub- formed in order to perpetuate | B and civilised life, and rejected ivilised warfare are, in general, doubt whether any nation of can furnish instances of legal Pp. 92—107.) ' official details in the Report) .loners {Fifth Report, p. 19.), 1 in Ireland on 6,500,361 gal. l5s. 6d., only 2,9.50,fi47 gallon! lat the annual consumption of MILUON8 of gallons; and, as ns were illegally supplied; and furnished for consumption by be estimated at six millm that this vJist amount of smug- es, and in despite of the utmost lul't being the exasperation of Ly them and the military. "In [dence annexed to this Report, and placed in opposition not /ernment. The profits to be lourage numerous individuals risk of property and life with lended that the duty on spiriti Urf. the imperial gallon), and Ion. In 1823, the duties wei« I liow what has been the i' Iconsumptionof spiriteinlre-l 1 it has not been in any degree licit distillation, and freed the country from the perjuries and other atrocities that grew out of the previous system; but it would be wholly erroneous to say that it increased drunkenness. We have already seen that the commissioners, who had the best means of obtaining accurate information, estimated the consumption of spirits in Ireland, in 1823, at tkn millions of gallons; and it was not more in 1828 and 1829. The measure was, therefore, in every point of view most success- ful; and it is much to be regretted that it was interfered with in 1830, by raising the duties from 2s. \0d. to 3s. id. The following Table shows that this increase has materially diminished the quantity of spirits brought to the charge. We do not, however, believe that it has occa- sioned any diminution of consumption. The truth is, that 2s. lOd. was as high a duty as the article would bear; and 'he additional 6rf. has again thrown the balance in favour of the smuggler, and led to a partial rjvival of illicit distillation. The evidence taken before the commissioners of excise inquiry has completely established this fact; and sound policy would, therefore, suggest that the du ; should be once more reduced to 2s. lOrf. At all events, we trust that no senseless, though well-meant clamour about the prevalence of drunkenness, and no pecuniary necessity, will ever tempt ministers to add further to the duties on spirits. Such a measure would not bring a shilling into the public treasury, nor cause any diminu- tion of the vice of drinking ; it would merely add smuggling and its attendant evils to the other disorders with which Ireland is afflicted. An Account of the Quantities of Spirits made in Ireland, which have paid the diuies of Excise fur Home Coiisuraplion ; stating the Rale of Duty paid, and also the Nell Aninuiil of Revenue received ineacli Year, since the Year 1820.— (PaW. Paper, No. 340, Sess. 1829, No. 61. Scss. 1831, &c.) T»™. Mumbrr of Gallon. Rate per Gallon. Nell Amount of Revenue. Ivivtrial Meniure. £ *. d. 1621 2,649,179 5s. 6(2. per Irish gallon. 912,2.'*8 7 5 1822 2,328,337 Ditto. r Ditto. ■) 797,518 13 3 1823 3,348,505 < fromlOlhof Oct. 1823.2» per English S- t wine gallon. J 634,460 7 U 1824 6,690,315 Ditto. 771,690 16 182,5 9,202,744 Ditto. 1,084,191 6 5 1826 6.837,408 . 2«. 10(2. per Imperial gallon. 964,509 10 8 1827 8,260,019 Ditto. I,122,0i.6 14 10 1828 9,937,903 Ditto. 1,39.1,721 12 11 1829 9,212,223 Ditto. l,.?05,«f)4 IS 6 1830 9,004,539 2«. lOd., 3j»., and 3«. 4d. per ditto. 1,109.128 3 7 1831 8,710,672 3s. id. 1,151,580 7 1 1832 8,657,756 Ditto. 1,412.815 9 11 1633 8,168,5!«j Ditto. l,:tt'0,7G9 6 8 Duties in Scotland. — ^The experience of Scotland is hardly less decisive as to this ques- tion. The exorbitancy of the duties produced nearly the same effects there as in Ireland. Mr. John Hay Forbes, formerly sheriff-depute of Perthshire, now one of the Lords of Sesi- sion, stated in evidence before the commissioners, that, according to the best information he could obtain, the quantity of illegally distilled spirits annually produced in the Highlands could not amount to less than two millions i.f gallons. In corroboration of this he stated, that, in 1821, only 298,138 gallons were bro,lght to the charge in the Hiijhlands; and of these, 254,000 gallons were permitted to the Lowlands, leaving only 44,000 gallons for the consumption of the whole country; — a supply which, we are well assured, would hardly bo sufficient for the demand of 2 moderately populous parishes. In a letter of Captain Munru of Teaninich to the commissioners, it is slated that, " at Tain, where there are upwards of 20 licensed public houses, not one gallon had been permitted from the legal distilleries for upwards of twelve months," though a small quantity of smuggled whisky had been pur- I chased at the excise sales, to give a colour of legality to the trade. 'J'he same gentleman thus expresses himself in another part of his letter : — " The moral allf-cts of this baneful trade of smuggling on the lower classes is most conspicuous, and increasing in an alarming gree, as evidenced by the multiplicity of crimes, and by a degree of insiilioniination for- meiiy little known in this part of the country. la several districts, such as Strathoonon, Strathcarron, &c., the excise officers are now often deforced, and dare not attempt to do their duty; and smuggled whisky is oAen carried to market by smugglers escorted by armed men, in defiance of the laws. In short, the Irish system is making progress in the Highlands of Scotland." To arrest the progress of demoralisation, government, pursuant to the judiciou* advice of the commissioners, reduced the duties on Scotch to the same level as those on Iiish whisky; and the consequences were equally salutary. The subjoined official statement (page 540) shows the effect of the reduction of the duty in 1823, and of its subsequent increase in 1830. TliiB Table sets the impolicy of the increase of duty in 1830 in nearly bb striking a point of view a* ildoes the policy of its redurlion in 18'23. There isro denying the fiirt, thiitthip iinciilled-for nieasura has diminished the consumption, and given a powerful stimulus to illicit distillation. We understand ^1 540 SPIRITS. Mil;'.' -'iM •7. «; ■arf .:'^ •» J that the commlsRioner* nf Rxclae inquiry mean to recommenil ttiat the duty be ngaln rediicpd tnS, iOd.i and every one, not anxioua for the prevalence of smuggling, wiil be dcairouB that this recoiiu incndation should be carried into etfect. An Account of the Quantities of Spirits made in Scotland, which hnve paid the Duties of Exclac for Home Consumption ; stating the Rate of Uuty paid, and also the Nett Amount of Revenue ruceived in each Year, since the Year 1820.— (PaW. Paper, No. 340. Sess. 1829, No. 61. Sess. 1831, Slc.) Vnra. Number of Oillou. Rate per Gallon. Nett Amount of Revenu ImfMrial Meaturt, £ ». d. 1821 2,229,435 it. fid. per English wine gallon. 727,050 19 7 1823 2,079,558 Ditto. ( Ditto. ■) i from 10th of Oct. 1823, Z$. per English > (. wine gallon. } 691,136 6 8 1823 2,232,728 536,654 17 8 . 1824 4,350,301 Ditto. 520,624 18 4 1825 5,981,-550 Ditto. 683,848 11 1 182f$ 3,988,788 Zi. lOd. per Imperial gallon. 563,263 4 fl 1827 4,7.52,199 Ditto. 672,441 6 a 1828 5,716,180 Ditto. 809,559 6 7 1829 5,777,280 Ditto. 618,448 n 18.10 C,007,C31 S<. lOd., 3i., and 3s. Id. per ditto. 939,258 6 n 18:tl 5,700,689 3.«. id. 950,041 4 3 18.13 6,407,097 Ditto. 001,182 16 8 18.13 5,988,556 Ditto. 998,051 3 3 Vtitiea in iCn^/and.— Previously to the reduction of the duty on Irish and Scotch spirits, llic (liiiycm English spirits had been »s higli as lOs. 6d. a gallon. This high duty, and the restrictions under whidi th " trade was placed, > .-a productive of the worst effects. They went far to enable the disiiiiirs fix tne price of spirits, "and consequently," (we quote the words of the commissioners) "to riiije . - . , raipe ji much beyond tliat which whs sulhcient to repay, with a profit, the cost of the manufacture ,in() h,; duty advanced to the Crown." And, in proof of this, the cnmniissioners mention, that in Nnvi'mbn lS2:i, " when corn spirits might be purchased in Scotland for about 2«. 3d. a gallon, raw spirits ciiiiM not be purchased in Etigiand for Ipss tlinn4«. 6d. reody money, and 4s. 9rf. credit, omitting in botlioascj the duty." In consequence of this state of things, the adulteration of spirits was carried nn tflarregi extent in England; and tile large profits made by the smuggler occasioned clandestine impnriaiioniii considerable quantities from iScotlai ' 'id Ireland. To obviate these inconveniences, and althesame time to neutralise the powerful additi>..;al stimulus that the reduction of the duties in Scotland aiij Ireland would have given to smuggling, had the duties in England been continued at their i',87 7,T0O,7(i6 7,7.12,101 7,431,047 7,259,287 7,717,303 7,644,:iOI Scotland. Foreign. ^ Cuhniial. Imp. Oal. 138,189 130,H79 108.102 i:;4,9&6 104,752 29i,505 185,214 188,089 152,461 1.17,600 125,702 112,026 124,3.57 111,169 Brilith. Irt'Iaml. Foreign. | Coloujal. hnp. Oal. 34,601 35,739 34,297 47,710 56,564 42,092 42,756 45,749 43,228 38,1)1)7 39,741 69,236 46,696 41,748 Imp, Oal. 2,229,435 2,079,556 2,232,728 4,350,301 5,981,549 3,988,789 4,752,200 5,716,180 5,777,280 I 6,007,631 i 5,700,689 I 5,407,097 5,988,556 ' 6,045,043 Imp. Oal. 9,325 10,225 25,282 1,352 4,550 9,452 9,179 9,779 10,374 10,406 10,483 33,413 21,262 27,988 imp. Oat. l'J,6h5 15,();(5 18,175 9,153 I0,U8 27,758 2.1,210 24,708 21,262 18,011 18,984 24,432 22,b88 27,3.')8 Fntiih. hhp. /miJ. 2,l)!il,i;o 2,3-iJ,K ' .1.,148..i0.5 6,CWI,3I5 6,(<37,-!ft* I 8,ai0,!(lll y,l).'i7,!l(l3 9,212,223 ' (l,n(H,5.?9 8,TI(l,f);3 8,t)j7,;i6 : b,\m,:m \ 9,:08,41(i ' Account of the Nuinlior of Gallons of Kritish, Colonial, and Foreign Spirits, which have paid tlielloiiif Consumption Duty ; specifying the Quantities, separately entered for England, Scotliuid, and Irf- land, and the Total Nett Revenue derived from the same; during the Year ended tlie .^lli i>i' January, 1836. Brilinh Spirilj C'>lniiial 'iitto Foreign diuo Tiilals • England. Scotland. Ireland. Uni:ed KiDgiloui. Gall'ins. 1 Rt venue. Gallons. OaUiml. t,0I3,>i32 tC6,19fl 4o,a Bevrouf. Gallons. OalUnxs. Il,3!< 1,223 26.295 2l,(i;i!) llevfnue. Gal Inns. R^vraut. ' 1. 37,>«( 1 1, («,t6; 1 Gallm. L. 7,3I3.0J3 2,74.>.U5 il^MTS l,478,.iiil l,2Sti,l07 ' I,4;ii),MI L. I,00!,32! 47.340 4j,6'J6 1,327,8C9 11,833 24,418 Oallcns. 21,710,08 3,41tv9 6 l,'J4N7iU II.SS'MJS 5,1.61,217 6,160,110 I,n9-.,3.'i8 11,439,171 I,3t>»,0t0 '■ 29,47i,S14 f,l20,ij. The following Table exhibits in detail the consumption of, and revenue from, the diiri'rfnt sorts of spirits in the United Kingdom, during the 3 years ended with the 5th of Juiiuaiv, 1833 :— SPIRITS. S41 ! rtiily be again rediicpr) (nj,. 11 b« de8iruuB that this recoiu- I paid the DiiHea of Excise for t Amount of Reveiiufi received No. 61. 8es«. 1831, tc.) Nett Amount of Revenue. £ ». d. 727,050 1« 7 691,136 U 6 isht 536,654 17 8 520,624 18 4 682,848 11 1 563,263 4 67-2,441 6 6 809,559 6 7 > 818,448 939,258 6 930,041 4 3 901,182 16 8 998,051 3 3 h and Scotch spirite, llie (luiynn and the restrictions unilftrwhidi eiit fur to enable the dislillcrsio ' the commissioners) "to raise ii cost of the manufacture and Hk ners mention, that in Novtmbet, !s. 3d. a gallon, raw spirits coiiid 9d. credit, omitting in botti casci, f spirits was carried nii loapreai lioiied clandestine iin|inrlati(inin ! inconveniences, and at the same on of the dnties in Scntlamlanj been continued at their former ing at the same time given totiie le effects of this measure that ro ned more coniplcf.'ly destitute nf isii spirits in England and Wales ears from the snlijnined lUTdiim, ,303 gallons ; producing 2,?<0,!iS>/ ■ population, and the checl( given lg indeed ; and we are warrantrd uccessful in England as in eiilict I'hich paid the Home Consunif. 1821 to 1834, inclusive. In'lanU. Foreign. | Colouial. /mp. OoX. }mf>. Oat. 9,325 1'J,CS5 10,225 I5,ns5 25,282 18,17,1 1,352 9,153 4,5S0 10,1:8 9,4,'>2 27,7.% 9,179 23,2 !0 9,779 21,708 10,374 21,21)2 10,406 18,011 10,483 18,984 33,413 24,432 21,262 22,888 27,988 27,3.'i8 Dnlith. 2.(i;it,i;o 2,3-2«,3S; ' 3,34b..i0.'( 6.C!i(l,315 «,2fi2,:i3 6,e37,40S , 8,aiO,!»l!l I U,937,TO 1 9,-2l'2,223 I l,0t0 ■■ 2»,47'i,9H f.l20£. 11(1 revenue from, the ilitli'reni ilcd wilh the 5lh of Junuarv, 1 An Account of the Quantity of each of the different Sorts of Spirits that paid Duty in 1830, 1831, and 1832; distingiiigliing England, Scotland, and Ireland; wi th iIi b Amount of Unty thereon. Tear 1830. Geneva • • £em. 27,997 9,633 136,520 6,007,631 L. 31,495 10,>-37 60,017 939,'-.34 hnp. Gall. 7,693 1,793 19,294 9,004,539 /.. 8,655 2.018 8,493 1,412,917 linv. Gait. 1,274.803 30.799 3.6-.8,9',3 22,74I,J71 L. 1,432.024 3l.6ii8 1,6011.331 5,209,599 12,493,731 »,802,6S6 6,181,781 1,041,883 9,033,319 l,432/)S3 27,70S,831 8,276,622 1,194,717 lS,0-9 3,479,911 7,434,047 1,342,735 16,971 1,564,776 2,787.,767 31,563 7,431 125.702 5,700,689 3:>,509 8.361 56,566 950,115 8.821 1,388 l»,9a4 8,710,672 9,923 1,502 8, 40 1,431,779 1,235,101 23,898 3,824,597 21,845,408 1,3«8,167 28,^94 1,629 881 5,1 ('9,611 1 12,12.3,754 6,712,248 5,863,383 1,050,531 8,739,86-, 31,577 1,402 24,432 8,6,7,756 11,471,504 26,729,001 8,234,603 1,508,924 13,8,13 3,377,.i07 7,259,287 1,697,093 15,567 1,118,994 2,722,233 61,151 7.068 112.026 5,407,097 68,794 7,947 50,108 901,183 36,512 1,577 10,978 1,442,959 1,601.652 ?2,301 3,513,965 21,324,140 1,801,401 25.091 1.6S.n.3!.0 6,076,375 12,159,551 5,953,889 .5,5M.340 1, 02^,332 8,715,167 1,4-11 .026 26.4 2,03S 8,4^3.247 The extraordinary increase in the consumption of brandy in 1832 is wholly ascrihable to the alarm I octasioiied by the breaking out of the cholera, and the prevalent, but now exploded, notion that bTDiiily potations were an antidote to llie disease. As soon as tlie alarm subsided, the consumption of brandy declined to its old level; the entried for home use in 1S33 not having exceeded 1,350,620 I ^\mdiiii .Spiri/i.— No jpiritt made in England, .Scotland, or Ire liiid. iti"'l 1* convpj-eil from England to Scolland or Irei,inil, or from I Miind (ir Ireland to Eriland, olhernise than in caslia containing ««» sal'oi" "' "'° '"*'' *"'' '" '"'''' "' ""' '"" """ fif'y """ Ijriinnnt wtiatuicver, not being licensed dislillen, reclJfuTS, or MuiiunJm, liavir? more than ei^hly gallonj of spirits in llieir pos- Imioii shall be deemed dealers in spirils, and subject to tlie survey !nk.n(1icer»of cicise, and to all Ihe regul.ilioiis, penalties, fee. to ,hch°"ch persons are liable.- (6 Uio. 4. c. hO. sect. 122.) Ilfalenin Brilisli spirits are prohibited selling or li.iviiig in their nta>m\ any plain Hrilisli spirits, eicept spirits of wiiic, of any K!»rth piceedmg me strength of 25 per cent, above 'lydronielor, or Ti[VSlifi«llilie!ow 17 per cent, under hvdronietfr proof; or any 1 ampiiunde^ !|,irils, cicept shrub, of any greater slrenglh tlian 17 per I m\. ■««''i' h) Jronieter, under paiu of forfeiting all such sjiirils. Kith I tlf usks. Jkc— Sect. 124. I Dnleniii foreign and British spirits are to keen them separate, in IJun, vaui", or other places specially entered f.ir that purpose, I ■■Jrrjbeaw penally; and any lietson miiing, selling, or sending InulinvBriliih spirits mixed with foreign or colonial spirits, shall I loifnilOOI. for every such oBence .-Sett. 12S. , , . . I No retiiltr of spirits, or any other person licensed or unlicensed, I ihill stll ot send out from his stock or cuslody any quantity of spirits exceeding 1 gallon, unless the same he accompanied by a true and lawful perniil, under p.iin of forfeiting 2()L'/. ; .iiid any rectifier, com* pounder, or dealer in spirils, recetviug Ihe same into their s ock, or allowing any one else to receive it, and any carrier, boatman, or other person, knowingly carrying the same, shall forfeit the sum of 20JI,| witit Ihe boat, horse, carl, he. used in the carriiige. — Seel. 116. No licence to be granted for lelailing spirils within gaols, houses of correction, or workhouses for parish poor ; nor arc spirils to bo used there, except medicinally prescribed hy a regular physician, sur. geon, or apothecary. Penalty for .1 t'irbt olfeoce of this sort coDiniitted t)y giialers, kc.^ leo/. ; a second oirence to Ijc deemed a forfeiture of their olhce.— Sect. 134. Persons hawking tpirits to forfeit them and lOOf. ; and if ths penally be not iinmeuialely paid, they are to be commilled to the house of correction for 3 nionlhs, or iinlil paid.— (Sect. 13S.) Any person is aulhorisetl to detain a hawker of spirits, and give notice to a peace rlirer, who is to carry Ihe offender before a justice. — Sect. 140. Any ofiicerofexcise, or other person employed in the excise, taking any siim of money or other reward from, or enterin)^ into any collu- sive agreement with, any oerson. to act conir.iry to his duly, to forfeit 5C0f., and be incapacitated ; and any person otli-ring such reward or proposing such agreeineiit, to forfeit iiOO/. —Sect. 145. For the regulations as to the iniportatiou, &c. of foreign spirits, W0 Brandyy Gaitvay and Hum. (The reader will find in the foregoing article a statement of the smufjgling and other per- Inicious consequences resulting in Ireland from the oppressive duties laid on spirits previously ltol823; of the good effects of the reduction of the duty to 2s. lOd. the imperial gallon ia I that year ; and of the influence which the addition of Gd. to the duty in 1 83 1 had in leviving Ilhat illicit distillation, the preceding reduction had gone far to put down. The view we took lof the necessity of making a fresh reduction of the duty was approved and strongly recom- I mended by the Commissioners of Excise Inquiry ; and has, we are glad to say, been acted Ion by govtrnment ; the act 4 «& 5 Will. 4. c. 75. having reduced the duty on British spirits, jentired for home consumption in Ireland, to 2s. Ad. a gallon. I It was contended, when this measure was before parliament, that the reduction should be extcndeil itoall pans of tlie empire ; and that, by confiring it lo spirits used in Ireland, a new temptation would Ibecn^aleti to smuggle from that country into England and Scotland. This no tlotibt will be, in soma lilecree, the case ; and we hope that no long period will be allowed to elapse till the measure !)e gene- lialised. We do not, however, think, that there is inurh probability of its giving birth to any consider- Lble amount of smuggling ; and it itj not to be denied that the reduction was iiitich more urgently Inquireil in Ireland than any where else. Scotch whiskey carried lo Ireland is admitted for consump- llionatiheluw duty. SpiniTS ANi) VNne, (Consomption of.) Lccoiinl of the Number of Gallons of Foreign and Colonial Spirits apon which Duty was charged in the United Kingdom since the Year 1832 ; with the Amount of Duty received thereon ; also, a sit 1- lar Account of Home-made Spirits and of Foreign Wine. Fan. Foreign and Colonial Spirits. Brandy. Galloixt. 1,601.662 1.357,3S1 l,a«8,731 1,315,071 lXi7,!l«) 1,209,107 22<. 6il. per Galtoa Geneva. Gallonu 22,301 21.699 19,703 2(1,006 18,151 22/. 6d. per Galloa. Rum. Oalhms. 3437,1*17 3,492,765 3.345.668 3,417,6-2 3,325,068 3,562,702 St. per Gall. Total. Oallont. 5,161.7^0 4,871.132 4,756.116 4,75_',4'.6 4,803,(134 4,789,960 Home-made Spirils. ff,i//oni. 21,346,7'i3 21,874.455 23,3f.7,-;60 24.710,208 26,74 ".,300 24,493,539 Total of ■ Spirils. GalUma. 2ti..';0S.533 26.743,587 28.153,878 29,462,t>63 31,348.334 29,2.'3,499 Rate of Duty on Home made Spirits. Id England, 7t. 6rf. per Gall. Scotland, 3i. 4(f. — Ireland, 3f. id. until Sept., 1S34, when 2t. Ad. Foreign Wines of all Sorts. GallotM. 6.178.328 6.421,631 8,712,531 6.640,533 7.(06,J48 6,5(i2,973 Cape Wine 2>. tM., other •oris 6i. (U. •liV Vol. n.— 2 z i. 542 SPONGE— ST ADE. ^«i :.:J li I, Account of the Number of Proof Gallons of Rum, Urandy, Geneva, and all other Foreign and I)t|,;,^ Spirlls, that paid Duly in England, Scotland, and Ireland re»pectively, durine ISW j willi iiic Tuiji Number of Galloni that paid Uuty in the United Kingdom, and the total Duty in the above Vcai. (Varl. Paper, No. 323, Bess. 1838.) Rum flnndy Geneva Other Forei^ SpirilB Tol»l of Foreign { Spirits • J Spiriti of llie M»- ■ nufactiire r ' " ■ UriiieJKii Dilio Guernsey Jeney - Spiriti of all hind* 1 Itie Ma- ) « of the > aiigdoin ) England. Number of GalloM. 3,een specilii-d, — which iiiuvt be il*. liverefl p.ickase, and of the cattle and carls conveying Ihe same. Any dealer in starch receiv linpany (iimiililycxceedinG28 lbs. not marked as above, stiall forfeit 20W. Suircli-tiiakers are to make Iweitkly entries of the stiirch made by them, under a penally of 50J.; and are to make payment of the Iduiies wiiliin a week of such entry. Cockets granted for shipping starch to be carried coastwise are ' !: 544 STEAM VESSELS. "to.*.' >• mur. '-'-m *9".- . at C i lurfii fraiicaii. "'Ml to expreii tha quality, quantity, weight, the mark of the packafe, by whom made and lold, and to whom consigned ; and if »liippcd without Ruch cockut, it may be iiulzed. No starch li to lie imported unless in patltuges containing ai least 221 llis. stowed openly In the hold, on puin of forfeiture nnd of Incurring a penalty of 50*. No starch Is to be exported, unless the package as originally seui,.,! or itamped by the officer be entire, and unless the orticer mark the word eiportaltan upon it. Tiie diiil,.| must have been paid on all starcli exported ; but the exporter U untitled to an excise drawback u(m per lb.— {Burn'aJutlict uf iht Peace, Marriott's ed., tit. Slarck.) An Account of the Number of Pounds of Starch that paid the Home Consumption Duty in Orent Dri. tain, the Rale of Duty, and the Cross and Nett Produce of the Duly, in each of the Three Yeari ending with the 9th of January, 1833. Tnra tndnl 6lh Jan. Rilg |Mr lb. 18.11 1833 1833 d. H Lbf. 7,fi45,48« 7,5.')3,»69 8,070,026 Ornu Produce. £ I. d. 103,5.12 12 5 102,2Nti 11 3 10U,281 13 Netl Pnxlun. ~~£ a. dr 80,453 U 4 70,114 3 8 85,103 18 8 (The injurious itiflucnce of the duty on starch, the nelt produce of which, in 18.l;j, «« only 91,517/. 18*, 2^^., was most ably exposed, and its abolition strongly rcconiineiided, by the Commissioners of Excise Inquiry, nnd we arc glad to iiuve to add lliat, ai;roniil)|y to ihat recommendation, the duty has been abolished. — (4 & 6 Will. 4. c. 77.)'— Sup.) (STE.\JVI VESSELS ▲n Account of the Number Year f the Number and Tonnage of Steam Vessels belonging to the Hritish Empire in ih« 1837, distinguishing Uritish Possessiions in Europe from tlic Dritish I'lantatidmi. Eniil lilt! K|pni„. ilHoriill thut is iiHi'tl ill Hli'ani. be t\w Niiti-iu'/, "f H(l(t toni, uiid Mittxixs'l'l" ■> •'"■ "liii'iis iiicr lifiiii? '/.'jf), 1111(1 till' liiui.f next liirmtst, lioiiit; fi'^C) loii!; UiTgoHi liimts i>i»ssin;; I,,iui„ |rui, of 414 tDiin; tliou-li 1,,,. America, of 445 titus, mi the iiiiiinp;. Tiio Rivaiftit lossnf lears l» Imve Wen h\ ('.illisiyn, , on llic MisHishiiipi, liy whiih ot" tlie Orciimku, in iKlJs.on 1)1" tlie Moselle, ut (-liiiciiinaii, itest, injury to lite by aniJuiu in I8:i4,iu the ease of the St, k'lis in the case of the lloincii, •e lost. The greatest liy tire, when near 130 pcrishnl. The iH8; but in 18:57, it was 1S|; ees where the (greatest iimnlifr eonatrueteil in this coinitry, arc •rs ; nnd New VorU, I'liihukl. ini 1819 to 1838, there iipiitar* L)o:»t8. The fuel oriKiiiully usij years, bituminous co;il Ims, in :oal. The latter, from llic stnill , in 8ca-going vessels, as wvlhs use in Georg'a, if not in otboi i manufactured here; luit it ij } they draw less water with the during the years ending nn the itively. of navigation, by the arrival at the former having left Curk,in |h of June, 1840, from Bristol to ce, IC. The shortest passage lays; the longest, IJ; and the now passes regularly iiptwecn l"rom Portsmouth to New Voik, jiacket ships, consisting of the |sful operation ; the llrsi arrivdl !40, in 14^ days. On the liili Illy 12 days and 18 hours-ihe led vessels will speedily W to vcying passengers from the one 1 \h/hs,- Rus. Slal; Sp. Acm; \iu\ lias been, for that reason, [•n ascertained with much pre- ft. Steel is so hard as to be J being immersed, while ii;iiitcJ, lupon iron, adds greatly to the | \ sparks with Hint, ami retains ! Iss by being ignited, and cooleJ lien raised to a white heat. It It is more sonorous; anil it) In— varying from 7'78 to M gt«l i« usually divided into 3 «orti, nrcordinn lo the method in which it is prnpaml ; m na- tural ■-lifl, ntffl of r.iiiiditdtioti I and rdxt utirl. The l.iltt r is the rno .[ \ iliialili' cf all, as iti texture is the most compact, and it admits of (ho finest puli^ji. |i ih used for r^/.iirs, Hur> ^tow iiistrumenlH, and similar purpows Wieel is cliielly einpliiyed in the innnnlacturo of ■words, knives, and cuttiiiff instruments of all sorts used m the arts; for which it is pecu* llnrly atlapted by its hardness, and the linenvss of the edge which may be given to it. [Thiiinson'a Chemitilrt/ ,- nnd see Ihon.) (S TF'TTIN, a city of Prussia, on the left bank of the Oder, about 30 miles from its mouth, in lut. 53° 1:3' 20" N., long. 14° .33' E. It is well built, htrungly furlillcd, and lias a popu- jatioii, cxcluoivo of troops, of 30,000. gicllln Ik 111* •*»' "f 11 cxtensivfi nml (rrnwlnd commerce t and \n now, Inilppd, the priiiripnl port of iiiipcrtiUlnii in I'rtiHHiit. hthn owfH tlilH tliHlltirllori iiiiiliily Id her siliialliin. 'I'lir Oili'r. wlm li Mi.wi llimiigli llx' ceMtre iil' tlit; PriiDiiiaii .>nili (,i[ liiiiiriiliiry of PriiHsian Hilesiu ; nnd Is iinilerl, liy ini'iiim (il° laiiiiU, wllli the Visinlii. ilii- IMii,', ilii .«|ir.' . lie , icc. Hti'ttlii in, eoiiaci)ii«mly, (In: prlii('i|ml I'liipnriiiiii (it iinniu very rMiuiHivi' ami llciiiri, to lIM'eel water. A li((ht- Ii,iii«e has lieeii erecied at llie exiremily iit'lln: Ivislern pn'r. Htellin Is a I'rei! p rt ; llial is, ii pint into amtfriim which all sorts ii|'«nii(ls may he impiirled nnd re-e.\ported I'ree of duly. If (rooils linni'.'ht ihriMiKli llii. SiiimhI III! iinpiirled at .Slellln, and entered fur hnine ('iJiisnnipllon in the rrnssi.in stales, ihey are cliarired with 'ij jier cent, less duly llian if lliey hiid hi Inipiirled Itirmiiili any (illier c haniiel. 'I'hls iMiileialed to reiinlilirsu the merehiinl fur llie Sniiml dniieH, and In eiiioiirage iiiipurl:iii(iii hy this ji,iiil route in preferenei! to that carried on llironi;li liainhurgli and Emliden. There Is a ijreat wool lair in the inonlli of .Inne each year. .Wiinif.*, HWi'A^s, luid JMntsiiren, same as at Dantzie, which sue. The Uank of Ilerlin has a hrancli at i!leltin,and the«u is also an insurunce otl'ice. Inpf^ti (iiiii flrfni/'.— 'I'lic j)riiici|nl arliclt-i 'if imiiorl .it Slellin irtiuiir.coller, il)!-' »' "I". ""I"", if"", ""l lurilw.iro, oil. lillow, tollon, snJ cnllnii aromli, h.■^rinK^ »|iirll», lliiirrd, nwl, ».\ll, *c. 'Ihe iinnctiinl ('X|iorla are liiieii, liiiilmr ami tl.wei, corn, wool, zinc, luilln,>c«l lliM. Ii'mi-". ni.iu<.iiieiie, fiuiU, fic. In 16.^3, .11111)11? nlher article*, lltrri' ivere iiii|inrted 32,IM)3 Ions raw ,nar 'il.'447 "'ivti "it, 1 it*93 ill). Iicninwed oit, ri, II J dn. fiahli ml ijy.'iW (Himlali dye ))i«ids, IIJ,') >D liane's herriius, Illl,3li0 tiikiwi'ne, 17,3)3 c|uililal« irrni, ei!,737 do. lallow, 47,0(it) do. iiot- mil ',S^ till, ciipptr, *tc. Allionj5 Uio exjiorta in tlip saiiir year, [idiirvp of linens, Ac , were 1,6-0 rjinntatii of wikiI, 4,"3i i istn cnrn, 1 1)36 lo. iiik l'avw,3.Wli do. wauiiciil, I7,KI3 |in;i'i» of vvi.ol f'lr t'li.iJiiH, .'),044 lilts of wood f>>r ship liuiMin*. 71,192 i|inn'al» i f line l.**'i6ilo. pl.i»a. 4,4">3 do. inanKmrse, Js.ShO do. lioiies, 3ti,04ti J,, (ill rak«, tit),"' lioi'lf, S"^. 'Ilie »lieauliipi'f!l fruni sicllm is miiilv ml. and if very line i|inlily. Tl.o liarley ii alv> very tjoo,!. TlieoaliiiavM are lielirvnl lu lie fqual, or perhaps superior, lu .iiiy IreB iny olher port of llie D.illic. A'owadoii.-.'ilt'lliii l> "i" prinrip\l shipping pnrt in the Pnij- lili doniini ms. In 1H31, there lielonjel lo it 22Sih'|U,lif the hur- dtDo(i4,J>j9 lasts, bciui! aUiul n third jiarl of Ihe shiiipiug belong- iig 10 Pruaia. Ictount of the Arrivals and riepirlure of Shipping at Swinemunde, Ihe Out-port of Slellin, iu 1SJ4. ^rcminl of thar%n incnrrrd liy n Ilritish ship, of about 2C0 loni btirilen, at SMineiiiiinile and Stettin : — Si Lutage. Whereof Flip. i 391 Laden. 2J.I-92 a. II: In Rlllasl. I Arr, 1 Utp. Hi 40,987 12.095 ?n«iao • 545 41,804 I9i 3(1,791 so 6,013 Arr. 87' 3,914 63 2,'.6I 21 l,3-.3 Daniih Pi p. So 3,860 49 2,i38 311 1,322 Arr. 6 423 3 307 3 lib Mecklenbiin; Dcp. 8 6<0 6 542 •i 148 Arr. 879 6 3s7 4 41)2 llaase Towns Dip. 869 9 869 Arr. Dip. 2 331 2 351 Siuiiin ■ 2 3.il 1 164 1 197 1 Arr. 13 862 13 862 S»eJish • Dip. 16 954 3 236 12 718 i Arr. }Dep. i2i I.I4T 25 1,143 Norirtjiau 26 MM 11 601 15 595 ( Arr. 50 j Dep. fiO 4,^66 47 4,538 3 328 Briliih J.'-Wi 42 3,734 8 1,132 (Arr- 31 1,337 IS 780 13 .557 Iluoveriao i Dep. 30 1,313 2!) \,t9a 1 23 S Arr. ( Dep. 16 bSI 12 473 4 158 01 lei burgh 13 513 11 421 2 t2 French • ( Arr. Dip. { 4S 4S 1 1 48 48 Ndherhndi Arr. Dep IMl 52 2..WS 2,560 19 52 1,032 2,6-.0 31 1,626 Italian (Air. i Dep. 6 6 703 7C3 6 1 5 703 698 I 105 Total - J Arr. \ I'rp. ' 817 58,702 en-- 42,077 2(19 16625 842 59.807 ■11 io.ri 128 9,33 i HUttin.—VWaXn^ and fee 'I'nwii (liirs Aiiil ctearaiicn I'nor riles . . , , Ibtiistrr mil • . ■ . nrukcrnge and fliarfer parly • HriikiTB ociiiiiitin&ioti - MrriMiriiijj . . . . .*>iO(/ic»*iu»(rfc. — Port charges, InwarJi Ilirh' ur diii-i . . . . Coinriii&sioi) . . • . ]'ru oliscrve lim !ii|{iiaU iiiide from tin- li|;Iith(iu*e nn Ihe tasferii pier, and to slupp hi^ course accord- iinily. If nn titi; lu h'>iii1el on the lij^liihon^, nor ^ii^nal made, Ihfl |ii)it cannot i »■ i-ntered, and Ihe ma»tt-r niusl eiiher .uicl cir in the rnadu orttlanl oiil to sea. After the pilot has been rectlvid on hoardi the mastt-r is bound, in all cases, tornnf'trni In hitdireciimiH. \Vilhin 2l hours after arrival, the iTiasler must lieliver tn 'he rusioni house an account r>f ihe species .md quantily of tacli article on U}ard ; and lie is subjected to a heavy fine if this .iccount slimilil turn nut to be incorrect. Ilo is to abide by thu instructions i;ivfn him as tndis* charicini; his cargo, Inadiiuf.'&c. No f;i)ni»owitrr is to be kept oii b ).irtl, fKir any intlammalde mailer I oiled in the fihip, M\ ship* prncedlm; fnun Sv« memunrle lo S'eltin must have pilnis. The mas- ter muftI produce at the imlct; office the nnister roll of the crew, and the passpoits of the passenger*, if there le any on boaid. 'I he laller are bound to c-o witli him to the police, and Ihi- crew, it .teaired. All presents to pil Is and riistnm hu use officers aie stiic'Iy piolnbitcd. Vessfls direc'ed lo perform quirantinc must imniedi.ilfly hoist the yellow flag ; and on no ace unl (pji( their assigned ber'h The maz- ier is respiMiaible fnr the cmiluct ftf the crew ; anit if atiy of tlienri be discharged or remain on shore, tie must give notice iberuof tu the ]K)lice. The fo'lowlng regul.itions apply to a'l the Prussian ports : — SvttjXcatwn to I'npiaint of Ship* res|ieclin)if lni(iorialioh and Ex- portalioii !iy Sea in Ihe Prussian DoniidiHiis : — As soon as a ship arrives in the mid, and has complied n ith the police regulations of the port (which arr coinmunicaled to her), tlie explain repairs to the custom house, and delivers a cnmplele list or iiiaiiifeit of cargo. This list heais the tiMe of a thief declaration, or manifes*. and iu preparing il, the fk Uowiiig coiiditiuns are to be ohserveil : — If ihe whole careo he not destined for the port, that part wb'ch is tn proceed further with Ihe ship is lobephcel under a distinct division. The gooiN accnrnpaniett wiih bills of lading art* tnlereil iu rotauca after each other fur eve'y bill of lading. 'Ihe account ('tr s atemer-t) is made out In kinlinii qmnlity, apree able to those ineasuresand divisions adopted in the tantl lor the pay nient of duties. Kkcepliiig Iherefrnn) var'onx artirles conveyed tn an unpacked Blate, the fidhiwinK measures are valid : — For beer iu ca&ks, turn of 100 i*rui. quirts. 648 STETTIN. «i" '1 *w ., ■■'J -J .|u«»qir'^ii1 ri niti, iiiiia of 4 I'm*. Inifthr'i l'i>r kll ii'tiir |iii-ki'il nrit'ti^, ((i.tnUlkir 110 imiituU cnwi wrl^ht, Ut frvf. A PvpoH of (tw pmvUWwi iiifltrM. iM further fftnttnl qf,, tlmtU l'N« |> •ri'whfn.ni |-arttriiliir citw, it lamnihlrrH nvrp^yT If III* f.i|.t4iri h*vr 4inilliri >l>BMitAi|i>li, .iid nt.ly «i«iU i|,r l.i,,^^ Ihrfxigti III rtiMty. ihcM. mi orlrr (» Itii* irdintbnl iim itm\ ij . . . .t 1.......I1 Ill IaL.b I la.x. ... ll.^t . .*"* ■CClity, Ihrv iii-iy tr rn'irxl «i>iiini.iiilv. ctri.i may Ih* inM nr ili*| i>«ef. |Mi>rT«Antl ihr ki)i>v%|iil(iti>f llii mptitii iitiml. ** It'tiiArtiltiC Uir ftirlhrf tff«lliiMit nf Ihft liiialiiril, thr tM«t. m h,|,- will like iutli nIhiT iiiMiurfi, rtrmritiMK In rirniiha'Jiir**, v,/ ,k. .1 _- ..._ . i #.i...i ... u.i,..ii... ti.- '^■* U Ihv CfMi'fi li of the |iark.ix« la iliirrrenl, then Ihr cuiifflnU of tarh niu'' l<- ■irtillMJ. 'J'hu huitair'' o( ih»* t'4Hniccn niiiM hr niArhfit «• mrh In Ihe m^ imrt, It II cniiiiial nf i.'i-iirriil IrAViltin^ liitTKUi', it »'ll t'« MUMiiJi in tutr ll<** I anicuUr tiuif* nr jarrrlt; l- lit) fttatfil, 4t-riiriliiiK to mmil'rr tiiil k( ft rrtriviri hh'I it i« .ilim uLiIl-iI hi itio • irii.ain mit of ih*' >lii|>'t hnM, Tiulrr Ifiti-r A. « ■( riiiniii ii Kitrn of the irjinrt. Il iiiuiil l<« flllfit up aiirtr'h xTitrttiiu ii> thit fii nni'lf. unil |itr|..ir< i| nrcoMliiiv (o \hv> liiilrut lioiii tjflnrL' iiivnliMiiel, -iiitl wnltrn r.iiil) ami oiireL-lly i» Ihn Ut'Mlllll I llijll (I*. 'I hi« ilr(-lKr.«iiiit nuv lie tl.iii) IT i) rk-linilitll' it, hrino ^vilh il t|if |,iiiiifthrii> II' tiinl in H 12 > r| ihn im(uU'miii c'f cuntoin*. If ihf ( i|l ill itii* I'ort, by a nixl r u^«rt Iliiir (hi- raiKo rtniniri iililourhi.l, nr whi-Mirr Ihr K4iiir ii.i„| , u holly or I frlly iliMharirtl lor Om rr| Air u( Iha ihi|>, lo (t^| , rarao iii.iy Ir ( npnrtnl in l*n>rl I'lil il. 'Ihr crifo. f vfiwU «hlih p"' '" ''» wliif'r nnul ht .iriiniin,-H,. toon ni po«ihlr, in m f.*r .n tlir thiti'a pAprri five iiifiirniin.n ini lilt' kiiovi It'iUr o| iht i.\pMiii t lit iiiU 111 on llir luhjtvl. 'l'|„ ' ' Hon if ihp mirriKl larli r)l th« \t%w\ ami llu- irlidft riinii,Mj 'III iron, *-ikti phn- ihn-i'ily, niiil the riitrnnctii In ths >hi|)i Uj,) '„ lockr.l up. I'nitI Ihr ilcrlaralion, iinprftion, fin' )inr In Ihe niii.n, An<] tlo tint tntpr i ■,,.. arr nul nf ihn cniilri'l of thf riiHoma' oMIct-r*; ihty nmsi nc, JV ever, hoi J any iD'rirnur^e wiih Ihriihon-.dr the (niil, nllirrHiwij/ ii.iMt kIvc in rr|MirU Irfxit jitiitj. md pritrni llirir pn) rra, ' If Ihr vi-Mrl rrniiin in (hr roAiIn li»)t(t-r th;in il homo ipu ■ i, innnlcr lo l>r u'^iiiiirr, on rrcripl of Iht) rAiC'\ If If h»" » iihoiit llii*. ;iii.I \ irpcrl (( lie cirijo i» onlrrrd catiiinl l*r pirpirr I. Itii' dircciiont of ihr t iialnmi rftinl^itioni (a. Vt.i arrailopifd, i he ri<|niri'd ihiMturrK in nnlrr lo pincr in wriirily the Hhoir (-■tiito. •('■ tliil it inny hr diM'liirKcd in tniich(d, are taken ; but sevrrti nthi-rvvike adniisiihle facililita in Ihe rxpvJiiiiig, cjiiucl be Uiil '-liiiii 'n Hnpei'tii % (lie provisinnt, if thry rnnilal nf artirtri which pay a coiiiniii|itii'ii duly, .1 (111 liK'l or atpin'r rrpnrl iimmI ho fiicn in du plicalr One ia irturnrd In iht> r.ipl.iiii Al'rr a ft''i'cril reviimn, in order Ih.il hr n ay tike uilli hint an iipial quanlily of Ihe ar(iclf«i tpfciflfd ill i' " hrii he Mil*. If i:i|i lo not happen, nr if the depar- ture do not tike pLire wi hiri a l^uUeiiiniith, (hrii iht cnntninp'inn dutv in In he piid on Ihe ariidri riMnaininic on hand. 'Ihr nipiain li, hnwevrr, M Uhrrty to dt'potit Ihr prnviaiono, ttilijrct to Ihr cun. •unipiinn duly, at the cuatoin huuae until he Mil. Olhrr arlidrw, not properly hrlniKiiut to the c.-ifKo, are in m far adniilled, ihit Ihry uitihuLttaly hi Ionic «> t'lC ahip'a inventory, and ■re utiimilit for ihr vo> i)' li|(h(frt, the cnn->uitiplJ0ii lu the road ia To ihr ipftlrrri wlinarenidrred forarrvicem honnl lhevr»f|i,,( forded a prnixr n>Airilrii»ncR nr Irealiiient, Ihu »iii:f ai u 2,1.1 il Iravellna of thr IrAdinK cta«. * '" '" If Iheocinp.Uionnf U-r \t%n\ tikfi phre itt the rnat nf iln-nn tain, hr ia then fMuAhd In Kive the (dreit* the ilii y p,iy (,f 1 ,.' lAiik, aa rrgulahd, and lo prnvutr fur their return to thor dn. place welhH- If il happen Ihat ofliren. owlnit tn an Interruplrd cninnniniMifa Willi II »• ^horr, are h»rrel to reniAin hf>n tl 'J davs on i>fufi),i|,? the rai lain niti«l nive thrin their inrala, nn their | .iVinit lori|i«!jii,. and if any diflicully ariae ahuul the cti^rKc, il ii to I v dt-riiJett ly i'^ |>nlii-e mnhnniita- ' In nil cmt-ii, the captain inuit row Itack Ihe oflicrrs fmm thcfrj) In Ihe fiaihnur. Thedireclinrnof Ihe nffirert, lourhinic thr dincharsr nf Uipv^wi in Older that Ihrv nay he aide lo txuciae properly the duiiM r( their .true, immthefonnwed. "" If a captain hat a well founded complaint tn tnike alniit thr cm- duct nf Ihe officera. he nnut | rrirnt it at the head riuionidiPuw 2,j luAy, after previuua rxaminaiion, fxpecl, wiihnul deiav, ltieir<|itirit- kil vBtnlelJung^. Tn every caplain, afirr clearing mil, ihe rftwn nf roiitplainla (v% hich. acconliriif tn a. 107. of the reKiiLi'i-in nf t»i« must I r in every ciiMoin houw) it prenented, in ur.tr tliat I c »,» eider thertiu his iianie, and whatever complaint he may luvcid make. Spi'riinpii A. (reft^rred lo above). Report uf t'uptaiti , BB to the Contents of thn Vedscl ralloil No. from Tlie Vessel cnrrit's l.llSiS, (1 f 4,000 rriiHsiun I'oiimls. IIUIJI Riiiinii.K a 3 (ifl'cijl ,V lic.iivhrn 'lie OfKrip- tiorinfl^t No Ml Ille Nimet nf Cuuiijuev'i. Deicriptinn of the tiouUi. No. (.f P.>ck.igti. u M.l»kB nf I'ackagca. OroM Weight of Packages. (Ilher Rale nf Measure. Furihfr Re m.irk* of Ihe Uedarcr. P»l»ri. '^ i» furtlier ''kjilaiiitJ. ? t^uitit. l.bi. 1 1 Sclimid. Sugar leaves. 6 ca^ki 1 8 4 60 2 10 6 — 3 IB 4 m 4 29 3 110 5 29 4 10 1 6 3(i 5 - 2 Kn onlre. CoOee. 3 caiks. 7 H 9 * 64 ICO N6 2 60 3 50 3 50 3 Schulz. Wine. 7 caiks. 10 II ] } No signature. cimers. 3M - 2 12 — 1.1 \ • 14 II • 3 — 3 1-4 — 16 ' D ■ 3 14 — 4 Brand. Tallow. 2 caaki. 17 14 4 • > Are placed 5 U|iuu deck. 1 18 20 6 . S Prnpetty nf tliB caplain. Earthenware. 2 caiki. • No signature. 19 . 8 . ) Are In Ihe S cabin. liO . 1 60 . 6 Dir. I'.iMPnjfers' pm- perty. clnthi-a :^ih1 liiieti. I box. 21 No signature. Unknown. 7 ■ " I'.issfrmer^* pr»»p«'r(y, cnltoii ^uf'iJs. 1 pack. 22 *, 18 SO 24 30 ;w 42 SO bt 40 8 Dant-r. Imn plale t\»r torlrnl m, I, |.«rl"iil«r r«««, II !• runil.lf tKl inri,„„ hll .lit'lliK' «li'l "Illy "'"I'" II. r l..ill.„, III 111 l»r I" Oil' wtuiil)r Ml llm •ml i,^ III .inly uln« lUtf, «> Itnl lio|nrl,(i|, ,|in«'U III III' "'("I I" »• ■" »• >li< llu) I II III III! rapliilltlliKt' llfuliiiflil "( Ih" l"i«i"'". Ill" >'u«' m l»«i, iitifit ArinplinK 111 rirriimt'.iiii»i, u/. »ht illliillilli.l. iir Khrll'fr 111!' Mliir II, U.I I, iril I'T llm fr)air iil IIm iIii|>, hi Ibl 1,4 I I'i nrt^inil ■l.llr. ml li III I.B iliilHinil of III lli« I'OUDlry, ii J \y Mii'liiT inipiiil iliioiU. I'rr till' Mm niv.nt III 111' rnn.li, ihf mi,,,, irrrlaliKil, *'"> '•'" "••l"l"iiti' i.( ilinin„i, l>Uri>l In ■pi'urity till fuitlirr iliraciibu i^ hiih I'll' In 111 » iiiirr niiKl I* .iniiniin,H „ r ,i» III!' iniiri" •I*' inliirn«lii.ii, 1,1 ,lain nliiiil" ninii llii" iiilijl'il. The ii,i|„. ■tt III lh» vow', tilil llli' ■>rll(lM ciiii',.,,,,1 cily, anil llir I'lilianrili I" On >lii|ii lii.|,|,„ ;rl»i»liiin, iini'iriiiin.nnil Inckini ur-IHi KU.irileil >l ih»|||.|ifim'i'f ll''i:i|''"iii "Iwli ,,, may la»l aa \>villi llif .horr, lir llw imll, tillirrniMii,,, i.iilnliil, mil iinariil llii-ir lain-n, n ihr riiaiN liiiurr llian H liiiiir» ifin!,!,. ,rnrri- Are placed I u|ion deck. ) Are in llie ( cabin. On lioadl ttxUt u/ Ktchanf, »l\d Mirrl.y. On lb« Wfiilialluli nf bllla nf •!• I'lianiiii ... par nil*. On I haii(in« nviiMiy, or |W|«r< con. ■ iileriiil aa iiiniiry » Oil cvi-ry ilMrripliiin nf liuainmt In pMNla, ricrp 1114 Iha enrn irad« pur ctut Du Ihe corn Iraile, wx. : — Wheal, rye. pma. anil lliMMd fill an fir aa Ihe tatlir it aolil iiy III* wtiii|iel) • — Biiley. nail, ami niall — N. n. The Itenia I In 4. Inrlil- tlvo, are to lie inid iKith liy IIm luyer and the aelter. On aalee t>y ancii'in, fmiii Ihe lelter — If the aaiii" lie willidrawn pre> viiiiia III the tiled |i«riul, u ri-itiiincralinii (In fertifti.Mle« nr rilrarl nf Iha jnurual, eiclualvt uf Iha itunp • a Ftft patfal'le to SMp Brukert^ Fur freif litiiif veiiieli reckmie.! ac curling III I'nia laii .Nnniiil lull. nivalile hy the ni«ncr aa well aa Ihe all'iai|hi«r - -per lail Fur the cliarierparly (mm iKiih pariiei, lheairiri<|j|er and char- lerer .... Theilamp ii Inhepiid leparate. lyhy Ihe p.irllrl inleiealed. Fur relKirtiliK « vemel aiTlviliK wl'h carip • per Truiaian Norman lait 041 sii.rj (irue. I IS 1 < T 6 15 IS 1 2U I e 1 4 n (Wilhniil illiltnrllnn aa In Iha nimilier nl pi'rannii i.ileieiled iji Hie rarrn, nr wliencn the yeiial eiiniea ) I'.ir rrfwirtlnK an niilwanl bonnil ihip wiih carKii per rritaaian Normal laat For re|inrtin( a vewel in baltui eiiniiiitf in nr |iiiiii( nut • — Mtlc — If a v.tMil, eiiMihiK in or ItnlniC (lilt, he only partly t.iiten, inch ear^o ia rediireil lo I'ruaai in Nnnnal Iiaia, in pni|iortiiin in Iha nuiiiher of liitailaiel in Ihe ihip'i raitialer, and aeeoidiiif in Ihia iha dtlliei are ral.-ulaleil. The lleiiil, X 4. \ Iha hrnker liai to charxe lo ine ihlp .... Fur pmrnrinii money nn hoilnniry, payalJe liy Ihe teiuler ai well aa the Imrniwer, for every 100 dnl* Ian .... For Lite! nf ililfii or liiiiile ihan'a, ff' 111 I'mIIi parliea Iniver, and leller, ivliether hy auction iir|ir|. vaii-ly, per ceni of ihe price If ihe aitei lie nol elTecled wiitiin llie hied pjrind, on whole venell oniliaiei For rerlilicaii'i and exiracta from the ililp'a pajieri, ilaleinenia ol a,era{et, or liijiii the ln( botik, eicliiiiie of lUllip i/xu. .iii.w. UrM. a 10 3 9 7 6 10 Sup) STOC^KHOI.M, the oapitnl of SwPilon, HituntpJ nt the jmiclion of the Inko Maelnr with sninli'tof tho Haltk-, in lat. .5'J° 20' .31" N., Ion. 17° .Ol' !•].; a wpll-l)uilt, httiidHomo city. PopuiiUioi 80,000. 'I'iip entrance to the liiirlioiir is intricate and dan^erouH, and Hliould not he attempted without a pilot; but the iiarbour itself is capacious and excellent, the liir)j;cist vfswls lyiiiff in safety close to tho quays, Stockholm posseases half tho fi>reig[n trade of !ort. Swcdi.sh iron is of very superior i"iiiili ;- I Jkippuiid ; lOO Ibj. .Swedish conunercial wemhl -' 93 U 11*. aviiinlii|ioii = 42 \'i kiloi;. = M 3-4 lbs. ol l?ainlnir are 3-Slh! of llic vicluili or coniniercal " liitli'a ; r n.irki -- I mark puiid i 20 mirk puiids = I ikippuml ; and 7 I 2 ikipvui«li ■= I Inn Knuliih. Hence, 100 puiula Swediih iron « eiRlit - 7i llii. ivmnluiiois, and 100 lbs. avoirduimia = 133 1-3 Iba. irtfilisli iron wei^lil. Tlie Hignal for a |iilot is a tlag at tlie fniu-lopiiiast head, or firing a gun. 2 Eiinera . • . = 1 Ahni. 1 1 2 Aliln ■ ■ . . = I llihort. 2 Ollioft • . - . = 1 Pipe. The pill* =-- 124 1.4 Ensli.li wine Gallnni ; and. conHci|iiently,tha ahni ~ It .'i liihiililhi, ami ICO kannnr = 69 |.;'ilh dilln. Ihe Swedish fmil - 1 1 lis4 F.nj(lish inchej; Ihe ell or aija »» 2 feet i Ihe fallioii. -- 3 elK; Ihe rtid = » elU. Ill ciirn nicaaure :— 4 ((uarll 2 Sjiinn ITun • A lul of rye from Rin nilti) l.ieliau hillo Slelliu lliilo SlnKiind Spann. Tun or liarrrl. = I = I = 4 1.6lh Winch, buih. -= IS TunK. = 1(11 2 — c 2212 — = 24 Thi!tiinor3JkipporconUiui4 1.6lb VVincheiter busheli. lo liquid measure:— 2. Slop . • . = 1 Kanna. ISKaimor - . = I Anker. 2Aiikeri • . = I Eiiiier. In esiiiiiaiiiiK by UsN ",ail of piirh, ashes, kc. 1 i ^ 12 h J rela. 1 dilln iir. oil, »ic. • . . «= in illn. I l.ait of hemp, Hax, tallow, Ac. • • = (i kippundi. 1 T'lin of Liverpool comnioii salt • ~ 7 luiis Swed, Metals. Ac. ejtporlel from Stockhnlnt during Ihe year 1^13. Total, 281,9)iti I 2skippuudi = 37,6'jll tons ; cousisliiig of— Shipprmdi. Bar iron - . - - lloop llilto noil ditto - Hiindle dilln - • Sillpan plalel, Ike. Iron platea Nails Sleel Ciiilery • Cast articles Scroop iruu Rrass Copper . niiiiiitniie. vitriol, and alum - 2i2,s39 . 2,602 ■ 2.176 • 1,896 708 . 4,722 . 6.080 - 6,21)5 ■ 2,aOi . 2,358 ■ 1,493 4t» ■ 3.674 . 5,718 ProfiimH Invoice of 150 Sklb. equal to 20 Tons, Iron, sliipped at Stockholm, per Captain , for London. 712 ban iron, wcijhiiiK, iklb. loO at bo. r. I 3 • Charfit. DutTsnlihippin? chtrees I 11 nl. per Iklb. . . Bo. r. 200 Brokerage on purchase 1-4 per cent. • 6 6 Slaii.pi and {Mitagea - ■ • 2 23 Bo. r. 2,250 208 29 2,438 29 Brought forward Conimiuion, 2 per cent. Bill brokerage, 1-8 per cent. Sloeklirtm, 1833. Bo. r. At exchange R. 13. E. E., 2,458 29 49 8 2,507 37 3 6 2,510 43 L.I93 8 11 650 STOCKHOLM. Ht. r - i •n. m»- ,*S':|I *•■■*■;, .,f Rum, and other foreifn •piritt- Cone« . . . yiih((lry} Herriugft kanDor Ibi. liipund karreli Quaii'ilUM of wme of the principal Articlei imported into Stockhalm, in 1833. Salt ■ • ■ lunnor 89,MJ I llillc< nlallu • Indigo - • - lbs. 11,191 I Sillo Suiian ■ . . _ 6,017,137 i Conoiu Tobacco ... — 310,S6j VVoolkni • 126 869 2,203,137 132,433 48,431 »!"" la.iKi Thaog of Sweden. Offlciai Account of ch 3 principal Articles, with tlioir Vulues, exported from, and imported iiuo, Sweden, in 1831. Country. Export!. onicial Va;ue> Imtwrts. Finland Prussia MecklentmrKh, Hanover, &c. Denr urk Netheri.inds Great Britain France Portug.il Gibnitar Sardinia Tuscany Austria Alf^iers Eeypt ■ Unilod States of America Niirway Hamburgh and Lubeck Spain . Holh Sicilies . Brazils Ruuia '• liK iron,ore,herrings,dealg, salt, limestone. Iron, steel, tar, pitch, lime, cannon, cop* per, wood, papur, flooring stones, iron plates, &c. Wood, lime, iron, paper, staves^ stones, steel, manufactured iron, tar, pitch, co. lours, alum, &c. Corn, slaves, Wf)od, paper, iron, copper, mill and floorins stones, tar, pi. ch, alum, nails, lime, cutlery, fire wood, oak bark, sieel, brass wire Woml, rm-k moss, tar, pitch Iron, steel, tar. pitch, corn, wood, cobalt, rock miifli, itones, bark, mau;sajese, oil- cakes, &c. Iron, wooil, tar, j.itch, copper, porphyiy, s* ives, bricks, colours \Vo(mI, iron, sleel, tar, pitch, slaves Woo9 65,170 133,920 IVCX) 6,2CO 41,366 3,199,255 624,372 S75,aj 41,236 6,764 339,744 113,447 13,364,618 Corn, tar, tallow, butler, flour, deals, fire W(KXt Corn, wool, hides .... Com, wool, hides. Tun, fruit, &c. * Sugar, cotton, cotToo, wine, rum, spices, chalk, salt, manufacturi-s, corn, oil, wool, herrings, hides, lead, tish Manufactures, cork, hops - Sugar, colfee, apices, mahogany, maniifac- turts, cotti n, dyes, wine, cognac, rum, coals, cottfMi yarn, earthenware, &c. Wine, cognac, oil, cork, salt, spices, Iruit, lead, soap. Sic. Salt, fiuit, leathe,', hiden, cork, &C. Tobacco, cotton, sugar, hides, rice, dye woods Fish, Mauufactures, &c, - • • . Salt, fruit, wine, oil, lead, &c. Salt, fiuit, oil, &c. . . . . Sugar, coflee, tobacco, hides, horn, &c. . Bristles, corn, seeds, hemp, tallow, soap, hides, oil, &c. Rixdollars banco ■ Otlicul Value, Kizd. la. i,«'Aiw lliO,17S II!),W2 1,155,412 2I>2,;20 I,7i5,i;ii 357,1:2 3CO,502 i,sr,i:o 2,1-21,4:1 IH'43 l,C69.393 li.lOlfisi Vessels entered outwards for foreign places :— Vaieb. 1830. Swedish .... 2.3!.2 a. 7?,S7!) ^^ — Foreign . - . . 1 ,7'i5 = 78 igj _ 1831. Swedish .... 2,379= 74,l;7 _ — Foreign .... 1,576^ 1,8.258 _ Or together — Reported inwards, 1830 • • - 4,071 = i3'',C30li!!i 1S3I . . . 4,0H-. .u 136,442 - Entered outwards, 1830. • . 4,1147:. Uk 7^7 _ 1831 • - . 3,ll,-.5= 142,3:5 - Shipping ofSwfden —Swedish vessels employed in foreign trade, uperoflicial retuins:-- 1830. 104 vevifls = 1^,17396 lasts) navigated b, 4,725 manners, eaclusive of maste -s. 1831. 671 vessels ::= 44,161-78 lists; navigated by 4,635marineri, exclusive of maste -s. Vcuals reported iiiwaris from foreign pUces:— 1630. Sweilish .... 2,2S0 = 67,896 lasts. — Foreign .... 1,781 = 70,754 — 1831. Swedish .... 2,427 = 69,099 — — Foreign .... 1,6 -8 =: 67,343 — Regnlaliovs as to the workivg of Mines in Sweden. — The following paper, whirh we have received from Sweden, and on the authenticity of which our readers uiay rely, allows the nature ol'tlieolisiruc- lions laid on the principal hranch of industry curried nii in that kingdom. Tlu'y apppiir In us to In; in the last degree absurd and oppressive. It might: be proper to eiiacl regiilatiniis to ptevciil the waste of the forests ; but having done this, every one oiigli! to beat liberty to produce as iiuiili item as lie pleased, williotit being subject to any sort of regulntinii or control. VVe are surprised itiiit so initlli. gent a government as that of Sweden should tiiinli of imposing such preposterous roBtiliitions. " Sweden has at present front .S30 to MO smelting furnaces, wliiili produce annually I'mm Ml.pro to 95,000 tons of pig iron. In convening the pig into bar iron, almut 23 percent, is allinved Inr waste; and as near as can be ascertained, the annual manufacture of bar iron is from fi;!,(ll!0 to ():'.,(KIO tons The number of iron worlds is between 420 and 430, having tiliout 1,100 furges (hearllis). '1 In; atiniial exportation of bar iron, at an average of the 10 years ending 1^31, was 40,508 tons ; of which were, for— Great Britain ......... 10,000 ions. United States -.....-.. 80,1100 — fJermany, Holland, France, and Portugal . . - „ - i,'),(K)0 — Tiie remainder to Ilrazil, and a. very little to the Mediterranean - - 4,Sl>8 — Total - 40,508 "TheMnelting furnaces and iron works are licensed for particular i|uantitics, seme lipitipaslcn' as 50 tons, and olliers as liisli as 400 or 500 tons; and some line bar i on \vnn,s liiive licensH for 1,000 tons e:ich. Tliese licences are granted by the College of Mines, wliich li;is 11 ((Hilrol ovciall iron works and mining operations. The iron masters make aiiiiiial returns of their luiMiiifariiire, which must not exceerl the privileged or licenced quantity, on pain of the overplus lieiiig cnnlisiiilfu. Tlie rolle;;e lias subdrdiniile courts, called T'ottrts of Mines, in every dislriel, with su|iervisliiC illireri of various ranks All irnn siMit to a port of shipment must be lamled at tlie pulilie sveldh-hmisp, the superintendent of wliich is a delegate of the Collegt! ; and his duly is to register all lliat lurivi's.aiid transmit a iiuarterly report thereof to the college, so tlial it is impossible for an iron nlil^tl■^ loffiai more iron to market than h,.s licence .■lutbnrises. Many, however, sell iron to inland riiii.>^iiiiii'r«al llie forges, of which no rolitrns are ever made out, and in so far Hie licences are exceediMl ; luii weilniiol guppn;-e that the (juaiitity so disposetl of exceeds 2,000 or 3,000 tons a year. Kvery fiiiniiic and hK'. pays a certain annuiil duty to the Crown. Its BUioutit is fixed by the t.dlh^ge when llie Ii.imicc is grnnled ; and care is takiMi not !o grant a licence to any one, unless he has lln- ronini.uiil 1 1' (^>m\- equal to the rciiuired supply of charcoal, without encroaching uii the supply of this niaturlal reiiuirti STOCKINGS. 551 , in IB33. sUlki ■ >II<.UI lbs. ija.Ga ftliiar 1:1,11,3 — MM for the existing forftes in theneiphhonrhnnd. As 1,1 bo iiiii'le iJeiiiR never exceeded, llie Collepi.', s the supply of pig iron Is limited*, the finantity licem Led from, and imported into, lint)ort«. oniciii Value, Hixd. Ill liuUer, flour, ile»l», fire 1,0113,11)5 , . . • • 160,173 s, turn, fruit, ftc. - ■nffoc, wine, rum, spicM, maiiufacturiH, cciril, oil, J, hiJia, ItaJ, f«l> ;orlc, liopj - ■ • lices, iialmgany, miniiuc- dyes, Willi:, cognac, rum, y:irii, eartlieoware, &c. oil, cork, sail, spicm, (ruil, c. ler, hilled, cork, ttc 3n, sugar, hiJo, rice, dye ,kc. ■ ne, oil, lead, 4c. , *c. - tobacco, 1 ides, born, Sic. ■ , seeds, hemp, lallow, soap, ic. Rildolhrs banco ■ IIO.WJ 1,155,112 502,520 ' 1,745,131 i 3S7,« 300,502 ' 905,547 ! l,S47,i:0 2,U1,471 ' 154,543 i 31,960 1,3&5,(«6 12,302,C>2 rda for foreign places 2,262 = l,7.->5 = 2,379 = l,57(i = 72,fi791u!i. 78,f68 - 74,1:7 - 1.8.258 - 1830- isai • ISilO - 1831 - 4,071 -^ 4, OS') ^ . 4,1147 = . 3,9.55 = i3-'.G;0Iu1i - l3ti,H2 - - U'-.727 - - 142,375 - paper, whirh we linvc rrceivpii shows the natnre ol'llie iiliMriii- doin. Tlii'y uppeur In us to lii; in regulatiiMis id prevent the waste ty lo produce as iimcli irmuislie VVe are surprised that so iiiielll- prppostcrinia roKulalioiis. produce uiimmlly rmm Wl.OWlo J percent, is allmved lor waste; ron is from fi;i,(H!n lo ti.%(KlO tons 00 fiirsi.'S (liearllis). Tlio atmual vas 49,508 tons; of wliich were, . 10,fl(K)tons. . 2(1,11(10 — - 15,(100 - - 4,5ti8 - Total 4(1.508 hr quantities, si'iiie lioing as 1(™ |e liar i-on \vnii>s li;ive luensfs lues, wliicliliasi. .■(iiilniliivetall III returns of their ini'.mifa'-liirf. It' the overplus lieiu)! cnnfisi'alf"- |dislrict,\Mtlisupervi loiia of lead, 1,700 tons of .•iliim, 40,021) lbs. of cobalt, 3,000 ibs. of silver ; and of late years several mines of manganese have been worked, the produce of which may be from 300 to 400 tons." STOCKINGS, r.i every one knows, are coverings for the Icg.'^. Thoy are formcJ of only 1 thread entwined, so as to form a species of tissue, extremely elastic, and reailily adapting itself to the figure of the part it is employed to cover. This ti.ssue cannot be called cloth, for it has neither warp nor woof, but it approaches closely to it; and for the purposes to wliich it is applied, it is very superior. \. Historical Sketch of fht Slocliing Manufacture. — It is well known that the I^omans and other ancient nations had no particular clothing for the legs. During the middle ages, however, hose or leggins, made of cloth, began to be u.sed ; and at a later period, the art of knitting stockings was discovered. Unluckily, nothing certain is known as to the individual l,y whom, the place where, or the time when, this important invention was made. Howell, ill his Mistcry of the World (vol. iii. p. 222.), says, that Henry VIII. wore none but cloth hose, e.tcept there came from Spain by great chance a pair of silk stockings ; that Sir Tho- mas Gresham, the famous merchant, presented Edward VI. with a pair of long silk stockings f(om Spain, and that the present was much taken notice of; and he adds, that Queen Elizti- heth was presented, in »he third year of her reign, with a pair of black knit silk stockings, and that from that time she ceased to wear cloth hose. It would appear from this circum- stantial account, that the art of knitting stockings, or at leust that the first speciniops of knit jtociiings, had been introduced into England from Spain about the middle of the 16th cen- tun ; and such seems to have been the general opinion, till an allusion to the practice of knitting, in the pretended poems of Kowley, forged by Chatterton, caused the f ubject to be more strictly investigated. The result of this investigation showed clearly that the practice of knitting was well known in England, and had been referred to in acts of parliament, a rood many years previously to the period mentioned by Howell. But it had then, most pro- 1 lablv, been applied only to the manufacture of woollen stockings; and the general use of cloth hose shows that even these had not been numerous. 'J'hcre is no evidoiice to iihow ivliether the art is native to England, or has been imported. — (See Beckmann's Inventions, ! vol. w. art. Knitting Nets and Stockings.) It is singular that the stocking frame, which, even in its rudest form, is u very complex i and ingenious machine, that could not be discovered accidentally, but must havt; been the ' result of deep combination and profound sagacity, should have been discovered so early as i 158!), before, in fact, the business of knitting was generally introduced. The inventor of I this admirable machine was Mr. William Lee, of Woodborough, in Nottingham.shire. He i attempted to set up an establishment at Calverton, near Nottingham, for the iiumuf'aclute of stockings, but met with no success. In this situation he applied to the queen for assist- ance: hut, instead of meeting with that remuneration to which his genius and inventions ;o we':' entitled him, he was discouraged and discountenanced ! It need not, therefore, excite I niprise that Lee accepted the invitation of Henry IV. of France, who, having heard of the invention promised him a magnificent reward if he would carry it to France. Henry kept I his word, and Lee introduced the stocking frame at Rouen with distinguished success; but after the assassination of the king, the concern got into dilficulties, and Lee died in poverty 1 at Paris. A knowledge of the machine was brought back from France to England by some fi'ie workmen who had emigrated with Lee, and who established themselves in Notting- amshire, which still continues the principal seat of the manufacture. — (See Beckmann's I //ii£)i(i««."i, vol. iv. pp.313 — 324.; and Letters on the Utility nnd Policy of Machines, [Ud. 1780.) During the first century after the invention of the stoclang frame, few imjjrovcments were I mile upon it, and 2 men were usually employed to work I frame. But in the course of last I century, the machine was very greatly improved. The late ingenious Mr. Jedediuh Strutl, I of Derby, was the first individu..! who succeeded in adapting il to the manufacture oiribhtd I ttof kings. S(ali!/iM( VUw of the Stocking Trade.— Wo, sulijoin, from a paper liy Mr. Felkin, of Nottingham, who |isveryailv'ii.nlageously known by his statistical researches, the fulluwing view of tliu present state ftlie'liriiish hosiery trade. •We do not mean that the manufacture of pig iron is limited ; for any one can get a licence tc limelt, whncan prove he has a sufflcioncy of charcoal at his disposal; but the quantity licenced ia I never exceeded, but is often less. ,..'1 ftsa STORAX— STORES. mm:- -'*■ *^MU-'. :j *^>/i| r-ii It B-.^'** ;-..»-•'» I** „ Worsted limirry is chiefly made in Leicestershire ; s'',k hi ^lery in Derby nml Ni>tlini;li.im ; and cottdn hrisiery throughout the counties of Nottit)gh:ini nnd Derby, at Hincllley, and at Tewlcf bury. The analysis turnislieit by Illacknrr, in 1812, mn;^' be, nertia.w, nindiliej ai follows, so as In show the kinds and qualities of gooJs which the frames are now employed upon, viz. — Plain cnlloii, 14 In 2^ltau2e, l,6(K. 24 loZS.gauKe, 1,600; 30 to 34 Kaurr, 2,790 ; 36 la 6U K^u^e, 1,600 frames ■ 7,590 Gauze, 60t}; glove:i and caps, 1,000: drawer.', 600: sun- driw,560 - - . ' . ' . ' . ' . 2,680 Wide frames, making cut'Ups and various other kinds - 6,030 Worsted, 12 to 20 Kauge, 4,400 ; 22 to 26 gauge, 3,600 ; 29 lo34.gauge, l,4S0franiet- . . . • Frama. Dotm. 'fashioned cot- ton hose • cut up, &c. • fashioned ^■■3 ^ worsted • I I cut up, &c. • Angola lambs' wool • (.silk ■ 33,000 420,000 1,960,000 710,000 100,000 i 93,000 l3i,noo I 90,000 J 3,510,000 9,450 Lbl. cotton* 880,000 yarn 2,940,000 — . 2,840,000^;T': 400.000 — 332')00 — 619,^(10 — 103.000 silk -. AnHa, l,3i0i lambs'wool, 1,900; shirls,600ffamet . 37^ Wide frames, on wilh worited ^nols " " • S20 Silk, 2,300; gloves, 330; and knots, 330 • - 3,(^ Total of f ramee . ^^ The following statement. It is believe), presents a sufRcienll; vet rate approzimation to the annual amount in quantity and vduerf the goods manufactured in this trade, to answer all |>rac|ju| p^, poses; Each narrow cottou frame produces about 40 dozen of hose a yn, if of women's size; wide cotton frames, 301) ; narrow worstcj 7j.' wide wonted, 160 ; and silk, 30. There are— ' ' L. L. L. 1 Ml ' ^ ' f 73,0C'J 220,000 32,000 a 172,000 % >'~-^ 285,000 htt 98,000 ■3 U-, 284,000 213,000 /■S-! 41,000 a ^ « S 40,000 30,000 = 10,000 i* 43,000 f 40,000 19,i)00 o 80,000 tf 50,000 l(i,l)(10 L 120,000 J L 108,000 J L I3,(XK) J 32i,000 5<0,COO inj.ioo iie.wo 2'1I000 8,137,000 814,000 948,000 229,000 According to this calculation, the value of the cotton hosipry an- ntally made is ISO.OOflf. ; that of worsted, &c. is 870.0001. ; and that of silk is .^4 1, 000/, —To produce these goo<1s, it is probable that 4,5><4.00O lbs of raw cotton wool, value Ij3,f0(i/., are used; and 140,000 lbs. nf raw silk (2-3lh5 China and 3.5lh» Nmil. value 91,001'/.; also, 6,318,(100 lbs. of English wool, value 316,nco;. Thf Inal origi- nal value of the materials used, is, therefore, ri60,00o/., which, it ap- pears, becomes of the ultimate cost vilue of l,991,U0W., in this manufacture. There are t-mployed in the various processes, as follows, viz. — In cotton Biiinninsr, doubling, Ac, 3,000; worsted carding, spinning. iVc, 2,;'>00 ; silk winding, throwing, &c., 1,000 6,600 In making stockings I3,0C0 nun, 10,000 women, and 10,000 youths; and women and children in seaming, winding, kc, 27,000 (»,000 In embroidering, mending, bleaching, dyeing, dressing, puttiog-up, &c,, probably about .... Total persona employed 6,500 73,000 The capital employed in the various branches of the trade may be thus estimated, taking the machiiierv and frames at neither (lieir ori- ginal cost, nor actual selling price, nut at their working value, and the stocks of hosiery on an average 01 yean : — The capilal in mills and machinery, 'for preparing cotton, /-, is 70,000 — — worsted, &c. 52.000 — — silk - 18,000 Fixed capital in mills, ftc. — is frames Total of fixed capilal 140,r(l0 ■ 243,000 . L. 383,000 In wool and yam in process and stock Floating capital in spinning, &c. Capital in narrow cotton frames — widu — — narrow worsted frames — wide — — silk frames Fixed capital in frames L ■ 8,MI • I50,IM • 3i,l« I- «C,t(i) ■ eo,flM ! • urn • ii,M ■ 36,»J1 C I • 3io.o;o 1 ■ Vim L ■ t.m !■■ l,IM,fO( I iV. B This estimate is independent, of course, of tlie viluer,! the hosiery wrought by wires; but this i^ not very cuosiiltnl'f We believe it underrates the total value of the nianul.iciurfiV a sum of 1,99I,(HX)/. is barely equivalent, wiihout e\eii diOcciiiiu | ez|iorts, which are very cnu.sid( rable, to an esiieiiditure ■d;niii 'iij^\. iiigsof about 2*, 5d. a year to each individual in (Ire.ii Lrilaio-i sum which we are inclined to think is decidedly uii Icr the unit In goods in process and stock Floating capilal in making hose — in spinning, &c. Total of floating capital STORAX. See Balsam. STORES, MILITARY and NAVAL, include arms, ammunition, &c. It is enacicd, | that no arms, ammunition, or utensils of war, be imported by way of merchandise, except bv license, for furnishing his Majesty's public stores only. — (6 Geo* 4. c. 107.) STORES, in commercial navigation, the supplies of different articles provided for the sub* I sistence and accommodation of the ship's crew and passengers. It is laid (l urh furplns stoi-es liein^ duly fiorne upon Ihc victiialtine bills of such shl|iB renpectively ; and if Ihe ship, for the future use of which any Hurplus Ktn*-es have been warehouBes for foreif^n part^, are to apprise the collectors and comp- troller*! at Ihe outpoits where the ves^tls may be bound, of ihe quait tity and description of the coods whith inay have been »ihipped as itores on boird such vessels, and that l»)ii(f has been f^iven by the tnasiers of the vessels that no part . f st.ch stores ».hatl be consumed by Ihe en «c, or any package opened oralientd. until the vef«els have ■cMially I pen cle.ired on their f Tejjtn voyag'-s; and the collectors •nd cnniplrrtljers at lheout|>orlH are in like manner to cause a aindlnr comiuuti'c tiuu tu be made to the ports where the oul\«a''d cargoes are to be taken nn board, and the officers at Rurh ports are to tiit rare to ascertain that the severil Roods ^o j!iip[,c{i .ire actuiliy ni board the vessels on their arrival, and have neillier lictn cowiiwii or run on snore during the coisiing voyage; and if so, tn reiori itK same to the Doanl.— (iv/iH. liy Cvru. oj C'luhj/u, 19li of I'tb-liil) List of Fotei^u Goods allowtd to be ihipjioi ns .s/[irf.i, frm U( I Lmided l((irf/iow«j/r«o//>i*^v-— lCu8loui*aMiinitt',29iiruf>'oi, It32.) TVo, 1-4 of an 07. ; coffiee or cocoa^ 1 02. per day for ncli r on boani, wiih the option to ship the entire nuaulity reijuiml(L'r'lii I voyage ot eiiher spfcies of these arliiles. /ia(Mii 07. of ici t^imci- I sidered equal to owe oz. of coHee or cocoa ; Ihe tea ic le sliiiftJ a I Ihe original (Mckages in which it was imporletl. IVnie, I quart per day for the master, each iiate, aiKJ wb.i I passenKer. f Wme bottled in the Nmded warehojues fir ex|)ort,itifiti mir l» shipped as storef, in packages contaiuing not Um Umi 3 iloi,re|'L!tJ q'lar', or ti doz. reputed pint bottles. Sfiiritif viz, brantly, eenevA, rutn (British plaDtatioii), 1 2piD![a I dav for each person on noanl. , hritiAh plantation rum to be in the prn[>ortion nf 1-2 of ibi whol" quintity of hpirits shipped. Karh deRcnpiicii of sjurlls Inleti?] I as sto-es to be shipped in I'ue cask capable nf cnntainin? the tadn I (piinlily of brainly, or of geneva or rtjin, allowed frir the vn)]it,or | in r.vhks containing not less than 40 gallons of brai.dy or eeurvi, or | ^1) gallcHis of Rrilish plantation rum, as ihe cate may hr ' [r^ui^l I that if Bpi I its shall have been importeii in I "tiles, or Njti r.l m'fce I bonded warehouses for eX|>ortalion, the s. i^e nia/ t>« ^hi{[A^l] ! slnreH, in packages containing not less than :l lioz. reputed <]turt(7( | t.'o7. repu'ed pint hollies. I /into Sunar ntid MiJatfei {together or iqflaraU), 2 ot.]xr it) iat ] each (lertonon bo«r»I. Vned /Vuifi, i^ lbs. per week for Mcb person on tioard. STRANDING. 553 no 1,1,900; .hirt«, 600 fremei ud kuou, J™ • ToUl ol frtniM » ia believel, prtaents a lufficienll j jcc«. '.nnuil amouiil m (luaiitity and vilue „f a thii trade, to aniwer all prichal pu. ne nroducCT about 40 dozen of lio« j ym, cotton fi^inw, 301) i narrow wonitj, 7i; ilk, 30. Tberoare- L. (48,000 229,000 I,'J9I,(>jO xe» and stocit • * ipital in iplnning, Sc. in frame! ■ * lied frames ] 'ixed capital in fiamet djtock • L ■ 8S,W • Ia0,(lt« ■ i:,m I. ■ iim ' ■ Ui.M ■ im ■ ll,M l" ■ W,M ■ am r • TSIjM I • M,M I l. \MIOi 1 r./v 2 ',\n. ppr week for cv^h pprwm on board. ?'oi['ie" f"!'"') '•* "*• P"r day for tlie niasitr, each mate, and each Tu'titiire (ji'inntUy of foreign 8e:;ar9, allowed ss stores for each vopje, 10 lie shipped in one package. . ,■,( i^j British manufactnnd CiDodi to ftf alhiced to be thipped ■' at stortJ on l/ie usual Jtounty or Vrawlack, BrituA Trfiinti Susnr, 3 oz. per day for Ihe master, each mate, and ,rh caljili iussciii^er. Brilci/i mauujactured Tn/'aao, 1-2 oz. per day per man. BiiliJ* fXfi'i"'''* '■'""'■'i viz. beer, ale, an,l porter (loRether or • iralf) I qu.irt per day for the mailer, each male, and each ''nmji''r> ''2 P'"' P" w:e)ii for each person on board. Soap, 1 2 oz per flay for each pennn on iKiard. The sinii' indul. (TPtiCf, 111 rwpecl 'if t:.e .Ui see albo W/is*i Jlriltsh TatiJJ'Jor lt:3J and lfc34,--aii accurate and useful publication.) \U«t, hy which to calculate the Amount of Stores, of the estimated Average Number of nays' Dura- ' 'tion of a Voyage from the United Kingdom lo the dilforent Ports eiminerated, and back. ikin! hose uning, 8ic. Total of floating capital ate is independent, of course, ot llie vilut r| : 'bv wires : bul ihis n m\ very considtni:!, •rates Ihe lolal value of the nianul.wurt; isi , is barelv equivalent, wilhout even diJocinlit erv ciin'si.lirable, to an eipeii.hlurf avmi tixl a vear lo each indiviilual iii (.real blilJiii,-! clineJ to tbink is decidedly un ler Hit uuik. nmunition, &c. It is enacicJ, . way of merchandise, cxceiil bv Lvo.4.c. 107.). ;nt articles provided for the sub- '•s. I driving from parts lioyoiiil seas ate [ect similar coininoilitii's wlienini. 1 comptroller that the iiiiaiiiiiyof ancea of the vnyafie, they maybe V ship, on payment of llie [wki rh llie same cuuld nol be legally Lrd, and the officers at such ports art lo Okl f Ihe sever.il eiml. to ^hlpl,l•d are acHullj ni Iheir IrrWal, fnd have neilher be.. co»s.»^ | |,neco..Mingv,.p?ei and ' J; "' 7'« Bwiii iy Com. oj Liuloms, 19!hiilltb,l«)., \, allowld to U •Mwid ??.'''''°'"v{™ j* I l/rM of Z)«l v.-(Cu8U)m's Mniulc, 29lli »l No.. Icoffee or cocoa, 1 oz. per day for "*F™ , l"n to ship the entire .luanli-y req.iirjJfcr l!. s of the»' articles, /lolf an nz. odea Um< .t- . of coflee or c«-oa ; Ihe tea ic be >lii||*l u Ell wliicli it w.as iniporleil. f dty for the master, each n.ate, and uhl bonded vrarehovises for rj\^Ttt\m "«'' .ITaSes containing not le,s ttau 3 Jol.rt|i»l I '',l;;:;!,a:lt;'(nrili.h ,. Mali™), 1-2 Fi»'l« tumlo be in Ihe pro|»>rl,on o( I! ol ;!« 1 t, liroel Kach deJcniii.'i. nfM'"! '"""f' ?, Lrcask capable ..( cntaininS Ite M 1'la.Ki (l"r"*" '^ 'V'""^' '^ "'■ '•' '"' " 1 cr week for each Iierson on lioani- Polls cfPeslinat ion. Days of Voyage. ■ Aliefrta I jUoM ljl« Alicanl ■ Aim Ao'll"' , • Au|u*!inc'8 Hay ADCona . Akiinilria • AiMiMion Isle I AitlHptl'iO ''I" ■ AOlOtKiDJ • Aic'uinel ■ : Amiiaba • Alexanilret'a Aoipulco, Mexico ■ Brulnim • Rircplona • BlvofBnsCJ Hiilimore • , Bilniinlsle' I I Ilirta.iots ■ Btrhite ■ Di'tiiiudi • P.i*lon ■ Hiiiia Bruili BoenM Ayres BivotCampeachy : Bimlor ■ B'-mliy • Brcpl Ri'iBV Ifcy Env-I.i ■ E;emen Biyoiine • Bilna trSUI • fiirv.Mia • Culscrona • rjrtliJjcna ■ j CipedeVenlelshuls,' ' , viz. SI. An'onio ^ Si. Vincent f . S1.J150 V CcoU • • I i finirj'hles Cliri!liinia • • I Ci'i^flhageQ • I ; tee CiiilaVecchia • Crnica Ule Cayenne • Cil-elliyli- • 1 I hirlestowo ! CkfsiiJcake Bay l:(Ua CfPMlailt - J' Ciodii We- ll UphaloDia • * JiCilii'ir ■ l|[il« Coast Caille - liCirtha^ua, Spanish 1| mi.n j'CireSl. Miry i C^.riC»i)tinf>ple J' Cu]. mini River I' Ci.miM - IJO 121 t 110 110 ISO 150 '60 I^O 240 11*0 ISO 120 420 1^0 45(1 100 liO 100 110 no 120 I.tO ISO ISO uo 120 200 200 240 240 36-) 365 400 4i0 4M 42 80 to FO SO 00 100 100 Ports of Destination. Cyprus Cape of Good Hope - I'alloa C'i((uimbo • fbili (■,.l(.,ila - Cobiriibo Ceylon C'uddalore • ('hina Canton Oanlzic Ilr-iu'heim • I) law, ire Hay Di'iiierar.i • Dominica - llavin Straits l-.iiibilen Klhing . KUii.tur . KMm Isle • Pri.n.lty Islaivls - t";\ie Libi.tis, N.Rca- Farii IsUii;), Cmarica Ft-rnil Fa>;il Kciii.uido Po Falkluirl hl.-ihiU . U' Ui-ntnirgh Vn. ihar . Gi'iioa (irenada Guadaloupe Gicece - Giiliiinli . (iree'.ilaiid fishery - (fOrce Guayariuil - Gatijf.inatam Goi Haniburfrh - Hcliirolaiid ■ H;ivti Haiif.x Havauuah . Hnriiiuraa - Mil i.sr.n's Pay H hTrlTowii Iceland Ivica Italy Isif of SaMe lon'nn I^iles IshiKls intiir Archip. Isles (if France and BiiurboQ - Jamaica Java - , . Koiiigblerg- Lima l^aiironea • Lishnii I. u beck l,ejthorn l.nii^ Island I,a Giiayta I.a ('niictption Miulstroom Malaga Madeira Mt-nit-l Mogailore • Days ot Voyaije. 180 210 400 400 3G0 40U 3tj5 365 400 4i0 420 K»0 100 l;iO 1 60 1^0 210 42 9') 100 r!u 180 420 100 nr» 80 SO I«0 240 100 too I'iO 180 1^0 180 IbO 180 HiO 420 4C0 42 42 2 120 2(0 240 240 400 10) no 130 120 130 It^O 270 210 400 100 400 430 SO 100 no I '0 240 400 100 100 90 100 120 Forts of Destitiatiou. Majorca Minorca M.M'seilles • ^^■ssilla Nlonlreat Malta Martinicn • Mariegalante Minnilchi • Montsfrat • Maranhain - Mnntc Vjtleo Mada^^nscar- Mrxic'i. riffe Vera Cruz and Acajiulco. Mn:;a;li)re - Maiiritins - Mitlrag M*!aliar ■ Malacca Manilla Mangalnre MaMulipatam Moclia N lilies Ntwfoiindland Norili Bergen N.iij!ps N.irbonne - • Nice Nova Scotia New V'lrk • Nl'W I'loviiitncc New Orleans Nl'W G'tliica New Soiilii Wales . New Z'alaud Neiiapalam Nb'w Brunswick Neu-pnit - Oporlr) Odessa Otahfile Owhybee • Heteraburgh Pillau Flactntia Ilarbonr . Port St. Jiihn, New- fmindland Port-au Prince, Haytl Palermo Petisacola • Pbibutelpbia I'orto Hico . I'rovidenCf, B.ahania Maud-) . Pernanibnco, Pnrlo Bello - !*ara I'auama Perd Pbilippine Islands • rniviiclierry IVIIew Islands tjiiebcc Qnern Ann'.s Point • Kio Grantli'- Iliii Janeiro • Hicbtlle . Hevcl Itma H'ltren Home Days 1 ":r of Ports ui* Destination. Voyage. Voyage. no Rhoiie Island ISO 110 River C.uiihia 190 130 SI. Anoen) ■ 1-0 130 St. Cbes • SO 150 Salee 120 140 Slellin 100 180 Sloikholm • too ISO St. .John's, Newi'ound. 120 100 SI. Mary's - 95 ISO .St. Michael's, Azores so l!-0 St. John, New Uruns. 120 230 SI. Andrew, ..lo. 120 270 Salerno 1.10 Sardinia Islo 1.30 Siisa 120 103 Savannah • 150 270 Syravusu 14U 400 SI. Au^iisiine's Ray . 10 365 St. Helena . 210 400 Sydney, N. S. Wales 400 420 Siiinalia 400 363 S cit-'y Inlands 420 400 S^-.aii "River 363 365 Singapore • .165 SO Suiat 363 120 Suidwich K.':s 420 KO .Sonlh Sf-a (Isliery 3 ye.vrs 130 Si. Barllif.lonieiv ISO 130 St. Croix - ISO 1.30 .St. Cliristophtr's - l.'^O ISO S'. Drininso 210 123 St. Kns:a'ia ISO 120 SI. Uiria . ISO 163 .St. Marlin • ISO I'.K) St. 'I'linnias ISO 400 St. Viiirei.t'l ISO 4iO .Salonika ISO 400 Saiila Martl-.a 240 400 SI. Salvador.or Bahia 200 120 SI. Selnstian 210 120 Senriral ISO SO Sierra Leone ISO 540 Si-an laroon - ISO 420 Syra 1^0 420 siiivrna liiO 1(0 Taiu'i;-!- - 120 100 •I'niiiiy Hay 120 120 Tunis 120 Tarragona • no 120 'rrnningeii * 42 210 Toulon 130 130 Tripoli 120 100 Teneiille . 95 120 Torl.ila ISO 210 Tobajo ISO Trinidad - ISO 100 Trieste 160 IM Tru-iillo . 4IU 240 Timor 420 IS5 Tellicherry 365 420 Traiupiel ar i 400 4l'0 Ti'incoinal 1 3S0 420 Viso 80 4(0 Valencia no 420 Venice 160 150 Vira Cmz ■ 260 18) Vcne/uela - 240 200 Vahfivia 400 ii.'O Valp:!ra;so • 400 SO Van Dienien's Land - i>. ' ton Wyl.ur^ - too 100 /..ra - 160 100 ■/.ra 160 130 /.ante Isle • 160 Fur such placi'g iis arc not included in the List, Ihe same allowance should be granted as ih given to |lhe place nearest thereunto. STR.\NI)ING, in navic;ation, the running of a ship on shoro, or on thn boach. It is the iii,,;iial)lc practice to su.ijoin tlie loliovving ineniorandnni to policies of insurance Jesecuteil by private indiviilunls in this country : — " iV. li. — Corn, fish, salt, fruit, flour, and l(«l, are warranted free from average, unless general, or the fihip he xlrimdrd ,- sugar, to- Ikcco, hemp, (la.'s, hides, and skins, are warranted free from average under 5/. per cent. ; and 1 iillier goods, also the ship and freight, aro warranted free of average under 3/. percent., hiiiloss gciieriil, nr the ship be stranded" Vol. II.— 3 A 70 ' 554 STURGEON FISHERY. SUCCORY. Wl. .■jm ..^ ■btv ■ :fli r 1 .^ K^ •> c i/iwi %»•. .1 "*"'• «%« c^":^' --V i| •••r ■'Ok.. «»s» «B^ ,-.-''^'l« •■£■ '"'^l •r '■T 'si! ■Ji «>i p' r ":::i? ^ It is, therefore, of the greatest importance accurately to define what shall be y the force of the elements she is run aground, and becomes stationary, it is immaterial wjip! ther this be on piles, on the muddy bank of a river, or on rocks on the sea shore ; but a mere striking will not do, ttherever that m-^ ' Happen. I cannot look to the consequences, witli. out considering the causa cnusans. ' ' lere has been a curiosity in the cases about str.indinn not creditable to the law. A liitlc common sense may dispose of them more s.itist'drtorilv.' This is the clearest and most satisfactory statement we have met with on this suliject^ still, however, it is very vague. Lord Ellenborough and Mr. Justice Park hold, that to con- stitute a stranding, the ship must be stationary ,- but they also hold, that if sl.o tneri'ly re- main upon a rock, &c, for a sfiort lime, shi is not to be considered as having been stationarr, Hence every thing turns upon what shall be considered as a short time. And we caiinoi help thinking that it would be better; in order to put to rest all doubts upon the sulijcci to decide either that every striking against a rock, the shore, &c. by which damage is done to the ship, should be considered a stranding ; or that no striking against a rock, &c. siiould be considered as such, provided the ship be got otF within a specified time. Perhaps a Ilk would be the most proper period that conld be fixed. The insurance companies exclude the words, "or the ship-be stranded^'' from the memo- randum. (See Ix.WUANCE, MAHIIfE.) STURGEON FISHERY. The sturgeon is a large, valuable, and well known fish, of which there are several species, viz. the sturgeon, properly so called, or Accij)ens(:r sturo ■ the beluga, or Accipeiiser huso ,- the sevruga, or Accipenser stellaius, &c. The sturgeon annually ascends our rivers, but in no great number, and is taken by accident in the salmon nets. It is plentiful in the North Ame''- 'n rivers, and on the southern shores of the Bal- tic ; and is met with in the Mediterranean, &c. But it is found in the greatest abundant on the northern shores of the Caspian, and in the rivers Wolga and Ifral ; ani there iij I fishery employs a great number of hands, and is an important object of national industry. Owing to the length and strictness of the Lents in the Greek Church, the consumption of I fish in Russia is immense ; and from its central position, ano the facilities alVoidi'd for (heir | conveyance by the Wolga, the products of the Caspian fishery, and those of its iributarv streams, are easily distributed over a vast extent of country. Besides the pickled carcases I of the fish, caviar is prepared from the roes ; and isinglass, of the best quality, from the sounds. The caviar made by the Ural Cossacks is reckoned superior to any other; aiiduolh it and isinglass are exported in considerable quantities. The belugas are sometimes of a very large size, weighing from 1,000 to 1,500 lbs., and yield a good deal of oil. 'J'hc seallisherv is also pretty extensively prosecuted in the Caspian. The reader will find a detailed account of the mode in which the tishery is carried on in the Caspian, and in the rivers Wolga and Ural, in Tooke's Rusnia, vol. iii. pp. 49 — 72. We subjoin the following olli iai statefflenl of the produce of the Russian fisheries of the Caspian and its tributary streams in ISM I and 1S29: — re»r. Number of PcnoiM employed. Number of Fiili taken. Praluclsof Stiirnmii, Id Fishin;. In huiitlDj; Seaila. SlurgeoD. Sevniga. Belug*. Smus (Carp). Sells. Caviar. Cardhsc. '"*'* I82B 1829 ?,S97 H,760 2S4 257 43,0M 68,325 6>3,I64 23,069 697,116 '. 20,391 8,353 5,9.10 99,5S4 69.S72 Ptmils. Ill 34,5111) 1 2'<,420 7 Pmi:l.i. //.!. ' yonil!. 111. 1,20: flJ ' ijiii? SUCCORY, oil CHICCORY, the wild endive, or Cichnnum htfybns of Linnirus. Ttiil plant is found growing wild on calcareous soils in England, and in most countne.-!of EuwiaJ In its natural state the ^.tcm rises from 1 to It feel high, but when cultivated it shoots to the | height of .5 or 6 feet. Tlie root runs deep into the ground, and is white, fleshy, aiidyiel a milivy juice. It is cultivated to some extent in this country as an lierbagc plant, its excel- 1 lence in this respect hf -ing been strongly insisted upon by the late Arthur Youns. Butin] Germany, and in some parts of the Ncil»erldrids and France, it is extensively cultivated foi I ORY. inc what shall be (lepincil g Dpinion hns benii ciUcrtaineil Icing again-st a rock, bunk, or ast be upon the rock, &c. for jscrvations on this subjnct ;- sea or river that will consti. r to establish a slnuiding, the nd remaiinnn there a nhoH 1 then passing on, ihousjh the ord Ellenborough's Iani,'ua5e Ijore, or something analogous 3 subject, if it be tauch nndgr, the ship lie for a few monicuu ilardation of the ship's motion. tationary, it is immaterial whe. s on the sea shore ; but a mere (ok to the consequences, with. ty in the cases about strAmlin; B of them more f.,itistdrtorily," ive met with on this suliject; Justice Park hold, that to con. io hold, that if sl.e merely re- ered as having been stationary, I short time. And we caniioi dl doubts upon the sulijf-ct, to by which damage is d.iiietoihe against a rock, &c. s!)ould be lecijicd lime. Perhaps a /iA Jje stranded," from the memo- uahle, and well known fish.ot so called, or Accipensn duro; r stellatus, &c. The sturgeon taken by accident in the salmon he southern shores of the Bal- jund in the greati^sl iitiunJana Volga and Ural ; an i there it) .nt object of national industry, \ Church, the consumption ot li the facilities alVoidfd for their Ihery, and those of its tributary Besides the pi(-klcd carcases !, of the best quality, from the superior to any other; andoolh belugas are sometimes of a very _ deal of oil. 'J'he seal fishery ^dcr will find a detailed accounl j In, and in the rivers Woljai [he following olli ial statemcnl i its tributary stroains in ISJS SUGAR. 556 FroJuclJ of Slur^mii. I U »i!0 1 I JO' ^■' I-''" ' 1 Lot Itifybm of I.innifus. Thb id in most couiitncsof EumiAj ihen cultivated it shoots to the land is white. Ilcshy. andyielJi \ as an herbage plant, its eicel- lu« late Arthur Youns. Dutial 1 it is extensively cultivated foil the sake of its root, which ia used as a substitute for cofTce; and it is this circumstance only that has induced us to mention it. When pre/^/cd on a largo scale, the roots are par- tially Jr'cil. and sold to the manufacturers of the arti ?, who wash them, cut them in pieces, kiln-dry them, and grind them between fluted rollers ito a powder, which is j.acked up in papers containing from 2 oz. to 3 or 4 lbs. The powder has a striking resemblance to dark ground coffee, and a strong odour of liquorice. It his been extenbively used in Prussia, Brunswick, and other parts of Germany, for several years ; but as it wants the essential oil and the rich aromatic flavour of cotlee, it has little in common with the latter except its colour, and has nothing to recommend it except its cheapness. It is only lately that suc- cory powder began to be used in England ; but, within the last 3 years, considerable quan- tities have been imported from Hamburgh, Antwerp, &c. We believe, too, that a small quantity has been produced in the Isle of Thanet. — (^Loudon's Enci/c. of Agriculture ; Kef.n'x Cyclopaedia ,- and private infc.rmationj Succory, when first imported, l)ein(,' an nnenumerated article, was cliargrd wilJi a dnty nf 20 per cent, ail vulorem. Hut itie average price (if iiritisti plantation coffee may be talten al HUs. per cvvt. in bond; '""' ""' ''"'V' l'«'ns t6s. per cwt., is eqiiivalont to an ad valorem dnty of al)oni 70 per ccnt.j bo idjlc.i^ie ""'■' li'^"l mure than three times as much as succory. Had cotTee been a' ways sold nniironnd, ll)l3 distinction in the duties wonld tiave been less objectionable ; lii.t as tlie lowcr'classes, who are „ow tlieftreatconsinnersof colfee, have no facilities lor roast initatid (iriiidinL' it at iinnie, tliey nnifnrnily biiv it in the slnipe of powder ; lii'nce it is plain that the iliscrimiiiatiiiB duty in favonr nf snccory nnist have .icteil as a preniinni upon, ind an incentive to the udnlteralion of cotlee by its intermixture. We arc, tlii'refore, clad to have to slate ttnit it has been abolished, and that snccory is now subjected to a duty of tW. per lb. The imposition of ditrerent dniies n[mn convertible articles' \s qnile subversive of fverysounil principle ; and, whether it be so intended or not, is calculated only to promote adultera- lion and fraud. SUttAU (Fr, Sucre,- Ger. Ziicher ,- It. Zucchero ,- Tluss. Snchar ,- Sp, Azucar ,- Arab. Siikliir ; Malay, Soola,- Sans. Sarkard), a sweet granulated substance, too well known to require u. ;' particular description. It is every where in extensive use; and in this country ranks rather among the indispensable necessaries of life, than among luxuries. In point of commercial importance, it is second to very few articles. It is chiefly prepared from the ex- pressscd juice of the arundn saccharifera, or sugar cane ; but it is also prepared from an immense variety of other plants, as maple, beet root, birch, parsnep, &c. 1, Species of Siitrar. — The sugar met with in commerce is usually of 4 sorts; — brown, or muscovado sugar ; clayed sugar ; refined, or loaf su<^ar ; and sugar candy. The dillerence between one sort of sugar and another depends altogethi'" on the difltjrent modes in which they are prepared. i. Brawn, or Muscovac-i Suirar. — The plants or canes being crushed in a mill, the juice, having pas.sed through a strainer, is collected in the clarifier, where it is first expo.sed to the action of a gentle fire, after being " tempered" (mixed with alkali), for the purpose of faci- htaling the separation of the liquoi" from its impurities. It is then conveyed into the large evaporatina; coppor, and successively into two others, each of smaller size; the superintend- ini; boiler •Vccing it, during th^ i)rocess, fron- the scum and feculent matters which rise to the surface. The syrup then reaches the last copper ve.'ssel, calleil the ''striking tache," where it is boiled till sulficientiy concentrated to be capable of granulating in the cooler, whence it is transferred with the least possible delay, to prevent charring. Here it soon ceases to be a liquid; and when fully crystallised, is put into hogsheads (called "pottiiii^"), placed on their ends in the curing-house, with several apertures in their bottoms, through which the molasses drains into a cistern below. In tltis state they remain till properly cured, when the casks are filled up, and prepared for shipment. 2, Chii/id S!ied sujtar, boiled till tln-y become thick, and then removed into a hot room, form, upon sticks or strings put into the vessel for that purpose, into >Tystals or candy. II. Hlnlorictil Av(//(.-e of Sit!j;ar. — The history of sugar is involved in a good deal of ob- scmiiy. It was very iinpi^rfectly known tiy the fireeks and Uomans. Theophraslus, who 1 lived about IKO years before the Cliristian era, the first writer whose works have come down to us by whom it is mentioned, calls it a sort of "honey extracted from canes or reeds." Strabo states, oi. iho authority of Nearchus, Alexander's admiral, that " reeds in India yield honey without. Iiee>'.." And Seneca, who was put to death in the ti5th year of the ('tiristian er,i, ahuiles (Ejiist.. 84.) to the sugar cane, in a manner which shows that he knew next to 656 SUGAR. Mn -Mi ;J >«ib vil .^.-iK* '**,;;..aia.r nothing of sugar, and absolutely nothing of the manner in which it is prepared ?nd obtaitiuj from the cane. Of the ancients, Dioscoridcs and Pliny have given the most precise description of Hii^tjf The former says, it is " a sort of concreted honey, found upon canfs, in India, and Aniliiii 1\,. lix ; it is in consistence like salt, and is, like it, brittle between the teeth." And Pliny j,,. scribes it as " honey collected from canes, like a gum, white and brittle between the tcoth; the largest is of the size of a hazel nut : it is used in medicine only." — {Saccharuin el Arul,i^ ftrt, sed laudalius India ,- est aufein iiiel in arundiiiibus col/eclum, gitinnuuin rnoJ<) am- diduin, dciitibiis fragile, ainplisnimuin tnicis aucllunx inugniludine, ad medicinx tantum usum, — Lib. xii. c. 8.) It is evident, from these statements, that the knowledge of the Greeks and Romann widj resi)ect to the mode of obtaining sugar was uinguhirly iinpt^rfect. Thoy appear lo hmo thought that it was found adhering to the cane, or that it issued fn)m it in the slate orjuiLc and then concreted like gum. Indeed Lucan expressly alludes to Indians near the Ganges.^ Quiqtte hibunt tencrd dukes ah arundine succos, — (Lib. iii. 1. 237.) But these statements arc evidently without foundation. Sugar cannot be obtainnd from the cane without the aid of art. It is never found native. Instfad of flowing from the pliim, it must be forcibly expressed, and then subjected to a variety of processes. Dr. Moseley conjectures, apparently with much probability, that the sugar (Ipscribp.l hv Pliny and Dioscoridcs, as being made use of at Home, was sugar candy obiaiiUMl IV,),]) (Jhina. This, indeed, is the only sort of sugar to which their description will at all nppiv, And it would seem that the mode of preparing sugar candy has l)cen understood and [inu. tised in China from a very remote antiquity; and that large ((uantities of it have been iiiuii ages exported to India, whence, it is most probable, small quantities found their wav to Rome. — (Treatise on Sii^ar, 2d edit. pp. 66 — 71. This, as well as Dr. Moseley 's Trciilke on Coffee, is a very learned and able work.) Europe seems to be indebted to the Saracens not only for the first considerable supplies of sugar, but for the earliest example of its manufacture. Having, in the course ot' the 9th century, conquered Rhodes, Cyprus, Sicily, and Crete, the Saracens introduced inio them the sugar cane, with the cultivation and preparation of which they were faiiiilinr. It is mentioned by the Venetian historians, that their countrymen imported, in the 12th cfii- tury, sugar from Sicily at a cheaper rate than they could import it from Egypt. — {Emiiik I'Hisliiire du Commerce de Feni.se, p. 100.) The crusades tended to spread a taste for sii?at throughout the Western world ; but there can be no doubt that it was cultivated, as iiw slated, in modern Europe, antecedently to the era of the crusades; and that it was also pre- viously imported by the Venetians, Amalphitans, and others, who carried on a commercial intercourse, from a very remote epoch, with Alexandria and other cities in the Levant. It was certainly imported into Venice in 996. — (See the E.ssai, us, but lor the secret of making sin^'ur f.oiii it, that the New World is indebted to the Spaniards and Porlugue.sc ; and these to tlie iialions j of the East. — (See Lajilriu, Mceurs des Huurai^fis, tome ii. p. 150.; EdwanL's Wat In- dies, vol. ii. p- 238.) B;irbadoes is the oldest settlement of the English in the West Indies. They took pos- j session of it in 1 627 ; and so early as 10 16 began to export sugar. In 1670, the IraJo of Barbadoes is said to have attained its maxinunn, being then capable of einployiiig 400 sail of vessels, averaging 150 tons burden. .lainaica was discovered by Columbus, in his second voyage, and was first o'Tupieil by the Spaniards. It was wn'sted from them by an expedition sent against it by Cioinuiil. in 1656; and has since contiimcd in i,ur possession, forming bv fir the most vahnlile of out West Indian ctdonies. At the lime when it was conipicrcd, there were only 3 small ;Uiyt SUGAR. 557 it is prepared ?nd obtained ccisc description of su!,'ar, 3, in India, and Ariil)ia Fe. le teeth." And Pliny dc- brittle between tbo tioih; ." — (^Sacclinruin et Anihk urn, guinmium modo em- iline^ad medtcinx tanlum Greeks and Romans with ffct, Tboy appear In h;ivo from it in the slate otjuice, Indians near the Ganges,— ,. iii. 1. 237.) i\r cannot be obtained from ;id of Uowing from liie plum, processe^i. thiit iho sugar doscrilied l,y sugar candy oblaini'il I'lom doscriplion will at all niiply, I been understood and pr.u. iintilies of it have been in all juantities found their way tj ell us Dr. Moselcy's Trealm le first considerable supplies Having, in the course of the the Saracens introduced iiiio vhich they were familiar. It ;n imported, in the 12th ceii- rt it from Egypt.— (LVshm/c tided to spread a taste for su;at hat it was cultivated, as now dcs ; and that it was also pre- ho carried on a coinniercml ither cities in the Levant, It [Vr.p.70.) i-sugar, 18 a modern Luropran Ifnh or the beginning of the plantations upon It. But, in consequence of the influx of English settlers from Barbadocs aiid the mother country, fresh plantations were speedily formed, and continued rapidly to increase. The sugar cane is said to have been first cultivated in St. Domingo, or Hayti, in 1.500. It succeeded belter there than in any other of the West Indian Islands. P,000,000 30,000,000 47,000,0110 47,250,000 55,750,000 62,500,0110 07,250,000 ■!«)« •813 -372* 1-200 1 500 1-513 1-7V2 ' l-'.t-ft ' 2-120 This, however, is independent of the consumption of indigcnoua sugar — (see 7>r«/), anj of the sugar introduced by the contraband trade, — both of which are very consideralilc. Tlie entire consumption of all sorts of sugar in France in 1832, including from 8,000,000 lo 9,000,000 kilog. of beet-root sugar, and allowing for the (|iiaiitity fraudulently introducr(l,ni:iv be estimated at about 88,000,000 kilog., or 1<)3,000,000 Iks.; wliich, taking the jjopiilaiinn at 32,000,000, gives an average consum[)tion of (i lbs. to each individual, being niinnt !|i] part of the consumption of each individual in Great Britain ! 'I'liis extraordiiiarv dkat. pancy is no doubt ascribable to various causes ; — partly to the greater poverty of tiie inajj of the French people ; partly to their smaller consuniption of tea, collee, punch, and other articles that occasion a large consumption of sugar; and partly and principally, perliaps, lo the oppressive duties with which foreign sugars are loaded on their being taken into France for home consurnption. The United States consume from 70,000 to 80,000 tons ; but of these, from 30,000 to | 40,000 tons are produced in Louisiana. About 170,000 tons of sugar are retained for home consumption in Great Britain, anil j 17,000 tons in Ireland ; exclusive of about 13,000 tons of bastard, or inferior sugar obtainej 1 by the boiling of molasses, and exclusive also of the refuse sugar and treacle roin;iiiiing alter the process of refining. On the whole, therefore, we believe we may estimate the aggregate consumptinn of the I Continent and of the Briti.sh islands at about 500,000 tons a year; to which if we add tlie consumption of the United States, Turkey, &c., the aggregate will be nearly einiivalein to the supply. The demand is rapidly increasing in most countries ; but .is the [lower to pro- duce sugar is almost illimitable, no permanent rise of prices need be looked for. Taking the price of sugar at the low rate of 1/. 4s, a cwt., or '^1/. a ton, the [)rime cost of the article to the people of Europe will be 12,000,000/. sterling; to which addiiii; 73 perl cent, for duty, its total cost will \ie 21,000,000/. ! 'J'his is .sullicient to jirove tlie purainuimi importance of the trade in this article. Exclusive, however, of sug.ir, tlie ntlier ]iroJuctsof | th( catie, as rum, molasses, treacle, &c., are of very great value. The revenue derived bv the British treasury from rum, only, amounts to nearly 1,600,000/. a year. Progressive Consumption of Sugar in Great Britain. — We are not aware that there are I any authentic accounts with respect to the precise period when sugar first began to be usejl in England. It was, however, imported in small quantities by the Venetians and (ienoese I in the 14th and 15th ccnturies-j- , but honey was then, and long after, the ijrincipal i'i;;re-| dient employed in sweetening liijuors and dishes. Even in the early part of the ITtli eoniurj-, the quantity of sugar imported was very inconsiderable; and it was made use of only in tlie I houses of the rich and great. It was not till the latter part of the century, when coli'ee aiiJ [ tea uegan to be introduced, that sugar came into general demand. In 1700, tiic qu.intilrl consumed was about 10,000 tons, or 22,000,000 lbs.; at this moment the consumption ksj increased (bastards included) to above 180,000 tons, or more than 400,000,000 llis.; solhstl t.igar forms not only one of the principal articles of importation and sources of revenue, b an important necessary of life. Great, however, as the increase in the use of sugar has certainly been, it may, we tliiiiU be easily shown, that the demand for it is still very far below its natural limit; ami tbt,[ were the existing duties on this article reduced, and the trade placed on a proper footing, ilsl consumption, and the revenue derived from it, would he greatly increased. During the first half of last century, the consumption of sugar increased five-fold. Ill amounted, as already stated — In 1754, to 53,270 tons or 119,320,nflflll 1770—1775, 72,500 (average) - lti2,.'iO(l,0(KI - 1786—1700, 81,000" — -181,500,000- In 1700, to 1710, - 1734, - 10,000 tons 14,000 — 42,000 — or 22,000,000 lbs. - 31,360,000 — - 94,080,000 — * Continental system and empire. t In Marin's Storia del Commercio de' Veneziani (vol. v. p. 306.), there is an account of a stiiprawlj made at Venice for England in 1319, of 100,000 lbs. of sugar, and 10,000 lbs. of sugar candy. Tliesii;>i| is said to have been brought from tbe Levant. SUGAR. 559 Kil't. ■m\ ■813 r,i* vm , l-ftOft ! ir)i3 1 V7H» V'.nfi 2' 12(1 1 litH the total con8um])ti()n I78B, with the i)i>\)ulation. 1 Individual Comuniiillon, 000 0(Mt ,01)0 ,000 ,000 .000 .000 i.iton 1,000 nous 8Ugar-(8ee po^l),^i h arc very consiJeral.lc. Ihe nclmUng from 8,000,00010 fraudulently introduanlmay vliich, takins the l-oimlatum individual, beiuR «i>»ol ilh I Tills cxtraurduiary discte. ■ greater poverty of the mass tea, colVce, punch, and olhei V and v.i«'C>P''"y'.l'«f>'';i'^''» "their being taken uitohunce ; hut of these, from 30,000 to amptioninGreatBrituin,and| lard or inferior sugar obtained .nu and treacle rcu.ainins alter rate consumplinn of the ' to which If wc add llie | In the reign of Queen Anne, the duty on sugar amounted to Us. Cnl. per cwt. .Sni:\ll ad- Jitioiis were made to it in the rrign of (.te(iri;o II,; but in I'iSO it wui only liv. Ni/, In 1781, a considerable addition wan made to the previous duty; and in 1787 it was ns high us 12.1. '!(/■ In I7UI it was raised to I5,v, ; and while its exteu.slve and increasing conHunip- tii)0 pointed it out as an article well fitted to augment the p\ililic revenue, the prcMsiire on the miWic fmances, caused by the French war, occasioned its liciiig loaded with duties, which, though they yielded a largo return, would, there is good reason to think, liavo heen more productive had they been lower. In 17!)7, the duty was raided to 17,v. (ii/. ; tj years alter, it was raised to 20.*. ; and, by successive augmentations in IRIK), 1801, and ISOti, it was raised to 30.1'. ; but in the last-mentioned year it was enacted, that, in the event of the niarlut price of suijar in bond, or exclusive of the duty, being, for the 4 months previous to the .'ith of January, the 5lh of May, or the 5th of September, below 'Ids. a cwt,, the Lords of the 'i'reasury might remit Is. a cwt. of the duty ; that if the prices were below 48.v., they might remit 2s. ; and if I'clow 47s., they might remit 3s., which was the greatest reduction that co..l,' be made. In 18-t), the duty was declared to be constant at 27.s., without regard to price ; but it was riJuced, in 18-30, to 24s. on West India sugar, and to '3'2s. on East India sugar. I .tccoiliit of ttie (Quantity of Sugar retained for Homo f'onsuriiplion in r;n|.:,\T Hiutain, tlin N'ctt Ilc- veniie derived from it, and tli« Ual(,s of Only willi wliicli il was tliargod ; and tlie I'licc, (;.\clusivc of the Duty, in each Year from 1789 to 1832, both inclusive. — ngi?regi tewlll be nearly eqoivate to tHcs; butasthopowcrlopr^ eed be looked for. ,nr"l/. a ton, the prime cost ot in« -, to which adding 75 per llki^it to prove the p«nl |ofsug.>r, the other proJuoso ue. The reveiuic derived b, 0(10/ a vear. ;Veare not aware that thercare n sugar fust began to be use^ llw the Venetians and U>n«^ ' ,ig after, the principal Pwre- early part of the 17th « itwasmadeuseofoul-n.kl ong after, the .P";>^;i!«l^«;^ Bcai I it VVUO 111..--- ,, f the century, when collee mand. In 1700, li.c qu,inllv moment the consumption has! than 400,000,000 lbs.; sol ion and sources of revcnuo,ta |rtainlyheen,itmay,vvell* Vow its natural limit; mid th ,lced on a proper tooling, iu| ^^UgSrStsed fivem ^1 nrll'),3?M'*'"'l 53,970 tons „„^' ..V-iOilOOO- Ta 500 (average) - U> ,• ^ '^^ _ | 1 81,000- - -'°'' l-e is an acco-t J a S| 1)00 lbs. of sugar caiiuy. i [Quantities retained lor Homo Con- Nutt Revenue. llati» of Dui),. J', in; of Jamaica lirnuimr .Musro- v:l(ti> Siu;ar in fiond. fan. British Planta- East India Sit^ar, BUIl'|lliUll< tion Sui5ar. iuctuiliii); Mauritius. per Gazette Average. Cwt. rer Cuil. rer Cwt. Ptr Cml. / er CuL (. £ t. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. a'l vnl>.tem. £ ,s. d. £ S. d. 1789 1,547,109 862,632 11 11 12 4 37 10 3 1790 L.-i-W.^lta 908,954 17 4 1791 1,403,211 1,074,1)03 16 5 15 2 8 37 16 3 1792 1, .'161,502 1,012,538 12 1 1793 1,077,097 1,316,502 14 3 1794 l,4h9,392 1,031,492 4 2 1795 1,3.10,230 919,901 16 1 i:9fl 1,554,002 1,22,5,213 7 5 1797 1,273,722 1,299,714 7 17 6 5 2 37 10 3 179S 1,476,,^.52 1,791,990 15 9 19 5 2 40 16 3 1799 2,772,4,38 2,321,935 16 5 1 2 6 42 10 3 1600 1,500,921 1,8.35,112 11 1 ^ 1»01 2,773,795 2,782,232 18 1 - 3 2 42 16 3 b02 2,2.50,311 2,210,801 6 11 ^ 1903 1,492,505 1,551,457 17 11 1 4 1 6 4J 1 4 1»04 2,144,369 2,158,124 18 3 1 6 6 1 9 1} 1 6 6 1S05 2,076,103 2,439,795 1 10 1 7 1 9 6i 1 7 1S06 2,801,747 3,097,590 3 6 1807 2,277,665 3,150,7,53 6 3 1S08 2,812,813 4.177,916 3 4 - 1 10 1 '1609 2,504,507 3,273,993 2 3 ISIO 3,489,312 3,117,330 12 9 fl 9 U 8 1 12 1 11 1 1 1311 3,220,757 3,339,218 4 3 1 7 1 10 1 ,{1812 2,604,019 3,939,939 17 2 1S13 2,209,063 3,147,560 4 5 1 10 1 13 1 Per Cwt. ( £1 10 -) \ 1 11 S- t 1 19 3 USU 1,997,009 3,276,513 6 5 . 3 13 4 1815 1,888,965 2,957,403 2 4 - \ 1 10 ) \ 1 17 1 f 1 19 ■) -' 2 V l 1 17 3 3 1 10 1815 2,228,156 3,166,851 18 1 7 2 8 7 1817 2,960,791 3,967,154 5 . 1 17 2 9 8 1813 1,457,707 2,331,472 3 5 1 10 2 2 10 1919 2,474,738 3,507,844 11 CI 8 } 1 7 1 18 ■) 1 17 S 2 1 4 lS-20t 2,.5SI,256 3,477,770 11 4 1 7 1 17 16 2 1821 2,076,274 3,660,567 6 7 r . 13 2 Mi i 2,61-8,490 3,579,412 12 1 - . 11 bJ3 2,842.670 4,022,782 4 1 - - 12 il ivn 2,957,261 4,223,210 18 5 - . 11 6 1V35 lv27 2,655,959 3,255,075 3,021,191 3,756,654 1 4,518,690 15 9 4,218,623 6 7 ': ": f Duty on Mauritius "^^ 1 sugar reduced to i's. S 18 10 15 6 7 9 18'M 3,285,813 4,576,287 13 4 . - n 8 182!) 3,211,535 4,452,793 18 11 . . 8 7 h:tl) 3,396,056 4,354,103 1 4 1 12 4 11 b3l 3,421 „'>97 4,219,049 . • 3 8 1832 3,315,836* 3,986,519 - - %\ Sugar used in the distilleries included in these years. I' Previously to 1820, the importation of East India sugar was comparatively trifling, and does not at lis moment amount to above 190,000 cwt. The imports from the Mauritius have increased rapidly Irini; ilie last 5 years, more especially since 1826, when the duty on sugar from that island waa puwil lo the same level as that on sugar from the West Indies. — (See antf., p. 327.) |«-V. £.— 'i'liese quantities include the sugar retined in Britain for exportation to Ireland. 660 SUGAR. cr^ I 'J II* or,., -il^l II. Account of thn Impnrti, Exportu, and Home rnn«iimptlon of Hiignr in the ITnitkd KiNcinnv, ;i„,i llio ItiiVt^niitMlfrlvvd ll'i-rfCrniri, in ciicli y<>iir frdni 1MI4 to 1HS5 iiicliialvo, apcriryliiK lli« (liir,'ri.fi( ripeclm of Hiigir, and lliu UiiantitieH of carli oiiiiHiiniud and Rxpiirtcd, with tliu (inmK uii,| ,'^,,,, Amount ol' llio l)my.— {Htiiurl of the It ml Jnillii Cummitlte of IHIIU, p. 288. ; anil Pari. Vapira.) ^^H H ytirfc ; ImporK. '■1 { nntlihFlinUIJnn. Mauriliui, Eut India. Foreign Planlaliiiii. 'loi.ll of liiiioni Mt Vwt. Vwt. t'liif. Cwl. Cwl. II 1814 3,fi8l,il8 •( ( 49,849 I2',6ia 681,121 4,2lj,:«(i HI \*\i 3.(il2,MI7 306,-119 4,l;l4,J:li HI 1818 3 5(i,-|I(| , ^M M 181't 3,1)07, 151 liiili* lugar iu 20-i,'i27 85,837 4.lll-.'.l,i j ^^M IHiO 3,7119,158 viiear. yioMU 277,229 162,190 4,it9,l,T8 \ ^^1 1821 3,!)0«,»i7 2(19,162 197,1137 4,:m,ll.6 ^^1 IS22 3,43-1,061 Wi.,:i7l 1 12,9 .4 3,:7I..*6 ^^1 I8J3 3,773, -.28 2I9,5>0 20'.,598 4,2ljl,7(l« ^^H \*U 3,ll3i,(U2 a7l,«49 il(15,7'0 4,412,11 i) ^^H Wil, 3,^01,281 P,3,7'23 150,347 162,784 3,9(IH,1,'U ^^H WM 4,0(>2,'l2a 186,782 161,822 66,065 4,-119,"ll3 ^^1 \m 3,5611.1118 204,344 176,846 178,910 4,ll(i,lils ^^H IIU8 4,313,430 3b 1,123 1.56,266 136,999 4,('6-,(«0 ^^H lUB 4,152,815 '297,958 206,UV2 I99,5(>8 4,><5(. 3'.,1 ^^H 1830 3,el3,2li8 485,710 2w,:e9 2^1,257 4.III6IIII ^^1 1831 4,1(13,746 617,563 237,416 6(J7,547 6,3t6,2i2 ^^H 183] 3,784,213 541,771 175,252 36H,482 4,%,.'.H ^^H l!-33 3.6 5.tili 529,351 20 -,301 316,027 4,73H,2ai ^^H 1834 3,841,214 665,^6I 141,280 a(.2,030 4,74,1,414 ^^H 1636 3,523,948 | 558,237 213,646 1 152,436 4,44-,ik7 1 y«n. Eiporli. Coniumption, lUw Sugar. British Rrlliird Sugar, reduced (0 Total Expoit of Qu.iiiiilywilnK I'T u- uai I Briliih Flaiiiaiion. Mauritius. Cwl. Eait India. Ci<.(. Foreign Plantation. Cwl. Total of Raw Sugar. Cwl. i(s eciuivalent Quantity of Haw Sugar. Sugar, Haw, and Rallied. LoilSUril|l|;|||l III Itie I'liiled Kinie H '''< ^M B(ii Cwl. Cutl. Cwl. Cm. 1814 43U,817 ■ 41,083 459,990 931,890 897,347 l,i^29,'237 f, ■2.124,051 ) iijilu-linij i„p, ) li-i 1 111 .liilil. 1 ^ 1815 385,761 CnnsiiliTed 67,605 311,378 764,«04 On4,r25 I,75s,f23 \. le; irt. 2,2ll,ii)9 ^H 1816 231,»"6 a« K.III ioi,-+i 190,190 62lJ,7B7 (.33,314 1,48(1,081 2, 2!M0I ^B Hi IHI7 14^,571 ludta 9 -.,2 18 132,5-37 370,72li 1,141,724 1,512,450 .1..'!lH.94l ^1 Jiv; IKIS n8,i 2 i»i«.ir |(!!l,952 118,1187 317,151 1,1 -.7,(1^2 1,474,233 1,7^S-«6 ^1 I'liil IS:9 B.s.ni'i ill (tiuse (■7,51.7 102,710 219,210 8n,-,D8 1,C07,IjO9 2,-.'o,: IWO 7:, 057 yean. 185,068 I38,'298 400,423 1,0UH,bl6 1,499,039 2,)MI,-til ^H Fure \wn 9.1-51 144,332 186,314 310,497 1,022,731 1,3*3,228 :i.i)'rtj,-*i H' IS22 l(),6i7 9-,277 137,707 246.611 601,206 l'07,S47 I '.-''.1 ",7 ^H '^" 1823 11.231 104,198 176,717 2!).!,744 677,593 970,337 .1.2.'-, <)l 1824 H.f.lO . 1 46,3J8 2I3,9!I0 36'),174 640,0)4 1,I0S,228 3, t7,Ji4 ^^H 1 1825 1 1 ,:^2') 21,,59.'» 36,623 173,075 242,822 649,782 792,604 y.l.79,Sh ^M I'.-ni \n6 102.2 '7 45,534 46,06^3 I05,8l140 3,7-7.3fi| ^^B 1 IW2 6,;19S 12,146 92,049 260,501 308,095 774,939 1,143,034 3.t.Vi,M| ! ^H 1 IK13 7,S^0 3,327 111,550 '24J,t-23 3(;b,j:,o 417,(,!>7 781,237 .1,r.il,S4 1 ^^H 1 1834 12.313 4,''50 8l',l-67 60(1,714 591,744 681,773 l.'2''0,519 3,711,1:9 ' ^^1 1835 11,4.55 l,7.-.0 157,042 200,ii)-3 371,230 693,930 965,160 3,.ti(i,itii« ^H Ynn. Revenue derived from Sugar. ^1 IV, GroM Receipt of Uulie«. Faymnils out of Groia 1 1 Receipt. ^1 :'Illi ^H Uiiiii i nreign Fhntitions (in. ^H Year c udiiig Sutcar of Mar- Total of (irt)SB Receipt. Drantwck and Tl Wlllv Nctt Pmln«, ^^1 UrilisS ri.iulalion. Mauritiua. East India. \ iiiijue and (itiailalun]ie Jtiiitted for llniiie Con* allowed on pxpi-rlaliiili of Dulia " to KorciRii l',irls, and , ^^1 J s iiiiption under Act 63 Hepavnier.*son Over-En.! ! H| (j e. . 3. c. 62.) triej,!ic. 1 1 i i ;. ^^1 far CD L. L. /,. /,. L. 1814 4,577,9-.6 24,299 2.53,229 4.955,484 1,1 -7,960 3,767,524 . ^^1 1813 4,7li),781 35,999 65,571) 4,8t0,359 1,426,026 3,454,M ^^1 1816 1,921,034 Considered 64,913 79,349 6,065,296 1,45.1,103 8,lili,ll>3 ^^1 1817 5.966, -.45 50,612 8,034 6,023,191 1,.5HI,2r.i 4,-lM,9J« ^^1 1818 4,313,581 [ Iiuli" «ut;ar in thrse yean. 50,114 H}? 4,305,813 1,614,706 2.7-.i,in ^H Gn-at 1819 4,931,878 192,014 924 6,177,816 1,181,273 s.m.M I ^H Irelai 1(.20 5,2-8,926 156,968 1,011 5,446,903 1,521,518 3,!'25,)>: le'21 5,352,130 222,438 1,075 5,575,643 1,3-6,(185 4,1 --95* ^^1 18212 4,1.11,730 254,335 1,117 4,^67,182 806,738 4,(H.0,m ^m Ini 1823 6,135,409 190,783 750 6,326,942 919,532 4,40-,(!0 ^^1 1S24 5,207,132 282,537 210 5,489,879 847,975 4,641.9(4 ^^1 a^Hi 1825 4,651,525 106,205 198.3-22 99 4,956,161 779,496 4,l76.t5) ^^1 182(i 5,a:3,648 150,356 2Ia5,037 85 5,689,126 738 128 4.9i0.9SJ ^^H 1827 Sv '59,208 230,005 172,406 30,251 6.491,870 841,679 4.(i*ii'; ■ ^^H I8'28 6.415.715 326,448 1 80.035 2,658 5,924,876 922,579 6,00;,.'«T ^H Foreri 1829 5,340 258 324,732 223,002 8,745 5,896.757 1,000 515 4,tP6.':i ^^H 1830 5,226,966 658,207 230,185 47,964 6,063.322 1,295,980 4,7t7,3l2 ^^H 1831 4,936,592 547,8.5.5 189,609 104,358 6,778,414 1,127,824 4,6»,iM ^^B 1832 4,595,377 631,600 r27,374 90 5,.'1J4.441 960,102 4,394.m ^^1 1833 4,167,2& 609,353 157,285 194 4,934,094 613,794 4,4IJ,M ^^H \ 1834 4,496.843 6.53,333 194,3t7 124 5,344,691 78,5,314 4,559,3;: ^H 1 Greni 1835 4,529,792 709,788 157,964 88 5,397,632 729,736 4,6li7,i)76 ^1 ' Irelan JV. B.— The raten of duty in this Tabic are the same as those in Tabic No. 1. ■ 1 Unit * Tliesc quantities are exclusive of the coarse sugar and bastards remaining from tlie prnre.e|, atiS. ; and furl. Papir:) < n plintiUi'ii. ''ul.il of hii|«irii. : /■„,< CU'/. 3",S.-I'9 ^.'^''.Jl' |M,7^o 3.»';<;.'ii; i.t,,Ki-i 4,in\',iii 1 I6i,'<90 4,21.9,076 I»7,IOT 4,:i71,lt,8 1 3,774,;»6 W.'<,ft98 4,*)l.:il|) ilOS,7?0 4A\i.0» ll>3,7H4 3,9(m,i:i3 ti6,063 4,4I9,IM)3 ntt.fllO 13G,9)19 4,!'6-,t70 l99,r)W 2J3,2.i7 4.9i()i>il 507,547 6,»t6,2li 30«,4!I2 4,>tb,.-,J8 318,027 4,73'i,Jai i!(,i,030 4,74,1,414 I.S2,436 4,44S,2()7 Conttimption. rd C(u,iniilyrttiii,«i; Ito Total Eipoit of f*'r M uat 1 1 Sugiir, Haw, and Codsiimiition 1 iw Betiiicd. III ilie Initeil Kini;'om. lull. till. I,t2a,'237 r .8,1^4,051 \ iiirli.'lim jupi' 1 li^r! in itiitil'l (. Itrl in. l,7riS.f23 2,211,219 \AW,nn\ 2, i'l.'.'Jl 1,M2,.IW .1.J!fSit4l i,4-;4.2n3 irae^K l,C97,liU9 ■i,>i0.l^f> 1,499,0^9 a.aoi.w I,3fc3,228 3,0W.ftl I i ^()7,»47 2,HW,ii')7 1 970,337 3.22|<,;'>|| 1,(0!-, 228 a.'Xi.ui -92,(«4 S.tTVH fc86,473 3,=.73,H« 9iO,8:'.7 3,3l(i,W7 1,148,070 3,601,419 1,106,347 3,'3'J,'>il 1,344,347 3,:2J,0« l,409,''40 3,7v7,391 1,143,034 3,b-,5,Sll 7SI,237 3,6JI,1»)4 l,'^0,il9 3,71l,i:9 9ti'i,HiO 3,!kilsiW« Paymfiil" out of GroM i — It ite;|il. nrawtijck ami Hn\mH' ; Nelt PmJm, j .illoweil nil pxporlatiiin. o( Uulitt lo Kori'lfiii P."!", 'iiJ I Kep.lvniei:'^on Ovfr-Ell-j I ! Iries, fcc. /.. L 1,1 "7,960 3,767,521 1,426,(126 3,454,M ' 1,45.3,103 3,612,1*1 l,5«l,2f.'i 4,433,92( 1,614,706 2,--'l,li'l 1 1,181,273 s.mM 1 l,S2l,5I9 3,!ft3>; 1 1,3V6,6W 4.1"S93S j bU6,739 4,(«iC,Hl 919,532 4.4in.ll0 1 847,97^ 4,6ll,9(^ 779,496 4,i:6,l)5i 738 128 4,950,MJ 841,678 4,6«.l?2 922,579 6,W1,B 1,000 515 4,H*,2ii 1,295,980 4,767,312 1,127,824 4,6-iO.S» 960,102 4,3M,«9 613,794 4,4U.lt« 785,314 4,S59,3': 729,758 4,6b7,b76 The following Tables exhibit tho sugar trailo of 1H;)5 morn in detnil:— m Arr"!'"'"'' llio (limiillty nf rnri'fliii-d Hiiu'iir Iniporli'il Inln tlin lliiltcil Klnifiloiii, fnun the invernl lirilixli (/'iil<>i>iu« mill ridiiliilliinH, I'rurii llii- llrlllHli riMHi'nHliniH In llie ll.ist IiiiIIi'h, nml Irimi I'lirclun lose in Table No, 1. (',iiiMlrii!8, III lliH Y(!(ir iinli'il 5lli nf J(iiiii:iry, In.'IO; (ll:(liiii;iilHlilng lliu Mcv^rut HurU n llie I'liluiiivH ikiid CiiiiiitriuH t'roiii wlllcli tli<.- muiiiu whii iiiiimrtuil. Siigiir, ami Iremainiiig from Hie process nfl loiling molasses. Tlie niiamilif!l liii 1832,11,450 do.; and in M.I Wh«ii<» impurlnl. or lh« Rrlllih 1'UiiL.t.uiia. Of MinriOm. Of Iha Ea>t liiJici. OfOie riTFifn J'Ul.t..I.iiHi, Toiil IJinnlily iuilMifli-J. UritHli cnlonius and plnntationii (.'uif. tir>. Itt. Cwt. ijr .Ibi. Cwl. qr$. lit. Cwl. qn. lit. Cwl, ^>. Il'i. In ,\iiii!rlca, viz. — \nii|!iiii ... 174,018 3 - . . . 174,818 a Ilartiidoes ... 3ll,tWI I • . . . 3II.H>"I I Iiiiiiiliiica ... 2\0I3 3 3 . . - . 2.'. ,01 3 2 5 (Ii.iiiuda ... 170,280 14 - . . . i7ll,'2MI 14 l,lls,7(;o 1 8 . . . . l,l|M,7liO 1 8 .Mnnii^errat ... 10,201 8 a . . . . 10,201 2 3 Ncvi8 HI. ChriHlopher 30,037 32 . . . . ;i'.l,l):i7 U 22 80,7 '.1 8 - . . 8.'-.» 3 1 87,013 3 U iil. I.ucia ... 51,731 3 22 . . . It 3 4 51,713 2 20 ( fi|, Vincent - l»5.(i.'iO 2 24 . . . . 10.'),(156 3 21 ■ Tiib:itfO ... 77,250 3 23 . . . . -, 7,250 3 22 1 Tiifioli ... 13,N;1 1 21 . . . . \:t.>n 1 21 Triiiiiliid . . - 880,302 .S 18 . . . . 2Mi,:i02 3 18 ]),. riira ... 7(iO,.375 2 21 . . . 7l.O,:i;5 2 84 , IIitIiIci) 120, is J 3 y . . . . 120,184 3 9 , l)(iii-l> Norlli Ainuncun colu- nii'9 - - - 610 22 . - . 8 010 1 8 iiierni l.ooiio - - - - . . - 4 7 4 7 1 ;i|i,. (if Good Hope - Miiiriliiii ... . - - 1 18 . 1 lo • 558,337 1 22 47.5 3 - 858,713 1 2J j,iii,li |.iissi!sflion8 in liie East ; Inilios, VIZ.— Ea*t India Company's terrl- lorii'8, exclusive of Siiiga- ! pore . . - 1 Singapore ... hn - . , ', ipiiilippiiio Islands . • . 107,100 3 20 . 107,100 3 i'O _ . . 30,h7l 3 10 . 30,871 3 10 . . . 28,135 18 . 28,135 18 - . ■ 47,059 a 4 . 47,059 2 4 Foreign colonies in the West i liiilies.viz. — 1 Cuba - - - - - . - • 58,692 3 26 58,002 2 26 - . . . 914 3 25 914 3 85 Peru - - - ■ - . . . 5,71-2 1 M 5,782 1 14 Iniieil States of America lln/.il - - - - turupe - - - - Totals 1 ■ - - - - 3,717 3 22 81,317 2 4 3,7 17 3 2S 81,317 2 4 - - - - 1,104 3 15 1 1,104 3 15 3,523,917 2 27 558,237 1 22 213,645 3 17 ^ 152,436 14 , 4,418,207 21 1 I IV, .\ccoiiiit of the Amount of Diitins rnceivod on Siisar in tho United Kingdom, in tho Y.^ar ended fill of January, 18.')0, diHlinKiiisliiiig eacli Sort of .Siij.',-ir ; ulso, nt' tlii> Aiiioiint of DrnwI.acIo and Doiimies allowed upon the Kxportation thereof, and of the Nctt I'rnducc of the l^ulics, in sucll Year. Gn«9 Kuccipt of Dutica on Sugar. faitciillDsSth Jan. 1836. Of Oie Rritisli Plaiitatiuus. of Klauritius. Of (ho Easl InJits. or II e KnrciKn 1 lai'lati'ilis and forfigii Ilt'linai Su:;ir. Tolal. £ 4,091,031 400,001 Great Britain Ireland £ 4,128,670 401,116 4,529,792 £ '(11,110 5,378 £ 1.57,807 07 £ 48 40 United Kingdom 709,788 157,964 88 5,397,032 TBridinsSihJaii. 1836. Fafnients out of the Gross Receipt nf Uutiet on Siig.-ir. Nclt Prndiici- of llie Duties on Sugar. Homilies r.ii'I on Hiitii,h Kifincd Sugar cxpniltJ. Ilepaynieilt^ on Over- tCulii'es, DanLigtM, &c. Total. Great firitain 1 Ireland £ 700,015 3(lfi £ 19„322 1.023 £ 728,337 1,110 £ 4,20-:,fin4 40.% 182 1 I'liiled Kingdom 709,411 20,345 729,756 4,007,870 71 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) h // /. € 1.0 1.1 £ Iffi 120 u IL25 imi 1.4 1.6 V Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SS0 (716)872-4503 V i\ a>^ <^ o^ >!^ 662 SUGAR. ■*■•-' a* If 'I •; J ■rvi c..;:ij V. Accniint of the Quantity of Hnw and Refined Sugar exported from the ITnited Kingdom, in thp Yciir ended 0th of Jniiiiary, 1h:iO ; rcdiiciii); the Uuiiiilily ericaa Colonies British West Indies . Total from Ireland • Total Quantity eiported from the trilled Kin^lom Raw Sugar. Of the Briii-h rianla- tions. Cwt. qri. 1 3 607 274 26 I 2 8,133 9,04& 3 43 3 7 3 3 2,352 11,453 I 3 1I,45S Of Mauri, tins. Ciot. an. 3 3 400 44 2 I 2 72 I 661 1,363 146 2 8 too I 141 2 1,750 Ofthe Ka'.l Indies, Of the Foreign riariU- tions. Cwt. qri. 6,845 1 1,916 2 Wt 2 37t) I 23,079 1 I3,5J4 8-1,965 3 Total of Raw Sufar. Vivt. qri. 32.8:6 3 1,779 i 1,193 2 10,997 I 21,0)3 I ll.89t«0 92,460 I Refined Sugar. Actual WeiKhl ei ported. 241 2 I 1,514 3 : 21,877 3 . 3.^18 3 1 37S 2 I na i j 2jH 3 161 2 I Cwt. qri. 38,6) 6 U 3,696 1,29S U 11,375 3 44,112 2 26,429 I 177,744 2 . I 4332 I 2,081 I i 20 2 \ 37,320 6,632 2 I 1.421 2 I 3919 1.931 9,IUS 200,698 3 135 1 22 690 51 40 1 2 2 1 ISO 366,188 802 2 6>0 172 3 3,946 40 1 2 3 I 342 33 40 157,041 2 2l0,9»3 371,227 3 I 3 I 3 I 1,760 157,041 2 200,983 371,229 3 349.370 3 593,930 I I 963.160 CU!t. qri. 4,6.10 2 87 I 671 180 2 98,fi2'i 2 M,I1I9 210 3 8-2 1 2.043 3 3,5UI I 4,t0'( 2 137.163 10,222 3 I3,4>«) 2 3(i,2ti7 2.473 I 3,807 1 318,696 2 106 2 I,3i4 3 665 4,S7I I I8,5t7 2 4,372 3 327 313 3 17 2 1 70 63 2 31 3 170 II 349,187 1 183 2 I3.i:7 > 5t3,6l8 I , (16.|,Mli I 311 3 183 2 : IS' 3;i3< 3133 The duty on foreign sugars is a prohibitory one of G3,v. a cwt. Sugar from the M.iuriiius is, however, by a special provision, allowed to be imported at the same duty as ^Vl'st India sugar. fiifiuenee of the Duties. — The price of sugar, exclusive of the duty, may be tal':iily also the revenue, would ho very greatly increased liy reducing the duty to lt>». or I!-.*. Tliis iii.-n be pretty confidently inferred from the increase of constiiiiption that has invariably followed every hlliii the price of sugar. During the 3 years ending with IK08, when the price of lirown or initsi'dvinlnsiiL'^r, inclUHJvo ofthe duty, was tibout (His. a cwt., there were, at an average, 2,610,741 cwt. rt^mliieil furln me consumption. During the 3 years ending wilh IHI6, Ihu price wiis about 'Ms., and the tiVf>riiL'ei|ii:iii- tity retained for home coRsuinplioii full off to 2,03H,3<3 cwt. Uiit during the 3 ycar.s eliding n lili lr.!il, the price having fallen to about 5T«., the average quantity retained for home ciinNiiiii|iii(iti rnsiMo 3,2UT,5!)I cwt.; being an increase uf more than yi//i^ pur cent, upon the (|uantity cnnsunii'd during llie previous period I It will bo observed that the duty was either the same, or very nearly the same. In ihose 3 pcii'>iU; but had it been imposed on an ad valortm principle, or made to vary direitly as the price, ilie reiluc- tion in the last-mentioned period would have been proportionately greater, and there niiiilil, cuiise. quently, have been a still greater increase of consiimplion. The reduction of 3s. a cwt. from the duty, in 1830, was too trifling to have much efli'cl ; ami it is difflcult to say what portion of the increased consumption that has since taken place is to lie tiscrilied to it, and wliat to other things. But if, instead of reiliicing the duty froin U7.i. to 21.'.'.. Il had hen reduced from 27«. to ICs. or IHs., the reduction would have had a powerful influence ; uml wdnlil nr- tainly have occasioned a great increase in the consumption of the lower prii:ed sugars, parlicularl) in Ireland. The quantity of sugar consumed in Great Britain is, at present, allowing for the qtiantity sent 10 j Ireland, more than double what ,. was in 17(10. But had the duty continiieil at 12s. 4(/ , it!' aiimit: 1 in 1790, there ctinnot, we think, be much doubt that the consumption would have been (jtiiiilrupli'il. Hut. ing the intervening period, the population has been Utile less tliaii doubled ; and llie pruporlinn ulmli the middle classi's now bear lo the whole popiilalion has been decidedly aiigitieiitcd. The rcnisunii. tion of colTee— an article in the preparallun of which a great deal of sttifiir i.s used in this ceiiniri, 17 all who can afford it— is more than 22 times as great now as in I7!iO ; that is, it has iiicreiisi'il 1- in under l,()00,(N)0 lbs. to iibovn 22,(100,000 Ihs.! The consumption of te.i has nbi.iit doiililed ; iiiiil ll'rf lias been a vast increase in the use of home-made wines, prenerved and baked fntils, &i', lii»ir:iJ, Iherefori?. of having done lillle more Ihati increase proportiotiiilly lo the increase of Itit! piiptil:iti''ii. n | oiay be fairly presumed that the consumption of sugar would, had there nut been some powerful loun- SUGAR. 603 United Kingdom, in ihp \ni )p(irtionof Raw; iliBiiiiRiiigh. s exported.— (A". B.—\.\)i. ate RtllhHl Sufar. I 1 he Mme ' llaleii u Tnl.l ' Kjw (iijirt in of Actujl SuK^r in Cwt,,,,,f the I'm- l|j,> VVeiuhl ,„f„n|, „f . eipoiled. 34c«t. nf bugar. lUw 10 M 1 twi. of 1 ni. (. Refined. 1 wl. an. Cull. ori. (lot. in i i,mb i •l,«Ji (i ; 4'',3> 1 BO 87 1 148 1 1 3.S1I4J S 511 971 2.21,9 5 !1 l«0 2 307 ll,t>2 3 2 i 3»,f>i' t 6S6t3 1 mi.Tk 1) 9 1 (m.1119 I10,r,32 2 r;6 9u 4 2 210 3 40!) 1 n-.iMO W2 1 1,493 l,4'O0 B 2 2,!>43 3 5,' 04 1 5.13.1) 1 1 a.iiUl 1 6,9.2 1 K0<13 !0 2 1 4,tOi 2 7,K34 3 ■.■•ii 1 !0 1 137,163 U 233,r7 1 2-n J97 1 12 2 1 10,^22 3 17,378 3 24.111 i 21 2 ! I3,4>i0 2 22,917 a 24.^5S J 19 311.267 51,4^3 3 M,373 31 2,413 I 4.201 ;i 6,;35 3 050 3,M)7 1 liA'i 1 13.ST! i ■ 08 319,696 2 641,7S4 ' 90-,H2 1 1 1 106 2 ISl 1 l'2l 02 2 1,324 3 2.2.'.2 1 S.fi.-j 65 663 1,130 3 l,19il 72 3 4.671 1 7,771 1 '.'■W! 146 I8,SI7 2 3I,W 3i.lft ; 4 4,372 3 7,433 2 7,4 1- 3 1 2 327 5'.li0 W > 3 1 313 3 633 1 ! iXl 17 2 29 3 \ iii. Tliis iimy be invariably followcil every fill in ce "I" lirown or nmsciiviulii susar, . 2 610,711 cwt. retaineil fnr I)' me )mil y3s., and tlie avcmcc i|ii;iii- Inp llie 3 years eiiilinp n itii l>a, I for Imiiie cdiisiiniiiiiim msiMo le ((uanliiy consunieii during ilie riy tlic same, in those 3 \'.. it Imd li«ii .erfnl iiitlnenee ; and wmiM or- wer priced sugars, piirticulatly in allowing for the qnantity SPi:tlo ,ntin.iedatl2.s.4<;.itsau,nii.iim iiild have been (|midru|iW. 1 m- nuldedjaiidlhepriipDrtiiinHliuli l...tly auttmeotcd. The cousmij- sncar isiised m this cc)niilr,\,l'y 10; that is. It has iiicreiifi'il l'^« ' ,aha« nbM.t donlded; anil lie e ,1 nnd baked fruits, bv. ln>'" ; ] llie increase nf the piM'"l' i; ■ ' ere not been Bume powerluUouii- i.r:ifline caiisp In operation, have inrreased In n far ifTe.ner decree. Instead of aiiiounting to little niori' ll>a>> ^.000,000, it onuhl to iinve anionnled to 0,11011,1100 cwt. T.ikii)'.; the n|;i{reKali! coiisiiinption of (ire:it llrilain at 400,000,0(10 Uu., nnd tin? |>"pnlition at |,-,.',0U,iiO(i, the averaice consiirniition of each iiidlviiliiul will lie aliii)it'i4 l!is This, thoiiL'h a tiir Kre'iter jvi'iai^e than that of France, or any of the (.'untiiinntal slates, is small compared wiili what it might he iv(.re siiear supplied nnder.i more liberal sysleiii. in workhouses, the cnsiiiDiaryaMiiiiil allnwaine f.ii' I'acli iiidiviilnal is, we helii-ve, 3i lbs. ; and in private families, the siiidIIl'sI separate iillixvance for j„iiieglics Is I lb. a week, or ."iS llis. a year. Tliese facts RlroiiKly corroburate what we have already ,ljt>'d as to the R.xtent to wliich the congnmption of sugar may be increased; and nlhers may he jer'rri'd to, that are, if piissible, still more conclusive. Mr. Iliiskissiio staleil, in his phu)! in ih,. House (,(■ CiiMiiiioiis, on Mr. rirant's motion for a reduction of the sugar ilniies, 25tli of .May, I'^iO, that "in coni brought on the ('ontinent; a difference which, as we export sugar, could not have been maintainvil, had it not been I foithe bounty. The same conclusion has been established liy the trials made under tlie siiperintend- I me of Dr. lire at a sugar house taken for the purpose by government. It is said to be tlie intention of ministers to reduce the drawback to what may be supposed to be the fair equivalent of the duties h«ld on the raw sugar ; a measure, of the expediency of which no doubt can be entertained. It has I been the practice, in making up returns to parliament, to reduce the relined sugar exported into raw liugar. by allowing 34 cwt. of the latter to 20 of the former. Uiit the export of sugar is thus made to I ipiiear greater than il'really is: for though 34 cwt. of raw may be required to produce 20 cwt. of I Klined sugar, the whole of the moiasses nnd bastards that remain (about 13 cwt.) are consumed at I home. We subjoin those clauses of the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c.58, which refer to the allowing of u bounty 1 00 relined sugar. I Souiiiiej upon the Exportation of Refined Siigar.So long as the duties which are now payable upon I the importation of sugar until the .5lh of April, 1834, shall be continued, there sliall he allowed upon I the exportation of refined sugar made in the United Kingdom the several bounties set forth in the Ta- I tie berein-afler contained ; (that ia to say,) I btitd lofir, viz.— L. I. hi|>, for every cwt. ■ • 1 IC 10 eiported in a ihip not Briliih, for every rwt. ■ I 15 I Double refined augar, and iupr equal in quality to double refined lugai , additioual bounty for every cwt. 6 t 504 SUGAR. ■IK-'' '•* ,0 «r^'> or.. I^J * in flnnrf f() '" irirfn for Ihr iliir F.rpnrlnliiiti.—'l'Ui; rxpnrlrr nf gnniin in rpnport of whirh nny hniiniv ,, rliijiiMil iMiil.r lliiH iicl, iir Ihr inrsoii ni w lidst; iiaim- (Ik- Hiiiiic lire «iiliTir(l (iiilwiinlH, i'riil. ,,, i,^ othiTU iKi' ai'coiitili'il fur lo Ihf ^'llli^fal•li(lll of Ihr c'(iiiiiiil»Hioiiirn of ciisloiim, niicis»i shall he found in any part of sui h v.arehimse ap|iointeil tor the keeping; of siifar of a sort siiiHrinrig <|iinlily Iherelo; Ihe'same shall hi^ t'nrfeiied : and if uny sort of such suuar shall he hroii):lit i.isiirii warehouse to he pcMinded, crashi <1, ( customs shall think necessary : wliiili loaves, whi'ii a|iiiriiv>ii of hy the said coiiimissioiiers, shall hi: deemed and taken lo he standard samples ; 1 of w Imli liiavFi sliali he loik'eil with llie ^lli(l coniniilli <'S respectively, ami I other w illl such person or persun-- as iIih said comiiiissioiiers shall iliieil. for Ihe purpose of ioiii|iarini' 1 herewith dcuihlu relined sii',':ir, or siii'ar ei|ual ill i|.i:ilily to ilonhle ri lined siiKar. entered for exportation f^r the lionnty ; and fresh sinhdaril samples shall he a;:ain furiil'heil hy sin h conimilli'cs. whenever it may he deemed expiiliem liyihc coiiiiMi^sioners : provided nhvays, that no hi;if of su!.'ar shall he deemed to he 11 proper saniple I alnl don hie refined siiiiar, if it he ol'>.'realer wciiihl iliMii 1 i Ihs.. nor unless it he a loaf coin ph I e amlMlulp, nor nnl"s.5 ihe same shall h ive 1 n intole hy a ili«lincl second process of retineim nt from n eianijiv of pini'le reli ed su)jar, every part of w loch had llrsi heen perfectly (larii.ed and duly ii In cil. aiij had heen made into loaves or lumps, w iiitli were of a uiiiforiii w hituliesb tiiroiighout, and |i iii liccn. tllor(oii;lily iliieil in lln- stove, --J 7. .SuL'iirrrilrreil iinl f./mi/ In Ihr SI iniUtril fhallbr fnrfiilrii.—\n rase any RUPnr which shall he 1 1 rcmllr, oriler lo ohtaiii the hoiinly on doiihle reiineil sii!;ar. or su;,'ar ci|na1 in r|nality to donhle n rii < <: itip.!. shall, (Ui examination hy Ihe pro| er olfn rr, he found lo he of a (piality not equal to such sl.iiri ii.lsmu. pie. all siiL' ir so entered shall he forfeited .and may he sei/.ed,— ^s. Uijiniiiir in W./»i/,- If any forllier iroof. in aildili'ii to what has heen slated nhove. were ri'nuirH to show Ihai III!.' trade of n linini; in Ihi,-^ country has liei n at all times mainly dependent 111 ili> hDnnu, it would h" found in the circunislames il ,it liave occiiired under the Lite act aiilhorisiii!! tel luii; ui hond. In l""-", !S->',l, WW, and down lo .Inly, lN;tl, for. ij,'n supars were allowed to he rcfedi rn iln same lerms as Uritish siiears— that i^<. they paid the same duly and were entitled to tlic s;i eilraw- hack. 'I'lie iiuaniily of foreign siiij^tr so relined amounted, in \KW, lit '.!,10.'i tons, and in ilie 1 i:,i liali (d' l>.'tl, w hen the iirivilcye ( e.ised, lo alioiit I..'^lill loiiit. The renewal ot" this system was slroiijij .idv,. cated in 1^:11 and lK,i; hut it was ,-111 i'es,-fiilly opposed hy the West India nierchaiils, w lin 1 n »|iliroi the scheme injurious lo their iiileri sts. I.ist year (l^SHJ, however, the reliiiers li.n iiiL' pn -!:nl iipin parliaiiieiil Ihe expediency of allow ini; them to refine I'nreiL'ii sUBiirii in bond, w liicli e\i liiileil.i.f (luir.-j, Ihe possihiiiiy of Ihe revenue lo^ini; any lliini.' hy the cirawhack exceedili(" the duly, tinir ri (|ii"«t «r.s coiii|iliid w iih. 'Ihe re>ull, how 1 M'r. has shown that Ihe trade had formerly heen mainly :iriHinal, or that it had depended principally on Ihe draw hack beiiiL'ahove the duly. "Out u\' (i.'! hoii'se.- iiiLnn- don, I onl> have availed themselves of the permission lo refine in hond ; and of these 4, '„' iiic ikw alioiil lo ;:ive up w'orkiii).' ; and Ihe lotil una 11 lily that has huen used is HlH tons Siain, ll!|i|i>n. Iluv'iii- iiiili, and 170 Ions l!ra/,il ; in all, hiil fhd l.uis. A stalemeut has. ulso, heen rccenlly put fdrili. wh.ih show s that, not w i I list audi II L' the aid of a hoiinly. the export had dei lined from lil I, (Mill cw I 111 Mmh :t)l.(Mill in I'-'i^; and allhoia'h it has since tluciuali'd hetween these (itiiiiilities, il has anioiiiiiirl linnr:! the liisl :) i|iKirters of the present year (\>X\) to Ill,'>,'i71 cwt, only, apainst .'fsO,!?!) cwi. in liiosami' period of iMe last ye.ir, and l.'l'i.'^'^'i cwt, in Ihe previous one, not wit list a ml iiip there has hecii abiin.i- iince of f.Mi'iLMi snu'iir to he had it low prices, and that all the powers of chenilial science havelitdi at work lo improve the process of reliiiin;;," — (CnnK'n Vnmmirer, nf (Jrriit IlriUxin fur \K\3 ) This unfavriirahle state of thii.L's is owinir, no iloiiht, to a concurrence of causes ; hut priiiniially, W(! helie\ e. to the pxai'ireraled opliiioi s entertained hy mosi foreien nations as to the ijiipuri.'uiti'iil i Ihe siicar retininu hnsiness. We have no wish, cerlainly, to undervalue it ; hiii every iiii|irijii(lireil per.ion niiisl admil that, compared w ith most other hiisi.iesses carried on in 11 (treat rdiiiiiry, it i< if very inferior coiisideralion, Instead, however, of reirardlni; il in this point of view, iiiii-l I'lrcien governmenls seem to look upon il as of the lil(.'liesl value; ;inil have endeavoured to extenil ilic liiisi- ness. not merely by excludiii(» foreij/n relined Biicars from their markets, hiil by pranlinK l.ie nicisl lavish honniies on the exporlatlon of sutar refined nl home. In France, this sorl of policy, if wciiiay BO rail it, was carried so fir. that out of n (.-ross revenue of ahoiit '111,000,(100 francs (L.'iTO.dim/.) paid into Ihe treasury on nccounl of the siifrar duties in |N:i'i, ahoul 1(1.0(10,000 (7f.O,OI)0/.) were n mnirrl a! drawback on Ilie export of refined sufHr! As the rreiich cnvertinient cmihl iiol allord I" luse llie siicar diilies, which would vi-iy speedily have been swallowed up hy the drawback, neci^^ily liai compelled them to modify He r syslem, by makies; Ihe nlliiwance to the exporter more nearly riirros- pond with the duly. This will, no doiiln, diminish Hie exporlalion of relined sugar froin France; a | chiiiiL'e hy which it la reasomihle lo siippniie our refiners will in some dejrree be benefited. J'rnssia, and most paitsof (iermany, li.*»vliicli we formerly exported large (|Uiintilies of refuiril sugar, no loii(!er admit II except at a liiyli duly. And even in those Coiitinental markets that are siill cjien j for its importaliou iinihr moderate duties, we have formidable competitors in the Uiilch and Uelgian refiners, wliosi' irnveriiineiits conliiiiie lo allow preiiy high honniies. f)ti the w hole, therefore, we are afraid Ihal the refiniiiff business in this country is in a rntherpre- rBfioiis stale. Improvemenls in Ihe process seem lo he Hie only source nf relief lo which tli ■ ri'liiiii» need look with much liopeof iidvanlage. The ideii of atleni|itiiig to bolster up Hie busiocss by llieali ur bouniics is nut one that can be any lunger enlcriaineit. sue; All. 505 ippct of whirh any hnnniv !i I (iiiiwiirilH. rliiill.iil till' ii„,, II! villlic i)f llin III. nils. VMti, ; hltli tliry liro ciiliTiil. ,,, |,. iim, iiiiil kIiiiII not l>i' rrlmi,.; Icrtil I" l»e fXliiirlHil llnttl/. irlntii'n of nny ri'fiiiiil mijif III (llrl mill »ciitii,iiiiil |i,;ik.i! ■nut.— } -l- |iiiiiiidi:il, rrnslicil. or lirdk.a i|iH or loHVPH hlmll, iiliiriliie mil n|i|iri>vt'il \>y tin' i.iiiiiiii<. ' (illiriTH of nisloiii- ul;i|i. ,), le llirrc pmiMilril, irii>hii|, ,,, 1 lli« rxpiiiKC iirHii: ivpi'tiir; lor sliiiiiiit'iil, mill 111' i^liijiiB-ii (I cxporliiliiiii tlicK'iir iiiaj bi- urtaiiieil l>y I'll'"' of "'i' nm Is of piicti fiiBiir Bliiill \i cm-li piTsiiii or piTsoii-- :i9 iln- iliiiilili; ri'linril sii'.'ir. m siiiar ii: liiMiiily ; mill Iri'i-li ^l;lllllatJ y 111' ili'i'lucil i'X|itilM'iit by lilt il to 111' II propor siiiiipli' 1 'afnl I 1m; a limfciiiiipliii' :iikI wIhiIp. (if rplhiriiiinl I'riiiii a MMantily Uirh'i'il ami iluly trlii i'^' 1(10 tuns Siain, lIHiHiii- lliiviiii- lii'iMi rcri'iillv pill f'Tili. v\luih ii'il lVo'ii01l,(iO(li\\l. Ill MM" iiMlioti, il liasaiiiiiiiiiii'l iliirii? aiiisl Hv.'.nit iwi. Ill liii'siiiiii' [taiiiliiip llii'ri; Ims I n "l"""!- Ill' rlii-niual siirmi' have liecii al Itriliiinfur \K\S ) liU'H of causes ; Iml iHincipnlly. iiationn as to tlio iiii|Miri:nuci'l liie it ; Imt every iiii|irijiiilu-i'il on in II (.'real rnniilry. n i- /l |i:i point of view, niii-t (•■n^m lliileavonreil to exteml Hk' Imsi- pts, lint bv pranlinK i."' nuul 0, this sort of poliiy. if "eiimy ono.ono francs (I.STU.m'H/.) I'ai» loo rf-O.Om)/.) were n mrni'il a! It conlil not allbnl l" l"*e H'* ly the ilrawback. iiecessily Ml le exporter more nearly nirros- relineil sugar from lraiii:e;a leijree he lienefileil. larae (luantities of rflinnl sugar, ntalinarkets that are sill ..|« ilors in Hie VMcti ami lielgwn J tills country Is In a rnllierpre- leof relief towhirli til" rf' 'I Later up the business by the ai* Weiuhj"'" the act 3 & 'I Will, 4. c. ni., lillowioK siii;ar tn he relineil in bonil. j^ctS&'I Will. 4. c. 61., kob admittino Hi oar to nt; hefined for ExroRTATiuN without Pay- MKNT OK DlITV. Ctmrnifshneri nf Cvtlomt may approve Prtmi.iet fur Bonded Svfar tfoiiset. —Vpon nppllratinn to the dimnilssionera of ciistomt of any person actually carrying on the hiisinesfi nf a siignr refiner in the nniK of London, l.iver|iool, llristol, Hull, (•reenock, or (ilasgow, or any other port approved hy nny 3 l.iiriU nf the Treasury, il ahull be lawful for the coniniissioners of cusIoiiih to approve of such prenii- ieiis bonded sugar houses for the reliiiing of sugar for exportation only, on It hcing made upiiear to ilie satiMfaction of said coniinisisioners that the said premises are tit in every respect for receiving such sugars, and wherein the same may be safely deposited. — i I. Oficers nf Cu'tums einpotoercd to deliver Sugars Vulij-free, lo bt there refined for F.iportiilion only. — On till! approval of nny premises as bonded sugar houses, It shall be lawful for the othcers of the ciis- mmsat the ports where such premises are situated, to deliver, without payment of duty, to the parly or parlies so applyingas aforesaid, on entry with the proper olficer of customs, any iiiiantily of foreign jugar, or of sugar the produce of any Uritish posscssiun, fur the purpose of being mere refined, under the locks of the Crown, for exportation only ; and all sugars so delivered shall he lodited and seciiretl In !uch premises, under such conditions, regulations, and restriclioBs as the said commissioners shall from lime lo time direct : provided, thai it shall be lawful fur the commissioners to revoke or alter uny ctJerof approval of any such premises. — } 8. fii^ntr to give Bond that Sugar received be refined and exported, or delivered into Bonded fVarehoute. — I |inn tlic entry of sugar to he refined in any premises approved of under the authority of this act, the reliiicr on whose premises the same is to be rehned Hhall give bond, to the satisfaction of the nllicers or the customs, In the penalty of double the amount of the duty payable upon a like quantity of sugar nf the British plantations, with a condition that the whole of such sugar shall be actually suhjeeted 1 ID the process of refinement upon the said premises, and that within 4 months from thn date of such Mil the whole of the refined sugar and treacle produced by such process shall be either duly exported I fiiinilliesaid premises, or delivered into an approved bonded warehouse, under t lie locks of the crown, torllie purpose of being eventually exported lo foreign parts. — i 3. Certifitnttf of Growth are rrqiiirfd tiffore any iii^ar ran be enlernd as tilt! iinHliire of a Rnlish tKn,eii!iioii in Anirnci, ,ir of the Mauri* tiu!i ; and liefore it cin lie entered aa the prmluce iil any Hnt.fh pot* session wilhin the limits nf the Kast India CoiiipaDy's cliarler. — [itt the claiuu lu tlie >el 3ii4 Will. 4. c bi. aulc, p. V. Rtotiattoiii at to tmportatiim, ^*c. nf .Siiifiir.— No attou-ance ii •^ W nuile for daniaite or increase uf \vei|Etit ly water, uu sugar, iiihoul ipeci*! Iierniission. Tut M Rriliah |iliiit»lioii sil^ar :— I lakiScwI. • 14 percent. g — and under 12 • 1 cvvt. each cask. 12 — IS • I cwl. I qr. Ill lbs. eaeh cuk. IS - n - 1 2 - 17 - and upwards -13 — Btr.T Root Suo An. — The manufacture of sugar from beet root is carried on to a very con- I Milerable extent in several parts of the Continent, particularly in France, where the annual produce of the sugar from this source may at present he estimated at about 8,001) tons. This branch of industry began during the e.xclusion of colonial products from France in the reign of Napoleon. It received a severe check at the return of peace, by the admission of West Inilia sugars at a reasonable duty : and would, it is most probable, have been entirely (itiiiguishcd, but for the oppressive additions made to the duties on colonial sugars in 1H30 I and 1822. It is supposed by some, that at no distant period the manufacture of sugar from beet root will bo so much improved, that it may be able to stand a competition with colonial ngar at the same duty ; but we have no idea that this supposition will ever be realised. It ii of importance, however, to bear in mind, that were the culture of beet root sugar to be ex- tensively carried on at home, it would be quite impossible to collect a duty upon it; so that the 1 lirge amount of revenue that may be advantageously derived from a moderate duty on imported I iugtr, would be almost entirely lost. — (For an account of the beet root cultivation in France, I Me the article on the French Commercial Si/stem, in the Edinhtirgh Review, No. 99.) We understand that a few small parcels of beet root sugar have recently been {iroduced in I this country ; and with the present enormous duty on colonial sugar, we arc not sure that I the manufacture may not succeed. But, as the preservation of the revenue from sugar is of I infinitely more importance than the introduction of this spurious business, the foundations lof which must entirely rest on the miserable machinery of Custom-house regulations, sound I policy would seem to dictate that the precedent established in the case of tobacco should be I followed in this instance, and that the beet root sugar manufacture should be abolished. In- lumuch, too, as it is better to check an evil at the outset, than to grapple with it afterwards, Iwe trust that no time may be lost in taking vigorous measures, should there be any appear- |iiKCof the business extending. MiPir. SuoAM. — .\ species of maple (Acer saccharimim Iiin.) yields a considerable quan- Itity of sugar. It grows plentifully in the United States and in Canada; and in some dis- |liict8 furnishes the inhabitants with most of the sugar they make use of. Though inferior lin grain and strength to that which is produced from the cane, maple sugar granulates llietterthan that of the beet root, or any other vegetable, the cane excepted. It is produced Ifiomthe sap, which is obtained by perforating the tree in the spring, to the depth of about I J inches, and setting a vessel for its reception. The quantity afforded varies with the tree lud the season. From 2 to 3 gallons may be about the daily average yield of a single tree ; llutsome trees have yielded more than 20 gallons in a day, and others not more than a pint. ■The process of boiling the juice does not dilTer materially from what is followed with the lone juice in the West Indies. It is necessary that it should be boiled as aoon after it is l^wn from the tree as possible. If it be allowed to stand above 24 hours, it is apt to under- Ip the vinous and acetous fermentation, by which its saccharine quality is destroyed. — |(A)ucAe//e's British America, vol. i. p. 371 ; Timber TVeea and Fruits.- Library of En- \\B\mins Knowkdee.) ' Voi.i!._3B 666 SUGAR. Prieet of Sugar.— The fdllowing itatement of the prlcei of sugar In llie London market, on the lert I of December, 1836, li taken from Prince'* Price Current of that date :— "I Supr. Raw, Duly paid W. I,, Jamaln, ipiod aiHl An« at. Vinarnt, tixid bihI uiid. SL Kitit, iiiKldliDg • Delturan, An« Trinida I, niiildtinf TutjaKOi K»nil browo 8t. Lucra, brown - Barbadoes, fine middlinc Miuritlui, bronrn ■ ycWow - - . fine Havannah, white * band brown aod yellow Braiil, while ■ browo and yellow Eail India. Bengal, unod and fine while Price per Cwt 2 \i 3 i d. L. lo 3 — 3 0-3 6 S « - 2 0-2 0-2 6-3 6-3 — 2 0-3 0-3 — 2 — I 0— I 0- 1 d. S I 11 6— I 14 Duly per Cwl. t. d. 4 3 3 1 14 Sufar. Raw, bond Em India — continiud. Ilennal, vol. & mid. while Siani, .vnKe Manilla Java Heflneit linile, large lumpa • iniallatlto iinKle lo.-ivea KwdtT diHo lent double loeves llanibro' ditto • Prunian luinpa • • cruihfd (on brard) Dutch, cruihed • Baitardt, erfrfn Molaaet, Uritiib Patrnt B. V. Weal Indict ■ Price per Cwl. L.I. d. L. I. d. 18 1 8 I I I 1 3 8 3 10 3 II 3 II 4 li I 14 3 } U In I 10 — t 13 0—1 60' — I 13 0' _ I 0-000 — 3 12 U — 3 Ij — S 10 - — 40 — 40 — I IS - I M — 2 IS — 18 0-19 '16 IiijM „p. I ^'. 9 114 ll.«iblt ^ luierl, it, I * «l)oul i,"' CWL DUIT 8k. err. -• ••■■■ -^ IT 2 AccnuNTs OF Sales of Suoar. — Riihjoined are pro formii accoiints of snlei of sii|;ar frniii Janiain.! Brazil, Bengal, Mauritius, &c. Tliune accounts are iiitervstinir, itiaHiiiuch as they lixliihii ihu vatiqui charges aflfecting this necessary article, from the time it is shipped in the colonies till it tlnds {[^ ,,.,,[ into the hands of the grocer : and our readers iiiuy rely on their authenticity. It will be ubnervt/ that the duties are very much greater than the aumi received by the planters. '' €7^ sni Pro Forma Salet of lOO Hogaheadi Jamaica Sugar, per " Jean," Captain Yatei, by Order and for Account of Thomason k Co. IBM. Feb. 19. ICO hhdi. (weighing each 14 cwl, Cwt. art. ibt. 1,400 151 3 4 tare awl drift. Cu>t. qri. it*. Average market tare I 2 each Draft -002- 1,248 24 nelt 1121. «. d. I6f. Chargtt, Warehoniin^ entry ... . . Sea iniurance, valuing at 201. per hhd. 60f. per crDt. on 2,000t. Policy &f. pel cent,, 51. Conimiiaion I -2 per cent., 101. Iniuraucefromfirc,3inoDths, at 3i. 3d. percent, on 2,000(. • Cufttonii duty on 1,250 cwt. at 24t. per cwt. and entriea Freight on 1,230 cwl., at 41. lOa. per ton or20 cwt. - ' Primage at 6d each, 2i. lOr. Pierage at 4 l-2d., li. 17;. 6d, • Comolidated rale on 1,250 cwt. It 8d. per cwt* . . . . . Laying over at 6d. each ..... ... Inteieil on freight, 23 dayi, I5f. Sd. ; on duly, 70 dayi, I II. lOt. 2d. ; on charge*, 70 daya, 6a. 4d. - Brokerage I 2 per cent ........ Del credere I per cent. ..•••.>• ComaiiHion 2 1*2 percent. • . • • . . 60 IS ini 4 6 7 6 6 per cwt. /.. f. d. 65 3 1,503 285 12 41 13 2 10 12 12 17 9 34 19 87 7 U I t 3,495 Vmdon, 25t21-3peroeBt Chart—. WirehoanBg entry . . Sei iniurance on 1,7001. at SI. 7t. 6d. per cent. Falicy St. per cent., 41. St, CommimoB 14 per cant, 81, lOi. Inauranoe from fire on 1,7001, at 3t. 3d, per cent. Freight on 1,400 cwt I ^r. 12 Ita. at 3i. lOt. per Ion of 20 cwt L. I. d. Primage 6i. per cent . I qr. 12 , I2l. Si. Pierage at 3 f-2d, per Ion, li. 0>. Sd. 40 7 6 12 15 , . 3*5 II 13 6 6 Conaolidated rale on l,400cwt. 1 qr. 12 Ibt. it 7d. per cwt* ■ Laying over at 6d. each *....... Inleretl on freight, 35 dayt, I4>. Id. ; on deck cbargei, 35 dayt, 2>. 3d. Advertiting and ihowing Iter nla, caUloguei, UM of room, receipt (limpt, ind petty eipentca Brokerage I per cent ........ Commiaion, 3 |.2 per cent ....... L. S3 2 6 2 15 6 258 6 4 40 16 10 2 10 16 4 2 I 6 16 15 i 41 19 3 L i.i.\ 629 Sl| 659 10 4S9 11 > I \,mi 10 1 41 19 1 1 41 9 8 i j 1,217 il\ Erron excepted. Ciah, S3d of Much L. London, 2tth of Atevory, 18S4. • Thii charge includet 12 weeki' rent ; but ahould the importer keep the tugar on hand beyond thai ptrio,!, he mull bs liible to rent at the rate of Sd. per ton per week. The buyer ilto hit the tugir delivered lo him free of eipeae. the London market, on the ICtJ I of inles of sugar from JiiraiitJ much as they uxhiltit lliu vatnuil II the cnloniea till it tiiidit ju *iA itheiUlcity. It will be obsetndl lerir. ir tod tor Account of Thain>»n k C& )t. mi. Iht. 12 Mch .002 — at U. I6f. per ewt. L. t. d. 'so 6 16 281 t 4 7 6 5ei,70da)i, /,. t. d. 4 6 85 3 6 1,503 286 12 6 41 13 4 2 10 12 12 2 17 9 C 34 19 S7 7 6 Lit 3,496 01 2,033 I] 6 Cuh, 3d of May • L | 1,441 6e the sugar on hand beyond that t>eriotl, he alio bu the lugar delivered to tiiDi tmo( id for Account of William Henry * Co. 4 to buyera. Ciol. qri. Un. "28 troa. 2 4 3nfl. 627 1 24 61 24 lar«. 466 1 OnettatU.7i. . at II. 4i. . at IL It. £. >. d. 40 7 6 12 16 petty eipenict I • • L. f. 4 d.' 6 63 2 2 13 8 6 268 6 4 40 16 10 2 ID 16 4 2 1 6 16 13 6 41 19 3 ll" L. L. I. ll 6» It 33910 tK II S I 1,678 10 I 41 19 1 1,636 10 I 419 8Sj 1.217 2l| uh, 82d of March aunr on hand beyond that peijod, he^ouU I e mnar delivered lo htm free of eipewt- SUGAR. 567 Pro fWma Salw of SCO Bag. Benpl Sugar, [ler '■ Pero," Captain Hawk, by Order and for Account of W. S Wirw.ck. Il-M. retk 19. Vxot. art. Ua, 600 bap (wrifhing each I 21) L'uK. qrl. lU, 6U3 3 31 I tare and draft Revenue tare 6 Iba. etch. Draft I lb. eacb. 662 1 Onett at 11. 9«. per cwl. 12 6 ... .. Chargm Warahouaing entry . . . . . , .Sea inaurauce on 8001. at 21. I6>. per cent. .... Policy 6>. |«r cent., 2t. I'uniniiiiion I 2 per cent, 4L Inaurance from Are on 8001, at St. Sd. per cent. rreiglitonMiecwI.aqra. 24lbfcal4/. pertonof20cwt . ConKilidated rale on 6(i6 cwt. 3 qn, 24 Iba. at td. Mr cwt* . tootling at Id. per cwt. groia . . Broke'raliS* "mI" cMl"* '"' "''' "'*'*'*"•*' ""' °' """' "«'l" "«™P«. »»<' petty eipenari Cuniojiuiuu 2 1.2 per cent. . . [ ' ' 14 2 3 6 9 a A. 28 113 16 12 6 2 1 6 4 1 7 20 7 II 816 12 6 186 2 i. per cwt. and enlriea Freight on 2,410 cwt 2 >|ri. 24 lbs. at 4t lOt, per ton of 20 cwt. rrimage 5<. per cent ...... Consolidated rate on 2,410 cwt. 2 qn, 24 Iba. at 6d. per cwt* l»tling at Id. per cwt. groas. . - . • . Interest on duty, 70 days, 22f. 4>. 3d. ; on freight, 25 days, if. lOl. 6d. ; on ctiarget, 70 daya, I0>. lOd. ......... Advertising and ihowing for sale, catalogues, use of room, receipt stamps, and petty expenses Brokerage anil guarantee t per cent. ...... Commission 2 1-2 per cent. ....... at 2f. 16*. per cwt III 27 16 642 8 13 II 4 2 60 6 10 8 4 4 L. I. d. 4 6 13!) 15 6 2,895 16 666 19 6 70 13 8 24 5 7 66 16 IM 10 Imim, nth of Fibruary, 1834. Enron excepted. Cub, 3d of May U I. d. 6,680 7 3,929 10 2,631 6 2 • This charge includes 12 weeks' rent ; but should the importer keep the sugar on hand beyond that period, he ...ij ... ,..u,_ . . .. .1. ._ _• .J — . .- ij.|jj buyer also has the sugar delivered to bun free of would be liable to rent at the rate of 4d. per ton per week expense. Pn Fmna Salea of 600 Cheats Havannah Sugar, per " Forcia," Captain Baker, by Order and for Account of Wm. Watklns. iim. rib 19. 250 cbeala while (weighing each 4 1-4 cwt) CuA. art. Iht. 230 da yellow l,0» 2 118 1 6tkd. Cwt. art. lit. 1,062 2 118 I 6 t (kd. 944 22 nett S44 22 nett Revenue tare 52 lbs. each. Draft I lb. eaclu • at It I4«, at II. 6<. Discount 2 1-2 per cent. Chargu. L. t. d. Warehousing entry ........ Sea insurance on 2,8001. at 21. 5>. per cent . . . ■ Policy 5i, per cent, 7t Comniisiion lOi, per cent, 14i. Iniurance fmm fire on 2,8001. at 3t. 3d. per cent Freight on 1,892 cwt 3 ors. 12 lbs. at 4t lOi. per ton of 20 cwt Primage 5i. per cent, 211. In. lOd. Pierage 3 I -2d. per ton. It 7>. 7d. CoDKilidated rate on l,^D2cwt. 3qrs. 12 lbs. at 6d. per cwt* Laying over at 6d. each ...... Interat on freirht, 25 days. It 4>. 7d. ; on dock charges, 25 days, 2s, 6d. Auction duty 1-2 per cent. ...... Adverliiing and showing for sale, cakilogues, use of room, receipt stamps, and petty expenses Brokerage I per cent ...... Conimiuion 2 1-2 per cent 63 21 423 18 22 13 6 6 t. t. d. 4 6 84 4 11 448 II II 47 6 6 12 10 I 7 1 13 18 6 3 1 6 27 17 69 12 6 London, 26M of Ftliruary, 1834. Errors excepted. Cash, 22d of March L. I. d. 1,605 Z 1,180 6 2,785 7 19 12 6 2,716 14 6 713 6 2,(Xn 14 * This charge includes 12 weeks' rent ; but should the importer keep the sugar on hand beyond that period, he would lie liable to rent at the rate of 4d. per ton per week. The buyer also baa the sug ar delivered to him free of expense. }f. B.— The freight is charged on the weight, exclusive of the tare, but inclusive of the draft. 568 SUGAR. r 1 «•• 'J :: :; a. » (Slate of the Sugar TVarfe.— The sugar trade ig at this moment in a very singular anj perplexing state. In consequence of the eflbrU made by the abolitionists in this couturv. the apprenticeship system, which was to have continued till 1840, ceased in August iut (1838) ; and the blacks in the different sugar islands belonging to Great Britain are now u free, and as much entitled to the free disposal of their labour, as the workmen in England, It would be premature to speculate as to the ultimate influence of this great change. Evpti u respects the present state of the islands, the accounts are contradictory, and little to he re- lied on. Certainly, however, we have little doubt, whatever may be the result in the lonu run, that in the first instance the emancipation of the blacks will be productive of a great di^ cline in the growth and exportation of sugar. It would, indeed, be extraordinary were ii otherwise. Labour in sugar plantations has hitherto been associated in the minds of the lilackj with nil that is most revolting to the feelings ; and it is not rational to suppose, now that they are free, that they should apply themselves to what has Iwen the badge and test of i\m, degradation, with the energy that the lash usi-d formerly to innpire. It should furllitr he recollected, that the wants of the blacks are comparatively few, and that they may lie par. tially or fully met by labouring on grounds where sugar is not raised, and where the workij much lighter. The circumstances now stated may not, indeed, have the influence that one should naturally expect ; and they may be partially countervailed by others. Dut iiliir every abatement, our conviction is, that a very great falling-olf may be anticipated. It will be seen from the subjoined account, that the export of sugar from Jamaica has declined frnm 1,256,991 cwt. in 1833, to 903,933 cwt. in 1837 ! And taking the entire produce of the West Indian colonies, and of the Mauritius, in 1838, at 180,000 tons, Mr. Codk estiinaiM the probable deficiency in the supply of the current year at no less than 30,000 tons, The equalisation of the duties on East and West India sugars judiciously eflt'cted iiy the act 6 & 7 Will. 4. cap. 26., has, by occasioning a considerably increased exportation ot East India sugar, contributed in so far to counteract the influence of the decreasing ini|iorts from the West Indies. But it is doubtful whether this resource will be suflicient under the new state of things, and whether it will not be necessary to open our ports to the importation uf foreign sugars, under such regulations as may appear to be necessary to secure the rights and interests of all parties. We believe that such a measure would be of signal importance, and that it would not merely contribute to reduce the cost of one of the princijjal necessaries of life, but would greatly extend our trade with Brazil, and other countries rapidly rising in commercial importance, sugar being the principal article they have to offer in exchange for | foreign products. An Account of tlie Sugars imported into the United Kingdom frnm the Colonies and Settlements in i the West Indies and. the Mauritius during tlie Four Years ending with 1837 : distinguishing eacli Year, and each Colony or Settlement. Colonla and Mtlanmlf. Planlktion Sugar imported ioto the United Kingdom. | 1833. ie34. 1835. . 1636. 1837. evjt. eat. cwt. eiH. tiet. Antigua .... 139.519 257,178 174,818 135,482 62,170 Rarbadoes ... 384,971 394,527 344,689 373,429 445,713 , Dominica . . - 47,372 54,876 25,014 35,213 33,724 Grenada ... 204,074 194,542 170,280 156,310 ini.922 1 Jamaica .... 1,256,991 1,256,253 1,148,760 1,054,042 !K13,!a? ' Montserrat ... 15,507 26,630 16,262 12,152 5,6!I3 i Nevis .... 42,297 59,748 39,637 23,028 24,260 I St. Christopher ... 80,390 105,355 86,754 61,418 73.270 , St. Lucia ... 46,548 63,306 54,732 38,085 51,430 1 St. Vincent ... 194,889 31.3,016 195,057 186,482 20I,||J1 Tobago .... 86,627 79,018 77,260 117,643 90,Nf2 i Torto a - 14,969 21,926 13,821 13,510 13,534 Trinidad ... 286,301 339,615 289,392 312,141 295,367 Denmrara . . - 752,474 6H6,566 7B0,.376 864,134 792,>!52 Berbice - . k . 101,7.'i6 90,699 126,485 21.3,714 150,536 ; Mauritius ... Total 516,077 553,890 558,237 497,302 537,455 ; 4,168,573 4,397,145 4,081,575 4,097,084 3,843,863 j The Imports of East India Sugar increased from 374,306 cwt. in 1837, to 609,979 cwt. in 183d. Account of Sugar entered for Home Consumption in the Year ending the 5th of January, 1840; with I the Amount of Duty received thereon. Sugar of llie Britiili FoncNioni in America Mauritiui British FtMcaiona in the Eait Indiea of alt oUier Sorti Total . Deduct paftnenti out of (he rrtm receipt on account of bounty paid on the ezporta- ' -alio, pa ■ - • ■ ■ • ■ tiA. ^ refined lugar,- nigar, be. , paymenli for damaged, and overcharged duty oo ! Quantities entered for Home Consumption. Gross Amount of Duty received. Cwl. 2,790,294 .',69,356 478,(W2 60 8,857,702 L. 3,W7,2S6 6;3,6SI ICO 4,6JS,353 4I,44S Gross Receipt on Sugar Nett Receipt on do. ■ L. 4,628.3M 4,5t%,9IO SUGAR. 600 cnt in a very »ingular and )olitioni8t8 in this cuuntry. )40, ceased in August \u\ ) Great Britain arc now at the workmen in England. ■ this great change. Even idictory, and little to be re- y be the result in the Ions he productive of a great de. J, he extraordinary were it >d in the minds of the lilacka lional to suppose, mm that the badge and t»'»l of then spire. It should fnrtlicr be and that they may lie \m- isod, and where the work is have the influence that one iilud by others. But aft(r nay be anticipated. It will I Jamaica has declined frntn ig the entire produce of the )0 tons, Mr. Codk estimates BM than 30,000 Uiiis. g judiciously eirccted liy the ncreased exportalioiiof East the decreasing iniiiorls i'roni be sufficient under the new r porta to the importation uf cessary to secure the rights ould be of signal importance, . le of the principal necessaries er countries rapidly rising in tiave to ofTer in exchange for the Colnnies and Settlements in 1 with 11^37 : diitinguishiiig vacli { nio the United Kingdom. 5. 1836. 1837. 1 1 etdt. eiet. 1 818 135,482 62,170 i 089 373,428 445,713 : 014 35,213 33,724 280 156,310 m.m 1 760 1,054,042 903,933 262 12,152 iM 637 23,028 24,» 754 61,418 73,270 ' 732 38,085 51,430 i 057 186,482 40I,1U1 260 117,643 90,l!(i'2 621 13,510 13,.«4 392 312,141 2iJ5,367 376 804,134 792,'!52 485 213,714 \i0.a ; 237 497,302 537,455 , 575 1 4,097,084 1 3,843,6M j 837, to 609,979 cw t. in 1S38. the Sth of Janua ry, 1840 ; with tin entered for i G roM Aomnnl of ConiUDiplion. I 1 )uty rfccivej. L. 3,347,2% i 707 ,M 673,6S1 160 2,790,294 S89.358 478,002 60 8,837,702 4,628,355 - 4l,44i . /,. 4,»28.3r,5 4,586,910 The consumption of sugar is rnpiilly increasing on the continent and in America. Dut the increase in the former is to a great extent met by the culture of boet-root sugar. 'I'ho rntire consumption nf sugar in France is estimated to amount at present to 120,000 tons; but of this amotnit no fewer than H0,000 tons are said to have been supplird in 1H:)S by the beet-root plantations. In 183^, bcct-root sugar did not exceed 10,000 or 1*2,000 ton.-f ; and its astonishing increase in the interval has been owing to the circumstance of colonial sugar having been loaded in Franco with a duty of about iS.v. a cwt. ; whereas, till last year, l>cet- root sugar was exempted from all duty. It now, however, pays a duty of 9s. a cwt. ; and it remains to be seen whether it will continue to advance under this duly, which still leaves it in a very advantageous situation as compared with colonial sugar ; if it do, the manufacture may be looked upon as firmly established, and able to maintain its ground against the com- petition of the French colonists.* Bui the production of beet-root sugar is not confined to Franco. On the contrary, it is npidly extending in Belgium, Germany, Prussia, and even Russia. Nor is this to Ih- won- dered at, as it everywhere enjoys an exemption from duly ; and comes into competition with I foreign article loaded with a heavy duty. But were the sugars of Cuba, Ura/il, and Java allowed to come into the continental markets on the same terms as beet-root sugar, wo arc inclined to think that we should not hear much more of the progress of the latter. The consumption of sugar in America, Australia, and, indcciJ, in all civilised countries, ind in all countries emerging from barbarism, is augmenting every day. But, independent even of the novel and important resource of beet-root sugar, the production of the article is eitending so very rapidly in Brazil, Cuba, Java, the Philippines, &c., that there is no reason to fear any great increase of price, even though the worst anticipations should be realised as 10 its production in the British West Indies.j- — Hup.) [What follows is extracted from a memorial of the Legislature of Louisiana to Congress, in 1840. It will be found to contain an interesting account of the condition of the sugar- growing interest of the United States. That from 1816 to 1828 the anniinl prodtictton increased from 15,000 hhds. of 1,000 to 45,000 lihds. That in 1828, the capital invested and the power used, in this branch of Industry, was estimated as follows; 309e8talc8, - . - ^34,000,000 I Animal power, about - 13,000 horses nnd oxen. Minnal power, about - - 21,0(10 Imnda. | Mechiinicnl, alioiit • 1,640 horse power. Thnt from 1828 to 1830, 383 new estates were undertaken, wliich required a further outlay of about |llt,00(l,U(l() : milking n Intnl outlay for 691 estates of about $50,000,000. That under the tiiritTof 1816, Louisiana was already supplying one half of the sugars rcr,iiired for (he consumption of the United t^tates, and was bidding fair soou to meet the entire consumption. That before these 383 estates could be brought into full operation, the tariff of 18.34 was adopted; lliat 156 estates have olready been compelled to abandon their sugar works, under the effect of this Id; that its further action cannot fail to annihilate this Important branch of national industry. That the sugar estates yet in operation, number 525. That the power used thereupon is estimated as follows : Manual, about - - 40,000 hands. | Mechanical - - . 10,000 horses. That the annual expenses of a well-regulated plantation are computed nt $50 per hand. That these estates, with their increased machinery, have required, ut a low valuation, a cash invest- ment of at least *52,000,000. That the annual average crops do not exceed 70,000 hhda. or 70 millions of pounds of sugar, and 330,000 gallons of molasses. That the product of such a crop, nt 6 cents for sugar and 20 cents for molasses, would be 94,900,000. That deducting expenses therefrom, si. y $50 per hand, 82,000,000. There would remain nett, $2,900,000 ; ;' ."^ 57-ioO per cent, on the capital invested. That the nett product of the same ci , v.i !Ji cents, nnd 18, would be #2,480,000, or 4 76-100 percent. That the nett product, at 5 and 17, wui.ii; t>e #2,096,000, or 4 per cent. That the nett product, at 4 and 16, wou.. be #1,460,000, or about 2 80-100 per cent. From which it is evident that Louisiana, with its uncertain climate nnd expensive operations, cannot produce sugar under 5^ cents ; while in the West India Islands, with their genial climate and cheap operations, niuscavadoes can be produced, so as to yield a fair remuneration, at 2t a 3 cents. That under these circumstances the enormous investments of capital in the cultivation of sugar lince 1816, would not have taken place, had not a continuation of the revenue tax, then laid upon foreign sugar, been implicitly relied upon. . . . That during the last 10 years, prices in Havanna, for muscovadoes, have ruled as follows : April, 1830 ...-.6a8 reals per arroba, 3 a 4 cents. — 1831 -.-..5a6- — -— 2ia3 — — 1832 6i a 7i - — - — 2} a 3 — — 1833 4f a 6 - — - — 2 37-7 a 3 — 1834 5J a 7i - — - — 2 87-7 a 3* — 1835 8a9i- — -— 4a4 62-7 — 1836 12i a 14 - — - — 6J a 7 — — 1837 5a8- — -— 2ia4 — — 1838 7 a 8i - — - — 3i a 4^ — — 1839 6Ja8- — -— 2Ja4 — That owing to an early winter, the crop of Louisiana for 1635-6 was reduced to 25,000 bhds., and prices advanced to 11 cents. That the crops of the West India Islands and Cuba had been at that period as large as usual ; that yet muscovadoes advanced in Havanna to 6i a 7 cents, or nearly cent, per cent. That the Louisiana crop for 1836 and '37 was an average one, and prices receded in Havanna to 2} a 4 cents, and in New Or- leans to 5^ a 6 cents.— .4m. Ed.] * The French government recently published a very complete and usef\il work on the coloniei of France, entitled JVotices Slatistiqtiea siir let Colonies hVanfaiscs. 2 tomes, 8vo. Paris, 1837. t Fur further particulars respecting the sugar trade, the reader is referred to the able statement lecentiy issued by Mr. Cook, of Mincing Lane. 3 b2 72 570 •IT- <, SULPHUR, SWEDEN. For the export! of lugar from Uie port of Now Orleani, Me article Nrw Orlka^^^ Am. lid.] SdLPHlIR, OR BRIMSTONE (Fr. Smfre, Get. Sehwefel ; H. Z,>lfo, So/f, , s,,, Aznfrt ; Aral). Kibreet), a rryitallised, hard, brittle NubMtance, ronimonly of a Bri'riiinli v,,|. low colour, without any atncll, and of n wcuk though perceptible taHtn ; ItM i)|HTific i^mvitT ia from 1-0 to 8' 1. It buma with a pain blue flame, and eniita a great quiintity nf punKriii •utTorating vapoura. In some parta of Italy and Hicily it ia dug up in u Htate of cuni)mrau\e furity. That which ia manufucturod in this country ia obtained by the roasting of pyruo,, t in denominated rottgh or rvll sulphur, from ita being caat in cylindrical mould*, and (g,,^ taina 7 per cent, of orpimcnt. The Italian roll aulphur doea not contain more thnn ;) at, cent, of a simple earth ; and is, therefore, in higher estimation than the liiiglish. W'hrn roll sulphur is purified, it receives the name of sublimed sulphur, and ia in the form of a hright yellow powder. — (T/wmson'H Chemistry, ^c.) Hiilptiiir It of grent Importance In ihe arts. It Is iiRnd exlenilvt^ly In the maniirnctiirn nrgiinpnw,!,,, and In the fnrmntion of Hiilpliurlc add, or oil nf vlirlol. It li aliii lined exteniivcly In niHdi(?iiii\aij for otiinr piirpnieii. Thu i-ntrloi for linino ronaiimpllnii In |H3I mid IH35 amoiiiilvd, ut nii avcrai'p, |„ 930.I(IH cwt. a year. The duty on refined or roll lirliiiHtoiio viirlen from Ox. to Ux. tU. ti cwt., whern, on roiiKli it In only Ad.; lotlmt the imports conilm nlmoit wholly of the latter. Of 3l)7,HOHcwi liii|HjriP.i In IN.*) t, 4N3,7M cwt. cnine from Italy or rnlhnr HIr.lly. The price of rough brimstone In bunil m i||l London market, In November, 1830, varied from 11. to 7/. i(l«. a ton. (SWEDEN. Duties In Sweden on some of the principal Articles nf Import, according to Ihe Tariff iiiued 3i)ih June, 1H33. Articlat, Sunr;— MiitroTidn, brown and yeltow ...... Crulted lump uul tlavinttUi while . • . . . ColTni ......... Tohacco leftf ........ SfKiTi ........ Cui, Karduier, looM or pukail ...... Kiiaster ........ Hpun or Negrohnd ....... Sleiui ......... Tm Wine in caik ... . . • . . botlla ........ BolIlM U> lu^ arcording lo tha kind of glaaa. Spirila, llollauJi, brandy, run, arrack, and not axcaedlng 12* itrenglh • over U" — . l>orcelain imilallon, white, jellow, nol painted, plalca ordiibet other piecea Real, while, or one coloured ...... Uilt or coloured, or painted with flowen and liurae Cotton ! . . . . Cotton (tiodi ; Calico and like fabrin prohibited ...... Cambric ami like, above 76 Ihreadi per inch, fine, and from 6 to 9qn, wide (Swedish quarter!) ....... dirduroir and cordetl, not ciceedinf 4 quarter* wide Uauie, lawn, mualin — 9 — . . • . Jean ..—((—.... Cotton velvet ■ — 4 — • . . . Shawli of dyed yarn or printed under 7 qra. aquare, eicluaive of fringe Fancy, atmve 7 qn, h juare, eicluaive of fringe .... Woollen ^oodi;— g Woollen cloth prohibited ....... Friar, frjud, dufTel, and Kalmuk ...... Caaaimere. not eicreding 6 quarlen wide. While, black, yellow, or red ■ . ■ • • Other coloura ........ Blaoketa ■••...... FhnncI - not exceeding 6 1.2 qra. wide Komliaaelle and bombwin — 6 — . • • Camlet > . . — 6— . Merinoa . - — 9 _ . . . Woollen with a mixture of cotton or lUx : Bombaain luatie, not exceeding 6 qra. wide ..... Flannel ■.-...... Other kinda, not exceeding 6 qn. wide ..... Shawlaumler rixdol. 6'3ir. ...... of rixdol.6'32 end upward! value (20 per cent) . . . Linen gooda:— Sail and tent doth ........ Duck - • ....... Linen of dilftrent qualitiea, from rixdol. 0-3 to rixdol. 0-16 Silkgooda:— Crape, aay, craped cnpa ...... Oauxe or plain crape ...... Velvet ........ Tafela, levanlin, aatin, kc. • Other kinda of ailk gooda (long meaaure, ell gooda) Shaw la of nuie or other thin ataff • Roune de Sole • • . • . Other deacriptiona ... Silk with * mixture of ootton, wool, or flu ;— All deecriptiona of loog-mauurv gooda . . . ■ Shawla of leaa value tun rixdoL 10 ■ .... more — 10 (20 per cent) . Inm gooda:— Fob and keltlea of I 14 Ineh thick and under, atona, gnlet, nila, ke. Caatlnga br machinerr, whole or in piecea . . Not apeeified . . . . Anohore and aoeher etocka • ..... Kedge^ grapplaa, holla, bammen ..... Baraod hoop iron • ■■•... Flatea under 3.8thi of an inch, and above 6 llipoiudi each . (Juantily for Duly. Iikip. 100 at. lakip. I kana I kinna lakip! I ell 1 aq. ell lell I ell i akip. lell. lell lell too rixd'la. lell lakip. lakip. lobrixdia. lakip. Import Duty. Swed. Money. Akid. I. rt. 12 32 8 2 8 24 1 032 I 2 6 8 12 prohibited. 6 10 6 6 8 prohibited. 8 prohibited, 10 24 prohibited, 024 10 3 4 6 4 prohibited, 8 prohibited, 20 8 12 6 24 6 16 4 prohibited. 6 8 632 prohibited. 3 16 prohibited 20 8 6 33 16 12 24 20 prohibited 9 12 24 Enilliih M0D17 /.. >. i. 1I2( lui in 2 I.J 1 i 5 1 lU 31.J U OM 313 10 1 8 1 114 1 « Oil 21.1 SI.] 004 0|.S l\.i 4l.li 2 3 1.3 3U i 313 1 8 10 10 41.3 114 I2J 21.3 124 3M 20 per ctnl >t. 3lj 5 10 10 8 10 20 6 8 10 13 4 II 113 S 62.3 20 per cat. IT 1 13 4 10 2 15 6 1 10 13 4 15 1 10 SWF.ETS, SYDNEY. vri article Nkw Ohlia^.*.- rtl; It. Zlllfo, S„lf„; S|,, inimonly "f a RrrcniHh yr|. tft8to; itM H|MM'i»ic ijraviu ^reat quiintily of [nyn^rn, |> ill a Hlato of coniparative 1 by the roaMini^ of jiyriir*. rlinilrical mouldi*, niul can- ot contain more timii :) p^, in the Ennlisli. W lien mil (I ii in the form of a lirighi ifl mnniifhclnrB of gnnpowdf, Bxirniiivi'ly tii nu'dii iiii., j,,j 5 amouiitt'il, ut nii Bvcniic, („ 1 n». to«». « 4 nrnhibited. 8 prohibited. 20 8 12 6 24 6 16 4 prohibited. 6 8 632 prohibited. 3 16 prohibited. 20 8 6 33 16 12 24 20 prohibited. 9 12 24 d. Il2t lUl 114 5 I 113 U 10 I 8 J II 313 I IM I I os< 21] 91.] 4 Ol'S 21-2 4 1.11 1 2|.2 31.3 111 I 8 10 10 41.3 I U I2J 21.2 I'U 31.] 20 per nut. » 31^ S 10 10 8 10 20 6 8 10 13 4 Oil 113 S 62.) 20perceiit.it. 1 13 10 2 IS 1 13 15 1 10 S'firigalion tA» of Sirnlin ~\ new nnvliatlnn law wim pnnffil fur Hwnlcn on Ihr Q^>h of OiKilifr, l>.1.V I h)* folliiwltiji I'XIriK'lH froiii im Orilinain r, mniivil mi tin' 'J.'inl >>r Diri'iiihcr ut tlir kiiiiii' yi'iir, (Dciul'l hnnllHiiiInd In liy nil nicrihiinlii iiml Kliiii-iiwiii'rK riiniiiii'il in ilir triulc «vlili Hwriliii : "TliK Miantflri of fiirriKn a* witll a» Mwfilinii vi-hiikIk, m Iio Inki- In iriiiiila ili'iiinfil for Kwfili-n nl a fiirllii IxTl where a Mweilliih ciiiiitiil in Kl.iliinieil, arc rei|iiiri!il liclnri' llii'trili'imrliire In |ir>, alniifi » iili llic itikiiiiiI lull" nl' lailinv. tfler II"* <^<>n"«l hni rnin|iareil Die hill of IiiiIiiik with the niiinir<'irii, nl' wlin h llie lillla nf IiiiIiiik nrr m hiiva iiiring >lrawn lliroiigh th« wliolu, unil Ihu cnntiil'* ii-ul ulMxvil iherenn, nru lo hv rvluriieil lu tho ii|iiiiiii. ''The hill* of laHinf for rargnei rninlnn from nn riirntienn pnri, nnil nni iihl|i|>i'il In hulk, niinil ulatu IIK Miiirk nnii niiiiilMir, wllh Ihe (rniii weliihl anil ilililr innleiiti nl I'lrli iiarkaiie, armnlinu In Iha ,,i||ilit anil nieaiure* In iiae at the |inrt of Inading. A rii|ilain, Hwi'ile nr rnri'lKiicr, in i liariji- nf a liilen vcoii'l from a port whore n Hwedlah eonmil li Hlnllnni'd, la ri'i|itiri'il, nn kIvIiik In M llie i iiHtnin- liciu*!' a ll't of hli caritn. in deliver at Ihe annie lime a diipliiale nl hlii inanirrHl, alli-aled ai •luted In (lie Ural paragrHph, nr niherwiiuj he will he iinlijet'led to n line nl' nne hiindrcd ri%-dnllara. "A riiplnin, forelKii nr Hwudlnh, deal hied loa pnrt In Sncdi'ii not I'ninyliiK Ihe pnvili'Ke nf receiving Mtdii ill hnnd, and iiavliiK nn hoard IiIh veaael unnila fur re-etpnrlutinn iinl adiiillled fnr I'niixiiiiiplloii litHwrden, niiiil ihow proof hy paaxport, rerlllh'ule, nr other duly anllienlltiili'd dnriinn-iil I'mni the niriiir Innding, that he Intended to prnreed with iiirh gnoiU lo a fnrulKii port Ihuruin apeclally naincd, [.lolhcrwbe inch good* will he lluhle In coiitlHcatinn." ^ II.— The pnrti enjoying the privilege of rerelvhiK gnodM In honil, prnhlhlteil nH well ai pi^rinitled, uelliefnlluwing :— rilockhnliii, (iulhenherg, CurlMhuveii, l.undHi'roiiu, und Hnderknplii);. HiBtement oftlio Comnierco and Na\ Igatlon r f Swedt n wllh Kore gn Couiilriui 1 1 1K,1.1 . 1 Commerce. NaviK.ilion. 1 Value of MrrchanliM imported Value (if Mm liuidiiB eapurtad Tiiniia»e of Ihe Shiin Tiiiinaau nf Ihe ,s|ii[« tailed [rum Sweden. Countrlei. from Foreign Cnuntriai. from .Sweden, arrived al Sh aJcn. 1 Sweilith Bjr Fnrrivn Total. Rt •SwtKliih Fiiri-nn Total. Rh Foreinn Ship!. Tom. ToUl. .Swnliih 8liipa. rniil. Fn. Total. 1 .•ihii* !)hi|M. .Shipi. Slii|«. 8bi|«. Sliipi riiTii. Rixtl'lta. Rml.tm. Hird. t>a. Iiml. M. Itiid. lit. AiX'l. M. r,n... ' r,.iii. 7' 23,,79 i./n 24,»II6 26,113 ipiO,liO W,078 1,062,228 28»,27l 6,4.10 21U,680 3,214 9I^,IB7 130,884 71.6,7.1 S.NI 1,296 4.937 4..138 1,144 6,4K2 79.0SI 6 79,0(17 414,413 42.8M 457.309 4,l:w ■:u 4.85H 4,IW t,|.., 4.-S5 1,200,844 213,709 J 1,444,653 1,887,107 ll>2,242 2,049,349 21,887 6,017 2U,U04 27,3 8 I,43«i 8,794 Brniifii • 2,601,336 27,671 2,628,906 77,668 33,220 799,826 '•'*', {'2,686 9,822 3,74(1 6,77(1 |.76 9,686 2(1,326 28,326 101.603 . 101,603 •49 429 220.8&3 2.'i,en) 24',473 41,6,237 330,927 746.lt>4 2,336 4,101 6,437 4A34 4,808 9,232 B«!(iu)i> ; 66,907 . 66,907 136,818 136,818 • 4.451 4,4 ->l 490,243 91<,90« 1,396,149 1,682.114 2,479,269 4,061,383 4,490 13,323 17.813 7,710 18,187 25,897 398,a27 866 397,1^3 l,250,2>0 235,824 1,486,074 i>m 3,U.18 6,529 15,S90 9,063 24,9:V5 Suit I7S,SI9 2,39M 177,917 84,529 84.521) 4,li-l7 29 •. 4,942 9,458 9.458 lt«,64l 102 186,743 32.3,191 . 323,193 7,093 216 7,2U9 10,346 76 10,422 , . 62,824 . 62,(.24 )• ecti . 606 32,871 . 32,871 42,860 . 42,669 [ 421 421 1.411 . 1,411 T 371 • . 371 1,533,790 I.O40 I,534,RW 229.618 520 230,138 2,607 2,607 4,192 • • 4,192 209,678 15,236: 224.914 4.676 34,467 39,132 186 186 188 • ■ 307 inbtt Hicei 619,131 S27,'JI0; 1,146,441 I,6e6,937 1,684,96) 3.351,900 1,245 800 2,045 6,903 6,10c 13,003 Toals . 9,660,728 4,224,913 13,885,641 10,l60,'-83 6,442,096 16,002,979 T2,638 73.0.18 146,271 I36,.1»8 76,182 211..680| Altfi.) (SWEETS. — An excise duty was imposed on sweets — that is, on homc-mnde wines, jimJ, or mctheglin, &c. — manufactured for sale, so early as 1696. In 1803 it amounted to Wj, a barrel; the produce of tho duty varying from that year to 1816 from about 21,000/. to about 33,000/. a year. But in 1816 it fell olF to little more than half its previous amount. This sudden decline was doubtless occasioned by the great increase in the consumption of C«pe wine, consequent to tho reduction of the duty on it, in 1814, from about 6,?. to about Sf. Ill/, a gallon. In 1817 it was attempted to revive the manufacture of home-made wine, by taking a third from the duty on sweets ; which amounted, after the reduction, to about i'.Oirf. a gallon ; and in 1826 it was further reduced to 6f/. But the ease with which the irticlemay be made by private individuals, and the decisive check given, by the introiUiction of Cape and other foreign wines, to the use of home-made substitutes, prevented these reduc- tions from having any material influence ; and in 1832 the duty had dwindled to 3,721/. Under these circumstances, the Commissioners of E.xcise Inquiry wisely recommended the ibolilion of the duty, which has been effected by the act 4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 77. — {Fifth Re- jtirtbii the Commissioners nf Excise Inquiry, p. 18., &c.) — Sup.) SYDNEY, the capital of New South Wales, and of the British settlements in New Hol- lind, or Australia, in lat. 33° 65' S., Ion. 150° 10' E. Population (December, 1835) about tO,000. Sydney is situated on a cove on the south side of Port Jackson, about 7 miles from ill mouth. The water is of sulHcient depth to allow the largest ships to come close to the Aore. The inlet or harbour, denominated Port Jackson, is one of the finest natural basins in the world. It stretches about 15 miles into the country, and has numerous creeks and liiys ; the anchorage is every where excellent, and ships are protected from every wind. The entrance to this noble bay is between 2 gigantic cliiTs not quite 2 miles apart. On the most southerly, in lat. 33" 51' 30" S., Ion. 151° 16' 30" E., there is a light house, the Ian- hem of which is elevated 67 feet above the ground, and about 345 above the sea. Owing lii an SYDNEY. IT i • .HI •■■■■■ -sj » ■ 3^ * to a wnnt of nttrntion nt flmt, tho itrrrta of Hydnry were Inkl out an<1 the houwH Innii •rciinliiii; to tlio viowi of iiidividiiali), without atiy lUcii or rrgular |ilan. Uul latlirly ({,|, dofKrc« rnincJicd in the olil NtrrntM ; and Ihn nrw diii'n a,, •yNti'miiticiilly Iniil out. 'I'ho town cover* a griMit pxtcnt nf Innd ; nhnoMt ovcry houMc Ilivih; a coriNidcruMo |)ii<('o of ({round nttachcil to it. 'I'lirrr arc dilh'rrnt joint Hlork ImnkH nt Nt,|. Dry ; and thcrv in hImo ii NuvinKH* bunk. NchooU lor thn inNlruction of |Mior childri'n \u\, biTU rHtitltliMhfd ; and thi>ro ari>, hi-HidcH, two i-HlaliliKhnifntx di^nilii'd with thf |>oni|'ni iiaid to 1»p very well ronthictfd, for the i,]^. catiuii of tho niiddic and nppfr claMicii. 'I'lu'ro arc Mcvrral poriiHlical puhlicationit. Piwnliilinn, /{■/■.- Thn llrilluli nplilcmrntN In New Hmilh WhIm worn nrliilrmlly IntPiiileil In sirv, „ piMiiil t-iitiitillKliiiionlii, to wliii'h riiiivli'lii iiilglit liii lraiii>|H>rl)Ml, .iiicl riii|iliiyi>il hi piihlir hihI iiru^i, wiirka i mill iirit rUII lueil I'nr Ihl* piirpoiii'. i'lin llrat vi-hhi'I wiiIi t-oiivlrla nrrlvi-il at llntniiv ||;ivi„ Jaiiiiiir)'. I7NH ( hut II hnvliiv hi'i'ii rniiiiil to lie i|iill)' iiiiaiilluhlo na n »IU> Tor a rnloiiy, thn i>aiiiMifi|ii,;,.,, Wiia ri'iiiovi'il til i'nrl .liirkann. Th)^ priitfrvaa of llii- coliuiy hiia hrfii iiiiirh nior<> riiplil than iiiifi> tiiivu hfi'ii niillclpiiti'il, I'liiialilurlnR th« rhnrarlvr niiil hiihlti n( lh« roiivlrti niiiiiinlly Inmli'il npun , ■hum, thu ilillU'iiltii>« which tin- iirciil iIIhUiki' I'roiii iOniilaiiil liitHrpniii In Iho wiiy nl' iiii urai ' of viiluiitury artllira.iiiiil tin! Inri^rlorily iil'thf null, tiwliig lo lh« rlrriiiiiatniii'i! of ihit Krviit iiiiij.,rii, ofthit i'oiivIcIh iiiiJ iilhvr •■nilttraiila Iii-Iiik iiiiiIii, n Kri'ut illapriipcirtlnii haa alwnyH i-xlatnl hiiwii,, n,, ■nxi-i III the ciiliiiiy, which hua iiial«rially rutnrtloii lla pro|(rfaa, niiil Ixirii, In olhcr rcipncia, priiiliirn,, of vorv pttrnlcliiiia rHaiiita. (tovttriiniitnt, howuvnr, avuilliiK Itaell' of thu naalitancu u( hi'iicvoiini Inillvlihiiila at hoiiiK, anil In thi! nilnny, hua within tlirao fi!W yvara t'nili^nvniirril to leaacn iln' ili^p,,,. portion rorcrriMl to, Ity ai-nillnv nut cnimlik'rahlK liunihcra nl'yoiins iiniiiarrltHl IViiiaIra, rrc'i> i>l'i't|if.;{„ Aliirh, It was ohvlouM, nl' tliti Inlliiencn ol' ihli ini'aaiire, would ili-pniul on Ihii (llacrlinlnatuiii mn, which thr IVinnIo iMiilgranta wrri! ai'lt-ctoil ; ami vnrioni precniilliuiH witr taken hy tint (iriiiiiii>ti||ii„ ol' coinnilitfita, and ntherwlav, to uxrluilu rnini nnionKr, to lip expected that tlicau pri'caiitinna ahnnlil l>|. n cniiiliirl and llin inlliiencn ol' their iniiiilRratliin on thri ciilnny. Thcri* ".in |i,> i.^ qui'Htliin, liiilei'd, that tlii! latter haa. In many ceH|iecta, fallen alinrt of Ihii aiilicipallnnH nl' its |rri. niolera ; and that, whether from want of due rare in the aelecliiin, or fniin the furce of < irciiiniiiaiK,., many of the einiirraniM have fallen into vIcioiih roiirneH. On tho whole, however, we hive iin ilmiii I that the nieiiHiire Iiiin lieen decldeilly advatitageoui ; and that It will tend huth to ilicreuao the |iii|iu||. lion, and to Improve thu timrala of the colony. Arrnnliiiic to i rcnmn Inkrii nit fl.c 2t\ rf SpplpnilfiT, IN.'W, tlir po- piiUliMi) of 'tie ciilony. rii'lut.vH nr.itMiriiciitiii, Mai ai folliiivi :— Ttip ininiirntinii hitn thf culnnv from lh« litr-f Janiurv, IMlti thf ai.tddlfcTU.Iicr, IH3>, lulWrn, ' ' FrM. Duh.l Main. Frniiln. l:l.4'-2 «,li98 Total. ^1,514 6(1,794 22.79H 11, MS 44.644 Ib.lM) ( Mph Free i W.'in™ (hiiilrro • Tn'al • IHM. 819 706 481 »,I>H7 3^l 1833. S38~ I,I4U 701 3,498 638 3')7 J,:i'4 4:i: «l M ITS Kf* 1 6.811 4.7i'. ■.,IH AI the aliovii (Uir, thu iKiniiltlion ol Svilucy aniouulcil lu 16.232, anil thai uf I'ariuulU lu 2,637. I'lir total |Hi|iulatinn nf tho colony, on Ihc 3lit o( IlccLiiibrr, Itil I wai iitiiiiat«l at 80,000. ^ I Climnlf —Thri climate of aiich part* of New flouth Wales na have heen explored by Ihc Knulis^ ji pnrliciilarly mild and aaliiliriniis. The hiiili aiinimer heal indicated hy the ihermoineler linn nut iIk | rela.\iti(! and enfeelilini! elfect tlial a Mimilar high temperalnre lins in India and many ntliprriinnitirf l''earles!i of damps, and nninnlealed hy nnxioiiH lii8ertR, the traveller may throw liiiiiaelf iinilfr thJ pliaile nf the first tree thai Invites him, and sleep in safety. On the other hand, however, the iliinalf lias the seriniis defect of lieiii)! too dry. It seems to lie suhject to the perioillcal rertirreiice nf nevn* droughts. These prevail somi-tiines for 2,3, or even 4 yi^ars together. Thu last "great ilroiiilii" heean in 18'2tl, and did not terinitiatR till IH2U. 'Very little rain fell during the whole of this liiieiliinfil period, and for more than I) moiitlts there was not a single shower ! In rnnsei|iieiice, the wlmle sur- face of the ground was so parched and withered, that all minor vegetation ceaned ; and even itillnaryl vegeluliles weru raised with much difliciilly. It well nigh ruined many of the settlers; niir i« the | colony as yel iiiiile recovered from Us effecls. — (Brrlon'g F.ieiireions in M'fvt South ll'utef. p.'HJd.; SlurVi Southern Australia, vol. i. p. 2.) There was, also, a pretty severe drought in iWi't. This ij, in i fart, the great drawback upon thu colony ; and were it moTe populous, the droughts would ex|Hi!eiiio| Btlll more serious difficulties. fiiiit. Products, Sfc—IXie fertility nf the soil In most parts nf New Holland that have been ciplnrcd I with any care is very far, indeed, from corresponding with the glowing descriptlnns of gnnii- of in casual visitors, whose imaginations seem to liave been da/.zled by the magnilicence nf its liotaiiiral I prndtictinns, and the clearness and beauty of the climate. The truth is, that the had land sceiimto I near a iniicli greater prnpnrtinn to the good in New Holland, than in almost any otjier cniinlry niihl which we are acquainted. Uitferent theories have tieen framed to account for the fuel; but of I the fact itself there seems no, manner of doubt. Of course, it is not to he supposed hut that Inal country of atich vast extent there must he some fertile districts ; hut alnng the east coast, wiili wliirhl we are best acquainted, these seem to be much more confined than might have been vxpecti'il; aiull the little experience we have had on the west side, at Swan River and other places, does not iiermto| lead to any more favourable conclusions. It is true that only a comparatively small part of ilio inte- rior has as yet been explored ; and it is not improbable that in the hitherto undiscovered rcgionn uf I this vast continent, land suitable for tillage may be found. At present, however, it would appearlhatl the soil and climate, not of New South Wales only, but of New Holland generally, are much better I fitted for pastoral than for agricultural pursuits. The colony is mainly indebted for the inlroilucliuiil of the sheep farming system to the example and exertions of John Macarthiir, Esq. Its succens lull exceeded the expectations of the most sanguine. The growth and exports of wool have liicri;aieill with a rapidity hitherto unexampled in the history of Industry. In 1632, only l.'i2,H^0lb8. of wool werel exported ; in 1829, the exports amounted to 411,000 lbs.; in 1830, to 600,750 lbs.; and in lb33, to nol fewer than 3,273,353 lbs.; being an increase of about 800 per cent, in the interval between ISSianill 1635! And considering the attention that is now universally paid to the improvement of the lireedof I ■beep, the efforts made by the colonists to increase their numbers, and the all but boundless puletilorl pasture land over which they may be diffused, it is impossible to conjecture to what extent lli>' pio-i duction of wool may be carried. Under tliese circumstances, wc need not wonder that snitieorthel best informed individuals belonging to the colony are of opinion that the inbabitvMts would equally I SYDNEY. S73 out tncl the hoMiM'H liiiiii ir |)lon. But Inlii'rly i|,u tM ; antivj|, ^liU nrrlvfil ut llmativ liny « fur II ciildiiy, III" fulal'liiilniiHrt liiiirli iiioro riiplil lliuii in,|,i|. trirti nniiimlly Iniiili'il npiin lu ««tii, iiriidtiniv, r tlic nanifliiiK'" "f ln'iicvolfiii li'iivniiffcl to li'ii«fn Ihi' disptn. irrlril IViiinIP*. fr<'<' I'l'i'Spcnif 11(1 nil till) (IlKcrliiiliinliiiii Hiih ivcro inki'ii by lli« "ririiiiiiiiiij(,|| e cliiirnrlcr wii» loiiiiil in u^ no |iri'fnilll'>li» nlmiilil Iw rm- >|VPll Bl to UlC I'ollilllc'l III' II,, lilt! cnlniiy. Thcrp ;\ii W no ] of III" niilirl|intliiii» of iii ito. ■fiilii lli« fnri'K of < Ircniiislniicn, le, however, we Irivc no ilnijhi iiiU bull) 10 iiicivttiic llii' pu|iu||. Iif ciilnny fmm the Ul (if Jinmry, 1S.U a | 3t, liailii-fii, 1892. 8IA 108 481 Jil-KT Sel 1833. sm" I,l4it 101 3,49H 038 1-31. fiTI 3'n J,:('4 4.i7 Ml. : bil M Ma n S,»74 6,811 y-it MiiiKll *^*^ MCiirity iind Ihoir prnAl, wr ra itiey ,,IP(, mill roiiiiiirri'f. iIi-|m'iiiIiii| for niiiiplli n nf in ■txiic, lliilln, till! I'lillippliiii lalumlii, Nun llli'iiifii' /M|«'M ood bporti.— Tka lra rii, Ibnir, A)' , nil thn liiipori* from Allli'iiiii, .Mlldu- ■ liiiiil, he III ih« *lM>r« iimi •)( 801, UMi,, Uinf ih« Iniimrlt r.>r l«1|. It !■■ rliiilftl til,, fuiii »l l.^iA.Kk'U , ih* ,*hiv i4 wh«l» ally i l>lil Ihil Itiiii aIiikmI wImiIIji 'ho | rfulu, r> nf llir ii|. iliwlrjr III IIm c«>tiiunti,i,iiflil rrrUtiily in li« tirluilxl fni'n Oii* ini. iHitU, Ilia r»»l aiiiouiil ul vhrli, m IKI), »i||, r<>iiM'|Nriilly, la I«5",»ft7l. I In »«lii<' ii( tba iiii|«iili III lut^ It haiii Mrrri I'it m lh« Miiif* wajr, may If* talltn 4I aIhiiiI HUI.omr, 'I Ih* rlimtol Ilia im. iiriru nirtr ihti •■|ii>rti ii • rniiw)ii«-nrfl 1.I thi" ri|i«iit# iiiniiml tf lliia rnitiilry ou srr.Miiil ul Itiv <'<'iitiil r«ial,tiiliii,riita. In |ilJ3-J4 lliii iiriii Kniouulfltl, ii't New South WaUi iiid \*u Uuniru'i L>i»l, luri,UIIM. We subjoin • return oftho qiiantliie* of the principal articlsi Imported Into Hydney from the lit of Jtnuary tu Iht Slit of Umnmlier, 1H34, tUinll'K • pain IMII llantwart • ■ t. nl. W,41l R'tm • ■pli. 2^«,MJ Rnr aii'l •!■ ■nth •Til.. UU,7-.« llilianaMpt > ^, \t.Ul llr.ili.ly 61, Ma H,«^ anl rtoiir Sit.'iM lln,. . IK I8^.^•i (.III • . ^ 4U.7M 1 mux Kill laMliC >ilt. aii,oi8 Il'iairry • L. .»!. 14.841 SiiK.r ■ lilt. 1,4o\7>i| 1 t.htiiiil tlavri • tiini :l, ivi Irnii ai,.| ilrel (MIS 1,179 IVa ■ — T-(»,W4 li ilw iii'l cocua ■ ttia. ii:!,!"* l.«.l • 11.1. IM.iKI T.ilnfm ^ ^I<«,i8« l„|.|I.T Ciirtliia . .— 1 18.178 l.iitrn lb*. 3KI,:IM Wheal • tiiih. 11168 • — ••WH.iM Hill- 4li7,bNO Wine ■ Mil. W 1,1 711 Oittuna :C l,447,lO» liali iinivitloni • — . 3,147. 1'.9 Wiiullau • ydi. 304,7!J» Ganpo«.l«r • llilKi'luhfrir 3Niai) ,S..1I Inlia 3.4>'0 1.. »»i. 4II,9IJ Silk . yilfc 3H,Mlli The principal article ■ and their value exported In 18.13, l«34, and 1835 were — Articltt. IMl. int. II34,* Quinlilitt. Valun. (juantilirt. Vatun. (('lanlMln. Vatiin. jlfnli • 1,134.203 Ibt. 104,141 2,246,933 Ibt. 211,861 3,213 353 tba. 1. 201626 0,1, Hi.!— tftrm ■ 107,443 (ill. I3«,8«4 «»(l,lll(ltt. 130.021 143.2J8 (all. 141.138 blick • l06,n'M - 1,!i1» itu.esi - 1.1.414 312,204 - I9,3&1 tiulfboo* »41 twit. 2, '46 I.IMJcwIt. 6,liU , Tmilrr, *l». 1 ewir . • l,(1M,43irr*l 199 492 (Ml 1 bliKfum 147,110 - IS,ISS an,o«» - 7,941 t tmialll 3:8,^2 - 42,461 - rlu (New Z««l«lld) 4,83tc»lk 1,111 1,9)i0cwlt. g,B69 .fmni'i.— Id I (04, 24^ itiini, nf the liurden nf &7,443 tnni, fntrred Pfift Jichwm : of IhoM .'i" ifniw, Itn nic W.9(¥J, wrre fntin (trral Bn'iii, lliitii)^, toniUKei3,7.K), fniiii HriUOicnlmur*, an, frnni fnreiKn lUtet. la 1836 there arrived Il(i9ihip«t ;rfttirt>iiritrnnr' :l,2tt) tmi. fythtni.-- 1 he fisher>- ii uid not In have hern proAtalile for tomfl tbc ih.'lii i)f a veiwel at SyJnry, where labour it (Vnr.atiit ca|Mtal may b«(>r'tiiilily itivpsted at a high inleretl ; and partly in l?ie incrraiiiiK torti'f o( lite filth, and the cuoKqueut greater difliculty of the c^lch. We are unahle In decide as to the eiact decree of weiuhl that should l>e ^)\en to thi« HUti-nirttt. rr>>l>aMy it is a lillli- tiaKKt-ritnl ; Ihoiuh. on the whole, we are inclined tu think that it ttai Mune con* sideralilr roundatiini in fact.— (Carrfiic/lacri Uxntt on Emxgratimiy p. i7. Syiliiey rdilinii.) The tfaile rarricd on brlwern Now Sonlh Wales and New ZciUnil i« daily l>rrr)iiiinK of more ami inorr tni|>orl.incr, Thf tinix'ttsof 11.11 fmm Ihf latter into ihia roiinlry are now, as we liave already •eeni of couaiderahle value aad iintMtrtaiice. Cohnial Income. — We subjoin an account of the revenue of New South Wales for tlve 7 years ending with 1835. Revenue of New South Wales, from the Ist of January, 1839, to the SUt of December, 1635. HeaJolRavaue. isas. 18%. 1831. 1832. 18.19. I 1894. I 1835. L. 1. H. /- ». rf. /.. 1. ri. /.. f. •1. ;,. 1. rf. /.. «. d. /.. 1. d. CmKiim 19,136 8 8 81,018 16 1 89,806 4 1 9«,2i>2 3 4 111,124 13 2 121,498 II 2 143,342 13 4 Duiv im l|iirllB dia- lilirJ ill the cnliiny • 2f« IS 110 7 6 1.136 1,0,41 l,?M) 6 1,690 1 1.261 10 V^\^'&n mllecliom 1,324 19 1 1,153 14 UJ J,I63 2 2,414 3 2 2,968 to It 3,734 2 4,310 15 9\ Auction iluly, and licenca lo auclion- ttn- 1,216 7 ■] 1,463 18 SJ l,.309 7 *i 1,466 16 10| 1,696 2 8 2,396 6 10 9,219 16 2 Lxrocei lo rcfait mill iml ipiriluout liqtj"n 3,136 6,100 6,650 7,786 u 9,124 10 9,817 10 10,023 Uriictt lo tiawlim ini pulleri ■ . > • . 44 14 frown iaii'li • 9,309 10 u 1,985 19 ll| 3,017 17 6 13,683 e 1 28,272 2 9 43,482 3 9 80,380 9 4 Hftii III liilli, ferriet. loJ Durket duet iiiil invemiiieiit pre* BlIM 3,121 12 9t 4.138 7 4,fVie IB 6 9,ri87 8 1 3,211 12 8 3,417 15 8 4.131 13 to fmr.f public oBlcft 6,426 9 H 6,461 19 4 1,036 13 ,435 10 2^ 273,144 13 I0| Itlsiieen from this statement that the revenue of the colony is rapidly increasing; and were it not for lite lieavy expenses necessarily incurred on account of the conveyance and superintendence of con- Tict!, it would be more than adequate to meet the outgoinga. •The returns for 1833 have not been derived from the Custom House, and may not, therefore, bB quite accurate ; but the error must be iiiconeidcrablu. t I I. 674 SYDNEY. wr ■r" C(mmm;)(i'on 0/ Spiriti.—^e ne«d not b« turpriier), considering ] nual nupply of 6 S-8th (raUoni to each iDdiTidual. ft hn h»n pn>. hnvv the [mputation is mate np, lliat (tninkrniiRM sluiuM he rather ' i>osed to lessen this rtpnaumplifn liy increasing the cuslomi ,«.., i«„. :.. K?...- c-,...i. ur^i^- «,™,i ti.. — , -.: r : _ 1 imported spirits, and pmhibiiiiig diililUtioii in the colony, ilm 15, former are already liigh; and it is all but certain that (heir furlher increane., and the prohibition of home distillation, wouhl Rive die to an extensive sniU);((linif trade, and be injurious to the revenue witb. out iN-ing in other respects of any material service. prevalent in New South Wales, and the rorisumplion of spirits pro* Imrtionally f^re.it. In 183.5 there wore enlerel for consuinptinn in the colony ait fullowi : viz., rum 234,763 profif f^allons, brandy 30,433 do., gin 16,267 do., other foreiicn and iJritish spirits 1,205 do., and spiriii produced in the colony, 8,450 do., maklnK in all 291,138 kiI* Ions ; which, taking the population at 90,0iJ0, gives an average an* Moniea, tVcig;htit and Afeontref.— Accounts are kept in sterling money ; but SiMnish dollars are most abundant. Thev pass current at St. each. The weights and measures are the tame aa' those of t^ng* iaiiJ. Ratu of A^mcy^ Commission, and H'^eirthcfiue Rent, (U^reed to at a Muting of the A'tw South tVala ChamUr of Commerctf 1828. Commistion. 1. On all sates r.r purchisen of shii)s and other venels, houses, or lands, where no advance on them has been uiade, 2 1*2 per cent. On all other sales, purchanes, or shipments, 5 per cent. On goods consigneii and afterwards \\ithdnwn, or sent to public auction, if ao advance on them has been made^ 2 1-4 per cent 2. On giving orders for the provision of goods, 2 1-2 per cent. 3. On guaranteeing sales, bills, bonds, or other engagements, 2 1-2 per cent. 4. On the management of estates for others, 6 per cent. 6. Ou procuring freight or charter, and on freight collectedi 5 per cent. 6. On insurances eflected, 1-2 percent. 7. On SHitling losses, partial or general, 1 per cent. 8. OneAecting remittances, or purchasing, selling, or negotiating bills of exchauge, 1 per f-ent. 9. On the recovery of money, 2 1 2 per cent. If by law or arlitn. linn, 5 per cent. 10. On collecting house rent, 5 per cent. 1 1. ()n atteii'Iing the delivery oi contract goods, 2 percent. 12. On becoming security for contracts, 6 per cent, 13. On ships' disbursements, 5 per cent, 1-1. Ou obtaining money on rr-9fH)U f>n by increasing IhecuMdmi iliiliwor. ing (liilillaliou in the roloiiy. Ilul ibc It ii all but certain that ifiiir furlhrr nf hnine diatillation, would give riie lo , and lie injurioui to the revenue wilb' any material service. y, 8 I 2 per cent. If by lavr or aibitn. 5 per cent. • of coiilraci goods, 2 per cent. • conlncis, 5 per cent. 6 per cent. e5)H)u whatsoever, 11. lOi. iictncet. ioneere, annually • • and spirits, to retail, do, • lling, do. • kers, do. ' II i. I. 2 ii 25 20 ( F.wiffration to M'ew South H'alen linliU nut severnl ailvnntafirg to lli« hiilnnlrinii.i niiiii.'r;iiil, wliitli, however, are partinlly nl least, if llitty he not wholly, roiititcrviiili'il hy stiiiitry (li.iiiilviiiiinncs. 'I'liore iiat all times a pretty hrink (iHinaiid for adilltioiml labour ; whkks, thniiKh not extrnvai'itiil, are high ; piiiviainns, except in years of drouKhl, are iiioderately rlii'ap; anil ahove all, tiDM'liiiiiite is mild, bealtliy, and siillnhic for European conRlitutlonH. Tin' treat drawharks are,— the iininiMiM' ilivtanru Itoin Europe, and the conseiiuent coHtol'ihe voyaRc ; the (.'fiicral inreriorily and lii<;h |irice of the land ; the freqtient recurrence of droughts ; and the lartte ainoiiiil of convict pojiiilatiiin.— 'I'liu crealcr niilil- itess and salubrity of the climate appears to he the principal, or rather perhaps the only reconinienda- Iion, i" favour of ennigrating to .Australia rmher than to Canada or the Unitcil SialeM. Whether, iKjwever, this be a siifHcient counterpoise to the peniliar dlsadvantaves altrnilini: ii, is a point which «c (l<> not presume to decide, but which deserves the most serious coiisiileraiinn rrnin inlrndiiif; enii- jraiits. It seems to be the unanimous opinion of every one ac(|uainteil with lhy lite Emigration Conimissiitiiers, " is extravagant and ridi- tuloui' *' Common labourers,"' they say. "do not earn more than tl. to 5l. per week, wilh rations and lodgings ; mechanics out of StJneydonot average more than 15/. tn2ii/. (ler aiiiiiiin, wilh ra- tioni, Ac. ; mechanics of the highest qualifications, in Sydney, do not iten^e more than 2/. per week the year niund. Agricultural la- tMjnn, capable of managing a farm' in the capacity of bailit)', not Dorethan I3J. to 20/. per annum, with rations, and hut to live in ; ud persons of hi^fher grades and similar occupations cannot get Doretlian 4W. to 60). per annum and rations." In corioboration of the accuracy nf these statements, Mr. Carmi- tiiel fives the substance of a letter from William M-Flierson, Ksq., ojlleclor of internal revenue, and secretary of the Emigrants' Friend Sotielv, dated the I8lh of June, 1833. "Good mechanics," says he, "can earn, in Sydney, from 30l. to tOf. per week, without board or lodging?: and in the country from 101. to 301. |)er annum, with house and rati ^ns.* "Common labourers in Sydney obtain about Ms. per week, with- out l»ard or lodging; ami in the country, about 12/. per annum, with teD«(or rather hut) and rations.* "\Va?es given to farm servants vary with their qualifications ; 50/. to 60/., wilh a house and rations, may be considered the highest run given lo overseers of a superior description, and 20/. to 25/. to IlKHe of humbler pretensions. "Their being married or single makes, in general, no difference in the tale of wages, unless where the females are expected to perform m domestic duties : but rations are usually given to the wife and ciiiLiieii of a married overseer as well as lo himself, "Good ploughmen, or shepherds, obtain from 15/. to 20/. with a buieaml rations. " Wages of domestic servants are— Ofaiingleman - - - from £. 12 to £.20 of a single woman • ■ • — 8 • 15 1)1 a married couple - • - — 20 • 30 ".V. jB.— A married pair of emigrants may easily find a small twue, containing 2 apartments, lo accommodate them on their arri. til, at a weekly rent of from It, to lOi. ; and an unmarried man may Weeand lioard for lOj.fid. per week."— (CoimicAac/'i rroci, pp. 50, SI. Sydney ed.) Mr. Carmichael gives in the 2d edition of his trad, published at SnioeT, in January, 1836, the following details as to the descriptions ofvroikmen that were ttien most in demand in the colony with the •ijes they were accustomed to earn : — Raltiiiilders, 6s. to 8i. per day.— See Shipwrights. firickniskers, 8i. lo lOt. per thousand for making.— Good workmen will always find employment. Mliyers, 6i, to 7>. per day.— Ditto, ditto. Blickimiths, 24f. to ilt, per week.— Good workmen in demand. Bres'ers, Maltslera, 3s. lo 4f. per day.— Brewers are increasing. Com* inon labourers employed. Cliairmakers, 25i. to 30s. per week — Market glutted at present. Cirpenlers, 5i. 6d. to 7». per day.— Always in demand, especially good workmen. * "The rations allowed to free labourer! may be rated per week iilolloivs, viz. — Flour Beef and mutton Tea ) , Supr 5 ' tThis latter (the milk), being given in lieu nf tea and sugar. So Ikit Islnurers, if well-benaved and industrious, are sure to nisc tbutelves above the station which they occupy >t home." ZJ».or. I,ti. m. ■ 10 Tobacco ■ • . 2 - 10 Salt ■ ■ ■ - 2 - 2 Soap. Milkt - ■ ■ 2 . I • Tquarti Caulkers, Rt. to 9t. per day.— Work tjsually done hy shipwrights. Cwpera, It. lo tf*. per Jay.— EniplDyniciit uiiceitain. Yel t}ieultiii< tr.iJe is good, and coustquenily uughl to pi->.iiiise einployineiit lor coopers. Coniposilon, 2'»i. to 33j. per week.— A few s'eady men wanted Xo supi Liiil ilruiikar)^ Cabinet linkers .iiid I'phohtereri, 5j. to 7i. per day.— Not at present ill demand except as carpenlert. Cooks, 5». 6d to IOj. per week, and rations.— Men nsmlly employed. Careful servaDts of this description, of sober aud steady habits, warned. Coppersmi'hs 30*. to 40j. fwr week.— Good workmen would find employment. Dairy Women, 10/. to 151. per annum, lodging and rations.— In ex- treme demand. Enfinee rs, 24i. to 42». per week, and rations.— The cluss of men here meant are properly engir.e-men aii. lo 3j. Grf. p( r rod. Field l^lxiurera, 3i. per day, or 5*. per week, and rations.— All kinds of field labounrs in demand. Gardeners, 1;')/ lo 40/. per annum, and rations. See vine-dressers. Glaziers, 5f. 6(£. to 6f. &' per day.— Ahliough much gl ziiifE ii done in the colony, the division of lalKiur is not eilousive enough to cucourage atiy gUxier lo en.igrate as a separate tradesman. Harness makers, ::i. per day.— rrincipaily supplied t^y imjK}rla'iun. Yet harness making may be expected in the couise of time to b« strictly coicnial, aud therefore to employ maiiy haiuls. Joiners, 6*. 6rf. lo 6j. 6t/. per day.— Goo«i workmen in demand. Iron-founderSf 24#. (o 40». per week.— Good worknicu would find employment. Locksmiths, 6«. to 7». per day.— A few good geneiul workmen would find employment, Millwrigtits, 6i. to ^t. per day. — The sort of hands wanted are men who have t>cen accustomed lo fit up wooden gear. Milkmen, 10/. to 15/. per annum, aad rations. — All kinds of hus- bandry-men in demand. Nailers, 40f. per week, and upwards.— Good wr.ikmen sure to find employment. Nails have lieen im[)orted largely of late. Parchment makers : sheepskins Id. to 2d. each.— In the course of time, parchment is likely lo be manufactured for exportation. At present, there is at least one parctiment maker in f^ydney; two could not support theinselves by their trade. Plasterers, 42*. [ler week — In demand. An encellent trade. Ploughmen) 10/. to 12/. per annum, lodging and rations.— All agricul* tural labourera, ahephenls, sheep-shearers, kc. may be so rated. Plumbers, 6#. to 7*. per day.— One or two might find employment. Potters, rated as labouring men. — An extensive manufactory of coarse earthenware is just eslahlished, capable of supplying the wants of the colony. One or two good hands might find eutploy* ment. Printers and pressmen, 2')#. to 30*. per week.— Sober steady mea nee-meD, 4*. lo 6». per day.— Always find employment. ^ddlcrs, 4f. to 5«. per day.— Chiefly supplied by iinporlation. See harness maken. Sawyen, 6i. to It. 6d. per 100 feet.— Good workmen in great re- ones*. Shipwrights, It. to S#. per day.— Plenty of employment for good workmen. Shoemaken, Si. to 7<. per day.—Tn considerable demand. A good trade. Most work on their own hmd. Some earn lOi. per day. Sailors, 60f . lo €0f. per month.— Always in demand. Smiths, bt. 6d. to 7f. per day.— Good workmen will findcmplof ment. c:r d« ,«w '»• :f- %W' " 91 1 .:3 iC. .) •■« jf^ •■«• 3 ,^ ,*- •-5» C29 576 SYDNEY. T*ilnra,St. InTi per d>jr.— In demand. Piece-work onC'lhird higher Iban in Enclaud. Tumera.— A few might wnrk profllabljr on their own accdunt. Vine dreaaerif tOI. to 40/. or upwarda per annum, according to qua- lificatinni.— Oanlenen alvvayi in demand. Ttie vine tie^ina tn tie eiteniivetjr cultivated, and proper and ikilful vine.dreaaen are likely lu tind encouragement. Wheelwrighia, Sf. lo 6». per day, or ISI. lo 201, per annum, uj rttioua.— Uencral workmen alwaya find empUiymeut. The above emhracea all thoac departmenta of mechanical and com innn labour fur which there it at prcteni any adequate deni.iijd iu |i> colony. Prices. — A knowledge of the prices of the principal articles of subiistence is as necessary to pnable any one to form a correct estiiiintc of the ndvnnlages likely to be realised hy emigrating, as a kiirm-. ledge of the wages of labour. I'rovisinns at 8ydney are, generally speaking, cheap except in 8i;h.si)iii of drought ; but as these are unfortunately of freiiueul recurrence, (he labourer is exposed tn cnngj. derable vicissitudes. We give below an account of the average prices of the principal ariiclo of provision at Sydney during the allernnto months of 1833. It must, however, be reuieuiliurol Hm that was a season of rather severe drought, which has a powerful influence over prices. In ordinary seasons, butcher's meat, at tiydney, does not exceed from Id. to %i, per lb., and bread (loaf of 4 lbs.) bd. The prices of the principal articles of provision in the market of Sydney, in January, 1833, a plentiful season, were as follows : — Article!. Beef, per tb. per quarter Do. joint, per lb. Veal do. Mutton, do. Do. carcaaa Pork, joint • • Do. carcass Couple of fowla Do. of ducks Turkey Prices. L. I. 2 li to 21 - 5—00 2i— li — 41 -0 2| -0 — 6—0 0—0 Articlea. Goose Freih butter, per lb. S^lt do. do. • Cheese ... Wheat, per bushel - Maiae ... Birley . - - Oats- Hay, per Ion, from English seed 1)0. do. colonial Iricii, n I. d. 4 /,. to u 6 U - 8-0 4-0 4-0 6-0 9-0 6-0 - 8 0- Rationa fnr Cotiutcd.— The weekly rations of the convicts are 12 lbs. of wheal, or 9 lbs. of flour, or 3 I 2 lbs. of nmize and 9 lbs. of wheat, or 7 lbs. of 2d Hour ; ? lbs. of beef or mutton, or 4 1.2 Ibe. of salt pork ; 2 oz. of salt ; 2 oz. of soap, Ifiauranre.- Different joint stock insurance companies have been eatablished at Sydney, for the insurance rtf shitn, houst^, and lives. The Australian .Mirine Insunnce Company divided 18 per cent, nett profit for (he year ending 31st December, 1835. The customary pre- mium on vessels engagetl in the whale Rshery, is from 8 to 10 guiueas for 12 inonlliA, or from 8 to 14 guiueas for the voyage. Banking would seem to t>e one of the nmst prnntable modes in which capital can be invested in New South Wales. Four joint stock banking coin|)ariies were carrying on business at Sydney in Decem- ber, 1833. Uf these, the bank of New Soutli Wales, established in 1816, is the molt ancient. All of them i^nue nolcs payat>le on de- mand : and tlieir profits vary from 15 to 22 per cent, on the paid up capital. They allow from 4 to 5 per cent, iiitt^resl on deposits. Sub- joined is a slate of the atTairs of the Bank of New South Cvalea on the 31st December, 1835:— Average Prices of the undermentioned Arti.:Ie8 of The clothing to »vhich they are entitled consists of i (rociii ™ jackets : 3 pair of shoes, of rtuut and durable leather ; 3 shirts ' itJ, of Irowsers ; 1 bat or cap. ' ' Debtor. L. I. d. Capital paid up (3,820 U Notisout - 31,209 l)e|»>sits ■ 122,008 2 2 Frolit ■ ■ 8,360 6 Unclaimed (Tit. 214 12 6 Total - 24.'),6ai 15 2 Creditor. L. I. d. Coin and bullion S3, 1 59 6 5 Hills ■ iw.ne 6 T Mortgagee . 2,9 Ood employ meul. low departmenta of mechanical and cnm- ii at prttcDl any adequate deiuaud iu Uk Slice it a« necessary to onnble ed l)y eiiiigraling, as a knnw. iking, cheap except in seiisom lalinurer is exposed In coiisi. ices of llie principal aniclci However, be reuieiiilitTi'd ihai snce over prices. In ordinary per lb., and bread (loaf of 4 ly, in January, 1833, a plentiful Irict'i. iieed I L. I. d. L. 1. i. 4 to u e 010-013 8 — 1 4 — 008 3 4-040 3 6-040 2 9-030 2 6-029 6 — 800 4 - r, Ihey are entitled consists of 2 (tocIli r, (iluut and durable leather; Dsliins; 2 piii Creditor. i 1. d. 2 2 6 12 6 L. ..i Coin and bullion .53,159 6 5 Hills - IS9,I46 6 7 Mortgagea • 2,9b« 2 i tliargea • Moo Total 2r,,i;oi 15 2 15 2 nl. for the half year, being 21 per ceol. ptt t SyiJney during the Year 1835, ptember. November. DecemUr. ! ». d. I. d. f. . .^ :ua(t!ar''i i i..a i ! ti** % supposing an emigrnnt'a family to consist, servants includeil, of seven grown up persons, hj would save 77/. on the mere expenses of the voyage by going to Canada rather than to ^^w South Wales! It docs appear to us that govtjrnincnt should pay some regard to ihiscir. I cumstanco in fixing the price of land in Australia. In our view of the matter, it vvoulj be both just and expedient to allow all emigrants to Australia who made purchaser of lani|,j j deduction from its price equivalent to the sum which the passage out costs them over and above what it would have cost them to go to America. This would be a great relief to small capitalists ; and, even with this regulation, the balance would still incline, in the opinion of most persons, very much in favour of Canada. But, however modified, the principle of the measure is, we apprehend, radically bad. If the Americans exacted the same price for their public lands that we do, something inirthi [^ found to say in favour of extending the principle to Canada. They, however, do nothing of j the sort; but sell much better land at a decidedly lower price. Hence, if this prcpostcrouj scheme do not discourage emigration, it will assuredly turn the tide from our own colonies to the United States. And though it had no such etfect, it would still be highly objection. able ; inasmuch as it cripples the resources of the colonist at the very moment when they are most indispensable, and deprives him of funds which he would have laid out better than it is easy to suppose, they can be laid out by government. The mode of letting hmd bt tine, that is, by the receipt of a large sum of money on the tenant's entry to a farm,— the rent during the currency of the lease being proportionally small, — has been severely cen. sured by oil the best agricultural writers; and for the very sufficient reason, that it deprives I the tenant, on entering into his farm, of the greater part of his capital, and disables him from undertaking any considerable improvements at the very time it is most essential he should set about making ihcm. And yet we are loudly called upon to do the same thing by the settlers in a new colony, — who, for the most part, emigrate only because they have little ot no capital, — that is so justly condemned at home. This precious project has actually been trumpeted forth as a signal discovery that was to be productive of the very greatest utility; and a society has been formed to promote colonisation, on the avowed principle of renderin? it much more difficult than it has ever hitherto been for a colonist in the lower walks of life to acquire land and become independent ! If slaves could be imported into a colony of this sort, there might be some chance of its succeeding. But while land of the very bent (juulitu may be had in the valley of the Mississippi for about a dollar an acre, or less, we think bet- ter of the common sense of our countrymen, than to suppose that any one able to carry him- self across the Atlantic will resort to Australia under the auspices of any company of the sort | now alluded to. In cnmpiling this nrticlo we liHve made use of the Report of Mr. Bigge on the Jiffricultiire and Tndi of JVew South IVales, being Pari. Paper, No. 136. Sess. 1823 ; Report of Commissioners nf Inquiry, Pnl I Paper, No. 328. Sesg. 1€31 ; Papers laid before the Finance Committee ; the excellent JVew Suutk Huliil Calendar and Directory for 1836 ; the worlts of Messrs. Sturt, Breton, and others ; the tract of Mr, I Carinichael, &c.; hut we are indebted for by far the most interesting portion of uur information lii| exceedingly valuable private communications from the colony. SYRA, the ancient Sycros, one of the islands of the Greek Archipelago, in the group I called the Northern Cyclades. It is from 7 to 8 miles long, and 4 broad. Though rugged, I it is tolerably well cultivated, and produces corn, wine, cotton, olives, figs, &c. The popu- lation, in 1830, is set down by Mr. Urquhart at 4,500 ; but we have been assured that it is, I at present, little if at all short of 7,000. Pherycides, one of the most celebrated of the ancient I Greek philosophers, the disciple of Pittacus, and the master of Pythagoras, was a native of I this island. The port is on the east side of the island, in lat. 37" 26' 30" N., Ion. 24° 55' E. It affords I excellent anchorage for vessels of light draught, and is capable of accommodating a few even] of the largest ships. In consequence partly of the advantages it enjoys through the pos-j session of its port, but more of its central situation, Syra has recently biecome a considerable] commercial entrepot ; and has attracted a good deal of the carrying trade that formerly cen-f tered at Smyrna, Constantinople, &c. A few miles to the east of Syra, lies Delns. This island, regarded in antiquity with peculiar vene-i ration, from its being the birthplace of Apollo and Diana, is no less celebrated in the commercial ihanl in the religious history of ancient Greece. Its sacred character, by insuring its immunity frnm tioslilei attacl established in Greece, that sliel mentioning, as striltinglyeyinc-F J and the little Dclos are uninha-l I in the early part of last centurrJ \. paying to the Grand Seignioral l/edu Levant, iioedAomlW-} ^felos, though but a very indiffer- T. TACAMAHAC, a resin obtained from the Fagara octandra ,- and likewise, it is sup- posed, from the Populun halsamifera. It is imported from America in large oblong masses wrapt in flag leaves. It is of a light brown colour, very brittle, and easily melted when heated. When pure, it has an aromatic smell, between that of lavender and musk ; and dissolves completi'ly in alcohol, water having no action upon it, — (T/iomson's C/ieniistri/.) TAt'ANROG, a city of European Russia, on the north coast of the Sea of Azof, near the mouth of the river Don, lat. 47° 12' 40" N., Ion. 38° 39' E. Population from 7,000 to good. It has a naval hospital, a lazaretto, &c. ; and there are annual fiiiis in May, August, and November. Taganrog is a place of considerable commercial importance. It owes this distinction to its situation, which makes it the emporium of the extensive countries traversed by theUon (the ancient Tanais), one of the principal European rivers; and which, there is reason to think, will at no very distant period be connected with the Wolga, and consequently with the Caspian Sea, by the completion of the canal projected by Peter the Great. Civilisation is in a very backward state in these regions ; but it is making a constant, thouRh not a very rapid progress ; and as it proceeds, Taganrog will necessarily rise in im- portance. The principal exports are grain, particularly wheat, of which large quantities are Boinelimes shipped ; iron and hardware from Tula ; with cordage, linen and sail-cloth, cop- per, tallow, leather, furs, wax, ashes, caviar, isinglass, &c. The imports are comparatively irillinif, and consist principally of wine, oil, fruit, drysalteries, cotton and woollen goods, dye gtulfs, tobacco, sugar, coffee, &c. By far the largest part of the trade is carried on with Constantinople, Smyrna, and other Turkish ports ; but a good deal is also carried on with the dillerent Italian ports. We subjoin an Official Account of the principal Articles imported into and exported from Taganrog, in 1830 and 1832. Importt. Eiporli. Articles. 1830. 1832. Arlicln. 1830. 1S32. Corhi eal • poods - 3 Copper Coruage > poods 1,141 3,913 Ceffee • — 526 7 -. 19,101 123,245 C'Ot'OD goodi • • val. rou. ■ 1,333 Flax • _ 27 Drv-salteriei - — e6,tJ27 Grain, wheat • • chetws. 437,566 352,041 Fiih • — - 1,197 rye — . 1,060 Fruit • • — 1,032,153 oals ._ 6,730 183 lUaJ - • poodt 322 barley - — 1,592 3,440 LiKWood _ . 4 Hemp • • poods . 8 _ 36,230 33,820 n idej, dressed • — 1,456 819 pncinui itonet • . val. rou. . 900 Iron — 176,912 5,613 Sunr * • poods 2,707 6,993 L«atlier, drened • val. rou. 132 950 _ 22 2.16 undrened • poods 2,714 9,512 Wine • • hhds. > l3,t8S I.inseed ■ CllL'tWB. 4 4,6«8 Champagoe • bottle* . 1,187 Oil, liemp and linseed • • poods 164 437 Potashes .. 139 135 Tallow .. 1,092 6,166 Tiniher, deals, ftc. • val. rou. 90 4'.;i .Sailcloth • pieces l,MI 2,626 Raven-ducks ■ — 2,097 2,0<.8 Wax - . poods 605 2,290 Total estimated value of imports in 1830, 2,SS1,1S.S roubles ; ditto of exports, 11,011,616 roubles ; so Ihattlie exports exceed the imports by the buiii of 8,430,463 roubles. Arrivals and Departures of Ships in 1830 and 1832. Arrived. 1830. 1S32. Sailed. 1 1830. 1832. From AmIriJ .... I^iinlilinds .... liilUii Stales . ■ • . Mil I RiHsiwi ports . - - • Turkey .... Shipi. 6 1 ' 400 Shifl. 2 19 1 1 294 To Austria .... France .... Greece .... limian Islands .... Italian Slates .... Malta Russian ports .... Turkey .... Total Shipi. 2 3 6 85 S I 307 SMg,. 21 10 6 103 6 170 324 Total 412 318 408 The Turkish vessels are generally of but small burden. Moneys, If'eighls, and Measures, same as those of PETERaBURGH ; which see. Sra of .^lof.—The navigation of this sen, the Pains Mrrotis of antiquity, is impeded by numeroiia ihoals, and can neither li« eiili-red nor safi ly navicated by vessels drawing more than 11 or 12 feet water. Us cnatt-st deptli in the micldle is almut 7 fathoms ; but it shnals gradually to the sides, and alTaEanrna ihcre Is only from 9 to 10 feet water. Its depth is, however, materially BlTected by the direction and strength nf the winds. The only entrance to this sea is by the Straits of Yenikale, the Boiphiirus Cimmeriiis of the uncients, a iiarriiw and ditricult (lassnge, having in some places not more ten 13 feet water. Owing to the crent riiiaiitity of fresh water poured into the Sea of Azof, and its limited niagniiiiite, its water is brackish merely. It is iinnaviirahle from November to April, during llieereater part iif which time it ii! generally I'lnzen over. — (JVurie's Sailinff Directions for the JHediter- ranruii and Black Seas; Jinnuaire ilu Commerce Maritime for 1833, p. 161. iStc.) We ovilil ourselves of ihii opportunity to lay before our readers the following details with respect to the :;l' yiii^ iii ^WtP." *■■ If 1 .■r..N,.|| ■""■"J '" :;,aa.ii 580 TAGANROG. Tmadb, etc. of tub Caspian Rba. Quantity and Value of the Articloi imported frnm Fureign Ports into the Russian Porti of the Csi. plan, in 1H3I. Arliclei. (juanlitin. Vtlua. Arlickt. (Quantities Vil,„. Rie* I'iih and aviir • ■ . Fniit ..... Tobuco, ipicn, idJ lundry prod- linni .... Mwlirinil dru„i Hiwcollnn .... Cnttnn twist .... lUwiilk . . . . Twislol lilk .... Poodi. 13,245 7,1H7 8,903 94 RolibUt 2tl.47-. 6»,32J 16,399 ff.lSI iai,3f.H 226,1X2 1,471,710 3,743 Midder .... Drysilteriei .... IsitiKlau . . , . (,'nlttni rondl .... Silk (CHkll .... \V(inllcii pwdi, ihani., nirdiei, ftc. Fun ..... Sundries .... Tnlsl • I'oodt. 16,166 4'J«Ali ::<).7II 9l(j,,«i 7J,^- 3,9l3.i^ Account or the Quantity and Value nf thn Articles exported Troin Russian Porta on the Caspian, lo Foreign Porta on ditto, in IbSI. Articles. (^lantities. Value. Rmhltt. Aiticles. ({uantitirs. V.I..,, Rnndies, and other spirits VPdrr)S 3,101 21,7.17 Hempen and flasen goods 4'' It'', Silt . . . poDds 45,400 S'l.l'OO Cnttmi Koods .... T>-t<()2t; Su,M) Kjiw tiides skins 719 4,140 Wooden ware .... Colouring materials . 131,4:12 Sundry manuracturoi 22. h t otton twist poods 150 5,799 Fuis . . . • . «l.'il Riw s Ik — 8a2 125,694 Sundries .... l,TI>j Feattifn, wax, teeth, isinglass, Ac. . . 12,121 ToUl . Linens .... ■ 23,233 Vi\m Shipping. — ArrivaU at, and Departures from, the Russian Ports of the Caspian, in 1831. Arrived. Departed. At what Port. Number or Ships. Tonnage. From what Place. From what Port, Astrakhan Baku Asirakhan Baku . Astrakhan Number of Ships. Tonnage. To whil Pliet. Astrakhan naku AMrakhao Baku . Astrakhan Total 13 22 33 93 10 4,192 6,918 1,440 From Russian ports From Fersiin ports From Maogishlak 34 34 15 93 13 1 9,130 1 3,544 1,756 To Huiiian pom To Persian porii To Mansijhlak 173 12,550 Total 191 14,450 JV. JS.— Of the vessels here described, only 1 Persian arrived, and 1 ditto departed, of burilen un. known. Map^nilude of the Caspian Sea. Ports, Sfc, — The Caspian Sea, or rather lake (the Man Ht/rcanuin of the ancients), extends lengthwise from N. to S. aliout 740 miles, varying in breadth from 112 to 275 miles. In some parts, particularly on the southern shores, it is so very deep that a line of 450 fathoms will not reach the bottom ; whereas, in the norlhern jiarts, and opposite to the mouths of the Wolga, it is comparatively shallow ; and owing to the frequent occurrence of shoals, it is not safely navig;ited by vessels drawing more than 10 or 12 feet water. Its level had been variously estimated by Olivier and Lowitz, at from 64 to 53 feet below that of the Black Sea ; but according to the recent observations of M. Hum- boldt, the difference of level between them is no less than 300 foet ! We confess, however, that we are not without our doubts as to the perfect accuracy of this statement ; and would not have been inclined to attach much weight to it had it proceeded from any inferior autho- rity. The water of the Caspian is not salt, but brackish merely ; it has no tides, but gales of wind rai.se a very heavy sea. It is extremely prolific of fish and seals. The value of the sturgeon caught in the Russian fisheries amounts to a very large sum. (See Stimirkox FisiiF.ur.) They proceed in shoals up the rivers, where they are captured without the loasl apparent diminution of their numbers. The salmon is remarkably fine ; and herrings are in such abundance, that, after a storm, the shores of the Persian provinces of Ghilan and Md- zunderan are nearly covered with them. — {Kmnier's Memoir of I he Persian Empire,]). 6.; Memoir on the Caspian Sea, in Malle-Brun's Geography ,• Huinboldl, Fragmens de Geo- logic, ,230 10,970 2. 860 12,897 118,5.58 93.^20 103,029 48,397 32,692 26,80.-1 1,390 27,915 139,8S5 31,478 8,735 7,' 02 j[f)0(ll ■ 651.677 547,816 531,613 1,299,495 I,7.'>4,b64 908,673 675,693 ,53li,S37 Sit lOTll 34,6:12 32.132 36,100 191,383 148,346 I23,'>!J0 9i,3€9 S'-.eOJ Sbaivli, pnlles, inJ other nooilcin • 2,736 19,696 7,6 ■'7 11,218 24,21.3 42,313 62,282 7,210 Drag', tobacco, fiih, fruit, irnl Toul "liie of imporla Exporti. Siphlhi Sill • go,&c. Rru. 104,621 75,061 59,426 297,760 460,858 3,66i,267 208,052 117,436 24^963 1,020,278 1,160,837 841,963 2,755,754 2,184 668 2,000,315 1,702,460 600,740 233,707 111,899 274,M0 352,863 4i7,2l2 (no partictilara.) I 125,580 2,970 970 35,595 47,520 66,170 6,r,fio 3S,900 Saffron- • • . 608,878 270,960 8,330 298,670 108,037 81,3-9 (uo particuljrs.) | Drap, t"M threaJ, apices, writing ' pijjti, fura, &c. Tot 'lvalue of exporti Rou. 88,078 1,223,253 138,690 108,620 229,739 639,204 276,320 442,382 1,047,173 (no particular!.) 1 646,317 1,248,289 753,742 386,527 536,016 1 TALC, a species of fossil nearly allied to mica. It is soft, smooth, greasy to the feel, and mav be split into fine plates or leaves, which are flexible, but not elastic. It has a greenish, nhitish^ or silver-like lustre. The leaves are transparent, and are used in many parts of In- dia and China, as they were used in ancient Rome — {Plin. Hist. Nat. lib. xxxvi. c. 22.) — in windows instead of glass. In Bengal, a seer of talc costs about 2 rupees, and will some- times yield a dozen panes 12 inches by 9, or 10 by 10, according to the form of the mass, transparent enough to allow ordinary subjects to be seen at 20 or 30 yards' distance. It should be chosen of a beautiful pearl colour ; but it has, in general, either a yellowish or faint blue tinge. Its pure translucent flakes are frequently used by the Indians, for orna- menting the baubles employed in their ceremonies. Talc is employed in the composition of rouge ves^etal. The Romans prepared with it a beautiful blue, by combining it with the colouring fluid of particular kinds of testaceous animals. Talc is met with in Aberdeen- sbire, Perthshire, and BanfTshirc in Scotland ; and in various parts of the Continent, where rocks of serpentine and porphyry occur. The talc brought from the Tyrolese mountains is called in commerce Venetian talc. Several varieties are found in India and Ceylon. — {Tliomsoii's Chemistry; Rces's Cyclopsedia,- MilburrCs Orient. Com.; Ainslie's Mat. Indica.) T.\LLOW (Fr. Suif; Ger. Talg ,• It. Sevo, Sego ; Rus. Sah, topknoe ; Sp. Sebo), animal fat melted and separated from the fibrous matter mixed with it. Its quality depends partly on the animal from which it has been prepared ; but more, perhaps, on the care taken in ita purification. It is firm, brittle, and has a peculiar heavy odour. When pure, it is white, tasteless, and nearly insipid ; but the tallow of commerce has usually a yellowish tinge; and is divided, according to the degree of its purity and consistence, into candle and nap tallow. Tallow is an article of great importance. It is manufactured into candles and soap ; and 3c2 682 TALLOW. •■r ir ■ ♦5u 1- * -mmr c ;nir>l *:;,aa.i is oxlen«ivrIy used in the drcRsini;; of leather, and in various processes of the arts. Bosirle, our extensive supplies of native tallow, we annually import a very large quantity, priiui(ii,|| from Russia. The exports of tallow from PclcrslmrBh amount, at an avorape, to liciwee„ 3,500,000 and 4,000,000 poods, of which the largest portion by far is brought to Eii.^|i,„j. the remainder being exported to Prussia, France, the Hanse Towns, Turki'y, &c. We borrow from the work of Mr. Uorrisow, on the Commerce of Pctersburgh, the fo|. lowing details with rcspoct to the tallow trade of that city : — Tallow is divided into dilVi-rent Borts ; nainnly, white and yidlnw ennrf/e r«J/nw, and common ini Hiheriiiii »»op taWiiii ; hIiIioukIi it la nllovved liinl tlio suiik! norl often ditlVrs in (iiialily. Tallow is liroiii,'lit to PelorBbiirgli frmn tliu iiilcrior ; and tliH ImjhI snn|) tallow Iroin Sihoria, by va,, 0118 rivers, to the lake Ladoga ; and llienci', by the canal of KchltisaolhiirB, to the Neva. An ainbare, or warelioiise, Is appro|>rlated to the reception of tallow, wlii-re, on its arrival, ii |, ■elected and assorted (.bracked). The casks are then marked with three circniar iitanips, wliiclisiai, the <|iiality of the tallow, the period of HclcclinR, and the name of the selector (ftnirfccr). The casks In which white tallow Is hronght have a siiiunlar appearance; their form lii'iiiginiiirai and their diameter at one end about i^ feet, and at the other only U foot : the casks of yellow laiiii^! are of the common shape. There are al-so others, denominated i casks. To cnli'iilate the tare, the tallow is removed from a certain number of casks, which arc wci"||p^ and an average tare Is thence dednced for the whole lot. A cask weighs Hi, U, 10, or 1 1 per cojii' i,m the average Is generally abimt 10 per cent, of the entire weight of tallow and cask. Yellow candle tallow, when good, should be clean, dry, hard when broken, and of a titii; y(>||„j, colour throughout. The while candle tallow, when good, is white, brittle, hard, dry, ami cleitn. The liest white liillow is brouulit from Woronesrh. As for soap tallow, the more greasy and yellow ji J the better the quality. That from Siberia is the purest, and commonly f.nchcs a higher [irice than iiie other sorts. Formerly the oil and tallow warehouses were the same ; and this occasioned great difflniiltjeg in shipping, because all vessels or lighters taking in tallow or oil were obliged to haul down to ihc g,„ frare, and wail in rotation for their cargoes. The conseiiuence was, that when much biisinpsinvji doing, a vessel was often detained for several weeks at the ainbare before she could get ln-r oiirtoiin board. Now the tallow and oil warehouses are separated, and every article 1ms its own place. When a shipment of tallow is made, the agent is furnished by the selector (brackcr) with a sample I'mnincli cask. Captains, in order to obtain more freight, usually load some casks of tallow npon deck ; hut ji j, more for the inter(!8t of the owner to avoid this if possible, because the tallow loses, through the licai of the sun, considerably both in weiglit and quality. One hundred and twenty poods of tallow, gross weight, make a Pctersburgh last, and 03 poods an English ton. Of I,r7,908cwt. of tallow imported in 1829, l,lfi»,180 came from Russia, 6,143 from the Uniiea Staiei 3,72 2,521 11,779 61.074 4I,03S 3,!)0a,5»7 67,776 3 To Austria - Turkey ■ America • Caipian Sea Alia Geori^ia • iiuudry . Total Poodi 4,205,911 The exports of tallow from Petersburgli, in 1833, amounted to above 4,100,000 poods (see on«, p S92.), being the largest quantity ever shipped in 1 year. The shipments to Great liritaiii weri: ahoui 3,600,000 poods. Supposing the tallow to have been worth, when delivered to the shipper, 35(. a ion, its total value will have been 2,306,150M This statement shows the great importance of this trade. The price of tallow fluctuated very much during the war. This was occasioned, principally, by the obstacles that were at different periods thrown in the way of supplies from Russia. I'he price of tallow is also affected by the state of the seasons. Some very extensive speculations have at various periods been attempted in tallow ; but seldom, it is believed, with much advantage to the parties. Account of the Price of Tallow in the London Market, in the Month of January each Year, from 1S13. Vean. Yellow Soap. Petersburgh. Year». Yellow Soap. Pelenburjli. ! I. d. 1. d. «. rf. 1. d. ». d. 1. d. >. d. 1. d, 1 1813 88 eo 90 80 to 1824 31 to 32 34 to ; 1814 gg 0— 100 94 — 96 1825 None. 37 0- 1815 89 0— 83 — 1826 35 - 33 3 1816 69 - 65 — IS27 38 6 lo 37 0- ISI7 64 0— 64 6 52 - 1828 37 9- 38 37 6 - 1818 77 0-78 74 — 75 1829 39 9— 38 6-39 1 1819 78 0— 74 — 1^130 34 — 35 3- 1 1820 55 0— 66 51 U — 52 ll'SI 45 9— 45 9 - 1821 51 6— 47 — 1832 46 0— 1822 44 0— 39 — 1833 47 6— r { 1823 37 0—37 6 35 - Felereburgli. Ac. duty (3>. 2tf.)paid, cwt Delivery' flrat 3 montha, 1834 Free on board, 1833, toa Soap, cwL Odeau .... Siberia .... htenbuisli OD botrd, ton • Market Letter Conmillce. The following is a statement of the prices per cwt. of foreign and British tallow in the London mar. ket on the 24tb of March, 1634 :— I. d. $. d. 44 to 44 3 43 6-43 9 371. I0/.-37I. 15». 41 6-00 0-00 42 6 — 371. I0«. — Town tallow, cwt . Russian candle Melted stuff Rough ditto Whitechapel Market, stone, St. James's ditto Average ». d. 1. d. 1. l 4H to 4; 45 6-0 46 31 0-0 31 t 21 0-0 til 2 8-0 3 8-0 2 8-0 9 i * The ships, receire, at Elaineur, orders for their ultimate destination, and most of them are for Great Britain. TALLY TRADE. 583 RSRCs of the nrls. Hi>si,|^, Urge qimnlily, priiiii|ii(|iy , at an avcr«(;e, to ln'twcen far is brought to Rii',^hiiia, vns, Tiirki-y, Scv,- •ce of Pctursburgh, the fol. ijirf/e tallotB, and commnn anj rori in aiiiilily. I tnlUiw from Siberia, hy vat,. iirB.lo the Nev'i. w, wlicro, on its arrival, it |, circular manipg, wliitli sm, selector i.briickrr). uice; llieir form lii'ingtonirii, i)t : the casks of yellow u\\„^ ■ of caskii, wlilch nre wciijlifi) h!i Hi, y, 10, or 11 perceiii.bul iw and cask. n lirokcn, and of a tiiiB yellow itlle, hard, dry, and clciin. The ii niore greasy and yellnwiiis, ' f.nclic8 a higher price tliaiitlie occaHioned great difficulties In bliged to haul down to the an- , that when much iMisliicas wji ;fore she could get linr ciirtrion article has its own place. When rackcr) with a sample frnmeath 1 of tallow upon deck ; hut li i, lie tallow loses, through tlie kit !tersburgh last, and 63 pooili an sla, 6,143 from the United Staiei. in 1S32. 2. To Poodi. : AMslriJ lulkey AnieriCA CupiaD AfiA CteorRia Suudry Sea Totil 13,703 192,006 7,7J) a 4i 23 5,931 4,205,919 ove 4,100,000 poods (see anli,f. V>nts to Great Kritain wen; ahoui [livered to the shipper, 35(. a ton, great importance of Ibis trade. ^ts occasioned, iirincipally.byllie lies from Russia. The price ot live speculations have at various lich advantage to the parties. if January each Year, from 1S13 htuw Soip, \Z «. d. 1 to 32 1 None. Petenburgli. I 6 to 19-38 19- |o- - lo— h- «. d. I. 34 lo 37 0- 35 — 35 37 0- 37 6- ,18 6-39 35 3- 45 9- Iritish tallow in the London mar- Market utter ConmitlA me. d. I to 6-0 0-0 0-0 8-0 e-0 8-0 I. d. 45 46 31 1 21 2 < Lion, and most of tbem are for T.MiTiY TRADE, the name given to a system of dealino; carried on in London mid other lari?e town*, by whieli Kho(iiditics, in the descriptions given of them in this work. — (For tlio tares at Amsterdam, Ij.mleaiix, Ac., see these articles; see also .\i.uiwancks.) TAKE, VETCH, ou FIT(JH, a plant ( Vicid sniii'ii, Lin.) that has been cultivated in this coimtry from time immemorial ; principally for its stem and leaves, which are used in llie feeding of sheep, horses, and cattle; but partly, also, for its Ben«, for every lOO;, value • . . itl.tnrcvtry lOOi. value . - . . . 1 ilkili, nol l«ing barilla, viz. toy Aflicle cnntnining soda or mineral alkati \vhrreof mineral j aljta i isllie mnal valu.ible|>irt, (such alkali nut being other* 1 viiMiiarliculirly charged BiUuluty,) viz. it nut containing a greater proiiorliou of such alk.iti than \ 20 per cent., per c« I. .... if mntaitiing more than 20 prr cent., anJ not exceeding I 25 per cent, of such alkali, per c«t. ■ I if coniaininc niore Ihan 2:i |)er cent, and not exceeding i 30 per cent, of such alkali, per cwt. . I it containing more than 3t) per cent., and nol exceeding I 40 pei' cent, of such alkali per cwt. - ' if co[ilaiiiing mone than 40 per cent, of such alkali per j cwt. ...... Ditiiral alkali, imported from places within the limits of tlie I'jut India Company's clprter, per cwt. - , Alk^nei root, per cwt. ..... llijunil pule, for every 1001. of the value Aiiijondi, viz. biiipr, cwt. ...... J.Tljn, per cwL --.--. I flfany oilier sort, per cwt. . . , . AlotK. perlb. . ■ . Ihe produce of, and imparted from any Brilisli possenion, per lb. Alum, per cwt. ...... Toch. per cwt. ... - . . Amhf r, rouj^h, per lb. ..... uiiuuhcluresof amber, nol otherwise enumerated or described, 1 prlt. AiTil*r^ris, (>er or. . ■ Awl (ivies, per lb. . • • - « ' Aii^'l'ia, jwrcwl. ...... AELfitiii, per cwt, ...... [ roll, per cwt ...... L. >. d. 10 « 20 II 4 C 13 IS 4 1 3 4 1 10 2 2 60 4 2 1 8 2 17 6 118 6 12 4 I 4 L. t. i. 20 WOO 114 IS 18 4 1 3 4 1 10 As above. 4 la 4 60 1 It 8 4 IS 2 7 6 2 6 9 17 6 118 I 8 60 per cent. 6 I 4 13 4 2 6 8 6 12 Duly, I787.» L. I. d. 27 to I 8 I 8 I 8 I 8 I 8 28 5 per cent. 1 8 27 10 14 2 6 3 1 3 2 I 3 6 7 2 3 1 3 27 10 per cent. 2 112 18 8 ! Free. •By net 27 Gen. 3. c. 13., and 28 Geo. 3. c. 27. .certain goods were allowed to be Imported from France I ind Holland, on payment of duty, until the 10th of May, 180U, although prohibited to be imported from I uher countries. 74 cr M« ••»■ ^ rf m ■at »s '» \? 1 JJ ;c^ y TARIFF. ArIMM Aallinoaf, «lt. oi#, (Wr ton • • • • ■ • cruJo, iMr cwt, •.•••> raRuliit, |>tr cwt •••••■ ApplMt (Mr biHh«l -••••• (lri«•••• Aqu*Iiirli«, |wr cwt. •••••• ArKtil* prr I'wr. ....•• AriBtoliM'tiiii, par lb, ..•••• Arq^ii-buMilB wtitt. Am Splrtli. Arm^« nN)t, |»rr lb, ...,■• Ihe iirnlijcj of, A iiii|»rt«l fmm in; Briilih poMMiloD, ft cwl. Anriiic, |icr rwl. ...... Awtcrbla. Stt lium. Atliff, VII Ixtrl ani pol, per ewl, . . . . - Inipnrfnt r on) Aiijr llriliiti poMMtinn • ■ • in.ip, »Rnl, Ami wihmI, pnr cwt. • . . • ti'ii oihrrwiiu rnuiiitMttil ur ilMcrilml, for tnry lOUI. nlut Aipluliiiiti, pDr cwl. .«.•■* Amt*, mcI) • •••••• I1»rnnf nrr f wt, >.•.•• H.iliiioM)ilF.iJ, .SuBilum. UiU'ini, vii. CiliAibi, per lb, ■ • • • - rspivi, piT cwt. .■■■•• I'erii, \'nr lb, • . ■ • • Rig.i. iH^r lb, ...... and riirlhefi u forcl|ni iplrili, for every gKlloo ■ Tolii, prp lb, ...... balm of OileaJ. »n, viz. ipruce beer, ale, mum, and all other kinda of beer, per barrel, 32 gallona Imp. .... Renjamm, or benzoin, per cwl, . . . . Berriea, viz, bay, juniper, yillow, and any other lort not otherwli* enume- raled, per cwt. ...... Rirdf, viz, iin|(itig birds, per dozen . . . . Ritumen Judaicum, per cwt, ..... Blacking, per cwt, . , . RIadden, per dozen ...... Blubber, See Train oil. In Oil, Bonea nf cattle and other animalt, and of flah, eicept whale fine, whether burnt or not, or aa animal charcoal, for every 1001, value • . . . . . . Bonneti, 5ee Hats. Books, viz, being of editions printed prior to the year IMI, bound or un- bound, |)er cwt, , . . . . . being of editions printed in or since the year 1601, bound or unonund, per cwt. ..... Note.— Far the deacription of books prohibited to be im- parted, see the act litr the rejjulation of the cuitoms (c, 62. s, 58 ), and acta (or securing copyrights. Boots, thoea. and calashes, viz. women's boots and calaahea, per dozen pairs if lined or trimmed with fur or other trimming, per dozen pair . . . . . women's shoes, with cork or double tales, quilted shaea and cloEs, |>er dozen pair ..... if trimmed or lined with fur or any other trimming, per dozen pair- . . . . . women's shoes of silk, satin, leans, or other ttul&, kid, mo- rocco, or other le.it|ier, per dozen pai,* if trimmed or linal with fur ur any other trimming, per dozen pair - • . * . children's lioati, shoes, and calaahea, not rxeeeding 7 inchet in length, to lie chanted with 2 3>lt of the above dulia, ineirt iHM s, ptr doa.;o p.iir .... nien's shoes, per dozen pair - . . , children's boots and shoea not exceeding 7 inches in length, to he charged with 2 3Ja of the above dutiei, Boracic acid, per cwt, ...... Dulr. I It:, 1*84. t. >. A I I 18 4 7 14 10 1 I 8 8 rr«t. I 8 20 4 10 1 8 1 I S Dutr. I8llk £. (. A 4 1 1 1 10 a 1 3 II 4 4 8 1 1 10 8 4 8 4 8 1 8 8 4 8 8 Aa Alkali 8 1 1 1 8 8 2 3 3 8 1 3 3 18 1 20 10 3 2 80 10 1 10 1 16 1 6 1 9 18 1 4 2 14 1 4 4 to 18 8 4 7 14 4 10 t IH ft 14 a per cenL 8 • II I I 10 4 13 8 8 ( 18 11 12 20 31 S IS 10 l.^ 10 1 8 6 1 8 6 3 2 3 2 30 80 10 10 12 Piohibited 8 8 16 »( 3 1 1 1 1 2 3 8 1 6 2 13 13 1 19 4 11 4 Bay on 1 2 18 6 8 8 4 4 13 4 3 12 3 12 6 6 I 6 10 bound. BOO unbound. I..eather 75 per cent. Of lilk prohibited. SO per cent. B»lT, ITT. L. : 4. »7 10 Opercaai, 4 N 4 4 » II » 2 « 4 Free. 3 27 10 per «nt. 4 8 2 3 frw, T 17 10 II 8 27 10 per ceiii, 8 7 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 8 S Iree 27 10 27 10 87 10 per cent, per ti-nl, Operceut. 1 27 10 1 8 10 4 8 31 13 4 4 8 13 3 1 i 27 10 Kbiiir""^ 33 per cm 6 11 5 8 B 18 116 8 BayO 4 11 2 18 17 8 6 B B 'i 27 10 per cent 19 3 bound. 8 10 unbouml. Prohibited. 27 10 percent. TARIFF. 687 Duly, I1IT. Al«W» I Jan., I>34. r Mnl. L. t. 4. 87 10 Mr till'. 4 » 8 4 2 4 3 4 8 rrM. 3 87 10 per rfr.i 4 8 8 3 ttm. 7 87 10 III 8 87 10 pir ceil. oond. inbound. p cent, hibital. 8 7 4 4 1 1 3 a 1 8 1 3 5 5 6 :i free 1 . 8 2 27 10 27 10 27 10 per f e«l |ier tint per icul 1 87 10 1 6 10 4 6 81 13 4 4 6 13 3 1 S 27 10 27 10 per ml Prohibiled. 33 petcenl i II 6 8 8 0I« 2 16 3 n>y0 4 II 2 IB 17 8 6 8 8 37 10 per ceol 19 3 boiini). 8 10 unbouiKl Frohlbitad. I 27 10 Opercfflt. Dor«i rtr tlnnl pvrrwi. • ■ • • * rrlliwJ, per twl. .••«.. ol rtrth nr atoM, emply, p^r ilntell aimI furthur, full lit «iii|>iy. |i«r rwt. -<( Kim C'i\«rflil wiih wit hrr. |>«r «lnMn f|uarlt enotfil iiid furlhffr, iwr ewl ■ . . . . ,.( g.^-ont c*>ntnion (Uh, nnl if Int rnntrni than I pint, and Di.i rt^liic phiaU. . 'ii[iljr, pardnlen <|uarU rtinlant • Bi.iiIm ' f'l'" Ml |la« wara, by >ol 41 Uao. 3. r. 87., •ubjeri ala'r I lb* axciae duly of He, tJ. par call, uulll 4 April, \U% .4 ' ' iiiiimn abv. ^.ll. romnullnx all l>n*flea nf not ( I Ihim l-J ptn( aa of (hfl riiiitrnt ol I 2 pinl, ai ! I « f frKilrrconlenl lliaii l-i pint, and not nf Sreatenniiteiit '/an I pint, nr a mpuie,] p,ni, u nf Iha ron* int of I fiiut or a rapuif ' |,>>il, via. ini ifirte««aaaioo, per doten quarto eon'enl ... . . hMjlptfTtrd from anv fhraiiin place, via. ennlainiiif wlna nr •pirili, par doaan qiiarta ennlani not coiilAuiinf wine or apirita, par doxca quarta coo- lent ...... Eiciaa doty on romtliofl jflaaa bottlea. lae aliove. ef |l.iM, not niherwiaa enumerafiil or laacribad, tot avary lOU/. raliM ... . . ami liirihar, per f wl. ..... A'uf'.— (iailii In whirh wlna or oil la Imported, and gjaaa tmltlra nr Haakt in which tiiinrral or natural water ia iiii|inrle Bniil wrmtl, per Ion • Britillrt'o wnoil, |ier ton .... < imiH^rtrtl from a Rritlah poaacaaion, per too • • DrKtinrriinkera, par 1,000 . . • . . Hi nuliilie, per cwl. ...... nftn«l,orinrolla,p«rewr, . . . . inllniir, parcwt. • ... Iniilfi, III. piugb and in the tufti, and not in any way aorted, per lb, . lo my way aorted or arran^etl in coloura, and not entirety I iDuahand in the liifia, per III. . . . . { AW— If any part of the briitlea in a package be auch aa to be autijert In the hiithrr duty, the whrdu cnntenta of the iiackaae ilull be aubject to the higher duly. Bmcaile of gnid or ailvi-r, for every 100/. value . B/i>uir, all worka of art made (if bronie, par cwt. poiTiler, for every lOOi. value ■ . . . BoflM, via. ireit bugle, per lb. .... . uwll nr leeil biiKle, per lb. Billiiiii ami fiirrign coin, of gold or ailver, and ore of gold or ailver, oriilwtiich the major part in value is gold or aitver • ■ilnulin, per load containing 63 buudlea Btjtifrpercwl. ...... Eiiliou, for every lOOL value . ■ . . . C, Uilo. ml being iron cablca, tarred or untarred, per cwt. aol being iron cablea, in actual uae of a Rritlah ihip, and be- in; At and neceaaary for auch ahip, and not or until other- wiKitiipoaed of . . . . . if, and when otherwiM diapoaed of, for every 1001. value Cmbrin. Hu Linen. CimoDiilc flnwert, per lb. • Cuiphor, per cwt. ...... reftnea, per cwt. -..■•. Cinwood, per ton - . • • (jnllo, viz. ipenTiaretl,perlb. • • • ■ uilow, per cwt. ...... wii, per lb. - Cudliiiiick, per cwt - - . . . CiDclla alba, per lb. - . . . • . CUiCi, viz. tiimboo, per 1,000 - • • . . ntlini, not ground, per 1,000 .... mdciDca, per 1,000 . . . . . wzliiiiig canea or aticka, mounted, painted, or otherwiae oma- meiied, for every loot, value . . . . KhmRFs, Jumboo, ground rattana, dragon'a blood, and other willing canea or aticka, per 1,000 . . . Cistlundei, per lb. . . . . • CiDuichour, per cwt. . ^ . . . . Ci[tn, including the pickle, per lb. ■ - . . Cifiicum. ,S'ae Pepper Cudamomi, per lb. - - - • . • tiitict or preparation nf. .%a Eitract. Cardi, liz. playing carda, the dozen packa Cumina, per nz. ...... Cintl*. &<8uccinum. Ciini(t«, of all aorta, for every toot. valiN Cllk^tmply, for every lOOf. value . . . . Caia,vii. buda per lb. - • . • fitlula, per lb. ...... li(oea,perlb. ••.... imported from uy Britiih poaaeiaioD, per lb. • tailor, per lb. Cui of biuli, itattwa, or (furee, per cwt CHediu. id Terra J»po2ci7 CxluPi the iroaa, eootaiouic 18 doKD kaoti 4 lU 3 8 ■» 1 2 4 U 2 1 4 2 2} 4 20 too 1 30 2 6 2 4 6 3 1 2 6 6 8 8 2| 3t 30 1 2} 2 3 Free. 12 1 20 10 9 Free. 20 3 1 2 6 2 6 3 3 4 2 6 4 8 8 1 S S S 80 6 1 1 6 1 4 6 30 60 1 10 1 6 6 8 6 6 4 Duly, 18181 L. a. A 3 l« ■ 8 8 1 8 8 8 8 I 80 p«f cent. SO 7 18 6 I 13 4 M A 20 18 16 1 2 19 1 I 3 Pmhibited. 6 2 1* per cent. ft". 8 t'lrr H Km 6 7 2 ) ( « « 8 9 i 3 7 doieu Iha. 12 doten lb*. Prohibited. M) percent. 60 per cent. Frr*. 12 1 Prohibiled. 1 6 IS 2 3 3 2 4 8 1 14 I 1 6 6 SO 4 3 6 S 1 8 4 60 60 8 6 10 8 a < « Duly, IT8T U I. *. I * t 12 I I 12 4 I 4 6 4 6 4 6 60 per («nL 27 10 2 i:i i 13 Prnhihitnl. 27 10 per cent. 27 10 por cent. I 2 Free. 4 S 2 6 Prohibited. 8 6 8 6 8 6 87 10 per cent. 1 17 4 3 14 8 S3 per cent. I 4 1 12 S I 8 1 12 8 87 10 percent 2 I 3 19 3 Oil 1 IB 6 per luOO. I 18 6 I 27 10 per cent 8 9 Prohibited. 87 10 per cent 87 10 per cent 8 3 per tun. 87 10 per cent 8 6 888 TARIFF. ■ ••■"■'J* "WW Arliclra. Duty, 1 Jan. 1834. /.. ». d~ Duty, 1819. Duty, 1787. 1 1 L. 1. iL L. : d. Caviar, per cw(. ••..,- 12 12 4 5 Cedar wood, per Inn • imported from any Britiih posseuion, per ton 2 10 10 |20 per cent 31 per cent. Cballi, viz. prepared, or otherwise manufactured, and not otherwise enu* nierated or dficrii«d, for every 100/. value 40 40 27 10 unmanufactured, and not otherwise enumerated or described, for every lOOJ. value • . - * • 20 20 27 10 Cheese, pt:r rwt. ...-•• 116 10 • 1 6 Cherries, per civt, ..•-•■ 18 8 18 8 4 6 dried, per lb. • 8 8 4 5 Chicory, and any other vegetable matter appli,:abie to the uset of chicory or coffee, roasted or grouitd, per lb. 6 20 per cent 27 10 percent Chillies. .S.;e Pepper. China root, per lb. • 3 1 3 5 China, or porcelain ware, viz. plain, f')r every 1001. value .... 15 75 |4T 10 painted, ^ill or ornamented, for every 100/. value - 30 75 Chip, manufactures of, to nialte hats or bouoeti. See Plat- tin|r. Chocolate. Sec Cocoa paste. Cider, per tun 21 10 14 6 ~ 7 7 10J Cider and perry, by act 27 Geo. 3. c. 13., were also subject to an ezcise duty of 211. 7t. 9 l*2d. per tun, which was altered by 43 Geo. 3. c. 69. to 21/. 8f. 4 '3-id. per tun, and so coiitinued until 5 April, 1825, when the same was added to the luty of customs. Cinders, per ton • ■ - - • - 2 2 27 10 per cent. Cinnabarisiiativa, perlb. ..... 1 2 1 Cinnamon, per lb. - ■ - - 1 3 6 4 5 imported from any British possession, per lb. 6 2 6 4 5 Citrate of lime, per lb. • ■ • • • 2 1 6 27 10 percent. i Citric acid, par lb. ...... 6 20 per cent. 27 10 percent. Citron preserved with salt, for every 1001. valus 20 20 27 10 preserved with 8U!;ar. See Succades. Citron water. See Spirits. Civet, per oz. ...... 4 9 4 9 2 Clinkers. See Bricks. Clocks, for every 100/. value . . . • • 25 60 27 10 Cloves, per lb. 3 3 2 8 imported from any British possession in Asia, Africa, or Ame- 1 rica, per lb. • 2 2 2 8 Coals, per ton • • ■ • - • 2 2 16 10 Cobalt, per cwt. ...... 1 20 per cent. 27 10 percent. Cocculus indicus. per lb. .... • 2 6 2 6 5 extract or preparation of. See Extract, Cochineal, per lb. - 6 2 6 Free. the pro luce of, and imported from, any British possession. per lb. 2 10 Tree. dust, por lb. - 2 S Free. the produce of, and imported from, any British posses* sion, per lb. - - - . • 1 2f Free, Cocoa, per lb. 6 Excise. 6 thepniduce of, and imported from any British possession, per lb. ...... 2 Excise. 6 husks and shells, per lb. • 1 Prohibited. Prohibited. pastt* or chocolate, per lb. .... 4 4 ) the produce of, and imported from, any British pones- > Prohibited. Prohibited. sirin, per lb. • ■ ■ - . 4 > Cocoa and cofTee wero also subject to a duty of excise, viz. of the produce of any British possession, per lb. . 1 6) of the produce of any other place, per lb. - . 2 6 1 3 yote — The above excise duties wero transferred to the customs duties in I82S. Cocua wood. See Ebony, Colilla. .SwFlax. Excise. Coffee, per lb. 1 3 2 6 4 the pmiluce of, and imported from, any British possession, in America, |>er lb. • . ... 6 1 1 4 the produce of. and imported from, Sierra Leone, per lb. 9 4 imported (rom any British possession within the limits of the East Intlia Company's charier, per lb. 8 1 1 6 4 imported from any other place within Ihon limits, per lb. 1 4 Coffee was also subject to a duly of excise, se« Cocoa, itipra. Coin, viz. copper. See Copper. foreign, of gold or sil ver. See Bullion. Coir rope, twine, and strands, per cwt. ... 8 1 1 6 8 6 olit, and fit only to be made into mats, per ton 5 60 per cent. 27 10 perccDl. i Coloeynth, per lb. - 2 1 8 6 Colun'ija root, per lb. ..... 2 2 6 Comfits, per lb. • - ... . 1 2 6 6 Copper, viz. ore, per cwt. .... , . 12 1 1 9 the produce of, and imported from, any British possession in America, per cwt. 1 110 9 1 old, fit oidy to be remanufactured, per cwt. 15 1 9 9 27 10 per cent. ! in plates and copper coin, per cwt. 1 10 3 16 unwrou»ht, viz. in bricks or pigs, rose copper, and all cast '' copper, per cwt, ..... 1 7 2 14 2 10 6 in part wrought, viz. bar», rods, or ingots, hammered or rai«ed, per cwt. ..... 1 15 3 IS • 2 2 manufactures of copper, not otherwise enumerated or de- scribe 1, and copper plates cngraveil, for every 100/. value, the produce of, and imported from, any Biilish possession 30 60 Pivhibited. wiihio the limiu of the East India Company's charter, ore, per civt. ..... 1 1 28 6 per cent. Old, fit only to be remanufactured, per cwt. 9 2 9 2 37 16 J per cent. in pla'.ea and copper coin, per cwt. ... 15 15 unwrought, viz. in bricks or pigi, rote copper, and all cast copper, per cwt. .... 9 2 2 37 18 3 per cent in part wrought, viz. ban, rods, or ingots, hammered or raised, per cwt, ..... 1 11 3 i 11 3 manufacturea of copper, not otherwise enumerated or described, and copper plates engraved, for every 100/. value • - . ... 30 60 Frohibiled. Poppenu, viz. blue, jt^T cwt. ...... 6 6 2 4 jreen pircwi. ...... 8 6 1 8 white, perewt, ••.... Oil 12 • 4 1 TARIFF. 580 Articles. 31 per cent. J7 10 per cent. 27 10 percent. 27 10 prr cent. 27 10 gg 6 per ««'• 37 16 3 P« «»'• Conl, vii. in fragmente, per lb. . . . . . whole, poliihed, per lb. • unpilifhed. per lt>. • of Britith fishini; or taking, per lb. - Cordage, tarred or uolarred (itandiog or running rigging, in uie eicrpteil). per civt. . in actual use of a Britiib ship, and being fit and necesaary for such ship, and not or until otherwise disposed of • if and when otherwise dispoeed of, for CTer; lOOL value Cordial waten. Su Spirits. Cork, per cwt. . • . • Corks, ready made, per lb. . Com. Sa vol. i. p. 499. Cotton, viz. nianufacturei of, for every lOOt. value articles of manufactures of cotton, wholly or in part made up, not otherwise charged with duty, for every 100/, value manufactures importM fnim places within the limits of the East India Company's charter, viz. plain white calico and dimity, for every 1001. value muslins plain, and Nanquin cloths, for every 1001. value irticles manufactured of cotton wool, not otherwise charged wilb duty, for every 1001. value . . • . wool, or waste of cotton wool. Set V7ool. I CnalKtriea, per gallon • Crayons, lor every 1001. value .... Cream of tartar, per cwt. . . . . . Crrital, viz. rough, for every lOOL value .... cut, or in any way manufachired, except beads, for every lOOf. value ...... Colxbs, per lb. ...... Cucumbers, viz. picklof. See Pickle*. preterveJ in salt aad water, for every lOW. value • Cclni, perton ...... Currants, per cwt. ...... D. Dimuk. S« Linen. Diles, per cwt. ...... '• Derelict. Foreign goods derelict, jrtsam, flotsam, lagan, or < wreck, brought or coming into Great Britain or Ireland, are i luliji^ci to the same duties, and entitled to the same drawbacks, 1 i,i;oodioftlielikekind regularly impoited. I Dii^rydiuni. See Scaoimouy. j Diamonds ....... I Diaper. See Linen. j Dice, per pair ...... ' Donn, per lb. ■ • . • . I Drawings. .SeePrintf. Dnp, not particularly charged, per cwU IUrtllenwar^ not otherwise enumerated or deKribed, for every 10(1. value j Cbon; of all sorts, per ton the produce of, and imported from, any British poswasion, per ion . . 5ee note at the end of Wood. tip, per 120 Embroidery and needlework, for every lOOI. value • Enaoiel, per lb. ..... Euence, viz. being oil. Stt Essential oil, In Oil. ofipruce, for every 1001. value ... not otiierivise enumerated or described, per lb, Euphnrtii-jm, per cwt. .... Eitnct or preparation of cardamoms, cocculut Indicns, grains, liL Guinea grains of Paradise, liquorice, nux vomica, forevery lOW. value ....•• opium, pepper, viz. Guinea pepper, for every lOOI, value Peruvian or Jesuits' bark, per lb. ■ quassia, tor every lOOL value • • • radiz rhataniae, per lb. ■ vitriol, for every 1001. value Eitnct or preparation of any article not being particularly enn. Derated or deKribed, nor otherwise charged with duty, for (very lOOt value ...... or, and in lieu of any of the above duties, at the option of Ihs importer, per lb. . r. Feathers, viz. lor lieds, in beds or not, per cwt. . • • ostrich, dressed, per lb. . . • • undreiied, per lb. . . . . I not otherwise enumerated or described, vil. dressed, for every 1001. value • undresMd, for every. 1001. value • • filler cwt. . ... Fiu, VIZ. cell, per ship's lading .... lobsteis ...... oyiiers, per bushel .... stock fish, per 120 iiurteoD, per keg, not containing more than S gallon! lurhots ...... finh fish, of British taking, and imparted in British ships or vessels. ...... cured fish, of British taking and curing, and imported in British vessels • . . . . raisi nets, old. Su Rags. Flu, and low or cod ilia of hemp or flax, dressed, per cwt. undressed, per cwt .... Fms.percwt. ..... jDlsam. Sss Derelict. 5ii»errm)ts.forevery low. value • Flonrs, artificial, not made of silk, for nery 1001. nliw Vol II.— 3 D Duty, I Jan. (834. Duty, 1819. L.:d. I 12 6 6 6 10 9 Free. 20 8 7 10 20 10 10 20 40 2 SO U 30 20 2 2 4 4 10 Free. I 6 2 I 3 10 3 30 10 T 2 20 4 6 6 20 10 2 4 I 10 10 20 10 1 I 6 13 I 3 Fi«e. I 6 6 9 Free. Free. Free. L. i.d. I 12 6 5 I 6 I 6 per cwt I 6 per cwt, 8 7 60 60 67 10 37 10 67 10 I 3 40 16 10 20 £0 2 20 2 2 4 4 4 10 3 Free. I 6 2 I 3 SO per cent 7S «4 14 i.« 10 Prohibited. 7 2 20 4 6 3 14 8 7S 76 76 75 60 Option not existing. 4 8 8 2 16 6 I 60 20 1 1 8 13 I 3 Free. I 6 6 9 Free. Fne. I*!**. 19 1 t 10 14 S 5 0I» 90 25 10 60 Duty, 1787. L. I. d. 3 1 1 3 6 6 8 6 8 8 6 6 3 8 6 pergrosai 44 44 6 16 10 18 3 per piece, per cent 60 27 10 27 10 4 per cwt. 8 27 10 percent 2 27 10 12 1 3 7 4 2 6 3 Free. Prohibited. 6 27 10 per cent 41 16 13 13 3 S Prohibited. 3 4 27 10 27 10 per cent 18 8 27 10 27 10 27 10 per cent 27 10 27 10 per cent 27 10 27 10 I 6 8 10 4 6 27 10 27 10 12 10 4 IS « Free. 6 2 1 3 4 Free rra*. riw. 6 4 • rrat. 8 10 87 10 ptrceiL 87 10 fittuL i r 1 600 TARIFF. Articlm. FoHili, not olherwiK enumcralad or dncribed, for every 1001. TtlllU ...... ipMimenfl of. Stt Specimem. Frames for pictures, nrinis, or dravrinp, for eirer; 100/ nlue FrankincenM. Su Olibanum. Fruil, raw, not olherwiie enumented, for erery 100/. value Funic, per Inn . - . . imported from any British poMCttion, per ton O. Galli, per ctrt Gamboge, per cwt - Oaroets, per lb. . cut, ptr lb, ..." • Oauze of thread, for every lOOf. of the value • Gentian, per cwt. . . . - • Ginger, per cwt. . - - - . preserved, per lb, .... the produce of and imported from any British possenion, per cwt. ...... preserved, per lb. | < Ginseng, per cwt. ..... Glau, VIZ. crown glass, or any kind of window glass, (not being plate glau nr German sheet glass,) per cwt. . German sheet glass, per cwL plate glass, superficial measure, viz. not containing more than 9 square feet, per square foot containing more than 9 square feel, and not more than 14 square feet, per squire foot . . . . containing more ihan 14 square feet, and not mor« than 36 square feet, per square foot containing more than 36 square feet, per square foot glass nianuracturea not otherwise enumerated or described, and old broken glasa fit only to be remaoufactured, for every lOW. value .... and further, for every cwt. ... Glass imported was by act 27 Geo. 3. c. 13. free of eicise duty, but by the following acts subject, in addition In the customs duly, to an eicise duty of 6<. 6f. per cwt., viz. 43 Geo. 3. c. 69., Su. 2>. ; 45 Geo. 3. c. 30., If. 1>. ; 52 Geo. 3. c. 94 , 3J. 3>. In the year 1825, the above excise duties were added to the customs duties. Gloves (of leather), viz. habit gloves, per dozen pair men's gloves, per dozen pair ... women's gloves or mitts, per dozen pair . Glue or gelatine, per cwt. .... clippings or waste of any kind fit only for making glue, for every lOOf. value .... Giaini, viz. Guinea grains, per lb. • eitract or prenaration of. Set Graiat, in Extract, of Paradise, per lb. .... eiliaci or preparalioa at Su Onina, in Extract. Onnilla, per lb. ..... Grapes, for every lOOL value .... Grease, per cwt. . . • . . Greaves, for dogs, per cwt .... Guinea wood, per ton . . . • Gum, viz. atorax, per ewL ..... ammoniacum, per cwt .... animi, per cwt ..... Arabic, per cwt . . . . . cashew, per cwt ..... copal, per cwt ..... elemi, per cwt ..... fiaiacum, per cwt • • . . ino, per cwt. ..... cake lac, per cwt • . . . lac dye, per cwt . - . • . lac lake, per cwt .... seed lac, per cwt ■ • • shell lac, per cwt. .... stick lac, per cwt .... oppoponax, per cwt .... •agapenum, per cwt .... •andarach, per cwt .... larcocolla, per cwt .... Senegal, pisr cwt ■ • . . Tacamahaca, per cwt. .... tragacanth, per cwt .... not particularly enumerated or described, nor otherwise charged, per cwt .... Gunpowder, per cwt • - . . Gypsum, per ton r • • . . _ the produce of, and Impoited rrom, any British nmimlnn, per ton ...... Hair, tIx. camels' hair or wool, per lb. • the produce of, and imported from, any British sion cow, ox, bull, or elk hair, per cwt -Tats' hair. SeeWoot coats norst ;i lorse hair, per cwt human hair, per lb. . . not otherwise enumerated or deacribed, for every 1001. value . . . . . . . articles manufadured of hair, or any mixture thereof, from any place within the limits of the East India Company's charter, for every lOOf. value manufactures of hair or goats' wool, or of hair or loa's' wool and any other material, and articles of such nianu- raclure wholly or in part made op, not particularly enu. nerated, or otlwrwiie chaijed with duty, fbr every lOOL nlue . . • . . . . Hm^perewt ...... Duly, 1 Jan. 1834. L. : d. 20 20 S 4 6 3 i. 4 10 1 10 30 4 2 13 1 11 4 20 I 8 S B 6 8 10 6 8 20 4 4 5 7 12 1 S 2 6 3 1 II 8 I 3 I Free. 6 6 1 6 90 t S Duty, 1819. L. t. d. 20 SO 20 I 4 6 1 4 6 II 9 6 10 1 10 to 2 16 8 13 3 4 18 4 18 6 7 80 > Prohibited. 12 4 9 per cwt 2 8 10 60 I 8 8 IS II 4 7 9 6 8 18 7 6 9 6 8 3 14 8 10 6 4 8 8 8 6 8 8 16 9 4 2 16 3 14 8 1 19 18 4 13 4 19 4 13 4 18 II 4 6 13 60 per cent 3 1 11 8 1 3 1 8 I 18 20 6 percent 20 6T 10 60 8 le Duly, 1787. L. I. d. 27 10 per cent. 27 10 per cent, 27 10 per ceil. I Free. Free, a 16 4 S 13 3 27 10 9 4 1 8 27 10 per cent. 110 «|0 0perc„, « per caii. Prohibited. 4 S 1 4ipercm. 2 W 10 percent. Free. 27 10 Free. II M Operceol. 8 8 1 17 4 1 8 2 16 27 10 OperceaL 3 14 8 I 3 4 4 4 27 10 per cent, 9 4 27 10 pr r crat 27 10 per cenL 18 8 18 8 Free. 7 9 4 1 17 4 7 1 17 4 27 10 per ceil 8 8 1 8 27 10 per eat I IS 3 17 10 per cent 8 8 8 3 4 4 2 87 10 S7 16 3 (7 10 8 7 TARIFF. 691 M9. Dutjr, 1187. i. f. d. n 10 per cent. 27 10 per ceni, 27 10 per ceil, I Free. Free. 2 16 4 5 13 3 27 10 9 4 1 « 27 10 per ceil. 11 27 10 per cent. 3 14 8 60 per cent. ed. Frohibited, 4 5 per cwt. 1 4ipercm. 2 27 10 per cnL 10 Free. 27 10 g Free. 11 33 per cent. 8 8 I 17 4 g 1 8 2 16 6 27 10 percent. g 3 14 8 g 1 3 4 4 4 4 27 10 per cent. g 9 4 27 10 per cent. 4 27 10 per cat 18 8 g 18 8 Free. 7 9 4 4 1 17 4 7 4 1 17 4 27 10 per cent. 8 8 1 8 per cent 27 10 per cent. 1 16 3 8 I 27 10 per cent 1 per cest |0 8 8 8 3 * * ! i 27 10 37 16 S 27 10 (TO Artidee. II>rp ilringior lute itrinKf, lilvereil, for every 1001. velue Uali or lioiiriett, viz. bast, ci)i|>, c-ine, or hone hair hate or bonneti, each hat or bonnet not eiceeding 22 inches in diameter, per dozen each tut or bonnet eiceeding 22 inches in diameter, per dczen ...... itraw h Its or bonneli, each hal or bonnet not eiceeding 22 inches in diameter, per dozen . - . ■ each hal or bonnet exceiding 22 inches in diameter, per dozen ...... made of, or mixed with fell, hair, wool, or beaver, per hat • Hay* itie load containing 36 trunes, each truss being 66 lb. Heaih fur bru«liei,'percwt. ..... Hclletore, perlb. - Hemp, dressed, per cwf. ..... rough or undressed, or any other vegetable substance of the nature and quality of undressed hemp, and applicable to the same purposes, per cwt, .... Hides, viz. horse, mare, gelding, buffalo, bull, cow, or ox hides, viz., not tanned, tawed, curried, or in any way dressed, viz. dry, per cwt. • . . - . wet, per cwt. ..... the produce of, and imported from, the west coast of Africa, each hide not eiceeding 14 lbs. weight, per cwt. ...... the produce of, and imported from, any British posses. sion, viz. dry, jier cwt. .... wet, per owl. . - - - - tanned and not otherwise dressed, per lb. the produce of, and imported from, any British posses. sion, per lb. • > . • cut or trimmed, per lb. . . . the produce of, and imported from, any British posses* sion, per lb. ■ . • . and pieces of such hides, tawed, curried, or Id any way dressed, per lb. > . ... ttie proiluce of, and imported from, any British pos* sion, per lb. * cut or trimmed, per lb. • the produce of, and imported from any British poB> session, per lb. ... . JVofe.~Hide8, raw or undressed (except horse hides), imported from the British colonies in America, were exempted from duty in act 27 Geo. 3. c. 13. tails. .%eTail*. losh hides, per lb. Muscovy or Russia hides, tanned, coloured, shaved, or other. wise dressed, per hide ..... pieces tanned, coloured, shaved, or otherwise dressed, |ierlt). ...... bides or pieces of hides, raw or undressed, not particularly enumerated or described, nor otherwise charged with duty, imiwrted from any British possession in America, for every lOOf. value ...... bides or pieces of hides, raw or undressed, not particularly enumerated or described, nor otherwise charged with duty, for every too/, value . . . . - bides or pieces of hido, tanned, tawed, curried, or in any way dressed, not particularly enumerated or described, nor otherwise charged with duty, for every 100/. value Hones, per ICO ...... HoMMier cwt. ...... Ilie produce of, and imported from, any British possession, per cwt. - • ..... Hoofi of cattle, for every lOOJ. Tslue .... Hoops, viz. of iron, per cwt - . . . - of wood, viz. tot eiceeding 6 feet in length, per 1,000 eiceeding 6 f^cet and not exceeding 9 feel in length, per 1,000 ...... exceeding 9 feet and not exceeding 12 feet in length, per 1,000 ...... exceeding 12 feet, and not exceeding 13 feet in length, per 1 000 • • . • eiceeding 13 feet in length, per 1,000 . Hops, per cwt. ...... Horni, hnm, and pieces of horns, not otherwise charged with duty, per cwt. Horn tips, per 100 • Kono, mares, or geldings, each .... Hungary water. Set Spirits. I. and J. Jilip, per lb. . Jipanned nr lacquered ware, for every 1001. value Jr!,perlb. ....... Jelatn. .Sec Derelict. Jivels, emeralils, rubies, and all other precious stones (except dianionds), viz. let, for every 1001. value ... not set, fer every lOOf. value . . . . India rubliers. .See Caoutchouc. lodiiio, per It). ...... the produce of, and imported from, any British possession, per lb Ink fur printers, per cwt. . . . . . Inllle, unwrought, per lb. • wrought, per ib. . . , . • lmii,v)z. in bars, or unwrought, per ton > tt.e produce of, and imported from, any British posses- sion, per ton . . . • . ilit or hanini*-red into rods, and iron drawn or hammered less Ih^n 3.4 of an inch square, per cwt. can, (or every tool, value . . , . luofs. Sis Hoops. Duty, 1 Jan., IS34. L. I. d. 20 1 2 3 8 6 16 10 6 1 4 9 2 I 4 IS 1 4 8 2 4 2 4 4* 7 6 17 6 20 Duty, 1819. ^ t. d, 6 4 per gross. 1 2 3 8 6 16 10 6 1 4 9 2 6 4 16 9 2 I 10 per hide. 6 per hide. I 10 per hide. 1 percent per cent. per cent 75 per cent 75 75 75 1 8 1 8 6 1 Sperlb 2 6 I 8 per lb 6 17 6 20 Duty, 1787. 30 1 3 15 75 1 3 IS 5 1 15 20 1 3 9 1 3 9 5 IS 7 6 15 10 IS 12 15 8 11 6 15 15 8 11 2 2 1 4 4 5 5 6 13 20 6 2 2 62 10 2 20 10 50 20 4 5 3 10 10 6 2 6 1 1 10 6 2 1 10 6 10 2 6 1 2 2 6 10 1 20 L. I. d. 2 6 per gross. 3 6 7 2 9 5 6 Frohibited. Otto 4 5 II 2 4 0* 3 8 9 per bide. 9 per bide. 9 per hide. 6 5 5 6 i. 77 per cent. 10 per lb. 8 Free, 27 10 per cent. 77 per cent 11 ) 8 10 per barrel, t 42 gallons. 27 10 per cent It 6 6 It 5 11 6 tl 5 11 6 II 6 18 10 1 10 per 100. 7 2 4 9 49 10 9 Free. Free. Free. 8 10 2 H 2 16 2 Free. ] Prohibited. r 1 •^i) 592 TARIFF. Artldo. Iron— «(mh*nitfil. old broken, iiid old cut iron, per Ion ore, per Ion ■ - . . • pif iron, per ton • the produce of, and imported from, id/ Briliih poeeei- •ion, per ton .... chromite of Iron, per ton • wrouKhl, not olhcrwiM enumerated or deecribcd, for everjr loot, value. . ■ . . - Iiinglaii, per cwt. . . . • • the produce of, and imported from, any Britiib ponenion, per cwr. ■ . .... Juice of lemoni or oranges, per gallon • or liinef,per gallon . • • . Junk, old. Sa Raigi, old. K. Kelp. SM Alkali. L.ac, viz. itick lac, per cwt. . . - > Ijice, viz. thread lace, for every 100/. value. • • Lacquered ware. Su Japanned ware. Lag.in. Su Derelict. Lamp blackf per cwt. .... l.apii calaminaris, per cwt. .... Lard, per cwt. . . • . • Latlcn, per cwt. ..... ihaven, per cwt. . • • • . Lavender Itowtin, per lb. - - - • Lead, viz. blacif, per cwt. ..... chromate of lead, per It). • ore, per ton ..... piK, per ton • ... • red, j)er rwt. ..... while, per cwt. ..... Leather, viz. pieces of leather, or leather cut into shapes, or any article made of leather, or any manufactuiv whereof leather is the moat valuable part, not otherwise enumerated or de Kribed, for every 1001. value ... Leaveaofeold, per 100 leaves .... Leaves of maes, per lb. ... . Leeches, for every 100/. value • • . • Lemons. See Oranges. peel of, per lb. • - . . • preserved in sugar. See Succades, Lentiles, the bushel ..... Lignum, viz. quassia. Stt Quassia. vitie, per ton - the produce of, and imported from, any British posses sion, per Ion .S'« Note at the end of Wood. Linen, or linen and cotton, viz. cambrics, and lawns, commonly called French lawns, the piece not eiceediiig 8 yards in length, and .lot exceeding 7-Mlhs of a yard in breadth, and so in proportion for any greater or leu quantity Elain •■-... ordered handkerchiefs . . . . lawns of any other sort, not French, viz. not containing more than 60 threads to the inch of warp, per square yard - . . . . containing more than 60 threads to the inch of warp, per square vard . . . . . damasks and damask diaper, viz, until 6 Jan. 1834, per square yard from S Jan. 1834, per square yard drillings, ticks, and twilled linens, viz. until 6 Jan. Ih34, per square yard from 5 Jan. 1834, per square yard sail cloth, per square yard • . . . . plain linens, and diaper, not otherwise enumerated or de- scrilied, and whether chequered or striped, with dyed yarn or not, viz. not containing more than 20 threads to the inch of warp, until 6 Jan. 1834, per square yard from 5 Jan. 1 S34, per square yard containing more than '20 threads, and not more than 24 tbreails to the inch of warp, until 6 Jan. 1834, per square yard from S Jan. 1834, per square yard containing more than 24 threads, and not containing more than 30 lhn;ads to the inch of warp, until 6 Jan. 1834, per square yaitl from S Jan. 1^34, per square yard conlainii.gniorethan30 threads, and not containing more than 40 threads to the inch of warp, until 6 Jan. 1834, per square yard from 5 Jan. 1^34, per square yard containing more than 40 threads, and not containing more than 60 threads to the inch of warp, until 6 Jan. 1834, per square yard from 5 Jan. 1834, per squire yard containing more tlian 60 threads, and not containing more than SO threads In the inch of warp, until 6 Jan. 1.S34, per square yard fmni 5 Jan. 1834, per square yard containing more than 80 threails, and not containing more than too threads to the inch of warp, until 6 Jan. 1834, per square yard from 5 Jan. 1834. her square yard containing more than 100 threads to the inch of warp, un'il 6 J^n. 1^34, per square yard from 5 -tan. 18)4. per square yant A/e — The duties were levied on the goods above mentinnol hy act 6 Gfo. 4. c. III.; pre- viously to which ihry were chargrable with duties acconling lo their IcngUi and bicadtb Duly, I Jan. 1834. i. ». A. 12 5 10 15 10 Of oj t 30 1 8 4 6 10 3 2 S 10 2 10 10* 10 Duly, 1(18, L. t. i. 6 17 8 IT 8 20 SO 2 7 15 10 I 6 I 6 I 40 3 6 6 8 8 1 8 2 10 10 percent 4 20 1 16 20 8 10 per cent per cent 4 4 76 3 10 20 6 10 4 12 8 II 8 II 6 Duty, 1787. L. I. d. 13 9 2 9 27 10 per cent. Free. 27 10 per cent. Prohibited. I 6^ 4. 3i Free. 17 8perJo2.yj,. 1 IS 3 3 8 Free. t 13 3 1 2 * i 6 8 ! 27 10 per cf III. 17 8 27 10 per cent. 3 8 I 4 S Prohibited. I 2 3 27 10 27 10 per cent, Oiperlb. 2 S S TARIFF. 593 Free. 27 10 per ceol. Free. 17 8 perJoz.yili.1 27 10 per rent. 0^ per lb. Article!. Duly, I Jan. 1834. Duly, 1819. Duty, 1787. Ijpni-u A few linens have beeu occasionally entered under this 40 ad valorem duty. Nolt.—Ho increased rate of duly to b« charged on any linen or lawns for any additional number of threads not eiceedinK two threads for such as are not of 30 threads to Ihe inch, nor for any additional number of threads not ciceeding 5 threads for such u are of 30 threads and upwards to the inch. saill* for every 1001. value .... in actual use of a Dritiih ship, and fit and necessary for 30 104 9 2 45 such ship, and not otherwise disposed of if and when otherwise disposed of, for every lOW. Free. 1 value ...... 20 104 9 8 45 1 manufictures of linen, or of linen mixed with cotton or with wool, not particularly enumerated, or otherwise charged wiih duty, for every 1001. value 25 00 44 articles of manufactures of linen, or of linen mixed with cot- Ion or wilh wool, wholly or in p»rt made up, not other- wise charged wilh duty, for every 1001. value. 40 60 44 Liiaeed cakes, prr cwt. ..... 2 2 27 10 per cent. Liquoricejuice, orsuccuiliquontije, percwt. . 3 IS 3 16 1 8 powder, per cwt. ..... 6 10 5 10 2 12 mot, percwt. ...... 3 3 4 3 3 4 1 8 eitnct or preparation of. See Extract. Lilhjrge of gold, percwt. ..... 2 2 10 1 of sdver, percwt. ..... 2 2 8 Lilt creatures illustrative of natural history Free. 20 per cent. 27 10 per cwt. Liverwort. .See Lichen Islandicus, in Moss. g | iMKood, per Ion • 4 6 9 2 ) I. iiiiporled from any British possession 3 9 2 i ^"'^ Lupines, per cwt. • 6 5 ^ 2 4 Uiesirings. See Catlings. M. Micaroni, per lb. ...... Mace, per lb. - • 2 8 2 4 6 4 6 4 iniprled from any British possession within the limits of the E.isl India Company's charter, per lb. . the produce of, and imported from, any other British posses- 3 6 3 6 4 sion, per lb. ...... 3 6 3 6 4 Middcr, per cwt. ...... 2 15 1 Free root, percwt. ...... 6 6 Mipu Graicia ware, for every lOOJ. value 5 75 per cent 27 10 JUhogany, per ton • - - 7 10 11 17 6 ■J imported from the Bay of Honduras, in a British ship cleared out fmm Ihe port of Beliie, per Ion - |24 1 10 3 16 per cent. imported from any British (lossession, per toD 4 11 17 6 J Sa Nole at Ihe end of Wood. Minnnese ore per ton ■ • . • • Minjoes. See Pickles. 10 20 percent. 27 10 per cent. Mtniu, perlb. ...... 3 1 3 6 MuiBcript), VII. bouni, per cwt. ...... 18 8 6 10 19 3 unbourd, per cwt. ..... 18 8 6 8 10 1 Mips or Chans, plain or coloured, each map or chart, or part iherfof ....... 6 2 6 Virbie. see Stone. Mirbles fur children. SeeToya. Minnslade, per lb. . 1 3 I 3 3 Ibe produce of, and imported from, any British pa>senioD, per lb. t 1 3 3 Mutic, per cwt. ...... 6 7 9 4 1 8 Mall, vis. ofbsst, perlOO ...... 1 3 9 I 3 9 11 imported from any Britiih possession, for every 1001. value . 5 60 \ 27 10 not otherwise enumerated or described, for every 1001. value 2U 60 Shllim, for every 100/. value . . . . . 20 60 2 per yard. imporlcd from any Brilish possession, for every 100/. value . 5 60 27 10 Millrtsses, fnr every 1001. value .... 20 60 27 10 Meail or meltieglin, per gallon .... 6 7 7 2 ^o(e.-Mead or metheglin was, by act 43 Geo. 3. c. 69., sub- ject to an excise duly of 6i. per gallon in addition to the customs duty, which continued until 5 April, 1825, when Ihe s^iiie was added to the customs duty. Medahofgoldorsilver ..... Free. Free. ^Vl of any other sort, for every lOOI. value 6 20 Median, per bushel ...... 1 6 2 4 Mtiasses. See Sugar. [ Mtllinspots fnr gold-mitha. See Pots. 1 Mercury, prepared, for ever- 100/. value ... 30 60 27 10 Metal, viz. bell mptal. per cwt. . . . . - 1 1 1 II 1 leaf metal (except leaf gold), the packet containing 250 leavei 3 8 8 Mrthe^lin. .See .Mead. Mill taanis, per cwt. ..... 3 8 2 3 8 s 10 Minmis not olherwise enumerated or described, for every 100/. value ..... 20 20 27 10 ipecimens of. See Specimens. Models of cork or wood, for every lOOI. value • 6 60 87 10 MnHtViz. lichen Islandicus, perlb. - . • . . 1 8 27 10 peroenL ruck, for dyers' use, per ton .... 6 1 15 6 Ml niherwi>e chnrged, for every lOW. value 6 20 97 10 Moiher.of.pearl shells, for every 100/. value . Mg|es,eac!i ....... 6 20 4 perlb. 10 6 97 10 percent Mum. .See Beer. Huiical inilruroents, for every lOOt. va'.ue. 20 60 27 10 Muik. per ox . . - - - . 6 5 8 Myrrh, per cwt . .... 6 9 6 8 S 16 3d2 75 B04 TARIFF. If 1 ArtlelM. N. Nilmn. Sa Alkali. Needle work. Su Embroidery. Nell, vii. old Bihioi neli, fit onljr for nuking I»p«r or puteboinl. .SuRagt. Nicararua wood, per Ion - Nitre, viz. cubic nitre, per cwt. NutniPKi, per lb. • Ihe produce of, and Imported from, anjr Brillih poieeeiion, per lb. - • • • • _ • imported from any Brittih po«seuinn within the limita of the Eait India Company's charter, per lb. • Nuti, vit. caihew nuts and kernels, per cwt. ■ castor nu's or seeds, per cwt. coker or cocoa nuts, Ihe produce of any British poeKnion, per 1,200 nuts .... chesniits, per bushel pistachio nuts, per cwt. . - - smill nuts, per bushel walnu's, per bushel . . - not oiherwise enumerated or described, for every 100/. value Nux vomica, per lb, - . • - • extract or preparation of. See Extract. O. Oakum, per cwt. .... Ochre, per cwt. .... Oil, viz. of almonds, per lb. of bays, per lb. . ■ ■ of castor, per lb, • • - • imported from any British possesiion, per lb. the produce of, and imported from, any British poiM<' sion, per cwt. chemical, essential, or perfumed, vii. of caraway, per lb. ■ of cloves, per lb. • of Isvender, per lb. • of mint, per lb. ... of peppermint, per lb, of spike, per lb. cassia, ber^aniot, lemon, olto of rosea, thyme, and of all other sorts, per lb. • of cocoa nut, per cwt. • fiih oil. .See Train oil, in Oil. of hemp seej, per tun • imported Irom any British possession, per tun of linseed, per tun imported from any British possession, per tun of olives, per tun .... imported in a ship belonging to any of Ihe iubjecta of the King of the Two Sicilies, per tun ■ of palm, per cwt. of paran, per tun of rape seed, per tnn imported from any British posaMaion, per ton of cassia, per lb. - of berganiot, per lb. of caj:iputa, per lb. ... of jessamine, per Ih. . - of cinnamon, per lb. ... of aniseed, p«r lb. . . • of juniper, per lb. . • . of nutmegs, per lb. . . ■ of oeroli,'per lb. - of pine, per lb. • of rosewood, per lb. . of rosemary, [.-./ lb. « of sandal wood, per lb. . - of tLrpentine, per lb. . . . of amber, per lb. ... of sassafVas, per lb. . of thyme, per lb. ... of lemon, per lb. • rock oil, per lb. > •ealoil. Su Train oil, in Oil. seed oil, not otherwise enumerated or dtscrlbed, per luD ioiponed from any British pouenion, per tun ■ teed cakes, per cwt. .... of spermaceti. 5ee Train oil, in Oil, train oil, blubber, spermaceti oil, and head matter, viz. the produce of fish or creatures living in the sea, taken and caught bv the crews of British ships, and imported direct from the fishery, or from any British posKssion in a British ship, per tun . . . . the produce of ftsh or creaturei liying in the sea, of foreign fishing, per tun ... walnut oil, per lb, . ... whale oil. Su Train oil, in Oil. ril not particularly enumerated or deacribed, nor otherwise charged with duty, for every lOOL value Olibanum, per cwt. ..... Olives, per gal Ion ..... Olive wooil, per ton - the produce of, and Importr^ ti'-.i,>. ai.j *)ritith poMeaion, per ton • .... . Set Note at the end ot w ..vJ. Onions, per bushel ...... Opium, per lb. - . - • • . t'ltract or preparation of. Sec Extract. Orange flower water, per gallon .... Oranges and lemona, vis. the chest or box not exceed ing the capacity ofCOOO cubic Inchea Hie cheat or box exceeding llie capacity of 5,000 cubic inchei, and not exceeding 7,300 cubic inchea Ihe chest or box exceeding Ihe capacity T^MIO tnibic Inchea, and not exceeding 14,001} cubic inchea for evenr IjOOO cubic incbea exceediag the above ttte of 14,000 cuUclncbii . . . . . Duty. I Jan. 1834. L. I. d. S 6 3 6 2 6 2 6 10 6 I 2 10 Z 2 20 2 I 1 10 3 1 3 2 6 4 14 4 4 4 4 2 6 39 18 I 39 18 I 8 8 10 10 2 6 8 8 39 19 I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 I I I I 10 39 18 I 2 1 26 12 6 60 6 2 9 6 12 4 Duty, ISIS. i. I, 12 4 3 9 D 3 » 1 6 per 1,000 oranges, and lemooi. Duty, 1787. L. I. d. Free. 2 6 8 2 20 2 2 } 27 10 per cent. I 5 1 8 9 9 27 10 U 2 3 2 per buihtl. } 3 8 9 per cwt. 2 Sperpllon. As below. 27 10 percenL ^ IS 16 9^ I 29 9^ { 8 8 10} 7 27 10 percent. 29 H 1 2* 7i 1 6 1 4 1 6 6 7i 1 6 7i 5 9 7* u i* 1 1 3 1 6 3 15 16 9^ 27 10 percent. Freai 21 Is 7 27 10 per cent 27 10 I I 3 8 6 I 1^ 4 6 per 1,000 onngesaad TARIFF. 505 Duly, 1797. L. t. d. Free. 1 6 e 2 C 20 2 ( 2 I V I - 27 10 10 per unl, I 6 9 9 } p«r biubel, 3 9 percwl. 2 Sperjalloo. ?t 1 9 H \ Ai below. 27 10 percent. I IS 16 91 I 29 9} ( 8 S 10} 7 27 10 percent i 29 Si ^ 1 «* 7i 1 6 1 4 1 6 n «, 7l 1 << ii 6 9 7t ll u 6* 1 1 3 1 6 3 : 15 16 9} 27 10 per ceel. Free. 21 15 7 27 10 per ccot 27 10 I 1 8 1 3 6 I 1 !^ 4 8 per 1,000 onntaiM lemaia. Art Idee. Duly, 1 Jan., IS34. Duty, 1819. Duty, 1787. L. 1. d. L. 1. d. L. 1. d. . Iwne. per 1,0'JO ...... or, >nil >l the option of the importer, for eterjr 1001, nlua • 15 1 6 4 6 75 No option. 6 6 No option. peel of, per lb. • 6 27 10 percent Orthal, orchrlii, or archelii, per cwt. .... 3 16 8 Free. Ore not pirtic ularly cliinted, for every lOOi. «>Ius 5 20 27 to ofniililoriilver. ,S«e Rullion. ipecimeoi of ^See iipecinieul. Orpimeut, per cwl. ...... 1 8 6 1 8 6 8 9 1 (Irni or irij root, per cwt. ..... 10 6 1 8 6 27 to per cent. 1 OrteJew, per lb. - 6 1 3 6 j uito or altar or oil of roMs. Su Oil. P. Plildr. Su Rice. Painter*! colnun not parlicutarly ch.trf[e<), viz. unllianuractured, for every lOOf. value 5 60 1 2 per lb. maiiufacturvd. for every 10(11. value 10 50 Anting! on KlatB, for every too/, value 5 80 27 10 anil funher, for every cwl. of glau painting on glaas. ElciM iluly on elan, .%( Olan. Paper, via- :— Brown piper made of old rope or conla^e only. 4 without leparatiiig or eitractiiig the pitch or lar therefnilii, and without any mixture of 01 her nateriala there wiih.perlti. 3 10 2 II per bundle. printed, painted, or llained paper, or paper haiiginga, or flock paper, per square yartt ..... 1 1 7 75 per cent wane pnptr, or pafxrr of any other iort,not particularly enunie* nied or described, norot'herwise charged with dut^, per lb. 9 1 7 The description of paper and duties thereon, in net 27 Geo. 3. c 13., are too numerous to state; particularly as ttie duties were prohibitory. Parchment, per dozen sheets ■ - . - . 10 10 4 9 Piilebuarls, per cwt. ..... 3 8 2 3 8 2 10 Ptarl barley, per cwt. ..... 17 6 17 6 8 10 l'tarl<, for every lOOJ, value ..... 5 6 Free. Prars, pf'r bunhel ...... 7 7 6 1 5 diied. per bushel ...... 10 10 9 1 PeocilJ, for evrry 100/. value ..... 30 50 ' < of slate, tor every lOOf. value 20 60 27 10 1 Pens, for every lOOf. value ..... 30 60 . 1 Pepper of all sorts, |)er lb. ..... 1 6 . 3 Ibe nnirluce of, and imported from, any British possession. per lb. 1 . 3 import) d from any llritish posscision within the limits of the E.ist India Company's charter, per lb. . 1 . 6V imported from any other place within those limits, per lb. - Ai'tr. — l>ep(wr of all sorts, in the year 1819, was subject to 1 2 . (ij, the eicise duty of 2«. 6 Prohibited. part gilt, per oi. Troy .... 6 6 ^^ &iUU|Ultw\J* nngill, per o«. Troy ..... 4 6 4 6 3 Plitina, for every 100/. value .... 1 1 per oz. 27 10 per cent oreofplilina, for every 100/. value 1 6 27 10 Plaiting or other manufacturea to be used in or proper for making hat! or bonnets, viz. of bast, chip, cane, or bone hair, per lb. - 1 6 1 10 of straw, per lb. - 17 17 1 10 Plums, dried or preserved, per cwt. .... 1 7 6 7 1 8 Pomatum, for every 100/. value .... 30 60 27 10 Pomeinnales, per 1,000 ..... IS 1 10 6 10 peels of, per cwt. ..... 1 15 4 8 I Pork, laliel (not hams nor bacon, vrhich tee,) per cwt . 12 Prohibited. Prohibited. PoUloes,percwt. . . . 2 2 3 8 Poll, v.t. melting pots for goldsmiths per cwt. 3 2 3 2 7 o( ilone, for every 100/. value - 30 60 27 10 Powder, via. bair powder, per cwt. ..... 9 15 9 16 1 6 S B perfumed, per cwt. ..... powder, notl otherwise enumerated or deacribed, that will 13 13 13 13 ^ serve for the same usea u ttarch, per cwt. 9 10 9 10 17 10 percent Pmious stones. .See Jewels. Piinti and drawings, via. plain, not above 1 foot sqoape .... 1 1 •) above 1 fbot square, each .... 1 3 S-0 8 coloured, not above 1 foot square • COS S above 1 foot square, each .... 2 4 18 ( Pranelloca, per cwt . . 1 7 6 7 Pniae«,percwt ...... I 7 6 1 7 S OM 6 Qu«»ia,perewt ..'*.... 8 17 6 8 17 < mo Operem uliacterpniiinUoaaC SNExtiMt 596 TARIFF. *r> »»-i Artldti Quickiilvpr, per lb. ■ Qulllt, vii. (noir qllillt, p r lb. rhattiiia^, ;)er lb. • rxtracr nr preparation of. ,Sm Eitract ienek.T, per lb. •erpeiit.irie, or in ike root, per lb. Bap, vrr. old rin, nil] mpn or Junk, or old flihinf neti, fit odIjt for ninkriix I'aper nr p.iiteLKianl, per Inn woollen ragi, fit only for manure, per ton Raiiins, VIZ. of the min, p'-r cwt. of ai.y oilier »ort, per cwl. - of all Mirii. ihe proiluce of, and imported from, any Britith po'Seuinn. fier cwt. Sniyrn.i, per c»vl. • Lnxin anil Fam, per cwt. • Belviilere, (ter cwt. • other aorln, per cwt. Rape cakei, p^-r cwt. ■ - Rape of ifripe^, per tun Ratafii. .S'tvShirdf. Red wood or Uulnea wood, per ton Rhalany root. ,Sre Radii rhatanlae. Rhubarb, per lb. iiiiitortel rmm any place within the limita of the East India Conipiiny'i charter, per lb. Rice, viz. not lieinr ron^h and in the hu*k, per cwt. ■ rnu^!i.li!d ill the hii^k, nr pae chareed with duty, per lb. pass seel of all sorts, per cwt. nsmp seed, per quarter • leek seel, |ier lb. - lettuce seed, (ler quarter - linseed, per quarter lucerne seed, per cwt. maw seed, per cwt. millet sect per cwt mustard seed, per bushel - onion seeil, per Ih. parsley seed, |ier Pi. pinny or peony seed, per lb. quince seed, per lb. Duty, I Jan. 1834. L. I. i. I a 12 I U 13 g 1 2 2 6 I 10 As aliove. As above. As above. As above. 2 13 6 6 1 I IS 2 6 I I 10 4 9 3 2 10 1 I I I 4 9 1 I Free. 6 6 4 1 n 2 I I 10 I I 1) 2 2 9 I 1 I I 6 I I 1 SCO 116 OHO I 6 1 6 3 Duty, IRigi f. if. I 8 a 6 12 2 50 per cent I 13 I 6 IS 2 2 I 2 I 2 As above. As above. As above. As above. 2 13 6 15 4 3 6 15 10 per cwt 5 2 6 per cwt. 1 4 9 3 2 10 8 9 7 6 3 14 8 2 16 4 9 2 16 7 9 6 20 20 1 6 15 4 13 1 3 R 6 20 3 60 3 1 n 15 I 4 2S 6 6 8 per cent 3 4 4 3 2 4 per cent 6 per cent 6 4 per cent 1 60 per cent 17 6 I I per lb. 3 4 12 6 3 116 9 4 per cwt Si. I 0* 6 3 Duty, 1787. L. I. d. 9 6 2 18 4 27 10 per cent 6 6 4 II I 8* 27 10 per cent. 2 9 Free, n 10 psr cent 18 8 As below. As below. II 5 8 8 3 7 I 27 10 opercca Free. 1 e 1 6 7 4 per cwt 7 4 per cwl. 33 per tern. 2 3 I 6 3 Free. 2 6 1 8 Free. 27 10 per cent. 18 8 1 8 2 3 7 9 3 14 8 |33 Opercem. 8 2 4 Free. 1 b 31 II 0* 2 6 27 10 per cent. 2 1 3 2 27 ID per cent. 16 6 5 U 2' 2 9 13 8 4 5 7 4 14 3 4 1 27 10 per cent 1} 27 10 percent 9 6} Free. 2 9 5 6 3 per cwt percent li pn lb. 15 4 2 TARIFF. 897 1819. Duty, 1787. i. f. 4 B per cent 8 2 18 4 27 10 pir erat 6 8 4 11 18* 27 10 per ctol ' 2 1 » ) FrM. 27 10 Opsrcenl. 1 ) 18 8 At below. a a. e. e. e. 2 Ai Mow. 11 6 H 8 1 ■ 8 3 1 H 7 1 H 27 10 per cent. ^| 6 10 8 ■ H 1 c ; 1 a I S j H percwt. 1 7 4percm. \ H ( 7 4 percwt i | 33 per tent. ' 2 3 I 16 3 Free. 2 6 1 8 Free. 27 10 per cent. 18 8 1 8 2 3 7 9 3 14 8 per cent 1 6 I per cent. 8 |o |0 U 14 1 per cent lo 10 percent |6 10 lo per lb. I< |o le |4 per cwt 33 percent. ' 8 2 4 Free. 1 8 31 on 0* 2 6 27 10 per cent. 2 1 3 2 27 10 per cent. 16 6 6 U 2* 2 9 13 8 4 5 7 4 14 3 4 1 27 10 percent. li 27 10 percent 9 6} upetlb. Free. 2 9 S 3 percwt li 15 4 2 Articla. rape lee.l, per quarter > . • • . ■.itiaililla or cevAdilla iee<1, per lb. atinib or tree seed not otherwiie aaumerateJ, per lb. Irrfnilaeed, (Mrcwl. . . . . . wonii «cd, per cwt. . . . . . til leeilt lint pirlicuUrly enumerated or ileicribed, nor other. wiae charged with duly, cimimonly made uae of fur extract- itiK oil therefrom, per <)u.irler . . - . all other teed not p.irticuUrly enumeraletl or described, nor otlierwiw charged with duly, for every lUO/. value. Sefari. Stt Tobacco, nuDufactured. S^-nna, per lb. • • • • • «h»«ii>S '"' »>»"• •''« rijiiiiK- Siijpi to 1" broken up, with Iheir tackle, apparel, and fumllure ' (eicept «ili)i via. foreign ihipiorveeieli, for every lOOf. value Bri'i^h ahi|>t,or veaaeliuntiiled to be regiilered as such, not havJDg been built in the United Kiugdom, for every 100/. value -....• Shrub". Stt Planla. Shuinac, per ton • • . • • knubi or huaka of lilk, and waste silk, per cwt raw lilk, per lb. - thrown silk, not dyed, viz. singles, per lb. .... tr.im, per lb. ..... orsaiiaine and crape silk, per lb. . • thrown silk, dyed, via. singles or Irani, per lb. . . . . nrgove rates, when Ihe duty is not charged according to Ihe value, per lb. fancy silk, net or tricot, per lb. plain Bilk lace or net, called tulle, per square yard Dinufncturei of silk, or of silk mixed with any other material, the produce of, and iinporlPLl frotn, Britiih possessions within the limits of the East India Company's charter, for every 100/. value ..... millinery of silk, or of which Ihe greater part of Ihe materials is of silk, viz. turbans or caps, each .... hats or bonnets, each .... dresses, each ..... or, and al the option of the officers of Ihe custom), for every too/, value . . . . manufactures of silk, or of silk and any other material, not particularly enunieratetl, or otherwise charged with duty, l,\r every 100/. value ..... irticles of manufacture of silk, or of silk and any other mate- ri-il, wholly or in part made up, not particularly cnuine* nied, or otherwise charged with duly, for every 100/. value Silkwo-m i;iit. for every 100/, value SkiDi, furs, pelts, and tails, viz. bif^er. uiidreised, perskin . . . . bear, undressed, per ikin • . . . . undr.ised, imported from any British possession in Ame- rica, ler skin . . . . . beaver, undressed, per skin .... uudn-swl, imported from any British possession in Ame- rica, per skin - - . . . Calabar, Sie Squirrel skins, alfand kip, viz. in Ihe hair, not tanned, tawed, curried, or in any way dressed, viz. dry. per cwt. ..... wit, [ter cwt. ..... Ih,! pro. ... rul or (rtinriird, per Ih. . • (he |.ro . Iltch, unilreMed, pbr dozen akiui ... (ui, unitreHaed, per ikin .... unilrciaed, imported from any E.'itiah poawnion in Ame. rica, peraktn .... taila, UTtdresaed, for every I00^ (alua • goat, raw or undreaaed, per do/f ri i,kiiia tanne(*d, per skin .... lyni, u.'.ireaaed, per akin • Darten, it ressed, per akin undiesaed, imported from any Britiah poweiaion, per akin ..... taila, undresaed, per 100 taili * mink, undresaed, per akin ... undressed, imported from any Britiah poisesaion in Ame. rica, per akin .... dressed, per akin .... mole, undrcMeil, per dozen ikini ... muaquaah, undressed, per 100 akina nutria, undiYsaed, per 100 akina . otter, undresaed, per skin .... undressed, ini(x>ried from any Britiah potaeaiion In Amc rica, per skin .... ounce, undressed, per skin panther, undrea.e(i, per skin pella of go,ili, undressed, per doienpellB . dressed, per dozen pelta of all nllter aorta, undresaed, per 100 pelta racoon, undreaaet), per skin undreneil, imported from any British poaaession in Ame. rira, ))er skin .... •able, undressed, per akin - . • . taila or lipa of sable, undressed, per piece •eal, in Ihe hair, not tanned, tawed, or in any way dreaaed per skin - . . . . of British taking, per dozen skini of British taking, and imported from Newfoundland, per skin . . . . . aheep, undresaed, in the won}, per dozen skins tanned or tawed, per IOC skiua dressed in nil, per 100 skins - squirrel or Calabar, undressed, per 100 skins tawed, per too skins • • . . tails, undressed, for every lOOf. value • swan, unilre •kiM- ent. ;«nt. cent. Duty, 17«T. ~U t. d. IT 10 Fy act .ittUeo. 3. c. JSi . lu^iiaod. ed till ft July, lHi4, bfliiif iIm product oi and lui(K>rt«d Iron) Newfoundland. Slile. Stt Stone. Srnalu, |)«r lb. . Sauir, per lb. ...... ol any country, by act 69 Geo, 3. c. 5X annual act . fmni the Rait Indiea, per lb. fmni Hnli-h plantatioua In America, per lb. from any other nlace, per lb. - T/iAt •—Houn wai, by act 27 Geo. 3. c. 13, nbject only to dutiei orcuatoini, and by the 69 Geo. 3. c. 63., lutiject only to a duty of eiciw, which wae, on Ibc 6lh of April, 1823, traniferrtd to the cuslonia. Swp, vlt. bard, per cwt ...... lofi, per cwl. ...... the produce of, and imported from, any BrilUb poeioaion in the Eaat liidiee, vii. bard, per cwt ...... loft, per cwl. ...... .Ma. .Vu Alkali. Spi ware, for every lOOi. valua .... Speciiiieiii of miiierala, foailt, or orei, not particularly enume* rated or deKribed, nor olherwiie charged with duty, each ape* ciDien lint exceediDK in weiglit 14 Ibi. riceeding in weight 14 Ibi, each, for every 100/. value illuitntive of natural biatory, not otberwiie enumerated or deacribed ...... i'revioua to 1823, aukject to duty according to their ra- ai)eclive denoniioation. Speckled wood, per ton the produce of, and imported from, any Briliah poaeeiaion, per Ion - - . . . . . Stt Note at the end of Wood. Spelter, in caket, per cwl. ... not iocakea, perewt. . . . . . Spenniceli, fine, per lb. - - • . . 30 76 4 6 4 10 3 113 1 I 1 3 J 30 Free. 6 Free. 8 14 2 16 3 2 10 I 6 76 8 74 C 91 Aa belnw. i taciae. 10 6 4 10 3 113 I 60 per cent. 60 2 per lb. 80 8 14 8 16 3 60 per cent. 1 8 6 I 6 D n 4 (See bflijw Custouia. ) n 3 1 2 3 6 t 9 4 1 17 6 37 16 3 per cent 37 10 {27 10 4 8 4 27 10 per cent. 13 9 8 Articlea, Spirili or ttroDg waten of alt aorta, br every gallon of auch apirita or atrong waten of any atrcnglh not exceeding the alrength of proof by Sykea'a hydrometer, and ao in proportion for any greater alrength than the ilrrnglh of pitwf, and for any greater or leal qutatity than « gallon, vii. Dot being apirita or atrong waten, the produce of any Briliah poa- leieinn in America, or anr Rri- tiih poMcaaion within the limila of the Eaal India Conipiny'a charter, and not being aweet- ened apirita, or apirita miiad with anv article, ao that the degree or alrength thereof can- not be eiactly aacertained by luch hydrometer or strong walen, the produce of any Britlih poaaetaion in Ame- rica, not being aweetened api- { ritigOrapiritaaomizeduafore' ■aid .... or atroni vratera, the produce of any Briliah poaaeaaion within the limita ol the Eaat India Company'a charter, not being aweetened apirita, or apirita ao mixed u aforeeaid cordiili, or atrong waten ropect- ively (not being the produce of any British poaaeaaion in Ame* rica), aweetened or mixed with any article, ao that the degree of itreng'h thereof cannot Iw eiaclly aacertained by auch hy- drometer eordiali, or atrong walen rcipnct- ivelT, being the produce olany Britlih poaaeaaion in America, aweetened or mixed with any article, an that the degree of itnngth thereof cannot be ex- actly aacertained by auch hy- drometer nim ihrub, however aweetened, the produce of, and imported from, any Briliah poaaeiiion in America, per gallon • Duly, I Jan. 1834. L. I. d. I 2 « 9 IS I 10 I 9 Duly, 1819. I. I. d. a n t « 9 6 6 7t e Ti e 7} Duly, 1787. L. I. d. 10| 6 3 4} 3 4} 3 4} 3 4} Spirila were also aiit.jcct to the fnl. lowing duties of excise at the time of tlie passing of the under- mentioned acta, viz. I Geo. 3. c. 2. L. ,. d. I 4| 12 S 18 6^ 1 17 7J 4 I 4 27 Geo. 3. c. 13. L. I. d. 6 1^ 4 3^ 4 3^ 9 6^ 8 8 ■.* i 600 TARIFF. r 1 .-J ArtlclM. p«rlb. SpoHM, pcrlb. .... iTtt prniuc« of, mul importtil from any Britinh ttquillif ilri«l, |>«r cwt. . . . . • iml JriMi, jtur ewt. • • • • • HIarch, |)«r cwi. . . . • • • MtiVMarr*. |wr cwt, • • • • HIerl, unwnitiKht, iimMrpd In, ii)ar Inn ■ • • • Hllarinn ilniiM, for avary 1001. of Ilia talua ■ flini ilnrm, lor pollari . • . • • a'onea, nut Mint, for pottan • ■ > . feltpar, for pollen . • • • • graveainim of marble, via. poliitinl, each nol cnntainttif mora than 9 feat Miuare, per rn4)l Kiuari*, luprrtlrial ineature • un^ioliiheil, the frnit Miiiare , ■u|>erAcial intaiura gnvesionea not of marble, |Kiliabed ur unpoliilied, tha ^t •qiiare, lUperAcjal ineaaure .... Ilniftlone • ■ . . . - marble, rouKh, blocki or alaba . • > • nurtilr In any way maiiufarture'l (eicrpt i^raitonea and paving itoura, each not cnnlaining ntore Ihau 2 feet atjuara), per civl, ..... marble paving slunet, each not containing more Itun 2 feet Kpnre, via. polithed, the foot aquare, auperflcial meature • roui(h, per fool wpiare, auperflciaj iiieantire mill atonea above i feel In quern ainnea, viz. under 3 feet in diameter, and not eiceeding 6 incliea m thickneaa, per pair . . . • 3 feel in diameter, and uol above 4 feet in diameterf and not eiceeding 6 incbea in thickneaa, per i>air • rag alonea, for every lOOJ. value . . . ■ •lalea not ollierwiae enumerated or deicribed, for ever; 1001. value ....... ilatea, in framea, per dozen . . . . alick atonea, per 100 . • . • - atone, aculpiured, or mnealc work, per cwt. Btnne to be uaed for the purpoae of lilhography whet atonea, per 100 > • . - atoneii not inrlicularly enumerated or deicribed, nor otherwiie charired with duty, for every lUOf. value • ^t/ff.— If any atatue, group of figurca, or other atone or marble ornament, carved out of the a-tme block, ahall eiceed 1 ton weiglil, the iluly to be charged thereon ahall be eitimated at the rale payable for 1 tou weight, and no more. Storai, orSlyrji. .•JeeOum. Straw or graaa fur platting, per cwt. Succadea, per lb. • • - . . • the produce of, and Imported from, any Britiah poiaea. per lb. Sugar, VIZ. brown or muicovado or clayed, not being refined, until 6 April, 1834, per cwt. . . . . . the Krowih, produce, or manufacture of any Rritiah poa- aeasinn within the limita of the Eaat India Company*! charter, and imported from thence, per cwt. - the growth, produce, or manufacture of any Itriliih poa- leision in America, and iinimrted from thence, per cwt. (Sugar waa, by act 59 Geo, 3. c. Si., aubjecl to the fluctuation of 3«. per cwt. leu than the above du- tiea, according to the average price of muaoovado augar, until the paaiing of 6 Geo. 4. c. 9.) meluaei, per cwt. ..... the produce of, and imported from, any Brit, poiaea. per cwt. refined, per cwt. ■•.■■■ candy, brown, per cwt .... while, per cwt. ■ . . • • candy imported from the Eaat Indiea, viz. brown, per cwt. ..... white, j>er cwt. - . . . . Sulphur impreaaiona, for every IC02. value vivum. Su Rrimatone. Sweepwaahen' dirt, containing bullion. Sa Bullion. Sweet wood, per ton ■ the produce of, and imported from, any Britiah poai. per ton See Note at the ewTof Wood. T. Taili, viz. :— BulTalo, bull, cow, or 01 taili, per 100 fox tail«, marten taili, aable taili, iquirrel, or Calabar laila. SeeSkina. >"i . Talc, per lb. Tallow, per cwt, ...... im|Hirted from any Britiah pnaeaion in Aaia, Africa, or Ame- rica, per cwt. ...... Tamarinda, per lb. * the produce of, and imported froo, any Britiib poea. per lb. • Tapioca, per cwt. . . ... Tar, the lait, containing 12 barreli, each barrel nol eiceeding 31 l'2galloni ...... the produce of, and imported from, any Britiah poawnion, the laat containing 12 auchbarrela ■ ■ . • Barbadoea tar, per cwt. • . . • . Tine, per quarter ...... Duty, I Jan., I KM « 10 4 I 20 10 6 3 I I I 60 I Free. tree. I'rce. Oil 10 « Free. Free, 3 10 8 II 8 12 Free. 6 6 8 9 17 20 6« 10 3 8 2 8 Free. 8 9 20 I 3 3 I 12 I 4 I 3 9 8 8 6 12 8 8 6 12 6 12 6 10 13 18 6 IS 12 2 10 Duly, mil L. I. 2 2 1 » » 10 1 8 60 per cent. 60 per cent. 3 16 8 16 2 60 2 8 per ton. 88 10 per cent. 20 per cent. 20 2 6 10 6 per rent. 8 4 llM aolid ft. 3 2thi(M>tiqr. 10 6 II S 12 13 6 per ton. 20 1 IS 4 IT 6 17 20 16 10 3 6 6 per cwt 9 Duty, i'Tltt. 66 10 20 per cent 3 2 3 2 ( 4 6 Belayed. I 3 S not clayed. 2 [ I 16 Delayed. I 1 10 not clayed. I 3 10 8 8 6 12 8 8 8 12 6 12 60 10 13 16 6 3 3 2 16 I S H 1 2 M 4 8 OptTMBL L. ». d. 1 8 ( I 6 8 16 8* IT 10 per cent, Prohibited, Olio 2 IT ^ 1 18 8 27 10 y« 10 Opeicnt 21 001} 0^ 27 10 Oparceni. 2 the aolid It. I the luol K|r, 2^ b ij 2 4 4 2 6 8 per too. 2T 10 3 3 3^ « 7i 27 10 6 each. 11 3 4 27 10 Operrrnt. 2T 10 per cent, 3 8 27 10 per cat. 27 10 per cm 8 8 2 6 SclayM. 1 T 2D0lcU;gil, 1 9 Odiyed, 12 4B0tcU;«l, II 3 4 18 2 16 4 2 4 19 7 8 17 10 6 10 Oil 2 Free. 2 18 8 14 10 13 U 8 4* 27 10 Oiwcat, TARIFF. 001 P' 1. thitj, l''*! 1 « I 1 » » » » • • • ct&t. 17 10 « r«» «»'• rtohi»>«»>>. «r ton. icr criit. itr cia<- th« tool iqr. SpcrtoD. 4 6 1 « p«i cwt 1 » I Op«TC«>t. S 1 3 a 3 not 0 n 10 fi ««t. \\ n 0| 31 10 Opirctn'. 10 lilt Killll II. I the (Ml (qr, ik \\ S 4 0*1 , 5 6 per Ion. OT 10 3 3 al • Ik n 10 etMh. 11 3 4 fl 10 Operttnt. 27 10 p« ccni. OSS J7 10 per cmi. j7 10 per cent 8 B 2 5 ecUyrt. I 7 »MUhj«l. I' s f ou 3 4 IS cl>;e»••»•,. .••••• r.Hirn" •f I'l. P*r '". ' 7„, (,oni U April, IKH, will U lubjMl to lb* (ollowinf cuetome hih»». |»r III. • • • ■ . ■ , ■ (ri>(»u, twiiikiy, hymn ikiD, oru(t pfliM, >nd ciinpol, p*r lb. . ■ • • • • • «iiich of i-iia'imil ilnlv uiilil t3 April, l*.'M ; but 111 III* yrar I7N7 wu tunjrct In Ihp eli'iMi (tiity of 7i 10*. per riiil. on the jnxe prlcp ( iinl In llie yMr 1919 Id ihe riillowiiin eiclM diillet, vji. ■nlil •I or uml'-r 3i. per lb. WU. pff ctul. { wlJ abuve U. per lb., low. percent. TiMl«,r"'i'''* ••••■■ Teiili. 1"*- IM cdw, eel linne, nr ■«« mnree leeth. per ewl. glii)lai)t>' teelb, linl klinvn it lt)i, wmkIiI elch Innthi per cwt. eiceetlini 111 Ibe. weiithi each toulh, per cwl. TrIeKop", (or every 1001, value .... Trrr«, >" . ^ . J«|i . . !»in< ol i;realer value than IS*, per cwt (hereof, per cwt of Veoicr, Scio, or Cyprua, per lb. ... I Twine, per cwt ...... I Vilonia, per cwt .--... IVintllQca, per Ih. ...... I Virniih, not oiherwlie enumerated or deicrlbed, for every lOOI. I nl«« . . . ' . ' . I Vun, ancient, not of atone or marble, for every 1001. value litlium, pcrakin ..... ■ Vifdi{rii,perlb. ...... IVtrjuire, pertun -..'.,. IVimicelh.perlb. ...... IVmnillioo, perlb. ...... IViiifcir, nr acetous acid, per tun - Vinemr, nr acetnua acid, by act M almlntheHutynfeiciaeof I*. 2 Geo. 3. c. 65., waa aubjeet , - I'lrf.peri^allon until April i, 1625, when the lame waa tranaferred to (he cuatoma. W. E"'(n,perlb giiliiiUballa.perlb. . . . . wiithti nf |olJ, iii,er, or other metal, for every lOOJ. value • Pll", VII, arquriMiide, ci(ro„, cordial, Hon?arv, lavender. Ste Spirila. tolnme wder, Ihe flaak (30 of auch flaika oonlaining not morelhinl rillon) . . . . . tolci i * 602 TARIFF. Mmh-m lt« : '4* •Ki .•■■;« ««r:> "V^ Articln. Wiler— coiilintKd. minerel or nalural water, per dozen bottlea or naiki (each buttle or flaik nnt eiceeuing 3 piolsj itrong water. iSee Spirilt. Wax, viz. bees' wai, viz. unbleai.'he(1, per cwt. • • in any ile^ree bleached, per cwt. • , '-, . iiiiponeil from any Dritiih poaiesaion in Alia, Africa, or America, viz. unbleactieil, per cwt. . . • - in any decree bleached, per cwt. - myrtle wax, per lb. • • •ealint wai, for every lOCI. value Weill, per cwt. ..-••• Whale fins, per ton • - " , , : . ," . ; tikun and caught by the crew of a British ship, and imported direct from the lishery, or from any British po««e»ion, in a British ship, per ton • Whipcord, per Iti, - • • ■ • Wine. viz. Cape, per tun • excise ditto ..-••• Madeira, per tun ■ excise ditto -•--•- Rhenish, Germany, and Hungary, per lun • excise ditio ..-■•- French, per tun • excise ditto -.•••• other winei. per tun - - - • - excise ditto .-.••■ (The full duties on wine are drawn bick upon exportation.) lees, subject to the name duty as wine, but do drawback ii al- low-'! on the lees of wins exported. Wire, viz. brass or copper, per cwt. . . . . • rilt or plated, for every 100(. value iron, per cwt. .--.-- lalien, per cwt. --...- •ilver, for every lOOI. value . . . - steel, per lb. • • • - Woad, per cwt, ...... Wood, viz. anchor stocks, per piece . . . . - im|iorted from any British possession in America, per piece - • . . . . Su Note at the end of Wood, balks, vix. under S inches square, and under 24 feet in length, per 120 • ... - - under S inches sqiure, and 24 feet In length, or upwards, per ItiO • 6 inches square, or upwards, are subject and liable to the duties piiyatile on nr timber, balks imported from any British possession in America, viz. under b inches square, and under 24 feet in length, per 120 under 6 inches square, and 24 feet in lengtli, or upwards, |ier 120 - 5 inches square, or upwards, are s'ibjecl and liable to the duties liayable on nr timber. See Note at the end of Wood, battens imported into Great Britain, viz. 6 feet in length and not exceeding 16 feet In length, not atmve 7 inches in width, and not sdiove 2 3-4 inches in thickness, per 120 • exceeding 16 feet in length and not exceeding 21 feet in length, not above 7 inches in width, and not exceeding 2 3-4 inches in Ihirktiess, per 120 • exceeding 21 feet in length and not exceeding 45 feet in length, not above 7 inches in width, and not exceeding 2 3'4 inches in thickness, per 120 • exceeding 4S feet in length, or above 2 3 4 inches in thickness (not being timber 8 inches square), per load, containing 50 cubic feet .... and furiher, per 120 . battens of the growth and produce of any British potsesainn in America, and liuportetl directly from thence into Great Britain, viz. 6 feet in length and not exceeding 16 feel in length, not above 7 inches in ividth,and not exceeding2 3 4 inches in thickness, per 120 exceeding 16 feet in length, and not exceeding 21 feet in length, and not above 7 inches in width, and not ex- ceeding i 3.4 inches in thickness, per 120 exceeding 21 feet in lenj^th, not above 7 inches in width, or if exceeding 2 3-4 inches in thickness, per 120 Sa Note at the end of Wood, battens imported into Ireland, viz. 8 feet in length and not exceeding 12 feet in length, not above 7 inches in widtli,and not exceeding 3 I 4 inches in thickness, per 120 - • > • exceeding 12 feet in length and not exceeding 14 feel in length, not above 7 inches in width, and not exceeding 3 1-4 inches in thickness, per 120 exceeding 14 feet in length and not exceeding 16 feel in length, not above 7 inches In width, and not exceeding 3 I -4 inches in thickness, per 120 exceeding It) ffet in length and not exceeding 18 feel in length, not above 7 inches in width, and not exceeding 3 l"i inclies in thickness, (ler 120 exceeding 18 feet in length and not exceeding 20 feel in length, not ab- vo 7 inches in width, and not exceeding 3 1.4 inches i*i tliickness, per 120 . exceeding 20 feel in length and not exceeding 45 feel in length, and not above 7 inches in width, and not ex ceeding3 I 4 inches in thickness, per 120 exceeding 45 feet in length, or above 3 1-4 inches in thickness (not being timber 8 inches square), per lo«d, containing 6') cubic feet .... *nd further per 120 • . • Duly, 1 Jan- 1834. "T. I. d. 4 I 10 3 10 1 I 30 I 95 1 1 34 IS 69 6 69 6 69 6 2 10 25 I I 25 I 10 I 8 4 10 10 11 10 20 2 10 6 1 Duly, 1819. Duty, 1787. L. I. d. 4 3 6 6 6 3 6 2 17 21 62 63 79 63 79 93 17 51 13 63 S 14 60 5 18 9 5 9 3 60 I 10 6 6 8 4 10 18 2 7 18 2 7 27 20 per cent 3 5 16 3 4 17 6 16 3 to II 6 8toZ&feet. 21 3 above 20 feet. 21 3 above 20 feet. 21 3 above 20 feet 8 4 1 3 8 4 2 8 4 8 6 3 Iraland. 9 14 Ireland. 11 1 8 Ireland. 12 9 4 Ireland. 13 17 2 Ireland. 34 6 1 Ireland, 2 10 « Iralaad. L. I. d. 1 10 , II 7 3 1 2 ti 4 7 ti 2 4 4 27 10 10 97 18 2 15 2 23 10 5 14 6 7 23 10 5 14 5 7 43 6 5 21 H 5 35 6 7 21 8 5 23 10 5 14 6 7 2 12 3 'roh ibiied 2 17 » 2 13 »roh ibiiH. U 10 1 7J 2 3 Free. 1 I 3 2 13 per l». Free. Free. 1 6 6 8lo20M 2 13 Oabon20fi£ 2 13 OitnteUfM; 2 13 Oal»vt20f«ij Free. Free, Free. Ireland. Irclud. Iitlaad. Ireland. Ireland. IreUnd, Irttiad. TARIFF. 408 Article!. 113 1 8 2 7 !0 per cent. 2 13 Operia. Free. 16 3 Free. 16 3 10 11 eetoMfeet. 21 3 O»l)o«»f<«'- |2i 3 »li«« *" feet. 1 6 eSloiOfid.! 2 13 Oibo«M'*| 1 2 13 OitaeK!*! ™.«„i i I 13 Oabo«MI«!.| 21 S OilwvelOfeet * " I 8 4 Free. Titt. 8 4 8 4 Free. IraUod. Ireland. Irelm*. Ireltiul' Irel»Bd. IreluA Irelind. Irelud- Jrelind. Ireluil. IraltiKl. IreUnl. Ireluil. Iitluil. Wooti -contiititrd. BaUfii < nds imported into Great Britain, vir, uivler b (tt^l in lennii ill Aint-rica, and imporleJ direclty fruni thence into (Ireit nril.iin, viz. und> r fa feet in length, not above 7 inches In wl under 8 fret in length, if exceeding 3 1-4 inches In thick- ness, per 120 - - > • . baMcns :iiid liaiten ends, of all sorts, of the growth and produce of:)!!)' Hrilish possession In America^ and imported directly finni (hence into Irelnrid, per 120 Itcch I'l ink, 2 inches iu thickness or upwards, per load, con- talniiiK it' cubic feet ..... ot all soriH, of the growth and produce of any British posse-sion In America, and imported directly from thtnce, per 120 • See Note at the end of Wood. beech quarters, viz. uinler '» Inches square, and under 24 feet in length, per 120 b iiiihes eltlm or rating boards, hewed on one side, exceedine ' feel in leiigin, and not exceeding 12 feet in length, and nr>i above I 1-2 Inch in Ihicknesy, uer 120 ouliilp slals nr paling boards, hewwl on one side, exceeding 12 re?t in length, or exceeding 1 1*2 inch in thickness, are fii)j ect and liiible to (he duties payable on deals. oulsiJe !dab« or paling boards, hewed rn one side, of the grovvih an t prrvluce of any Briliali possession in America, tthi ini|ior(ed directly from thence, viz. not eiceedin;; 7 IVet in length, and not above 1 1*2 inch in OnckiiCNS, per 120 .... exctedij(-e of any R iii'h poMcssiim in Anietica, and imported directly frnm ihetice. per 120 - - • • Sif Note al the end of Wood. wainscot b(iard«, viz. the fxit, containing 12 feet In length, and I inch In thick new, and sn in proportion fur any greater or lesser leiigih nr thickness • - _ - b'-arcl) of atl sot tg, not oiherwjse eniiinerateil or described, of llifgrnrtth and prmluce of any British pnssfssion in Ame rica, arid inqinrled diivctly frnm (hence, per 120 • See Note at the end of Wood, brnv^prlts. Stc Masts, daS, '0 be iiet-it in mines, viz. above 7 inches in width, bein» S fret in length and not alovf 10 f^et In length, and not exceeding I 1-2 inch in Ihit'kiiti's per i20 - lieali imjioried intoCireat Britain, viz. ab"ve7irrhes in wiiPh, being 6 feet in length and not abnve 16 feel In length, and not exceeding 3 1-4 inches in iliitknesH, per 120 • • - - above 7 inrhet in width, alwive 16 feel in length and not aI>ove 21 feel in tenalh, and not escetdng 3 1 4 Inches in ttiiiktiiss per 120 - . . . lbi've7iiirben in width, almve21 feet In length and not altrtve li ferl in length, and not above 3 1-4 inches in thickueti, per li!0 • Duty. 1 Jan. 1834. i. #. d. 3 6 7 6 8 4 IS 8 4 4 14 5 Irelind. 9 3 ' Ireland. 8 3 Ireland. 2 8 9 2 8 9 8 4 4 10 8 12 3 6 16 3 4 9 6 8 19 6 2 12 4 6 16 6 13 13 18 1 36 2 2 4 6 10 9 3 18 6 19 6 4 8 4 8 2 6 19 22 44 Duly, 1819. L. I. d. 3 11 3 under 6 feel. 7 6 under 8 (net. 8 4 4 10 8 12 3 6 16 3 4 9 6 8 19 6 2 12 4 6 16 6 13 13 18 1 36 2 1 17 3 3 14 6 8 4 8 4 9 3 18 6 19 6 5 6 8 4 8 2 6 20 IS 8 8 to 20 feet. SO 9 2 above 20 feet. 61 9 3 Duly, 1767. J.. I. d. 8 10 under 8 TeeL 17 8 under S feel. Frc«. Free. Ireland, Ireland. Ireland. 13 3 Fits. 1 1 3 2 13 Free. 1 6 6 2 12 I Free. I 19 8 3 19 4 2 12 10 6 S 8 6 10 Free. Free. 1 10 3 Free. 9 Free. No rale. At below. Al below Al below. /:^ 604 TARIFF. 'MKSI'WI* ^. ^iiiy '3n rut W •,aaj •r^-jf. ArliclM. Wood — eontimud^ deali, above 7 inches wide, viz. 8 feel to 2fl feet long, not above 314 inclin thick, per 120 8 feet to '20 feel long, above 3 1-4 inchet thick, per 120 - above 20 Teet long, not almve 4 inches thick, per 120 above 20 Teet long, above 4 inches thick, \ieT 120 above 43 feet in length, or above 3 1-4 inches in thickness (not being timber 8 inches square or upwards), the load, containing fiO cubic feet . - • -, and further, per 120 • deals of the growth and produce of any British possession la America, and imported directly from theuce into Great Britain, viz. above 7 inches in width, being 6 feel in length and not above 16 leet in length, and not eiceeding 3 1-4 incites in thickness, per 12t) • • ■ • above 7 inches in width, above 16 feet in leneth and not above 21 feet in length, and not exceeding 3 1*4 inches in thickness, per 120 • • ■ - above 7 inches in width, being 6 feet in length and not above 21 feel in length, and exceeding 3 1-4 inches in thickness, per 120 • above 7 inches in w|{lth, exceeding 21 feet in length, and not exceeding 4 inches in thickness, per 120 • abdvu 7 inches in wiil'h, exceeding 21 feet in length, and exceeding 4 inches in thickness (not being liiuber 8 inches square or upwards), per 120 - • • Su Note at the end of Wood, deals import-*d into Ireland, viz. above 7 inches in widtli and not exceeding 12 inches in width, and not exceeding 3 I'4 inches in thickness, viz. 8 feet in length and not exceeding 12 feet in leiiglh, per 120 ..... exceeding 12 feet in length and not exct '-ding 14 feet in length, per 120 • - ■ - exceeding 14 feet in length and not exceeding 16 feet in leng'h, per 120 . exceeding 16 feet in length and not exceeding 18 feet in length, per 120 • exceeding 18 feet in length and not exceeding 20 feet in length, per 120 above 7 inches in width and not exceeding 12 inches in width, and exceeding 3 1-4 inches in thickness, viz. 8 feet in length anu not exceeding 20 feet in length, per 120 ..... above 7 inches in width and not exceeding 12 inches in width, and not exceetling 4 inches in thickness, and exceeding 20 feet in length, per 120 . above 7 inches in width and not exceeding 12 inches in width, and exceeding 4 inches in thickness, and exceed- ing 20 feet in length, pir - 120 •• ■ deal ends imported into Great Britain, viz. above 7 inches in » idlh, beiii^ under 6 feet in length, and not exceeding 3 1-4 inches in thickness, per 120 above7 inches in width, being under 6 feet in length,and exceeding 3 1-4 inches in thickness, per 120 - deal ends of the growth and produce of any British possession in America, and imported directly from thence into Great Britain, viz. above 7 inches in width, being under 6 feet in length, and not exceeding 3 1 4 inches in thickness, per 120 - above 7 inches in width, being under 6 feet in length, and exceeding 3 1-4 inches in thickness, per 120 Srt Note at the end of Wood, deal ends iin|inrted into Ireland, viz. above 7 inches in width and not exceeding 12 inches in width, and under 8 feet in length, viz. not exct-edingS 1*4 inches in thickness, per 120 exceeding 3 1-4 inches iu thickness, per 120 deals and deal ends, viz. of all sorts, of tile growth and produce of any British pos* session in America, and imported directly from thence into Irelnnd, per 120 • - . - and further, on all deals and deal ends, imported into Ireland, of the aforesaid lengths and thicknesses, t.ut of the following widths, the additional duties follow-, ing, viz. if exceeding 12 inches in width and not exceeding 15 inches in width, 25 per cent., or 1-4 of the afore- siid rates, if exceeding I.*) inches in width and not exceeding 18 inches in width, SO per cent., or 1-2 of the afore* said rates, if exceeding 18 inches in width and not ezceeding2l inches in width, 76 per cent., or 3-4 of the afore* said rates. ifexceedingSI inches in width, 100 per cent., or an additional duty of equal to the aforesaid rktes, re. spectively. firewood not fit or fimper to be used other than as such, viz. the fathom, 6 feet wide and 6 feet high * imported from any British possession in America, the fathom, 6 feet wide and 6 feet high . iVu Note at the end of Wood. fir quarters, viz. uuiler S inches square and under 24 feet in length, per 120 . • - - . . under /i inches square and 24 feet in length or upwards, per 120 - 6 inches square or upwards nre subject and liable to the duties iiayable on lir timber. fir Ijuarters of the growth and produce of any British posses* sioii in America, and im|iorted directU' from thence, vtz. under 5 iiiche, square, and under 24 fejt in length, per 120 - . * * * * unrtcr ^ inches square, and 24 feet in length, or upwards, lirr la) * . - . * ■ 6 inches square or upwards are subject and liable to the duties payable on fir iimljer. Sit Note at llie end uf Wuod. Duty, I Jan. 1834. L. «. d. 2 10 6 2 2 10 4 6 10 12 9 6 14 II 16 12 6 18 14 I 20 IS 7 41 U 3 61 9 2 100 6 I 6 12 15 1 10 7 1 8 13 14 8 8 3 Duly, 1819. 19 010 18 2 7 27 3 S 4 17 6 L. I. d. 100 6 Olhel2a 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4 Ireland, Ireland. Ireland. Ireland. Ireland. Ireland- Ireland. Ireland. 7 19 under 8 feet. 13 14 9 under 8 feel. 8 4 8 4 Ireland. Ireland. Ireland. Duly, 1787. 19 10 18 2 7 20 per cent. 16 3 16 3 L. I. d. 2 13 6 6 S 19 II 18 No nte. Free. Free. Free. Free Free. Ireland. Ireland. Ireland. Ireland. Ireland. Iteland, Ireland. Ireland. 17 8 under 8 feel lis 4 under 8 feet. Free. Free. Ireland. Ireland. Ireland. 3 8 Free. 1 I 3 2 13 per 120. Free. Free. TARIFF. 605 Ihel20. Articlea. 1. Ireland. d. Ireland. a. Ireland. li. Ireland. i. Ireland, gd. Ireland. Dd. Ireland. nd. Ireland. g under 8 feet. n 8 under 9 feel 9 under 8 (eet. I IS 4 under 8 fee 4 Free. 4 Free. nd. Ireland. Ireland. Irtiluul. |10 I? per cent. 3 8 Freo. 1 1 3 2 13 per 120. Free. Free. Wood— (wi/i'iiwrf, tir Itniher. Su Timber. hitidipikea, viz. uit'lei 7 fe-I in length, per 120 7 (eel in lenfclh or u|i\vai«t9, per 120 • h3ii')!il>ik«'> iDiporled from any Hrititli pouession id America, under 7 feet in length, per 120 7 feet in length or upwards, per 120 • See Note at the end of Wood, knees of oik, viz. umitT r* inches square, per 120 a inches Bqu.\re and under 8 inches square, per !20 8 inches square or upwards, per lua i contaiuin; bO cubic ft-el - • - • - • knees of oak imported from any British possession in Ame- rica, viz. under 6 inches sqnare, per 120 ft inches squire and under 8 inches square, per 120 8 inches square or upwards, per load containing £0 cubic feet - - - • - - Set Note at the end of Wood. Ulhwoni, viz. iu pifCPB under 5 feet in length, p"" fathom, 6 feet wide an 16 feet high . . . - • in pieces 5 feet in length and under 8 feet in length, per fa'hnm, 6 feet wide and 6 feel high - 8 feet In length and under 12 feet iu length, per fathom, 6 feet witle and 6 feet high - . - • 12 Uvt Inng or upwards, per fathom, 6 feet wide and 6 ft^et hiKh ...... lathwoud imported from any British possession in America, viz- in pieces under 5 feet in length, per fathom, 6 feet wide and 6 ft-et hi?h ..... in pieces 5 feet in length or upwards, per fathom, 6 feet wide and 6 feet high See Note at the end of Wood. niMts. yards, or bowsprits viz. 6 inches in diameter and under S inches, each 8 inches in itianieter and under 12 inches, each 12 inches in diameter or upwards, per load containing 50 cubic feet ..... msit^ vards. or bowsprits, imported from any British lion in America, viz, 6 inches in diameter and under 8 Inches, each - 8 inches in diameter and urider 12 inches, each • 12 inches in diameter or upwards, per load containing 50 cubic feet - . - - oak pUiik, viz. 2 iu'hes in thickness or upwards, per load containing 60 cubic feet ..--.. oak plank of the growth of any British possession in America, and imported directly from thence, viz. 2 inches in Ibicknesa or upwards, per load containing 60 cubic ffet ...... See Note at the end of Wood. oak tind'er. See Timber. oirs, per t20 • of the growth of any British possession in America, and imp irted directly from (hence, per 120 - .See Note at the end of Wood, ipui, viz. i<- 'ler 22 feet in length, and under 4 inches in diameter, exclusive of the bark, per 120 tJ feet in leng h or upwards, and under 4 inches in dia- meter, exclusive of the bark, per 120 4 inches in diaineier and under o inches in diameter, ex- elusive of the t}ark, per 120 - oi* (he growth of any British possession in America, and impor'ed directly from thence, viz. under 22 feet iii length, and under 4 inches In diame- ter, exclusive of ihe bark, per 120 22 feet in length or upwards, and under 4 inches in di.imtter, exclusive of Ihe bark, per 120 - 4 inches In diameter and und^r tj Inches in diameter, exclusive of the bark, per 120 • Sft Nole at the end of Wood. ipokes for wheels, viz. not exceedini; 2 feet in length, per 1.000 exceeding 2 feet in length, per 1,000 - of all sorts, of the growth of any British possession in America, and imported directly'from thence, per 1,000 .See Note at the end of Wood. itivps, viz. not exceeding 38 inches in length, not above 3 inches in thickness, aud not exceeding 7 inches in breadlh, per 120 .■ • ... above 16 inches in length and not excee . • • • • 3i2 Duly, I Jan. 1834. L. I. d. 2 4 2 6 6 10 4 1 6 2 13 5 4 5 6 16 10 4 13 12 015 1 6 8 1 2 2 15 I 6 4 10 4 IS 14 19 3 19 6 2 8 4 5 9 9 16 1 IS 3 7 4 6 14 8 6 4 1 3 2 6 3 4 4 4 16 Duly, 1819. L. I. d. a 2 7 4 IS 2 4 12 4 17 1 11 8 4 8 4 5 6 4 17 6 7 6 7 5 7 6 6 6 9 6 1 6 2 3 5 3 2 8 4 1 10 6 6 16 6 8 4 per 120. 14 19 3 19 6 2 16 3 4 17 6 10 II 6 16 3 16 3 16 3 3 7 4 6 14 8 6 4 1 6 2 2 9 2 3 5 4 IS 10 6 8 6 I S Duty, 1787. L. I. d. 6 8 13 4 Free. Free. 3 4 1 13 9 II Free. Free. Free. 13 3 19 10 19 10 19 10 Free. Free. 1 11 3 4 6 8 1 l| 3 4 6 8 19 10 frte. 1 19 8 Free. 6 8 II 1 4 3 Free. Free. Free. 19 10 19 10 Free. 4 7 6 10 15 17 6 Tttt, N: P- 606 TARIFF. mt«. fj ■Ml ;-"( ArticlM. Wood— con ("itird. ilavn— cnntniue^f. above 36 inchM in length and not «cefdtni5 50 inches in Iniffll), nnt above 3 1-2 Indies in thickntsf, an0 cubic feet - - • - _ • imported from any other place wiUiln those limits, per load, containing 50 cubic feet timber, viz. fir limber, 8 inches square or upward*, per load, contain- ing 60 cubic feet • • • • fir timber imported from any British possession in Ame- rica, 8 inches K|uare or upwards, per load, coutaining 50 cubic feet . . . • - Sei Note at the end of Wood, oak timber, 8 inches square or upwards, per load, con* taining 50cubic1cet oak timber of the growth of any British possession in America, and imported directly from thence, 8 inches square or upwards, per load, containing 5U cubic feet • ■See No'e at the end of Wowl. timbfi of all sorts, not particularly enumerated or de- scribed, nor olherwise charged vviih duty, Itf ine H inclies square or upwards, per load, cnnlaining 50 cubic feet • timt)er of all sorts, not particularly enumerated or de- scritfed, nor otherwise charged with duly, being of the growth of any Rriltah possession in America, and im* ported directly from thence, being H inches square or upwards, per load, cnntainiiiK 50 cubic feet • Set Note at the end of Wood, uien, viz. under 6 inches square, and under 24 feet in length, the 120 under 5 inches square, end 24 feet in length or upwards, per 120 • 6 inches sqjare or upwards are subject and liable to the duties payable on fir timber, uferi imported from any British possession in America, viz. under 5 inches square, and under 24 feet iu length, per 120 - - • • - • under 5 inches square, and 24 feet iu length or upwards, per 120 . 6 inches square or upwards are subject and liable to the duties iKiyatile on fir tim)>er. See Note at the end of Wood. wainscot logs. viz. 8 inches square or upwards, per load, containing 60 cubic feet . • - • • * of the growth of any British possession in America, and imported directly from thence, per load, containing 50 cubic feet ...... unmanufactured, of the growth of any British possession in America, not particularly enumerated or described, nor otherwise charged with duty, for every 100/. value unmanufactur&l, not pnrticufarly enumerated or described, and on which the dutiesduc on the importation are payable according to the value thereof, beinic of the growth of the British limits within the province of Yucatan in the Bay of Honduras, and imported directly from the said bay, for every 100/. of the value . . . . .See Note at the end of Wood, unmanufactured, not particularly enumerated or described, nor otherwise chained with duly, for every 100/. value Aote.— For (he conditions under which any sort of wood, plank, or timber whatsoever, wrought orunwrought (ex- ctpt masts, yards, or tmwsprits), or any of the goods called lumber (ent'imerated in act 8 Geo. 1. c. 12.), may be im> uorl&I directly from any of his Majesty's British possessions in America free from all customs and impositions, see 8 Geo. I. c. 12., 26 Geo. 3. c. 63., 26 Geo. 3. c 60., and U Geo. 4. c. 41. Wool, viz. beaver wool, per lb. • • • • • cut and combed, per lb. . . . . coney wool, per lb. - - ■ • cotton wool, or waste of cotton wool, per cwt. the produce of, and imported from, any Britiih posieiBioD, per cwt. ..-..- goat B wool or hair, per lb. - • the produce of, and imported from, any Britiib poeseuion hares' woo', per lb. • * - • • lambs' wool. See SheepV wool, red or Vicunia wool, per lb. • • • • ibeep or lamtM wool, viz. not being of the value of It. the lb. thereof, per lb. being of the value of If- the lb. or upwards, per lb. Ukfi produce o^ and imported from, ao; Bhtififa powenlon Duly, 1 Jan. 1834. L. 1. d. 4 6 8 10 1 10 10 1 10 8 16 10 2 15 10 t 8 6 18 a 7 27 3 6 4 17 6 2 IS 12 6 Dutjr, 1819. 5 20 I 7 4 9 2 2 II 4 1 Free. 2 6 0^ 1 Fn*. L. : d. 1 3 2 6 8 6 2 6 I to 1 10 I 10 1 10 3 6 2 6 3 t 6 6 1 12 6 2 6 IB 2 7 20 per cent. 16 3 16 3 4 S 6 6 6 6 16 9 6 16 9 20 I 7 4 9 6 9 7^ 7 6 6, 2i 6 6 6 I DulT. 1787. L. I. d. Tni. Free. Tne. Free. 6 S 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 8 Free. 6 8 Free. G 8 Free, 1 I 3 2 13 per 120 Free. Free. 9 II Free. Free. Free. 33 Free, 16 6 It 9 4 Free. Free. Free. 1 Free. Tnt. Free, Free, )ul]r, 1819. Duty, 1787 d. L. 1. d. 3 Free. 6 Free. 6 Trtt. 6 Free. - $ 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 Fm. per cent. 3 3 6 6 9 9 6 8 Free. 6 8 Free. 1 I 3 2 13 per 120 Free. Free. 9 11 Free, Free. Free. 33 Free, 16 6 1} 9 4 Free. Free. Free. 1 Free. Free. Free. tm. Woollens, ?)z. flianufacturei of w/v^l »»* i ■ "ah coiion, noT^ir"">,ter'''' "'"". "'-T »-„„| „,i„d .r.icl«„f „„!;"„Jlf,^' ;^'h1",y r ^,^ ,„„, Wb„d, „„, wool nuxel with „llo, yl,L '"' '"''"« «™l»' -vonl) or of ollii:rivi,e clmrifed w l, ,1,) J *^ '" "'P"l nw.li! , , „ , Wreck. Hu Dereiicif '"' ''"')'' '■"• '"ry iCO;. vali,. "'"' ""' firn, vii. ^• olWe y,irn, per civ(. caii;el or .noli,ir y,rn, per"lb raw liiiHi y,,r„, ,,cr cm woriled jarn, per lb. ' ' i ItHie, per cwt . ^" : Zebra wood, per ton . [ ■ • . I Cavil, wares, and tnerchin^ii^ i, • njlriufaclured, and rmiS ' '"""« •H'ler in nart n, „i, ., <»e charged \v?,1/r,';rd"Z",'''^/''=""'^."nr"ff (W,, wan-,, and n^rclmid ." non''"''' ''"• """ W/ vjrul'" mnuf.iciured.and not h,^.^ ' ' '"'"'«""l'erin nan or i^), n " »i,e charged vi h dl,,"^'"'''''''^'''> orBriti,hp4an P?i J '» "^ P'«e ' !"»Hrilisl..hip,^er?Jr' .^■ , ;">«"P not British, per Ion . MillcMis, culm, and cnd/.J..-. . " m bei,„ a British po'^^a.^r^'z''"^ '" "J- P'«e inaBniishship, perton 11 ""sliip not British, perton .' Hire iliins and coney skins iier im t- te.*l and coney vvoS^^'IJi^,"'"" I Stepjndlamb wool, nercvv, I «■»*!>, n,orlling,,,'horfl2-;:„ I teh. crewels, Mverlels Si f? ' "■""'»!. wool. pfaciure. or prelcndii' "^"'''';?'. or other ma. I ™!liviih combed ^Zl^^C 'T" <"• Ws I I ncardnij, per cwt. . "''°' '" for combing l(«»l!,»arc,, .ind merchandi.» nf '.i, J l.«,or,n,„nfacture onh^vluldV^V^' P™" ll l«"is subject to other exr)art ,|, ,„ „ '^i«^''"m (not 1 1 iKOip'eJ from export dui" , f^^ """■ ''"licularly ll Except ll-efofbw tgart cIL"''™'' "'"« 1 i Ijlta jibI coin. ^ ariicles, v/z. Km, i;rjin, meal, malt fln,,,. i- . I^J^rll^iej^^Jsc^^ bran, grit,. Cotton yarn or other cotton manufacture, J;s^;';?S.?i^'"='""">''"^ed. f;Sefu'.!ffibr,^r-";j.,or,pp„i„,„.„,. of Ins AI,,je,iy., treasurrL'^^.H ] ^™"'"''«ioners m' afyT^r^r.^^',"""'''™"'- ''"'°'''" I ,t;onKy."'"""'''"o India by t United *. d. y 'he KasI India I I Sal,?''"''"^'' Gofu\ w^rM'me""."' '"'' "'S'' candy of Man by'vi?,!e" nri""1''« -^'I'orteS t^' ,be l,u , powered to grant. '' ^ ' '"»'oms may be em. lf'--e»;S:^;>o.M„gorimp,e. I WmT'^'"- ""«>"", and exported direct ' *^--reii(n pirli, a^ ineiih.iiiftiiV, | er (jitrrt-l (if 3ti gillnnn lni|ierial mcaMiru • ; i Bricks, nnf rxctetliii? 10 inches long, 3 inches thick, | an I 't inrlie^ wide, per \,(>0 i . . { rxicrdinit the atirue dimen^ifms, ]ifr I.(H)0 • i liii')!iltn*i| or pnliahi'd on I nr more lidt-s, not ej. pee.lttiff 10 in. hwg liy .1 in. wjiie, p-r 1,000 • not i-xcefdirii; 10 inches S()u.trt!, per lOO exn-ediiiji 10 iiirhes stpiare, per 100 ObsH, vt7. Mint, per lb. - broid, per rwt, .... cnnvii, per i-ut, .... pli'e in pl\lei nr shei'ts of tin» le*^ size lh»n 6 in. tiy 1 in,, and not leu than l-H'h unr moru thm V" ihH (if an i.ich in thicknesi, per cwt. • (ilhcr than in such platfS or shceU, per cwt. conmi'in bmiles, [wr cwt. Ilnps. per lb, . • • Taper, lint cIim, viz. all paper other than brown |)n|ier, made of old ropes or cordu(e only, per lb. • »ec(>nJ cl,'i8^. viz, all brtiwn paper, made of old riipes an I cordage only, per II). glaztti paper, niillbnanl,and scaleboard, per cwt. pasteboard, made whtdly uf second ctau paper, per cwt. ..... nnde wholly or in part of paper other tlian the seciitnl class, per cwt. prin'ed, painte (, or stained, per yard • Flute, of wrought f^nU], nunufictured in Great Eri* tain, and which sh.ill or ought to be auaycd aud niarke'l in fireit Bri'ain, viz. nude since the Isl Dec, ITS-1, per oz. • made since the 5lh July, 1797, per oz. ■ ni'de sine- the 31st August, ISi5, ptiroz. No dravvhack allowed on gold watch casei of any weight, nir shill anydrawback be allowed oli any ariicles of pold, not excee-.ling the weight of i ounces ; and if any penon shall »'Xport any Lii-iiiufacture of gold not duly marked, to de- note tiie standard of 22 or IS carats of fine ?<»ld in everv lb. Troy, he shall forftit Ull. Gold of ihe(inenp8sof t8car.ats to he marked with a "cniwn and ilie fi»uns 18."*— (3s Gio. 3. c. 69., .ii Geo. 3. c. is'i., and I (ko. 4. c. 14.) of wrouRhl silver, ni.anufaclured in Great Br|. tain, and which sh.ill or nui;ht to be as&ayuj and mirkel in Gre.ir Britain, viz. ma le since the Isl Dec. I7M. per oz. mad.' since Ihe ."ilh July, 1797, per rz. made ^ince the lOlh Oct. ISOl, peroz. made since tht- 3lsl An?., 1815, peroz. No drawback allowed on silver watch cases.chains, necklaces, beals, lockets, fi i^ree work, shiit buckles or brooches, alani|ied medals, and •pints to rhina, atone, or earthenware teapots, whatever Ihe weiifht ; nor on lippine*, swages, or mounts, not wei^hin? lOdwis.of silver each, ■n I not beiii!? ne ks or col'ara for castors, or cr uets, or gtassta, appertaining to any sorts of L. ». d. 5 :i 5 10 U 10 U 12 10 I) 2 f> 4 10 u 1 10 (1 3 13 « 3 4 IN 7 1) 2 3 li I 1 11 1 R n 2 R 16 n 17 riate-'rorifiMue^ ■ latids or frames ; wares of silver not weighing 5 dwis. of silver each ; but this exemption not 1o include necks, tops, and rollars (or castors. cruets, or |[l;isses appertaining to any sort of ■"audit or finmes; huilnns to be nflised to or set on any wearing apparel, sol id silver l)Uiions and itidil sdver sltnts, not ti.iving a l)evetl<-d piUe so'dert'd on ; wniu<;lil Mas, bltiik se;ilA, boiilt: tickets, shoe clasps, patch boxes, salt ■|ionns, salt ladles, lea RpiK)ii><, tea strainr m, caldy ladles, burMfs, and piecis to garnish cabinets, or kiiite tan's, tea cheats, bridles, siinds, or frames — (."i^ (ieo 3. c. 185.) Hire —l'(H»n ih(! exportation from Ihe L'liitcd Kin^ dom of any fireign rice or paddy, cltaned Iheiem, and which have paid ilir dniies on importation, a dra\» back shall heal 'owed .^ paid for every hundred wcii(hl thereof, etpial inauiouni to the duly paid on every 4 bu. of the rotiijli rice, or paddy, Ironi whitli the same aball have been cltaned, viz. percwt. Silk goftds mnnuraclured in the t'oitid KingJom, viz. fiirevery pound of dtutis or ribands of silk.compo^cd of silk only, and being of ihe value of I4i. ai least fur eveiy pnurid of slull's or ribands of silk and cotton mixed, whereof 1-2 at least &liall be silk, and beim; of the value of 4t, frf. at least for every pound of suiltsor ribands of silk and worsted mixed, whereof I J at least shall be silk, and being of the Vulue of 2j, -Id. at least Soap, viz h>rd, perlb. . . - . soft, per lb. ..... S!arch, or British gum, or any preparation of or from starch, per lb. - S'one bottles, not exceeding 2 quarts meas., per cwt. bugar (refined), viz. bastard sugar, or refined It^af supr broken in pieces, or being ground or powdered sugar, or such sugar pounded, crashed, or broken, ex- ported in a flriiikh ship, per cwt. exjinrted in a ship not Briiish, per cwt. olher refined bu?ar in laif, coniidcteand whi.te,or lumps duly refined, having been ptrfecily cla- rified and thoroughly dried in tfie slove, aiiut ; or such sugar pounded, crashed, or bn)ktn, and sugar candy, exported in a Brif. ship, per c\\ t. ex dried in a ship not British, per cwt. double refined sugar, and 8ut;ar etpnl in aypient of (July, and im. ported into England, for evrry 100 tallnns inipe. rial measure, of spirits of the streni;lh of prtrnf, ,15 denoteil by Sykes's hyrlmmcter, and «i in pmpor- tinn for any greater or less decree of slrtn^lh. or any greater or less quantity.— (6 Geo, 4. c. bO. ii IVUl. 4. c 49 ) - . duty paid in Ireland, and imported into England, per gallon • - - . . Starch, or British gum, or any preparation of or from starch, per 11'. - • . . . All other articles, the growth, produce, or ma- nufacture of Great Britain or Ireland, to pass from either couulry to the other » ii'out duiy 37 10 4 2 3} Remarks on Duties Inwards.— The Table of duties inwards previously laid before the reader, affords copious materials for reflection and comparison. Excepting a verv few aril- cles, such as silk, linen-?, gloves, «Scc., tliat were prohibited, the highest duties in 1787 sel- dom exceeded 27/. 10s. per cent, arf m/bre;«. In the interval between 1787 and 1819 a j good many changes were made in the mode of assessing the duties; several of those thall were charged on the ad valorem principle at the former epoch, being changed into rated I duties at the latter. The extraordinary rise of duties in the interval referred to is, however,! the moat striking circumstance. 'J'he fact, that in the arithmetic of the customs, 2 anil 8, [ instead of always making 4, sometimes make only 1, was then totally forgotten. Durin?| the war, it does not seem to have once occurred to any of our finance ministers, that every I increase of price necessarily lessens consumption; and that, were twice the quantity of a j TARIFF. 609 /.. I. i wirM of silver nolwfi«tiin» acl] i but lliii eiemiilimi nnl loll anil r"ll«r« lor c.-«tiir«, aiiiicrlaiiiMig 'o "ly >"!•' "f • tiuUoiis I" lie iiMlxeil to or ;,n|.,irel,«nliJ»ilV'-rliuilnrii ituili, not hniii* » lievoll.il ; ivnicnlil K-aiJ, lil.lMlUI-al>, oe L-laM* P»tch l.i.»«, salt ■i, lc» nuiKiiiN t'» »lf»ini i«, clilis, »u.l \»''<^" '0 f"V,"'' IB (.IMS, lea ili"l«, lirjiilra, _(l>i Uto 3. c. IM.) aiiori from lli« Ij"1I«1 Km?- ce or paiUly, cUai.eJ llieieiii, ihp (liUieJ iin ini|Kirlilinn, a jivpd fc paid f"f ■!>'<"■> huiulred inaii.nuiilli)lliei!ury|iaiiloii "h nce,(ir iMilily, Irriii whith rflicltanei, VIZ. pcrovl, • J in Ihe I'niliil Kin?>l.'ni, vil. I Biinr ribands of •ilkc'inipiwrd i|F nf ilie value of H«. ai ii-ast f .lulls or ribands of silk and rthereiif Xi »i li'ist sliall be if ihr value of 4i. M. at least f jiuflsor ribands of «i!k and whereof 1 i »' least shall be jf llie vulue of 2j. 4ii. at least , or any preparation of or from eding 2 quarts mem., per cwt. refined loaf supr hrt^ken in ' ground or i>owdered supir, or jnded, crashed, or broken, ex- ii«h ship, per cwl. • I ship not Briiisli, per cwt. . r in loaf, coliilileteaiid whi.le.or ined. having been perreclly da- ■oiinlily dried in the stove, and form whileiiPss (hroiuilioul ; or undid, crashed, or hnikin, and xported in a llrii. ship, lier c»t. a ship not l(rili>.h, ptrcwl. - irar, and 8uhia >nd ill »tlti - - • the Ih. Nickt 1, viz arteiiitte of Nickel, in liinipior potvdtr, be* ill!; iti ni) uiir(-(inril Htat«, (he l/. uf value NicltuI, iiieial.ii;, refiiiccl, anil oxide of nickel, the \00t. of value • ..... Null, viz., ciitor nuts or seed • • the ton Nutnirs^. viz : — wiiil iniinic'(i in the shell ■ • the lb. I)il, viz. c.-ulor ml ... tlie cwt. 0,|, vi/. animal nil ■ " ■ the cwt. coc a nut oil . • • • the cwt. Olive oil • • • -the lun the pniduce of or imported from any part of the doriiiiMoiis of llie Kiii^ ui' the Two Sicilica, afit-r »Ut of AuKtiM, Ib3-1 ' the lun ini|inr'e I in a sliiii lit- ')n?tiiif tf> any of the swhjt-cts of the King of the Two Sicilies, after 3Ut of Au- gust, Ici3-l • • • the tun (iWi,te,—Hee art. Olive O.I in this SuppUmeiit.) Olive wood, the produce of, or imported from, any fnri-ifn country .... the toil Opium ..... the Ih, Oi-ange flower water • • 'the lb. F.ilm Oil .... the cwt. I'almetin thUch, the produce of and imported from the British pipiseuioni in America - • the cwt. Pearl, dried .... the bushel Pean, raw, for every lOOi. of the value Percussion caps .... the I.Oro Plin*aiiis, dried, the produce of and imported from (he Hrihsh possessions in America, fur every 100/. of the value ...... Plate, old, not bettered up, having been in private use of the iiiiporler white resiJiii^abroad, and iulcndtd for hii privire use iu this kingdom, viz.:— Silver " • " • the oz. Gold ■ • ■ • the oz. Plums, commonly called French plums and prunellos thf! cwt. Prunes . . . • - the cwt. Quinine, lulphate of • • ■ the oz. Raip, viz.: old woollen ra^ • - -the ton Raibins .... the cwl the produce of and imjwrted from any Britinh pos- lession .... the cwt. Rice. r»unh, or paddy, the produce of (he west coast of Africa, imported from a liritisb poiseuion on that coast the bushel Rice, rough in the husk, imported from the west coast of Africa .... the fjuarier Rosewood • - the ton L. f. d. 1 2 20 6 16 d 20 1 I I 3 2 6 I 3 4 4 8 6 10 10 2 10 I Seal ikin4,of British taking, imported direct from the fishery or fnim a Britiiti pukeiiioa, the doz. skini Saedt. viz.:— l'o[.()y seed . . • (he quarter Scb.i(filla leedi • ' -the cwt. Skins, VIZ.:— (•(Mise skins, iindrwsed - . the skin Specklt^l wofMt, the produce of, or imported from, any the Ion £. ..* I I 4 s 2 10 8 i g ij 3 S 7 6 I 6 trireiifti country S|iici-n. viz : — Cliivti .... 111,. Ih, M.ice .... Ilie tb. IVpper .... thtr If), Fiiiiento .... the lli. Spirits, VIZ., liqiieim, the pi^uce of and imitorted fn ni the Uriti.)) )) ssl■^ai(Hlsin fUiit i ica, viz.: — uol lieiiiK fif erc.iter stieiiKth ttiaii the i*rt'nKlh nf proof l>y Syket'B hyilniiueter • the cnjliin 9 q heitiK of Kre:tt the {{ailon 13 SpirilAor stroliie v\atur9, viz.:- , for every ((.I'lnii of mich npirit^, or simn? wa'en nf any slreno in prnfiorlioo f.r any Itreater or \tw slri'tiKth than ihe s rrn.'lli of priMtf^ and for any greater or lew quantity ttiau a ^alloD, viz.: — not hein^ ipirit. or strong \va*ers the produce nf any British poHsfiiiirin in Anierici, on :iiiy Iliitish ynn. tct^ion ^^ jihin the limits of the Kast India Com. paiiy's charier, ami not being avve<:tened spiritu, or spin's mixed with any .ir'icle, so that thedeiiiee of strt'nK'h thereof cannot he exactly ascertained by BiKh hydrometer • • ■ "12 5 Spirl lor strong waters, the produce nf .iny Brlti-h piissewinii iti .^int-rica, not l)eing sweetened spirits, or spirits so mixed as aforesaid • • 9 n Spirits, or strnntf waten*. the produce of any Ttriliih liosseMion within the liniit^of the Kast [ndia C- ni. panj's charter, not lieintf sweetened spirits, or npi* rits 'O inixe g ID 3 e i I 10 I Tariff, (Austrian.) — Subjoined is the tariff of the import, export, and transit duties charged io the Austrian empire on some of the most important articles of trade and con- sumption. It came into operation on the 27th of February, 1838. The duties imposed by this tariff, though, in some instances, considerably lower than liio« i formerly charged, are still, speaking generally, very heavy. The duly on cotton and woollen goods, for example, is 60 per cent, ad valorem ,• while that on coffee is 38s. the English enl, that on raw sugar for consumption, 32s. the cwt., and so forth. There is, in fact, a singular contradiction in the commercial policy of Austria ; in some respects it is as liberal as could be wished for, while in others it is selfish and illiberal in the extreme. In all that rpspecU ports and shipping, the legislation of Austria may be advantageously contrasted with thato almost any other nation. All arlii-Ies are freely admitted into Trieste and Venice, and niaj I be consumed in them, or warehoused and re-exported without being liable to any duty, tie ( port charges being at the same time very reasonable. But the moment that it is attcmp to introduce any article from a free port into the interior, it is loaded with oppressive duliei; I and subjected to vexatious regulations. These have been imposed in the view of proter ling I and encouraging domestic industry ; but it is, perhaps, unnece.ssary to say that their ptrectiii| Austria, as in all other countries, has been precisely the reverse. Instead of trusting to iheiil own exertions, and bringing the inexhaustible resources of science and ingenuity to iheifl aid, the native producers, deprived of the stimulus of competition, depend for success on ihtl cffi)rts of the customs' officers to exclude foreign products, and to secure them a nionopolf.f There is, consequently, but little improvement. Every thing has about it an air of languoti and routine. Most part, also, of the foreign products to be met with in the interinr. tiivej found their way there through clandestine channels. The mischievous influence of suchil system is, indeed, too obvious to be disputed by any one not interested in its support. Tlifl recent modifications of the tariff, and the commercial treaty negotiated with this rouiiIrT,! may, we hope, be regarded as the forerunners of still greater changes. A redurlinnof llitl duty on most foreign articles to a third or a fourth part of its present amount, would do moni than any ihiiig else to promote the industry of the empire, to stimulate coninicrcc, and lol increase the customs' revenue. Now that the navigation of the Danube is being iipeneJ,i| reduction of this sort is more than ever necessary. The introduction of a lastc lor liiepi*! ducliuns of foreigners is of all others the most likely means by which the lung doraisill TARIFF (AUSTRIAN). 611 5,s's!er:.r'^'o'" the (iu»r<" 5 Ihe cwt. \ 4 . theiliin i Lot,orla.port»l_'rom,^";l 2 10 (hi-lh. 8 . (Iielh. 2 ( the Ih. « llie II). i n Aii.reign markets, and ascribing their excess in England wholly to the influence of our corn laws. The Austrian government and people have long been alive to the many advantages that would result from opening a communication between Hungary and Fiume, and olher ports on the Adriatic. And notwithstanding the obstacles opposed by the interposition of the Julian Alps, and other mountain ridges, an excellent road has been carried from Carlstadt to Fiume. Still, however, the expenses of the carriage of bulky products are too great to make this route sufliciently available ; and the advantage of further improving and cheap- ening the communication is loo obvious to need being pointed out. Table of Import, Export, and Transit Duties levied in the Austrian Empire on the following Articles, as iiiodilted by tlie late Imperial Ordinance in force from the 2Tth of February, 1838, Articlet. Duty in Austrian Money and Rates. Duty in English N^oiiey and Rales. Unit of cliarje. Import Uuly. Export Uuly. Tran- sit nuty. Unit of Charge. Import Duly. Export Duty. Tran- sit Duly. fl. ». fl H. /I. ». L. >. d. /,. .. d. Aran, lire, all kiniis per 1 fl. value U 12 01-4 12 >d valorem 20 Olio iO Bicfud .111 kinds of bulchen' mcil, fresh • poa centner 60 114 2 I23l-3lba. I 8 O.'i-S 01-5 silM _ 2 55 614 2 4 11 258 045 from Hungary _ 1 40 014 2 ^ 2 8 2i.8 4.5 B«r in ciski _ 48 1 2 ^ 82-5 035 045 1 boliles.kati. Repacked in casks or hamper* • ^ 5 S 2 .. 10 2 4-5 nol packed ■ per bottle 6 01-4 2 per bollle. 22 5 01-10 04 5 Mil ol bell meial, or oilier common nieiali nelt centner to .. _ 123 1-3 lbs. 4 Books with nerniiision of ceiiioMiip • per 1 A. value 38 01-4 8 >d valorem 60 . 01-10 32 5 Bnti, and all cnmposilioni of brass with other IKin precious metals. nw or \a blocks and ban nelt centner 8 20 61-4 2 123 1 3 Ibi. 16 8 258 04-S in plates, rolled, wire • _ 13 20 I2l-t 2 .. 1 6 4 6 04-5 wrou«ht _ eo 25 8 _ 6 10 326 Cinl(sacoal) - gross centner 15 25 2 ^ 1 10 10 04-6 Coffeo . . nelt centner 21 17 1-2 6 .. 2 2 7 2 Cofper, raw, rolled, plates, blocks ^ SO 20 2 ^ 1 8 1 04-5 wrought, as kettles, boil- ers, 4c. ^ 10 121-4 S — - 1 5 2 wire . ^ 15 12 1-4 6 ^ 1 10 5 2 Com, wheal (ron centner 2212 1 2 ^ 9 026 4-5 barley and oata IS 03-4 2 ^ 6 038 4-3 Indian corn - ^ IT 03-4 2 ^ 6 46 038 044 Bye and buckwheat • — IS 03-4 8 — 62-S 038 612 TARIFF (RUSSIAN). TnT\fC.—ronlinutd. KB*---" MiMMnM If**" ArtielM. Duy in Austrian Money and Itales. Diitjr Id Eaflidi Mony ind tutss. ~~— Unit of charge. Import Duty. Eipnrt Duly. fl k. Tran- sit Duly. Unit of Charge Import Duty. Eiport Duty. Trsq. •il Duty. dT Jl. k. fl.k. L. 1. d. /- 1. d. Cotton niinuracturn, til kmilt \ytr 1 f1. value 36 M p. cent. 27 ail valorem 60 01.10 ni.j 'Witt . nelt rentiter IJ () 6(1 27 I2J 13 lbs. 1 to 1 8 10 1.9 Eirthmiwiirp, cnmmon griisi centner 7 Jfl 6 1-1 5 — H 2 41 2 1 FnrceUiii, all kiliJl jter 1 (1. value 36 II U 1 4 27 ad valorem 60 U Olio 104.3 Fire eiiiriii'H nctt centnt- r 10 23 i 123 13 lbs. 1 lu Fiili ; ilockliih, cotli-al per 1 n. value 6 014 2 ad valorem 10 OLIO 04.^ muiicat .- 12 U 1.4 2 *- 20 1.10 oi.i Iron, raw, in j>i?a • nelt centner '2 2t 4.S 2 123 1.3 lbs. 5 715 933 111., c;ut, wari'H of • — 5 24 2 1-2 2 «- 10 9 35 1 045 haiuniere 1, in bars, rods — B 2 12 2 — 12 1 04.5 ; ca^l steid — 3 30 8J4 2 «* 7 31.', 11 4-3 hiiiinifred steel -. 7 12 3 2 — 14 4 4-') 12 5 1 04i , •heel iron gross centner 9 3« 4 2 19 225 13.1 1 O4-3 tin . — . lA 36 6 1-2 2 — 1 11 22 5 2 4-5 1 04.^ 1 Bteel and iron wir« nelt centner 12 5 2 — I 4 2 443 inmiii()iix and cow hides. taniii'il — . IS 23 6 _ 1 10 10 ] calves' -kins, tanned and flrcised .. 35 50 5 _ 3 10 1 8 2 Linens knit, as stockings i(lnves, &c, • nelt lb. 6 1.2 27 nett lb. 12 01,1 IO.H canilmc — 6 Ul-2 27 _ 12 01-5 lOiS' ribands, tapei, galoont, *c. ■ — 2 30 014 27 « 6 OMO 1015 ' othei fine woven lincni — 3 M 12 014 27 ^ 6 8 15 01:0 Kilt 1 Oil, olive gross centner 4 10 2 123 1.3 lbs. 8 4 04-5, palm, cocoa nut, lint, or henip^eeil oil ^ 2 30 U 614 2 _ S 23-5 04.5' fi-h or train oil — 18 7 1-4 2 — 7 2-5 3 04.3 ' pilch or tar oil ■ — 2 S 2 .. 4 2 04 6 1 turpentine — 2 s 2 ^ 4 2 0«' Painters' colours, raw — Z'i :i 2 .. 10 2 04-3 i prejared — 3 20 2 — 6 8 2 nil Papers, all kinds, e>repl worked into articles of Ininry nett centner 3 20 4 2 __ 6 8 I3n 44-5 Pewter and tin manuractures per 1 fl. value P 36 14 12 id valorem 60 1 110 04.3 Plate: gold and silver 1 gross lb. 24 2 12 per lb. 8 oi-s 043 Playing cards per dozen packs 36 • 1 per doz. packs 1 125 free 0231 Salt .... gross centner prohibited free 2 123 13 lbs. prohibited fiee 04.3 { Silk ; n-oven silks • netl Ih. 10 112 27 nett lb. { 035 04.3' Spermaceti and wa« gross lb. 36 3-4 27 gross Ih. 1 12.5 03-10 04-5 Spirits, distilled, in casks • gross centner 13 21 16 3.4 12 123 13 lbs. 1 6 8 2-5 635 44.3! in bottles — 10 12 1-2 12 _ 1 5 44-3 Sugar, refined, all kinds • nett centner 18 9 . _ 1 16 raw, powdered for the trade — IS 9 . . _ 1 10 raw, for the use of refiiien others, for refineries • — . 7 30 41-2 . _ IS 6 Tobacco, in leaf — H 20 5 ^ 1 10 8 2 manufactured • -_ 40 6 6 ^ 4 2 1 Wine : cape wine, French, Spanish, and German wines, in casks, tic. • gross centner IS 2 2 _ 1 10 045 04-5 In bottles per bottle 30 2 per bottle. 1 . 043 Woods: dyewoods, in blocks or pieces nelt centner 12 12 6 2 123 13 lbs. 6 2 Hi Woollen nianutaclures, all kinds per 1 fl. Tslue 36 01-4 027 ad valorem 60 31-10 I4.S, One Vienna pound = 1-23& lb. avoirdupnia, hence the centner of 100 Vienna pounds = 123'5 or 1231 lbs. avoirdupois. The Austrian florin of the standard of 20 to the Cologne mark, is almost exactly 2 shillings sterlinf. In the Lumbardo Venetian kingdom, the centner of lOU kilogrammes is still the weight used in levy- ing tile duty, the difference between 100 kllograiiimes = 78'8 lbs. of Austria being allowed. Taiiiff (Rdssia>). — By comparing the following important document with the late tariff, it will be seen that nearly 100 articles that were formerly prohibited are now admittd under p.iymcnt of duties; and that the duties on several articles that were formerly admitted have been materially reduced. The publication of this tariff is evidence that sounder and j more enlarged opinions on commercial affairs have made their way into the cabinet of Peters- burg. The duties on many imported articles are still, no doubt, quite oppressive ; but it TARIFF (RUSSIAN). 013 Id Enfliih Monty tml R»t««' Import E'Port """y' Duly. L. f. i. 60 I 10 1^ BO 1 4 » Vl D 13 4 a i 3 IS 10 20 » 715 10 g3-s M 7 14 4 4-S 19 22 5 1 11 22 6 1 4 /- I. d. n Olio 1 H 2 41 u ni.io 10 13-5 I3-& 02.6 3 9 12 14 1 10 3 10 fi 6 8 15 8 5 7 25 4 4 10 6 8 OMO 44-i{ 01 10 i DM I I 10 045 I l-li 04-3 j 10 I 2 I 18 ' ] I 015 101-5: 01-5 104-5 1 01.10 1045' OliO IIH-5 1 4 I 12-5 i 6 8 2-5 I I 16 I 10 15 6 1 10 4 1 10 1 I3K 1 1-10 01-5 free free 035 03-10 635 8 2 045 2 01-10 I 14-S, ) Vienna pounds = 123-5 or lai Lmniit exactly 2 shillings sterling. 1 PgluritheVeigl.in.ed in levy-! kuatria being allowed. Lnt document with the ate r prohibited are now admitted I bs that were formerly admitted 1 is evidence that sounder and Wy into the cabinet of PeterM pubt, quite oppressive ; but it ] pay 111! fairly prcsnmrd that the QdvnntiiRpg rrstiltinR from tli(> incn-nHrd roinmrrrc wliich the prcspiit iiicasiire will ctirtuinly dccasioii, will most likrly Icail, and proliahly ut no vory iji.stiiiit period, to further rtla.xations. ISii lOiiroppaii cminiry posscsHcH half tin- rcsiiurcru, or nuniiH of addinif to her wealth and poimlation, that are posscsKcd liy KushIu ; nnd notliinj; ,vill do half 80 much to excite the industry of the peojilc, and to make tin in avail ihcnisclvcn ,,f ilifi vast capacities of production within their rcaili, as iho ('.-(lalili.-^liincnt of a lilicral i-niiimt'rcial system. Kussia has already reaped very Rrcat advanla^rs from her foreign triiilc; liut they are trilling compared to what they would lie, were she to renounce al! ntlciiipl-'' prematurely to holster up the finer descriptions of mnimfactureM, and to allow her industry to ho employed in preference in the numerous department.s in which she is either oqiwl or sujierior to others, llavinir by far the larKest share of the foreign trade of Russia, it is pretty certain that the new tarilV will he decidedly more advantai;eou» to us than to any other foreign jiower. The Hussian ijovernment was, no lsc) in Ullanol cut, bul witli innuldcJarnaiiieiili, the nhnlelobeweiebHti'Ki-tber - [MwcnliMi.-Tlie oil uf biller alniondi ii still proliiljileJ.) AlmraJvMle . . • • D;«" husks . - • - • Fwni! ."._,".„»■ J-.reiol cows' orihMp'i millt I Bickim (incluJin? the bottle or other ve«sel) Ponhoii liooks, bound t-nnof various animals (iroiind) Braikf! (artists', nioiinled in aiiv species of metal) - I Bad! »orlttd inio purses, &c. (il mounted, tbey are rrohibileil) .... I Clin • • • • - P" hi"! 36 Km, in bollles - • • -piTbiilile Cmm, eve7 preparation of - • per lb. CiaJl«(ol spermaceti) • • — Ch«d»leo( every description - • — I Cun for ramrs, neeilles, &c., lo!5ether with the tfliM, cofTrets, and other articles for ladies' woik liliH with the ciception of such as may here- jlKrbc especially mentioned - • — I tortis, cut or moulded after any fashion (with the tirtptinn of such as may hereafter be named in Itiiliriiri ..... [Oidfrrotion.— Corals, both natural and artificial, I mnlrd in gold, or silver, or other metals, are still I rnliibiled.) I toots, for atlisls, with the wooden, tin, or popi'ir I vMht boses in which they are packed I CcAon Coorfi, and goods half cotton, mixed with jxmporflal, vil.: — Wliiie handkerchiefs of cambric, &c. Slflckin!^ and ni|;htcaps, coloured Diltp, eilibroiilered • • - Cotton i^oods, dyed, of one colour, and embroi- derwi (those excepted which may be men- tioned in another part of this larilf) Handkerchiefs of the same description All cniton ^ds, of various colours anil designs, wtielher striped or woven, made up and em- bmiJered, &c. (except those specially men* tioned elsewhere) ... Hindkerchiefs of a similar description I [OtKrvfltioru.— I. Nankins and all sorts of cotton liai half cotton goods, woven and printixl, whether |tn[4f4reQt, non-transparent, or deml-transparent, Ititll the exception of those hereinafter named, Itnain nroliibited. 2. Turkish goods, up to this Itiarpronibitetl or not named, are to be included in ll!»liit above mentioned, 3. As doubts often aris« IsMher white cotton goods, when checlted or mtn^ or otherwise similarly dcsigDed, are to ba ■ Vot.II.-3F PO 1/ 30 5 2 M) n l») n 1 SO 3 I K) 3« 40 1 (1 10 1 - 4 Df^criptinn of ^fer€hnndife. Cfiniidered as non tmmuiiciit, or ilenii-tnns|'arent, ami *et'in? the (treat ilihtrtrice in the cuainm house rliitics ni) tlifse articlon. it is nrdaineij, thnt in the iiniiibtT of i^Dods of thiti ilcscriphoii. of which ths (hity on tht! non trannp.irt'iit is lixe'l at 70 cnprcSf nnd nn the trans)iar«nt and dtini-tnin^parent nt 2 rnuhles 20 copecs per Ih., Ihtise slnll tie considered as non-tran^parent which, in the poiind weiulit, cont.iiri less than 9) arcliirus sfiiiare; those, on the contrarV) which contain more than 9| , and not more that) 12^ nrchines 8». Hundkerchivff ol a •miliar ilrMri^iion lu IIm •Ih.vo • p«rlb. » Tal'l» loUiA. fi.iiiklrit, mi'l loweltnf tinrn [ r iif many ciilniiii ■ — 10 Diliii, riiiliri'iilcrnl • ^ 1 BO ("/(iirrwKi.iii.— Kvfry other arlicln of lUien or ll^iit|>en niijiiirirtiir*! |irintt'il, witti (hi* rli'r|.tifiD of ttiu abovn liielilioiie.l, arit 11111 litlillll'ltcil.] (*.liliK.l III itllil .— 10 Oovnt, of rollon or drnii cotton, with thread, nt rt.i» or li'-init. xvliite or cLmreil, Wdvrii or hiiil • — TO Umilir orcoloureil • — 10 DiMn, . iiiljiniilinr I • • • . — I HO liiiiii of » hiif iilk, luK lilki or a uiitura o( illli, woviii or knit • • • .— 40 Ditto, l-olounil . . • • . — ft llilto, euiliroiiiwBl • • ■ • — U (fMirnniiuii.— Chaninii glovei ar* itill probi- •"''■"'•I . . . Oinn' r. wholrnrnmnntl • • "—00 liuni rlailir, in luinpiior hlallrra • • — 60 O.iinelH, la'iiial .tll't irlilK-ial • • - — I 60 {OI,riii>aiiuii.—Maiiuleil KarMliart itill prohl- HM.) _ .„ Uin;ecially designa'efl • • - * ■ — 8 [To this .luty are assimilated silk gno'ls of Turk- oH manuficlure, Ihe entrance of which was for merly proliil)ite.i.] Hilk handkerchiefs, while or coloured, not transpa- rent, excepting those s|)ecilieally named Ditto, flowered or embroidered - Ditto, with gold or silver threads Ditto, table covers, tc. Ditto, nightcaps, coloured and flowered • Ditto, ditto, and stockings, embroidered ■ Ditto, carpets .... [Kvcry sort of silken manufacture not included in Ihe above, as well as the ribbons of orders of nobility, are prohibited.] Ditto, talc . . . • - Tooth picks of every description Teeth of every sort of fish Ditto of elephants and hippopolamua Ditto, ditto, in lablettes Ditto, ditto, for paintert . • • ImfnrI f)^, hii,. I ^ ~ I X ■ per buttle 40 fiO 3 80 2 2 60 IS 3 per pood 2 e 8 10 8 6 6 8 60 2 10 2 2 3 3 OtBniftion nf ^frrhnnttin, Wm (rtw), jrlltiw, rthilr, nr mlf.nrril Ihitn uMil U) u)>hi)lal«rrr», aiul itut UiJde ■■• of In ■rarntit lrrf« • • • • — WltiiH irA'l (Liiftith) and crtmnlli • • — Wh«lrlHiiir (fiutiM) ■ • • • ptf lb, Diiii), imrtllril • • • • ~ iJirfo, wiiilirti - • • . — Whi)i« rcii,irhiiicn*i) > • • • tach VV4tvht^, |)in« ItUik, coppar or plitad • « ^ |iiM'). Kilt ditto • • • • *- Wtmllrri (pn«U: — tl()ililiiiu of iintiltd WfMilifiinr hilf wodili'il KfWNii, ^*illi Ihn firrptciH nf lliMic ■(■••ritirnllv iMrntii>iii'Ui\9 aud colcurni Will . • • • • • * I . Wadttinit rn'ton • • • ' — m \V.id.lioKi.lk -27 Walera, lu buiri . < • . * ^ ^ Thp fnllowlnn artlclw ant frwd fmm Ihp addttlnml rimnm.biw ditly nf Ml |fn rrctitfti 2. All iinporlpil Rmtdi that .ire vperifiH in thii Urillitui qi,* reinniii l>i>ndttd at the cnsttiii-hnuset, and u|>(in which Itif tluly ihi,^ not have bpt-n paid up to thu afnrrnaid In! .faniiary, IKJ7,nr loil'^ day npon wbii'I) thi« laritf sh-tll havp bf c n rrccivtil ai itKne ruWin i tv'uw"* at which it may arrive Uttr than th.it day, ihall enj.iv|,; | 'hfrfdiicttnn nf duty henin ineci*ii*d. In ihu arnr in-iittjcrilirrt sh.ill hp rnllectfd only iMie half the ftiiililinnitl tlutvif lilwrcn' u|inii tlKUC H[iPciCT (if nirrchandi.u* fmm which it fiMheenlyitn.' vrms provision of thii tarill" altnuethrr rfniovtd. With rM[Tr' \ thcHC iipccit'ft (if ^oo-la, liinited in (bt-irnninhrr, ol whirh the imiNri .itinn WR.1 alreidy permittrd, a.id nf which, frf'bi iiccjIurcMi'fn ttniifl, lh«duty wrta eitiier alloc \ML>fi of 1S37-3"*, coinprisin? both the teas rt'Ctully imported ai h. 11 « what rcniain over riiicethc last tilts. 4. The a.Iilitinnil duty of 12^ per cen»., fmm nliirh (hpilflre. j mentioned articles have bet^n freed, will not be IcvicJ upon nKf. cli.indisL'Sof Ihe same description hereafter niniitted to iinporliiinB in a raw state. On the contrary, until a ntw d imposition ihall t» i nude, it will becollecfed upon all the other nitrclianliiinconipniH | in the present tarift', with the eiceplion, howcvt-r, nf llH«cu«!om. houses m which the ccd lection (d'thia duty haannt 'akeii pUcritii:. 6, MerchandiMii, Ihe ini)»nrtation of which is perDiilled Lv ii^t rireient tariir. shall l>e»dn>itted upon the p.iyuient nf thp djifn j hose custom-hnusm at which articles of the sitne kind have Imhtrto paid duly. Merchandise hereafter admitltd may be iniporltdthrouji: all the custom-houses of Ihe first rhsi, 6. The operation nf this taritT is confined to llinse merchindiw of which the duty Is levied under the European lariJf; ami iihohh Ihe objects of (he Asiatic taritfnnly to lea of a peculiir descriplica, Ciuif^ou and othen of inferior quality. j 7. Merchandises, the importation of which is permiKH to 'be I Trans-Caucasian Frovinces Ly the Black Sea .it a lowfr duty ihii j that impowd by Ihe preeent tariff, shall pay in the %\vS prorlDcnL^t j same duty as before, 8. In the Trans-Caucasian Provinces every species nf crtinn nuo farture, nnndnnsparent and half>tran9parent,»liall rcnjaiuiubjKito I the same dutv as heretofore. I 9. 'I'he liflh of the cmtoms* duty levied al Otlfssa, fnr Ihf ^«'(iI I of that town, will be collected confornnbly lo former re«u'i'nr.t I Rut the duly of nil merchrndises ps-tssinf^'into the inlerinr of 'he I empire through the rustom-tiouses about Ule&sa, sh.i'l be piidtnJtr [ the provisions of the present taritT, beginning from tU lit of Jui- f ary. IW7. 10. With respect to merchandises, the importalinn of whit^. I hitherto prohibited, is henceforth permitted, and which >hall be I seized as contraband after the publicition of the present tariff, tf^ I shall be dealt with as Konds permitted, but fraudiitently im(iorI(d. I 11. It is left to Ibc Minister of Finance to give inslruclion.ritliul miy be deen)ed proper, to the cuatom-houics respeiting Ihe dedw- 1 linn from the duly onaccnuid of tare. 1 12. Anv question that may arise upon the cnnslriiction of Im j taritr fhail tie referred for decision to the Minister of Finance. I The origiual is »igned by the fresideot of ihc Council of tbeEa- 1 m TARIFF (AMERICAN). 015 • |»f«rr*(inrfii«. f „r r.iliiurf'l • I, iiitl llul lii»l» ••• <■' '" Hill. I ^ - I It U [Hit or |il«f»* • k, lluc't Mch I ', 1, 1 u J 10 t • |irr lb. ,iiir>n,nf wnollinfjliiit "T I, ihrtiul, lifiP I" ciiimii, »»rk»uw.llnrrni"i(["u'inl y .iM.tiiilu.il lit liriiilnl ,..«»l., "iili Ih" rl(T|.ii'iii iliMiiiM, rrn.«iiirr;'lnl;i"-'l I ICIM u( » llll« »"'' to''"""' I I n 1 I 4 t H «« frt»<1 from t»l-'"• "'"' H""''itfil» iif luriiii'n. mill', m will M.lmiu lili »re iml 'pfcitirjlly niH.tioluil in th(Ui;(. 1 only l>y ihi-if l""l >i«"'''"' ""li " '«i'\\ i"| Ininiiin cil»l'iiii-lii>"»f il'inMi t>|«rM'., )Mn, cuiiiuieiiciiij tioui llio 111 ol Jmii aenerat JhiJrt. cif tlili lirilT will l"Kln '0 •" P"' '" '"ml-m 17 mul ill 111!" "'""' r-'lnnli' ru*t(tin linutM •' ■ C(ininiuliici'»l bv lh»t | i-no'l tliry itulltiw lie ilay on » liich rti'V >liall li.ne lir'il rtctiiM iKidi Hint nre sptrillfil in Ihit l»nll ilitl nv IS custiuihou'ej, iml u|mn wlm-li llif July ikill uu 10 the JforriaW l»l Janiiiiy, IWT.cir loit. lartll' ih'ill ll'"*^ •* ''•'*'" ""C*''^*'! 't "'"*' f*'"!! M3V arrive liter than ili.il lUy, ilcill enj ij h : y henin Boecitii-il- In Ihe >«iiif imimtr ih.n ilv ime half the a'Mitional ilulv ■ ( lijwrtn'. if niprrhiiiilite '""" "'"<■'' " li"ti™ly>l" hii tarilT allnnellier rtinnvi.l. VViili rniTO ■• ll«. liiiiiteil in llitiriiuinlitr, ol nliirli iIk iihi-n ■rniilleil, a.ul of ivhirli, frf'Ui |irc'ilurfii..iVn eillier allonellier Tenii.vf.l or rocnilly m'.liW allowed 10 remain Uimleil to llie III nl Jiiiin iii.lrr the oil tariir. do IhcMiihrr lui.l.wu «Ih as may te iniporleJ adiT ihplilnlJmuin, resulalicms of this larilU In thf liiMU'.iiw, is iijleil in llie Miiii'ler of Finance lo iJiiiii I, (,f Kocls umlor the tornier re«iihlioiji,«!.t ii ihcVr shii'nii-iil look plare i.r(nnuilylo;:i jiniraiice of Hie cham;e in IhelarifT. ihe aililiiional duty of \i \>tr mil. upon nr!i. ninou, for instance, and other iii(iTiur.;i !ii:?i. n the sales which will lake iihce in tl» «ibt in» hoih Ihe leas rectully imiHiiled ai n.ll u iiieihi'last «>lti. ,...,. duly nf \ii per ceni., from nliich llinlote ,a»ebeen f.eed, will no' he IcvicJ "n »«' !• description hereafter a linitie.l in iii,|mu;i™ Ihe conlrarv, until a new .Ipposiiimi ihillli i ec'ed uimnall Ihe other miTcliaiilunciin-friiM 1 wilh the eiceplion, howcvrr, of II»mco-».|. i colleclion of this duly has not laken |ili«>l. Ihe iniiwirlalion of whiih is | .roiiiieJ y K l«adniiHed upon Ihepayuienl ollllf 'l=lji: . at which articles of Ihe same Kind have luiiieili Use hereafler adlnitled may be iniporleJ Itroi;!: k of Ihe first class. l j I of this tariff is confuml to those meiclilnilM levied under the European tarilV; ana in«mii iaiic tariffnnly In 1e» u( a peculiar deicnHio., ;hSr1iS:^•or^vhichi,pernlil.elV^^ Ylncel by the Black Sea at a lower il«l. ik i irwent larilT, .hall [lay in Ihe saiJ prov.ncnIK | lucasian Provinces every species of crtlrai ins te„ra,i"haU.|ra,isparent,sliall remain .u4«. » j Vcmtoms- ituly levie-l al Odessa, for 11.-1*^ j le ?o?ecled conformably to i""",™"' ' Irncrch:.ndise5 pasiiiu! into the Uileim «l Imto nhouse. about tHessa, *» ' t^. ' '" ' 1 pnsMnl liriff, besinning from the IH ol "^^ llo merchandises, the ii"l"";'"'?" ,''' ."!K i I . hVncelorlh pemitle.1. and whicli W «l I Lfler the publiJalion of Ihe presenl \>'flM I .™,ds nermitted, but fraudulently mvorlri. I te%'rTFiiia^ce,o«ivein,,ruc.,™,e.2»^ Ter In Ihe cuBlom-houses respeiling IW "»» I J,ha,"may°'a?"e upon the eonjlriidionof Ilk y or decision to the Mim.ler of J'-""* j,l ted by the ITniileul ol the Couoal ol ll»«* [The rMtW will find, un.lrr tho ht'iicl of Nkw Yobk, tho Inst " tarilT act" of thn T'niteJ WiiU'H, lliiit 1)1' Miirrli ail, is;r>, ciiiiiiiKnily rulli-d "tint fiim|troiiiiHc act;" tofft'tliiT \viil» u cir- culiir of ll>»i !^<'nH, uidoxn in u vory fow inxtanooH whoro they were obnmisly cxpodifiit, hut uImo to omit ull mention uf tho articloM whiih can iii'ir Ni f:(cly im- |iiirtt'd, fXco|itihK whoro their insirlioii wan o.sKontial for undorwtandinj; what in uctiially ,ilati'd. It m«y I'o milled, that every oiio, doHiroim of having a diHlinct ktniwlodno of tho /,/>/,);i/ of tho jirotectivo niid revenno HymoiiiH of tho I'nited SStatos, hIiu-o tho conchiKion of till- lai-t war wilh (Jrcal IJritain, should coiikuII anioiiK tho pnliliHiutI HtatulcH ui ConRrettH, tlu' actx of tho 27th of April, IHUI, the 'Z'ii\ of May, l8--i'i. and tho I9lh of Muv, iH'-iS, bc- .idfij those of tho Hlh of July, 1832, and of March 2d, 1833, already referred to. Anierictn Tarlli', Arliclet. ' 1 italc uf lt(Kl. ,Kl or osier .... Biiiledores, ami shultlecocka Bol), aiiilier, C"ni|io»ilion, wai, anil omi- lumiljl, ilruiig or oo! ilrimg IWf . • • • • [«r, lie II"! porter, !■ boltle* rnh'-rivise . ■ • . Hithniiiiaie "f potiih IMrliamlpl'iiki • Bone, butlnii or iiinuhli - liuiloni Willi ihanki BoilKtl- ,S«llal«. wire for, cipior other articles, cover- t,] with iilk, collon, flaien or yarn Ihread, niinufaclunid abroad Bmki, I'laiik . . . . priiilel previoiil to I77l, and alio all U-iki printed wholly in olher laii- l(ua«nlhan English, Lalin. and Onek LmnurO'cek, primed lubieijuciilly hi I77S iHillIld Ulin or fireek, not Imund ill nlher, bound or hilf Ixiund . in »hif Is or boardi (Music, prinli, and en|nvinp are free.) ll(irtlinrlioiili*el . • . . BraiJy, III «nJ *' pro"* • 5,1 do. 4ih do. 5ih do. • itiove ftlh do. ... Bmi, ill nianufaclurei of, not otherwise • 1)60111*1, except ouly what is old, and 111 only to be re-manufactured nJJIcry . . . . Prirks . . . • . Briilln- . . . . Brcraiii, hair or palm leaf Willow . . . . Bniilifiofall kinds Bu'lrr . . - - . IJalinn', of^olfl, lilver, or precloiimlones - of iron, iteel, pewier, brass, and tin . mnuMs, . . . . .See llu Mother of Pesrl, lilk, &e. Cnh'nrf iwi'M - . . . Ubici and conlape, tarred do. unlarred . piu, nr Ihe bark of a tree Diinufactured in whole or iu iiarl of irou dloMd. . . . . CiffllM. spermaceti Iltlnvv . . . , W.1X . . . . ClIs. .SreHill. Ci|in, ivurlied tor ladies, trimmed or un- liimnird . ■ . . Cirt>'HMte nf sftla CiaIi, nhnkaiid vinting . liliyinK . . . . Cirp'ianil oarpetinf. ,S« Wool. Cirrines and parts of carriagea - licrsfnr. - . • . iprinn for, imn or wood . itepsfiir, . . . . Su Furniture. ICwioeiitrtidi . . • . I'lllil lertniber M ISI.I. pr cwt. DIM jir el. n pr lb. 3 pr Ih. a prel. \i prct. 21 pr cl. l/S |ir ct. 15 prct. ^^ prct. 30 prct. IS prib. 2 pr «al. 20 pr nal. Ii prct. i^t prct. 25 prct. 15 pfct. 2j pr lb. 12 prct. SO pr vol. 4 pr lb. 15 prIb. 13 prIb, 30 prIb. 2U prpr. n. 1 f.o pripl. M pr «»!. .67 pr gal. M pr Kal. 72 pr gal. 8i prct. 2\ |lTCt. 30 prct. 15 prIb. 3 prct. 15 pr cU 2'. pr ct. 2> pr lb. 5 prct. I2i pr cr. 2i prct 15 liret 30 prih. 4 pr II). 5 prIb. S prlb. 3 pr cl. 15 prlb. 8 prlb. 5 prlb. 6 prct. 23 iir cl. 13 prlb. 15 pr pack 30 pr ct. SO pr ct. 35 pr cl. 30 prct 30 Articlet. Ciiihnifiti (rf«t) ituvvli • (Uliiiii ..... Oniir, dry, or gniUiid in oil Chceie ..... ( liiii.i wiru .... ChliirKle of lime .... Cliocnlile . . . • CtimmalH firpotuh ('hnimmielert .... Cii(:ini . • . . . Ci(»cki . . . . . CInihmr, really nudA, not iu acIu.i1 um V.o.\\ »ii|tcr, brut, gilt, or pUted, and wood • . . . Cnni|M>iition rndi, boltfl, ipikn, or luili tits'*!, iroiii pr" ter, or ileel ronfeclioiiAry, preterved Id iiiir,tr or brtudy Copper Ud(3, iiaili, rndi, or spikes botloiiii, merely cut round and turned up Kl (he edge brazien*, not exci-cding in weight 34 oz. per sfjiiAre fool (Old i-npprr, fit only to be rrminu- fictured« is Iree, as also ibeathiug ri>ri)ii[M, Ac.) all nianufacturet uf, not otberwiie ipe. cilieil .... Cnpne Cordia prlb. Cordials pay duly as iplrils from other ma. lerial than grain, according to the proof. Corks ..... Corrosive subliniale • . . Cosmetiti • . - . (. ollon, all nunufAclures of, or of which co|. Ion ahxll b(> a conipntient part (except cot* toil twist, yirn, anvl (hread.) " PruouletU Ih "' *11 niinuf.icturea of cotton, or of which cotton ttutl be a ccHDiHinenl part, not dyed, coloured, prinievi, or lUinrd, no| eireeillnj; in value thirty cenlM the Bipiare y^rd, shal! be valued at thirty ctntt per square yard ; and it dy^^l, coloured, printed, or at linwl, in whole, or in part, not excee't* ing in vaUiL* thirty-fiv* cent$ llie Miuare yard, shall be valued it thirty fivt ceiUi per Miirare yard ; and on nankeens iiii- porte > Feltti, or hat bodies, made wholly or in part of wool, each - • - • Fish, drieil. or. dried and smoked, foreign caught . . . . salmoit, pickled, mackarid do. . . - all other pickled fisli • Fishiii< nets, dip or scoop other thin dip or scoop, untarred Flax, ni.tnufaclures of, (except yarn and cordage, tarred and un'arred, llck- lenburgs, r>snaburgs, and burlaps, and bleached and unbleached linens) carprting ... Floor pr ct. 15 pr ct. 15 pr ct. 25 pr ct. 15 pr cU 2> 18 prqiiint.D pr lilil. 1 00 2 00 pr libl. 1 50 pr 1.1)1. 1 (K) prct. 26 prlb. 5 prcl. 25 pr ct. 25 pr «q. yd. 43 pr cwt. .50 pr ct. 25 prct. 10 pr ct. 30 pr sq. yd. I2J pr ct. 30 prct. 2-. prct. in prct. 30 pr ct. 25 prct. 25 pr gross/}. I 75 pr gross 3 75 pr ct. IS Free, pr gross D.2 00 pr gross 2 50 pr ct. 12 ff ( pr lb. 3 cents, < and i pr ct. 30 eich 25 prct. pr ct. prct. prlb. 25 20 20 15 pr gross D.2 50 pr gross 3 25 iOOfq. ft. 3 00 tOOfii). ft. 3 CO 100 sq. ft. 4 UU pr lb. 3 cents, and ) pr ct. pr ct. pr ct. prlb. prct. pr ct. prlb. prct. prct. prlb. prct 20 2-1 5 12^ 15 8 2i 15 3 30 each 18 pr ct. fiO pr ct. 30 prct. 2» pr ct. 15 pr ct. 30 pr ton D. 40 Articlet. Hemp-— eonftnritrf. (Ka*.! India hemp is free.) mauufactures of, not otherwise specified hidigo . . . . - Iron adres .... anv i In and anchors, and all parts thereof, manufaclurett in whole or in part - axei , . . - hand .... bars or bolts, not manufactured in whole or in part by rolling do. do. made v% holly or in part by roll- ing . . . . Piovide't, That all iron In slain, bldomi. orolher fnrnis leu Itnislied than iron in bars or tHills, and more ndvnnce I liiaii pig iron, except castings, ^hall t>e rated an inm in bars or bollr, and piy duty acfonliimly. caldts or chaiiiii, or parts thereof, manu- facteieil in whole or in part castnit'iit rods chiaeis, socket other coach and luirncs^ furniture, common tiniitd and japanned d'>. do. of iron, except old, nf more than six inches in length, to be made into spikes and bolts, shall tje rated as bar, bolt, n»d, or bo-'p irfin. as tlie casf may be, and pay duty accordinxly. Round iron, fni axirs for cars on rail n^.'Uy and locomoiivt* eniinrs, are not entitled to ihe beiitlii nf the act of 14th of July, IK)2. in rel.i'ion to if >n fur rail-ivads or inclined planex. Isinglass . - . . Ivory fans . . . , flutes, wholly of, • Jnpnuued vrnra, not otherwise specifled • Jetlit'B. Gnava and others ■ Jewelry, real - . . . gilt or plated Z^icc, bt'd - - - - bubbinett ■ • • - Until necember 31, l^aJ. prct. pr ct. prct. prlb. pr ct. prlb. I.'i 30 2 30 3 pr cwt. ( pr ton I). 30 prlh. a pr III. 3 pr cl. 30 pr ct. ii prct. 10 pr ct. 30 pr rt. 10 pr ct. 30 prct. 30 prct. 30 pr lb. pr ct. SO pr lb. 3 pr ct. 25 prlb. 4 each /). 1 00 pr ilauJ ZJ. 1 50 prlb. 3 pr lb. 5 pr Ion D. 12 50 prcwt SO prcl. 30 each D.ISO prlb. 3 |.,- ct. 30 |ir Ion D. 12 50 pr ct. 30 pr lb. 3 pr Ih. 3 pr cl. 30 pr ct. 2i prcf. 30 prcl. 30 prct. 30 prlb. 4 pr ct. 12 prct. 30 pr cl. 30 prM prlb. pr lb. 1.' prlb. prct. 30 pr lb. prlb. pr lb. pr !b. 12 pr ct. |.rcl. 30 prcl. iS prcl. pr cl. 15 I pr cl. 2i prct. 13 prcl. pr cl. pr cl. pr it. prct. prct. 2i a TARIFF (AMERICAN). 617 I free.) illiurwiw ipecified III a\l p»r(» Ihereof, hole or in part • mfaclured in whole 'or ia part by roll- all iron in tM", inlcMtiiiistieJ""" ,111.1 niorf aJvaiit*! |;t MSlini!". »!'»" ""' rs orlxilw, auJ P'Y pirlJ thereof, ni»nu- tor lu part furniture, common | neJ I jipanned iiddlery r than muskeli ami get, (Waclnniilh«') iiill irora, of wrought 1. or nail pUlei, »lit, rt-red iglil • he deemed old iron hern in acluil use, and 5 re-iuanufaciiiied. [aiUroad iitin. :r'» roil. 3-16 to 8-16 of iter inclusive - prlb. iir ct. prlb. pr cwt. 90 pr ton D. 30 pr ct. 10 f pr cl. 30 pr ct. 10 pr ct. 30 pr ct. 30 prct. 30 prlb. i'f pr ct. 50 pr lb. 3 pr ct. 23 pr lb. 4 Mch D. I 00 prilauaz;. I 60 pr lb. 3 pr lb. 5 pr Ion D. 12 M pr cwt, M pr cl. 30 each £.2 50 oodwrcwi I (fire irons) - hooka M for the manuficturc liruiMbrcnaa.awlcot ni Teedini? the length u»cJ sprina, not exceeding | ^ 16 oz. per M fillierwise specified Is of, not otherwise ape- linl^No. M ■No. II Inel, covered wilh iilk, ■yarn or lhri;ad 1 plated I or upwards • ■ luol callings, nor other- Jon, except old, of more Iclics ill lenslti. '" J"= likes and tnill!, shall be Ir, boll, rod, or ho p Icasf may be, and pay |n«ly. _, Ir axles for cars on ran Ticomoiivf enjiii". are In I he bentlii of the act liily, IKi2, in relVKin Irail-roads or inclined prcU Iniherwiiespeci hers - fied prct, |ir cl. pr cU pr tl. Lace— con'tnwcd. coich - • . . collars and canee, as millinery cotton, olber titan bed or coach goM or silver gowns or dresseS| made up - pclcriiirs as millinery ■b.i I c(>|'piT • • ) [ snuIllKixes • I wo-hI - . - I Mtutard, naur of, including the botllea I Silmti of lead. Sn Lead. I rVifJ • ; Ocbrc, dry - rmiind in oil ,i.t ".tslor ... fi..|i, (if forelsn fishing, (other tlLiii ilicrniaccii) hciiitisccdand linseed olive, in casks in jars or boltlea ripe seed iprrmaccli, of foreign fishing, vi'ridl wliale, or other fish oil, of foreign fish- ill?, (except spermaceti) esspiitisl oils, used chiefly as per. fumes . - ' - Oil cinliis. dcr'nminafetl patent floor riolh of ait kinds, other than pattut llocr diih Omunenli, for he*il di J'tirit Uwkty of all kinds l^l«r .... EiTpi II e fiillowinc :— ffit' iiid ipiarto |iosl or all kinds fKii>ctp, and all drawing, and writing rTin'iiur. co|ipprpIa'e, and slaiiieis ilinih>nx, hiiideih' and box-boanN, and onipinEs of all kinds, liko that in 3f2 Until December 31. IS?3. prct. M pr ct. 25 pr ct. 12, 12 25* pr ct. pr ct. prct. 25 prct. I2i pr cl. I2i pr ct. SO pr ct. 25 pr ct. 13 prlb. 3 prlb. & prct. I2i pr lb. 2 pr ct. 2.5 pr 11.. 3 prlb. 6 pr lb. S pr lb. 2 pr 111. 4 prlb. 6 prlb. prct, prct. prct. pr ct. pr lb. pr ct. pr ct. pr ct. pr ct. pr ct. prct. |>r ct. prct. prct. pr ct. pr ct. pr ct. pr ct. pr ct. prih. prct. prct. pr ct. prct, prct. pr ct. jir cl. pr ct. pr ct. pr gal. pr ct. pr ct. pr ct. pr ct. per ct. pr ct, pr ct. pr ct pr btish. pr lb. fir lb. pr gal. pr gal. pr ?al. pr.al. pr ct. pr eal. pr sal. pr lb. prgal. prct. pr tq. yil. pr «q. yd. pr cl. prct. prlb. prlb. prlb. pr lb. 15 30 30 25 25 23 23 23 25 23 25 25 50 25 50 25 5 23 30 I2i 30 23 S 13 23 25 5 25 13 30 2» 15 10 I 'i 41) 2^ 20 15 2:i 2'. 3 IS 43 \2k 25 25 15 20 17 10 i'aper— (-oj.rijuii'i. which blue iiankeeni are generally )ni)iorteU - boxis ... Tarnsols, of whatever materiali made, ami frames or sticks, furf Farrluiieiit . - - Fencils, tilark teai), I'epiier, Cayenne, Ftrfuines Pewter, all manufictnres nf, not otherwise iliecifu'tJ, or of which il Is a conipouent nuilfcrial ... Plann- fortes ... Pickles .... Plated wares nf all kiDds, not otherwiee enumeraleJ wire ... Porcelain ... Pork .... Porter. Su Beer. Polalnes - . . . Precinm stones, of all hinds, set or not net, and all articles coiuposed wholly or chietly Prussim blue Prussiale of potash Qitil!s^ prepared or manufactured - C^uiuinu, sulphate of, liail-rrad iron, except when importpfl hy any ** slalu or iiicorp(trtte]Mise^U2ar caur, In ca*ik4, ai^d all syrup for making siigir, pay the sam&duly asihe sugar would pay Tallow • . - . Tapers, w»x . - • . Tapts, coKon or lineD, Tartar emetic . - • - Tartaric acid .... Teas, of all kinds, imported from placesthis side the Cape of Gi^od Hope, in vessels of the United States, nr|orfi^« vessels, if entitled to the benefit of the tOth sec- tion of the act of 14ih July, IW2 of all kinds Imported from other |>lace^ and in veapauicade sienna, if tlry • Do if in oil - Tiles, building, .... paving .... Time pieces .... Tin. ail manuf^cturet of, not otherwise spe* cified - . - . - Tin«el stuff .... Tobacco, manufactured, other than muff, or •tgars .... unmanufactured, or in leaf Tooth l.nishet .... powder .... Tow carpets and carpeting Twine, untarred .... Types for printing UmbrrVat, of whstever materials made frames, or slicks for, - square wire, ustd for the manufacture UDlil Deremlwr 31, It!33. prct ^'i jir i(. 2; prct. 5 prct. S pr cf. ^H pr ct. 30 pr i-r. 2-. pr lb. 12 pr lb. 4 pr Ct. 13 prct. 13 pr lb. 1 pr lb. H pr ct. 25 pr ct. 2". [ir ct. •iO prct. 23 pr gaU 57 pr B^l. 60 pr<»l. ftJ pr eal. (J7 pr sal. 73 prgal. 90 l)rpil. 63 pr Wood, boards or planks • all niinufacluies of, not otherwise spe- cified . . . . Wool, unoianufactured, miied with dirt or other material, and Ihus reduced in value to 8 cents per pound, or under, theappraiwis (inall appraise at such price as in tlieiropinion il would have cost hai it not been to mixed, and a duly thereon shall be charged in con- formity with such appraisal. unnianutactured, llie value ^^ hereof at the place of ex|>or(alion4hall exceed eight cents, shall p^ty. besides a duty of 4 cents per pound ha ires . . - . biu'tinp", woollen or worsted • blaikets, the value whereof, at the place whence exported, shall exceed 75 cents, each do. the value whereof, at the place whence exported, shall not exceed 75 cents, each bockiogs - - . . cariicts and carpeting, (except nnisiels, Wilton, and treble ingrained car|iet- ing, which sinll be ai 63 cents the square yard, and all other ioKraincd anil Venetian carpeting, at 35 cents the square yard) cloth conipo&t^d entirely of combed wool merino cloth, wotbted and cotton Hannels .... gloves .... hals or caps of • - - hosiery .... mils .... silk and canted woo], if silk is the ma- terial of chief value yarn, woollen, besides a specific duly of 4 cents per pound do. worsted - . . . worsted and cotton cloths subject to the cotton duty. manufaclures of silk and worsted worvtfd stuff goods all other manufictnrrsof, or of which wool is a compoDent part, not other- wise specified Vellow ochre, dry, do. ground in nil • Until December 31, Ie3J. pr cl, prct. pr gal. pr lb. pr lb. pr ct. pr lb. pr ct. pr ct, pr ct. IT lb. pr ct. pr ct. pr c(. pr bush. pr cv\l, prct. prib. pr lb. prib. pr gal. pr gal. prgal. pr gal, pr gal. pr sal. pr gil. pr fill. Pi-g^l. prgal pr gal. pr gal. prgal. pr g.il. pr ct. prct. pr ct, 40 pr sq. yd. 16 pr ct. 25 prct. pr ct. 5 f pr «q. yd. 16 prct. pr ct. pr ct. pr sq, yd, prct. prct. \>r ct. prct. prct. prct. prct. prct. prcL prct. prib. pr lb. Am,U] TARTAR— TEA. 619 a not Ilk. pari! exceeJing Until December 31, l^3i. uf watches f foreign f'«li>"K " m grain I casta, until the 3d , caita, until the 3d in bollle«, until the i.norled in bollics, liddiiionmilieduiy ,hpn Ihus importtd, cU, IS34 - y whether innportcd or csskB, in addiuoii Ihe bollies, when so lhe3d March, ItSl - | I Austria, when ini- uutil trie 3d March, us'ria, of Gerr- ny, Mislitcrraueap i ks, until the 3 m so pr gil. pr sal. pr gjl. prgal pr gal. pr sal. 10 5 30 16 50 25 ihose specified iiiiporied in "" in addition to the u • when so iniporla', .rch, 1634 - te ■ Iks • [of, not olherw ise spe. Ll, mixed wilh dirt or , and thus reii(lHil wilh wliiil nii'.'lit Imvi; li i iiiJi- fjiiiilcd, liiDkiisg at its position on Iho map. It had prnbalily atliiiiu'il th« iicme ns«(|tii'nce of th« missoveri Mit and rapacity of iis present fillers, the Ameers of Sinde, under whose sway it fell more thito 10 years ago. Ill I6:l.% the English established a factory al Talla, in lh« view of i'lcililatiiig the dispii=al of wool- |,.iis and other goods in the countries traversed hy the Indus ; and the btiildiiig occupied by the factory, llintii-'b far from ini.gnilicent, was recently, if it be not still, thebitst, not in Tatla only, but in the whole coiiiilry of Sinde. The chief exports are rice, sliawls from Cashmere, opium from Malwali, hiiles, gliee, cotton, goata' nniil. carpels, drugs, &c. I'lilchock, an tirticle largely consumed in {Jliiiia, is n peculiar export of .Sinde. TiiB iiti|iorts comprise a variety of articles, hut the eiit the (rule! is (inilo inconsidi'rable ; and no one could believe A priori, that ihe nuttiral eniporinni of so noble u rivr IIS the Indus, traversing many rich and e.xtensive countries, would cut so insigiiilicanl a tiguro il, Ihe trading world. /i,/«.t.— lis navigation by Alexander the Great has conferred on Ihe Indus a classical celebrity not inlifi itialcbed by any other river of the East. Its magniiude, loo, Is worthy of its fame. Ii may bo ni\iL'it''d by tlal-hottoiiied lioats as far as Attock ; anil its tribulary slreaoi, the Ilavee, one id' the I'liiijih rivers, is navigable as far as Lahore ; both daces being fully l,Oim mil. s from the sea. llii- lirklly ils mouths are much encumbered by sttrid banks j anil, owing io Ihe vinlence of the horv or tide, tlii'ir navigation is attended with considerable dillicully and danger. This is no doubt ihe reason tliat at present the navigation through the delta of the Indus is (luite deserted ■ all the prodiicis brought itiiHii the river destined for exportation by sea, being conveyed from Talta over-land to C'lirai bee, a ;ea-|iort a liltle to the north of the most northerly month of the river, aboirt fiO miles in a direct line friiiii Talla. Above this city the current of ihe river is not rapid. Thn boats by which it i« navigated are called iloovdies, seldom exceeding 50 tons burden ; and drawin?, when laden, about 4 feet water. Tlipy have two masts, and, with a good wind, make their way ag..iiist the stream at the rale of about Siiiilcs an hour. They are a sort nf floating houses ; resRinbling in this respect the Chinese junks. 'I'lii^re would .seem to be no river in the world where steam navigation niiL'ht be applied more ailvan- laseiiitsly tiian the Indus. liut until the country near its emboiiclinre fall under the sway of some miiriM'itlightened and less rapacious rulers than those by whom it is now possessed, I. llle improve- nitiil neiid, we are afraid, be expected. But should Sinde be conquered by some livilised people, or fhiitilil its present rulers lettrn to respect the right of property, and to encourage indn-iry, it winild not bcea«v to exairgeratn the importance of the Indus as a commercial highway. The navigalile rivers of llisl'iii.jib that fall into it, lay open a vast extent of rich and frtiilftil country, with great commercial roioiirces. It is not, indeed, possible to estimate the extent of the trade that would be carried on hy llie channel of the Indus, did security and good order prevail on its banks; and there is reason to tiiiniic tliJUniiie iirnsrress is making towards their establishment. Tlicilelta of Ihe Indus has little in common with the delta of the N'ile, except its shape. Not a fourth part of it is cultivated, and its few inhabitants principally lead a pastoral life. It is overgrown with tiinarisks and other wild shrubs; and, though intersected by the numerous motilhs of Ihe river, its S'irl'aci! is dry and arid, and it is in a great degree destiltiteof fresh water. The unfavourable appear- ance nf ibis tract of country does not, however, generally speaking, depend on any infertility of soil, bill on tile neglect of cultivation arising out of the oppression under which the people live. Mr. Kiirnes (US, ihit in most places it requires little or no labour on the part of the husbandman to prepare the laiiil; anil Ihe seed, scattered without care or attention, yields a plentiful harvest. Knt where pro- perly is insecure, even this little labour is not expended. (See a Meinnir on Ihe Iiuln.i, by Lieut, Biirncs, liillieail vol. of the Journal of the London Geographical Society ; Hamilton's Kast India Gazetteer, atli- clei, /nrfus, Talla, /j;c.) 'U>tx, Wdekts, ami .UcaMirfj.— Accounts are kept cirivil.," aiiJ pice; 12 pice = I carival ; 50 carivals = C;j'vr;ei sre current in Sinde, 48 cowries = I pice Small IfiisAljr.-il Mikius = I nu'lee. 6 llullees 12 .Massis Cnw ITiijWj.— 4 I'Ice 16 Annas 40 Seers n rupees 1 rupee. Mas^i. = I 'lolah. = 1 Anna. = I Fiicca seer. = I Maund, or 74lbs.Soz.Tdwts, avoirdupois. Lous Measure.^ I Oarce = 2 inches. It) Garces = t Oiiz ; hut I ([uz cloth = 34 inches al Tatta. Grain Measure,- 4 Pntloes — I Twier. 4 'I'wiers — I Cossr. CO Cussaa — I Carval of wheat ; or 22 Purca niaiiiid-., or '21 Itoinhay paraha. Diamonds a.id pear's are snhi hy huhbas and ruMces— H hubbas = 1 ruttee, about 2 grs. 'I'roy.— Miliunrj Orient. Commerce, TE.\ (in one dialect of Chin. Cka.- in another Te ; Du. Te,- Fr. The.- It. Te ,- Rus. Tchai; Hind. Cha,- Malay, Teh), the leaves of the tea tree or shrub (^Thea virtdis Lin.). I. Descuiption of tiir Tea Plant. — Tk\. Tuadk of China. n. Rise ami Phooiiess of the Bhitish Tev Thaiik. — Consu.mption of Tka. III. E*8T I.vniA Co.mpant's Monopolt. — Influence of, on the Price of Tea.— Con- BITIONS UNDKH which IT WAS HELD. ABOLITION OF. IV. Duties on Tea. — Consumption of, on tub Continent and in the United States, etc. I. DEscniPTioN of tub Tea Plant. — Tea Trade of China. Distriptinn of the Plant. — Places where it is cultivated.— The tea plant ordinarily grows tolho height of from 3 to 6 feet, and has a general resemblance to the myrtle, as the latto' 620 TEA. ! • •It'. .» *» s« ir 1 «■•■., "I -J ^' ;t nj 'ij. is seen in congenial situations in the southern countries of Europe. It is a polyandrous plant, of the natural order, Columniferx, and has a white blossom, with yellow style and anthers, not unlike those of a small dog-rose. The stem is bushy, with numerous branchei; and very leafy. Tiie leaves are alternate, on short, thick, channelled footstalks, evergreen' of a longisli elliptic form, with a blunt, notched point, and serrated except at the base. These leaves are the valuai)le part of the phint. The Camellias, particularly the Camellia Susan. qua, of the same naturul family as the tea tree, and very closely resembling it, are the only plants liable to be confmiuled with it by a careful observer. The loaves of the particular camellia just named are, indued, often used in sotne parts of China, as a substitute for those of the to. I trei', Tlie elfects of tea on the human frame arc those of a very mild narcotic; and, like those of many other narcotics taken in small quantities, — even of opium itself, — they are exhiia. rUinsT. Tlio green varieties of the plant possess this quality in a much higher degree than the bhii'k; and a strung infusion of the former will, in most constitutions, produce consider, able cxoitpiiuMit and wakeluliieas. Of all narcotics, however, tea is the least pernicious; if indeed, it be si) at all in any degree, which we very much doubt. . The tea shrub may be described as a very hardy evergreen, growing readily in the open air, from the equator to the 45th degree of latitude. For the last GO years, it has been reared in this country, without dilliculty, in greenhouses; and thriving plants of it are to be seen in the (hardens of Java, Singapore, Malacca, and Penang; all within G degrees of the equa- tor. The climate most congenial to it, however, seems to be that between the 25th and 33d degrees of latitude, judging from the success of its cultivation in China. For the general purposes of commerce, the growth of good tea is confined to China ; and is there restricted to 5 provinces, or rather parts of provinces, viz. Fokien and Canton, but more particularly the (irst. for black tea ; and Kiang-nan, Kiang-si, and Che-kiang, but chielly the first of these, fir ifreen. The tea districts all lie between the latitudes just mentioned, and the U.'nli and l'^2il degrees of East Ion:;itude. However, almost every province of China [iroduccj more or less tea, but generally of an inferior quality, and for local consumption only; or when of a superior quality, like some of the line wines of France, losing its flavour when exported. The plant is also extensively cultivated in Japan, Tonquln, and Cochin-china' and in some of the mountainous parts of Ava ; the people of which country use it largely as a kind of pickle preserved in oil.' Bolanically considered, the tea tree is a single species ; the green and black, with ail the diversities of each, being mere varieties, like the varieties of the grape, produced by dilference of climate, soil, locality, age of the crop when taken, and modes of preparation for the market Considered as an object of agricultural produce, the tea plant bears a close resemblance to the vine. In the husbandry of China, it may be said to take the same place which the vino occupies in the south(!rn countries of Europe. Like the latter, its growth is chiefly confined to hilly tracts, not suited to the growth of corn. The soils capable of producing the finest kinds are within given districts, limited, and partial. Skill and care, both in husbandry and preparation, are ciuite as necessary to the production of good tea, as to that of good wine. The best wine is produced only in particular latitudes, as is the best tea; although, per- haps, the latter is not restricted to an equal tlegree. Only the most civilised nations ot Eu- rope have as yet succeeded in producing good wines ; which is also the case in the East with tea; for the agricultural and manufacturing skill and industry of the Chinese arc tiiere unquestionably pre-eminent. These circumstances deserve to be attended to, in estimating the dilficultics which must be encountered in any attempt to propagate the tea plant in colo- nial or other j)ossessions. These difficulties are obviously very great ; and, perhaps, ail but insu|)erable. Most of the attempts hitherto made to raise it in foreign countries were not, indeed, of a sort from which much was to be expected. Within the last few years, iiow- ever, considerable efforts have been made by the Dutch government of Java, to proiluce tea on the hills of that island; and having the assistance of Chinese cultivators from Fekicn, who form a considerable part of the emigrants to Java, a degree of success has altcndeJ them, beyond what might have been expected in so warm a climate. The Brazilians have made similar efforts ; having also, with the assistance of Chinese lal)ourers, attempted to pro- pagate the tea shrub near Rio de Janeiro; and a small quantity of tolerably goad tea has been produced. But owing to the high price of labour in America, and the quantity required in tiie cultivation and manipulation of tea, there is no probability, even were the soil suitable to the plant, that its culture can be profitably carried on in that country. It might (irobably be successfully attempted in Hindostan, where labour is "omparalivcly cheap, and where the hilly and table lands bear a close resemblance to those of the teadij- tricts of ( "hina ; but we are not sanguine in our expectations as to the result. impedes (if 'Via. — Manner in which thei/ are manufactured. — The black teas usually ex- ported by Europeans from Canton arc as follows, beginning with the lowest qualitirs:- Bohea, Congou, Souchong, and I'ekoe. T^iC <>;repn teas are Twankay, Hyson skin, youii? i Hyson, Hyson, Imperial, and (Junpowder. All the black teas exported (with the exepjilion j of a part of the bohea, grown in Woping, a district of Canton) are grown in Fokien-a TEA. 621 ope. It ia a polyandrous jom, with yellow style and with numeroua branches, celled footstalks, evergreen, 1 except at the base. These ularly the Camellia Sti.vm- resembling it, are the only 'he U^avcs of the particular ina, as a substitute for those lild narcotic; and, like tlmse um itself,— they are exhila- a much higher degree than Ptitutions, produce consider- •a is the least pernicious; if, growing readily in the open it GO years, it has been reared ,g plants of it arc to be seen within 6 degrees of the equa- hat between the 25lh and 33d , in China. For the general ;hina ; and is there restricted L^anton, but more particularly liang, but chielly the iir4 of iasl mcrilioncd. and the ll.)th /province of China produces •or local consumption only; or France, losing its flavour when , Tonquin, and Cochin-china; 'which country use it largely as 5 crecn and black, with all the le grape, produced by dilVerence les of preparation for the market ,nt bears a close resemblance to the same place which the vino >r its growth is chielly confined capable of producing the finest ^nd care, both in husbandry and tea, as to that of good wine. is the best tea; although, pet- le most civilised nations otEu- lich is also the case in the East ulustry of the Chinese arc there to be attended to, in estimalinj propagate the tea plant in coo. cry great; and, perhaps, all but t in foreign countries were not, ithin the last few years, how. Knmcnt of Java, to produce tt. hincsc cultivators from Volvin, Leo of success has altenJeJ climate. The Braziliaus h« ncse labourers, attempted to ijro- lantity of tolerably good lea has erica, and the quantity reiimrcd S";ven were the soil suitable biretLris^omparotively iXncetothoseoilheteadis. IS to the result. B,/ —The Wac/c teas usuolly ex- Uwith the lowest qualities ;- 7rwankay, Hyson Hk,u,yoj as exported (with the exel« Inton) are grown mFokun hilly, maritime, populous, and industrious province, bordering to the northeast on Canton. Owing to the peculiar nature of the Chinese laws as to inheritance, and probably, also, in some degree, to the despotic genius of the government, landed properly is much subdivided thiougiiout the empire; so that tea is generally grown in gardens or plantations of no great extent. The plant comes to maturity and yields a crop in from 2 to 3 years. 'I'lie leaves are picked by the cultivator's family, and immediately conveyed to market ; where a class of persons, who make it their particular business, purchase and collect them in quantities, and manufacture them in part; that is, expose them to be dried under a shed. A second class of persons, commonly known in the Canton market as " the tea merchants," repair to the districts where the tea is produced, and purchase it in its half-prepared state fioin the first class, and complete the manufacture by garbling the dilferent qualities; in which opera- tion, women and children are chiefly employed. A final drying is then given, and thu tea packed in chests, and divided, according to quality, into parcels of from 100 to 600 chests each. These parcels are stamped with the name of the district, grower, or manufacturer, exactly as is practised with the wines of Bordeaux and Burgundy, the indigo of Bengal, and many other commodities; and, from this circumstance, get the name of chops, the ('hinese terra for a seal or signet. Some of the leaf-buds of the finest black tea plants are p'ckeJ early in the spring, before they expand. These constitute pekoe, or black tea of the highest quality; sometimes called "white-blossom" tea, from there being intermixed with it, to give it a higher perfume, a few blossoms of a species of olive (Oka fragrans), a native of China. A second crop is taken from the same plants in the beginning of May, a third about the middle of June, and a fourth in August; which last, consisting of large and old leaves, is of very inferior flavour and value. The younger the leaf, the more high flavoured, and consequently the more valuable, is the tea. With some of the congous and souchongs are occasionally mixed a little pekoe, to enhance their flavour ; and hence the distinction, among the fjondou tea dealers, of these sorts of tea, into the ordinary kinds and those of a "Pekoe flavour." Bohea, or the lowest black tea, is partly composed of the lower grades; that is, of the fourth crop of the teas of Fokien, left unsold in the market of (Canton after the season of exportation has passed ; and partly of the teas of the district of Woping in Can- ton. The green teas are grown and selected in the same manner as the black, to which the description now given more particularly refers ; and the difl'crent qualities arise from the same causes. 'J'he gunpowder here stands in place of the pekoe ; being composed of the unopened buds of the spring crop. Imperial hyson, and young hyson, consist of the second and third crops. The light and inferior leaves, separated from the hyson by a winnowing machine, constitute hyson skin, — an article in considerable demand amongst the Americans. The process of drying the green teas differs from that of the black ; the first being dried in iron pots or vases over a fire, the operator continually stirring the leaves with his naked hand. The operation is one of considerable nicety, particularly with the finer teas; and is performed by persons who make it their exclusive business. Tea Trade in China. — The tea merchants commonly receive advances from the Hong merchants and other capitalists of Canton ; but, with this exception, are altogether independ- ent of them ; nor have the latter any exclusive privilege or claim of pre-emption. They are very numerous; those connected with the green tea districts alone being about 400 in number. The black tea merchants are less numerous but more wealthy. The greater part of the tea is brought to Canton by land carriage or inland navigation, but chiefly by the first: it is conveyed by porters; the roads of China, in the southern provinces, not generally admitting of wheel carriages, and beasts of burden being very rare. A small quantity of black tea is brought by sea, but probably smuggled ; for this cheaper mode of transportation is discouraged by government, which it deprives of the transit duties levied on inland car- riage. The length of land carriage from the principal districts where the green leas are grown, to Canton, is probably not less than 700 miles ; nor that of the black tea, over a more mountainous country, less than 200 miles. The tea merchants begin to arrive in Can- ton about the middle of October, and the busy season continues until the beginning of March ; being briskest in November, December, and January. Tea, for the most part, can only be bought from the Ilong or licensed merchants; but some of these, the least prosperous in their circumstances, are supported by wealthy outtisoii of iho Cost of Tea per Piciil (133} IIib. Avoirdupois^, with tlie Rate per Pouinl anil Ton at (Jwt. or 1,008 Pounds per Ton. ' Vet Ficul. Tiuli. 20equAl 21 - 22 — 123 — 24 — 2i — 26 — 27 — 23 — 29 - 30 - 31 — 32 — 33 - 34 - 33 — 36 — 37 - 38 — 39 — 40 — Exchange 4«. per l)ol. Per Lb. I Per Ton. d. 10 10 12 II 11 1.2 12 12 1.2 13 13 1-2 14 14 12 15 15 12 16 16 12 17 17 1-2 18 IS 12 19 19 12 20 L. I. U 44 2 46 4 48 6 60 8 62 10 64 12 56 14 58 16 60 18 63 C 6> 2 67 4 69 6 71 8 73 10 75 12 77 14 79 16 81 18 84 Excliange 49. 3't. per Dot. Exch. 4«. 4d. per l)ol. Per Lb. d. 10 623 11-158 11-687 12219 12-730 13-2S1 13-812 14344 14-875 15-403 15-937 16-469 17-100 17-331 IS-062 18-594 19-12.3 I(I6>6 ^0 1^7 20-719 21-230 Per Ton. L. 44 12 46 17 1 1-2 49 I 9 51 6 4 1-2 63 II 55 15 7 1-2 58 3 60 4 10 1-2 62 9 6 64 14 I 1-2 66 18 9 69 3 4 1-2 71 8 73 12 7 1-2 73 17 3 78 I 10 1.2 80 6 6 82 II I 1.2 84 13 9 87 4 ■•2 89 5 Per Lb. Per Ton. d. I0-S33 11 373 I>-9I6 12 4'>8 13000 13-341 14-083 14-625 15-166 15-708 16-230 16-791 17-333 17 875 18-416 18-958 19 500 20-041 20-.3KJ 21-123 21-666 /,. I. 43 10 47 15 SO I 62 6 54 12 66 17 69 3 61 8 63 14 65 19 6i 5 70 10 72 16 75 1 77 7 79 12 81 18 84 3 86 88 14 91 9 Exclunge 4r. Sd per Do). Exch. 4r.6.f Per Lb. d. 11-042 II-.9* 12-146 12-698 13-230 13-802 14-354 14906 15-458 16010 16-3ti2 17-114 17-668 18-218 18-770 19-3:3 I9-S73 20 427 2i)979 21-331 22-083 Per Ton. L. $. d. 46 7 6 48 13 10 1.2 51 3 53 6 55 13 67 19 60 5 62 12 64 18 67 4 69 It 71 17 74 4 76 10 78 16 81 3 83 9 7 1-2 4 1-2 9 I 12 6 10 1-2 3 7 1-2 4 12 9 I 12 6 1-2 83 15 10 1.2 83 2 3 90 9 7 1.2 92 13 perllci Per Lb. I Per Tnn. i- I. d. 47 5 4(1 12 3 51 19 16 M 6 9 56 14 6a 1 3 61 9 6 63 13 9 66 3 68 10 3 70 17 6 73 \ 9 7i 12 ) 77 19 ;, m 6 6 MU 9 Si 1 I 87 8 3 ■■S 15 6 I 92 '2 9 I 94 10 I d. Il-2i0 ll'SI3 12-373 12-936 13-300 14-063 14-623 1.-188 13-750 16-313 t6-S.75 17-438 18-000 18-363 19-125 19-6^8 2(l-2-30 20-813 21-373 21-938 22 600 Thus, at 4f. 3d, per dollar, one tael per picul is ei\\xid to l-2d, per pound. IfcigM. S'll. Metu. might Boliea, whole chesta - caltiea 138 . feel 8-858 Hyson • catties 48 to 30 1-2 do. • . _ 84 . — 6-416 Ilysnn skin ■ — 48-50 1.4 do. • . ^ 46 • — 3 374 Tw.iiikay, long cheats - - 62 - 65 CoDEOu chesta • ■ — 63 to B4 - — 4 ORS Gunpowder • . _ fO - t4 Souchour ■ — 60- 62 . — 4-023 Iinperinl - — 70-71 Pekoe ■ • — 49 - SO • - 4-333 Young Hyson • - 70-72 Usual Nett Weight and Measurement of a Chest of different Descriptions of Tea. .W..V(iu. • feel i • ~ 4l2i • - 4«| • - 4'IW - -4-i'-l ■ - 4-220 II. Rise and Progress of the British Tea Trade. — Consumptiox of Tka. The late rise and present magnitude of the British tea trade are among the most e.xtraorJi' nary phenomena in the history of commerce. Tea was wholly unknown to the Greeks ami Romans, and even to our ancestors previously to the end of the 16th or the beginning of the 17th century. It seems to have been originally imported in small quantities by the Dutch; but was hardly known in this country till after 1650. In 1660, however, it begun to be used in coffee houses ; for, in an act passed in that year, a duty of 8d. is laid on every gallon of " coffee, chocolate, sherbet, and tea," m\Jo and sold. But it is abundantly evident that it was then only beginning to be introduced. The following entry appears in the Diary of | Mr. Pepys, secretary to the Admiralty : — " September 25, 1661. I sent for a cup of tea (a China drink), of which I had never drunk before." In 1664, the East India Company bought 2 lbs. 2 oz. of tea as a present for his Majesty. In 1667, they issued the first onlct to import tea, directed to their agent at Bantam, to the effect he should sf home 100 lbs, of the best tea he could get ! — (See the references in Mllburn's Orient, < vol. ii. p. 5:i0.; Macphersons Hixt. of Com. with India, pp. 130 — 132.) Since then, ., r coiisuinpiion seems to have gone on regularly though slowly increasing. In 1689, instead of charging a duty on the decoction made from the leaves, an excise duty of 5s. per lb. was laid on ihe tea itself. The importation of tea from 1710 downwards is exhibited in the following Tables. The great increase that took place in the consumption of duty paid tea in 1784 and nS5, over its consumption in the preceding years, is to be ascribed to the reduction that was then effected in the duties. In the nine years preceding 1780, above 180,000,000 lbs. of lea were exported from China te Europe, in ships belonging to the Continent, and abou! 50,000,000 Ills, in ships belonging to England. But from the best information attainable, it appears that the real consumption was almost exactly the reverse of the quantities im- ported ; and that, while the consumption of the British dominions amounted to above 13,000,000 lbs., the consumption of the Continent did not exceed 5,500,000 Ihs. If Ibis statement be nearly correct, it follows that an annual supply of above 8,000,000 lbs. nui TEA. 623 ips, without any assistance ompany by the latter. An m the part of the Chinese fore the select committee of of the Hong mcrchunti to which any fraud may have f the teas from Canton on >n at the distance of I or i ■ purchasers in the Canton larkit, viz. a selection of the dvantage they enjoy only as lasers of green teas. the Hate per Pound and T(in,ai Lb.) FerTon. f er ld^i i-er Ton. i. •042 •,9» I'HB !'69S 1-250 1-BOi 1-354 I 4-9(16 5'458 6010 6-V,l 7'IM 7-668 18-218 18-770 l9-3;3 I9-S7'> 20 427 20979 21-331 22-083 d. 4H 7 8 48 13 10 1-2 61 3 53 6 85 13 57 19 60 5 62 12 64 18 67 4 69 II 71 17 74 4 78 10 78 18 1 81 3 M 9 7 1-2 4 1-2 9 I 1-2 6 101-2 3 7 1-2 4 12 9 1 12 6 1-2 83 15 10 1-2 89 2 3 ^ 90 9 7 1-2 92 15 d. ll-i-.O 11-'8 •2ll-2-'.0 ; 20-813 I 21-373 : 21-938 \ 22 500 /.. I. i. 47 5 4i> 12 3 51 19 16 4 6 9| !i6 14 51) 1 3 bl 9 6 ii3 15 9 66 3 cmo 3 ' 70 17 6 73 1 9 7i 12 5 77 19 li W li 6 nn 9 i-i 1 87 9 3 >-9 15 6 92 i 9 94 10 rent Descriptions of Tea. iVvglil. Snl. .Villi. . cilliM 48 to 30 • f«l I _ 48 - 50 • - 4l!i _ 62 - 6> • - 4-S«l *. _ 80 - 84 • - 4-IM . _ 70-74 • -4*"l . _ 70 - 72 • - m ._ CosscMPTiox OF Tea. le are among the most extraordi- [Uy unknown to the Greeks and Ithe 16th or the beginning of the Vail quantities by the Dutch; but 0, however, it begun to be used )f %d. is laid on every gallon of it is abundantly evident that it entry appears in the Diary of 361 I sent for a nip of tea (a .064, the East India Company 1667 they issued the first order Ue should sf ' home lOOM Us Orient. ( vol.ii.p.5:!0,; Since then, ...>■ consumplion In 1689, instead of charging tv of 5s. per lb. was laid on the is exhibited in the following Ly paid tea in 1784 and 1750, ^ to the reduction that was then t above 180,000,000 IbB. of tea I to the Continent, and ahou> the best information attainable, le reverse of the quantities mi- dominions amounted to alio« I exceed 5,500,000 lbs. U tl"' |,ly of above 8,000.000 lbs. was clandestinely imported. It was well known, indeed, that smuggling wns rariicd on to an enormous extent; and after every other means of eliecking it lind lieeii triid to no purpose, Mr. Pi't proposed, in 1784, to nduco the duties from 119 to 12J per cent. 'I'his measure was signally successful. Smuggling and the practice of adulteration were imiiielintely put an end to, and the legal imports of tea were aliout trebled. In 1795, however, the duty ^as raised to ^5 per cent.; and after successive augmentations in 1797, 1800, and 1803, it was rained, in I'SOG, to 96 per cent, nd valorem, at which it continued till 1819, when it was raised to 100 per cent, on all teas that brought above 2s. per lb. at the Company's sales. I A Return of ttie Qnniitilies and Prices of llie suveral Sorts of Ten sold by iho F.ust India Com. paiiy, ill eacli Year during lliu present cliarlcr (1st of May lo Ist of May). RollM. Congf It. C.-ii»{)oi. Soucliong. Pt'koe. j Han. Average S>lo Trice per AVPr-g.t Avi-ra^e AvrT:{ft Avenge Quanlil}-. Quantiiy. Priif per (Ju.inlily. Pi -(.lie -,■ per Quai.tity. >a'e ' Price per Quantity. S.ile Pure per r.>ui.(i. Pouri-i. IJ-t. P lut.d. Pi.iiiid. I. rf. l.U Pound. Lit. 1. rf. 1 I.li. ». rf. *. rf. I.I.!. ). rf. 1S14-15 3«7,onn 8 10-20 21, '283,549 3 2 55 1,0(12,000 3 4-67 1,, 520,035 3 7-51 22,625 1 6 10-62 llil.'i-lfi 8:19.1 w 2 1-57 17,!iOS,827 2 11-02 823.507 3 4-94 982,816 3 6-55 30,700 5 8-95 1316-17 1 -TOl 2 5-56 14,895,6«1 2 10 39 925,550 3 1-73 1,862,135 3 047 !)8,562 4 253 1 1S17-I8 , 1 , -,7.30! 2 5-73 I5,7;i6,003 2 11 82 866,30 1 3 3 12 2,0I8,0.'-.8 3 2-88 76.302 4 4-36 lSlS-19 1,.111,086 2 4-78 18,441,(166 2 11 22 533,8-21 3 4-49 1,18.3.051 3 5-11 69,760 4 4-37 l.sl't-'iO 1,497,502| 1 9-25 17.664,433 2 7-94 479.081 3 4-64 l,lti8,605 3 201 27,80-2 4 2-41 IS21I-21 •2.522,927:2 1-88 15.9.19,7951 2 7-31 319,775 3 6-04 1,285,196 3 2-96 13;i.!f.4 ! 4 253 1821-2-2 3,583,486; 2 528 17,'2 19,982! 2 8-59 121,293 3 7-00 l,397,9.'»l 3 1-25 92,9.';7 3 10-69 1S32-23 1,87.3.881 2 5-43 18.822,848 2 7 82 323,063 3 6-30 l,.391,668 2 10 (i2 44,7.'i7 1 4 4-73 1S23-2I I,b5,3,.39l| 2 4 92 19,006,5941 2 806 242,562 3 6.36 1,322,326 2 11 82 46.0(15 i 5 0-74 1S21-2.1 2,093,276' 2 459 20,59M,9.')8 2 790 227,722 3 0-88 473,476 3 474 86,051 4 3-26 18'2.'i-2() 2.713,011 2 0-50 21,0.34,635 2 675 207,971 3 1-77 517,128; 3 1 -28 HH.O.-IS 4 84 ls2f]-27 2,588,124 I 7 02 20,472,625 2 4-73 166,701 2 9-04 475.796 3 2 17 16.\815 3 601 1827-2S 3.759,199 1 7-44 19,389,392 2 3-95 297,316 2 9 31 448, If).-) 3 0-.53 2>0,;i08 3 061 b25i-2il 3,778,012 1 6-65 20,142,073 2 3-88 281.187 2 914 601,739! 2 10 38 i:( 1.281 3 923 1829-.'1U 4,845,826 1 6-3-2 18,402,118 2 3 26 474,735 2 2-2 J 298,819 3 3-60 129,.'-.51 3 9-23 li-SO-Sl 6,096,1,53 1 1003 17,857,208 2 3-15 431,4:)5 2 317 277.067 3 0'7(! 253,101 3 992 ISSl-.TO fi,474,fi33 1 10-65 17,734.257 2 2-77 273,2h9 2 1-92 417,799 2 1()(;8 515,7T5 2 1023 Twaiikay. Hyson ^kin. You 1 If; llys >n. er.igc S.ile Ilyson. GuiipoM'der. Van. ! Avenge S.-ile Avenge S\le A\ Average Sale Average Silc i Qumlily. Price per Quantiiy. Frict! per Quantiiy. Pr ce per Quantify. Pr cp per j Quantiiy. Price per Pound. 1 IM. Pound. Pnutid. P ouilil. I.I.I. Pound. 1 I. d. /.li. ,t. d. Lit. I. d. .1. rf. lis. >. rf. 1814-1,') 3.61(i,nb 3 6-11 795,907 3 9.57 . . 1,008,948 5 915 9,189 7 0-50 1815-lfi ,S,7S4,bt)H 3 3-06 708,280 3 5-26 . . 1,0.59,225 S 5-75 1316-17 3,23i),2IO 2 11-92 554,270 3 0-76 . - 882,820 4 11-61 15,125 5 0-93 1817-18 3.7t)3,123 3 009 451,904 3 1 97 . . 992,439 4 10 34 1818-19 4,73(1,21)7 2 11-87 193,852 3 2-78 . . . 909,637 4 11 83 1810-20 4,288,315 2 10-83 161,919 3 4-38 . ■ . 700,312 5 366 1S20-21 4,900,764 3 0.33 343.995 3 084 . . - 782,482 5 6 04 1821-22 4,401,778 3 1-48 225,636 3 1 -89 - . . 1,044,2.56 4 8-53 1822-23 4,l6.'i,8!)6 3 4-77 205,658 3 3-99 1 -" - - 816,872 4 3-24 1823-24 3.91)7,206 3 5-71 259,209 3 4-72 . . 980,753 4 3-23 1824-25 3,754,120 3 5-17 .324,987 3 3-29 9,055 4 3-08 985,51)6 4 2-71 1825-26 3,768,406 3 4-88 229,961 3 4 57 - . . 932,099 801,724 4 5.38 !l82fi-27 '4,424,262 3 1-91 298,960 3 2-26 51,421 4 0-75 4 8-72 '1827-28 4,537,672 2 704 212,313 2 7-19 . ■ . 1,013,771 4 5-58 ,lSa8-21l 4,101,8-15 2 572 213,993 2 3-84 . ■ . 1,014,923 4 1-75 C15 6 6-51 152'.t-r,0 3,8.')2,4 13 2 4 04 228,016 2 4-60 - • . 1,071,278 4 1-40 1830-31 4,560.562 2 3-"2 196,791 2 6-39 - . . 1,017.748 ' 4 1-56 \ 1331-32 4,463,352 2 3-02 169,909 2 6-78 1 1,065 2 6-87 1,2-23,758 3 1031 1 The following statements show the progress of the consumption of tea in this country from a very remote epoch down to the present time : — II. Acconnt of tlic Quantity of Tea remaining for Home Consumption in Great Urifnin from 1711 to 1766, ohtained by deducting the Quantity exported from the Quantity sold at tlie Company's Sales. I.ln. I.I.!, I.I.!. I.hi. 1711 141,995 1740 1,302,549 1765 4,906.546 1782 4,166.854 1715 120,659 1745 2,209,183 1770 7.723.538 1783 3,087,616 1720 2.37,904 1750 2,114,922 1775 5,475,493 1784 8,608,173 1725 286,494 17.55 2,738,136 1780 5,.588,315 1785 13,165,715 1730 1735 537,018 1,380,199 1760 2,293,613 1781 3,578,499 1786 13,985,506 A". B.— We have extracted this account from th.it given from the Company's records in Mlbxirn'B Oritnlal Coniwerce (vol. ii. p. 534.). There is .in nccnunt, furnished by the Excise, of the quantities of tea retained for homo consumption from 1725 to 1832, in the .^ppendiz to the First Report of the Com- mi'sianersof F.icise fnquiry. It appenrs, however, to involve some very material errors. Thus, it represents the consumption from 1768 to 1772, both inclusive, as under 200,000 lbs. a year, at the same lime thai it makes the consumption, in the immediatply precedingnnd subsequent years, above 4,000,000 His.! A statement of this sort is obviously inaccurate ; and yet it is not accompanied by a single remark or explanation of any sort. 624 TEA. III. Account nfthRQiinntlty of Tea retninrd for Ilnme Cnnsumpllon InOrcnt Ilrltnln frnm 1780tn 1033, and of lilt! Umiiitily tliul |mul Uiily Tiir IIoiiih (;oii8iini|ilioii In Iruliuxl I'ruiu lTb9 to lb37 ; Hjiuciryinj the NL'tt I'ruiluce (it° tliu Uiitlua in encii Country, anil tliu Uttte« o( Duly, % Urtat nritain. IreUDd. Qinntllv chArKt.d with duly fnr Hoinn 1 Qiuntiliff rfliiiictl for lloliltf CoD' Net! AinnunI of Uuiy. Rain of Duly. Nelt Amniinl nf Duly. (Hriliih Ralei of Duly. lUllipliOIU Cnnsnmjt- ticn. Luneitcy.) 1 1 Lbs. /,. s. d. I.bK. I.. S. d. mack ; (ireen: ] 1789 14,S.Tl,fiOI 502,038 14 5 12M0s. percent. 1,970,89S .18,0.38 n 3 id. pnr lb. 6(/. pir lb. 17(10 1 1,fi9;i,299 547,230 4 8 — 1,7.36,796 .33,132 12 2 ditto ditto 171)1 15,09(1,810 607,430 8 4 — 1,994,787 43,895 12 4 4^(/.perlb, Oil/, peril). \!i)i 15.822,015 610,775 6 — 1,H44,598 35,110 8 dilto dilto 1703 15,214,9.'il 009,816 5 6 — 2,148,7.55 39,274 « 6 ditto dillo 1791 Ki.On.'.Hi.) 628,(W1 6 5 — 2,041,290 43,892 6 2 ditto dilto 179J 1H,:(9 1,232 095, 108 5 9 20/. per cent. 2,970,701 61,093 10 10 ditto dillo 1790 18,009,992 877,042 13 'At or above 2j." 0 UiKl(ir2.<. fl(/. per .lb. 20/. per ilitlo.. At or above Va.' Orf. per lb. 35/. 2,492,254 00,817 6 5 ditto ditto 1798 19,560,934 1,111,898 9 1 ■< perct. )■ Umlcr 2». OJ. per .lb. 20/. per ditto.. 2,953,240 103,016 6 5 ditto ditto 1799 19,906,510 1,176,661 9 9 'At or above 2»." dd. per lb. 40/. 2,873,717 101,727 11 5S(/,perlb. 7(/. per lb. ; 1. 1800 20,358,702 1,152,202 J, perct. Uiiiler 28. M. per 2,926,166 69,824 17 7 ditto rtitio * „.. « ' 1 ^ .lb. 20/. per ditto.. Jill Sorts. • 'Z Sold at orl Sold iin- f At or above 2«.") 6,/. per lb. 60/. above 2s.'der 2s. CJ. i Cid. per lb. (per lb. 1801 20,237,753 1,287,808 2 6 ■i perct. 3,409,801 135,852 3 4 35/. perct. 20/. perct. Under 2.v. fid. per ad val. ad val. .lb. 20/. per ditto.. 1802 21,146,245 1,450,252 7 9 'At or above 2s." (id. per lb. 95/. 3,570,775 182,214 17 7 38/. 10s.— 23/. 10s.- : 1803 21,647,922 1,757,257 18 4 ■I per ct. Under 2s, 6(/. per .lb. 65/. pcrdilto.. 3,239,937 172,355 15 6 ditto ditto 1 i 1801 18,501,904 2,348,004 4 8 — 3,337,122 251,734 8 9 84/. 14s.— 51/. 14s.- ! 'At or above 2f." firf. perlh,9.U 2s, 1 1805 21,025,380 2,925,298 17 9 Od. per cent. I Under 2s. 6rf, per " lb. 65/. 2s. Od. per (It) 3,267,712 411,225 1 4 ditto ditto 1800 20,355,038 3,093,428 13 2 On all teas 96/.' percent. j" 2,611,458 348,242 7 2 ditto 71/. lls.- 1807 19,239,312 3,04.3,224 11 3 3,55.5,129 476,919 4 3 ditto ditio >; 1808 20,859,929 3,370.610 101 — 3,706,771 534,685 1 7 ditto » ditto g; 1S09 19,869,134 3,130,616 14 9 ~ 3,391,663 462,088 12 3 ditto ditto 1 On all Tens ' >r' 1810 19,093,244 3,912.430 1 1 — 2,922,568 435,307 10 2 93/, per cent, ad val. z. 1811 20,702,809 3,249,291 9 — 3,517,384 502,816 16 11 ditto ~ 1812 20,018,251 3,258,793 2 — 3,758,499 567,186 11 6 ditto : 1813 20,443,226 { Cusloiiis' records 1 { dejlmyeti. 1 — 2,352,294 521,299 12 3 ditto * 1814 19,224,154 3,428,236 8 4 — .3,,S87,012 529,818 7 11 96/. per cent, ltd valo- 1815 29,.')78,345 3,526,590 18 3 — 3,462,776 531,500 15 2 rem, and bence- ; 1816 20,246,144 3,956,719 5 — 2,990,580 405,777 16 3 forth the same as ( 1817 20,822,936 3,003,650 18 7 — 3,141,0.35 427,713 7 3 in Great Britain. 1818 22,660,177 3,302,588 10 1 — 3,569,431 510,105 6 J ("At or under 2s. ~) 1819 22,631,467 3,256,433 12 10 1 per lb. 96/. per ct. ( 'o ooo 400 Above 2s. per lb. f -•''•'".4»« .100/. per ditto. J 433,371 11 1820 22,452,050 3,128,449 17 — 3,1.50,344 398,742 5 4 1821 22,892,913 3,275,642 17 6 — 3,493,960 162,819 16 3 1822 23,911,8^4 3,434,292 19 lOj — .3,816,966 511,299 5 2 lf>23 23,762.470 3,407,983 1 8 — i3,.367,710|440,139 4 11 1821 23,781,838 3,420,205 11 11 — 3,3S7,510;445,271 15 11 1825 21,830,015 3,,527,944 4 11 — 3,889,6.')8:503,074 13 4 1821! 25,238,067 3,291,813 19 5 — 3,807,785 446,229 5 1 1827 20,013,223 3,263,206 19 3 — 3,887,955 442,382 14 10 '1828 ♦26,790,481 3,177,179 8 — •1829 29,495,199 3,321,722 2 6 1830 30,047.079 3,387,097 18 9 — 1831] 29,997,100 3,314,918 12 9 — 1 1832 31,548,409 .3,509,834 13 7 — 1833 1 31,829,620 3,444,101 18 1 — 1 t > Tliii amount includei all tea iliippcd lo Ireland for conauinplion in Ibat country subiequenlly to the pasiiug of tin: act 9 Gto. i e 44. II) indrcnttlrltnln (Vnm ITSOto lejj •elund I'rom 17b9 to lb27j Biiecil'viiuJ of Duly. * Ireland. Amount of 1. (littUih arreyicy. ) Ratn of Duly. r.. a. 0.38 n 132 12 295 12 110 974 9 h92 6 093 16 033 14 d. 3 2 4 H 6 2 10 U Black ! U. pnr lb. ditto lid. \)nr\h. ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto Oreen: ^ dd. per lb. ditto 61(/. peril). ditto ditto ditto ditto ditto 817 6 5 ditto ditto 016 6 5 ditto ditto 727 11 SJJ.perlb. 1- 7i/. per lb. ; 824 17 7 ditto r '" ditto * Ml Sorts r l| 852 3 4 Sold at or abiive 2.S. I'id. per lb. 351. ptrct. ad val. Sold un- der 9s. C(/. per Ih. 20;. per ct. ud val. 214 17 7 3Sl. 10s.— 23/. 10s.- 355 15 fi ditto ditto 734 8 9 84/. 14s.- 51/. I4s.- 225 1 4 ditto J ditto ^ 1 j J42 7 2 ditto 71/. Ik- DIO 4 (iS5 1 388 12 3 i 3 ditto ditto ditto ditto >' • ditto ^ ditto jjl On all Tens' M! 307 10 2 S16 16 11 186 11 6 93Z. per cent, ad val. r, ditto i ditto :; 299 12 3 ditto " 318 7 500 15 777 16 713 7 105 6 11 2 3 3 6 961. per cent, ad valo- rem, and lience- : forth the Baine as 1 in Great Britain. J 371 11 C 742 5 4 819 16 3 299 5 2 139 4 M 271 15 11 1)74 13 4 229 5 1 382 14 10 • i TEA. I ^)>f; i.i«. Weigh, otT^. |;|_^aniiary, isa^. "''• ""a tile Vet, H-"''| '"" Vru,'" "■h'si^j'z:' "" IS34 r.iii. 7,01)3,333 on per cent. JoM .ihovB "• |1IT I.l,. „ /.br _iMfl6,287 I Rate of nul. „„ ' iho Sale price ' I, "^'"'1 Nelt Produce. . ilie -'. y """uiig me quantity l.routrhf f„ . "^ '"•' ">"/ w/ i,on, and to realise immense proS at fh! "''"'' '° "•»'«'' i^rico almvni, ' "'^'^ kvedeclitied availing IhcrnJJoJnf t, ■ ^''f''"^'' °f the publ 1 iT "^. "'»'"''«' "leva- expected from the ComnanT „r r "'" 1^°^" ? I^ut no Huchfn ?' ''"^ '"'s'^'- "o doubt lions exert themselves toTLui„,hr'"h"i^ ""^^ '^"^'y "^nS ^°^',^^""ec could be ratioS fcund that those who are protectc Ifrn'^'':;!' t'™" ''"'• ^'Sr fh ' h ''"'"''''^ ""'^ »««ocia^ monopoly of any market fnvSn "" ^^^ 'competition of otLt ^ ''T '° ^''"- "'hI it is Tlic ^as{ India';:o.:.Anrhav doLT "" ^'^ '' ^'^^Z^'r '"" °'"-«^'^ " ■hat have enjoyed sueh exclusive Si I. ' ^""''^'''y' «° « '''^^ cxTe t S„'° ' 'f ■"^ '"^h pitch. tmmldbu them of hie »Zo^ Vl,""'- ®''"' i'owcver it 1 ' "? '"°'' "titer bodies lenlly to llie passing of the act 9 Geo. 4. e U. i.m,vi,.., — ^i u, uroois 01 this X '. • ''""'' "^cessary «n>pany within reasonable limr. buT?f1f """'"'"'^ ''^^^ "-^^'rained the A.r. , ^ueil, as before, to sell their easaV o "' ^''^^ «oon forgotten an<1h *',T^"^ O •n.^^ aa I' -'I to keep a stock, c(|unl to at least 1 year's conHumplion, according; to tiic salrs of the ptp. ceding year, always beforchuiul. And they were lumnd to lay heforo the Lords of lh« Tnu. 8ury, copies of the accounts and rstinuitcs upon wiiicli their orders for ini(M)rtatiun, priuenfur pale, and <|uantilien |)Ut up to sale, siiould lie grounded. The ohject of these conditions is olivious. They were intended to secure a plentiful sim. ply of tea to the jiubii;;, and to prevent its being sold at iin oppressive increase of price. (Ju, monopoly and low prices are altogether incompatible. The conditions now referred to were as to all practical purjioses at least, quite inoperative. 1. In the first place, the Company made various additions to the prime cost, and rnns^ cjuciitly to the putting up price of their tea, which they ought not to have made, but wliith the Lords of the 'I'reasury, had they been so disposed, could hardly disallow. 'I'hey alwavs for example, charged the cost of the factory at Canton to the price of tea. This esialilish' inent consisted of about 20 persons, and cost at an average about 100,000/. n year ! We dj not [iresume to say that it was altogether useless. Undoubtedly, however, it might li.m been conducted at half the expense. It is a fact, that the whole American business at (]m\. ton has been transacted by thf captains of the Hhi|)s ; and every one knows that tlicy li^v,. had fewer disturbances with tl s natives than the English. 2. In the second place, it w s <■ '..lolished by the evidence taken before the select commit. tec of 18;)0, that the Company had for many years thrown the whole losses arisiii;' frun, their outward investment ujion tea, by estimating the value of the lael, or Chinese imiiievin which the accounts are kept, at the price which it cost for the purpose of l)eing vested iu'^.j 'J'his was a complete evasion of the provisions of the statute ; but it was one which it was very dillicult, if not impossible to defeat. 3. In the third place, the obligation imposed on the Company, of keeping a year's supplv of tea in their warehouses, contriliuted both to raise its price, and deteriorate its qunliiv From a return made to an order of the select committee of the House of Commons in isii (First Jirj)iirt, App. p. S3.), it appears that the shortest time any tea sold by the (."oni lanv had been in store was 14 months; and that, at an average, all the teas sold durinijthf;) years ending with 1839 had been 17 months in store. But, accouling to the eviiieiu'cot the most respectable American witnesses, the black and coarser kinds of tea are dcpreciaifj »it least .') per cent, by being kept a twelvemonth, and are, indeed, hardly saleable after thf arrival of fresh teas from China. Adding, therefore, warehouse rent, interest of cajiitai, anJ insurance for 17 months, to the deterioration in point of quality, we may estimate ilic loss to the pulilic, by this well-meant but most injudicious interference of the legislaiure, at 15 per cent, upon the price of all the teas sold. 4. In the fourth place, it is obvious, even supposing the prime cost of the Compam'i teas had not been improperly enhanced, that the regulation obliging them to be sold at jii advance of Id. per lb. if olfered, on the putting-up price, could not be otherwise than nua- tory, ILid the trade been open, private merchants would have undersold each other, uiiiil the price of tea, like that of sugar or coHee, had been reduced to the very lowest point thai would yield the sellers the customary rate of profit. But the Company was in an cntirelf dilTeieiit situation. Being the on/i/ .sellers, Ihey invanahly tmders/uc/itd the market. In. stead of bringing forward such (juanlities of tea as might have occasioned its sale at a small advance upon the upset price, they adjusted the supply so that the price was raised to a much i higher elevation. Now, it will be observed, that all that this system of luanagenient m into the Company's coffers consisted of extra profit ,- for the putting up price enibraceJ every item that could fairly enter into the cost of the tea, including both inlcrtut on capital and insurance, and including also, as we have seen, several items that had but little lo Jo with it. To show the extent to which this source of profit was cultivated, we may ineniion, that at the June sale in 1830, the company put up congou at l.v. 8f/. and 2*. \d.\x\\\ the lowest sort, or that put up at l.s. 8(/., being sold partly at 2«. l^d., being au advance of I iwenty-lwu and a half per cent., and partly at 2s. 5^/., being an advance of Foifrv-nv! per cent.; while the highest sort, or that put up at 2s. \d., was sold partly at 2v. 2(/,, kui'l an advance of four per cent., and partly at 3.9. Id,, being an advance of no less than skvisti- TWO per cent, above the upset price ; that is, above a price calculated to yield ordinarijTirA Jits. Mr. Mills, an intelligent and extensive wholesale tea merchant, in a paper laid befoie I the recent committee of the House of Lords on East India allairs, showed, that the advance I on the teas sold at the Company's June sale in 1830, above the putting-up price, amounlejl to 122,177/. 18s. Id. ; and as there are 4 such sales in the year, the total advance must hatel been about 500,000/.; and this was considerably under what it had been a few years pre- f viously ! I These statements show generally how the Company defeated the provisions of ihcactoll 1784, and, indeed, turned them to its own advantage. But, as already observed, nothinjf else could be expected. It is nugatory to attempt to combine monopoly with low prices anJl good qualities. They never have existed, and it is not possible they ever should exist, l*l gether. Monopoly is the parent of dearness and scarcity ; freedom, of cheapness and pleiily| Great, however, as was the sacrifice entailed on the people of Britain by the Company's moi H TEA. 027 nn to the ili!nlifu\ Rup. .8»ive iiuTtuse of price. Uui idilions now referred to were, o the prime cost, and consc not to hnve made, but which irdly disallow. They alwin^ ..ricooftea. Thi. cM«M,sh. lit 100,000/. ft year! V\odo (edly, however, it mi^hl Ihm: ,U) Ameriran busino:i>i nl Cuu- ry one knows that tlicy Iwvc aken before the select commit. ' i\io whole losses arisiii;' from (fUictael, or Chinese ia.iii.>y in ■i purpose of Iteing veslod uiIm, c ; but it was one whicli it was ,„nv, of keepint; a year's supply vice and deteriorate Us (luiiliiy. he House of Commons in ISJil ic any tea sold by the Con.panv . all the teas sold durni!;llw;l 5ut.accouhnglolhecyulHiccoi vrscr kinds of tea are deprecialcj indeed, hardly saleable after l!ie ,ou8e rent, interest of caiolalanJ ualily, we may estimate the loss Lcrfetencc of the legislature, at 15 Ihc prime cost of the Company's ion obliging them to be sold at an Inld not be otherwise than ma- have undersold each olhtr, uiuil [cod to the very lowest point ihsl the Company was in an cntwly Iv understocked the market. In- Vive occasioned its sale at asrai hat the price was raised to amucli ' this system of mauagemwit put Ir the putting up price cmbtacel Including both inim^t on capital ] ■ral items that had but little lo ao was cultivated, we may mentm ,ou atls.8f/.and2s. 1<.1«1M 'at 2s. Hrf.. I'cmi; »" a'l^!"«'««' , being an advance of Foan-nvi \vas sold partly at 2s. 2tier«l tfrninids, that it wn« imposHJble for tlii" (.'oin- jmiiy to iiiake any thing hke the Haine pr.illtM liy the privili'ijcs conceded to them, that would Imvo been made by private individuals enjoying similiir adv.intages. •• The spirit of nionopo- listH," lo liorrow the just and expresHivc language of (Jihbon, " is narrow, lazy, and oppressive. Tlu'ir work is more costly and less productive than that of imlependent artists; and tlic new iiii|)r()venienls ho eigerly graspeil by the competition of freedom, ari' adtniited with slow and snilcti reluctance, in those pioud corporations above the fear of a rivul, and tielow the con- fession of an error." Wo have no doubt that tho directors of the Kast India Company wcro JisiKised to extend its commerce, and to manage it according lo the mnst (i])proved princi- jiles, liut they were wholly without the means of giving ellect to their wishes. They had to operate through servants; and is it to be imagined that tho riiipliii/i\t of such bodies will (ver dis|ilay that watchful attention to their interests, oi conduct the business intrusted In ttieir care with tho unsparing economy practised by private merclianls trading o i their own account, sujicrintending their own concerns, and responsible in their own private fortunes for fvcry error they may commit! Tho affairs of tho Company, notwithstanding the ellorto of the directors to introduce activity and economy, have always been managed according ta a system of routine. Their eajjtains and mercantile agents were, we doubt not, "all honour- fllile men;" but it were an insult to common sense to supjiose that they may be compared for ft moment with individuals trading on their own account, in the great requisites of zeal, conduct, and skill. Several gentlemen of great knowledge and experience, who have carefully inquired into the state of the Company's alFairs, have expressed their decided conviction, that they made iiolhing by the tea trade ! — the increased price at which tl»ey sold the article not being nioro than sullicient to balance tho immense expenses incident to the monopoly ! Perhaps this statement may bo somewhat exaggerated, though we incline to think it is not far from the P,i,rk. — (See vol. i. p. 629.) Taking, however, tho accounts laid by the Company bcforo the late committee on Indian afTairs, as they stand, it would appear that the profits realised hythcm during the 3 years ending with 1827-28 amounted to 2,,'542,.'i60/., being at the rate of 847,.')33/. a year. — (Appen. to Secoud Report of Si led Commi'lfee of 1830, p. SSft.) But we have already seen that the excess of price received by the Company for their teas, over the price of similar teas sold at New York and Hamburgh, has been above 1,500,000/. a vear; so that, according to the Company's own showing, their monopoly occasioned an ahmlute loss of 652,477/. exclusive of its mischievous influence in lessening the consumption of tea, and in confining our trmie with China to less than a third of what it will probably amount to under a system giving free scope to the energies of individual enterprise. The renewal of a monopoly productive of such results was, therefore, wholly out of the question. There was hardly, indeed, in 1833, an individual in the empire out of the pale of the Company who was not anxious for the opening of the trade to China; and the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 93, — (see vol. i. p. 304.) abolishing the Company's monopoly, and making it law- ful for all individuals to import tea, was passed with almost no opposition. IV. Duties on Tea. — Cosscmi'Tion of, on the Continent and in the United States, etc. Down to the 22(1 of April, 1834, the duty on tea was an ad valorem one, being 96 per cent, on all teas sold under 2,v. a pound, and 100 per cent, on all that were sold at or above Is. Seeing that tea may now be considered almost as a necessary of life, this was, certainly, ahio-h duty ; though, as a large amount of revenue must be raised, we do not know that it could he fairly objected to on that ground. But under the monopoly system, the duty was, in fact, about 200 per cent, ad valorem .' For, the price of the tea sold by the Company being forced up lo nearly double what it would have been had the trade been free, it followed, inasmuch as the duly varied directly as the price, that it also was doubled when the latter was doubled. The price of Congou at Hamburgh, for example, varies from Is. 2(/. to 1*. Ad. per lb. ; and had the Company supplied our markets with congou at the same rale, it would Imvc cost us, duty included, from 2s. 2f/. to 2s. M. per lb. But instead of this, the congou sold hy the Company has been, at an average, a good deal above 2s. per lb. ; and, the duly being as much, it has invariably cost us from 4s. to 5y. per lb. Hence, though the duty was only 100 per cent, on the Company's price, it was really above 200 per cent, on the price of tea in an open market ! The mischief of the monopoly was thus aggravated almost be- yond endurance; inasmuch as every addition made by it to the cost of the article, made an equal addition to the duly on it. But this system is now happily at an end. The ad valorem duties ceased on the 22<1 of April, 1834 ; and all tea imported in the United Kingdom for home consumption is now barged with a customs duty as follows : — Boliea - - - - - - - - \s.M. per lb. Congou, twankny, hyson skin, nranf;e pekoe, and campoi - . 'is.id. — fioiictiong, flowery pekoe, hyson, young hyson, gunpowder, imperial, and other teas not enumerated - - - - - 3«. OJ. — 628 TKA. ■tt'. '^ IT 1 CO •" J ••-»■■ 'CD If wo rompnro thrao ilutipH with tho prices of ton at New York onJ Hamburgh, thry will ho found to III' oxci'cilinRly heavy, parliculurly on liohfu nnil conjjou. It in pretty certiiti, that, at no diHliint pcrioii, liolieii will lie moIiI, I'Xilimive of tho duty, Ht or under i.». per. Hi,*; and HiipponiriB thin to ho tho iuno, the jiresent fixed duty will be eipiivulent to an ml nilnrnii duty of 150 per cent. ! Uut to inipoHC Huch a duty on an orti(;lo lilteil to etiter luri^ely iut,, the eiinMUinption of the lower eluHxes, seeing to he in the lust deRreo opprertnive iind iili-mrij. It will (?() far to neutraline the henelirial elleetj* that would otherwise result from the iili„|j. tion of the monopoly ; and eannot fiiil, hy eonrniinK the coiisumiition of the nilielo witjiin comparatively narrow liouiulx, to render the duty le-is produetive than it would he were it lower. Nothinif ran he more injorious, hoth in a eoiiunercial and linuneial point of view, than tlio iinpoMitio?! of opproHHivo tlutieH on nrliehN, the eonsuinplion of whieh would iio materially extended hy a fall of |)rice ; and that such i:* the ease with holua is lieyond nil question. Tho (Jon)pany, hy redueinj? itn prieo from alxiut 2\. (if/, to l.v. 1().^(/. jicr n,. (whieh was, of course, aecompnnied hy a eorres|ioU(hnn reduction of duly), inereiisnl lii,. consumption from l,N7;},S8l ll,s. in lH'ia-2:J, to (i, 17 l.s:tS lbs. in lS;n-:W. Here we Imv,. ij,,. consumption more than trebled by a fall of about Is. ,](/. per lb. .\nd we have not tin, slightest doubt that a further fall id' l.v. 3(/. would, by brim-in;^ tho article fairly witliiii ilui command of a vastly Rreatcr number of eonsumeis, extend the demand for it iti a muih greater dc^^ree. Uut it iH hardly possible that such a reduction should taliu phiec, unless lii/, bo taken from tho duty. We trust, however, that this may be done. At l.v, per lli,, tlu> duty woulil undoubtedly yield more than it will evir do at l.v, (h/. Wo may also ailil ili;it nolliinff would do so much to weaken the pernicious habit of Kin-drinking, as a fdl in ili,. price of tea, colFee, &c. And it is not to be endured that the price of such ^ul;irly quoted in the Hamburgh, Amsterdam, and New York I'rico Currents, there are never inure than 7, and sometimes only 0, species to be met with here. Imperial, a very line >;re('ii uj regularly imported into America, and all parts of tho Continent, is unknown in the l')iiir|j,|| market. Singlo, onco imported hy tho Company, has disappeared for about .'lO years, p,.. koc and gunpowder, the finest qualities of black and green, are little known in the Ijiigjisji market; and have been only imported in small quantities by tho ollkers of the Comiiany'j ships. The abolition of the monopoly will, no doubt, introduce a greater variety of teas ; ami, hy lowering their price, will materially extend the demand for those of a superior quality. The fixed duty on tho finer teas is, when compar d to their prices, a good deal less than tlwtlaid on bohea and congou. But a preference of this sort ought not to exist, or to exist only ja 1 favour of the coarser teas, or of those consumed by tho mass of the people, A duty even of l.f. on bohca would bo very decidedly higher than a duty of '3s. on imperial and gun powder. We subjoin an abstract of the act .3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 101. regulating the tea duties. Tea importablf into the U. K. from the Cape of Good Hope. S(e- — rrom anil af^or the 22il of April 1831, it sliall he lawful to import any ti.'a into tlie United Kingdom Trom the Cupu iiT (icjuil llnpu.aiiil from places eastwiird nf iliu game to the fStriiils of Magellan, and not from niiy otlirr pluie — J I. Tea. importable into British pof sessions, i^-c.— It shall lie law Till tn import any tea into any iif ihe isliinilj of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, or Hark, or into llie llritisti possessions of Annirica, fi the Cape of (Jood Hiipe and places eastward of tlic same to the Ktrails of Magellan, or from the L'niiod Kiiisdoiii, and not from any utiier place.— J 2. Duties.— Frinn and after the 22d of April, Ifi.lt, the duties of excise payable upon tea shall cc^seaiid determine, except as hereafter provided, and in lieu nf such duties, there sliall lie paid Iho diiliesor customs set furth in the 'i'alile tbllowinfr; and siicli duties sliall ho raised, levied, coljecki'd, and puiil unto his Majesty, and shall he appropriated and applied in like manner as if the saim; hail been imposed by an act passed in the present session of parliument for granting duties of cusldiiia; viz, l^ible of Duties on Tea in IVarehouse, or imported ialo the United Kingdom : L. I. d. Tea, viz Rolie."!, per Ih. • - . . 16 Coni;iiu. |» ankiy, hyion ikin, orange pekoe, and caiiipoi, |>er lb. • • > . '022 Snilchonj, (Ifiivcry prknp, hymn, young hywn, jiin- pmv.lcr, iiiiiicrial, and olhiirur^s nol enuiiieralei, jicr lb. ..... Li.i Irovided, that nothing herein contained shall alter or affect the duties payable upon ten sold byihe East India Company at their public sales, prior to the said 22d of April, \HU : provided nisn, that tl,; allowance commonly calli'd draft, mado by the coiionissioiusrs of excise in the weig liiig of tea,sliall be inad(! hy tlie commissioners of customs under the authnrity of this act.— J .1. Jihatemrnt fur Sea Damai/e not «H»;rcf/.— No abatenieutOf duty shall be made on acrnuiit nf (iamate received by tea during the voyage ; but it shall be lawful for the importer to separate the dainagcj parts, ami to abandon the same to the cnnmiissinners of the eusKims for tlie duty.— J 4. Mixed Tea liable to hishest /;«'//.— If different sorts of tea mi.xed together he imported inlliosame package, the whole shall he liable to the highest rate of duty to which any of such sorts would be •The price nf bohea in the New York mnrket. In January, 1^34, was from 13 to IH cents per lb. I that IS, about T-2d. Sliould the price of liohea sink to this level in Loudon, the duty woald be nearly 3U0 per cent. on Its value:— (.See j)us^) ti:a. 020 k onJ HomburRh, they will n^50U. It i-* l'f«"y •^"""'1. ly, i\t or unJer In. piT. Ih.* ; I'lliiivuli'iit tt> an '"' i'"A"-r»i liitwl l» *'•»''•' '"f^i'ly i'lH (trci! o[>iiri'rt>*iv« luul hIisiu,!. rwisi! roHuU from llu> al^li. iiUpliiiii i>l' ll>i! aiViflo wiiliiii vf than it woiilil lie WITH it mill linaiu-iul point of vifw, mini-tion of wlii'-U w"uM !„• irto willi liolua is lu'Vniul nil a.v. (•)(/. to is. Ut.V'- l»'f !!'■ •lion of lUity), iiiiTi'iisfd ili,. 1 18;U-'W- lltTH wi'huvoilw • 111, And wo Iwve not the ihJ nrlii'lt' fuirly within llu' iP donmnil for it in n murh 1 (duiuKl take jtliicf, w\\vm (i,/, lu! done. At Iv. prr 11.., ih,. ()(/■ Wc niiiy also add ih;it |Tin-drinkinp;, an a f.dl ii\ llu- iirifcof sut'li dosirulili- iiiticks bo more productive of revtuuc ilvvitliHtanding the V.\\^M\ m 18 so very generally dilVii^r.l 1 ! Indeed, «on)e of llif liiiost ,)/eii kinds of ten arc ri';;uhtly Currents, there are never mote Imperial, a very fme t;rceu Uj, •nt. is unknown in the i;ir,'li,li ii-areil for about f>0 years. Pc lire little known in the I'liglish Iho otliccrs of the Comiiany';; greater variety of teas ; ami, by lose of a superior tpiality. The , a good deal less than that laid not to exi.st, or to exist only in 3 of the jieople. A duly even ly of 3s. on imperial and gun legulating the tea duties. 1-rrom and after the 22il nf April ffroiii till! Cape of (inoil Ilii|'f,auil liol from any otlipr|il:uo -}l. liiiDrt any tea into any ot ilie isliini!! lions of Ami^rica, fioiii tin; Cupeof Van, or from the Uiiiieil KingJoiii, R> piivalile upon tea sliall fc;ise and t ilii-re Bliall lie paiilllu! iluHesol iVaiseil, iBVieil, ci.lU'cK'il, and p;iiil liimiinoras if Hie aaim; liail been VaiiliiiB iliilics of custimis ; viz. the United Kingdom : Jinp, tivmn, ynung hvjnn, pin- Li.i . M lies pavitble upon ten solil by the liril, mi : providi'il also, tlwl (ii)«.v. Iruni iinil iilliT tin.' patmnu "f llil» net II i-liall hi- lawful f,.rlliu l.onU ofilm Tri'aHury, liy warrani nniUr llin li n|oim r4 of t'Xi inc, and Ir ami iiliir ilio llnif h|ii'( itlitl In ,,i,|i unrranl, llm uninn uliull lie Irai MlVrri'il arrorilin|il\ ; |irovi(liil, iliat iiniil tiio iraii'lir nf kiiiIi 1,1 iiiiilioni'iit. iiml of thi> niMloity of Ici In warolioiiio', hIi'iiII lie fully loaili- nii.lrr llii' cliri'iiloli' ol tliii Inrdi of tlio Tri'iKiiry, any net, 4.c. dono or porforMoMi liy, to, or w Itli tlio roinniirHioiorH of i\i (m-, i,r iii, ir cilliorrM, uliall liiivii ttiu uniiif clfii I In l.iw an if It had licoii don» or prrlnrihi'd lij, (c, ,>r wiili tlni rniiiiiiiMiioni'r« of inctoinH, or lliolr olliicru, iiinlfr tin' antlioriiy of ilim iiii) Ion notliinK Inttin- i,,.r. ri'i'ontaliit'd uliall allrr or iuIitI any law of omI^o ri'laiinu to llri'iiii's f.r tlio «al(i ol i or to |irriiiil< lor Its removal, or til tin.' Iiilornal inanaurnn'iit of ira liy tlio rxi ice, al'lir lint lioimrl ilnlit'ii l,inc! hi-eii pild, anil after It Iuih licuii Uulivnrfd out of iliu cliurKO uf iliu iilhci'rM of iliu (.UMitiiini. ITtaiiiiriimayiliiiennlinutPermiliiforTranntlnllirr (/(xirfji.— It Kliall lie lawful for llu> I.oriln of tini Tri'iinary, liy warrnnt or ordor ninliT tin,' liatniM of U or morn of ilii'in, to illm ontlniii' Ilio praitnu of i.tnwit iii'rinllM for tlio nnnival of ica, and to niako ami cHliildlNli any oiliir riili'x, rt'rnlaiioiii), ami p.jtriilionH III lli'ii of Hili'li priiillrc, an f hall uppciir lotln'in in'icsH.iry lor tlir »crnrity of tin' ri viniio j 1,1.1 nil nihn, rrmilatiotm, and n-Nlrli tlonx ho inatio and mlahliHlnd, hliall h.ivo Iho foui' of law, un fnlly J, It llii'y wi-ru fiiilioillnl InlhUarl, and hIuiII hti oh,. ynl himI onion od in lilio ma r an any riiloy, ri'i;idiitl"iii*. 4.C. uru or tan lui ohryed or onforccil iimlir tho proviHlo'"! of any art or ai Ik of |i,iilianioi t t.liiliiultn till! iMislomn, or to Iliu cvclso ; and copluii of mieli ruleii, rojjiilalion.^, tc. eliull la; laid Infurtj fiarliiiMiPiit.— } 7. Ai.iKHiMK'NT tiK TiiK Di'TiKs.— A Hood diul of il'.ireiilon liai. reriMitlv lakrii pl.'U'o with rt'Kpcrt lo llii'iCilalii'H. It liaa hcfn roniiMidcil, il t ii will Ik. i '.poiir il,', ioa»iHocH tlicinfairlv ; ami thai ii woiilil l„, liitlrr lo eHlahllHli a iinl'iriii ilnty ol -.^^i. i pon^.i VV'i' .iinl"rii! i)"n ■ i oro. Mot wlmtcvir ih vh o iiia\ bf lalli'ii ,„„iM lonhvlatil fr.incU upon Ih,. i.;/hi.(| io ,• rv I'nr ,ai(i(''|.io to hf iiiiori'l, i). Slionid 11. howevfr. hi' foninl iii'c'i'ciiarv to make any r.lli'rall.ni i|t ilio on, •?(, •on^M'i ,it Ih , i.'ily ..f I,.', d.,' !i ii .mh in llii' siiii- iliiiitiiin nf I'onnou for holira. ilin' .o-.: .on 'idi-.' ;, 'o fr hoIh rni, i.^'vi; i'li'i .■ ; ami ilit'H'. iin.d. orrniirst', ,ir,(iinlly ohvlato llirin. 'IhiH [.laii U ol.jo m ina'lo, ?i" (li-i'i.> imni ns li'U' n i; I!, • Inly on liilu-a i.HiliiKli; but us Wd littve only ;o -iiooiie aemn^ (Jltli.~,:iiiii'«. ii im, iifrhap.' , ii H'.A u oiii! um could III Mi:nli'. f'i,r( rhitrnn in CIniii. Vu nxpri'«..i d, i': .i provi iw* 'Di clc. W e v> I. i. ; ),;t.^ fii r doiihl ■ as lo iliu p..|iryi>f tloM-hiiisf in tho art o[ 'ni.'S iiii' Cliliii' ! •■.olf , v, ihi.^ ri'.>i .ilio- ! ti|. imoHtliion .it piMiiliar ,|iill",i nil till' Hliips and nomif- 'ouati'd III llii! ',•; !;•, i i; tin iiiifiii ft o." I'l'ifai if'i; tin co';! •? r„o cBia- tili-iinii'Ml lo he ki'pi np at t anion. Hoon ativ ■ lii.il (.irnjirn iij wai) nroiloif, i..i .i|i|,t .i iiniin 'I .vim i:'.hio ill llrillxli sliiis woiilil have hueii moiil injir'.UH II- tli -.o, '. l.o oide; i.i ■ • iimil. In ioc in I'l. 10.11,10 or -, loudly anil jiifllyolijii'led to, was very propnly w^tlidrn wo. An • irr.oue'ooiu uass iu:e ln>i.'n 10;. ih'. hy wliicli llii!iv\|i''"«; I'e l.a>t Inili.'i (■■iiii|iany ; so that Hrltl»ll ships will iioi (,(• lii'.li!,. m any chuivres. e- le it hihIi an nr'' imposeil hy lliu ('lii!n.'Si;, aiul wliicli full 011 all fore'j^riers ;ili!.r.— (J' 1. an ati.'Jiiiii of tnii-L -Iniii,! :, joi; v il. i. p. 'iinS ) Capncili/ of China to furnhh iiddit'uiP.hl ^Utfplicn of Tin. — ii has bc'on scmetiincs con- Ifflili'il. that the ten trade heins th/.^wn o; er. were Ihf i\iiU:-i i-uvcri'i!!} re'lneed, the iti- crcaied demand of this eountry ecnid im: he ^-itiij iioil. nvM. ;h,u t*ie inliietion of the duty wiHilil not really henelit the Uritish consumer, lui',, '!ie i hii ese gov— tini'it. Onr readers «ill hrrdly expect that we should enter at any lenolh intj i!ie nfu'a.ion of so ahsunl a 110- tiiin. .\; the commcocement of Inst century, the enUre aniiit il 'jorsrmpj'in of tea in thisj country, the Continent, and Ameriee. liid not f erintnly amoui'.t. t • ''itX^OOO lbs. ; whereas tho fonsuinplion of Great Uritnin, the (;.)iitiMent, .iml lii'led Htatea (iiiiounts at present to about 50,(100,000 lbs. ; and yet nvery one a('(|Uaiii(> d *vilh the history of the trade is aware, that though the consumption has ipciv'si l /, t->in('.rv'l fnl'L the prices in all open markets have Won regularly declining, anJ evin at '.ht- t'n;ii;'ai./'i ."ulea they have lately been a good deal Ifss than they were .50 or 60 yiurs Kince. 'A'r may, therefore, rest quite ca.sy upon thi.i piijiit. The production .-'f "Xtinding in China; and the vast extent of that oni|iire, its capacities for rai'sinp; unlimiled quantities of tea, and the extent to which it is lliire used, negative **•( idea th;ii any coneeivahle increase ofthe consumption of this coun- try should have i n^ ptroeptiMe or permanent influence on its co.ct jiriee, lictail 'Jin!rr'< in Ten. — Uefailcrs of tea arc ()l)lit;;ed to take out a lieencc, which costs 11,?. a vfur. ('I 18.j2, their numbers were, in Enoland, 7(),7i:J, in Scotland 13,701, in Ireland ;i «7'), making, for the United Kingdom, a grand total of 101,687 ! ^nn.TnnATioN of Tka.— It miplit have hern fairly enough anticipated, from the high price of, and IliPliiali ihilvoii, tea, mid tlie faeility with which it may he mixed up with foreicn liubstancrs, that it Wiiiilil Milt I'scajw adiiltnr.itioii ; and the rerorda of tlm courts of justice sliow ttuit such is the case ; 'fvcriil ileah'rs having heeii lonvicled of this periiicioiis practice. Tlieiidiiltoralion is usually etTecteil eilliiTliy the intermixture nf sloe or nsli leaves with t'resli teas; or hy mixing the latier witli tea tliat his hcen already used. The penalties on such olfences arc slated hejow ; hut the best, or rat!>"r >« "I'ly, peciirity on which any reliance can he placed, is lo he foiiml in Hie character and rer ii't,i.«biii 1 V ■jpwaw ^■^■"••■M ' f.:2!JJ J' 313 w .'.Sfij *!«"iji / ' PmaXliu on AiluUaation.—\t any dealor In or lellcr of leA dye f>r fabricate any stoe nr nttier leaves in imitation of ti-a, nr mil or co* lonr leaves of tea «i'h terra Japonira or other injfre.lienf, nr vt;iiil or enijose to sale, or have in possession the same, shill fiTft-rt for eveiy [;ounrl uf such ailulteiation, 10/.— (1 1 Gm, '2. c. 14. s. 11.) KvtTy person, whether a dealer in or seller of te.i, or not, who shall dye or fabricate any sloe leaves, liquorice leaver, or the leavi.8 of tea that have heen used, or the leaves of the ash, cider, or other tree, slniil], or plant, in imitation of tea, or who shall mix or colour inch leaves vv'ilh terra Japonica, copperas, sne.l, i,a,Jall^Si!;or.-l.»n,ao6™ '■"""7;;t , ' r"'»r n( tiP.-.V,"""."' f,«iuii,i''i''i'='"""^''™''''";'i Continenhl nntUmoflcaisconsiJeraWe. ob, or 6,401,001 U.^. The of oa in Holland amov.Us "u,/.to4if/.pcrlb. Ihe pjrt of which U forwarded 10 "sle do not exceed a few cvvt, Duties on tea mi vears jiroduccJ ?. a year. •inf in pome _ i of ; and it IB probably owing r several years pretty staUoiv tcr rapidity than m EnBlarJ- fstat'^^.,inhl«R«P°'^f":^*^'^ i the United Stale., as to rank i no rival production alwme ^juty upon it may safely be r • icTeitconsiderDblyexceedslO ^h a true policy pomts out A onsumption of the article, to fS than injure the revenue. lt= .a; a trade of progressive value ^-om specie) arc more and more centre in our ports; tjcptc sel their markets in Europe, t Phina It would also serve Tf a taJe so valuable, through oussugge^'tions could not fail to I av"n| admitted of a very great Zwc^^ to be c.xpeded,l!ic ,ioin an account of the ■' .„,! from llio Vniled Sl»w ! rA:rJS-;,'iM.iofFe.«., trade, presents a very dilTerent result; the imports having amounted to 43,000,000 lbs., ex- ceeding by above 10,000,000 lbs., or 30 per cent., the Company's imports when largest ! Wc subjoin An Account of the Quantities of Tea impnrtcd into the United Kinirdom, the Qnantilies ri'tained for Cunsiiniptiin, and the Nett Revenue derived from tlie siwne, in lf<3t, Ih35, 183(i, l>;n,and l?3f<. n New York on the 15tU of Janui'J. 1 .25 10 Mpn'i .25 - S 1?- Yeara. Imports. Exporls. Relainrd for Consiiniiition. KeK Revenue. lbs. lbs. Ib.^. £ I83t 33,Ol,1,flfiO 1,181.005 34,0fi0 2,1. '.8,020 30,571,004 3,832. 127 IMti 4il,307,70l 4,2()0,8fi3 40.142,2,36 4,117 l..53.i IS:i7 30,973,'Jbl 4,710,218 30,025,806 3,223,810 1 1838 39,887,441 - 32,300,412 Ihe mon°P°*y;,,„w average annul „y.« charter theuavera^.^^^^, Lr;B35!£liWoft.(. The pxresa of the quantity retained for consumption in 1836 was occasioned by tlie clmiiiie in the diilios that year, which made it necessary to enternll the heavy stock of bohea tlicn in bond, in order 10 escape lliodiityof 2s. Id. to which it would otherwise have become liable. Knr an account of the species of tea, and the quantities of each e.xported from Canton to Enplaiid ami the United States, during the year ended 30tii of June, 1837, see art. Canto.v, vol. i. |). HOO— 310. The extension of the trade is not, however, the only gratifying circumstance connected with it. Notwithstanding the great additions made to the exports, there has been no riso of prices at Canton worth mentioning; a fact which sets the ability of China to furnish ad- (lilioiial supplies in the most striking point of view. The quality, too, of the free trade teas is saiil by some to be superior, and is admitted by all to be at least ciiual, to that of the Com- pany's teas. Many apprehensions were entertained of disturbances taking place between tho crews of tlic private ships and the natives that might interrupt or stop the trade ; but nothing of the S'lrt has occurred. Under all the disadvantages of inexperience, the free traders have, with tint few exceptions, conducted themselves with singular tact and address; and the cap- tiiiis of the dilFercnt ships agree in anirming, that Canton is a port where they may unload, load, and clear out, not only without any dilliculty, but with as much facility and expedition as at either liondon or Liverpool. It is singular, indeed, how completely the statements put forth by the Company's advocates, in favour of the monopoly, have been disproved : in fact, the only interru[>tion of any kind given to the free traders was occasioned by the pretensions advanced by the individual sent out to watch over their interests ; and, however painful the way in which that interruption was terminated, there can be no doubt that the event was a most fortunate one for the success of this great experiment. The opening of the trade has beci, quite as successful as respects exports as imports. The quantity and value of the cottons shipped for China in 183R very much exceed the quantity and value of those shipped in any previous year ; and though, owing to the revulsion in the American trade, they fell oil" considerably in 1837; they have since nearly reachetl their highest level. This, indeed, might have been anticipated ; but few comparatively anticipated what has turned out to be the fact, that the cotton stuffs have met with a quick and advan- tageous sale ; and that all descriptions of twist, with the exception of som-j of the higher numbers, have, also, realised good prices and profits. Indeed, we have no doubt, as well for other reasons as from the statements of gentlemen of great experience recently arrived from China, that the trade between that country and England is yet only in its infancy. Nor is il possible to estimate the mighty dimensions to which it may attain, should our cottons, as there seems to be a fair prospect, come into extensive use among the Chinese. Tea (Duties on). — We mentioned (p. 629.) that objections had been made to the duties imposed on tea by the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 101.; and that it had been proposed to repeal them, and to impose in their stead an equal duty o*" 2s. per lb. Had tea been of a nearly |iinifornt quality, or had the different teas been of nearly the same value, there would have ibecn nothing to object to in the equalisation of the duty ; but, so far from this being the case, imall beer does not differ more from strong than some sorts of tea from others; and while he price in bond, of the inferior sorts, in most markets, does not exceed lOrf. or Is. per lb,, lat of the superior sorts is as high as 45. or 5s, Under these circumstances, it is not easy lo imagine that any thing can apparently be more oppressive or unjust than the imposition f the same rate of duty on all sorts of tea. But, admitting the injustice, it was contended lat it was not really of a kind that could be obviated ; that it was impossible to discriminate tween different qualities of tea ; that, by imposing different rates of duty, a door was opened every species of fraud; and that teas admitted at one port at the low duty of Is. Gd. were |hargej, at another with the higher duties of 2s. 2d, and 3s. per lb. We believe these state- icnts were much exaggerated ; though no doubt can be entertained of their being true a certain extent. It was evident, indeed that considerable difficulties would have to encountered at the outset of a new system ; but it is probable that a little experience ould have done much to obviate them ; and it is believed by many well-informed persons, at the duties charged under the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 101. might have been, at no very itant period, assessed with considerable fairness. But government, influenced partly by [wish to get rid of the clamour and outcry raised by the importers against the discriminating lies, and partly, perhaps, by a doubt whether they could ever be fairly collected, consented I 632 TEAK WOOD. r 1 -J *m.. •■* to their abolition ; nnd, to accomplish it, introduced and canied through the act 5 & 6 Will. 4. c. 32. This statute enacted that from the 1st of July, 1836, a duty of 2s. \d. per lb, should be charged on all teas, without exception, entered for homo consumption in the Lnitcd Kingdom. We do lint deny tliat tlie necessity of the rnse— the impossihilily of fairly nssessing (lisrririiinaiinj duties— ninyjiit^lify a measure (if this snrl, Imt nolhing short of lliiswill afford so iimih as the sliinimj of iiii exciisi' for it. 'I'ea is no hinger, in lliis country at least, a luxury, but a necessary of lite; nmi us niiiiiy as 7.000 (ICO lbs. of lioliea hiive lieeii consumed in a sint'le year. Now, if we take tlie price of Itoliea in hotnl, in London, at l.«. per Ih., and of Hyson, and ollu'r line teas, at •!,?., the existing dmy will he e(iuivalenl to an ad ralnriin l ix of ahove UOO per cent, on the heverage of the poor, and oriiiili. tniir(! than iU per cent, on that of the ricli ! 'I'his is u crievous anouialy; and, if the ditHculih's iri the w.iv of asscssint; diticriuiin.-ilinL' duties could have been obviated by the ado|iti(jn of any niciiiisai the dispo.ial of L'oviirnuient, it is dealieu most unjustly uinl oppres.sively by the poor. I'erliaps it wa, not possilile entirely to ol)viiite llie ililticulties in (piestion. Hut had the phiii we suBgcsted (u«(f ,, (ijy.) been arlopled ;" tliat is, had a iliily of Is. I'rf. (I.s-. M. would have been still bettor) been clinrgrd,,,! Congou as well as on Itohea, ami the duties on all llie other descriptions of lea been allowed to siami as ihev were, there would have been Imt little room left for fraud ; tlie revenue would have lust Imis or noliiiii!;; and tlie duty would liave been in all other re.spects intinitely less objeclionahle. n'liriliiiiifiiiy ,/ 'An.— Tlie eoniniissioners of customs have, by a minute d.nted tlie Ktth of ,Iii|v, I8;i», issiiuil the tollowiiiK regulations with respect to the warehousing of tea, and its removal fr,)',,, the ori-iiial port of iiuporiaiion to any other warehousing port, for the purpose of being wareliouEt-d for hiune consinuplion ; — 6. Tlml MlP nffioers be iiiithon«ed, luntor the IStdi «Dclinn of ihe [),. giiiatinn Art, (o draw samples ef lea, not exceeding ;1 ouures ,f e.iclKk'scription an I qualily. iililess iii tier sptritl circmi.stv,',-^ such s-aniples to t.e disposed ef as Uie Hoard may see tit lodirr:' And that the iiiercli.uits iir propriclrre of the i^oods he aliownj i^ t.ike MiK tike qtiantily as caiiipjea uui!er tlieSlsl section uf Ilic '(;,;. nera! Wareliuusing Act. 7. That llie removal nf teas from ttie nriirinal ports of impnrtn'iin 'o any other wareliousini port in the I'niied Kinj^ilom, Itir the i.ijr. pose of being re warehoused fur honie coiisuin].lion, do tjkp pii^j under the reifiihtions and conditions specified in the (i.ntnl Orders of llie Uih of June, 1S3I, and ;id of Novemher, 18.2 ]„ regard to tlie removal of articles the prodnoe tif the F.is? Inil.i^- and that tea so removed he allowed to be deposited in iv.in;l houses or floors which uiay hive already been ?-i proved foroi't. goods. 8. Wtien tea, or other Kast India goods, shall be impnrtp,! ir.'i either of those ports for tlie Glasgow market, ai,d transiiiri,ti into craft properly secured, for removal tolilasgow in charackai;ea imported in each vessel te " kcrdied" with a progressive nenit.er, with the initials nf the vessel s and master's names, and the ffmss landing weitrht; and that the duty Le charged according to Itie quanli'y and quality then asceriiined. 3. 'fhat no pickages I* allowed to be divided into snialler packages (ovrcpt for the pi.r[ o e id' s'ores), nor the mi.vlng of let, of any sort or sorts lie iieiinilted in the watehonstis, either for home coir eiiniption or expo- tatioil. 4, 'I'h It the paekafi s le sorted and arrans'cd in tl e warehouse by the nceupier, according tfi tin ir re?|iee|ive " chops" or " beds, ' so as to enatde the ojliccts to select from eaeti the n ipiired nnmber (d pick- ages for t'lrin?, and toasrerliiii the proper tare to Ijc allowed on the pa;kagi*s in each "cliop" or '• t ed ," and tint tiie rule to be observed, as to numlier of chests to be Inrn'd oot in each '* chop" or ** bed," being of the same sl/e and descrijition of tea, be as fol- lows, viz: — 1 to 5— .5 chests of 'he same size and descripiiuu of teoj • - I turned out. 6 to 40— -10 - • . - 3 ditto 41 to to— SD- - . .4 or 5 ditto 81 to 120—12,1- • . .5 ditto lai to2ii0-2on- ■ . .6 ditto 201 to SCO— 300- - - - 8 drtio 301 to SOil— 5i;0 . . - -10 diilo 501 lo 800-80.) . - . .12 ditto SOI and upw irdj - . - 16 ditto And that, in addition to the tare, an allow-, e for draft be male of 1 lb, upon each package exceeding 23 lis. gross, to be deducted from the foot of Ihe landing account. 6. That tea ente-ed for exportation be previously weighed, and any deficiency of the lai.dm^ quantity charged with duty, unless sucli tea be depi'sited in a waieor.use of special secuiity. Tlie ports of London, Liverpool, Bristol, Hull, Newcastle, Leith, Glasgow, Greenock, Port Glasgow, Dublin, Belfast, and Cork, have been declared ports into which tea may be imported and warehoused. — Hup.) [The tea iinj)orted into the United States, during the year ending September 30tli, 183!), amounted to 9,349,817 lbs. valued at $2,428,419. See Impohts and Expouts. — Am. Ed.] TEAK WOOD, oil INDIAN OAK, the produce of the Tectona ^randis, a large forest tree, that grows in dry and elevated districts in the south of India, the Burman empire, Pegu, Ava, Siam, Java, &c. Teak timber is by far the best in the East ; it works easily, and, though porous, is strong and durable ; it is easily seasoned, and shrinks very little ; it is of an oily nature, and, therefore, docs not injure iron. Mr. Crawfurd says, that in comparing teak and oak together, the useful qualities of the former will be found to preponderate. "It is equally stroiig, and somewhat more buoyant. Its durability is more uniform and dociilrd; and to insure that durability, it demands less care and preparation ; for it may Le put into use almost green from the forest, without danger of dry or wet rot. It is fit to endure all climates ami alternations of climate." — (See Tredgold's Principles nf Carpentry, p. 206,; Cratvfurd's Etift. Arc/tip., vol. i. p. 451. ; Kces's Cyclopxdia, ^-c.) The teak of Malabar, produced on the high table land of the south of India, Is deemed the best of any. It is the closest in its hhre, and contains the largest quantity of oil, being at once the lieavieEt anil the moat durable. This species of teak is used for the keel, timbers, anil such parts of a sliipaj are under water : owing to its great weitilil, il is less suitable for the upper works, anil is not al all lit for spars. The teak of .lava ranks iie.vt to that of Miilabar, and is especially suitable for |ilarkini!. The Rangoon or liiirtiian teak, and that of Hiiini, is not so close ffraiiied nr durable as the others. It is, howevi>r. tlie most buoyant, and is, therefore, best fitted for masts and spars. Malabar teak is es- tcnsively usi-il in the btiihlittg yards of lioinbtiy. Slii|is built wholly of it are almost indeslriiclibleliy ordinary wear and tear; anil instances are not rare of iheir havini: lasted from HU lo 100 years ; they are said to sail iiidifr-ri'titly ; but this is probahly owing as much to some defect in Iheir cim.striictloii, as to the weight of the litiiiier. <;iili:uita ships are never wholly hiiill (if teak ; llie timlii'rs and frame- work are always of native wood, and the plaiking and deck only of teak. The teak of Ihirnia, licit; conveyed Willi comparativily little diriiciilly to the ports of Kangoon anti Marltiltan, is the clieape.'i and most abiiudanl of iiiiy. It is largely cvporieU to (Julculla and Madras.— (See Ka.ngoo.n.)— iMiu'f tn/ormalion.) TEASEL— TIMBER. 633 ,gh the act 5 & 6 Will. (\uty of 2s. W. per 11). fisumplion in the Lniied IV nssessirg discriminating ■,,r(l8(>iimih!i8tl"'sjiiiilmv 111 !i iiHcessary ot lite ; niul Now.it'wc »'>''«''"= P™« •IS at -Is-, the «='"*""''' ''"'y ^Lreoflliepr,aii(le ilitticulins in ;enlili"""^""i' ""'""*"' vine .oor. I'crliai.s It wiis nliili we S1I2KCSKM (iinle p. sti|Hinllor)bet'nrli;tr|!oil..ii 'venue would h:ive lost lillle less objeclioniilile- ,,ne dnted Uie 1(>»>' "f •'."'>•. of leii, aixl >'s reiiinviil trom [)uriKise of lieiiig warulioustJ ,n.ed ,m.!ortliel2l'li'"ti""''tlken.. r « ;'l Ica, lint "ctejlins ■.! («i.,r« , I ' ..I..., uKltr Sinn it circiiii.Miiiics, Samples uiiJer iLeSlbt seclionul •.I.K,=. f,„,„ the ofi5in»l porls "f imrnrtv'mn 'o If r hcii.e ct>ii5Uini-li"n, 'In take f\m "'^'' . m, 81.1-cilii-d in 11.C H'-mA "' r for rVnmvnl l.i OU'?"" i" c^"?''' "" ' uLter" ucti rpmulitiom (m 'lis ifc- , ..111,, pvan iiie ■ "' "i" tin" "' '"^f"^' ,i,i,,g,l,eanjouul r wy ^^,^^^j J^ ,,._ ';;i„7t;;"-y^'>'''-"^'"''™''-- en..,th.reivitlHenoob.ecti™totl,c^.!, ; or el. ■ ■ 1 ,>,>rt o( imiiorialion to any nllur ™,luli,rli;rn,u...l.-rtl,e«i,,e,.:« K A ipecies of timbRr called African teak is pretty largely imported into England, fronn the west coast nf Africa. But, in point of fact, it is not tealc, and it is doatitulc of several of its most valuable pro- perties. It is, liowcver, foi some purposes, a useful species of timber. TEASEL, oi- FULLERS' THISTLE (Ger. Weherdhtd, Kratzdistel ,- Fr. Chardon fl carder ,• It. Cardo da cardare ; Sp. Cardeucha, Cardo peinadur). This plant, which is cultivatcil in the north and west of England, is an article of considerable importance to clothiers, who employ the crooked awns of the heads for raising the nap on woollen cloths ; for thii5 purpose they are fixed round the periphery of a large broad wheel, against which the cloth is held while the machine is turned. In choosing teasels, the preference should 1)0 given to those with the largest bur, and most pointed, which are generally called mule (fflSf/."'. 'I'hey are mc-.I^,* used in preparing and dressing stockings and coverlets ; the smaller kind, commonl; cc'led the fullers' or drapers', and sometimes the female teasels, are Uscd in the preparation of Lie finer stuffs, as cloths, rateens, &c. THRE.\D (Ger. Zuicn,- Du. Garen ,- Fr. Fil ,• It. Rcfe,- Sp. IfHo, Torzal ; Rua. ,Vi7/vO> " small line made up of a number of fibres of some vegetable or animal substance, such as flax, cotton, or silk ; whence its names of linen, cotton, or silk, thread. TILES (Ger. Dachziegel ,■ Fr. Tidies ; It. Tegole, Embrici ,- Sp. Tejas ; Rus. Ticherepiza), a sort of thin bricks, dried in kilns, and used in covering and paving different kiniU of buildings. The best brick earth only should be made into tiles. — (See Buicks and TllES.) TIMBER (Ger. Batthoh, Zimmer ,• Du. Tlmmerhout ; Fr. liois de charpcnte, Buls d Wlr; li. Lfgname du fuhbricare ,- Sp. Madera de conslruccion ,• lius. S/roewoi Gess ; Pol. Ceinbrowina), the term used to express every large tree squared, or capable of being snuarct], and fit for being employed in house or ship building. In the language of the cua- loms, when a tree is satvn into thin pieces, not above 7 inches broad, it is called batten ; when above that breadth, such thin pieces are called deal. Wood is the general term, com- prehending under it timber, dye woods, fire wood, &c. Timber is generally sold by the load. The following are the contents of the loads of different species of timber, hewn and unhewn : — 40 cubic feet .^0 ^li^SllI^-^lleremoval of article,.,. HO... , Leitb, Glasgow, Greenorl!, ports into which tea moy be nding September 30th, \m, rs Asn ExeouTS.— ^l»i.i>tf.l Wonaffrfl«c/i.s,alargcloresi ia the Burman empire, Pegi, he East; it works easily, and, I shrinks very little ; it is of furd says, that in compatms bund to preponderate, 't more uniform and drntW, for it may be put into It is fit to entlure all ^ciplesnf Carpentry, ^.-M' a, tVc.) , is deemed the hesiot ce tlie lifaviesl rts of a sliipM rl\8, nil ' IS ation vet rot. th of India lof oil, being al on "-'^'"'"'.nikfl'il^d'unotaiallSi luit'd or '""''"'„. ,.,i,;ir lealt is ex- its and spars. M'V'; .Vriiciilileliy ■ ofiturettltnnsliib^-i'-^ , _ tlietiuiliers and frame- - 600 square feet. - 400 — - 300 — load of i2J inch plank . - 240 square feet 3 inch plank . - 200 — 3J- inch plank . - 170 — 4 inch plank - - 150 - A load of timber unhewn - squared timber - 1 inch plank liincb P'''"!* 2 inch plank Ru<:sian stand, deals 12 feet long, 1^ inch thick, 11 inches broad, make 1 load timber. Christiania ditto -11 — l| — 9 — I — Dram ditto . 10 — ij — 9 — 1 — Riga logs - - - - - - - -1 — Price of Memel Timber per Load, in the Month of January each Year, from 1813 to 1831. SB's 531 3 Yean. Price per I/nd. Years. Price per Load. Vears. Price per Load. L. t. d. i. «. d. L. J. A L. t. d. L. J. d. L. ». d. I<13 to 10 to 11 1820 6 to 6 6 1826 5 10 to 6 15 10 10 — 11 1S2I 5 10 — 6 2 6 1827 4 15 — 5 7 6 1^15 8 — 6 13 1822 "00 — 5 5 1828 4 15 — 6 1>I6 6 — 7 l*.:i 5 IS — 5 17 ]bi9 6 — 5 lU 6 — 6 to 1824 6 10 — 6 12 6 1830 4 17 6 — 6 2 6 IMS 6 10 — 6 12 6 1823 S 13 — 6 1831 4 15 — 6 2 6 1 1519 6 15 - 6 17 6 The following were the prices of the principal species of timber in the London markets, I March, 1834, duty paid. — (For the duties, see Tariff.) L. s. d. L. I. lliirtiia, 1"="'? some del'-'i I Ink, African • - -per load 6 10 to 7 10 I (Hi ilaul!, European • • — 8 0-100 1 lluebcc - • - — 6 • 6 10 lrit,Rifa, ■ • ■ . - 6 10 0- 1)111 zic and Mcmcl • • — 6 7 6-00 Noniavliallu . • . per 120 36 0-35 I Fiis li'ie'jec red • • • per load 4 0-45 ' ytllinv - • — 3 10 • 3 15 New Bruiisivick, yellow . — 3 5 0-00 red - - — 3 7 6 • 3 12 Minmichi yellow - • — 3 5 0-40 ukbirch) ■ •* - 3 4 - 3 10 lliiie {■Americ.in • — 3 5 0-00 IH ) . . - — 3 10 - 4 IWMimtlo;), Mfeel • - each 3 15 0. 4 IRkivohI . ■ .per Inn 12 0-30 II |lliiU,()urliecrrd, lOto 18 ilichei • per lo.ad 6 0- 7 Yeiliiw, 2d inch, and upivarda — 7 0-80 R.ia . . . — 6 10 . N rivav JitH Swedish • — 0-00 iM.ll^iilziioak- • • — 9 0-00 Mmiel - • - — 16 - 19 |ll«ili,;'>.'>tii iiinl)er the produce of Rnrope, as compared with timber tlie produce of our Nurlli Aim;, rican Cdlonics, is too great, and may be reduced. 3. ResolvcJ, Tlint it is the opinion of this committee, tlint, having a due regard to the interests which have been created in the British North American colonies by the system liitherlo pursued, hikI in iii,. represe»latir>ns of the shipping interest, a reduction of the protective duty, not e-vceeding ibs. per load api>ears to ihem to be a fair arran(:enient 4. Required, That it is the opinion of chis comti be consistent with the interests of the revenue, vnmuui uujr uiikiik-iiiuiiijii uu mc uuiy "u cuioujai timber. 5. Resolved, That it is the opinion of this committee, tfiat, In any alteration made, such alteration should not atfect the shipments made in the year IM30. 0. RcfDli-ed, That it is the opinion of this committee, that there should be an uniform mode of takins the duty on deals throughout the United Kingdom. ° j The adoption of these resolutions would be a material improvement. Still, however, they fan f;,, short of what the public exigencies re(|uire. An ample supply of the best and cheapest timlior bBinit \ if not absolutely indispensable, of the utmost possihle importance to a manufacturing nation, pcissesshi of a large mercaniile and warlike navy, it sho\ild be about the very last article on whicli duties sIhmiij be imposed. Uut, if a ta.Y must, on the principle of (juueunque modo rem, be laid on limber, it in surely «-.necessary to say thi'" 't should be laid equally on all timber imported ; or that, if a distinelmn h« riia''e, it ought plainly be in favour of the best, and not of the worst, article. Uut, for several yparal pasl, our pidicy, if we may so call it, has been exactly the reverse of this. We have laid bl^li disrn. | minaling duties on the superior and cheaper timber of the north of Europe, to force the hiipdriatioii of a dearer and comparatively bad article fromour North American possessions ! KvensupiMisinsihe suggestion of the committee were adopted, there would siill be a discriminating duty of H11.4. a°ln->j| charged on the superior timber of the north of Europe over that which is laid on inferior timlier froml North America. The folly of thus enhancing the cost, and deteriorating the quality, of so iMiporiaiitl an article as timber, is tlie greater, seeing that it is by no means clear that our North American my sessions derive any real advantage ' un the timber trade; at all events, it is certain that they do not! gain by it more than a very small pau of the loss it entails on us ; and any injury that inislii be dotigf them by the eiiualisation of the timber duties, would be more than made up by the repeal of ihcdisJ criminating duties lliat are at present cliarged on most articles of foreign produce imported into \hd colonies; duties winch, without being productive of revenue, are the source of much irritation an| disgust. The shipowners would sustain tnore injury from an equalisation of the timber duties than anvoni else. But we have shown (vol. ii. p. 639.) that, even as regards them, the inconvenience wnnlil noi be very considerable. Uut, whatever it might be, it would be fully obviated by allowing them J bounty of 30». or iOs. on the conveyance of emigrants to Quebec ; a measure of the policy of whica we are on this, as well as on otlier grounds fully persuaded. — (See Diet, in loc. cit.) Statement showing the Importation and Consumption of Timber in the United Kingdom, for the FifJ teen Years ending the 1st of February, 1839: Articlei. IMPORT, Years ending 1st February. CONSUMPTION , Years em iug IstFctruiry Average Average of the 11 rrs. I8» 1836. 1837. 1838. 1839. of the 1 1 yrs. 1825 1836. 1837. 1S33. 1839. to 1835. to 1833. British America; Pine, cubic feet 4,541,091 7,281,600 6,284.800 5,091,400 6,527,147 4,459,454 6,300,000 6,933.580 5,240,000 5,807,30 Quebec Deals, sl.mJini - 1,702 3,225 .3,367 3.231 3,306 1,584 3,374 3.4tJ0 1^,294 il! Oak, cubic feet • 187,343 206,son 203.8 130, /80 217,734 178,136 198,300 243,400 lei.oko lan Ebn and Ash i ^'■"80 614 117,000 71,700 61.4S0 104,975 - 99,«00 103,470 76,4V0 S\3li Ash °"'''" 25,400 I0,l')0 20,960 5,411 69,728 24,100 13,900 22.400 7 10 Staves, inille 714 333 308 196 136 769 241 309 2iO 2 92i, 811 80!) Pun. 679 638 9:6 374 & Pine Planks, feet of 2 in. 2,744,'J6J 6,442,000 4,863,400 5,962,300 7,430,000 2,611,661 5,242,000 6,460,400 4,447,300 5.615.11 Hardwood (Birch), cubic feet • 113,796 296,000 278,8(10 272.400 336,151 220,734 322,240 322,lf0 283,30(1 M"! Lalhwool, falboins 1,134 1,337 1,063 1,069 2,199 l,lsl 1,230 1,177 1,004 l,i Baltic : Timber, Dantzij;, Me- met, Riga, &c., cubic feet . . ' . 6(lS,04i G73,nno 25.'i,750 296,730 537,361 676,818 649,000 40l,35Ci 358.850 3i«.l IJeals, slan.lartt - 3,713 4,664 3,104 4,366 3,754 3,672 4,267 4,398 3,723 3,( Wainscot Ixi;s . J ivhole 438 half 69 &i3 12 268 8 679 2016 471 564 49 674 46 22K 5 638 10 1 Deck Planks, pieces ■ S,ll(j 13,177 15,728 6,2C4 7,437 6,901 13,216 13,232 9,347 ■ Staves, pipe, M. 79 6S W 21 73 62 47 53 40 ' L,alh»'uod, fathoms. tifeet 4 led 636 629 747 476 807 637 fio CCS 534 i Mahogany, Honduras, I m ■ 1,171 2.189 4^851 3,043 3,000 1,178 1.943 3,627 2 962 3 J St. D.itningo 2,!>77 4,1 -'1 5,01,9 7,008 7,03. 3,073 3.931 4,697 7,318 ] Cutia ■ 742 1,601 3,678 3.3S» 883 M3 1,22 1 2,978 3,101 : 1 Cedar, Havana, Ii»s Mfl 1,015 1,524 2,21)3 733 935 843 1,031 1,171 2 1 Pencil, cubic feet • 4,3 IS 25.011 17,000 12,S2;i 13,212 7,537 18,144 16,1110 1(',120 17 1 Pitcl. Pine 2i,::i3 121,100 51,900 69,700 4I,S7B 23,K3n 4I>,20.) l2s,fno 43,i(XI ■1^ 1 Alrica.i Oik • U7.-7S 131,617 67,600 119,400 S7,«32 121,073 I2%>00 111. 1:00 81,0,0 IjJ 1 TIMBER TRADE. 635 mons was appointed to g examined several wit- ode of takinp Uie rtutios on .cDiiiiiieiid mat a m»ilc hi olilfUls <'f llie iliiala. ,f,liilVof ir).«., ii"wi»ilin»i'il (iroiluco of ir NotUiAiui;- rcBanltollieintnrfistswliicli liiiiierlo imrs'.u-il, 1111(1 tnUw ", not oxceertim; 15s. per load, lion be i>ia«l<). fo fur as may ion on the duty oii culouial ■ration made, such alteration be an unifotin mode of taking Still, however, thi'y fall fur ,-Bl amlcheapesl tinilier being I niifacturhig nation, posses,,:, •Irlicle "II wl>'«'' ''"'"'^ *'"'"''' .he laid on timber, it is surely ;y. or that, if a distinction Iw ni-ticl,' But' f'"^ sfveral yeara i,U We have laid hiuli ilisiri- 1 urope.to force the tmporlalioul c Stins duty of SO.,- a o->dl 1, is laid on inferl,ir timber fromi ina the quality, of so iiiiliorlantl r that our North American i„.s.l nts, it is certain that they .lonoJ ,1 nnv injury that niialit be ,loii9l Ide upby the repeal .,f the di J ?eian produce imported lino thJ [,e source of much irritation anil nf the timber duties than any oni en.theinconven.oncewoudnoi nv obviate'* by allowing lUem 4 "measure of the policy of whiclj -Jict. in loc. cit.) the United Kingdom, for llie Fifl ,1839: [stMPTlON/V^" endi>.g Isl FArmry. Statement showing the Stock and Prices Current of Timber, in the United Kingdom, for the last Fif- teen Years, ending llie 1st of Tebniary, lb39. 1836. 1837. 1S33. 1S19. f,SOO,000 6,933 JSOj 5,240,000 5,«nV0 3,r>74 19^,500 99,«00 «,ion 241, 63S 3,460 243,400 l03,4-r 13,900 300 4,5Pb 22"; fjl 13,2321 35«.«30 3,725 539 lO' 9,3n' 40 1 1 534i 3,4 Articles. Avt-race ,11 the (l l» 1S3J. Hrilifh Aiiierici ; j piiie, cubic ti'et ■ 2,059,091 Quebec Dulls, „la,j'laril I 0.ik, cubic feet I Elm anJ Ash \ ■ fiUves, liiille • ' Pine plnnka, feet of 2 iiirlit's Hirdwooil (Bircb), ' cujic feet UiinvfMvl, filhoins HiIIic ; 'Timliei'i I'lnl'-'?, Mcinel, Ilig.i, Stc. ' cut'ic feet Deals, standard . ffjiiiscot Logs 5 IVrliiilaiiks, pieces yivM. pij'e M. - uilnvtMxI, fathoms, 6 f.et j 4 feel jlihogaiiy, llnodu- ra-*, lo<5 St. DoUiiiign . Cuba • Colir, Havana, Inars Pencil, cubic ft. Pilrh I'ioe Afncaii ( lak 1. 94-1 1 3.Hi 1,2241 IM44 4I),20)1 I2^!■ool 3,627 4,6971 2,97»1 1,0311 16,100' 12)',H10, 111, too 2562' 7,91? 3,101 l,l7li 10,020 43,iM st,0iO 714 116,2'j3 43,i,l9 3,'J74 1936. 1S37. 1833. 1839. 2,^6,780 2,178,000 2,029,400 2,749,00( 473 922,454 61,891 323 291.364 1,9S7 330 70 2,814 28 132 1,2S2 14^,620 9,wo 23S 70S 2,463,000 89,360 271 239,000 2,02B 7 6,437 24 92 469 1,403 206 2-.t. 12,H72 18,SI8 40,- • 5i9 1,3 w 426 I,2i0 2,207 3,02: 106,000 7"l.'200l 1I0,;')U( 29,!'0.l 14,H0O; 31,5,10 6,000 4,300 2,t0i 237 227 114 614 979 890 866,000 2,331,000 4,193,000 46,2001 137 143,200 832 2181 Kil 7,93Ji 4J 171 33,300 64,COO £22 376 81,100 1,473 2J9 4,8*0 30 l,7?2 l,?61 l,747i 1,437 I,I26| 1,379 270 763' l.SM 9,500 10,400 12,:lC0 81,200 6,300 ,1ll,-i00 59.!-0l)l 13,S,0 71,200 260,000 I, ■.611 1,772 471 5,14'i 47 238 1,535 1,403 tU6 332 7,8-i0 23,50, 2l<,S00 Trices Current, on lit February. Avcraee of the 1 1 years 1-23 to 1,-3S. I83G. /,. 5. d. /.. «. li. Vel. 1 73 4 Vel. 1 8 HeJ I 101-4 lied 1 113-4 II 13 2 2 61-2 I 712 6 1-4 7 1-2 2 34 I 8 14 4 18 II 14 II 13 2 t I 52 10 17 10 23-4 141- 6 6 2 13 16 4 4 1 10 I 1-2 93-1 8 1-4 I 4 1-2 2 16 3 4 13 2 4 1-2 14 1837. ;.. ». cf. Vel. I 8 14 2 U 2 47 10 20 6 SJ I 83 7 IJ 1838. 1839. 2 5, 17 10 6 2 41 16 4 12 lUO 180 U 14 5 8I-.I 16 n 8 U 2 1-2 9 II 1-2 1 91-4 1 114 I I 10 1 11-4 61-2 8 4 113.1 3 6 2 4|.i 2 11-2 3 91-4 3 101-2 4i 19 10 9 10 10 I 9 10 7 3 6 2 7j 4 4.i /,. .. Y,-. 1 Kel 1 11' /,. J. rf. Vel. 1 8 lied 1 10^ 11 10 3 2 1 43 n 10 10 -I II 10 3 3, 2 7i 2 4i S5 (1 .0 10 2J 2} 1 7 5 3 1 7 5 S 2 17 6 3 5 130 7 ■li 2 3; 17 o" 2 3 2 4 147 10 18 10 9 13 16 15 8 13 1 5? si 8J 1 6i 11 3 2 1 3 51 0* Ci 4 6 , 2 Si 5 I Statement of the Ciirfroes of Timber, &c., imported into the United Kingdom frnni liiitish America and tlie Baltic, for the Eighteen Years ending the lt,t of February, 1839. British America. lialllc. ririCsh America. lillliC. Vessel. 3)7 Tonn.ii;e.| Vessels. Tonnage. 18,121 Vessels. Tonnaee, Vessels. Tonnage. ; |S2> 82,499 77 1^31 321 116,392 66 IH,I6G iy23 313 98,369 122 27,6-0 1812 252 S3,501 62 l7,Pf6 1 1S24 31S 9-,6-.-> 172 3,<,4')3 1833 331 112.856 (6 '.'6.339 ! 1S25 427 I23.6'14 182 37.593 1834 247 80,101 61 20,209 1,<26 3,'8 89,363 204 41,366 1836 335 )I7.»M 91 27,394 1827 328 101,161 114 27,S20 18,16 420 163,JM 102 29,515 1 1828 218 71.081 109 2S4,'i7 1837 32S Ml.l'-I to is.cno ! 1829 281 86,017 166 27,272 1833 273 135,072 (3 19,000 ! LSL'O 266 85, -171 1 93 23,641 1819 302 100,29-1 1 72 23,116 Ah;,.) TIMBER TR.\DE. Having, in scparat.i articles, (lescribcil ll lose species of limlicr most in ili'inaiul in this < ;ouiiti y. we r nean t confi le ourselves in this : irticle to a few remarks on [lie policy of the regulations under which the trade in timber is conducted. I, Importance of a cheap Supply of Timber. — It is surely unnecessary to enter into any Iknjlhened statements on this head. If there be one article more than another with which liis of primary importance that a great commercial nation like England should he abun- lijnlly supplied on the lowest possible terms, that article is timber. Owing to the deficiency |i( our home supplies, most of the timber, with the exception of oak, required for building ps and houses ; and most part, also, of that emjiloyed in the construction of machinery ; liiiiiiported from abroad. Any individual acquainted with the purposes to which timber is lipplied, but ignorant of our peculiar policy with respect to it, would never, certainly, imagine liilsuch an article could be made the subject of oppressive duties, and of still more ojipres- live preferences. Timber is not to be looked at in the same light as most other coinmodi- It is against all principle to impose duties on materials intended to be subsequently liaiuifactured ; but timber is the raw material of the most important of all manufactures. — lilt of the instruments of production ! Suppose it were proposed to lay a hea"y tax on liips, wagons, looms, or workshops when completed, would not such a monstrous proposal lii universally scouted 1 And yet this is what is really done. 'J'he linished articles are Iw, indeed, directly taxed ; but the principal material of which they are made, and without ■•liicli tiioy could not bo constructed, is burdened with an exorbitant duty ! To dwell on the krJity of such a tax would be worse than useless. Of all things essential to the prosperity llaianufacturing industry, improved and cheap machinery is the most indispensable. Most liividuals amongst us are ready enough to ridicule the contradictory conduct of the French Ipvomnicnt, who, at the very moment that they are endeavouring to bolster up a nianufac- iting interest, lay enormous duti ?s on foreign iron, and thus double or treble the price of Mieof tiie most important manufacturing implements. Timber is, however, of quite aa kiich importance in this icspect as iron , and our conduct in burdening it with exorbitant i lii: 636 TIMBER TRADE. kin .'.I '::;J C9 duties partakes as largely of the felo-de-se character as that of our neighbours » Indccil, as will be immediately seen, it is decidcJiy less tlcfensible. Some plausible, though iticonclu- sive, reasonings might be urged in defence of duties on iron and timber, were they impospj for the sake of revenue : but even this poor apology for financial ignorance and raparjty cannot be set up in defence of the iron duties of Franco or the timber duties of Em-land, The former, however, are the least objectionable ; they were imposed, and are still kept up, to encourage the production of iron in France: whereas the duties on timber in Eiii^'luiiii have been imposed for the sake, principally, of promoting the lumber trade of Canada, and of forcing the employment of a few thousand additional tons of shipping ! We do not sacri. fice the gonsc for the sake of the golden eggs, but for the sake of the oflal she has j)icko(l up. 2. Origin and Opcmtion of the dincriintnating Dtifi/ in favour of American Ti/nl/cr,^ The practice of encouraging the importation of the timber of Canada and our other [losses. sions in North America, in preference to that of foreign countries, is but of recent growth, ft took its rise during the administration of Mr. Vansittart, and bears in every part the impnss of his favourite policy. The events that took place in 1808 having seriously alFt'clod our previous relations with the Baltic powers, a deficiency in the accustomed supply of limlior began to be api)rehended ; and the ship owners and Canada merchants naturally ciioi^'h availed themselves of this circumstance, to excite the fears of the ministry, and to induce them to change the fair and liberal system on which the trade in timber had been conducted down to that time, by granting extraordinary encouragement to its importation from Canada, Even as a temporary expedient, ai)plicablc to a peculiar emergency, the policy of giviniianv such encouragement is extremely doubtful. Supposing timber not to have been any ionjjcr obtainable from the north of Europe, its price would have risen, and it would, of course, have been imported from Canada, the United States, or wherever it could be had, witliout any interference on the part of government. But, in 1809, a large addition was made tn the duties previously charged on timber from the north of Europe, at the same time that those previously charged on timber from Canada and our other possessions in America were almost entirely repealed; and in the very next year (1810), the duties thus im[)osL'd ni. Baltic timber were doubled ! Nor did the increase of duties on such timber stop even here, In 181.3, after Napoleon's disastrous campaign in Russia, and when the free navigation of the Baltic had been restored, 25 per cent, were added to the duties on European tiinlicr! The increase of the revenue was pleaded as a jiretext for this measure; but we believe it was really intended to augment the preference in favour of Canada timber ; for how could it be supposed that an increase of the duties on an article imported from a particular quarter of the world, that was already taxed up to the very highest point, could add any thiiiir consi- derable to the revenue, when a convertible article might be imported from another (juarter dutyfree] The various duties laid on European timber amounted, when consolidated by the act .59 Geo. 3. c. 53., to 3/. 5,9. per load. Admitting, for the moment, that the peculiar and unprecedented aspect of things in 1803 and 1809 warranted the giving of some preference to the importation of timber from (Janad.i, such preference should plainly have ceased in 1813. So long as the communicatinn with the bridge is interrupted, we may be forced to use a boat to cross the river ; but when the communication is again opened, and when there is not the remotest chance of its future in- terruption, it would be a singular absurdity to refuse to resume the use of the bridge, and to continue the costly and inconvenient practice of being ferried over ! This, however, is exactly what we have done in the case of the Canada trade. Because a fortuitous combina- tion of circumstances obliged us, upon one occasion, to import inferior timber at a compara- tively high price, we resolved to continue the practice in all time to come ! The history of commerce affords no parallel display of gratuitous folly. The absurdity of this conduct will appear still more striking, if we reflect for a moment on the peculiar situation of the countries in the north of Europe. The nations round the Baltic have made little progress in manufacturing industry. They abound in valuable raw pro- ducts ; but they are wholly destitute of the liner species of manufactured commodities, and of colonies. Nor have they any real inducement to attempt supplying themselves directly with the former, or to establish the latter. Their iron and copper mines, their vast forests, and their immense tracts of fertile and hitherto unoccupied land, afford far more ready and advantageous investments for their deficient capital, than could be found in manufarturesor foreign trade. Russia and Prussia have, indeed, been tempted, by our corn and tiinherlaws, to exclude some species of manufactured goods ; but it is not possible that they should suc- ceed in materially limiting our exports to them, provided we do not second their cfl'orta by refusing to admit their products. Of all the countries in the world, there is obviously none which has so many facilities for carrying on an advantageous trade with the North as Great Britain. We have asurplusof all those products of which Russia, Prussia, Sweden, Denmark, and Norway stand most in need ; and, on the other hand, they have a surplus of many of those of which we are com- paratively destitute. The immense traffic we carry on with the Baltic docs not, therefore, depend in any considerable degree on artificial or accidental circumstances. It docs not rest TIMBER TRADE. ear •ne'iRhbours! IndecJ, an lausible, though inconclu. timber, were they imposrd ial ignorance and rapacity timber duties of Eiii;liiml, oaed, and are still kept ii]i, ties on limber in Eiii^IiukI tnber trade of Cansida, ami dipping ! We do not sacri. the oflal she has piclwd up. ur of American Tinilicr.— inada and our other posses- , is hut of recent growth. It rs in every part the imijus, aving seriously atrfclnd out ccustomed supply of timliot nerchants naturally cnou','!i iho ministry, and to induce 1 timber had been coiiduclctl ts importation from Canada, ncy, the policy of giviiii,' any not to have been any loiter and it would, of course, have t could be had, without any ge addition was made to the at the same time that thnse )osscssions in America wcto the duties thus imposed oi. m such timber stop evon here. when the free navigation of duties on European timber! icasure ; but we boUeve it was ;a timber ; for how could it be I from a particular (juarter of It, could add any thini; consi- nported from another iiuatter )unted, when consolidated by mted aspect of things in 1S08 ation of timber from (Canada, as the communication with 'ross the river ; hut when the motest chance of its future in- the use of the bridge, and to ed over ! This, however, is Because a fortuitous combina- . inferior timber at a compara- me to come ! The history of if we reflect for a moment on The nations round the Baltic abound in valuable raw pro- anufactured commodities, and supplying themselves directly ppcr mines, their vast forests, nd, aflbrd far more ready and 1 be found in manufactures or , by our corn and timber laws, 'possible that they should sue- lo not second their cflorts by Ihich has so many facilities for Iritain. We have a surplus of k, and Norway stand most in If those of which we are com- Ihe Baltic docs not, therefore, Vcumstances. It docs not rest on the wretched foundation of Custom-house regulations or discriminating duties, but on the gratifualion of mutual wonts and desires. It has lieen justly remarked by the MarcpiisGar- nier, the excellent translator of the " Wealth of Nations," ilint no inconsiderable portion of the increased power and wealth of England may he traced to the growing opulence of I'us- gja. But the Kussian empire is yet only in the infancy of civilisation ; she nmst continue for a very long period to advance in the career of improvement, and it will be our own fault if WD do not reap still greater advantages from her progress. Such is the nature of that connnerce against which the discriminating duties on timber from the north of Euro{)e aimed a severe blow ! In 1809, when this system began, 4i;!<,()00 10113 of British shipping entered inwards from the Baltic. In 1814, the year after the 2,") per cent, of additional duty had been imposed on Baltic timber, and when all the ports of that Mi\ were open to our ships, only 242,000 tons of British sliipi)ing entered inwards, — being liltic more than the half of what it amounted to when the system began. In 1 8 1 C, the British shipping entered inwards from the Baltic amounted to 18!,0()0 tons. It was materially ang- mentod in I8l8 and 1819, in consequence of the failure of the crops in this country in 1817 and 1818; hut even in 1819 the entries inwards were .5.5,000 tons under what they had been 1 years before ! By diminishing our imports from the northern nations, the high discriminating duty on timber necessarily diminished our exports to them in the same proportion. The following extract from the evidence of Mr. Edward I'atzcker, a merchant of Mcmel, given before the committee of the House of Commons on the foreign trade of the country, in 1831, shows the effect that the increased duties on timber had on the commerce with Prussia : — "Has tlierc been a great alteration in tlio tiiiilier trade lictween Mcmel and tliis country of late vcarsV— "Since the war, a great iilteration j luiforo lliewarwe used to have 950 lo 1,000 English sliips in 1 year, and since tlip war we liavc liad from 200 to 300 only." ' "Wlioii you Ui\k ofOOOships;, do you mean 1)00 sliips trading between Great Britain and Menicit"— "Yps."' '■ l)i) yon mean tliat number of cargoes were loaded in llic year for Knglandl"— " Yes." "How many cargoes were loaded for Croat Jtritaiii during tlie last year (1.^20) 1"—" About 270 or ^SOcariroes; there have not been morn." "To what cause do you nltrilMile tliat diminution in tlie trade 1"—" Tn the hish dniies in Knirlund : !ct fiirimrly llie duties were only I6s. and some pence ; now they are 3/. 5i. in a Brilisli, and 3/" Us. in afiireit'ii sliip-" "lias tliat diminished trade in timber produced a great alteration in the circumstances of the people of I'russlal"— "Yes : for it is tlio only trade wliicli we can carry on ; wheat and all the rest of our iiriioles cannot be brought here ; timber is Iho only one that can be brought, and the trade from Poland ha? vcrv much ceased in conseiinence of the rliiMiiiished di'mand for it; the people cannot sell their piimis, and we cannot take such (luantities of timber as we used to do; and, therefore, they cannot lake Eimlidli goods from \is." 'If such an alteration was to take place in the duties on timber in this country, as to give Ihe Prus- jians a larger slinreof the trade than they at present cnjov, atcd cfl'ect, could any thing Ihi more preposterous and akun! tlian to impose it on such a principle] There are mines of coal in New Holland; but win,) should wo think, were an attempt made to impose such duties on coals from AcwimsHo „, should render it indilFerent to a London merchant whether ho imported a cargo of cdfil fro,|j the Tyne or Botany Bay ! Now, the case of the timber duties is, in point of piiiicijdp, pre. cisely the same. Wc may obtain timber from countries so near at hand that our sliijis uiav make 3, 4, 5, and even G voyages a year to them ;* and we refuse to admit it unless joadid with a duty that raises its price to a level with what is brought from the other side of the Atlantic — a voyage which our sliips cannot, at most, perform above twice a year ! The following oHicial account shows the extent to which the system of preference has boca carried : — An Account of llio Uatea of Duty piiyaMo in Great Britain on tlie Principal Articles of Wood. Timber. Battens, 6, an-l not exfreiiiii^ 16 fret long, aii'l not trxc.L-.iiii^ i 'S•^ iiicties ttiick per 120 16, iiul rtot pxcfcftin^ 21 feet li>n)(,anJ nut exreeJing 2 3-4 iiidifs tliictf. per 1 20 exrpp-lin? 21 fppt long, or if exceedini? 2 J-4 iiirlies 1t)iclc • per 1^0 Deals 8, =*n'l rint ntjnvtt 10 fret long, anJ liijt excceling 1 1-2 incli Ihii'k, per 120 6, .ind nr-t ihnve 16 fee' lonp, and not uxcecJifit; 3 1-4 inches ttiirk, per 120 IC, and tint excepilin? 21 fpet loiiic, :u. 1 not exceeding 3 1-4 incliea Illicit, per 120 21, iind not above 45 feet tonf(, and not t-xceediiii: 3 1-4 inches (hick. |ie; 120 excee-lin? -15 ff.et Inn^, or above 3 1-4 inches thick (not t»ein:( timber 8 inchfs MpMre or iipwaitls) the load conlairiitit; 5!) cubic feet and lurlhcr, - the 120 JV. fl.— Ttiere is no clans of deals bion^lit fiuni the colonies of the auiie dinicn- sinus as t' e 2 previous claiises ; but Ihe preference on fhise thai do come corrcspoii.'s to iis antount OQ other ill tides.— (bee Tariff.) Deal en |9. under 6 feet long, and not ex- cecJio< 3 14 inclips thick. per )20 and ej^cee(^'n^ 3 J-4 inches thick, per 120 Of Foreign Countries. /-. J. d. 10 11 10 20 8 2 6 19 22 44 2 10 6 6 12 Of the llrili»h I'lanla- tions in America, L. I. d. t 3 2 U 2 2 10 IS 1 10 Timber. Lathwood, in pieces under 5 feet lone, per I'atiinin /5, and under R fret lonjf, 8. aiiil under 12 feet Ion.;, — 12 IVet long and npw.'ird-*, — Masts, 6, and under b inches ia diameter, each 8, and under 12 inches in diameter, eich 12 inches in diameter or upwanis, p»T load Oak plank, 2 in. thick or upwards, — tipan, uO'ler i inches in diamittr, and un- der 22 tVel Iouk, - - per 12U and 22 fei-t long or upwards — 4, and under ti inches in diameter, per 120 Staves, not exceeding 36 inches long — aliove 36, and not exceeding 5U inches long • - - per 120 above .00, and not exceeding 60 inches long, • - - per 120 above 6*^, and not exceeding 72 inchei. long. - - • per 120 alKive 72 inches • - — N. 2;.— Slaves of llie United Slates of America, of Kloridii, of the Ionian Is lan.ls, or of tlie .Hiili-h cohniif:, arid not exceeding I 1 2 itich in Ihicknew. are chargeable with 1.3d pari only of the above r^les. Fir, 8 inclies tquare or iipwardi, per load Oik do. - . — Unenumerated do. - - — Wainscot logs, 8 inches square or upwards, per load Of Foreign Couutnes. 1 llflln Ilri:i,h Iflllll. tir^llj ill /^nirrici. L. 1. d. /.. I. d. 4 S 6 16 in 4 13 12 n 13 |l 8 1 6 1 2 4 2 1-. 4 10 15 2 8 4 5 9 16 1 3 1 I.-. 2 2 6 4 3 6 4 4 4 16 8 10 0, 2 IS 10 2 15 (I 10 18 5 3 17 ' 12 1 So long as the foreigner can lay his finger on such a Table as this, it will not be easy to convince him that our commercial system has lost .so much of its exclusive cliiiractor as it really has done during the last few years. Having set such an exafnple to the Hussiiinsaiiil Prussians, need wc wonder at their having attempted to shut several of our peculiar produc- tions out of their markets 1 Could we expect that they were to follow our precepts rather than our practice T 3. Comparative Quality of Baltic and Canada Timber. — Had the timber of Canada been decidedly superior to that of the north of Europe, something might have been fouiiil to say in favour of the discriminating duty : for it might have been contended, with sorao show of reason, that it was of the utmost consequence, considering the application of tim- ber to ship and house building, and other important purposes, to prevent the importation of an inferior species, even though it might be cheaper. But the system we have adopted is of a totally dilfcrent character. We have not attempted to shut out an article wliidi, though cheap, is inferior ; but have committed the twofold absurdity of shutting out one that is at once clieap and superior ! The committee of the House of Lords observe, in their First Report on the Foreign * According to the eviilcnce of Mr. J. D. Powles, an cxtenRive ship and insurance brnl«.< Report, p. S1 5 13 6 16 ) in 4 M 13 U ) 8 ! 1 2 2 I'l 4 2 8 4 5 900 1 3 2 6 0{ 3 440 4 16 I 6. 4 10 13 0' 9 01 16 Oj lis 2 4 0^ 6 8 0; ; D 10 , 2 15 2 13 I 8 3 13 10 10 5 12 C I as this, it will not be easy to its exclusive character as it example to the Russians anil Iseveral of our peculiar produc- to follow our precepts rather I— Had the timber of Canada Ithing might have been found >c been contended, with sorao tdering the application of tim- ho prevent the importation system we have atloptet^ ISO It out an article wliicli, tbough ■ of shutting out one mat u \irst Report on the Fordsn Ip axiiUnsurancc broker ships m! Trade nffhe Country, that the " North American timber is morodoft, 1cm durable, and every jfHeription of it more liable, though in dilVcrent degrees, to the dry rot, than timber of tho north of Europe. The red pine, however, which bears a mnidl proportion to the other do- gcriplions of timber, and the greater part of which, thoiigli imported from Canada, h f/ie prml'ct' (if Ihe. United Slutcn, is distinguished from the white pine by its greater durability. On the whole, it is slated by oiu; of the commissioners of his Miijesty's navy, most distin- piiislied for practical knowledge, experience, and skill, that the timber nf Caiiaila, both oak jnd fir, (liien not poxsesn^for the ptirno.sc of uliip litiililitii^, vuire limn half the (hiraliilihf (if ivixul of the same description, tlir. pruducr of l/ie north if Etnope. The result of itii niipliealioii to other purposes of building is dcscrdied by timlier merchants and carpenters to be nearly similar."— (p. -).) VVe subjoin the following extracts from the evidence of Sir Kobert Seppings, the coinmis- siniitr alluded to by the committee, whoso great intelligence and experience render his opinion of the highest authority : — "Can ynii nt.iln to ttie cnnuiiitteo llin rpsiilt nf any observatiniis l!int ynii or others in lila Majnsty's lerviie have iiiaili!, on llie iliiraltility oriiiiilier. llie proiliiccdC'liH North American colnnics, or lOnhcr liiipurled friiiii tiiu iiortli of Utirnpe, npiilied in Ihi.' samn piirpiitics )"— " Alionl the year IT'.Mi, there were aciTialii i\iinilit;r of frigates linilt of tlii! fir of iIk; Baltic, ami tin' arcruire iliirahiWij iras iilmut kkiiit „fnrc. Ahimt llie year IM'2, there were a coiisiilt'ralile iiiiinlier of liiaates liuill also, (if fir of the growth JlWnrth Aiiierii'ii, ami their anera^re diinibilili/ wan nnl ham' Ihat lime." "Villi liave stateil tliat Caiiailu liiiilier is peculiarly subject to tliii dry rot, and the dry rot is known inliiive jirevailuil lately to a U'real dcL'ri'e in the navy ; has that prevailed principally since the iiitro- diiolii'iiof ("anada liniher lotlie uses of the navy I"— "I liclievo Ilia vary has suffered rcnj considerably frdiii llie inlrudiirtiiin nf Canada (imftfr, or tiinher of the prowth of iNorlli America ; and in consiMinence, from CNpcriciice, wo liavc entirely difcunltnucd the use if it, except for duals and musts." — {[>■ 50.) Mr. Copland, an extensive builder and timber merchant, being asked by the committee what was his opinion with respect to the comparative qualities of American and Baltic tim- ber, answered, — " The timber of the Baltic in general, speaking of Norway, Russian, Prus- sian, and Swedish timber, is of very superior quality to that imported from America; the bulk of the latter in very inferior in f/iialili/, much softer in its nature, not so durable, and terif Uiihle to drij rot ; indeed, it is not allowed by any professional inan under government to be used, nor is it ever used in the best buildings in London ; it is only speculators that are induced to use it, from the price of it being much lower (in consequence of its exemp- tion from duty) than the Baltic timber; if you were to lay two planks of American timber upon each other, in the course of a twelvemonth they would have the dry rot, almost invari- ably, to a certain extent." — (p. ."JG.) And many passages to the same effect might be pro- duced, from the evidence of persons of the greatest experience in building. Now, we would beg leave to ask whether any thing can bo more absolutely monstrous, than to force, by means of a system of discriminating duties, a large proportion of the public to use that very timber in the ct)nslruction of their ships and houses, which government will not use for either of these purposes, and which the most experienced engineers and builders pronounce to be utterly unfit for them ! This is not to impose duties on a fair and equal principle for the sake of revenue, but for the sake of securing a preference to a worthless article: it is not imposing them in the way in which they may be least, but in that in which they are certain to be most injurious to those who have to pay them. It appears from the official account subjoined to this article, that, at an average of the years 1828 and 1829, the revenue would have gained considerably inore than 1,500,000/. a year, had the same duty been laid on Canada timber that is laid on timber from the north of Eu- rope; and this, therefore, may be considered as the amount of the pecuniary sacrifice we consent to make, in order that our ships and houses may be inoculatetl with dry rot ! 4, Apol'iries for the discriminating Duty. — If any thing ought, more than another, to imke legislators pause l)efore enacting a restrictive regulation, it is the difficulty of receding from it. After it has been enforced for a while, a variety of interests usually grow up under ils protection, which may l)e materially injured by its repeal, .^//.however, that the persons so interested can justly claim, is, that sufficient time, and every possible facility, should be aflbrded them to prepare for a change of system. Because the interests of a comparatively small porlion of the community may be injuriously afl'ected by the abolition of a regulation ascertained to be in the last degree inimical to the public, is it, therefore, to be contended that we ought, at all hazards, to continue to enforce the regulation we have so unwisely enacted 1 To maintain the affirmative, would lie to give perpetuity to the worst errors and absurdities, and would be an effectual bar to every sort of improvement. No change, even from a bad to a fi;i)od system, ought to ho rashly set about : but when once the expediency of an altera tion has been clearly established, it ought to be resolutely carried into effect. It is iilijecteil to the abolition of the discriminating duties on timber, that it would be inju- rious to (Jaiiaila and the 8hi[)piiig interest. We believe, however, that the injury would not Im nearly so great as has been re[)resenled ; that it would, in fact, be quite inconsiderable. So far from the lumber trade — or the trade of felling wood, squaring it, and floating it down the rivers to the shipping ports — being advantageous to a colony, it is distinctly and com- 040 TIMBER TRADE. fliC'. JM II'' •If •1 li" 1 «•»• v^ J c -> «•»' •1 -n1 pictcly the revewe. The hnWfs which it BPncratcs nrc quite suhverHivo of that sober, ntcady •pirit of industry, no CMontial to n w-ttlcr in a rudo country ; to Huch u dcj^rcc, indeed, is thii the ciiHe, thnt lumhererH hnvo been dcHcribed as tlie poMts of a colony, " n)ade and \n'\)t vjcioyj by the very trade liy which lliey Hve." — Hut alistrarting ultoK''thcr from the circuiiisianco,, now alluded to, Mr. Poulctt 'I'homson whowed, in idx ununswirulile Hpeecli on the tiiiili,;f question (March IN, InOI), tliut the alioiition of the IuiiUkt trade would niatcriully Ijcnolit the real interests of the colonics. It is luilicrous, indeed, seeing that not one tree in a lim,. dr»'d is fit for the |)urpose>f of beinff Hquiircd for tindier, to rtU))|iose that the discontinunuce of the trade could lie any serious loss. Hut the fact i->, that when trees are cut down liy lum. bcrcrs. for export as tindier, instead of licint; Inn lit down, so ureat a growth of lirnKhwouj takes place, that it actually cokIh more to clear the ground wheio th(! lundiurers have hni, than where they have not been. Mr. lliihanls, who was sent out by goveriMiiont to rcpuri on th(! influence of the hnuber trade, represents it a^ most unfavourable ; and observes, tjmi " when time or chaiu'c shall induce or compel the inliabitanls to di'sist from this eiii|il(iy, rient, agriculture will begin to raise its heail." The statements of Captain Moorsom, in liii) Lettcru fniiH Niiva Scofl/t, arc exactly similar, lie considers the depression of llu! liminf market, although a severe loss to many individuals, ;\ " decided gain to the colony," froimlij check it has given to the "hunbcriug mania." — (p. .')3.) 'J'he slaleinents that have been made as to the amount of capital expended on saw mijl^ and other fixed works for carrying on the lumber trade, iiave been singularly exagneratid, Mr. Thomson, who had the bcnt means of acipiiriiig accurate iuformaiion on this |)oiiit, mad,. the following statement with respect to it in his speech already referred to: — '• Vtuin tin; means I have had of calculating the amount of cai'it.d endiarked in these saw mills, [ lul^.v^ it is al)out 300,000/. : I am sure that I may say tiiat if .'300, 000/. were taken as the aiiioiinijt would be a great deal above rather than (uider the real value; but, after all, this descri|iiii)n of f/roperly is not to be sacrificed by the arran^eiiicnts proposed, even if they were carrioj to the fullest extent. I am ready at oneo to admit, that tiio con.se(]uence of the projiosui alteration may be, that it will diminish the exjiorts of timber from Canada to Ennlainl, anil aU'ect the productiveness of the capital vested in the mills to which I have referred ; Imt the committee ought not to lose sight of the fact, that tluuigh in this one branch of iiuliistry there will be a great falling olV, yet the same amount of labour might be ap|)lied to imuh greater advantage on land in the colonies ; and the mills, which will be rendered useless lor their original purjjoses, may be converted to useful auxiliaries to the ngricultural and oilur pursuits of the colonists; so that the enormous Icjsses that have been placed in so I'rightl'uU point of view, will, as I have shown, be absolutely next to nothing." •So fir, therefore, as the interests of the colonics are concerned, it is plain thry would not really lose, but gain, by a repeal of the discriminating duties on foreign timber, 'i'liey woulj still continue to possess a respectable share of the trade ; for their timber, thoiigli unfit for more important purposes, is well suited, by its softness and IVecdoni from knots, for tliolinish. ing of rooms and cabins, the manufacture of boxes, &c, ; and in the mast tr ide, it is lie. lieved, that they would be able to maiiii.iin a successful com[)etitii)n with Kii^a. It mi'-ht also be expedient to assist in turning the industry of the colonies into the profilalile clianiicj of agriculture, by giving their corn and flour a still more decided preference than ihey now enjoy in our markets. In our opinion, it would be good policy to admit them, at aH'tiiaos duty free. The siiip owners would undoubtedly have more cause lo complain of injury fiom the equalisation of the duties; but even as respects them, it would not be nearly so great as k commonly supposed. The statement usually put forward by those who represent theiiiiilior trade to North America as of vital importance to the shipping interest, is, that it enii/lovs 1,800 ships, of 470,000 tons, navigated by 20,000 sailors. But Mr. Poulctt Thomson slionod, in his previously quoted speech, that this statement is utterly erroneous. The onirics in- wards of British ships from our possessions in North America correspond with the sums now stated ; but, at an average, every ship employed in the trade makes 1 1 voya^'o a vonr; so that, in point of fact, only 1,028 ships, of 270,000 tons and 1 1 ,427 men, arc einplnyi'd in the trade.* From this latter number must, however, be struck off ships employed in other branches of trade; for no one pretends that the only trade we carry on with Urilisli North America is the importation of timber. We believe that the number to be so struck otTiiiiy be safely estimated at 200 ships, of 54,000 tons and 2,200 men, leaving about 800 shi|is,of 216,000 tons and 9,200 men, to be affected by the change. Inasmuch, however, as alioula third part of the timber now brought from Canada would most [)robably continue to be brought for the purposes already referred to, were the duties e(iualised, only :u]l ships, of 144,000 tons and 6,i:i4 men, would be forced to change their employments. Now oflhcso, a half, at least, would be immediately employed in bringing from the Baltic the same quan- tity of timber that is brought from America ; and as the price of timber would lie miitcrialiy ♦ It is singular that Mr. Itmiclii'tto sliniilil linvo fallen into the common but palpable error on tilis point. — (rtee the Preface to liia vuluablu work on liriiisli America.) TIMBER TRADE. 041 owivo of that sober, ntcaily ch a ilrgrcts indi-cil, in ihi< y, " nmilc anil Wt'iit viciom cr from Uic circunirttancos •ulilo Hi)cccli on llip tiiiilii'f !e wmiUl niali'riiilly lii'iidli lliat not one itvi' in ii liiiii. )se tliat the iliscontinuunce I iroi's arociit ilown liy hiin. cat n Krowlh of liruHluviiiid the hiiiihererH have lii>eii, lut hy Biiveriinioiit to rc|iurt ouraiili" ; mill ohnorveH, that, ti) (l.^Hisl from this iniiiloy. ( of ('uptuin MoorsDin.inliU ihc ilojiiTHrtion of llu! tiliiliir ^iiin to the colony," froiiiilnj tiitul pxppnili'il on saw niill^, iH'cn siiif^ularly oxairi^cratii!. formation on ihis iioini, mailo Illy ri'lVrrril to :— " I'ltnii il,o ,1 in tlii'sc. saw mills, [ IhIilvo '. wrvi' tiken "« l'"" aiuor.iii.it but, after all, this iliscriiitioii soil, even if tlu'y were cuniod iT)nselieil hi imuli ch will be rendered usiicss for to the ngrienltural aiul other ;c been placed in so frightful a h>» nig. ned, it is plain they would not II foreign timber. Tin y would their timber, though milit for cdom from knots, for the finish- J in the mast Irnle, it is hc- [petilion with Kiga. It ini'^ht lies into the protilalde (dianiiel (led preference tlum they now cy to admit them, at all times, rnmplain of injury fiom the lid not be nearly so great as ij (those who represent the timber ]ig interest, is, that it emidoys Mr. ronlelt Thomsnn showed, ly erroneous. The cnlries in- [ica correspond with the sums Irailc makes \^ voyiige a year; ll 1 1 .427 men, arc employed in -•k oir ships employ>'d in other |c carry on with Uritisli North lumber to he so slnick olThiiy -n, leaving about 800 shi|is,of (inasmuch, however, as ahouta Imost probably continue to be equalised, oidy.'i3t ships, of ,• cniplovments. Now ot these, bom the Baltic the same quan- of timber would bo materially (ommon but palpable error on to Irtwerrd by the reduction of the duly, tho demand for it would no doubt materially incrraw; so that it is abundantly plain that very f«'W, if any, ships would be thrown out of employ nieni |,v the abolition of tlu^ discriminating dulies. It Ih nntlerial, too, to observe, that wbatcvvr (('.nipuruy inconvenience tin' f liijiping interest might Kustain from the change, its future con- giMiueiices would be Hingnlariy advantageous to it. The high prirc of limber employed in (lici liiiilding of shipi* is at prcscit the heavicHt drawback on the llrili>h Nhip owners ; Imt thn O(iinilisation of the duties would i laterially rcdm-o tliJN |irici> ; and we have the aulhoiiiy of ihc best practical judges for atliiming, that were the duly (as it ought to Ic) entirely repealed, ships might be built decidedly cheafier in England than in any part of the world. It would lie desirable, Im.vevir, to secure the interests (»f so important a (Ills'* iis that of ihc shipowners from any ''liance even of temporary loss or incoiiMiiience from an ciiuidisa- lii.n of the duties. And it ia foitunate that this object may be attairu'd, not only wiilmut any U»i*< l'"^ *'^'''' certain bene (it to the public. The expeilieney of eucourauing emigration to the colonies, as a means of relieving parts of lOngland and In land from that mass of pau> prrs by which they are burdened, is no longer (picNiioned ; and we incline to think iha no mure elVectual means of promoting emigration couhl be devised, than the giving a bounty 10 the owners of ships landing emigrants in ("ainida, the Citpo of Good Hope, or New South Wales. We have already seen that tho number of emigrants to British Norlli Ame- rica, in 1832, amounted to about (i(i,()Ut) {mile, p. 274.) ; and supposing (bat a bounty of lit)*', or '10.9. a head were in i'uturc to be paid on the arrival tif emigrants at Quebec, it would more than indenmify tho ship owners for any inconvenience resulting from a new iirrangcinent of the timber duties ; at the same time that (he stimulus it would give to enii- L'ratinn would be of the utmost importance' to (Jreat Britain and to the colonies, 5. Mlcyitthin propoKnl in llic Tiinlnr Dnlit.i in 1831. — To suppose that the timber trado tihoulil he allowed to continue on its present footing, seems to be (juite (uit of the (incsiion. We have alre.idy seen that the discriniinatiiig duties impose a pecuniary saciilicc of 1 ."iOO.OOl)/. a year on the Biilish [lublie, besides forcing the use of a comjiaratively worthless article where none but the very best ought to be employed. We have idso seen that this Bacrillce produces no real benelit to the colonies ; and that the benelil it docs produci' to the. shipowners is but trilling, and maybe more than made up to them without lo>s to tho public. The existing government seems to have been early satistied of the projiriety of at- tempting to introduce a less objectiiinable system ; and on the IStli of March, IHUI.Lord Althorp moved that the duties on Baltic timber should be reduced (i*. a load on the 1st of .Iniiuary, 1832; O.v. more on the 1st of .lanuary, 1833; and 3,v. on the 1st of January, 18;il; making llu; total reduction I.'i.v. a load, and leaving a protection in favour of Ciinada timber of 30s. a load. The only real objection to this scheme was, that it did not uo far enoii(;h ; that '"it s-cotched the snake, without killing it." 'J'liere is not the shadow of a crnund on which tc) jnstity the granting of a bounty (for such is the real operation of tho diUv^ to force tho u.se of an inferior and more costly ariit'le ; and even if a reasonable bouiitv could be justified, one of 30,v. a load is quite excessive. But singular as it may ffem.'this proposal, moderate as it certainly was, encountered a very keen op|!osiiion. Somo of those who had previou.sly exprcss.scd tlieir concurrence in the expediency of some nica- eiirc of the sort, thought proper to vote against it ; and, upon a division, it was lost by a majority of 46. Lord Althorp seems to have been nun li discouraged by the result of this motion; for, during the lengthened jieriod that has since elapsed, he has made no attempt to died any modification of the duties. But n. iwiihsiaiuiing these unfavourable appear- ances, we do not believe that a system so destrui tive of the public interests will be upheld much longer. It were much to be wished that the duties could be wholly dispensed with. Timber is about the very worst subject for taxation ; but, at all event.s, an end must be put to the discriminating duties. It is not to be endured, that so essential an article — that the prime nccK.iiian/ of munufacturing iudxiftr}/ — should be loaded with exorbitant duties, imposed, not for the sake of revenue, but for the sake of those who tither reap no advan- tage fiom them, or none that is material. I. Account of ttm Amnnnt of Datips paid in tlin I'nited Kinsdom on Tinilior and olticr .Xrticli's of Wimcl, Imported from llie Urilisti I'roviii' cs of Nortli Aiiiciic i, in I'acti of tlie Years endiiii! llie 5tli ol'Jiiiniiry, ti''>, tlif 5lli of .laiinary, Isi'J, aed llit' ft\\\ of jHiiiiary, \K'A\ •, and of tlie Anioniit of Duiii'S wliicli would liave liceii p;ud loi sadi Timber and olli«r Ann Ifs of Wood, if tliey bad bceo ttiarted wilh tlic Rites of Uuty payaldu on similar Arliilos iiiiportcil from tlie liallic. Year ending 5th of January, 1628 — lS'i9 - 18J0 Amnunt or Duty pai't in the tJriitt'd Amniml of Duly wliicli woulfi have iii<>li>iii on 'riii'ilier, lle:iU. ami ollipr | hecn iiaid upon hucti 'linibf-r. Dealt, iOictf, nl" Wo'i I. iinporte'l Ironi the i^n 1 ulhtr Ailiolca ol' Win, if, if ifiay tii Irili^h t'loviucis III .Niirlll Aiiierici. i.cfli ini| ortetl fioiii Ih.' Ilal:ic. Amniiiil of Only wliich woulfi have i.„ .:.i >...^ I. 'M. ..,...* nun], liad £ .f. d. 2i;i.:;i) i'> t 22t.l(H !'2 9 23-J,7U'.) 17 £ 1,251.92'2 1,'194,M)7 l,5b0,795 .«. d. ID 4 4 1 9 4 3u2 81 TIN. ir 1 C3 II. Arnniint of Itm Climntltlfn of thn illffiTPnl H|)«rli!it of Tlinhor Inipnrtnd InJo the ITnltoil Kinffrlnrn |„ In'Jl I «iiy llnniiiitli litTIIllny Tim N .'herltiiJl (lthiir|pl.nrK.l.l 111 Aftlf* K, I. C't.** 'prrito- I in 111 I Cnyliiii • M.iiir.iim Ni w H. VV.il.-^ >nl.knUii, fui' loud* - (li.hh .108 i/i-f.V. 1 i1 2 /•> I id 1 t\ » I, OHO I e 1*8 2 i)ml HiiJi. !,0C8 u rt,.V... 11 U I li i i:i II 1 1 II I K N I 7 3 JU 3 II I Mia'a, YlriU, M»tt, liilh- MtrtjI. k Mow- k Idiw. HUiUi i ,„„'l.rlJ liirh,, „';;•■, I llllhrl !illl)l.>lll. ' „" ,' h. Il.«. I,l«f •ll.l "l'»»'■■'•■ I iiiflliir 13 1 7 4 f'alh, » mi a.Vii 1 .Vii. i.'iiO ';.s.w 4,->ili tio i iijiw.ir 731 » 2-i 4il 6,Kl! . la.lUH 4,703 W,N, ., . I it.l,., "I'll. '" "r »«iJ.. u,~j; l.M.i.i li r. 3|ij 2, .71 31' III. Arciiiiiit oftlifc QiiiiMtltliiH of 'riiiilior mill Hani VVmiili) liiiimrtuil, lixportuil, ami riilaliiiMl fur llm,!,, *,'(iii!iiiiii;itiiMi, witli till) Null Kuvtiiiim tliuruoii, in IbUl itiiJ li^i.~{l'upera publuhed by Uuaril at' Trade, vol. li. p. 23, and p. 27.) '' Tiiubtr, D,itteiii,in>l UlliMl eiuli %xti\ lOO \1,\\ .111(1 .Icll eiidl - — ,\fi«ls tJ au(i under 8 Inches in di.i* luc'er • - N(i. N itirhflfl and under )2 — \Iau\ u(iivarda • loada Odkpianli ■ - — .St.uM • • ureal ICO Fr, S in. iquare and upwarJa, Ida. Il.iil, (lillo . . — I'l.ritlJIIKTatcd, (Iifl(5 . — Waiuacol lot;*, ditia • — Quantitie. imported. l!-3!. Hard (Coodf. nox WTO I Cel.ir .Mill iKaiiy Hoitiwuou toua It.'.M SVJ13 (1,(100 4,418 4,-;i'3 2,ri2-i 76,4 J' ,'ii;,|(;fi 23,'i«2 211,163 4SI l,OW 11,411 1,231 11-3.'. I II, IH Sl,^ti4 6,7RI 3,104 6,M(i l,7H9 63,'iJ8 493.S50 30,17d I1,4''3 1,719 327 1,137 l:,,l-61 832 (Jti intilifB eiporled. (iuanliiiDt rfllalntd fur Consnnipl.oo. IS3I. IU2. IS3I. 1832. 61 61 11,(117 Il,7'2 4b7 1,003 49,189 63,134 m 683 8,017 6,776 M 9liO ».9«0 3,02-. 20 100 4,12 > 6,077 > 6 2,JM) l,!-6 403 600 497,0.i7 603, -.Si 4 U 22,1)73 2!>,'i11 8 «l 20,343 32„'<29 ■ ■ 3 ■ 2,b70 48 22 417 398 21 1,017 I,.t;2 4f3 791 12,173 I9,i't3 67 lt>3 848 838 Nell Hevmiue. I«3I. /,. KiB.'Sa 6^0,011 10,258 8,170 60,J;i.l 4i)fi,' OT aO .Mi7 6,3i6 It32. 1IH."J7 iin,sj; II.ITI ^.m\ 4',l'37 I 43l,Vli 3-,Hii MM 7,8J« f,. l,212,MiO ! l,lM,iJ6 2,031 I ijjj • ,J2» 2,7,7 4-,!)32 ! 47.iJJ ".■"■4 1 t(,3?i /.. 5<),K74 ! so.rni TIN (Ger. Blech, Weissblcch ; Fr. Fcr b/anc ; It. Latta, lianda stagnata ,• Sp. Ihji dc lata; Rus. liliicha, Shest ,- Arab. licsas ,• Sans. Trapii and Ranga), a metal which Ims a fine white colour like silver ; and when fresli, its brilliancy is very great. It has a slittlitly disagreeable taste, and emits a peculiar smell when rubbed. Its hardness is between liiat of gold and lead. Its specific gravity is 7'29. It is very malleable ; tin-foil, or tin loaf, U about yJj^ft part of an inch thick ; and it might be beat out into leaves as thin again, if such were required for the purposes of art. In ductility and tenacity it is very inferior. A tin wire 0-078 inch in diameter is capable of supporting a weight of Sl-T pounds only without breaking. Tin is very flexible, and produces a crackling noise when bent. It may be readily alloyed with copper, zinc, &c., forming very valuable compound.^. — {Thomson's C/iemiilrij.j The ores of tins metal arc found In comparatively few places ; the principal, and pcrhans ilio only lines are Cornwall, Galicia, Erzgehirpe in Saxony, 'Rohemia, the Malay countries, Cliiiin, and Banca ill Asia. They are peculiar to primliivo rocks, generally in granite, cither in veins or beds, and are often associated with copper and iron pyrites. Tin is much used as a covering to several other metals : iron is tinned, to prevent its rnpiil oxida- tion when exposed to air and moisture ; and the same process is applied to copper, to avoid the inju- rious effects to which those wlio are in the haliit of employing cooking utensils made of this metal are always liable. The solutions of tin in the nitric, muriatic, nitro-sulphuric, and tartaric acids, are much used in dyeing, as giving a degree of permanency and brilliance to several colours, to beoli- tnined by the \i»e of no other mordants with which we are at present acquainted : tin forms the basis of pewter, in the composition of which it is alloyed with lead ; when rolled into thin slieeis, it ij called tin-foil, and is applied, with the addition of mercury, to cover the surface of glass, thus forming looking-glasses, mirrors, &c. ; and in combination with sulphur, it constitutes what is called mosaic go\i\.— (Joyce's Cliem. Min.) Ti.s Plates, known in Scotland by the name of while iron, are applicable to a great variety of pur- poses, and are in very extensive demand. They are formed of thin plates of iron dipped intoinollea till. Tlie tin not only covers the surface of the iron, but penetrates it completely, and gives the whole n white colour. It is usual to add about 1-lOth of copper to the tin, to prevent it front forming too thick a coat upon the iron.— (ir/t«m«on'« Chemistry.) \ I TIN. 013 id Into Ihfl lliilieil Klinilcm In luntllle* brought I'miii •in li TmH, Tlnihur, rir.llak, * Ullfltlllltll' rilxl, II liichn iiltLiri, or ,,.i..Vc. Ui. /(• t'ia\ iiii- w •11,1 '•"«•, » ■•I'lirl I on,n. ; "•nil. I i» I u I il it W,U17 U 197 IH :• 17 2n .« 3 17 II o'i\ Id! /I.I/. U,4Ml II I A, iu II iKi,.i;i7 41 ^•;« i w:*i I 4,11 li Uh7 J(. tail 735 il) 41ii,((7!) 31 ■V ic e I" 2,07U 4a ijl, (I I 11 i^ 341) 3 31 I *1 1 .';l.»:l) ns V.2,ll)< ► 2, ,11 3,' ixpnrtuil, untl rotiiiiiud I'nr llniue ~(Haper» publUlieil by lizard of iiii-i reliiiit J Nell lie ttiiue. 1 oiiaii niptou. 1832. IMI. Ib31. '~~ A. t.r 17 11,7'S |iiil,'9n lid,:;: 119 63,I5» &;jO,ij|i 5n,wi 17 6,778 1 «0 3,nJ> . I0,2>3 11,173 ii 6,077 hll I.820 l<,ro 7,M6 n7 6:l.l>76 so,J;« i',l-37 ,i7 603,191 4tifi,' o: 4,ll,V(i 7;l ^',>,'i'7 3',H)i 4S ii.ifii 6,5JB MM 17 «,b70 398 " 7,SJ« £. I,2l2,'i60 1 l,ll>3,iJ6 2,f3l 1 \H' 17 l,»sa \,iU 2,:i: 7^ 19,l«3 47,1)32 \ 47.ill 48 838 C,^4 ; fX'l /.. 5'i,»74 ' 6l).Ml ianda stagnata ,- Sp. llnji dc Uunga), a metal wliich has s I very great. It has a .Miulitly [Is hardness is between that of pablc ; tin-foil, or tin loaf, is |to leaves as thin again, if such city it is very inferior. A tin 1 of 3i'7 pounds only without [when bent. It may lie readily Is. — ( Thomsons Cltemlitnj.) • principal, anJ pcrlmnsOionnly _iluy countries, Cliiiift, and Bawa loitlier in veins or beds, and are Inned, to prevent its rapid oxida- Iliad to coppiT, to avoid llie inju- lie utensils made of this iiifWl ar« lulpliuric, and tartaric acids, are Ince to several colours, to lie oli- It acquainted : tin forms tlic basu then rolled into thin Blififis, it la Ithe surface of glass, thus forming lonstituies what is called mosaii: Jplicable to a great variety of pur- Jnlatea of iron dipped into mo ten It completely, and gives the wliole \ to prevent it from forming too lUntorital Nullef of Ihe llrilish Tin Trndr. — Tiio tin milieu of Cornwall have bren worked from a very remote era. The xoynijeH nf the IMiniruiiiiiit to the ('iim-idTidt h, or tin mlandx, iiru mnntioncd iiy llerodottM (lib. iii. e. 1 1,').), DiniloriiH >*i('iilu'* (lib. iv. |i. :t()l. nd, IflOl), and Mtrabi) ((Irog. lib. iii.). Home diir.r«'iifo of opiiiiDn li^ii«, indeed, bren enter- tai-ii'd UK to the paitii-ular iMlaiKUto whirl; the I'lueniciiiiH ii|i|ilii>d tlic term (^'ii>Nili'rii!eH; but Uorliwe (Account of Ihe SciUi/ l.slund.i, \<. Ti.). I.areher (Urniilolp, lome iii. p. :)S I, ed. iMO'i), Biiil the ableHt critioH, a^ree that they are the Meilly lHlun>lri, and tbe wiHterii e.Nliemiiy uf (Joriiwuil. Atlcr the deHtruetion uf (^'urthago, the DritiHh tin triii!(>, which wii-* itlwnys r(>el(on<'n^l{K'('ted. At the commencement of la^t century, however, tin; biiHineHH (d' niiniii2 1 r. 3 13 6 I,3i'9 ft 3,017 1 24 IH21 I8.l3i «4.S-,I 3 1 . • 2'l,2,!!| 1 15 3 17 6 1,106 2. 6 1 3 23 hi J 111.720 66,67.4 3 13 61 2:11 2 20 35,'-43 2 3 4 H 1,:'.36 i 14 1,9 9 6 i-n 2. ',321 67,102 1 80 2-,2 1 4 2ti;lt>4 1 27 6 6 6 6,461 1 24 !i,=,li2 1 21 Mi i»,M «7,I2-) 12 15 279 Klij 2 3 36,>'90 13 4 2 6 6,120 1 14 4.709 2 20 ]fi't 2->,0Sl 77,1,19 2 14 3.'-9 l,IKI 14 31,237 3 19 4 9 6 4,213 3 20 4,7(9 3 11 \M il,5.i.s 7H,674 1 1 400 l,'2'0 2 iO 43,«4> 3 19 3,394 2 8 6,.^I7 1 3 i!*n 30 341 9'>,8k2 1 11 mi l,H 9 3 7 4.1,474 21 3 17 6 2,.'17 2 4 2,9 18 24 2S"IU 9i,3'7 3 19 647 l,:3n 3 23 41,426 2 13 3 13 3.386 12 3,2-.S 1 10 1''^ 2>,7(il Kl,4>^9 2 11 613 l,)'27 1 21 33,21.-. 8 3 14 6 2,674 3 21 2..^H0 2 21 iM] 21,308 efl.!)73 3 26 68) 2.nui 21 M,I2-. 1 8 3 10 15,539 2 5 10,126 6 1^31 24,016 79,971 1 9 461 1,6.1 li 21,762 2 . 8,099 2 9 12.225 3 10 Iiii • 31,837 2 3 3 13 29,203 1 8 21.719 3 13 Account shnwine the Quantity of Uritiali and of Foreign (Itanca and Malay) Tin e.\portcd to ditrercnt Countries in 1S33, specifying the Uunntitics shipped for each.— (Par/. Paper, No. '233. Sess. Ib34.) CouDlriet to wliicli eiportcd. ' Sirf 1(0 , .Norw.iy ' neiimiilc I Of'anny Hollin.1 Rjl^ium Frarre . P.irluol, Spain in'l f.ilnllir I'liy . Mil'j j Turitpy ' Mir«. anil Gr«ek isUnls AtnTtf, and Madeira • ibe Canaries Dritiih Tin. Cwt. qrt. til. 3,753 606 18 118 332 |i2 687 42 8,9S6 175 9;t7 !l,0S7 180 3,700 20 Forilg » Tin. jrf, Ifei. Cwt. 5,014 1 16 .Wl 23 659 '. 25 1,468 3 13 4,2S5 2 10 15,745 2 10 1,554 3 17 39 3 23 20 2 5,3!^8 24 95 3 27 1,498 t 10 Countries to which eiporteJ. AbIi . - • . Africa . - . . Itritiflh Nnrlh Ainftrican coloniei Uritish West Indies Knreiitn West Iiidirs Vm\ci\ State* of America Mt'iico Colnmbia nrizil - . - - Slates uf the Rio de la PUU Peru .... Guernsey, Jeney, AUerney, ind Mail . • - - ToUl - Briliili Tin. Cwt. jri. lit. 23 3 220 1 26 I4H 3 114 2 14 97 1,177 4 4 322 8 ti 14 2 20 24,999 . o| Foreign Tin. Cwt. nri. U>. 4 2 6 3,569 2 17 39,949 3 27 Priets, ij-c— The prices of tin and tin plates in the London market in March, 1834, were as fol- lows :— Tin, BriUih, in blocki ingole • in ban - grain bloclii bn.keu • Foreign, Hanca, m bond Sireiglili per cwt. r,. 9. d. 3 15 6 3 16 3 17 6 4 13 4 IH 3 2 3 Tin plates, per box of 225 slits. No. I. C. 13 3 4 by 10 inches I. X. 1. XX. 181 - IXXX - IXXXX • No, II. C. 13 1-4 by 9 3-4 incba I. 1. d. per cwt 112 lbs. 1 18 140 2 3 161 2 9 182 2 15 209 3 1 103 1 15 644 TIN. 0/mum 1MB J •"-Hi* ■!.,■• KJ| <53 J ".'3)1 Tin plulM, ppr bni of 22.'i «hts. No. II. X. in M liy8 lb9 I 13 1 l!l 2 -, 2 II 2 17 ((^. l6 3-4b7l2l-2inchM . I X. 100 ilieeli Double •{ XV. |X\X. LXXXX. Tas:;i;rs, 14 l>v 10 inrhw. 21. '-.t. 14 1-2 l>y 10 I 2 iiidii.'s. Wnsirn nf .Nn. I, T.. Nn. I. .\.. nn.l No. XX. .U per t.nx |f„ ,(,, pe'firt (ilr.fea; .-ill ntficr sort^ (if wistLTs Uf. I»er Imix lea. |j„,y ari.l sliijipiiig cli.ir^es tlrf. pt- r Imx. The prici" of Uri l.-h tin, at nn avi'rnfifN froni ISU to I.S15, iiiclil.-fivn, was ahont 7?. a r.wt. Its h\\ friim ISl.') If) H (1, .'lint \H rnin|nralivily lew piirp aiiirn, liavc l)c(Mi owing lo a varii-ly cf causes ; panij, to iiiipriivi .'iiils ill lli(! art of workii'if! iIk; mines, parlly to llie incrciiseil supply of iiiplnl (iliiajni.li from lliiMii, mill parlly anil principally to the ciiinpi.'titioii of tin' tin of lianca ami of llio ftlalay cnim. nips. l'rcvi"ii>ly lo l.-ill.we liail in .sonin nii'asiirn a moiinpoly of ihr inarlu't of the world. I!iii sjn,.^ tl'i'ii til" liiMca Miiiii's li iv(! hi't'ii wroiiiilit with nimsiial spirit; ami tln'ir proilurc lias lifvn so niiich iiiireasi;.!, as imi only fully to supply tim niarliiM of t'liina, to wliicli wi; fnriniMly e.xporlcil tVoiii i;ij|) i^, 1,(100 Ions, Iml to mc'l ii.s in I'Vi'ry ICiiropc in markot. It appears, fnn.i the forcjtoiiiK Tallies, llim M.i. lay till is now vrry rxlmisivi ly inipnricil. for warcliousiiii:, into Kiifilaml, at tlie same tinie lliii |:ir^,^ (inaiililii'-; ari! r iriirMl diri'cl to Hull mil wlicro llii'ri' arc rffiniii/J liimsi'S. Iltiiice, iiotwittistaiiiliiiLr||||i fall of priio, anil the inrrnascil proiliici! of tin; (Jornisli mini's, our oxpmts of tin have rnnlliiniil niiirlv Btalionary.oi liavo ratln-r filli'ii olV; liivinu ln'cii li;ss in l^ltl anil \>,Vi,. wlii'ti llii' prodiici! of lliu inj||,.,j «'.\i(M'iIimI 1,(1 Ions a yivir. than in 18:0 anil IS'JI, whi'n it was only ahoiit 2,000 tons a yi'ar. Diilij or Hi-ili.<)i 7V»'— .\11 I in prodiiriMl in Corn wall has hern siihjert, from a very remoie period, i,, n coin-iue dniv of I/, a Ion, pavaliU; to the Diilui of (Cornwall : the tin r.iiscil in Utivoiisliire is siilij«t to a f imil ir duly of \l. \:U. hl.'w ton. 'I'liis duly proiliir.es from Iti.OOO/. to 20,000/. a y. ar ; and is fijuo l)P a serious LTievanee, not only from ils amount, Iml from the ve.valioiis reL'iilalioiis iiiiiler w liicli jim colle( led. 'I'h.iiiL'li the orders seni the minir were for tin of a peculiar descriplion, he is not allnwiil to smelt il at once into the reiiiiired form, Iml is ohliiied to cast it, in tlie first iiislaiice, inio blnrkf, 'J'liis ri'iriilalimi lieinu complied willi, il niiijlil lie e.\|i('cled that llie tin would he surveyed hy illlnrj nt the smillint'-house. .-11111 llie duly charued accordiiii'ly ; hut instead of this tlie miner is olilii;i(| pj convey it !.oiiielimes as fir as 8 or 10 miles, to one of llie rnivnire lowiin, where it is (and where imlv it can he) coined ; that is, a small piece is struck olf one of llie corneis, and tin; hicick is iiiiprossiil witli the arms of the iliiihy, and llie duty jiaid This useless ceremony lieiiifx cone lhroni;li, ihi; ijn his fiiMi'ieiilly lo lie carrieil hack, hefore il can he shipped, to (he very place whence il was iaki>ii in ho coined: ,\iio!her (irievance is. that t!ie coinage is only performed ipiarlerly ; so that, Inmi'viir pressin:.' Ihe demaiiil fir tin may li" in the inlerini, the miner cannot supply it. There are also i.-nrlaiii ie(!s p.ayaiile mi llie coin ii;i', paiiiinlaily if il lake place diirim,' the (.'liristinas ami I.adyday (piariir., ; so that if «e add to the duty of 1/. a ton, lliose char^'es. and make a reasonahle allowance'f r tlie i\! penso rif rani lire, ami fir the irouhle and inconvenience to wliicli the miner is put, the whole inaj bii inoder.llely esli iialed at .0/. a ton. It is surely hii'h lime that this tax, and the preposterous rcpnlatiniis cnnnerted with it, were aim. lislied. So lonL' as we enjoyed a sort of monopoly of the tin trade, the duchy duty was compani- tively lilile iVIi ; hut now that we liave to sustain (i competition lliat has already sunk the price (il'tjn about .^0 per cenl, and llial is every day heconiiiij; more severe, it is found lo he ipiile oppressive, .\iiil it is not lo lie endured that the exisleiu'e of an ancient and important branch of imlii-ilry, supposed to tifford eniidoymenl for about 20.000 persons, should ho endaniiered, that the thrown may gain a pallrv revenue of from Ki.OOd/. to 20,000/. a year. This is a siihject wliicli calls loudly for the .iiterfereiiceof the legislaliiie ; and should aaotlier edilion of this work be called for, we trust we shall then liaveto niiiioiince the aluliiioii or commulation of the tin duty. — (Tor further parliculars. see an evci'Htni liltio trad eiiiiilcd the '/'i;i />iiVi>,<, (ascribed to Sir (Jliarles I.emoiO published in lb3a. Tliere is a useful and iiisirin livi' piper on the tin trade in the S/iccldlnr, No. 217.) Tin, Oiili'N r\i. (Malay, 'I'lmn ; iliiid. Kalni ; Siamese, Dihiih; Hiinnese, /w/c-7i7.;/h, white rnpppr\ in commerc i il laiiuiiaKc usually called Itanca tin. It is found in several provinces ofCliiii.i ; hut ili» most extensive and. probably, ricliest tin district in the world, exists in the Malay coiiniries. Tliij comprehends ihe whole of tile peninsula, from the extreme cape to t le latitude of IP on its \vi!iilerii side, and lo 11' on ils eastern, and comprehends si'veral of the small islands lying in the roiile licHvi'cn the peiiinsnla ind Jiva, as far as the laiitmle of S" smith ; so that the win.le of this tin district has an extreme leni'i'i of neir 1,200 mil(!S. Ily far Ihe greater iiiiinber of the Mines within these liniils areas yet iinwroiiglii an.l unexplored. It was only in the beginning of las' century that llio niincs ofllinij, the most prudiictive at present worked, i.v,. accidentally disco- jred. Tlie whole lin of the Maliy countries is the produce of alluvial ores, or wh.n ! --iiie/i, ;., ,;nrnwall, "Stream-work ;" and I'nmi the abundance in wliicli the mineral has been f mnd by the mere vvasliing of the soil, no attempt Ims llitlierto been mule at regular mining, or obtaining the ore from its rocky inatiix. Malay tin, ciiii.sl. qnenlly, is grain lin, or Me in a very pure state ; that being the species which alluvial me iiiiiririiily produces. The mines, or rather excavations, an; perpemliiiilar pits of from \f> to 2.'i feet deep; aa' when the soil and a superstratum of .-ommon clay are removed, the bed containing llie ore,C(iiisislin!; of f|uart/. and graniilic gravel, is reached. 'I'liu sand and gravel are separated from the ore by passin; a stream of water through the whole materials. The ore so oblained is preserved in heaps, and sincheil periodically wiili iharcoal in a blast fiirnace. The mine or pit is kept clear of water by tin- Chiiifsi! wheel. No calile are used in any part of the process ; liuinan labour being had recourse lo ihroii^li- onl the whole of its staites. The mo>l imperfect part of the process is the smelling. Tlie ?iiv umrei of Cornwall, which arc ;;"nerally poor, alford from (i.'j to 75 per cent, of grain tin j whereas, mvinflo tlie imperfeciion of the process, from those of Itanca not more than .'i.'i or tiO are usually obtaiiieil, Tlic diirerenie in Ihe produce siiL'L'ested. a few years ago, tlie practicability of sending Ihe ore In England for the purpose of being smelted ; and the experiment was tried ; but onr i usioms regiilaiiniis not allowing tlie produce to lie biinded and re-exporled wilhoiil duty, remlereil the scheme aboitivi' With very iritliiig excepiinns, the whole lin of Ihe .Malay islands is mined and smelted by ( liiiii'se settlers ; and luf ire their skill and enlerprise were applied to its produclion, the meial seems lo have been obtained by Ihe inhabilanis of ilie loiinlries which produce it, by processes harilly iiiorc skilful thai: those by which Ihe precious metals were procured hy the native iiiiiabiiiinfs of Aiiierica, priirln Ihe introilnciiou of Dnropean skill and machinery. The following cstimatu lias been (,''*<-'» of l lie iiiinuul produce of the princiiial states ami places producing tin : — PilUll Ea»t ci-it of tlie Xtal.iy pei.aisula— Junk 'Jtylou (^iietla Pi.r« 8.tliiii.?nre- • Malacca . Tolal . ricuu 17.000 Wcsl const of the Mahiy peninsula acJ isUnJs- Smi^nri III I I'atatit -Priaeiiiu .... I'ah.'ii g - Slii''■"'• . , . ■ronaverynM.mieprrmd.to iso.l in D.v..»sl..r. is s,,l,j,.,:t 20,omt/. a y.ar ; anil IS Idni) !,roL'nlalionsnnil.!r\vliirliilH ,|escrip>'n>i,h.: is nol al „w,h1 ,|„- tirsl instam-o 11.11. bhcU. 'v.mM hi'. ^"rv..yr.l I'V ; ic^» „ril.is 111'! miiitir IS oWi'^Ml 10 \v\ic-rc it is (and wlifreuiily ;;« •,,„1 Ui(! blni-kis iinptCi'Sdl : V iM.ini; e"in'. lliroiml'. 11"! till ,1 >(■,. wlirncL- il was Uik..|. to im.ailerty; so thai. ImumT ,, it. TluM-.^ ar.' also iMTUm ltmasaiull/.uly.laynian.r:; ; al.i.-allowaiufif.;rUie.v. miner is P"t,iliewliol« ••>=') 1"! „ ,-onnrrteil with it, were alio. ,1,0 J.ic.iiy .v.n,.(0l,..■ Malay tin, const- i;::;iv ;• ;uin;iaioi,...iu^.u:iv lof fromU.to2.-.feot (Uep;ii;i' td , ainiiil! It.e ore ronsi.lin Haraliul from lilt! ore l.yinssir Imeservedinlieaps.aiHlsmolle t elear of water hy H." 1""^ f * let«l.ad recourse lolliroii^li- tl''''''"'^\', 'wl.eeas.ovvinsto l-xii^ai^i'srueirq... l:-:;;:;;^:es"s:iwre:^ csiunale liaa u' , 2,000 tons. I'rom Prince of Wales Island there is also a considerable (iiiaiitlly exported ; and a sin. leronu direct to ('hina in junks, from several of the native ports on the eastern shore of the Malay peniiiBiila. The iireat marts for the consumption of liii are ('liliia, Hindostan, and the coiilinenl of F.iirope. TliJ qiialiiy of llieditr(!rent descriptions of Malay tin, although there may be some inconsideralile ditr.'rence jnllie iiiialily of the original ores, seems to lie derived cliielly from the greater or less skill with which llie process of smelting is comlncted ; and this, again, necessarily depends upon the e.xieiil (if capital, ;m.l goodness of the machinery employed. The mining operiitions of llanca have long been condiicleil u lan alariier scale, anil with more skill, than in any other of the Malay countries ; aiid conseiiuenlly, till' iiieial produced in this island is superior by from 10 to 12 per cent. : in the market of Canton it is railed " old tin," in contradistinction to " new tin," the produce of the olber Malay coumries. Next, ill point of quhi'ty, to the produce of IJanca, are those of 'rringanii and Singkep, whii h are not niori! than .i per cent, inferior to it. The tin of the state of l'era,a considerable part of which is produced hy tin; natives themselves, without Chinese assistance, is the worst, and usually about 16 per cent, below lliat k( Biiiica. The native tin of ('hiiia is 10 per cent, inferior to that of liaiica, and is probably block till, like Ibe greater pari of that of Cornwall j anil, like it, the produce of regular mining operations, anil not alluvial. The produce of the (;iiiMese mines is said of late years to have greatly decreased ; iiroliably owing to the great increase which has receiilly taken place in the proiliice of the Malay coun- lrii'3, and the die ipness and abundance Willi wliich it linils its way to China. It should be added, that nf late years, and ('liiefly owing to the very low price and abundance of ficrman spelter (zinc) in the liiJiaii "market, thi-s cnmmodily has occasionally been fraudulently mixed with tin. Tlie CMiinese lirokers of (-'anton, however, are siinicienlly export to detect tile adulteration ; and it is believed that tliijilisiredilable practice has lately ceased. Till! price of tin, taking the market of Singapore as the standard, lias I'lictuated nf late years from 11 '.11 -(' .Spanish dollars per piciil ; eiiiial, al tin! (!xcliaiige of U-. per ibdiar, to 17.s', and ti7.<. per cwl. At iioav.'rai-'e of Ibese prices, the annual value of the whole Malay tin will be about 210,000/. per annum. — (('ill'//'"''"' ffift''!-!! of Ihe fiiilian ^Ircliiprldiro ; Dr. Ilurfficld's MS. StatUtkal Ficic of the Idand vf ISivifi ! Siii!.'iipi)re Clirtinii le ; Cnnton Hfisistir, ilj'C.) (VVe lijve gnrnt satiist'.iction in iiciiij; able to state that the duties on tin raised in Cornwall aiv.l Devon, and all regu'.alioiis with respect to the coinage of the same, have been abolished liv the I & 5J Viet. c. 120. This wise and benel'icial measure provides that compensation jh.ill be made to the ducliy of Cornwall for the loss arising from this aholiiion, by settling on lis iijssedsors a perpetual atinuily eijual to the nett average amount of the duties during tho 10 years ending with 1837. And having thus secured the interests of the miners and the Juke of Ciirnwall, the act goes on to secure those of the public, hy enacting that the duties on foreign tin and tin ore shall bo reduced to 1.5,?. and I0.'>\ a cwt. rospectividy. The total quantity of tin produced in Devon and Cornwall, in 18:17-38, amounted to 5.^30 tons, of the average value of 82/., making its total value 420,66()/.--S»/).) TOBACCO (Da. Tubak ,■ Du. Tubuk ,- Fr. Tuuac ,- Ccr. Tahack ; It. Tabncco ,- Pol. Tuhaka; U\x^. Tubak ; Sp. Tabuai ,- Arab, llujjcrbhang t Hind. Ttinibitku ,- Malay, Tarn- kiicou), the dried Icave.s of the Nlcu'.luna Titbiicuvi, a plant indigenous It America, but which succeeds very well, and is extensively cultivated, in most parts of the Old World. The recent leaves possess very little odour or taste ; but when dried, their odour is strong, narcotic, and somewhat f(i?tid ; their taste bitter and extremely acrid. When well cured, ihey are of a yellowish green colour. When distilled, they yield an essential oil, on which their virtue depends, and wdtich is said to be a virulent poi.son. The leaves arc used in various ways ; being chewed, smoked, and ground and manufactured into snulV. It is in the last mentioned form that tobacco is principally used in Great Uritain ; and, though tho contrary has been often asserted, its use does not seem to have been productive of any per- copl'iWc bad consequences. I. Hisl'iricul !^kelcfi nf Tobacco, — The taste for tobacco, though apparently administering only to a frivolous gratification, has given birth to a most extensive commerce, and been a 1 iworful s|)ur to industry. Being a native of the New World, its introduction into Europe liitesonly from the early part of the UUh century. cSeeds of the plant were sent, in 1560, from Portugal, to Catharine do' Medici, by Jean Nicot, the French ambassador in that coun- try, from whom it has received its botanical name. The notion, at one time so general, that the sjicc'ific appellation tobacco was derived from its having been im[)orted from Tobago, is now universally admitted to be without foundation. Humboldt has shown, that tobacco was the term used in the Haytian language to designate the pipe, or ir..strument made use of by the natives in sin iking the herb ; and tlie term having been transferred by the Spaniards from thn pipe to the herb itself, has been adopted by the other nations of the ancient world. — [llmd Poliuj'.ic siir li'!er the auspices of Sir Walter i'.iloish. ill the prci'ediiig year. Harriott, who accompanied this expedition, gives, in his iloscrijition of Virginia, an account of the tobacco [ilant, and of the manner in which it was useJ by the natives ; adding, that the English, during the time they were in ^'irginia, and since tiieir letiirn home, were accustomed to smoke it after the fashion of the Indians, " and fonml many rare and wonderfi'.i experiments of the virtue thereof." — {Hakliti/f, vol. i. p. 7.5.) Raleigh, and other young men of fishion having adopted the practice of smoking, it spread ainon'.|.st the English; as it had previou.sly spread amongst the Sjianiards, Portuguese, Freucli, and other Continental nations. But it made its greatest progress in this country 646 TOBACCO. 1 « I CD after the foundntion of the colony at James Town in Virginia, in ] G07. The soil of the colony being found particularly well filled for the culture of tobacco, considerable quaniiiics were raised and sent home ; and the numerous individuals interested in the colony contri. buted to introduce that taste for it which was diffused amongst all classes with astonishing rapidity. James I. attempted, by repeated proclamations and publications, some of them coiiclirj in very strong terms, to restrain the use of tobacco. But his clVorts had very little ellW't; and the settlers in Virginia continued to experience a more rapidly increasing and Leila demand for tobacco than for any other product of the colony. During the earlier part of the reign of Charles I., the trade in tobacco was mnnnpoli^pj by the Crown, This monopoly was not, however, of long continuance, and tuluily cratcj at the breaking out of the civil war. Tobacco plants had been early introduced into England, and were found to answer re. markably well, 'J'heir cultivation was, indeed, prohibited by James, and uftrrwiirds l.y Charles, but ajjparently without effi'ct. At length, however, the growing coiisumpiinn of tobacco having excited the attention of the government financiers, it was seen that, by ii;,. posing a duty on its importation, a considerable revenue miuht be raised ; but that, were it allowed to be freely cultivated at home, it would be very diinrult to collect a duty upon it. In 1C43, the Lords and Commons imjjosed a moderate duty, for the sake of revenue, un plaiita'jon tobacco; but instead of directly prohibiting the use of native tobacco, they liur- dened it with such a duty as, it was supposed, would occasion its culture to be iibaiulriniil. The facility, however, with which the duly was evaded, soon satisfied tlic republican leadois that more vigorous measures were required to stop itscultivution, and coi)Krelieved, at the time, lo have been principally brought about by the solicitations of the planters; but their real inten- tion was not so much to conciliate or benefit the latter, as to facilitate the colleetion of a revenue from tobacco; and, considered in this point of view, their policy seems quite unex- ceptionable. This act did not, however, extend to Ireland; and, of late years, the cultivation of tobacco made considerable progress in that country. Had this been allowed to continue, there can be no question, that in a few years the revenue from tobacco, amounting to aboiA 3,000,OUO/, a year, would have been materially diminished ; for it would be quite visionary to suppose that any plan could have been devised for collecting a duty even of 100 per cent, ujwn tobacco — (see y;oA/) — supposing it to have been generally cultivated in Ireland. !No one, therefore, can question the wisdom of the late act prohibiting its growth in that country, ani of rigorously enforcing its provisions. Any advantage Ireland might have gained by ii, cultivation, would have been but a poor compensation for the sacrifice of revenue it must have occasioned. In some countries, as England, tobacco is principally used in the form of snuff; in otiiovs it is principally chewed ; but in one form or other it is everywhere made use of. !So early as 1(J24, Poj)e Urban Vlfl. issued a bull, excommunicating those who smoked in eliurelus! The practice of smoking was at one time exceedingly prevalent in this country ; but durinij the reign of George III. it was well nigh superseded, at least amongst the higher and middle classes, by the practice of snuff taking. Latterly, however, smoking has been in some inca- Bure revived, though it is still very far from being so extensively practised as formerly. We ((uote the following statement as to the universality of the use of tobaeeo from a learned and able paper on its "Introduction and Use," in llie 22d volume (p. MS,) of the Asiatic Journal : — "In Spain, France, and Germany, in Holland, Sweden, Uernnark, aiiJ Russia, the practice of smoking tobacco prevails amongst the rich and poor, the learned and the gay. In the United Stales of America, smoking is often carried to an excess, ll is not uncommon for boys to have a pipe or cigar in the mouth during the g.valest part of the day. The death of a child is not unfreijuenlly nx-onled iti American newspapers, with the follow- ing remark subjoined : — ' suppo.^^ed to be occasioned by excessive smoking.' If we paw to the East, we shall find the practice almost universal. In Turkey, the iiijie is per|)etnally in the mouth ; and the most soleirin conferences are generally concluded with a friendly pipe, employed like the calumcf of peace amongst the Indians. In the East Indies, not merely all classes, but both sexes, inhale the fragrant sleam ; the only distiiiclion nniong them eon- eisting in the shape of the instrument employed, and the species of the herb sniuked, In China, the habit equally prevails; and a modern traveller in that country (ll.irrow) stat(^•, that every (Jhinese female, fnnn the age of 8 or 9 years, wears, as an a|)peiidage In her dress, a small silken juirse or pocket to hold tobacco, and a pipe, with the n.-i .d' vvhkh many of them are not uiiiiC(|ijainlL'd at this tender age. 'J'his prevalence of the practice, at an early period, amongst the ChincKc, is ap|)ealed to by M. Pallas as an evidence that 'in .Asia, and especially in (Jhina, the use of tobacco for smoking is more ancient than the discovery of TOBACCO. 647 in 1G07. The soil of the ceo, ci)nsi(leral)le quanliiics •f stcd in iho colony coiitri. all classes with astonishing ins, fionie of them eoiiclioj 'iVorts had very little ell'ift; pidly incrcasini; and bcltir in tobaceo was mnnopolisoil itinuance, and totally ceascj nd were found to answer ri>. .lames, and aflervviirds l.y he growing eoiisumi'lion of icrs, it was seen that, tiy in.. be raised ; but that, wore it lit to collect a duty ujion it, for the sake of ri'veuuc uii of native tobacco, they imr- its culture to be aliaiuluiuil, itislied the republican lt\i(lo;s n, and conse quently to render passed, prohibiting the growth provisions eariied into effect, 2. c. y'l., which onlcicd thr.t were believed, at the time, ;j planters; but their real inteu- .0 facilitate the collection of a heir policy seems (juiti uncx- cars, the cuUivation of tobacco allowed to continue, there can mounting to aboiA 3,000,0t)0/, be quite visionary to suppose even of 100 per cent, iipoii iltivatcd in Ireland. !\'o one, ts growth in that couiitiy, aii'i nd might have gained liy iis e sacrifice of revenue it must n the form of snuff; in others here made use of. !^o early ose who srnoUed in churchts! t in this country ; but diirin:,' tnongst the higher and middle loking has been in some nica- |y practised as formerly, if the use of tobacco from a 22d volume (p. 142.) of the Hand, Sweden, Denmark, anJ lich and poor, the liarncd and larricd to an excess. It is not ig the g.\atest part of the day, newspapers, with the follow. |ive smoking.' If we [ia:-s to xy, the pi(ie is pcrpctvially in included with a friendly [lipt', 1 the East Indies, not merely distinction among them coii- Icies of the herli smoked. In duit country (Barrow) statd', las an apjieiidage to her dress, ,h the uti of vvhiih many of re of ihc practice, at an early I evidence that ' in Af'ia, anJ ncient than the discovery of the New World.' He adds — 'Amonn: the Chinese, and amongst the Mongol tribes who had the most intercourse with them, the custom of smoking is so general, .so freqvunt, and has become so indispensable a luxury ; the tobacco purse allixed to their belt so necessary an nrticlo of dress; the form of the pipes, from whitrh the Dutch seem to have taken the mcJel of theirs, so original; and, lastly, the preparation of the yellow leaves, which are merely rubbed to pieces and then put into ihc pipe, so peculiar ; that they coul.l not possibly derive all this from America by way of Europe; espe(aally as India, where the [iractice of smoking is not so gi-neral, intervenes between Persia and China.' " This, however, is a very doubtfid proposition. It seems suHiciently established that the tobacco jiiant was lirst brought from Urazil to India about the year 1()17; and it is most probable that it was thence carried to Siam, (Jhina, and other Eastern countries. 'J'he names given to it in all the languages of the East, are obviously of European, or rather American, origin; a fact which seems completely to negative the idea of its being indige- nous to the East. Si}ura's iif Siipph/. Trnpnrfufinn into Great Britain. — Tobacco is now very extensively cultivated in France and other European countries, in the Levant, and in India ; but the tohacco of the I'nited States is still very generally admitted to be lecideclly sn|)erior to most other-. It is mu'li higher (lavoured than the tobacco of Europe; a superiority attributable in some degree, perlijps, to a dilFcrent mode of treatment; but far more, it is believed, to diirerences of soil and climate, i'reviously to the American war, our supplies of tobacco were almost entirely derived from Virginia and Maryland ; and they are still principally imported from these slates ; so much so, that of 33, 10?, 67 9 lbs, of unmanufactured tobacco imjrorted in Ls:51. ;52,i 12,108 lbs came from the United Slates. Mr. .lelVerson, in his Nates on Vir , ii continued stat<' of exertion, beyond the growers of nature to support. Little fioii of an', i-.ind is raised liy them; so thiit the men and animals on these farms are badly fed, and the earth is rapidly impoverished." — (English ed. p. 2i8.) Tobacco is extensively cultivated in Mexico, but only for home consumption. It might probably, however, were il not for the resLrictions under which it is i)laced. form a consider- a'jle article of cxiiort from that eounii-y. I'nder the Spanish government, tiie tobe.co monopoly was one of the jfrincipal sources of revenue; yielding from 4,000,000 to 4.500,000 dollars, exclusive of the expenses of administration, amounting to about S()0,000 dollars. Xo tobacco was allowed to be cultivated, except in a few specilied places, ('omniissioners, or i^uardiis dc tatjiiai, were appointed, whose duty it was to take care that all tol)iicco plan- tali'Mis without the [irivileged districts should be destroyed. The government llxed the prico at\'hich the cultivators of tobacco were ol>liged to sell it to its agents. J'lie sale of the manifactured tobacco was farmed out; and cigars vfcrv, not allowed to be sold, except at tho royal cftancos. JN'o one was allowed to use cigars of his own manufacture. Tliis most oppressive monopoly was established in 1704. It has been continued, from the dilllculty of supplying the revenue which it produces, by the present government. — (Hninlju/dl, Xuuvelle r.spa.^ne, vol. iii. p. 49. ; Poinsett'' s Nulcs on Mtxico, note 1 16. Loud, ed.) Cuba is celebrated for its tobacco, particularly its cigars. These consist of the leaves, formed into small rolls, for tho purpose of smoRing. Formerly their importation into tliis country was prohibited ; hut they may now be imported on paying the exorbitant duty of % per lb. Havannah cigars are usually reckoned the best. Previously to 1820, the culti- vation and sale of tobacco were subjected to the same sort of monopoly in C\iba as in Mexico; liut, at the period referred to, the trade was thrown open. In consequence of the freedom thus given to the business, the production and exportation of tobacco are both rapidly in- creasing, though hardly, perhaps, so much as might have been exjiectr ' ; the culture of sugar and colVce being ri ckoned more profitable. In 1828, the dcelai'ed valiir of the tobacco exported from Cuba amounted to 868,000 dollars; but there is good reason to think that its real value considerably exceeded this sum. At present, the total real value of the exports of tobacco from the Havannah and other ^lorts is probably not much uiidc 2,000,000 dollars. The tobacco used in Cuba by the lower classes is chiclly imported from the United States. Consumption of Duty-paid Tobacco in the United Kingdom, — It appears from the fol- lowing ollicial account, that the consumjition of duty-paid tobacco in Great Dritain has increased from about 8,000,000 lbs. in 1789, to lG,2l'4,000 lbs. in 1833; the duty having lluctuated during the same period from l.s. M. to U. and 3.'.'. per lb. There are, however, sufficient grounds for thirdiing tliat the consumption would have been at least one-fourth part greater, had the duty been less. 13ut, whatever dilVcreuce of oi)inion may exist as to the inlluence of the duty in Gieat Britain, there can he none as to its influence in Ireland. The subjoined Table shows that during the 5 years ending with 1798, when the duty wasSrf. a pound, the annual average consumption of duty-paid tobacco was 7,337,217 lbs. 648 TOBACCO. r 1 Mf. "J c :> "*•! 1 .tr^ K. ^ «w r*;* '■c.^>«| r ."1 .J f- • ua c;:! t.^ J '313 Since 1798, the population of Ireland has been more than doubled ; and yet, during the 5 years ending with 1833, when the duty was' 3s. per 11)., the annual average consuinption has been only about 4,266,000 lbs. ; which, making allowance for the increase of population, shows that the consumption has sunk to little more than a fourth part of what it amounted to at the former period ! Tliis statement warrants the conclusion, that were the duty on tobacco in Ireland reduced to Is. per lb., the consumption would be so much increased, that the revenue would gain, and not lose, by the reduction. Siinnrir/iiiir. — 'I'lie price of tobacco in bond varies from 3d. to Gd. per lb. ; so that tlio duty of 3,v. amounts to 1,200 per cent, on the inferior, and to 600 per cent, on the sviperior (I'jidilies. Now, tl: .ugh the use of tobacco be a frivolous, it is, at the same time, an innn. cent gratilication ; and we do not really ice any reason whatever for loading it will) surh oppressiv i duties, even supposing it were j) ssilile to collect them. 'I'he more the wants niiil desires of men are nmltiplied, the more inventive and industrious they become ; and so far from jirevciiting luxurious indulgences, a wise government should exert itself to incrcaf- their number, and to diffuse a taste ior them as widely as possible. But supposing it to If otherwise, still the magnitude of the tobacco duty is altogether indefensible: it is neillu'rr,i|. culated to produce thf largest amount of revenue, nor to eradicate the taste for the article, Its exorbitancy is advantageous to th .• luggler, and to him only. With the exception of brandy and geneva, tobacco is the pr, ..cipal article clandestinely imported. If, as one nii"ht be half inclined to suspect, the duty were intended to give life and activity to the nerarious practices of the illicit traders, it has completely answered its object; but in every otlur point of view, its failure has been signal am' complete. "According," said Mr. Poulett Thomson, in his admirable speech on the taxation of the empire, on the 26th of March, 1830, "accord- ing to all accounts laid before the house on this subject, smuggling in this article in Enjland. Ireland, and Scotland, is carried on to the greatest possible extent. I have heard it stated. and I have the fact upon the best authority, that numbers of vessels are constantly leaving the ports of Flushing, (Jstend, &c., carrying contraband tobacco to this country. It is a fa.; which was established in evidence before a committee of this house, that seventi/ cargoes of fobacco, containing 3,614,000 lbs., were smuggled in 1 year, on the coast of Ire'aiul, from the port of Waterl'ord to the Giant's Ca..seway alone ! In Scotland, smuggling in this article is also carried on to a great extor i. There is no doubt," added the Right Honourable gn- tleinan, " that the only mode of meeting this system of smuggling consists in fairly rcdiicii'!; the diilij upon tlie article. I believe, that were the duty upon it reduced to Is. or l*. 6rf per lb., the ))ublic would be greatly served, and smuggling put down." We question, indeed, whether, allowing fur the clandestine importation, the consumption be relatively less at this moment, in Ireland, than at any former period. Under the present .•system, government collects an exorbitant duty upon about a fourth part of the toliaccn consumed in Ireland, the other t/ircc-fnirths being supf)lied by the smuggler; the duty hcinj at once an incentive to his energies, and a premium to indemnity him for his risks ! Afuurth part of the demand of Great Britain is, probably, supplied in the same way. Accniinl of llie Nimiticr of Pounds' WeicliI of Leaf Tolincco, niaiiufnrtured Cipars. and Pniiff, that |)iiiil Duly in tilt' I'liili'd Kinpk - 7 t'^ast liiilia ■u — .") Ttiikey 4'; — 5 St. DdUiingo :i' — () 4i Aniersluot or German 3,\ — 7 Ilavniiiiali and Cumana u - Cigars - s. ll s. ..'. to (1 35 — 5 5.' — 1 1 2 — 1 4 11 — 1 •; _ d fi — 8 (1 fi — 8 (1 41 — 10 1 8 — 3 6 5 (j 5. ll. 13 (1 2 llpcr !), 3 — — 6 — TOBACCO. 649 bled; and yet, durint;; the inual average consumption the increase of population, ( pm-t of what it amounted ion, that were the duty on be so much increased, that to erf. per lb. ; so that the per cent, on the superior at the same time, an iiinn. ■or for loading it with such The more the wants ami as they become ; and so far nuld exert itself to incrcaM- lile. But supposuis it to 1 p idefensiblc : it is neither cA- ■ate the taste for the iirlii-lc, y. With the exception uf imported. If, «« one might and activity to the nel'rtrious ;ct ; but in every other point " said Mr. Poulett Thomson, ;ih of March, 1830, "accord- ug in this article in Enghini], Ltent. I have heard it stated, "essels are constantly Iravini; to this country. Itisafa.'t louse, that sevmti/ cargoes of m the coast of Ire'and, from land, smuggling in this article 1 the Right Honnurabh; gen- iig consists in fairli/ raltichv: n it reduced to is. or Is. 6(/. down." importation, the consumption !r period. Under the present 1 fourth part of the t(diace.> the smuggler ; the duty bcini!; ly him for his risks! A fourth fhe same way. Ifirtured Cipars. and Pnnff, tim anuury, 1810; willi tlie Ualcsol \ccnnnt of the Quantities of Tobacco retnined for Home Consumption, ttio Untcs of Dnty tlmreon ; and llie Total Nett I'ro iuce of the Duties, in (ireiit Uritnin iind Ireland j from 17bi) to 1M.3, both inclusive. — (Pur/. Papers, No. 310. Sess. 18'2y, No. ~47. Sess. \hXi, and No. -212. Scss. Ib31.) Amouul of Duly receiveil Uiereon. Mamifsctureil Tobacco ami Cigs". Snuff. Tolil. L. fi8,n6 L. i. I, March , 1834. s. ,1. s. * ■umptioo. Kxcisa. American. nioiisof Spam anil I'ortu^al. buoiplion. Kxciae. turul Tobacco. ~ «... L. 1. d. /.tj. L. I. d. , I7S9 8,132,181 408,037 4 1 Ii. 3d. 3». 2,705,441 128,704 8 4 Ij. Iriih currency. ' 1-90 8,960.224 512,383 7 1 • 3j. 6d. 2,60.1,437 I3i,l93 18 10 1T91 9,340,87i 685,9 6 9 1 • - 2,549,013 117.420 2 1752 8,979,221 682,096 7 7 • - 1,767,581 80,693 4 6 1793 8,617,967 647,217 14 4 • - 6,>68,!S57 12>,844 17 1 6d. dilto. 1791 9,723,536 600,262 12 10 • • 9,426,211 193.158 10 7 1755 IO,972,3dS 659,989 3 4 7,874,409 215,719 9 8d. ditto. 1796 10,047,8J3 755,451 15 1 ' l». 7d. ' 4l. 6,/. " 6,045,-90 186,, 39 19 1797 9,822,139 813,027 16 2 li. 7d. 6-20lhs. 4i. 6(<. I3-20I1I9. 8,445,65-, 267,721 16 4 1 179i 10,286,741 867,302 14 It. 7d. l2-20lhs. 4». 7d. 4.201hs. 4,894,121 213,317 12 7 li. ditto. 1799 10,993,113 799,369 14 2 ■ . 5,876,172 2S>',028 4 9 Ij. 7-lOlhadillo. 190O 11,796,415 987,110 8 8 • 6,737,273 327,916 9 ISOl 10,614,998 923,833 3 5 l». 7d. 6-20ths. 4i. 6d. 18-20111!. 6,389,734 2,-3,482 6 4 '' 1?02 12,121,278 928,678 9 1 IJ. 7d. 33..50lhs. 4v. 7d. 13-.-,0lhs. 6,327,542 309,738 9 2 5 1,«. 7-10tb5perll). ( and 3s. per 100 lbs. ' m 12,589,570 I,(K8,563 16 1 II. 7 3 4d. 4j. 8 1-4rf. 6,278,511 265,944 3 4 ikn I2,2'i4,494 1, 060,3 fl 18 U. 8 l-2d. 4,1. 10 l-2d. 5,783.487 314.007 3 8 Ij. 5d. Brit, currency. 1 1S03 1 -2,616,471 1,088.821 4 3 U. 8. 6,1182,186 359,8-j7 6 4 . 1«7 12,432.934 1,336,342 17 9 4,531,049 313,417 4 3 If. 5d. ditto. ira9 12,076,119 1,448,296 3 7 • 6,847,416 403,9-3 3 8 1S09 13,0i4,870 1,325,154 5 7 • 4i. Id. 13 20th8. 6,497 ^62 451.278 19 n l»10 14,1 OS, 193 1,. 599,376 18 9 . ■ 6,221,616 444,198 5 liill 14,92.3,243 13,013,333 1,701,848 8 2 - . 6,,; 5.1,024 532,(J82 9 9 2j. 2d. l3.20lhB ditto. I$I2 1,679,912 2 2 2i. 4d. 13-20th9. 4». 6d. 18-20I11S. 5,896,702 697,897 9 11 ilSlJ 13,648,245 C Custom-* re- ) I cords'Jestroyed. \ 1,581,684 12 9 2s. 8<(. 3.16lh5. 4j. lid. Il-I6lhs. 5,914,817 746,006 3 2 2i. Sd. 3-16tlln ditto. ISU 10,503,917 . 4,869,304 653,708 12 11 13.207,192 l,76l,4»7 7 in 3>. 2d. 6j. 5|-2d'. 4,748,203 740,279 13 1 3>. 2d. ditto. i«,o '2;8I3,S0S 2,033,109 2 8 - 4,732,085 7.0,510 7 6 1 1*17 ,„ :,0^9 2,158,500 3 II . . 4,778,11:9 757.316 8 3 • 1818 I3.6S«,437 2,173,866 19 2 . 4,lM4,04t 664,183 9 1 1819 14.91 1,21-, 2,285,045 2 10 is. Cj. 3,4«6,8',2 61.1,9-9 5 7 4». ditto. l''20 , 13,016,'i62 2,610,972 7 9 • 2,582,,t4 2,693,009 13 . . 3.546.126 730,307 12 8 182-1 13,083,091 2.627,933 12 6 • . 3,749,732 730,589 S 4 ■ ins i4,.';io,5-,-> 2.530,617 6 3 3j. 5«. 4,U0,049 72X,2S8 13 11 3i. ditto. ■ Hi6 13,7S3,370 2,077,875 14 7 - 3l. 3,898,647 580,,«93 U Ifi? 14,704.655 2,223,.140 18 4 . 4,041,172 t03,0.37 18 9 1818 14,310,368 2,198,142 IS 2 4,013.915 5;r,,6s3 4 3 I'iS i 14,760,4f;8 2,23G,3C(; 4,125.297 61.3.341 i 1830 15,170,719 2,309,-287 - 4, 122,782 61 1.978 > IS3I 1 1S,3',1,0I8 ■2,33-.|l > 4,18,3.S23 b.'ii,48.5 1 IKli ' 15.892,792 2,428,532 > . 4,342,676 652,366 'l« ' 16.214,159 - - 4,556,1.48 Be^uladons as to Importation. — Tobacco is not to be imported in a vessel of less than 120 tons bur- den I nor iinloss in hogsheads, casks, cliests, or cases, coiitaininc at least 100 Wa. nett weishi, if from the East Indies; or 450 llis. weiplit, if from any other place; or 100 lbs. weight, if cii:;iis ; except {obacco from Turkey, whii li may be packed in sepat,'\te bags or packages, provided tlie outward pack- aoc be a hogshead, cask, clipst, or case, c intainini; 450 lbs. nett at least ; and e.xcept Guatemala and ci)loiiil)i;in tobacco, which may be imported in packages of not less than 90 lbs. Tobacco is not allowed to be imported, unless into the following ports; viz I njuloo, Liverpool, Bristol, Lancaster, (owes, Falinouth, Wliitehaven, Uull,(ilasgo v, l-ort Glasgow, (ircenock, I, eith, Newcastle, I'lymoiiili, llellast, Cork, Drogheda, Dublin, Galway, Limerick, Londonderry, Newry, Sllgo, Waterford, and \Ve\l'orii. A rent of /iKir sliillings is charged upon every hogshead, c;isk, chest, or case of toltacro, warehoused in every warehouse provided by the Crown : 'is. being paid immediately upon depositinij Ihf tobacco in the warehouse, and 2.s-. niore bi;fore the tobacco is taken out for home consumption, or esporiaiion : it may remain for^cc years in the warehouse williout any additional charge for rent. No abatement is made from the tobacco duties on account of damage ; iitit the merchant may, if ho choose, abandon ttie tobacco, which is In ho destroyed. The allowance of duty-free tobacco for each railor on board his Majesty's navy, and for each soldier on foreign service, is fixed at 2 lbs. per lunar mnnth. Tobacco that has been exported, cannot lie reiinported, wilhoul being subject to the same datyav if it were imported for the firs' time. Tobacco cannot be ent.^red for exportation in any ves- seloi :..'89 tlian 70 tons harden. — (See a full statement of the regulations in Ellis's British Tariff for iy:l-;fl) When tobacco is reshipped for exportation, an allowance is made for shrinkage, from the ieller lo the buyer, of 30 lbs. per hhd. on Virginia and Kentucky, and '."i lbs, per hhd, on Maryland, on ilie laniting wiMghts; the draft of the former 8 lbs. and of the latter 4 lbs., with a tret on all sorts of 4 lbs, per 104 lbs. [Stocks of Maryland and Ohio Tobacco. Stocks Remaining Iq thp WarrhnuseB in Unsold in Eu-rope, 3lsl Dec. Biltiniort It 1). C. In Holland Ill Rrenien. Total. 182; hlvls. 7,370 13.100 4,700 . 17,800 \m ■ 14,001 Il,7,i2 . 2.100 • 13,852 1827 - 9,760 14,168 - 5,500 . 19,668 i^M • 12,800 6,871 4,000 - 10,871 1829 ■ 9,;wu 8,454 - 1,600 . 10,054 18J0 • 11,700 7,4i2 . 2,100 - 9,552 1831 - 11,«50 8,579 - 3,0^6 - 11,665 1832 . 8.000 8,680 - 4,720 . 13,400 1M3 . 10,200 8,494 • 6,540 . 14,03 » 1834 • B,l,-|() ■ 1,1,530 - 6,64,5 . 19,181 isas • 9,110 9,119 • 8,6.50 - 17,789 1836 ■ 12,00? 9,200 - 8,308 - 17,508 1837 . f> 81VJ 7,259 - 6,126 • 12,3S5 18.38 . !•' ,129 5,837 . 2,5>7 - 8,394 1819 . io,o,«n 5,421 4,890 • 10,314 1840 7,->05 8,218 . 1,061 . 9,278 Baltimore Inspections. Impacted in Maryland. 1825 lilids. I5,.'94 hhd Ohio. 1826 I8,08^i 1827 19,672 1828 16,478 2,300 1829 14,984 4,000 1830 IC,3;I3 1,100 1831 2-2,050 2,200 1832 24,174 3,200 1833 2,3,115 6.000 1834 ?7,222 8,000 I83S 34,11' 9,000 1836 30,509 6,400 1837 30,245 «,380 1838 23,205 1,639 1839 22,582 4,096 1840 39,661 8,43« Vol. IL— 3 I 82 ;l 650 TON, TONNAGE. gilt, S»| m '■K3mJ| «c.,.'«u| 1<% ' Tmpfwtcd inla Oennany onrf Hnllanil in 1840. The followiin til»!e f xhibifs the nuniber of hoj^liea >% of Tohicco and Sttiiii, receive I :»! Ihe principtl Kuropein iiMrke's, /toiii f/ie I7m'((rf Stair), dui-iiiff tlip year 151411 j Ihe numt.erw.l I ; aij-l theniiiii- bcr reniainini; in tiisi lianJ^, at the clum of the year. Maryland deooiuinatiuii incluJcM that alio of ()}))». ImporUd into Ilre.i en. hh. 14 570 Maryland and f)hio Virf^iiiia Kentucky Slenii • Total hhdj. - 25,227 Dittpoitd of, Maryland and Ohio hhds. lS,3fl9 Vireinii - - 3,4iU Kentncky • • 3,«t3 Sltnis • • • 4,564 Roltfrdara. Amiterdam. - I3,5'2 ■ IP,.'t32 . 3,(i04 • I, ''44 175 . 105 696 ■ 306 17,256 12,297 2,t-58 2S5 676 Total hhd!. • 30,034 ie,197 Sltirks rumainiuf^ on hand, DeceinU-r 31. Maryland auJ Oliio hhJs. 1,061 . iflih ■ Mr:;',nii • • «5 - 332 • Kentucky • • 283 hlems • - • 1,651 • 398 . 8,711 1,614 HI 326 10,823 Total hhda. 3,282 6,095 Ttnporttd into Livtrpoch Slocki, Dk, ji 2.2 2.246 30,792 ** District of Columbia 6,08» 333 9(6 • 1S32 Miltiiiiore ■ 3,7 i3 S,II6 1.5,491 314 2,2-3 3.978 40,333 (4 DiitrictofCnlnnibia 7.278 1,544 300 2 -,8 1W3 H.illonore - 2,372 5,191 13,118 44-' 2,323 2,045 32,301 « Distiict of Columbia 5,5,38 K61 411 • 1834 Ilaltilnore • 3,182 7,4Si 13,413 696 87.3 1.613 33,126 (1 Dis'rict of Columliia 5,673 271 . 1835 P.'iltiiitoie • 2,3(>3 9,656 19,769 203 2,571 Dis'i id of Columbia 6,971 415 • 40,953 1838 Hallininre - 3,134 7,150 12,367 . 4,052 210 30,703 t( Di.tricl of Columbia 1.725 1,322 413 . 1837 R.illiiiinre - 3,910 7,2»7 14,291 60 7,531 38,644 4t Dtnlrict of Columbia 5,272 2£0 . . 1838 naltimore 2.2;o 8,198 12,181 rf 4.053 1,3S'( 44 Dis'rct of Columbia 1,631 ■ . 30,451 1839 llTlliin'ire - 6,133 5,111 10,237 4.34'^ 27,812 1 44 Dii'rict of Columbia 1 607 . 356 1810 llalliiiiore - 7,.!T0 12,098' 16,2J9 115 8,270 44 District of Columbia 3,266 2,177 49.635 I.yford'j Price Current. Annual Average E.xportations of American Tobacco for Three Years, from October 1, 1835, to Sep- tember .SO, lS3tl. .ivcrajfe first C').\t in Ihe r. St,4lr8, perlOO 1 Countries In which the tobacco Number of Value. Duty levied in each countrv, estimated in American currencv was exported. hogsheads. Itis. American currency. per 100 Ids. ' j 1 Dolh. n. Cli. j BuMia 181 111,712 4 S3 Leaf with its stems, and stems, n. 10 66; leaves ivillioul stems, n. 21 32. Sive.len and Norway 1,761 141,?)99 6 72 In Norwav, fl. 3 29. Dennnrk ■ h3 111.071 9 64 I.eaves anil stems. 42 1-2 cents. llolLuid . 19.815 955,«35 4 02 Virttinia, ^c, 12 1-2 cen's; Maryland, 14 1 4 cents. flt-lf^iiiin • 2,457 185,107 6 24 Viriiiii.1, *c.,23 1-1 rents; Marylaiii;,26 2.3. Great Riitain 2i>,773 3,110,170 9 00 Leaves and stems, D- 72 75. Gibrallar - 4,878 379,6'0 6 48 Fi te port. Mala 216 15,'J33 6 15 F11 e 1 orl. S|»ain 1,729 IW.5I7 9 19 MoiKipiily by 1: e re^ie, e»cept in 4 provinces. France 10,826 •)j6,556 7 36 Miin(i|Kily tiy Ih.- reeic. Poriuija! • 77 6.360 6 88 Miino|nlv by the farm ; also a duly of A 8 3C. Italy 769 t6,021 9 32 Monoiiiil'v ill Sardinia, Homau States, i'arnia, Naples, and .Sicily 32 2,2.33 5 S2 Mnni'polv in Naples. Trieste (AuMria) . 295 20,t97 5 84 Moncj.c'y in the Austrian domininns. wi(h the exception of llunL'aiy; also a duty m Austria ul D.ii 6b. Other cnuiitrie.4 of Germany 25,753 1,195,968 3 55 See note lelovv. All 'itlier country's • 6,771 480,078 103,422 7,748.772 6 25 A*t>ff.— Th'- (!u*y nn importation of American raw tobicc^i anil Btem«. is in rrmtia, Bi(]en, WnrteniburK, Piviria, IlesseCissel. Hes*e' Darnisladt. Nissan. Saxnny, Lii-chteriBtfin, HnhenzoUeni, IIf«e-lliinil'nriC. Fr:irikfnrt, Watdixk, Sfliaun,bur?-IJ|ii.e, I.ippe DfMiioM, in Ihfl AnIiaM 'fiiktil'ini'., S,ixo-\\>iniar Eiieinch, Snip-Mi-inei;gen.Hj||l>iirjtliau'Ptt, Saxr-AMeni'iirjt, SHii-Col-urg Goliin, ;viiil the Rtisse princi- fiali'ie-*, v. .1 2.1 1 1" 100 Us. ; in Il.inover ani Urunswick. 70 cei.ts pei 10 i 11^3. ; in Rrf-iiiPn, 3-4 per cent. : in H,iiribijrg, 1 I-2 [ler r'-ut.; n l-Mt-^f , \i per ciut. j m iMeckiei-burg Stihwerio, a.id in Meckienburj^-Strelitz Ihe duly is very Irilling.— U N. Om\. and SUxU Kti- Mm. Ed.] TON, nn English weight containing 20 cwt. TONNAGE, ill commercial iiavigation, the number of tons burden that a ship will carc'. TONNAGE. 651 aiocki,nn.3t a 9,739 2.W 2,(^6 ^i,'l^i 811 339 3J)-'J 2,161 tii 1">3 . hhds. 7,.'i24 '. 7,ii8 Sloclu, Dec 31 .ieflyhhdt. 13,M6 - 12,«3 f 1)1 Europe, Deum ^■r 31. IMO. 1839. \m. IiMj. 12.663 U,428 M,2J6 i.:m 7,2.18 f.,lltO '"» : \^ 1,:«7 1,7«) 1,210 1,1-no 1,200 1,-00 l,2V) 200 2"0 2ifl 8,410 ft,>-Ofl 3,;V) and Aiitnerp Wy« nasal . ^00 7.(ili0 .i,6-.0 1,2(0 frV) 200 2l0 hliJJ. S'.'-ST »8,:53 31,CM e District of rolumtim. To CnWM. Fr:\Iicc, 'r,.:ni. 5- anil CoaslwiM.-. H^gihwdi. Wi;j)((a/Il. 1 934? 3,4iir. 5 2(i,47l 2,ria4 s 20,329 1,3^7 t 2,872 S 35,771 '3,1CC5 29,036 }>^ 1,7^5 ^■,551 l:j-?l 2,323 1 l.ai3? 2|JT 1 1 40,9a 4."'|2 30,703 7,531 38,644 • 4,0'i3 l.3S'< 30,451 { , 4,34'i 1 27,812 1 3i(i > ' 1 . 1 "t^'l 49.655 'j Pria Currmt. J.ijford 3, from October 1, 1835, to Scp- 1 ! -ountrv, c!lim;raclical obstacles in the way of any change are much grenter than is commonly sujiposcd. 'J'he accurate e^^tilnatioll of iho tonnage nf a ship is a very diincult [iroblem indeed; and it is indi.-ipen.salile that any system to be adopted in practice be not very complex ; for if so, it will cither be wholly inapplica- ble, or it will he sure to be incorrectly applied. At best therefore, only an api)ro.\iiiiative measurement can be obtained. (The subjoined statute, 5 vS: Will. 4. cap. 56., which has embodied similar clauses, pre- scribes the rules according to which the tonnage of ships has been ascertained since the 1st of January, 1836. These rules are not so simple or easily applied as those that were pre- viously u.sed ; hut they give the tonnage of all ships, however liuilt, with tolerable accuracy, ami, consequently, take away the temptation, that till then existed, to build ships of a form unsuitable for the purposes of navigation, itt order that, by measuring less than their true burden, the duties charged according to the tonnage might be evaded. Hrpenl of Former lieffululhiis.—Thn rales laid (Inwn'iri the act .1 cSc 4 Will. 4. c. 55. (see vol. ii. p. .S90.) rrlaliiisr lo ili« ailiiieasiircinent of ships, are hereby repealed, so far as relates to the niurcliant ships (oIk- horeaftiT registered.— i) 1. Hiilcliy irliirh Taininirc of Ki-v.-iffs I.? to be ascertnined. — From and nflor the cnmnienceiiient of this act tiie l(iniia(.'e of evtiry slii|) or vi'ssil shall, previntis to her liciiifi rciiislered, be measured and ascer- miiit'il while her hold is clear, and aecordiriy to the fdlldwhiK rule ; vl/..: dividu the length of the upper ilt'i'k liotween the afterpait of the s-lein and the forepart of tho sternpnst into G equal parts. Depths : al the foremost, the miiMIe, and the aflernnist of those points of division, measure in fi'et and di:cimal larls of a fnol the liopths from the underside of lln^ upper deck to the ceilini! at the limlier slrake. In (lie case of a break in the upper deck, the depths are to lie measured from a line streltlied in a conli- iiiiiitinii of the deck, lircadlhs : divide each of those 3 depths into 5 c(nial parts, and measure the insiile breadths at the following ptdnts ; viz. at l-5th ami at4-5ths from the upper deck of the fureniost anil al'iermnst depths, and at 2-5tlis and 4-5tbs from the nppi^r deck of tin; midship depth. Length : at lialf the nililship depth measure the length of the vessel from the afterpart of the stem to the forepart of llie sternpost; then lo twice the midship depth add the foremost and the aflermost depths frrtlie Pion of the depths ; add logoiher the upper and lower breadths at the foremost division, 3 times tlii> upper breailth, and the lower breidlli at the midship division, and ihe upper and twice the lower lirciidlli at the after division, for the sum of (he breadths; then inulliply the sum of the depths by tlm (iiininf the breadths, and this product by the length, and divide Ihe final product by 3,500, which w'ill five the number of tons for register. If the vessel liave a poop, or half deck, or a break in the upper (leek, inC'isnrc the inside mean length, breadth, and height of such part thereof as maybe included williiii the bulk-head^ multiply these 3 measurements together, and, dividing Ihe product by !)24, llie qiinliciit will be the number of tons lo be added to the result as above fnuiid. In order to ascertain the toimaire of opi'ii vessels, the depths are to be measured fiom the upper edge of the upper stiake. — } 2. Toniwirc '» !"' entered iin Register. — The lonnage or burden of every ship belonging lo the II. K. ascer- tained in the manner before directed, shiill, in n^spect of any ship registered after the commencement ol' tills act (except as herein e.\cepted), be inserted in the cerlilicate of the registry thereof, and be laki'n and be diMMiied to be the tonnage or burden thereof for all Ihe purposes of the said act. — } 3. Toiniiii'e »/ Stniin Vessels. — In each of the rules before prescribed, when applied to ascertain the tnn- najeof any ship or vessel propelled by steam, Ihe lonnage due to the cubical contents of the engine rnoni shall be deducted from the total tonnage of the vessel as determined by either of the rules afore- said, iiiiil the remainder shall be deemed the true register lonnage of said shipor vessel. The tcmnage Sue to the cubical contents of the engine room shall be delerniined In the following manner ; viz.: measure the inside length of the engine room in feel and decimal parts of a fool from the fureniost (d llie aftermost hulk-head, then multiply the said length by the deplh of the ship or vessel at the mid- fliip division as aforesaid, and the product by the inside breadth at the same division at 2-5ths of the deplli frnin the deck taken as aforesaid, and diviire the last product by '.t2'4, and the quotient shull be deemed the tonnage due to the cubical contents of the engine room.— Ci 4. I.riiirih and Conleiils of F.iiffitie liooiii la be set forth in Defcriptinji of Steam Vessel. — The tonnage due •n llie cubical contents of the engine room, and also the length of the engine room, shall he set forth .11 tin; cprlilicate of registry as part of the description of the ship or vessel ; ami any alteration otsucli lo!inii;e due to the cubical contents of the engine room, or of such length of ilie eiigine room, after teL'isirv, slnli lir: deemed to lie an alteration requiring registry dc novo within the meaniiig of the said an lot llie registering of ships or vessids. — J 5, Forasr-rlnininir Tunviige of Veasels when laden.— T\u: tonnnee of ell ship.a, whether belonging to the ! . I\. nf otnerwise, as there shall be occasion lo measure while their cargoes aio on board, the fiillow- liijriile shall be observed; viz.: measure, first, the length on the upper deck between the alierpart of llii'fleiii and the forepart of the sternpost; secondly, Ihe insiiie hreadllioti Ihe underside of the upper ileik at llio middle point of Ihe length; and, thirdly, the depth frinii the underside of the upper deck (town the pinnpw'll to the skin ; inulliply these ,S dimensions together, and divide the product by 130, aiiiltlic (iiiotient w II be the amount of the register tonnage of such ships.—} (i. .Iiionmt of Resi-it'r Tonnane to he carred on Main Beam. — The true amount of the register tonnage (if every ni'erchan' ship or vessel behuising to the II. K., ascertained according lo the rule by this ac^ eslalilisbed in reaped of such ships, shall be deeply carved or cut In lignres of at least 3 inches in Icnglhi on llie main beam of every such ship or vessel, prior to her being reuislered.— J 7. Xiltn alter Toiinairc of 'yef.'eh alreiidij re<;>stered.—'\M\\\u'i herein contained shall extend to alter tlie present nipasure\)f tonnage of any ship or vessel which registercMl prior to the ciimmeiici'inent o!" tins an, unless in cases where the owners of such ships shall require to have their tonnage established afcoriliiig 10 the rule before provided, or unless there be occasion to have such ship admeasured ajain on inemint of any alteration made in the form or burden of the same, in which cases only sucU flii|is sliall be re-adnieiisured according to the said rule, and their tonnage registered accordingly. -{8. Commeneement nf J!ci.~T\m act shall commence and take cflect upon and from the 1st day of Junu- irj,im,-i'J.)—Siip. I 652 TOOLS, TOPAZ. ttbi-JM CI '"''HI t3 ..L', The tonnage of gonds and store It taken goniellmes by weight, and somelimcn by meagnrnmenl ; that inpthod being allowed to the vessel whirh yleUlH tlie most Inniiiioi'. In tonnuRe by welifhl, 'io cwl, uiiike a ton. In tnnnnKe by nieiisiirerin-iit, 10 cubic I'eia lire ((luiil to a ton. All carrJii|jcH, or otiicr stores nieiinnred by tlie lonnuge, are taken lo plei es iiiid paekud ho as to occupy tlie least rndiij Ordnance, whether brass or iron, is taken in tonnage at its actnul wulglit ; as are musket cartridges in barrels or boxes, ammunition in boxes, &c. TOOLS AND MACHINES. TJndor this designation are comprised all sorts of instru- mcnts employed to assist in the performniicc of any tiiKlcrlakiiig, from tlie rudest and siiiiplct to the most improved and coiii])lcx. But we only nu'tition them here for the purpose ol' making one or two remarks on the restrictioiis lo which the tnidc in iheni is Bulijected. Itii portal ion and Ewpor/ntion of Ttm/s and Machines. — Tool.s and machines heinp; in. struments of jiroduction, it is obviously of the utmost im[)orlancc that they should lie as nnich improved as pos.sible, and hence the ex[icdiciicy of allmvinR their free im|i()rlatin[). Their exclusion, or the exclusion of the articles of which I hey are made, wotiid obviously lay every branch of industry carried on in a natioti less advanced ihiin others in theinnanu. facture, under the most serious disadvantages. And supponing the implements it ciiiploycil to be superior to those of other countries wiien the exclusion took |)lace, the absence of foreign competition, and of the etnuialion which it inspires, would most probably, in a very short time, occasioti the loss of this superiority. The injury arising from the prohibition o»" i.tost other articles is comparatively limited, allccting oidy the [iroducers an 214,129 1 265,ja i 2:i(i,5,19 i TOPAZ (Ger. Topas ,- Fr. Topa.se .■ It. Tnpazio.- Sp. Ti.pacio; Rus. Tnpas). The name Topaz has been restricted by M. Hai'iy to the stones called by mineralogists Occidental /uby, topaz, and sapphire; which, agreeing in th'ir crystallisation and most of their jiroper- ties, were arranged tinder one species by M. Rome de Lisle. The word topaz, derived from an island in the Red Sea, where the ancients used to find topazes, was applied by them to a mineral very different from ours. One variety of our topaz they denominated Chrysolile. Colour, wine yellow. From pale wine yellow it pas.ses into yellowish white, grteiiisli white, mountain Rreeii, sky blue : from deep wine yellow into flesh red and crimson red. Spciilli: gravity from .3'4G4- to 3'Gll. — (Thunisun's Chcjuiitri/.) TORTOISESIIELL— TRAGACANTII. 65» snmelimcs by meftgnremeni j ,. Ill tonnuge by weight,™ il'loii ton. All CHrriiigc'H, nr , rtH to occupy the b'asl room I ; as aro iimnhct ciirlridyts in iinprisctl all sorts of instru- oin the nulcst unJ sitiiplct 111 here fur the purpose ol . in them is suhjeirled. )ls ami miichines beinR in- ICC that they should lie as ■ inK their free importation, arc made, \vo\il, 104 L. 12«,652 212,416 233,"^ 211.129 26.i,MS 2J6,539 npacio; RU8. TOJHIS). ^^i lied by mineralogists Occidental lation and most of their luopcr- T The word topaz, derived trom Lzcs, was applied by them toa I I they denominated Chrysolite, vellowish white, grtc.nslMvMf. ^rcd and crimson red. Spe* "Telloie Topaz.— \n ^penkinsoftlic topaz, a Rem of a hpaiitiriil yellow colour is always undnmlond: Ills wine yrilow of (lifriTiMil (li'gri'iiM of iiileiisiiy ; iinil lliu I'lillur utid (lui.'por lliu tinge, the inoro the ,1011'' i!< estef iiieil. In hardiP'HH it } li Ids to the H|iiii>'lle. "TUero are few (tenia iiicire iinivcrs il fivdiirites tliaii the yellow to|ia/., when porferl : the rich rt'iiriii loiii! of Its colour, till! vivacity of iln liintru (which it retains even by the side of the diiiinund), anil itH large size, coiii|iared with in my otinrs, are elnirai ters w liich deservedly untille it to ilisliiic- 11,111 ; It hearn accordingly a high price when of good quality. "It in chiefly eiiipbiyecl for iiecklaecH, ear-drops, hraceletM, tcc. In suit. No little ekill and taste are rnpiired in cutting and duly pro|ioriioniiig this gem; the talile should he perfectly syniinetrical, aiul pit loo large, the hi'/.el of MUllicient di'|iih, and the collet siile should be lorini'd in ibliciti^ Hti'|>s. It ivnrks easily on the mill, and tlie l.ipidaries are in general itjlerably well acciuainicd with it j yet it la iiiii'iMiiiiion to meet Willi one well cut. ••The yelbiw topaz varies in price arcnrding to itf) beauty and perfection. A superlatively fine Fliiiie, pirfect ill colour and workiiiaindiiii, suHiciently large for an armlet, or any other oriiaioent, anil ivi'l'-'hiiig nearly HO carats, was sidd for 11)0/. '•■fopazes have become more coininon since our intercourse with Ilrazil ; conseiinently they ire less inilcHiaiid, and lower in pri''e. A line stone of tiO carats may he piircinised at from 'Jo/, to Ml.; and siiiiiilcr, calculated fur ring stones, at from '2t to 5/.: Iiiil it is not usual to sell tiieiii by wi'iglit. " I'tiilc Toimi. — This is made fioni ihe yellow, which, when of intense colour, is put into the bowl of a tobacco pipe or small criicilile, covered witli ashes or sand : on the application of a low decree of i,ii;il, it changes its colour from a yell iw to a beautiful pink. This is performed with little hazard; ,11(1 if Ihe rolonr produced happens to be line, the price is inucli angioentid. "A«r/ Topaz. — I'iiis be.iutifiil gem, whic'li very seldom occurs iialuriilly. is of a fine crimson ci.: "ir, linni'd with a rich brown ; it is e.xtri-mely rare, anil gunc'rally taken to Ik; a variety of ruby, for whicii I hiivp seen it offered for sale, lis price, from its scan ity, is iiiiite capricious ; it has an exuiiisite pl'iisiiig colour, very ditferent from Ibe glare of the artiliciai pink lop:iz. "Wku 7'«;»i:— is also a lieaiilifiil KiMiuofa tine cideslial blue colour. It has occurred of consiilerabin niasiiituile; the finest specimen known, I lirought in the rough from llrazil ; when cut and polislii'd, it ni'ii:liiMl about U oz. •Smaller specimens are not uni'(nnmiin, aiol, ulien liglit-coloiiriMl. are often liken for aiiua-niarinas, from which they may always he distinguished by their greater weight and liariluess, &,c. •■;('(ii(« '/'«pa:— is familiarly called Minus Knvu. It is a beautiful pellucid gem. and is used for brace- |!>|j, necklaces, tc. It possesses greater bi illiancy tliail crys-tal ; and, fniiii its hardness, has been Used to cover paste, tc, and to form doublets.— {.l/iKrc nn DUimomh-, S;i:. 'it ed. p. llK''— 1 12.) TORTOISESHKIJ, {VuFmuIIc ,I,s!1 lbs.; in IbDI, W.(lli-2 ; and in ISi-J, :V},m\.—{rai-l. Tapci; No. •12,i. Si>fs. IStl) The duty, whicli is 2.^, per lb. on the shells imported from foreign countries, and is. per lb. on tliose iinpiirled i'rom a Uritisli pot^scjssioii, produced, in lt^S2, ■iii-l. Is. Id. iiett. TOYS (Ger. S/yirlzerig, SppUnicfiim ,- Du. Spec/u;(ic(t ,- Fr. Juuets, Iliinhehih ,- If. TmsUdli ; Sp. Dijcs, Jitirucfes de ninnns ,- Rus. Iirni,s/if{i), include every trilling article made ex^iressly for the amusement of children. How frivolous soever these articles may appear in [\\p. estimation of .su|)erficial observers, tlieir manufacture eniidoys hundreds of hanils, and ntvcs bread to many families in TiOiuion, Birmingham, &,c. The greatness of the demand for them may be inferred, from the fact, that a manufacturer of glass heads, and snides of that description, has received a single order for iiOO/. worth of dolls' eyes! — [b'lmri.h Rcpnrf, Arfifians and Machineri/. p. 314.) Consiilerabto quantities are also im- parled from Holland ; which su[)plies us with several sorts of wooden toys on more reasona- ble terms than we can all'ord to produce them. But of late years, these have been made ia pcater abundance in En;',land than formerly. The duty on toys, which ts an ud vidnreni one of 20 percent., produced, in 183'i, 3, '160.'. \s. Id., showing that the value of the toys imported for home use amounted to 17,345/. TR.\GAGANTH, a species of gum, the produce of the Astragalus Tragacanthn, a thorny shrub growing in Persia, Crete, and the islands of the Levant. It exudes about the end ot June from the stem and larcrer branches, and soon dries in the sun. It is inodorous; impressing a very slightly bitter tasle as it softens in the mouth. It has a whitish colour; ia scmitransparent ; and in very thin, wrinkled, vermiform pieces; it is brittle, but not easily puheriscd, except in frosty weather, or in a warmed mortar. It should be chosen in long twisted pieces, white, very dear, and free from all other colours; the brown, and particula. 3i2 654 TREATIES (COMMERCIAL). •li'. -Ji ^ J CI f.'i j I.-; ly the lilnrk pipcos, kIiouIiI ho wlmlly rrjcptpil. — (T/iotnxnn's Chrmi'stri/ ; Dr. A. T, Tlwtn- fon\s Di.sprn.safori/ ; MHIiwh's Orioif. Cmn.) 'riir nilrii's of Iriiifiiciiiilli fur home cotiKiiniiiliiiii in I'^.TI nnil IH.I?, wore nt Ihp rnio of IS.SSfi ||i, ^ yi'iir. Ill Miircli, lb3l, truij.'kcaiith sold li\ iliu l.oniloii iiiiirktt ul fitnii \\l. U'a. to M. |it'r cwt, iimy (Cp*.) IiicIu'IciI. TKKATIl'.S ((:()MMr:i{OrAT,). By » commprcial treaty in meant b treaty lietwppn two itidoiM'iulciit rmtioiiN, for facilitiiting, uiul riiOMt cdiiiinoiily, aim), regulaliiitf, llie coininorce carrifil on lielwrt'ii tlicin. (>ri<:;in, Ohj cl.s, and I'o/iri/ of innr/rni CiDiimirridl Trrtilirn. — Dnriiiu; tin; niitldic n';, ;, niul (liiwn, iiiilt'cd, lo a ci)ni|i!iriili>('Iy recent iicriod, loreii^iierH resident in u eoiintry, wIkiIi,., for Piinimerciul or otlur puiiioses, w«t(>, for ttie most [nirl, pulijcrl to very luii^li trentinint. At one lime, it wan uf.uul in En^^land to uiiilie al.c lis lialile for llie di !>ts and ciiines ol' (mii oilier ; and the praetice formerly so eominon, of layiriR heavier diitie.ion I'.ie i;ood« iin|)orl(i| and e.\|)oitod liy uli' iii< than hy Drilirili sulijcets, is not even yet, we i^iieve to s;iy, altoi,'(tli,,f aliandoned. In l''ranee, and some otiier countries, durint; the I Ith and ITitli eeiiiuriis, ;i strnnner was inen[ialilc of beijueatliin^; jirojierty hy will; and llin whole of hi.s ])er.-()nul as well us real usialc fell, at his death, to the LiiiK or the lord of the liarony. This hurliiirnus law was known liy the name o\' Druil il' Aulidini, •Mnl was not (oin|iletely aholisjied Jn France till n very late period, — (Jialii r/sii.i'n I'licrlcs )'. vol. i. nol( -!t.) I'revii.nhjy (,5 last century, llie laws with respect to shipwreck, ihoujfh intinitely nuire humane than ihoy had heen at a inoro remote period, were calculated rather to promote the interests of il,,. poveri'jf^ii of the country, or the feudal lords on whose territorii s shipwrecked vessels ini;^^!,; he thrown, than those of the unfortunate owners or sur\i'.ors. — Sec VViir.ei;.*) The mri.t serious ohstacles were then, also, opposed, liy the iirt\,deiit insecurity, and the arliitrarv nature of the toils which the lords were in the linlut of exucling, to the transit of commodities through the territories of one state to those of another. Under such circumstances, it hccame of much importance for conirnercial states to eiid'a- vour to ohtain, liy ineaim of treaties, that protection and security for the jiersons and (.Toper. lies of their suhjicta, when abroad, against unjust treatment and vexatious exactions, which they could not have ohtained from the laws of the countries in which they iiii.;ht happen to reside. 'J'hus, it was stii)ulated hy Edward H., in \'.VZ7-\. that the merchants and mariiicrs of A'enico should have power to come to England for 10 years, with liberty to sell their merchandise and to return home in and'ty, " wit/iauf /Kiriiiu; fil/ier Ihcir ptr.iimf! or iriioih sl('/i/)ti/ on (icconiil of other p'opU's criitii.s or (hlifx." — {Atidcrxoti, anno KJ'J'i.) 'J'hi' commercial treaties negotiated durinf^ the IHth, lOlh, and 17lh centuries, are full of similar conditions; and there can he no douht that, hy iirovidnip; fur the security of merchants and seamen when ahroiid, and suspendintf, with respect to them, the harharous laws and (iracticfs then in force, they contributed materially to accelerate the progress of cuminerce anJ civilisation. Commercial treaties were 'ilso net^otiated at a very early period for the rej^iilation of neutral commerce durin;; war; and for dcliniii'j; the articles that should be deemed conlni- band, or which it should not be lawful for neutral shi[is to convey or carry to either liejlijj. rent. These are obviously points that can only be decided by express stifiulatioiis.j- Instead, however, of confining commercial treaties to their legitimate an•. limy IH iii(';uil i« trraty lictwooii ), M'j;ulatiii«,»l>i' foiniiit'rco Durini? lli" niiJiUo nj^c'i, iiiliMilin ufoiiritry.wluilur to very hiivhh trcninicnt, e lUhta uiul ciiim'H of cuch l„li,..»«.ntlu>i?'>oil«i'ni'"rti>il vvr niiivo lo say, altonHhcr Mill iiiul irnli (Tiiturics, ;( t, vvlioli- i>t' 1'''' l"'f^i>'>itiatnr of a cuinniereinl treaty :— " HesidcH a genrral kiiowlech^e of the trade and ri'ciiirocril JntercHlM oC the eonlnicting iMitien, hi ought to be precisely aci|uaiiiled with their Mcveral kinds of indu-lry anil si. .Otil.), — an ojiiiiion in which we are disposed, with very little niodilication, to concur, — lliat when a few general rules arc agreed upon for the elfectual security of trade and mivigation, incl'iding the importation and exportation of all conitm)dities not prohibited by law ; the s[ieedy ailjiihtinent of dis[iutes ; the regulations of pilotage, harbour, and light-house duties; the protection of the property and elli'ctH of niercbonts in the event of a rujituro, A:e. ; all id done that ought to he attempted in a commercial treaty. It may, indeed, be pioperly sti|iu. latL'il tlmt the goods of the contracting ()owers shall be ailmitled into each other's ports on the same terms as "those of the most favoured nations, ' — that is, that no higher iluties shall lie charged upon them than on those of olbers. Hut hero stipulations ought to cease. It is an aliuse and a perversion of commercial treaties, to make them instruments for regulating ikiliis or prescribing Custom-house regulations. We admit, indeed, that occasions may occur, in which it may he expedient to stipulate for arfiUirlion of duties or an abolition of prohibitions on the one side, in return for similar foncessiiiis on the othiT. Hut all arrangements of this sort ought to be determiru'd by u roiiveiiliou limited to that particular object; and a fixed and not very distant term should bo fpecifu'd. when the obligation in the convention should expire, and both parties be at liberty to I'lmtinue or abandon the regulations agreed upon. Generally speaking, all treati(>s which ili'tennine what the duties on importation or exportation shall be, or which stipulate for pre- fiTi'iices. are radically objectionable. Nations ought to regulate their tariffs in whatever la.nii' they judge best for the promotion of their own interests, without being shackled by [ii','a!;ciuents with others.* If foreign powers be all treated alike, none of them has just gruuiuls of complaint; and it can never he for the interest of any |)eopl(; to show pri^ferences tonne over another. Those, for cxami)le, by whom we may be most advantageously sup- I'lieil with foreign products, rei|uirc no prefi-renccs ; and if we exclude them, or give a pre- ference to others, we inconlestal)ly injure ourselves : and yet 19 out of 20 of the regulations ,15 to iluliis in commercial treaties have been founded on this preiiosterous jjriuciple. They have been employed to divert trade into channels, where it would not naturally flow ; that it, to render it less secure and less profitable than it would otherv^'ise have been. A great deal of stress has usually been laid upon the advantages supjjosed to he derived from the privileges sometimes coiieeih'd in commercial treaties. But wc believe that thoso who iiniuiru into the subject will find that such concessions have, in every case, been not only injurious to the party making them, hut also to the party in whoso favour they have been made. The famous commercial treaty with Portugal, negotiated by Mr. Methuen in 17UI!, was almost universally regarded, for a very long period, as admirably calculated to [iromote the interests of this country ; but it is now generally admitted, by every one who has reflected upon such subjects, that few transactions have taken place by which these interests have been more deeply injured. It stipulated for the free admission of British woollens into Portugal, from which they happened, at the time, to be excluded ; but in return for this concession — a concession far more advantageous to the Portuguese than to us — we bound ourselves " for ever hereafter" to admit wines of growth of Portugal into Great Britain at jds of the duty payable on the wines of France ! Thus, in order to open an access for our woollens to the limited market of Portugal, we consented, in all time to come, to drink inferior wine, bought at a comparatively high price I — (See Wikh.) This, however, was not all : by excluding one of the principal equivalents the Frencli had to oiler for our com- * Tliis i)rincl|)le is laiil down as fiimlaniental l)y a very hi(;li amliority, Sir Ilonry Parnell, in hit tract t«r Us jJvantages i/es liilutiuits Vomincreiuki cntrc la Franco ct I'Jliinlc.Urre. IMAGF EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 118 a^m Ui I.I ■ 2.2 £ 1^ 12.0 •ii IL25 1 1.4 I iiil 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAM STMET WIBSTH,N.Y. USIO (7l«)tn.4303 4^ /!♦ %. '«'fN i\ '^ '^<^ s^ 656 TREATIES (COMMERCIAL). HL: -m •^■: «Mn .14 ■«..'iia t3 tnodities, wc necessarily lessened their ability to deal with us; at the same time that wc provoked thcin to adopt retaliatory measures ajjainst our trade. It is owing more to the 8li|)ulatioii9 in the Methuen treaty than to any tiling else, that the trade between Kiiglaiul and Fraiire — a trade that would naturally be of vast extent and importanee — is eondiierl within the narrowest limits ; and is hardly, inilocd, of as much consequence as the trade wiili Sweden and Norway. — (See tin/c, p. fAi.) It ifl visionary to imagine that any nutiim will ever continue to grant to another any exclusive advantage in her marki'ts, unless she obtain what the rcfkims an eciuiviijcnt advantiiiie in the markets of the oth<-r. And if a commercial treaty stipulating for an exclu- eive |irivilege be rciilly and loiiii fide observed by the country granting the jitivilcgc, we may be sure that the concessions made by the country in whose fuvour it is granted aie sulli- eient fully to coutitervail it. Those who grasp at cxelnsive privileges in matters of this sort, or who atlem|)t to extort valuable concessions from the weakness or ignorance of ti,t'it neighbours, are uniformly defeated in their object. All really beneficial conunercial Iraiisac. lions are hottonied on a fair princi|'le of reciprocity; and that nation will always llourish most, and have the foundations of her prosperity best secured, who is a universal merchant, and deals vvitli all the world on the same fair and liberal principles. The justnoMi of these principles, we are glad to oliserve, is now heginning to be very griic. rally admillcil. iSlipulations as l^^ duties and ('u>tom-huuse regulations are disapp( arini; from commercial tieaties ; and it is to be hoj)ed that, at no distant period, every trace ul' them may have vanishi d. A (iiioil work on tin- priiiciplps, style, and liisrnry of roniniercinj Ircniips is a (Ifsicicrntinn. Tlic hpft we luivo still .'IK! Mascoviiis l)e t'uiltrihus Ciiiiiiiitrcinnivi, llo l.i'ipsic, lT;t.'i.; anil II. lulwinil, 'l'l,(,.m firs 'I'liiit's tin Criiiiiirrcr, I'Jiiio. I'aris, 1777. liiil llicsi! are |irlnri|iiilly works of eriKlilli'ii, ai;il hiii; wrilli'ii liet'.iri' llii' m>iiiiiI iiriticliiles of toiiiliierrlal poliry had hi en iiiilolilril. 'I'Uc.rr is no pornl i ullfc- tioii of tiealics in llii' l)in;l:sli laii'.'iiai.'e ; Inn Mr. Ilirtslet's work is valiialile, as coiilaiiiiiiL' llir ri rcni trralits; in an ani'^silile form. A work comaiiiiMf: new Ireaties anil slale paperi. is aiiniialK nm imIuI ni till* l'ort.'i;j;ii (Jllice ; it u>,{n\ to lie illstribulcd to a few otiiciul purijuiiages only, liiil it ih now i-oiil lo tliu pulilic. We subjoin copies of some of the commercial treaties and conventions existing at this moment between Great Britain and other powers. Austria. Convention of Comi.icrce and JVariiratiov bclircrn His Britanvic Majesty and the F.mperor of ^ustm, si^ined at London, December 21, lb29. Article 1. From llie 1st day of February, 1830, Austrian vessels entering ordepartinp from tlie ports of the Ifniled Kincdoni af d'reat liritain and Ireland, and lirilish vessels entering or departJiig frmii llie ports of his laiperi.il and Iloyal Apostolic jVIajesly's dominions, shall not lie sniijei I lo any mliir or hiu'lier dinies or chart'es whatever than are or £liall he levied on national vessels entering or de- part int' l>on\ Fiieli ports respectively. 2. All arlirlc.s of tin: growth, produce, or niannfurliire of any of the dominions of eillior of ilir liiili contrailiit!; parlies, wliirli are or shall he perinilled to he imported into or exported from II e pirlsof llin Unileil Kingdom and of Austria, respectively, in vessels of the one cimnlry, shall, in like manner, be perniitteit lo lie imported into and exported Iroin those ports in vessels of the oilier. ^. \ll arlirli'snot of ihe growth, prod iiee, or manufacture of the dominions of his lirilaiinic iMiiji'sly, whirh can h g;illy he imported from the I'liil'^d Kingdom of Great liritain and Trelainl inio ilii' |ii>r'u of Austria, in Hrilish ships, shall he sulijert only to the same ilulics as are payable upon Ihe lifci; Drtii'ies if iiiiporled in Aii.-.trian ships: and the same reeiprocily shall he observed in Ihe pons uf ite ITniled Kingdom, in respert to all articles not the iirowtli. produce, or iii.inufaitiire of Ihe ili.iiiliiiiiii of his Imperial and Uoyal Apostolic Majesty, which can legally he imported into the porl.sofllie United Kingdom in .Austrian ships. 4. All goods wliich can legally be imporled into the ports of either country shall lie admilliMl nl Ilir Bame rale of diiiy. whether imported in vessels of the oilier coiinlry or in national ve^t^ils; uiiil all goods which lan he legally exported from the porls of either rounlry shall be entiihil lo llii- saiiie hoiinlics, drawbacks, and allowances, whether exported in vessels of the other country or in ii:illuii;:l Vessels. 5. No priority or preference shall be given, directly or indlrcrlly, by the government of eillirr cniin- try, or by any coiiipaoy, corporation, or agent, acting in its behalf, or under its aulhnrlly. in llie pir- chase of any arlirle Ihe growth, proiliire, or maniifacliire of eilher country, imporled into the olliti, on account of or in reference to the i^ational character of the vessel in which such article inny It im- ported ; it heii g the true intent and meaning of tiic high contraclinij Jiarlies, that nu ilii-tiiii'lion oi diU'erence whan ver shall be made in tills respect. I). In ie>ipert to the cnmmerce lo he carried on in Austrian vessels with the British d'Hniiiinnsiiuhe F.ast Indies, or now leJil by the Kast India Company in virtue of their charier, his Ilritannir Miijoiy consents to t'r ml the same facilities and privileges, in all respects, to the subjects of his Iinpcrnil anl Uoyal .\poslolic Majesty, as are or may he enjoyed under any treaty or act if parliament by the (»^- jects or cilizei s ot the moEt favoured nalion ; subject lo Ihe laws and reenlations wliich ari'.or iiiay he, applicable lo the ships unit subjects of any other foreign country enjoying the like facilllies anil privileues of trading Willi Ihe said ilominions. 7. All the possessions of his IJrilannic .Majesty in Kiirope, except the Hrilish possessions in tin" Me- diterranean Sea. shall, for all Ihe purposes t' this cuiiventioii, be considered as foniiing pait eflU United Kingil.'iu of fin at liritain and Ireland. P. Thai cltiiise of article 7. of the convention concluded at Paris on the 6lh of Nnvcmlior, 1815, between the lourts of (Jreat liritain, Austria, I'russiu. and Russia, which relates lo llie coiiiiitrre between Ihe dominions of his Imperial and Hojal Apostolic Majesty and the United (ilules of llie Ionian Ishiids. is hereby coiirirmed. 0. The present cnuveiilion shall be in force until the If'th day of March, IWi; and further. lUitiU'i' end of twelve inonlhs after eilher of the high contracting parlies shall have given notice t" ll* other of its inlenliou to lermln.ite Ihe same ; eich of Ihe liiL'h cnnlracting parties reseiving to lii^o' the right of Giving sue h notice to the other, on or at any time after the said Ibtli day of M.irdi, l."*l and it is hi^reby agreed between them, that, at the expiraliun of 12 months after sucliiaiiicii cliaii TREATIES (COMMERCIAL). 657 ; at the some time that wc Ic. It is owing more to the ih'o trade between EiiRlaiul Md importance— is eodlineil lonsequcnce as tlic trade with lue to jjrant to another any t bhe rcc-liuns an o.iuivalpiit realy stipulating for an exdu- ry grantini? the ptivilegc, we >liiv(iur it is granti'd an- sulli- ivilcgos in matters of this sort, ikness or is;ii«)raiire of thwt beiiflii'ial conuiii'rciitl Iriiiisac- U iiiilioii will always llmirish \ who is a uni\uisal uiercliaiu, illw licRinning to he very gcnp. . regulations are ihsappi arim- distant pi;riod, every trace ot ratiesii.a.).'*>irks..f»-r.. "■ I'n acting V'mies,ll'=vt no .li.tiiicliono. .IswitlillioIUilisM'MninionsiinljJ .Hir diarter, liis lUHanmr Maji>i! '^ro^;ni.iect-;fi'i«|">j-;;:'::i ,1V or act .f parlian>eiitli> Hit ."' -'--';;; 'Millie i^^iinios'S ntry enjuyiiii; lli« "i*' '''"■" Pt It tlie Uritisti rossei-BionB 1" "'' ^'f; l,c"onBidereaaslonniiipi>ait"f'l'« .ris nn the Mh of N^wcml-r^^^ ^^^^^^^ .,-S'^at;;^'ti.:^a'i^.-'-'« IrMarcli.lHXfijn-lf-;''''';^;;^";::'' Iriies Pl.aW have «'V' ".';'' ;i,,,lf IntractinM'nrticH resmi'l. ' .,; L.rlhe.aiaibth.UyofM;^^'^,!,,;, 1 of 12 months after sutu nu'"^"^ havp been recelvea by cither party from the other, this convention, and all the provisions thereof, i^hall altoi;elher cease una aeterniinc. 111. The present convention sliall be ratided, and the ratitlcationa shall be exchanged at London, williiii I niontli from the date hereof, or Hooner if posslblu. In \vitncs§ whereof the respective plenipulenliaries have signed the same, and have alRxed thereto lliu scjIh of tlieir arms. Done at London, the 2lRt day of December, AnF.iiDERN. in the year of our Lord IS29. \V. r. Vksev Fitzoerald. KliThllllAZV. Austrian ships may Import from the dominions of his Majesty the F.mpcnir of Austria into any of till' llrili^li possi.'S!ii(jns abroad, goods tliu produce of such (lonijiiioiis, and export goods Ironi such llri- iKli iiossessioiia abroad, to bo carried to any foreign country whatever.— (Ori/cr i/i Council, April 7, mi) Uknmahk. Convention of Commerce between Great Britain and Denmark, nigned at London, the Wh of J tint, 1894, Artii le I. From and after the 1st day of .Inly next, Danish vessels entering or departing from the |Mrls of the United Kingiloiii of Ureal Hritain and Ireland, and Dritish vessels enteriiie or departing ;ii>iii tlie pons of his Danish Alujesty'g domlnioiis, shall not be snlijecl to nny other or higher dntiesfir rliarifi's whatever, than arc or shall be levied on national vessels entering or departing from such ports ri.'S|iC'Clively. 2. All articles of the growth, produce, or manufacture ofany of ihe dominions of cither of the high .ontractin? parties, which are or shall be perinitted to be imported into or exported friun the ports of the raited KiiiKilom anil of Denmark respectively, in vessels of the one country, shall, in like inan- mr, 1)1' iinporleil into and exported from those ports in vessels of the other. 3. All articles not of the growtli, produce, or manufacture of the dnniinions of his llritannic Ma- ji'Slv, which can legally be imported from the I'nitiil Kingdom of (ireal IJritain and Irrlind into the |iaris anil dominions of Him King of DiMiiiiark, in llritisli ships, shall ho siih.iecl only to the samo ,liiti.:s as ate payable upon the like articli.'s if imported in D.iiiish ships ; and the same recl|iro(ily fhall 111' oli-ierved with rcL'ard to Danish vessels In the ports of the said tlnited Kiniiilom of (Jreat lliiliiii anil Irelana, in re.spect to all articles not the urowth, produce, or inaniifaclure of the domj. iiii.iij nl* his Danish Majesty, which can legally be nnporled into the ports of the t'liited Kingdom in D.Hiisli ships. I All u'ooils which can lesally he imported into the ports of either country, shall he admitted al the 'iiiii.' rale of duty, whether iniporled in vessels of the oilier country, or in national vessels ; and all i>'iii.U wliii'li can he leeally exported from Ihe ports of either coiiiitry, shall be entitled to the same Iiiiu.iiii's,ilr.iwl)ack8, and allowances, whether exported in vessels of the other country, or in natiunal vcssi'Is. 5. No priority or preference shall be given, directly or inilirectly, by the government of either coun- try, nr liy any company, corporation, or agent, acting on its behalf, or uiuler its authority, in the piir- rliii.'i'nl' any article Ihe growth, produce, or manufacture of either country imported into the other, »n iircoiint of or in reference to Ihe character of Ihe vessel in which such article was imported: it In ihu ilie true intent and meaning of the high contracting parties, tliut no distinction or ditferunce w!i.ili!ver sliall lie maae in this respect. li. Tile liii-'h conlractine parties having mutually determined not to incliide, in the present conven- li'iii, their respective colonies, in whicli are comprehended, on the part of Denmark, Greenland, Ice- liaiil, and the islands of Kerroe j it is expressly agreed that the intercourse which may at present i' silly he carried on by the subjects or ships of either of the said higli contracting parlies with Ihe riilnnii^s of the other, shall remain upon the same footing as if this convention liaa never been con- iliiiieil. 7. The pi-esent convention shall he in force for the term of 10 years from Ihe date hereof; and fur- tlinr, iiiilil Ihe end of 12 months after either of Ihe high contracting parlies shall have i^ivcn notice to III!' nlliiir of its intention to terminate the same; each of the high contracting parties reserving to il.^i'ir llic right of giving such notice to the other, at the end of the said term of lU years ; and it is licri'liy aiireed between them, that, at the expiration of 12 months after such notice shall have been reci-ivi'd hy cither party from the other, this convention, and all the provisions thereof, shall alto^'cther lensi! and determine. b. 'file pre^sent convention shall be ratified, and the rutilications shall be exchanged at London, Hiiliin 1 month from Ihe date hereof, or sooner if possible. Ill witness whereof, the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the same, and have aflixed thereto tlio seals nf their arms. Done at London, the 16th of June, 1824. Gf:onni! Cannino. W. IIUSKI.SSON. C E. MOLTKK. ' Separate Article. The lilch contracting parties reserve to themselves 'o enter upon additional stipulations for Ihe pur- jiiise n( fiiilitating and extending, even beyond whut is comprehended in the convention of this date, lliecniiiiiH'rcial regulations of their respective subjects and dominions, upon the principles either of wlpniral or eiiuivalent advantages, as the case may be. And in the event of any articles or article bpiiisciiacliiiled between the said high contracting parties, for giving elfect to such siipiilations, it is hrti liy iipreed, that the article nr articles which may liereatter be so concluded shall be considered us tvtiiiing part of the aforesaid convention. JltUlilional Article. Thi-ir llritannic and Danish Majesties mutually ajrree, that no higher or other dnlies shall he levied -ii'illiiir nf ilieir dominions (their respective colonies being excepted from the convention of this '111 ),iipnii any personal property of their respective subjects, on the removal of same from the domi- iii'ii'Siif their said Majesties reciprocally, either upon the inheritance of such property, or otherwise, ili'iii are nr sliall be payable in each state, upon the like property, when removed by a subject of such itate, respectively. FB.iNCE. C«iiti»ii(i()ii of Commerce hetwern Hi.< Britannic Mnje.ity and the Meat Christian ICinp, together with ttco additional Articles thereunto annered, signed at London, January 20, 1»2(). Afticle 1. French vessels coining from or departing for the ports of France, or, if in ballast, coming fminnr ilepirting for any place, shall not be subject, in the ports of the United Kinedom, either on enicrlni! into or departing from the same, to any higher duties of tonnace, harbour, light-hunse, pilot- »i!e, qiinraiitiiie, or other similar or corresponding duties, of whatever nature, or under whatever I'ciinmination, than those to which llritisli vessels, in respect of the same voyages, are or may be ''''i'l't, nil entering Into or departing from such ports; anil, reciprocally, from and after the samo pcrjuil, Uritish vessels coming from or departing for the ports of the United Kingdom, or, If in ballast, 83 658 TREATIES (COMMERCIAL). W*1 ■■■■■* ;j m.isiil • I IffMlqJ C3 cominK from or dppnrilns for any place, uliall not be mibjeci, in the ports of Frnnre, either In enierlnj into or ili'parliiiL' from the niiiiip, to ntiy hijilier dnlii's of tonimirr, hnrhmir, li^ht-liotiKe, pijurii,;,. (|iinrnntiii<>, or ullifr Hirniliir or ciirrespcuiiiiiii! diilifB, of wliiileviT niHiire, or Uiiili-r wliiiti'vcr den,,.' inliiatJKii. tliiin llinsi' lo which I'rtiKli vi'HsflK, in rfi<|itM:t of llif siiiini voyui.'c!', are or n^iiy he siiLj,.,,) on eiilrtiiiK into or ili'piirlinK from such purls; whclhrr »iiih ihilips are collfcteil fO'P'inilely, nr me consoliiliiii'il ill iiaviuali' n of ihe two rimnlrirH, liifl M.isl (■||ri^lian Mijii-ly \\ ill alwnyn he disim^,,,) i,, reduce llie ani'iiiiil of the said ImrdeiiN in Irame, in |ir(i|Mirlion to any rciluclion which may hurtmitf be liiaili' of lliose now li'Vied in lliu porlii of ihe liiiili il Kii>t!ilom. 2 (.'oods « hicli can or may lie legally imporlcd iiiio llie purls of the I'nited Kinpilotn, fr. in the |ir,ri« of rraiici', if so in.porird in I'rciich vessels, shall he suhjiil In no hiuhrr rinlii'S llian if iii'piirii ,1 ,|, Krilish vessels; and, reci|irorally, yoods which can or may lie le);;illy imparled into the imiisir France, from Hie pons of Ihe I'niled Kinuilom. if so iniporled in Mrilish vessels, shall be siilijid i,, ,„ lii(.'lier (liilies ihan if iniporled in I'reiich vessels. 'I'lie prcidiice of Asia, Afiica, and Aimrli u, ,„,( lieinjf alldwed lolie inipiirted from Ihe said countries, nor from any other, in French vessels, m r Irim France in French. Ilrilish, or any oilier vessels, iiilo the ports of the Fnili-d Kiiiiidum, for I »; i,,,,. funiptioii, bill only fur w arehoiisiiiK and re-exporlaliin, his Most Chrislian Majesty resi rves in m,,,. self lo direcl (hnl, in like manner, Ihi- produce of Asia, Africa, and America, shall not be iniporleil in ,„ the said cminlries, nor from any other, in Ilrilish vessels, nor from Ihe I'niled Kiiit'ibnn in Driiisli French, or any olher vessels, inio the purls of France, for tlie cuiisuin|ilioii of that kiiiKduni, but ui,)y for warelioiisini; and re-exporialion. Willi reijnrd lo llic prodiiclions of Ihe countries of Kiirnpe, it is nnderstonci between the liii;h con. traclinii,' parlies, that such prodiiclions shall not be iniporled, in llritish ships, inlo France, fur IIiimiih! Kliniption of that kiniidoiii, unless such ships shall liave been laden Iherewiih in some pert nf u,,. Ilniled Kincdnm; and Ihal his liritannic .Majesty may adopt, if he shall Ihiiik lit, some corres|iii|„||,|,i resfriclive measure, Willi recard In the prodiiclions of Hie coiinlries of Fiirope iniporled intn iIh' |i(,r|j of the Uniled Kin^'doin in French vessels: the liiiih conlraclini,' parlies reservinji, however, to h,,.,,,. selves Ihe powtT of inakin);, by iiiitliial consent, such relaxations in the strict exei iilioii of Hie jirestnt article, as lliey may Hiiiik iisefnl to Hie respective iiileresls of the 2 couiiliies. upon the prii,i.l|ili; |,f liintiial concessions, allordins each to Ihe oilier reciprocal or ei|iiivalent advanlaiies. 3. All pooils which tan or may be leKuHy exporleii from the ports of either of the 2 countries, sli;i|| on their export, pay the same duties of exportation, whellicr the exporlalion of such t'oods I e iirailiMn Ilrilish or in French vessels, provided the said vessels proceed, respeclively, direct from the pcrij nf the one connlry lo those of Ihe other. Ar.d all the said poods so exported in Urilish or French vi'ssils bIiuII be reciprocally entitled te Ihe same homilies, drawli'icks, and other allowances of Hie $,iuie nature, whicli are granted by Ihe rcL'iilalions of each country, respectively. 4. It is iniiiiially apreeil between the liiKli contracling parties, Hial in the intercourse of navi^'aii.in between their 2 coiinlries. Hie vesH.^ls of any third power shall, in no case, obtain more I'avdiiralile conditions than Hiosc stipulated, in the present convenlioii, in favour of Ilrilish and French vi'!^.xcepl thope poss(■^sl'd by the Fast India Company), all kinds of merchandise which are not prnliibilicl I"ie exported from mhIi colonies in vessels other than those ol tJreal llrilain ; and Hit -aid vessils.iiswiH Itii the meiciiuiidise expurluU in the vame, bliall not be BUbject tu ulhur or higher duties than lliusv to IL). nrts of Frnnce, oillicr in enterini; i, ImrlMiiir, li(.'tit-limii.p, pildiiiK,., IIHllirK, or UlilIlT WllUll'VtT lloiKi. ,. voyaKC!', are nr iriiy li« siil.jiTt, , ore 1 iillfclfd si'l'iifiilely, "r lire f tv>vr\\i\K U) Imiici'll' Ui rc(!iilm,; It whiili llH'y ''I" '"■ '"">' '»• ''slu- diiiiiiiis^tiii'S '1'*' ln>r'< iiii|"iMi| ,i,.^ty uill iilwnyrt l)n ilisipiiMd ii, ny rc(lu<:lioii wliicU iiiuy litriiiil'itr 10 Viiitcil Kiiipilt'iti, (r iiillip pcirii. hiirlicr (liilii's (liim il' iii'imrtKl m ri;;illy iiiipi'ricil inln Uii' pmla 1 1' lliali vpi'sili', Hlmll l)e siiliiiii in no of Asia, Afiifii. I'll'' Aimrici, ii(,t (itlipr, in Kn-nili vessels, inr fn m H! I'liili'd Kiiiliiliini, I'lir licine un,. liriHlian M.ij" "'>' f'"' "''" "' ^•'""■ Vnifricii,i>liiill iKil l>e inipiirliMl in m III) llie I'hilfd Kiiiiidnin In Unucli, uinplion of tliul kinijdoiii, but ui,ly indiirctnod helween llie lii!;ti con. tish sliips, iidii Kninr e, Inr ilic cdn. den lliercwiili in toniepift I'f H,,; lilmll lliiiik til, sdiut riirris|Hii„liii;' g of Kiiriipi" iiiipiirliMl inm Ihe imrtj rlicB rt'scrvin)!, Imwi-'Vcr, to iIhiii- n llie slriit oxi'i iiH"" silj, uiiil oilier allowances of llie same peclively. liat in lilt: intcrcniirpe of naviiaunn in no case, olituin more lavduialilc our of llritish and !■ reiicli vismIs. Inrced by stress of wcatbi'r lo si'ck I nol iie subject to any diiliis (ir jort is, when so driven in by stress of rliun of cargo, in llie ports.or oiiilic 'tween tlio hlph contracting parlies subject lo their respective doiuinioiis [) years, from the 5th of April of tlie of the hiiJii coiitraciiii); piiriicssliiill operation; each of tlie liiiihioii- ■ to the other, at the end of tbe saij , of the 12 months' fxlunj-ioii aarerd eof, shall ultogelher cease and de- ions shall be exchanged in Loiiilnn, d the same, and have atfixcu thereto ord 1620. LE I'niNCE DE roLlCNAC. wliatever of the countries under the United Kincdoni (except lliosepcs- cidonies all kinds of nierdiiimlbe „ any country under tlie ddiiiiiiiini iporied into the said colonies, or arc sh dominion; and the sunl 1 iciidi Hit be subject, in the cnlcnier' ol the Kritish vessels may be sniijed, (in lich are imposed upon the nic.rdiaii- es of France with rcjiarrt tn the Im- ' nrodiici ions the growl li luid inami; h dominion,) with Ibe exccpli.ir. d ■ permit led lo be iiiipcrted enlv Irom /ihepr.dnceofanyl'ireicncDiii.lry, the ships of that conniry, w H" me iinpi.rled into the siiid cdlenns j" ,.s to himself Ihe power ol addiiigl Mich doniiiiions, the addin.inworn erco and naviiiution to W. perm lilonies of the olher, upun a li'OliiiS lies of the rnited Kincdo." (""fj ,,,lJHe which are ((otpr.di.btct llritain; and the -aid vessels.asvui ilherorhiKlierd.licstbanlteia TREATIES (COMMERCIAL). 059 which nritish vesBels may be snbjert, on expnrtlnK the said merchandise, or which nre impn^ert upnn llie iiieirliiindise itself; and they sliiill be eii'illed lo Hie same biiiiiiti"K, dr:i« backs, add i.iber allow- ances df llie same naliire, in which llriiish vessels wmild Im' cnuiled, on sik h exihrliiiKHi. Tlie s-inie facilities ami privileges shall be granted, reripmcallv. in nil tbe e.ilnines I'f h'riiice, fur llieex|i(inali"n,in llriiish vessels, of all I indn of men hiimlise, wbiiliare not pri.hibited to be i xporled ffoMi such colonies in vessels other than those of KraiK-e. These "i additional articles sliill have ilie same force and validity as if iliey were inserted, word f,ir word, in the convention signed this day. They shall be ralilied, and th.! raiilii alions .-.hall be ex- (liiMiii'd at the same lime. In vviiiiess whereof the respective pIcnipoteiitlHries have signed the sniiie, and have allixed thereto llie deals of their arms. Done at London, .Ian. 20, 1620. fiKoiuiK Oannino. Le I'liiNn; ni: I'oi.ionac. William IIuskisson. A Treasury letter, dated -Stli of March, 18?fl, directs that French vessels, and their cirpoes lecally iiiipnrted orj'xporjedjin board lliesanie, accordiin; to llie terms of llie ci.nvei.liioi in lie iireiedlng pane s, are. from the "Ih of April, 18-Jil, to be eharL-ed willi sncli and the like dii lies Mi.ly, i,r wbniever kind tliev may be, thil are charged on llriiish vessels, and siinilar ciri;. es bulen on henrd iherenf; and in like manner till! same boiinlies, ilrawbarks, iiml allowances aie In lie piid mi :iiiiil !. expnrlej „i j'rench vessels, that nre paid, (jranted, or allnwi'd on similar arlides exporied in l!rili-li vi'fsels. Aiidihe necessary inhlrnrtions are lo be transinillcMl 1(1 Ihe oilicers in the colniues for i itis jni; iiilo cifiMlthe slipnlalions contained in the 2 aiblilional arlides of Hie said convenlioii, tesiieLliiig Irciicli vcsselii and their cargoes, from the 1st of October, Is2i>. IIanhi: Towns. Convention of Commerce bclwren IHa Hritnnnir. Miij'\-i„ aint Ihe Free Unvsealic Uepublira of f.uheck, Bre- men, mid Jliiiiihiinsli, .siiTued al l.inidvii, Nipl, iil, l>'2j. Article 1. From and after the dale hereof, Itriiish vessels enlerinj,' or dep.irlins from tbe inrts of the free llaiiseatie. republics of I.iilieck, Hrenien, or llimliMrL'li ; and I.uhei k, ISremen, ,,r llainhnruh ves- sels enleritiB or depnriins from the ports of ih»! rniled Kiiitidom of (ireat Drilain and liel nd ; shall mil he siiltject to any other or liiL'ber ship diities or charges than are orshall be le\ied on national vea- fidsenlering or ditparling from such ports respectively. 1 All Boods, whether the production of the lerriiories of the free Ilansenlic republics of I.iiberk, Ilrenieii. or II.Tmbiir«h,or of any other country, which may be leiially impcirted trom any of the ports ef the said republics into the I'nited Kinadom of (Jreal llriie.in and Ireland in lirili>li ve-sels, sliill, in like niiinner, be permitted to he imported in I.iibeck, liremen, or llambur!;h vessels; ami all j/oods, wliether the production of any of the dominions of bis Urilannic Majesty, or of any other Kiiinlrv, ivhirliniay be leeally exported from the ports of the Ijiiited Kiiiiidoin in ltrili>li vessels, >biill in lilie miiner, he permitted to be exported from llie said ports, in I, nbeck, liremen. or llainbiiri,'li vessels. \iidall Kooiis, which iiny be legally imported inlii or exported from the ports of l.nliec k, lireineii, or Ihniliiiriih, in national vessels, shall, in like manner, be perinilled lo hi; imported into or cAportcd friinithe purls of I.ulxu'k, BriMiien, or llambiirgli, in llriiish vessels. 3. All cnods which can he legally imported into the ports of tin- United Kingibim directly from the pntlsnf l.iilieck, liremen, or Hamburgh, or eiilier of them, h ha 11 be admltied at tbe s;iiiie r ale of duly, fflielher imported in Urilish vessels, or in vessels beloniring to either of the said ri'|iiiblics ; and all ponds which can be legally exported from the United Kingdom, shall be enlillcd lo ilie sami^ lioiiniies, drawharks. and allowances, whether exported in Hrili.-b or Ilaiisealic vessels. And tbe like reeipro- ciiy shall he observed, in the ports of the said republics, in respect to all goods which can he bL'ally inimried into or exported from any or either of the said ports in vessels belonging to the United Kmi'dam. 4. No priority or preference shall be given, directly or indirectly, by any or either of tlie contracting prlii's, nor by any company, cor|iorntioii, or agent, acting on their behalf or iiinl"r llieir aiilbority, in Ihe purchase (if any article, the growth, pr(idiic(\ or manufacture of their stales respectively, imp(irte(i inliillie other, on account of or in refen^nce to the character of the vessel in w liicli sik h article was irnnnrled; il biMiig the true intent and meaning of the liicli contracting parties tlial no ili-linclion or (iilfcrence whatever shall bo niadi in this respect. 5. In consideration of the liiiiiled exlenl of the territories belonging to the repnblirs of I.nlieck, llro- men. and ManibiirL'li, and the iniimale connection of trade and navigation siilxisiing beiween these r?p(ih'iica, it is hereby stipulated and agreed, that any vessel which shall have been built in any or eitlierof the ports of the said republics, and which sliall be owned exclusively by a ( ili/en or cili/.eng ff any nr eitlierof I hem, and of which Ihe master shall also be a citizen of either of Ho in, and pro- vidcd';i4lhs of ihe crew shall be siibji'cts or citizens of any or either of tbe said republics, or of any oreilher of the states comprised in the (•ermanie (Jonf.ileiation, such vessel, so I iiili. owi ed, anil iiivijaled, shall, for all the purposes of this convenlion, be taken to be and he considered as a vessel beloniiing to l.ubeck, Hrenien, or Flainbiirgh. 6 Any vessel, together with her cargo, belonging lo either of tlie three free Haiiseatic rej iiblics of Liibeck, Dreinen, or llainbiirgh, and coming from either of the said ports to Hie United Kingdom, siiall, for all the purposes of this convention, he deemed lo come from the coiiniry to which such vpsspI belongs; and any British vessel and her cargo trading lo the ports of l.ubeck, Itreinen, or llaiiibiirsh, ilirecily or in succession, shall, for the like purposes, be un the fooling of a llunsculic Vessel and her cargo making the same voyage. 7. !i is further imiliially agreed, that no higher or other duties shall be levied, in any or either of I'le slates of the high contracting parties, upon any personal properly of the subjects and citizens of farh respectively, on Ihe removal of the same from the dominions or territory of such states, (either ii;H)n inlii:rilaiic(! of such properly, or otherwise), than are or shall be payable, in each slate, upon llie like property when removed by a subject nr citizen of such state r(?spe( lively. (■. The high ronlraetiiig parties reserve lo themselves lo enter upon nddilional stipulations for Iho piirpese of ficilitatingand extending, even beyond what is comprehended in th(^ convenlion of this dale, the coniinercial relations of their respective subjects and dominions, i iiizens and territories, upnn the principle either of reciprocal or piiuivalent advantages, as the case may he ; and, in the rveiitnf any article or articles being concluded between the said high contractiiig parties, fir giving (Ifect 111 siuii stipulations, it is hereby agreed that the article or articles which may hereafter be so concluded shall be considi^red as forming part of the present convention. 9 Tlie present convenlion shall he in f.>rce for the term of "10 years from the dale hereof; and fiall'.er, until the end of 12 months nlli^r the King of the United Kingdom of fireat llritain .and Ire- land, nn the one part, or the governnieiils of the free Uanseatic republics of l.ubeck, Ureinen. or Hain- burjih, nr either of them, on the other part, shall have given notice of their intention to lerminatc the lame; each of the said high contracting parties reserving to itself the right of giving fiich notice to llienlher at the end of the said term of 10 years : and it is hereby agreed helween Un in, that, at tho eipiiatiun of 12 months after such notice shall have been received by either of tlie parties from the 600 TREATIES (COMMERCIAL). ^M. m ■»' '* ML: ~m M- « iM •tf t» r 1 :i c- ? ••1 •1 MX ,a 5 nthiT. tills cnnvi'iilinn, niid till IIk- prnvUinnq tlnTi-of, sliall alhit'dlier rcnsn nnd ili'l(irmlm>, n hiMiMl', nlvf! or rri'i!ivi! iiiilli:i! of tin; |irii|i isnl leriiiiiialinii nf IIiIh ciiiiVL-iiliiin, hiicIi coiivt'iiiiini s\\n\\ licvrrtlirli'iiii, ri.'iiiaiii in full lorn: and ii|ii'ralli>n an I'ar hh rcL'tirds till! rciiiaiiiinK lluiiiieutic rojiublits or ri'pnlilic vviilrli limy iint liavo Hivrn or ri'ri'ivrd hiii'Ii iiolicf. 10 'I'lii- pri'Hfiit roiivi'iitliiii 8liall In' ratilii'il, and llii; rutilicutlnn nliall bo exchanged at I.uikIi,,; within I niiinth iVinn lln; ilatr hrn^nf, iir Hiiiini'r il° piiHitllile. In w itin'K4 whrriMir ihu rt:ap»ctive plcnipuluntiuricii huve Higiiud the aaiiio, and haveall'ixoil tliorni, tilt! st'alH III' ihi-lr arriiH. (iKiiiiiiK C'anmmj, Uuiiu ut Luiidiiii, tii'pt. 31), 1833. W. IIiiNKlxsoN. JaMGH C'ULUIIIUI'N. Mkxico, Treaty of j^itiily, Comnitrrc, and .VavigaHon, hclireen Great Britain and Mexico, signed at /.iiii(l„n llecxmberiVi, iN'iO. ,\rtirln 1. Tlmri? shall ho pi'rpetitnl aniily helwern tlit' doniininns itnd siihjncts nf his Maji Kiy tl,, KIni! of tho I'nllcd Kini;iloiii uT (>rval Dritaiii and Ireland, and the IJnltud rSiatus of Alvxico, ainriiiiii cili/.i'n.o. •i. 'riii-ro shall he, hotwnnn all the torritories of l-.is llritannic Majrsly in Europe and the turrilorjiy of Mexico, a roriprnr:il fi'i!i'doin of roiiiiiirrr)'. Tin; inliahilaiils of the two coiintrl(!s, reHiuitiv. l,, shall havi' lihiTty freiMy and si-cnrtly to ronii'. with thnir ships and rarjjoes, to all phui^s ami ri\i j. ill till' tirrritoriiis aforesaid, savliiv only sili'li parllriilar ports to wliirli other I'oreiiiin.'rs sliall ihji i<. pniiiiiti'd to eoiiie, to entirr into tin; saiiie, and to ruiiiain anil reside in any part of the said iirriiun. , ri'spi;rliv('ly ; also to hire and oei'iipy liousrs and warilidiises for the piirposi'S of their ciiniiniii,; iiiiil, t'l'iirrally, the merchants and traders of each nation, respectively, shall enjoy the imiMt ciiii!|,|.iv pnilection and seciirily 'or tin'ir coninierce. In like manner, the respective ships of war, and pnst-ollice packets of the 2 counlrii's, shiiU liavi. lilierty freely and senirely to come to all harlioiirs, rivers, and places, saving only such |i:irilciil:u ports lif any) to which other foreJL'ii ships of war uiiil packets shall not he permitted to ciuiie, in eniir into the same, to anchor, and to remain there and relit; siihject always lu the laws and atulutciii the two coiiulries respectively. Hy the ri'.'hl of eiilerini; the places, ports, nnd rivers, menlinned in this article, the privileL-e nfcir- ryiiiu on llie coastini! trade is not iinilerslooil, in which national vessels only are permilieil n, i hlmsp ' 3. Ills Majesty the Klni! of the United Kiiif:diini of (ireal Krilain and Ireland ciiKages riulln ri^liui the inlialiilants of .Mexico shall have the like hlierly of coninierce and navigation stipiilaled for iiii!i, pr cediim article, in all his dominions situated nut of F.urope, to the full e.vtenl in which the same l^ liermitleil at present, or shall he permitted hereafter, to any other nation. 4. iNo higher or olln^r diili.'S shall he iiii|iiised on the importalion into the dominions of his llritnimn Maji'sly. of any article of the (;r(iwih, produce, or niaiiiifacture of Mexico, and no hiylnr nr mli.r (Inties shall he impnsi'd on the importation into the territories of Mexico, of any arllrlis of ilu pr^iwlh, proilm*!, or manufacture of his llritannic Majesty's (lomiiiioiis, than are or shall In; pm. aide on Hie like articles, lieiiiK the {.'rowlli, produce, or nianilfacture of any other forulL'ii ciMiiiirt n.ir shall any other or hlj/her duties or chartjes he imposed in the territories or duniinions of liijnr'H till- contraciini! parties, on the expiirtalion of any articles to the territories of Hie other, llnii siirlia. are or in.iy he payahle on the exporlation of the like articles to any other foreiijii country ; nur shil; liny prohiiiiiion he imposed upon the expurlation of any articles the prowlli, produce, ur iiiai,ufalim of his llrilaniiic Majesty's dominions, or of the sJiid territories of Mexico, to or from ihe salil {|,i. millions of his llriiannic Majesty, or to or from the said territories of Mexico, which sliall iiuti;iiu,illf extend to all other nations. 5. No higher or other tU;lies or characs on nccmint of tonnajje, liiilit or hnrhour due.s, pilnlajjo, sni. I vace in case of daniat'e or shipwreck, or any ndier local charfies, shall he iniposeil, in aiiynf'il.i ports of Mexico, on British vessels, than those payalile in the same ports liy Mexican vess l-»; im in the ports of his llritannic .Majesty's territories, on iMexicuii vessels, than shall he p.iyalile, in iin.. same pons, on Itrilish vessels. fi. The siiiie duties shall he paid on the importation into Hie territories of Mexico, of any article tin prowtli, produce, or manufacture of liis Uritaiinic Majesty's dominions, wlielher such inqiurt.iii. r; shall lie in .Mexican'^ or in llritish vessels ; and the same duties shall lie piild on the im)iiirial:eii im the dominions of his llritannic Majesty, of any article the (irowHi, produce, or inaniifai tare nt'. Movie, whether such importation shall he in Hritish or in Mexican vessels. The same duties shall In- [laid, nnd Hie same hounlies and drawhacks allowed, on the exporlation to Mexico of any arlii Ics nfllji I (.'rowHi, produce, or manufacture of his llriiannic .Majesty's doiniiiiona, whether such i\|]()rlalii.ii I shall he in .Mexican or in llritish vessels; and the same diiliis shall he paid, and the sini' iMiiintlri I and drawh.icks allowed, on the exporlation of any articles the growth, produce, or niaiiiil'uctiire of I Mexico, to Ills Uritaiinic Majesty's dominions, whether such u.xpurtutioii shall be in ilriliiili oriiij Mexican vessels. 7. In order 'o avoid any niisunderstandina with respect to the regulations which may rcspenively j constilule a Hrilish or .Mexican * vessel, it is hereby agreed that all vessels built in Hie iloniinions of Ills llritannic Majesty, or vessels which shall have been captured from un enemy by Ills liriiiiiiiiir | Majesty's ships of war, or by subjects of his said Majesty furnished with letters of iiiiinpii' hy !!:>' J.ords ('iimmissioners of the .\ilmiralty, and regularly conileniiied in one of his said Miijc^ly's |iii.' courts as a lawful prize, or which shall have been condemned in any competent court fur llif liri-ailil of the laws made for the prevenlion of the sl.ive trade, and owned, navigated, and re:;isteri'il urnnll lag to the laws of (ireat llritaiii, shall be considered as Itritisli vessels ; and that all vessels biiili ii tlie territories of Mexico, or captured from the enemy liy the ships of Mexico, and coiKhiiiiidl unit') Kimilar circumstances, and which shall be owned by any cilizen or citizens tliereof, anil whorciiflli'j mister and ;i- llhs of the mariners are citizens of Mexico, excejitiiig where the laws proviilu fur any extreme cases, shall be considered as Mexican vessels. And it is further agreed, that every vessel, (|iialilied to trade as above described, under Ilic prnvi| sioiis of H'is treaty, shall he fiiriiislied willi a register, passport, or sea letter, under the sipiialuri''!' the proper person aiiHiorised to grant the same, according to the laws of the respective ciuiiililesill.'! form of which shall be communicated), certifying the iiaiiie, occupation, and residence nf ttn' oHmrl or owners, in the doiuiiiions of his Hrilaniiic Majesty, or in the territories of Mexico, as ilie lasi; inayl be; and that he, or they, is, or are, the sole owner or owners, in Hie proporlion to be spcciiiiil; li-F (fether with the name, liurd''ii, and description of the vessel as to built and iiieasureiiiinl, and llie| several |iarticiilars constiliiting the national charactiir of the vessid, as the case may lie. H, .\ll nierchants, commanders of ships, and olhers, the subjects of his llritannic Majesty, shall linve full liberty, in all the territories of Mexico, to manage their own aflairs iheinKelvcs, nrlocniiiniitl ♦ .See adUilioiml articles at the end of this treaty. lL). (-r mil!"' nnrt dctflrinine, n» farai I uiiiliirHloiiil mill ii).'ri'iMl,ili;ii, it iralioii of III yt'iir" '""" 'I"' 'I'''' mvfiUiiiii, mull toiiveiiiuni ■.liull, 11! reiiiiiiiii'iB HiiiiBL'UlIc ri'imblu, 1 ihall bo excliuiigcil at I.uikIdh, he Biimo, ni"l ''"ve ntHxcd tlicrtio (JKtIIKIK t;A.\MNU. W. Ul'MKISSON. Jambh t'omtiiuuN. in and Meiico, signed at l.nnd^r.. m and sulijocts of liin Maj. sly [\\f IJiiilud rtwius "f Mexico, mill ilair jcsly ill Europe nnd tlio tfrriliiri'* if llie iwi) eoiiiitrif!', rcni.iiliv. I;. id r.irMofs. '" "" i'l'i^i'* »i"' fi^' '• hirli oilier foreiiziiers sliall not i,. li ill iiiiy pari of ilie "aid u rrimri' - f llie piirpiisrfl of tlieir ( iminr; vely, sliall enjoy lliu nmsl iimi|ili if ckeU of the 2 coiiiilrii'S, sliall liavn places, saviiij! "uly "'K 'i liirliiuliii II nol lie permilted to iimir. \„ i niit always lollie laws and sUiUiKsii i in tills nrlifle, tlie privili!:i- nfnr- esscis only are pfrniitieil i,. . iiwn,. ill and Ireland eii({aK'K InnliT.uiai and iiavigalioii stipnlati'd l.ir luih. the full extern in wliifh llie r-aim.' i» r nation. . . ,, . „ n into the dominions of Ills llrilaiitii. of Mexico, and no liiulicr nr mlir i of Mexico, of any arlichs iif tin minions, than are or shall lie pay. dure of any other foruiuii cuunirj ; i territories or dcuninioiis of liiliirm tiTritories of llie other, lliui sucIli- liny other foreiijn couinry; mir sii:in itlie growth, produce, ir iiiaMil'iilim of Mexico, to or from Uie said d.i- s of Mexico, which shall nutenually lisiht or liarhour dues, pilolagc?M- s" shall be imposed, in any el'iln le ports hy Mexican vess. l-»; m. dsuls, than shall be pay aide, m ite rrilories of Mexico, of any artii le tli. ominioiis, whether smh iiiii.nrliur i; Hhall be paid on the imiiorlaueii ml 1, produce, or nianufaetnri. ef Mo\u;... sels The same duties shall lie Fid. liou to Mexico of any arlides idllii oiiiinions, whether such cxpiiruiUa | shall he paid, and the s iine liniuiliH erowth, produce, or inannlai'lurcfl xporlalioii shall he in llritisli or iii | > recnlations which may rcsperiively j ■It all vessels built in the diimminn* ured fromunenemy bylusl!riiaiimc| lishedwitU letters of inaripieliy I !■ i.,l in one of his said Maje. y s ptir'l 11 anvronipptent court Inrllie l.nml icd,iiavi!ialed,andrtv:!istereda.Tor,- ^•e.ssels ; and that all vessel., budl , ips of Mexico, and condeiniifd und;. , or cili/.ens thereof, and ivlioriMd I' pling where the laws provide luram| as above described, under llio P'"^";, , or sea letter, under the sipnauiro 1 laws of the respective ^o"''""-* "1 rupalion, and residence o 111.; 1 II territories of Mexico, as the a. 1. I in the pr.M'orliontobespecilad, itobuill and meaBUreineiit, .ind iwi ;sel,aslliecase maybe. I iects of his llrilaiinic Majesty. 5^1 ' own atlHirs t luMUselvos^m^^ ' this treaty. TREATIES (COMMERCIAL). flOl ihftn to the innnaBoment of whnininnver they plpuse, ai broker, faftor, affent, or intorpreter • nor .lull they liB nlillRiul to employ any other pemon for thnie piirpoHes iluui those employed by Mexicans niir 111 pity lliem any other salary or reiiuineralloii than such as is piiiil, in like cases, by Slexican ciii- lenn ; and absolute freedom shall be allowed, In all cases, to the buyer nnd seller, lo bargain nnil fis ilie price of any (jootis, imported into or exported from Mexico, ns they shall see Rootl, idiservlns the luvs and established cusloins of the country. The same privileges shall be enjoyed In'the dumiiiiuiia il'bis llritnnnlu Majesty, by the citi/.eiis of Mexico, under the same conditioiiH. The cili/.ens and subjects of the contractinK parlies, in the lerritorieH of each other, shall receive nnd ,nj,iy full and perfect protection for their persons and property, nnd shall linve free and open access to the courts of justice in the said roiinirics, respectively, for the prosecution and defence of their jiisl rulits; nnd they shall be at liberty to employ, in all causes, the advocates, attorneys, or nKeiila of nhalcver description, whom they may think proper ; und they shall enjoy, in this respect, the snniu Rights and privileges therein as native citi/ens. 111 whatever relates to the succession lo personal estates, hy will or otherwise, nnd the disposal ,,f personal property of every son and denoininalion, by sale, donation, exihaiiffe, or teHtament, nr in my other inaiiner whatsoever, as also the administration of justice, the subjects and riliy.eiiN of the i»'iic"ntractiiiB parties shall enjoy, in their respective dominions and territories, the same privilegesi 'iherlies, and riehls, as native subjects ; and shall not be charKed, in any of these respects, Willi any (iiiilicr imposts or duties than those which are paid, or may be paid, by the native subjects or cili/.enu ui'llie power in whose doiiilnions or territories they may be resident. 10. In all that relates to the police of the ports, the lailimj and uiiladinR of ships, the safety of nicr- tliamlise. (foods, and elfects, the subjects of his llritnnnic Majesty, and thecitizensof Mexico, respect- ively, shall bo subject lo the local laws and reKulntions of the dominions and territories in which they jijv reside. They shall be exempted from all compulsory military service, whether by sea or land. Vo'fiirced loans shall be levied upon them ; nor shall their property be subject to any oilier iharKes, itipiisiiions, or taxes, than such ns are paid by llie native subjects or citizens of the contructini; pur- ;ifs in their respective dominions. 11. It shall be free for each of the two contractinf; parties to appoint consuls for the protection of irailei to reside in the dominions and territories of the other party ; but, before any consul shall act as ,iich, he shall, in the usual form, he npproved nnd admitted by the (tovernnient to which he is sent j md either of the contractinK parties may except from the residence of consuls such particular places ijcilhtr of them may judee til to be excepted. The Mexican diplomatic agents nnd consuls shall injoy. in the dominions of his llritannic Majisty, whatever privileges, exceptions, ami immunities arc nrslinll be pranted to agents of the same rank belonRing to the most favoured natinn ; und, in like miiiner, the diplomatic agents and consuls of his llritannic Majesty in the Mexican territories sliall mjoy, according to the strictest reciprocity, whatever privileges, exceptions, nnd immunities are nr may be granted to the Mexican diplomatic agents and consuls in the dominions of his llritannic Mijesly. 12. Kiir the better security of commerce between the subjects of his llritannic Majesty nnd the citi- Hnsnf the Mexican States, it is agreed that if. at any time, any interruption of friendly intercourse, ni any rupture, should unfortunately take place between the two contracting parties, the merchants ir'idins upon the coast shall be allowed six months, and those of Ihe interior a whole year, to wind gpllieir accounts, and dispose of their property ; nnd a snfe-conduct shall be given them to embark at ibeport which they shall themselves select. All those who are established in tlie respective dominions md territories of the two contracting parties, in the exercise of any trade or special employment, shall kjvelhe privilege of remaining and continuing such trade and cmployiiicnt therein, without any man- gtrof interruption, in full enjoyment of their liberty and property, ns long as they behave peaceably, indconiniit no olfence against the laws; and their goods and effects, of whatever d'^scription they Diy be, shall not be liable to seizure or sei|iiestration, or to any other charges or demands than those ihich may be made upon the like elfects or property belonging to the native subjects or citi/ens of the I'ipective dominions or territories in which such subjects or citizens may reside. In the same case. Mis, between individuals, public funds, and the shares of companies, shall never be confiscated, se- qiitsiered, or detained. 13 The subjects of his Britannic Majesty, residing in the Mexican territories, shall enjoy, in their taes, persons, and properties, the protection of the government ; and, continuing in possession of that they now enjoy, they shall not be disturbed, midested, or annoyed, in any manner, on account sfilieir religion, provided they respect that of the nation in which they reside, ns well ns the consti- lalion, laws, ami customs of the country. They shall continue to enjoy, to the full, the privilege ilready granted to them of burying, in the places already assigned for that purpose, such subjects of hi! Britannic Majesty as may die within the Mexican territories ; nor shall the funerals and sepulchres oflhedead be disturbed in any way or upon any account. The citizens of Mexico shall enjoy, in all Uedntninions of his Britannic Majesty, the same protection, and shall be allowed the free exercise of ibeir religion, in public or private, eitlier within their own houses, or in the chapels and places of tonhip set apart for that purpose. U The subjects of his llritannic Majesty shall, on no account or pretext whatsoever, be disturbed Mtmolested in the peaceable possession nnd exercise of whatever rights, privileges, nnd immunities I toy have at any time enjoyed within the limits described nnd laid down in a convention signed be- I Ween his said Majesty nnd the King of Spain, on the Uth of July, 1780; whether such rights, privi- llijes.and immunities shall be derived from the stipulations of the said convention, or from any other Itoncension which may, at anytime, have been made by the King of Spain, or his predecessors, to I Briiish subjects and settlers residing and following their lawful occupations within the limits aforc- Inid: the two contracting parties reserving, however, for some more fitting opportunity, the further liiranirements on this article. I 15. The government of Mexico engages to co-operate with his Britannic Majesty for the total aboli- I'Mofthc slave trade, and to prohibit all persons inhabiting within the territories of Mexico, in the liostetfectual manner, from taking any share in such trade. I 16. The two contracting parties reserve to themselves the right of treating nnd agreeing hereafter, pmtimeto time, upon such other articles as may appear to them to contribute still further to the I improvement of their mutual intercourse, and the advancement of Ihe general interests of their re- liixctlve subjects and citizens ; and such articles as may be so agreed upon, shall, when duly ratified, lit regarded as forming a part of the present treaty, and shall have the same force as those now con- luinedinit. n. The present treaty shall be ratified, and the ratifications shall be exchanged at London, within |lliei|>ace of six months, or sooner if possible. In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed the same, and have aflixed thereto I Heir respective seals. ' J Done at London, the 26th day of December, in the year of our Lord 1826. Vol. U.— 3 K WlM.IAM Hl'SKISSON, James J. Morier. Sebastian Camacho. 689 TREATIES (COMMERCIAL). r 1 Additional ArtidtM. I. Whereaa in the prcient itate ofMpxtran ihippinK. it wniild not Im> pnnilbtR Tor Mexico to rRceltn the full a(lvniilaK« of the reclprnclly pginliljiihed by the nrticlf* S, n, 7, iif thi! Irenly signed Ihia dny, If Ihiit piirt ornie 7lh arliclH which itipnlatcit ilinl, in ordrr li' I'oiixiclerud aa a Mexicnn ■lii|), h Hhip •hall ncnially have been built in Mvxicn, ilionid be Hirirtly nnd llterully (ibir-rved, and ininii'dinii'ly hrouRlit into operation ; it in agreed that, for the npnrc of ton year*, to be reckoned front the dut)- of the L-xi'hanKe of the ralitlcalions of lliiH treaty, any iihipii whemotvtr buill, beiiiR buntljide tliu prupcriy of and wlinlly owned by one or more citixenii of Slexico, and whereof Ibii Minuter and 3-4thH ol' t||« marinerH, at leiiHl, are alno natural born cilizeni of Mexico, or perinna domiciliated in Mexico, by act Of the fcovcrnment, as lawful aiibjerlfi of Mexico, to be cerlified according to the lawi of that country, ■hall be considered ai Mexicnn ihipa ; hiit Mnjenly the Kin|( of the United Kingdom of (ireat llrilain and Ireland renerving to himself the right, at the end of the Haid term of ten yean, to claiiti the princi. pie of reciprocal n-iriclion stipulated for in the article 7, above referred to, if the inli'resis of llrm,!, navigation shall bu found to bo prejudiced by the present exception to that reciprocity, in favour uf Mexican shipping. 3. It is further agreed that, for the like term of ten yen rn, the stipulations contained in articles S nnd 6 of the present treaty shall be stispended ; and in lieit thereof, it is hereby agreed that, until the expire! lion of the said term of ten years, liritish ships entering itilo the ports of Mexico, from tlie (nurd Kingdom of (ireat llritain nnd Ireland, or any other of his Uritannic Majesty's dotiiiniotis, ami an articles the growth, produce, or maiiilfacturc of the United Kitigdntn, i\x of any of the said dciiiiiuj(u,i, imported In such sliips, shall pay no other or higher duties than are or may hereafter be payali|i>, m' the said ports, by the ships, and the like goods, the growth, produce, or nianitfacture of tlie iiiom favoured nation : and, reciprocally, it is agreed, that Mexican ships entering itito the ports n( the United Kingdom of (ireat liritain and Ireland, or any other of his Uritannic Majesty's doniinlona.friHu any port of the States of Mexico, and all articles the growth, produce, or manufacture of the luid Hlates, imported in such ships, shall pay no other or higher ilulies than are or tnny hercafler Iw pay. able, in the said ports, by the ships, and the like gooils, the growth, produce, or mnnufacttirv of iln; most favoured nation ; and that no higher duties shall be paid, or bounties or drawbacks aliuwiMl.oii the exportation of any article the growth, produce, or tnaniifacture of the dominions of uither cnuiitty, In the ships of the other, than upon the exportation uf the like articles in the ships uf any uthur fdrcj^n country It being understood that, at the end of the said term often years, the stipulations of the said itiuiij f>tli articles shall, from thenceforward, be in full force between the two countries. The present additional articles shall have the same force and validity as if they were inserted, wnni for word, in the treaty signed this day. They shall be ratitled, and the ratilicatioiis shall be excliangeii at the satne time. In witness whereof, the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the same, and have affixed thereto their respective seals. Done at London, the 26th day of December, in the year of our Lord 1S26. Wll.LIA.M IfuSKISSON. James J. Murieii. Sebastian Camaciio An order in council, dated September 3, 1827, orders, that vessels of the United States of Mfsim. entering the ports of the United Kingdom of (ireat Britain and Ireland in ballast, or laden dircri I'mir, any of the ports of Mexico, or departing frotn the ports of the said United Kingdom, together wiiliilir cargoes on board the same, such cargoes consisting of articles which may be legally inipnrii.'ilnrri- ported, sliull not be subject to any other or higher duties or charges whatever than are or shall i« levied on Itritish vessels entering or departing from such ports, or on similar articles whcir jinpnriFil into, or exported from, such ports in Urilish vessels: and also such articles, when exported frdiiiili! said ports in vessels of the United States of Mexico respectively, eh;ill be entitled to the same li'iMinUn, drawbacks, and allowances that are granted on similar articles tvhen exported in Drilish vessels. JV. £.— Treaties similar to the above have been negotiated with (Julombia, Uucnog Ayres, &c. NETHEnLANOS, Treaty beticeen //is Britannic Mnjealii nnd the King of the Jfetherlnndu, re>per.ting Territoriet aid Commerce tn the East Indies, signed at London, March 17, lb'24. Article 1. The high contracting parties engage to admit the subjects of each other to trndeulliiilipif I respective possessions in the Eastern Archipelago, and on the continent of India, and in Cvylnu, iil| be made of all such treaties concluded by them, respectively, hereafter. f 4. Their Britannic and Netherland Majesties engage to give strict orders, as well to their civil isU military authorities, as to their ships of war, to respect the freedom of trade, established by ariirlNij 2, and 3.; and, in no case, to impede a free communication of the natives in the Eastern Archipel'^f^ with the ports of the two governments, respectively, or of the subjects of the two government »fl the ports belonging to native powers. 9. Their Britannic and Netherland Majesties, in like manner, engage to concur eflectually Inn pressing piracy in those seas ; they will not grant either asylum or protection to vessels engaHj pirac;' and they will, in no case, permit the ships or merchandise captured by such vessels, tobtr troduced, u<:pogited, or sold, in any of their possesBions. TREATIES (COMMERCIAL). 063 „,,„ for Meilco lo TPCeWn f, of lt>« '"li/.icivn •Ui|>. » •>"? lo lt« "" t -A «il« the liriMHTly '« '''"'" .i.«lawi of 11"" ^''^''^y- United Kln««l<>'^^,'i„„.,,„„ci. ' 'r'VV'.U.BTj^'H dominion-, «.Hl all ,re oi may ''"","'„„„ of iUb u.o.i ''I"* ""'f M:fle»ty*B ,»on.ii>>»n«.fr«m ,,theBt.pumUon.oflhesaia5>ha„d ,„ two ="""';;;;*„ ^cro inBRn>:';.«'.td :;it.c'.aU.WaSB.UaUbeex.h.u8e. ,ed the same, and haveamxcdthere. ur Lord 1926 SEBASTIAN CAMACIIO au- ,g wliicli may he 'ej" * a',c or *.li;i"i't ,g,or on »"V'l"'i,.n exported frnm 111' o'g..ch a'^"=L«^:,ed to the same h»"nii". L,,h.>l\ be •="';. PrtiiBrUiBh vessels. brSS^"-eUestot«.U.> Lreafter ma^e by «i^'{^\rt?-3 I, hn« been mi"''''! I ireaty, commttnication h^f f ^^^ j Ufteedom "f "f:^',he Ea"'"" *' 1^ fcrbrearorr.wogovernn.e..* ■""^^ effectually 1"' Ueauojei."" ^^^ nner, engage l°.„'^"i'o"v'et8eU enRifJ*' indise capiurea ujr Jnanne I aayl«— Itiandise «. It ii aitreed «h«l ordern xhnll he »|ven hy ih* two eovernnienu, in ilielr nfflceri and asentR In Fii«l, nni to fcirin :iny new nellleinent on any of the Uliinda in the Kiialeni aeai, without prcvioui thorny from their rennerlive covernineiitM In I'lirope. 7 The Moliirrn IhIiiikIh, iiikI eHpeiiullv Anihoynii. Handa. Ternale, and Iheir Imiiiedinln deiicnd- enries. nre e\re|ii.d from the operation of the M, 'M, Sd, and lih iirtirlen, until the Netherlimd govern- menl Khiill Ihiiik fil to nhnndon the monopoly of »pirei( ; hut if ihe Haid government Khali lit any tinia pri'vioiiit tomirli ah'indonmeiit of the riioiiopoly, allow the HiilijiTia of any power, other than an Aniatic nnlive power, to carry on any roiiiinerri.il interroiiriie with the Haid isluiidii, Ihe nu'lcttB of his Uri- laiinir M;i|e«ty Khali he iidniilled lo Hurli inlerroiime, upon a footing preiinely Hiinllar H Hill Nelherland Maji my < edes to hix Hrltannir Majesty all hiH eHialillHhmeni on the continent of Inilin ; and renounc«» all privilege* and «xeinplion» enjoyed or claimed la virtue of iIioku eatahliih- uicntK. <}. The rielory of Fort Mnrlhoroueh, and all the Fnglinh po«iieiiilonii on the inland of Sumatra ara hereliy ceded to his Nelherland Majeniv ; and hlx llritnnnic Majesty further engages that no Mr'itl«h ipltlemeni shall lie formed on Hint island, nor any treaty concluded by Uriliili authority, with any native prince, chief, or sliile therein. ' in The town and Fort of Malacca, and ila dependencies, are herehy ceded to his Ilrilannic Majesty ; and his Netherlaml Majesty engiiires, for himself and lili siilijetls, never lo form any esialilislimenl on any pari of the peninsula of Malacca, or to conclude any ireaty with any native prince, chief, or ilBle therein. 13. All Ihe colonies, possessions, and estahllshinenU which are ceded by the preceding articles, shall Redelivered up lo the olHiers of the respective sovereigns on the 1st of March, IH'tt. The fortlfica- linns shall remain in Ihe state in which they shall he at Ihe period of Ihe nntilication of this treaty in India; hut no claim shall ho made, on either side, for ordnance, or stores of any description, either left or removed hy the ceding |iowcr, nor for any arrears of revenue, or any charge ofadininiitratioB whatever. Ifi. It is agreed that all arroiinls and reclamations, arising out of Ihe restorntinn of Java, and other pos«e»si"ns, to the officers of his Nelherland Majesty in the East Indies,— as well those which were thesuliject of a convention made at Java on the 'ilth of June, 1817, between the comniisslnners of the lw» nations, as all others,— shall he linnlly and completely closed and satisfied, on the payment of the iiiMi of lOO.onot., sterling money, to he made in London on the part of the Netherlands, before the ei- piratinn of the year IH25. I*. The present treaty shall be rntilled, and the ratiUcations exchanged at London, within 3 months from the dale hereof, or sooner if poasihle. In wltneas wtterenf the respective I'lenipotentiariei have signed the same, and affixed thereunto tbeieal of their arms. Done at London, Ihe I7lh day of March, In the year of our Lord 1834. tiEUIQB CANMINO. CilABLES WaTKINH WILLIAMS WVNH. II. FAOEL. A. R. FaLCK. Portugal. Trtaty of Commtrce between Oreat Britain and Portugal, tinned at Lisbon, December 27, 1703. Article I. Ills Hacred Royal Majesty nf Portugal promises, both in his own name and that of hie tucteisors, lo admit, forever hereafter, into Portugal, the woollen cloths, and the rest of the woollen miinufiictures nf the Hritons, as was accustomed till they were prohibited by the laws ; nevertheless, upon this condition: 1 That is lo say, that her Sacred Royal Majesty of flreat Dritain shall, in her own name and that ofher successors, be obliged forever hereafter to admit the wines of the growth of Portugal into Britain ; so that at no time, whether there sh:dl be peace or war between the kingdoms of Dritain and France, anything more shall be demanded for these wines, by the name of custom or duty, or hy wliiilsnever other title, directly or indirectly, whether they shall be imported into Oreat liritain in pipes or hogsheads, or other casks, than what shall be demanded from the like quantity or measure of French wine, deducting or abating a third part nf the custom or duty : but if at any lime this deduction I or abatement of customs, which is to be made as aforesaid, shall in any manner be attempted and prpjiiiliced, it shall be just and lawful for his Hacrcd Royal Majesty of Portugal again to prohibit the I woollen cloths, and the rest of the British woollen manufactures. 3 The most excellent lords the Plenipotentiaries promise, and take upon themselves, that their above nrnied inasters shall ratify this treaty, and t'i nt within the space of two months the ratifications I iball be exchanged. Given at Lisbon, the 37th of December, 1703 John Methuen. Marchis Aleoretensis. TrMtj of Commeru and J^avigation between Great hritain and Portugal, signed at Riodt Janeiro, tke mh of February, 1810. I. Peace established. i. There shall he reciprocal liberty of commerce and navigation between the re^spective subjects of llhelwo hlghcnntnicline parties, in all the territories and dominions of either. They may trade, travel, Itnjourn, or estahlish themselves, in all the ports, cities, towns, countries, provinces, or places what- ■inever, belonging lo each of the two highcontracting parties, except in those from which all foreigners Ijliaunever arc generally and positively excluded, the names of which places may be hereafter speci- Hr.i In a separate article of this treaty. Provided, however, that it be tlioroughly understood that any klace Mnnging to either of the two high contracting parties, which may hereafter he opened to the pnininerce of the subjects of any other country, shall thereby be considered as equally opened, and ■pon correspondent terms, to the subjects of the other high contracting parly, in the same manner as If It had been expresnly stipulated by the present treaty. And his Britannic Majesty, and his Royal TlijhneBs Ihe Prince Regent of Portugal, do hereby bind themselves not to grant any favour, privilege, ktininiiinily in matters of commerce and navigation, to the subjects of any other state, which shall lol be also at tjie same time respectively extended to the subjects of the high contracting parlies, Iratiiitously, if the concession in favour of that other state should have been gratuitous, and on livinf, fuaiR proximi, the same compensation or equivalent, in case the concession sitould have been Vnitjiional, 1 3. The subjects of the two sovereigns respectively shall not pay, in the ports, harbours, roads, cities, jwn!, or places whatsoever, belonging to either of them, any greater duties, taxes, or impost (under llialfoever names they may be designated or included), than those that are paid by the subjects of lemosi favoured nation ; and the subjects of each of the high contracting parties shall enjoy, within p dominions of the other, the same rights, privileges, or exemptions, in matters of commerce and fvifHiinn, that are granted, or may hereafter be granted, to the subjects of the most favoured nation. I< His Britannic Mijesty and his Royal Highness the Prince Regent of Portugal do agree, that there 111! be a perfect reciprocity on the subject of the duties and imposts to be paid by the vessels of the Bh contracting parties, within the several ports and anchoring places belonging to each of them ; to I'll tbat the vessels or the subjects uf his Britannic Majesty shall not pay any higher duties or imposts .<, 664 TREATIES (COMMERCIAL). •If r I ^\1 '•fMll i-i |b-i'«ai p f^ (iiniler whntsoever nmne they Im deilfnRled or Implleil.) wllliln the dnmlnlnn* of hli Roynl ninhni'iii lliR I'rinci- lti!f«-nt nf l'ortii||iil, llinn the! vcimlii liiloiiirlnii l» Hip •iiIiJimIr iif hi* Itciynl lliuliiii xn |),i, l'rliir« HvRiMil of I'nrliisnl uliiill lie IkimihI lo piiy wilhiii Ihi' iliiiiilnloiiM of liiit llrlliiniiir MiijckIv, i,nil DIM vert'i. And lliin a||rceiiiBiit ihiill |inrllriiliirly titlcnil lo lln> |inyiiii-iil of Hit) iliill«« knciwii iiy i|,« naiiiH of Port Chargef, '/'inna^r.nnil Anrharai/t Dnhm, wliUli nhnll nut. In niiy r.iiii', or niiilcr niiy ^„f. l«x\, he Krtnlir for Hrlllih vcmteln within llio ilomlnlon* of I'ortilgitl. thiin for I'ortiiKiieai! VimeU Within the ihiniinlonM of IiIh llritiinnic Miiji'iily, nnd wr rerx^. 6. The two hiKh tontrncliiiK imrtli'M do ul«o ugree, thut llm inino rnl«» of hoiinlloii nnd drnwlm,!,, •hull III' eHlnlillHhnd in tlieir reii|ii'rtlvn iiortH iijion the mporliitioii of kooiIh, ulii'thcr IIiohii \nn,i\, |„, exported In llritinh or l>ortiiKiii'iie ve«iiciii i thiit In, timl llrilmh vemeln hIiiiII enjoy the innie fiivi.iir in thia renjiect, tvllhin the doinlnioni of I'ortiiKiil, Hint niny he hIiowii to I'ortiiitiieiie vemielH wiihin ihe tlonilnioiiK of Ilia llrltiinnlc Mnji-Mty, and rice rfvfi. '\'\\v two lilyli < onlrnilinK purlieu do iiho iiKr,.,, that KoiidH roiiiliiff respectively from ;he porta of either of llieni, ahull piiy llie annie diillcN, \vli..|||,., imported in llrlllah or I'orlugiieae veaaela ; or otherwiie, Ihiit nn inrreiiiie nf diillea riiiiy he imi(i'aly from Hiohi' of hia Koynl IIiuIimimiii iji,. .'rliici' llegei.l of I'ortilgnl, Imported In I'ortugneae ahipa. And In order Hint this mailer iimv he settled tvlHi due cxiiitneHa, nnd that nolhlnii iniiy he left iiiidelermiiii'd I'oiM'eriiiiiu it, It la iiKried.iliat Tuhlea ahiill he drnwn up hy cnih goveriiiiiunt, reapectively, apeiil'yiiig Hie ilillVreme of diilli m,, |„, pnid on K'xxt* "" Imported; nnd Hie 'I'nhlea (which ahiill he ninde iipplicnhle to nil the porlnMiilitn the rcapei:llve doininiona of cucli of the conlrucHiig pnrtiea) ahull he Hiljiidged to form pan nf iiiu presviit treaty. In order to avoid nny dllferencea or mlannderBlnndlnga wlHi reapert to ihe regnlntioiia which may rcapertively conatlttilo n lirillah or I'ortngiieae veiiel, the high ronlriicliiig parliea nirree in di'rlnriii;, that ull veaaela built in the dominiong of hia llritniinit' Miijcaty, nnd owiieil, mivli;nled, and rPL'iyii'riMl according to Hie luwa of (ireut llritain, ali.ill he conaidered aa liritiah veMNcIa ; and tliiil all vc^^i'M liiilll in the countriea helonging to Porlngal, or ahipa taken hy nny of the vi'anela of war lii'liiiii!iiii; lo the I'orlugiieae governm<-nl, or nny of the inhnliitanta of Ihe domiiiinna of I'orliitiiil, havinit cini. Iiilaalong or loltera of iiiur>)no nnd reprlani from the government of I'ortiigal, and coiidemiii'il an hinl'nl rvViK ill any conn of adnilrally of the I'ortiigueae goveriinient, and owned hy Ihu Huhjeita of lii» jtnjai lighiieaalhc Prince Keg>-nt of'^l'ortiigal, ami whereof the inaHterand S-IHiaofihe ninriners, al leaji.iire ■iihjei-laof Ilia Itoynl lliiihiicaatho I'rlnce Regent of Port iigal, ahall he conaidered aa I'orlii|!iie«p vcmi'Ii 6. The mutual coiiiinerce and navigation of the guhjecta of (iruat llritain nnd I'ortiigal. rfspiMiivily, in the porta and aeag of Aaia, are expreaaly permitted, lo the aame degree aa Ihey havi' hiTctuf. a' been allowed by the two Crowna : and the coniMierco and iinvignlion Hiiih perinltled, aliail lie iilarcij on the fooling of the commerce and navigation of the moat favoured nation irnding in Hie pnris aini aeag of Aai.i ; that ig, that neither of the high contracting parlieg ghall grant any favour or privileiie in multera of commerce and navigation to the guhjecta of nny other atate trading within tlir purls ainI ■eag ol^ Aain, which ghall not he alao grnnleil, qv.am jimiimf, on the aamc terma, to Ihe aiilip'ctji nfiiip other contracting party. Ilia liritunnic Majegiy engages nut lo make any regulation whiili uiay he irejudiciul or inconvenient 10 the commerce and navigation of the gulijecta of hia Itoyai lli|.'liiii'"«ih«» . of 111" Hrlmniiic Miil<'«iy, iiml rnl of lli« ""'''' ""V I""- ill, ihiiii for I'ormuiie"! Vfi«cli nieii iif lioiinttt'K nml ihnwlmc ki HOOllH, xvlH'lli.T IlioHr B(hm1, |„. I *»lmU.M.joytli<' »'"'"• f»V""'" til I'.iMuutu'i'n VHUM'IH wilinn ih.- .„„lrii.linmmrli«i<H''"' ""'III'' r^HHn'uf .lull.-* limy I'.- iniP"»'il i,,„„. „(■ iiiH lltuiiiii.i. M .|.;»iy Ml ,luii.'>i llii.l limy li.'r'';'!"' !»• ""■ „lti..H.M.fliUI<.>yiiMla'lii..'i.!.ln.' II nrilfr lliul till" imH"'' """V h« ,.,|,..iu'.'ri.liil-i'l'l<' »" »" ""' l"""«i'l"" lii ii.lJii.lK.'il 10 form j.iirl i.t Una nrrt to the TPlIulntionn wtiirti n.ny rnctiiiK piirlii'* ncri'.- In ili'ihiriiis, I owiif.l, imvliiiilfil. uii.l rciiiMi'Mil iwli v.'SHi'lH ; anil llii.l "H vifsfls •if ill.' v.'^Hi'U iifwiir l.fli.imihsto iiinlnns of I'orloKi'l. li"*""! <""'■ I'lirliiaiil. »""' f"ni"''' "" '•'«'"' nwiiftl I'V •'>« ""''J'''*""' '"" ""i!>l 3 llticiflli.' iiinriii.Ti'.ml.'iii'l.iiti' „". c.mi cnurtJ, il.lucts. A ronvenlinn sliull li.' cmi- Juneiro, on the Mill .lay ..f S.M.leii.- 10 be eslabliHlicI, wbitli onveiilii.ii Icture. industry . .r invention ofihe '"l in o all tbe ports «n.l .l;Miiihi,.i,i Europe as in Amer.ni. Afnc;. .....1 lyiig, generally nn.1 s..lHy, . » i;"; et 11 «<>«itl>ei"''y a «'"''! ''^ •''''''■''' a liaslBofwbich shall be the a«.u« aknRalsoinloconai.l.ralion.iisf.r kuntry into which they are nn|.orle.L 7n iinbert.f British an. I'..rl>.«m,e on heparloftllellrlH^bn..^r.■la„b, 7 part of the I'orlUK.i.'se mer.hr.m eneral of the custom*., or «'f Hi'" Droinulgatecl in each ..f Hie pnrtsbt- fw "ch there are or amy l.e n..t(,m- me to lime, either in the wlml.-, on w thin II" '' irt . bat effect lhr..H|!h the n.o.hnm the trading and co.imicrcial sul.jecl. I the Portuguese ilomininns, ttillioui La they shall be adn.itle.1 on paying fce"\.ltLR.»HU.whi.;i.bal ..« I in case that any suspi. ion of fr.iu., land the real value ..f Ih.' P-ods asie • Igene merchants of kn.iwn n.tesrt In f.dlowed by an e.|ualily <;f v..l« twiseorknow..intecriiya.i.bo,,,,iir, |.m1here..n shall he tin:.! "'-"l »' fum! correct, the go,.d.s|.e.M..ui fc;:,ii^^u^n;r:nd^c.;:r: (lie. lj::;j;;;'anduna.ir,tben.lie.^;;^J,^; lis on the acciiunt of the i """■"; l:,^Ldi.i..n..flOperc......o" loveriiuu-nl en!.asniK f''/' \ . '^^ ' j Imis within the spa. e ... '15- Tuice shall be paid by the p.iriy«" 17 Arilrlei of military an.l nnvnl ilnrrii brought Into the pnrls of his Itoyal IliglinrKs the Trinr* Ilori'iit of I'ortugal, wlil.h lln- ri.rliigiie^e K..v.'rnmi'nt may he il.-air.iiia of taking fir M<< oivn iino, .hull Im aid fi.f wlih.iiit il.^lay at the prLes npp.iiiitud by the proprivl.ira, who iliall nut bu com|iell«d lo m'll ...iCh nrlii'l.'ii .in any nlh.'r t.'riiM ll'lhe I'lirtiigiieKi' a.ivernment shall lake Into Its own rare nn.l riist.i.ly any r irgn. .ir pari .if larargn, w lb n view tn pur.'liaMf, nr .itlierwise, the I'urliigii.He g.ivernni.'iit hIiiiII lie r.'H|iiin»ilil.' fur iiny il.iii.iee or Injury that the same may receive while in the care and ciiainily of the ..llhers .if Ih.t I'.ir- miiiiex' g.iveriiment. ps. Ills lloyal llighnpis the I'rincn Regent of I'nrliigal is pleased to grant to the snbjrris of (irent llrilain the privil..giit r.'.l.iilion shall lake place .in Porliiguese g.mds an.l iiienlian- iliKi'i* iniporleil iiit.i bis llrilaniiit' Majesty's .lnmlni.ins, an.l rue ver.in ; thi! arllcles npon wliiili Hii.h i'(]iiivnlent reduction is to take place being svttle.l by previous concert an.l agreement between the ii Inclitonlracling parlies. It Is iiiiilerstiiod, I bat any such reduction so granted by either party to the other, shall not be granle.l an.'rvvar.lH (except iip.in lb.' saioi' t.'riiis an.l fur \\\v saiii.' ciiiii|ii'iiNatliiii) in fav.oir of any otln-r Htalo or nritiiin wbalsoever. An.l this declarali.iu is to bo .I'lisid.'red as reciprocal .in the part of the 3 hii'lif.iiilriicting parlies. 00. lint as there are s.iin.i articles of Iho growth an.l production of llra/.H, which are ex.liiili'il from till' iiiark.Ms and li.iiiie c.iiii.uiii|iliiiii of the llritiyh ibiminiuns, siiih as siiiriir, cotl'e.', anil ulli.'r artlcleH liinihir to the pro.liice of tli.: Ilriti.«li culonii's ; bis llrilaiiiin' M iji'sly. willing to favour ami pr.il.i't (as much as poHsililel th.! c.imiiii'rce of the siiIiJitIs .if bis Idiyal lliiilin..ss the I'tincc ll.'g.'iit "f I'.iriugal, I'ons.'iil" and p.'riiiits thai the sal.l articl.'S, as w.'ll as all oili.'rs th.; growth and pr.i.l.i.e.if llra/.il,an.l all tilh.'r parts .if th.! r.irlugn.-su domini.ins, ma;' b.! riM-eiviil and war.'hoiise.l in all ilii! purls of his doiiiiiiioiiH. which shall be by law appoinled to be wiireboiisiiig ports for lli.ise arli.l.'s, fur Ibe purpose oire-.'xporlation. un.l.'r dm' r.'giilition, cxeiiiiil.'il from the greal.^r duli.'s with wlii.li Ih.'y woul.l be chiire.'il were tli.'y d.'slin.'.l for coiisuiiipllon williin the llritish dominions, and liable only to the re- durt'd duties and exjM'nses on wan-bousing and re-exporlation. 21. In like mann.-r, n.ilwilbsl.io.ling the g.-niiral privileg.; of admission thus prnnled in the 1.1th artii'l.' "f ibe present treaty by the Prince Itegent of Portugal, In fav.iur of all goo.ls lb.- pro.liice and iiiiiiiiifictiire of th.! Ilrilish dominions, his Itoyal lliiihness reserves t.> biins.-lf the right "f iniposing hoavy, and even prohibit. iry diitios on all arlicles known by the name of Wrifi.s/i h'.tt-i linlimi Uoadu unil III.'' Indian Vroduet, such as sugar an.l coH'.'e, which cannot be un in th.i I'lirliii.'ii.'i'e d.imini.ins, by reason of th.! same principle of colonial policy which prevents the free ad- niiii.ii.iii into the llritish dominions of corresponding arlicles of Ilra/.ilian produce. Iliit bis Koyal llighness the Prince Itegent of I'ortiigal consents that all the ports of his dominions, wiicre there are or may be ('ustom-houses, shall be free porls for the rec.-pti.in and a.lniission of all arllcl.'!) whatsoever, the produce and manufacture of the llritish ibuninions, not iles'ined for tin- con- BiiiMiiliiin of the place at which they may be received or adniitl.!d, but for rc-cxp.iitalion, eiibi-r for ollifir ports of the dominions of Portugal, or for those of .ilh.ir slates. And the arlicles thus r.-ceiv.-d ami adinilteil (snbj.!ct lo due ri!gulatioiis) shall lit! exempt.-. I from the duties with which they woul.l bn chiitei'il, if d.!slined for the c.iiisiiniption of the pla.e at which they may be landed .ir war.'lious.'d, and liable only In the same expenses that may be paid by arlicles of Kra/lliau produce received and warc- hoiisi-d fir re-.!Xporlatioii in the ports ..f bis llritannic Majesty's dominions. 2'3. Ills lloyal llighin-ss lite Prince Itegent of Portimal is pleas.!il lo declare the port of SI. Catherine to be a Frrt Purl, according to the terms menticmeil in the preceding article of the present Ireniy. 'il His lloyal lliubiiess the I'rince Itegent of Portugal is pleased to render (ioa a h'ree. I'url, and to permit the free l.ilerati.in of all religious sects whatever in that city and its dependencies. •il. All trade with the Portuguese possessions siliialed upon the eastern coast of the continent of Africa (in articles not included in the exclusive contracts possesseil by the <;rown of Portugal) which may have been formerly allowed to the subjects of Ureal Britain, is confirmed and seciire.l to them miw, and fur ever, in the same manner as the tra.le which has hitherto been permitted to I'ortiigucee mibji'cta in the ports and seas of Asia is contlrnied and secured to tlicm by virtue of the (Hh article of the present treaty. , , ., , 25. Mis llritannic Majesty consents to waive the right of creating factories or incorporated boiliesoi British merchants, within the dominions of P.irtiigal: provi.led, however, that this shall nut .leprive Ibenuhjecls of his llritannic Majesty, residing within the dominions of Porlugal, of the full eiijuy- nenl, as individuals engaged in commerce, of any of ihos.' rights and privileg.-s which tln-y .lid or mi|!ht piissess as members of incorporated commercial bodies ; and also that Ibe commerce an.l trade carri.'d on by Urilish subjects shall n.)t be restri.te.l, .ir olhi!rwisi! nllVcted, by any c..iiiiiierci;il com- pany whatever, possessing exclusive privileces an.l favours within the .lominions of Portugal. And Ills itoyal Highu.!ss lb.! Prince It.'L'enl .if P.irtiigal does also engnL'e, that he will not permit that any oilier nation or state sh.ill possess factories or iii.orporateil bodies of inercliunts within his .lominions, Ml long as llritish Cictorics shall not be established Iherein. 2ti. The two high contracting parties agr.!.', that til. -y will forthwith proceed to the revision of all oilier former treaties subsisting b.-tween Ibe "i Crowns, f.ir th.! purpose of ascertaining what stipu- lations c.inlaine.l in them are. In the present stale of affairs, pr.iperto be c.iminueil or renew.-. 1. It is agreed that th.! stipiilali.ins contained in f.irmer treaties concerning the admission of the wines of Portugal on tlie one hand, an.l the w.i.illen cbiths of (ireal llritain on the other, shall at present re- main Miialtered. In the same manner it is agn-cd, that the privileges and immunities granted by either fonlracting parly to the suhjecls of the oth.ir, wlielher by treaty, .leeree, .ir alrnni, shall r.:main un- altered, except tbe power granle.l by f.iriii.!r treaties, of carrying in the ships of either country go.ids ofany dtiscription whatever, the properly of the enemies of the other country, wiiicli power is now miiliiiilly and publicly renounced ami abrogated. 2T. The reciprocal liberty of commerce and navigation, declared by the present ticaty, shall he con- si'lercd to extend to all go.ids whatsoever, except those articles the properly of the enemies of eillio; power, or cnntrahand of war. 'i8. Under the name of ontraband or prohibited articles shall be comprehended not only arms, can- non, Brqiichiisses, luurtars, petards, bombs, grenades, saucisses, carcasses, carriages fur cannon, 3k2 84 000 TREATIES (COMMERCIAL). '9 *v1 €3 muikrl-rnilii, bnnilnlirri, KUnpnwitAr, matrh, ■nitpi'trff, hall, plkei, fwnrili, hitMit-pli>rci, h«lm«ia riiirimiici), li.ilhi'riH, Jiivrliim, ImUti-ri, hi-lla, linraen, unit llicir liRrnrmt, liiil utMieriilly nil nllirr arlirlnj Ihnt iiciy liiivi- hfiMi ii|ii-ri(l)>il iiH riiiilriilinnil In nny ri>riiii'r trcnlli'ii ruruliiili'il liy (Ircat llriiuiii ur hy :iy lliivi- hriMI Kill..... , , .,„■ ■ •, / fir n I'lirtiifiil Willi otiivr |i luriii of wnriikt' iii>iri|. niriitil^or whirli raiiniil lii'riinip iiirli, •linll not Iip rp|»itri| rniitriiliniiil. riiiicli li>a« •iitli nii liuvi. i,,.,.,, Blrpiiily \vriiii||lit ninl iiiililo up lor iitlinr purpnaci, ull wlilrh ahull lin ili'fiiii'il not riiiilrirtianil, nii,| ,„„y be frrcly nirrli>il liy'lii> HiilijtTIa iif liiilli aiivrrt'imia, i^vrn In pliirra lii-ldiigliiK tii uii eiii.'iiiy, )!>cnptii,| tilily audi plnrca iia iiri- licalrgnl, liliiikiiiti'il, i>r liivrali-il liy aia nr liiiiil SU. In cHKi' liny vrHnpla nf wnr, or iiirn Imntim-n, ahoiilil lin wri'i'kcil nn III)' rnnala of fllhcr nf Hk tllgll rontriirllnii piirllra, ull audi pnrta ol'llif vcaai'la, or of ilii> l'iirnlluri> nr iippurlt-iiitiiri'a ilirriMii', i„ •Uiiiif ifdoiU iia aliiill III' a;ivrr nml rpviaing Hie several articles of this treaty at the end of 15 years, counted in the lirat iiinlaiicc I'r"- tlie dnie of the e.vchange of the ratilicaliona tlierciif *, and of then propoHing, diNrns^ill>.^ ami ni.ik audi amunilmeiils or ailditiona, na the real interest of their reapeclivu Hiihji'cis may aeeiii in r ;iii< . ., .. 'iiiiri' It being underi'tood that any slipiilalion which at the period nf reviamn of tlie treaty ahall lie iiliji>i'ii>i| In by either of the high contracting parliea, ahall be ciinsidered aa aiiapended in its operaiimi until t|j(. fliaciisalnn concerning that stipulation slinll he terminaled, due notice being previously given In ilie other cnntructing party of the intended suspension of such stipulation, fur the purpose ufavoldlni miitiial inconvenience. " .Tl. 'i'lie aeverni stipiilntions and conditions nf the present treaty ahnll begin to hnvc clfrct fiimi Ihr date of hia llritnnnic Majesty's ratilicatioii thereof; nnd the muliial e.xcliaiige of ralil'n allnn.i shall take place in the city of London, within the apace of '1 munths, or sooner if posiiihle, to hu coiii|iuti'd from the day of the signntiltc of the present treaty. Done in the city of Uio de .lanciro, on the 19lh day of February, in tlio year of nnr Lord 1810. SmANOFOBD. CONDE DE I.I.N IIAREH. Jlgreeinent beticeen the Britisli and Portuguese Commiasionerit, on Fuur PuinU connerlcd tcith tht Eiecution of the 'Vrealij of 1810. Signed at London, IHth of Vecember, l.'il'i. 1. The official certificate of registry, signed by the proper officer of the British rustoma, sliall be deemed sutlicient to identify a Ilrilisli built ship ; and on the production of such certificate she sliill be adinilted as such in any of the ports within the dominions of Portugal. 'i. Upon the importntinn of any goods from the Uniled Kingdom, into nny of the ports in iheilnmi- nions of Portugal, ull such goods shall he nccompanicd by the original cockets, aigned anil sciilcil liv the proper officers of the British customs at the port of shipping, and the cockets beloiii;lii;; lo eacii ship ahall be numbered progressively, the total number stated nn the first and last cockei, hy the |irn- per nthcers of customs, ut the final clenrance of each vessel at the Dritish port : and it la furllii'raj;rei'il, that prior to the final clearance by the searchers at the shipping port, the cockets for each ahip rmiKt be collected and fnstened together, to which shall be annexed n paper, with the nnniherof the rufkeu, sealed with the othcial seal, and signed hy the searchers ; the cockets, so collected, shall lie prmliireil, together with the manifest sworn to hy the captain, to the I'orlugucsc consul, who shall ccrlil'y llie same on the iiinnifest; the cockets, thus secured together, and the manifest, so nuthcnticuteil, lobe returned to the searcher, in order to the final clearance of the ship. 3. It is agreed to place the Portuguese merchant on the same footing with the Itritiali, hnih willi regard to the duties of scavage and package payable to the corporation of London, and ihediitien pay- able on shipping to the corporation of the Trinity House in London. To effect this, anil at the same time to preserve the chartered rights of the corporation of London, and of the Trinity House, it nil! be necessary that tlinse duties should, in the first instance, be paid as at present ; and in all case^ where it shull appear that the Portuguese merchants shall have paid more than be llrilish, the dill'or- ence to be returned without expense, in such manner ns the British government shall direct. 4. The importer shall, on making the entry at the Portuguese Custnm-hoiisc, sign a declaration of the value of his gnods, to such amount as he shall deem proper; and in case the I'ortugiiese examin- ing officers should be of opinion that such valuation is insufficient, they shall be at liburiy to take *Thea? ratiftcations were exchanged in London, on the 19ih of June, 1610. L). TUKATIES (COMMKUCUL). 007 ■wnril*. hoKdplcfei. hnlmria, I liiit aitiirriilly all ollirr iirticlit ('.lu liiilirt I'V 'if'"* '>'"""" "f h> I mtiillii' fotiii i"f wn'liki- iiKirii. ml. iiitii'li \**» ■»<'!> ■>■ l")^'' l'<'«n Icfiin'cl iiiil riinlritlmiiil, nml mny ii-loiiginn l<> »■> eoviK)' HX'^ilii.i •il on 111!" rnniit* <>f fllliiT of ih,. iiri- nr iipiiurlKumK''" llirri'ui. n, iilly ri'»liiK' iirr-'iil iirli' I'M i '""I H"' ImcIi II 111 llu'lf inlijL'i m u« itliiill lulte loynl IliKlii"'"" ••«'• I'ri"'"'' Ki'Sm urn \vliii'»"<'Vir liiln iiiiy "I llnii .im, or liilialiiluiilH, i>ii I'ltln r |i:iii, ir li'ciiiin'^, IT III »*»M llii:iii 111 nny iriilfB mill wfii-riivrrs, iiml nil |iit. iiillKii imiiiBliinniil l"«ir ii I'Tmr iind iiliiti'H iiikrii liy llifiii, mill lituiuiii ill III' Hcl/.i'il, li« l':»r nK llicy iiiii In; niilliiirl!*)''! iir iIc|>iiIi'iwp.nllie iiiuire Hliiill mil l"" 'I''!'' ' inoxini ore mill iiiiiilKtfrs). tin' f iilijeilii nf iivH tlic privlli'iip of rciimiiiiiiit nnd , Hii IkiiR as tli'-'V lit'linvi- pi'iireiibly, ii> lli'^ir roniliirt hIuxiIiI rcmliT lliem icr llii'iii lo rciiii'VL', llic liriii of I'i liilglit retire wllli tlvtiir eiruiia anil be extended to those who ilmll act thnt thn ohliRnlionii iiml oonillliniii hey BhHll not he chmii.'i'il ur PuinU connrr.tcd Kith the \Stli of Vetember, 1M2. BT of the British rnstonis, shall be iliiction of such cerlllicale she shall 'ortiigal. -Ill into nny of the ports in the domi- Binal cockets, siRned and seiilcil liv and the cockets hcloiiuiiij lo cacli ihe lirst and last cockel, hy Hid |itn- Iritish port : and it is fiitlh.'rasreoJ, port, the cockets for eaili ship ""i" ner, with the nnnihernf the tnrkcis els, BO collected, shall lie proiliireil, iBiiese consnl, who shall ccrlily Uie he inanifeBt, so authenticated, to be 1' footing with the Hritish, Imlh wilti tion of London, and the duliea pay- on To effect this, and at the i-nnn; n and of the Trinity |l!'"«';, '':, I as at present ; and m all ca ei Idinorctlmn he Hritish, the dillot- h coverninent shall direct. |,,s?o,n-ho..se, sicn a declara ion of Vnd in case the I'ortuKiiese examin- renltheyshallheatUhortylotake Luiiduii, Ibib of Uecuiiibvr, l>iVi. It. FHr.win. Wm. UlNN. T Hm Pavo. I. I)* t'oSTA. Pmmsu, Cintinlian nf Ctmmtrri httitt»n tfii BrilaitHir Mui [the 19lU of June, WO. nnir Mnjoty and tht K\ng of Pruiiia, BwnrJ at Londan, Jl/irtl II, IvJi, Article I. Kromand anerthn Im day of May next, I'riiKBJan vemelii entering nr dei.irlinu from tint p,iTl< nf the Tiilled Kingdom of fJreai llritiiin and IreUml, and llrltlBh vr««..|« rnierini' or rli'imrilnir Iriiiii the port* of his l'riiB«lan MiiJeBly'H doriiinionB. >hnll not he xiihjeci lo any oiher or IiiuIht ilnticii ..rcliarg.'s whatever, than are or hIihII hu leviid on nalloiial vcBseU enterlnK or di'imrlinK Iroin mn li jHirti re«pecllvely. » ■•■ •1 All arIM le« nf the growth, produce, nr inannl'iicliire of nny of the doniliilnnH of either nf tlii> high mnlracllng partlea, which are or nhall he periiiilted In he iiiiporiid into nr e«pnrli'il from the ports of llic liiited Kingdom nnd of I'mnsla, reBpccllvi'ly, in vesNels of ilic nne coiinlry, aliall. In like nianncr |„. pcriiiitli'd 111 lie liii|iiirled into and enporleil fnnn llinsn piirN in ves«eU of Itie nlliiT. ' i All articles not of the growth, produce, or niiiinifacliire of the d IiiIoiih of lint llriiannic MaJeBty nhiih can legally he imported from the I'nileil Kingdom nf (Jreiit llrital.i and Iri'land, into tin' pnrH nf I'riUNJa, In llrili»h HhipB, Hliall he Hiihjeci only lo the sami' ilntieN aH are payiihle upon llii' (ike !irilile« If Imported in I'masinn «lilps j iind the siiine reciprocity kIiiiII he oliserved in the poriM nf Hid liiiit'il Kingdom, In respect lo all arln le.4 not Iho growth, produce, or nianiifaciiire cif ilie dnniinions i.lhi* 1'ruaslun Majisly, which can legally he inipnrted into the pnrtiioflhc I'nited Kingdom in I'rus- (im iilil|H. I All U'Hids, which can legally he Imported Into the ports of either cniintry, shall he adiiiilted nt llio iam« rale of duly, whi'llier iinpnrted In vesHels nf the other tountry, or In nalional vessels; and all t.mila which ciin lie leuMlly evpnrled from the ports of either cmintrv, shall I Hilled to the hiiiiii! I..iiinlie», dr. ivv hacks, and allowances, whether exported in vessels of tiio other cniinlry, or in iiutmnal Ti'iiiels. 5. No priority or preference shall he given, directly or indirectly, liy the government nf either fiMinlry,nr liy any cmnpmiy, corpnriiilon, nr agent, acting nn its helialf, or under lis aullmritv. In llin |iiiriha»e of any article, the growth, produce, nr iiiamil'iiciiire of ellher country, impnrlt^d into ihe i.lhiT, DM account of, or in rt^lerencn to, ihu character of the vessel in which sinh iirtlile was Ini- IMrledi it being the true Intent and meaning of the hi(;li conlrucliiig parties, that no disunclioii or ililTiTcnrfl whatever shall he ninde in this respect. (i. The present convention shall he in force I'nr the term of 10 years from the date hereof; and fur- ther, until the end of Vi monlhs after either of Ihe high contracting parlies shall have given notice to i:iv iilhcr of its iiili-iition to leriniiiate the same; each of the hliili contriiclinii parlies reserving Id iiii'lf the right of giving such notice to the other, nt the end of Uk' said term of lit yars; and it is hereby agri^ed hetween them, that, at the expiralion of I'J monlhs niter siii h notice sli.ill have Inteii refeived by either party from Hie other, this cunvuntiun, and all the provlsi"n» thereof, shall i-llngciiiur ceaae and d>'terinine. :. The present convention shall ho rntilled, and the ralificatlons shall be exchanged nl London, wllhln I month from the date herenf, nr snniier if pnssihle. In wiiin'>8 whereof the respective plenipotuiitiarlus have signed the same, and have alllxcd thereto llie iealsiof their arms. Done at London, the second day of April, in the year nf our Lord one thousand eight hundred and iwenly-four. (itoncit; (;.\nni;«ii. W. lliisKis> the present treaty ; it being well understood that, to prevent all abuses, anil to prove its identity, every Ionian vessel shall be furnished with a patent, signed by the Lord High Commissioner or his representative. 9, The present convention shall be ratified, and the ratifications thereof exchanged in London, within Ihe space of 6 months, or sooner if possible. In witness whereof, the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed it, and have thereunto affixed tlie seal of their arms. Done at London, the 26th of September, 1816. Castlereaoh. Castelcicala, Separate and Mditional Article. In order to avoid nil doubt respecting the reduction upon the duties in favour of British commerce, which his Sicilian Majesty has promised in the 7th article of the convention signed this day between his Britannic Majesty and his Sicilian Majesty, it is declared, by this present separate and additional article, that by the concession of 10 per cent, of diminution, it is understood that in case the amount of the duty should be 20 per cent, upon the value of the merchandise, the eftect of the reduction of 10 percent, is to reduce the duty from 20 to 18; and so for other cases in proportion. And tliat for the articles which are not taxed ad valorem in the tariff, the reduction of the duty shall be proportionate ; that is to say, a deduction of a tenth part upon the amount ofthe sum payable shall be granted. The present sep'irate and additional article shall have the same force and validity as if it had been inserted word for word in the convention of this day —it shall be ratified, and the ratification thereof shall be exchanged at the same time. In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed it, and have thereunto affixed the seal ;if their arms. Done at London, the 26th of September, 1816. Castlereaoh. Castelcicala. Turkey. dpitulalions and Articles of Peace between Oreat Britain and the Ottoman Empire, as agreed upon, augmented, and altered, at different Periods, and, finally, confirmed by the Ih-eaty of Peace concluded at the Vardanellea, in 1809. SULTAN MEHEMED, MAY HE LIVE FOR EVER. "I.tl every thing be observed in conformity to these capitulations, and contrary thereto let nothing be done" 1. The English nation and merchants, and all other merchants sailing under the English flag, with ilieir vessels and merchandise of all descriptions, may pass safely by sea, and go and come into our dominions, williout any the least prejudice or molestation being given to their persons, property, or elfects, by any person whatsoever, but they shall be left in the undisturbed enjoyment of their privi- leges, and be at liberty to attend to their ail'airs. 1. If any of the English coming into our dominions by land be molested or detained, such persons Eball he instantly released, without any further obstruction being given to them. 3. English vessels entering the ports and liarbours of our dominions shall and may at all times safely and securely abide and remain therein, and at their free will and pleasure depart therefrom, without any opposition or hindrance from any one. 4. If it shall happen that any of their ships suffer by stress of weather, and not be provided with necessary stores and requisites, they shall be assisted by ail who happen to be present, whether the cren's ofour Imperial ships, or others, both by sea and land. 5. Being cniiie into the ports and harbours of our dominions, they shall and may be at liberty to pur- chase at their pleasure, with their own money, provisions and all other necessary articles, and to pro- vide themselves with water, without interruption or hindrance from any one. 6. If any of their ships be wrecked upon any ofthe coasts of otir dominions, all beys, cadis, govern- ors, commandants, and others our servants, who may he near or present, shall give them all help, pro- lection, and assistance, and restore to them whatsoever goods and effects may be driven ashore ; and in the evcni of any plunder being committed, they shall make diligent search and inquiry to find out the property, which, when recovered, shall he wholly restored by them. 670 TREATIES (COMMERCIAL). »»■ ■ •tfT " MU -LI CI CD ■I 7. The merchanig, interpreter!, bankeri, and ntheri, of the aaid nation, shall and may, both by gei and land, cnnii! into niir dnminioni), and thpre trade with the most perfect security; and in coiiiin» and doing, ni'il tier tliey nor their attendants sliall receive any the least olistrnclion, inolestatlon, or injury, either in their persons or property, from the beys, cadis, sea captains, soldiers, and others our slaves. 17. Our ships and ealleys, and all other vessels, which may full In with any English ships in theseaa of our dnniinions, shall not give them any molestation, nor detain them by demanding any thing, liui shall show good and inutnal friendship the one to the other, without occacioning them any prejudice 10. If the corsairs or galliots of the I.evnnt be found to have taken any K.nglish vessels, or riihhednr plundered them of their goods and elfects, also if any one shall have forcibly taken any thing froiniiw Knglish. all possible diligence and exertion shall be used and employed for the discovery of iho pm. perty, and indicting condign punishment on those who may have committed such depredations; and their ships, goods, and elfects, shall be restored to them without delay or intrigue. 21. Duties shall not be demanded or taken of the English, or the merchants sailing under Iho flnvof that nation, on any piastres and sequins they may import into our sacred dominions, or on those iljev may transport to any other place. ' 36. English merchants, and all others sailing under their flag, may, freely and unrcstricledly, trade and purchase alt sorts of merchandise (prohibited commodities alone excepted), and convey them eiiher by land or sea, or by way of the river Tanais, to the countries of Muscovy or Russia, and briiij buck thence other merchandise into our sacred dominions, for the purposes of tralhc, and also trans. port others to Persia and other conquered countries. 38. Should the ships bound for Constantinople be forced by contrary winds to put into Cafla, or any other place of those parts, and not be disposed to buy or sell any thing, no one sliall presume fnrciliiv to take out or seize any part of their merchandise, or give tQ the ships or crews any molestation or obstruct the vessels that are bound to those ports. ' 40. On their ships arriving at any port, and landing their goods, they may, after having paid their duties, safely and securely depart, without experiencing any molestation. 41. English ships bound to Constantiimple, Alexandria, Tripoli of Syria, Scanderoon, or other port* of our sacred dominions, shall in future be bound to pay duties, according to custom, on siicli gnndj oidy as they shall, of their own free will, land with a view to sale ; and for such merchandise as thcv shall not discharge, no duty shall be demanded, neither shall the least molestation or hindrance be given to them. 44. English and other merchants navigating under their flag, who trade to Aleppo, shall pay sucli duties on the silks, brought and laden by them on board their ships, as are paid by the French aiiil Venetians, and not one asper more. 55. The Imperial fleet, galleys, and other vessels, departing from our sacred dominions, and fallin; in with English ships at sea, shall in no wise molest or detain them, nor take from them any ihiri» whatsoever. English ships shall no longer be liable to any further search, or exaction at sea under colour of search or examination. 70. English ships coming to the porta of Constantinople, Alexandria, Smyrna, Cyprus, and other ports of our sacred dominions, shall pay 300 aspers for anchorage duly, without an asper more bein? demanded of them. 7*2. No molestation shall be given to any of the aforesaid nation buying camlets, mohairs, or grogram yarn, at Angora, and Bcghbazar, and desirous of exporting the same from thence, ofler having paid the duty of 3 per cent., by any demand of customs for the exportation thereof, neither shall one asper more be demanded of them. 75. That it being represented to us that English merchants have been accustomed hitherto to pay no custom or scale duty, either on the silks bought by them at Brussa and Constantinople, or on those which come from Persia and Georgia, and are purchased by them at Smyrna from the Armenians j if such custom or usage really exists, and the same be not prejudicial to the empire, such duty shall not be paid in future. (JV. B.— These capitulations may be found entire in HertsUt'a Treaties ; and in Chitty's Commenid iatc, vol. ii. pp. 290— 311. Appen.) Treaty helioeen Great Britain and the Sublime Porte, concluded at the Dardanelles, the 5th of January, ISO!) 1. From the moment of signing the present treaty, every act of hostility between England and Turkey shall cease. 5. In return for the indulgence and good treatment aflbrded by the Sublime Porte to Enelish mer- chants, with respect to their goods and property, as well as in all matters tending to facilitate tlieii commerce, England shall reciprocally extend every indulgence and friendly treatment to the Hapg, subjects, and merchants of the Sublime Porte, which may hereafter frequent the dominions of his Britannic Majesty for the purposes of commerce. 6. The last Custom-house tarilf established at Constantinople, at the ancient rate of 3 per rent., and particularly the article relating to the interior commerce, shall continue to be observed, as llieyarcai present regulated, and to which England promises to conform. 10. English patents of protection shall not be granted to dependants, or merchants who are siilijecls of the Sublime Porte, nor shall any passport be delivered to such persons, on the part of anibassadorj or consuls, without permission previously obtained from the Sublime Porte. Done near the Castles of the Dardanelles, the 5th of January, 1809, which corresponds withllie year of the Ilegira 1223, the lUlh day of the Moon Zilkaude. Revo Mehemmed Emin Vahid Effendi. Robert Adair. United States. Convention of Commerce betteeen Great Britain and the United States of .America, signed at Lonio'ti, the 3d of July, 1815. Article 1. There shall be between all the territories of his Britannic Majesty in Europe, and the I territories of the United Stdtes, a reciprocal liberty of commerce. The inhabitants nf the 2coiinlries respectively, shall have liberty freely and securely to come with their ships and cargoes to all cudi I places, ports, and rivers in the territories aforesaid, to which other foreigners are permitted to come, { to enter into the same, and to remain and reside in any part of the said territories respectively; and I also to hire and occupy houses and warehouses for the purpose of their commerce; and gfni'rallylliel merchants and traders of each nation respectively shall enjoy the most complete prutectinn and se- 1 curity for their commerce ; hut subject always to the laws and statutes of the Scnuntrifs respectlveli | 2. No higher or other duties shall be imposed on the imporintion into the territories of his Urilannicl Majesty in Europe, of any articles, the growth, produce, or manufacture of the United States, and no higher or other duties shall be imposed on the importation into the United States, of any atticli's, ilie_ growth, produce, or manufacture of bis Britannic Majesty's territories in Europe, tlian are orsballUl L). tion, »h«U »nd may. both by set Prfect security ; «"' «"' fomin? least obstruclion, inolcMatioii, or captains, soldiers, and otliers our vith any Enclifh "''"P* '"••'e'ea* hein by dcnmndiog ttoy <'""B. ta occasioning tli«i" nny pr..judicc ; any F.nplisli vessels, or rnl.l.e,ln, forcibly taken Bnytl.u.K from ihe ,ed for ti.e discovery ot ll.e pro. -..mnitted such depredations ; ana [KamstTling under .1,0 flngof "acred dominions, or on those tk, »v, freely and unrestrictedly trade one excepted), and convey them, rofMuscovyorKusBio,a«.lbr,„s purposes of trattic, and also trans- ■nrv winds to put into Caffa nr any hi.K one shall pres..n,e orcMv ships or crews any molestation, or s, they may, after having paidthtit Df Svihi, Scandernon, or otlier port. according to ciistotii, on such good, . * an.u'>r «"cl> merchandise as they /least molestation or hindrance be who trade to Aleppo, shall pay such ships, as are paid by the Hunch and „ n„r sacred dominions, and fallin? ahem, nor take from them any thin« er search, or exaction at sea under pxandria, Smyrna, Cyprus, and other Se duty, without an asper more beinj 1 buying camlets, mohairs, or gtogram same from thence, after Having paid lati^ thereof, neither shall one aspet «e been accustomed hitherto to pay no Kssa and Constantinople, or on those m at Smyrna from the Armenians; it "iaUoUie empire, such duty shall not TreatUs ; and in Chithfs Commmkl ie DardaitelUs, the 5(ft of January, 1S09 ,ct of hostility between England and !,„ fhP Sublime Porte to Enelish mer- aflmatfers tending to facilitate. e,r ond friendly treatment to the Hap, eafief frequent the dominions of his nt the ancient rate of 3 per cent., and lontlnue to be observed, as they are a. ^«nf« or merchants who are siihjeols iblime Porte. lary, 1809, which corresponds withine luHFMMED EM.N VAH.D EFFENDI. T ADAIB. States of JImtrica, Signed at London, ilh their ships ""'l^itedtocome, Ither foreigners »'«/"' "ijvelv i m^ I the said terri.ori. s res ecAve,^^! I of their commerc. ;" ;'^^; „ ,„d,e.| Iv the most complete I" ""'' .-md, I P.lt«tesc>fthe^counrie r P«.i^.I bori:sK^---'-"1 TREATIES (COMMERCIAL). 671 payable on the like articles, being the growth, produce, or manufacture of any other foreign country ; nor shall any higher or other duties or charces lie inipoHed in either of the two coiiniries on the exportation of any articles lo his llrilannic Majesty's territories in Europe, or to llie United States, respectively, than such as are payable on the exportation of the like arlieli-H lo any other foreif-n roiiii.ry ; nor shall any prohibition be imposed upon the exportalion or iinportation of a'nv articles, the crowtli, proiUice, or nianufacturc of the United States, or of his llritaiiiiir Majesty's "territories in Eiiro|PC, to or from the said territories of his Britannic Majesty in Europe, or to or from the said United !g j of such notice, the treaty is to cease to be of effect. " 14. Done at Vienna, July 3, 1838. "Metternich. "I'"UEDEBicK James Lamb." Wo have prcat pleasure in directing the attention of our readers to the folIowiriGr troalv.l They are aware, as we have elsewhere shown (art. Constantixople), that iiothinjj can be more liberal than the policy of the Turkish government, as to importation. Butlkfl freedom of exportation is quite as necessary to the successful prosecution of commerMail that of importation. A country prohibited from selling, that is, from exporting, cannot, hoi j much soever it tnay be disposed, import, or buy ; and hitherto this has been in a great ilc;r(«| )• 11 do more thtm any thini? the Austrian empire. The )litica\ consequences, should not certainiy of the number to British interests for us to t to it. Subjoined is a copy lunenry and Bohemia, nnrt Hat r^, with a desire in dcvHop, 'nsand^"soBBio„s«n.ltl..:r,.l,y ^. »^ irh nrevious to Hi.! cnn- 'StoconcU.de a treaty to thai powers. Hhall pay no/Uher,lm..., enaUunal vessels 01 each o.lhn. P*""' L which may t.e iinporl..,! ""/Alsoant^eproduclionsW.he ' "* " Lrtpli into the liarboiirs of '''"V?.C.unite«?andr.rr,.rra.i. 8 ""''"""Hf the dominions of the "f'rnm 1 eharbours of Austria .m„ ' ^,' ^^A niher possessions of IIci '''^''''.nU have to discharee if ihey '^^'ThPnresenttrentvtothetnule ^^'i■v,ltamen^of the tolh of .\«?u«t ^UpossessU,ns.a..dll.oseen3.>yd w„ ns far as Galacz, inclusive, Danube, as 'ar . possessions ■'^'"V'^Attria anS '«^M'r™-'lly.»l' \he A^str\Tn'harl,ours, and depart • ™,v pnter Austrian Uarlimirs, tries may eniej a ^^^ ^^.,^^^,,1 ^"^^^Mho Tarts of"Asiaa,,dXfrKa "y ,riP 1 n a ripht line into the P"r.s [o^rBJilain, «>'''» «"i''y''''^^^'"' A'"^"'?"rthe'contractinBcounlrip^ \!:,VrUes«Sectedlothesan.ed,U>« --^nr^tJ^JJofO^;= &VveK=^ttf-"f-^''^"^^^^^^^ I A^ nnrt navigation, arc to enjoy Ijeir trade »"" "^, 'of eitlier-tlialism (ations in the P^JY,"/ ^ ;,.„..e of ita Ipossessims the full a^^^^___^ ^^^^ ^ ^,^ [the same '»^,»« '''\j j,"^ ll,e same elVect; 1 orders "1 Council to ^^^^^^ ^^^ In force. between tlie .\«s"»« Tuecemher, 182j^. ^ej.,,-,^ tmutimel^t I "'''^^'"„;^si^nify t" tUe other its um- rsucliJwclvemo'nthsafiertliercce,*n| L,. readers to tltcfoUowin.2 ^°:rrtoCp^^tior Bou. TREATIES (COMMERCIAL). 673 the case with Turkey. The government has been in the habit of monopolising the trade in lilk and opium ; and the exportation of a great many important articles, as corn, copper, hemp, and flax, &c., has either been wholly prohibited, or sold or jobbed, by the divan or the pacha of the province to the highest bidder, or some favoured minion. The subjoined treaty expressly stipulates for the suppression of this wretched system. "The SubUme Porte" formally engaging " to abolish all monopolies of agricultural produce, or of any other articles whatsoever, as well as all permits from the local governors, either for the pur- chase of any article or for its removal from one place to another when purchased ;" and all viziers, or other officers, who may act contrary to such stipulations are to be punished. If this condition be 6onay!(ie enforced, it will effect one of the most salutary reforms that it was possible to introduce. We confess, indeed, that we have little, or rather no hope, in the regeneration or real improvement of Turkey, and should be glad to see her territories oc- cupied by any European power. But still the liberty freely to export will do something for ibc inhabitants ; and, by opening new markets for their products, will in so far stimulate their industry, and promote civilisation. The benefits that may grow out of this treaty to Great Britain and other commercial nations are but trifling compared to those that will probably result from it to Turkey herself: and it is on this account, mdeed, that it is espe- cially deserving of eulogy. The treaty takes effect from the Ist of March, 1839. Convtntion of Commerce and Navigation betioeen Her Majesty and the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, with two additional articles thereunto annexed. Art. 1.— All rights, privileges, and immunities which have been conferred on the subjects or ships of Great Britain by the existing capitulations and treaties are confirmed now and for ever, except in as faraatliey may be specifically altered by the present convention : and it is, moreover, expressly sti- pulated ttiat all rights, privileges, or immunities wliich the Sublime Porte now grants, or may here- after grant, to the ships and subjects of any other foreign power, or which it may sulier the ships and jubjects of any other foreign power to enjoy, shall be equally granted to, and exercised and enjoyed bv.the subjects and ships of Great Britain. 'Art. 2.— The suhjecls of her Britannic Majesty, or their agents, shall be permitted to purchase at all places in the Ottoman dominions (whether for the purposes of internal trade or exportation) all arti- cles, without any exception whatsoever, the produce, growth, or manufacture of the said dominions ; and the Sublime Porte formally engages to abolish all monopolies of agricultural produce, or of any ether articles whatsoever, as well as all permits from the local governors, either for the purchase of any article or for its removal from one place to another when purchased ; and any attempt to compel the subjects of Her Britannic Majesty to receive such permits from the local governors shall be consi- dered as an infraction of treaties, and the Sublime Porte shall immediately punish with severity any vizirs and other officers who shall have been guilty of such misconduct, and render full justice to Bri- tish subjects for all injuries or losses which they may duly prove themselves to have suffered. Art. 3.— If any article of Turkish produce, growth, or manufacture be purchased by the British iner- tl'.antor his agent, for the purpose of selling the same for internal consumption in Turkey, the British merrliant or his agent shall pay, at the purchase and sale of such articles, and in any manner of trade ibereiu, the same duties that are paid, in similar circumstances, by the most favoured class of Turkish subjects engaged in the internal trade of Turkey, whether Mussulmans or Rayahs. .\rt. 4.— If any article of Turkish produce, growth, or manufacture be purchased for exportation, the I same shall be conveyed by the British merchant or his agent, free of any kind of charge or duty what- soever, to a convenient place of shipment, on its entry into which it shall be liable to one fixed duty of 9 per cent, ad valorem, in lieu of all other interior duties. Bubseqiiently, on exportation, the duty of 3 per cent., as established and existing at present, shall lepaid. But all articles bought in the shipping ports for exportation, and which have already paid I ilie interior duty at entering into the same, will only pay the 3 per cent, export duty. Art. 5.— The regulations under which firmans are issued to British merchant vessels for passing the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus, shall be so framed as to occasion to such vessels tlie least possible delay. I Art. 6.— It is agreed by the Turkish government that the regulations established in the present con- vention shall be general throughout the Turkish empire, whether in Turkey in Europe, in Turkey in km. in Egypt, or other African possessions belonging to the Sublime Porte, and shall be applicable to lall tbe subjects, whatever their description, of the Ottoman dominions ; and the Turkish government ■ also agrees not to object to other foreign powers settling their trade upon the basis of this present Itonveiition. I Art. 7.— It having been the custom of Great Britain and the Sublime Porte, with a view to prevent III! difficulties and delay in estimating the value of articles imported into the Turkish dominions, or itiported therefrom, by British subjects, to appoint, at intervals of fourteen years, a commission of Inenwell acquainted with the traffic of both countries, who have fixed by a tariff the sum of money In the coin of the Grand Signior which should be paid as duty on each article ; and the term of four- lien years, during which the last adjustment of the said tariff was to remain in force, having e.vpired, Ilbe high contracting parties have agreed to name conjointly fresh commissioners to fix and determine nhe amount in money which is to be paid by British subjects, as the duty of 3 ""^r cent, upon the value Kf all commodities imported and exported by them ; and the said commissicers shall establish an kquitable arrangement for estimating the interior duties which, by the present treaty, are established pnTuritish goods to be exported, and shall also determine on tbe places of shipment where it may be Mt convenient that such duties should be levied. The new tariff thus established to be in force for seven years after it has been fixed, at the end of Kbichtime it shall be in the power of either of the parties to demand a revision of that tariff; but if ho such demand be made on either side within the six months after the end of the first seven years, Vnthe tariff shall remain in force for seven years more, reckoned from the end of tbe preceding leven years; and so it shall be at the end of each successive period of seven years. Art. S.— The present convention shall be ratified, and the ratifications shall be exchanged at Con- luminople within the space of four months. I In witness whereof, the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the same, and have affixed their bis thereunto. Done at Balta-Liman, near Constantinople, the 16th day of August, 1838. FONBONBY. (Signed in the Turkish Original) MUSTAPHA ReSCUID, ItC. Vol. II.-3 L 8S '.' : \ 674 TREATIES (COMMERCIAL). ir 1 - j ■■' • "il €3 ADDITIONAL ARTICLIS. Certnin difflfulties hsvinR arisen between the amtinBuadnr of Her Dritannic Majesty and the plem. fpoteiillnries of the Hublime I'oric, in fixinR the new conditions wliich should reguInU; llie commerce n British goods imported into the Turkish dominions, or passinK Ihroiiiih the same In transit, u j, BRfeed between his Excellency the nritish UMihnssndor and the plenipotentiaries of the Sublime I'nrie, that the present convention should receive their siBnatnres, without the articles which have reference 10 the above-mentioned subjects foriiiinK part of the body of the said convention. Hut at the same time it is also aprced— the following articles hnvinff been consented to by the Turkish government— that they sliall be snbniitled to the approbation of Her Majesty's Rovernincnt, and, should they be approved and accepted by Her Majoity's government, they vhull then form an integral part of the treaty now concluded. The articles in question are the following:— , , „ , .,, , Art. 1.— All articles being the growth, produce, or manufacture of the United Kingdom of Crpm Britain and Ireland and its dependencies, and all merchandise, of whatsoever description, einlmrlied Jn British vessels, and being the properly of Dritish subjects, or being brought overland, or hy nea, from other countries by the same, shall be admitted, as heretofore, into all ports of the Oitnniaii dominions, without exception, on the payment of 3 per cent, duty, calculated upon the value of suth & ft if* if*R And in lieu of all other and interior duties, wliether levied on the purchaser or seller, to which these articles are at present subject, it is agreed that the importer, after ri^ceiving his goods, shall pny, if he sells them at the place of reception, or if he send them thence to be sold elsewhere in ilie iiitcruir of the Turkish empire, one fixed duty of 2 per cent, j after which such goods may be sold and rcsdlj in the interior, or exported without any furllier duty whatsoever being levied or demanded on thini. But all goods that have paid the 3 per cent, import duty at one port shall be sent to another free of any further duty, and it is only when sold there, or transmitted thence into the interior, that ttie ■ecoiid duty shall be paid. It in always understood that Her Majesty's government do not pretend, either by this arliolii or any other in the present treaty, to stipulate for more than the plain and fair construction of the terms employed ; nor to preclude in any manner the Ottoman government from the exercise of its rights of Internal administration, where the exercise of those rights does not evidently infringe upon llie |iijvi. leges accorded by ancient treaties, or the present treaty, to British merchandise or British sulijects. Art. 2.— All foreign goods brought into Turkey from other countries shall be freely purchased and traded in, in any manner, by the subjects of Her Britannic Majesty, or the agents of the siiinti, ntnny place in the Ottoman dominions; and if such foreign goods have paid no other duty than \\w. duly paid on im|jortation, tlien the British subject or his agent shall be able to purchase such forelt'ii gnoilj on paying the extra duty of 2 per cent , which he will have to pay on the sale of hia own inipur'td goods, or on their transmission for sale into the interior; and after that such foreign goods ehall be resold in the interior, or exported, without further duty ; or, should such foreign goods have already paid the amount of tlie two duties (>. e. tlie import duty and the one fixed interior duty), then tlicy shall be purchased by the British subject or his agent, and afterwards resold or exported, without being ever siibiniited to any further duty. Art. 3.— No charge whatsoever shall be made upon British goods (such being the growth, prndiicp, or inuiiiifacture of the United Kingdom or its dependencies, or the growth, produce, or iiianuruDttire of any foreign country, and cliarued in British vessels, and belonging to British siibjecis) passing through the straits of the Dardanelles, of the Bosphorus, and of the Black Sea, whether siirh comlj shall pass through those straits in tlie ships that brought them, or are transshipped in lluise straits, or, destined to he sold elsewhere, are landed with a view to their being transferred to other vesseU (and thus to proceed on their voyage) within a reasonable time. All uierchandiHe imported into Tii»key for the purpose of being transmitted to other countriPii, or which, remaining in the hands of the importer, shall be transmitted by him for sale to other countries, shall only pay the duty of 3 per cent, paid on importation, and no other duty whatsoever. Uone at Balta-Liinan, near Constantinople, the 16th day of August, 1838. PONSONnT. (Signed in the Turkish original) MUSTAPIIA RESCtUD, 4c. Official Note delivered to Lord Ponsonby by his Excellency Nouree Eflendi, on the 27ih of August, 1838, relative to the 2d Article of the preceding Convention. (TVoniJafion.) It is stipulated by the 2d article of the Treaty of Commerce concluded between the Sublime Pnrte and the British government on the 25th Djt'iiiaziulevel, 1254 (August lA, 1838), that English iiiercliants are at liberty to purchase all kinds of merchandise in the Ottoman empire. But in order that the right of English merchants to sell within the Ottoman empire, or to export, tlm merchandise which they may purchase, may not be liable to misconception, the embassy of Her Bri- tannic Miijesiy has desired that an explanation should be given on this point, either in the treaty itself, or in a special note. ~ The meaning of the passage of which an elucidation is requested is clear, from the relation which the subsequent points in the 2d article bear to each other. But we nevertheless repeat, that Enelish merchants may, in virtue of the treaty, purchase within the Ottoman empire all kinds of merchandise; may, if they think proper, send the same abroad after having paid the duty thereon stipiiliited by the treaty, or may, if they think fit, resell the same within the Ottoman empire on conforming tn the arraogemciils established by the said treaty with reference to internal commerce. Such are the arrangements of the treaty ; and we give this explanation to the ambassador, rerewing to his Excellency the assurances of our sincere and perfect friendship. The 7th Djemaziul-ukir, 1254 (August 27, 18.')8). [For the commercial treaties between the United States and other nalion.s, the reader is referred to Gordon's Digest of the Lmvs of the United Stales. In all the.se treaties the government of the Union has acted on the most liberal principles, ft has aimed to place its commerce with other countries, on the basis of an entire reciprocity, asking from others such privileges only as it was willing in its turn to grant to them; and it has uniformly endeavoured to observe as strict an impartiality, in reference to them, as was consistent with a proper regard for its own dignity. — Atn. Ed.] TREBISOND, anciently Trapezus, from its resemblance to a trapezium, a town of Asia Minor, on the south-east coast of the Black Sea, lat. 40° 1' N., Ion. 39° 44' 5)2" E. Population variously estimated at from 15,000 to 30,000. The town is built on the declivity j of a bill rising gently from the sea. It is a place of great antiquity ; and, from the year L). Iritnnnic Msjcsly «nd the pletii. h Hlimitd riigiilnle llie comnitirce flrniiKli tlie game In Iransii, ii i» ntentiBrifsof the Sublime I'orte, ihe articles which have reference convention. .... ^ liWiiiB hcen consentPil to liy the n of Her Mnjpsty's Bdvcriiciicnt, rnnicnt, Uiey Bhall ihcn form an TREBISOND. 675 of the United Kinednni of Orpoi hatsoever (lescripiion, emlmrkcd ^Ing brought overliiml, or by nea, ■c into all ports of the Oliimian calculated upon ihu value of suth the piirchnier or seller, to winch fter receiving hiii goods, shall pny, 10 be sold elsewhere in llie iiilcrinr uch goods may be sold and lemU ■ ing levied or deinnnded on ihi-in. rt shall be sent to another free of thence into tlie interior, llial the retcnd, either by this arlirle or any and fair construction of tin; tcriiis It from the exercise of its rights of t evidently infringe upon the inivi- merchandise or Itrilisli suhjecls. tries shall be freely purchased and or the agents of the same, nl any 'paid no other duty Ihan the duly able to purchase such foreign graxU y on the sale of his own iInp(]r'^d ■ r that such foreign goods shall be lid such foreign goods have already one fixed interior duty), then llicy Twards resold or exported, without Is (such being the growth, iiroducp, le growth, produce, or inanulai^iure longing to Itritish subjects) passing the Black Sea, whether such conds r are transshipped in those straits, r being transferred to other vesseU transmitted to other countrips, or id by him for sale to other countries, other duly whatsoever. ;u8t, 1838. PONSONIIY. original) , MUSTAPIIA RFsciiin, &c. Iree Effendi, on the 27lh of August, Lcluded between the Sulilime Porte bst U>, 1838), thai English merdiaiils E empire. _ .. _ Ihe Ottoman empire, or to exnTt.thn lonception, the embassy of Her Bri- 1 this point, either in the treaty ilsell, ied is clear, from the relation whifh fe nevertheless repeat, that tnslish Ian empire all kinds of merchandise j Tl the duty thereon stipulated by t le fcman empire on conforming m the Irnal commerce. ^nation to the ambassador, rerening |>hip. 1 and other nations, the reader is States. In.all these treati<'s the nciples. It has aimed to place IB reciprocity, asking from others [to them; and it has unitornily I to them, as was consistent witli , to a trapezium, a town of Asia j Fhe town is built on the dechvity anUquity; and, from the year ! 1203 to the final subversion of the Eastern empire by Mohammed II., in the 1.5th century, was the scat of a dukedom, or, as it was sometimes called, an empire, comprisinK the coun- try between the Pha.sis and the Hulys. Its fortifications are still of considerable strength, at least for a Turkish city. The space included within tho walls is of great extent; but it ia principally filled with gardens and proves. The houses are mean in their outward appear- ance, and comfortless within.— (Tourne/jr^, Voyage du Levant, tome ii. pp. 231— 239.; Kinncir''a Journey throuf^h Asia Minor, Jrc. p. 338.) //ar&rtur. —Trebisond has two ports, one on the W. and one on tire E. side of a small peninsula, or point of land, projecting a short way info the sea. That on the east is the best shcllercil, and is the place of anchorage fur the largest ships. It i.s, however, exposed to all liul the southerly gales ; but It does not apiie.-ir, that, with ordinary precaution, any danger need be apprehended. The ground, from J to J a mile h. from tho point, is clean, and holds extremely well. Ships moor with open hawse to the N., and a good hawser and stream anchor on shore, as a stern-fast. At night, the wind always cnmes off the land. Captain Middleton says that the only bad weather is from the N. W. j but tliat, lhnii?b the swell be considerable, it does not cause any heavy strain upon tho cables.— (JVu«(ic«J Afa- fa'.vit, vol. ii. p. LSI.)— At I'latana, near Trehisond, and quite as exposed, Turkish vessels have from lime immemorial rode in saf.'ty the whole winter ; a satisfLjtory proof that the dangers supposed to be incident to the roads along the coast are wholly visionary.— (/Aid. p. 244.) Jfiivigaiionnf the Black Sea— We are happy to have this opportunity to state that Captain Middleton, who has been repeatedly In tllR Black Sea, agrees entirely with Tournefort— (see ant(, p. 251.)— as to the groundlessness of the notions that have got abroad of its navigation being peculiarly dangerous. He shows that the "thick weather," supposed to prevail In this sea. Is "uuite imaginary."— "There are fogs in it occasionally, but these never last tong : and, like fogs every where else, arc unaccom- panied by much wind. (Jales sometimes occur, but they rarely amount to storms, and their duration is short. Except on its northern coast, it has deep water all over. It may, in fact, be considered a sea iihnost without a hidden danger." The only difficulty attaching to its navigation consists, as formerly observed (ami, p. 251.), in making the Busphorus. Uu; this, also, has been much exaggerated ; and ships able to keep out to sea, and properly navigated, quit it without encountering any considerable risk.— (For further particulars as to this interesting subject, the reader is referred to Captain Middle- ton's paper In Ihe 2d volume of the JVouticaZ .;»iuAra:»7ie,— a useful and excellent publication, well en- titled to the public patronngc.) 7V(irfe.— In antiquity, and in more modern times, previously to the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks, and the exclusion of all foreign vessels from the Black Sea, Trehisond was the seat of an etiensive trade. Any one, indeed, who casts his eye over the map of Asia, must be satisfied that this city is the natural emporium of all the countries to the S. E. of the DIack Sea, from Kars on the oast, round hy Diarbeker to Amasia, on the west. Erxeroum, the principal city of Armenia, is only about 135 miles S. E. from Trehisond. Its merchants are distinguished hy their superior attainments, and by their enterprise and activity. For a lengthened period, they have derived most part of their sup- plies of European commodities hy way of Smyrna or Constantinople ; nothing, however, but the im- possibility of obtaining them at so convenient a port as Trehisond, could have made them resort to such distant markets as those now mentioned ; and it may well excite surprise, considering the period during which the Black Sea has been open, that efforts were not sooner made to establish an inter- course with Armenia, Georgia, and the north-western parts of Persia, through this channel. We are glad, however, to have to stale, that within these few years this has been done ; and notwithstanding the difficulties that necessarily attach to every attempt to open new channels of cominerce with semi- civilized nations, the experiment has proved more than ordinarily successful. Tlic policy of Russia hag recently, also, given to TrebisoiMl an importanceitdidnot formerly possess. Previously to 1831, foreign commodities were admitted at the low duty of 5 per cent, into the Russian port of Redoutkale, and others on the coast of Mingrelia, whence they were distributed over Georgia, and as far as I'ersia. But a ukase, issued at tlie epoch referred to, put an end to all the immunities nith respect to duties enjoyed by the Russian provinces to the south of Mount Caucasus, and extended to them the same customs' regulations that obtain in the other parts of the empire. Considerable de- ductions are, it is true, made from the duties charged on certain articles imported into these provinces, provided they be carried in the first instance to Odessa, and there reshipped for Mingrelia; but those tint go direct to the latter are subject to the same duties and conditions as If they went to Petersburg or Riga. Printed cottons, and some other important articles, are in all cases prohibited. The opening of a port on the S. E. extremity of the Black Sea, to which goods might be sent direct from Europe, and be thence conveyed to Armenia, Persia, &c., has, under these circumstances, become inohjec* of a good deal of interest to the commercial world. There can be no doubt, indeed, did any thing like order or regular government prevail in the Turkish provinces of Asia Minor, Armenia, &c., that Trehisond would speedily become a considerable emporium. At present, however, and for a long lime hack, these beautiful provinces. In common with most other parts of the Turkish empire, have been in a stale of extreme disorder ; and, owing to the imbecility and ignorance of the government, tliPte seems but little prospect of improvement so long as it is suffered to exist. Tlie priocijial articles of import are manufactured cottons, mostly from Great Britain, sugar, coffee, rum, salt, tin, wine, &c. Cottons are sold at long credits ; sugar, coffee, &c. are sold at shorter credits, and are more regularly paid. The exports consist of silk, sheep's wool, tobacco, shawls, and carpets, falls, and drugs of various sorts, box wogd, nuts. Ice. There are very rich copper mines in the moun- tains to the south of Trehisond ; but they are but little wrought ; and the Turks are so blind to their own interests, as to prohibit the exportation of copper, as well as of corn, and wax. It is ditncult, therefore, to obtain return cargoes. More than half the articles imported, are destined for Persia. In 183-2, no fewer than il,l8iJ packnees passed through Trehisond for Tabreez; and it is believed, that of these, fully S,00fl consisted of British manufactures. Money, H'eiehts, and Measures, same as at Constantinople ; which see. Arritals—ln 1832, there arrived at Trehisond, ti ships under the British flag, of the burden of 718 tons.— (PaW. Paper, No. 75t). Sess. 1833.)— During the same year, there arrived 19 foreign vessels, of the burden of 4,438 tons ; of these, 10 were Austrian ; 5 Sardinian ; and 4 Russian. The total imports may, perhaps, be valued at about 300,0001. The exports are comparatively trifling. [Transit Trade with Persia. — We noticed, under the article Trkhisond, in the Dlc- tionary, the importance that the trade with this place was likely to attain from its becoming a channel through which to carry on trade with Persia. Previously to the 1st of Jatiuary, 1832, the trade between Europe and Persia, by way of the Black Sea, principally centered in the Russian port of Redout Kale, at the mouth of the Phasis. This was a consequence of the exemption granted in 1822 to the Russian provinces to the south of the Caucasus from the duties charged in the other parts of the empire. But the exemption having ceased 876 TREBISOND. r 1 tm, r% C9 at the period referred to, and the Trans-Caucasian provincca having been subjected to tha same duties as the other provinces, the transit trade to I'ersia by way of Kudout Kalu, Teflis, and the Caspian Sea, has almost entirely ceased, and it is now carried on through TrebiRond, Erzeroum, and Tabreez. In consequence, the increase of trade at Trebisond has been very remarkable. In 1 830, about 5,000 packages, valued at 250,000/., were imported and for- warded fur Persia; in 1834 about 12,000 packages, valued at 600,000/., were so received and forwarded; and in 1835 the number of packages had increased to 10,327, valued at 066,350/. ! Wo subjoin a Statement of the Number and Tonnage of Vcsiels, with the Value of tlirir CarRoes, and dlntlnuulih- Ing the Countries to which the game belonged, which entered and cleared at the I'ort of Trcbistond in the Year Xi'ii.)— (Consular Return.) Countriei. Briliih Turkiih Ruuian Austrian Greek Sardinian Saniian Total Entered. Veeiela. IS 113 16 II « I no Tonnafe. I,ni5 16,644 2,631 3,329 912 881 III 26,444 Value of C'ar Ton- n.-iKe. In direct Trade. In Trai.si' lo Ehg. laud. In di reel Trade. In Traniil tu Koglauil. London - Comtantino- ple. S 12» 430 1,173 L. 6,238 15,326 L. 36,880 67,991 Colonial prod., iron, cottoDi, woollens. Iron, lu^r, hen- na, bwr, colo* nial prod.,Bri- tisb manufac- lurea. Cottons and Woollens. British do. a* 1,173 L. 26,187 L. Boiwnod, nuts, linseed, i^Us, tobacco, wai, silk, cnppiT, beans, wool, *c. 1 in ba|. last Galls, yellow berries, lilk, carpets. London and Conitan- tinople. 1 112 7,363 3,167 Colonial prod., British manu- factures. Do. 1 112 1,202 2,478 Boawnod, nufvvwl, satllower, •ilk, pill Liferpool fc Conitan- linople. Batoum - Sanuoun - Tafanrog - 1 ■' 1 100 100 3,106 200 16,000 Inn, sugar, spi- rits, British manufactures. Boxwood Do. 1 1 2 too 164 312 ' 300 • In ballasb Ditto. 1 in ballast, part of Imported cargo, taltgand oil. ToUIa ■ 18 1 1,916 32,232 123,028 17 1,851 27,689 2,478 • Nott —In tliese numbera arc included 8 entries and 7 clearances of one vessel of 64 tons burden. * We have elsewhere referred (art. Odessa) to this valuable pnhlication. Though in the ser- vice of Russia, the author has not scrupled to point out errors in her policy : and has justly censured the eiiension of the tariff to the Trans-Caucasian provinces in 1U33.— Su;).) TRIESTE. 677 iving b«en nibjected to lh« r wiiy of Redout Kal«, Tefli», ;arried on through Trebinond, ) at Trebisond has been »cry 00/., were imported and for- at 600,000/., were bo received increased to 19,327, valued r tliclr Cargoes, and dlstlnguiBh- ileared al the I'ort of Treblaond Clc*r«l. It. ToamtP- V.luol Carfoet, l,BM 3,329 912 881 L. 30,187 M.OM 2,m I.7M 19,177 B 1H,872 690,920 dure; and it is believed that from I are of Urili»h orii,'in, consislini! ■vioHsly to 1H31 no Hrilisli iron had iiow imported, to the excliisimi (.i •rseded tlie iron of Kiissia in tins on the Commerce of the Black Hea, •e admitted, on paying n Inw duty, le importation of EngllBh goods, or Eastern prince, may, it is probable, by far the most important ; bin, ai Turkey, they appenr in llie list nf jpear much greater llian it .-eally derable, and miRht be inilefinllely iported to the exclusion of that nf able quantities of cotton yarn are • Asia Minor that used to be wholly linning to spread among the popu- :, opium, boxwood, nuts, &c. But, I'ured under many ditbciillieB; and ler ports where they load. Ihe Nature and Value of lliclr Car- tishing the I'orls to and from which Cleared, fal. of Cargoes. Nature of Cargoei. In direct rrade. , '» , Traini' 10 tuf\ land. In direct Trade. In Traniil tu EDglaui 6,187 1 1,202 300 2,478 Boiwnod, nuta, linseed, pIli, tobacco, wai, ailk, cnppir, beans, wool, Ac. I in Ul. Galls, yellow JBoiwnod, berries, silk, car(jeti. ,689 2,478 In ballast Ditto. I in ballast, part of inu'orte*! cargo, talt,and oil. nuts,ww)l, ssHlower, silkiSalli. I veaael of 64 tons burden, iDHblication. Though in the ser- I? policy -.and has justly censtited l-Sup.) TRIESTE, a large city and sea-port of the Austrian dominions, the cnpifnl of a district of Illyria, nituatod near the N. E. extremity of the (iulf of Vciiii-e, lat. 1.5° 1)8' 37" N., Ion. 13° 46' 27" E. Population 48,000. It is divided into the old and new towns. The former is built upon elevated ground; the latter, which is lower down, is laid out with greater regularity, and is partly intersected by a canal, into which vessels nut drawing moro tlian 9 or 10 feet water enter to loud and unload. lfitrboiir—T\\p barlioiir of Trieste, though rather limited in size, is essy of nereis nnd cnnvcnient. It is protected from «oulherly gales by the j/u/u '/Vrf^tdnn, so culled from the K.mprena Maria Theresa, ut llincxtremity of whirl! the new light-house, mentioned below, has been r.oiistriictecl. The porl, with the innle, forms n crescent li mile in length, being a continued <|uay, fared with hewn hIoiics, with stairs ,in(l Ji!ll'e8 for the ronvenicnrc of embarkation. On the nortli side of the port is a dork or harbour, np- {irrniola furnish limber, for ship building and other purposes, of excellent quality and in great abiindanre, willi staves, cork wood, box, hoops, &c. ; marble also ranks under this head. Uf mnniifactured articles, ilic nio'st important are, thrown silk, silk stufl's, printed cottons from Austria and Switzerland, coarse and line linens, and all sorts of leather; under this head are also ranked soap, Venetian treacle, limieiirs. Sec, with jewellery, tools ami utensils of all sorts, glass ware and mirrors, Venetian beads, refined sugar, and a host of other articles. Of foreign articles imporled and reshipped, the most Important are sugar, cotfee, and dye sliifTs. Trieste is also a considerable depot for all sorts of pro- duce from the Hinck Sea, Turkey, and Egypt. It is not possible to obtain any accurate account of the quantity and value of the exports ; but Mr. Money, the British consul, who has carefully inquired into the subject, supposes that they may .iiiiount in all, exclusive of those shipped for Venice, Fiume, and other Austrian ports, to about i 8I10,000(. a year, which he divides as follows :— Haic Produce, via.— Grain, rice, oil, honey, wax, shumac, tobacco, &.c. . - - Silk, hemp, wool, rags, hides and skins ------- Metals, mineral and other products; as, quicksilver, iron, lead, copper, brass, zinc, lilbarge, argol, antimony, arsenic, alum, vitriol, potash, turpentine, marbles, &c. - Timber, plank, hoards, &c. ...-.-.- .Vanii/acturcsof silk, cotton, wool, linen, leather, &c. . - . . . Soap, candles, Venetian treacle, and medicines ------ Tools, machinery, arms, &c. -....--- Ilniisehold furniture, musical instruments, glass and glass wares, porcelain, &c. Fiiwffti Jlrticles reshipped for exportation, exclusive of those for Lombardy and the Papal Slates -...---.-- Total - . - £l,bOO,000 Mr. Money further supposes that these articles are distributed amongst the countries trading with Trieste, as follows:— ^ To Turkey and the Levant Egypt - - - - - Greece, the Ionian Islands, and Malta the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Ports in France, Sardinia, and Tuscany Spain, Portugal, and Barbary Great ISrItain - - - - Ports in the North of Germany the United Slates of America South Auierica and the West Indies • 350,000 SbO.bOO 2,')0,000 It-II.OOO 235,000 80,000 25,000 20,000 300,000 £ 380,000 300,000 l.'!0,(100 350,000 1(10,000 120,000 220,000 150,000 30.000 20,001) 31.2 Total exports £1,800,000 ii 678 TRIESTE. TZ »> n « - ■n ir 1 u»''iur o :: J ^■4 ' Perhaps them pitlmalei Are a little helnw the mark. Wo have been aiiiired by high mnrciintlie authority, that the entire value of the ciports from Trieite to foreign countrle* li not under 3,0(K),(Nj(ir a year. Import I. —There \» a great difli'rence between the Import! Into and the eiportR fVom Trle«te ; iii« value of the former hrluR certainly not leaa than 4,(HI0,000<. iterling. The exrcm of Importa In i-xpliiliici| partly by the fact that large quniitltlei of foreign aooda imported Into Trlctte are RUhBc(|ii(>ntly tmn. ililppi-d by coiiHtlnv veHavU lo Venice, I'lunie, and other porta, partly by the realdence of Kniillfih iiiiil other foreignera lit VIennn, and partly by there being an exceaa of exporta aa compared with iin|iorii, from other paria of the emiilre. The greot article* of Import are auear, cotton goodH and raw coiinn, oil, cofTue, wheat, ailka, liiiligo and other dye atutTa, valonia, &,c. The following Table containg all the information that can bu dealicd aa to the import trade of Trieste In \HVJ, IHIIU, and 1H31 :— Statement of the Unanlily and Value, In DrltiHh Money, Weights, and Menaures, of the princl|iai Ar- liclea imported inio TrIcHle during each of the Three Years ending with 1031, specifying the ttuati- tity and Value of those furnlahed by each Country. ' ''' 'I Ib30. 1630. I«J1. rnunlriet from whidi impurlej. Artklea. Et'KtiBh WiJKhl or Mrasure. cwt. Quaotity. Value Sierling. Kngliih Weight or Meaiurr. Quin- tity. Value Sterling. Kngli.h Wnghlnr M.aiure. Quan- tity. 12,990 Valu. Sterling ~~L~ 25,4-0 Onal Drilaio • Cnffoa 20.360 3M,900 cwt. 36,290 L. 51,442 cwl. Nuit»r — 72,7t»8 I09,BM3 — 9^,9 2 129.640 — 7ti,.5(i4 96,X71 Rum - lalluna 39,8410 4,310 plIoDS 31,266 3,3X0 galloni 4I,2U0 6,1(10 Spiers . i6,aoo . • 17,4V) - • xm lllJijIO lU. 66,000 24,170 Itw. 70,000 2),900 Ihi. 62,300 l.1.V)0 Urugi . 16,120 • 16.461 . 17,816 Iran • cwt. 12,000 6.000 cwt. 28.000 I3,OCO cwl. 19,000 9.W0 Tin • _ 4,000 22,H77 ^ 7,500 33,000 .- 3,uoa ! 15,700 Cotton (foodn . • * 346,000 • - 461.000 • , 3I0,1TO Woollen Kooda • . 8,100 . • 13,500 • II.SM lUrilwaref package! 120 6,000 package! I.V, 7,750 packagea no 6,500 Eariheuware - _ 300 3.000 350 3.900 — 190 2.160 America, U, S. CoOm cwl. 39,72t 72,600 cwt. 61,697 92,885 cwl. 25,080 I S»,9iO Smar- — 143,576 219,(166 • 186,024 260,^80 .- 153,008 193,7-6 Cotton — 26,860 1)0,300 ^-, 32,750 90,800 ..- 33,400 lOO.iog Kum • calloni 40,000 4,400 nllon! rt>i. 48,860 6,0H0 !?i!°" 42,180 6,320 Tea • Ftii. 11,000 1,400 700 86 3,000 1 m Brazil »i : cwt. I49,8>0 225,412 twt. I89,')00 261,260 cwt 161,220 2(10,liO » 46,860 80,510 78,290 \43,Ui _ 36,290 S2,JC0 Hidee ■ • 73.100 > - 66.120 - • 76,il0 Dyring woodi • cwt. 62,972 26,900 cwt. 36,0=4 14,770 cwt 46,842 18,700 DrUlO . • 48.0(10 . 61,000 • • 21.(00 WeetlDdlea ■ Suf»r. cwt. 71,123 I3',,000 cwt. 81,600 175,6(10 cwt 66,20i 90,M0 Cotfeo _ 19,2(10 39,9IW 21,300 44,260 — . 10,^00 24,3"0 Pimento — 1,742 6,770 cwt. 1,579 4,110 ^ 1,650 i,m Rum • gAllnni 6,960 950 n»on! 4,000 700 galloDi 8,100 I.IOO Levant Cotton cwt. S2,7B0 90,8011 cwt. 36,8311 106.950 cwt 64,310 I50,M Curranti — EI5,6(iO 61,350 ^ 161, 50u 125,400 — 90,i«0 R',*!) Ouma — 7,464 33,720 — 6,918 39.UI2 — 6,448 2«.(» Fun • skim 80,000 9,000 !kin! 76,000 7,0CO ikinf 108,000 IO,,V« Oalli • cwt 6,4H0 14.000 cwt. 7,712 20,4^0 cwt. 7,638 1 »..'*) V.ilonia ~. 90,000 40,000 -. 100,(110 44,000 -* 130,000 (J0,((») Wai • — 6,100 35,000 _ 6,000 39,000 -. 6,500 Sl.IKO RIack Sea Wheat quarters 6t,0lS 94,3M quarter! 103,178 167,190 qiiartera 113,100 IOS,900 ^gyv^ Cotton cwt. 16,386 44,350 cwt. 17,910 63,400 cwt 26,2.50 69,12) Grain quarter! 60,000 70,400 quarter* 65,000 78,' 00 quarter! 49,000 f<^,m PulM- ^ 70,000 80,000 — . 46,000 60,000 — 30.(X)0 36.040 Se«l - — 60,000 85,000 ^ 16.000 23,000 — 12,000 2l,0Ci0 Madder cwt. 1,163 1,794 cwt 6,088 12, UO cwt. 3,900 i.m' Sicily Nipfea Fruito • . I0,noo > . 12,000 Xm Oil - tuni 6,700 207,000 tuni 9,900 306.000 tiins 6,700 234,000 Malta Cotton Fniiti cwL KO 2,800 1,000 cwl. 950 2,SiiO 1,600 cwt 600 2,M Italy ■ Hemp cwt. 'so.eoo 36,000 cwt ■ii,m 42,000 cwt. 30,000 x,,m Rice - — 46,000 38,000 _ 61,000 41,000 ^ 54,000 1 Uin Silk, raw _ 4,000 IS.OOO _^ 8,000 35,000 — 9,000 40,0lO Sweden Codfish — 47,000 24,000 _ 60,000 40,000 — 20,000 12,000 , France Winea - uncertain 2.000 . . 3,000 . • 2.0KI' Silki • . ... 100,000 . . 120,000 > . vtm. Spain Lead ■ cwt. IS,000 10,000 cwt I4,OCO 8,200 cwt 7,0CO 4,100 1 Fruiti . . 6,000 • . 6,000 > . 4,000 1 Portugal Surar- Coflee cwt. 25,000 37,000 cwt 75,000 110,000 cwt 60,000 9!,000l — 15,000 29,000 — 18,«)0 35,000 — 12,000 23,4W Cocoa — 2,600 2,100 _ 6,200 4,600 ^ 6,000 5.600 Sunutra ^F^ : -. 6,000 9,500 . . _ 10,800 I6.C« Greece tUD! 1,600 60,000 tun! 2,600 76,000 tuns 1,100 35,000, Wai . cwt. 2,,'iflO 17,600 cwt. 3,000 19,000 cwt 2,600 16,0(0 1 Fipi - . . 3,000 . . 3,500 • 3,01): Cnrranti cwt. 42,300 29,110 cwt. 18,600 12,000 cwt 37,000 24,0(»j Money. — Mercantile accounts are usually kept at Trieste in what is commonly called conninim money, from an agreement entered into with respect to it by some of the German princes, in rti3. The current coins that are legal tender are dollars, I dollars or florins, and zwanzigers, or pieces of SO kreutzers. Ten dollars are coined out of the Cologne marc (3,608 gr. Eng.) of pure silver, so liiji the value of the dollar is 4j. 3d. sterling. The florin, or i dollar = 2s. \\d. sterling; zwanzigers, or pieces of 20 kreutzers (60 to the marc), r= i\d. sterling. Hence it follows that Is. sterling = ^\ kreutzers (60 to a florin) ; and the po>jnd sterling = 9 fl. 24f kr., or, as it is commonly taken, 9 fl. 25 kr. All contracts are either e.xpres^lv declared, or are understood, to be in silver money ; gold coins, not being legal tender, pass only 3) merchandise. fVeighta and Measures. —Those chiefly in use at Trieste are those of Vienna and Venice. Tlie com- mercial pound contains 4 quarters, 16 ounces, or 32 loths : it is = 6,639 English grains. Thus, 100 llii. at Trieste = 1236 lbs. avoirdupois ; or 90^ lbs. of Trieste = 112 lbs. avoirdupois. The principal dry measure is the stajo or staro = 2-34 Winch, bushels. The Vienna metzen, wbicli is sometimes used, = 1-723 Winch, bushel. The polonick = 0.861 Winch, bushel. The principal liquid measure is the orna or eimer = 40 boccali = 15 wine or ISHmperial galloni very nearly. The barile = 173t English wine gallons. The orna of oil contains 5} caiflsi, and weighs about 107 commercial pounds. It is = 17 wine or UK Imperial gallons. Tfae ell woollen measure = S6'6 Engliab inches. The ell for silk = 252 English inches. TRIESTE. 079 n BMured by h'8'' nn^'umil" ,unu'e"l.n»lunaei».0(H),m) i'"". Zul» comparea wUh lmi,«.l., , cotton g-«i(l« ivml raw 6^,300 10,000 3,U00 no i«o liifiOi 33,400 42,l«0 I 3,00^ 161, £20 36,280 I 'i&,m ' 66,2U lO.SOO ' I,6i0 I 6,100 64,310 80,1«0 6,448 108,000 7,638 130,000 5,500 113,100 26,250 49,000 30,000 12,000 3,900 Loco l5,Oo6 |9,»)0 15,400 L. 25,«-n 96,tT) , 6,ira i U.IOQ I I3,«0 I n,8i6 9,W 1 IMOO i 310.000 I I U,»»| »,M0 2,IW 5!l,9i0 1 I93,7'(i ICO.ICO ' I 6,320 . I JW , 200,110 . I 82,400 I 16,il0 ' 18,700 ; 21.(00 < 90,500! 24;!!0' 3,800 < 1,100 i 150,3f01 e.i^ ' 2M20 10.500 i8,no I 60,(00 : I 39,0(0 1 IW.MO ', 69.124 I (!-,000 36,000 21,000 6,100 1 9,0(0 234.0(« 1,K0 2.W) 15,0(10 42.1M 1 40.0(0 IS,Oi-0 I 2.0(0 100,0(0; 4,100 I 4,000 i 92,000 I 2S,100 6,600 16.000 3.i,00i! . le.o'o 1 lOfO' 21.*^ 1 kvhat 18 commonly called conr«n.i.n r „<• ihP Oerman princes, in loi; I ^f on kreutzers (60 to the matcl, r ° ,fin to a florin) ; a" 2 6 4 6 Rlrlt.., Ho. -, , • * IS 6 Rice, do OM n 1 96 Br*ni, French, do. • . . 13 1-2 6-4 Rum, do. .... 13 21 1 6 H'4 B.jl>l>imli for tnrr lb. vrslght of Vi Rye, do. .... 16 64 eiina • 10 1 Htiumac, do, ... 9 3U r,Mii, Jo. • . 13 A2 Silk, raw, do. 39 1 36 1 fiimininn, do. 1 30 3 .Soda, do. .... II 4ll tliuM, do. • ■ 1 3 2 l'2 Spirili, do. .... S 10 lud ind herrini(t, for svery 100 Ibt. Suftar, refined, cniihed, and raw, for , »ci|lit of Vnuu* • 2 4 every 100 Iba. welihl of Vienna Suicar, raw, while, for Dm use uf the 11 2 2 C cm, d". • 21 2 2 1 (ofte, do. • 21 2 2 reflnera in the interior, do. . 14 1 8 1 fnli™ wool, do. 230 6 Suxar, other qualitita fur lamc uae, i tip. do. • 1 \i 2 4'8 do. .... 7 14 1 f rjiillinceoM, do. • 7 30 16 Sulphur, do. ... 2 34 4 9-6 1 MM, Jo. •. , , • 4S 1 6 Te.i, do, • M 1 lie 1 Guiio. nieJi<^"i*'t do. 630 13 Tin, do. .... 4 3(J 9 1 (illien, do. 48 1 7-2 Twut, mule. In No. SO. incluiive, do. dl 8 2 1 Hjreiiiiiu,do, 1 17 2 6.g water, to No. 12. do. ■ 60 8 llejup. da. • • 12 48 mule and water, alinve Ihow Hi li-s ("' '>'"y ""'« 6 1-2 2'2 numltera rfspeclively, do. Valonia, for every load of 110 Iba. 20 2 hi.ll«ci, for every 100 llM. wcij^ht of : Vieiill* " 730 15 weifcht of Virnni • 3 1-2 |.4 ! Ijracf J, do. • IH 72 Wan, yellow, for every ICO Iba. weight of Vienna .... l,.iiu'iiiet:, do. 4 B 6 10 ' Mi.ldtr root, do. 020 8 VVai, white, do. . 12 1 4 M.IIW, do, . 17 68 Wheat, Jo. .... 2212 9 .Mnluir, do. • 1 12 2 4-8 Wood., dyeing, do. • 12 48 .Naukeciw, do. ' 40 1 4 VVool.rto. . . . . 030 1 JV. B.—\t is ohservahle, that In Austria almost all article* (except such as are rated ad valorem) are charged by weight, Including even grain, and lliiuids, wine, oil, spirits, &c. Tariff of ilie Custoiua Duties on the principal Articles hrought from the Interior of the Austrian Empire to Trieste for Shipment. Article!. Uuty in Currency. Amount iu Sterling. L. 1. d. Art idea. Duty in j Ammint in Currency. 1 Sterling. Fl. kr. Fl. kr. L 1. d. ilum, for 100 Iba. weight of Viennt - 412 u 1-8 Musicil iuatruments, for every florin 1 ADlimony, do. U 2 1-2 1 v.ilue .... 14 01 Ariol, Jo. • - _ • . 22 1 2 9 Oats, for 100 Iba. weight of Vienna . 1.2 0-2 j Aran of Jll mrta, for everr florin value Anenic, for 100 Iba. weight of Vieuua 1-4 01 Oil, (Jive, do. • • . 10 4 6 1-4 2-3 I'llch and tar, d(?. . 4 1-2 1-9 Birley, do. . 1-2 0-2 rolash, do. .... 18 7.2 1 Bi»is,ilo- .... 19 7-6 i|uicksilver, do. . . - 37 1-2 1 3 Cinnabar, Jo. 43 3-4 1 6 1-2 Rags, linen, do. • 1 2 Clocki. walchea, (kc. for every florin Hire, do. . 2 1-4 0-9 vrlue .... 014 O'l Rye, do 3-4 0-3 Copper, for 100 Ibi. weight of Vienna . 030 1 .Shunuac, do, ... 1 12 0-6 t'orkwwl, do. . 4 14 17 Silk, raw, do. 45 4 10 C.iiion uiniiuficlures, for every lb. thrown, do. . 22 30 2 5 weight nf Vienna . 14 0.| slufls, Ac , for every lb. weight Cutlery, fur every florin value Flai, (or 100 Iba. weight of Vienna . 014 0-1 of Vienna • 1 1-2 3.8 6 2-4 Skins, lamb and kid, for 100 lbs. weight Fruil), dried, Jo. ... 1 12 06 of Vienna .... 3 37 1-2 7 3 (llaH wares, Jo. • 4 16 St,ivea, pipe, Sc, for every florin value Sugar, retiued, for 100 lbs. weight of 1-4 01 Do. cryiul and mirtora, for every florin value . . . • 1-4 01 Vienna .... 1834 1 7 1.2 Himp, for lOO lbs. weight of Vienna ■ 5 2 Timber, ship, for every florin value - 3 1-2 Iron, uuwrought, do. 134 0-7 other sorts • 1-4 0-2 tools, &c, do. .'> 2 Vitriol, for every lOO Iba. weight of Vi. Lod,do. .... 2 3-4 II enna .... 7 2-8 Lintn manufactures, table linen, kc, Wax, do. .... 030 1 for every lb. Vienna Liiharje, for 100 Iba. weight of Vienna 1-8 0-05 v^■heat, do. . 1 0-4 6 12 2-6 Wine, common^ do. 2 0-8 I/>cks, Jo. • 025 10 Woods, rose, olive, do. 6 14 2 1-2 MiiM,do. .... 03-4 0-3 box, do. . 33-4 11-2 .Marble, do - 1.4 01 Wool, do. .... 10 2 X. £.— Trieste being without the line of customs, these duties on exportation are payable on goods eniering the territory or liberties of the port, whether for consumption or for exportation by sea. The duiieson raw and thrown silk are tantamount to a prohibition. Gunpowder, salt, and tobacco, being articles monopolised by government, are not allowed to be im- poiliid into Trieste except for sale to the government or its contractors. Vessels arriving with gun- poA'iler on board, deliver it at the arseniil, and on their clearing out it is returned to them free of eipense. The utmost vigilance is exerted to prevent the introduction of tobacco; but with very little I cITect. The only articles, the exportation of which front the Austrian dominions is at present pru- hibjtcil,are gold and silver in bars, and silk cncoons. Smujrgling.—\n consequence of the prohibition of tobacco, and of the high duties imposed on refined sugar, cnlTi.'e, kc, these articles are very extensively smuggled into the Austrian dominions. Most I pan, ton, of the cotton goods sent from this country to Trieste and Venice, are sold to smugglerb, by I whom ihcy are introduced into the interior with very little dilficulty. It would be absurd, indeed, to suppose, seeing the extent to which smuggling is practised in England and France — (seeoiif^, p. 516.), -tliai it should not be in a flourishing condition in Austria, whose frontier is so much more dilficult to Ijiiard. It is, in fact, carried on to a very great extent i prohibited and overtaxed goods being intro duceil with (he greatest regularity, either by defeating the vigilance of the oflicers, or, which is said to be the mure common caae, by making them parties to, and gainers by, the fraud. The transit of 680 TRIESTE. CI -^1 C3 T'^'^r. fnralitn fnnil* thrnnsh (hit AiKtrlnn iitnti>i irlvRi cnnnlilprnlilr rnrilltlri tn thfl imiiirirlnr. Tint, lni1on< •niiiKiiliiiK. ' Wf wniilil fiiiii li(i|iit llmt III)- AiiNlrliiii guvcriitni'iit li linciuiiliiii ivniillilu of tliln Iriilh. Ita cum- merrlnl (>iil(cv l«, In iimny ropcrlfi, fiir from llhhcriil ; nnil ihi- nllfriitlotm rnllv niiiilc In Ihn mrlir liiivf riiiiirilMil«vi'ry nnr tliiil III Hill li II rniiiiiry. ri'mrliihiiiit on iiiipiirliilinn ciiii hii iif iiii roul uilvunlaiio (<> tliu lioiiio prndiiiiira' anil Unit tlidr only cll'iTt U tn itivrrl Iriiilu Into llliniliinatiM'liiiliiii'lii, (n ilrpilvr llip piililli: iriMimir) „r tlin riiviiniiH It iiiluht ilf riva froin iiinilcriitu iliitli.'ii, unit to iiiirlch tliuiiu who dunpliu uiiil tmniplu on ilig Ibw tit tli«> oxpiMiHO of Ihn •oliiT niiil jiiiliiiitiioiiK clll/.i'ii (.'on<|i|i'rliiR till- vniit vnrli-ly or valiiiihln iiiiil il<>iilralil<> prniliicti riirnlNlinil liy l.onilinrily, llinii:iirv Ailntrli propiT, mill llio oIIiit AilHlrlitii HiiiIi'n, It In iinl i>:iii)lliii:i!i> tliu cxliilil to wliiili tliiir roiiiiiii'm* imiilil lii> ciirrli-J, iiihIit n rmi ayHliMii tliiit mIioiiIiI iliivi-lopii all III*! rr^ioiiri-fa of llm rmihiry At pri'otMit, liiiwi'ViT, tlirrr In, III Aimlrla anil iiioitt oilirr p:irtH iif llii! t'ontiticnt, il HlroiiR ill-'piiHiiiiin to lii'lii>vi> iliat our ri'i'iiiiiini'iiilalliina of a fri'rr Hyi-li'iii of ('oinnii'ri'ial poliry ari' iliilaiiiil Niilijy |,y H.'lllali, intrrrnlril iiioiivvM. 'I'lii'y nuliirnlly allaili iiii'ali>r wclulil to iiiir prarliiii llwiii to our prnf,., RiiiiiH. Ho Imiir, Inilfeil, an niir prMaiiiit corn lawn ami tinilirr iliitii'i are itiillVrcil to polliiii! mir •liiiuii) liook, DO loiiK hIiiiII \vi! iiiaku hut few practical coiivi-rlH to our iloctrliii'M. Hiich n iiioillllcaiinii of n,, foriiH'r an woiilil riMiiliir our port* alwayn iipi-ii to Ihu Importatioii of corn uiii|i-r rfanoiiuliln iluiira roriiliiiiiMl Willi llii.' •■i|ii:ili/aiion of Ihu liinlii'r iliitirH, anil llii! ri'iliirlioii of thiM-xorhilunt ilmic., „,i •ilivi! oil ;inil I'lici'm', wniilil hIkiw that wu ari! (linpoHiMl to praclisi) Ihonn lilirral iloclrim h wi! mi friifly rfcii ml to otlirra: ami woiilil i|u more lo vxluiid uur trade with Ituly unU Auntria than aiiy liii'nHiiru It In in our powur tn nilopl. Shipptiijr - Hiiicp tin- loai of I'Matiilnra, Ihu mrrr.nntlle navy of Aualrln hna beon cnnllnnil wholly t^ till! p iria on tin- Ailrialic. Iliil II in, notwlllintamliiift, vi-ry conniili'rnhli! ; ami fiiirroHni'M nt ihia nm. iiiRiil a very liriji! Hh ire of thi! Iruilr of llu! Mmlilcrranean ami lllack Hini. Tlit! oak tiiiihcr nf ( arnii.la ami tlin Oaliiiatiiin contt la rnckoni'il ahoul Iho very henl in tho worlil j ao that Ihn Auniriaii Hliihi hi'iiiK hiiilt of it, art! very alroiiK, at Ihn anmu tiiiH! that they are parliciilnrly haiiilnonii!. Tlioy arii al.Ho wi'll iiiaiiiii'il ami proviili'il. Tliu ai-anirn aru uxpcrl, tnin|U!rati!, ami orilorly ; anO Mr. Mout'y days, that tin- lawn for lilt! rriJiilatloii of Iho iiifrchant acrvicn nru uxculloiit. hy far Ihi- (jrealrr iiiiiiihur of vrnni'ln of larui- hiiriluii helonif tn Tricaln. Thn rent hclonR In Vnnlri> FliiniP, KajSiina, ami thu llorcliu ill Cattaro. On the othor hami, thi* anialli-r vcnai'ln (!niployi'il In ilif! r.oinliim Ir.iil", H hiili in vi'ry coiisiili>ral)lt!, are more equally illvlilcil ; Venice haviiiK, prohubly, as many as Trli'ile, wliili! a Kood nuiiiber helonii in llie jiorlH of Inlria, lliiiiftary, ami Italinntiii. The foriiv'M iraile of thin port compriiiea all vnyuguH beyoiiil the lliiiita uf thu Adriatic ; and innybu diviili'd iiH follows : — 1. The Levant trade, incliidini; the Ionian InlaniN, Oreern, Cnnitniitinnpic, Smyrna, Odessa, Ac the poriM In Syria, Cypriin, Canilia, and Kitypt, iiinre cnpeciully Alexandria. 2. The poiv lite or Meililerrnnean trade, In the wef>t, cnnipriaing the coaat of Uarbary, Spain, Prance and Italy ; heiiii.' principally carried on with Marneilleg, Genoa, and Leghorn. ' 3. The commerce on the ocean, which the Aiinlrian merchanlH have attempted with ronsidcrible siicci'Sii. (Several ahlpa aall for Ilra7.il, the llniled Statea, Kngland, Ilambiireh, &c. The nniiilier of Aunirlan vessels at present employed In foreign trade Is believed to lie alioiit 7)>0, of the burden of ahoul 133,1100 tons, manned by about 15.000 men and boyg. In the coasting trade about 200 vestiels arc emplnyed, averafiiiig 10 tons each. The nshing trade is inconsiderable. There has been no sensible increase or diiiiinutinn in the lonnape for the last Ave years ; but there h every probabilily of a gradual Inrreane in future, proportioned to the nnticlpnied Improveinenl of trade in the Medili!rranean, which hag of late years been interrnpled and depressed by political events. The followiiie Table shows Ihe number of ships, and their tonnage, arriving ul, ami sailing rrniii Trieste diirini; each of the three years ending with 1831, specifying the number and tonnage uf iliuse under each flag. Movement of Shipp ng nt Trieste, durln g each r the Three Years ending with 1831. Flagv 1829. 1830. 1831. Arrived. SiileJ. Arrived. Sailed. A rived. SaiieJ. 1 Shivl. ri'ii'iarc. 16,873 .VAipf. Tmiiiaef. I8,U2 SMpt. Toimate. II, W9 Shifi Tonnaft. Sttilil. 3,1 Tvunafe. ""i-:- Tim'tafr. American it 69 47 48 12,108 9,5-7 S,M5 ' Auitrun • Hi 67,854 373 74,163 334 72,764 341 69,320 436 86,132 4>U 9o,2IO i llrtnicn • . . . 1 IbO 1 Ilnoah - 129 23,776 129 22,775 ICO 28,743 160 21,743 129 22.337 120 22,337 Ilani"K' .. ,. ,...,.. iv tl.c p.il.li.', .r..UH,ir) .If vlu.ae<|>l«« "'"""""'''""""'" ,"' ,1,0 .•xl""i'"^r"»'"""" •„„iii..-nt,.»»i";>'Kfi7»"";'' .V'priuli'" Ui'V' «" '""• IV"f - .. .iirtVriMl l" \w\\\m "iir uliiim.! ./ "iicli ai.'..>l«ll'i.ii"»"fil.. ' rorii »"'<"' ''•"•"'" ''''" ''"'"■'. ;.iioi. of tlini-X"''"<'"'"'"";'«';» iiii uuiy u">'» Au'if" """' ""y ,.. ami .-nlirnHHOH nl Itim mo- ,":'•" «'"" ""' '^'"""mm ''"'"• r„i. a.ul orilcfly i .iry.n""l l»:'t.»'a"" . imuicflhuAJ'^'"'"""''""!'''" ,.tn.Ulnoi.le,9my""'.0'l"»».ic, *"coaiiofn»rbary. Spain, France, l.avf aucmpte'l wHU considerable 'boys ill the' "»''ti-'l! "''•'«■""»" '^ ..iVr.-Bseil by Ui.liliial evrnls. 7,'i:e'S«u..a tonnage of ll.o.e : Years ending witlilMl___ IMl. Arrivnl, Innni;' 12,106 19,320 Sallnl. Shiti- Tunmei] i: *y:i . 4«3 9b,210 i 121 21,331 IS 3,M3 ; III 2,223 i 6 M I 57 6,9W 6 7-0 21 1,981 2 141 II 1.1=9 16 3,31; It 2,9li 69 10,H7 12 666 20 3,510 3 66 8 S59 <)32 i 166.139 rn^'nnlls'ofX ninU;.owlmh lig'n SAips. rH'. It ■.«".•" ton weitlil "( 8"^' . l£ lu iiiif » cwio • rnmparatlvttntKtAin«nl nfilie rnririiarfai paid Rt Trlvtto, rpiDPrtlTKly, by • Niitivs nnd prlvlle|fj Foriilgn Mill)), and a Formiii Mlii|) nut tirivllugad, imch iil':i(N) Tunii liurdun, with nilieil Carioei. Ani'hortK" >imI liiht, ai abova, SCO Inns >1 1 krautavn Mr lod atlih,'i»ur«li)Mnl • - 3A Carfu July, 300 Uiiia, al 3 kraulian • - It TiHal or tboul 41. III. •tarliiif . AtirlMtracr, li|lil «n,l rarr> '<<•>, aa alN>v« luuufa July, 3UU iiina, al Itl kriuiMra Tolkl fl. %»\ M M l» or attnitt 111. lOt. attfrlint. ir llin ihip cl«|,.irt in Ullail „r wuh Ina Mian \'l a camn, Ihan la • riicllivr rliaria ul * ktaulun iwr lug, ur 4.) Hiirliai ; uukinl in all, n» (li.rina. fmpi>niition$ and Irrirul 0/ INS.I.—The fnllnwlnir italoMipnl In Inlcrralliii!, nn It nxlilliitu the principal uriii'lt's I 'iportvd Into Tni-' le from ArnRrlrii, tin- VVcHt Indlvi. iind Wi'Hlfrn Kiiropn. in l-:i:i, Kiwcil'yliiK ilii* i|imnlin'^'< fi>rniRlu:d liy (>Mi'fr ■'■xintry, mill lliii HlilpH liy which llin muni' wim Iniporluil. It vliuwii ■)iat \iiitriatt lltlM* *" pretty exlMnnlvi'ly eiiiptoyud In the Trunaatluiitlc tradu. Principal Impnrtatlnni and Arrlv.iln diirlnR IH33. ,N(. /iiitniiifii. — In I Hnliih •raol 1 cnlTra, IMlont) ooltoD,4llitlw| Inf wimnI, J liiiia. Suiiiatia.^ln t Ainrrican vrawli : |'r(i],fr, Vo tona. MurttiUtt — In I Firncli. 'it Aiialriaii, 4 NHf.olit.iii. 7 Roman, aoj 4 narlllilan vrMrli 1 cnir«ii, Bl totii St. J«ll<>, iil l'>fia Hio, 4 lona J.iiuaici, til I'llia Fiirlo Riro, 9*1 lima SI. Iliiiiiif,2n jii,l S Uina Tr). ajcu ; tui(.ir, 2,2IN r««ki rrllnr,!, 100 catra whllr R.itlM , uttiiit, 9 tout; |H-p|>flr, 113 tiini; iHiiii-nlii, 34 lona; clove*, 26i picknir** > riiiiiainnn, 1 Ion ; ciuia liKiMa, I Ion ( coftiiiical, 21 irmiin ; rottot., 270 hilca; 1o(w,nmI, 7lt) lona; NicarAfiia woimI, Wi Ion* ( rum, 56 iiiirirliniiii } ii.kiikuciia, 4,000 iiiacva : lead, 6,1 tH HiKola; llidva, 6,107. £,n-i/rfi((X. — In 4 Frrnrll and 1 SwihIIiIi vnarl : r«ir,-r, 31 tona Ha- vaiiiiah; 2!6 toua fSI. Ja)(o ; lugar, OO Uilea wliili) Havanuah | |iflp|if r, 8 tun*. ffi/iiaJfar aorf AAUM,— In (JHritiih, Aiialrtan,an«l 1 Roman vnaal : ri>lii-», 4 lona ILtvaiiiiali, 3 lorin I'orto Hiro ; nUK^ir, 2') i-aM-i whila Haliia, 16c.iit'i niu«ci,vaiIo llrixil ; roroa, HI looi ; |>P|>|>«>r, 211 lona] fiino^nlo, ft Idiift I riiiii,4 puuctiroiil; Io^wimhI, 41 lona ; collon, I2l ulea; hi In, l,«Ka, .aiii.— in 9 spaniih, I Anitrian, and 1 Ruulin vnaci : cuR'er, lit ••■MB Porin Hico 1 Irail, S,7fll infola ; lii.ka, 5li0 Airdifdi.— In 2 Hriliah, 7 Auilnaii, I Haiiiih, nml 3 Sar.liniai, vm- arii ; colTef, 91 lona Rio ; lunar, 187 ciira llaliia, 163 ra»<-* IVr- liamlitiro, 121 raiM Hin, an.irrcU wtitti\ 1^0 caai*! i,..rfu- vnilo Hra7.iI; cocoa, 220 tona; cotton, 3,.303 bjlea; caaaia Iicdh, 1 Inn; liiilri, 1:I.3!I7. //ain/'tirfr/i. — In 3 Austrian, an>l 3 nrrtnrn vnat- 1, siiir.^rj '2 caak^ retiiir,l; Dili nil, 1,744 liarrela; caUakliia, £11 balaa; line, M,4I)2 liara; lierrinK^, ^1 barrela. //>i//arid.— In 2 Auilrian. an>l I Daniah vcaael : auftar, 1 13 caaka re* lined, 176 cask* cruilieil ; tolMicco, l.^>4 balea; clieeat;, 117 pack* a^ea ; aandal h'ikih, 1.3(13 lon<. Swtdtn— la i bwediali veueli : tar, 2,314 bairela. Statement uf Lanf, Friilaiid ^ L'n. Quaranfine Is itrlctly enforced at Trieste, and the establishments for fucililatliiK ils pcrfnrinancu jrecoinpiete and elflclent. The Board nf Ilealth at this port is the central or priiicipnl onn for Iho Aiiatrian States : and maintains an active correspondence with all the principal ports, both in tlio MHdilerrnnean and elsewhwre. There are 9 lazarettos,— that called 8t. Teresa, or Lazaretto JVi/ooo, ij appropriatiui to vessels from the Levant and Rjiypt, which are, for the most part, siilijia-ted to the Inn; or full i|iiarantine of 40 dayn. It is spacious, and properly Kiinrded ; hnving a suflicient niinilier of mililary and medical officers and assistants ; with extensive tpiays and magazines for hoiisinit and airing Koods, dwelling housesand apartments for resident officers and piissengcrs, &.c. It is, in fact, oiieoftlic most perfect establishinents of the kind in existence. The otiirr.or old (Teechiu) lazaretto, cnnligiioiis to the great mole, is appropriated to ships and passengers performing a i|uarantine of not more ihnn %) days ; and, though inferior to the former, is sufficiently capacious and convenient. The sanitary offices, including tliat of harbour master, are near the centre of the port ; where also are monred vessels under observation for a term not exceeding S days. Here also are flicllities for com- municaliiig ripA voce with persons under quarantine ; and spacious warehouses, with adequate guards and olher officers. But, notwithstanding these conveniences, if a vessel arrive having an infectious malady nn board, she is not allowed to enter cither lazaretto at Trieste, hut is sent to an island near Venice, fitted out for the purpose, where assistance maybe atl'urded with less risk of propagating infrclion. The ordinary Board of Ilealth consists of a president ; two assistants, one of whom is a doctor of medicine ; and three provisors, two of whom are merchants. (Wit *""»''' "'" *' nriliah, I Sardinian, 11 Au>lrian vriarl ; colt,*. 2 Ion* Jamaica, 102 tona Havanoati, *S tt'fn ^' J»i li, ; lii'lino, ^ti't fln^it* *nil H •anina ; IokwI, ^i I'llia, Nictr:(itua ,>nkl, 21 lonaj tin, 3,789 injota, 423 larnla lata, l.',ll bimn nUIra; iron, 377 tona; lead, l»l inffota; cotton, 719 bal^a Anieri* ciD ; naiikeena, 21,900 pircn | in.iiiuricturea, 6.S42 parkaiea ; her- null, 1,1129 liarreli; lillchar,la. I.imil larreli ; hidia, 4I,7HI. r',ii(fd'.SM/rf — In 21 Ainerictn and 6 Aiiitrian veaaela ; rortee, 203 (1,1)1 Miviiinah, III lona SI. Jaro, fW) t«nt Kio, II loiia llerloce, 70 tona M'lclia, I"? lona I'orto Rico, 3iv'» tona SI. Domingo, and till tent Tria.-e ; aiic^r, 47 caaka criiihi>d,30(i lenea yellow llavannah, ■11,1 497 bif(» .Manilla ; ciH'oa, 2 toi,a ; prlilier, 3ti0 lona ; pimento, iOliiiia; i'a»aia li.in S.inlos ; cnciu, 1 16 tona I'lra; rum, 13S mmrheona; cotton, 362 balDanahi.i, 00 balea I'm; (uilic, 45 lona i Itidea, 39,4H.3. (■ulia.-lii H llrili'li, * American. I lUf ian, and 2 Spaniah veaaela— i9vraieU from SI. Ja^o, and i flnin M.it.inua) : cidl'ee. 1,192 lona St. Ja«n, 231 tona MaUnui ; au»r, 172 b. d. Inpialiqiiei Enlrj with or without cargo, thipi ICO lont and upwanla In pratique: fiillorhealUi,ihipi 100 tona and upwarda 45 1 6 1 30 3 SO to 99 ■ 30 1 Mlo99 .... 1 2 15-49 . 9 3'6 15 - 49 • 17 6-8 Ccnifi(»tB ofgooda ihipped in pntiqua 17 6'8 Id qurantine : In quarantine : For the inlerroplory of mulsr 1 30 3 IVitent .... 1 8 3 3-2 For do. of guardian OD adniiaaion to pr*. Pay of the gu^rdinn on board during the 1 tlllM - 34 1 la I«rforniaiice of quarantine, iwr diem 1 8 2 3-2 1 Ilia proviaiona do. 20 8 Qvarastine Dues payable on Oooitt. — Non-susceptible goods pay ad valorem at the rate of 6 kreutzera per 100 florins or 1 mille. Susceptible goods pay an extra charge, according to tariff*, or to circum- itancea. Besides the above arf valorem duty, goods not susceptible pay 4 kreutzera (lid.) per every 1,000 lbs. weight of Vienna. Grain is subject to an extra charge of about i per cent. Brokers, Commission Merchants, Brokerage, S^c. — There are a few exceptions to the freedom gene- rally enjoyed of settling and exercising any trade at Trieste. Brokers, for example, are limited in number, a'nd appointed by the Chamber of Commerce. They are obliged to give security, are under various regulations, and may not themselves trade as principals. They are of 3 classes : 1st, brokersi for the sale and purchase of merchandise, who are again subdivided into particular classes, according 10 tlie articles they are conversant with, as grain, oil, cotton, drugs, hides and leather, colonial pro- 86 ,ii»; 682 TRIESTE. IK <• r I -J J "315 duce, maniifactnrAi, &e. ; Sd, bill brokers, nr exchange agents ; and, 3i1, ship and inRurnnce brokpra. Huch authnri8 23 3 Pricfs in Slcrlii!. 3 6 OU 9 2 i 1 3 3 10 12 6 6 6 during each of the Ten Years Sterling Money. eniiii! I 182B. 1829. (i. t. d. 3S 9 34 4 24 6 29 r 21 3 29 1 70 1 21 1 1« 2 15 3 1830. TT 32 26 9 ai 2 18 3 15 2 -. — 31 24 S Sli 1 \ijj. Banking— Thp.re ore no public banks at Trieste. The Bank of Vienna has nn office here, but l( ii merely for the exchange of its notesforcash.or, more frequently, oflnrge notes fir sm;ill ones. These notes, buinp giiiiriinteert by government, are legal tender, and in general circulitinn, but no other company is allowed to issue notes to be tised as a circulating medium. There is not, however, any deficiency of currency. Hanking business is transacted by private companies, or by individuals, who are subject to certain regulations, and are obliged to lay before competent authority nn attested state- ment nt ihe capital einb^irked in their concerns. Their business principally consist.^ in procuring bills of exchange from other places for the use of the merchants of Trieste, or in discounting, (in which latter opi-ralion they have many private competitors), at the rale of from 4 to ti per cent, per annum, according to the nature of the paper offered, and in proportion to the scarcity or abundance of cash. The principal bankers of Trieste are of undoutited solidity, and do not indulge in dangerous specu- lations ; and notwithstanding the apparent want of great banking establishments, the business of buying and selling, and of making payments and remittances, whether in bills or sperin, is transacted at this port with great facility; and there seldom arises any distress, pressure, or stagnation, froiii want of money or credit. It is not usual for respectable bankers to give interest on deposits. The partners in joint stock companies, banks, &c. are, in general, responsible only to the extent of their declared capital; and the individuals composing them are only liable each to the extent of their share. The same individual is frequently a general merchant, a partner in a banking house, and a member of an insurance com- pany. All these businesses may at present be said to be prosperous. Cre''ii.— I'oods imported into Trieste are sometimes sold for ready money, a discount being usually understood, and allowed in such case, of 2 or 2i per cent. Hut they are commonly s(dd at 3 months, creilit, that is, by bills of that date; occasionally, but rarely, they are sold at finionihs. Bills thus obtained, though offering no other guarantee than the signatureof the drawer or acceptor, may be discounted or insured at a moderate rate by companies who dedicate themselves to this branch ofbusiness. and who, from their extensive dealings, are good judges of the risk. This practice has become almost universal ; ami it not only facilitates sales, but has a tendency to prevent bankrn|)tcie3, as it is difficult for a house long to conceal its insolvency; and Its credit is, by lliis mode of trial, soon ascertained. 7'arts.— Real tare is allowed on most articles of export; and on all articles of import, except cotton and sugar. The tare on Brazil sugar in chests depends on their length and size, hut in general it amounts to from 1.5 to 18 per cent. ; on Brazil sugar in bags the tare is 3 percent.; on llavannnh sugar a tare is allowed of 6i lbs. English per box, being from 13 to 14 pur cent. ; on Jamaica sugar the tare 18 14 per cent. Tare on American cotton, 4 per cent. The answers to the Circular Queries by Mr. Taylor Money, consul general at Milan, are amojigst the most valuable that have been received, and reflect the greatest credit on his industry and talent for observation. Wu have been largely indebted to them. TRINITY HOUSE. This society was incorporated by Henry VIII., in 1515, for the promotion of commerce and navigation, by licensing and regulating pilots, and ordering and erecting beacons, light-houses, buoys, «Stc. A similar society, for the like purposes, was afterwards established at Hull ; and also another at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in l.'j^? ; which three establishments, says Hakluyt, were in imitation of that founded by the Emperor Charles V. at Seville in Spain ; who, observing the numerous shipwrecks in the voyages to and from the West Indies, occasioned by the ignorance of seamen, established, at the Casa de Contratacion, lectures on navigation, and a pilot-major for thu examination of other pilots and mariners ; having also directed books to be published on that subject for the use of navigators. Henry VIII., by his charter, confirmed to the Dcptford Trinity House Society all the ancient rights, privileges, &c. of the shipmen and mariners of England, and their several possessions at Deptford, from which it is plain that the society had c;risted long previously. The corporation was confirmed, in 1C85, in the enjoyment of its priviioge.s and possessions, by letters patent of the 1st of James II. by the name of the Master, Wardens, and As- sistants of the Guild or Fraternity of the most glorious and undivided Trinity, and of St. Clement's, in the Parish of Deptford Strond, in the county of Kent. At first, the corpora- tion appears to have consisted of seamen only ; but many gentlemen, and some noblemen, are now amongst its members, or elder brethren. It is governed by a master, 4 wardens, 8 assistants, and 31 elder brothers: but the inferior members of the fraternity, named younger brethren, are of an unlimited number; for every master or mate, expert in navigation, may be admitted as such. Besides the power of erecting light-houses, and other sea-marks, on the several coasts of the kingdom, for the security of navigation — (see LiniiT-iiousEs), — the master, wardens, assistants, and elder brethren are invested by charter with the following powers ; viz. the examination of the mathematical scholars of Christ's Hospital, and of the masters of his Majesty's ships; the appointment of pilots to conduct ships into and out of the Thames; the amercement of such unlicensed persons as presume to act as masters of ships of war, or pilots, in a pecuniary fine ; settling the several rates of pilotage ; granting licenses to poor seamen, not free of the city, or past going to sea, to row on the river Thames for their support ; preventing aliens from serving on board English ships without licence ; hearing and determining the complaints of officers and seamen of British ships, subject to an appeal to the Lords of the Admiralty, &c. To this company belongs the tlallast Ofl'ice, for clear- ing and deepening the Thames, by taking up a sufficient quantity of ballast for the supply of all ships that sail out of the river, for which they pay certain rates. — (See Ballast.) The corporation is authorised to receive voluntary subscriptions, benefactions, &c, ; and to purchase, in mortmain, lands, tenements, &c. to the amount of 500/. per annum. The ancient Hall of the Trinity House at Deptford, where the meetings of ihe brethren were formerly held, was pulled down in 1787, and an elegant building erected for the purpose in London, near the Tower. f !■ f 684 TRIPANG— TRUCK SYSTEM. r 1 J I. * *? -a. TVinity ^oum Aevenu«», ^c— The groBi revenue under the management of the Trinity' Houie amount* to about 135,000/. a year ; but the nett revenue is rather under k that sum. It arises from the dues payable to the corporation on account of light-houses, buoyage and beaconage, and ballaetage; and from the interest of money in the funds, and tlie rent of freeliold property. In 1831, the receipts were aa under: — XtfAf-AotUfjr— Total sums recei ved on account of light'houKfl Deduct coniniiuinn on coltection . . . Chiirfs mi account of maintenance, &c.* Nett I inlil liouse revenue • . - . Atovnrr aiifi /jt'acounj^e-gmsi amount of Deduct comniibiioii on collection Chirftea ..,,.- Nett buoyage, lieacnnage, and rerenue BallaUafie—%rnis amount of • Uetluct rhargcs . , . - - Nett ball.ist.-ige revenue - . - - Rtnt of Land anil liciusei, dividend! on account of funded pro|ierty, &c., all chargei deducted Total nett revenue L. I. d. 6,174 6 9 1-4 41,148 19 7 1-2 786 6 1-2 7,496 18 10 1-2 30.239 17 9 23,741 IS II L. t. d. 79,349 II II 1-4 6 4 34 I 47,3M 12,084 16 II 1-2 8,283 4 II L. t. d. 31,926 6 6 M 3,081 12 12 6,498 10,003 1 10 2 3 5M29 I 7 3.4t l(y far the greater portion of this large sum ia laid out on pensions to poor disabled seamen, and nn the inainteiiaiice of their widows, orphans, &c. We have seen the number of persons bo relieved stated at 3,000; and we believe that the fund is botli judiciously and economically administered, f till, however, as we have retnarlied inanother article— (vol. i., p. 141.) — it does appear to us, cotisjder- ing the vast importance to a maritime nation like this of keeping the cliarges on shipping as low ,-ia possil)le, tliat it would be good policy to provide otlierwise for the poor persons now dependent on tin. Trinity House, and to reduce the charges on account of lights, &c. to the lowest sum that would suffice to maintain the estublinhiiient in a proper state of efflciency. No one, certainly, would wish to see tiie poor seamen deprived of any part of the pittance they now receive ; but a larger amount might be given them from other sources, and he, at the same time, less felt by the public. Every one knows that nothing contributes so much to facilitate a commercial intercourse by land as good rnnds and low tolls; and good lights, buoys, beacons, &c., and light charges, have precisely the same inilu. ence at sea. TRIPANG, OR SEA SLUG (Biche de JWer), a species of fish of the genus Hohdhwia, found chiefly on coral reefs in the Eastern seas, and highly esteemed in China, into which it is imported in large quantities. It is an unseemly looking substance, of a dirty brown colour, hard, rigid, scarcely possessing any power of locomotion, or appearance of animation. Sometimes the slug is as much as 2 feet in length, and from 7 to 8 inches in circumference. A span in length, and 2 or 3 inches in girth, is, however, the ordinary size. The qualify and value of the fish, however, do not by any means depend upon its size, but upon properties in it neither obvious to, nor discernible by, those who have not been long and extensively engaged in the trade. In shallow water the animal is taken out by the hand, but in deeper water it is sometimes speared. When taken it is gutted, dried in the sun, and smoked over a wood fire; this being the only preparation it receives. The fishery is carried on f;ora the western shores of New Guinea, antl the southern shores of Australia, to Ceylon inclusive. Indeed, within the last few years it has been successfully prosecuted on the shores of the Mauritius. The whole produce goes to China. In the market of Macassar, the great staple of this fishery, not less than thirty varieties are distinguished, varying in price from a Spanish dollars apicul (133j lbs.) to 14 limes that price, each variety being distinguished by well known names! The quantity of tripang sent annually to China from Macassar is about 7,000 piculs, or 8,333 cwt.; the price usually varying from 8 dollars to a picul to 110 and 1 15, according to quality. — {Crawfurd's Indian Archipelago, vol. iii. p. 441.) There is also a considerable export of tripang from Manilla to Canton. Besides tripang, fish-maws and sharks^ Jins are exported to China from every maritime country of India. TROY WEIGHT, one of the most ancient of the different kinds used in Britain. The pound English Troy contains 12 ounces, or 5,760 grains. It is used in the weighing of gold, silver, and jewels; the compounding of medicines; in experiments in natural philoso- phy; in comparing different weights with each other; and is now (by 5 Geo. 4. c, 74.) made the standard of weight. Troy Weight, Scotch, was estalilisbed by .Tames VI. in the year 1618, who enacted that only one weight should be used in Scotland, viz. the French Troy stone of 10 pounds, and Ifi ntiiires to tjio imiiiid. The pound contains 7,(JI)'J grains, and is eiiual to 17 oz. 6 dr. avoirdupois. The cwt.,or ll'2 Ihs. avoirdupois, contains only 103 lbs. 2; 07.. of tliis weight, thougli generally reckoncil ci|iial to liit lbs. This weight is very nearly identical with that formerly used at Paris and Amslenlain ; andis generally known by the name of Dutch weight. Though prohibited by the articles of lininn. It Ins been used in most parts of (Scotland in weigliing iron, hemp, flax, and other Dutch and Uultic goods, meal, butcher's meat, lead, &c. — (Hee Weights and Measures.) TRUCK SYSTEM, a name given to a practice that has prevailed, particularly in the mining and manufacturing districts, of paying the wages of workmen in goods instead of money. The plan has been, for the masters to establish warehouses or shops ; and llie workmen in their employment have either got their wages accounted for to them by supplies of goods from such depots, without receiving any money; or they have got the money, wiih a tacit or express understanding that they were to resort to the warehouses or shops of llieir masters for such articles as they were furnished with. ♦ This includes a sum of 10,174;. laid out on ncto light-houses, and 1,01.1/. of incidental chareos. t See Pari. Paper, No. 88. Bess. 1833. Vox an account of the light-house revenue, see this work, vol. 1., p. 141., for buoyage and beaconage, sec vol. i. p. 'iSO. ; and fur ballaetage, see vol. i. p. 65, VI. A heaconage. and ballaslage ; TRUCK SYSTEM. 685 ,o DOor disabled eeamen. and on nmnber of persons so relieved 'and economically administered, ^_ii does appear to us, consider- hi c barges on shipping as low aa he '^"'"*"„n„ dependent on l ic "'tS'tTe "owett sum that would 'no one! certainly, would wish ■„« rece ve ; but a larger amount '°. Ml bv tlie public. Every one t'tercourUbylandasg ;es, have precisely the same mflu- fish of the genus Holuthuria, rtcemed in China, into which u ' Bubstance, of a duty brown on, or appearance of ammation, 7 to 8 inches in circumference : ordinary size. The quaUty and on its size, but upon propen.cs e not been long and extensively 1 out by the hand, but m deeper ried in the sun, and smoked over rhe fishery is earned on f;om the f Australia, to Ceylon inclusive. 'J prosecuted on the shores the [rket of Macassar, the great staple \ished, varying in price from a ich variety being distinguishcl iuallv to China from Macassar is frmnSdollarstoapicul.oUO PLffo.vol.iii.p.4*l-) more '"to"china from every marilimc Lent kinds used in Britain. The It is used in thevveigliingof , experiments in natural philoso- ;nowCby5Geo.4.c.74.)n,ade L iRifi who enacted that only one t,';,^pTrs and Amsterdu.n ; andis V. \ uv the articles of tinion.iih^s Knd other Uutch and BMtic goods, las prevailed, particularly in the Kworkmcn in goods instea.l ih warehouses or shops; and c Kuntedfortothcmbysupp tr they have got the morieyj^^ I the warehouses or shops of to lliubl-house revcnui,, »t<; iforbalUBiage,8eevol.i.pW' Advantages and Disadvantages of the Truck System, — A great deal of contradictory evidence has been given, and very opposite opinions liave been held, as to the practical ope- ration and real effect of this system on the workmen. Nor is this to be wondered at, seeing that every thing depends on the mode in which it is administered, and that it may be either highly advantageous or highly injurious to the labourer. If a manufacturer of character establish a shop supplied with the principal articles required for the use of the workmen in his employment, and give them free liberty to resort to it or not as they please, it can, at all events, do them no harm, and will, most likely, render them material service. The manu- tkturcr, having the command of capital, may, in general, lay in his goods to greater advan- tage than they can be laid in by the greater number of retail tradesmen in moderate-sized towns; and not being dependent on the profits of his shop for support, he is, even though he had no advantage in their purchase, able to sell his goods at a cheaper rate than they can be allbrded by the majority of shopkeepers. Sometimes, also, a factory is established in o ilislrict where shops either do not exist at all, or are very deficient ; and in such cases the master consults the interest and convenience of those dependent on him when he provides a supply of the principal articles required for their subsistence. It is easy, therefore, to see, that the keeping of shops by masters for the use of their workmen may be very beneficial to the latter. But to insure its being so, it is indispensable that the masters should be above taking an advantage when it is within their reach, and that their conduct towards the work- men should not be in any degree influenced by the circumstance of the latter dealing or not dealing with their shops. Such disinterestedness is, however, a great deal more than could be rationally expected from the generality of men ; and hence, though many instances may be specified in which the truck system was advantageous to the workmen, those of a contrary description were, unfortunately, far more numerous. It is obvious, indeed, that a practice of this sort alTords very great facilities for fraudulent dealings. Under the old law, a manufacturer who had a shop, had means, supposing he were inclined to use them, not possessed by any ordinary shopkeeper as re.spects his customers, for forcing upon his workmen inferior goods at an cxorliitant price. They are at first supplied on liberal terms, and are readily accommodated filh goods in anticipation of wages, till they get considerably into debt. The pernicious influence of this deceitful system then begins fully to disclose itself. The workmen cease to be free agents; they are compelled to take such goods and at such prices as the master pleases; for, were they to attempt to emancipate themselves from this state of thraldom by leaving their employment, they would be exposed to the risk of prosecution and imprison- ment for the debts they had incurred. It is not easy to imagine the extent to which these facilities for defrauding the labouring class were taken advantage of in various districts of the country. In many instances, indeed, the profits made by the shops exceeded those made by the business to which they were contingent ; and thousands of workmen, whose wages were nominally 30s. a week, did not really receive, owing to the bad quality and high price of the "oods supplied to them, more than 20s., and often not so much. Abolilion of the Truck System. — A system of dealing with the labouring classes, so very susceptible of abuse, and which, in point of fact, was very extensively abused, was loudly and justly complained of. A bill was in consequence introduced for its suppression by Mr. Littleton, which, after a great deal of opposition and discussion, was passed into a law — 1 & 2 Will. 4. c. 32. — (See abstract subjoined.) Those who opposed this act did so on two grounds ; — 1st, that it was improper to inter- fere at all in a matter of this sort ; and, 2d, that the interference would not be effective. The first of these objections does not appear entitled to any weight. In suppressing the truck system, the legislature did nothing that could in anywise regulate or fetter the fair employment of capital : it interfered merely to put down abuse ; to carry, in fact, the contract of wages into full effect, by preventing the workman from being defrauded of a portion of the wages he had stipulated for. The presumption no doubt is, in questions between work- men and their employers, that government had better abstain from all interference, and leave iltothe parlies to acljust their disputes on the principle of mutual interest and compromised advantage. Still, however, this is merely a presumption ; and must not be viewed as an j absolute rule. Instances have repeatedly occurred, where the interference of tho legislature, to prevent or suppress abuse, on occasions of the sort now alluded to, has been imperiously required, and been highly advantageous. Those who claim its interposition are, indeed, bound to show clearly that it is called for to obviate some gross abuse, or that it will materi- ally redound to the public advantage ; and this, we think, was done in the completcst man- jner, by the opponents of the truck system. Regard for the interests of the more respectable [part of the masters, as well as for those of the workmen, required its abolition ; for, while it jcontinued, those who despised taking an advantage of their dependents were less favourably Isiluatcd than those who did. It is ludicrous, therefore, in a case of this sort, to set up a jcuckoo cry about the " freedom of industry." The good incident to the truck system was in Ipractice found to be vastly overbalanced by the abuses that grew out of it ; and as theso Vol. II.-3 M I 680 TRUCK SYSTEM. ■ft'. ^ »» • I*- " r 1 CI ■r.»-iij ■"-'■'« C3 ; '3)? * ■ s could not, under the existing law of debtor and creditor, be separately destroyed, the legisla* ture did right in attennpting to suppress it altogether. It was suid, indeed, that this would be found to be impracticable; that the manufacturers would enter underhand into partnerships with the keepers of shops, and that the system would really be continued, in another and, perhaps, more objectionable form. This antici- pation has, we believe, been in some degree realised ; but the system has notwithstanding been in many places abandoned, and is nowhere practised to any thing like the extent to which it was carried previously to the passing of Mr. Littleton's act. It will not, however be completely rooted out, till all small debts, however they originate, be put beyond the pale of the law. We have already vindicated the expediency of this measure on other grounds— (see CnKDiT) ; and the influence it would have in ctfectually destroying whatever ia most pernicious in the truck system, is a weighty additional recommendation in its favour. Were all right of action upon debts for less than 50/. or 100/. taken away, no master would think of acquiring a control over the free agency of his workmen, by getting them in debt to him; and no workman would, under such circumstances, submit to be directed in his choice of shops or goods. The case of the Scotch colliers affords a curious illustration of what is now stated. Down to 1775, these persons were really adticripti glebx, or prtedial slaves; that is, they and their descendants were bound to perpetual service at the works to which they belonged. — a right to their labour being acquired by any new proprietor to whon) the works were sold ! The 15 Geo. 3, c. 28. was passed for the emancipation of the colliers from this state of bondage. It, however, failed of practically accomplishing its object; for the masters speedily contrived, by making them advances in anticipation of their wages, to retain them as completely as ever under their control! To obviate this abuse, the 39 Goo. 3. c. 56. was passed ; which most properly took from the masters all title to pursue the colliers for loans unless advanced for the support t)f the collier and his family during sickness. This act had the desired eflTect ; and the colliers have since l>een as free as any other class of labourers.-. (See my edition of the Wealth of Nafions, vol. ii. p. 186.) In fact, were small debts put beyond the pale of the law, it would not be necessary to interfere directly with the truck system ; for it would not then be possible to pervert it to any very injurious purpose. The following are the principal clauses in the act 1 & 2 Will. 4, c. 37., entitled, *' An Act to prohibit the Payment, in certain Trades, of Wages in Goods, or otherwise than in the Current coin of the Realm :" — 1. In all cnntraeta hereafter tn be made for (he hiring of any arti- ficer in any of tie trades herein-after tnunieralfd. or for the perform* iince by any artifi er of any lalmur in any nf (he said trades, the waaid to the norkniau in coin only. Payment Id goo Is i'lcs:al and void. 4. Artificers may recover wa^es, if not paid in the current coin. 5. In an action brought for wa.^ei, no set nl!' shall be allowed for goods supplied by the employer, or by any shop in which he is late- rested. 6. No employer shall have any action or suit in equity against hh Artificer, for ^ooayment hereby dechred illeeal, shall for the first offence forfeit a j •um not picee*JiiJg 10/. nor less than 5/,, and for the second offence j ikny aunt not exceeding 20/ , nor less than 10/., and fnraihird offence ' he shall l)e euilty (if a mi>denieanour, and be punished by fine I'niy at the disrrctiou of the court, so that the fines shall not in any case exceed 100/. 10 OftVnces shall be inquired of airl fines recovered before 2 jus- tices, and ihe amount of tfie fines shall be in the discretion of such justices, or incases nf misdemeanour, of Ihe court beforeuhirh the ofl'-nce may be tried ; and in rase of a second olTence, it shall be suf ficicnt evitlence of Ihe previous conviction, if a certificate. sigiH by the^§i1irer having the cusiOily of Ihe reco'd, he prtxluce*!, stating in a compendious form the genera! nature of the oHcnce. Rut a second or third offence shall only be jiunished as a first or second offence, if committed wi hin Ifl days after the prior conviction j and a fourth or any sul>sequent offence shall be punished as a third otfence. Rut no second or third offence shall l>e prosecuted af'ermorc than 2 years from the cnnimisiion of the next preceding offence. II. Ju'tices n-ay conipel the attendance of witnesses, on Ihe re* que I of the parties. Penalty for non-attendance without excuse, And after proof ot due Fe^vice of sunimonF at the usual place of aboade of Ihe said last mentioned inateniii whether the same be or be not mixed one with another ; or n\iku]t or oiherw ise preparing, ornamenting, or fmishiug, any ^lass, porce- lain, china, or earthenware whatsoever, or any parts, biaitchtj, or processes theref>f, or any materials used in anyiif such last meniinnej irailesi or makine or pre^ring of bone, thread, silk or cotton lue or cf lace made of any mixed naterials. . ' 20. Not to extend lo any donie:>tic servant, or servant in hiu- bandry. 2t. No one engaged in any of the trades or occupations enutneraltti or his father, son, or brother, shall act as a justice. ' 22. County magistrate* to act incases where those of town! are disqujiifted as above. 23. Not to prevent any employer from supplying or contraclinj h supply to any artificer any medicine or meilical altemlanre, or an? fuel, or anv materials, tools, or implements to be by such ariiikerfnv- ployed in his trade or occupatirn, if such ariilicers be Pinplojed m mining, or any hay, corn, or other provender lo be cnnsumeil by m Imrse orolher beast of burden employed by any such ariijicerin \.\ trade and occupation ; nor front demising to any artificer empirye^ in any of (he tnides or occupations enumerated Hie h bole ur an part of any tenement at any rent ; nor from supplying nr contranmi to supply lo any such artificer any victuals dressed or prepared under the rtwf of any surh employer, and there consunied by >ucli ariifirer; nor from making or contracting to make any deduclinn frnm iht wages of any artificer for any such rent, or medicine, or uieJiaU:- tendance, or fuel, materials, tools, implements, hay, corn or prt^verJer, or such viciuals, or lor any moni-y advanced lo s'ucli aiiiiicer fnrjtr surh i)uri>ose ; liut such deduction shall not exceed ihe true valueol such fuel, materials, tools, implements, hay,cnri), and prnvfniler.iw) shall not be in any case made from the wages of such anlficcrunlaj the af^reement for such deduction shall be iu writing and signed br sui'h artificer. 24. Not to prevent any such employer from advancing to any Hcb arlifirerany money to be by him conirihuttd lo any friemJIvwccf or bank for Bavings, or f -r his relief in aicVness, nr'for the e'duca'ioo of any child of such artificer, nor from detlurt iieor cnntnclin; to deduct any mom-y fnuii the wages of surh artificers, for tliceJuca- lion of any such child, piofided the agre< mcnl for such dcduclioe shall be in writing and signed by such artificer. 2). Workmen, labourers, and other perwuis in ary minnerftipirH in any eiDptfiymcnt or operation in or about tleseieral iraileiJDj ncciiiiatiniis aforesaid, shall be deemed "artificers,'" and ;i!I iDis'ffs, badilfs, foremen, managers, clerks and other persons engared in 'he hiring, emptoyiiient, or superintendence of the lat^iir of any mb artificers shi^ll lie deemed to !« "employers;"' and any ntoneynr o'lier thimr ha I or contracted to be paid, nr (jiven as a r* niunrn im for any l.ibour done or to be done, whether within a certain tinifct to a certain anionnt, or for a time rr an anmunt uncertain, shill bi deemed to lie the "wages'' of such laliour; and any aurefment, understanding, device, contrivance collusion, or arraiiKenient wlal- : soever on the subject of wages, whether written or oral, wliethfrJi- I rect or indirect, to which the employer and artificer are iisrtin,c< areaol8, implements, liay,cornorpn.v-rAr, rrior any nioriVy advanced lo sue li ailifKer (nMi.T ml such d"edoction shall iiol exceed ihe Irut vjluf o^ Ills tools, implemenis, hay, corn, and prmv ni.er,ii«l Iny case made from Ihe « ages of such ariificer «nl« Vrsuch deduction shall be m writing and .used ki JvrnI any such employer from advanciin to any nth li'v to lie liv him conlribul.d to any Irieiidly socel, I J, or f -r his relii'f in sickness, or for the eJuciw Incii artificer, nor from de,luc' nl or c™'™'™ • tv from "le "'"S" "' ""•' arlificers, f"r J litfJ-a rchild. provided the agre. n.enl for such JcducW Inir and signed by such arliliccr. Ilabourers, and other persons in anyminnerfnoiH lent or operation in or aUiul H e snersl lraJ« .^ V,aid. shall be deemed "artificers,' and:ill n™ J, [ l^nnaiers, clerks, and other persons enpeed W* Inert.or snperinieiidence of ll.e lal^ur of any s.-^ le d;emea to l«" employer. ;'' and any m«\< lor contracted to be paid, or li.ven ai. r.nmi.m« lone or to be done, whether within a "''»" .'^;' |„nl orfora timecr an amount uncertain, ih.lllt Ihe '"wanes" "f •'"h '"'«'"'> »'"' ""'"TS levice contrivance collusion, or arraiiKui n » * lb eel of waies, whether written or oral, »l.< h"'; r i wh^ch ihTemployerand artificer areiisna^ I bv w Inch hey a e , intually b"ii.id I" "ch ""' '^ lof 1 ii shall haveendeavoureil to ™,»».«.otl<. Ir ol Ibcm. »«>»ll be dmmed a " couuwl. TRUFFLES, a sort of vegetable production, like a mushroom, formed under ground. A few have been found in Northamptonshire; they are pretty abundant in Italy, the south of France, and several other countries. They are reckoned a great Jelicacy. The pates au truffis d'Aiigouleme arc highly esteemed, and are sent as presents to very distant places. — (Kees's Cyclopasdia.) TUNIS, the capital of the regency of the same name, on t\o northern coast of Africa, the Golflta fort being in lat. 36° 48' 30" N„ Ion. 10° 25' 45" E. The bay of Tunis is some- what in the form of a horseshoe. Its western extremity. Cape Carthage, is situaird about 4 miles N.E. from the Goletta; and its eastern extremity, Cape Zafran, bears from Cape Car- thage E. by 8., distant about 13 miles. The bay is about 16 miles deep, and has good anchorage all over, in from 10 to 4 fathom.') water. It is exposed to the N. and N.E. gales ; but they seldom occasion any damage. Tunis lies on the west side of the bay, being sepa- rated from it by a large lagoon, having, where deeitest, about 7 feet water. The port is at the Goletta, or channel, passing through the narrow belt of land separating the lagoon from (he sea ; the entrance to it is by a canal, in which there is at all times 15 feet water ; and ships may use it on paying a fee of 3 dollars a day. It is not, however, much resorted to ; all vessels of considerable burden loading and unloading from their moorings in the bay, by means of lighters. The population of Tunis has been variously estimated ; and may pro- balily amount to 100,000, being the most populous of any African city after Cairo. The streets are narrow, unpaved, and filthy. The buildings, though of stone, are mean and poor ; and the inhabitants present the picture of poverty and oppression. There is a fort at the Goletta, of considerable strength. Tni'/e— Notwithstanding llie various drawbacks arising out of the nature of the government, and the igiinrnnce and prejudices of Ihe people, commerce and industry iire in a iiinre advanced slate in Tunis, than in any oilier part of Northern Africa, Egypt excepted. Though siihjecl lo droughts, the climate is, on ihe whole, excellent. The soil still preserves that exuberant fertility for whicli it waa famous in antiquity. Non quicquid Libycis terit Fervens area niessibua. — (Sence. in Thyest.) It seldom receives any other manure than that of sometimes burning the weeds and stubble; and yet, in despite of its slovenly culture, the crops are luxuriant; and there is generally a considerable excess of wheat and barley for exportation. Corn is principally shipped at Biserta, about 50 miles W. of Tunis. Olive oil is one of Ihe principal articles of export. It is of various qualities; some good, and some very indifferent, tjusa is said to be the best place for its shipment. Snap of an excellent quality is largely manufactured in the regency. It may be had either soft or in wedges. The soft in made of barilla and pure oil, and is much esteemed. The hard snap is made from the lees of oil, and Is reckoned very strong. The principal soap-works are at Susa. Little, however, is prepared on a speculative anticipation of a demand for exportation ; but any quantity may be had by contracting for il a few months before the period when it is wanted. A sort of woollen scull-caps are largely ex- ported. They are in e.Ttensive demand all over the Levant, and are nowhere made in such perfection as here. Ivory and gold dust, hides, wax, morocco leather, sponge, barilla, coral, dates, ostrich feathern, &c. are among the articles of export. ■The imports from Europe consist of woollens, coarse German and Irish linens, cotton stuffs, hard- ware, sugar, colTee, spices, tin plates, lead, alum, dye stuffs, wine, silk, Spanish wool, &c. There ia very liltle direct trade between Tunis and England ; but a good deal is indirectly carried on, through the intervention of .Malta and Gibraltar. Marseilles has probably the largest shar'' -"f the trade with thereeency. In 1830, there entered jhe different ports of Tunis 194 ships, of the L ;n of 20,747 tons, ciclnslve of those engaged in (he trade with the other African states and Turkey. Exclusive of the trade by sea, a considerable trade is carried on between Tunis and the interior of Africa, by means of caravans. These import slaves, gold dust, ivory, feathers, drugs, &c. Tliey carry back cotton stiiirs, linens, hardware, spices, cochineal, &c. Naval and military stores imported into Tunis pay no duty. Other articles pay a duty o(3 per cent. td valorem on a rated tariff. Obstructions arising out of monopolies, &c. are occasionally thrown in the Wiiy of exportation ; and in general it is necessiiry, before proceeding to ship, to obtain a tiskery, cr licence to that effect from the bey. That, however, may be, for the most part, procured without miicb difficulty. ifoncy.— Accounts ftre kept in piastres of 16 carobas or 52 aspers. The piastre is woilh about li. \d. sterlini;. The as[}er is an imai^i- niry money. The value of foreign coins depends ou the state of the tichange. Wn|W/.— Cold, silver, and pearls are wcii^e:! by the ounce of 8 melicals; 16 of these ounces make the Tunis pound -= 7,773 5 En?. fn. The princi[)ll commercial weight is the cantnro, containiiii; IIXIIIk., or rolloh, being equivalent to 11105 lbs. avoird., or 5036 kiior. .Iffli»ur«.— The principal corn mcasiire is Ihe caf •, divirled into 16 wliilias { and the whiba into 12 salus. One caliz ^ 14 1-2 Impe- rial bushels. The wine measrire is the millerolle of Maneilles ^ 14 1 Imp. gal- lons, or 64-33 litres. II is divided into 6 1-2 milres. The principal oil measure is the metal or meltar= 6'125 wine gallons, or I9',19 litres; but it is of ditferent dimensions indifferent parts of the coun- try ; and is larger at Su.«a, whejice must of the oil is exported, than at Tunis. The pic, or principal lon^ measure, is of 3 sorts ; vir.. the pic wool- len me.isure — 26'5 Rug. inches; Ihe pic silk measure — '24-9 do. ; and llie pic linen measures 18 6 do. For furtlier particulars, see that chapter of Shaw's Travtli in Bar- Mry, fyc. (one of the most learned and excellent works of the kind iii the English lan!Eun(c), that treats of Ihe kingdom of Tunis; .Wac- ^U's Account of Tunity passim ; Jackscit^a Commera of tht Medt- t€ria}ieau, pp. 55—96. } KtUy'i CamList^ 4*c. Ruixs OF Carthaoe. — The famous city of Carthage, one of the greatest emporiums of the ancient world, long the mistress of the sea, and the most formidable enemy of Rome, was situated near the cape which still bears her name, about 10 miles N.E. from Tunis. Such, however, have been the alterations on the coast, that the port of the city, within whose ample expanse whole navies used to ride, is now wholly filled up ; antiquaries differ as to its situa- tion ; and the sea has in some places receded from 2 to 3 miles from the ruins of the build- ings hy which it was formerly skirted. The common sewers are still in a very perfect state, as are several cisterns, public reservoirs, and other remains of that sort, with the fragment of a noble aqueduct that supplied the city with water. But besides these, and a very few Punic inscriptions that have been dug up, there ia nothing left to attest the ancient grandeur S r:| Tl, 688 TURBITH—TURPENTINE. M m CI IT-- , •■•■• i' and magnificence of the city, or to identify it with the illustrious people by whom it was founded and occupied till its destruction by Scipio Nasica. There are no temples, no triumphal arches, no granite columns or obelisks covered with Phrenician characters, and no ancient entablatures. These have all fallen a sacrifice to hostile attacks, or to the destroying hand of time. Nunc passim, vix reliqnias, vix nomina servans, Obruitur, prupriis nun a^noscunda minis. Such mutilated fragments of buildings as still remain, are evidently the work of a latrr age ; of those who occupied the city between the perii)d when a colony was sent to it by Augustus, and its final subversion by the Saracens in the 7th century. TURBITH, on TURPE'I'H, the cortical part of the root of a species of Convolvulus, brought from different parts of the East Indies. It is a longish root, about the thickness of the finger, resinous, heavy, of a brownish hue without and wliilish within. It is imported cloven in the middle, lengthwise, and the heart or woody matter taken out. The best is ponderous, not wrinkled, easy to break, and discovers to the eye a large quantity of resinous matter. At first it makes an im|)ressiou of sweetness nn the taste; but, when chevvrd tor some time, betrays a nauseous acrimony. It is used in medicine, but only to a small extent,— (Lewis's Mat. Med.) TirnniTii (Minkhal), the name given by chemists to the subsulphate of mercury. TUHBOT (Pkuro)ircff.i maxi/iius), a well known and highly esteemed s[)ecies of fish, Very considerable quantities of turbot arc now taken on various parts of our coasts, from the Orkneys to the Land's End, yet a preference is given in the London markets to those cauglu by the Dutch. The latter are said to have sometimes drawn as much as 80,000/. in a single year, for turbots sold in London. Fresh turbots, however taken, or in whatever ship imported, may be imported free of duty.-. (See FfSH.) TURMERIC, the root of the Curcuma longa. It is externally greyish, and internally of a deep lively yellow or saffron colour ; very hard ; and not unhke, either in figure or size, to ginger. That should be preferred, which is large, new, resinous, difficult to break, ami heavy. It is imported from Bengal, Java, China, &c.; but some of a superior quality is said to have been brought from Tobago. Small quantities of it have also been grown in England. It has a somewhat aromatic, and not very agreeable smell ; and a bitterish, sli;;htlv acrid, and rather warm taste. It used to be in considerable estimation as a medicine ; Imtiii Europe it is now used only as a dye. It yields a beautiful bright yellow colour ; which, how- ever, is extremely fugitive, and no means have hitherto been discovered of fixing it. It is sometimes employed to heighten the yellows made with weld, and to give an orange tint to scarlet; but the shade imparted by the turmeric soon disappears. The Indians use it lo colour and season their food. — (Lewis's Mat. Med. ,- Bancroft on Colours, vol. i. p. 270.) Tlie imports of turmeric from all places eastward of the Cape of Good Hope were, in 1830, l.Slir.TCl lbs. ; in 1831, 1,2(»,028 lbs. ; and in 1832, 1,004,045 llis. Its price in bond in the I.ondon market, in March, 1834, was— Bengal, per cwt., 15s. to 16*. ; ,I,iv,i, 24s. to 25s. ; China, 25s. to 26s, The duty on turmeric is 2s. id. per cwt. on that bronuht from a Itritish possession, and 10,«. per cm. on that from a foreign country. The only elTect of this injurious distinction is to force the use of an inferior article. TURPENTINE (Ger. Turpentin; Fr. Terebenthine ; It. Trementina ,- Rus. Sfa'piJur: Pol. Terpentyna). There are several species of turpentine, but all of them possess the same general and chemical properties. 1. Common Turpentine, is & res\no\ia juice which exudes from the Scotch fir orwilj pine (Pinus syhestris). The trees which are most exposed to the sun, and have the thickest barks, yield it in the greatest abundance. They begin to produce it when about 10 ye.irs old. The bark of the tree is wounded, and the turpentine flows out in drops, which fall into a hole, or sort of cup, previously dug at the foot of the tree, holding about 1^ pint. It is purified by being exposed to liquefy in the sun's rays, in barrels perforated in the bottom, through which it filters. In the United States, the collection of turpentine is confidcil chicllv to negroes, each of whom has the charge of from 3,000 to 4,000 trees. The process lasts ail the year, aiihough the incisions are not made in the trees till the middle of March, and tlie flow of the turpentine generally ceases about the erid of October. The boxes are cniplicil i or 6 times during the year ; aia . is estimated that <,50 boxes will produce a barrel weighing 320 lbs. Turpentine has a ci'-dL;, s imewhat fragrant odour, and a bitter disagreeable tasie; its consistence is greater than tnat of honey ; its colour dirty yellow; and it is more o\ri\vx than the other sorts. We import it almost entirely from the United States. S. Venice Turpentine, is the produce (j^ the larch (Pinus Lnrix). It is obtaineil by boring a hole into the heart of the tree about 2 feet from the ground, and fitting into it i small tube through which the turpentine flows into vessels prei)ared for its reception. It is purified by straining through cloths, or hair sieves. It is more fluid, having the consi.stence of new honey, a yellowish colour, and is less unpleasant to the smell and tastp, thsn the common turpentine. Genuine Venetian turpentine is principally obtained from the foroslji E. rious people by whom it was There are no temples, no Phffiiiician characters, awl no leattock8,ortotheae8lroyMig irvans, ■eevUlently theworkofalator en a colony was sent to it by century. , of a species of Convolvulm, ah root, about the thickness of vhilish within. It i« '7"f^ latter taken out. The be.t is eve a large quantity of resinous ,c taste; but, when chevvnl tot i„e,butonlytoasinallextont.- e subsulphale of mercury. hicWy esteemed species ot lish. ,ou8 parts of our coasts, iromlhn .London markets to those call., t „ as much as 80,000/. ma single ], may be imported free of duty- ternally greyish, and internally of , unlike, either in figure or size resinous, dinicult to break an,! but some of a superior quality is ,s of it have also been Rrovvn in able smell; and a bitterish, slishtly e estimation as a medicine; tmtm bricht yellow colour; which, how bcn"discovered of fixing it. U is ;eld, and to give an orange tint to sappears. The Indians use it ,o croft on Colours, vol. i. p. 270.) of Good Hope were, in 1830, 1,6«"01 -Bengal, per cwt., 15s. to 16.. ; Java, n Rritiah possession, ami 10.--. P'!rc«i. Ss™.i^lionistoforcetl.«us"ofa„ . It Trementina; Rus. Sklpiilur; '',e, but all of them possess the same Icudes from the Scotch fir or wilJ fsed to the sun, and have the nee 'produce it when about!) . fc flows out in drops, which all t Itree holding about ^ pint. lti» I barrel perforated in the boUoni, til of tur'pentine is confided c;e; ■ 4,000 trees. The process Ub J ti I the middle of March, a.ul 1. Ocober. The boxes are cmHo P will produce a barrel we,, u. Ilour and a bitter disagreeable U»u, t 'yellow; and it is more opF fe^S'and fitting into ,u flsprei;.red for its reception. L ore lluid, having the con.^a It to the smell and taste, llu.n th tilcipally obtained from the lor.t. TURPENTINE OIL— TYRE. 689 ol Baye, in Provence ; but much of that to bo found in the shops comes from America, and is, perhaps, obtained from a different species of fir. 3. Canadian liuham, or Turpentine, is obtained from incisions in the bark of the Pinua Balsamea, a native of the coldest regions of North America. It is imported in casks, each containing about I cwt. It has a strong, not disagreeable odour, and a bitterish taste ; is transparent, whitish, and has the consistence of copaiva balsam. — (Sre IJ.*i,s\m.) 4. Cfiian or Ci/prus Turp(ntine, is obtained from the Ptntacia Tcrebinfhu.i, a native of the north of Africa and the south of Europe, and cultivated in (.Jbios and Cyprus. It flows out of incisions made in the bark of the tree in the month of July ; and is subsequently strained and purified. It has a fragrant odour, a mo 000 TYRE. M m MB' resistance ma.' , ,een enervated by luxury, ami cial skill and enterrnse.l he .uUv tlian the cai'turc ot ihn misbed as their heroic co.ulucl he city, she rose uiiaui ton,,,. v.,.rtiii^ the commerce llial IwJ n irrq.avable blow; and .l,c the i.roi.het, her jmlaces have jr tlic spreading of nets in the flhc smallest countries of a,i. ches from Aradus (the mcHlcru a distance of about .50 Ciguns. art bounded by Mount Libanus ,f this narrow tract was gonml- Ih moderately fertie,d,d not ,anU8 and its dependent n. 1^.. ; . and besides Tyre and Sidon, ^n In this situation, occupyini; of corn, hemmed in by moui,- . hand and having, on the oimr, andfand surrounded by fertile naturally led to engage m man. and most experienced mariners, , to have been carried on between ious stones, and other vaUiaWe esteemed in Europe ^"d have ho latter. At the lirst dawn of 'his commerce. Her inhaM.ants ofCanaanites,--aterm«h.ch.n ucts of Arabia, India, Persia, &C. ", merchants, or caravans; wlueh have performed exactly the same that they do at present.-((-(«. • o of David and Solomon, the TjeXc ports of Eladi and Sc they fitted out deet.,. Inch ,e of Southern Arabia, the ^ve^ evisitedOphir;andagveat ea ^ine the exact situation of that n thinking that it was not te 'f general designation given to th n Ocean; somewhat m the .ame LrSee the chapter on the Mn- lion of Heeren's work.) Serable, the conveyance of go c!, * a, d expensive. To lessen h,. .si o Elath and E/ionKeber, ;rresttotheKedHra. 'Ihe F^ rtompendious route, Nverethon » »n Tvre. If we except the S for that reason, no douM,e ■^rn Asia and Europe could thou ^^;SsXl\ny permanent 0.,,. ,f it does not, however seen to m the foundation of Alexa,... a, E it was abundantly siu-l'lu-J ^ and from Babylon, by >^ay ot The commerce of the PhaMiiciana with llio eounlries Imrch-ring on the Mediterranean was still more extensive inid valiiiibU'. At iiii curly |ii'rii>.l, they estiiblishrd setlleinriilH in CJypnis and Rhodes. The former wi\s ii very viilinibic ai'iniisitiDii, frdin its pnixiiniiy. the miinlH-r of its ports, its fertility, and the variety of its vriviMulile iiii.l mineral proilurtions. H;iMn!? passed successively into (Jreeee, Italy, and Siirdiiiia, they proceeded to e\|iioif the southern shores of France and Wpaiii, and the nortliern short's of Afrieu. They al'ierwiirds ndveiitured upon the .\tlantic; and were the first people whose llaij was displayed beyond the pillars of Hercules.* Of the colonies of Tyro, Gades, now Cadiz, was one of the most ancient and important. It is supposed by M. do St. Uroix to have originally been distinguished by the name of Tartessus or Tarshish, mentioned in the sacreil writintjs. — (l)i^ riilat et (In Sm-t den Aitclcinif.i Cohmics, p. 14.) Heeren, on the other hand, contends, as in the case of Ophir, that by Tarshish is to be understood the whole southern part of Spain, which was early oc- cupied and settled by PhnMiician colonists. — (Sec also Hud, Coin/iitTcc lies Anciens, cap. 8.) At I'll events, however, it is certain that Cadiz early became the centre of a commerce that extended all along the coasts of Euroiie as far as Britain, and perhaps the Baltic. 'J'hero can lie no doubt that by the Cassileriiles, or Tin Islands, visited by the Pluenicians, is to bo understood the Scilly Islands and Cornwall. — (SeeTix.) The navigation of the Plneni- fiaiis, probably, also, extended a considerable way along the western coast of Africa; of this, however, no details have reached us. Uut, of all the colonies founded by Tyre, Carthage has been by far the most celebrated. It was at first only a simple factory ; but was materially increased by the arrival of a large body of colonists, forced by dissensions at home to leave their native land, about 883 years liefore Christ. — {Sf. Croix, p. 20.^ Imbued with the enterprising mercantile spirit of their ancestors, the Carthaginians rose in no very long period to the highest eminence as a naval and cominercial state. The settlements founded by the Phijenicians in Africa, Spain, tSicily, &c. gradually fell into their hands ; and after the destruction of Tyre by Alexander, Carthago engrossed a large share of the commerce of which it had previously been the centre. The subsequent history of Carthage, and the misfortunes by which she was bverwhelmcd, are well known. We shall only, therefore, observe, that commerce, instead of being, as some shallow theorists have imagined, the cause oC, her decline, was the real source of her power and greatness ; the means by which she was enabled to wage a lengthened, doubtful, and desperate contest with Rome herself for the empire of the world. The commerce and navigation of Tyre probably attained their maximum from 050 to .550 years before Christ. At that period the Tyrians were the factors and merchants of tho civilised world ; and they enjoyed an undisputed pre-eminence in maritime affairs. Tho prophet Ezekiel (chap, xxvii.) has described in magnificent terms the glory of Tyre; and has enumerated several of the most valuable productions found in her markets, and tho countries whence they were brought. The fir trees of Senir (Hermon), the cedars of Lebanon, the oaks of Bashan (the country to the cast of Galilee), the ivory of the Indies, the fine linen of Egypt, and the purple and hyacinth of the isles of Elishah (Peloponnesus), are specified among the articles used for her ships. The inhabitants of Sidon, Arvad (Aradus), Gebel (Byblos), served her as mariners and carpenters. Gold, silver, lead, tin, iron, and vessels of brass ; slavqp, horses, mules, sheep, and goats ; pearls, precious stones, and coral ; wheat, balm, honey, oil, spices, and gums ; wine, wool, and silk ; are mentioned as being brought into the port of Tyre by sea, or to its markets by land, from Syria, Arabia, Damascus, Greece, Tarshish, and other places, the exact site of which it is dillicult to de- lerininc.-j- Such, according to the inspired writer, was Tyre, the " Queen of the waters," before sho was besieged by Nebuchadnezzar. But, as has been already remarked, the result of that siege did not affect her trade, which was as successfully and advantageously carried on from ihe new city as from the old. Inasmuch, however, as Carthage soon after began to rival her as a maritime and mercantile state, this may, perhaps, be considered as the era of her greatest celebrity. It would not be easy to over-rate the beneficial influence of that extensive commerce from which the Phoenicians derived such immense wealth. It inspired the people with whom tlicv traded with new wants and desires, at the same time that it gave them the means of gratifying them. It every where gave fresh life to industry, and a new and powerful stimu- lus to invention. The rude uncivilised inhabitants of Greece, Spain, and Northern Africa acquired some knowledge of the arts and sciences practised by the PhcEiiicians; and the advantages of which they were found to be productive secured their gradual though slow advancement. Nor were the Phoenicians celebrated only for their wealth, and the extent of their coni- ♦ MoiiR Calpe and Mons Abyla, the Gibraltar and Ceuta of modern times. tTliere is, in Dr. Vincent's Commerce and JViwijxativn of the .Indents in the Indian Ocean (vol. ii. pp 62l-(')3'2), an elaborate and (like the other parts of that work) prolix roinnientary on this cliapter of E/.eliiel, in which most of tho names of the things and places mentioned are satisfactorily uxplaiued.— (.See also Heeren on the rhanicians, cap. iv.) ' il 602 TYRE. «5."* t3 merce and nnvipintion. Their famn, and their ripfht to ho dossed nmonc;«t fhono who havn confcrrrd tlio grcntciit lirnrfilH nii niiinkind, rent on a Rtill more uniisHniliililo fDundation. Antiquity ix unniiimouR in oRrriliinrr to thcni the invention and prarlice of all thooo artJi, sciences, nnd conlrivnnces that furilitatc the prosecution of coniincrcinl underlnkinf^H. They are held to he the inventora of nrithmotic, weifihts anil measures, of money, of the art of keeping accounts, and, in short, of every thinK that i)clong« to the l)UHine.lo foun.l«lion. A praruce of all those art., ,ncr' ""'I «"?'"■' ""^ ''nut the ships and seauien ih. ,ru:s;ances,Lubletho^ag, ,uch an appearance of gooj ta ,rs having the «=un on the ngM. really seems no reasonable srounJ ;X Vasco dc Gama in his pcnloa. ion the coast of Syria are Aton. commerce wlVich they carry^^^^^^^^ ladness of the ports, the un.mtaM to Ion- continued oppression ^ force and eloquence which It IS n I Vlr happy estate, arj,now>:fS ^'ri:;nrr^-- rich lands at this present remain wmIp ui; ov^r^rciwiii beiistH, of theeves and murderers ; largo lei torien dixpeoi cities Minile deHolate; sumptuous liuil(hiii;ii >m'i 'me ruiiieH ; i; nouN lU^nii or [irostiluted to im[)ietie ; true religion discniiiitciiuncctl and nj^jircnarii Uiiisht'd ; no light of learning piTinitted, nor vertue cherished ; viiilenoe oviT all. and leaving no securitie save to an alijei I mind and unlookl oi 'I'hose who compare this lieautiful passage; with the uuthentie Htai. incoiiipiiralily the best of the miulern travellers who have visited the couirtfie* referred to will find thai it is as accurate as it ia eloquent. ith busheg, receptacles of \ A I .ir thinly JMlitthiled; Koodijr «»«hi*r suhv •<•«!, lubilitie .A- . rapine il^ ,Mug )vertie." TltM of Vo,,,,i'y— . U. V. VAI.ONIA, a species of acorn, forming a very considerable article of export from the Morca and the Levant. 'I'lie more substance there is in the husk, or cup of the acorn, the liitlcr. It is of a bright drab colour, which it preserves so long as it is kept dry : any iliini|iiM'ss injures it ; as it then turns black, and loses both its strength ami value. It is liriiicipiliy used by tanners, and is always in demand. Though a very bulky article, it is iiiiil'iniily bought and sold by weight. \ ship can only take a small proportion of her nii-trriMJ tonnage of valonia, so that its freight per ton is always high. The price iu the Loiidiin market, in March, 18iH, varied from \'Zl. to I. "5/. ycr ton. llH' inlrics of viilnnia for iKiriii! cniiHiimptldii in l><:!l niiil H;t2 aiTiouiiInd, nt an avernee, to l-lfi.Slfi fin. II M'iir. (»(■ 13 1,3(17 twt. (ilvulDiiia, iininirli'il in 1H3I, ll)2,'2ar) were lir(iii(.'lit from 'I'nrlicy anil Con- liiicriliil t.'r.'ec', excliisiVH ofllie Mi)riMi ; lT,liir) cwt. imisilval HiMoml lianil, IVdhi Itnlyaiid tli« llaliiin iliiliilioii exioU at ('liili in its rulle«l extent. ThiH kingdom, of wliicli thr fim. durtionii would, if increusid to their maximum, Hupply ail Europe ; whose wool w.iuli.l bo ■uflicient for the mnnufurturcH of France and KtiKJund ; anil wIioho hnrdii, converted iiiiniiqlt providiona, would produce a vunt revenue ; — thin kingdom, olan! liaH no commerce. Fmif or five small veHscIn hring, every year, from Limn, tobacco, HURar, otid nornc articjen of 1]^. ropean manufacture, which the miHerahie inhuhituntH can olitain only ti' xecond or thii'l tiutif!, after they have lieen churued with heavy cuHtonm duties at (Jadiz, at liima, and lastly, it their arrival in (!hili; in exclianRo they jjive their tallow, hided, nomo deoN, and their wlirm, which, however, iH at no low a price, that the cultivator has no inducement to extend In, tilliigp, ThuH (Jhili, with all its grild, and articles of exchange, can scarcely procure >xii^ar«, tobacco, hIuAh, linens, cambrics, nniiD goods are carried direct to C/liili, and arc admitted at reasonable duties. The advnntai;^* resulting from this extensive intercourKO wilh foreigners, and from the settlement of Etiulisli adventurers in tho country, have been already immense, and will every day become niir^ visible. It was impossible, considering the ignorance of the mass of the peo|ile, that the n|i| system of tyranny and superstition could bo pulled to pieces without si good deal of violtnri! and mischief; but the foundations of a better order of tilings have been laid ; nor can there | bo a doubt that Chili is destined to become an opulent and a flourishing country. Monie», H'lightA, and Mraturti of Cliili are tlie snmn as tliono of Spain : for whic'< neo Cadiz. Th! qiiiiitui of 4 arrolinx, or 100 Ihg., 1= lOI'tl llt.i. nvolriliipolg. Tin; funnfia, nr prini't|ia' corn iiii'ioiip' cnntains 3,430 I'^riiillHli ciihic inrlii-H, and is lIuTpfnrR := t'SU9 Wlnpli, linahelH. IliMice 2 funugai = i Wiiicli. quarter very nearly. Tliu vara, iir measure of length, = 33'3H4 Eng. Inches. VAN DIEMEN'S LAND, a large island belonging to Great Britain, forming part of Australia, lying between -11° 20' and 43° 30' S. lat., and 144° 40' and 148° 20' W.jon?. It is supposed to contain about 1>'>,000,000 acres. This land was discovered by tho Uutch navigator Tasman, in 1642, and was named in honour of Anthony Van Diemcn, at that time governor-general of the Dutch posse.ssions in the East Indies. Previously to I7l{ i for European constitutions; and it is not exposed to the tremendous droughts that ocrnsioi 00 much mischief in New South Wales. Wheat is raised in considerable quantities. Woci, | however, is at present the staple produce of the colony. Van Diemen's Land, like New South Wales, was originally intended to serve as a penal I colony, and convicts are still sent to it ; latterly, however, it has received a very cnnsidfrab'f number of free settlers. In 1830, the total population of the island, exclusive of aboriuinf.', amounted to 23,169, of whom about 10,000 were convicts. The disparity between thesms | is not quite so great here as in New South Wales. The prosperity of the colony was formerly a good deal retarded by the enormities com- mitted by a banditti of runaway convicts, known by the nome of bush-rangers; and morfl recently by the hostilities of the natives. Vigorous measures have, however, been adopKjj for the suppression of such outrages, by confining the natives within a limited di.strict; and it j is to be hoped that they may be eilectual. Plobart Town is situated in the southern part of the island, on the west side of the tivnl Derwent, near its junction with Storm Bay, in lat. 42° .54' S., Ion. 147° 28' E. Thewaicriil deep, and the anchorage good. A jetty has been constructed, accessible to the largest ship! The situation appears to have been very well chosen ; and the town has been judicioo:lr| laid out. In December, 1832, the district of Hobart Town contained 10,101 itihabilanKl of which werc,//ee, males 3,850, females 2,776 ; convicts, males 2,699, females 776. Tiifl population of the town itself, at the epoch referred to, was about 9,600. The houses 3nl supposed to be worth, at an average, 50/. a year. There are several printing establishmeriiil in the town, and no fewer than 9 or 10 newspapers, some of them very well conduciril There is also a Book Society, a Mechanics' Institute, and several respectable schoulj arJI academies. The Van Diemen's Land Banking Company, the Derwent Bank, ami theCWl merciai Bank, have each otiices in Hobart Town. They are joint-stock companies. Launceslon, the second town in the island, is situated in the northern part, at the Ml of the navigable river Tamar, which fulls into Port Dairy mple. Its population may anitfl n to lh..t of thfl climfttf. The ,iH WiuRaom. of wh..-l. .»....., . luronr; whose wool wo.U.l l«, «hoHO horan. convrrKMl ...to,nlt .lan! huH no com.n.Tce. >oi,r uRar, «n.J m.inc «rtir .■« of Im,. ltti„only..»'«'.-ondor h.MlWI, d„H,«ome.WaU.anJtluMr^.nt, H no indiK.'mcnt U. ^M.-nd Im ngo, can Hcnrcely procure -,.Ra„, , Ihe ordinary wanU ol 1 -, - 1831 43 nrilifh Bh^*-, (..rryin? ,thcri'.ort.'. AlUorlHofEuro,.,., ionll lo duticH. The .dv«ni.,.. dfromthcBcttlcn,ontofl,n«l„h a„d will every ''-y »'«'-."7,,";; ,cma«softhcpco,.le ih'UtlcoM C8 without a good doal of v,o ™« ,BS have been laid ; nor can time 1 a flourishing country. = 333H* K"B- '"'^'"=''' to Great Britain, forming part of sman, in 1642. and waB named in general of the Dutch possessions in ffrpartofNewHolUn.jt., scsaiou of by the British in 1803, though none of the laml he of th. .nd a good deal of the hilly gro>d er, it is not supposed that more tha econsiJered arable; butaboutalhirl Torpared with New Holland,..! •neSlyBpeaking. good, and su.lAe Uemendous droughts that oc«.n .d in considerable quantities. Wod, | Lnally intended to serve as a penj I rh has received a very ron«>dera!.e L he island, exclusive nfabor.>;ir^;. U. The disparity between the sew leal retarded by the enormities «• fe name of bush-rangers; and mr. fasSres have, however, been ado, e L7ve8withinalimiteddi.strict;a.J:. ;<.i«nd on the west side of the liw Lcted accessible to the UrgcstsH I 3 the town has been jud.ciouJ! I ana ine lowi ,j. ,,>, i„i,abitam| ■Town contained 10,10 1 im. i |. J i„o'^ VAN DIEMKN'S LAND. 605 10 nbout 5,000. It has n considnralilo trade willj Sydney and Iloborl Town, and recently it hull lieguii to trade direct to KukIhimI. 'I'rdtle of V'm/i hirmnix l.iuid. — linfwrln. — Malt ll()iiorH, rum, brandy, and wine, form the principal puit of tliu iinporla into the colony. Next to ihoin aro piece gouiU, hanlware, tea, sugar, &.c. Account oflha Ivfpnrti froiu tlio IJii Itcil KinRilnm to Vnn 1)1 nmen'i Land (lurini each of the FIvo Veari dikIiii ( with IH3 I'JT 1. ArlklM. im. im. ino. ItSI, Irii.li iiii'l Irith pmliim an 1 nil ufielum, tkeltrid imlur. Ap|t«r>'l. ■'ntif, aivl lulirnl.ihaiy * i. m.oiH 83,1 M H«74 ■KM* UOIR Hnr aiBl Hi" • • i,«». b.ino 6,0 10 LiVi ■2M0 Cil.mfl »nl "fli'il.lBry >»ire» * MU urn 3M 1,1 >8 mi 1 Cnlimi iiMnuUe'UTfB • ■ 11,11)7 11, Ml 4.nM l<,3«) I9IIIH Olii. iiil i-jfllinwiirii ■ • a,,')\ t.,i«» ■JMt 4,K7i A.O.I Inin, itrtl. niKl hiril«vAr«l * • • • »,7I7 VliUt 7,37H lO.HIIU l«,OII |<\liir and mlJIery • LB-i") 3. 2> LlltM 3,VI} 8,li80 I.iitffiii . - . . • • i.m't 11 -.IH 1,^111 3,1 .« 3,310 ShMii . . . . . 3.11) a,;rK) nil* 1113 M ilillli . • . . . • mo l,'Oi l,(r,« 2.2m S.2III Itii<|iinil rindlM • 3,070 HIU !i\t hWI W» ftUliniirry . . , • 3,0,7 3,IHi l,7ro l,'i-:l 8,f.l7 WooNfli |(i>"il« . • . • • aril rt.Mil 4.Jlt 7,1)18 K.378 Alloilnrirlicl* Tolil ■ tm'tn »»l oinnlil produce. A. Quaiilidrt. 16,I3J 100,7-1 1 »,Ui IMiU 17,184 S>,WI 91,130 1 10,444 >hcr|. . . . . - • miiiilter 300 mn . 115 8|,iriii, brandy . . . . prool nail. l'i,'fll 3.'i;«i 1.VS 1,778 8,873 inini .... • — 3.>»7 -l.WO 4,231 1,7 iH l,b79 . — 79,I7H 77,l3i 31,141 8(1,204 e>i,UKI ndha Biiliih North Amtriein nlonia • • •^ 7,>i6i Tra • Ibt. 3.44U 3.I1MI ma 8.018 8,r36 Wirift . . ■ • . • ralltma M.'tti 30.4'i8 in.iim 1«,"M is.im KidiiKivo nf tho InipnrlR rrom the innthcr cniiniry, V.m Dipiiien's I.niid liiipnrts niiRnr frnm the MaiiriiiiiH. Willi! mill rriilt rrniii llio C'upi', Icii rroin Cliiiiii or Siiii>ii;iiir(>, plvci* iiixiilit t'rniii Inillii, tnhncco frdiii Uracil, unil hcef, liaciin, i'l)i'i>8i>, ImrHi'H, \,e, rriuii Ntul viiliit- i>l' tliu iiiipnrln In 1S:I0, was !U.'i,'.t'.i^/. i iif which, i53,4Tt^<. was giipplleil by (ircut UrItulii, U:i,'2JW. hy lirillah piitiiiu88li)nB, and l>,5(ilW. Iiy lori'imi slulei. Kz/wr/n.— Wool ruriiis liy fur the principal nrllilc of ojipnrt, iinil nrxt to it in whciil, principally Hent to.Syiliii'y, wliali! oil, wliululmno, liiiibLT, iDiiiioHa hark, livir stuck, piiiatni.'H, Scr. Tliu iiicruuae in the eiports of wool la i|uitu extraordinary. It is almost wholly broiiRht to Knglund. Account, of the Imports uf Wool rrnm Van Dicmcn'a Land into tho llnitud Kingdom from 1S27 to 18,13, hnth inclnaivu. Yean. 18i7 1829 I.bt. iet,o7.> 68<,S46 Yran. IS29 14)0 Lb«. . per Ion. d. 8 to 9 - i.d. II 71 9 10 Bepf, per lb. ... Mlilliili, dii. . • - Veal, do. ... - • Pork, do. . • . - • Goose . - . • • 9 Turkey - • - • • 12 Ilre.i'l, the iitnrtern loaf Hy coinpariiig lliese prices with those of Sydney (.anti,'p. 57ft), the greater chenpnessof the prinripal neti'KS'iiiea of life at tlie latter is nhvioiis ; liiiiise rent is also higher at Iloliart Town. Hut it wtiiiiil uppcar that wat'^s are rather hiulier in "'-n Uienien's Land than in New eSonth Wales. .>rnnk(.'nijtss is till' ureat vice of the free, as well as o. me convict population ; and it is this, and not the faciliiy uf uctiiiiriiii! land, that renders it so difficult to procure good servants in Australia. LieutiMiant lln'tcin savs, that the free women sent to the colony hy government have proved no great acquisition, c.xceut liy" increasing the population ; hut we hardly think that this can he the case. ' Enron raircmenl to KmiiTUH'^-.— (ioveninient has recently come to a resolution to advance, hy wnv of loan, a siiin not exceeding 2(1/. each, to a given niiiiiher of young and married agricultural hiliuiircr, iiiteiiiling to emigrate to Australia with their wives and families. The following are the condiiioiji as to this ailvance : — t'l'iidtKuii xinikr loliich (I'Vcrnment will make attvanca to i Euimmnts to Sctn Si,uth IVtiltl ami Tdil /liVj/ien't tAinii — No advAiire will be iiaile exci'pl to young and imrrird a«;ricullural labourers, who intend taking their wives and families with them ; and .1 strict imiuiry will be instituted into their character and habits of industry, bclore'tbe assistance they srilicil will be granted tutbein, : .No 1 finidy will be allowed an advance exceeding ^0/ j and it [ will be useless therefore for parties, who may not possess the reiniiii- j der ol '111 sum rei|uisile for defraying the expense of their passage, lo apply for tssistance. kvery pc rsnn desirous of receiving the proposed advance must fill spatch to the governor, containing the name and descriptiiui of the p:irty on whose account the money is lo be paid, and encloaniiiaprfi. niissory note, winch he will be re'iiuired to sign in acknowled^uient of his debt ;— which note must be witnessed by the cnptaiti aivrcliief male of the vessel. But arrangements will be made, by whidi lU payment of this order will not take place in the colony, until tlwcan. tain shall have protluced the pirties, on whose account it is to be made, before the ollicer appointed for that purport j anil tlicv sha I h.ive entered into a fresh (dili^ation for the re[>aymeiit of the ^itvanca made lo them For it is the intention of his M.ajesty's goveriiiiient cannot be too clearly under^t'Kid by all persons who may accent up, and scud bick to the ''nder Secretary of stale fir the Colonial this loan, that repayment of thedelit (insuch propnrlitins,aiiiiai,i,ti, Deparlmeid, the Return herein annexed. (Copies of this Return m.ay ; intervals, as may not be unsuitable lo the circumstances of each enii" '■' '■ • — '■ 1 1..1-... \ ir grant) shall be strictly enforced, by means of the ample powers wliich the laws of the colony render available for that purpose. Government agents for emii^ratiou have been appninte I at Liver- pool, Bristol, Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Belfast, and Greenock; wtio have been instructed to alio nl gratuitous infornialion to all iiersonj applying to thein, .as to the best means of carrying their sclieines of emiirralion into ellcct. I'arlies, therefore, who may re-i.le in ibe neighbourhood of these agents, are leqtiested In apply to ttteni "i-htr personally (or if by letter, post paid) for infornialion on this suliieci. Le iia I from any of the agjiUs lor emigration mentioned below.) If the inlormalion' contained in this Relnrn, and llie answers to the in- i|uiries which may be addressed to the parties who certify the cor- rectness of the return, shall be considered satisfactory, the applicant will receive notice to thai ellecl. He may then proceed to nuke his aitreeiiient with the owners or masters of ships proceeiling to New Soulh W.des or Van Uienien's land ; and as soon as anv ship owner or m ister shall nntily (in a form » liich will be provided for that pur- pose) that the emigrant has taken the oilier necessary steps for en- gaging hi* passage, an order will be granted lor the payment, in the colony, of ^O;. to the agent or master of ilie vessel in w liich this emi- graiitinay arrive. 'J'lie emigrant will of course nc able lo obtain a correspoilding deduction from the amouul lo be paid by himself in t..is country. The order for payment will be intrusted to the master of the vessel in which 11k emigrant is to proceed, and will consist of a sealed de- All apjillcations for the assistance of government mu^l t,e inilei'v teller only, addressed lo R. W. Hay, Esq., Cniler Secretary of Stite l.ondon ; and should the number of at'plicaiions be grcitef t|,i"i, the funds at llieir disposal will enable them to comply with, iTiririivof dale will form Ihcruleof selection among applications in Hhiclitiicrfi shall appear no other ground of distinction. Downing Street, 6th April, 1824. Custom-house Reoulations, Rated of Pilotage, Hardour Dues, etc CuUom-hottsc Rc§tdaUm}it (Hours for public business from 10 to 3 daily, excepting on Saturday, from lU to 12.) /,. s. ■ t 10 ■ 3 - I I - 10 - 7 Entry of a British vessel, not colonial, with merchandise Entry of any foreign vessel Ferniission to trade . , . - Dues on each bond . . . - Dues on [lort clearance and fee • 'I'liinsporls are free from port charges. Cy/o»iftl rciir/j.— Entry, and clearance lo theoutports -0 4 Fee on dilto - - - - - - 2 U Entry and clearance to the fishery or to the out settlement 10 Fee on ditto - - - • • -020 C'earanceof an open boat - • • -0 1 Annual licence for a boat - • • -02 Dtttiis.—On branily, per gallon • • • - 10 On Hollands or geneva, per gallon - - -0 10 On rum, per gallon, the produce of the West Indian colo- nies • - - - • .-07 On British gin, per gallon - - - - 7 On tobacco, per lb. - - - - - I The duty on all spirits, either British or foreign, 1" increased in proportion to strength, if over proof, according to Sykes'a liydru- meter. On all merchantlise of foreign proffuce or manufacture, an ad va- lorem duty of 5 per cent, on importation, agreeably lo the act of 4 Geo. 1 c. 96., wit,'i the exception of wine, which is subjected to a duly of Pi per cent. Goods of British manufacture are not subjected to .anv duty. L. ». d. WAar/iiw.— On landing each cask, bale, or package -009 (>n lanjiiig iron, per ton - - - -0 9 On landing salt, per ton - - ■ -0 3 On landing limber, per 1,009 feet - - -0 2 On shiptiing each cask, bale, or package • -0 3 On 8lii|i|iing iron,per ton • - - -0 3 On shipiiing salt, jier ton - - - -0 10 Colonial pmduce, when landed or shippetl, is not subjected to any charge, except for a sutlerance. /,. • . . - 2 - /'cc.v.— A sulTerance to land orship goods - A warrant tti remove goods from under bond On landing each cask or pack aire of spirits or wine On the reicislry of vessels not exceeding 40 Ions - On tlie rcfristrv of vessels above 40 tons, per ton - To the chief clerk, on the retfistiy of vessels - -0 10 On in Itirsing change of master - - - -0 10 niivfAnmc lient and Char^u — A government order publisheii the 7tli of February, lf2(), hxi s the following rents on siurits and tobacco. In the king's bonde\l stores, vi7.— Ist. All spirituous liquors, Is. 3d. per tun of 2^2 sallons, for every week, or any period less than a week, during which the same shall lie deposited. 2diy. Tobacco, 6rf. per ton for every week, or any period leu than week, during which the unie shall be depoaited. 3 9 II 6 14 : 12 5 C 10 10 4 9 M Part nalrymple. Proceeding above Whirlpool Reach. /.. J. 7 feet and under - • . 2 o Above 7 feel, per foot - -06 If the pilot does not board the vesel outside the middle grouiid il Remaintn? Iieloiv Whirl- |«Hil Reach. i- I- « ackiinwled-n.ent l,e ,v,ll be -^f R™ '^j ,» „,e ciplain i.vl chief ""'f "'" ^nmVnUwill be m:..lc,l)y »liid, il,e ""^^,;oi S" bee in .he colony, unl>l .l«ap. ' "' .l,n n,r ieion whose nccounl il n 1,. te ment ot 'If ?f J"^' oircunisl.inie. of e.ull enji- " '."• r'l'lm -r ck na M an'.l Greenock ; wto ",'V"»'I,' irauiloui ioforioalion I., all ptnoni ;,1 to aftoni gralu ous ", , ,, scI.miih of f • '^r„ '. ire "5 Sed to apply to Ih™, -i^hrr he^e a?enl», are leq ■ . ( , „„ „„ ,|,i, s«1m«I. f'^'lf^'a^ii ... e. ?sovl:rnn,ent nu,„ l,e naleky f'T." o w I av Esq., I'nder SccriUry of Stole, iP,l 10 R. W. ''"i' '^,,'J,^„ions be KrcaliT itaii the Id ""=.V,""'''n,^ lu^ o con.piv will;, prinrityof SVol"eS™/an'o;«"n'''""°'-'' "'-''"-" her xround of distinction. ;t, 61h April, IS"-*. • HAnnouu Dues, etc. '' . „f oil .nch warehouse rent, in rP>r'c! of any llivered. .„ , , ,■„„„ |;e nmle, in TZ "-n' b^ -T'""' '"' "" '" " e to llic 1"!"'/"' ',,1° o" -ns'of goods in ihe hii Irf "^ ' r " 'Ir^sVeen ap o n e5 to be enipl-yeJ m,4er ;? ;i!i"',mrpo.e e»cl'?si|vely, and the follow,,,^ sc^e IfS^S oV mra-eu a., .'towi,,, 3.i., „„...w. ,i„g ales, quantity than 3 do»en, slowing if, .«■ ,„ l,r?e «ron,, each, stowinj 6d., uns.owi.g U. ,?owiS?3d., unslowmHd. „, or small 'er""'- »'°" "J „ be ","1"""'"'' ""' » e"!i;ri.r^^orr'e„':p\oH at, the bonded «. t"S'w^!^l»2under tend nmst be lanJeJ I.- '"^"-•^"-S^nn-^riv^r^f- are, Mondays and \ f "7'> ,'" ,„r „ l-o'cluck. naU>ofPiloUigtOLtthtmwmt Intn. of waler. Jit Port DalrympU. ,,^l„vv Whirl- Ing above Wliitlpool Reach. ,«1 Reach. •^''i '0V4 ^'h^LrdtU.v««i;ut.Vth! — 8-^- Ihe Hnd' «• Oeont* Town, or the weattier not pennitling hii ([olng •tii le. if he be not ready to show the channel bv keeping hia boat nttitffair way until the ship can be boarded, he shall forfeit t-2 the For every number of inches below 6, no charge it to be made } for 1-2 a foot and upwards, 1 fool is to be charf^ed. Colonial vessels are eiempted f nim the payment of pilotage, unleaa the master shall make ihe signal for a pilot and accept his service. I/arbour Duet at the Deneejit. For mooring and unmooring a vessel within the harbour, per register Ion - . - - • For each removal of the ship within the harbour, per re> giiterlon ■ • • • - -001 Colonial vessels under 60 tons per register, to be eiempted from L. t.d. I the payment of the foregoing dues, unlets the tervices of Ihe harbour master be specifically required. Jit Putt Valrymple, Lid For each removal of a ship or vessnl from anchorage or nioorings, to other anchorage or moorings, uniler 200 tons • ■ . . . • 15 200 tons and under 300 ■ . . -10 300 tons and undrr 4IH) . . . .110 400 Inns and under 500 - ■ . .200 600 tons and upwards * . . .2100 Each vessel entering the harbour will be charged with 2 removes. Vessels belonging to the port are not to pav harbour dues. No ve^els lobe deemed colonial that are not registered in Van Diemen's Land. These details have been principally derived from .4n .Account of Van Dieinen's Land, published at llobart Town in 1833; and partly from Lient. Breton's book, and different Parliamentary Papers. [Population. — Including military, the total population of Van Diemen's Lantl amounted, in December, 1838, to 45,846, of whom 18,133 were convicts. The males are to the fe- males in the proportion of about 3^ to 1, and the free to the convict population nearly as 27j to 18. The total estimated value of the articles of colonial produce exported from the colony in 1838 was 581,475/.; the value of the imports during the same year being 702,956/. Statement of the Value of the different Articles exported from Van Diemen's Land in 1835. Articles. Wool ■ Wheat Oil ■ Whalebone Flour - Live stock Amount. L. 142,921 40,-69 54,160 10,698 5,096 7,:83 Articles. Potatoes .... Hides, seal skins, opossum and kangaroo skins Dark ..... Unennmerated goods - . . Total L. 2,761 3,243 11,8«2 41,388 320,676 The progress of the colony during the last few years has been singularly rapid, particularly in the breeding of sheep, its staple branch of industry. In 1828, for example, the stock of sheep amounted to i53t)98 head, whereas in 1838 it had increased to 1,214,485 head ! The export of wool has increased in alike proportion, having advanced from 99,415 lbs. in 1820, to 993.979 lbs. in 1830, and to 2,609,520 lbs. in 1S38 ! The revenue of the colony was 52,483?. in 1827, and 138,59U. in 1838. In the latter year there belonged to the colony 101 vessels, of the aggregate burden of 8,382 tons. — Sifp.) VANILLA, the fruit of the Epidendrum Vanilla, a species of vine extensively culti- valeil in Mexico. It has a trailing stem, not unlike the common ivy, but not so woody, which attaches itself to any tree that grows near it. The Indians propagate it by planting cuttings at the foot of trees selected for that purpose. It rises to the height of 18 or 20 feet ; the flowers are of a greenish yellow colour, mixed with white ; the fruit is about 8 or 10 inches long, of a yellow colour when gathered, but dark brown or black when imported into Europe; it is wrinkled on the outside, and full of a vast number of seeds like grains of sanil, having, when properly prepared, a peculiar and delicious fragrance. It is principally used for mixing with and perfuming chocolate, and is, on that account, largely imported into Spain ; but as chocolate, owing to oppressive duties, is little used in England, vanilla is not much known in this country. Vanilla is principally gathered in the intendancy of Vera Cruz, in Mexico, at Misantla, Colipa, Vacuatla, and other places. It is collected by the Indians, who sell it to the whites (gf»/e (/erazora), who prepare it- for the market. They spread it to dry in sun for some hours, then wrap it in woollen cloths to sweat. Like pepper, it changes its colour in this operation — becoming almost black. It is finally dried by exposing it to the sun for a day. There are four varieties of vanilla, all differing in price and excellence ; viz. the vanilla Jina, the zacate, the rezacate, and the vasura. The best comes from the forests surrounding the village of Zentila, in the intendancy of Oaxaca. According to Humboldt, the mean export- ation of vanilla from Vera Cruz may amount to from 900 to 1,000 millares, worth at Vera Cruz from 30,000 to 40,000 dollars. — Vanilla is also imported from Brazil, but it is very 1 inferior. The finest Mexican vanilla is extremely high priced. All sorts are subjected in this country to a duty of 5s. per lb. — (See Humboldt, Nouvelle Espagne, 2d edit, tome iii. I pp. 37. 46.; Poinsett's Notes on Mexico, p. 194. &c.) VELLUM, a species of fine parchment. — (See Parchment.) (VENEZUELA. — An account of the trade of La Guayra, the principal port of this re- I public, in 1829, 1830, and 1831, is given under the article La Guatra. The fol- lowing details with respect to the foreign trade of the republic in 1833-34, are taken from the official statements contained in the Report of the Secretario de Hacienda, published at Caraccas in 1835. Eioortj.-Account of the auantities and Values of the principal Articles exported by Sea from Venezuela in 1833-34. Articles, iCoffts Cuao Indigo Quantity. /.to. 11,602,634 6,384,916 421,602 Value. Dotlari. 1,293,655 706,248 604,818 Aiticlei. Dye.wcoda Tobacco, hidea, baize, and all other articlea ■ Total Quantity. Lht. 17,666,853 Value. Dollari. 72,926 816,837 3,394,483 i Vol. II.— 3 N 88 698 VENICE. r 1 Imports.— T>»rini( the same year the total value of the imports waa 3,206,411 dollars; or these tl value of the cotinn goods was 1,063,527 dollars ; linens, C15,270 dollars i woollens, 76,437 dollars; sii 96,912 dollars; flour, 140,770 dollars ; pork, 123,477 dollars, &c. Statement of the Import and Export Trade of Venezuela in 1833-34, exhibiting the Amount of tl Trade with each Country. CountrJM. Imports and Exports. Duties on Imports and Exports. Imports. Eiports. Totals, Imports. Exports, Total,. Dollari. Dollan. DoUari, nollars. Dollan. Dollar,. Great Brilaiu 897,74i-76 620,542'08 1,418.284 84 23M,(iS2-35 26,579-16 2l>',26l-5l UiiileJ Slates 783.061 '33 1,115,490-38 1,898,551-71 272,708 38 33,622 25 306,330-Gl France .... 61,06nil 20i,7S0-21 267,719-12 25,732-88 5,757-49 •'«l,4SKI-3; Germany 32e,9Ti 38 384,527-26 711,499-62 103,246-98 10,338-60 113,5rV5S Sriain . , , - 82,3M-UI 205,750-60 288,149-67 12,550 » 1 9,774-36 22,12 V 17 New Grenada 12190 19,764-33 18,886-23 46-87 197-49 2-143$ Xnlland . ■ . ■ 90/i97-29 155,459-46 248,05€-75 27,51055 3,861-71 3l,o72-4i Denmark 980,1111-15 740,205 33 1,720,306-48 269,895-90 25,778-38 295,ti74-.i!, Mexico . . . • 5,030 5,030 Sardinia .... . 28,658-19 2»,658-19 • 965 83 96;-!:3 Hayti .... ■ 1,018-90 1,018-90 - 2 92 Hi Various .... 68,4I0'30 18,316-87 86,73297 19,I63'.'>» 821-63 19,925-22 3,296,41131 3.394.4S34! 6,690,894-72 969,538-31 117,699-82 l,l»7,23Slj" The trade under the head of Denmark is entirely carried on with the island of St- Thomas. The total imports and exports from La Guayra in 1833-34 were 3, -II, 190 dollars, being more thai half the trade of the repiihllc. The imports and exports from Puerto Cabello during the same yea were 1,445,721 dollars ; the rest were from Maracaylm, Guiana, Sec. The countries to which the shin ping frei|uenting the ports of the republic belonged, is not specified ; but, in all, tliere cleared qui 2|; foreign ships of the burden of 22,532 tons-— Su;).) VENICE, a famous city of Austrian Italy, formerly the capital of the republic of thai name, situated on a cluster of small islands towards the northern extremity of the Adriaiif in lat. 45° 25' 53" N., Ion. 12° 20' 31" E. Population about 100,000. The commerce of Venice, once the most extensive of any European city, is now comparatively trifling; anj the population is gradually diminishing both in numbers, and wealth. Her imports consist of wheat, and other sorts of grain, from the adjoining provinces of Lombardy and ihe Black Sea ; olive oil, principally from the L.nian Islands ; cotton stuffs and hardware from England; sugar, coffee, and other colonial products from England, the United States, Brazil, &c.; dried fish, dye stuffs, &c. The exports principally consist of grain, raw and wrought silk, paper, woollen manufactures, fruits, cheese, &c., the products of the adjoining provinces of Italy and of her own indust.'y ; but her manufactures, so famous in the middle ages, are now much decayed. Port.— The islands on which Venice is hiiilt lie within a line of long, low, narrow islands, runnini N. and S., and enclosing what is termed tiie lagoon, or shallows, that surround the city, and separai! it from the main land. The principal entrance from the sea to the lagoon is at Malamocco, ahoiitii league S. from the city ; but there are otiier, though less fretjue.ited, entrances, both to the S. amlilie I N. of this one. There is a bar outside Malamocco, on which there fire not more than lu fiot ,it|iir,|| water at spring tides; but there is a channel between the western point of the liar and tlio vitiate if San Pielro, which has 16 feet w.itor at springs, and 14 at ncapw. Merchant vessels usually immroif the ducal palace ; but sometimes they come into the grand canal which intersects the citv, unil some- limes they moor in the wider channel of the Giudt-cca. Vessels coming from the south for ihc hm purt make Pirano or Rovigno on the coast of Istria, where they take on board pilots, who carry ilien to tile bar opposite to Malamocco. lint the employment of Islrian pilots is i|uite optional with Hi? masti'r, and is not, as is sometimes represented, a compulsory regulation. Wlien one istakeii, il: usual fee from Pirano or Rovigno to the bar is 20 Austrian dolitir.s, or about 4/. On arrivlnsatiii* bar, ships are conducted across it and into port by pilots, whose duty it is to meet them outside, nroi the bar, and of whose services they must avail themselves.— ^(For the charges on account of |)ilolat*. see post.) JlAinc;/.— Formerly there were various methods of accounting here ; but now accounts are Itcpl.aj at Genoa, in lire Italiane, divided into centesimi, or lOftth parts. Tlie lira is supposed to he of ite same wei-iht, fineness, and, conseqiienlly, value as the franc. But the coins acluatli/in circiilnlin. denominated liro, are respectively equalin sterling value to about 5d. and 4i(/. The latter arc coiott by the Austrian governtnent. H'eiislitsand JUeasure.i. — The commercial weigliis are here, as at Genoa, of two sorts ; tlie jiesmoiii and the pcsogrosso. The French kilogramme, called the libbra Italiana, is also sometimes iiilMdiKti 100 lbs. peso groBso ^ 105-186 lbs. avoirdupois. — 127-830 lbs. Troy. — 47t)98 kilogrammes. — 98 4S5 lbs. of Hamburgh. — Il6'5f)0 lbs. of Amsterdam. 100 lbs- peso sottile = 60428 lbs. avoirdupois. — 80-728 lbs. Troy. — .30123 kilogrammes. — 62-|9()l|ps. ofllamhiirrt. — 60-986 lbs. of Aiiisteriiaii The moggio, or measure forcorn, is divided into 4 staje, 16qnarte,or 61 quarturoli. Thesiaja=Srl Winch, bushels. I Tlie measure for wine, anfora = 4 bigonzi, or 8 ma8telli,or 48 sechii, or 192 bnzze, or768quartuml It contains 137 English wine gallons. I The botta ^ 5 bigonzi. Oil is sold by weight or measure. The botta contains 2 inigliaje, orMmJil of 25 lbs. peso grosBO. The miro = 4028 English wine gallons. I The braccio, or long measure, for woollens = 2U'(i English inches; the braccio for silks = 21-911111 The foot of Venice = 1368 English incUea.—(\JVelkenbrecher, and Dr. Kellij.) Historical Notice. — Venice was the earliest, and for a lengthened period the most c»| siderabic, commercial city of modern Europe. Her origin dates from the invasion of iiilf| by Attila in 452. A number of the inhabitants of Aquileia, and the neighbouring tcrrilm-i flying from the ravages of the barbarians, found a pure but secure asylum in the ciusteriil amall islands opposite to the mouth of the Brenta, near the head of the Adriatic Guiti ' VENICE. 699 xhlbiting the Amount of the -34, e ImpntU- 1 I 1 ■ noUari. ii7W-88 103,2.|6-98 ,2,550U 46-87 269,8!)3-90 26,''19-16 33M2 25 10,338150 9714-36 'l9r49 3,86\-11 23,n»-38 9te83 292 Mian. 26'>,MI'51 , 306,330'M \ 31,490-31 \ 113,5-.'iM 2J,'lJrn ' 244 36 31,372'2ti 295,674'^ 96i-!3 2-32 19,92V22 :T;r,,-riT;^99-M_U^!:E«3J 19,l63-59_ . 1 nf St Thomas. ith the .8»n"rtot, being ,„„,, „„„ J^:^:^»-de.eaouua .,„! nf the republic of tl\at the capital ot tn« v ^ northern exlre-j^y o^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ "•fnow omVV^ivelytn(Ung;™a '' '*' , a^ h Her imports cnn*i« ^''"'^'"'SLombardy and Ihe Black '""'TlndhSwarefromEngW; " '^"t'^' 1 1 Sutes. Brazil, &c. ; dr cd • ^^^"^"11 and v^tought silk, paver, 'S'T'tni provinces of Italy. i:IirtlteSeies,arenow.u. 1 in«r narrow islands, niwiin! ,ne of long, '"W, ", ,, jiiy, anil separate owB, that surround the c^y-,^^„_ ^,,„,„, to ihe >"S°"" * pf 10 h t.. the S.andlhe there »re not mo'c _^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^j„^^^„ «t?'" f;"'!.hVnt vessels usually moor«ff aiw. !^'e"" '•'." .Iria the citv, ami s™e- a,!'al which .ne^ecu tl,^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^„^ ssela coming ,""'", ';,ots, who carry llien they take o'',i\'fi' '.!;;.! .'...tional with ll,. of 1st nan l".h»t» 'V-.,en one is taken, i!fi „ry regulation. V*^^ (^„ „„ivi.isatil« ", dollars, "'.al "U *^ outsido.nto, 'l!tF»'crrge'ron account of p. >o,.,, nt;nghere;hutnowacco«,^-a: , mts. The lira IS s»Pl ^^ ^^ ^. "^ '«• ''"V'/ md li^ The latter arc coi.e* o about 5(i. and is"- „ nf two sorts; tlic I>«OS0l!U peso sottile — .^g „,^ Tr.iy. — 6>Z-19eU>s-ofllamii««^ - 60-986 11.8. of Ams'"^» |l6q«arle,or61r.Ke»!/-1 ■ „,1 the most c»| ifor a lengthened per 0^^^^^^^^^^^^ \rigindate.ron.^ej^^^,-„,gtcrrttoa^ Aqu.le.a,andlhenc^ l„,je,| this eituation they were forced to cultivate commerce and its subsidiary arts, as the only means by which they could maintain themselves. At a very early period they bcRan to trade with Constantinople and the Levant ; and notwithstanding the competition of the Genoese pnd Pisans, they continued to cnptross the principal trade in Eastern products, till the dis- covery of a route to India by the Capo of Good Hope turned this traflic into a totally new channel. The crusades contributed to increase the wealth, and to extend the commerce and the possessions of Venice. Towards the middle of the l.'ith century, when the Turkish sultan, Mahomet II., entered Constantinople sword in hand, and placed himself on the throne of Constantino and Justinian, the power of the Venetians had attained its maximum. At that period, besides several extensive, populous, and well cultivated provinces in Lombardy, the republic was mistress of Crete and Cyprus, of the greater part of the Morea, ami most of the isles in the Egean Sea. She had secured a chain of forts and factories that extended along the coasts of Greece from the Morea to Dalmatia ; while she monopolised almost the whole foreign trade of Egyjit. The preservation of this monopoly, of the absolute dominion she had early usurped over the Adriatic, and of the dependence of her colonies and distant establishments, were amongst the principal objects of the Venetian government ; and the measures it adopted in that view were at once skilfully devised, and prosecuted with inflexi- ble constancy. With the single exception of Rome, Venice, in the 1.5th century, was by far the richest and most magnificent of European cities; and her singular situation in the miilst of the sea, on which she seems to float, contributed to impress those who visited her with still higher notions of her wealth and grandeur. Sannazarius is not the only one who has preferred Venice to the ancient capital of the world ; but none have so beautifully ex- pressed their preference. Vidcrat Adriacis Venetam Neptunus in undis, Stare urbem, et toto ponere jura mari. Nunc mihi Tarpeias quantumvis, Jupiter, arces Objice, et ilia tua mcenia Martis, ait: Si Tiberim pelago pncfers, urbem aspics utraniquc, Illam homines dicas, hanc posuisse Deos. Though justly regarded as one of the principal bulwarks of Christendom against the Turks, Venice had to contend, in the early part of the I6th century, against a combination of the European powers. The famous league of Cambray, of which Pope Julius II. was the real author, was formed for the avowed purpose of effecting the entire subjugation of the Venetians, and the partition of their territories. The emperor and the kings of France and Spain joined this powerful confederacy. But, owing less to the valour of the Venetians, than to dissensions amongst their enemies, the league was speedily dissolved without ma- terially weakening the power of the republic. From that period the policy of Venice was comparatively pacific and cautious. But notwithstanding her efTorts to keep on good terms with the Turks, the latter invaded Cyprus in 1.570 ; and conquered it after a gallant resist- ance, continued for 1 1 years. The Venetians had the principal share in the decisive victory ga; (1 over the Turks at Lepanto in 1571 : but owing to the discordant views of the con- federates, it was not properly followed up, and could not prevent the fall of Cyprus. The war with the Turks in Candia commenced in 1645, and continued till 1670. The Venetians exerted all their energies in defence of this valuable island ; and its acquisition cost the Turks above 200,000 men. The loss of Candia, and the rapid decline of the com- merce of the republic, now almost wholly turned into other channels, reduced Venice, at the close of the 17th century, to a state of great exhaustion. She may be said, indeed, to have owed the last 100 years of her existence more to the forbearance and jealousies of others than to any strength of her own. Nothing, however, could avert that fate she had seen overwhelm so many once powerful states. In 1797, the "maiden city" submitted to the yoke of the conqueror: and the last surviving witness of antiquity — the link that united the ancient to the modern world — stripped of independence, of commerce, and of wealth, is now slowly sinking into the waves whence she arose. The foundation of Venice is desi-rihpil by fJibbon, c. 35. ; and in his 60th chnpter he has eloquently iepitled her prosperity in the year 1200. Mr. liailani, in his work on tlic Middle Agts (vol. i. pp. 470 [■-48".), has given a brief account of the changes of the Venetian government. Her history occupies considerable space in tile voluminous work of M. Sismondi on the Italian Hepublics ; but his dotaiU stolier trade and commercial policy are singularly meagre and uninteresting. All previous histories fVenice have, however, been thrown into the shade by the admirable work of M. Darn (7/i.s-fui;-c rfe ilUpnbli(jue de *'^nise, 2d ed. 8 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1821.) Having had access to genuine sources of.. infnrNmtjnn, inaccessible to all his predecessors, M. Uaru's work is as superior to theirs in accuracy, ii it is in most other qualities required in a history. Trade, Navigation, and Manufactures of the Venetians in the \Wi Century. — The enelian ships of the largest class were denominated galeasses, and were fitted up for tho loubie purpose of war and commerce. Some of them carried 50 pieces of cannon, and ews of 600 men. These vessels were sometimes, also, called argosers or argosies. They lad early an intercourse with England; and argosies used to be common in our ports. In 1325, Edward II. entered into a commercial treaty with Venice, in which full liberty is given 700 VENICE. to :i •^1 CHS to them, for 10 years, to sell their merchandise in England, and to return home in safety, without being made answerable, as was Ihu practice in those days, for the crimes or debts of other strangers. — (Anderson's Chrmi. Deduction, Anno 1325.) Sir William Monson mentions, that the last argoaie that sailed from Venice for England was lost, with a rich cargo and many passengers, on the coast of the Isle of Wight, in 1 587. In the oeginning of the 15th century, the annual value of the goods exported from Venice by sea, exclusive of those exported to the states adjoining her provinces in Lombardy, wag estimated, by contemporary writers, at 10,000,000 ducats; the profits of the out and homg voyage, including freight, being estimated at 4,000,000 ducats. At the period in question the Venetian shipping consisted of 3,000 vessels of from 100 to 200 tons burden, carrying 17,000 sailors; 300 ships with 8,000 sailors; and 45 galleys of various size, kept afloat by the rei)ul)lic for the protection of her trade, &c., having 11.000 men on board. In the dock- yard, 16,000 labourers were usually employed.* The trade to Syria and Egypt seems to have been conducted principally by ready money ; for 500,000»«)«, tome ii. n 189. &c.) The vessels of Venice visited every port of the Mediterranean, and every coast of Europe; and her maritime commerce was, probably, not much inferior to that of ail the rest of Christendom. So late as 1518, 5 Venetian galeasses arrived at Antwerp, laden with spices, drugs, silks, &c. for the fair at that city. The Venetians did not, however, confine themselves to the supply of Europe with the commodities of the East, and to the extension and improvement of navigation. They at. tempted new arts, and prosecuted them with vigour and success, at a period when they were entirely unknown in other European countries. The glass manufacture of Venice was the first, and for a long time the most celebrated, of any in Europe; and her manufactures of silk, cloth of gold, leather, refined sugar, &c. were deservedly esteemed. The jealousy of the government, and their intolerance of any thing like free discussion, was unfavourable to the production of great literary works. Every scholar is, however, aware of the fame which Venice early acquired by the perfection to which she carried the art of printing. The classics that issued from the Aldine presses are still universally and justly admired for their beauty and correctness. The Bank of Venice was established in the 12th century. It continupil throughout a bank of deposit merely, and was skilfully conducted. But the policy of government, though favourable to the introduction and establishment of manufactures, was fatal to their progressive advancement. The importation of forel!;ii manufactured commodities into the territories of the republic for domestic consumption was forbidden under the severest penalties. The processes to be followed in the manufacture of most articles were regulated by law, — " Des I'annee 1172, un tribunal avoit ete cree pour la police des arts et metiers, la qualile et la quantite des matieres furent soigneu.seiiteiit dekr- minees." — (Daru, tome iii. p. 153.) Having, in this way, little to fear from foreign com. petition, and being tied down to a system of routine, there was nothing left to stimulate invention and discovery; and during the last century the manufactures of Venice were chiefly remarkable as evincing the extraordinary perfection to which they had early arrived and the absence of all recent improvements. An unexceptionable judge, M. Dcrthollet employed by the French government to report on the state of the arts of Venice, observed " Que I'industrie des Venitiens, comme celle des Chinois, avoit cl^precoce, mats vloitreslce stationnaire." — {Daru, tome iii. p. 161.) M. Daru has given the following extract from an article in the statutes of the State Inqui- sition, which strikingly displays the real character of the Venetian government, and Ihoir jealousy of foreigners : — " If any workman or artisan carry his art to a foreign country, to the prejudice of the republic, he shall be ordered to return; if he do not obey, his nearest relations shall be imprisoned, that his regard for them may induce him to come back. If he return, the past shall be forgiven, and employment shall be provided for him at Venice. If in despite of the imprisonment of his relations, he persevere in his absence, an emissaru shall be employed to despatch him ,• and after his death his relations shall be set at liberty '" —(Tom. iii. p. 150.) The IQtIi book of M. Daru's history contains a comprehensive and well-difrested account of the commerce, muniifnctures, and navigation of Venice. But it was not possible, in a woric on the general history of the republic, to enter so fully into the details ns to these sulijects ns their impdrtance would have justified. The Utoria Civile e Politica del Commercio de' Feneziani, di Carlo Anionin Marin, ini vols. 8vo., published at Venice at different periods, from 171)8 to 1808, is unworthy of tlie llile. It con- tains, indeed, a itroat many curious statements ; but it is exceedingly prolix ; and vvliile die innst un- important aYid trivial subjects are frequently discussed at extreme length, many of great interest are either entirely omitted, or are treated in a very brief and unsatisfactory manner. The cnniniercisi history of Venice remains to he written ; and were it executed by a person of competent aliaiiuMenis, it would he a must valuable acquisition. Present Trade of Venice. — From the period when Venice came into the possession of Austria, down to 1830, it seems to have been the policy of the government to encourage Trieste in prefi-renreto Venice ; and the circumstance of tlie former being a free port, gave her a very decided advaiitajje over ♦ This is the statement of the native authorities ; but tliere can be no doubt that it is much exagje- rated;— 1,600 would be a more reasonable number. VENICE. 701 jd to return home m safety. avB, for the crimes or debts of J25") Sir "William Monson Sngiand was lost, with a rich t, in 1587. tie goods exported from Venice n provinces in Lombardy, was le profits of the out and home i At the period in question, to 200 tons burden, carrying s of various size, kept afloat by (0 men on board. In the dock- to Syria and Egypt seems to lOO^lucats are said to have been England.— (!>«'•". to™ "• h ' Mediterranean, and every coast t much inferior to that of all the 8 arrived at Antwerp, laden with ) the supply of Europe wth the ement of navigation. 1 hey at- •cess at a period when they were 5 manufacture of Venice was the lurope; and her manufactures of ■dly esteemed. The jealousy of e discussion, was unfavourable to lowever, aware of the f\ime which i the art of printing. The classics d iustly admired for their beauty , the 12th century. It continued "e introduction and establishment lent The importation of foreign blic'for domestic consumption wis be followed in the manufacture of un tribunal avoit etecreepoiirk [tieresfurent soi^nemement deter- V little to fear from foreign com- ere was nothing left to stimulate the manufactures of Venice were 1 to which they had early arrived, ixccptioiiable judge, M. Derthoilet, e of the arts of Venice, observed, (, avuit ill precoce, mais iio'd mik le in the statutes of the State Inqui- le Venetian government, and their [rv his art to a foreign country, lo |rn • if he do not obey, his nearest Iv induce him to come back. If he V provided for him at Venice. If, Uere in his absence, an e»nssari/ is relations shall be set at liberty! Live and well-dipeste<» acco.inl of the 1 ,Tol nosHible, in a work on the genera Ise 8Ul>iectB as their importance woiild lenei^ani.di Carlo Antonio Marm.in^ 1 1808 siinworlhy of tli.! title. It con- I. fnal'v prolix ; and while the inostun- I 1 .'Lin. ii.anv of great interest are teSryra"ner.'Thecotn.nerc,al |by a person of c.npetenl attam.uems, . into the possession of Austria, (lo« in be no doubl that it is much exags" itie latter. Latterly, however, a more equitable policy has prevailed. In 1830, Venice was made a free port; and has since fully participated in every privil<-|;(! conferred on Trieste. Hut, nniwith- siiindins this circurnHtance, the latter still ctintiinies to prcservi- the ascendancy ; and the revival of iriide that has taken jdace at Venice has not heen so great as might have heen anticipated, i'he truth I,, that except in so f^aras she is the enlrepM of the adjoining provinces of I.onihardy, Venice has no (onsiderahle natural advantage as a trading city ; and her extraordinary prosperity during the middle aires is more to be ascribed to the comparative security enjoyed by the inlial)itants, and to their suc- r,,39 HI engrossing the principal share of tlin commerce of the Levant, than to any other circunistance. Still, however, the trade is far from inconsiderable. Hut, unfortunately, there are no means by which 10 ascertain its precise amount. 'I'hn stntements subjoined are to be regarde(l merely as rough approximations; they have, however, been obtained from the best sources, and come as near the murk as it is perhaps possible to attain. Ily far the largest part of the exports from Venice are made lliroimh Trieste by coasting vessels, that are every day passing between the two cities. The smug- tllnp of prohibited and overtaxed articles into Austrian Lombardy is also practised to a great e.Ment. It is helievod that fully S-.lds of the cofTeu made use of in Lombardy is clandestinely introduceil ; and cii<;ar, Hritish cottons, and hardware, with a variety of other articles, are supplied through illegitimate (liannela. The facilities for smuggling, owing to the nature of the frontier, and the ease wiih which tlieollicors are corrupted, are such, tliat the articles passing through the haiuls of the fair trader affords no test of the real extent of the business done. It is to be hoped that the Austrian government will take an eidightened view of this important matter. It cannot but be anxious for the suppression of smuggling ; and it may be assured that this is not practicable otherwise than by a reriuctiiui of the duties. The regulations as to the payment of the duties on goods destined for the interior, the clear- ing of ships, &c., are the same at Venice as Trieste ; which see. SAippin^.— There belonged in Venice in 1832— Vcueli. No. 104 107 Tonoage, Men. In foreign tride . ..... coasting do. • " - • . 2l,R4t 8,ao3 I,t14 64« 211 1 30,049 1,760 Fishing boats are not of a size to be rated as vessels of tonnage ; but Mr. Money thinks that not less than 16,000 of the population subsist by tishing near the port and over the laguon. The tonnage of Venice has not recently been either on the increase or the decline. Its incnnsiderublu amount, com- pared with what it once was, is a striking proof of the decline of this famous emporium. jlrrivals of Ships in the Port of Venice during the Years 1829, 1830, and 1831. 1623. 1830. 1831. j Under what Flag. Nnniber of Vessels. Tonnage. Number of Veast'Is. Tonnage. Nnmter of Vessels. Tonnage. ID IJ37 26 3,.520 25 3,093 Hanoverian . . - - 1 108 2 320 1 fO Auslriao . - - - 103 23,273 157 29,404 170 36,829 1 99 4 369 1 S7 I 313 5 1,009 2 453 Svvediih , • - • 5 978 8 1,049 7 1,125 . . 3 367 3 440 I Nwpolitan . • - - 1 hpal ... - 45 1 12,565 62 30 5 7,630 409 28 5 6,609 659 2 396 5 625 3 4S8 Greek .... 4 122 4 320 7 434 • - 1 51 1 Runiin .... . - 4 615 2 461 , i Tutliiili .... • • • - A Steam-packet has been established between Venice and Trieste ; but it is of indifferent construc- tion, and has not succeeded so well aa might have been expected. Shipping Charges in the Port of Venice on Ships of different Nations of the Burden of 300 Tons. DescripUon of Charge. Pilotage. ! From Ihe bar to the place of finally mooring • lOulotliieportof deiajture . . . . . Tonnage Duly. 0™Auilrianlivre(8ii. alerling) perlon . . . - (Orisiuall; levied on all shipi not Austrian.) Clearing Charget. II toi port out of the Gulf of Venice (but if to a port in the Gulf, li. 3 1.4d. less in all casts) .-••■■ Quamnd'ne CItarees. II ptriorming 7 daya, being the usual lime for vessels from EngUna • Total of onlinary charges . . - - • IliBloiijquarantine, all ships pay extra . • • - i If Jeparting in ballast, or with test than 1 2 a cargo, all ships not Au«- Iriin.or nol under treaty to be charged as such, pay eitra tonnags I lay, 45 cents (about 3 I 2d. sterling) per ton, being, on a 300 ton I ihip ....-••• If Austrian, or of a Nation having a Treaty of Reciprocity Willi Austria. If of a Nation not having a Trea'y of Reciprocity with Austria. .^tfitrtari Livres. 61 57 61 57 Free, 2 30 39 27 L. I. d. 1-2 1-2 I 612 I 6 2 164 25 Total of eitrcmecharga Free. 190 45 5 9 17 9 1-2 2 Aialrian Livrts. 61 67 61 57 300 16 78 63 38 493 25 L. I. d. 12 1.2 112 1-4 1 15 7 6 6 11 1-2 135 653 94 16 8 101.4 17 2 4 10 21 16 1-4 3ii2 702 VENICE. MMM M m ir 1 ••1 .^ -J O Impobts.— A Statement of the Quantity and Value in British Sterling Money, Wplghts, &c. of the different Articles furnished by each of the subjoined Places, and iniported into Venice, during the Years 1629. 1830, and 1831. Flkcn. Eoglaod Ionian Talinds Norw.iy FraDce (Marseilles) PortugAl (Lisbon) - Amer. (Bahia&Rio) Aleiandria - Articles. A ncona Na^iJes Sicily Fuglia Odessa Trieiita roflTcn . Cotloti wool • l)ve woniU Fi'ah, herrings, pilchards Indigo • Iron • Manuf. cotton • Sugar - 'I'iiint^d plates • Olive oil Filch and tar • Stffckfish Cofl'ee • CinDamon Pe[>per CoIlVe • Sugar • Do. - Colfee • Cotton wool • Linieed, &c, • Indian corn Do. - Linseed Olive oil Wheat Coiree • Cotton wool . Grain, wheat • maize linseed, &c. • Indigo • Iron Manufact. silk • wool cotton Stock lish Sugar • I8i9. Engliih Weight or I Measure, Quan- tity. value quarters tens 9,500 4,219 6,322 2,151 10,000 2,109 Value in Sterling, /» 13,684 1830. English Wright or Measure, 121,202 4.200 35,733 ( barrels lbs. tons sup. value I toiii value Ions tons cwt. 1,500 7,500 65,489 quarters tons quarters cwt, quarters lbs. tons sup. value Quan* tiiy. 183L Vilii« in ^•nK''»h 3S'. 380 11,200 3,W7 I8,4U0 713 6,si4 173 I.. 751 I.IUi 13,131 j B.MJI I 2,776 I fiO.OOO I 17,403 I 1,1(10 I 207,683 I 2,607 l,7»i 930 1,110 10,635 65 1,010 4 600 4,988 20,370 2,762 8,7S;J 2 1, ('88 10.256 10,9S» 960 1,113 21,700 1,824 lan> 63 1,831 l,RI3 1,404 12,ll<8 107 3.CI0 8,300 3,741 15,277 79,«41 9,313 41,010 30,663 12,800 6.^2 6,960 7,170 9,120 80,000 23,000 90,000 b38 46,272 vnlue baneli lln. tniifl lup. vnlue Inns value loot torn cwl. Iba. cwl. quarlen torn quarters cwl. quartan Ibi. va'-ie •up. vaue Quan- Illy. 611 612 2,787 6,r,62 7,600 1,20.9 6,928 172 286 3,I0U 196 1,120 11,960 3-1,164 66 1,240 6,968 9,W9 3,390 2,961 6,813 3l,&s6 10,228 2,064 1,603 14,600 433 2,102 Value ill Slerliiig. l,.52lj M I 3,736 I 16,6^6 1 l,2li I 8,13.5 : ''0,(00 I 238,1,80 2.i>3 i .Mv i IDS I 2il3 j 2,184 15,117 I 43,218 127 3,699 5,Ma 6,820 70,5« 11976 63,981 17,900 1,348 3,078 4,219 100 73,000 18,000 I 80,0(0 6,506 I 33,181 I Exports. — An approximate Statement of the Quantities and Value in British Weights, Money, &c,, of the principal Articles exported from the Venetian Provinces, during the Years 182y, \m and 1831. Article!. 1829. I MO. 1 1B3I. English Weight. Quantity. Value Pounds Sterling. English Weight. Quantity. Value Pounds Sterling. English Weight. Quantity. Value I'ouni)! 1 Sierlmj. nook! . value . 7,272 value . 3,667 value , A332 i Brick and atnne ■ cwt. 10,442 678 cwt. 87,763 4,862 cwt. 135,418 ',5('2 Callle (for Venice) value • 10,632 value - 7,142 value 11,482 Cream of tartar - cwt. 676 1,706 cwt. 91 278 cwt. 4 l« ColloD maiiufacturea — 135 6,059 — 176 6,581 — 477 17,769 ' Grain ; wlieat • — . 126,3.54 68,482 ~- 65,088 25,434 ~~ 62,414 ^^M 1 maize - — 14.297 6,455 — 36,210 16,31P — 33,697 1.5. I3S rice — 33,158 30,695 — 24,661 22,6,S1 — 25,274 23,339 i ■eeds -« 327 392 « 386 429 ~~ 361 402 1 Hemp, nw ^ 797 1,106 _ 706 1,104 — 1,K59 2,676 1 ropei, &c. — 2,626 4,860 — 412 769 — 2.58 476 1 clolh, kc. — 636 4,933 » 1,713 16,860 — 2,090 19,327 ! Iron bars and plates ■ — 1,839 1,863 — . 2,960 2,827 — 1,947 1,979 1 beaten (steel) — 904 2,007 _ 1,246 2,861 ^ 1,113 3,031 ' manufacture. — 1,526 3,898 -^ 2,179 6,177 — 203 390 1 Oil of low quality -» 301 2,797 ^ 79 696 -.- 87 799 Silk, raw — 122 8,062 _ 123 8,417 .— . 231 14,991 •ewing ^ 947 91,085 — 940 85,462 — 404 4(1,067 ■pun — 283 20,987 .. 131 9,78.i *— 314 25,0-8 , manufactures . . ■ .. 41 6,828 — 90 15,017 ! Salted fish cwl. 7,436 6,306 _ 1,312 998 _ 2,171 1,604 Timber, ftc. value - 46,233 value . 11,432 value 9,129 War, manufactured cwt. 966 7,761 cwl. 190 1,443 Woollen, manufactured • — 1,521 64,663 — 763 22,999 cwt. 1,004 29,799 Venice treacle - — 121 1,812 — 37 6S6 Faper • — 19,251 71,146 — 24,688 90,626 cwt. 21,9.60 8I,2<'2 ' Banking Establishments.— The old bank of Venice was founded so far back as V /I, being the mosi ancient establishment of the kind in Europe. It was a bank of deposit ; and such was the estlmalion in which it was held, that its paper continued to bear an agio as compared with coin down to 179?, when the bank fell with the government by which it had been guaranteed. At present there ate no corporate banking establishments in the city ; and no bank notes are in circulation. There are, how- ever, several private banking houses, which buy, sell, and discount bills; and make advances on land and other securities. They are undiir no legal regulations of any sort, except formally declaring llie amount of their capital to the authorities when they commence business. The legal and usual raie of j interest and discount is 6 per cent. It is not the practice to allow interest on deposits. Bills on Lon- don are usually drawn at 3 months, und on Trieste at 1 month. Brokers, Commission, ^e. — The number of brokers is limited, and they are licensed by governmenl; but the business of commission merchant and factor is open to every one. Before, however, com- mencing any trade or profession at Venice, a petition must be presented for leave to the anthorilies: but this is more a matter of form than any thing else ; its prayer being rarely, if ever, refused. The usual rate of commission and factorage on the purchase or sale of' colonial produce is !!p(i| * With the above exceptions, Trieste may be laid to have wholly supplied Venice in the yeur M VERA CRUZ. 703 :5£ar«a,fciS;'- cent., and on manufactured goods 3 per cent., Inclusive of broker's commission, 1 por cent. A ship brolier's cominlssinn on the freight of a whole rnrco is 2 per ot'tit., iiml on n (.'I'neral carifi) I per (('iit. By the cuHloni of the place, merchants clmrije 'i per cenl. mi ilir iiiwiiril, tiiiil 2 per cent, im Wxa oiil- waril, rrei|:lit of ull ships consiKned tu them ; and this, tliroker's commission is i per milli', Mcriliants und bunkers iliarue ii conunission on internal hills of i per cent., and on foreiaii do. of I per cent. Insurances are ellected by companies und individuuls. The government charges no duty on tho policies. Cuminunieatiortf teith Lombardy are effected by (lal-hottomcd vessels, which, passing Ihrongli tho Ingoiin, enter the canals and rivers, and make their Way llironiih most part of the country watered by tliB Pound its tributaries. The freiglil.of goods from Milan to Venice, distant about 17(1 miles, is abdut If. per ton. The principal products they bring down are groin, silk, hemp, and tla.\, cheese, rliiiliatb, ic. The country to the northof Venice affords large quantities of deals, which are shipped for Malta, »^icily, and tho Levant. Hiiaraiiline is enforced here the same as at Trieste. .Ships coining from without the Htraits of Ojliraltar, provided there be no infectious disease on board, are admitted to pratique on piTrnrmiiig a slinrt i|uaritntine of 7 days in a part of the lagoon, about a mile from the city. Long i|uarunline is |ierfi>rmed a little farther off. The li'ciretto, and estahlishments for passengers, fee. perrDriiiins: ipia- riinline, are among tho best in Europe 8hips liaving foul bills, or coming from suspicious places, are sent thillier from Trieste. — (For the i|uaraiitine charges, see anii.) Provisions, IShips' Stores, i^c. — These articles may all be had at Venice of excellent quality, but not cheap, with, perhaps, tho exception of bread. Water is conveyed to the city by lighters, and is, con- 8e(|ucntly, pretty dear ; fuel is very scarce, and very high priced. We subjoin an account of the Average Prices in 'Sterling Money, per Imperial Quarter, of the several Sorts of Grain ai Venice for the Ten Years ending with 1831, 188 1 w;=;;;:i_: i — ' ^ -11/1 being the moil |7d BO fat back «\^';^i,Te esiiniaii» If deposit; andBUcn w ^^i,,; \ as compared with coin ^^^^^ „, li Buaranieed. .^'■.P' There are, Iw"; Ttes are in «»' <:»'''"°^ advances onto* louni bi"« •' ''IrformaUy y may get readily to sea lu the s formed the principal article of 80 1, the average annual produce toM,OOO.OOOdollars-(Amue//e L 27165,888 dollars.- (W. tome Lh'capitali«'«'*»^*'°"ir''°^ It he property they could scrape Uled to the injury severa of them W the interruption of alregula that afterwards prevailed caused Vithin these few years howem, lidthe lavish expenditure, of a Cnines. have been solar sue Irder and that a large increase ol ted lo prosecute their operal.ons / „;,y<: n 190.\ some °- ^^^ 'SmTnev'erhU of before, the ■t of the companies succeeding; ■rclaimsbyviolence! It.toe ,rc88 these outrages. If I ha e Ceful proceedings, It will make semi as well as contempt. ^ican mints during the t years endmg 9 ^82.905 dollara. ,, and silk goods, paper, brandy, Lent, ttievaUic of the imports and Dnllars. 2H4,0S7 . 4,3fi0.56S . 7,437,3*5 Export! for other Mexican portf for American pnrt§ fur Europvao and other porti Total - 203,043 - 3,0'22,H8 - I,4fi8,093 - 4,6i«,557 Total . 12,0'32,030 This account ia exclusive of the importb by government on account of the loan negotiated in London. According to Humboldt, the imports at Vera Cruz, before the revolutionary struggles, mii^ht be estimated, at an average, at about 15,000,000 dollars, and the exports at about 2S.OOO,000 ditto. It must, however, be observed that this statement refers only to the reghjercd articles, or to those that paid the duties on importation and exportation. But exclusive of these, the value of the articles clandestinely imported by the ports on the Gulf, previously to the revo- lution, was estimated at 4,500,000 dollars a year ; and 8,500,000 dollars were supposed to be annually smuggled out of the country in plate and bars, and ingots of gold and silver. A regular contraband trade used to be carried on between Vera Cruz and Jamaica : and not- withstanding all ilie efforts of government for their exclusion, and the excessive severity of i(j laws against smuggling, the shops of Mexico were always pretty well supplied with the products of England and Germany. — {Humboldt, Nouvelle Espugne, tome iv. p. 125. ; Poinsett's Notes on Mexico, p. 133.) M. Humboldt states, that the total population of Mexico, exclusive of Guatemala, may bo estimated at about 7,000,000. Of this number about ^ are Indians, the rest being Europeans, or descendants of Europeans, and mixed races. But notwithstanding this large amount of population, the trade we carry on with Mexico is very inferior to that which we carry on witii Brazil. The following is an account of the real or declared value of all sorts of British produce and manufactures exported to the States of Central and Southern America in 1831 : — £ £ Mexico - . . . 728,858 States of the Rio de la Plata - 33n,870 Guatemala ... nil. Chili .... 651,017 Odlombia - . . 218.250 Teru .... 409,003 Brazil - - . .1,238,371 The imports of British goods at second hand into Mexico and Colombia, from Jamaica, and the other West India islands, are no longer of any considerable importance ; but considerable quantities are imported from New Orleans. Mexico being, with the exception of the United States, the richest and most populous of all the American countries, the smallness of its trade with England may justly excite sur- prise. It originates principally, we believe, in the want of good ports and large cities on the coast, and the distance and difficulty of the roads from Vera Cruz and other ports to the healthy and elevated part of the country. 'J^hese circumstances, coupled with the obstacles which the restrictive policy of the Spaniards threw in the way of the importation of foreign products, led to the establishment of manufactures in the interior. Previously to the com- mencement of the revolutionary struggles, some of these manufactures were in a very advanced state; and v?ere sufficient to supply the population with most of the clothes and other articles required for their consumption. They have since declined considerably ; but as it is pretty certain that the wealth of the inhabitants has declined still more, this circumstance has had little elTect in increasing importation. Rmenues.—The revenues of Mexico have been, during the years (ended 30th of January), 18^6 . 13,715,801 dollars. 1830 - 14,493,189 dollars. 1827 . 13,289,682 — 1831 - 18,922,299 — 1828 - 10,494,299 — 1832 . 16,413,060 — 1829 . 12,232,385 — Of thn!oii tlie exportation of the precious metals 309,472 dollars. The total receipts of the Custom-housu of Vera Cruz, in 1832, were 2,962,299 dollars, and those of Tampico 1,428,992 dollars. Port CAar^es.— Foreign ships pay in the port of Vera Cruz — Doti. reah. Tonnage duty, &c. (per ton) - - - - - .21 Pilotage on entering . - - - - - .15 4 — on leaving - - - - - - .19 A 5tti part, or 20 per cent., is deducted from the duties on all commodities brought from a foroign piirt in Mexican ships. Tlie Mexican Congress is, at this moment, engaged in discussions respecting a modification of the tariff. Mmits, WeighiK, and Measures, same as in Spain ; for which, see Cadiz. Duties, if r. at Vera Cr«2.— The Mexican government issued, on the 16lh of November, 1827, a new larilf, to which the following regulations were prefixed : — Regulations as to the Mexican Tariff. Vessels of all nations in amity with the United States of Mexico will be admitted to entry at the privileiicd ports of tlie republic, upon payment of the duties, and subject to the regulations to be obspfved at tlie maritime Custom-house, according to this tariff. The anchorage duty is abolished, and all vessels arriving from foreign ports are to pay 2 dol 1 real I pettontuiuiage duty. Foreign vessels will not he allowed to trade coastwise with the ports of the republic. All vessels putting into any of the ports of this republic, by stress of weather or for refitment, will 89 I .St* ^1: 700 VERDIGRIS. CI 2^ if""*" ?"3'J Ul w < 3)j ^T"U ■ ■>L. be allowed iIia rcqiiisite time to complete their repnlri or provisioni, and will only hitve to pay lucji cliarKca as nrc niHlmnary. All VKHHelH (III tliclr arrival are tn prent^nt their ninnireslg liy triplicate, upeciryirig the marki and nuiiit)or8 oriliv piiritagi'H, willi the parliciilarB nl'ihiMr rcHpectivu (oiitentH. Tilt! diitii-H will bt* luvierl (in nil S'ludn aii-iinliiiK tn liiuir Hpei'lllcalioii in the inanireHt, wlinllier t|iii. inc the Siute duly), are alHdlslK'il. The iiiiporler »liall be liable for tlie whole nmniint of the diitleg ; S of which Ih to be prild within (O days from the day the gnodn arc landrd. and the other i within (1(1 days alter llie explraiion i>r' ihv latter perioil. No article will he allowed to be taken ont of the (^iistom-hoiiae iinlil tlie iIiiiii.'f> n\yM have been paid, ur security (;iveii lor tlie due payment of the same, to the satLifuction of ihe priinJr authorities. ' All articles imported prior to this law taking elTect nre liable to the inlernational duties as Imfore After the diilieg have been once puid, nodediirtioii or allowance whatever can be made on tli^ ,1^,',]. exceptinK in cases wliere an error may have ocmrred. ' No article will be allowed to be re-exp>ii'i.t|iin nn their arrival at those ports, and the passengers on board unprovided witli such passpnrts will not lie permitted to land in the ports of Mexico. No pleu for the want of tliem will be admiiieil. Masters of vessels proceeding to and from those States ore required to have on hoard all neressary papers and vouchers, which, according to the orders conveyed through his Kxcellenry the Mcxjtau minister plenipotentiary at tlie court of his Britannic Majesty, to this consulate, ought in rnnsj$tor, besides the regular ship's papers, all the invoices of shippers, with the corresponding hills of ladins;. Merchandise found on board, which should not appear inserted in the invoices certified liy the idiisiil, or that otlierwise is falsely described, cither hi quality or quantity, shall be considered aiid dealt wiili as contraband. A bill of health, certified by the consul, will also be required from vessels on arrival, by the authori- ties at the Mexican ports. The above regulations are to be in force from the date of this notice, Nov. 28. 1830. Notice is hereby given, that the Congress of the United States of Mexico decreed, the l2ihof Octnlur ot the last year, that the Mexican envoys and consular agents must henceforward charge for each passport to Mexico 2 dollars, and for each certification and signature i dollars. 20, Austin-friara, 9th of Jan. 1831, The Vice-Consul, J. Scheidnaoel VERDIGRIS (Gcr. Griinspan ; Fr. Vcrt-de-gris, Verdcl ; It. Vcrderonie ,- Sp, Cur- rleniUo, Verdtte, Verdc-frris ,• Rus. Jar), a kind of rust of cojiper, of a lii-autiiul bluish! green colour, formed from the corrosion of copper by fermented vegetables. Its specilic gravity is 1-78. Itn taste is disat^reeably metallic ; and, like ail the compounds into which I copper enters, it is poisonous. It was known to the ancients, and various wu^i.sof preparinn it are described by Pliny. It is very extensively used by painters, and in dyeing! it is I also used to some extent in medicine. The best verdigris is made at Montpeliicr ; the wincsj of Languedoc being particularly well suited for corroding copper, and fiinning this sub- 1 stance. It is generally exported in cakes of about 2,'j lbs, weight each. It is also manufaf- lured in this country, by means of the refuse of cider, &c. ; the high duty of 3«. per lb, un| VERJUICE— USANCE. 707 and w\n only h«ve to pay .«ch :;;;era.x^ol'uny»ue,.,,:, . ■ Mnviin- anil nny nrlicUi ex- \,';\f;»rin'n"..B,>,.MUcnt.„ayl. ,„, various aenon.inaUoi.a(«xcci)i. , I 1,1, in to l»' pal'l williln'.'O iViu"e,'lnveB8cl8 under thD Mexican :• nvnpdient so to ilo ; lull r;t"pui"'fo- ''•-'•' «-'''''^ ,0 interfere with any separate uealy e date hereof. '•'ifTiH.t"'"""' "" •«•■""">"•• '°'""^"'' ""• ' ficers. CarJing wif''. IMinti and Kni*- Mexico. l^:Su.«ad,undcrNo.20. I Common •»»• „ , , ,h„. !^'lSc^:rrekr'ofirac,.ea. .ndiv«o,.,or-.n-.»g"l.orJu.,a,.prok»l Dt leiiure. Ai„a to any Jl/eiicon Port. Uirrg to any ports nf Ik Lorn l'""''"".'," ,'^' .'^i rpassimrt., sisno.l luld be prov..le.l ^^V^ J .,,,,,. ,„ „„ br!.^u'S J^ee,.ncy ..Me.. fron. vessels on arrival, by the amhon. i. notice. Nov. 28 1830. b^Si-cX:l;ald^;ir««.re.> nniure 4 dollars. '"'i^; Vice-consul. .T. Sche.dn.oeu \Yerdct; It. vc7^-';;i;,5\S^i ' by painterB, and "' .^>"2«incs ^ing copper, and « _^^^,^„fl ,8. weight each. »^ ,^ „j ;c. -, the high duty ot -s. F 1 (he fort'iRn iirlicio givinu; iho liomc protlucors a protty romplot<> monopoly of iho market. The gooilni'B.'i of vcrdiKris is judgrd of from llic (IcritncxH iiiid brii^htiicsx of ita colour, iti4 dryncs!*, and its forming, wIumi rubbed on tbu hand with n littlo vviiter or Hulivu, smooth iiasle, friH-froin grillini'MH. — ('I'/ioiii.iiin's Chnnislrii ; Ure.i'a ('i/c/opwdia.) VEIMl'ICK ((ter. /l^Tftt/; Fr. Verjitu; U. Ai^rcnto ; Wp. ylijwr), n kind of hursh, auslcro vinegar, made of the pxi)ress»;d juice of the wild nppip, or crab. Tlio French give thin name to unripe grn|)fa, and to the sour iicjuor obtained from liiem. VIOHMU'KM'I ((>er. Xitddn ; Uu. Miflnirpfii, I'roppen ,■ Fr. Vermin Hi ,- It. Venni- relli, Tiit^liiiliiii / H|). Alt Iritis), a species of wheaten piistu formed into long, Hiender, iiolluw tulit's, or threads, used aniouKst us in soups, l)rotbs, &,c. Verniicrlli is the same substance as macciironi ; the only dilTorence between Ibeni being that the latter is made into larger tubes. Uoth of them are prepared in the greate.st perfection in Naples, where they form the favourite dish of all classes, and the princi|)al food of the bulk of the po|)ulution. The flour of the hard wheat {^rano t/iiro) imported fioin the Ulack jSoa is the best suited for the maiuifacturo of niaecaroni. being mixed with water, it is kiUMuled by means of heavy wooden blocks wrought by levers, till it actpiires a sullicient degree of tenacity ; it is then forced, by simple pressure, through a number of holes, so con- trived tiiat it is formed into hollow cylinders. The name given to the tulies depends on their diameter ; those of the largest size being maccaroni, the next to them vermicelli, and the smallest fedclini. At tJonoa, and some otlier places, the paste is coloured by an admix- ture of snllron ; but at Na|)Ies, where its preparation is best understood, nothing is used except flour and water ; the*bcst being made of the Hour of hard wheat, and the inferior sorts of the flour of soft wheat. ' When properly prepared and boiled to a nicety. Neapolitan maccaroni assumes a greenish tinge. It is then taken out of the caldron, drained of the water, and being saturated with concentrated meat gravy, and sprinkled with finely grated cheese, it forms a dish of which all classes from the prince to the beggar arc passionately fond. But the maccaroni used by the poor is merely boiled in plain water, and ia rarely eaten with any coniliment whatever. The maccaroni usually served up in England, is said, by those familiar with that of Naples, to bo a positive disgrace to the name it bears. When properly prepared, maccaroni is nutritious and easy of digestion. The lazzaroni pique themselves on the dexterity with which they swallow long strings of maccaroni and vermicelli without breaking them ! (We have derived these details from an excellent article on maccaroni in the I'cniii/ Maga- zine fortho lOtli of August, 1833.) VERMrLIilON. SeeCiNNAHAK. VINIXJAli (Ger. Essig ,■ Du. Azyn ; Fr. Vinaigrc ,- It. Acefo ,■ Sp. and Port. Vlnagre ,- Fius. Ulizus; Lat. Aceluin). — (See Acin (Acetic), for a description of vir;egar.) A duty being imposed on vinegar of 2d, the gallon, its manufacture is placed under the control nf the excise. A licence, costing 5/., and renewable annually, has to bo taken out by every maker of vinegar, or acetous acid. All places for manufacturing or keeping vinegar must be entered, under a penally of 50/. No vinegar liiaktr is to receive any vinesar.or acetous acid, or aujjiir \VBsli,or any iireparatioii (nr vini'gur, witli- (1111 Bivins I'i hours' notice to the excise, under peiiatly of lOO;. Any person sendiiiK out iir leieiving vinopiir shall, unless the duty on it be paid, and il be accompanied by a pcriuit, fnrtVit 2(10/. All vinegar makers are lo make entries ut llie next I'^xeise-otKceof the quantity made within each niontli.and are Imuidtn clear olV the duties within a month of such entry, on pain of double duties.— (See 58 Geo. 3, c 65., and Burn's Justice ufthe Peace, Marriott's cd.) Account of the Quantity of Vinegar, charged with Duty in th» United Kingdom, in each Year from 1820, witii the Nett Revenue accruing thereon. Vean. Ciallons. Nelt Revenue. Years. Galloiii. Nett Revenue. Years. Uallous. Nell Revenue. nalXoiM, L. OnUiini. L. L. 1830 2,497,468 40,586 IMj 2,3I0,!l8 1830 2,i;97,404 17,862 ll<2l 2,7*4,004 43,Sfl2 1826 3.028,891 25,1.16 1831 2,i,'>9,li58 19.319 1822 2,604,ta9 45 63S 1S27 2,9b7,S64 24,746 1S32 2,911,75', 22,988 ISM 2.406.i63 47,124 1828 2,692,^67 24,47,1 1833 2,8t0,(i01 mi 2,360,426 46,341 1829 2,558,798 22,->41 lis Hate of duty previously to 1826, 4d. per gallon ; since then, 2rf. The manufacture is almost wholly coniined lo England; the quantity produced in Scotland and Ireland not amounting to 100,000 gallons. VITRIOL. See Coppehas. VITRIOL, OIL OF. See Acin (Sulphctiic). ULTRAMARINE (Ger. Vltramarin ; Fr. Bleu d'outremer ,- It. Oltramarinn ,- Sp. Utramar; Rus. Vltra-marin), a very fine blue powder made from the blue parts of lapis hzuli. It has the valuable property of neither fading, nor becoming tarnished, on exposure lothe air, or a moderate heat; and on this account is highly prized by painters. Owing toils great price, it is very apt to be adulterated. It was introduced about the end of the fifteenth century. IIS.\NCE, a period of one, two, or three months, or of so many days, after the date of a billof exchange, according to the custom of different places, before the bill becomes due. Double or treble usance, is double or treble the usual time ; and ^ usance is h the time. When a month is divided, the ^ usance, notwithstanding the differences in the lengths of m 708 USURY— WAREHOUSING SYSTEM. the monthM, in uniformly 1ft ilayn. lUanccM ore calculated rxcluiivrly of thn date of tlio liiJI. Uill« (if itxchatiKt^ drawn at imanre are allowed tho uHUal day* of Rrace, and on tho luiit uf the :i day'ontinent. It is much used by turners; and is superior to every other sort of wood for the mounting of guns; a circumstance which caused great devastation among our walnut plantations during tho latter years of the war. (treat numbers of walnut trees nrc annually consumed in the Haute Vienne and other departments of Franco, in the miuinfuc. ture of iho wooden shoes or clogs used by the peasantry. Tho nuta are cither gathered whfii ripe, being served up as desserts without any preparation; or they are plucked green, nnj pickled. — {I'uiret, Hinturie I'hilusophiqtif. des Planten, tome vii. p. 213.; Heeii's Cydu- pwdia, iVc.) Account of Walnuts Inipnricd, expnrtf-il, nnd rotnlned for Home r«n, during 1831 and IS-li, with the Null Duty thereon, and the Rate uf Duty. \ttn. Imporli. Etporla. Rutiineil for lloins Vm. Dutjr. Rile at Duly. 1831 18.38 83,578 10,013 Ihiih. lliO 931 81,317 l.'),8a'J r. 9,4.'i8 1,518 Prr /;uM. in. WANGHEES, sometimes called Japan Canks, a species of cane imported from China. They should be chosen pliable, tough, round, and taper ; tho knots at regular dintimcr.s from each other ; and the heavier the better. Such as are dark-coloured, badly glazed, and li^hl, should bo rejected. — (Millburn'fi Orient. Com.) WAREHOUSING SYSTEM. By this system is meant the provisions made for lodging imported articles in public warehouses, at a reasonable rent, without payment of the duties on importation till they be withdrawn for home consumption. If re-exported, no duty is ever paid. 1. Expediency and Origin of the WureJiousing St/stem. — It is laid down by Dr. Smith, in one of his justly celebrated maxims on tho subject of taxation, that " Every tiix ou?ht to be levied at the time and in the manner that is most likely to be convenient for the contributor to pay it." — ( Wealth of Nations, vol. iii. p. 368.) No one can doubt the soundness of thi maxim ; and yet it was very strangely neglected, down to 180.3, in the manngcmcnt of the customs. Previously to this period, tho duties on most goods imported had either to be paid at the moment of their importation, or a hand, with sullicient security for their future pay- ment, had to be given to the revenue officers. The hardship and inconvenience of such a system is obvious. It was often very diflicult to find sureties ; and the merchant, in order to raise funds to pay the duties, was frequently reduced to the ruinous necessity of sellin? his goods immediately on their arrival, when, perhaps, the market was already glutted, Neither was this the only inconvenience that grew out of this system ; for the duties havinj to be paid all at once, and not by degrees as the goods were sold for consumption, their price was raised by the amount of the profit on the capital advanced in payment of the duties; competition, too, was diminished in consequence of the greater command of funds required to carry on trade under such disadvantages ; and a few rich individuals were enabled ta monopolise the importation of those commodities on which heavy duties were payable. The system had, besides, an obvious tendency to discourage the carrying trade. It prevented this country from becoming an entrepot for foreign products, by hindering the importation of such as were not immediately wanted for home consumption; and thus tended to lessen the resort of foreigners to our markets, inasmuch as it rendered it difficult, or rather impos- sible, for them to complete an assorted cargo. And in addition to all these circumstances, the difficulty of granting a really equivalent drawback to tho exporters of such commodities as had paid duty, oiwned a door for the commission of every species of fraud. But these disadvantages and drawbacks, obvious as they may now appear, did not attract | the public attention til' % comparatively late period. Sir Robert Walpolc seems to have been WAREIIOUSINC. SYSTEM. 700 TEM. yBraco.andonlhola.lol ah N0».) ,ich there arc sevmlvarietioH. JnhnM The fruit m « proliy St oiuS into Great Mntam; InJ. Frevion.ly to tlK. wry ta- extensively u««'>»"">"«^» jrpa for that purpose in .nuny Zerior to every other «o,t »t d great devantation a.non« our ^J '',..„ ,.f walnut tri'fs it nv '"'""' ""cither Rttthere.1 when a numbera of walnut es arc of France, in the mxmhr- her Rtttheri'il whfn iluckeil Rroen, nnJ )mevii. p- "' ho nuts are ( ortheyarojl^_^^^^^.^^^^,^^ V.e. during 1831 and 163». with Ik Uuiy- nes of cane imported from China, tumJSon. If re-exported, no duty l„._Itislaid down by T)r. Smith •• iVint " Every ttix ouqht to ;;rconv:ientfor^hccontnJ,jr e can doubt the soundness of t> IsSs.in the management of th .ISporled had either to be paid Tent security for their future pay. hTo and inconvenience of such a eiL and the merchant, moracr Tie ruinous necessity ot selN the market was already RuUcd. ^hiflr8tem;forthcdut.o.hav'n? reater command of funds rciiuuiu 'S^ individuals were _^.aW^ Ih heavy duties were payable the carrying trade The It prevented one nf the flrot who hsd a rlear perception of their injurious infliienre ; and it wait the prin- fipil object of the famous Exei.sr SrhemF, propo*eil by him in \T-i^, to oliliRo the iinportcra of tobacco and wine to (lepimil them in public warehouHPN ; relieving them, howi'ver, from the m'cesNity of puyiuR the dutiea chargeable on them till they were withdrawn for horn* fon»umption. No doubt can now remain in the mind of any one, thot the adoption of this scheme would have been of the greatest advantage to the commerce and industry of the coutilry. Hut so ■Hiwrrful was the delusion generated in the public mind with res|iect to it, thtit its proposal well iiiKh caused a rebellion. Most of the merchants of the day had availed themselves of the facilities which the exiNting system atVorded of defrauding the revenue* ; and they doxte> rouily endeavoured to thwart the success of a scheme which would have given a Marions check to iuch prncticcs, by making the public Iwlieve that it would be fatal to the conitnerciut prom perity of the country. The etTorts of the merchants were powerfully seconded l)y thu spirit of party, which then ran very high. The political opponents nf the ministry, anniouH for an opportunity to prejudice them in the public estimation, contended that the scheme wat4 only the first step towards the introduction of such a universal system of excise aa would inevitably prove alike subversive of tho comfort and lilierty of the people. In consequence of thcM artful misrepresentations, the most violent clamours were everywhere excited against the scheme. On one occasion Hir Robert Woipole narrowly C8ca[)ed falling a sacrifice to tho ungovernable fury of the mob, which beset all the avenues to the House of Commons ; ami, after many violent and lengthencil debates, the scheme was ultimately abandoned. The disadvantagea of the old plan, and tho benefits to be derived from tho establishment of a voluntary warehousing system, were most ably pointed out by Dean Tucker, in his "Eioay on the Comparative Advantages and Disadvantages of Great Britain and France with respect to Trade," published in 1750. But so powerful was tho impression made by the violent opposition to Sir Robert Walpolc's scheme, and such is tho furco of prejudice, that it was not till 1803 that this obvious and signal improvement — the greatest, perhaps, ihat has been made in our commercial und financial system — could be safely adopted. 2. Refrulationa as to Warehousing. — The statute of 43 Geo. 3. c. 132. laid the foundation of this system ; but it was much improved and extendeil by subsequent statutes, the regula- tiona of which have been embodied in tho act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 57., which took circct on ibc Ut of September, 1833. This act empowers the commissioners of the customs, under the authority and direction of the Lords of the Treasury, to nominate the ports at which goods may bo warehoused nithout payment of duty, and the warehouses in which particular descriptions of goods may b« deposited. It also fixes the time during which goods are allowed to remain in the wartv house; and prescribes the regulations as to their removal from port to port, their sale and stowage in tho warehouse, the remission of the duties in case of loss by accident, the allow- ances for waste, &c. But as this statute is of much importance, wo subjoin a full abstract ofiu ABSTRACT OF THE ACT 3 & 4 WiLL. 4. C. 57. FOR THE WAnEHOt'aiNO OF OOODS. Comt.irnceincnt of Art. — Act to commence tlie Ist day of September, 1633, except where any other cnmroenccment Is pnrtlrulnrly directed.—} I. Tnunry to appoint varthousing Ports.— \x shall be lawful for the cnmmisaioners of the trcnsiiry to amintthe ports in the U. K. which shall be warehousing ports for the piirpnies of this act; and it ihall be lawful for the commisaioners of cumonin, ouhject to the directions of the commissioners of the iMiury, tn appoint in what warehouses or places of^ special security, or of ordinary socnrhy, na this (uemay require, in such ports, and In what different parts or divisions of such warehouses or places, indinwhat manner any goods, and what sorts of goods, may he warehoused and secured without psvmenlof any duty upon the tirsl entry thereof, or for exportation only, in cases wherein the same maybe |irnhibiled to be imported for home use ; and also to direct in wliat cases (if any) security by bond ihall be required in respect of nnv warehouse so appointed by them.—}?. HareAome o ' spteial Security by Appointment.— Whenever any warehouse shall have been approved I kv the said coiiiniisBloners, as lieing a wiirchouse of special security, it shall be stated in their order ofappolntment that it is appointed ns a warehouse of special security : [irovided, that all warehouses (onnected with wharfs for the landing of the goods to be lodged therein, and enclosed together with liiichwharfs within walls, such aa arc or shall be required by any act for the constructing of such liarehouies and wharfs, and being appointed to he legal quays, shall, without any order of the com- 1 nlsilnners of the customs, he warehouses fur the purposes of this act, for all goods landed at such 1 vharfi or quays at any port appointed by the commissioners of the treasury to be a warehousing port, I ind all such warehouses shall be warehouses of special security.—} 3. 1 Bnds ginen previous to Act to continve in force.— AW appointments of warehouses made under the lintliority ofany other act in force at the conunencement of this act shall continue in force as if the luaie had been made under the authority of this act, and all bonds given in respect to any goods ware- llioused under any act in force at the commencement of this act shall continue in force fur the purposes loftWaact.— } 4. I CommisHoner.9 to provide IVarehouses for Tobacco. —The commissioners of customs shall, out of the Inonies arising from the duties of customs, provide from time to time warehouses for the warehousing liftnbacco at the ports into which tobacco may be legally imported : provided, that for every hogshead, Itot.orcaseof tobacco so warehoused the importer or proprietor thereof shall pay, for warehouse Item, lUch sum or sums, not exceeding any sum payable under any act in force at the commencement lof tills act, and at such periods and in such manner ns the commissioners of the treasury shall direct ; linil all such sums shall be paiil and appropriated ns duties of customs —} 5. I fortir to revoke or alter an Appointment.— It shall be lawful for the commissioners nf the treasury by lUielr warrant, and fur the cumuiisiiioners of the customs by their order, to revoke any former wairaut Vol. II.-3 O I: 710 WAREHOUSING SYSTEM. M M r 1 im-.ait €1 r. or any former order, or to make any alteration in or addition to any former warrant or any font order made hy tlieiii respectively.— } 6. Publieationnf Appointment in Oazelte. — Every order made by the commissioneri of customs In respi of warehniisHS of special security, as well those of original appointment as those of revocation, alu atlon, or nddllion, shall be published in the London Gazette, for those appointed in Great Britain, a in the Uublin Gazette for those appointed in Ireland.—}?. Wareliouat-keeper may give general Bond. — Before any goods be entered to be warehoused In a warehouse in respect of which security hy bond is required, the proprietor or occupier of such war house, If he be willing, shall give general security by bond, with 2 sufficient sureties, for the payme of the full duties of Importation on all such goods as shall at any time be warehoused therein, or ( the due exportation thereof; and if such proprietor or occupier be not willing to give such genei security, the different importers of the separate quantities of goods shall, upon each importation, i^ii ■uch security in respect of the particular goods imported by them respectively, before such goodii entered to he warehoused. — J 8. Sale of Onoda in IVarehouae by Proprietor to be valid.— \( any goods lodged in any warehouse be t| property of its occupier, and be bonA fide sold by him, and upon such sale there shall have been written agreement, signed by the parties, or a written contract of sale made, executed, and deliveri by a broker or other person legally authorised on behalf of the parties respectively, and the aninunio the price stipulated in the said agreement or contract shall have been actually paid or secured to b paid hy the purchaser, every such sale shall be valid, although such goods shall remain In such ware house ; provided a transfer of such goods, according to such sale, shall have been entered in a bnni to bu kept for that purpose by the officer of the customs having the charge of such warehouse, who! hereby required to keep such book, and to enter such transfers, with the dates thereof, upon appljci tion of the owners of the goods, and to produce such book upon demand made. — } 9. Stowage in tyarehouse to afford easy Jiceeas. — All goods warehoused shall be stowed in such mannti as that easy access may be had to every package and parcel of the same ; and if the occupier stiai omit so to stow the same, he shall for every such omission forfeit the sum of il. ; and if any gondsbi taken out of the warehouse without due entry of the same with the proper officers of the customs, i|m occupier of the warehouse shall be liable to the payment of thcduties due thereon. — 1) 10. Goods fraudulently concealed or removed, forfeited, ^c. — If any goods warehoused be fraudiilenllj concealed in or removed from the warehouse, the same shall be forfeited ; and if any importer nr pro. prietor of any goods warehoused, or any person in his employ, shall by any contrivance fraudiilenllr open the warehouse or gain access to the goods, except in the presence of the proper officer aclinrin the execution of his duty, such importer or proprietor shall forfeit and pay for every such offence ihe ■umof.M)0/.— } 11. Examination on entry and landing. — Within I month after any tobacco shall have been warehoused, and uple tnere 1 I ,^^^^ mayliei^ r as stores, ■'"'' ^"'^^ ,„_^ a, least, iKiml fg'uUtions as "he co^missiot.ers of cus..« bass-Si lores uinv be so delivered for tbe <"^" J iKor tiaymentof duty and. eiveredfo-.b| Ir or nurser of such ship—* >'■ ,, Inhle thereon, and not Deiiig "^,=,' , < J • the respective packages or parcel, of m WAREHOUSING SYSTEM. 711 lOPds In iuch entry at the examination thereof at the time of the first entry and landing of the same, without any abatement of customs, and mentioned in the bond, such certificate to be signed by the officers ofthn customs or other British officer, if the goods be l.inded at a place in the British dominions, oi by the British consul, if the goods be landed at a place not in the British dominions, or such goods shall be otherwise accounted for to the satisfaction of said commissioners ; and such master shall make and sign a declaration that such beef or pork is to be laden on board such ship as merchandise, to be car- ried to and landed at parts beyond the seas, anil not as stores for the said ship; and if such ship shall not have on board at the time of clearance outwards a reusonible supply or stock of beef or pork, ac- cording to the intended voyage, borne upon the victualling bill, the master of such ship shall forfeit lbs sum of lOOJ.— } 43. fiMtric(i(iii» as to the hie ofMan.—Jlo goods slmll be exported from tte warehouse to the Isle of Man, eueptsuch goods as may be imported into the said island with licence of the commigjiunets of cui- lomt, and in virtue of any such licence firgt obtained.—} 44. J 2 90 714 WAREHOUSING SYSTEM. %mrm t* m r 1 C5 Ooodf mnaMj from Ware\o\ue under Cart of Cuitomn' Offieen. — All goodi taken from the warn. houie for removal or for exportation shall be removed or carried to be shipped under the care or wltb the authority or permission of the proper officer of customs, and in such manner, and by such persona and within such spaces of time, and by such roails or ways, as he shall authorise or direct; and all ■uch goods not so removed or carried shall be forfeited.— $45. Ships to be not lets than 70 TVns for exporting uarehouted Ooodt. — It shall not be lawful for any person to export any goods so warehoused, nor to enter for exportation to parts beyond the seas any goods BO warehoused, in any ship not of the burden of 70 tons or upwards.— } 30. Ooods landed in Ducki liable to Claims for Freight as before landing. — All goods or merchandise which ahall be Ian(:ed in docks, and lod;;ed in the custody of their proprietors, under thisact, not being good) seized as forfeited, shall be subject or liable to the same claim for freight in favour of the master and owner or owners of the respective ships or vessels, or of any other person or persons interested in the fVeight of the same, as they were suliject and liable to before landing; and the directors and prnpri(, tors of such docks are empowered and required, upon due notice in that behalf given to them, to de- tain and keep such goods and merchandise, not being seized as forfeited, in the warehouses bclnnginr to the said docks, until the reapective freights to which the same are 8ul)ject and liiiltle he duly paid together with the rates and charges to which the same shall have been subject and liable, or until a deposit be made by the owners or consignees of such goods or merchandise, equal in amount tnthe demands made by the master, owner or owners of the ships or vessels, or other persons, on account of freight ; which deposit the directors or proprietors of such docks, or their agents, are directed to re- neive and hold in trust, until the claim or detnand for freight upon such goods shall be satisfied ; upon proof of which, and demand made by the persons, their executors, &c. by whom the said deposit hai been made, and the rates and charges due upon the said goods being paid, the deposit shall be returned to them by the said directors or proprietors. — i 47. Quantities of the Principal Articles of Foreign Merchandise remaining In Warehouse under the I.ocki of the Crown, in the Ports of London, Liverpool, Bristol, and Hull, on or about the 5th of January 18.TO and \S33.— (Papers published by Board of Trade, vol. ii. p. 66.) " Articla. January, 1832, January, 1833. Articlea. January, 1832. 41,695 January, leji Alkanetroot ■ Iba. 183,606 683,905 Raisina - packagei 35,228 Aniutlo • — 336,173 23>,328 Rhubarb 16,149 I7,5S3 Aslin cwt. 14,005 12,892 cbesl^ 669 4M c»ki l,60S 135 Rice- cwt. 42,967 43,907 Barilla cwt. 147,820 33,568 baxi 12,255 I4,'i80 Borax lb.. 12,788 27,776 Sago- cwt. 20,696 18,400 cheala 186 14 chettt 2,326 l,S>9 Briilln lb«. 89,3 it 452,025 Saltpelrs cwt 3S,82t 6I<,8<5 caiki 426 248 Sartaparilla • Ibt. 91,337 123,791 Canialignea ■ Un. 82,234 352,942 bundlet 519 74« .""T. 2,327 1,611 Sliellac 1 wt. 1,036 2,101 biidi ■ 2S,08S 1,154 clinti 311 244 packagea 1,258 2,511 Shumac cwt 7,033 11,138 Camphor . iL. 12,297 12,113 •^ S,I22 4,877 ctaeitt 1,147 890 Silk, raw ■ Iba. 2,067,194 2,095,530 Ctnnamoa Ibv 886,099 404,654 thrown - ^ 755,788 t!9;57i Clora . .. 775,9W 820,849 Smallt - — 194,172 294,092 Cochioeal ■ _ 323,261 Spiritt, brandy • gallont 612,420 723,697 •en>Di,fec. 77 136 puncheona 772 ),I49 Co«na caika 3,603 1,168 hhdi. 2,283 8,964 bap 13,485 .'2l 9I,S3T 619 1,056 Sit 7,083 8,122 2,067,194 755,788 IM,'''* 612,420 772 2,2«1 13,035 92 35 68,932 10,625 1,365,1»1 11.456 1,528 66,642 4,436 2,069 138,272 10,373 16.600 291,513 38,261 12,565 42,256,432 11,264.692 3,800 40 146,}44 8,780 270 41,061 a,060 6,124 11,477 17,607 488,011 412 1,436 (40,681 536 1,493 395,'i48 300 316 2,246,904 1,438 48,529 169 2,596,214 795 2,259 172,659 243 553 10,061 54,708 2,078,248 2,r*6 S7,163 3,698 18 3S1,5<9 WarehouBing Porta, «Vc. — Certain ports only are warehousing ports ; nor may all sort* of goods be warehoused in every warehousing port. We subjoin a list of the warehousing ports in Great Britain and Ireland, and a specification of the goods that may be warehoused in each, classed in tables. Anmilel— Ooodi in Table C. I>nul>pl'— All good! eieepl tobacco, Caat India goodi, and goodi in Table F, other than lugar. Biderord-Gnoda ia Table A, wine and apirita in Table B, and {ooda la Table C. Itoiton— Wine »nd apirita in Table R. Bridgewater^ Wine and apirita in Table B, and wood and tar in Table C, rudi, and tallow, Bridport— Ruii>, brandr^ wine, hemp, iron in ban, timber, barilla, alum, tallow, aiihef, liulea and ikina, autar, currants, aod other fruit. Bristol— East Inilia goodi, and goods in Tables A, B, C, U, E and F. Chepstow— Timber, duls, hemp, linseed, staves, tallow, and tar. Cbeaier— Rum in TaMe A, and wine and spirits in Table B. Chichester— Wood, pitch, tar, and iron in Table C, and wool in Tible E. Colcheater— Rum in Table A, and wine and spirits in Table B. . Cow(»— Goods in Table A, B, and D ; and limber and deala in Table Dutm^ulh— Goods in Table A, B, C, and D (except tobacco.) fy,„r—Gooit in Table B (eicept tobacco), and timber and wood in Table C. Eieter— All goods eicept tobacco, Eaat India goods, and goods enu- meraled in Table F, other than sugar. r»lmoulh— Goodi in T:\ble A, B, C, and D. Gimices'er— Spirits in Table A, wine and spirits in Table B, tallow in Table C, anll kintt Peer Bjiijiinia BniilM Buflnnfill kind! Cambric Cimiilkir C*dJIu I'tntliaritn CarJtnionia Cinli Carmine Cavia buili, ligaea, fit! nil Catlnr Chint w^n and por- celain Cryilals Cider Ciunantnn, imported undi'r licence Citron water Civet Clove*, imported un- der licence Clocki Cochineal 7\uur. Cneenlin Indicua C'diiqiiinlida Coluinba mot Coral of all norti Cnrki, ready Ditda Cullle ihella Dice Kiu de Cologne Gnaniel Esiencri of all lorls F.l'rarlinrall lorti Fralheri, ostrich and Musical boiea olhera, not other- Musk Myrrh »iortalion only; all which goods may be deposlicd only in warehouses enclosed by and surrounded with walls, nr is other warehouses, or in places of s|)ecial security, especially to Im approved by the commissioners of the treasury. WarthouM Rent. Rates for warehouse rent on goods deposited In the king's win. houses in the several outports, viz.— On large cases and vats containing toys or other merchandise sal packages of wine and other liquids, per week, 6d. eacli. ' Packages of bag^a^e. small {MCka^'cs of presents ; viz. botes ksffL jar*, ftc, per wei'k,2nrls, I l-M, per week.~(rr«uur« tiir'cr^, Nov. 27, 1824 itIi .March 19, 1830.) ' "" (The act 4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 89. § 20. has the following proviso : — The cnninii88ioner8 of ciistnins shnll remit or return the duties pnytible or pnid, on the whole nr any portion of wine, apirits, or other fluid, which shall be lost by any unavoidable accident in the ware- house ill which it was deposited according to the provisions in the act 3 &, 4 Will. 4. c. 57., or any other act to be paasud fur the warehoiisinx of goods ; and the duties upon the following arlicles, depositedin warehouses i>f sper.iiU security, viz. wine, currants, raisins, tigs, hams, cheese, and mahogany, wlien taken out iif w.'ireliniise for home use, shall be charged upon the quantities netually delivered. Lnss by Fire in iVarehoures.— The 5 & 6 Will. 4. c. 06. enacts, that the clause in the general w.ire. housing act. 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 56.} 41. (onti\ vol. ii. p.713.), providing for the indemnification ofihetner. chants for datiiage orcasionRd to merchandise in warehouses by embezzlement, waste, or spnil or by the wilful iiii.'-conduct of the ofHcers, shall not extend, or be taken to e.xtend, to any damage or I'osi occasioned by fire. — } 4. — Sup.) WATCHES (Ger. U/iren, Tatchentthren ; Fr. Montres ,- It. Orluoli da tasca, o dn saceoecia ,• Sp. Rdojes de faltriqucra ,• Rus. Karmanniie tschasU), portable machines, gene- rally of a small size and round flat shape, that measure and indicate the successive portions of time ; having, for the most part, their motions regulated by a spiral spring. When con- structed on the most approved principles, and executed in the best manner, a watch is not only an exceedingly useful, but a most admirable piece of mechanism. It has exercised the genius and invention of the most skilful mechanics, as well as some of the ablest mathema- ticians, for nearly 3 centuries. And, considering the smallness of its size, its capacity of being carried about uninjured in every variety of position, the number and complexity of jtj movements, and the extraordinary accuracy with which it represents the successive portions of time as determined by the rotation of the earth on its axis, we need not wonder at Dr. Paley having referred to it as a striking specimen of human ingenuity. Spring watches are constructed nearly on the same principle as pendulum clocks. In- stead of the pendulum in the latter, a spring is used in the former, the iaochronism of the vibrations of which corrects the unequal motions of the balance. Historical JiTotice. — The invention of spring watches dates from about the middle of the 16ih century, and has been warmly contested for Huygens and Ilooke. The English writers generally incline In (kvour of the latter. Dr. Button says — (Mathematical Dictionary, art. IVateh), that the words "Rob. Ilooke invenit, 1658," were inscribed on the dial plate of a watch presented to Cliarles M. in 1675. But Montucia atlirms (Ifistoire des Malhimr'iques, tnm. ii. p. 513. ed. 1800), that Huygens made thii "belle dicourerte" in 16.')6, and presented a sniing watch to the States of Holland in 1657. Comparing these statements, it certainly appears that ti.<, claim of Huygens to the priority of the discovery is ibe better establisheil of tho two. We do not, however, believe that either nf those distinguished persona owed, in this respect, any thing to the other. The probability seems to be, that the linppy idea of em- ploying a spring to regulate the motion of watches occurred to them both nearly at the same time. Improvement of IValehes. — Owing to the facility with which the longitude may be determined by the aid of accurately going watches, it is of great importance to have them made as perfect as pnssible. In this view liberal premiums have been given to the makers of the best marine » 'rhes, or chrono- meters, by the governments of England, France, Spain, Sec. In the reign of Quec me, parliament offered a reward iif 'iO.OOIM. to any one who should make a watch, or other in cnt, capable of determining the longitude at sea, within certain limits. This magnificent preniiiur .is awardeil.lo 1764, to the celebrated John Hirrison, for a marine watch, which, being tried in a myage tn Barba- does, determined iu longitude with even more than the required accuracy. Other premiums, thotinh of inferior amount, were subsequently given to Messrst Mudge, Arnold, Earnshaw, tic. .Since 1623, 2 prizes, one of 300f. and one of '2001., have been annually given to tha makers of the 2 chronnineleii adjudged to he the best, after having been submitted to a twelvemonth's trial at Ihe Royal Olmervaiory at Greenwich. And to such perfection has the manufacture attained, that some of the chronumeleri employed by navigators, though carried into the most opposite climates, have not varied to the extent of 2 seconds in their mean rate of going throughout the year. tVatch Miiniifucture. — The watch-making business is carried on to a great extent in London; llm artists of which have attained to an unrivalled degree of excellence in this department. There are about 14,000 gold and 85,000 silver watches annually assayed at Goldsmith's Hall, Lundan— {Jacob n the Precious Metals, vol. ii. p. 41.1.)— the aggregate value of which is, probably, not miich under 000,000{. Thi! manufacture is also carried on to a considerable extent at Liverpool, Coventry, Edin- burgh, Sec. Watch movements used to be extensively manufactured at Prescot in Lancashire; bul latterly, we believe, the manufacturers have been withdrawing to Liverpool. On the CoDtiiient, watches are principally manufactured at Paris, Geneva, and in Neufcbitel. WATER. 717 ■uff *>»P^ plktmrd SlMCB itonw, bem*' . Itoriii or all kind* luccadM Sff" rhfcaili of all kiwi Fobacco r(irliii«««n«l' Treirle of Venicj VaMltM Vellum Verdiirit Vloeiar WalchM of all wrta Watch |laM« VValen, miDenl anil •troni, of all wrti Wlret Yam, mohaii mfrchandlieof «»«Ty cle«np ion, which, uo- ,nh" warehouiing act, may 1« '";l'°""i '"' .mil ouly ; all wliich noiH^i may be d.|x>.ii«l li„«.l hv and •unoumlnl with w»ll«. or i> rm r^c«*of "V'lal neurit,, -pecially to U nniwioner.otthelrea.ury. tVafchouu RmU , rent on good, depoiited In the kin|'i wir» ™;.C.'.iii;i7 toy. or other merchandi... «1 ■e .ma VckU" "' P™*"" 1 "»• ^,'.?' "T- ; M each. All other p«ka«e. not Letoio d.- if ono"ac"n"l'eixi.it^''inlhe kin,'. warthnuM ,1 e«en^ h-n^heid taken out of h. .nine, i,. For bacro >vat5hn,i«d in the ko^> wareho™.lll. r week.-(rreoiurv Ur'fw, Nov. 27, IW4, and roviso: — nvable or pnW, on the whole or My unnvotiliil'le nccidflnt In Ihe ware- Bcl 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 57., or any other in the following articles, depositedin ams, cheese, and mahogany, when uantiliei aeUMlly delivertd. ,at the clause in the general w.ire. I! for Ihe indemnihcation of the mer. IV einhc/.zlement, waste, or spoil ni ien to e.xtend,to any damage orlosi Ires • It. Orluoli da tasca, o da tschasii), portable machines, gene- ,d indicate the successive portions d by a spiral spring. When con- 1 the best manner, a watch is not mechanism. It has exercised the ■H as some of the ablest malhema- lallness of its size, iU capacity of the number and complexity of its t represents the successive portions 8 axis, we need not wonder at Dr, Ian ingenuity. , , , Principle as pendulum clocks. In- the former, the iaochronism of the ilance. m about the middle of the 16th century, ie English writers generally incine in or« irafc/ll. that th« worils "Rob. iv'i^ich i.re?entid to Charles 11. in 1675. 13 ed 1800), that Huygens made ihi. siatei of Holland In 1657. Comparing g lo the priority of the discovery is tk t either of those disting.iished person. eeins to be, that the happy idea of em- the"n both nearly at the same tune ^e longitude may be determined by the fcave them made as perfect as possible. Ke best marine w 'rhes, or chrono- ' ' .„ii,« makers of the 2 chronometen .'" ' „.h",Triaf at the Royal Observatory L «n to a ereat extent in London ; tin ,e extent »» '••^"P^'',^'' whire; b«l ictiired at Prescol In Lancasiiiie, KK'Getva. and in NeufcWul. gome of the French and SwUi watches are excellent ; but, generally speaking, they are slight, and Inferior to those made In London. Paris and Ceneva watches are largely exported to foreign coun- tries i and are every where in high estimation, particularly among the Indies. Watches Impressed with any mark or stamp, appearing to be or to represent any legal lirltish assay mark or stamp, or pur|M)rtiiig by any mark or appnaraiice to be of the iiiaiiiificlure of the United King- dnin, or not having the name and place of abode of some foreign makt^r abroad visible on the frame and also on the face, or not being in a complete state, with all the parts properly fixed in Ihe case, may not be imported into the United Kingdom, even for the purpose of being warehoused.— (3 II 4 H'lll, 4. c, 62. i 58. See anti, p. 10. Hatchra in C'Aina.— Pretty considerable numbers of European watches are Imported into China ; and we anticipate, now that Ihe monopoly is put down, a large Increase of the trade. It may be worth iiipntioiiing, that those among the Chinese, as well as among some other Eastern nations, who can atfiird it, 11 nifornily wear traie/tes in pain I This sort of extravagance Is not, however, confined to wHlclii-8, but extends to a variety of other articles. Hliawls, for example, are invariably worn in India III pairs of exactly the same pattern t and It la hardly possible, Indeed, lo find a native dealer who will tell a single shawl. in I8il2, there were exported frotn Great Britain 18,678 watches of British manufacture ; of these, i:i,:ni were silver, 4,187 metal, 433 gold, 671 being without cases. The duty on foreign watches and clocks is an ad valorem one of 23 per cent., and no account is kept of the niinihers of each imported. In |x3'i, their airgregate value amounted to 23,3,12<.: the total value of the foreign clocks and watches expiirted during the same year being l,05U.—lPatl. Paper, No. 490. Sess. 1833.) WATER. It may bo thought unnecessary, perhaps, to say any thing in a work of this sort with respect to a fluid so well known and so abundant. But, besides being an indis- pfiisaliie nece.ssary of life, water is, in most large cities, an impurlant eomvicrcial article. It is in tlif ' tor point of view, principally, that we mean to consider it. — Inasmuch, how- ever, as tl, .lode of supplying diircrent places with water, and its price, necessarily vary in every possible way, we shall limit our remarks on these suhjerts to the metropolis only. The fovv remarks we intend to olfer of a general nature will apply inditl'ercntly to any populous place, the supply of which with water occasions a considerable expense. 1, Qwa/iri/o/ 'f'arer.— Dr. Ure has made the following statements with respect to the quality of water:—" VVater," says he, "is a very transparent fluid, possesning a moderate degree of activity nilli regard to organised substances, which renders it friendly to animal and vegetable life, for botli wiiicb it is, Indeed, indispensably necessary. Hence it acts hut slightly on the organs of sense, and is therefore said to have neither taste nor smell. It appears to possess considerable elasticity, and yields in a perceptible degree to the pressure of air in the condensing miicliine. " Native water is seldom, if ever, found perfectly pure. The waters that flow within or upon the tiirfuce of the earth contain various earthy, saline, metallic, vegetable, or animal particles, according In Ihe substances over or through which they pass. Knin and snow waters are much purer than these, aithniijih they also contain whatever floats in the air, or has been exhaled along with the watery v.ipiiurs. "The purity of water may be known by the following marks or properties of pure water : — " I. Pure water is lighter than water that is not pure. "2. Pure water is more fluid than water that is not pure. "3. It has no colour, smell, or taste. •'4. It wets more easily than the waters containing metallic and earthy salts, called hard waters, and feels softer when touched. "5. ISoap, or ii solution of soap in alcohol, mixes easily and perfectly with it. "6. It is not rendered turbid by adding to it a solution of gold in aqua regia ; or a solution of silver, or of lead, or of mercury, in nitric acid ; or a solution of acetate of lead in water. "Water was, till modern times, considered as an elementary or simple substance; but it is now asreriained to be a compound of oxygen and hydrogen." 2, Supply of Water. — London was very ill supplied with water previously to the early part of the 17th century, when the New River water was introduced into the city. This exceedingly useful work was planned and carried into effect by the famous Sir Hugh Mid- dleton, who expended his whole fortune on the project ; having, like many other public bene- factors, entailed poverty on himself and his posterity by embarking in an undertaking pro- ductive of vast wealth to others, and of great public utility. The New River has its princi- pal source near Chadwell, between Hertford and Ware, about 20 miles from London ; but the artificial channel in which the water is conveyed is about forty miles in length. Sir Hugh Middleton encountered innumerable difficulties during the progress of the undertaking, which it is probable would have been abandoned, at least for a time, but for the aid afforded by James I. The New River Company was incorporated in lfil9, 6 years after the water had lieen brought to the reservoir at Islington. The undertaking yielded very little profit for a considerable number of years ; but it has since become extremely profitable ; so much BO, that an original 500/. share has been sold for 13,000/. ! The Chelsea Water- Works Company was formed in 1723, and (with the aid of 3 smaller companies, none of which are now in existence) it, and the New River, supplied all that part of the metropolis north of the Thames with water, down to the year 1810. In that year, however, 3 new companies, the East London, West Middlesex, and Grand Junction, were established, under the authority of different acts of parliament. At this moment tho metroplis is supplied with water by the following companies : — New River, Chelsea, East London, West Middlesex, Grand .lunction, Lambeth, Vauxhall, or South London, and Southwark Water Works. The following sUtemenU with respect to these companies are taken from Mr. Wade's valu able treatise on the police of the metropolis. The Report of the commissioners appointed by government in 1827, to inquire into the state of the supply of water in the metropolis, is the principal authority on which they are founded. 718 WATER. J o " 7%« AVio Aieer Company |[et thfilr lupply from the iprlnf at Chadwell, between Hertford and Wnre, It cnmeR In an open channel, of about 40 miles In lennth, tn reservoirs at Clerkenwell. Ther« are 3 reservoirs, havinn between them a surrace of about 9 acres, and an average depth of 10 fKct, These reservoirs nre 84i feet above low water mark In Ihe Thamus ; and, by nit'iins ofsleam enidncg and a stniid-iiipe, an additional height of tio feet can be given to the water, so that all the mains he- liinKlng to this Company are kept full by a considerable pressure of water. The liiiilicst service given by the New Klver Is the cistern on the top of <;ovent (Surden Theatre. The aqueduct by which ihe Wilier is brought has only a fill of 'i Inches per mile ; thus it wastes, by evaporation, during the drought of summer, and is impeded by frost In the wiiilcr. At these times the Company pump an addiliongii supply from the Thames, at Broken Wharf, between Blackfriars and Houthwark Bridges. Tn thi,, however, they seldom have recourse; and their engine, erected since the works at London Brideo were broken down, has worked only 176 hours in the year. The New River Company supply 66,mi houses with water, at an annual average of about 1,100 hogsheads each, or, in all, about 75,000,0ou hog!*bends annually. " The Kaiii Luniinn IVattr iVorks are situated at Old Ford, on the river Lea, about 3 miles from the Tliames, and a little below the point to which the Ode flows up the Lea. By the act of pnrllanieni this tJoMipany must lake Its water when the tide runs up and tbe mills below have ceased wnrkine' The water Is pumped Into reservoirs and allowed to settle ; and a supply of 6,000,000 gnllons is dallv dislriluiled to about 48,000 houses. This Company supply no water at a greater elevation tlinn si) feet, nnd Ihe usual height at which the delivery Is made to the tenants is G feet above the pavemcni ' they have !200 miles of iron pipes, which, in some places, cost them 7 guineas a yard. This iiiul ihe New Kiver are the only companies which do not draw their supply of water entirely from the Timiiics " The H'cil Middlesex derive their supply of water from the Thames, at the upper end of Ilauinirr- smith, about Oi miles above London Bridge, and where the bed of the Thames is gravel. The wakTii forced by engines to a reservoir at Kensinginn, 309 feet long, 123 wide, and 30 deep, paved and ||[,e,| with bricks, and elevated about 130 feet above low water In the Thames. They have another respr- voir on Little Primrose Hill, about 70 feet higher, and containing 68,000 hogsheads of water, uiulcrthe pressure of wl ich the drains are kept charged. In case of fires. They serve about 15,000 teiianla, ami the average daily supply is about 3,350,000 gallons. " Tht Chelsea Water Works derive their supply from the Thames, about J- of a mile east of Chelsea Ilospiti:! : and they have 3 reservoirs— one in the Green Park and another in Hyde Park— the fnrnier having an elevation of 44 feet, and Ihe latter of 70. These reservoirs, till within these few months had never been cleaned, nor had there been any preparation made for that purpose in their coiistriir. tion. About \ of the water served out by this Company is allowed to settle in these reservoirs, ind the reniaining | are sent directly from tlie Thames, Latterly, the Company have been makine pre. paratiitns for filtering the water; and also for allowing it to settle in reservoirs, at Chelsea, bofcire it is delivered into ihe mains. The Chelsea Company serve about 12,400 houses, and the average daily supply is 1,760,000 gallons. " The Orand Junrtion Company derive the whole of their supply from the Thames, immediately adjoining Chelsea Hospital ; thence it Is pumped, without any filtration or settling. Into 3 reservdlrs at Paddington. These reservoirs are about 71, 66, and 92 feet above high water mark in the Thames ' their united contents are 19,355,840 gallons ; and by means of a stand-pipe, the water is forced to the height of 147 feet, or about 61 feet above the average height In the reservoir. The number of houses supplied by the Grand Junction Company is 7,700, and tbe average daily supply is about 3,600,000 gallons. " The Lambeth Company take their supply from the Thames, between Westminster and Waterloo Bridges. It is drawn from the bed of the river by a suction pipe, and delivered to the tenants without being allowed to subside ; there being only a cislern of 400 barrels at the works, as a temporary sup. ply, until the engines can be started. The greatest height to which the Company force water is about 40' feet ; the number of bouses that they supply is 10,000, and the average service is 1,344,000 gallunt dally. " The South London, or Fauzhall Company, take their supply fl-om the river Thames by a tunnel, which is laid 6 feet below low water mark, and as far into the river as the third arch of Vau.thall Bridge. At that particular place, the bed of the Thames is described as being always clean, and with- out any of those depositions of mud and more offensive substances that are found in many other placrs. Besides the greater purity of the bed of the Thames here than where any other Company on the soutli side take their supply, the Company allow the water to settle in reservoirs. The Vauxhall Company supply about 10,000 houses with about 1.000,000 gallons of water daily. " The Southtrark H'ater Works (the property of an individual) are supplied from the middle of the Thames, below Southwark and London Bridges ; and the water thus taken is sent out to the tenaiii.i without standing to settle, or any filtration further than it receives from paiising through wire grates and small holes in metallic plates. The number of houses supplied by these works is about 7,000, iind the average dally supply about 720,000 gallons." The results may be collected into a Table, as follows : — ConiJnniM. Serticct, Averafe per Day, GallODi, Gallon! Annually. Avirate per House, Galloiii. 1. New River 2. Eut London 3. Weil MidJIeiez ■ 4. Chrlsea .... 6. Gnnd Junction 6. |j«nili«ih .... 7. Si'Uih I/>ndoa 8. Soulhwark ■ . • . To««I 67,000 4!,0^0 l,i,0()0 12,400 7,700 16,000 10,000 7,000 13,000,000 6,000,000 2,230,000 1,760,000 2,800,000 1,244,000 1,00n,000 720,000 4,056.000,000 1,872,000,000 702,000,000 649,120,000 873,600,(00 StiC, 128,000 312,000.000 224,S40,OCO 143 150 142 3(3 77 too 102 183,100 28,774,000 8,977,358,000 157 Average per house north ot the river Average per houu loulli of the river 196 nllont. 93 ditto. It would appear from this Table, as if the supply of water were either excessive on the MIddlesej side of the river, or very deficient on the Surrey side. But this discrepancy is more apparent than real. The inhabitants in tbe northern district are, speaking generally, decidedly richer than those in the southern district; they have, particularly in the west end of the town, larger families, and a much greater number of horses. There is also a much larger expenditure of water upon the roads in Mid- dlesex than in Surrey. Still, however, we believe that there is a more liberal supply in the former than in the latter. Monopoly of the Water Companies.— T\\e sanction of parliament was given to the 3 new companies funned in 1810, not so much in the view of increasing the actual supply of water, as of ch('ckiiig mo- nopoly, and reducing the rates by their competition. But these expectations have not been re-alized. nor a while, indeed, tbe competition of tbe several companies wag exceedingly injurious to tbeir in- WATER. 710 ndwell, between llerlford and lervoirs at Cletkenwell. There mid nil average deplh of 10 fiiet. and, by iihhiib of steam englncj water, »n that all the mains be- ater. The hliihcHt service ulven re The aqueduct by wliicb ihe evaporation, during the drniighl he Company pump an addilumal id Soulhwark Bridgie. To ihi,, ice the works at London Briileo ^w Blver Company supply «6,(iliO i each, or, in all, abouns.OOCOOU •Iver Lea, about 3 miles from the > Lea. By the act of parliamBni, (Ills below have ceased workinii, ipply of 6,000,000 gallons is daily r at a ([reater elevation tlinn ,S0 nts is feet above the paveniciii ; 7 guineas a yard. This and the if water entirely from the Tli.imes, les, at the upper end of Uaiiinier- e Thames is gravel. The waitrij de, and 20 deep, paved and lined lames. They have another rem- 000 hogsheads of water, under the ey serve about 15,000 teiinnis, and about } of a mile east of Chelsea inother in Hyde Park-the former roirs, till within these few inonilu, for thai purpose in their conslriir- to settle in these reservoirs, vA Company have been inakini! pre- in reservoirs, at Chelsea, before it 1,400 houses, and the average daily ily from the Thames, immediately iration or settling, into 3 reservoitu re high water mark in the 1 haincs ; and-pi|ie, the water is forced to ilio 1 reservoir. The number of hniiseg age dally stipply 's about 2,800,000 etween Westminster and Waterino ind delivered to the tenants without i at the works, as a temporary sup. ;h the Company force water is about average service is 1,244,000 galluna jm the river Thames by a tunnel. river as the third arch of Vau.?hall Bd as being always clean, and with- that are found in many other places. ire any other Company on the south Bservoirs. The Vauxhall Company ire supplied from the middle of the iua taken is sent out to the tenants ceives from passing through wire supplied by these works is about Gallons Annually. 4,056,000,000 1,872,000,000 702,000,000 649,120,000 873,600,(00 3S«,I2C,000 312,000.000 I24,540,0C0 ~e,977.3 S8.000 Avtraie per House, Galloni. { 143 ISO 142 at 3 77 too 102 157 Il96 nllnna. 1 S3 ditto. le either excessive on the Middlesex 1 discrepancy is more apparent than Irally, decidedly richer than those in le town, larger families, and a imich Ire of water upon the roads m Mid- i more liberal supply in the former Iwas given to the 3 new companies liipply of water, as of ch^kniR nio- Vpectations have not been re« >J. d. kg exceedingly injurious to theit in- terests, and occasioned the total destruction of some of the inferior ones : but no sooner had this hap- pened, than the others discovered tlmt their IntereHis were In reality the siime, nnd that the true way to promote them was to concert invasiireH togi'ther. In furllnriuice of thin (ilijeel. the i companies for the supply of that part of the metropolis north of the rivi'r proceeded to divide tlie town into as many districts, binding themselvi-s, under heavy penalties, not. to encroach on each ulher'» ttlalea : and having In this way gonu far to secure themsflves neainst any new compelllors, thvir next niensiire was tn add yive onii (icenr.v per cent, to the rates esinhliitliKd in It^lO; and these have, in Hcveral iUHtancus, been Hllll fiirthi'r aiigmentud! The benetils that were expected to result from tliuir multiplication have, therefore, proved quite iniaiiinary ; and though the supply of water has been increased, it is neither so cheap nor so go(nl as it might have been under a dlireront ivsleio. The following statement of Ihe rates and proflls of the 5 principal Water Comp.-\iiies in 1H20 and 1827, Is extracted from tlie Ueport of the Select Committee of the House of Cummuns on the supply of water In la28:— Comparative Returns of 1820 with 1827. Av. r.tte Grnu Annual Grnu Yean. Houin. per llouie. Income. I. 1. a. Eipendilure. L. 1. d. Nett Front. Reniarka. L. I. d. t. Weit MidilleMi. 1820 10,3 iO 47 24,252 6 10 37,000 Grand 1 R,l«0 15,252 6 10 1827 U,3U0 61 13,'OU 24,000 IllClidU. IS2() 7,180 67 20.15.1 II 7 8.916 6 S 10,674 8 4 tea. 11,237 5 7 1827 7,8U9 61 U.-Oi 6 14,027 16 8 Che 1820 8,631 3» IS.l'iO 7 II 12,255 II 2,894 16 11 , i«n 12,409 30 18,689 16 1 12,632 2 9 6,067 13 4 East London. 1829 32,071 22 . 35,358 14 9 16,336 1 4i,442 19 S 14,050 6 3 New liver. 19,022 13 9 ThCT« >ai aim a nnn-prnnanenl 1827 42,0IX> 2t 31,392 13 2 eaffiidi'ure in 1827, amounting 10 23,2171. I8< 3d. 1820 62,082 ZS 67,275 2 4 48,109 19 4 93,657 IS 10 59,204 13 3 South />ndon. 4,708 3 4 8,293 2 7 7,991 13 7 Lam leth. 19,166 4 1827 66,600 2S 36,463 2 7 1820 6,200 18 , . IncoDipIet*. 1827 10,000 16 301 9 1820 11,487 16 9,335 U 1 8,552 783 III27 15,987 16 12,370 1 9,500 Southivark. 2,870 1920 1827 '6,900 : : : 1 : : '. j Belurni Incomplete. Total North of the Thames. Vean. Housn. Grou Annual Income. Grou Ei|>i:iiditure. L. 1. d. 94,617 16 4 109,161 10 7 Neil Profit 1 1820 1827 110.314 143,318 L. 1. d. 162,190 3 5 221,392 16 4 /-. «. d. 67,572 7 1 lll,U3l 5 9 Total Southof the Thames.— lleturns not complete. The truth is, as we endeavoured to show in the article Companiks, that certain restrictions ought. In almost nil cases, to be imposed on companies for the supply of water to a large city. Tliese are not undertakings that can be safely trusted to Ihe free principles that may genernlly lie relied upon. If there be only one set of springs adjacent to a town, or if there be certain springs) more conveniently siiuated for supplying it with water than any other, a company acquiring a right to such springs, and incorporated for the purpose of conveying the water to town, would thereby gain an excluMce advnn- tttgi; nnd if no limits were set to itia dividends, its partners might make an eiinriiioiis prolit at the expense of the public, and without its being possible materially to reduce them by means of coinpeti- tjiin. Wliat has happened in the case of the New Rivor Company sufficiently evinces the truth of what has now been staled. Had its dividends been limited to any thing like a reasi>nalile profit, the water that is at present supplied by its means might have been furnished for a small p.irt of what it actually costs. Ilut in cases uf this sort, priority of occupation, even without any oilier peculiar ailvanlage, goes far to exclude all regular and wholesome competition. A company Unit has got pipes I'liii down ill the streets may, if threatened by the competition of another company, lower its rates so as tn make the tatter withdraw from the field ; and as soon as this is done, it may revert to its old, or even to higher charges. It is not, in fact, possible, in cumbrous concerns of this sort, to have any thini like conipetilion, in the ordinary sense of the term ; and experience shows that whenever it is atieinpied, it only continues for a limited period, and is sure to he in the end efTectiinlly suppressed. We are, therefore, clearly of opinion, that no company ought ever to b;; formed f'lr the conveyance of water into a large city, without a maximum being set both to the rates and the dividends ; giving the company an option, in the event of the maximum rate yielding more than the maximiiiii dividend, either to reduce tlie rate, or to apply the surplus to the purchase of the company's stock ; so that ulti- mately the charge on account of Ihe dividends may be got rid of. We are glad to have to add, that we are supported in what is now stated by the Report of the Select Ooinmittee of the House of Commons on the supply of water for the metropolis, printed in 1S21. It is there said— " The public is at present without any protection even against a further imlefinite exten- sion of demand. In cases of dispute, thert is no tribunal but the Boards of tlie compiinli-s themselves, to which individuals can appeal ; tliere are no regulations but such as tlie companies may have vo- luntarily imposed upon tlitiiixelves, and may therefore nt any time revoke, for the continuance of the supply in its present state, or for defining the cases in which it may be withdrawn from the hoiise- hdhler. All these points, and some others of the same nature, indispensably require Icijislative repii- lalinn, wliere the subject matter is an article of the first necessity, and the supply lias, from peculiar circumstances, got into such a course that it is not under the operation of those principles which govern supply and demand in other cases. "The principle of the acts under which t'lese companies were instituted, was to encourage cnmpe- lion; and certainly in this, as in other ca'-.es, it is only from conipetilion, or the expectation of com- petition, that a perfect security can be I'.ad for a good supply. Hut your committee are salisfieii, that, IroMi the peculiar nature of these UTiderlakiiigs, the principle of conipetilion requires to be guarded by particular checks and limits in ito np|ilicaiioii to them, in order to render it efTectiial, without the risk ofdeptruclion to the competing parties, and thereby, ultimately, of a serious injury to the public." And the committee proceeds to remark— "The submission of their accounts annually lo purliuiiienta for a few yeur8, would necesgarily throw light oil this part of the queiition." \:-' 'I'Mi I i- 720 WAX, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. c: M m <> o •■••.•'11(1 o We think that it would be highly expedient to adopt the niigReition of the committee, hy cnlllnf iipon thecompnniei tolay nnnualTy detnllud itatemnnli of their ntfiirM before parliament. They ihiMiiil he obligvil in these itatemeriti to give nn account of tlie raiei* ciiarged hy them, and to make a special report a* to every caie in wliicli they have withdrawn water from a householder. It is in no piirpnie to repeat, in opposition to this proposal, the common-places about competition securing for the citizens a sumc;i«nt supply of water at tiie lowest prices, in the same way that the competition of bakers ami butchers secures them supplies of beef and bread! The statements already made show tliat there It no analogy whatever in the circumstances under which these articles are supplied. If a man he dii<. ■nllsned with any particular butcher or baker, he may go to another ; but it U not poitible fur him to ehanire hit water merchant, unless he also change the place of his residence. No water company will encroach upon the district assigned to another: and supposing an individual unlucky enoufjh lo quarrel with those who have the absolute monopoly/ of the supply of the district in which he rf siilfi, he must either migrate to another, or be without water, unless he can get a supply upon his nwn iiremiries! 8uch being the actual slate of things, it is quite ludicrous to talk about competition airiril. lug any real security against extortion and abuse. Even the publication of the proceediiiiiR of ihi> companies would be a very inadequate check on their conduct ; but such ns it is, it is perhiipii Hig only one that can now be resorted lo ; and as It would have coniiderable influence, it ouijlit not, certainly, to be neglected. 3, Quality of the London Water.— K\\ the companies, with the exception of the New River and V^n London Companies, derive their supplies of water from the Thames; and in consequence of iiiiir taking it up within the limits to which the tide flows, it Is necessarily, In the flrst Inslancc, luinlf,! with many impurities. But the report that were recently ho very prevalent, with respect in tlig deleterious quality of the water taken \ 'om the river, have been shown to be very greatly e.t!ii,';!i>. rated. The statement of Dr. Rostock, | ve" in the Report of the commissioners, shows that by far the greater part of the imp\iritles in the', '.ames water are mechanically suspended in, and not climiii' cally combined with it ; and that they may be separated from it by nitration, or hy merely ailDWinir it to stand at rest. Most of the companies have recently made considerable efforts to improve tlieir water ; and though they have not done in this respect as much as they might and ought to have ilnne, a considerable improvement has, on the whole, been eflected : and notwithstanding all that hag hm\ said to the contrary, we have been assured, by those best qualifled to form an opinion on Burh.i vubject, that, though not nearly so pure as a little pains would render It, there is not tiie sli^'liicti foundation for the notion that its impurities have been such as to afliect, In any degree, the IiuuIiIki' the inhabitants. 4. fVaterfnr SAip«.— Various Improvements have been made In the art of preserving water nn boarij ships. Of these, the principal are the charring the inside of the casks in which the water is kept, and the substitution of iron tanks for casks. The latter, being made of the required shape, may be ccinve- niently stowed into any part of the ship. In men-of-war, the iron tanks serve as ballast ; tin- w.wet being brought up by a forcing pump. Water is found to preserve better in them than in any otlii-r sort of vessel. Drip-stones may be employed with much advantage in the purification of water. \V||i.|| water is taken on board from a river into which thr tide flows, it should, uf course, be ruliieil at low ebb. WAX (Ger. Wachs ,• Fr. Cire ; It. and Sp, Cera; Rus. WosA), » vegetable prmlurt, Several plants contain wax in such abundance, as to make it worth while to extract it t'roiii them. But bees* wax is by far the most generally known. The honey is first pressed from the comb, and the wax is then melted into cakes. It has a slight odour of honey, is insipid, and of a bright yellow hue. It is brittle, yet soA, and somewhat unctuous to the touch, it is often adulterated with earth, pea-meal, resin, &c. The presence of the former tnay Ic suspected when the cake is very brittle, or when its colour inclines more to gray than to yel- low ; and the presence of resin may be suspected when the fracture appears smooth iiml shining, instead of being granulated. Wax, when bleached, or purified, i^ white, pirrcctly insipid, inodorous, and somewhat translucent; it is harder, less unctuous to the toudi, heavier, and less fusible, than yellow wax. It is sometimes adulterated with the wliite cxiJe of lead to increase its weight, with white tallow, and with potato starch. The first is delccteii by melting the wax in water, when the oxide falls to the bottom ; the presence of tallow i.s indicated by the wax being of a dull opaque white, and wanting the transparency which dis- tinguishes pure wax ; and starch may be detected by applying sulphuric acid to the sus- pected wax, as the acid carbonises the starch, without acting on the wax. — {Thitinmiii Chemistry, and Dr. A. T. Thoinson^s Dispensatory.) Notwithstanding the large supply of wax produced at home, a considerable quantity is importeil from abroad ; and there can be no doubt that tlie import would be much greater, were it not fur the magnitude of the duty, wliich, notwithritanding its late reduction, still amounts to II. ]0s. per rwi. The total quantity imported, in 1831, amounted to 7,203 cwt., of which 3,892 cwt. came ff (Hi WesliTii \frica, 1,531 cwt. from Tripoli, iiurbary, &c., UIO cwt. from, the United States, and the rust I'ruin Russia, Germany, Sec. Account of the Imports and Exports of Wox, the Quantities retained for Home Use, the Hates nf Duty thereon, and tlie Nett Produce of the Duly, in 1631 and 1632.— {Papers published by the Board ufTradi, vol. ii. p. 29.) War, unbleached l)lracherl Importi, IS3I. 1832. Ctot. Cent. '■^- 1 4,349 Eiportj. ItlJI. 1832. Reliliicd fur Hame Cnnsuiiiptinti. 1811. 1832. Rite of Uuly. C'ii'(. Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. 10,002 94 \ 326 /,. t. d. I 10 3 Projuce of Duly. /. 1. d. lO.ifil m The price of wax varies (duty included) from 51. to 10/. a cwt. WEIGHTS ANn MEASURES. Weights are used to ascertain the gravity of bodips,- a quality depending |)art!y on their magnitude, and partly on their density. Measures are used to determine the magnitude of bodies, or the space which they occupy. (For an account of the weights and measures used in foreign countries, and their equiva- lents in English weights and measures, see the notices of the great sea-port towns dispcrd Ihe competition o. ^^^^^ ^^ .• ,„ No water company will lence. NoWBim • ^ » .iM New RWer and F.m ,t)on of the New ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ •".ffn tie ftrHt Instance, l"a,IM rlly.ln tlie nw ,^ ,1^^, y prevalent. wUii r i^ ^_^^^_^^^ hown to be veiy B j^^ ,.^^ commi«»loner», snow ^^ j^^ . cilly 8»''P^""',^? "ere"y all-wins it mtral Ion, "'»/'"*„' i/„pr„ve their hey n'\R^' "",,.„„ all that Ims ^m\ notwiihstamlingai^ti ^^^^^^^ '«V^^KlBno"tl>esl>«to^^ S/hl'any degree, the UeaUlu( gk8 »n w' '«V.hane7n.ay I.e coive- ^*V„Vk?serve a' ballast! iU« ...o, irr.roffi''of""ote.beraU.l. tu8. Wosfc), a vegetable rro^nrt. h worth while to extract, rom The honey U first pressed from Mlight odour of honey, isms,,,, ewhat unctuous to the touch, ll presence of the former may 1 inclines more to gray than to y.l. the fracture appears smooth an S! or purified, U white perfect y ter less unctuous to the touc , adulterated with the white oxule ,tato starch. The first is detoc J ,ottom; the presence of t»llow» knlingthetransparcncywhu^hJi. pSg sulphuric acid to the su. 'Sngonthewax.-C7V<«»«,u I be much 8re*\"',r' i, ms. no' <■»' kunuKates. and the rest t« "WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 721 Itiiiicd for H.ime ICnnsuniptinii. 1)1. '*^^ mc^i. cwt. 110,(»2 ^ 320 Rite of Uuly. Proiiuce o( Uuty. ^^sl'^ . ascertain the gravity of ho^io^.- fy on their density. Measure»a.e Uich they occupy. •,,. foreign countries, and thRir eq« " •ie great sea-port towns disperseJ throughout this work. Thus, for the Russian weights and measures, see PsTERsnunoH ; for those of China, boo (Janton, &c.) ^either iho maijnitiKlo nor the weiglit of any one body can be detp'tnined, unless by com- paring it with some other body selected as a standard. It is imposHiblc, indeed, to form any idea in respect of magnitude or weight, except in relation lo some definite space or weight with which wo are acquainted. We say that one article weighs 1 pound, another S pounds, a third 3, and so on; meaning not only that these weights nro toenih other as 1,2, .3, «Scc., but also that the weight or sjiecitic gravity of the first is equal to tlie known and determinate weight denominated a pound, that the second is equal to 2 pounds, and so on. Standards of Weight and Measure. — Standards of lineal menHuro must have been fixed upon at the earliest period, and appear to have consisted principally of parts of the human body — as the cubit, or length of the arm from the elbow to the tij) of the middle linger: iho fjot ; the ulna, arm, or yard ; the span ; the digit, or finger ; the fathom, or space from the extremity of one hand to that of the other, when they are both extended in ojiposite direc- tions ; the pace, &c. Largo spaces were estimated by measures formed out of mult' pies of the smaller ones ; and sometimes in day's journeys, or by the space which it was supposed an ordinary man might travel in a day, using a reasonable degree of diligence. Dut lineal measures can only bo used to determine the magnitude of solid bodies ; the magnitude of bodies in a liquid or fiiiid state has to be determined by what are called mea- sures of capacity. It is probable that, in the infancy of society, shells, or other hollow in- ftruments alTorded by nature, were used as standards. But the inaccuracy of the conclu- sions drawn from referring to them must soon have become obvious ; and it early occurred, that to obtain an accurate measure of liquids nothing more was necessary than to constitute an artificial one, tho dimensions, and consequently the capacity, of which should t)e deter- mined by the lineal measures previously adopted. The determination of the gravity or weight of difierent bodies supposes the invention of the balance. Nothing is known of the steps which led to its introduction ; but it was used in the remotest antiquity. It seems probable that, at first, cubes of some common lineal measure, as a foot, or the fraction of a foot, formed of copper, iron, or some other metal, wero used as standards of weight. When the standard was selected, if it was desired to ascertain the specific gravity or weight of any given article, all that was necessary was to put it into one of the scales of the balance ; and as many cubes, or parts of cubes, on the other, as might be necessary to counterpoise it Weights have, liowever, been frequently derived from grains of corn. Hence, in this, and in some other European countries, the lowest denomination of weight is & ip-ain ,• and 33 of these grains arc directed, by the ancient statute culled Compositio Mensurarum, to com- jiose a pennyweight, whereof 20 make an ounce, 12 ounces a pound, and so upwards. In every country in which commercial transactions are extensively carried on. the import- ance of having weights and measures determined by some fixed standard becomes obvious to every one. But as tho size of difierent parts of the human body difler in ditVerent indi- viiluaU, it is necessary to select some durable article, — a metallic rod, for example, — of the length of an ordinary cubit, foot, &c., and to make it a standard with which all the other cubits, feet, &c. used in mensuration shall correspond. I'hcse standards have always been preserved with the greatest care : at Rome, they were kept in the temple of Jupiter ; and among the Jews, their custody was intrusted to the family of Aaron. — (Pancton, Metrologie, p. 223.) The principal standards used in the ancient world, were, the cubit of the Jews, from ithich their other measures of length, capacity, and weight were derived ; and the foot of the 1 fireeks and Romans. In England, our ancient historians tell us that a new, or rather a revived, standard of , lineal measures was introduced by Henry I., who ordered that the ulna, or ancient ell, which torresponds to the modern yard, should be made of the exact length of his own arm, and that ihe other measures of length should be raised upon it. This standard has been maintained, 1 without any sensible variation. In 1742, the Royal Society had a yard made, from a very tarcfui comparison of the standard ells or yards of the reigns of Henry VII. and Elizabeth Iteptat the Exchequer. In 1758, an exact copy was made of the Royal Society's yard; I tnil this copy having been examined by a committee of the House of Commons, and reported Uy them to be equal to the standard yard, it was marked as such ; and this identical yard is ■ declared, by the act 5 Geo. 4. c. 74., to be the standard of lineal measure in Great Britain. I'rhe clause in the act is as follows : — "From and af^er tlie 1st day of May, 1825 (stibseriuently extended to the 1st of January, 182R), tlia Imaighl line or distance between the centres of tlie 2 points in the gold studs in the straight briiss roi, liowliulic custody of the clerk of the House of Commons, whereon the words and fiirures 'Standard IVtRD, 1760,' are engraved, shall be the original and genuine standard of that measure of Itnigth or llineal extension called a yard ; and tlie same straight line or distance between the centres of the s:ii(i llpoinls ill the said gold studs in the said brass rod, the brass being at the temperature of (i'i"* by Fah- renheit's thermometer, shall be and is hereby denominated the 'iMPEniAL Svandard Yard,' and lihall be and is hereby declared to be the unit or only standard measure of extension, wherefrom or l«lierel)y all other ineusures of extension whatsoever, whether t'le same be lineal, superficial, or solid, liballbederived, computed, and ascertained; and that all measures of length shall be taken in par's ■ Voi.II._3P 91 't \ ,i ■ ' 722 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. ■} o »...»y| or miiltiplKi or cprtnin prnpnrilnni nfiho isli! •innilnril ynril i and thai l-Sit part of thn ■•Id iland tnril ■tinll lia a rooi, nnd Ihn lllli pnrt n( iiirh foot itinll ha nn Inch i nnd Ihnt (ho poln or nnrc iangth ihall ciintoln Si inch yiirdii, the fiirlnnR 321) inch yardi, and the mlla 1,760 iiivb ynrdi.' — j Tho luperficial meaaurcR arc formed on tho boHia of the aquaro of Ihia atandard ; it be enacted, that " Thn rnnd of land iihnll contnln 1,310 iqiinro yardi, nrcnrding to tho inld itnndnrd ynrd ; and I the ucre of land ihall cunlnin 4,HMI luch iquare yardi, being lilOiciiiare purchai, pulei, ur rodi."- Unifonniti/ of Wcifr/ita and MtnuHrea. — Tho confuaion and inronvenience attend the um of wi'iglitii and ineaHurua of the aaino denomination, but of dilTeront mag^nitudcH, \ early remarked ; and there ia hordly a country in which clTorta have not licen made to red them to the aamo uniform syatom. Numcroua acta of parliament have been paaHcd, hnv this object in view, and enjoining the uae of the aamo weighta and meaaurea, under very wv penaltiet). But, owing to the inveteracy of ancient cuatoma, and the diificulty of ciiforn new rogulationa, these atntutua have alwaya had u very limited influence, and thn grcin divoraity haa continued to prevail, except in lineal measurca. But tho atatute of 6 (ieo, c. 74. aeoms to have, at length, eflected what former atatutea failed of accompliHhing. (t itcrhaps, indebted for itH aucceaa in thia reapcct to tho moderate nature of the changeH whi t introduced. We huvo already acen that it made no alteration in the lineal mrnsut previously in use. Neither did it affect the previously existing ayatem of weighta : l)i)ih i f roy and the Avoirdupoia weights having been preserved. "The Troy weiKhl," says Mr. Dnvlcs Oilliert, Prenldcnt of tlin Iloyal Sorlety, "nppDnrnd tn ludj coniuiissidnura of welglitN iind nxiiiniirf*) to hn tlio nncleiit wuiKlit of ihia khiKdoin, ImvliiK. us we liji reason to Riippose, exIatHd In tho liiiiiu Hliitn from iho time of rit. I-Mwnrd the t'onfnHnor ; iind iIki •re reniinnR, niorcovi!r, to li«llevt!, tlint the word Troy hui no refi^rence to any town In Kraiici'.bi rather to (he nionkUh name Riven to I.(mdon, of Troy Novant, founded on tim legend of Rriiti*. T;t W(!li{ht, tliercfnrr, ncrordliiif to this etymology, Is, in f»ct, London weight. We were Indiirpd. mnti over, to preserve the Troy weight, becniise all the roiniige has been uniformly regiiluied by lij n III inodlciil prescriptions or forinnlm now are. iind always have been, estlnintpd by Troy weight, ui, • peculiar subdivision, which the College of Physicians have expressed ihtiinselvcs most anxluun' preserve." It was resolved, therefore, to continue the use of Troy weight ; and also, on account of the nccuriii of the Troy standard, to raise the Avoirdupois weight from (IiIh basis. "We found," said Mr. Davies Uilbert, "the Avoirdu|>ols weight, by which all heavy gnnrtshin been for a long time weighed (probably derived from Avoirs (Averia), the ancient name for tmitii chattels, and I'oids, weight), to be universally used throughout the kingdom. This weight, hnwevr, seems not to have been preserved with such scrupulous accuracy as Troy weight, by which nmrepti^ «:ious articles have been wci^ihed ; but we had reason to believe that the pound cannot dltfcr hyiwti than I, 2, or 3 grains, from 7,0U0 grains Troy ; some being in excess, and others, though in a Wssii- grce, in dttfcct, but in no case amounting to above 1, 2, or .1 grains. It therefore occurred lo lu, nm we should be offering no violence to this system of weights, if we declared that 7,000 grains Troj should be hereafter considered lis the pound Avoirdupois." In accordance with these views, it was enacted,— "that from and after the 1st day of May, ]^Vi,\i> standard brass weight of 1 pound Troy weight, made in the year 175S, now in the custody oftheclfri of the House of Commons, shall he, and the sa le is hereby declared lo be, the original anil ^cniiiii standard measure of weight, and that such brass sleight shall he, and is herebv denominated, ilieln. perial Standard Troy pound, and shall be, and the same Is hereby declared to be, (be uiiltnrnni) standard measure of weight, from which nil other weights shall be derived, computed, and nsrerlnlni'd; and that l-12th part of the said Troy pound shall be an ounce ; and (bat the l-20th part of siichoumt shall be a pennywei^'ht ; and that l-2ltli piirt of such pennyweight shall be n grain ; so that S.TliDiuili grains .shall l>c a Troy pound ; and thai 7,(MH) such grains shall be, and they are hereby decliireillnln, • pound Av<)irdii|K)i3, and that 1-I6th |Kirt of the said pound Avoirdupois shall be an ounce AvoirJi. pois, nnd that 1-lOth purt of such ounce shall be a dram," The measures of capacity were found to be, at the period of passing the late statute, in iki greatest confusion ; and a considerable change has consequently been made in tbein. Tl.e wine gallon formerly amounted to 231 cubic inches, the corn gallon to 268'8, and the aie gallon to 282. But these are superseded by the Imperial gallon, which contains 277-274 cubit inches, or 277^ very nearly. It is deduced as follows: — "The standard measure of capacity, ns well for liquids as for dry goods not mensurerl by heafd measure, shall be thr Gallon, containing 10 lbs. avoirdupois weight of distilled water wei^jhcd iniir, at the temperature of 62° of Fahrenheit's thermometer, the barometer being nt 30 inches; aiiilani!!. sure shall lie forthwith made of brass, of such contents as aforesaid, under the directions nf iheM High Treasurer, or the commissioners nf his Majesty's treasury; and such brass measure KJiallbt, and is hereby declared to be, the Imperial standard gallon, nnd shall be, and is hereby deelarpitlotf, the unit and only standard measure of capacity, from which all other measures of capacity tn lieiwj, as well for wine, beer, ale, spirits, and all sorts of liquids, as for dry goods not mea^iired hylirif measure, shall be derived, computed, and ascertained ; nnd all measures shall be taken in \msi multiples or certain proportions of the said Imperial standard gallon : nnd the quart shall b« Ji'i of such standard gallon, and the pint shall be ^ nf such standard gallon, and 2 such gnllona uliallbdj peck, and 8 such gallons shall be u bushel, and 8 such bushels a quarter of corn or other dry gooil' measured by heaped measure."— J 6. We subjoin a Table showing the contents of the different gallons, both in measure and weight. Imperial gallon - . - Corn gallon .... Wine gallon .... Ale gallon . . . - Cubic Inchei. AvoirJupnis Weiglit Troy WeiKhf. 277-274 268-8 231 263 /J>i. or. dr. 10 9 10 n 8 5 r>i 10 2 lU Lhi. oz. itwt. r'- 13 1 16 16 11 9 7 11 10 1 9 a 12 4 6 8 »ii(l th«t \M P«'« "' 'hfi Mill •««nd«r(| and tlio nillB 1,700 »ii.:h ynn«»- -« ' le squaro of ihw Htandard; il l)cin,j ,„i to the Mia •tnn<««rd ynul i '")|« ih";l ;l() iciunie |>«rcli«t, pole*. »» "">•• -«'l ■ion anJ inconvenience aUcndinil on, but of difleronl mognituiloii, wil clTortu have notl)«on inniio to rpduni .nrJiument have bcon paHseil, hovirJ iahtsond mca«ureii, under very wve»l oms, and the diiricuily of enfornJ limited inrtuonco, and the grtnieJ Hurcg. But the statute of 6 lHr lliU klnmloin, IrnvhiR. «» we Imil of ril. lUlwnnI llie Conrnaflnr s imd ili,i,l no refcr«nc(! t.) nny l.'wn »" ►';'"t''.k: ,t, foinulecl (.n tlm l.igcnil of nrm. . T:»-l onilon WfilRlit. We wnro In-liKod, nit-l Zh been uniformly rrR..lat«rt •> H ; w ive J»een, estinml.'.! by Troy wolnm.mlJ ,e expressBd iliomselvcs most uuxiouii: Igbt ; and aUo.on account of the accutit) |g wel'ibt',' by which a" heavy cnndj hit. '. (AvcrliO, the ancient name for cimJ.a ,01 1 the ktnudoin. ThU we ?ht, howe,.,, Miracy as Troy welRlU, by which n.nt.p,,. lipve thill the pound cannot ditrcr bymtr. n excess, and others, thou«h y\<^^<'»H orains. It therefore occurred tn Ms.ito "us, if we declared that 7,000 grams T,oi roin and after the Isi day of May, TO.nJ vear t758, now In the custody of hechi hv .Ipclared to be. the original am pin™ .11 be and is hereby denominated, llielai. i bereby declared to be, the unitoron, ,all be derived, computed, and asreruMi' ce • and that the l-2mh part of smho«w, 'weight -hall be a grain ; so tha 5.,Mi«a Til bo, and they are hereby declare,! t.fej Id Avoirdupois shall be an ounce AvoirJi- period of passing the late statute, iiitkil isequently been made in them. TUI he corn gallon to 268-8, and the iilil al gallon, which contains 277-274cubi{l 1 as for dry goods not measured byhesf(jl i» weight of di>ililled water weit'ticd m«M ba/omeer being at 30 inches ; km a »l iforesaid, under the directions of the Wl asiiry; and such brass inea.nreslb^^l and shall be, and is hereby 'l.ei^l;";' »^1 "Sll other miasuresofcapacuylo J as for dry goods not mea«iirid liy "* ,'"l.neasu^.^«l'»"''«l"tVbVd lard callon : and the quart slmll >>« •' ^' lnda?d gallon, and 2 such gallons .ha M lu a quarter of corn or other dry goo.K..j L gallons, both in measure and weighs '7;~^miwe^ J Troy W»H___| "7(jl. 0!. dr. 10 9 10 n 8 5 H 10 2 lU WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 728 Heaprd Mfn»iirta. — Th« ffrentest blomiah, by far, in the new act, is the continuance and Irgitiination of the practice of si'lling by heaped ineasuri'. We itre aMtonishcd at the lolerttion of such a barharouii custom. All articles that may he sold hy heaped niraNuro ouf^lit to lie fold by wci^lit. In ftW:i>liund, in(l«ed measure was li'Hally abolislied above 200 years nince ; and the jireseiit il|.at to revive a practice prinluclive of notliinft but fraud han lieen univcrHiilly rejected in that country. The clauses in the act as to heaped measure are as follow : — ) The standard ineinfure nfcaparity for rixiN, rii/m, lime, JItk, potaloft, or frnil, tind nil olhtr rnoiltatii ' l)iinif» mmmnnti) mill hi/ hfiipnl mraiurr, uliall lie (he aforesaid bushel, coiilalnliig Mllhn uvoirdiipolii of witter a* aforesiild, tlie*iiiiH being made round, with a plain and even bulloin, itnd being \')t iiiclit'S , frnin nulslde to outside of mirh Htiindurd tneuHiire as uforesald.-'f 7. In making ime of such biiilicl, all coiils nnd other goods and things rnminnnly s
    .ls, culm, lime, HnIi, potalocii, or fruit, and all ntlii-r goods and things coninionly soM by heaped measure, ■old, delivered, done, or igtei'd for, or to be H(dd. delivered, done, or agreed foi , by weight o.- i! eaiiure,Rhiill and may be either jccordliig to the salil standard of weight, < r the said s'r lulard f'^r hi;aped measure ; but all conlracti, ImrKiiliis, sales, and dealinits, >>ride or had I'l r any othe - i><<.)d .t ares, or merchandise, or other thing ^iiii! nr agreed for, or to b.! « ii(, delivered, I'ine, or ..,;'• ed ii-." iiy weight or measure, shall he made 311(1 hud according to the ssld standu '. of w< 'i;l::.g the si ..-e lis Jii. .,tiii;rs thv.ll ;,< > be he.tpod, but shall be stricken with trniind stick or roller, straight, ani ■<) i,\« »u va ti. Mice troisi end to end.— (S Geo. 4. c.74. jO.) Mudtl M.—ThK 12lh section of the dit direcm I'lod' l^iof .'le i.tandnrd weights and measures to he kepi In the ditfercnt cuiintieii, citicH, burgh*,, m,. ti,r liw v.'r.f.catioii of the \v-''li;liti and measures in use In lUfh places. Ciintriictii for Sale, S^e. by ll'ti/rht or .^lawi'.— lAi c ir.t acts, Inirestiifi nales, and dealings, which ilmll lie made or had wltliin ut.y part <>' Cht. (TnHetl i^'.ngdom. fir m-v i.o'L to bo done, or (i>t any inoii*. wares, merchandise, or i/iher ll-ii.T to hi mi'I, d( 'Ui red, fluiie, o* vijie.iid frr. by //eight or memiire, where no special agrcemei.t thii'i i"; iimio to thu contri>'-i'. .ih.i'l 'le deeinei! t■ i!i c.tges where anynpecial agreement shall he ir/Lle, w;'h :■, i^ren'.o tc ...ly w-?ignt or mePenii) ivtr.j'ijhod by local cmloiii, the ratio nr proporiic.i v '.m h f.very eilc'i tucal veigie. >t iupiwu.' stall i>v ir l.i f»n; uf the said (inndnrd weights or meaiiuri .ihall be •.njir-s'^en. di'cl.irc-'.!, ii'«'. «J»J^^'ii«d \n .(; rncfltfi — .' if »» «. V «;.)i.).liert tfiM T'ersons ihoulil he allowed to use the seveial \teipht;i an'> MeK.»l;-''i whi.h »hev iii)' iiavt m t'li-'! | SBeswon, tllliouiih siirii weights and uieasiireg ii'i>y no. b»: iii e''^»ii'<'niiiy wiii, .V.n tiandikrd weUii'i. ■ .\A r.'a- lurea established by this act; it Ih iiierefore cutcted.. lliut it H(i;«li iic >iiwful fn uny i.erun. ir ;k>i!i r.d to buy and sell goods and nicrchandis'. h /anj weivhls oi* measures establSbuii eiilu? t;y locnl lustum, or founded on special agreement: pr; vided ihi.j, in oi.ii^r thit t'l* rutfoor ,r'>porti'Vii whi.' Ii ii'' such meaiures and weights nhalf liear to the iilaii'lurd \v>;i,ii«« an,', le.iasi'reu eMlublishr ! Ijy tljia .tct shall teand become a matter of common notoritU', the r^lio or proportion which uil iiuc.i c be applied and put in execution, except such as are expressly repealed oi alie: 'j>( oy tble act. Invariabk or Natural Slandardn. — As the standard? adoptet' n mcs* covrtries have been lina great degree arbitrary, it has long b^ifiji tlic opinion of scicjiti "c nei, that, to construct limore perfect system of weights anil nicasures, i;ii." natural aud oitchungeable basis should ibe adapted. It has indeed been cor icihled by Paiiclv>n aad Bailly, t'.iat the measures of the an- IcicnU were deduced from a bai^is of t'lit v.>rt : and thn?, the stadium always formed an aliquot Ipartof the earth's circumferenci.th.V pari dihriiii^i^.iiion^cRiditrerentnationa and authors. But Ino leirtiing or ingenuity can inJucr any ohe to tc-rcve what is so obviously incredible. The lancients had no means of dctnir'' ling the earth's circumference with any thing like the ■accuracy required to render it the great uni'. of a system of measures ; and, what is equally Idecisive, no ancient uutha^ ever maices the slightest allusion to any such standard. In more modern tir '.-.ii, howevci, the idea of seeking for a unit of weight and measure in lume unch!>'>E,ing natural object has t)een practically carried into effect. The standards that ■have been iiiio'lly proposed for this object, have been some aliquot part of the quadrant of |ue;r.cridtin, or the length of a (lendulum vibrating seconds in some given latitude. The |laiter has been in so far adopted into the existing system of weights and measures established lb; the act of 1823, that the length of the standard yard, as compared with that of a pendulum Iribrating seconds in the latitude of London, is specified in the act as follows : — "Whereas it has been ascertained by the commissioners appointed hy his Majesty to inquire into llhetuhject nf weights and measures, tliat the said yard hereby declared to be the Imperial stanifn:-;; |;ard, when compared with a pendulum vibrating seconds of mean time in the latitude of Lou'V../, in ii, Iracuuni at the level nf the sea, is in the proportion of 30 inches to .SO inches and 1,393 ten-trviiHai:dtU Ijaitaofan inch: be it therefore enacted and declared, that if at any time hereafter the sni ' i'ii( "r si liiaDdard yard shall be lost, or shall be in any manner destroyed, defaced, or otherwise inj uii-^ , '.! s'.ail ' i9!l : !:'!' 724 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. M « Til •r.i ""-'"''ii |L.-i:«t« C3 and may be restored by making, under the direction of the Lord High Treaaurer.or the commiBsionera orhig Majesty's trcagury of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, or any 3of them for tlie time being, a new standard yard, bearing the same proportion to such pendulum as aforesaid, as the ■aid Imperial standard yard bears to such pendulum." TABLES OF ENGLISH WEIGHTS AND MEASITRES, ACCORDING TO THE NEW OR IMPERIAL STANDARD. Besides the above, there are the palm, whiih equals 3 inches ; the hand, 4 inches; the span 9 inches ; and the fathom, ti feet. ' IMPERIAL TROV WEIGHT. The standard pound containing S,T60grs. f reufh GramltiM. 1 Grain = 0(M8 24 Grains - - 1 Pennyweight = 1-55.V2 20 Pennyweiglits - 1 Ounce = 311027 12 Ounces - - 1 Pound = 373 2330 Troy weight is used in the weighing of gold, silver, jewels, &c. It is also used in ascertaining the strengtii of spirituous liquors; in philosnpliical e.YperiiuiMits ; and in conipuriug ditlerent weights with each otiier. APOTHBCAHIES' WEIGHT. 1 Grain - I Scruple - 1 Dram I Ounce - 20 Grains 3 Scruples 8 Drams 12 Ounces Fr. Oram. 00()48 1-296 3-888 31 102 - = 373-233 - 1 Pound - This weight is essentially the same as Troy weight, but ditferently divided. It is chiefly used for medical prescriptions ; bu' dr'^es are mostly bought and sold by avoirdupois weight. Diamond weight. — Diamonds and other pre- cious stones are weighed by carats, the carat being divided into 4 grains, and the grain into 16 parts. The diamond carat weighs 3 1-5 grains Troy : thus, DianioDd Weifiiit. Troy Welfjlit. Oeclgraiiinies. 16 Parts - 1 Grain - 08-10 Grains - = 51} 4 Grains - 1 Carat - 3 1-5 — - = 205^ IMPERIAL AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. Fr. Gram. 1 Dram - = 1-771 16 Drams - 1 Ounce - := 28-346 16 Ounces - 1 Pound - = 453544 28 Pounds - 1 Quarter - = 12-6i)'J kil. 4 Quarters - 1 Hundred wt. = 50 796 — 20 Hundred wt. 1 Ton - =1015-920 — The dram is subdivided into 3 scruples, and each scruple into 10 grains ; the pound, or 7,680 grains avoirdupois, equals 7,000 grains Troy, and hence 1 grain Troy equals 1097 grains avoirdupois. Hence also 144 lbs. avoirdupois = 175 lbs. Troy, and - 192 oz. ditto = 175 oz. ditto. The stone is generally 14 lbs. avoirdupois weight, but for butcher's meat or fish it is 8 lbs. Hence the hundred weight (cwt.) equals 8 stone of 14 lbs. or 14 stone of 8 lbs. A stone of glass is 5 lbs. A acam of glass 24 stone, or 120 lbs. Hay and str. .vare sold by the lood of 30 trusses. The truss of hay weights 56 lbs and of straw 30 lbs. The truss of new hay is 60 lbs. until the 1st of .September. The custom of allowing more than 16 ounces to the pound of butter used to be very general in several parts of the country. WOOL WEIGHT. Like all other bulky articles, wool is weighed by avotidupois weight, but the divisions differ ; thus. 6J Tods 2 Weys 1-2 Sacks = 1 Wey. = 1 Sack. = 1 Last. 7 Pounds - = 1 riove. 3 Cloves - = 1 Stone. 2 Stone - = 1 Todd. A pack of wool contains 210 lbs. CHEESE AND DUTTER. 8 Pounds - = 1 Clove. 32 CAovea - = 1 Wey in Essex. 42 do. - - = 1 do. in Suffolk. 56 Pounds - = 1 Firkin of Butler IMPERIAL LONG MEASURE. j., „„^ 12 Inches - - 1 Foot - = 0-3048 3 Feet . 1 Yard -= 0-9114 5i Yards - - 1 Pole or Rod = 50291 40 Poles - 1 Furlong - = 201-1632 8 Furlongs - 1 Mile - r= 1609-3 I Load or ton =\ J "'•' 50 Feel hewn do. 3 «. HlJ" 42 Cubic feet - 1 Ton of shipping = Mso^ By cubic measure, marble, stone, tiiiihor, nia. sonry, and all arfiticers' works of lenptli, liriMdHj and thickness, are measured, and also the cnnlcnii of all measures of capacity, both liquid and dry. I.MPERIAL LIQl'IU AND DRY .MEASURE, Deduced from the Standard Gallon, cnnlainingld lbs. weight of distilled water, teniperaliire di' barometer 30 inches. si o C-abic Feet. 8-665 11, a ' -'1 5 nz. 1 4 ._. Ibl. 1^ 34 059 69-318 I3S637 J L 1' -' 2J 5 10 3J. 16, 4 1 2 4 J_ 32 <£ 1 _ 277-274 554-548 32, 8 64 16 256 64 ^i-'^lh 20 4:2 1,= ,^,- 80 1-2837 5-1347 2218191 16, 8 4 l,-,i 61 32 16 4 1 j 320 8*72763 1,204 256 12^ 640 10-2' 94 1774.5-:2(i 2,04S512l25(i I2-'6132 g .' 1 The dimensions of the Imperial standard bushel are as follows: — The outer diameter ilij inrlifs, and the inner diameter ISJ. The depth isSJ.aiiJ the height of the cone, for heaped mcasiirc, is« inches. The contents of the Imperial lienpeil bushel are 2815-4887 cubic inches. Tlie siilidivisioru and multiples are in the same proportioa. OLD MEASURES SIIPF.RSEDF.D HY THE I.MPERIAL SYSTEM. OLD WINE MEASURE. Cub. In. rr. I.r Pint - - 28-S75 - = ai Quart - - .')7-75 - = 09lf3 Gallon - 231 - = .I.TO Tierce- - 5614 feel = 1.5>iM Puncheon- II-22S - = 3i:93« Hogshead - H-4'21 — = 'mm 1 Pipe or liult 16-842 - = 4T6!)0li I Tun - - 33-fiW4 - ;=953M The pint is k'-, »>' "",;, J 160 square perches, or 4,840 sqiiute UDIC OB SOLID MEASUBE. ""'^ Fr. Cubic MflTf., inches - 1 C"'i'<= *■""' ' - "'!"' feet - 1 Cubic yard - = -7615 f rough") , . _ f IISM er, or V 1 Load or ton - | 1.1,5. f^et -1 Ton of shipping = IM measure, marble, slone, timl.or, mr.- an nriificers' works of length, hreadili, .," are measured, and also the cnmenu ures of capacity, both liquid and dry. RIAL L.QtlU AND DBV MEASURK, •om the Standard Gallon, co.ua.nin? lu -urof distilled water, ten.perau.re Vl'. jr 30 inches. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 72 i I^^^^^TTifThe Imperial standard hiishel ;f"7L%he onteAliatneter llH imK tdiamctcr 18i. The deptl.is4.a« It of the cone, for heap.d uioasnr,.,is Jrhe contents of the Imperial lie:iped L '2«15'4S87 cubic inches. The mMmmu Iples are in the same proportioa. IfaSHUKS SlIPRUPEDED BV THE '^^ IMPERIAL SYSTEM. . 2HS75 . f)7-75 231 . 5-614 f. OLD WINE MBASfBE. Cub. In. 1 Pint - 1 fiuart - 1 Oallon - 1 Tierce - -^ _ 1 Puncheon - M |" 1 Hogshead - "'Ifl 1 Pipe or Butt t-hU 1 Tun - - -t^ ""* nt is subdivided into halves rU called a gill. A rundlct Inker 9. ■01 = ami i\ isl» Fr. I.im 01:31 0W3 a-r^s 1 i,'i>'*:i llTMtS ■i:fi i#ii I inariw; gallODI, I Conversion of Old Wine Meaiure into Imperial jtfeatiire.— The old wine gallon contains 331 cubic inches, and the Imperial gallon 377374 ditto. Hence, to convert wine gallons into Imperial gal- lons, multiply by ^^%^^f, or by 83311; and to convert Imperial gallons into wine gallons, multi- ply by the reciprocal fraction i3^j-|li, or by 120032. But for most practical purposes, wine measure multiplied by 5 and divided by 6 will give Imperial measure with sutficient accuracy, and conversely. JV. B.— The multipliers and divisors employed (0 reduce old wine, ale, &c. measures to Imperial measure, serve also to reduce prices by the former ,0 the latter. We subjoin, from the very complete and valu- able work of lUr. Buchanan, of Edinburgh, on Weights and Measures, a Table of English Wine Gallons, from I to 100, with their Equivalents in Imperial Gallons. 1 S * 5 erf i 8 =0 li 1 .1 1 .5 1! a 11 i >Ji s uJ ^ SI ''i Ss, : 1 0--331I 26 ^i-eeoi^s 51 42-4P866 ^ 63-3 613 I ' cee-ii 27 22-49399 52 43 32177 77 64-14934 3 2-4WW 2^ 23 32711 53 4l-lSl!'8 73 64 9S26-. 4 3 33214 29 24-l602i 61 44 98-99 79 63-81576 i 4lt>ii 3i) ■24l»133 55 45S2II0 80 66-618*7 6 jMSii: ,11 2v82644 56 46 65121 81 67-4S198 7 1 S■83I7^ 32 26-65955 37 474>732 82 68-3r.09 B ! 6'6«489 33 27-49266 58 48.32043 8:1 tg 14820 9 7'49S00 34 2S-3«77 59 49-15354 84 6'i-9SI32 ' 10 8 311 II 35 29-15888 to 4H 9S60S 83 70-81443 ' II 916132 33 •29-99199 l!| 50-119:6 86 71 61754 ■■ U 9 99733 37 30 82510 62 5l-6,52"8 S7 7248C6S ; 13 ia'!30l4 ■IS 3165821 63 62 -48 -.99 88 71-31376 ' 1 u II-663.W 39 32 49133 64 53-31910 S9 74-14687 1 ' 13 1^49066 40 3332444 65 64-1,5221 ro 74-97993 1 16 I3 4i977 41 34 1575-^ £6 64-9S532 91 75-81309 1 17 I4-I62«!> 42 34-9906' 67 55-818)3 92 76 6lii20 1 1 |g 14-09500 43 35 62377 CK 5665154 93 7747931 ! 19 li'«29IO 44 3«-«3688 69 S7-4f465 94 78-31242 1 20 I6'6ti!22 45 37-48999 70 58-31776 9, 79-14--54 : 21 n-49-.33 46 38-32310 71 59-13087 96 79-91863 22 18'32-44 47 39-15626 72 69-9839S 97 -0-81176 : 23 1916151 4« 39-9'>932 73 60-81710 9S 8I-64487 i i 24 19 99466 49 40-82243 74 61-65021 99 82-47798 Lii •20y2777 oO 41-63555 7.; 62-48332 100 83-31109 Hence, supposing the former denominations to be preserved, a tierce of wine :=35 Imperial gal- lons very nearly ; a puncheon = 70 ditto very nearly; a hogshead = 53i ditto very nearly; a pipe or butt = 105 ditto very nearly ; and a tun = 810 ilitio very nearly. OLD ALE AND DEER MEASURE. 5 Pints 4 Quarts e Rallnns 9 Callous 1 Firkins % Kilderkins li Barrel 2 Karrels i Hogsheads 2 Hunt CniiDei'MBn of OXAMe nni Beer Measure into fm- f«ri(ii Jffmure.— The old ale gallon contains 282 cubic inches, and the Imperial standard gallon I !"274 ditto. Hence, to convert alo gallons in- mlmperial gallons, multiply by TtJ'J','^^^, or by 1 0170145; and to convert Imperial gallons into ale gallons, mulilply by the reciprocal fraction ^^^'^— orby'9932tll. Unless extreme accuracy be re- quired, the first 3 decimals need only be used. I And for most practical purposes, ale measure muliiplied by 59 and divided byfiOwill give Im- I petial measure with lufflcient accuracy, and con- I vetMly, 3f2 Cub. In. Fr. Utren. 1 Pint - - 35-25 - :::: 05776 1 Quart - 705 - = 1 1553 1 Gallon 283 zm 4-6208 1 Firkin ale 1-305 feet = 36-8 — ^^ 41-.')872 I Kilderkin 2-0.S7 — = 83-1744 1 Barrel - 5875 — — 166 3488 1 Hogshead 8-812 — ^ 219.^2,32 1 Puncheon 10 750 — = 3326S76 1 Butt 17-624 - r: 4990464 1 Tun 35-318 — = 9U80938 Table of English Ale Gallona, from I to 100, witl| their Equivalents in Imperial Gallona. f'3 1-01704 203409 a-05113 4 0(>8I8 608522 6102 .!7 711931 813636 9-15340 10-17045 11-18749 12-20453 I3-'22IS8 14-23862 15-25567 16-27271 17 2-9-6 IS-30680 19 i 19-32383 20 20-34069 21 2 1 -.15793 22 22-37498 23 23 39202 24 24-40907 25 23-42611 -«.9 26-44316 27-4W20 28-47725 29-49429 30 '30-51131 31 ■ 3|-52W<' 32 : 32-54542 33 I 33-56247 34 ' 34 .57951 3, 35-596')8 36 ! 3 -61360 37 ' 37-63(63 38 38'647)i9 89 66174 40 68178 41-69882 42-71587 43- -7329 1 44-74996 45 767«) 46-7SJ07 47 I 47-S0I09 48 i 48-81814 49 : 4983318 50 60 8-223 B-a ai %; 9 i li u 5^ -IR K wS ^ >^,l 51 I 61-56927 ( 78 62 ; 62-H8.3I I 77 53 ; 53-90336 79 51 54 920401 79 65 66-93743 . 80 66-95449 ; 81 37-97134 82 68-98858 1 83 60rO-i63 84 61-02267 62-03971 t3 05676 64-07380 64 ' 65 09085 63 1 C6-107S9 66 , 67-12194 68 14198 69-15903 70-176117 71-16312 72-21016 73-22720 73 74-24423 74 75-2HI29 ■6-27834 67 75 77-29538 78 31243 79-32947 80-34652 81-36356 82- t060 83 39765 8441 169 85 43174 86-44*78 67-16583 1-8 4B287 8949992 9051696 91 33401 92 33105 83-56809 94-38314 95 60'I8 9661923 97 63627 98b53,32 99-671 36 I' 0-68741 1( 1 -70443 COAL MEASURE. Coals were formerly sold by the chaldron, which bears a certain proportion to Winchester niensure. 4 Pecks 3 Bushels 3 Sacks 4 Vata 21 Chaldrons - 1 Bushel. 1 Sack. 1 Vai. I Chaldron. I Score. The coal bushel holds 1 Winchester quart more than the Winchester bushel ; its contents being 3217-63 cubic inches. It is 19^ inches wide from outside to outside, and 8 inches deep. In measur- ing coals it was heaped up in the form of n cone, to the height of at least 6 inches above the brim (according to a regulation passed at Guildhall in 1806>, the outside of the bushel being the e.\tremity of the cone, so that the bushel should contain at least 2814-9 cubic inches, nearly equal to the Im- perial heaped bushel. Hence the chaldron should measure 58-64 cubic feet. But the sale of coals by measure has, in conse- quence of the frauds to which it led — (see vol. i. p. 361.),— been abolished; and they are now sold by weight. Of tVood Fuel, English Measure.— Vfoni fuel is assized into shids, billets, faggots, fall wood, and cord wood. A shid is to be 4 feet long, and accord- ing as they are marked and notched, their propor- tion must be in the girth ; viz. if they have but 1 notch, they must be 16 inches in the girth; if 3 notches, 23 inches ; if 3 notches, 38 inches ; if 4 notclies, 33 inches ; and if 5 notches, 38 inchei about. Billets are to be 3 feet long, of which there should be 3 sorts; viz. a single cask, and a cask of 2; the 1st is 7 inches, the 3(1 10 inches, and the 3d 14 inches, about : they are sold by the 100 of i score. Faggots are to be 3 feet long, and at the band 31 inches about, besides the knot of such fag- gots ; 50 go to the load. Bavins and spray wood are sold by the 100. which are accounted a load. Cord wood is the bigger sort of fire wood, and it is measured by a cord, or line, whereof tliere are 3 measures; that of 14 feet in length, 3 feet in breadth, and 3 feet in height. The other is 8 feel in length, 4 feet in height, and 4 feet in breadth. MEASURES «r WOOD. 1,000 Billets of wood 10 cwt. of ditto - 1 Cord of wood - 100 lbs. of wood - - = I Cord. - = 1 Cord. - =■ i Chaldron of coate. • = 1 Quintal of wood 726 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. c: M' ■ •■■1 o ^5 or proportion!, and to re^nlate the prices accord- ingly. The avernge busliel of wheat is generally reckoned at 60 lbs.— of barley 47 lbs.— of oata 3» Ihs.— peB8 64, beans 63, clover 68, rye and cannry 93, and rape 48 lbs. In some places, a load of corn, for n man, is reckoned 9 bushels, and a cart load 40 bushels. Table of Winchester Quarters, from I to 100, with their Equivalents in Imperial Quartere. OLD DRY OR WINCHESTER MEASURE. Cub. In. Fr. Litm. 4 Gills 1 Pint - 33'6 - = 095093 a Pints I Quart - 673 - = 1-10107 2 Quarts 1 Pottle - 1344 - = 2-20214 2 Pottles 1 Gallon - 268-8 - = 4-40128 2 Gallons 1 Peck - 537-6 - = 8-80856 4 Pecks 1 Bushel - 2150-42 - = 35-234.30 4 llushels 1 Cooin - 4-977 ft. = 140 9.3721 2 Cooriis 1 Qunrtor - 9954 — = 281-87443 9 Quarters 1 Wey or Load 49-770 — = 140!)-.372 1 fi 2 Weys 1 Last - «'J-540 - = 2818 71432 The Winchester bttshel is ISJ inches wide, and 8 inches deep. Corn and eieedd are measured by striking the bushel fnuii the brim, with a round piece of liiiht wood, alioui 2 inches in diameter, nnd of equnl thickness from one end to the other. All other dry goods are heaped. Covversion of IVinchesler Bushels into Imperial Bushels.— The Winchester bushel contains 2150-42 cubic inches, and the Iiuperial standard bushel 2218-102 ditto. Hence, to convert Winchester bush- els into Imperial bushels, uiultiply by ^'■j'f'^.Txi'n^ or by -909447 ; and to convert Inipcriur bushels into Winchester bushels, multiply by the recipro- cal fraction -^VA.V'o'N or 10315157. For practical purposes, multiply Winchester measure by 31 and divide by 32 for Imperial measure, and the con- trary. In some markets, corn is sold by weight, which is the f.ilri.'st mode of dealing, though iiottlie most convenient in practice. Kven where measures are used, it is custumury to weigh certain quantities French Stjsiem of Wcigkln and Measures. — The new metrical system established in France subsequently to the devolution, is founded on the measurement of the quadrant of the meridian, or of the distance from the pole to the equator. This distance having beep determined with the greatest care, the ten-millionth part of it was assumed as the metre, or unit of length, all the other lineal measures being multiples, or submultiples of it in decimal proportion. The metre corresponds pretty nearly to the ancient French aune, or yard, being equal to 3-07844 French feet, or 3-281 English feet, or 39-3708 English inches. ■Sri k Si = i u .5e II ii 3 II Si It II 1 II ^s 03- £=- .11 CO- = 3 t6 2V20-.6^ 51 49 441SO 2 l-113-^'-9 27 2B-17iU7 62 50.41124 77 74t.4742 3 2-9UK)l 2S 2714452 53 51 3S0f.9 7s 75cllb; 1 4 3-S7779 29 2S-ll39t> 64 .52- .6014 79 76-1M3I 6 4'B47J4 30 2U0S341 55 63-3l9)9 80 77-5n7(i 1 6 5•9I6^>^ 31 30052>6 56 54 2)1903 81 78 523il : 7 6-7S613 32 31 -02230 57 55-2S848 82 7!)'49.|« 1 8 7-751f.S- 33 Jl 99)76 58 56-227!)3 83 80 46410 1 9 S-72.M)2 34 32-96120 59 67-19737 84 81-431i5 i 10 9t>!M47 35 Xi-Wvih 10 58-l6f'82 85 S2-.10300 1 II lOLUilJ 3H 34-9(«)iJ 61 59-13627 86 833:241 12 1 ! taiw 37 3,i-SCMl 62 60-10571 87 84'3llb9 13 I2-1.02XI 38 30-S >t.9!i t.3 61-07516 8H i^5-31l34 II l3->72Jb 39 37-Ki(.4.1 61 62-04461 S9 se-.'sn-H 15 l4-i4l7l 40 i 3'* 7778S 65 63-01406 ™ ^72•.M3 Hi ln-5111?. 41 1 39-747;i3 66 63-9S350 01 t-S-^.I'iiS 17 I6-4IS060 42 40-71677 b7 64-95295 92 !'6-ISil2 18 I7'4SU05 43 41-6862^ 63 65-92240 93 !i01itt7 19 IS.4194S 44 42-6556- 69 66S9IS4 94 9l-l2»fS 20 l9'3'iS94 4.5 43-62512 70 67->6l29 95 92-(i9-« 21 201'ira9 46 44-79451 71 6S-K1074 96 93-f.669| ! 22 21-32783 47 45-56401 72 69-806 '8 97 91-MSJ7 : 2) 22'29728 4S 46-6334b 73 70 769<.3 9» 93-llOiSl 24 23-26«73 49 47-502901 74 48-47235 1 75 71-73908 99 Si-^TSa 25 24-23618 60 72 70853 100 9t-m470 The unit of weight is the gramme, which is a cubic centimetre, or the lOOtli p irt of a nifttre of distilled water of the temperatiii of melting ice ; it weighs 15434 English Troy irrains. In order to express the decimal proportion, the fo!low-iiig vocabulary of names has been adopted, in which the terms for multiplying are Greek, and those for dividing are Latin. For multipliers, the word Deca prefixed means - 10 times. Hecto - - - 100 — Kilo - - - - 1,000 — Myria ... 10,000 — On the contrary, for divisors, the word Dcci expresses the lOth part. Centi - . lOOlh — Milli - - l,000th — Thus, Decamitre means 10 metres. Decimitre — the 10th part of a metre KUogramme — 1,000 grammes, &c. The are is the element of square measure, being a square decametre, equal to 3955 English perches. The stire is the element of cube measure, and contains 35-317 cubic feet English. The litre is the element of all measures of ca- pacity. It is a cubic decimetre, and equals 2-1135 English pints. 100 litres make the hectolitre, which equals 26-419 wine gallons, or 2838 Win- cliestcr bushels. SVSTEME IISUEL, OR BINARY SYSTEM. — This new system has the metrical standards for its ba- sis, but their divisions are binary, that is, by 2, 4, 8, &c. ; and instead of the new vocabulary, the names of the ancient weights and measures are used, annexing the term usuel to each. Thus the half kilogiamme is called the livre usuelle, and the double iu6>.rc, the tulie usuellu. The following Tables show the iirnpnrtinns he. tween the new or metrical French system aiiil ilie English system :— Comparison of Fbench and Enoi.ish Wrirhts and Measures, containing! the New or Mctrliai Weights and measures of France, with tluir proportion to those of Eiiglaiiil, buth accnnlln!; to the Decimal System and the SystCine iiaui-l. DECIMAL SYSTEM. Long Measures. . = 0-03937 iiiclies, - = o;iy3Ti - . = 3-'.);i710 - . = 39 371110 - . = 32 l^milti feet . = ,328 Oil! 07 - . = 1093-fi.3,'-!10 y,ircls. . = 109.36-3M)<)0 - or 6 miles 1 furlong 'M poles. Measures of Capacity. - = 0061 03 cubic inchci - = 0-61028 - C102«0 - Frfnch. Millimetre Centimetre Decimetre Mitre Decametre Hectometre Kilometre Myriametre Millitre Centilitre Decilitre Litre (u cubic decimetre) Decalitre _C 61 02803 or 211,35 winepinls. = 610-28028 cubic iiiiiie!, or 2 642 wine gallon!, Hectolitre - = 35317 cubicl'cel.ci 26-419 wine gallons, 22 Imperial gallnii!, or 2-839 Winchester liiishels. Kilolitre - = 35-3171 cubic fiet.cr 1 1 tun and 12 wine ealloni. | Myrialitre - = 35317146 cubic fcei. Solid Measures. Di^cistere . - = 35317 cubic feel | Stfre (a cubic metre) - = 35-3I74 D£castere - • = 3531741 ES. . ,„ reeulate the pricei accord- '" '^ i7„i nf wheat i» generally ?„%^3^rerV ro„ld*rBh^eU?an:i a cart load ,«ter Quarters, from Itom, with ;alentB in Imperial ttuarlert. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 72r 2V20'.6il 51 I ib-lVjyi\ 5? 2T1445i| W 2<-11396l B> i»- 01-341 1 53 30-052"6| 5t> I 82-9612ul 59 5 33'93(a5l to H 34-9(«)0'j1 bl 7 33-M954I 62 ,8 3»-8if9!;l ^3 19 37-W'!'43l 64 • I 39-747M| 6« I 12 40-71617| B7 Jj 41.6b622l 69 \\ 42-6556-|«9 5J 43-625121 ;0 46 44-19451 1 11 47 45-56401 1 'l \h 46-5334hl W 49 4T 50290 1 74 50 \ 48-41235 1 lJ w metrical system established in .measurement of the quadrant of ator. This distance having been of it was assumed as the metre, or es orsubmuliiplesof itm.leciraal ncient Trench mine, or yard, being 9-3708 English inches. - » Tahlps show the proportions tic- tw'oMneUical French systeinaiid, lie Item :— I, nf French and English WEir.HTs h ot 1 "'■",. IiniiiLf the New i>r Mitrital sunEB, <^°"'^'"'"^f "France, with ihoit ■^".n \'irose o Enf!<'"''. """' """"'".'^ '"imal SyBtem and the SyBtC.ne u.ud, DECIMAL SYSTEM. = O039S7 iiicliti. = 0-3'J371 - = R-ySTlO - = 3937100 - = 3'i ('"'.'hi feci I = 3280!>ll>7 - = 1093(i3s90 yariU. . = 10936-3MX)0 - 'or 6 milcBl furlong Mpolea. Measures of Capacity. ■™ _ 006103 cubic incliti _ 0'61028 - _ 610280 - 1.1. 1 C6102S03 . - ibic I . =^ „, 2-1135 wire pmls. — 61026028 cubic imln'!, or 2 642 wine gallom. _ 3-5317 cubic lcel,ci ,,Ow»neVv>-.^K^tt " == 35'3nlculiicfee,ci ltunandl2wine?alloni.l . = 35317146 cubic tcel. SoiW •Wwf;!"'- 3.531- eubic feel I lublc metre) - - j^j.^l h) Superficial Measures. Centiare - - . = 1-1960 sq. yards. jire (a square decam6tre)= 119 6016 Pecare Hectare Milligramme CpnliKrnmme I)ucigramme Oramme Decagramme Hectogramme Kilograiiiine = 1196 0460 - T= 11960-4604 — or 3 acres 1 rood 35 perches. JVeiffhts. - = 0154 grains. - r= 0-1543 - = 1-5434 - = 15-4340 - = 154-3102 or 5 64 draniB avoirdupois. - = 3-2134 oz. Troy, or 3-527 oz. avoirdupois. = 2 1'H. 8 nz. 3 dwt. 2 grs. Troy, or 2 lbs. 3 oz. 4-4; 9 drums avoirdupois. Myriagraniiiie - - = 26-795 lbs. Troy, or ...: 0485 lbs. avoirdupois. Qiiinml - - = 1 cwt. 3 qrs. 2511)8. nearly. Miilier, or Bar - = 9 tons 16 cwt. 3 qrs. 12 lbs. Comparison of Linear Measures. SYSTEME USVEL. Compari>on of IVeight. Troy VVeiglit. AToirdupoii. Grirmneii. Llw oz. ilwt. It. Lbs oz. dr. Kilnijramine 1,000 = 2 8 3 2 2 3 4i l.lvri! usuelk 500 = 1 4 1 U 1 1 lOi Hnlf 2J0 = 8 18-5 8 131 (iuurler - 125 = 4 9-25 4 6i Wuliili - 02-5 = 2 4-5 2 ^ Ome 31-3 = 1 2-25 1 If iliilf l.'j-O = . 10 1 125 8J Uiiiirler - 7-8 = . 5 0-5 4^ Urus 3-9 = - 2 12-25 Si- Maurrt usuelles. Toise usuelle Metm 2 English Measure Kfil. Inch. = 66 Parla. 9 Pied, or foot - Of = 1 I U Inch - - o.V = 1 U Aune - - •i = 3 11 3 Half - - 0^. = 1 11 7* Quarter - Or^,T = 11 9J Eighth - o#. = 5 10} Sixteenth - - OA = 2 "rV One third of an aune - o| = 1 3 9 Sixth - oi = 7 lOi Twelfth - . OrV = 3 lU Comparison of Measures of Capacity. Litrwi. Eng. Winch. Bush. Boisseau usuel - 125 = 35474 With halves and quarters in proportion. English Pint. 1 Parti Pinte. Litron usuel - - 1 074 2jj With lialves and quarters in proportion. JIneient Weights auid Measures. — This subject is involved in considerable difficulty ; and to enter fully into it wo'ild be quite inconsistent witli our objects and limits. But the following details, ab- stracted from the best autliorities, may be useful to such of our readers as have occasion io look into any of the ancient authors. TABLE OF VARIOUS ANCIENT WEIGHTS (according to different Authorities). English TroyOrains. Attic obolus - Attic drachma Lesser mina Greater mina ■ (. 69 3,892 (■ 5,189 < 5,464 {_ 6,900 Medical mina - - 6,994 gr. Arb, Talent = CO minas = 4 cwt. English. f 140 5 Erig.Troy gr. Arb. -' C2-£= Rom. denarius, 8 2Chrlstiiiiii. 91 Arbiitlinot. 51-9 Cbr. 54-0 Arb. I'aucton. t'hr. Chr. Arb. I'aiic. Old Greek drachm Old Greek mina F.ayptian mina I'li'ilemaic mina of Cle- opatra Alexandrian mina Uloscorides Roman denarius I 6,425 8,326 j 8,985 "•" 1 9,992 Arb. Do. Do. Do. Do. 61-9=:i Rom.oz. Chr. Arb. Denarius of Nero - I'apyrius Ounce Pound of 10 oz. 12 oz. - • Is, 62 5= ^Rom.oz Pauc. Do. Chr. Arb. Pauc. Chr. Chr. Arb. Pauc. 54 61-7 415 1 4372 4312 4,150 4,981 246 174-4 SCRIPTURE MEASURES OF LENGTH. — (Arbullmotand Jlulton.) Stadium Subbath day's journey Eastern mile Parasang Day's journey Yar-ls. - 231 1,155 ,Mil(!». - l-bt.6 - 4-l.^S - 33-264 GRECIAN MEASURES OF LENGTH.— (.^riufftnot and nation.) Incliei". - 075546 Dactylos - Doron \ Dochme J Dichas Orthodoron Spithame - Pous Pons Pygme Pygon Pecliys Orgya Stadios 1 Dulos S ' Milion - 302187 - 7-5.5468 - 6-31015 - 006562 - 12-0875 Eng. Fcpt. - 1-00720 - 113203 - 1-25911 - 1-51093 Eng. Pacw. - 100729 100-72916 805-6333 ROMAN MEASURES OF LENGTH.— (.tfriuJAnot and Ilutton.) Digit Falni Bpan Lesser ctibit Sacred cubit Fathom Ezeklel's reed Arabian pale ficliiEnua Inches. - 0-7425 - 2-97 - 891 Eng. K.-f t. - 1 485 - 17325 Vartls. - 2-31 - 3-465 - 4-62 . 46-2 Digitus transversus Uncia, the ounce - Palmus minor Pes, the foot Palmipes - Cubitus Grudus Passua Stadium - Milliare Eng. Indies. . 072525 ■ 0-967 . 2-901 . 11-604 Eng. Feel. 1-20&75 . 1-4505 - 2-41-; Paces. - 967 - 120-875 - 967 ROMAN DRV MEASURES.— (.^riut/tfiot and Ilutton.) Fug. Pi 11^: Ilcmina ... - Sextarius . - - - ModiUB 05074 1-0148 Cog Feck. 10141 728 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. ATTIC DRY MBA8V«ES. IT' m.-m M M ri o o Xeatei Chenix Medimnui Eng. Pititi. 00003 I486 Winch. Buih. 10006 JEWISH DRV MBA8URB8 (aecording to Jotephus) . Eag. Pintn. Gachal Cab Gomer Senh Ephiih Latech Corom Chniner ROMAN MBANUREB FOR LIQUIDB.- jruttOH.) Heniina . - - 8extariu8 - - - Congiiia ... 1- 01919 3874 70152 Enr. Pcrlt. 1'4GI5 Wiuch. Ruth. lOWil 5-4807 Quarter. 13702 -(,^rbuthnot and En^. Pints. - 59759 - 119518 - 71712 Urna Amphora Culeua wiNO>n. - 3-8857 - 71712 Hhdi. - 2-2766 ATTIC MEA8URB8 FOR LI<)UID8. Cotylus Xestes Clioua Meteoteg Edu. Pirti. ■ 0-574J ■ 1-1483 6-8900 WifieGsll. ■ 10-33S0 JEWISH MEASURES FOB LIQUIDS. Eng. Pinti, Caph 08(il8 Log ..---- 1 1483 Cab . . . - . 4-5933 Wine Gall, Ilin 1-7225 Seat! . - . - . 3-4450 Bath . - . - . lo.'isso HMi, Coron . - . . . 16405 (The act 4 & 6 Will. 4. c. 49., passed in 1834, repealed some of the clauses in the acts 5 Geo. 4, c. 74., and 6 Geo. 4. c. 12,, cistablishing the new system of weights and measures, a; J enacted others ir ;'.eir stead. But the act referred to has been itself repealed by the 5 & 6 Vy'ill. 4. c. 63. This new act contains several important provisions. It abolishes all local or custDmary measures, under a penalty of 40s. for every sale made by them ; it prohihiis the mischievous practice of selling by heaped measure ; it enacts that coals shall in ail cases be sold by weight ; that, with the exception of gold, silver, platina, diamonds, and other pre- cious stones (wiiifh may be sold by troy weight), and drugs (which may be sold in retail by apothecaries' weight), all oth^' articles sold by weight shall be sold by avoirdupois weight only ; and that a stone shall, in ai. cases, consist of 14 lbs. avoirdupois; a hundred weight of 8 such stones, &c. Lead and pewter weights are not to be stamped. The act sets out witli repealing the 4 St. 5 or Will. 4. c. 49., and the provisions in the acts 5 Gen. 4, c 74. and 6 Geo. 4. <-.. 12., which require that all weights and measures sliMI be exact models nr copies in shape or form of the standards deposited in the exchequer ; and those allowing the use of weights and measures, not in conforniily with the Imperial standard, established by said acts ; or that allow ennds or merchandise to bu bought or sold by weights or measures establisiied by local custom, or ftmided on speciiil agreement. It then goes on to enact as follows : — Weights and Measures stamped at the Exchequer declared legal. — Weights and measures verified iid Btampi'd at the exchequer as copies of standard weights and measures, shall be taken to be legai weights and measures, to be used for comparison as copies of the Imperial standard weights and mea- sures, although not similar in shape to those required under the provisions of the said acts ; and ilit> comptroller-general, or other duly authorised oificer of the exchequer, may compare and verify, ami stamp as correct, standard measures of a yard, standard weights, and standard measures of capacity, any weights and measures which correspond in length, weight, and capacity with the standard!^, or parts or multiples thereof, deposited in the exchequer, under the 5Geo. 4. c. 74., although such weights and measures may not be models or copies in shape or form of the standards so deposited.—} 1. Copies of the Standard Weights and Measurei worn to be re-verified. — All copies of the Imperial standard weights and measures which have become defective, or have been mended, in consequence of wear or accident, shall forthwith be sent to the exchequer, for the purpose of being again compared and vcritied, and shall be stamped as re-verificd copies of such standard weights and measurts, pro- vided the comptroller-general, or other officer appointed for such verification, deem them fit for the purposes of standards ; and every new comparison and verification shall be indorsed upon the original indenture of verification ; and such weights and measures shall be stamped upon the payment of fees of verification only ; and the comptroller-general, or other oflicer shall keep an account of all copies of the Imperial standard weights and measures verified at the exchequer.— j 5. Local and Customary Measures abolished. — From and after the passing of this act, the Winchester bushel, the Scotch ell, and all local or customary measures, shall be abolished : and every person who shall sell by any measure other than one of the Imperial measures, or some multiple nr aliquot pan thereof, shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding 40«. for every such sale : but nothing herein shall prevent the sale of any articles in any vessel, where such vessel is not represented as containing any amount of Imperial measure, or of any fixed, local, or customary measure heretofore in use.— ( 6. Heaped Measure abolished. — From and after the passing of this act, so much of the said nets as relates to heaped measure is hereby repealed, and the use of heaped measure shall be abolished, and all bar- gains, sales, and coMtracts made after the passing of this act, by heaped measure, shall be null and void ; and every person who shall sell any articles by heaped measure shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding 40». for every such sale. — } 7. .Articles sold by Heaped Measure, how to be »oW.— Whereas some articles heretofore sold liy heaped measure are incapp.liie »f being stricken, and may not be conveniently sold by weight ; it is enacted, that nil such articles may henceforth be sold by a bushel measure, corresponding in shape with tlie bushel prescribed bv the S Geo. 4. c. 74. for the sale of heaped measure, or by any multiple nrallqiiui part thereof, filled in all parts as nearly to the level of the brim as the size and shape of the articles will admit ; but nothing herein shall prevent the sale by weight of any article heretofore sold by neaped measure.— $ 8. Coals to be sold by Weight.— From and after the 1st of January, 1836, all coals, slack, culm, and cannel of every description shall be sold by weight, and not by measure, under a penalty of iia. for every sale. — } 9. .^11 Jlrtieles to be sold by Aroirdupoisy except, if^c— From and after the passing of this act, all articlrs •old by weight shntl be sold by avoirdupois weight, except gold, silver, platina, diamonds, nr other Ereciniis stones, which may be sold by troy weight; and drugs, which, when sold by retail, may be sold y apothecaries' weight.— J 10. Tbt Stone, Hundred Weight, if-c— From and after the passing of this act, the weight denominated > IS. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 729 WincOitl. - 35857 . 717U HMi. . 28766 EA8UIIEB FOB LKJUID* EnK. Pinli. - 0-5744 . 11483 . 6-6900 Wire G»n. . 10-3350 «•"«"«='"""' """'""Kn, Pin.. . 08(il8 - 1-1483 \ . . 4-5933 ■Wine Gall. - l-:225 - 3-4450 - 103350 HMi. - 1-6405 some of the clauses in the aets fstem of weights and ™f as"f«;. , been itself repealed by the 5 & .revisions. It abolishes all local ile made by them; it prohibus lacts that coals shall in all cases .lalina, diamonds, and other pre. ,g8 (which may be sold in retail all be sold by avoirdupois weight avoirdupois; a hundred weight be stamped. he provisions in the acts 5 Geo. 4. c- o! riiil be exact models or copies in I'ose * lowing tl'e ««« of weights and Lblistied by local custom, or ftiinded Weielits and measures verified i-id Ses.Bl'all be taken to be legi.i imperial standard weights and rn ,v r.Ir 'uisinns of the said acts ; and tlie buer,nmy compare and verify, and and standard measures of cai.acuy, •„L rftimcity with the standard?, or 5Geo 4 c 7?,aUhou(!h such weight. fe standards so 'J«.P'"'*'«'' ,7«,tnetial Vi.,^tirA —All copies of the linpetiai h^e been meided, in consequence .purpose of being again compared LunrtWrd weiKhts and measurts, pro- l*h ver flcation. deem then, fit for ihe ',n shall he indorsed upon «!>« "''I? "» P stamped upon the paymen of fees r sh«» ke«p an account of all copies testng'^f?h«a««.»heWincheste, fere^K^^S- ?„Sasure^eretoforeu.use._J.^_^^ bure Xll t abolished, and ail bar- Ihpaopd measure, shall be null and tee'^ThalUe liable to a penalty not ,e articles heretofore sold by IjeaP^; If this act, the weight denocainateda ftone shall, in all cases, consist of 14 standard pounds avoirdupois, the hundred weight of 8 such stones, ,nd the ton of 80 such hundred weights ; but nothing herein shall prevent any bargain, sale, or con- tract being made by any multiple or aliquot part of the pound weight.— J II. Content! of IVeights and Measures to be stamped un them.—\\\ weights made after the passing of this net of the wtiiglit of one pound avoirdupois, or more, shall have the iiumher of pniinils contained in them stamped or cast on the top nr side therccif in I' gilile figures and Ipiiits ; and all measures of capacity made afier tiin, pnssing of this act, shall have their conlcnia stamped or marked on the out- side thereof in legible figures and letters. — i 12. H'eights of f.eiiil or Pewter not to be stamped.— The. stamping of weights of lead or pewter, or of any nii.xtiire thereof, is proliiliiicd after the 1st of January, IS.tfl; hut nnihing herein shall prevent the use of lead or pewior, or any mixture thereof, in the manufacture of weights wholly imd substantially cased with hr:is3, copper, or iron, and legibly stamped or marked "cased," or prevent the insertinn of such a plug of lead or pewter into wei/^hts as shall be bund fide necessary for adjusting them and atlix- ing the stamp thereon. — } 13. Conversion of Rents, Tolls, Sc<^- — Clauses 14. and 15. regulate the proceedings that are to take place In Kngland, Iri'land, and Scotland, for the conversion of rents, tolls, &c. payable in weights or mea- sures now abolished into Imperial standard weights and measures. Fiar Pricea.— In Scotland, from and after the passing of this act, the fiar prices of all grain in every county shall be struck by the Imperial ({iiarter, and all other returns of tlie prices of grain shall be set fiirlh by the same, without any reference to any other measure whatsoever ; and any sherilV clerl<, clerk of a market, or other person offending against this provisiim shall forfeit not exceeding bl. — } lt>. Ciipien of Standards, Inspectors, iSj-c. — t.'ltiuses 17, IS, I'.t, and 20. prescribe the mode in which copies ofthi: standard weights and measures sliull be provided in countii's, cities, boroughs, &c., tlie appnint- niiHit of inspectors of weights and measures, &t. Clause 22. orders, that the ex|ieiise of providing onpiea of standard weights, with the remuneration to inspectors, be defrayed out of the county rate. I'laiise 23. prohibits any maker or seller of weights nr measures from being appointed inspei'tnr, and orders all inspectors to enter into a bond of WOl. for tlie due performance of the duties of their ottice, and the sale custody of the stamps and standard weights and measures committed to tlieir care, t'lause 24. orders inspectors to attend at market towns when ordered by justices. The following clauses are of general importance. M'loistrutes to procure Stamps for Inspectors for stampinp all IVeinhts, Sfc. — In England, the justices in general or quarter sessicms atisembled, and in Scotland the justices and magistrates at a meeting culled by the sheritf, and in Ireland the grand juries, shall provide the inspectors with good and suffi- cient iitanips for stamping or scaling weights and measures; and all weights and measures whatso- ever, e.vccpt as herein excepted, used fir buying and selling, or for the collecting of any tolls or duties, or f'lr the making of any charges on the conveyance of any goods or merchandise, shall be examined ami compared with one or more copies of the Imperial standard weights and measures provided under authority of this act for such inspectors, who shall stamp, so os best to prevent fraud, such weighlg and measures, if they be f(mnd to correspond with the said copies ; and the fees for such examination, comparison, and stamping, shall be those in the schedule at the end of this act ; and every person using any weight or measure other than those authorised by this act, or some aliquot part thereof, or Hhirb has not been stamped as aforesaid, except as herein excepted, or which shall be found light or otherwise unjust, shall forfeit not exceeding 5/.; and any contract, bargain, or sale made by such weights or measures nball be wholly null and void ; and every light or unjust weight and measure sl.all, on being discovered by any inspector, be seized, and, on conviction, forfeited ; but nothing herein shall require any single weight above 5G lbs. to be inspected and stamped, niir any wooden or wicker measure used in the sale of lime, or other articles of the like nature, or any glass or earthen- ware jug nr drinking cup, though represented as containing the amount of any Imperial measure, or of any iniilliple thereof; but any person buying by any vessel represented as containing the amount ofan lin|ierial measure, or of any multiple thereof, is authorised to require the contents of such ves- sel tn be; ascertained by comparison with a stamped measure, such measure to be provided by the per- son ur.in? snch wooden or wicker measure, glass jug, or drinking cup ; and in case the person using silch last-mentioned measure or vessel refuse to make such comparison, or if, upon comparison being made, it be found to be deficient in -, For (uminlpK, eomptrinir, and itamping ill woodon meuunt, wlthiD (b«ir reipcclive juriidlcliouf,— I. d. Each hushel • • • • -03 Each hair bushel • ■ . -02 Each iieck, and all under • • -01 Each yard • . . • 1-2 For uamioing, comparing, and itampini all meuum of capacity of liquid!, nnds ot coppfr or other metal, within their mpectlft jurii'lictioni, — Each five gtlinn .... Eich r>ur gallon .... Each Ihree gallon Each two KalloD .... Each gallon Each nair gallon * Each quarter and under ■ I . • • . • - d. > 8 4 2 I 1.2 .Sup.) ["Atiheorganiznilnn ofthe federal government, authority was cnnTerrcd npon cnngress toefltablinh a iinifurin systiMii of wcliilus and ineiisurea. But, aiirpriDing aa It may appear, no luws have as yet been enacted Ity th:tt body for the perfection of go iinportaiit an object. Some measures have been talb,ii j WHALE FISHERY. 731 „ or other mrtri.wllhl.lh.lrr«P5C«« . I " - • • • : ■• •. ■- S Ander 9 e 4 Z 1 01-1 Suj>.) fe,rcd«poncon«re«to-tab^^^^^^ "%y''K'e neiBrerhavebJen i'-'^*' „. rte bv Messrs. Jefferson, been n"'^t«i.L its anil measures, Act 01 "" . ,.^^g Hence, llie '' ^"^a^ficat^ons as l..c;.l cnsln>„» ,ch nwd nc»"0' ° , j„ j^is coimlry. ' *S''"Hf ^we lib 8 and measures !r*Vr'" There a^ebf selllers "• r^'^rinriheir own accustomed • '^K H,P fin .. . In tbis country, *!i' llal cons mers do not feel the *w'„ make large sales or purchases who i""^''^ '^„| .„ their own local , in converting to I" ,^^^ "'' ''.'Xons t^be -vide are often !?;„^rXcr«u'-Ha^««-.voi,,v.. Wnuwe • ft. Gatide .- It. Gm- oTparts of Europe; and is c«U. re employed in the dyeiiig of yel. ui..i>»«""'"""'°T'' kn • Rees's CiJclopedKi.) fdhering in thin pUUel lamin. to 'to 12 feet i" »«f '^,^ '^it the jaw, is about a foot. 1 hey ate ■f '"'"^' 1 ptava and the expanded Ihe rigid stays ana ' ^ Li fn- this commodity. \ ne uuiui P 1 t« draw 100,000/. annually rMloSz but soon fell, and ha, U and rarely excecdmg 150/. M. 18 ^t 90/.; while «t present (Apn I aai Edm Cab. Uo.) ^°^;haTebone!-CB/ao/c./o«e,vol... LtnntEUS, a marine animal of tk P^>-rthir:;s:| i,,f,l growth thtsnP^^^,^^^! irger size. 1 he o"'^ . ^ fish, » or Wu66er, which, in a lav | from 12 to 18 inches thick. In young whales, this fiitty matter resembles hoir's lord ; but in old ones it is of a reddish colour. This is the valuable part of the whale; and the desire to possess it has prompted man to attempt the capture of this mighty animal. 'I'he blubber yields, by expression, nearly iu own weight of a thick viscid oil (train oil). The common vvhale is now rarely found, except within the Arctic circle ; but at a former period it was not unfrequently met with on our coasts. There is a good account of the common whale, and of the manner in which the fishery is carried on, in Mr. John Laing's " Voyage to Spitz- bergen ;" one of the shortest, cheapest, and best of the innumerable books published on this hacknied subject. The Physeter macrocephalus, or black-headed spermaceti whale, is chiefly found in the Southern Ocean. It usually measures about 60 feet in length, and 30 in circumference at the thickest part. The valuable part of the fish is the spongy, oily mass dus from the cavity of the head ; this is crude spermaceti; and of it an ordinary sized whale will yield about 12 large barrels. WHALE FISHERY. We do not propose entering, in this article, into any details as to the mode in which the fishery is carried on ; but mean to confine ourselves to a brief sketch of its history, and value in a commercial point of view. It is probably true, as has been sometimes contended, that the Norwegians occasionally captured the whale before any other European nation engaged in so perilous an enterprise. But the early eflforts of the Norwegians were not conducted on any systematic plan, and should be regarded only in the same point of view as the fishing expeditions of the Esqui- maux. The Biscayans were certainly the first people who prosecuted the whnie fishery as a regular commercial pursuit. They carried it on with great vigour and success in the 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries. In 1261, a tithe was laid upon the tongues of whales im- ported into Bayonne, — they being then a highly esteemed species of food. In 1388, Ed- ward III. relinquished to Peter de Puayanne a duty of 6/, sterling a whale, laid on those brought into the port of Biarritz, to indemnify him for the extraordinary expenses he had in- curred in fitting out a fleet for the service of his Majesty. This fact proves beyond dispute that the fishery carrieil on from Biarritz at the period referred to must have been very con- siderable indeed ; and it was also prosecuted to a great extent from Cibourre, V^ieux Boucan, and subsequently from Rochelle and other places." The whales captured by the Biscayans were not so large as those that are taken in the Polar seas, and are supposed to have been attracted southward in pursuit of herrings. 'J'hey were not very productive of oil, but their flesh was used as an article of food, and the whalebone was applied to a variety of useful purposes, and brought a very high [irice. This branch of industry ceased long since, and from the same cause that has occasioned the cessation of the whale fishery in many other pbices — the want of fish. Whether it were that the whales, from a sense of the dangers to which they exposed themselves in coming southwards, no longer left the Icy Sea, or that the breed had been nearly destroyed, certain it is, that they gradually became less numerous in the Bay of Biscay, and at length ceased almost entirely to frequent that sea; and the fishers being obliged to pursue their prey upon the banks of Newfoundland and the coasts of Iceland, the French fishery ra[iidly fell olF. The voyages of the Dutch and English to the Northern Ocean, in order, if possil)le, to discover a passage through it to Ind'i, though they failed of their main object, liiid open the haunts of the whale. The companions of Barentz, who discovered 8pitzbergen. in 1596, and of Hudson, who soon after explored the same seas, represented to their countrymen the amazing number of whales with which they were crowded. Vessels were in consequence fitted out for the Northern whale fishery by the English and Dutch, the harpuoners and a part of the crew being Biscayans. They did not, however, confine their elTorts to a fair competition with each other as fishers. The Muscovy Company obtained a royal charter, prohibiting the ships of all other nations from fishing in the seas round Spitzbergen, on pre- text of its having been first discovered by Sir Hugh Willoughby. 'I'here can, however, be no doubt that Barentz, and not Sir Hugh, was its original discoverer; though, supposing that the fact had been otherwise, the attempt to exclude other nations from the surrounding seas, on such a ground, was not one that could be tolerated. The Dutch, who were at the lime prompt to embark in every commercial pursuit that gave any hopes of success, eagerly en- tered on this new caroi'r, and sent out ships fitted equally for the purposes of fishing, and of defence against the attacks of others. The Muscovy Company having attempted to vindi- cate its pretensions by force, several encounters took place between their ships and those of the Dutch. The conviction at length became general, that there was roim enough for all parties in the Northern seas; and in order to avoid the chance of coming into collision with each other, they parcelled Spitzbergen and the adjacent ocean into districts, which were respectively assigned to the English, Dutch, Hamburghers, French, Danes, «S:c. The Dutch, being thus left to prosecute the fishery without having their attention diverted by hostile attacks, speedily acquired a decided superiority over all their competitors. When the Europeans first began to prosecute the fishery on the coast of Spitzbergen, ♦ See Mimoire sur I'^ntiquiU de la Piche de la Baleine, par A'oel, 12nio. Paris, 1795. :')i i^'' f' 732 WHALE FISHERY. •ft"* :i whales were fivrry whore found in vast numbers. Ignorant of the Btren|»th and strntagprns of the fonniiluble foe liy whom they were now assailed, instead of betraying any symptoms of fear, tliey surrounded the ships and crowded all the bays. Their capture was in conso- qucnce a comparatively easy task, and many were lulled which it was afterwards necessary to abandon, from the ships being already full. While fish were thus easily obtained, it was the practice to boil the blubber on shore in the North, and to fetch home only the oil and whalebone. And, perhaps, nothing can give a more vivid idea of the extent and importance of the Dutch fishery, in the middle of the 17th century, than the fact, that they constructed o consideroblo village, the houses of which were all previously prepared in Holland, on the Isle of Amsterdam, on the northern shore of Spifzbergeri, to which they gave the appropriate name of Smeerenberg (from nmeercn, to molt, and hers;, a mounlain). This was the grand rendezvous of the Dutch whale ships, and was amply provided with boilers, tanks, and every sort of apparatus required for preparing the oil and the bone, liut this was not all. The whale fieeta were attended with a number of pro vision ships, the cargoes of which were landed at Smeerenberg ; which abounded, during tho busy soooon, with wcll-furnishcd shops, good inns, &c. ; so that many of the conveniences and enjoyments of Amsterdam were found within about 1 1 degrees of the Pole ! It is par- ticularly mentioned, that the sailors and others were every morning supplied with what a Dutchman regards as a very great luxury — hot rolls for breakfast. Batavia and Smeeren- l)erg were founded nearly at the same period, and it was for a considerable time douhicj whether the latter was not the more important establishment. — (Z)e licste, Ilinloire dcs I't. c/iex, iSfc. tome i. p. 42.) During the flourishing period of the Dutch fwhery, the quantity of oil made in the North was so great that it could not be carried home by the whale ships ; and every year vessels were sent out in ballast to assist in importing the produce of the fishery. But the same cause that liad destroyed the fishery of the Biscay ans, ruined that which was carried on in the immediate neighbourhood of S|)itzbergen. Whales became gradaally less common, and more and more timid and difBcult to catch. They retreated first to the open seas, and then to the great banks of ice on the eastern coast of Greenland. When the site of the fishery had been thus removed to a very great distance from Spitzbcrgen, it was found most economical to send the blubber direct to Holland. Smeerenberg was in cona*- quence totally deserted, and its position is now with dilRculty discoverable. But though very extensive, the Dutch whale fishery was not, during the first 30 years of its existence, very profitable. This arose from the circumstance of tlie right to carry it on having been conceded, in 1614, to an exclusive company. The expense inscparal)le from such great associations, the wastefulness and unfaithfulness of their servants, who wore much more intent upon advancing their own interests than those of the company, inrrcascJ the outlays so niucli, that the returns, great as they were, proved little more than ailciiuate to defray them, and the fishery was confined within far narrower limits than it would other- wise have reached. But after various prolongations of the charter of the first coiiiiiany, and the formation of some new ones, the trade was finally thrown open in 1C4S. 'J'lie elllctsof this measure were ntost salutary, and afford one of tho most striking examples to lie met with of the advantages of free competition. Within a few years the fishery was vastly ex- tended; and though it became progressively more and more difficult from the ginwini; scarcity of fish, it proved, notwithstanding these disadvantages, more profitable to the private adventurers than it had ever been to the company ; and continued for above a century to he prosecuted with equal energy and success. The famous John do Witt has alluded as fal- lows to this change in the mode of conducting the trade : — "III tliis respect," aiys he, "it is worttiy of oliservntioii, that the authnrified nreenland Company made herclofnre litlle pmtit by their fialiery, liocaiirfeof tlic great charge of setting nut ilmir ships ;anj th;it tlie trail) nil, bhililier, and whale tins were iiiit well made, handled, or cured ; anil liciiit' limiiglii hither ami piit into wari^hinise, were not sold snon enough, nor to the Company's hnst ailviiiiiaic. Whereas now that ev«-ry one equips their vesmis at the cheapest rate, follow their lisliiiig ililigenllj', and manage all carefully, the bliihlii'r, train nil, ami whale fins are employed for so many uses in several countries, that they can sell them with that cnnvoiiiency, that thnuj»li fAeri- «rc n.uc l').«Ai;ij for 1 that formerlij nailed nut nf Holland oti that arrount, and coiisei|iiently each of thi-m ronid nol take BO many whales as heretofore, and notwithslandui); the new prohibition nf France and ntlinr ruiMilriej to iaipiirt these coiniMndilies, and tliouL'h there is greater plenty of them iiiiporlcd by oiir fishers— yel those coinnindilies are so niiich raised in the value above what they were whilst there wns a ciiiiipany, that the coiiiiiion iiihaliitaiits do exrriise that fishery wiih profit, to the iniich jireater benofil of niir country than when it was (under the nianaceiiient of a coiii[>uny) curried on but by a few. "— ('/Vut Interest of Holland, p. 03, Svo. ed. LonJnn, 17-lC.) The private slii()s sent by the Dutch to the whale fishery were fitted out on a principle that secured tho utmnst economy and vigilance on the part of every one roiiiieeied with them. The hull of the vessel was furnished by an individual, who commonly took upon himself the ollice of captain ; a sail-maker supplied the sails, a cooper the casks, &c. The parties engaged as adventurers in the undertaking. The cargo being brought to Jlojlanii and disposed of, each person shared in the produce according to his proportion of the outfit. 'J'he crew was hired on the same principle ; so that every one had a motive to exert liimscll", to see that all unnecessary expenses were avoided, uttd that those that were necessary were WHALE FISHERY. 733 the strenffth anJ strntaBPtn* 1 of betraying any symptoms Their capture was m conso- itwasafterwardanccesfjaryto boil the blubber on shore in nJ, perhaps, nothinK can give 1 fishery, in the middle of the ,lo village, the houses of which rdam, on the northern shore of renter/? (from .-.meerm, to molt, ^c Dutch whale ships, and was 9 required for prei.arjng the oil ittended with a number of pro. a • which abounded, during the Ihat ma..y of the conveniences egreesofthoPole! It.M.ar. morning supplied with what a akfust. Batavia and bmccren- for a considerable time douhlcd (t.— (Dc lieste, lHntoire dcs 1 c- aantity of oil mode in the North e ships ; and every year vessels ,f the fishery. . ,.,.,• l he Biscayans, ruined that which „en Whales became gradaally irh They retreated first to the coast of Greenland. When the listance from Spitzbergen, it was ind. Smeerenberg was in consc- ,lty discoverable. snot, during the first 30 years of nstanco of the right to curry It on The expense inscpuralile lioni riess of their servants, who were „ thoae of the company, increased proved little more tlian adciuate .rrower limits than it would other. , charter of the first c.Mn,.m.y, ami >vvn open in 1012. ThoclWtsot most striking exainpU-s u. he met w years the fishery w«s vastly ex. 'more difficult from tlic g.owm? nsics, more profitable to the F'^f [ontinued for above a century to be John de Witt has alluded as tol- iTlhe authorised Orpenlan.l Comiiany Ihanaiflcl, or cur. 11 a,ivaiiia2c. LyvyerefiltedoutonapripJ iZi of every one oo.u.ccte.l ««h IriilwhoLnoionlvtookujjn ■ails a cooper the casks, \c. iw tfcar-'o being brought to lloto ^Tnrto his proportion of the oul ]:tS^aUivetoexer,^n.eJ Lat those that were necch^a.y «uo ronrined within the narrowest limits. This practice has been imitated to some extent in thii and some other countries, but in none has it been carried so far as in Holland. It appears to us that it might be advantageously introduced into other adventures. When in its most flourishing stale, towards the year lliSO, the Dutch whale fishery employed ahout 2(iU ships, and 14,000 sailors. The English whale fishery, like that of Holland, was originally carried on by an exclusive association. 'I'he Muscovy Company was, indeed, speedily driven from the field ; hut it was immediately succeeded by others, that did not prove more fortunate. In 173r),tlie .South Hea Company embarked largely in the trade, and prosecuted it for 8 years ; at the end of which, having lost a large sum, they gave it up. But the legislature, having resolved to support the trade, granted, in 1732, a bounty of 20s, a ton to every ship of more than 200 tons burden engaged in it; but this premium being insulficient, it was raised, in 1749, to 40s. a ton, when a number of ships were fitted out, as much certainly in the intention of catching the bounty as of catching fish. Deceived by the prosperous a|)pearance of the fishery, parliament imagined that it was firmly established, and in 1775 the bounty was reduced to SO.s. The effects of this reduction showed the factitious nature of th-j trade, the vessels engaged in it having fallen off in the course of the next 5 years from 10.5 f/t 39 ! To arrest this alarming decline, the bounty was raised to its old level in 1781, and of course the trade was soon restored to its previous state uf a|)|mrent prosperity. The hostilities occasioned by the Ame- rican war reduced the Dutch fishery to less than half its previous amount, and gave a pro- portional extension to that of England. The bounty, which had in con8e({uence become very heavy, was reduced, in 1787, to 30s. a ton ; in 1792 it was further reduced to 25,s., and in 1795 it was reduced to 20s., at which sum it continued till 1824, when it ceased. It appears from accounts given in Macpherson's Annals of Commerce (vol. iii, p. 511., vol. iv. p. 130.), that the total bounties paid for the encouragement of the whale fishery, in the interval between 1750 and 1788, amounted to no less than 1,677,935/. It will be seen from the official account which follows, that there are no means of furnishing any accurate account of the sums paid as bounties from the year 1789 to 1813 inclusive ; but it is, not- withstanding, abundantly certain that the total bounties paid during the period from 1789 to 1824 considerably exceeded 1,000,000/. Here, then, wo have a sum of upwards of two MILLIONS AND A HALF laid out sincc 1750 in promoting the whale fishery. Now we be- lieve, that if we estimate the entire average value of the gross produce of the Northern whale fishery (and it is to it only that the preceding statements apply), during the last 3 oi- 4 years, at 375,000/. a year, we shall be about the mark. But had the 2,500,000/. expended in bol- ttcrlng up this branch of industry been laid out as capital in any ordinary employment, it would have produced 125,000/. a year oi nelt profit; and deducting this sum from the above, there remains only 250,000/. to replace the capital wasted and ships lost in carrying on the fishery, and to afford a clear national profit .' Whatever, therefore, may be the value of the whale fishery as a nursery for seamen, it is absurd to regard it as contributing any thing to the public wealth. The remark of Dr. Franklin, that he who draws a fish out of the sea diaws out a piece of silver, is ever in the mouths of those who are clamouring for bounties and protection against competition. But we apprehend that even Franklin himself, saga- cious as he was, would have found it rather difficult to show how the wealth of those is to be increased, who, in fishing up one piece of silver, are obliged to throw another of equal value into the sea. We subjoin i \n atcounl of the Number of Ships annually fltted out in Great Britain for the Northern Whale Fishery, of the Tonnage and Crews of such Ships, and of tlie Bounties paid on their Account, from 1-89 to 1824. Yean. Ship). Tons. MeD. \-n 161 16,599 179(1 llti 33,232 4,482 1791 116 33,906 4,520 i;^ !)3 26,983 1.667 1793 82 23,487 .3,210 1791 60 16,386 2,250 1795 44 11,748 1,001 1796 51 13,833 1,910 1797 60 16,371 2,265 179S 66 18,754 2,t>33 >. 1799 67 19,360 2,683 1800 61 17,729 2,459 IfcOl 64 18,568 2,544 Mi 79 23,539 3,129 m 95 28,608 3,806 \m 92 28,034 3,597 \m 91 27,570 3,630 \m 91 27,697 3,715 BouDtit'S paid. The documents from which the amount of boun- ties paid in these years could be shown, were de- stroyed in thetirc at the late Cus- tom-house. Years Ships. Tons. Mod. Bounties paid. 1807"! to ^ 1813 1814 ISl.") 1816 1HI7 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 There are no documc which the accounts for rendered. nts in this office by tliese years can be 112 l,-i4 130 135 140 140 142 140 124 120 112 36,576 43,320 41,767 43,518 45,010 45,093 45.092 41,861 38,182 37,028 35,194 4,708 5,783 5,512 5,768 5,903 6,291 6,137 0,074 5,234 4,984 4,867 £ s. 43,709 11 41,487 42,746 43,461 45,806 43,0.'il 44,749 42,104 32,347 32,980 29,131 15 It is not even certain whether the expenditure of 2,500,000/. upon bounties would really lliave had the effect of establishing the whale fishery upon a solid foundation, but for the IMcupation of Holland by the French, and the consequent hostilities in which she was Vol. II.— 3 Q I »; i -!.i' fi; m 734 WHALE FISHERY. involved with thia country. Theao did more to promote and connolidate the Dritiflh fishc than any thing eloc. The war entirely annihilated that of the Dutch : and our governinc having wiHcly offered to the fiHheries of Holland all the immunities enjoyed by the citize of Great Britain in the event of their Hettling amongst U8, many availed themselvcM of t invitation, bringing with tliim their capital, induntry, and skill. In coiiHcquenco of this s{ nal encouragement, the whale fishery of England wus prosecuted with greater succrss thi at any previous iioriod : and nt the termination of the late war, in 1815, there were i; valuable ships and about r),8()0 seamen engaged in the Northern fishery, and about 30 shi and 800 men in that to the South. After peace was restored, the English capitalists and others became apprehensive lest tl Dutch should engage anew with their ancient vigour and success in the whale fishery. B these apprehensions were without any real foundation. The Hollanders, during the ; years they had been excluded from the sea, had lost all that practical acquaintance with il details of the fishery, for which they had long been so famous, and which is so essential its success. The government attempted to rouse their dormant energies by the ofl'er of cui siderable premiums and other advantages to those who embarked in the trade. Three con panics were in consequence formed for carrying it on ; 1 at Kotterdam, 1 at Harlinp^en, an 1 in South Holland. But their efforts have been very limited, and altogether urifortunat In 1836, the company of South Holland was dissolved, while that of Hurlingen dcspatchc 4 ships, and that of Rotterdam 2. In 1827, Rotterdam sent only 1 ship, and Hurlingen 2 and in 1828, 1 solitary ship sailed from Holland — a feeble and last effort of the company o Harlingen ! Such has been the fate of the Dutch whale fishery. The attempts to revive it failed, nc because the ships sent out were ill calculated for the service, but because they were inannei by unskilful seamen. In the early ages of the fishery, this dilUculty would have been go over, because, owing to the fewness of competitors, and the scanty supply of oil and whale bone, even a small cargo brought a high price ; but at present, when the fishery is prospculei on a very large scale and at a very low rate of profit by the English, the Americans, thi Hamburghers, &c., no new competitor coming into the field could expect to maintain hiiU' self unless he had nearly equal advantages. The Dutch have, therefore, done wisely in wiih' drawing fro.n the trade. Any attempt to establish it by the aid of bounties and other artiil' cial encouragements would be one of which the ultimate success must be very doubtful, anJ which could lead to no really useful result. During the 20 years preceding the late Frcncb war, the fishery of Holland was gradually declining, and had, in a great measure, ceased to be profitable. It would be folly to endeavour to raise anew, and at a great expense, a Itrantli of industry that had become unproductive at a former period, when there is no ground foi supposing that it would be more productive at this moment. We have already noticed several changes of the localities in which the whale fishery hai been carried on at different periods ; within these few years another has taken place eve;. more important The seas between Spitzbergen and Greenland are now nearly abandonee! by the whalers, who resort in preference to Davis's Straits and Baffin's Bay, or to tlie seil which washes the coast of West Greenland. The Dutch fishers first began to frcquenJ Davis's Straits in 1719; and as the whales had not hitherto been pursued into this vasil recess, they were found in greater numbers ihon in the seas round Spitzbergen. Froraabouil this period it was usually resorted to by about 3-lOths of the Dutch ships. It was not I a comparatively late period that Davis's Straits began to be frequented by English whalers;! and even so late as 1820, when Captain Scoresby published his elaborate and valuable woiil on the whale fishery, that carried on in the Greenland seas was by far the most consideraWtl But within the last few years, the Greenland fishery has been almost entirely deserted, Tliil various discoveries made by the expeditions recently fitted out by government for explorinjl the seas and inlets to the westward of Davis's Straits and Bafiin's Bay, have made thetlslia| acquainted with several new and advantageous situations for the prosecution of their hm ness. What further revolutions the fishery may be destined to undergo, it is impossible J foresee ; but there can be little doubt that the same results that have happened elsewhere itiil happen in Davis's Straits, and that it will be necessary to pursue the whale to new i perhaps, still more inaccessible haunts. The sea in Davis's Straits is less incommoded with field ice than the Greenland and Spisl bergen seas, but it abounds with icebergs ; and the fishery, when carried on in Bafrin'jBijj and Ijancaster Sound, is more dangerous, perhaps, than any that has hitherto been attcnipieil 3 years ending with 1827 : — Years. No. of Ships despatched. No. of Whales captured. Quantity of Oil. Quantity of Wtalelimi 1825 1826 1827 110 94 88 501 510 1,155 Tons. 6,597 7,087 13,179 Tons. 360 3!I0 732 WHALE FISHERY. 785 a conBo1iant« the Bntwh fuher, L Dutch: ami our govemmcm he V"''*^" „i,,ve.l by the ciluens Cni avS?the"-'r of the eidwhh«r^tc.;;ucc^th. ThriSi:r.aurh.«thcj .t nraclical aciuainlance with the P„'f\ which is «o cHscnl.al U """«'""'''*i''bv the offer of con. "ru'un?hetmdo Three com- nbarked in the ira ^^^ at l^'"«^'l^l'to\Ie her unfortunate, limited and altoBemc^^^^^^^ "'".Vnl^Bh"^andHarUn«en". SrdtstcKt'ofthccornpanyol The attempts to revive it failed, not Vice but because they were rnanne u"' ?tilV.rultv would have been ?oi • l^ i supply of oil and whale- '^'nrSn Kshery is pro.ccmej resent, when in ^,„„ieans, ik ,KoSd"Cct to maintain hi. ,y the atd °f J°\t;ery doubtful,anJ 7erd:w;ea^?Sei/no.-nafo, fSes in which the whale fishery to calilies 111 w ,^j,p ^^,j, ,^ years another ha^ if,,l/ai«ndonei .^rSBaffiXBay-ortothe. "^^V"^suX"£" hitherto be«» PX"i Fromabo« le seas round bpitilJerge.i. ^bUshedhiselaWean ^^^^.j^^^y, ^d seas was by ^^^^^^^^ Tl. l^-y^-^tC-r— ^"?n fl-n'« Bav have made thet.shen r^^f^MhepSecutionoftheirJ itions tor the V'" . . jnipossiHeii '^iSat'Ceh^PF^^^^ i;t pursue the whale to new J LMd ice than the Greenland anM of the Northern whale bshery i It appear* from thi« and the previoii* Table, that the number of ships «cnt out has declined nearly one half Hincc ISaO. The bounty wbh n-peajed in \H'2i, and the ships fitted out have sinw fiillon oir in the ratio of I IS to HH or 90. This is a sulUcieiit proof of the insecure foutuliitioii on which the trade lind previously rested. The whnio fishery has for a lengthened |)erio(l partiiken more of the nature of a gambling aJvcntiirc than of a regular industrious pursuit. tSometinies the ships do not get half a cargo, and sometimes they come home rlenn. The risk of shipwreck is also very consider- ahlr. It appears from Mr. Scoresby's Tables (vol. ii. p. 131.), that of .580 ships sent to the North during the 4 years ending with IH17, fi/^lif were lost. This period was, however, uncommonly free from disaster. It would set^m, loo, that the risk of shipwreck is greater in Davis's Straits than in the seas to the east of (ireenland. In 1819, of 03 ships sent to Davis's Straits, no fewer than 10 were lost; in 1821, out of 79 ships, 11 were lost ; and in 1822, out of 60 ships, 7 were lost. But 1830 has in this respect been the most dinnstrous. — Of 87 ships that sailed for Uavis's Straits, no less than 18, or 'i2 per cent, of the whole, were totally lost ; 'Zi returned clean, or without having caught a single fish ; and of the rem 'U- Jcr, not 1 had a full cargo, only 1 or 2 being half fmhi d .' If we estimate the value ol the ships cast away, including the outfit, at 7,000/, each, the loss from shipwreck only will be 126,000/. The following Table exhibits a detailed account of the fishery in 1832 : — Account (if the Norlhorn Wlialo Fishery In 18.12; exhibiting tlin Niiniher nnd Tonnage of the Ships sent out by each Port, with tlie Number of Fish talccn, and the (Quantity of Ull anil Done. Porti. No. of Slii|n. Tonnage. Fi»h. Oil. Bone. Twit. Tmt. Cu'l. Hull - 30 0,0.18 539 4,603 251 11 Whitby 1 .lai 29 235 11 18 Niiwcnstle 4 1,.W9 121 1,010 55 6 Berwicli 1 309 22 1H5 9 10 Luiiiinn 3 1,151 44 2(15 12 14 Peterhead 11 3,07fi ISO 1,2»4 63 8 1 Aberdeen 6 1,823 03 833 43 9 I Dundee 9 8,929 840 1,002 104 10 1 Moiitrnse 3 «lt 28 2.')7 13 7 1 KIrkaldy 5 l,fi()9 98 785 41 10 Leilh - 8 9,7(il 100 1,282 68 17 1 Totals - 81 86,393 l,Sti3 12,fil0 676 120 Quantity of Oil. Tons. 6,597 7,087 13,179 Quantity oOVtak^l fovSs 360 31)0 732 r.»tmated ra{M«.— 12,610 tuns of oil, at 20^., 252,200/. ; 076 tons of whalebone, at 125/., 84,500/. ; mak- in? ill all, 336,700/. There baa been a somewhat singular change in the ports frnin which the fishery Is chiefly carried on. Ill London were umlertalten ull the discoveries which led to its establlsht'ient ; and for some lime a coiiiplete monopoly was enjoyed by the great companies formed in that city. Even between the yi^are 17H0 and 1700, (he nietrnpnlis sent out 4 times the number of vessels that sailed from any other port. It was observed, however, that her fishery was, on the whole, less fortunate than that of {he new rivals which had sprung np ; and her merchants were so much discouraged, that in Mr. gcnreeby's time they eijuipped only 17 or 18 vessels. They have since almost entirely abandoned the trade. employinir in 1832 not more than 3 ships. Hull early became a rival to London, having sent out vessels at the very commencement of the fishery. Although checked at first by the monopoly of the great companies, as soon as the trade became free she prosecuted it with distinguished success. In the end of the last century, that town iltaliieil, and has ever since preserved, the character of the first whale-fishing port in Britain. ', Whitby engaged in this pursuit in 1753, and carried it on for some time with more than common success; but her operations have since been much limited Liverpool, after embarking in the under- takimwith spirit, has now entirely relinquished It. Meantime the eastern ports of Scotland have steadily carried on. and even extended, their transactions, while those of the country at large were 1 jiiuinishini!. The increase has been most remarkable at Peterhead ; and indeed this town, as com- 1 pared especially with London, must derive a great advantage from avoiding, both in the outward and I homeward voyages, 600 miles of somewhat difficult navigation. The fnllnwing summary has been collected from Mr. Scoresby, as the average qnantity of shipping I fitted nut in the different ports for 9 years, ending with 1818; and the coraparisou of it with the num- I ber sent out in 1832 will show the present state of the trade :— Avenge of ISIO-IH. I England— Berwick - Ij Grimsby - IJ Hull - - 53^ Liverpool - if London - 17 § Lynn - - Iff Newcastle - 4« Whitby - 81 Scotland— Aberdeen - 10 Banff - ■H 1832. 1 30 3 4 1 3! 6 Scotland — Burntisland Dundee Greenock Kirkcaldy Kirkwall Leith - Montrose Peterhead ' Total Average of 1810-18. 23 1832. 9 5 8 3 11 40 J^ - 13lS 43 81 Hardly a ship now goes to Greenland. . • r We have already seen that, as a source of national wealth, the whale fishery is ol c^ceed- ingly little importance. Neither does it seem to be of so much consequence as a nursery 786 WHALE FISHKRY. n :i ■Bncaa for •ramrn a« in commonly iiuppoiied, The numlM7 tons, and carryinu; !);)7 men. 'J'ho Mdi'rncr/iliulu.i, or Hpcrmaccli whale, is particularly abundant in the neinhbourhood of the Spice Islandx, ami Mr. Crawfurfuvy U till about the hcninninR of the on it with vigour ami huitms, I (jl '/.-j whalo Hhiim were si'iit to ourhoo.lofthc8i,icolHlaiukan,l , liuTC is of greati-r iinportamT on which Mr. Crawfurd hmM nor the men emi.loyed amouulini! Sll'ha.l hettcr means of f""»';R «t L Nonhern whale fishery n. HI the numhcr of shiim l.tlc out for ■}2»0 In point of tact, however, i-arrvinK 4,70H men ; on.l in IHl.^, Smen! How Mr. Barrow, «l,o Jnction of hi8 authority to so crro- Lir Barrow estimates the enure an. )()0/ 15ul it might he very easily ainly bo up to the mark, or rather, Southern whale fwhery, since 18U. L . iiriinin with ttiflr Tnmince ami fcl their Account, iron. 1«1 1 to bJ., Tom. Men. l,R'i7 i,:w6 l,0i2 i,r);i6 7U6 19,755 M,3'.« 11, «2 17,li«9 0,122 Hounliei fi" "^ £ 9,100 H,300 7,400 I Ci.i-flO 7,300 rv:S^'E':«="« Ivessels, carrying 13,8«li tons, | former; and 181 veimeN, carrying U.0'20 Iohb, in the laitrr. Mr. Ilurke, in hid famous ,|ice(h on American uHiiir* in 1771, adverted to iIun woiidcrlul nllh, • laid he, "whlrh lh« cntnnUti havii ilrawn from llie Men by lh.«(r fliherlpn, you ;uiil III! Iliiil riimier liilly (ipenHcl iit your bar \ mi miri'ly thoiiiitit lli' "i- in iinlnKldiia of vnhii- fur limy „.,iii<'r|itlHiii|| niii|ilnviiii-nt bm I ii f«or- , i«i'(l noKbl riilhnr, in my opinion, lo hiivi- rnlii'il (•hIi'imii iiihI iiilniiriitlon Anil |iriiy, i^lr wlnit in Ihn .vorlil I* iMiniil (o III I'liMH by tlin othiT |mrlii, anil look ill Ibii nmniu'r in wbirb ibi> Nrw DiiKbinil |ii'ii|ilH carry on lb« wbnbi lUlntry. WlilIc w« follow IbiMii iiinonit lb« Ircnibllnu iiiniintiilnx nllir, nnil 0,'hiibl llii'in itrni-iriitlnu Inln tlio ili'i'pp«l fro/.ioi ri'i-riiicg i.f llinlHon'H ll:iy iiml l»iivln'« Miriiltn i wblla «i. iirH looklim fur Ibi'iii liiMii'iub tb« Arrlii' clnli', wi) bt-nrlbiit Ihfy Imvt' plfn-nl Inln ibi- oppimjii) ri'eiiinofpoliiric.lili that IbryarRUI tbo iintipoili'H, iinil tMiK^iKoil iimli'r llir fru/.rii nrrpi-iil ol'ibc rtmilli. Kiilklanil IhIiuiiI, wbirli tie) i| too ri^iniito iinil lixi roiniinlii' nil obji'it fur Ibi- uriiMp nf iiiiiionii utnbi- 111,11, m but II NliiKii nnil ri'mlng-plai" I'nr tbi'lr vlrlorloim IniliiHlry Nor Ih iIio i'i|iiIiiiii'||;\I bmi iiiori) ,lM(iinri«(rln(( to Ihmii than ihn nciiiniiilalcil winter of botb poli'ii. Wi- luarn, thai wbib' moni' nf ibcm Jnnv Ibi' llim or Hlrlkn lln- harpoon on tbn roiiiit of Al'rini, nlhom run Ibc lonKltnili- nnil piirKiH- Ibiilr jiifaiilii' K.iiiif nloiii; tbn foant of llra/.il. No himi, Init wbal In vt'xcil Willi llirlr llMlii'rb'M. No . Iliimtu ih:il In not witni'MK of tb«ir tollH. Ni'liln-r llin pi'riiiivernnci! of llnlliinil, nor ibo ni-llviiy ofl'i iihh, nor ihf il.'XlwrouK nnil linn naKaclly of I'.nKlJiili enlu nirlHt!, «vit cnrrlnl tblx iiiiiHt porlloim nii»li' of bardy iiibHiry lo till! I'-xliMii lo wbli'li li Ima h«en piiriueJ by tbii recent peoplu ; a poopio who an- Htlll In tha ^'TNilu, anil not linnluneil Into innnbooil." The unfortunate war that broke out soon after this speech was delivered, checked for a while the progress of the linhery ; but it was resumed with renewed vigour as soon ns peace was restored. The American fishery has been principally carried on from Nniitucki'l and New Bedford in Massachusetts ; and for a considerable time pnst the ships have mostly re- jnrtcd to the Southern seas. " Although," says Mr. ritkin, " (ireat Britain has, at various limes, given largo bounties to her ships employed in this llshery, yet the whalemen of Nan- tucket and Now Bedford, ninirotected and unsupported by any thing but their own iiulustry ami enterprise, have generally been able to meet their competitors in a foreign market." — [Cuinmerce of the United Stalen, 'id cd. p. 40.) Tho following statement may not be uninteresting. Ucount ofVeiiels at Soa, rrorotho UnlttMl HtntRS, ^mployeil In the Houthorn,or Sperm Whalo Fishery on tin: Ut of , laiiiiary, 1833. Owned In Muuchuulli. Owned ill other Siairt, yti-uti. rclie/<. Al New nelforil uiil Fairhtven - i<0 Al New l/>ndon, Con. .... Briilol, K. 1,' .... N,inluckel ..... 67 KJi(uliiwn ..... A Warren, ditto .... filnioulll ..... » N.W|Kirl, ditto .... I'ivniouth ..... a Ilutlsnn, New York .... Siltiii ..... 2 rDUglikeeiiBiu .... Now Vork fill River ..... 1 RncliCTler ..... 1 S;»g Harbour .... , w»rtli»m ..... I I'urtninouth, N. II. < 1 Ihrliiiniilh . . - - . HuIidmiIIoId .... 1 I Total- .... .17 Owned in MaHachuietli 166 166 Total 303 The produce in oil, of the sperin whale fishery, In 1832, was as follows :— Barrett, Imnortfri in »M|w from tlie Tapific Ocean,— Al Nrw BriKiird and Fairluveu .... 30,476 iVmlurllBt 30,4ri0 NeWFHirl . • • ■ • - 4,1^0 Plymoulli ...... 2,li0 Inporteil m utiipi) from the llrazili, — At .New BrJford ...... 6,SfO New l-iinilou .-...- 703 Nantucket 407 At ftK llarlxiur • llriiliil . W.irrpii Sent home by \arious merchant ihipa . Taken in the Atlantic Ly small vessels Total or sperm oil in lil32 Imported in 1831 Harrelt. ■ 1,000 . 200 ■ 223 ■ 2,000 . I,6U0 78,749 107,762 French WJiale Fishery. — France, which preceded the other nations of Europe in the whale fishery, can hardly be said, for many years past, to have had any share in it. In 1784, Louis XVI. endeavoured to revive it. With this view, ho fitted out 6 ships at Dunkirk on his own account, which were furnished with harpooners and a number of experienced sca- mm brought at a great expense from Nantucket. The adventure was more successful than could have been reasonably expected, considering the auspices under which it was carried on. Several private individuals followed the example of his Majesty, and in 1790 France had about 40 ships employed in the fishery. The revolutionary war destroyed every vestige of this rising trade. Since the pence, the government has made great cfTorts for its renewal, but hitherto without much success. At present there are only from 12 to 15 ships engaged in the fishery. (Thij article has been principally taken from the Foreign Quarterly Review, No. 14, to which publication it was contributed by the author of this work.) I {Whale Fishery (Southern.) — This consists of three distinct branches; viz.; Ist, the catch of the spermaceti whale ; 2d, that of the common black whale of the southern seas ; and, 3d, that of tho sea elephant, or southern walrus. The spermaceti whale ( I'hyseter macrocephalus) is found in all tropical climates, and on I the coasts of New Zealand and Japan. The ordinary duration of the voyage of a ship from England, employed in this department of the fishery, is about 3 years. 3 a2 93 sa 708 WHALE FISHERY. Wnna n o ^1 The common black whalo of the southern scaa (Physeter mtcropii) is met with in various places, but principally on the coast of Brazil ; in the bays on the west coast of Africa ; and in some of the bays in New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land, &c. Sea elephants (intermediate between the walrus of the northern seas and the seal) are principally met with i i ihe seas around the Islands of Desolation, South Georgia, and Souih Shetland, the coast r { California, &c. Vast numbers of these animals are annually cap- tured ; vessels freq lently load entirely with them ; and they are believed to furnish more oil than the common South Sen whale. The oil of the black whale and that of the sea elephant, are both known in the market by the name of southern oil ; and they are so very similar, that those most versed in the trade can with dilKculty distinguish the one from llie otlicr, Hence ships commoidy ensjage indillerently in either fishing as oi>j)ortunity olfcrs. The usual duration of the voyage of a ship from England in either of the last two departments, or in the two combined, varies from 12 to 18 months. We subjoin a Statoinent of the Sniuliern Whale Fishery carried on from Great Britain since 1800; exhibitinc the Tot:il Niiniliisr of Sliips annuiilly alisent from Oreat Urilain on Wlinling iil.vpeditioiia ; thi; Total Niniiher of Ships that annually naurned to Great Britain ; the Annual IniportM of i^perni and Cmii- nion Oil, with the Prices of each ; the Average Tonnage of the Ships at Sea; and the Average Number of Men to each Sliip, Price of Price of Average AVCMIJC Nuniberdf ■ yea™. Shipj at Shipi SfPrm Oil Cnmmon Oil Sperm Cnnimnn Tol.il Value of Sea. reluriKid. imported. imported. Oil per 'I'un. Oil [ler Tun. lmpor(s. 'I'oiiLage of Ships. Men to 1 aSlnp. 1 Ttiiit. Tuns. L. L. isna 61 26 I,3M 2,93 i 70 30 179,650 1 i M)\ 7S 2S f,53 3,638 84 40 1*8,1.10 i 1S02 90 .16 1.106 6,918 80 29 260,!ni ! IS03 92 32 1,770 4,496 80 35 29X.Q60 1S04 93 37 1.952 4,210 78 32 286,976 . 242 ISO', 86 32 2.113 3,099 75 30 273,945 28 1(^06 m 3a 2,333 3,-39 70 26 .260,874 If 07 43 20 1.3)1 1,4:3 7S 24 • 140.730 i^ns 65 20 1,'iSI 2,t40 93 34 229,093 1X09 fi3 15 I,»i4 805 UO 40 214.600 1810 45 16 I.IIO 705 105 42 11-0,180 1811 (19 27 3,4(4 gee 100 37 376,142 IHI2 62 12 l.'.;i9 633 90 42 206,496 IBIS 41 23 2.-.98 2,131 82 60 319,586 j HI4 48 29 2,Gn.5 1,977 66 40 256,950 . 300 M ' 1815 r>6 15 1,181 1,897 66 36 146,238 30 1 ISIti B4 31 3.305 2,928 53 23 267,749 ISI7 76 24 I. "69 3,(09 65 30 218,255 ISIS 91 33 3,398 4 267 75 36 40ti,462 i 1X19 112 40 3.673 4,885 85 33 473,835 J 1820 137 39 2,717 6,061 71 a 319,432 1821 12J 58 3,606 4,.570 «0 19 303.190 1S22 118 41 6,011 1,970 54 22 366,934 ■ 340 32 : Britiih. Colonial. British. Colonial. IR21» 114 67 6,S91 296 1,723 663 46 21 3F3.626 1824 96 42 6,923 130 742 618 40 22 273.040 I82i 83 32 4,331 65 1,104 412 48 30 256.488 IW6t 78 3M 5,695 3^8 454 21-9 65 34 359 827 1827 80 29 4,4:6 334 665 47 » 70 27 367,453 1 IS28 83 iO 3,216 116 136 3J8 79 25 275,078 1829 92 26 4.465 810 I 2 478 74 27 40S.OS2 1 1830 104 23 4.157 498 4(9 904 72 43 392.049 ] 1831 108 27 6.939 1.576 192 1,462 75 43 6.14,747 1832 106 30 6,.576 l,5)-9 4(2 i;785 61 28 498.301 • 3C0 [ 1831 no 19 3,431 2,6(8 2^0 2,245 62 25 437.283 31 ' 1834 99 27 4,021 2.710 149 2,394 65 23 496,004 1 1835 89 S3 6,631 2.260 311 3,137 75 28 688,369 ^ 1838 82 26 4,285 2.716 99 4, 180 SO 32 697,008 1837 86 18 3,118 2,6SI 381 4,'223 84 35 646,576 659f II-3S 84 21 3,801 2,434 20 7,904 84 25 72t,84U 57 1839 77 22 4,250 1,322 1-0 6,3t6 93 26 691,380 42 * The ships for this and the succeerlini; years, as for Ihe previous ones, do nut include colonial ships, but those frijin Ilritaiu odIj*. t From this year commenced the luiperul Measure. X American sperm oil. We are indetited for the above valuable table, the only one of its kind that has ever been published, to a gentleman connected with a house that has been largely engaged in the trade since its commencement. The details may, therefore, be safely depended upon. The spermaceti and southern colonial oils are principally imported from New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land. There used also to be a very considerable importation from the ('iipc of Gnod Hope ; but that is now much fallen olf. The imports of whale and seal oil from our Noilh .\iiiorican possRssitins have been grn-itly augmented of late years. That, however, is mostly the product of liie northern sea. Whale Fishery (Northern), — We regret to have to state that additional experience lias served to confirm the unfavourable view we took in the Dictionary of this branch of indus- try. The subjoined account exhibits its condition in each year, from 1815 to 1 SIM, both inclusive. It is seen from it that the ships and tonnage sent out have fallen off about a half since 1821! The years 1835 and 1836 were peculiarly disastrous: the trade has since, however, somewhat improved. But the fishery has, in fact, been for several years jiast more akin to a lottery than to any thing else ; and, latterly, the blanks seem to have predoininated very decidedly over the prizes. Considering the profitless nature of the business, and the hazards to which the seamen engaged in it are exposed, it would seem to be high time put an end to the existing temptations to embark in it, by reducing the duties on vegetable oils. A reduction of this sort would, besides, be of much advantage to several of ou^lr.o^t important manufactures ; and would, in no small degree, contribute to promote the commerce uf the country. WHALE FISHERY (AMERICAN). 739 crop) U met with in various he west coast of Atnca;an(l 111. &■". , ,. thern seaa and the seal) are on, South Georgia, and South ■se animals are annually cap- re believed to furnish more oil le and that of the sea elephant, and tlu-y arc so very similar, guish the one from the other. T as onnortunity olfcrs. 1 he er of the last two departmcnla, subjoin a Ilritain since 1800; exliibitiitf the WImina lixpeour 13 Salem - lU Newbtiryport 9 P(mghkeei>sie 7 Portsniouih ti Darlmouiti • 6 - 6 - 5 - 3 . 3 Nimuckct Fairhaven Bristol • New LonJoo HuJsoH ■ W.Wien • E'Jgarton - Anil fine from each of the following ports ; viz.— Boston, Plymouth, Warehim, Roclipstcr, PnrtlanJ, Wisrasiet, Fall River, Providence, SUiiiiEi?'!"'. Newbury, New Vork, and WiIniiTi^ton, Delaware. Six- feeiisluiis only are in port.lielouzin? as follows: to New Redfurd, 7; Nint'jcket, 5i Falrha.ven, Plymouth, Sagharbour, and Edgartown, tacti t. The aBTS^re^ate tomn^e of the ilSl ahsent ships is nearly lOO.OOf) lofij. 01 thtsd, only 61 tiad each at last datei obtaintd 1,009 brls. of iiUnd ii|nvards; and abrmi the S-inie number are not yet report d wiitimyoil. The number of stamen and navigators employed on I urii these vessels is not f.ir from 9,000. The cost of the entire (leet, ii fitted for these voyages of 3 years' duration, probably exceeds c,.00,OOOdnllirs. A document b; fore ua furnishea a very careful estimate nf the spermacfti oil imjxirted into the United States durini; the year 1834. Since .Ian. I. there have avrived from the P.u'itic Ocean 56 ships j viz. into this port, 11; New iJedford, 25; Plymouth, 2 ; Fairhaven, 6; New London, 2; K'U>iriown, 2; Sagbarbour, 2; W.irren, 3 ; Fal- mouth, Bristol, and Hudson, 1 earh. The cari^nes of these shipn, in- cluding that of the Levant and Sjtartan (just arrivet, md [iresuriied to amount to ,5,000 bbls.) average litt'e nmre than 2.tlOO brls each j beintf in the whole, Ul.HHl brls. Add to this (pianiity (C.OOO brl?. estimated tn have been brought from the South A'laiilic Oct^aii, mak* ing alHJUt I2S,000 brls , and we have the entire (pi/inlity nf pperma- ceii nil imported in the course of the last year. Of Ibis quantity, 70.577 brl3. were received at New HeJfjrd, ani the residue at NaQ- tiickef and other ports. Aniniig the ships now ahrmd, there are 31 which sailcil in I83I ; 73 in IS32; 88 in 1833; and 65 in 1^1. Should nn unforese-n cal.v mity tak'' place, whereby ihia important braneh of na'ioml industry may be injured or interrupted, the number of spernnceii wha!eship« expelled b) arrive within Ibe year l(^3i, may be set down at 70. and their cargoes at i^iS.OOO brls., valued at upwards of 3,C'0;).O0O dollars. We deduce from this vaiuAble document one fact which we repeat with some feelinijof pride. It i*, that more thin half of the slups now engaged in the sperm whale fishery are commaiidi-d by Nan- tucket men ; though less than one fourth of the whole Heel is owned in this place. IVhale Fiahenj.— Annexed is a statement of the whale fishery of the United Stales during the year 1S38, together with the arrivals for the last seven yeiirs. It will be seen (as we predicted in our state- ment last year) that the arrivals of spertn oil have fallen considerably short of last year, beiiip; only i;'},400 brls. against 182,569 brls. in 18:^7, showinga decrease of 53,169 brls. ; to which niay be ailributed itie present hi;rh prices, together with the great increase of consumption. It will also hf s^en that the imjmrtanf whale oil have been larger than the previnna year, having aniouiiteil to 228,710 brls. : yet sn great has been the increase of home consumption, that prices have ruled high duriim the year, and I'ntfre i^ not at the present time any considerable (luantity in the importers' hands. The (luaiiiity of whalebone has also increased pro rata. Gelow is a Memorandum of arrivals at the different Ports in the United States during the Year Ships. brls. hrls. N. Re4fnrd and Fairhavca 81 Nintuctlet - la f'ih\rl)or • n New l>in'Ion • 2U N. York, includ Of! placet in Nirtli River . 7 Bmlol 6 Silfiii 3 Wifren 7 Ba'nn 1 HrjrlowQ - 1 .Vew[)ort i and Bqs. Brigs. Schs. Sperm. Whale. 10 1 77,600 3 21,730 1,860 3 4,400 1 6.250 1,900 1.000 . 2,503 1,400 470 4,000 SMOO 6,200 37.6110 34,000 7,000 5,900 4.730 Q.-Oll 1.950 2, '.00 6,200 Other places Ships. lirls. and Bqs. Bri^ Schs. Sperm. 21 II . 6,290 1838. brls. Whale. 2S,8I0 Total, I8.t9 1837 189 213 26 ID 129,400 ll-2,-ib9 228,710 215,120 Arrived in 1833 Arrived in 1835 Arrived in 1831 Arrived in IK;M Arrived in ISU2 Arrived in 1831 Arrived in 1830 fi3.l69 . 131.921 • 171.130 . IJ9,8M • 1I3.!71 - 7",l)b7 . ll0,-.;)2 • |if',8!9 [Bufton Daily J There are v.iriniis circumstances tnat conspire to eive the Ainfiricans advantagps for tlie prosecii- tiinnfilift aoulliern whale fishery tti.i are not enjoyed by any European nation. It la ilKficiilt, how • flver, to SIM' why it shonid not be prosecuted witli still sreater advantaire from the porlsi of New Sonth Wales, Van Diuincn'ii Lund, &c. It is suppoaed by many tliat Rio de Janeiro would be a goud station lirllie fishing. 740 WHARF— WINE. tt'.JM CI ::3 CI o o •■4tfe We believe, however, thnt the southern, as well as the northern, whale fishery hag passed its zenith, and from the Haine canae— the (Increasing supply offish. The whales are gradually becoming scarcer and more difRi'iili to calch. They have heen entirely, or almost entirely, driven from some of their old haiinlH ; and the lialiery is now very frequently prosecuted in very high latitudes.— Sup.) [See Sup. arZ-rle Fisii. Am. Ed.] WHARK, a sort of quay, constructed of wood or stone, on the margin of a roadstead or harbour, alonfjside of which ships or lighters are brought for the sake of being conveniently loaded or unloaded. There are 2 denoininalions of wharfs, viz. le/ral quayn and stifferance wharfs. The former arc cer- tain wlwirls in all S((n-p(irl3. at which all goods are required hy the 1 Kliz. c. 11. to he landed and ship. peil, and llipy were set oni for that purpose hy commission from the (^iiirt of Kxchecpier, in the reisn of <;iiarles 11, nnil siiliHeiineiit sovereigns. Many others have been legalized by act of parli.iiiicnt. In some ports, as Chepstow, (lloiire9t(?r, &c., certain wharfs are deemed legal quays by inunciiiorial practice, tlioiiuli not set nnt hy ciiinmission, or legalized hy act of parliament. Snll'erance wharfs are places where certain goods may be landed and shipped ; such as hemp, flu.v coal, and oilier bulky goods; by special sulTcrance granted by the Crown for Ihat pnrposc. W}I.\HF.\GK, tlie foe paid for landing goods on a wharf, or for shipping them olF. The Stat. 22 Clia.s. 2. c. 11., after providing for the establishment of wharfs and quays, makes ii lawful for any person to lade or unlade goods, on paying wharfage and cranage at the rates appointed by the king in council. WHE.\T (Ger. Wcifzen ,- Du. Tarw ,■ Dn. Hveik ; Sw. Hvde ,- Fr. Froment, Ukd, Ble ; It. Grano, Furme.nio ,- Sp. and Port. Trigo ; Rus. Pncheniza ; Pol. Pszenica), a spe- cies of bread corn (Tri/icinn Lin.), by far the most important of any cultivated in Euroue. We arc totally ignorant of the country whence this valuable grain was first derived; hut it v^'as very early cultivated in Sicily. It is raised in almost every part of the temperate zones and in some places as high as 2,000 feet above the level of the sea. The kinds of wheat .sown are numerous, but they may be classed under 4 heads : viz. cone or bearded wheat, which, however, is now little cultivated ; white wheat, of which there are innumerable varieties, the w/iife Dantzic being considered one of the best ; red wiicat, which is seldom sown where the climate is good and early, and the land in proi)er condition ; and spring wheat. A greater number of people are nourished by rice than by wheat; hut owing to the rjreater quantity of gluten which the latter contains, it makes by fiir the host bread. Rye comes nearer to wheat in its bread-making (lualities than any other sort of grain ; still, however, it is very inferior to it. The fmest samples of wheat are small in the berry, thin skinned, fresh, plump, and bright, slipping readily through the fingers. Being very extensively cultivated on soils of very various qualities, and fre(}uenfly with very imperfect preparation, the produce of wheat crops in Great Britain varies from about 12 to 56 bushels per acre. The counties most distinguished for the quantity and quality of their wheat are, Kent, Essex, Suffolk, Rutland, Hertfordshire, Berkshire, Hampshire, and Herefordshire, iii En;;- land ; and Berwickshire, and the Lothians, in Scotland. In the northern counties it is, speaking generally, of an inferior quality ; being cold to the feel, dark coloured, thick skinned, and yielding comparatively little flour. In the best wheat counties, and in good years, the weight of a Winchester bushel of wheat is from 60 to 62 lbs. In the Isle of Shcppey, in Kent (where, perhaps, the best samples of wheat sent to the London market are produced), this grain, in some favourable seasons, weighs 64 lbs. a bushel. Where the climate is colder, wetter, or more backward, or in bad seasons, the weight of the bushel of wheat is not more than 56 or 57 lbs. It is calculated that the average weight of the bushel of good English wheat is 58^ lbs. ; and that the average yield of flour is 13 lbs. of flour to 14 lbs. of grain. — (!^eo Mr. Stevenson's very valuable article on England in Brewster's Encydupxdiu, vol. viii. p. 720. ; Loudon's Ency. of Agriculture, ^c.) For a view of the regulations with respect to the importation and exportation of wheat, •^c, see CoiiN Laws anu Cokn Tiiade. The price of wheat in 1833 was 52,s. \\d. per quarter. WHISKY, a spirit obtained by distillation from corn, sugar, or mola'ises, though generally from the former. Whisky is the national spirit, if we may so term it, of Scotland and Ire- land ; but that distilled in the former is generally reckoned superior to that of the latter.— See (Si'iiiiTS.) WINE (Ger. Weiu ; Fr. Fm ,• It. and Sp. Vitio ,■ Port. T7^7/;o ,• Rus. Wino, Vunn- grndnoe winoe ,■ Lat. Vinum ; Gr. 0/kj« ; Arab, if/mmr), the fermented juice of the grape, or berries of the vine ( Vitis rinifera). The viiivi is indigenous to Persia and the Levant ; but it is now found in most trniperate regions. The limits within which it is cultivated in the northern hemisphere of the (Jul World vary from about 15° to 48° and 52°; but in North America it is not eultivateJ farther north than 38° or 40°. It is rarely grown at a greater altitude than 3,000 feet. From Asia the vine was introduced into (jlreece, and thence into Italy. The I'hocrans, who founded Marseilles, carr'ed the vine to the south of France; but it is doublfi.I whether it was introduced into Burgundy till the age of the .^ntonines.* The species of Vitis indigenous ♦ The ancient writers give the most contradictory accounts with respect to the intrnduiiioii if llie vine into (iaul.— (."^.s.niiik ; and, indeed, the habit of mixing wine with water seems to have prevailed much more in anti(iuity than in modern times. MoHKUN Winks. — The principal wines made use of in this country arc port, sherry, claret, Ciiampagne, Madeira, hock, Marsala, Cape, &c. Port, — the wine most commonly used in England, — is produced in the province of Upper Douro, in Portugal ; and is shipped at Oporto, whence its name. When it arrives in this country, ii is of a dark purple or inky colour ; has a full, rough body, with an astringent bitter-sweet taste, and a strong flavour and odour of brandy. After it has remained some vears longer in the wood, the sweetness, roughness, and astringency of the flavour abate ; but it is only after it has been kept 10 or 1.5 years in bottle, that the odour of the brandy is com- pletely subdued, and the genuine aroma of the wine developed. When kept to too great an age, it becomes tawny, and loses its peculiar flavour. During the process of melioration, a roiisiderable portion of the extractive and colouring matter is precipitated on tin .iides of the vessels in the form of crust. In some wines this change occurs much earlier tliuii in others. A large quantity of brandy is always mixed with the wine shipped from Oporto for Eng- land. Genuine unmixed port wine is very rarely met with in this country. We have been so long accubtomed to the compounded article, that, were it po^^siblc to procure it uni.ii.ied, it is doubtful whether it would be at all suited to our taste. According to Mr. Brande's analy- sis, on which, however, owing to the differences in the quality of the wine, no great stress can be laid, port, as used in England, contains about 23 per cent, of alcohol. In 1833, 2,596,530 gallons of port were fetained for consumption in the United Kingdom. Oporto Wine Company. — The quality of th&wine shipped from Oporto has been maleriiilly injured by ihe ipn-vi-inly so long enjoyed I" the Oporto Wine Company. This company was rounded in 17.^fi, dnriii?ttie achninistration of the rtlarqnis Pomba!. A certain extent of territory is marliis produce of Konianee, (Jhtiiibertin, and the Clos Vougeut, would disappear, and in their phiee.s we should find nothing belter than a eecond-r"t<- Beaune or Macon wine." — (.History of Jincieiil and J\Iv- dern H'ines, p. 210.) Not only, however, have the Oporto W le Company deteriorated the quality, but they have also raised the price of tiieir wines to an enormous height. Secured against tlie competition of their cuiin. trymen, and enjoying, down to 1831, a nearly absolute monopoly of the Ilritish markets, by means of the high duties on French wines, they have filled their pockets at our expe.ise. At the very minntni when the Company have been shipping wine fur England at 40i. a pipe, Ihey have frcqventlit uluiipid the .same wine to other countries at Wl.h -(FUetwuod Williams on the H'ine Trade.) And the aiillienilc Tables published by Baibi show that the price of wine lias been trebled or quadrupled under t!: j ma. nagemeiit of this corporation. — (Kssai Stadstv'ue sur le Hoyaume de Portugal, tome i. p. I.'j*.) But though the abuses inherent in the constitution of the Company have been carried of late years to an enormous extent, it is long since I'f injurious elfects on the commerce of this country were djs. tincily perceived and pointed out. So far back as 1767, the Board of Trade laid a niemorial betnre Ills Majesty in council, in 'vhich they state, "With respect to many particular regulations of tlie Oporio Company, which we think justly objected to by the merchants as highly grievous and oppressive, we have not tliouglit it necessary to enter into a minute description of them, being of opinion that one general and latal objection lies against them all ; viz. — that they all contribute to establish in liie Cum- pany a monopoly against your Majesty's 4«^'•'c^^, from which by treaty they hare a right to be exrmptcd." Biit notwithstanding this authoritative exposition of the injury done to the English by this moiinpoly, and tlie experience which every subsequent year afforded of its i.iischievous influence, such bus lieen the inveteracy of ancient prejudice, that it was not till ths sessi-/n of 1831 that we took the only stH|) by which we could hope to rid oursc'ves of its evils, as well as oi a host of others, by equalising tlie duties on French and Portuguese wines, and putting an end to the absurd and injurious preference in favour of the latter established by the Methuen treaty. England and Brazil are the only countries to wliich any considerable quantity of port wine is pi. ported. Our imports amounted, at an average of the 10 years ending with 1833, to 22,121 pipes a year; of which, liovvever, a portion is subsequently exported ; while the exports from Portugal lo all oilier countries, Brazil inclusive, have not recently amounted to 3,000 pipes. It has been supposed, imw ihn there is no discriminating duty in favour of port, that its consumption in this country will graihially fall off, its place being filled by French and other wines ; but though such a result be not iiii|ir(ilial)lp, h derives no confirmation from the pretty gradual decrease in the quantities of port retained for home use since 1827, the French wines retained for the same purpose having declined still more rapidly. Sherry is of a deep amber coIi "ir ; when good, it has t fine aromatic odour ; its taste is warm, with some degree of the ag-cMible bitterness of the peach kernel. When new, tastes harsh and fiery, it is mellowtd by being allowed to remain 4 or 5 years or longer ia the wood ; but it does not attain to its full flavour and perfection until it is kept for IS or 20 years. It is a very strong wine, containing about 19 per cent, of alcohoi. It is principailv produced in the vicinity of Xeres, not far from Cadiz, in Spain. It is very extensively used in this country as a dinner wine. Dry sherry, or amontillado, when genuine and nki fetches a very high price. Perhaps no wine is so much adulterated as sherry. With the exception of Marsala, the consumption of sherry has been far more influenced than that \ii \ any other wine by the reduction of the duties in 1825. In 1833, the quantity retained for home consumption amounted to 2,246,085 gallons, being more than double the (luantilv i retained for consumption at an average of 1823 and 1824 ! — (^See post.) Claret, — the term generally used in England to designate the red wines, the produce of the Bordclai.s. Of these, Lafitte, Latour, Chateau-Margaux, and Haut-Brion, are so genC' rally esteemed, that they always sell from 20 to 25 per cent, higher than any others of ikl province. The first mentioned is the most choice and delicate, and is characterised hyiisl silky softness on the palate, and its charming perfume, which partakes of the nature of ikl violet and the rasr ,erry. The Latour has a fuller body, and at the same time a consider iiit I aroma, but wanis the softness of the Lafitte. The Chiiteau-Margaux, on the other liand.iij lighter, and possesses all the delicate qualities of the Lafitte, i.xcept that it has not quite sol high a flavour. The Haut-Brion, again, has more spirit and body than any of the precciliiiif but is rough when new, and requires to be kept 6 or 7 years in the wood ; while the olheij become fit for bottling in much less time. Among the second-rate wines, that of Rozan, in the parish of St, Margaux, approaches ms some respects to the growth of the Chiiteau-Margaux ; while that of Gorce, in the saiiiclW'l ritory. is little i.ifcrior to the Latour; and the vineyards of Lcoville, Larose, Bran-ir.ouWi,! and Pichon-Longuijville, in the ranton of Pauillac, allbrd lii^ht wines of good flavour, wh in favourable years, have much of the excellence of the finer growths. In the Eiitre-Jeui-I Mers, the wines of Canon and St. Emilion, in ilie vicinity of Libourne, are deomcd tl)cl»l being of a full body and very durable. When new, these wines are always h>:.''sli and asimj WINE. 743 ! and in)""""'^ ■••' ,1 iniiiriouB. The Comiiiiny - *"4ori?or wine for cxp-.ruj- ''''^"imotWe oex..rts..l.Hrior '■■*' ."orroast P0B8ib\e expense, e, at «' e lea" 1' All ciinila- ,8vinyar.l8ofaB«P ^^.^^^^,.^^^, ;e then, to t>'e *^" V.uaii.cil in a "'''V'''"rsinB"eluv.^'''f'™y ^lerednsasngle"! ,^,„„i„ '^'''n;fewlegrces-.f excellence, ting of few aegi ,^ ^,, jl^^ -towh.ch tie 'e« ^^^^ ,_,^^ groWl>>9 of »uf t.»" .j^i.^ ,,,,,„:i„us Burgund.an%v e '.^ ,,|a..a«e ;ans of At ('le '^fV '"""""' . •"?''„.. rket- by nmans of • ,i,e British n.arkeu, .j^^^ _^^^^^^^^^ loninierce ot tms j , ,,j,,„re l„s articular fej"^' j oppressive, we ';V'*lhl^'-in"a""P'""'^''"'™ a..ne to the EnpliB" "> ,^,^^ l,^.^,^ ;,ischieVOU9 "i""6""r"i,e nnlv slq) :;;VM83llhatwetoo%tbe^^_^.._^^|l ,;^a\rdt"r.^-'°-''-^"^-'^^'" Biderable<^tHyr.^rtvvine.p. iding wilh If •'• * p,,;iugal to all oilwr ,l,e exports from P«>ru., „„,,., i,„ pipes. 11 has lieen s PI ;„ ,„,„„|iy ;„tption "' »'^'/,,',u'be not \mr"^';M'- I'^'^P'tt 5 0^5 years or longer ia to remain 'I °^J'. \ ^ for 15 or 20 .auUerated a. sherry. ^^^ ,,,^ ,- ^*';:SrreT-nes, the produce of gnate ^*^f J^„ j.Brion, are so ^m- 'S""''\Lr than any others of Ihe cent. ^'S^^\^*^f,Scterbecl hviis delicate, and >« ^,^^^'^"' ,, o ik y, and at the sam ^^^^ j,, atcau-MarRaux,onthe° .^^^ afit,le,..r.ceptthat.th.mn^_^_q^^^,.__^^ ^-i:r::s^£:csi approai-Vsii . vvhilethatofOorce m ^ parish of St. Margaux, Larose, hbrdU,htv.inesofgood_flavour llhe finer growths. Icinitv of Lihoi Ihese wines ate alway In the Einre-dfM'l itir'l gent ; but they acquire an agreeable softness, an ' are characterised by a peculiar flavour, which has been not unaptly compared to the smel. f burning wax. The aroma of the first growths is seldom fully developed till after they hav,. been kept 8 or years . ./Ut the second- ary qualities come to perfection a year or two soo 'er. The colour often grows darker as the wine advances in age, in consequence of the di.position of a portion of its tartar ; but, when well made, and thoroughly fined, it seldom deposits any crust. (These particulars are borrowed from the excellent work of Dr. Henderson, on Ancient and Modern Wines (p. 184.). We have given, in a previous article — (see lionnKAUx), — fail and authentic details as to the trade in claret. We beg, also, to refer the reader to that article for some observations on the wine trade of France, and on the injury done to it by the restrictive system of commerce.) There is generally a very sood supply of claret in bond in the docks in London. Its price varies frnm about 15/. per hogshead for the inferior, to 50/. and 55i. per hogshead for the .superior L'rowths. What are called cargo or shipping clarets may be bought at t'roin 5/. to )U/. per hogshead. The linest case clarel sells in bond at about 50s. per dozen ; but parcels of very well flavoured wine may be bought at 25s. Champagne, — so called from the province of France of which it is the produce, — is one of the most deservedly esteemed of the French winss. The wines of Champagne are di- vided into the 2 grand classes of white and red wines; and each of these again into still and sparkling ; but there is a great variety in the flavour of the produce of ditl'erent vine- yards. Sillery is universally allowed to be the best of the still wines. It is dry, of a light amber colour, has a considerable body, and a charming aroma. "Le corps," (says M. Jul- lien,) " le spiritueux, le charmant bouquet, et les vertus toniques dont il est pourvu, lui assurent la priorite sur tous les autres." — (Tupngraphie de fous les Vignohks, p. 30.) Dr. He. '"rson agrees with M. Jullien, in considering it as one of the wholesomest of the Cham- pagne Vvii.iri. The sparkling wines are, however, the most popular, at least in this country. Of these, the wine of Ay, 5 leagues south from Rheiins, is, perhaps, the be.st. It is lighter and sweeter than Sillery, and has an exquisite flavour and aroma. That which merely creams on the surface (deini-niousseux) is preferred to the full frothing wine {i^rnnd-nious- seux). Being bright, clear, and sparkling, it is as pleasing to the eye as it is grateful to the palate. " Cernis micanti concolor ut vitro Latex in auras, gemrneiis aspici, ij(intillet e.xultuin ; utqtie dulces Naribus illecebras propiiiet. " Siicci latentis prodilor halitus! Ut spuiiia inotu lactea tiirbido Crystallinum hetis referre Mox oculis nroperut nitorem." Hautvilliers, about 4 leajTues from Rheims and 1 from Epernay, used formerly to produce wine that equalled, and sometimes su-passed, ti e wine of Ay. But it is no longer culti- vated with the same care -, so that, though still very good, i* now only ranks in the 2d class. The best of the red wines of Champagne are those ^'' Verzy, Verzenay, Maily, Uouzy, and St. Basle. " lis out une belle couleur, du corps, du spiritueux, et surtout beaucoup de finesse, de sAve, et de bouquet." — (Jullien, p. 27.) The Clos St. Thierry, in the vicinity of Rheims, produces wine which, according to M. Jullien, unites the colour and the aroma of Burgundy to the lightness of Champagne, The province of Champagne produces altogether about 1,100,000 hectolitres of wine ; of which, however, the finest growths make but a small part. The principal trade in wine is carried on at Rheims, Avise, and Epernay. The vaults in which the vintages are stored are excavated in a rock of calcareous lufa to the depth of 30 or 40 feet. Those of M. Moet, at Epernay, are the most extensive, and few travellers past; through the place without going to see them. The briskest wines (grands-moitsseux) keep the worst. — (Jullien, p. 34.) Burgundy. — The best wines of this province, though not so popular in England as those of Champagne, enjoy the highest reputation. " In richness of flavour and perfume, and all the more delicate cjualities of the juice of the grape, they unquestiombly rank as the first I in the world ; and it was not without reason that the dukes of Burgundy, in former times, were designated as ihe pritices dcs buns vins." — (Henderson, p. 161.) M. Jullien is not less decided : — " Les vins des premiers crus, lorsqu'ils proviennent d'une bonne annee, [reunissent, dans de justes proportions, fniites ks qualif.es qui constituent les vins parfaits ,- I lis n'ont besoin d'aucun melange, d'aucune preparation, pour attendrc leur jilus haut Idegre do perfection. Ces operations, que Ton qualifie dans certains rays de sains qui aident lulaqualite, sont toujours nuisibles aux vins do Bourgogne." — (p. 104.) Romane-Conti, Chambertin, the Clos Vougeot, and Richebourg, are the mo it celebrated lof the iiKi) wines of Burgundy. Chambertin was the favourite wine of Louis XIV. and of INapoloon. It is the produce of a vineyard of that name, situated 7 miles to the south of iDijoti, and furnishing each year from 130 to 150 puncheons, from an extent of about 65 Iwreg. It has a fuller body and colour, and greater durability, than the Romane, with an luoma nearly as fragrant. 744 WINE. c: CI •KkJ o Tho white wines of Burgundy are less numerous, and, consequently, less generally known, than the others: but they maintain the highest rank among French white wines, and are not inferior to the red, either in aroma or flavour. I'he entire annual produce of wine in Burgundy and Braujolais may at present be esti- mated, at an average, at nearly 3,000,000 hectolitres, of whii;h about 750,000 suilicc for the consum|)tian of the inhabitants. Since the Kevolution, the cultivation of the vine has been greatly extended in the province. Many of the new vineyards having necessarily been j)lanted in comparatively unfavourable situations, a notion has been gaining ground that the wines of Burgundy were degenerating. This, however, is not the case. On the contrary, the quantity of honn crus, instead of being diminished, has increas^ed considerably ; though, as the supply of inferior wines has increased in a still greater degree, the fine wines boar a less proportion to the whole than they did previously to the Revolution. — {Jtillien, p. 90.) The princi[)al trade in Burgundy is carried on at Dijon, Gavrey, Chalons-sur-Saone, &c, Besides the above, France has a great variety of other excellent wines. Hermitage, Suu- terne, St. Pery, &c. are well known in England ; and deservedly enjoy, particularly the first, a high degree of reputation. Account of tlie Qimntily .ind Vnluo of the Winns exported from France in 1831 ; distinRuisliinK lie- twetMi tlicise of the Oiroiide and those of other Depiirtnietits, and hetween those exported in disks and Dottles ; and specifying tlie Quantity and Value of thuse sent to each Ccunlry.— (.4ii;HiHij(ra- tion ilea Douanes for 1831, p. 219.) Countrie3 to which exported. Wine In Casks. Wine Id Bollles. or the Gironde. Of oilier DepartmentJ. Of the Gironde. Of oilier llepirluil! (Quantity. Litret. VjIup. Francs. Quantily. Litrti. Value Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Franca. Lilrea. Frana, Lilm. Frnnct. RiiMia- 1,7S2,178 781,158 904,l,i7 180.831 44,491 88,982 410,;S94 41 '1.394 Sweden flS,072 48,-MO 321,973 64,395 10,128 20,256 14,138 I'.IM Norw,iy 220.249 126,0t.7 .58,109 ii.ey 1,126 2.252 6,147 5.147 henniark 608,H2G 20(1,1)12 .593,438 118,68'. 8,7S2 17,,564 7,8S1 7.S8I Prussia 2..523,2?1 0>1,270 1,232,979 246,596 10,376 20,752 199,149 19M49 Il.inie Towns • 7,03.1,402 I,«r'9,:'ii9 5,81!,562 l,16i.512 42.345 84,690 110,521 W.M Holland 1,781,574 1,15*1,(123 3,641,311 728,2n2 7,586 15,172 14,752 M,75i Hlnium S4^,767 ,5,i 1,697 8X4.941 176,988 4,288 8,576 68,281 58,281 England 1,148,6'16 3,790,400 337,266 67,4S3 292,S38 685,676 570,681 570,6S1 I'orliigal 221 74 4,171 834 114 228 160 116 Spain .... 13.900 4,587 431,571 86,314 23,210 46,420 13,396 13,396 Austria . 33,012 6,602 90 ll'O 18,819 li<,H9 Sardinia 4,032 1,331 6,235,656 1,247,131 5J7 1,194 38,330 38,330 The Two Sicilies . . 38,448 7,090 - 13,232 I3,2)i Tuscany, Modena, Parma, Roman Sla'es • 406,404 81,2SI 21,950 24,930 Switzerland - . 7,013.678 1,402,736 • - 31,2-7 3:,2«7 Germany . . 893,574 178,715 . 277,K!^2 277,S82 Greect . . 196,466 39,293 . . 1,790 .,7S0 Turkey . 174.678 31,936 . • 19,549 19,519 Ep.pt. Algiers , . 636,788 127,3.58 ■ . 13„373 13,37S . > 6,723,805 1,344,761 23,815 2S«4i Barbary Slates ■ _ - . . . • ■ 2,381 2.381 Engiiai'i possessions in Africa 765,047 2:.2,4t6 589,323 117,865 72,661 ' 143,322 2,423 2,125 Other counlries on the coast of Africa . . 64,018 12,804 • 1,848 1,848 India, Kui^Iish possessions A\SH 18,576 8,873 1,773 033,702 667,404 1,634 1,6)4 Spanish, do, I6,3i.2 6,214 * - 4,452 8,904 Dutch, do. 25,636 6,127 - , 2.614 2,614 French, do. . 12,226 24,452 285 J8i China .... . . . . ■ 2^5 1*i United Stales • 1,619,845 544,449 3,278,987 655,797 436,900 873,800 534,174 531,174 Hayti .... 203,426 67,131 291,966 68,393 7,095 14,190 7,692 7,692 English possessions in America > . 2.760 552 110 220 Spanish do. • 616,014 203,314 753,815 150,763 63,208 106,596 14.929 14.929 ' Danish do. . 193,74S 64,597 2t6,9n4 63,381 16,094 32,188 8,(IJ0 8,1 20: Brazil .... I3i*,729 45,7>0 2,22.->,031 445,006 47,851 93,702 22,019 22,019 ; Mexico 55,510 18.318 41,043 8,208 239,018 478,036 7,803 7,'03 Colombia 7,980 2,633 18,161 3,632 3,T30 7,460 9,272 9,272 Peru - . . - 80,745 26,616 . • 16,653 31,306 Chill .... an. I CO 12,931 . . 27,202 54,404 1,200 1,200 Rio de la Plata ■ I3«.P«4 45,20-. I2i,940 25,188 17,097 34,194 11,151 ll.lil ■ Guadeloupe 616,287 203.375 2,069,536 413,907 45,621 91,242 10.242 1(1,242 ! Alartintcd 4S0,.176 15S,524 2,360,428 472,086 43,987 87,974 14,618 14.618 Bourbon 7,V1,175 2t'6,207 ■ ,.522,935 301.587 47,.". i4 95,1(!8 15,262 16,262 Seneg-al 236,851 7S,I6I 183,242 ,37,048 3,940 7,880 6.71 13 S.TOl Frencti Gui?na - 607,sa' 167,5S5 323,891 64,778 6,796 13,392 15,273 15,273 St. Pierre and -Miquelon 39.6)7 7,93.' 109 lf'9 Tfttals !6' 13,118 11,448.649 -.0.769,137 10,153.827 l,8f 0,958 3.761,916 2.358,162 lS,W:'i Exclusive of the ahove, there were exported from France, in the same year, 2,753,499 litres ainnsii liqtiexirs, valnert at 4,130,250 francs. The total produce of the vineyards nf France is estimated at about 35,000,000 hectolitres (77,000,(1W Imp. gallons), worth 510,000. 000" francs (2l,fi00.000(.). We beg to refer the reader to tiie article BoR- BEAiix, for an nccount of the influence of the French system of commercial policy on this great depart- iiient of industry. Dhputcas to the Cnmjiaralire Merit nf Champagne and Biirgundi/. — The question, whether tlie wines of rhanipairne or of Iliirsinuly were entitled to the preferciue, was agitated diiri'ig the reign od-oiiis XI V, with extraordinary keenness. The celebrated Charles (Jothn, rector of the iJniversity of lle.iiivaif. published, during this controversy, the classical ode, partly i]ii(ited above, in which (MmiiipiiL'tif i3 eulogised, and its sHperiorily vindicated, with a spirit, vivacity, and delicacy worlliy of the llieiue The citizens of llhelins wen: not ungrateful to the poet; but liberally rewaidcd !iiiiM\ilh (in appro- priate and niniiilicciit donation of'lie wine he had so happily panegyrised. (;r<;neau wrot" an ode in praise of Hurgiindy ; but, unlike its subject, it was Hat and insipid, iiiid tailed to procure any rccdiii- pence to its author. Tlie dilierent pieces in this amusing controversy were collected and pdlilislK'd Ik octavo, at Paric, in 1712.— (See Le Grand d'^usay, Fie Privie den KraTifaJif, tom. iii. p. 39., and lli-' WINES. 745 •onscquently, less generally imong French while wines, laifi may at present be esti- about 750,000 suihce for ihe livation of the vhie has .cen ;rJ9 having necessarily been been gaining ground that the I the case. On the contrary, •reascd considerably ; though, degree, the fine wines bear a BVolution.-(J<*//'>''. I'- a'M ivrey, Chulons-sur-baone, &c. Ilent wines. Hermitage, Sau- dly enjoy, particularly the first, ranee in 1831 ; dislingnisliinc lie- 10 each Ccunlry.-(^J""">»"-- B3,2B8 16,094 47,HSI 239,019 16,6S3 17,097 4^,621 43,9S7 47,:.i4 3,940 6,796 [e^mo year, 2,753,499 litres of an i< t-^.frSior:s«r L.::;[er'cKSo"''>-^-'^'''-^''"'- l, rector "^ ""^>^' ,l"t' i'liaiiuuid'e " l„te.l above, "'"''',' .-H' H'"""' ly, and delicacy wor V o ') „. ^^raliyrewauM.-^;;^-!;; ,],{,, nei?yrised <■ . ^ r < ure aiiv n-oui- ,ij,unata,lca to >n.a^^ ;,,,l,^,,,^,,l,, versy were collccttu n i j^j,,, de/tVonfats.tom. 111. l'--ia-a" Biogtaphie VnherielU, torn. It. art. Coffin (CbarUt).) Rr.inmn!! ntlrihiitcs Ihe restoration of his health to his hiiviiis drunk libernlly nf Uiireuiiily ; iind has PUlosiMed it in ttin inoal extrnvnennt terms. An epistJK of Ills, ((iintiMl by Le Grand d'AilHsy, slinws that Kulslatr and lie roiild have s|ieiit an t-venlng together less disngreeuhly than niijjht have heen sn|i|iiised :— " l,e |treini.T ()iil enaeiBiia I'arl d« fair* te vin (nonrR»Kne), on ()i, t ill. p. 1».) Conaamftiiin uf Fenr.h Wine in F.nijliiiid. Dinr.riminatiiijr /^Jii^ici.— Owing totliB intimate connection ■ilbsistinit between England and l-'ranre fur several centiirii-s afti-r tliR (^)nl|lll■8t, the wines of the lat- ter were long in abnosl exclusive possession of the EnKlish market ; lint the extension of commcrco gradually led to the Introduction of other species; and in the reigns of Eli/.alieili and .lames I., the dry white wines of Spain seem to have been held in the highest eslimution. Tins, however, was only R temporary preference. Subsequently to the Restoration, the wines of France regained their former ascendancy. In 1087, their Importations amounted to I5,9li4, in lfiH8to l4.2IN,{ind in IliHUid ll.lOtituns. It la exceedingly doubtful whether so much as a single pipe of port had ever found its way to England previously to this period — {Henderson, p. .113.) ; and it is most probable that the wines of France would liBVe continued to preserve their ascendancy in our markets, had not their importation been artiticiully checked. The trade with France had occasionally been prohibited previously to the accession of William HI.; but it was not until 1693 that any distinction was made between the duties payable on French antl other wines. Hut Louis XIV. having espoused the cause of the exiled family of Smart, the Urilisli jovernmeiit, in the irritation of the nioineni, and without retlecting that the blow aimed at llie French would infallibly recoil upon thuinselves, imposed, nt the period above-mentioned, a discriminating duty uf 8/. a tun on French wines, and in l(JU7 increased to 33M In consequence of this enormous augmentation of duty on French wines, the merchants began to import wine from Oporto as a substi- tute for the red wines of Bordeaux, excluded by the high duties. It is probable, however, that these discriminating duties would have been repealed as soon as Ihe excitement which produced ihem had lubsided, and that the trade would have returned to its old channels, had not the Btipiilations in the famous commercial treaty with Portugal, negotiated by Mr. Methuen in 170.3, given them permanence. Such, however, was unluckily the case : for, according to this treaty, we bound ourselves to charge ill future one third higher dulies on the wines of France than on tliose of Portugal ; the Portuguese, by way of compensation, binding themselves to admit our woollens into their markets in preference 10 those of other countries, at a fixed and invariable rate of duty. Though very generally regarded at the time as the highest effort of diplomatic skill and address, the Methuen treaty was certainly founded on the narrowest views of national interest, and has proved, in no common degree, injurious to both parlies, but especially to England. By binding ourselves ti> receive Portuguese wines for two thirds of the duty payable on those of France, we, in effect, gave ttin Portuguese growers a monopoly of the British market, and thereby attracted too great a proportion of Itie deficient capital of Portugal to the production of wine ; while, on the other hand, we not only cx- (ludert one of the principal equivalents the French had to offer forour commodities, and proclaimed to llie world that we considered it belter to deal with tino millions of poor beggarly customers, than with ilirij/ millions of rich ones, but we also provoked the retaliation of tlie French, who forthwith ex- cliuled most of our articles from their markets ! The injurious effects of the regulations m the Methuen treaty were distinctly pointed out by Dr. Divenant and Mr. Hume. The latter, in his Kssny on the Balance of Trade, published in 1752, says, "Our jealousy and hatred of France are without bounds. These passions have occasioned innuino- rable barriers and obstructions on commerce, where we are commonly accused of being the aggressors. Bill what have we gained by the bargain ! iVe lost the French market fur our woollen manufactures, and transferred the commerce of wine to Spain and Portugal, where we buy much worse liquor at amuch inhtr price I There are few Englishmen who would not think their country absolutely ruined were French wine sold in England so cheap, and in such abundance, as to supplant ale and other homo- brewed liquors. But, would we lay aside prejudice, il would not he diliicult to prove that nothing could he more Innocent ; periiaps, more advantageous. Each new acre of vineyard planted in France, in order to supply England with wine, would make it requiisite for the French to take an equivalent in Enijlish goods, by the sale of which we should be equally benefited." In ciinscquence of the prtference so unwisely given to the wines of Portugal over those of Franco, -a preference continued, in defiance of every principle of sound policy and common sense, down to ISI,— the imports of French wine were for many years reduced to a mere trifle ; and notwithstanding their increased consumption, occasioned by the reduction of the duties in 182!), the quantity made use of in 1833 did not exceed 232,500 gallons ; while the consumption of Portuguese wines amounts tn iboiit 2,600,000 Imperial gallons ! This is the most striking example, perhaps, in the history of com- merce, of the influence of customs duties in diverting trades into new channels, and altering the taste cfa people. All but the most opulent classes having been compelled, for a long series of years, either to renounce wine, or to use port, the taste for the latter has been firmly rooted ; the beverage that was originally forced upon us by necessity having become congenial from habit. We have little doubt, however, now that the discriminating duty in favour of port is abolished, that the excellence of the French wines will ultimately regain for them some portion of that favour iu Ihe English market they formerly enjiiyed.* Maikim, — -o called from the island of that name, — is a wine that has long been in exten- five use in this and other countries. Plants of the vine were conveyed from Crete to Ma- dfira in 1421, and have succeeded extremely well. There is a considerable difference in the flavour and other qualities of the wines of Madeira : the best are produced on the south side of the island. Though naturally strong, they receive an addition of brandy when racked from the vesssels in vhich they have been fermented, and another portion is thrown in pre- viously to their expo tation. This is said to be required to sustain the wine in the high temperature to whicli it is subjected in its passage to and from India and China, to which Itrge quantities of it are sent ; it being founil that it is mellowed, and its flavour materially improved by the voyage. It does not, however, necessarily follow, that the wines which liavc made the longest voyages are always the best. Much must obviously depend on the on?inal quality of the wine ; and many of the parcels selected to be sent to India are so inferior, that the wine, when brought to London, docs not rank so high as that which haa keen imported direct. But when the parcel sent out has been well chosen, it is very much 'The mischievous operation of Ihe Methuen treaty, and of the discriminatingduty on Frenchwincs, Itere very strikingly exhibited by Mr. Hyde Villiers, in his able speech on the latli of Juno, IB30. U lliliiglily deserving of the reader's attention. Vol. II._3 R 94 746 WINE. K' m -11 o It -.*t maturpi] and improved hy Ihe voyage ; and it not only fetchra a higher price, but is in all re- •perls superior to the direct importations. Most oi° the adventitious spirit is dissipated in the course of the Indian voyage. Madeira wines may he kept for a very long period. " Liltc the ancient vintat^es of iho Surrentinc hills, they are Uuly firmmima vhni, relaining their qiialiiies unimpnirid in both extremes of climate, suflfering no decay, and constantly improving as they advonce in age. Indeed, they cannot he pronounced in condition until tiiey have been kept for 10 years in the wood, and afterwards allowed to mellow nearly twice that time in buttle: and everj then they will hardly have reached the utmost perfection of which they are Husceptible. When of good quality, and matured as above described, they lose all their original harshness, and acquire that agreeable pungency, that bitter swcetishness, which was so highly prized in the choicest wines of antiquity ; uniting great strength and richness of flavour with an exoeej. ingly fragrant and diirusible aroma. The nutty taste, which is often very marked, is not communicated, as some have imagined, by means of bitter almonds, but is inherent in the wine." — { Henderson, p. Su.*),) 'J'he wines of Madeira have latterly fallen info disrepute in England. The growth of the island is very limited — not exceeding 2(),(tOO pipes, of which a considerable (|nanlily gnes to tb" West Indies and America. Hence, when Madeira was a fnshionc!>Ie wine in En!»liiiMl, every sort of deception was practised with respect to it, and large quantities of spurious trash were disposed of for the genuine vintage of the island. This naturally brought the wine into discredit; so that sherry has been for several years the fashionable white wine. It jj ditFicuit, however, to imagine that adulteration was ever practised to a greater extent upon Madeira than it is now practised upon sherry. The quantity entered for home consumption in 1R27 amounted to 308,29.5 gallons, whereas the quantity entered for home consuniiition in 183.1 only amounted to 161,042 gallons. Malmsey, a very rich lu.scious species of the Madeira, is made from grapes grown on rocky grounds exposed to the full influence of the sun's rays, and allowed to remain on the vine till they are over-ripe. The trade in Madeira wine is carried on at Funchal, the capital of the island, in lat. 32° 37' N., Ion. 17° C W. Weights and Measures same as Lisbon. Teneriffe wine, — so called from the island of that name, — resembles Madeira, and is not iinfrequcntly substituted in its place; but it wants the full body and rich flavour of the best growths of Madeira. Cirniun Wines. — The wines of Germany imported into England arc principally proJuced on the banks of the Rhine and the Moselle. Thn Rhine wines constitute a distinct order by themselves. They are drier than the French white wines, and are characterised by a deli- cate flavour and aroma, called in the country giire, which is quite peculiar to tlieni, nnd of which it would, therefore, be in vain to attempt the description. A notion prevails that thcv are naturally acid ; and the inferior kinds, no doubt, are so : but this is not the cnnslaiit character of the Rhine wines, which in good years have no perceptible acidity in the tasle, at least not more than is common to them with the growths of warmer regions. Their ch!.!f distinction is their extreme durability. The wines made in warm dry years are always in great demand, and fetch very high prices. The Johannisbergcr stands at the head of the Rhine wines. It has a very choice flavour | and perfume, and ]i characterised by an almost total want of acidity. The vir;eyard is (he property of Prince Metternich. The Steinbergcr ranks next to the Johannisljerger. It is the strongest of all the Rhenish wines, and in favourable years has much flavour and | delicacy. The produce of certain vineyards on the banks of the Moselle, is of superior qualily, The liettcr sorts arc clear and dry, with a light pleasant flavour and high aroma ; but they I sometimes contract a slaty taste, from the strata on which they grow, 'i'hey arrive at ma- turity in 5 or 6 years ; though when made in a favourable season, they will keep twice that I time, without experiencing any deterioration. — {Henderson, p. 226.) Tokay, — so called from a town in Hungary, near which it is produced, — is but lilllel known in England. It is luscious, possessing at the same time a high degree of flavour anJI aroma. It is scarce and dear ; and very apt to be counterfeited. Marsala. — 'i'he Sicilian white wine called Marsala, from the town (the ancient Jyilybn;uni) whence it is shipped, and near which it is made, is now pretty largely consumed in EnalniiJij the entries for home consumption having increased from 79,686 gallons in 1823, to ;)I2.( in 1833; an extraordinary increase, particularly when it is considered thatdiirina; the,same| period the consumption of most sorts of wine has i ecn nearly stationary. Marsala is adiyi wine ; the best qualities closely resembling the lighter sorts of Madeira; but the iiicreasinjl demand for it seems to be owing as much to its cheapness as to any peculiarity of qualiiy.f It is, however, an agreeable dinner wine. Marsala has been brought to its ])resent siateofi perfection and repute by the care and exertions of 2 Englishmen, the Messrs. W'loilhnuseJ established in Sicily, who have an extensive factory in the neighbourhood of Miiisala, Tlie| wine iu shipped in large quantities for America ; whence a considerable quantity is againl WINE. 747 I hichCT price, but is in all re. nlilious »l)iril is dissipated m kc the ancient viTitn?,Ps of thu ,r qualiiies unimpmr. J in both - ,vii.g ns they ailvancc in age. ,vc been kept for 10 yrars m t time in bottle: and rv... then thev are HUsceptible. \^ hen of I ihfir original harf^hncss, mi ,ich was 80 highly praed in tho lesa of flavour with an cxcepj- ■h is often very marked, is not almonds, but is inherent in the n England. The growth of the i-h a considerable (piantity ^m s a fnshionaMe wine in EnulanJ kree quantities of spurious trash riris naturally brought the wine ic fashionable white wmo. It is actiscd to a greater extent upon tv entered for home consumption !y entered for home consunn.uon is made from grapes grown on lyg, and allowed to remain on Ihe e capital of the island, in lat. 32° Lisbon. , . , . , n —resembles Madeira, and is not II body and rich flavour of the best o England are principally proJuceil .e wines constitute a distinct ovdfr nes, and are characterised l.y a dell- h is quite peculiar to them and of intion. A notion prevails th«l they so- but this is not the cnnslant no perceptible acidity in the mto, owths of warmer regions. Their nade in '^arm dry years arc aUvays | at ma- ICC thai nncs. It has a very choice flavom Irt of acidity. The vineyard is b next to the Johannisherscr. It i kbie years has much ilavour anJ the Moselle, is of superior quality. flavour and high aroma; but ta U they grow. Tlv^y arrive jble season, they will keep tw 'rhidriH!" proJ"cod,--i. hut lh.le ctL a high degree of Ilavour anJ ^i::twn (the ancient Lg-j; pretty largely consumed. nb.^ ,79 686 gallons m 1823, to. iU.JJJ ls;onsideredthatdnrin..ho>- nearly stationary. Marsabi>-a ry orts of Madeira; but the .ncreas,ng| of qiialiiy. ^ess as to any peculiarity J been brought to its pre.enU»^^^^ t„glishn.en, the ^^^^^fV rhc neighbourhood ol M.i ««'«. I tec a considerable quantity is aga.J conveyed to the West Indies, where it ia not unfrcquently disposed of as real Ma- deira. With the exception of Marsala, very iittio wine either of Sicily or Italy is imported into Englund. TKe wines of those countries are, indeed, witiiout, perhafis, a single exception, very inferior to those of France. The natives bestow no care ujion the culture of llio vine ; and their IgnDrance, obslinucy, and want of skill in the preparation of wine, are said to bo almost iiicredilile. In some districts, the art is, no doubt, better understood than in others; but had the Falerniaii, Cecuban, and other famous ancient wines, not been incomparably bet- ter than the licst of those that are now produced, they never would have elicited the glowing panegyrics of Horace. Wiiiex of Greece and Cijprns. — The soil in most parts of Greece and the Grecian islands is admirably fitted for the growth of the vitic; and, in anlic^uity, they produced soin« of the choicest wines. Hut the rapacity of the 'I'urks, and the insecurity of person and pro- perty that has always prevailed under their miserable government, has eirectually prevented [he careful cultivation of tho vine ; and has occasioned, in many places, its total abandon- inent. It may, however, be fairly presumed, now that Greece has emancipated herself fronr. the iron yoke of her oppressors, that the culture of the vine will attract some portion of that attention to which it is justly entitled ; and that, at no disitant period, wine will form an im- portant article of export from Greece. Nowhere, perhaps, has the destructive influence of Turkish barbarism and misgovcrnment been so a|)parent as in Candia and Cyprus. While these 2 renowned and noble islands were possessed by the Venetians, they supplied all Europe with the choicest dessert wines. Bacci affirms, that towards the end of tho 16th century, Candia sent annually 200,000 casks of malmsey to the Adriatic ; whereas at present it hardly produces sufficient to supply the wants of its few impoverished inhabitants. — {Henderson, p. 243.) The wines of Cyprus, particularly those produced from the vineyard called the (Jomniandery, from its having be- longed to the Knights of Malta, were still more highly esteemed ttian those of Crete. In the earlier part of last century, the total produce of the vintage of the island was supposed 10 amount to above 2,00^,000 gallons, of which nearly J was exported ; but now, the wine grown and exported does not amount to 1-lOth part of these quantities! The oppression of which they have been the victims, has reduced the peasantry to the extreme of indigence. The present population of tlie island is not supposed to exceed 60,000, — a number insufli- cient to have peopled one of its many ancient cities ; and small as this number is, it is con- stantly diminishing by the inhabitants availing themselves of every opportunity of emigrating. Recently Cyprus has passed into the hands of Mohammed Ali ; but unless the Pacha esta- blishes a dilferent government in it from what he has established in Egypt, the mis(Tablo inhabitants will gain nothing by the change, — (There is a brief but good account of Cyprus [aKmneir\s Travels in Asia Minor, 4-c. pp. 176 — 197.) Cape Wines, — Of the remaining wines imported into England, those of the Cape of Good Hope form the largest proportion ; the quantity annually entered for home consump- tion being about 540,000 Imperial gallons. The famous Constantia wine is the produce of Scontiguous farms of that name, at the base of Table Mountain, between 8 and 9 miles from Cape Town. The wine is very rich and luscious; though, according to Dr. Henderson, it j'ieiils, in point of flavour and aroma, to the muscadine wines of Languedoc and Roussillon. But, wuh this exception, most of the Cape wines brought to England have an e.irthy dis- agreeable taste, are often acid, want flavour and aroma, and are, in fact, altogether execrable. And yd this vile trash, being the produce of a British possession, enjoys peculiar advan- tages in our markets ; for while the duty on Cape wine is only 2.v. 9(/. a gallon, that on all other wines is 5s, 6d. The consequences of this unjust preference are doubly mischievous: in Ihe first place it forces the importation of an article of which little is directly consumed, but which is extensively employed as a convenient menstruum for adulterating and degrad- ing sherry, Madeira, and other good wines ; and, in tho second place, it prevents the improve- ment of the wine; for, while the legislature thinks fit to give a bounty on the importation of so inferior an article, is it to be supposed that the colonists should exert themselves to pro- Joce any thing belter ■? It is not easy to imagine a more preposterous and absurd regula- tion. The act enforcing it ought to be entitled, an act for the adulteration of wines in Great Britain, and for encouraging the growth of bad wine in the Cape colony ! Connimption of Wine in Great Britain. Dulien. — We have repeatedly had occasion, in the course of I this wnrk, to call Ihe reader's allentioii to Ihe iiijurldus (ipcratlou of iineiinal and oxDrliitant duties. jPerliapi, limvever, the trade in wine has suffered iiinre from this c.inse than any oilier departineiil of linduslry. We have already endeavoured to (ininl out some of Ihe effects resiil ting from the ineiiualily Iff llif duties, or from the preference so long tjiven to the inferior wines of Portugal and Spain over Itlip superior wines of France. Htil the exorbitance of the duties was, if possible, still more objeition- |*tlHn the partial ;)rinciple on which Ihey were imposed. It appears frcuii the subjoined Table, litat iliiring the 3 years ending with 179J, when ihe duty on French wines was 3,s. Oi/., and on I'ortu- Ijuescivfii/. p,r wine jjallon, the consumption in Great Itritain amounted, at an average, to 7,110,917 Ipllniis a year, producing about '.10l),00((/. of revenue. It is probable, had the increase taken place lltrii'im/fir, tliat thi.se di-.ties might have been doubled without any material diminution of consumption lBuiml79j ami 17'J0 they were raised to Hs. M. per gallon uu French, and to j^. %id. per gallon OD 748 WINE. c: M ■ o PortiiRtinRfl and flpnnlih wir.n) nnd ('he cntmeqiiRncn of thii indilRn nnil Inordinate Incrrnin, m • xlnldtiMJ In the Tnble, wnH.thnt lli« cniiiiini|)Uon fell from nniirly 7,()(H),m)0 giillonn In I7US, to »,7;t'i,:w3 Kiillunn In I71K>, anil (o :i,U70,U<)i In 17117! Ilm thiN niiiuiMWi-riililti iliinioniilrniliin of tlio rnlnnn> cH'cctij of liRHvy nnri indilen iidcllllonH to llii! diilicH iliil not jiriivvnt tlxtin In^inil riiUiMl, In IHOI, to I In. .')ld on Krencli, nnd to 7<. HU. on I'ortUKHOHi' nnd H|iunl).|i wine. Tlii!y continncd nt iIiIh rniu till l^'ii ; nnd ■urh wiiH tlii-lr inlliii-ncu, lliiit, nolwltliHtandlMii tlii! viml InrrtMinK of w»;illli iitid |in|Milallon ■liiro I7U()^ und till) Kvni'rnI linprnvfiiii'iit In tliii Htyli.' of liviiifr, tlii> toliil ('oiiKiiiniilloii of wine, iliirinK the II yi^nti vndinv wllli iyi4, anioiiiitiMl, lit nil avt-rniru, I ly 5,'.tlH,7(>7 RnlloiiH a yi'nr ; hnliiK no It'iigtliuii V.ingjM) Ifiilloni iinilfr tliu nnniial r<>nHiiiii|ii of tin- 3 yi-iirH enillnu witli I7'J3: It niiiy, IhiTi'rort!, I>i! truly xnid, ninkliiK nllownnci.' for llu; InircnHu of |ii>|iiilntion, that thecuiisumpiion ufwliie in Ortat BrtlumfcU off more lliati fifty ptr ttnl. bftiteen l7U(lnii(l Ih'il! ILiil >Mr. Vnimlitart coMllniird In powi'r, li iHillltinilt to «ny whpnthl«pyiti>ni nilnht hnvR ternilnnled; hilt no HooiKtr had Mr. itol)in!i''n (now l.iiril Ki|iiiii) Iiocoiid' (Miain rllor of iht* i':xch('qii«;r, than he ri!Hii|vfd ii|ion iliu L'trrcliiitl ri'tliu'ii.n of lln; wiiir iliitirn. In piirHiiaiDU of llils wIki> dt'ti'riiiliiiiHnn, Mr. KoliliiHon took, In IH'i'j, ni.Mi'lv ?()pii!l vulnalili; KXumplHof thu tiupvrlor pruiluc- liveni'cs of low diith'a.* The dntion, na rediircd hy Mr. Ilohinfon, wore 7<. 3(/. per Imperlnl pnllon on French wini's, 4,s, \nj [icr do. on nil other fori'iirn winrn, and 'if. !til. on those of the Cape of (fooil Hope. They riinliniind (in ihlH footiiiE till the ei|iiali8ntinii net (I & 2 Wil. 1. e. HO ), wlilrh inipo8es u duty of in. 6'd. per Inipurial Calliin on all foreign wlneH, nnd of "U. ()>/. on those of the Tape. lint the ei|iiall9Ulinn etIVcled hy IIiIh act oniihl not lo have been hronght ahoiil liy addliiL' any lhin» to the diitiex on port, Hherry, li.c., hiit e.vi-liiNlvely hy reiliicintf those on I'reiK h wineK lo ihn'r hfvi'j. The Mill joined Tahlcs nhow that tiiu eoiiHiinipllon of »'ine In the Ihiiied Klncdom was alioiil Hlaljuiiury from lh'2t) lo Wi\ ; and the addition of ^d. a ).mIIoii, that wax tlien made to 'lie iliilieM on all aim^ ,if forei;,'li wine except I'reiich, from which l.i. '.W. was ilediicled, appiars lo li ive Henslhly alliMicd lliii rniiHii nipt ion of \KVl. (Consider iii|{, indeed, I he liicreaHiiiK weallli anil popiilailon of ihe llrllisli einplre und Ihe more generally dill'iised iihi.' of wine, Hie Hiiiall liicreiige of ilie ipiunlitles reialiied for cmii-iinip.' tinn Is not a iitlle mirpriEiiiii;. A Rood deal is, we helieve, ascrihahle lo ailnlteratiuii. It Ih ii riujn however, that the diilien are xtill loo liiuli ; hut they are principally ohjeciioiiahle from Ihe iiinile ni' their nHsesHiiient. Tin- Iraile will never he placed on a proper foiiiin).' till liie duly is imposed i.n an ad riiliirciii principle. '1 lie imposiiion of the same duly on Inferior and cheap wines, worlli Id/, ii hues. head, as on the choicest HiiriJinidy and Cliampairne, worlh VH. or lid/, a lioiislieud, is so utterly suhvifr- nlve of all principle, that one Is astoiiished it should he maintained fir an jiistaiil. Its nlisiiriliiy uniilil not he exceeded, were Ihe same duty charijed on small heer Ihal is cliaiL'ed on gin I The ' Ml r'tdiHn^ apparently e(|iial, lint really muni uncijitid duly, is to exclude all low priced wines from Hit- Iviifjijsli markets; nnd lo deprive the midille classes of Ihe );ratilicalion ih'rivalile 'from llieir Use. Ciiiniiier- clally speakinR, llordeaiix Is much nearer I.ondon than I'aris : and, Inil for this preposleroii.s iijslrin the cheap wines of the Ulronde, I.anciiedoc, and I'rovence init'lit be honplit here iil a less price tliaii in most parts of France. Were it necessary for the sake of revenue to coiitlniie the prescni sysleiii it might be reliiclunlly siihmiiled to; but it is nlinniliinlly certain, that u fairly assessed ud r»/ur(»i diiiv Would, liy incri^asiii!! the consiimplion of the middle classes, yield a niiicli liirirer amount of revi'niii; than Is produced l>y llic constant duty : and It is not to he endured, that the trade of the ciiiiiiiryshntilij he deeply Injured, and the enjoyinenis of Ihe jirout hnlk of the cominnnity malerially impuiii'd, fur no purpose of public iitilily, but merely that injustice and alisurdily may be prolonged '. It Issiiid, inilecil tlint the imposition of an ad ralnrem duly would lend to Hie commission of fraud ; but we liiivi.' bci>n' assured, liy those familiar with the customs, that such precautions mlpht easily he adopied iis wimld prevent any danger on Ihls head. Am! Ihoiigli it weri' otherwise— Ihoiigh a few llioiisand ualldlisnf wine were udniilled for home consuii pllon at a soniewli.it lower duty than they oiight to have pald- the injury would be of the most trivial kind, nnd would hardly, indeed, deserve a moment's iitlentinn. In the United Stales, most duties nre Imposed on nn ad valorem piinciple ; and it is nut alleged llial any real dilhciilly has to be encountered in their collecllon. Vonmimplidn of Hive in Ireland. Dolus. — In n'Jd, the dulicg on wine roiigiimed in Irclfiml H?r« considerahly below the level of those imposed in (ireal lirilain, and the nveraiie annual ip.'iinlity of all sorts retained for home consumption in that coiinlry amounted to about I,llid,()dO Imperial jialiiiiis, producing about 138,000/. a year of revenue. Had those to whom the government of Irclnnd was intrnsled possessed the slightest knowledge of the merest clemenls of finance, or of the ciiiiditiiin of the Irish people, they would not have nltempted to add to the public revenue by augmenlini; ilieiliiiivs on wine. Owing to the limiled number of the middle classes in Ireland, an increase of duty cnnld not be expected lo he productive ; nnd thou"!!! it has yielded 50,000/., or even 100,000/. a year iidilJiJDnal revenue, that would have been no cnmpensalion for the Injiiiy it was sure lo do In checking (lie dii'- fusion of that taste for the luxuries and enjoyinenis so essential to Ihe improvement of the |ii'ii|il». ])ut those who had to administer the ntVuirs of Ireland were insensible to such conBideralim.s; and never doubted that 3 and 2 make 4 In ihe arithmetic of Hie customs ns well us in Cnckcrl i^iicli, indeed, was their almost iniredible rapacity, that In the interval between 1701 nnd 1814, llicy r;ii-ed the duty on French wine from 33/. 7s. a tun to 144/. ~a. (id. ; und Hint on port from 'iil. 4s. H. mil}/, lis.! This was a much more rapid increase than had taken place in England; and as the loiindy was far less able to bear even the same increase, the conseiiuences have been proportionally tiiifcliliv- ens. In 1815, the i|iinntlty of wine retained for home consumption in Ireland had declined, iioiwiih- (Standing the popululinn had been doubled, to 008,000 Imperial gallons, or to about /ni// llie (inuniiiy consumed in 17U0; nnd in 18*24, the consumption hud fallen tu 4U7,00U gallons, while the revenue only amounted to 185,000/. ! It is unnecessary to make any commentary on such stalemenls. But it is mortifying tn rellcct, lhal the legislature of a civilised counlry like Great lirilain should have obstinalely persevered in siidi a system for nhoiit ^ of a century. We venture lo adirm, that those who ransack Hie liiiaia l.il nnnali of Turkey and Spain, will find nothing in lliem evincing in every purl greater rapacily, l)!iior:iiire, and contemut for the public interest, than is displayed in the history of Irish taxation fromn'JOlo 1619. The reduction of the duties in 1825 has nearly dovhhd the consumption of wine in Ireland, and liai added considernbly to the revenue. The duties are still, however, oppressively high ns ciiinpiirpd »:lh the means ot the population; und hence, noiuilhstnnding the population of Ireland has niorelhan doubled, and the wealth of the country been materially increased in the interval, the quantity of wine * An article in (he Edinburgh Review, Nn. 80., contribnied to bring about this measure. iJeealso| an excellent tract on the /line Trade, by Mr. Warrc, published in 1824. WINE. 740 ,,000 B.ilW.nH ' '"» , ,,|«U ,„llihHiav.>lfrni|niiieili " ^.. . ...... tliriii ha »„ rrvnrll wIni'K, Is. lOii, •ht nliiiut I'V iiil'Hii!-' niiy lhin« lilt pop iiUiiii'i'" f llK! liriliHliciuiiire, ,,,„ ,o „.U.lt.:rati..". II iH ..:ri,.m, ;;;,Vui.H....'«'«..a.iea0.rn„iM,n,i,. iiv „iij.'.in>im»;i<; (1 1 li duly la liiipiisi'il I'" I'll Hi\vim'f.> irlv at^sfi-HiHl ..(1 VHhnmAm niiiiiM.i..iy " ■ , ji ^ siiiil, iiideeit, "'''■>■ ''^''nff urn 1>>^^^ ''"%Ci.ai'ewUw..i.»..|l..ll..l.';f !«'—"""''• ,l,..v OlIClll 111 11'^'' l'''"'~ fr;:rucSe;-'aili-noluUc«eaU,a, fg nnwine^ooi^^^^^^ annual ciimnin.yf „. III., covt ^_^„,-„,ptiin(lili"nof retained ftir hom»« ronmimptlnn In 17W. "'Trppiloil thai ri'lalnfil fur the •nnm piirpod* in 1RS9, by more than ■1110,(1111) liii|irri»l KalloiiK ! 'riii> lri«li ar<' partlrutiirly jiIIik in il in l''ri>nrh wirii'a ; niul Hupponlnf ltii> liiKy WiTi' llxi'il Ml III ad vnlnnm iiriiiriplr, no lliat it sliniiM hi- ;i, I'ul.m Ir a Kallnii nn llir liner wliii'!<, wi- liiivi- nil iImiiIiI »liiiii!vi-r Ihul lli<> rniiaiiiiiplidti wiiulil hi.' s[H.-L'(llly (IkiiIiIl-iI or irulilvil, nut (iiily 111 Iri'liinil, liiit almi In llrltaiii. Wv Miihjniii An Account of the QiinnlltlriR of nil Hnrtu of WIup retBlned for rnniiuinption In Intt.ANO, durtiiB the Knur Yuiira I'liilliiK with 1^38, nniloi°ili>' Ni'it lt"vi'titi>' accrtniiK ihfireon. anit the (Ml II' linm ihB B" '*""* "'' Iml^' hv lU'R"''''''"''! ""^ '"""■' llilic f«V i rro- «!■ of limy tnuliiiwil |0^."'«\^ ," do nclVcl^in^tl-eilif- il W09 sine to i_o ;;;^,„ „,• „„, p,,,,,,!. ui tl.at on port fr- ., '\,:'Eil^ll^'w»nda..li«eou,,,-y| Vnn. 18. 'D 18 '0 Hi'tii 1 1 fur (otiiutijitioii. /mil. (Ml, 19S'iOR 7i7,8-4 Hrvetiiip. ISI,I44 nz.itii Vmi«. Ri'i iineil fur Coiiftuiti|itinit. llflvniiM. IMI mii tmv, (iatt, liT.I'l Tti9,319 L IM.iltD IlutcR (if duly iainc In Ireland oi In Great Itritain, since INI 1. .Iiliitleriitii^n of (Cine. — VVii liavn alrrady iiIIiiiIimI lo iIiIr pranlrn. It wan prnnenilpd Xn n very Rrrnt ixlitnt pri.'viiiiixly In tliR rudiii.tlnii nf tlii' iIiiIU'h in l^'J.'i, and is Hiill vi'ry I'nr IViiiii lioiiiu Hii|i|'r<".>iid. It liuK lii'i'ii alllriiii'it, Inn vvi* nrii iTirliiicil In Kiisprct tin' hIiiIi'Iiii'IiI nf cMictlir'Ulnii, iliat at tin- iiniiiicnt iMMie lliaii II r/iii'i/ iilalJ Mill Hlwrry t'liiisiiiiii'il In Lniiilnii Ik tliii prndiiri' nriliii /nn'c pron, Inilri'd, viiiii'H arr rviTy day uirrnil f ir Hall' at prliin at wliirli iivi-ry iiiin riinviT.saiit Willi ll'^ ir.iili^ llin II nir. I'raile (\H'i\), Hiiiiie oiirlotH ilrlails on IIiIh Hiiliji'i:t. TIKI iiii|i<' 'ilinii ot'tlic iliiliiM on uii ,1(1 vatnrem priin'l|ili', liy alliiwin^' eRiiiiInc wiiin to lin sold at a low fiici', woiiM pill an rirnrtiial ntnp In tlii; prarlici'.-i (if tin' aiiiillcralnrs. The iinrcaM' oi" thi' ilnlii's in ihi: rn'Bii'^ "l' \\'illiaiii and Aiini' lirnt gave liirtli to ilm distruililaMt' l'rai(.'riiliy— (sec a ciiiimm paper iif .ViMi'tiin'H, 'I'tiflcr, Nil. 131 ); ami it will coiilliiuo to tlourish as lung as the duties are inulnUiiiiiid oil lliclr presfiiit I'lintiliif. Tim only aiii'iirliy aKainut hiiiiig iinpn^nd upon, i^^ to deal only with rf^Kpiictalilii hntisr'H; with lliORe liri/i'ly i!>it;aK<'il ill llii' Iradn; and lo wliom it ii-piilalinn for sdllini; ^dud wlnu U uf tun liiiicu niuie iiiipiirlaiicu than any tiling thuy could e.\puct to iiiaku liy adulluratlon. Icroiint nf the Qiinnlity of French and other Sorts of Wine retained for Home fonoiiinplion in (in eat IIHITAIN from ITH'J to lt;«„' ;VliiM,iuiim.y L Butitisn^r.i"f."',; !;,,,, eity. isunrnnfe, h:i:j;3^ofSSo.^o".'^^>i „.sun,p.ionofwineinl...^;Mndl.. „er, oppressively h.tl« « „,„'„,„„ than I fceK^i^i:;;e;iai:thnua...i.yofwii..| ,., bring about this meaiiuve. la in 1»'^1- Bee also I 1 'an. 1 Quaiilitiiii rrlxiiif'l Tor Iliiliie C(iiiiuiii|ilioii. Rilis u Duly. Kelt Itevenue 1 • b*-^ . French. OlherSiirti. Tolil. i French, ileira. Si.-— Rhen- iih. Cape. Other Sorli. French. .Other Sorli. ToUI. , ll'ilW ICi/ie 1 mill ll'iiie H'liic ir.iie Il'iiit II-, 11,1 Ifiiie L. ! L. 1 L. (/(iJtoiii. iitiiliint. 1 Gailunt. Uall. Cliill. Uall. (lull. (.'III'. Gall. \:^ 23 1,299 5,i' c I 1 1 1 2 6f^4 1 ! 112-3 3 9 38,549 fi«l,9'19 721,518 U-0 2I«.1'4 l<,24)9-3 (>,4 2.3 ,3 . . 41,3.52 779,2'ni 820,562 i-qi , I O.SM 7,1(17,137 7,d)d,.':B • • • 4J.4I7 8,l„15l 916,769 i;j2 1 J03,727 --T*Ml hn'"2,2J9 • fn,B!i3 959,9,1 1.019,64,5 i:jj I iW.lbO ».63l,7ali C,f<9 1.910 « • . 3ll,30S 66(1,3-7 f 91 '686 1791 ; mm 6.7ll",in2 6.7'III.2W • • 14.4-7 1 7Si,536 7!5.l'21 iTJi ll'^.W 6,S' 18,534 6,927,121 6"li 4 1 1.6 4 116 5 8 1 623 '■ 4 5.,i79 1.37.5.113 l.4:)0,T22 VM 5(I,>HI .-.,tiSl,iU2 5,732,3^3 8 6 5 814 5 814 7 3 1 13-4 6 II 25,253 1,131,210 1,15(1,523 ' t F.xcew nf ) \;r,\ e«l'i'r'>- S3,97'i,77:-. 3.970,901 • • - 36,222 1,317,133 1.383,665 \ i,*H |-»|J. r.,3,7 4,7n.29r 4.760,6,S7 8 91 3 II ,t 919 7 63 4 6 3 7 012 33.247 1.319,414 1,372,661 119) .^1.126 4,7.!B,.'.0 4.777,631 • . 31 3 6 1,1.61. 10 1.6-2.826 itOO 83,171 7 H li.4 1 7.72S8?1 • 42,311 1 924.i'7l 1.1.67,213 I'Ol 141,613 U.S64,lir 7.006,310 s'e I 81.4 5 '91.4 7 3 6 134 6 II Sl,6-6 1.9IIN310 1,11! 2,097 \«l I2!l.'«) t>.226 IS!' 6,3ii,749 8 10 5 II U 5 ion 7 7 1 '2 6 33.4 7 1 61,514 1,870.35 ■! 1,91, 1-72 IS)) I9;,l3li 7, 1,41 6 10 4 K 1114 6 10 1-4 ,S 7 1-4 ij 10 14 a 10 1-4 7. ',103 2,(169.252 2, 14 1.3 -.6 li«( u.m\ 4.Sli«,»l-> 4,M",719 II ik 7 7 7 6 •1 3 7 6 7 6 34,423 1,77 1,899 1,814.323 'liCi m,i)<3 4,OI,'.ti-. I.S6..5M 11 a 7 8 7 7 9 4 1-2 7 7 7 7 SI, 3-6 \ 1.922,l'0 2.(03.8620,J'28 'ISC7 hAII4 ft,7fi2,22l 5.922,:!37 ■ * ■ 89,139 1 2.2l5,n-.8 ■2.334,197 ,l«li 1S6,94I 6, 21,^9^ 6,408,031 , • • I26,9J6 2, .'26,810 2,3 .3,736 ,l!«9 1 12'., 266 5,6-2,821 5,908,087 • - - • ■ • I" The npit reccipt-i of (Inly on Krenrh 2,361,113 ISO 190,917 G,GI4,3-,9 6,903,2:6 - • • • anil other ilescnp- tii'iis nf wine cannot 2,313,615 !iiii 63,221 S,:97,633 5,860,874 • - ■ • - • 1 he iiepar,ilely !it,ileil ! ', for these yeus, in { 2,169,871 'il!l3 77,312 156,747 5,059,178 4,531,821 5,l3e,4[0 4,7l«,'i(;8 IG 5 7 8 7 7 9 4 1-2 2 613 7 7 cnnsciiiienr'e of the itc9tiiirlii)n iif tie ciHloiiis records by (.lire. ) 1,911,352 f Custoniii ^ U'corils ilfviriiyi"!. 2.032.840 I'Sll 36,180 4,911 1,783 4.941,663 It 5-7 8 7 7 9 4 12 2 61-3 7 7 7.3,18.-. l,959,6-'5 \\i\\ y. 1.021 S.6(iT,lll 5,"I68.4S-. • . r22 662 - I.'I72,6I7 2.195,299 :;M6 1 1! ,tir> 4,294,182 4.420.8M7 . 76,1146 1,531,2 2 I.6III.299 !ll(i 4,:fl2,7,'>l 4,97'<.600 11 '51 7 8 7 7 9 3 ,2613 7 7 126.617 1,675,129 I,8('2.i97 li'Ji . Iki.nri 4,Kl:,78i .5.fll9.'lbil ! • " I06,''92 1.711, 01 I.8I8,396 il'il 1 I6i,-!!ll 4,'-W,778' 5.0l6.,'i69 \ 97.4''6 I.70O.C04 I.797.J9I il'!! 1 177,7r.-l 4, 97,401 1 4,9'5,l,->9 • 104.425 I,6''9.58S 1,791.0 3 iWl 1 |i>1,296 f>,ini,ll4j 5,291,4 106.982 1,800,481 I,' 07.41 6 Ml I 211.901 6,274.''31 S479.73! 117,202 1, ".50,7 51 1,967.9-3 llii ; Ut,OI3 8,l2l,97!l! 8,6j3,995 4 4 U 4 2 |4 l(i(i.lS4 1,648,869 1,815,0.51 Allowances for stoi-h / ill hand • • 5 1,021,044 791,009 fmr. CnU /mp. Gall /mp. Gull 1 — I1S8 ! j;6.816 6.(17 3 |4 in |4 m |l 10 \2 3 |4 10 ■ , ini.-09 1,724,010 I.j2«,n50 a 4M.3iii 7.129,161 7,5>O.H25 ) eiiiul to the oriiier duties per wine gitlon. ■ I36.02J ; l,3T0.('9" 1.5(16, 22 l'« 316,911 h \K\\,»lfi 5,421,743 113,980 : I,IT^.5.'2 I.2il2.4('2 TO 2l»i,0<5 .M'O.e^h 5,1)76,771 95.139 1.256.118 l.3il t(i7 m v-KV'i 5,226 470 1 .5,454,S''3 5 6 |5 6 |5 6 |3 6 |2 9 |5 6 70.135 'l.28'.2-3 I.356..09 [Wi 1 2m,2-.:i 4,995,9ill 6,199,203 65,368 ,,321,662 1,319,643 ^1:' :-■ I! ='„:*■ m m 3n2 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A ^ ,<.^ 1.0 I.I I^|2j8 |2.5 ■^ 122 |2.2 H^ lift L£ 12.0 L25 i 1.4 I: ■ III 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WeST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SS0 (716)S72-4S03 760 WINE. Account of thn Qtinntities of ForpiBii Wlnns retainpit for ITotnuConmimptlnn In the United Kinodom distinguiBliing each 8ort, during eacti of the l.'< Years uiidcil 5th January, l»'M. (Imp. Mens.) Veart. Cipf. (Ifllll. Frrnch. (InlU. YoT\v%utu. Maiein. (lalli. Spaniih. (lalll. Canary. (lalh. Rhrniih. .SiriliaD, Ac. T0UI. (IrUli. Galli. t.alh. (inilt I8'23 5V..I19 I7l,ii»l 2.49i.212 323,734 1.078.922 123.036 20,t-70 79.ti8« 4,84'.,()li0 11124 515299 l!<7.447 2,512 343 2i'7,479 I,2l7.('3l II7.42S 25,976 77.1+5 .5.11. fl.r9l 1^2 > (>7n.t)i9 f,2.,.579 4,200.719 372, .24 1,S.30.975 167,1(18 107,799 131,6' 9 e,0'9 5l2 l»2ti 630,136 313.-07 2,!-33,6SK 2Hi.27-. l, l'(i 5.37 7.I62.37H IH29 57'l,74l ;ib5,3.ia 2,fis 1.731 229.3SI2 I.H6I.I>>2 lr1,6'>9 76,396 219.1-2 6.217, (lii IK>0 !ilj2..> 30-,2J4 2,>o9,ii!H 217,138 2,(8 I.J 23 1()I.MI2 68.122 2 -.2.5 1 3 6,431,145 IMI 53 ',5H4 2 i 1.366 2.707,-,3| 2(19.127 2, 89.532 (11.117 57.8-8 2,59 916 6,2 2.2(,4 I-.I2 5M,2li2 2-''','ii7 2 6I7.40,5 l.^n.fSS 2.1 MJ.0:'9 12,803 .38.197 254,2j1 5,1183,542 IKll 5i-),ini 232,. 2.jMi, :w I(.l.('42 2.246.liH-> OtlK r lorts lint » 426 3:2 6,207,770 lhT4 62l,iiM 2W.. .10 2,:nj.30J I5ir.1'9 2.2:9.^51 i1i>lini(iii«lir>1 (48 ..308 6,4'0,544 IKt'i ?.22.9II 2711.01 2.7>c.('Jl 1:9 122 2.230,187 .50.nS6 4-,6'.<8 1 3 6,455 6,4211.342 Ai'.cniiiit c.vhihitini,' the Cinanlilii'S nf the iliderenl Hnrls of Wine imported into and e.xportpd frnm tin Uiilli'd i\iiicdiini in iIih Veiir (Midint Ww 6th of Jiiiiiiary, 1^40; Ww. (tiianlities of each Sort rcliiino, for !I(iiiic (Juiisuiiiption ; tlie Uules of Duty ; and the (irosa and Nett Hevcnue accruing lliereon. S|>eciffcof Wine. i (ju.inli'>..ft iinpor'rti into the IJnili-.l Knii^'li.iil. (i.i/Imif. 723,710 5U8,329 2t.7,(l i7 3,272 2' (J 4,130,753 82,910 341. .2-. 2.1 6P2,3i0 9,908.722 (Jumttlicii exp:irlel trnm tl.G I'lii'ial Kin^Jcln. O'a'/c/jf. 3,320 121. -21 162 527 289,3,5 980.7-6 13.330 292,-79 90 170,163 2,053,01 Hewnue j of lifv.iiue recviveJ ihereon. ■ receivej llicreoo. Cape French M.iilrira • l'(.itu,:ueM Sf.anUh Rliiini.h - C»n;»ty Kiy.l Sicilno and utber Winei* Total /,. 73,3n6 109,820 1,732,232 /.. 73,5(r2 104,112 1,072,375 7,239.567 1,915,618 1,849.989 Price iiflVine in London.— The fallowing U an account of the price of wine in bond In London, in Decenilier, 1836. /.. t. /.. t. r.. 1. L. 1. Port, lit rhi., oM per pipe 40 to 48 Marwla . - . . per pipe 12 to 13 2J .ind 3c1. do. 31) — .18 Mituniain . . . 16 - 13 li-ht and ci.inmon • — 20 n — 28 Claret, 1 jt itrowth per lihd. 41) - 4i Sherr)-, 1.1 quality. Iiind common • 60 — 80 (1 Saiitpnie, Itl and 2d quality per pipe IT 0-21 — 20 0-35 n 3.1 and 41I1 d... 10 - 16 Wejl In lia, 1«l qualily .— 30 0-60 Hfruii'a^e, 2d do. ^ :io (/_35 2J and 3d do. • — 2> — 43 3 1 do. — 20 0-25 1 direct London particular •• .— 45 0-52 Mnaille . . . ■ per aam. 12 0- 20 2d qualily — 30 n — .38 Hock . . . . ^ 20 - 50 1 inferior • — 17 - 25 Cape Madeira. Iipst per pipe 5(1 - 18 ! TencTifTe, best old — 20 — 24 2d an.l3di|ualily 12 0- 14 ' cargo .... — 9 0-13 cnriitiinn — lU 10 - 11 , I.iilMin .... — 22 0-21 (1 Spanish, red • — 12 - 14 Buce11a< .... — 20 0-32 Sicilian . - . . — 9 - 10 n Measures. — According to the Hvilein of wine measures that prevailed down to 182fi, the palinn cnn taincil 231 ciihic inches; the lierce, 42 gallnns ; the puncheon, 84 gallons ; the hogshead, C.I ii.iljnns the pipe or hint, 126 gallons ; and the tun, 2£2 callous. Hut in the new system of measures iiilrodiire hy the act 5 Geo. 4. c. 74., the Imperial standard gallon ron tains 277 '2* I nihic inches ; sotliat tliiMierc := 3i (very nearly) Imperial gallons ; the puncheon = 70 (.very nearly) do.; the hogshead = bii (W nearly) do.; the pipe or hutt= 105 (very nearly) do.; and the tun =210 (very nearly) do.— (Se Wkioiits and Measures.) A very great quantity of wine is sold to the consumer in dozens ; and much more, indeed, than i.s sn In any other way ; and yet there is no regulation as to the si/.e of bottles,— a defect which lias nee; aioned a great deal of nhuse. Nn one doiihts the propriety of making all gallons, bushels, kv.. ofi same capacity ; and why should not similar regulations be enforced in the case of measures so ui; verbally used as bottles 1 Wine the produce of Europe may not he imported for home consumption, except in British sliipn. in ships of the country of which tint wine is the prndiirp, or of the country from which it is iiiiporie on forfeiture thereof, and 101)/. by the master of ihe ship.— (3 & 4 It ill. 4. c. 54.) No abatement of diMies made on account oi'any dainaire received by wine.— (3 & 4 fl'ill. 4. c. 52) Wine from the (Jape must be accompanied by a certificate of its produclimi. — (See antf, p. >^) Wine e.xported to foreign p.irts, from the bonded warehouses, must be shipped in vessels orimlli than 70 tons burden.— (3 & 4 lyilt. 4. c. 57.) H'ine fur Officers of STuvij .—l^nt the iiuantity of duty-free wine to be allowed to officers of the iiii| and the regulations under which it is to he allowed, seeanti. p. 15. Refidatiiins as tu viiiiti^, boltlinir, ^c. in H'arelioiines.—i. Wines, when depogileti in warelinii?e!| fipecial security, or in warehouses situated near the places of landing and shipping, and derlare| the order of approval to be substantially built, and capable of affurding general accoinniodatinnio trade, may be allowed to be fitted up, lined, and racked, as often as the owners may deem iieiesjaj the lees to be destroyed without payment of duty, the (iiiantiiies destroyed being correctly ascerlaj for the purpose of being eventually deducted frmn the ollicial accounts. I 2. Bonded brandy may be allowed to be added to wine in the bonded stores for its pre8ervalin| improvement, and the whole to pay duly as wine upon being taken out for home consuinptinn. vided the whole quantity of brandy contained in the wine, at the time of entry for home cunsunipll *Tbe other sorts are quite trifling, and do not deserve notice. wo AD— WOOL. 751 Bhtniih. Colli- ao.t-io 2r,,tn6 ',6.\6\ ,\(M it (irnw Amount reconeJ chcreon. Nelt Amount \ of UfVfTnie ( I receiveJ lliereon. i 9 109,820 it. I 5 6 '.-'^^^ 1,672,315 ' -rr^ 1,849.989 I \,91S,o'8 I :.';^orwi..e^n bond in tendon, .n Towth iLliiitevior-luil'li" red • ; !J Jo. .in. ("■'■t hjiiu*lily . per pipe . jierliW. per iloi- per I'll* per Mm per pipe /,. •■ I- \l to l"- D '6 - I? ° — 4i -33 - 10 40 - 4i 4M - 60 4-2 10 0-2t ■" « - 1? I 30 (1-33 20 - 2S li - 20 20 0-60 61, - 1» 12 - 14 ^ 10 10-11 12 - 14 9 - 10 1 40 20 6 I IT 10 do not exceed SO per cent.; and that a proper sample for the purpose of nsccrtninini the strenirth be tlliiWKil tn be til ken nut hy tliu proper oflici'rs. 3. Winps may Im! allow.-d to he inixeil with wines of the samn dpsrripiion as ofi.'ii ii^ ne(P<«nry for their pr«Hervntion or iuiproveineiu; provided ihat wine mi niixtd hp ki-pl scpinte Iroiii cnhnr wine, and iIkU thf packnKea containlnR the s.uiie lie hrundi-d ax mi/ru winr, and the brand or other marks of the original filiipp^r ho i-iraced.— (Ti-eunwry Onlcr, 2()ih of May, IMKI ) Wine may hn hoitled for exportation in a honded vuiill np|iro|iriatiMl fur the purpose, upon (riving 21 hours' notice ; hut no forrieo hotllifs, corks, or packairt-s may Ik,- used, pxcepl tlioau in which the wine niny have heen imporliMl and warehou!>pd, iiniens llie full duties sliall have been paid on the same ; and not less than 3 dozen reputed i|uartR, or 6 dozen reputed pint boitlcH, shall he exporleil in each packaL'e ; and if any surplus or sediment remnin, it is to he iimiiHilialely dectrnyed in the iiresenre of the ollker, or the full duties paid upon it.— (3 iV, 1 llitl 4. c. 57., and Ciialoiiis .Mm. 3Kt of l>.'c. 1828.) Till! brands or marks on the casks into which wines or spirits may be racked at tlie liondcil ware- hniises are to he eff.iced, und no other brand or mark to he retained thereon than iIkisl- which were on (he casks when originally innmrted.— (7Veas«r!/ Order, 20(h of June, 1830.) (The Oporto Wine Cotn|iuny, ilescrilird ante, p. 741., iibolishcd hy n decree dated I.islion, ;}Oth of M.iy, 1834, has been re-established by the following decree, dated April 7, 1838 :— " I, Dinni Mnria. hy the frice n( r,o^riy for lite cul'iire nf the viiifs in fpier Doitm, luiipre-n-tl hy ihc liw of the 30th t.f May, 18 4, i> ii;oii cMah:iihed hT lite iii-rii«l ot Iwenty jear<. 'I liii romj,any »ill, himevur, nipii-ly h.ive Iho riifhl i>f'pi"vint ami lolli:i« ihf ' witin< fl^PI'er IKtuiY) 111.11 k n{ Ihpcifck", anJ istuit,■ en ;ipprov(:il ttf and fur- ' ni>hc(I wilh a imrniil hy tlie cuiiij a..y, m iU he alluwetl to he eX|>or(ed | over 'h,* h.ir of Oporto. "^ '(tin wine at present in ilore at Oporto, Villa Nova da Gaia, 1P<] III the Ito .TO, shall I e iinnife-le'l iiiiliietii tely after the puh ica- l.oti'f tht* la*v ; ai>,t It previi.iixiy q*iililied, n..iy he ea|K)rled over [\ie Lar oCOporlo, e.lher with or without a |>eMiiit. .1 prevailed down to »62fi,^l.^jl^^^^ tj. 84 git"""« ' '.?.f measures iinrnduced n the new «>V";" ''/, est^" «"«' ""■/'"" b\i;rtur'=^>o'-rv --'>■' ""'"" Lens; and nu.ch.noj.^^^f^:-':;^' bV.Xri"e§in"tU^e^creorn.easuresaoo,,.. , Vcceived hy w"l«"^ (See an(*, P. « > , , land do not deserve notice. "Art. 3, As a rnmpentialion for the expense* lo which the mm. paiiy will he put in prtiv'ttKaiid tottin< the wii.e». hrimlnn raika, ai.d ei^uing periiiils.they -ihatl h.- en'iile.! to leiy 400 ri'i.. upon each pipe of wine receiving a (lerinit. 'I his Kiiin of 400 rem shall lie de- iliitled ftoin the an.ount ol nutics pay.ihh fur conaiiiiipli'in or rx- jrirlation : and the coinpaiiy -hall heohli^ed lo irnder an annual accoiiiitol the receipt* ati I ea|)eti^i.a to (lovtiniiieot, .11, J to hand over the ha'atice if there sl.oiili] he ai y. ''Art 4. "I he coii.p itiy may pfoinote Ihe aiiKmeiitation of its itock hy means of sdar-j', for ivjncli (ilirpme the neceosary auilorisation is 10 he appled for to ^ovei iiltiei.l, to wIhuii the Vomp.stiy shill .sImj propoip wlialiver tisc may he ntcessaiy fir theeaeculiou of Ihii law *• Art. 5, All legislation to the contrary is herehy revoked. "TIIF. QIKKN. '•ANTONIO IXIINANDKS COILHO. " Palact of AVcMiirfarfcj, April 7, IS3-.'' Il'ine, Siirvei) vf Permits, ^r.— The 5 & 6 Will. 4. c. 3!). exempts the dealers in and retailers of wine, lint lieiiij! dealers in or retailers of spirit.i, from the ohliiiatiim lo allow their premises to be entered, ami their slocks und premises to be surveyed hy the ollicers. It iilso enacts that a p«r»iif shall no loneer be necessary fir the removal of wine. Licences may he granted hy the commissioners of excise 10 sell wine in thealres, &c. — Hup.) WO.\D (Ger. Wiiid ; Dti. Weede ,- Fr. Pastel, Guede, Vmtedc ; It. Guadone, Gtiado, Glastro ; Sp. I'astel, Glasto), the Isutis tiucloria of bolanists, n biennial plant, with a fusi- form fibrous root, and smooth branchy stem, risini; from 3 to 5 feet in htiown. The term is not very well defined. It is applied both to the fine hair of animals, as Hcep, rabbits, some species of goats, the vicuna, <^^c. ; and to fine vegetable fibres, as cotton. In litis article, however, we refer only to the wool of sheep, — an article which has continued, Ihim the earliest period down to the present day, to., he of primary import-nice — having Iways formed the principal part of the clothing of mankind in most temperate re;rioiis. !ipecies of Wont. — It has been customary in this country to divide wool into 2 great I classes— long and short wools; and these again into subordinate clashes, according to the 1 fineness of the fibre. Short wool is used in the cloth manufacture ; and is, therefore, frequently called clothing h'ool. It (nay vary in length from 1 to 3 or 4 inches: if it ho longer, it requires to be cut lor broken lo prepare it for the manufacture. The filling properly of wool is known to every one. The process of hat making, foi |eiam|ile, depends entirely upon it. 'i'he wool of which hats arc made is neither spun nor Itvoven; but locks of it, being thoroughly intermixed and compressed in warm water, cohere l*nd form a solid tenacious substanco. tB9 WOOL. TZ •• m c> J '1 «-»• ^ "■ ^,'? Cloth BTid woollon floods arc made from wool possessing this property ; the wool is carded, npuii, wdvfii, find tlipii lioini; put into the fulling mill, llie prorcss of fi-ltiiig tiikcs place. 'I'he tilrokcs of the mill make llic fibrra cohere ; the piece sulijecled to the o[)eratiori contracts in length nn-ools-,th« ,1 soft worsted yarn. Vnst for any useful purp-^ „ Jiscern those nunute M- 1 sortinc wools, there arc fro. best wool ot out 11" "^ ;;„ 10. Short coarse or I, rccU eater Jcmaml for coarse. Urn, or It is not dependent on the ime- B to that of silk or down. I li« ^f wool equally line, but one .Us. ,V."««h, that, with the same r oo in 25 tier cent, more leanness, therefore, is an j ,olhyn.nehinery,,«Kat^;;,t hmlung wools, nie^^^^^^,^^ I/mcolnusedtolerec ^^^^,, I the i"iprovem nts^alU. 1^ ^ ^, ^^,^ t^Uedthemanuf^t"-^^^^ .;^rn-;u;eiit|^.-5;;'^; ;,nUty of the latier combing than in cMh.nR 1^^^ ,he fleece has a J''Sy ;;;;;, ,,„„J ;tr::u4-oltnotofso„.ch ..into this country about the close of last century. George III. was a great patron of this breed, which was for several ycara a very great favourite. But it has been ascertained that, though the fleece does not much degeiieralc here, the carcase, which is naturally ill formed, and aflnrtls coinpanitively little weigiit of meat, does not improve; and as the farmer, in the kind of slierp which he keeps, must look not only to the produce of wool, but also to the butcher market, he has found it his interest rather to return to the native breeds of his own country, and to give up the Spaiii!S. ()40. and (i44.) According to the estimate in Mr. Ijuccock's Tieatine on Enf^linh W'odl, which has always enjoyed the highest reputation, the produce of all sorts of wool in England, in 1800, was 381,000 packs, of 240 lbs. a pack. But Mr. Hubbard, a very intelli- ceiit and extensive wool-stapler at Leeds, has shown, that, supposing Mr. Luccock's estimate ot' the numlwr of sheep to be correct, the quantity of wool now produced cannot, owing to the greater weight of the fleece, be estimated at less than 4C3,l(i9 jiacks; l)eing an increase of 20 per cent. ! It is, therefore, probable, notwithstanding the decline in the (itice of wool, that, taking into account the greater weight of the carcase, and the greater weiuht of the fleece, sheep produce more at present to the farmer than at any former period. Number of Sheep in Great Britain. — It is not possible to form any occuratc estimate, fitlier of the number of sheep, or of the quantity of wool annually produced. With the ex- ie|iiion of Mr. Luccock's, most of the statements put forth with respect to both these points iwm much exaggerated. But Mr. 1 .'s estimate, which is considerably under any that had previously appeared, was drawn up with great care; and is supposed to approach near to accuracy. According to Mr. Luccock, the Number nrinne wnolled sheep in England and Wales in ISOO, was - 4.I.')3.3(I8 of short WDiilleJ ditto ...... 14.854,2!.S) Total nuiiibor shorn ..... 19,007,607 Plaiiphter of sliort woolled sheet) per annum CirriiiM of ditto ....... Slaiigliler of long woulled ditto ..... Carrion of ditto ....... Shiijuliter (if tambs ...... Carriou of ditto ....... 4,«21.71H 211,llh7 1,180,113 .W.dSO l,ion.f,t)0 70,028 Total number of sheep and lambs 2fi, 148,^03 7,140,856 In some parts of England there has been an increase in the number of sheep since 1800, and in others they have decreased. But we have been assured by competent judges, that, uii the whole, tlic number has not materially varied in the interim. During the last half century a very decided increase has taken place in the number of sheep in Scotland, and a very great improvement in the breed, particularly in the Highlands. In this district, many of the proprietors have let their estates in large farms to store farmers, «ho have iuiroeriority over the foreigner in several departiiieni^^ of the trade was by no means decided, it is plain that the imposition of a duty whicJ amounted to about 50 per cent, upon the price of a considerable quantity of the wool wJ were obliged to import, must, had it been persevered in, have ruined the manufacture. Il occasioned, indeed, during the period of its continuance, a considerable decline of theexporii of woollens, and was productive of other mischievous effects, from which the maiuilactutij •suffered for a considerable period after it was repealed. The evidence as to the absolute necessity of employing foreign wool, taken before tlid Lords* committee, was as decisive us "an well be imagined. Mr. Gott, of Leeds, one of lliii most extensive and best informed manufacturers of the empire, informed the committee, thail in his own works, he used only foreign wool. On being asked whether he could carry 'J an export trade to the same extent as at present, if he manufactured his clutli of Briii>!l wool, .Mr. (i. replied, that, in certain descriptions of cloth, " lie eould not make an artu'M that would lie merchantable at all for the foreign market, or even for Ihe home iiwrh'^ except of foreign ivoolJ" Wc sul)join a few additional extracts from the evidence of lliij most competent witness. " Can you give the committee any information with respect to the competition that noij exists between foreigners and this country in woollen cloths]" — " I think the cDrnpttiiioii i very strong. In some instances, the foreigner has, probably, the advantage ; and in nihrrJ the superiority of the British manufacture, I think, has greatly the advantage ; and would apply, I should say, particularly to the line cloths of Great Britain compand niil * This Ip.iriipd and arciirntc work rnniaiiig a great deal of information witti respect lu ilie progieJ of iimnufactutusand coniuierce in Eiigluiid. WOOL. 7S6 This cBliinnl'' 18 '»'' export of wool >^s ^tnvtly J-. , „,ul continued to R,mK ,hrreel.c;BndtU«t'l ^^^^^^ "'■""■'TureSe s'rtutes .ore, ""■• a .1 severe that can lu> ,„ulostbythcaRr.cuU»n^^^^^^^^^^^ .1 by many later ^;'«;;;;,„,i„„ „f , pvohibmon f f ^ "^,,,eurin« tl>c '•""'y ^"?Sr .m"-'n.ent of n.- policy. » "'' ' \ purposes for ,l\ea to most '^f "^^j^he'onW ap- priatea,haaanmh.audth._^^^,^^^^^^^ fSri1rtheUole.ool,r. ure, the policy of «Jo-'^;^^ ,„,, „, ' duty of fts. 3rf^a cwi Yan- adutywouUlhaNel.m^^^^^^^^.^^^ r^'^'STntJelaWetothepr. \,l , he imposition of a '^^^^^^^^ Unsiderablc '^"''"V^Vanlcture. U ^S:tm ^hich the rnanu,... l.^d. l^^^'^^^'l'.le committee, Itol, I cn^pire. "f ^"^'^^^i, he c" nUl carry on ling asked ^hethe h.^c . ^^^^^^ le manufactured »f ^ J, „„ «r(ifk fc^i-ufloAlf-acnceof... -FCt to the competition I^Sii;" clothVr---" I th";kth»^;;Vin others robably.theadvaniaee « ^^^j,,,, .;;r:.aUo„wHhrespecUoa.e.o.. foreign clollis: in Home descriptions of low rlollis, the foreigners arc nearly on a fooling, and in some instances, perlinps, Hiiperior to um," " H|ienking of the finer eloths. is the competition «nch as to render an ndditioiinl duty on ihe iiii|iortiiiiou of ft)reii;n wodI, likely to injure tin- export trinlr !" — •• I liiive nn i/tm/it, sprnkiti'^ (III infi niit/i, Ihal it irmi/d be fulnl to the forii<;n rlit/i tniiir nf llir cuiinln/. I would siiy further, that it would l)e e(|\ially injurious to eo;irse nuinuf:iclur<-s of gill kinds niiule of l''n>;lisl» wool. 'I'he roinpelition now with forei)»in'rH is as ne.irlv liid.inced us posHi- |)le; and the di.-durliini; operation of ntliicks of that descriplion would iieecsmuily enalile the foreigner to buy his wool ehenper ihiin we »hould do it in this eountry ; llie result would l>c, that foreignerH would, hy such .x preuiinm, he eniiliied to extend their uianul'aetua-8, to the exclusion of Hiitish rnanufiictures of all descriptions." In another part of hi^ evidence, Mr. (Jolt says, — " If 2 pieces of eloth at lO.v. n yard were put before a cuslouier. one made of Dritish wool, the oilier of fiireii^ii wool, one would be Kolil, and the other would remiiin on hand : I could not execute an ordiT with it. If any pcrsiin sent to me for eloth of 7.v. or H.v. a yard, and it were ntailc of Kuijlisb wool, it would be sent back to me, and I should resort to foreign wool or foreign mixed with liritish, to ex- I'cule that order." On Mr. (iotl beini; asked whether, in his opinion, the price of British wool would have been higher, had the duty of (if/, per lb. on foreii;n wool been contiiuied, he answered, — " My opinion is, that the priee of Urilish wool would have been less at this time ; the demand for Urilish wool would have been very much less, liriti-k nianufiiclurrs uuiulil /lavi liien nhtit out in of foreiiin wool on the price of Uritish wool was supported by the concurrent testimony of all the maiiul'iicluriiiH.) Statements to the .'*amc ellect were made by Mr. Webb (p. 270.), Mr. Sheppard (p. 2!)l.), Mr. Ireland (p. 31!h), and, in short, by every one of the witnesses conversant with the matnifacture. The history of the manufacture since 1828 has completely confirmed the accuracy of the slaleinonts made hy Mr. Golt and the other witnesses. Its progress from that petiwd down 10 the present time has been one of uninterrupted prosperity ; and so far from Inning been injured by the immense importations that have been made of foreign wool, the price of British wool is higher at this moment (March, 1834,) than at any former period! Wc believe, indeed, that it has now attained an unnatural elevation ; and that its extreme high price, by making u corresponding addition to the price of cloth, will react on the manufacture, and will, consequently, by occasioning its depression, lower wool to a more moderate level. Fiireli^n Wool imported into Enirltind. — A very great change has taken place, within the cour.-ic of the present eentury, both as respects the ()uantity of foreign wool imported, and the countries whence it is derived. Previously to 1800, our average imports of wool did not much exceed 3,000,000 lbs., mostly brought from Spain ; the wool of which has long main- tained a high character. In 1800, our imports amounted to near 9,000,000 lbs. ; and they have since gone on gradually increasing, till they now amount to between 25,000,000 and 40,000,000 Ibj. Instead, however, of being principally derived from Spain, as was the case down to 1814, the greater part of this immense supjily of foreign wool is now furnished by Germany. The late king of Saxony, when elector, introduced the breed of Merino sheep into his dominions, and exerted himself to promote the growth of this valuable race of ani- nials. His praiseworthy elTorts have been crowned with the most signal success. The Merino sheep seem to succeed better in Saxony and other (lerinan slates than in Spain; and have increased so rapidly, that the Spanish wool trade has become insignificant compared with that of Germany ! The importations of German wool were quite trilhng during the war— aniounling, in 1812, to only 28 lbs. ; but since the peace they ha^ icreased beyond all precedent. In 1814, they amounted to 3,432,456 Ib.s. ; in 1820, they were 5,1 13.442'lbs. ; in 1825, they reached the enortnous amount of 28,799,061 lbs.; but this being a year of overti,i(ling, they declined, in 1S2G, to 10,545,232 lbs. They have since, however, recovered from this depression; ami, in 1833, amounted to 25,370,106 lbs. — (There is a very good wcount of the German wool trade in the Foreign QuarUrli/ Review, No. xi. art. 8.) ^^m 766 WOOL. I. Number of Sheep and Quantity of Hheep'i Wool prndured In Kngland, aernrding lo Mr. Luccnck' Tablus, rpviai'd liy Mr. Iliiblmrd, and niada nppllcubln lo ItlSH. £3 ^1 1800. 18». Niinilirr »r Wcidil Number Nunibrr nf Numlwr VVtiihl Niimlrr of Number of Cnunlf. .Miorl WiK>l of of LouK Woul of I'aiki of I'arki of .Shrfp. 63><,l6a Flrim I'icki. 12,3.33 bhop. PiClll. ritcM. Shoil Wool. LniiK VViinl. Nonhninhurlniid . 94 6,1 67 6,imr Diirli'im l5U,3b.') 5 3,320 • - 61 • 3,N1W DItio . . 67,200 3,520 84 . a,3«io rniiibi^rlnnd - 37H,ion 31 5,015 . . 5 7,883 Wosliiiiiri'liiiid '223,72.'i n 3,262 . - 9 4,060 York, VVisi Killing - 3H3,iai viir. 6,678 - ■ 54 4,390 4,389 llii-i ilillii 3()i'>,t2 10 5 6,.lso . • - 7,f).M Niirili ditto 3li.s320 viir. 5,039 . . 9 9,708 1 ,0(12 IIoldcriii'Hs . 8 • 84,000 3,800 8 . 2,HI0 Otlior p;i rl (if Yorligliire . 8 . 14,310 477 8 . 477 I.uncasliir 310,000 3i 4,.'-i22 . . 4i 9,813 ('hi'Kler 05,000 var. 026 . - 44 1,318 Di'rliy . - - 3n2 400 .1 4,530 - - 64 - 9,060 Notliiii(liani - ai.^u? var. 4,112 • - 6 - 6,010 l.iiKiilii Vii,6lS .'-J 2,833 . . 6 - 3.0>)| Dillo, rich limd . • 1,211,625 46.501 - 46..',fi| Diltii, tiinri«hi!8 . 8 - 87,500 3,910 U - 3,8M Ditto, inlHrflliinc- ) oust hind - j - 8 - 505,657 16,855 6 - 12,611 Riitliind . 5 . 114,000 2,370 6 . i,XM Nnrthninplon . fl . 640,000 16,000 6 . 16,000 Warwick 182,062 3 2,287 . . }« 8,574 Diltd . 3 . 160,000 3,333 *■ * Leicester 20,000 3i 291 . - }« 10,013 Ditto _ 7 - 380,528 11,100 " Oxfird 301, .181 var. 5,303 - . 9 • 6.315 Hiicks 22a,<.M!8 3 2,7«7 - • 9 - 4.645 UUinrestcr 355,000 var. 5,400 - - 6 - 8.''75 Ditto - 8 . 200,000 6,666 e . fi,f.fifl Somerset 500,700 44 9,388 - - 9 5,215 i,-m WoreesiHr SSO,.^)! 3i 4,820 - - 4| - 6,.'ill Monniriiitli 177010 var. 1.431 - ■ 4 . 2,!KiO Hereford 500,000 3 4,200 - . 4 2,778 5,.').M Hliropsliiro 4'2-2,0;t 1 21 4,307 - - 4 2,344 4,(H)0 Sliiiriird 183,120 2 1,520 - . }4» 3..'.03 Ditto . 7 - 3,720 113 " Bedford 201,000 5 4,250 - • ^5 - 4.250 Berks - 300,000 3| 4,151 - - 34 4,471 Huntingdon - Ditto 108,000 41 7 2,000 87,500 2,552 }»| - 4,4S0 Camliriclge 67,741 4 "l,128 - . 44 1,270 Ditto . 8 - 41,688 1,390 8 - 1,390 Siiffilk 407,000 2i 5,170 - . 4i 8,801 Norfolk 683,701 2 5,097 - ■ 4t 4,273 8,546 Ditto . 7 - 38,500 1,123 7t - 1,203 1 Essex - . - 510,000 3 6,486 - . 4 8,650 Hertford 277,000 44 5,297 - - 5 2,K85 a.ay Middlesex 45,000 4 750 - - 5 ); 3M.5W Short and Innp, sk lamb's wool - .in and ^ 58,705 Short and U lamb's wo( ing, sk )1 - in and j; m,w i 383,974 m.w. • Pnrt of Walps not i ncluded 1 es - f 9,262 in itic abiive Tnhl Increase from 1800 1828 - 09.933 Wales, takei lasbe rore 9:S 463,169 46.1,16! 1800— Pncks of short woo 103,475 1800— Packs of loni r wool . I3I.:« 1628— Ditto ditto - 120,6.55 162C -Ditto i itto - 263,M D ecrease - 72 820 1 ncreai e - ~1,32.0J WOOL. 757 Ishortfleecps ■Long tteecca 1800— Total qunntlly of ilinrt wool - 103,475 Diltu (lilto of long wool • 1.11,7Ut 1638— Total i|imnllty of uliort wool . Un,(W5 Ditto ditto of long wool • 903,817 3tU,%U Increaie or wool .... Incruase of akin and lambs' wool - Total increaie 3S»,S0S 5U,'2.i;i tlcocua. 1(I,7(H) (i'.»,'»33 A*. B.— The wool from Blauglitered sheep and carrion not mentioned In this Table ; but allowed for tliove. II. Aicoiint of Sheep and Lambs' Wool Imported into Oreat Ilritaln from FnreiRn Parts in ibe under- mentioned Years ; sperifyinK the Countries wlieiice it was brought, und the Uuantity brought from each, with the Kutes of Duty and the Produce of the Duly. 263.Pl^ lW,f>5S M3,m: I ^ .„nP skin and I C9,W IshOTl and long, »K«n _ J I Wales, taken ae before ,racksonongw°ol -Dilio •"" Increaie Countrin rrom which iinportpj. 1610. Lb). INO. IMS. 1830. 1832. 1833. Ratal of Duly chargeable. /.U. /.if. Lbt. Lb: Uii. Runlt, Swnltn, I'niil 5 July 1903 Free. mil Norwiy • sn.'ios 7»,6M l,99-.,900 203.231 85>,680 1,405,092 l>oiii5Julyl903. IVnciurk 3->l,74l 13,527 !V64,2I3 179,717 302,H(H 372.490 Id .(line l'<()4 5i. 3 I'll. lOrf. — 2,S73 IS6,0>I l,Qri9,2l3 »J9,I23 209 144 911,031 — 5 April l903,tol loSl.iy IVMi ,5f. Ilrf. 8-20th». Ifance • • 230,909 43rt,li78 43.(193 1,973 23U,H4I t'orluipl 3,0IS,96I 9-.,IN7 9.3,793 461,912 193,544 691,968 - 10. Miy 1906,10 Spiin k Ctnarict i.iliralUr 6,9;iJ,107 349,033 3,&3B,229 3,».il B,20U,427 19,250 1,613,515 1 2,626,624 3,339,150 6 luly 1909 ;6i. id. 2J0lh>. — 5July 1909, 10] llilv • SIAM 2,* 227,4M 9,461 78,552 855,510 15 April 1913 6i. 9d. percwt. M>lii • 40^040 »,030 72.131 . 664 4,803 - 15 April 1813,1 liM.iin lilanili ■ • • 21,983 to 5 July 1919 7». lid. — rurkejr • - I89,5»l 613,414 . 17,992 361,591 -5 July |SI9, to Miiiwcr linrrnyy.Jerwy, AlJtniey, »nii • • 14,465 103,699 (Id. 1919 Id. pef ">. Min ■ 4I,4W 19,015 22,266 7,745 13,516 30,374 Of Ilrilish Of Fnreiro r.Mi iiiiiiM 701 8,056 I'llUfUiOlll. Couiitriei. New HfilUnd k Vin D.'i I'lnd 167 99.4 IS 321,995 1,967,309 2,377 ,0-.7 3,516,869 Ptr tb. Cipf.fC.. Ho|ie 29,717 13,»t>9 27,619 33,407 B3,2-|7 93,323 Fmni 10 Oct. B.Miih Norlh 1919, lo 5 American lo- Jan. 1923 Id. 6d. perlb, l'.niM, WrM From 5 Jin. liilid, arul 1823, to 10 Vijiled Statu Srpt. 1924 3if. W. - < \nienc» • 4,111 1,477 60,638 9,038 628,915 335,649 From 10 .Sept. Melico * • . 3,139 1924, 1 . 10 IVra • • 14,313 6,741 23,191 14,640 Dec. 19J4 Id. 3d. - thili • - UJ9Z 2 From 10 Dec. Rio de la Plata 30,359 307.143 1924, to 6 inl Brazil 116,173 73,036 331,302 20,589 16,456 2,049 July 1825 Id. Id. - Prue - 23,837 From 5 July 1823, free. l-2d. per lb. nil \v(H»l not of Tii'jI import Inm foreign the vnluR vf it. pirii 10,914,137 9,789,020 43,795.281 32,313.059 29,142,4(9 38,076,413 per lb. Id. per lb. on wool of the va- Huinliliea rt' ' iiiiiel for home lue nf If. p<;r lb. rotiiumjition • ■ 7,691,773 41,101,636 31,522,859 27,666,350 39,066,620 and upwarils. An.<>unt of duly L. l.d. L. t d. L. I. rf. L. ». d. L. 1. d. L. ».d. rrctivel. 163 11,308 194 112 283,993 2,556 47 1,232 23,616 2,107,478 IV. Price of Southdown Wool per lb. from 1784 to 1833, both inclusive. 'lUoiJI 'tin. Price of Wool. Years. Price of Wl» .» a-0 1 U«rni.iu Hiili h firrrra ^Ml M'r.ii.-. • — 6 - - * Norili .11x1 Hftiitli [kiwn lull iTI-il .llllo lK«Kfltl ::: 7-0 1 K -- 1 ""'•'>"■<;;',:."'" : _ II - a i 111 illlliM-wra t lolliilig .^ « - 1 . _ i - J II Ki-nl 111-. Ill • ,. N — II 1 1 lioliitui — u 11 — 3 tt (-••iiil'iiiK %hiii« .~ f. — » 1 '"7; ;::;;:'': _ n i> - n 3 II illlln lliiiiiit-l tvoil «_ 1 - II 1 ,_ II - n 3 .lilM 1 l.iiiki't 'hllil .. (1 1 - 11 1 , _ (1 (1 - 11 J H l-ciirnli-r llrriit -. II 4 - II 1 ,, '"' l.iut.'. . — .1 - II 3 « In Vii ll Ili'VDlll .. n 1 -- (1 II """""■"' ,.„.r,-, . . — 3 ihtlii lliiM'ii - _ 11 — 11 Uiil" — e — 1 II ilillu Mrrinii • .. i - 11 1 AiMtrilitti ITfiaU' u'wtl, riirkrjr • — II - n I tn-l r1 >. k^, *H|>i'rM)r I1r< rti . — 2 li — .1 - >.iiii, iiiiili.tir ■ — II 1 - U J Till' liri'i'il i>r Khii|i lliiit WHS nirrii'il nut to Ni-w Small Wall's ami V:in Dioini'ir.i I,;ii linx Hiirri'i'ilinl ri'iiiarkiiMy well ; iiinl AuHtraliii |)riiiiii>*i'M, at iin ilistani ilay, tn Im iiiii< uf t |iriii.'i|ial wool-uruwini; riiuiilrii's of till* wiirlil. 'I'lii' iiniiiirlx intn (irral itnlaiii liaM- Im rapiiily i;icri'a>iiii;. In 1S:):1 tlicy aiiinuiitril to ll,.')Hi,K(i'.t IIh., wliilr llii' iiii|iiirls rrmii Sy,y only aiiiuiiiitril to lt.:l:t!),ir>l) Ills. Till' ^^|iaiiisli llurks siilVi rril srvrri'lv iliiriiii; llii' raiii|>ai;' in •'*'|>.iiii ; ami tin lu'st S|iaiiisli wiiul ilni's mil now hriii^ iiiimi; than \ tlic [irici; ul' tliii In (ii'i'iiiaii wiiiil. I riir valiH' of till' wool ini|>iirtril into tlic Knili'il Htati's, in tin- yi'nr omlini; Si'jiii'iiili nOlli, ls;!'.l, not rxi'i'i'ilini; H rents [iit |ioiiml, ainonntt'il to s'rJ7,ti'.J(t, ami, r\i:ri'iliii'_' tli riilr, t) Slil.'.MH, liiiili tiii;i'llu'r nut imu'li rxri-rilinij tlii' valiUMif tin- wool proiliuril Massirliiisi'ii^ aloiii'. Tliis aiminiili'il, in IH:17, lo 5o:{!l.(iH!). — ,)///. I'.d.] \\(»t)I,M:.\ .M.\.\i:i''.\('rrUI'. the arlof t'oriiiiiii; won] into iloih ami stiilT^. Th luis ahva\-i raiikril as an iiii|i>ii'iaiit hraiirh nl naiional iiithi^lry ; ami, until it was ri'i'ini KiirpasM'il liy ihi' rollon nianurai'tuii', was di'i'iili'illy the nio.st iiiiiiorlaiit ol' all thi' iimjiuI'u, turrs i-ariiril mi in llii^laml. liisr iiik/ I'riii^rr.y.s of llii lirili^li \Viiii//i ii Miniii fiir/iirr. I].fj>i)ils. — Thrro can lii> n iloiilit that thr arts of s|>innin); wool, ami inaiinlartiiiiin; ihi' yarn into I'loili, wrrc iiiirnilun into l''ni;laml liy tin- Koinaiis, — \\w inhiiliitants liriiit; |iiTvioiisly flotlu'il only in skins. Froi till' prrioil of till' iioinans i|uittiiii; l''.iiL;laml, ilown to tin* Illlli i-i'iitiiiy, thri'i' an; no iiotii, III' till* iiianul.iiMiiri' ; ami llioso ri'latini; to tin' |ii'riiii1 tVoin thi> lOlli to thr IMih I'ciiiurv ar bill li'w ami ini|n'rli'rl. It is rrrlain, howi'vrr, that llu" inannraclnri' of liroail iloilis w. cstalilifhi'cl soon al'li-r llii> yiar l'..'(ll), it' not |iii'vioiisly. — {Sniilli'n Mimtiirs uf IV'ci//, \ol. p. I 7.) Hnl lilt' vvoolli'ii iiiiiinr.u'lmi's of I'Mamli'is liriii); at this jM-iiod, ami lorn; attiTHin! ill a i'oin|iaraliM'ly ailvani'i'il slate, Kii'^lisli wool was i-xjioitivl in lari;i' ijiiaiililirs to Ilrui;. anil olhiT i'Mi'iiiish lilii's, wlieni'i' line cloths ami other |iioihii'ts were liroiinht hark in chaiiite. IMwaiil III. look the most jiulicious nieiisiireii for iiii|iroviiin the Kimlish iiuiii tuie liv iii\ iliii:r over 1' le assnilis ol llie ralilile. ill weavers, fullers, ilyers, ami others, iiinl proteeliiiL; ihi'iii iVi horliv after the I'lr^l einiKralion of Flemiiins, nr in lii.)) ill! al th was pas-ii'il, |iioluliitiiiir the Wear of any cloths inaile lieyond sea, ami interriiclinL; llie i'\ii,j of I^Miilish wool. — (///,'(/. Mil. i. |i. '.^."i.) Hilt in these Inihulent times smli reslrainiiiu' arl lis, imleeil, was soon after repealeil. — (////(/. v,i were little lielter than a ileail Idler ; ill th pp. ;t",'. Hit.) I'Voiii this remote perioil the niannfaelnre has always heen primary imporlanee, ami has heen the ohject of the esjiecial solicitude of the lesislatiirc. may he doiihlcd, however, whether it has ileriveil any real ndvaiitase from llie luiinlu'rli'l statutes that have I'ceii passed in the view of contrilmliiiii to its advancement. W'itlill cxceptini. imlced. of the prohiliilion of the export of i;ii|;li>h Wi I'hich finally |iiiil stop to in Itilid. the other ac'-;, lieiiii: mostly intended tor the reifiilation of the iiiaii;if.iv'iii| conid not he ollierwise than mischievi and the henelit derived hv the liiaiHif.ictiirt'rsl'rjl the iirohihilion was more apparent than real ; inasniiieh as it occasioned a dimiiilshi'il s.uv of wool, at the same lime that it was imiiossihle to prevent its cl.imlestine exportiiiini. Smith has proved that the iiMiiiitacliire made a far more raiiid pro;;ress ihirint:: the reiirn | Kli/:ilieth, when wool niimhl he freely carried out of the kingdom, than it ever I'id iliiriiij ji equal period sniiseipieiil lo the restriction on exportation. Foreign wool hegaii lo W. iiii|)ir III small i|iianllties in the i:)th ceiiliirv. Al I'lrsl, the inaniifacliire seems lo have heen pretty rqually dlslriliuted over the ci'im' In an insnrreclion that ti>ok place in l."")'^."), more than 1,(1(111 weavers and other triilis: are said to have assemhled out of ijaneham, Siulluiry, and other towns in Sullolk, 'i| jnannl'acliire had heen previously introduced into Vorkshire, In I.')!]:), an act w,is (:M \- oo Hen. S. c. 10.), recilinij, "that the city of Vork alorc this time h.i.l liecii ii;ihiil principally hy making and weavinn; „f coverlets, and the poor thereof dailv si I on n.irl. spiniiim;. cardiiiir, dyeinu, weaviiiii, &c. ;" that the maniifacliire, haviiii! .'^prcaii iiitii oil vil. Il parts, was •• iherchy dehased and discredited;" and enacting, as a remedy tor this i' henceforth " none shall make coverlets in Vorkshire, but inhabitants of the city of Vij UE. hor, »M«- .1. WOOLLEN f'ANUFACTlJRE. 7R0 \m 1 I. rf. '• t a In I •-o _ I n-0 6-0 » - » -0 1. <. i 7 1 1 I 4 t J i e 3 mill !>>■"» '»"«•'* I" mIIiiIiI * 1X0 >1 ■I .llll'l Jfftt * VUIU 1, luikfy • iir • ._ — .. n — I) .. — ^ — — I 1 I _ « - I I I I I I -0 - «. »- 11 b-» l . I - 4- I) I 1—0 I 1) -11 1 i - I' I , II - n 1 i 1 - 1 I Id I I"! I 1 I 111 1 1 I • I 4 1 iniiii . I... 1.1 W Kill' "' "" luloi*. in 0> tUf viiliit' lit -. ,;•:,). i.ii.U<'^«''''*"'«V'* ''•''•'nl;o".S!u-»wti.ir.. Th. ,/,_-Tlu-rc c;»n W iv ,v(.viiivi''l >•»'"""' ,i,;.„. ;uo nmiilio', tU'-i*">"'''"V':-\ l■.i,h.•...nuv.:.■ Thii nmy be taken an a foir Mprcimt^n of the coinmorrial loitiHlntinn of the timn. Inilred, it wim eimrtcil, nciirly at tliu dnim- |)criiiil, lluil the iiumufiicturc hIiouIiI Ihi rmtrictnl, in Wor- cfHlcrhliirt', to Wurrihlcr uiid 1 other towiiH. W'lirHted noods, ho riilled front Worsled, now lUi iiuoiiHideriilile lowii in Norfolk, wliere tho nmnnfiutiire vvuh lirst Mt on foot, were pro- diired in (he reiijii of lOdward II., or |ierhii|iH eaihir; l>ul Norwieh noon iifter lieeiiine, und, iiotwilhslaiiilint; the eompetilioii of Hnidford, prolndily iH htiil, tlie |iriii('i|>nl Hciit of thin lininch iifthe niuniifueture. In an ml of Henry \III. (Iiii Hen. H. e. 1(1.), wor>ted yiirn is chseriheil U(t " the private coimiiiidily of the city of .Norwicli." In Mil Laurent iiniirovenieiit took plnee in the woollen iiianiiliu lure of the west of Mn^rjand, I , (lie invention of what is called medley or mixed cloth, for which (iloiice>tershire is hiill famous. Durinjj the reii;n of CliarlcM IT., there were many, thoii|{h tiiifoiiiided, coiii|ilaints of the decay of the inanufiic- mre ; and, hy way of encoiirai;in); it, an act w.is passed (IKt t/'ar. ". st. i. c. I).), orilcriin? that jII persons slioiild ho luiricd in woollen shrouds! This act, the provisions of which were nul'scMHicntJy enforced, prcscrvcil its place on (he s(atii(e hook tor more titan 130 ye.irs ! Towards (he I'lul of the I /ih century, Mr. (ireuory Kintf and Dr. Davenant — {Dart limit's Wiir/is, \V hit worth's ed. vol. ii. p. SXi) — estimated the value of the wool 8horn in Kii^land :it '.J.dOO.dOO/. II M'ur ; anil (hey snpposi-d that the value of the wool (inchidiii); that imported from uhroad) was ipiadrnpled in the manufacture ; iiiakin;; the entire value of the woollen articles annually produced in ICiiKland and Wales. H,(l(IO,()0()/., of which aliout '.J.OdO.OOO/. were i-xported In 1700 niid I'llU, the ollicial value of the wuollenii exported amounted to ;ilwut ;<,(10(),()()()/. u year. ( )winn to tiie va>t increase of wealth und population, tho maiiu- l.ictiire must have been very ('reatly extended duriii); last century ; hut the increase in tho imount (ifex|iorln was comparatively inconsiderahle. .\t an avcruKc of the (• years ondinf{ witli IVi^'.t, the ollicial value of the exports was :i,.')1'l,l((0/. a year, hein;; only ahout 540,000/. aliDve the amount exported in 1700. The extraordinary increase of the cotton manufacture siion after 17M0, and the extent to which cotton articles then hefrnn to be sulistituted for those of wool, thont;h it did not occasion any absolute decline of the manufacture, no doubt contrihuted powerfully to che<-k its progress. In ISO'J, tho otl'icial value of tho exports roso ii)'(,;('2l,0ia/., beiinj ihe larpest amount they ever reached till 18H3, when they amounted to ;','i'i,\Ki'il. During; the last few years, indeed, every hruncli of tho manufacture has been mil state of unexampled imjirovement and extension. It was supposed that the high price of wool would give it a temporary cheek ; but such has not hitherto been the case. During the fi years endini; with IH3.'), the ollicial and real values of the woollen manufactures ex- ported from the United Kingdom have been as under : — the II ""•"''"■V"::,;;;";;f broad cii'tu^^v,'. ' .od,a..dlon■V..lt.■r^^"..•. unti'.ics to lirii-i •ill ler I,,, althispcvi ^'-•''f 'rStUutwkuuv, i-tiire has .dvN'»y . ■ ,,.,/,sl,ituro. (Mlirial vatiio of woollen mnnu- fiictiirtis ex|HirliMl IVrlucil iir rciil valiio of ditto - 1830. £ 5,.^.')S,70!) •l,N.')n,HS.J 1931. £ f.,0!l7.5.^8 18.32. 1833. £ 1 (\,.Mt,.W(5 5,23ii,i.»ya £ 7,777,0.')2 o,acij,M!» 1834. £ fi,5l4,704 S,736,H7n 1S35. £ 7,40(1,90!) fi,H10,51I risl.ituro. luunlii'iH ith ul put I I'jf.lOtUll amd'.ii-Uivi'f* ''■'' crontl shcil 1 Ivevenlitsaandcstin M^^^^^^^^,^_,^^ lore rapid F;'-; 'i: ^ .^,1 .Uinn. .| |.vei,ualMUtri.nU.;a over the. u;;^ ',u4.000we-.»v.r. '> '^^^..,^. .1., J.Ky,a.ulol^>cr -- - ^,,,„« Vorkshire. \". *•;."'•; nicci> '.*''''• Vorkalorc.h.stnnel.^^^^,,,;,,t maiudacturclraM.g^'- ',,,,,!, Ire butiiihabitatiuof lUocity Viiltic of the Mantifitcture. Number of Persons oiiploi/cd. — The most discordant esti- mate!-, have been Riven as to both these iioints. For the most part, however, they have been {iiwsly exagKcrated. In a tract luililished in 173'J, entitled Considerations on the Running (SiiuiRqling) ('/ Wool, the number of persons engap;ed in the manufacture is stated at i,i)00,OOO, and" their watjes at 1 1,737,500/. a year. Dr. Camiibcll, in his Politieal Survei/ fGVfrt/ ISrilain, jmblished in 177 1, obscves, — " Many computations have been made upon this important subject, and, amonjist others, one about DO years since, which, at that time, K;istliouKht U) be pretty near the truth, .\ccordini? to the best information that can bo ob- laiiud. there may be from 10,000,000 to 12,000,000 sheep in England, some think ir ore. The value of their wool may, one year wiih another, anunint to 3,000.000/.; the expense of Miiufacturiiig this may jirobably lie 9.000.000/., and the total value 12,000,000/. We may tsporl annually to tlie value "of 3,000,000/., though one year we exported more than (.1100,000/. In reference to the number of persons w ho are maintained by this manufacture, ikfvarc jirohably upwards of 1,000.000. iJ^anguinc men will judi^e these computations too kaiid few will believe them too high."— (Vol. ii. p. 158.) Hut the moderation displayed inihiscxtiinato was very soon lost sight of. In 1800. the woollen manufacturers objected siCTuoiisly to some of the jirovisions in the treaty of union between Great Britain and Ire- W,and were allowed to urge iheir objections at the bar of the House of Lords, and to pro- iJucc evidence in their sujiport. Mr. Law (afterwards Lord Ellenborough), the counsel em- pUed l>v the manufacturers on this occasion, slated, in his address to their Lordships, on inliirniatioii communicated to him by his clients, that (100,000 packs of wool were annually produred in England and Wales, worth, at 11/. a pack, 0,000,000/.-, that the value of the mnufdctiired goods was 3 times as great, or l'J,800,0()0/.; that not less than 1,500,000 per- Bnsttere imniediately engaged in the oiierative branches of the manufacture; and that the iraJo coiliiteraliy em[>loyed about tho same number of hands.— (^ccokh/ of the Proceedings Uthe Merrhimls, Manufacturers, Ac- p. 3L) It is astonishing that reasonable men, conversant with the manufacture, should have put «rth 8ucL ludicrously absurd statements. We have already seen that the quantity of woo' v>rl HJ 760 WOOLLEN MANUFACTIIUE. 5*» m ^ ^1 produced in England and WoIm, in 1800, did not rraily nmount to 400,000 piirku; and th« notion thnt /ArfC out of the ;i»n« milliim* of |»C()|»li' then in thr country wcru diroctly and indirectly employed in ihn manufacture, i» Iih) ridiculous to dewrve notice, ihouiih it wai generally acquiriiced in at the time. — (Sec Miriton8 employed in the nianufucturc: — Totnl vnliio of ninniiriirtiirtMl artklvi - - £ 18,000,000 Vtiliii' of raw iimlrrliil - • liiti-ri'iit on tnpiiiil, auni lo rviilacc ill wear anil lenr, nnd niiiniil'iii'nirera' |iriitll* Wiigi.'g of worktnun £ 0,000,000 a.todoim U,l'i(lll,tl(lO £ 18,000,000 Nunihcr of people employed, I^O.OOO, or perlnpi 5mt,n(K). But even this eHtimato reipiirca to Iw materinlly modilled. 'I'akinR Scotland into acroimt and allowing for the increaiic of |Kipuli»ticjn and of exportatioTi HJnce Mr. Hieveimoii'H eHiiinm,. wan made, the total value of the various deneriptionH of woollenn annually proiluced in (inni Britain may, at prcnent, he mmlcrately entimated at from '.Ji^OOO.OOO/. lo 22,000,(l(t()/., ,„ 81,000,000/. at a medium. We have further heen nnnurid hy the hichcHt iirucliral oiillinri. ticH, that Mr. Stcvenson'a distribution of the ileniH in es«enliiil|y erromouH ; and that, a-suin. ing the value of tho manufacture to Ims 21,000,000/., it is made up nearly as follown; — Totnl value of innnufnctured orllcif* - - i;ai,000,(U)0 Value nf raw nmlerlnl - - £7,000.000 (Ml, iionp. (lye iliitrn, &;C. - - l,l,'in.(H)0 Wear and tear of capital, and profit - - 4,9.'i(i.(H)() Wavei . . - H,;i(W(,(Mii) £21,000,000 At present, tho average wages of the people employed may be taken at about 25/. a year, making the total number cmi)loyed ^32,000. .\nd, however small this may look as cdiu- porcd with former estimates, wc believe it is fully up to the mark, if not rather beyonil it. Most of tho innumerable statutes formerly passed for the regulation of the dilVerent |)tiv cesses of the manufacture have been repealed within these few years ; and the sooner every vestige of the remainder disappears from the statute book, the better. 1. Account of the Quantitiei of each Description of Woollen Mannfiirlures exported from the United Kingdom In 1033 ; specifying the Uiiantlties and Tutsi Value of those sent to each t^ounlry. I Cnuntries to wbicli uporlail. Ruaia Sweden Norway . Dcnmarlt • Prustia Germany • Hnlland • - Belgium • France Fnrlnral, Azorea and NIaJrira • SpaiD and ttie Canaries • GihralUr • llalv • • . Mafia ■ • • Ionian lilandt • Turkey, md Con- tinental (rreece Morea and Greek iilauda East Indies and China ■ New Holland ■ Cane of Good Hope Otiier iMLrts of Africa Bntiih colonies in North Ame- rica - West Indies Foreign Westln- dirj . United Stales of America • Braril - . .Vfeaico and the ! States of South ' America • - I Istes Guernsey, I Jersey, Alter- ' uer and Man - I Cloths of all Sorts. Nap- petl Coat- inp. DnnVIa Ac. Ker- Baizes sey- of all meres. Soils. Pieca. 8,737 2i 9lo 40 2' . . 12.948' «,3S2 2,l>li2 i.bm, 461 5,2119 1 Piun. Piter: Pitca. 407 111 30 1,581 461 42,389 020 2,850 3,451 7,554 l,l»« 117 63 12 12 2,959 32 62 • - 122,423 2,982 7 9 2,S37 214 669 40,562 10,139 417 161 9,923 82 262,S27 36,256 403 32 45,5-8 • • 2,103 2 7,9" i3' I S3 666 8,092 1,234 828 2&6I 7 I 1,641 IS,3«3 534' 196 627 250 "1 126 499 273 656 46 392 151 22 9,994 1,690 1,416 17 Totals 6I9,SSS 20.083 29,203 139 368 70 90 to 99« 12 405 6,237 652 1,463 9,701 2,672 SInffi, Woollen or Worsted. Puca. 26,'ilO 9,091 6,366 1,040 39 405,541 N3,I89 47,172 26,60)^ 44,646 18,493 5,043 I2X,3('3 2,S"» 900 I0,8S0 156 124,179 2,418 6,079 4,748 65,9S; I5,9SS 11,870 660,160 38,017 33,532 Flannel. Blankets Carpels and I and Blanket- !l arpet i"«». I »'%• Wool. lens miikd with Cotton. 640 4.244 Yaidi. I 4,996 620 2,497 86O' 203 2fl9.l34 275,697 1 1'. 295! 13,162 I 8,363 6,996 ! 8,l64i 2«,9?* I,24l| 2,419| 17,021 347 222,181 69,766 40,IS9 6,185 613.01'. 62,163 12,984 151,713 10,917 33,266 67,241 Yariit. I Ytirdi, 7,760; I2.fi-.n 2.2(« 2,091 4,^62 W6 1,721 . I tl-.2 ll,«50! 37,450 2-2,4KI 6,>'(0; 6!<,P^4 27,432 .1,2f6' IS6,.'>34 Yaritt. 6,340 46 1,018 660 6110 Hosiery } | Sniidriei, viz. |Conitfltiii< Stf^ckino. of Hosiery VVoollt-n Hin(«, or ICnvcrliils. Worsted., Ta|»t'5,*c. 4,235 610 2.91(1 l,.T(X> 660 3,31 'i 1,663 20,169 I.IOO 736 6,622 7,180 874 246 23,876 87,973 6.311 15,951 15,713 3,943 8,150 600 324,866 170,698 105,893 1,159 61,930 61,791 flOO 46,069 92,4.11 6,6 .'0 1,642 10,280 126,086 4,728 2,li-,.14l' 553.207 150,638: 6,969 10,894 21,330 16,491 1 18,946 47.854i 1,673,069 2.067.62o! 3,122,341 91H,M8 86,4rfl 3,646 6,631 3,61« 39,406 8,898 9,422 638.144 140,6' 126,829 732 1,778,389 Daz. Pair 96 63 1,031 6 2,; '2,«ii > 6.71.1-: '. 2r.,(..''i; \nrr, , 367,9W 6i,m • 2W.--.' U.Ui 3.1'.; ■ 41,9Si: l,i.su,.. lJup"oarlya-folh--- £41,000,000 ,• 7 000.00*1 I'l.'-o.ooo ■t 'iMI.OOO H>^ £2, .000.000 Xri;itionofthcailUr..,l,'- .:lfew'ear.;andtheBOonercv.y ,k, the better. ,,„„t„,ea , Willi ,„ Ifnvrrh^l.. i»l!' U'.olloli. Wontwl-;''^'!;^;^ 1 Wnol C»ri«l> Irnt »'"' nii««'l I "'I'l I Willi II y ,i BM, 6,340 ^j 1 -■!» '2S s s '■«•■ "J Ml 16,142 ,10! 3,3111 1.5631 20.'i69l l.Wl 13S /.. I. 9.i,(iri 10 ll.nKlii 2,3(9 C i\: ;: 6.1I,|-T12. '24Stsn (is,r2 It' 61.111 ' 973 lli.M'j 713 3,9431 Hiw wo' >,0S6 4,728 1 9,422 718 4,840.0, W« < II. fliimniKry Armiinl of itic (Mnnllly nml dirlnrcd Voliii- of the Wmilinn Ynrn ; iind of ihf Qimnllllat of till! illlli'riiiil Di'tii ri|illiM^ii of Wiiiilli'ii M.iiinl'.ii'liiri'i. with ili>' 'I'nMl ilri liiri'd \ iiliii' of iji,. naine, 'nxiHirtvil from ihr Uniinl Klii|ilotii, In onrh Vcar from Ix'iii to l>ll(a Nbmifte ni. Wooiir.i an I l.lolln (.,.11- "^ mrrr* _^__ "fill (liXB. ,. .. H'ci. i *'""• ";i,'""nr;i«. l*W| mill mil mal i>iti lW^ l<.'a Pf.'H, !»;» I>vl0 i«ii nW im;i iKlii l»«i 3'lil M'l W.'ii^ tl, I.VI II.6.I) 76.' 61 111,111.' i'.l-lll 4.w,:.v ',ll■|,\^> I.M',ll.'l I ,iii r,-, 2,201.164 Koilh, RUnkrlt W...IIH I _. __ . I •ii.l W.'iilt'l.' 111*. ('•riwt iii,.| Cir|H'l' ll«|. Hinl<'ry'«n»lrln W'-llfni ii». f.iml liiKr,! DliH-k. I ii,| nf «iih 111^., II114,, ("llun, W.I.I. If! 'Inie., IVr.il.l kc. /.. Min i.ir /,1'ij 1.12; ■;,i«>" ii.iii: AI.7II4 ;i7,iu2 Vi,.'il 7:i.ni» llAlli' r.Mii 2i>,iii: 2I'>.2' I i\»Mi Siitt.lXd /■Mm JH-.IIKl 37(1. IK I l2(MH7i :l H.i'itl in:,' 2111 'I-4.K*! ;«-!, !)•.•>' ii.ivui .■Wl.ll'-i If", Jill 416,141 ,1'ih.iil.l 10-, Oil) ^21.21 1, 6lll,Nii(l M.h'-ll 411.616 IN.IK6 22.177 I I. KM 21.I-..1 1 I,. 13 2 M'KI Pir tt. II •,»2: li.i.i. I22,2. till i,ri-,«ii< I.l2\.llli r,2'i-,iiii I, in.-. VI l,«r,ii!i l..'i.',.H 1,4-7,104 I."<"I.7I4 l.6HI.>.ll I,2W,77'> l,17.l,U«l) 2,Vi'(,IIIV a,vi(,»',i 4.S«l,iil2 4. 111. '•■17 :i.iiiVJ6i 2.''Vi. HI 2.42:1,1211 2,'il«.ii<; 2,M'».7I<| I, '.72.112 • i.iiri,iiiii l,S72,.,l. J mi.TiO 2.I1V1.I172 I,r2l,.l!l< 2.067.6 ;(i , I'llfrf*. I l,(»»,Hin', i.42i2a>, l.ll.'«,*ll 2.111,132' l.llHlMllll 2,162 lillj l.ll»2,i'2 l,«"ll,W)il 2,nllT,^4Jl I,«,HI,'.I6I 2.':6,Tir 2,'i4e,'l2. I,li-I,>|i' 3 liMlli.l 2. ••17.772 1 3,122,311 ! )'*ri(. '211.121 71.4,1122 »■ I,'l22 7:*, 126 »4\M2 >''■'. Mi (0<,,. II.!) 1,3 3,ltJ l.7'3.:UII i>li,M7 l.3II 4I.UI1 '•1,1 I' 64,<)iK ■•.,411 7i',2an 7-., Ml I lll.l». ToMI Vritr*-! V tlb« i>r \Vi.i.lli'n Miiiiif»r. Iiirti. /., 6,ll>i,lO()rtr>l. iiiii'li. lliitltia, t«nl .Mi.lein- Spiio inl llie rjii.irirt • 641' 306 .61 62 IH.JO) 11,61. 6S0 12,1.14 21,656 28 1,60-2 43.370 22,330 432 1,313 I0,8M 23.030 IC.21- 6,204 7,374 35,950 83 1.927 201.232 1,172 21 nil 1,131 12,179 4,614 7,111 2,319 1,691 96 lin 42,121 r.ibraltar 4.2J- 70 3-i3 181) 7,2.1 :,7i.' K2'l l,4'l' 4«,!.-2 ,121 u 761 47,042 i!..ir • ■ • Milu ■ «,49ii . 1,1 Ml 6H,(I13 6,114 2,K14 aSiSHJ l(i') iioe 311 (1 3,117 178,611 m ll^ 20 l,4>ll MS ■SOU 72 3,i»)' II 18 (1 39 7.472 iiniin llUii'li • io-> SO 16 • • S2.< 4,' 37 360 2-2 111 518 (1 270 3,163 r.irkcyanl Con* ] l.iiei.laUiTMi-e 82.1 ■24 .11 7 4,702 225 800 7,405 1,660 16 213 14,120 MnMJlllCirrfk lilanU Em Inliei an.) 1 thiin • ■ • 12 IS8 ' • • • • 40 SO 66,002 . 165 346 77,912 72,078 44,IS- 4,531 39,140 859 3,904 480,091 Stw Smith WilM. \an 1 Dicmfn^s I*^iid. SwanHiviT.aiKl Soulhem Aua ttilu ■ ICip* of Good 1 Hut* • 3,183 18 681 159 4,897 67,916 136,226 35,232 10,831 2.290 5,115 75,660 4,432 617 1,023 820 10,794 35,901 17,170 7,123 14,466 911 2,293 60,982 illhiir parts of , Afiica 1,702 . 15 30 3,734 2,246 6,700 510 1,930 276 1,148 18,744 :Bnllih C/ili.niM ■ 10 North Ante- fiei - 5J,no9 321 S'I8 197 33,2S7 354,467 3»1.3,12 132,509 46,460 18.341 8 IS,I71 .■•92.0-9 : — WhI lnilie» F'.rei^n Went In* I'oild tiutn of Amrrica 9,73,1 143 2I0 .1,731 16,991 56,613 197,378 ,3,306 11,660 2,'jSI 6 9,598 121 7C2 3,759 8 73 40 S.2I9 6,000 138,998 1.016 6,3S6 1.770 58,335 126,916 89 4,6J1 91 127,3*1 91,114 1,291,111 276,776 l1'i,9TI i^iiin 4 16,101 1.0|1,r9 Btalil ■ 24,2J3 20 6^4 6,116 19,517 l,0SO 1W,I!I3 11,931 61,911 b:2 4,866 182,426- Mrt,c.i anl ih'- Sl'M of Soiilli Ameri » 39,676 . 5,925 2,736 23,920 24,046 17,010 91,984 73,330 3,063 3,072 467,838 l.lp»-(iuern*i»y. kM\; AMer- cej- 211J Mm - TnUl 2,99s 3S7,76S 79| 15 101 43,477 3.563 83,751 23,621 21.633 f6 99 2.187 9.'.6r 41.C66 4.6.-,5.r,77 2^60-. 22,930 1,041,616 1 ,6S1,417 2,431.6-3 753,961 I,l'1l,'l72 71.047 The exemption from tho export duty of lO.v. per rent, enjoyed hy woollen ijoods, or ^ood^ of wool and cotton or wool .md linen, exported to places within the limits of the Kiist India Company's charter, has been repealed hy the l «Sc 5 Will. 1. c. 89. § 18. — Sup.) [The value of the woollen manufactures imported into the United States durinG; the year I ending the ."iOth of September, 1839, amounted to $10,646,067. See Imports and Exports -Am. Ed.] 3*2 96 ■1:1 762 WRECK. ii H WRECK, in navigation, is usually understood to mean any ship or goods driven ashor or found floiitiiig at sea in a deserted or unmanageable condition. Dut in the legal sense r the word in England, wreck must have conio to land; when at sea, it is distinguished I the barbarous aj)|)ellation8 of_/?o/sa/7j,_/e/saw, and Icignii. — (Sec Flotsam.) In nothing, perhaps, has the beneficial inlluonce of the advance of socittty in civilisatia been more a|>paront than in the regulations with respect to the persons and property of shi| wrctrkcd individuals. In most rude and uncivilised countries, their treatment has been cru in the extreme. Amoiiirst tho early Greeks and Komans, strangers and enemies wci regarded in the same ji )int of view. — (Jln.stin apud antit/uiis, pFrri^rinus dlcchafar.- I'diiip. Festus ,■ see also Cicero dc OJfic. lu), i. c. \'i.) Where such inhospitable sentimon prevailed, the conduct oliserveJ towanis those that were shipwrecked could not be otherwii liian barbarous ; and in fact they were, in most instances, either i)ut to death or sold i slaves. But as law and good order grew up, and coniinercc and navigation were extendpi thos(' who escaped from tho perils of the sea were treated in a way less repugnant to tli dictates of humanity : and at length the Roman law made it a capital olVence to destroy pc sons shipwrecked, or to |)revent their saving the ship; and the stealing even of a plank froi a vessel shipwrecked or in distress, made the party liable to answer for the whole ship an cargo.— (7'«/je "fpirope, the ancient barbarous 3 of Eur; pc, I gu.vivcd were "=^'''- Irv whe e conliscated for s were every ^^"^. i^^ y. vol. i. n. — \>i^""'^'' „„i nature of liw ""'"?" I aws of Oleron are, m iUb ;"t.tlat'"pi°otB,inorderto.ngra. itatc, tnai • retimes wil- treacherous vdlains, son ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^ on ^■''"'^^^7fatrofTelUisstUln.o. :nn;^U,andhims^^^- 'l^^'^^^^r^rnespuUed down; ana lished; the f "f P^^^u posterity." ofhogsandsmne,toai P ^^.^^^^^ ^ running on shore and i ^^^^^^ ■vere attacked by pe"P' . .,,„ were !\iu their monies, apparel, and other In thia Dictionary ; see also the chapter on Salvage in Mr. Abbott's (Lord Tenlerden's) work on the Late of Shipping.) M'limher iif Shipwrecks. — The loss of propprty liy shipwreck is very groat. It nppp.Trs from an cx- aminntion of Lloyd's List from 1793 to 1829, that Iho losses in llio Hritish merrnntile navy only amounted, at an average of that period, to almiil 5,')7 vessels a year, of the aggrecate hiirdeii of about (ifi.OOO tons, or lo above l-lOlli part of Us entire amount in ships and tonnage. The following account of the casualties of liritish shipping in 1829 is taken from I.U»jiVs List : — On Foreign Voyages.— \'i' wrecked ; 284 driven on shore, of which 221 are known to have been got off, and probably more ; 21 foundered or sunk; 1 rundown; 35 abandoned at sea, b of iIkui after- wards carried into |iort ; 12 condemned a^ nnseaworthy ; ii upset, 1 of Iheni righted ; 27 missing, 1 of tbeni a packet, no doubt foundered. Coaalers and Colliers— W.\ wrecked ; 2'.f7 driven on shore, of which 121 known to have been got off, and probably many more ; fi7 foundered or sunk, Pd b. 1.0 "'f Sr.i on ,»>•. M"'i';, Z.\FFER, ou ZAFRE, After the sulphur, arsenic, and other volatile parts of cobalthavc km expelled by calcination, the residuum is sold, mixed or unmixed with fine sand, under the above name. When the residuum is melted with siliceous earth and potash, it forms a kind of blue glass, known by the name of smalfz — (see S.maltz), — of great importance in tho irts. When smaltz is ground very fine, it receives in commerce the name of powder blue. Zall'er, like smaltz, is employed in the manufacture of earthenware and China, for painting !lie surface of the pieces a blue colour. It sufl'ers no change from tho most violent fire. It is also employed to tinge the crystal glasses, made in imitation of opaque and transparent precious stones, of a blue colour. It is almost wholly brought from Germany. .iccount of the Zafler imported, exported, and retained for Home Consumption, with the Nett Duty thereon, in 1831 and 1832. Yeira. Import!. Exports. Retained for CnnMiniption. Duly. 1831 i 18.12 Lhl. 227,512 2t)6,935 115 448 Lbs. 227,982 263,952 L. 950 417 otwithsianding Uie g ^^^^.^^ !!«>' f .1 In distress, a"*^ J\f,p,Y to the disgrace of », I Ihave been ^""''"'"j o'lher countries, bo ".I the pilfering of any g J , .,ir. seeart. SJ^i''' I Ing in the saving of v»reck,«ee art. Ttie duty was reduced, in 1832, from 'is. 4(2. to Is. a cwt. ZEA, INDIAN CORN, or MAIZE. See Maize. ZEDOARY (Gcr. Zitfiver ; Fr. Zedoaire ,- It. Zedoarla,- Sp. Cednaria ,• Arab. Judwar f jHind. Nirbisi), the root of a plant which grows in Malabar, Ceylon, Cochin-China, &c., of iKhich there are 3 distinct species. It is brought home in pieces of various sizes, externally Inrinkled, and of an ash colour, but internally of a brownish red. Those roots which are Iheavy and free from worms are to be chosen ; rejecting those which are decayed and broken. Triic odour of Zcdoary is fragrant, and somewhat like that of camphor; the taste biting, promatic, and bitterish, with some degree of acrimony. It was formerly employed in medi- jciiip; but is scarcely ever used by modern practitioners. — (Milburn's Orient. Cum.) ZINC, on SPELTER (Ger. Zink; Fr. Zinc.- It. Zinco,- Sp. Zinco, Cinch Rus. Schpi- l»'/fr; Lat. Zi.ncum), a metal of a brilliant white colour, with a shade of blue, composed of I number of thin plates adhering together. When this metal is rubbed for some time be- Iwcti the fingers, they acquire a peculiar taste, and emit a very perceptible smell. It is Vier soft ; tinging the fingers, when rubbed upon them, with a black colour. The specific r,; .«■ \m' 764 ZINC. gravity of mcltod zinc varies from C-861 to 7*1 , the lightest being esteemed the purest. WF ImininercJ, it Ih'coiups us iiiijli us 7'1!)08. This metal forms, as it were, the limit bctwc the lirittli" iinil the mnllciiblc iiictui.s. Its mnllenliility is I'y "'> meiuis to bo compared w thiit of copper, lead, or tin; ytt it is not liriltic, like antimony or arsenic. Wlien stri with a hunnner, it lrij.) The ct pi)uiids of zinc and cc>[i[ier are of ^reat importance. — (See Uhass.) Mitniifufiiirr of '/.inr. S,-c. Tlicrc! iiscil to l)c '2 siiii'llini.'-limisi"s fur Die pre |m rat ion nf /.inr near liris and II iii'ar Swaiisia, !>iil iIk'V liavi' liiM'ii all .'ill. iiiiIoiiimI. Willi the r.vi'r|iliiiii nf I of lllo liiltcr. 'I nialrri:il uhciI liy llie I'.iiijlisli iiiaiiiil'arliirrr is lili'iiilc, or liliick .jack (siil|iliiiret of /inc); it \* ciiiniiin fiiiiiicl will! li'.'iil, anil JH iirni-iircil dlllii' lii'st iin.ilily in I'liiil shirr anil tliu Isle of .Man. Ilesiili's ils r |iloynirnt in Ihi' nianiirai'liir<^ of liriss, lirll nirlal, anil ullirr iiii|ii>rlant ('iiin|iiinnils, /inr has nf I years lieon furini'il iiilii iilairs, anil applii'il to many piir|nises for u hirli Irad was foriniMly nseij, si iis llio rnolinsof IniililiiiKs.llii' niannfarliiri; of water-spouts, dairy pans, &.c. foreign zinc, being I lirlllli', is liiMler tilti'il lor rollin;; llian that of l''.nKlanil. The (Inlies on spi'ller. wliirh were fnrnicrly proliiliilnry, liavo heen reilacnl to 2^ a. ton on t forini'il inio plates, or cakes, anil ID 10.4. on what is not in cakes; anil, in conseipicnce, consiilera •laantities are now iniporleil, partly for home nse, ami partly for re-e.\porlation to liiilia ami Clii Foreiu'ii zinc is primipally nmile at (ileinitz, In I'pper Silesia . whence it ia conveyed hy un inter iiavii;alion to Ilanilinri:li. The freljilit from the latter to Hull anil l.onilon ia nominal merely ; wonl-ships lieini; frl.iil to take ii as liallast. Ilainanlt, near IS'aninr, has also sonn; |iart of the spel iraile. A L'oiid ileal of spelter Is sliippeil from llanihnrKli ''"r France ami America. /inc is prodiiceil in the province of Vnnan. in China ; ami previously to In20, larpe quantities o were e.V|iorted from that empire to Imlia, the Malay ArchipehiKo, &c. Iltu alionl that time the l' tr.'iilers lii'pan to i mivey I'.iiropean speller (principally (■'erman) to India ; ami liein^, thonKh less pii ileciiledly cheaper tlian'tho Chinese article, it has entirely supplanted the latter in the Calcutta iii ket : latterly, indeed, it has hecun to lie iniporteil even into Canton.— (See Tctknao.) Dnrinj; ih ;,ear.s enileil with IMI'i, the e.xports of foreifin spelter from this country for India and China wi'ic, iH:!(), fi2.,"i.^)() ewt.: If>:!l, 51,(i(W; W.VI, ."iT, I'.HI. Anil, e.vclusivo of these, considerable quantities wore i ported from Auistcrdain, Uotterdaui, &e. We subioin an Account of the Zinc or Speller imported, exported, and retained for Home Cunsumption, and i Duties thereon, in INIl and 1833. Ytare. Iniporll. Exports. Hplainrd fnr Cnnsuinptioii. niii)-. 1831 183-2 715.113 ti.s,7tU ■ f"ic(. fi'2,ll8» ■li),710 rii'f. 20,.^'2(! 25,211 10, mo The price nf spelter declined within the last .T or 4 years, from about 15i, to 9/. a ton ; but it has cently rallied, and is now (April, 1831) about IW. 10s. a tun in bond. ihmi'l.iH"-^^' o ii becomes so a •/.!...• .u-ci.rs or tlu .ihodoroMraetinB fnun ^^^ f.T wl.i'l' ''''y' ';. feife'.i ■/■""^^- 1"^'"" ''" previously »'• ,^,' I, ,7,l,il ti.n« «!'« •"■ ;,,,Uum,..Ul.« fH'.r ^.o", During .IH. ,;I>;;rc-^S."anViUeswcre«. .e,»inc.l for Home ConBU.r.ption,an>Ul. iu\ lH3'i. Kcliincil ffir Con»ui»l'"""- 20,W« 25,211 nuly. lo.i'no 5,781 ;;^:outlM.to9^ato,>;butith.s.• in bonil. SUPPLEMENT. Tho latest Supplement of the author was received when this edition had advanced as far as tho article Pelersbur;j;h. Such portions of it, however, as have not been incorporated with the preceding pages, will be found in tho present Supplement, with the letter S. alFixed to each. Additions to tho body of the work in the last English edition are also inserted here, being distinguished by aflixing to them tho letter A. — Am. Ei». BALTIMORE. The Imports into Baltimore, during the year 1840, were, — III American vessels, ---.... Ill foreign do. ---.-... The Exports were, — Vnliin of domestic productions. In Aiiii^rican vessels, ------- In foreign do. ..-..-- #4,2fi2,755 552,K03 #4,835,017 #4,008,139 1,390,881 Total value of domestic exports. Of foreign products in Americ.in vessels do. foreign vessels, - Total value of exports. #5,195,020 210,810 51,010 #5,750,870 Vessels arrivinn from foreign ports, 410— tons 82,000. Do. departing to do. 401— tons 93,354. Do. entering coastwise, 820 Vessels built in Kaltimore— 3 ships, 1 barque, 11 brigs, 43 schooners, 1 sloop, and 1 steamboat, in all sixty vessels — tons 8,558. Inspections during the year 1840. Wheat flour, barrels - 730,479 Do. do. half barrels 30,515 Rye do. barrels 5,810 Corn meal, hogsheads 1,204 Do. barrels 12,593 Do. half barrels 83 Gal meal, bbls. 50 Total, - 780,802 An increase of 203,210 bbl 3. and half bbls. over list year. I Tobacco, hlids. Increase over last year, 12,497 hhds. Ileef and pork — Diliimore pacl.000 2,.'.00.000 l.s DrciMiiliiT, is,:iii 1,000 I'i.'i.'iO.OOO 2ll,:ili2,O00 (■.,720,000 2.,'.'i2,0(Kl l.'i .liiiiiiiiry, IKI.'i - is.oij.ooo 12..'iS,',,0(IO 20„11I0,000 0,7 11,000 2„'.1 1,0(10 7 A|.ril, - - lN.,'itt|,000 1 1 .'iSO.OOO io,:i2.s,ooo 0,120,000 2.C.:7,0(I0 .10 Jiiiir, — - IS.MI.-i.OOO 10, ll.'i 1.000 2.'i,07S,000 0,2111,000 2.02S,(l(i() 'J'2 Scpii'iiilu-r, — IK.'JIO.OOO i:i.'i;to,iioo 2;,ss>,ooo 0,201,000 2,o;ii,(i(io l.'i Ol'tlMuill-T, — 17.f2I.O(lO 17.: 211.000 ,11,01^,000 0,020.000 2,021,000 1-2 Jamuiry, is:m - 17.2(rJ,l>(lO lO.H'O.OOO 1l,li;M,OiiO 7.070.000 2,.'i01l,(10(l !> April, IS.Ofill.OOO 11, 7.'. 1,000 27,1127,000 7. XII. 000 2,01 1,0(1(1 1 .Inly, — - l7.ym,(ioo m.Mo.odo 27,l.'i:i,OllO 7.1li2.0llO 2,.''(10,1I(10 22 SrpliMlilicr, — 1.S,II7.000 li.iis.ooo 211.100,(100 .'.,7111,000 2,S0O,000 l.'i lli'iTinlicr. -• i7,;uii.(ioo l.l.H.'IO.OOO 2S.lt7 1,000 •l„S l.'i,000 2,S2,'.,(1(10 10 .lainmry, I.MT - n.i'j'-'.ooo 1 i.ii.'i i.:ioo :ui,;iiiii,o(io •I,2s7,000 2,s:o.o(i(i 7 rrliriuiry, 17.^li^.O(IO ii.2;io.ooo ;ti,(w,'i,ooo 4,012,000 1,010,000 7 Warcli, — 4f».l7>,OllO i:i.':oo,ooo ;io,.'i7ii.ooo 4.0I.S.0(10 I.IW'.OIKl •1 April, — - i.><,i;t'j,(ioo ii.iii-j.ooo 2h.Si;i.O(IO 4,071,000 1,201,000 '.> Mav. — - I^.INI.OOO 10.172,000 2,s,017.0O0 4,100,0(10 1,2,'.,'i,0(IO 30 May, — - I.S.I I'.I.OOO 10, 122.000 27..'i72.00ll 1, 121,000 1,1.'. 1.00(1 «7 .liiiii', — IS.'iO'J.OOit 10.121,000 20.11,12.000 4,7.'.0,00(1 1.0,'.0,0(l{| ri .Inly. — - IS.'ilil.lKHI 10.072,000 20.727.000 .'..220.000 1,020,000 'i'i AH(!llst. — l^i.ltl•i.OlK) H.oo.'i.ooo 20.717.000 .'■.,7.'i4.000 1,001,000 111 Si'plcililitT, — IS.MI.OOO ii,o!i:i,ooo 20.(i0,'..000 0.101.000 1,001,000 17 t)rl()li(r, — - l.'*.7l(i,000 10..'iO 1.000 2,'..;t 10.000 O.S.'.O.OOO 2,11.'.,'),(I00 11 NllVl'llllllT, — is.:iii.ooo 10.212,(M10 2:mis.'>.ooo 7,412.000 2,S11.0(KI II Dl'OOIIllllT, — 17.1W.000 lO.lO.'i.OOO 22,727,000 H, 172.000 2,700.0(N1 .lamiary, 1S;IS . 17.!H10.(100 10.1102.000 22,000,000 H.SU.'i.OOO 2.0011.000 6 IMar.h, — - IS.fiOO.OOO ii..'>:(.').(Mio 22,7112,000 lO.OI.'i.OlMl 2.072,0(1(1 1 May, — - ll».0!< 1.000 11,0<10.000 22,70,S,00;i 10.002.000 2,(vS(l,(l(IO 2(> .liiiic. — - 10.0 17 .000 10,120,000 22,.'.;i 1.000 11.722.000 2,:si,(K10 •Jl AliKiisf. — - 111. I."; 1.000 10,2llt»,000 22.717.000 11.710.000 2,711,000 1(> Oilolu-r. — - iii.a.'in.ooo 11,:I27,000 22.01.1.000 y.417,000 2,70;.,0(1(1 II Ih'cciiilior. — IS, 100.000 11,0,1,1,000 20.707.000 0,102,000 2„'iO:,(HI0 t* .lamiary, ISJ'.I - 1S.20 1.000 io,;ii,'>.ooo 21.(iS0.(100 11,110,000 2.,'i(MI.000 .'i Ma rill, — - l.'^.V'O.'^.OOO U.ll.'iO.OOO 22,7t.7,000 H, 1(10,000 2.02:i.()(l(l •i.>< May. — - IH.211.000 7.N1I.(MI0 2.i..')»;t.ooo ."), 1111,000 2,ii1 1.000 •ri .lull.", — - IMO 1.000 7..'>t>7,(»00 2.i.it:i i.ooo 4.144,000 2.01(1.0(1(1 •23 .Inly, — - IS.0 111,000 7,11.').^.000 2I,1H1,'),0(U1 3,7S.'>,000 2.(W0,(l|i(l 20 Aiiaiisl, — - n.iK'.o.ooo 8,0211,000 25,.')(vS,000 3,20.'>,000 2,>.'.ri,(i(io 17 SopliMlltUT, — ■ 17.1100.000 7.7S1.0O0 2.'). 11:10.000 2,S 10,000 1,011,0(10 •J» l>cl()l>cr, — - 17.012.000 fi,73-l.000 24,11111.000 2,:.'r..ooo 3,11>.0(10 1838 to the enormous amount of 1,818,477 i)uartprs, exclusive of a large amount of otho grain. It shoulil, however, be nieiitionixl that the imports in 18158 only niiiounted t l,3,'i.'>,l 1!) «iuiirter.><, about .')00,000 (juarters of tlie (|imntity taken into eonsumptioii in ili;i[ year, haviiii; been previously imported in boml. Now, as the corn in bomi hail, no doiil J been all. or mostly all, paiil for when importeil, it is clear thut the sum to be paid to fori'isiiu.' for corn entered in 1838, was not so u;reat by nearly a third part as, at tirst sight, it \vini!| appear to be. 8till, however, the importation in 1838 was very larije ; it was also in ,i i\m| siderable dei;ree impreeedented, beiuj;; nearly three times as great as in 1837, more than /; times greater than in 183li, and about iwcnti/ times as great as in 1S3"), so that from its si: denness it had a comparatively great elVect in raising prices abroad. It was all but iiiii)o.i'ti I 7V01.IIW .r'if:,iioo .1.0 is.doo 4,0:1,000 •l I'.IO.OOO 1' I'ri.ooo .t"::.o.oiM) s'-i'iCi.OOl) V:.') 1.000 'o":«v.t,oiio tiVW'.OOO 7 .j:w,ooo t<',ivi.ooo H sy.'i.ooo lo'olS.OlH' lo.oo-i.ooo i| T'W.OOO o':\C',ooo i>'i;c.ooo ii';iiv:,ooo 1)".V.U'>,000 ti 100,000 ft H'.t.OOO 4',:ti»,ooo ■\ ^ss.ooo 3;ior>,ooo 2 810,000 •2 :,'r>,ooo '2,'io';,ooo •i'/iOl.OOO •!',,'iO0,(HI0 •2.:i-w.ooo •y.'i'.n.iHio •2' 0:7, 000 'i.O'JS.OOO •j,i'iV.>,ooO o',C,-J 1,000 '/..'lO'.I.OOO •2.011.0110 •I.MIO.OOO •2 S00,000 •2',^'^'•,000 oV: 0,000 xoio.ooo :t,iM>,ooo :\ •2o;i,ooo :i,':;i,'',oiio u.i.'i 1.000 :t,o.'i0.oiio :\ 020.000 j ;t.oo 1,000 t ;i, 00 1.000 1 '2,or>.'>,ooo 1 •2,KU.000 \ '2,':oo.ooo \ '2.000.000 '2.0';'2,000 '2.0>0,OlW ^.■rsa.ooo •i.~, 1 1,000 •2,7l>.'i.OOO •2,.''0: .OlHt •2,riOo,ooo .V|V2;i.ooo !2',(>;u.ooo '2.010.000 >2.1M'.,IUM1 •2,s;,;i,000 s'.Oll.Oi'O a.ii^.ooo to think that on thiS; ns on most Rimilnr occasions, tlio Bank cvincoil too much tcmlprncss for what she conceived to ht^ the interests oreoinmerco, anil ihd not vi(;()roiisly rnoiiirh com- niciico retinciiiR her issues wiien the drain for iiuihon hid fairly set in. We, however, cor- dially approve of tiic Hank's policy in neffoliatinK credits ahroail, and ondeavourinn to restore the e\cliaii)»o to jtar liy sellinn hills on the ('(>iuiiient, ratlier llian hy sivini; hiillion for notes. In fact, sound policy would seeni to diciate that the ISank should always hold a eoiisideralilc amount of easily converiilile foreign securities, and draw bills anaiusl ilieiii when the <'xchaiii;e i.s uiifavouralile. 'l"ho plan of accinnulatinp; a larun stock of ludliiui to he kept locked up ill the Honk's ciitfcrs for no puri>ose whatever, except to meet the deniaiid occa- sioned liy a fill in the exclianne, set rT^M^TlaTCe nmouut of otlior Inclusive of a larg ^^^^^,^,,,^,,\ „ ""r'\'u .Ifcoimrl.ou.n.lKU r'^'if or. ^-ndhaihno.Un^^^^ L us the lOTU 1.1 forci'jnor> les as great as^ml^^J;-,,^,,, ,„;,,. rices ahroad. U ^^ ^^i^uslv aIV>i td^tut.ho..nto^or.ju,aa- ucyiullu^orduu nnaii ^^^^^,^ .,,- of cotton in tl";>i,^,„„, Uauk, ana other monucU.^^^, ',,,0 lessen u^rj-J^i,,;.,. vas an uiereaM m ui. i . ,fA,noncans^n^^;.^^^^^„,„. ,r occasioned tht r. ^^^\ ;vv.andinsotarlo.M, \^ ^^^^^^,, consiaeral.lo extra '^;:"» ; ^,,,, .,„a,hJ But it is less easy to M^^^^^ Oil the whole, however, w ;tol le a very cluinsv and cnsllv dcvict for doiiiii that which would he more easily and cheaply done hy the U.uik holdint; foreign scciirilics, and havintr credits on some of the principal foreiijii hanks. !S|ie might, were she to adopt this ]ilaii, ilispense with the half of what is now reckoned the projier supjily of hullioii ; holding, ill its stead, productive securities, which might always he sold at an advantage when the cxchaiiije is against us, or which miijhl he pledged to the foreiun hanks for teinpor.iry loans. ^\'llal inerchaiits want during an adverse exeli.uiije. is u;ood t'orcign liills, it lieiiii; only in ilel'aiilt of such that they export Inillioii ; and tlie Maiik, liy supplying tlieiii with such lulls, and gettiii'jr, of course, her notes in exchange, is uhli' to diiniiiisli her issues ipiile as elli'clu- ally as if her iiiites were sent in f>r Imllioii. .Another ailvantain" of this plan is, that it goes far to ohviatc that iiitcrual discredit aiul alarm that arc apt to he produced when the stock of Inillion in the Hank is reduced uni at least, on this plan dil ly low. In fact, had the Hank not acted, in jiart ihe current year, the |>rol)aliility is tliot she must have suspended payinenls. In .liinc and .liily last, the stock of hullion in her cotl'ers was reduced to ahout ;t..')Otl.(U)ll/. ; and as the drain still continued, had she eiiileavourcd to meet it in the ordinary wav, hy paying away hullion for notes, her stock of the former wmild very sjicedily have liccii reduced so low as to occasion a home demand for it, which the Hank could not have loot. The Hank should never, if it he possililc to jirevent it. allow her stock of hullion to sink lu low I .\ or .^ millions; and she may always keep it ahove this amount, in so fir at least as the f ireign demand is coiicerued. hy sellinii hills drawn against foreign credits or securities. 'I'lie Hank should also, consentaneously with the selling of hills, adopt the most fllicieiit measures fir preventing the notes .she receives for them from getting again into I'irculatiiui. either hy raising the rate of interest, or hy refusing (though the latter he a much more ipicstiiuiahie policy 1 to di.scoimt certain classes of hdls. It should always lie lioriie in niiiul, thit however a drain fir gold may originate, the fict of its existence is of itself a con- ilosivc proof that cold is more valualile abroad than lieie, and conse,|Ucnlly that the currency IS reiliiiu lant. We arc not, thcref ire. of the iinmber o f tl io.se who censiiic the Hank for iiaving faised tiie rate of interest to (i per cent. On the contrary, this was a measure that seems to have been imperatively reipiired hy the circumstances niuler which she was placed. .\t the same time, however, it must he admilfed that the Hank allowed her stock of bullion to i c reduced fir below wliat is consislenl either with lu-r .sal'cty or with the safety of the sriMt interests involved in her stabilil :d not avail herself of her credit abroad so she ill )es not appear to have m.uii that f^he , siioii or so eonsisleutlv as slie might have done early, systematical, and continuous reduction of her issues, reipiired to adjust the exchange, and to liring the currency to its jiroper level. It is probable, indeed, as matters have turned out. that less hardship has been iullicted on individuals by the course the Hank has taken, than if she had resolutely fillowed up the course pointed out hy principle, aiul withdrawn from circulation the notes received fir Inillion ilelivercil for exportation and for foreign bills. lint it is always bad policy, in such eases, to trust to fortuitous occurrencca; and, in the long ma, the safest plan, or that dictated by principle, is sure to be the best. liiNK OF lliKi.A.ND.— Aecouiit sliowiiig tlio Cireiilaliiin of the Hanit of Irelaiii) from 1823 to 1S30, liotli iiielnsivc. v,,_ I I.inre Sm.ill ^""' j NnlM. Noll-S. I'OJl llillj. Tc.tll Amtmp Circtilalion. /. 5.07l',',00 (>. ii';i'..'>0ii 4.»i'r,,i'i.i) 4.:lt;<,i;,ii 4 ','■,.0 Kl 4 l.i7.:liHi Years. I.arje Noil's. Small Nili's. Tpsi niiij. /,. 1,147.7(10 1.0 -i.OO l.O.N.MOO .'1 , I.W-.20J 1 l,40.tilW ISJ) 1 l.tluH.'lOO 1 l.ti77..-.00 I^J6 1 l.50J.7l'0 2,644.2i'0 1^:7 ' 1.4lii'.300 l,491.«oil l>i< 1 l,i)40.2,'0 l,lit)(i,S00 l>29 ! l.tilS.iOO M-VU.H) L. l,Si9,lflO 2.liiO.>00 2,66J,il0 1.7.,S,ii0.1 1.4 i,iro l,3-.-).S«0 1.31.2.710 1P30 ISM 1S32 IS 13 1>.14 isv, is;tii /.. 1,'UI.S.W l.4-M)00 1, 1:1 1,100 l.biVi.bOO 1, till*. 4 00 l.t'J.I,4l>0 l.TOS'iifl l.l-i.ino 1..1 'l.lllVI l.Siii.rOi I.e.! 1 l,'lli3.3lH) I.;i',sir0 l."-7.4!«l Instead of the paragraph, vol. i. page 109, of this edition, botjiiming, "The committee seem to think that some regulation should le enacted," — read the following: — The coiiiinitlee seem to think that some regulation should be enacted, providing that a certain portion of its capital should be paid up before a bank begins business. Hut the i Wtter way would he to prohibit all advertising of noiiiinni capital, 'riiis, in fact, is a mere lieviic by which to entrap and delude the public. A bank is announced with a capital of 1,000,060/., ',J,000,000/., or 3,000,000/. ; and a great number oi people, pcrhap.s the majority, ii:: A 768 BANKS. «; ^1 immediately conclude that there can l)o no riuk in dealing with an cstabliHhment poKscsRot! of 8u great an amount of property. But what is the fact! The capital advertised is noniina merely ; not more perhaps than a tenth or a fifth part of it has been received into the cofTori of the bank, and we have nothing better than tiie statement of the bank proprietors, or tlirii agents, that they will pay up the remainder, if necessary ; of which necessity they of coursi are to be the only judges ! Practically this is neither more nor less than a fraud upon tlu public; it is a contrivance for mokiiig lO.OOO/. pass in the public estimation for 1()0,0()()/. and for procuring the same degree of credit to its holders. This, however, is not ail. Wlicre is the security that if a greater amount of capital were really reijuired it would be forliicoin ing ? 'I'he notion that the bulk of the sharcliolders in many, we are pretty sure we nii;;h safely say most, of the joint stock lianks now in existence could pay up the full amount of their sIkiicm, is too ludicrous to deserve notice. We might as well call upon a man worth 5/ to extitiguish a debt of .OOO/. There can bo no doubt, therefore, unless it be meant to adirm that deception and fullacioiu statements are indispensable to the success of joint stock banking schemes, that all advertising of nominal capitals should be put an end to ; and that no association should be allowed tc represent its capital as exceeding the sum actually paid up by the proprietors. 13ut thoujrl] this would obviate one source of fraud and deception, there would still be abundant means of practising on the credulity of the public at the disposal of parties inclined to use them. Aiimii that a bank has a capital of 500,000/. actually received into its cotVers, what is to hinder tlie directors from lending out the whole of this sum, or even more, to themselves or to partiurs in the bank ! or supposing them not to do this, who can tell whether the entire capital, (jr some considerable part of it, be not wholly engulphed in ruinous speculations 1 It is indtdl alleged, and truly too, that this could not happen with any "respectable" bank, that "gen- tlemen of character" would not lend themselves to such transactions ! Unluckily, however, there are no decisive marks or tests by which the public can, a priori, say what is or wiiat is not a " respectable bank," or who is, or is not a " a gentleman of character ;" and it is not a little ha/anlous in such matters to indulge in speculative remarks. Hence it is that all banks are held to be respectable, that is, solvent, till the event prove the contrary ; and that all gentlemen connected with banks are held to be " men of character," paragons in fact, of honour, honesty, and even intelligence, till their fraud or ignorance has involved hundreds or thousands in bankru|)tcy and ruin. We do not state these circumstances in order to raise any prejudice against joint stock banks or other associations, for they apply equally to one, or to a small number of indivi- duals; but we state them to show the folly of placing any reliance on statements as to the capital of any bank, or the character of its managers. Such statements may be either true or false; but, as the public cannot tell which, they are plainly good for nothing. The onlv real security is to be found, if it exist at all, in the names of the partners responsible for the debts and obligations of the bank. The number of such partners is a very inferior consi-| deration. There cannot, in truth, be a greater error than to suppose that because a bunk Insl a great number of partners, its security may be safely depended upon. A single imliviiliwl worth 100,000/. is an incomparably better security than fifty individuals worth 2,000/. caeh: and a hundred individuals worth 1,000/. would hardly be any security at all; at least lor; sum of 10,000/. or 20,000/. A private bank with six, may be a safer place of deposit tlian al joint stock bank with six hundred partners. Every thing depends upon tlie arailalil] wealth of those responsible for the debts of the concern ; and hence the propriety ami jus-l tice, whether the linn consist of one or of many partners, of publicly declaring and spccityin:! their names. We are decidedly hostile to a proposition we have heard mooted, and which seems to bel countenanced by the committee on Joint stock banks, for obliging all banks to establish A guarantee fund; that is, for obliging them to accumulate a portion of their profits as al reserve stock. But where is the security that such reserve would be always deductcil fromi profits ? The truth is. that bankrupt and fraudulent concerns, and none else, would i^ain byl such a regulation ; inasmuch as it would enable them, by appearing to be prosperous, llitT better to deceive the public, and to blind them as to the real state of their affairs. It is il good deal worse than absurd to induce the public to depend on guarantees that cannot Ivl enforced, and which, consequently, must be good for nothing. The knowledge of who thel partners are in a bank, and their unlimited responsibility, are the only securities that, speak-f ing generally, are worth a pinch of snuff. If these cannot protect the public from fraud orl loss, nothing else will ; and the question will come to be, not whether the system shoiiW IkT reformed, but whether it should be abated as an incurable nuisance. On this ground als we should be disposed to dissent from any attempt to prevent, by legislative enactment, thJ making of loans upon the credit of bank stock. We do not question the advantage of siifbl a regulation, provided it were honestly carried into effect. But it is useless to say ihat.l whenever the parties were disposed to defeat such a course, it would be quite inoperative.—*'.! We have elsewhere {Diet. vol. i. p. 86.) said, that if the Bank of England could, nithl ►fety to herself, pay interest on deposits, as is done by the Scotch banks, it would be olllrfj BANKS. 769 ,or less "W 100.000/.; ubUccBtunation 'r ^^^^^^ :iSuVna.nau«onWo/. »h,t deception and fi.l'.acious viHiW stm "I- » ,„,.,i,e,n. Admit 'T;£rX:t.t hinder .he move, to t"*-"' • papita , or ten whether the e»ure J .^^.^^^^^ ""''"^rS" bank, that "gon- ™y "3 B'U»l"ck.ly, however, •anaai tions . ^^ ^,j ^^1,^^ tlcman of character. .^ .^ ^j^,^^ .^,^ vc ''^'"^'^^''•.."X.utrarv; and ihai ',;;,:Sh;;iS:oi^^— ^^-' '-^crtvtntjtnss Such statements '"^y, , ^,^(^, ''^"?^^,m« of Ih* Buk. I.lvrr|iinal I'ruviiiciul Uuiik of I^iijiluiid. Newcastle Cnitiinercial Dank- inj; ('iiinpiiiy. Newcasiie, Stiielils, and Siin- (li-rlanil llniiin Joint ijtock Uankiiig Company. Newcaslle-npon-Tyne Joint Stock Banking Company. North and Soutli Wales Bank Northamptonshire Union Bank Northamptonshire Banking Co Northern and Central Bank of England. Liverpool - - - -| 3 MaiiilicHii'r, MvprponI, Oldlmm, 'JU AHlitoii-iiiiilrr-l.yiii', I'rcHiiin, VVarriiiKl'iii, Bury, lllackbiirn, Winaii, .Stalyl>riili.'i>, lliicliilalc, Sliit'kpurt, .Naiitwich. ll>ilo, llmilry, Ht.itroril, IliirsliMii, I,«i-k, l.aiiK Kiwi, ('Iwaillv, KiiK<'U-y, Murki-t l)rnytoii,und (illlHMIip. Manclirsli'r - - - IS ■NiMvport, I'diitvponl, rhopstnw, 2S link, 'rrcili'itar IrniiwiirkH, Alii'rgavi'iiiiv.Miiniiiiiiilli, l.yd- nt-y, ('ardilt', Bridgend, and Mvvanaea. Nottingham - - - 13 Mnr. May June Jim. Uuc. May Nov. IN.W |M:iti IH37 ion Itl-j'J Ahi'ryotwilh, Amlwch, Barn maple, Tiirrlncliin, Hath, Hliep- t nil -Mil III '.('anile ('ary,MHrah' lii'lil, lliili-rnril, ItlriiiiTighaiit BiiHtiiii, Spalillni!, Brecon, Hay, Brinlol, Kiiry til. Kiliiiiiiid'a, ('irdiir, Bridgend, Ciiwhriilge ('liellenlinm, Darlington, Bar nard t^aglle, Devnnport, Dol gelly.Ualla, Machynlleth, Diim- ley, i;,\i.'ler, Okeliaiiiplon.tiloii ceslor, Hereford, Hoiiitoii, B- fraconilie, Inswich, Wood- hridue, Kingahridge, Leicester, Mchlield, Manchester, Peter- hiiriiiii>h, Wiltlesea, Crnyland Rainspy, I'lymoiith, I'wihell, rortinudoc, Rainsgale, Riighy, Rugeley, Stocktmi, Hoiiihninl- ton, i^iiiithnmpton, Taniworth, Tiverton, Wem, Whilclinrch, WIsheach, Chatteris, Long Sut- ton, Holbcach, March, Worces- ter, Ledbury, Bromyard, Wot- ton-iinder-Kdge,.Sodl)iiry, Yar- mouth, Halesworth, and Low- estoft. Newcastle-upon-Tyne - \ewcaslle-npon-Tyne, North Shields, Soiilli Sliielda,Siinder- land, Alnwick, Morpeth, He.t- ham, Alston, Hartlepool, Dur- ham, and Bishop Auckland. Newcastle-upon-Tyne - Dolgelly, Festiniog, Bala, Ma- chynlleth, Pwlheli, Welshpool, Bishop's Casllc, Llanidloes, Os- westry, Llanfyllin.Iluthin.Car- nnrvon,l'liester,l)anbigh,iMold, Aberyslwith, Wrexham, New- town, Bangor, Llangetiii, Holy- head, Llanrwst, Holywell, El- lesmerc, Tremadoc, St. Asaph, Conway, Amlwch, Cardigan, CarmnrtJien, Brecon, Llanelly, Llaiidilo, Swansea, Merthyr Tidvil, Cardiff, Neath, Haver- fordwest, I'eiiibroke, Kington, Abergavenny, Newport, and Shrewsbury. Noriliaiiipton, Wellingborough, and Daventry. Northampton, Daventry, Wel- tiiighiirough, and Stamford. Manchester . . - 27 Juno July July Dec. IMS. 510 .THI :iU3 2W 3'i:i 1.037 is'afi lh30 183G 1S33 902 'i'M 153 610 July July June April 1836 1836 1S36 1836 338 468 65 608 May May Mar. 1836 1836 1834 512 233 1,237 1137 434" 201 407 1:14 311 .141 i,.ioa 330 3U 146 800 134 446 71 529 419 317 1,171 BANKS. 773 Table \.~eontinued. Niirlhiiriilicrliinil and Diirhniii Diatrlct liuiikiiiK ('(iiii|>any. \i-\vc i«tl)<-iipiin-T>Mi-, Norlli Slil.l.N, Snntli r*lii.'lil<. Aln- wli'k,Miir|M>tli,HMil Siiiiilfrluiiil. North WiltH Oanking Cmnpan)' Mclktl i, Divi/ra, llriKllbnl, Trciwhriilx*'. Calne, <'lii|i|i<ii|(li. Ninvramli'-iiiicin-'rym', Nnrtli Sliii'lilK, Siiiilli Sliii'lil4,SiiMil(-r Nnltinclinni nnd Nottinitlmm- iiliirf llaiikiiig (.'ompuny. North nf Rnnlanil Joint Htork Uanking Cuiiipuny. 93 13 28 May Nov. April Mar. mi 1831 1632 Oldham Dnnkine rompnny land, IUtw ilk- upon -'i'acpil, Morpeth, Ili'Xhani. Durham, VViii>l(T, AI> I.yne, and Oldham. | ShiMVidd nanking Company - Shcilifld and Uoihorham -|2J Shcllield and llullamshirp rthelliuld . - - -l20 Hanking Company. | Shertleld and Kotlierhaiii Joint SliotReld, Rothcrliain, and Bake- 25 Slock Hanking (Company. I well I Shropshire Banking Company ShilTnall, Wellincton, Ncwport,;27 I and Coalbrouk Dale. I South r.ancashirn Bank -iMnnchuslor - - -;2.> Siiuthi-rn District BankingSonthanipton, Guernsey, Jer8ey,i2a Company. i Portsmouth, Tortsoa, (Josport,! I Niiwport. Ilydo, and Cowcs. I Stamford, Spalding, and Boston >it Rlrilng Union Bunking (!iinip»ny. Wliitnhiivitn Joint Htock Hnnk- Inic ('iimpany. Willi niiii Uoriot UankinK Company. riww. «Utiliib*l, lliiilileritli-iil, Dewnhury, Wakplii'iil. Whltcliiiven and I'enrlth and W Doe. IHJH - 33 Muy 1N2U S2 5| Wolvorhnmplnn nn, ChrlHt- cliiirrli, I.yiiiiiigtiin, and Ax- niiniiti-r. WolVL-rliamplnn - - • Yorkihlrn AKrlcnlturnl anil Cnmnierrlnl liankinz Co, Yorksbire UUlricl Uunk II June 1830 28 Dec. IN3I York, Mnllon, Si'lby, irnwdon, 8 Mar. 1830 HcnrlioroiiKli, lloriiugtiliridgD, Illpun, mill fiiinlu. York Union Banking Company York, Drimild, llriillinstnn, 33 April 1833 Tliirnk, Mnllon, riirkllngtim, l(«liiiiiley, Klrtiy MnnrNJde, Murkut WKJglitun, Tadcuater, and I'Irkcrliiir. York, Wlillliy, Drimiilil, Mnlton. 27 July 1830 Hull, I,<>edii,nnd Pncklliigion. | York, Hull, HtictHclil, lliilirnx, 30 July 18.14 Lfeds, DoncaHinr, lt:iwlry, Thiirne, Spltty. Tliiruk, Nnrlh- nllertnn, KiiainKwold, Mnllon, liradrord, I'nntcfriicl, Sklplon, KiiariiKliorougli.Ollpy.Wclher- by, RIpnn, Pallny lirlilge, Mn- aiiiiin, lIudderHtii-ld, lleviirley, North Cn\e, I>«w»tiiiry,IJarng- ley, Kiclimond, Wakufleld, Seltle, and (;liil)urn. NimilMr of l^rlMn. IM4. 337 483 338 207 887 7i6 1,000 II3T. 319 434 sat 360 307 flOl 1,113 21 2'; 01 i.o: 3.— A Retubn ortlie Joint Htock RnnkaexIntinK in Hcoti.and, on the iith of January, 183U; ipnriryl the Date or the EHtabliithmfnt of each Rank, the Nuiiiher and Kjtuntion of its HrHnchei (where hai any), and the Number of Partner! in each Rank, during each of the Yean 1830, 1837, and IN Nun* of (ha Bank, and SilualiOD of lbs Head Uffica. 1. The Bank of i^colland Head office, Edinburgh. 3. The Royal Bank of Scot- .ind. Uead office, Edinburgh. . The British Linen Com pany. Head office, Edinburgh. 1603 Number of Braochri, ami Towni where Branchca are eslabliihed. No. Number of i'arlnen. 1727 1746 44 Dranchn at 6lh of Jmuary, ISS9. Ranchory, Abi-rdcen, and Fraser- burgh, Aherdeenshirc. CuMinock,| Kilmarnock, and Ayr, Ayrshire. Whithorn, Wigtownshire. Dum- fries, Uunifries-shirc. Dundee and Montrose, Forfarshire. Dunferin- line, KIrkaldy, and St. Andrew's, Fifeshire. Dunae and Lauder, Berwickshire. Leith, Mid Lothi an. Falkirk and Stirling, Btirling shire. Glasgow, Airdrie, and Btralhaven, Lanarkshire. Had- dington, Haddingtonshire. Inver nea8,Inverness-shire. Kelso,Rox- burghshire. Kirkcudbright, Kirk cudbrightshire. Perth, Perthshire. Stonehaven, Kincardineshire. Greenock and Paisley, Renfrew- shire. Greenock and Port Glasgow, Ren- frewshire. Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Dundee, Forfarahire. Dalkeith and Leith, Mid Lothian. Rothe- say, Buteshire. (Rothesay and Port Glasgow being sub-agencies to Greenock.) Wishaw, Carluke, Glasgow, and Hamilton, Lanarkshire. Golspie, Sutherlandshire. Irvine, Ayr- shire. Paisley, Renfrewshire. Annan, Dumfries, Langholm, and Banquhnr.Dumfries-shire. Leith, Mid Lothian. Aberdeen, Aber- deenshire. Arbroath, Montrose, Dundee, Rrechin.and Kerrieniuir, Forfarshire. Castle Douglas, Kirkcudbrightshire. Coldstream and Dunae, Berwickshire. Cupar 1836. 1837. Beinechartc .banks.lhesem no return of p; ners. HANKS. 775 T»bl« If — eontintud. Niint •^ lit* Want, iiol 1iliMllo> ol ih> IImiI iiffict. TNr %*hrn ma- bll>ii|iii|itiiu #>»lri' Klein. KlBirishirp !•■' fres, M"ri» lure llitvick, .li-ilhiiruli, Kflmi, rtinl Mflrimi', UmiliurKh- • hlre liivuriinti". I'cirl \Villi;iiu, niid KliivuiiaK:, Invrrnpfnaliirn Kinroan, Kiiirnaa-Nlilriv Ninvixii Hli'Wiirl, MiriinriHT, ami V\ i^ Inwii, \Vl«lo\vii' ruln.K'iaa- Rlijriv ll;ilt'r>>ii, Hurlinvaliire. Nnirn, Niilrnahlrn. (Ju|itir-\MHM<, rorl'iiralilri!. Inver- iroriliin aiul 'I'lin, lliiiia-iHliin\ (;rciiii;irly, ('rci- innrlyalilriv D.ilki'llli, l,cllh,aiid MiiHAi'lhiirirli, MkI l.iitliliin. Diiiu- barlon, DiiiiiliartonMlilre. Diin- keld, I't'rlliHlilre. I'.lsiu, Klulii- pliire. Kynioulli, ni-rwlckulilri). Falkirk, HtirlliiK, and (irange-' inniith, SlIrllnKHliire. (iateliiiUKe, KirkruillirltfhiHtiirn. liawlrk.K)'!. | BO, and MelriiHC, ItoxbiirKlisliir)!, Invcrnesa, Invcrnesn-Klilre. Kil-[ inarunck, Ayralilre. Kirkwall, Is-i land oTOrkiiey l.liilltlignw, I, In-, lithiinwalnri'. Thurso and Wick,' Cnithn<hire. Diinlmr. RuhI I.nihian. Ilaiiir, BantrAlilrc. Kin- cardine, Kinrnrdlnpshire. i Islay, Invi'rary, and Ohan, Areylu-I Bhire. Han(|ulmr and Duuil'rieg,, Diimrriea-Blilre. I.eith and Dal-j keilh. Mid l.othian. AhcrilHen, Alierileen«hire. Airdrlu and (Jlas- irnw, Lanarkshire. Ilaihgale. Mn-j lilhunwahlre. AnBtruthor, lliirnt-i island, and Kirkaldy, Firi-shire.' Banff, Bantrnhire. Caalk' DouglaB, Kirkcudhrighlshire. Dingwiill and Stornoway, Ross-dtilre. Dundee and MDMtrnse, Forfarshire. Fal- kirk and Stirling, Siirlingshire. Forres and Orantown, Morny- ahire. Fort Willlaui, Inverness,' and Portree, Inverness-shire. Ralashiels, Helkirkshirc. Kelso, Jedburgh , and Ha wick, Uoxliurgh- Bhire. Kirkwall, Islands of Ork- ney and Shetland. Nairn, Nairn- Bhlro. Perth, Pertlishire. Strom- nesB, Island of Orkney. Ellon, Tarland, Peterliead, Fraser- burgh, Inverury, and Iluntly, Aberdeenflhire. Fochabers, Cul- len, Bantr, and Keith, Bantfshire. Elgin, Morayshire. Troon, Oalston, Kilinarnock.lrvine, Maybole, and Girvan, Ayrshire. Forfar, Forfarshire - - - Forfar, Arbroath, Montrose, andl Brechin, Forfarshire. Dissolved 10th of October, 1638 I IK. r(No Kirkaldy, Fifeshire - 122 10 57 79 4 27 IMT. I>3a. rctur n.) 163 11 54 80 6 30 189 11 52 62 28 in 1837 to the " Glaijnw and Ship Bank," vhes it wai joioed to Iba private Bask of 776 BANKS. Table II. — continued. 5 ^1 Name of the Rink and Situation oC llie llcaJ Uflicei. Vrar bli>h«l. 12. Thhnii>nU of Nos 6, 7, 8,9, 10, II, 12, 13, U, Ijioaibp IliOB, wheu the Liceuce Uuliet were tirti impnaed. •# BANKS. 777 ru\tncy-t. yn lluntly, F-1 "" ,;;,, imss-sl.irp Octol>er [an, Mayliole, KU- „e Stilicoais :u-:na,nn.on,and k hire. Kirkiniil- Vipsie, and K 7/" '="° ne..fr«WBU.ro. UsseU-urgU. una feacKlnannansUuc Iberclieriler. '" ^ ,vs;'rf?goVdon. Irn- 111 Lothian lid LotUlan. 3. A Return nf Joint Stock Banks nxigtinp in InEi.uND on Ihe 5th day of .lannnry, ISTO; iippcifyingthe l>aii! Dniic estuliliHiunciit tifcacli Hniik, llii; Niiiiilier iiiiil Hituatuin of il8 Uraiitlie8,un(l the Number of I'urtnerH in i:acli llank, in tlie yi-ara 1830, Ib:i7, and Ih:', llaniliiii, Itcl- fasl. (^iiviiii, CloMincI, (.'olcraipie, Oork, Cuott'lnll, Dowripairiik, Diiiigannoii, DiiiiKarvcii, l'',iinls, I'innis- klll(Mi, (lalway, Kilkenny, Limerick, Londonderry, Liir^an, Mallow, Mona- pliaii, Moiieyniore, Oinagh, I'arsonslown, Sligo, Slra- baiie, Tralee, Wnlerford, Wexford, and Yoiijjliul. Arinajib, Ballynienn, Helfust, CarrickCe rails, Coleraine Dow'iipalrick, Lishnrn Londonderry, Liirpan, Ma elierafelt, and Newtuwnli- niiivady. .Xrinagti, Batlymcna, Bally money, Belfast, C'oleraine, ("ookstown, Derry, Dun fiantion, Lame, Liiriian Maplierafelt, Monaclian, Newlownliinaviiily, New townards, I'ortadown, Strabane, Tanderagee. Athlnne, Ballinasloe, Ballina, llanayher, Boyle, ('asllc bar, C.istlerea, Galway, Loiif;ford,Louglirea,Moatu, Rosconinion. Sligo, Tuani, and Wcslport. Cbarlcvilln, Ennis, Kilrusli, Limerick, and Itatlikeale. Armagh, Belfast, Hoyle, Cas ■ llebar. Clones, Cork, Diin- gannon, Eniiiscoriliy, F(^r- moy, Calway, Kilkenny, Killarney, Limerick, Lon- donderry, Mallow, Neiiagli, Parsoiistown, Itoscomimin, Roscrea, Skibliereen, Sli- go, Stroke.stown, Thomas- town, Thurles, Tipperary, Tralee, Tuam, and Water- ford. Cashel, Clonmel, and Thur- les. Carrick-on-Suir Dungarven, Now Boss, Tal- low, and- Waterford. Eniiiscoriliy and Wexford ■ Fermoy, Mitchelstown, Ne nagli, Uosecrca, and Tip perary. Caliirciveen, Dingle, Kan tiirk, Kill'irney, Tarbert, ' and Tralee. Antrim, Armagh, BiiUymo- noy, Itanbridse, Belfist, (^ooiehill, Dowiipatruk, Enniskillen, and Lurgan. Dublin . . . . 613 Cork - Kilkenny 210 286 250 520 2,056 204 285 l«3S. 728 ;! Jr 105 280 290 551 3,892 465 391 434 393 429 411 836 304 487 416 451 417 450 444 789 92 415 379 463 684 3,673 446 571 618 5S9 620 609 670 324 530 516 ,:0i„ ]m \ m 98 778 BANKS. II.— An Account of the aegrcghte Numher of Notes circulated in Englnnd and Wales by Privai Bankfl, and hy Joint-Ht(irl< Hanka and their Branches, distinguishing Private from Juint-t^toc Hanks.— From Keliirna directed hy 3 and 4 Will. c. 83. ri o ^1 •kid Quirlere ended. Private Banki. L. 7,753,500 7,275,784 7,l>'7,673 6.701,996 7.013,470 7.005.472 7,3«.2l7 7,083.H|| 7,-.99.912 7,612.104 7.610,703 6,917,657 Joint.Stocli Bmks. ToUl. 31 Drc. 1S36 ..... 1 April, IS37 ..... 1 July, 30 .Si'l'l. ..... 30 1 ifo. ..... 31 Much, 1S33 ..... 30.luiic, ..... 29,-ir|,l. ..... 31 Di-c, . . . . - 31 Mirch, IKJ9 ..... 29 June, ..... 28 .Sept. ..... ;,. 4,239.197 3,755,279 ,3,684,761 3,44 '.1 63 3,>26,6H5 3,921,039 4.31)2, ;ad 4,281.1 il 4,625,516 4,617,163 4,665,110 4,167,313 L. 12,011,697 Il,li3l,0tv3 10,872,437 10,142.019 in,h7i 1,1.15 I0,9iB,5l 1 11.7 15. 03 II, ,161,962 l\22i,l>8 11,259,467 12275,818 11,681,970 B,vMis (.\MF.nic.\v). — The system of biinking in America has recently attracted a E;ief deal of attentian in this country ; and it certainly deserves to be carefully studied and mcij tated, were it only for the incontcstihle evidence which it affords that, how tlourishinq; soevc in other respects, a country cursed wiih a vicious banking system may he every now and the involved in the c;re'itest diflic.ultics, and reduced almo.sl to a state of bankruptcy, Consi daring the peculiarly favourable circuinslanccs under which the United States are pluccii, th boundless extent of their fertile and unoccupied lands, the lightness of their public burdens and the intelligence, enterprise, and economy of the people, it might be presumed that distre.s and bankruptcy would be all but unknown in the Union, and that she would be oxemptei from those revulsions which so seriously affect less favourably situated communities. 13u the very reverse of all this is the fact: discredit and bankruptcy are incomparably more pre valent in America than in any European country; and all sorts of industrious undertaking and monied fortunes arc infinitely more secure in Russia, and even in 'J'urkey, than in thi United States! This anomalous and apparently inexplicable state of things is entirely] consequence of the American banking system, which seems to combine within itself every thing that can make it an engine of unmixed evil. Had a committee of clever men been selected to devise means by which the public might bo tempted to engage in all manner of absurd projects, end be most easily duped and swindled, we do not know that they could have hit upon anything half so likely to effect their object as the existing American bankinr system. It has no one redeeming quality about it, but is from beginning to end a coinpnund of quackery and imposture. Our own banking system is bad enough certainly ; but it is as superior to the American as can well be imagined. .\ radical reform of the latter, or, if that cannot be elfectcd, its entire sippression, would be the greatest boon that can be conferred oiJ the Union ; and would be no slight advantage to every nation with which the Amorinan^ have any intercourse. The American banks are all joint-stock associations. But instead of the partners beinsl liable, as in England, for the whole amount of the debts of the banks, they are in general liable only for the amount of their shares, or for some fixed multiple thereof It is nceill to dwell on the temptation to commit fraud held out by this system, which has not a sinjlJ countervailing advantage to recommend it. 'i'he worthlessness of ihe plan on whicii thl banks are founded was evinced by the fact that, between 181 1 and the 1st of May, \H'M), n\ fewer than a hundred and sixty-five banks became altogether bankrupt, many of them pavl ing only an insignificant dividend ; and this exclusive of a much greater number that stopfuJ for a while, and afterwards resumed payments. The wide-spread mischief resultina; froil such a state of things let! to the devising of various complicated schemes for insurinc; ttif stability and prudent management of banks; but, as they all involve regulations wliich iti impossilile to enforce, they are practically worse than useless. In Massachusetts, f )r examplob it is provide(J that no bank for the issue of notes can go into operation in any way unlil al least half its capital stock be paid in gold and silver into the bank, and be actually exi^tin:; i its coffers, and seen in them by inspectors appointed for that purpo.se ; and the cashii-r oi every bank is bound to make specific returns once a year of its debts and assets, on lieiiil required to do .so by the secretary of state. Uut our readers need hardly be told that thcsf elaborately contrived regulations are really good for nothing, unless it be to alfird an p,is( mode of cheating a, id defrauding the putilic. Instances have occurred of banks liiivin[r Iwij rowed an amount of dollars equal to half their capital for a single day, and of such dull; having been examined by the inspectors appointed for that purpose, and reported hv llieiij and sworn by a majority of the directors, to be the first instalment paid by the stockliDlilftI of the bank, and intended to remain in it.* We do not of course imas^irie that surhJif gra<;el'ul instances can be of common occurrence; but what is to be thought of a svslei which permits a company for Ihe issue of paper-money, founded on such an aliiiminabl fraud, to enter on business with a sort of pulilic attestation of its resi),;-inbility \ Tlio piil licity, Iku, to which the .\merican banks are subject is injurious rather than olhiTivif Those who are so disposed may easily manufacture such returns as they think inosi suiiabl to their views; and the more respectable banks endeavour, for a month or two previousivf * Gouge's Paper Money and Banking in the United tjtates. r;"jrjr..r,?s.^- m^tock B»uk»- a,684,1Bt 3,44 '.' » 3,>-iB,6li> 3,421,039 4,3h2,'** 4,2R1,1'' 4,62i,5l8 4,t.n.'«i' 4 6bS110 4161,313 L. 12,011,691 Il,(i31,0n3 in,H7i,431 10,U2.0t9 in,Miii,\J5 10,9!ti,^'" it.iir., 03 11,:)61,S02 11,2M,461 11,681,910 . u „ rpppnllv attractcil a i;vcat siie.ver 7 1 ,W how flourishini; fords th*^' '^To^e,., now and then \ti;U.:u:aStsa-'placedrhc ' *^u aof their put.lic hardens, !'«^"'hth/pre"med that distress ■•7tat hrwouldbecxcmp^J ,,,Wy «'^"; ^'^^^ ,,,„l,ly more (.re- '«P^^'y";.XTvLs undertaking. Turkey, than in ihr are U sorts of in in a, and even ... - -- ^ ^^^i^^., ^ ^•'''^^'^''''"T.newthfn itself every, sn^stocomnnewiim ^^^^^^^^ tempted to e".«^ that they could '^^ ''!hf cSiiiK American i-ankin, '?' wSnn^oendaco.nrund s from b'^g*"'""- •„,„ . »,„i ii is as .Lformofthelatter.or.ifha contorreil nn is bad radical reform 'V multiple H'«reof. U is neeilW ixed mu til" j^ j^„j a s,„.ie '^^■'^^^'lTf\helaonwhiclUho thlessnessofthep .5^^_„, .„ 1811 and the 1.10 . ''5<^^^"^rJcTeri3orthat4p.d famuchgrcaierj^ f^^ "^^•^rClschmns for insuring the '•^""Sltvolf-gul^tions which i,« K- "^rrtS -y -5' \o the bank, anu j^^^.^ ^^ ^- ^TtncC:uras:ets.onM year 01 '^= "r-^i^ i,e told that tlw readers n''''^\_,^»"t t, „tV„vd an en readers need un Ices have occurre \\ for a single day Lr that purpose, an.\ Irst instalment paid repi) by \ BANKS. 779 the period when they have to make their returns, to increase the amount of hullion in their cofters by temporary loans, and ail manner of devices. 'J'he whole system is, in fact, bottomed on the most vicious principles. But it is unnecessary, after what has recently occurred, to insist further upon the gross and glaring defects of American bankinir. Perhaps no instance is to be found in the history of commerce of such a wanton over-issue of paper as took place in the United States in ISIJ.'j and 18.36. The result was such as every man of sense must have antici[)ated. The revulsion to which it necessarily led, after producing a frightful extent of bankrujitcy and suU'ering in all parts of the Union, compelled, in May, 18.37, every bank within the States, without, we believe, a single exception, to suspend payments ! In 1838, such of them as were not entirely swept oil' resumed specie payments; and in 1839, by far the larger number of them, with the bank of th(. United States at their head, again suspended jiuyments ! The United States Bank is not merely, however, unable from temporary embarrassments to pay its notes in specie ; it is entangled in more serious ditriculties, and is believed by many to lie substantially insolvent. If it be really in this predicament, it is what we did not anticipate. It was originally incorporated by Congress in 1816 for 20 years, and had a pfli(l-up capital of 35,000,000 dollars, or of more than seven niillions sterling. The question whether the charter should be renewed was debated with extraordinary vehemence in all parts of the Union. The late president, General Jackson, was violently opposed to the re-in- corporalion of the bank ; and rejected a bill for that purpose that had been api)roved by both the other branches of the legislature. Ultimately, however, a majority of Congress came round to General Jackson's views, and the charter was definitively refused. The bank afterwards succeeded in obtaining a charter from the state of Pennsylvania. This, however, merely enables it to carry on business in that state, but it has since obtained leave from some of liic other states to establish branches within their limits. The embarrassments in which this institution has been involved are believed to have been mainly caused by the improvidence with which it has made advances on state stocks, the stocks of public companies, and such like securities. The extreme facility with which money, or rather what was called money, might be borrowed from the dilVerent banking establish- ments in America, in 1835 and 1S36, created quite a mania for all sorts of joint stock and other speculative projects, such as banks, canals, railways, &c. ; and this rage has been still faither promoted by the different state governments embarking deeply in the same sort of projects, and borrowing largely to carry them on. (See Fuxns, Amkricav, in this Supp.) The bank of the United States is believed to have made very large advances on this sort of spcurities; and after the revulsion in America in 1836 and 1837, this bank and every other institution in the Union that had any stock of any kind to dispose of, sent it over to England, where the temptation of a high rate of interest made vast quantities be sold in 1837 and 1838. But notwithstanding the proverbial gullibility of John Bull, and his determination to conlide in every thing of which he knows little or nothing, the market here was beginning to be overloaded with American securities, and the collision that took place in Maine, in March, 1C39, put a complete stop to their further sale. The agent of the U. States Bank is under- stood, when this occurrence took place, to have had a very large amount of such securities on his hands ; and he has since had the greatest difficulty in raising money upon them, except at a great sacrifice. The bank of the United States is also believed to have been materially injured by the advances she made to the holders of cotton. It has been alleged, too, that these advances were made, not so much in the view of supporting credit in America as of procuring con- signments for a particular house in Liverpool. But it is hardly possible to suppose that such should have been the case, or that an institution with 7,000,000/, of capital should have been [lerverled from its legitimate purpose, and brought into jeopardy for so paltry and disgraceful an object. Since the stoppage of the U. States Bank the following statement has appeared : SMement of the Affairs of the Bank of the United States in Pennsylvania, Oct. 1. 1839. and of such doll; ,orted by llie!ii,l the slockhoUftil that sufhili* not of course im2::L,,„f.sy« l,ut what is to |,ney, founded on Valion of its resp eot is injurious ra such ap. abominAkl ...^Inlityl Theirat^l th.-r than oih^^val , suitasKI ;^h;JturnsastlieyjA.inkn^; lavour, for a month or two pr in the united States. Cr. Rills Jmiiml»l nn penonil lecurily 1 l)it;D.Miik stuck - . • • !)i:lA.o!her security [ Il;''iiof exctiini(e . • • • [Ills recei\ iMe for post-notes 1 I. 'in !o coininouwealth S'^ck ^c^tiili'a .... [ 3 in.l ami rtinrtpi'e Ilwlivlhi-Unilfr! StilM . Uilo/baiik I'f Itie United Slalej and agenciei 1 rvi- by slate lianks- I Ili!t^ViIel)atikageDciet • I K.\l rstj'e .... I Bi'ikin? hnusca .... I Ikficifnciej .... I Kii'eiisw ..... I Mlw Kjiir, htc navy aeent, Norfolk I N^'es if ihf Itink of the V. Stalei and branches I Di'lo. stales banks .... I Bn:ius anJ financial expenses I Conti[i{eDt interest Tot»i Dnllara. 11.3I!<,469 IS2,WI1 11,926,022 4,298,8V2 2,015,613 ■191,(100 17,7»2.337 313,627 .'■>,-2ti7 12,042,796 6.9SiD,207 7,978,74.3 878 670 416,003 548 111,181 40,144 8,138,322 2,19(1,613 l,04n.'273 178,891 31,592 94,448,762 Dr. Pollarf. Capital stock .... • 3j,OiK),rOO Issues of Ihe late bank and branches 971,366 batik of the 11. .States and branches - 12.472,000 Issues of post no'es 9,0-'2,498 IlisciniTit, exchange, and interest 49-.,398 lliviileiids unrlaiiiied 81,209 Piotit and loss .... 3.r21,.'89 Agency. London, kc, • 8,91. ',,554 ("ontineent fund .... 830,435 Bond of Ihe Vnileil Stales . l,980,3S9 Interest o.i bond to the United Slates 134,094 Foreisn ejrhaiise - . . . 748,581 IJne to bank of the U. States and branches • . 15,2(«,40ii — — stale tianks .... 1,853,640 235,749 deposits .... 3,2S3,6I0 Treasurer of the United States 11,337 Total ■ 94,448,762 J, C, Cashier Bank of the United Slate*, Oct. 9. 1839. I t| i'l 4 m !'!« I 780 BANKS. ^1 But this account, like all others of the same kind, is absolutely worthless. It communi cntcs no inrormntinn, or none that can bo (Icpended upon, as to the real state of the batil Who knows any thing of liie value of the Mils for 1 l,318,'l()'J dollars, di^icountcd on " |)rivut security !" or of those for the 17,i)'J(>.02C
  • llars, discounted on " other security !" 'I'lic may be, and, no doubt, will be said to be as (rood as cash ! Hut who attaches any value i an unexamined balance sheet, put forth by an individual or association that has stopped pav ment I The rendering of such accounts is, in fact, nothing better than a mere farce. If the bank of the United States be really insolvent and unable to meet its eniiiiRcmenL' a (]uestion will most likely arise as to the liability of the holders of hank stock resident i this country to niake good its eiinaKements. Will the charter protect them, or will it. not 'I'his is a ijuestion which, we believe, has not hitherto been mooted, but no doubt it will sooi force itself on the public attention. We do not know how the existing law may be intci jireted; but if they are to be protected, the sooner it is changed the better. Had the Tniir •States Uank not opened an agency here, the case would have been dillerent: but huvinj opened an oflice, and transacted a large amount of business in London, it has become to al intents and purposes an English establishment; and the jiartners belonging to it in Eiighnii must, one sliuuld think, be amenable to English law, and not to the law of Pennsylvania If this be not the case, it will necessarily follow that any institution, though consisting wholly of Englishmen, that obtained a charter from any foreign state, even though it were not gene rally known that it was chartered, as the foreign law might not require this to be divuliiod might open places of business in London and Liverpool, and, after getting some hnndrcils oi thousands of pounds into debt, might suspend ])ayments, and laugh at the credulous dupe: they had reduced to beggary and ruin. It would be, no doubt, strenuously affirmed of .«uii nn institution, that it had a paid-uj) capital amounting, perhaps, to several millions ster ling ; that it was a " highly respectable" association, and conducted by gentlemen of tin " highest character:" probably, too, a balance sheet would be occasionally put forth " demon- strating" its flourishing situation; and a jmrtion of the press would not fail to direct the par- ticular attention of its readers to the " admirable principle" on which it was founded, and tlie " ability" of its managers! John Eull must change very much, indeed, if these reprcseiiia- tions, combined with the advantageous terms that would very probably be oUered to those dealing with it in the first instance, did not procure for it a considerable amount of credit. But in the end, it would, most likely, turn out that no one knew whether it ever had any paid-up capital. And, supposing: it had, what is fn hinder the partners or managers from dividing it wholly amongst themselves ? The legislature of England has wisely refused to allow of partnerships (except in extraordinary cases) being instituted here with limited responsibility ; being well convinced that, despite every possible precaution, they wouL sure, in many instances to be perverted to the basest purposes. And is it to be endured that foreigners should acquire privileges in this country denied to natives ? or that foreign govern- ments should have power to organise and establish institutions amongst us on a ])riiK'i|ile which parliament justly regards as most objectionable ! If the law of England authorise this, it is most certainly high time that it were amended, and that a check were given lo what must otherwise be by far the safest and most profitable species of swindling. Uut ive do not believe that such can be the law. British subjects who embark their capital in litrei!:!! trading associations may, in so far as respects their interest in them, be amenable only to the foreign law, provided the associations to which they belong restrict their operations to foroiu'ii countries. 13ut should these associations send agents here, and open oHices and carrv on business within the United Kingdom, the case is altogether dillerent : the legislature of Penn- sylvania may be omnipotent at home, but it is impotent in England; it may, if it choo: institute trading companies, with limited responsibility, or with no responsibility at ail; bu if these be joined by Englishmen, make England the scene of their operations, and issii their balance sheets in the city of London, what are they in practice but English coinpaniei; And such of our countrymen as have embarked in them would seem to have but sienJ-' grounds of complaint, should they be taught that they are responsible to our law ; that tfc law of a foreign country cannot jjrotcet them ; and that they will be made liable, in the oven of the concern becoming bankrupt, to the utmost shilling of their fortunes for its liabilities ii British subjects. Owing to the privilege claimed by the dillerent states, and exercised without interruptioi from the Kevolution downwards, it is, we fear, impossible to effect the suppression of local paper in America, or to establish a paper currency which should at all times vary in aniouni and value, as if it were metallic. But the states have it in their power to do that which ii next best: they )nay compel all banks which issue notes to give security for their i^sue.^ This, though it would not prevent destructive oscillations in the amount and value of il« currency, would, at all events, prevent those ruinous and ever-recurring stoppages and I'aiilil ruptcies of the issuers of paper-money, that render the American banking system one ot'ili| severest scourges to which any people was ever subjected. Common sense and experiend alike demonstrate the inrflicacy of all the regulations enacted by the American legislaluresi prevent the abuse of banking. It is in vain fur them to lay it down that tlie issues shall lu'ii he BATAVIA. 781 Iply worthless. It communt- , lo thc"re«Tstate of the hai.k. o„ " other security • l 'ny ,; \vho nltaehcs any va uo lo Sou that has stopped, ay- tluin Pi.rr uuui a mere fatce. ,l."to meet it« o»!;'.«Rement^. '^^c.^mt.>oaouUUvy.lU.mu V the exisuiii, ^. ,, •^"^^'r ;f:mVercU:l>"th.v.n« hnvo been oiin-nin ' ^ 1 „ It h-\s hecome to all iUc, even tl\o"R ^ ^Vivuliicl, '^MT*" ^thc credulous auiv. andlaughattuecr ^^^. ^^^1^ l^^^T'tShv RoritlcmenoftlK- J conducted l^y g^ .^ ^,^,^^^^,^. ^""""HnotfaSto^''-^^^^^!'"- •r^°rh was founded, and the ^^^^"hiid't these revre.onta. ^ ."'" '. olnl V he olVcred to those \A very Pf°V''7. ' _„ount of creJit. ;;f;l;i„r;n:iLs wisely refused to exceed a certain proportion of tho rapitiil of the bank, and so furth. Such refiulations arc all very well, provided llic banks elmosc to respect tlu-in ; but there are no nieuns whatever of insurinu; tlieir observance ; and tlieir only elVeet is to make the public Inok for jirotcclioii and security to what is altoRetlier impotent and worthless for any nood pur|)ose. 'J'he suppres- sion of local iss\tes is indispensabie in order to make a paper currency what it oufjlit to bo. If, however, this be impossihle in America, there is nothing left but to lake security from the issuers of notes. All schemes for the improvement of hanks, liy makini; rc[;\ihuions us to the proportion of their issues, and advances to their bullion, capital, &,e., are downright delusion and ([uackery. Tabic slKiwiiiK llin Number and Capital of llio various Itanlts cxistiiii; in th« Ihiileil HiiUi-s at the undenuuntiuncd I'oriods. (See Letter of llio Secretary of tlie Treasury, Siti January, IsS.S.) of England has ^P-^''\ETtoh''enduredlh:U '??'n\tive"^ or that foreign uovem. ' ^° " !,noncst us on a prnailile '"TtSelar'E^sland author:. fitahle ^P'^"^^";!,';-; capital i.> foreign | ,ts >.ho '■ "^^^"-^^^^'^X-nable only to tho oug ^««^"*=\ "^" oihccs and carry on , here atrd open on ^^^^^^jp,,,,, .hcrdirterent. ' « "^B ^^\ ,„t in England; it "1^?, ...„,„„•. kt ;ts ,hcr nl in or 1 lilJanuary, tail. liIJa niiary, 1^20. IslJauuary, IK30. IlvccnibtT 1837, No. of Capital No.of ; Capital No^ of Cipilal No, of No. of Capital . tlaiiki. eslliiialcd. Hanks. I nliniati'd. Hanks. estiniatcd. Baiikv Uranrln;s. au'lionied. IMIurt. Jh'llnu. /J.J.'.irt. nillari. Miine S l.iiO.dOO 1'. l.li.4.Hl>0 13 2.050.000 f9 . f.,53-.,000 NfW H.imp9hire 8 815,260 lU 1,00 ..276 18 1,791.1)70 27 2,SIH.ii08 - 1 41.9M 10 4)2.ti25 20 . 2.2i 0.000 Maisacliuietls 13 6.292,144 28 10.4S.i.7C0 66 20,420.1 00 138 40,SI0.(IO0 Rhode Ulanil 11 1,917.000 30 2.9'<2.026 47 B.ll«.:il)7 01 . 18,3(10,000 Coniii'''lii'ut • 6 1.!I.13,0I!0 8 3,li.''9.:H7 13 4,4n5,I77 31 3 8.665,607 New Ynrk • 8 7.r)22,7(iO 33 IS,'lS-..774 37 20.0!.3,153 98 2 37.;lO3,460 1 Feimsylv.inia 1 New Jersty • 4 6,153.150 36 14.dsl,7S0 33 14,610,333 50 18 69,944.435 3 739,740 14 2,130,019 18 2,017.(109 33 - 10,875.000 Drliivjre • 6 &- 1.906 D KW.OIX) 4 4 4.410.000 MAryl.mil • 6 4.S9i,202 14 6,708,131 13 6,2:,0,495 28 3 29,173.1100 Uisi. of Columbia 4 2,34 1 ,395 13 .1,V2-.,3I9 9 3,875,794 7 . 3, (.0,(100 1 l,r.00,'00 4 6.212.192 4 fi.57l.llO 6 18 8,511,200 North Camilla 3 I,.i76.t)ll0 3 2.964,8^7 3 3,195,000 3 7 3.000,000 S(.iiih Caioliua 4 3,47i.0O0 6 4.17'..(lOO 5 4,6,11.000 10 2 22.95ij,518 l»nr,:ia 1 210,000 4 3,401,310 9 4,203.029 20 2 ll.7!-0,573 ', riorida • . 1 75.000 II • 13.800.000 AUtnini • 3 469.112 2 643,513 3 4 14.451,969 l/Hjisi.iiia 1 731,000 4 2.597.420 4 6.665.9-1) Ki 49 64,554.000 Ml^si^ippi * ■ I PO(l.(«)0 1 95,1.000 14 22 39.400.000 IViii.cssee 1 100,000 a 2.ll9,7»-2 1 737 817 4 4 6,01)0.000 Kt'iitiirkv 1 240,4tiO 42 8,!!07,431 4 10 9.246,610 Ark.iii>as . . 2 2 3.500,000 . 1 2'.n,roo 1 3 6,IK)0.()00 . 2 140.910 . 2 6 2,800.000 Imtiina •2 20.'.S--7 1 10 1.9X0,000 4 895,000 20 1,797,463 11 l,454.3sa 32 1 I2.!- 00.000 MirhiiTin • . 1 100,000 17 3 7,5li0.000 \Visc>)nsiii Territory - 307 • • 4 • 1,600,000 440,195,710 • lates Binkn ■ B8 42.tiI0.60l 102,210.611 329 110.I02.2I5S 709 173 lulled Siala' Rank - ' 10.000,000 1 35,000,000 1 35,000.100 145,192.268 Tolal 89 62,6IO,t;OI 308 137,210,611 330 709 173 440,195,710 S. V England; " "i;-^,: „mU;but| •..V. no rcsponsimmy ''"• • ,". '""VtJJh operations, and. *e«e I 1 scene ot >"\'' '{,„„iish coml«nl(^' ^'"^^"TsLnAol velnasU-HI .:s^ar^iert;.i.*-' (eitintheirp-^o'^;,,^,,,., .otes to give ^'"''7„„j value of ti>e| lions in the amountjHl J BATAVIA. ASatr-.ct Statement of Revenue and F.ipendilnre of the Java Bank, ' Ironi Ist April, l!i;. 72c. ■ I ItTml on loans, 6 per cent., I (.029,46)/. littml on credit accounts, 255,585/. 1 LpmiiiiMion on copper, paper, and iuuilry minor sources of revenue - Bataviaestablishnieut 616,380 86 Siirriarang. I Amiiint of bills discounleil, J.» «.(«)/■. 60f. . |i!:.nliilo(lram, 9,5.3.051/. 34c. Ivrruilacctiunts. 127,126/. |t:niini»sion on bills discounted, pay- itle in Bi'.avia, Itc, and minor revenue B4d',773 70 25.492 48 23,002 64 23,112 94 57.fi« 93 7,652 90 11,411 28 4,915 94 81,515 05 SouraUtya. f. <■. Amount discounte,0:7 7.006 407,798 120,000 2.l>5 IS37 6<4,947 12.487 8-22,492 93.071 2.925 Nut- megs. I'IC. Su^ar. Pic. 1.648 1.19 1.304 2.5.0 3,849 1,171 4.20O 5.022 3«86 3.778 25,S70 73,7!*0 I0.H.640 120,298 345,872 21(1.947 31.7.131 439,543 60 1.513 676.0S.5 Tin. Pic. 19.505 23,958 21,126 30,252 47 801 44.304 39,165 40,K36 47.739 44,417 Bice, Coyans. Ratans. Pic. 15.558 15 122 13,521 18.637 23.072 3il,344 23.379 25,577 3l:,430 31.301 .10.4i'0 5.090 6.188 14.323 16.731 14,909 4,905 49.ni:S 33,539 Mace. 600 ISO 177 145 947 603 1.192 1,606 991 1.213 Arrack. I.eag. 634 1,397 1,927 1,497 2,000 1,644 1,433 «,07S 1,477 1,663 I Tlie values of the principal products exported from Java, in 1830, were :— ttlTce ■ PFK' round |.cei. Mace tlovei Vol. II._3 U 1.477 leaguers - 109.008 p. and 846 piculs - 407.798 lbs. • 498,078 piculs • 7,006 — • 36,430 coyangi 991 picult 2,185 — Ftctrim. 115.993 217.715 1,122.382 15,090,362 125.035 3,389.615 396,268 163,036 Cloves . • .5,022 piculs .Sujcar - • 509.514 — Tobacco - 2.477 kodrea Tin - • 47,739 picuU All olher articles and treasure Total value of ejiportt from Java in IS36 f/orifT#. 1.7I1.60O O.O&I.UI 769,860 2,718,810 7,367,8SJ .~42,26I,6U I I ill. I ill. 783 BOMBAY. ^1 Tiiking the florin nt 1». Srf., the lotnl value oftho exporiB is 3,52I,S03/. Amon? Iho principal artici of iiiipi)rl lire rniidii (tooils j coppiT, iron, and atrri ; (.'lass mid carllii'nwnrn ; wini-H and npirilH ; pi virtioiiH, Ac. VVii liiivf not leiiriicd llic exnrt viiliii> of Hip imports in IHSO, lint, taking it at 2,5(l(),(tl)( it will inakiMlin wliolc trade of the island ainoiinl to aboiil ti, 000,00(1/. It i.'i .■'lalcd ill llii^ Diiiioiiiiry (vol. i. p. :t7H.) iliat Hie I'xporl of tolfce from Java mi(;lit lie rsliniai nt nliuiit 1>, 1)00 long ; hut it niipi'ar.i from llic aliovc table, that it has iiirreaspd ho rapidly thai BmoMMli'd, ill IH.tT, inkiiii.' the piriil at i;!t) llis. to ',t.'t,152,792 Ihs., or to above 41,500 toiig ! The expi of HML'.ir during tlie Hanie year exceeded 10,0(10 tons. ])( »M 15A V. Ill I8;5G~7, UW HhijiH, of the ngi^roRnte burden of 20,800 tons, mostly own by iiiitive nu'rclianls rcnidcnt in liDinhny, were enijiloyed in the China trade ; and there ti l)C8i(li'» a riinsidi-ralile number of larj^e ships enpaRcd in the trade to England and otii places. 'J'iiey are for the most part nnviiiated by Indian seamen or Lasoars, tliose of Boi iiay beinc; accounted by fir the ijest in India; the master and superior oHicers only, and ii always, being Englishmen. In ls;5('i-7, there arrived at Bombay 253 ships (222 under British colours) of the aggi gate Inirdcn of 101,913 tons. — A. The small and sterile i-^Iand of Homlmy affords no produce for exportation ; indeed, hard yields a week's consumiilicm of corn for its inhabitants. Nor does the whole presidency i Doinli.ay, although estimated to contain about 70,000 square miles, and from 10,000,000 ] 1,000, ()()() inhabitants, yield, with the exception of cotton and rice, any of the great coloiii stajiles, such as coll'ee, sugar, and indigo ; a circumstance that seems mainly ascribabte to tl inipolilic restraints upon the employment of British settlers and capital that were long ii posed by law, and acted upon with peculiar rigour in this and the sister presidency of AI dras, in contradistinction to the greater latitude afforded in Bengal. Bombay is also miu less favourably situated, in respect of internal connnunications, than Calcutta. The (iaiigi and its tributary streams intersect the richest provinces of India, and give Calcutta a va command of inland navigation ; whereas all the inland trade of Bombay has to be carried o by means of roads, that are seldom available for carriages, and which can be used oily b pack-bullocks and camels, 'i'he transit duties, by which the inland trade has been grievou.^l oppressed, were abolished in Bengal in 183C ; and they either have been, or are, iiiinn diately to be abolished in Bombay. And were this judici.nis measure followed up the firm; tion of lines of road to the principal markets in tlu; interior, a great increase of the trade o the town and improvement of the presidency would be the result. 'J'he principal trade of Bombay is carried on with China, Great Britain, the countries o: the j'crsian and Arabian gidfs, Calcutta, (^utch, and Siiide, the Malabar coast, forcini I]urope, Jkc. The imports from China consist princijially of raw silk, sugar, and sugar candy, silk piece goods, treasure, &c. The principal articles of export to China, are rail cotton (')4.4()4,364 lbs., in 183fi-37.'), opium (20,882i chests, in 1836-37.), principa from .Malwa, pearls, sharks' tins and fish maws, sandal-wood, &c. 'J'he exports to C beitig much greater than the imports, the returns for several years past have been mad large extent in bills on London, drawn by America i and other houses in China, an bills on the Indian governments, drawn by the Agents of the East India Companv China. The trade with the United Kingdom has been regularly increasing since the abolition the restrictive system. The chief artirles of import from (ireat Britain are, cotton and w len stulls, cotton yarn, liardware, copper, iron, and lead, glass, apparel, fur, stationary, w &c. 'J'he principal articles of export to Britain are, raw cotton (08,163,901 lbs. in 1830-; raw silk, from China and Persia, ivory, pepper, and spices, piece goods, eolVee. and w 'J'he export of the last mentioned article has increased with extraordinary rapidity, the qua! tity shipped for England in 1833-34 being only 69,944 lbs. ; whereas the shipments England in 1836-37 amounted to 2,444,019 lbs.! At present the principal supply of article is drawn from Cutch and Sinde, and from Marwar, viaGuzcrat ; but active measiiri have been taken by government for improving the flocks in the pastoral country of tlie 1, can, so that a further and very considerable increase of this new and important trade may anticipated. 'J'he trade between Bombay und the ports on the Persian g ,\, 'las materially van l nfl; years. A large portion of the articles of British produce and •■;■•;. ij;..'ure that were Avnii exported to Persia, by way of Bombay and Bushire, being now .-I'l.t through 'J'rcbi.soniKi( ports in the Levant ; and a considerable portion of the raw silk that used to be exported Ira Persia, via Bombay, l>eing now also sent through the ports referred to. On the oilier lian however, there is a considerable increase in the exports and imports of other articles; so ill, on the whole, the amount of the trade has not materially varied. The traile hetwern Homliay and Calcutta is not so great now ns it was formerly ; the atinlilipn the reslriciive system in IS^lS having given Honibay the means of hringing various articles ilirdll'ri foreign ports which she was previously ubligcU to import at second-hand from Calcutta, anUolespo ln( directly. CiliM ' tl) llJ i BOMBAY. 783 Jen of 20,800 tons, moBlly owned nTcChU trade; and there are "he trade to England and oUut „r T nsears. those ot Bom- S^rioiXUonly.andno. nderBritUh colours) of the aggrc .^l£ nStn/lO,000,000. ,Tr\cc any of the great colonwl :\ufsemBn.^i"lynseribabletothe orsand capital that were lone. . i and the .Uter presidency ot M • fKrS^^e Calcutta a V. Jo of Bombay has to he e.rr.d „ " andNvlnch'^anbeusedorlyl-v ^i; hand trade has been 6ru-vo«.ty • I i,.ivp been, or are, unmo- -y either ^^'^^^ ,Sed up the forma- cious measure lollowcu v crior, a great increase of the trade a ^rSliat Britain, the countries on :, ShKle the Malabar coast, torcv:r. •, V of raw silk, sugar, amUusrar- "uL of export to China, are raw ^'- > il- The exports to Uw.a "■l?;tlrCtinChina,and. iJs of the East India Company,,. 1 , • „»;.-,tT q'mcc the abolition of r'"V"7SlS, cotton and .0.1. ';icoS!i63,9onbs.-i^^^;, Kt Pf'-''!^"^;" ^j l3Ut active mPa.,iro.- tenewlnd important trade nv,. L • „„ ■ ■ ',as maleriallv van X of'« crsiang... ^.f .^^"^^ tl,at\vere f^-iu.v Le and ^u.u^ J ej ,^^^ . :^rde:SS-otl". article..,.: tally varied. „,„• • the aboliiionctl Lt now as H was J^'^^ >,;,;,?.;. lirnUro J feo1iSrfromCaVcuua.anao.e...j Account of the total Value of the Imports Into, and of the Expotta from Bombay, In the omcial ycari IBlO-n, l»4(i-a7, and lH3tl.37. nivuwvs. Counlriei. ll<,U-lal7. 1 ISJ6-27. 1 1836-37. Mcretiai) illie. 2S,?6,0|-) Treaiure. 3,97,971 Total. 29,t4,i>6 Mirchan- t™..,..- 49,51.I24! 1,74-* To,al. 49.5-.,M72 *'r,I.'.'"' j T'"«"^-- ToLtl. (Irial Hiilairi lifiptn 1,32 41.9,01 • I,:t2,4l,9,'l tr.ln.-e . . ^ - 2,71,7711 15, ao 2,'<7,,7l 5,2-.,S-,;ll ■ 6,25,8.W Ma.l.ir.i ■ • _ l,9n,2M • 1,99.216 36,715 . . 37,715 24.72-. . 21,725 V.t\n' of (looj Hope — A -'.ill AJ;tfl 2,232 ■ - 2.212 9.752 . 9,752 llM/i, . . _ 74,i;Kl I6,I3,6<'2 I7,l..<,032 !>,S93 9,720 19.613 92. 1' . 92,490 CiiiMofAfriM - _ 2,41,711.1 23,906 2,6'i,6 9 4,0l,hsj 33,770 4.38,6-.3 3,49, VIK 91, 3,5(1,449 i'lc itf tnuice . — .n,97i 3 J, 197 S0,1«S 2,21.27-. > 2,2l,J75 1,19,-63 • 1,39.86.1 AlU^TICA • - _ 2,71,49'. 1,li'*,4l3 4,19,!>0> io,:iii . 10.7.16 46,2891 • 46.2>.9 t tiiiii • . — 37,vo,,7J 3,tkJ,,70 4,, 49.6 12 45,70,306 66; 26,779 1,11,97,085 40,05,669 1 ,00,74,283 1,40,79,952 Mlliill.1 - - — 3,67,1331 3,67,433 . 31,4,01, • • i 31,410 rrti.tTi<, SMii:.i|M,rp, ;uiil the Stiaits • •— e.Sl.HCS 1,100 e.nis* 4,42,.101 74,703 5,17,009 7,17,72,1 2,33,4421 9.53,162 Clliull.i • . _ 3l,7!),tW> . 31,79.60' 22.1s,6n9 . 22,58.699 2-,,1x,lOI 1 • • 25,3-,10, Cnist of Cornniai.de, — .i.'.u-n 24,000 76,9«9 1,72,6611 . 1,72,660 1,11,6481 • - i 1,11,648 I'lVlnil • • — 7!),0fl« . 7!VI9>. 6,5,216 5-.,2l6 55,3101 £3,nC0 l.ok,34(i Ar.t,ilittCiti,f - — .6,nH,K,1t 15.71.231 20,7H,l]72 4.0I,'274 5,46,0*6 9,47,360 7,81,404! 11,0-'.2BO 1\-;l,MI4 IVrsun Gulf • — I0.9l),.!b7 17,27,021 2X, 17,10- 19,52,4S6 14,69,1,42 34.22.128 15,48,697 20,IO,8U2' .15. '.O,'.'.!' Militi.ir.Ttiiir.inari — 27.90,971 7.i,17l 29,66,142 45,22.013 41, ,3" 45,63,171 7-..80,671 • - '■ 75.-l',6T, ( titih Aixt Silhlt' • — 4.00,149 4!<.19'5 4.|8.fil4 S.6 1,197 7,, 91 8,7I,5«'' ,5.71,690 6501 15.-2.641' (ini.Deiliauii,^ Diu — 2U,73,B32 4,0j,61> 30,79,297 '2.>'9.1,16 2„-9,:W6 3,94,030 l,00« 3,93,l.30 |{.tiiilpur»:ti • -^ ■ . . 2,03,006 • 2,03,0C.27,96l . . 1 . . 3,01,72,8,6 . 1 . l,7.V 15.517 1 Panutfll .iii'.l Coiicaiit — 2,.16,r3 4»,0'6 1 2,S4,|S9 36,40,072 j 9,46,4,8 45,86.490 ,.2n,54,.|9 3,09,S6« 8,560 3,18,428 6,93,331 35,roo C,18..1;ll r Isle "f France • — 2,4-.,37n ■ 2,45,37'J 65,692 1,16,873 1,82,567 26,771 80.900 ; 1.07,67, America - - — 2,73,--,IS- . 2,73,,ilS . . . 2,34,756 66.230' 2,9l,C0o riiiiia - - — 50,.'; 1,39,1 9,040 60,60,433 1,07,76,01, 6,4S0 1,07,82,491 3,26,66,247 8,8tO 3,26,75,047 Manilla • ■ — 6,100 • 6,100 Penaiis. Singapore, ail', l,le Straits - — 2,3I,97S • 2,31,97.1 4,41,860 17,6^( 4,59.460 6,85.737 19,720 7.05,457 Cilciilla ■ ■ — 8,20. IH9 67,954 S,78,,23 8,41,079' l,0l.50( 9.42„579 11,16,784 10,200 ,1,36.984 C'\v\ of ( oromanilel — i>1,l>6 • «l,4i6 2,44,5.12 32, ,W 2,76,7,8 2,95,7 19 6,65,(X)0; 8,60,749 Cev,on • • — C.9,li71 . 60.673 1,03,-67 . ' 1,03,8t,7 52.8,8 4S,6>S 1,01,475 Alnliian Gulf • — 13,74,621 13,74.613 7,40,30-. 801 7,41,10-. 12,47,340 17,790 12,l'.5,,30 IVrsiai) Gulf - — I5,02,«IE 3,9ftO 15,06,779 41,81.021 10,80( 41,91,82, 34.57.341 42,900 35,nn,241 Malabir ami Canara — W7,,IJ 2,47,yir, 10,-5,077 10,68,737 3,40.601 ,4.09.337 12.07.047 11,11,58, 23.18,628 1 fiitcli ani Siivle • — 12,24, M- ll.'.oaj 12.36,IWS 16,34.8M 30.92- 16 65.S08 23.27.347 2.(100 23,-'9,3l7 Gna,nemauu,ic Diu* — 33,4S75 9,07,49! 44,53,254 2,4,, 225 36,612 2,77,827 1,6,, 239 67,2!0, 2,2!,.539 Hanihiirich - — • 1,49,6,7 1 1,49,617 SUHeleua- - — Tola, Rupees ■ 1 StiWdiiiale P,nl!. • ,2,37,9 IS- — — 3,634 2,47,22,46, • 1 3,634 ! 1,74,15,32? 8,08,0, > : • 5,78.49,899 20,56,079 - ,,';6,53,216 - . 1 2.55.30.479 • 1 - ■ '5,99.05,978| 1 Pjnvve„anaConcaut — 3,2=1,I6- 21,19.' 3,11.3-19 54,94.473 24.19,037 79,, 3,5,0 55,33,682 49,89,216 l,0-,.22,9I8 j Sural ■ - — 23,76,202 7,2ri,-,OI 31,02,7-5 22,62.0,,' 3,H9,4,^ 25,51,426 15,09,S4i 7,30,615 22,41,1.0 1 Guzerat - • — 1 1 ' Total Rupee! . 40,i-A,9ji 3,42,7n'i 44,28.710 73,47,6961 39,24,626 1,51,04,, 8,! 67,33,07- ,,,2,72,322 81,30,0,0 1,51,24,533 17,3, .81 74 ,5,, 66 98,6, ,821 67,S7,1[.3, IO,90,4Sf i j . i . 78,77,747 . - 1 . . i -2,18,37,238 ■ - 2,26,26,1991 * At this period called Goa aud tlie Coac la. 1 At tins ptTiod called Dasaeia and sundry ports. PORT CHARGES. I Biioy and .Inchorage 7)iiMK K'>iMl!t of fvery dcarriii'lnn • • • - 2 l'2 Khi|i|Mii< (rf'.ihurr, hiillinn, .iiid jt-wclh-ry • • • 1 bbi|is*>iiNl»ir»fniei)i)t when no cotninixiiion has been char^l on frftn of the aicent) of all monies not arising Inmi pntceediuf g'KxIkon \\bicb cnnuiilsMnn lias been previntitiv cbaiKiil .... All canes wlieie Ibe delttnr <\i\v. of ibr account exceeds tbii credit side, inctuding Ibe balince of in'rieit, cumuiiition chart(ealde on Ibe deljn)r side, at Ibe rale of - Ornitiii* tetters of cfpitit ... - lleeninin^ security to cnvemnirnl, or pnl)ti4' bo'lirs, in any cue 2 1-2 (iikhN cnn^iirrie^t, which are disposed iif by outcry or tent to a tbop. on net proceeds • - - ■ • ■ 2 1.2 Utposititig governniL'Ot paper as security for consliluenis . I A/fmoni/irfi/m.— S.iles f f F.tjropean ifonds, when madn at an ad. vai ce on invoice cost, ibe amount to l)e conveiled into Ilonday cur- rency At Ibe exchaime ut two shillings and sixpence per rupee. I •2 12 [BOSTON. The number of arrivals at Boston, during the year 1838, was 1313 ; during the year 1839, was I5r)3. Increase 240. The fullowing Table e.\liibit3 llie ainminl of srilr, ooal, pniin, anil potatoes, broucht lo this port during lli*j piisl t'leven youfB:— 18S0» 183t, 1633. 1683, 1834, 1835, SlauHnnl JIuthell 6'rfiin a»d JIui't. Sail. Cinl. J'lUnli^LS. Mt,:m 3.'!0,702 1,002 4Nt,S!W 1115,720 4,103 HII.5H5 6S0.852 2,088 fll.\IU 378,751 7,0.38 9.'?7.i)74 71»,;!02 1,5,003 7'J.'-.,217 525,0113 50,.527 57,1,(i8t 1, 030,805 131,514 1,0.')2,()0S 1,730, H5 34,.500 1,1 08,0 1.', l,072,fi5 1,200,255 1,507,710 13,519 9,085,057 9,407,315 205,876 825,008 10-11 655,210 5-11 26,897 9-11 lasT, 1838, 1S39, 1840 Average In thn above i!> incluilfld thi; salt and coal rn-shi|)pe(l for dplientnre. TiK-rc was exported Trom Uoston during tlie year 1840, 24,^00 standard bushels of salt, and 95,2^9 busliclii of coal. — ^in. Kd.] CALCUTTA. (Sec Table on the next page.) COINS, [Statement of Deposits and Coinage at the Mint of the United States and its Branches, in the Year 1839. s. MInti. Di positj. Coinsice. Gold. Silver. ncUars ' 173,901 Gold. Silver. Copper. Tot.\l. Uriilnl Slavs 0..iJ. Fiirei^n Uolil. Dnllnrt SI04,000 78,290 Pieces. 1^.1.412 .1,640 32,(il3 2.57,663 Value. Pieces. Value. Pieces. Value. Pieces. Value. /), llm. 3,021, -or I2^«,'0^>; 2:7,160 m ,),.')29,97T6II Philadelphii • Charlolle Dahlonejni •' New UrlejLDS • IMIIars. las.sro 113,03-) 6,!-6D Dvlari. 1,040,-47 50 162,707 .".n I28,b80 00 1,332,39.') 00 5,948,272 2.401,600 Dollars. 1,949,136 ' 227,160 3,129,661 nolliirt. 31,286 61 9,260,34'; 41.611' 32.613 2,401,600 3M,24C 982,290 2,02.6,401 S,349,872 2,176.296 3,12S,66li31,2S6 61 11,73B,19R Statement of Deposits and Coinage at the Mint of the United States and its Branches, in tlie Year 1840. Deposits 1 Coinage. Mint!. Gold. Silver. 1 Gold. Silver. Copper. Tolal. Uiiile.1 Slates Gold. Dollars. 1-6.766 124.726 12l,8')l< 2,t3.i Foreim Gold. 1 Value. Pieces. Value. Pieces. Value. Pieces. Value. Pieces. Value. ' ■ Philadelphia • Charlolle Oihlonefa New Orleans - Pi'llara. i DoUnrs. ' 1,025,232 1,033,070 203,S79 . . • 3I,S2S - . . 26,421 162,0941 666,676 66,600 Dotlayf. 1,20-. 437 l'27.l'Sr) 123.110 217,600 4,356,903 3,390,300 nnllarr. \ 1,028,603 2,462,700 698,100 - O'llf. 24,627 24,627 r.JIm 7,0-3,0«4 2,260.667 31,^28 t2T.(^i, 2l)J2S 123.310 3,446,900 9l3.M», 'io,3iS.240 3,126.6.5 426,1u»or_ ,,f,;.r«-,nN"«m,^«;nn invoiced. "^'."ll'inr M.lr of II..' t.ocn.n.t e.rrr.li. Ih.. ',r,;!;ii;elaUnc.-..(.n'.;.'.i,cou.n..«.on_ ,lrM..r •iJe, »t lli» "I" °' ■. "■"'''' ■. nrmiblilho'lirj, in^nyui' ,„ .JovernnTnl. nr I uil.lU ^ ' „,„, ,„ , ,liichar(!ai»l'"»"'''' ' ' ;";l?,,npera.«cuni;forco„,ti.u.nl. the year 1838,wa3 1313; during ipoutoes.brouchl to ibiB port during 1 2 I J 2 12 2 1-2 t'i'rtl. 130,702 135.7'iO r)S0.>52 37H,7f.l 7l».3ti2 525,<)'.I3 ,n30,^o.'■> ,73'.t,lir) .0-2,t)92 ,292,017 ,!)07,710 1,407,3 \ 5 drain aud i'clalits. 1,«02 4,103 2,f)SB 7,039 15,003 60,W7 131,541 34,r>00 27,149 7,ir).'> 13,519 295,876 ^sl^O 5-n 26,697 9-11 So"'r.ulard bushels of salt, a.d 95,3 ed States and Us Branches, in tbc Year I ToUl. Coiipcr. _ 1 „■ Value Pieces. 1 Value, -.ilue. 1 Pieces. \ »»'"«• | "'""■«■ ,= ,r, ■/? "ifiB 61 9 260,34^. 5,021, :0 II J49,136 3,129,161 31,28b bl a,/, 'j.^,, lt2,:6TM 32.613 I2!..>».:'; - ■ • ■ .1 2,401,600 2:7,IWl« 227,160 • •!• !_: I cd states and its Branches, in the Year Value. Piece,. Value. Piece., j Val«.. 805 1,1128,603' 2,462,, 00 24,62, 7." -'^28 li:.(^' ~ • ■ ■ I ■ • I : : 2h:42h li^-'i". 2H:42H Ii3.''« 3,446,900 ai'-"** An Aceonnt shnwlnij thn ". olal Amniint of the Import and Export Trade of Calcutta In l><.Vi-37 and 1837-.38; sliowiiix sis'- .ne Ainoiiiil of ili« Trade with each couiilry, and llm proimrlion ptrcent. which the Triuli! Willi ivi. Ii Coiiiiiry \)e:\rn to the tutal Aiiiuuntuf tile Trade. {BeU't Hcvieic ufthe Vummtrc* of Btnwal fur 18116-37 and 1837..3S.) C'.UQtrirj. Import frade. Ex|xirl Tirle. j 1836 37. 1 Viliie. Per C'lll.!?.-. IS37J'*. 1836 37. 1M7 3'). V.tlue. P,r ci'iif.iee. Value. ivr ■l!lll..'l'. Value. I'lr ■piiLiKe. Kurnpf. £ £ £ £ United King.loin 2,210,171 60' 1 2,059,48.1 506 2,837,997 423 2,719,222 41 8 Traiico 150,739 4-2 15.5,,'isO 38 2Sl,2.'>H 4-2 221,800 34 Diiniiiurjc - _ 3,993 . 200 Sweden . . _ 01 - 1 . 10,073 02 Portugal Total Europe - JiAa. roroniandel Coast 013 2,3i|-,'.!IO 2,219,002 .■|4 5 3,122,455 4C.-5 2,951,701 45 4 80,730 2-4 126,909 31 177,131 2-7 115,1:19 1-8 (VyI.in 3.5.17 01 8,387 02 1 l,2l)j 2 0, 1^9 1 Const (if Malatiar 2l6,2r,5 00 171,538 4-2 27.-',US0 41 277,r.:2 42 Maldive and Laccadivc Isles 15,591 04 13,259 3 5,909 01 4,733 07 Araliiiin and Persian fJulfs 80,403 2-3 123.474 30 159,801 24 l.'i7..3S7 24 China - 339,(1113 9 073,101 100 1,8'<9,478 2^'2 2,051,378 310 1 t4iiisapnrc 173.051 50 292,059 7-2 2rs,().v2 4 1 317.5- s.iiiK'd in Wis. } Weekly CO, sump- i lion in p. rki.es, > avenge 343 tin. ) Average weigtil tii'i packages import- > e,l, in lt and tenths • ) I.lis. wt. cniisiinied, do. Llis. weight in ports, > 3l!(ofnec. .lo. S Llis. weight in Great } B.itain, - do. S Average price per Ih. of > uplands in Livcrpnti] J Do. lio. I'eru.lina - l)o. do. Sura's lSi9. 1,114,103 313 21,433 34 S 117,iro 3,-'S'a 3SI-7 93-5 12;'8 7S73 10,f. 5 3 4rf. 15,644 2,373 548 2,142 723 21,430 EMIGU.\NTS. neUirn of the Number of Emigrants from the United Kingdom in 1839, specifying the Colonies and CiHintries for which they cleared out, and the Numbers that cleared out fur each. — Pari. Paper, No. 113. Sess. 1840.) North American Colonies. United States. Cape of Good Hope. Australian Colonies. Total. Fnelanl - - Sc.llanl • ', Ireland - 2,251 i;4lli 8,9.-9 30,142 651 2,843 2.'l 6 n,«15 41. f1 2.i3S 4,2'3 1,703 n,.-33 [_t!nileJ Kingdom • 12.6)8 33,536 227 r>,T«6 (2.217 FISH. [The rttader will find in vol. i. p. 42., a statementof the value of the fish exported annually from the I'nilcrt St;ites, from 1790 to 1838, inclusive. The viiliie of the (ish imported during the year ending on the 30th of Sr>ptemher, 1''39, was, of dried or smoked fish, .S2 1,303; of salmon (pickled), ^73,763 ; of maclicrcl (picltled), ^00,374, and of all other pickled tish,(S7 1, 480. 3 u 2 99 I l;t^ 780 FlSil. \ < ^1 f.i la or ihe finli ImpnrtPil, thn nunnllly which wn« rfi-cxpnrtPil ntnoiinled In value to only #0,034. 'I'h(' iirodnrt iirmir own tiiihirica which wiin ox|P(irli'(l In fnrrl(!ii ciiiriilrii'H, tliielly to ilii! Weill India IbIiukIh, ill) I inu' iiiu siiiiK! year, iiiiiuuiiil'iI in viiliit;, dl'ilriuil or aiiiokuil iL^h, tn JJTU'J, 'ilrt, and of iiitkloil lixh, to4$lll,;i.:i). The ri'uitleriMl anil enrollpil tnnnago of the I'nitcd State* cniplnyeil lO the whale flMhcry ^"i». aiiiHiinliMl ti) --.--..... I,")1,H13 The I'liridliMJ and lirmHcd tnnnngc ciniilnyed in the cod Haliffry .... 11.5,1117 In ihi! niailieii'l tlshcry ......... 35,UH,1 In llie wliiili' li.slii'ry --........ 43^ 'I'liitl 1)1° veHHidH lii'iMiHrd nndnr 30 tnnfi employed In tho cod flihery ' . - • 7,01)1 Till! iHhcrli'H "I" Ihn I'liilrd Slalrn iir«! ciirrii'd on fnnn llic' poriK of Maim-, New Ilanip^hiro, Ma^Ha- rhiHi'Hx, UliDilc Island, ('<>iiii"i'lirM(, iiiid i\i'w Vcirk ; r^pi'ci^illy I'miii tlio.'i- ul' .M:ihs:ii linsclls. lis cItl/.ciM own ncurly llinc fmirlha u( ihc whole iDnniige employed in tlil.s branch uf American indiiHtry. Till' cri'alcr romparallvo iinportanrn of the MnsnarhnsrtN llnherlcs has led to tnnro cxacl Inqniries ennceriiin:; llieni tliaii liivn lieen direcled lilllieitn in iln; Hiilijei I (if ijie lisliiMli'H rlsewlpTc. And wi; 'oilijiiin I hi' tnllinvini; iiiliri'stiiii; exiraila Iroiii a rcpnrl of Ur. I). II. .""Idn'r, snlimllleil lo the li'»(isla- mrn of lint Hiale. Allliniiuh, as licsli lisli, ninckerel nrn solil in llin niarkels alnni{ our wliole ^l'a^t for fjevoral ninmlis in IIk; yeiir, and an; coiisldiTed liy nil excidliMil I'noij, (iVoni (i lo .'<,M^(l liarrels luiin! liold aiinnally In lloHloii inirkcl iiloiie,) ilnir itre.it value lo llii^ people, iirisew Ironi llie iiie.iim of einployiiient alfurdud to an immense niimlier, liy Ihe proriss orsallini; and pai Uiim. TlioHu packed in iyM were fiiriii.shi.'d hy Ihe following lowim: Ilostnn ... (.'loncester and IManchn.iler N'(!vvliiiryport and Newlniry Wellleel I'rovineelown llinchani ... t!(diassel _ _ . liariiHialilc . . - .^liliiatt! Vartooiilh . Salem and lleverly I'lymoiitli . I.ynn Diixlinry Charle.siown Barrth, 3,7H2 8,llrt 2,31U 1,177 i.m 1,(11)0 Hii - ■iii„'>.'ii) . 43,!m - 2i.ii>:i . i7,.'iim - ii,i:i!i . i:i.Kv> - 11.7(11) - 4,115 M Ihe prices these llsli were worlh in Xovciiiber, 1S30, the value of the year's fishing amounts to III. 21) 1,0 Pi. The wlnde nnmlier of harrela of markerol insperled in iMas9arhn«nlts for the last five years is as follows -.—l-lii, 'JJI.OI'O harr'ls ; l\'t:t, a^.ddO ; l-'IU, V!.j:!,l (lO ; !•<:),'), 107,(1(10; IS.'iO, Ih0,lil0. AIiIkhisIi il wiMild seem from tile ahove lahle, that a Hinaller (inanlity of mackerel had been packnil in IHfl), than llie several years imniedialidy preiediii!; it, yet it cannot he inferred from this circuiii- Hlamo, that fewer vessels wire eiiijaBed, or thai llie liiislness was considered less important lliiiii before. In some ye.ar.s, iiiiiiieiise shoals of tliesi? (islios are readily met Willi, and the vessels reliirn ai a few weeks, Willi full car.'oes ; while the same loraliiies may he visited at other seasons, and llie elForls of the lisliertnan prove fniilless, and his fare mea»;re indeed. So peciiliir are the hahils of this ueims, that ol'tentinif weeks may pass, the fishing smacks hi! snrronnded liy niillloii.s sporliii',' upon llie surface of ihe oce 1 and scarce one allow itself to be laken, while again the success of a few days will relieve the liisai'i'iiintinenls of nearly a season. Tlins, a fisherman informs me, that [hr last season, (l>n7,) liavini,' been lo llie hay of Chaleur, anil taken but few fish, tlie vessel to wliii h he lielcimreil Was reiiirning home, when, ofl" Capo f'd'l, the fish were so niiiiiercins and voraciniis, that Ihe crew, coiisislinu' often men, caplnred in two linius nearly 31) barrels of iheiii. .\t this time about 20i) smacks were logellier, and they were all enually successful, some of them takin? 10 barrels of lisli. After beinj; carefully inspected, these lish find a ready market in Philadelphia, \ew York, Ihlii- more, and New Orleans, and from this List port, lliey are sent over the entire western country. The inferior (iiiality are shipped to the West India island.s. I have not been able to learn with accuracy the niiniher of vessels on!;a>.'ed ccliisivcly in this lishery ; In many towns, the same vessels are used at diirereiil seasons of ihe year for cod as well .Tis the mackerel lishery. I have ascerlain(!d, however, that there were 2(i'2 vessels employed in Ihis tishery in IH.Hi, in the coiinlv of liarnstable, and that of this number 'JS belonged to I'rovincelown, which were valued at .§1 I7,()0I) The family Sal mo utiles includes several eenera of lislies, which for delicacy and richness are nm surpassed. I'revions to the separation of .Maine from this slate, large iiuanlities of the Snlmo fitlar— salinnn — were packed : thus, in the year 1*^18, 2,:(S1 barrels were inspected. Since that time none liavi: been inspected. The buildina of dams and iiiaiiul'actiirin;; eslablislinients, by prevenliiis the li-'-■ v-r^.!;:';;in-"'"'vm vcrly Barrtli. 3,:h2 2, 111) a.S'.lt 1,177 1,1(11) 1,(100 lueofthcyear'B fishing amount, to Mu.-ett. for the lost five years is as ^'^^^^i'^'lieXiboenpacU,, 'cunn..l ^«. ('';'',;;',,,,, riant tl.;vn ';^,:rvi::tea-^o.i--.o-o„B..uuiu,e i!im1. , cijiiiiic sniark? In' ,v„.u lu'cn "' "":J 'f„ off Ci.pe Ccl. u rn.'i<".-l cvi-liisivdy inllHs ,f vossoH 7 7 .-^a, for i(ul as uHl as p,i-^:t:r"="-u.e.;-;H-; irrW aniululalt'll It'*"' '; " , ;^,,.„,. |;l^"eSeat"lleUeryot...eKcn. ,„f./»«f-a.Hl • ;i;",;„i<-e---iH tiik.-nm le many .Uuna an fi. tor. ,, ..„v,. l,,„ol one '^ '" ''Nmm"rea,anaa?rMl ll \ for 20 cents per Imnoreu, t^"^''^^ko:rinlzoat-n.wnl.^rs, 1^;; V;:^;t^o^e^-'-^^'="'''""' thp Inst two yi'nrn very few, rnnipfirntl*Tly upoakinc, hiivp licon taken. Tlii'lr urarriiy h.i-t l)iy wlilih tliu hIkiuU uru briikon, utjil lliu tiah frJKliDMieil away 'I'Ih! .fild.sa tiii/irnrM— SArtrf— I* tnkrn in lovrrnl of onr rlvern In Inrcn qnnnlitlrn. nt mnii' ncannnn of tin; yrar, and i|iiili! a niitnlicr of tlii'in an; paikcil In I^D'J, IliO liMx \v< ri' ini'iii'i ted ; l'>.'i:i, :\'1\ ; 1><.'II, ,'li r2.t^,;M(); I ■<,■)«, ."iaT, The (iiiiuultn's mkvn In Charles nviT at Wali'tlnw n, for llic live l.i»l >(iirB, havo avi'rai[i'(l about ()()()() ptr annum ; fmni ;iO(l(l to lOdO ;iri- yearly i Muiilil at 'I'annli'n. 'riniM- lakiii at lln; fornntr plai'c, arc nHinilly himiI to IIumIum niarkn, ami hhIiI ai 'J.'i i i'MIm i-arli. TlniM' ( luiulit at tlin latter Icicality aro for tin; tnovl part disposed of at the semis iiri^li) and rnred by the piir> juiKers. When llrst taken, tliey aell for 100 Cfiits pur huiulred ; uiid as thu suuauii udvaiici'ii, Ulniliiisli dradiially in prli'e to .'lO rents. .\o fairiily iif llshes, however. I'oiind In the slalp, presents a ffreater nnniber of speoles of real iilility, than that iif the C ail lies ; and no speiies in the whole eatalnune i if onr li lli> oIil'v, Is of ureiiler imporl- ance tli:tn the iiitirrhuti riilfraris—n'mn'on Cml ; sn|iplyinB our iii.irkels Willi an e\i elleiii IiiihI lhion«hoiii the year, and ulvlni; employment In ihousands. In some porlnin.s of thu stale ibis fi-.|iery is I'litirely superseded by the takim; of whales. 'I'lins, while every town In the ronnly of llaiii>table, is more nr less eiii!ui.'ed in this liiisiness, .iiid ciilleillvely e\hiliit an ai'L'recalt! of 212 ves'.els, bin a siiiL'le h-liini;. sinaik was lirensed in Dukes ciiiiiily in l>.;i')--aiid not oee in llie county of ISaiilm ket— the atleiition (if the inlialiltiinls iif the last two counlies, bei>iu entirely etiL'rosseil In w haliiii.'. Imperfeit as are llii! foliowini! il.ila, they may not be thoiii;lil valueless. I have been able to ascer- tain Ih'il.in l^llii, there were i'ni;ai;ed in tlie cod lisliery, from (iloin e^|er, Marblehead, I'mvini clown, .-'iiuili WelKleet, t'ohassei, Duxhnry, I'lymouth, Mancliesler, Salem, and Beverly, beint' ten towns, .VII vessels, lia Vina crews of ;t.''lli men- and that by llie.se vessels there were taken 2l'';i. I.'il i|iiliitals of lisli. To these may bo added the towns of Newhinyport, I.miii, I'almniilh, Holmes Hole, and .•sainl- wii It, (ill whicli I have not been able in learn the number ol vessels exiluslvely employed In Ihm fishery,) which furnished in l-^;ili, Hi,2ii') (itiinlals. 'I'hus exbibitinj; 27'l,7lh (|iiliit:ils of cod li.h, taken by tin; enterprise of (he citizens of l.') towns. Wlnwi it is observed, thai alioni :),.')(iu of the (oil |i li from the (irand llaiik, (which are uenerally iiiucli lar<.'er than those troin the Straits of llellisl".) con..'M', and tiTminalint; Marcli 'JO, 1^,'I7. His account f;.<:!liliits the niituber offish taken, and the price nblalned for Ihe same for each il.iy ilnrin^' that period. Fnnn this mlniiie slatiMiienl, 1 am able to ascert.iln that thi; lar(!esl (inantiiy taken any one day, was 7,121 pounds— Dereinber IMlli— whh h sidil for ,'> shilliims per hnndred = .S''0.,'tO. The smullust (iiiaiitily taken any one day, was lill" pounds— January Hilli— which sold for 12 shilling!) = §11 07. Tlie smallest receipts were !\Iarch 20th, wlien 350 pounds taken, sold for 10 .shillings puncu = $5.02. The whole nuinbi.T of pounds taken durinuthe period munUoned, were lUI,r.^5. The ciiliri! receipts for the same, were .S3,02<'.1 1. liestdes the value of the lishes themselves in a fresh and dried slate, large quanlilics of oil arc extracted from llieir livers, which is sold for about .$15 per barrel. Iiniiiense slioals of the .Morrhua irirlijliiii.-i—/fii,lj(}rli—i\ri'. found on niir coast in sprinc, and conlinuK llirii'll:!h the season until autiimii. I.ar^'e nnmbers are sold In lln; market— and dnriiii; rlie entire siiiii- iiior it is aenerally eaten by the poorer classes, who are ofiiMi able to obtain a line lish weiL'hins several pnunds for oneor two cent.s. When taken In larijer iiuantilies than can be disposed of in market, they arc freiiuently strewed over tliiM'arlh for manure S(!veral valuable species are furnished its by the family, Plani— the. most important, however, is Ilio }lipi>n;;tii.-tdu.i viil^'tiri:i—Iliihliiit. The Hesli of this lish is rather coarse and dry, but la by many hiulily pslcinned. An linnsual n umber of this species were brought to Dost on market in the early part of l^:if, .mil were all sold at considerable profit. Hifility lariie schooners, from bO to Ml tuns burden, beloiiuin^ tn (,"a|ie Ann, were thus employed. Smoked, this (isli is (inite a delicacy ; and w hen dried, as is lliu usual habit of tile Creunlanilers, it is, 1 can allirin, far from uninvilinc.— Wm. I'J.] FUNDS (Amkiiic.\n). We hog leave to lay liefore the reailcr tlie following statements with rcHjiecl to the loans contraeted hy the (lillercnt American state.s ; they are taken from the American Almanac for 1840, and arc the fullest and most comprehensive that we liavo seen. The fidlnwins lahles show the total amount of stock issued and authorised to lie i.ssiind by each of ihiMUiiliteen slates, which have resorted to litis modi; of raisinjr money. Where tin; rclnrns from thu iinaiii;ial oflicer did not afford all the infornialion which was desired, the i-tate laws have been ex- aMiiii(;il, to ascertain the e.xlent of the authorised loans. The operations of many of the stales liavu bi'i;ii 90 extensive and varied, that it is not an easy iimlter to ^el at the precise aniount of stock issiieil ami aiilhnrised to be issued. It is proliabh;, however, that the aL'uregate amount of stock authoritiud I'V all the slates is even greater than tlie amount slated in the tables. ;'ni(;inent of the Amount of Slocks and Bonds issued, and authorised by Staliile to be issued, by the several States named below, giving the Year in wliicli each State toiiuiiuiiced issuing Stock, llie Oliji'cl for which it was issued, and ilio Kaio of Interest. Sine. Year. For wh.xt Object issuet. I'er cent. Amount for each (ibject. Tolal. Shilart. Volian: .Maioo . 1830 Ins.ine ho^pitils, primary ichools, bounty on wht-at, an.l i;eiier.-\l expLMiJitures S3,3 3.J, I &(i J 65I.976C0 ,334,976 00 MwnchuKtts • 1837 IjoAUi io railroads ..... 3 4,2».(lCO 00 4,200,000 '00 N. York . . l><^3 For oatiats ..... 6 n4S,(K;(l-0) Dillo ...... f. ll,"lis.fiTllt j I.rnt to IbiJvin and Delaware canal 5 s(0,oin-(io 1 Loins to railroads. .... 4 1-2 3 3,7>7,:mi-oo To river navii;ation . . , . 5 lO.OMllO lieneral fund tlebt • . . . • 5 5«li.:-.32 43 Astor stock . . . , . 6 ?l)l,fO 00 13,262,496 54 Preniylvinii • 1821 For cinals ..... 5 16.3-(i,->J7 CO ' For nitroads ..... 6 4.964,4!'4 110 j For turnpikes an] bridges • . . . 5 2, '.9 .,99200 1 For miacellaneoiu 6 3,lt)6,-S7-00 27,3C6,-9000 ¥ 788 FUNDS (AMERICAN). 5 ^1 r.i Himemant of tho Amnunt of Htncki nnil Bnndi \iit»ft\—eonHnunl. Sliti. Vnr. ror whalOtjrcllKiint. P>r crni. Amotiiit for eith (llijccl. Total. /Klhn. 03lit^ ..... . avi » n 00 t'nr li" V"luliiiiinry flibl .... « '<4.UIIIII0 F.ir wanltM lln^l^ .... 7 3lf),i'(JtlOO 6,66;,OIOOO i. Carulliia mm hil.lir liiitHnvt-nirhti .... lo Mr«. li.iM.I..I|i|i .... I iii'iiirijii aii.l t harlfilon riilroicl . 6«iO l,'i.^|l,li A,733,770'IJ Altljirna • IVil >'or hirikiit* ..... j'.r rulrtuj ..... S 7,Sl(l,llH) (H) 6 1,01(1,101100 I0,>(!0,0a0 00 Luuiiiaiia l''24 Kurliaukiiii ..... I'nr r.nlro.i.( ..... S 112.!IV',l)i'0'(«) 6 (,00.1 0(1>("I Ni.» (iil.aiii nrainlniCompiiiy . Ii (.O.ror- 1) Ii)'iri of Ji*tlrr«'»n ..... 8 lii,oro-iio Ch-uity liimpital ..... S U^,(«xi(iO .SIUB-Inm.n ..... A 1(11,01 M) DO 23,73A,000'0a Ttnri'weo 1933 i'nr linking ..... 5*8 3,W)I1,(«)IM10 for iiiro|iikf« ..... Ai (ill Iliiirni.l< ml liirnplkn .... A 3,7.10,11. 11(1 liiiprfiviiiK nvuri ..... A SIHI.WWIO 7,149,166 06 Kralucky 1834 f.irlaiikn.n ..... A 3,0(0,1 IIOI'O Kiir intpnivinn rivi-rt, I-y loiki, i(C. • A a,ei'.i,o' T (urijpiki'i an.l .M'AJjlli nt.i.U * A ■2,4(HI,lhlO-. Fur railrovlj ..... A 3'0,i0iiro 7,160.000 OO Ohifi ■ • l«2'. For t'.niai« ..... 6 6,111,11 00 e,ioi,ouO'Ua luJiaiii • \'U For li.iiikirig ..... A l,iW, 0.) For i*;\r,ll» ..... A 6,"(n,(iiijiii) F"rriilKul< ..... 9 8,(i(iO,('0'l.| For .M-A>liiii tiirnpikfli ..... A l,!,'!",!^!^ For river uavigarion .... A fiO.llVI'iO 11,500,000-00 Illlnoii ■ • 1831 Forliankio< ..... 6 3,0<'C,IHO()O For riilrr-.vli ..... e 7,41-0,01 110 Fore IN U» ..... 6 5inent of stale iltlil • 6 l('(i,(l(Kl(10 For river iiavijjalioi), A(C. .... 6 WI'i,(WHIOO 11.600,000 00 Miifoiiri • im7 For baukiiis ..... A a.v o,(j()fl 110 2,ri00,(Ki0 01) MiBSistippi i«.ii Ditto • • . • . ■ . A 7,1 '"1.0(0 (i() 7,('()(l,000 10 Arkaiis.n IS 111 Dillo ...... 5 3,1)1 0,0. lO-OO 3,000,COO(X) Miclijgaa 1836 rr)rttrnveMy with Ohio .... llfl.lOO'flO InlL'rnal inipniveineull .... 6 5 0Uii,|i(iO.0O I.enl lo railroad! ..... 8 I.!0.(i00-I0 Siaie Fenilemiary ..... 20,('l'0('0 t'nivertiiy ..... ■ iuo,i;oo 00 6,340,0^000 I70,806,n0'3a If to Ihe atiove li c .addcJ II, e amount Jepositctl by the I'nitrd States in the trraaurtcs if the seve ral stall's fur safe 1 kf(-|iiij^. • • 2?,I0I,64497 i It makfj llinaiTS ro'llc ilt'b of all the slates, rxi'ftnr and .iiillnii*r.3-.0 1 .S'lO.OOO 6,101.000 2,6i'',oon» 900 01 '0» 6,7-,n OflO 300,0110" 60,000 2,500,000 DMart. 2,593,992 3S4,Sc6 2,400,000 1,150,000 118,166 nilm,. I,l'iviv(2 3,lb6,787 6'. 1.078 2'2.'l80 310,1.19 2,203,770 3C0,0C0 ' 215,000 220,000 7). i.'uit. 1H..11.2.IC6 27,:l0b.7s»l 4,m) 0(0 .5;.4.976 Il,4(i2.9f0 6,6(i2,0i9 .5,7-.:l,770 6,101.000 7,36>,000 Il,fni1,(f0 ll.>l.1'") i 325,721 dull trs. The wlioh! aiiiimnt of localed lands hcloiiL'iiiK lo the stales, 1,100.000 arrcs, valued 11 l,ril10,(IOI) doll.irs ; Ihi) iiiidiviiled I irids lioliiiiiiiii2 to Maine are eslimated at 3,(111,000 arrea ; niakiti? the tufil niiiiibi'ra of acres 1,11 1,000. Tins loiil infliides half of ihe land north of the SI. .Inbn's rivei in the kins of Holland's award. The stock of this stale is nenmiable and Iransfemble bv lite lidliliT 011(1 the interest in all cases is payable by llio stale. Tlie interest on 235.000 dollars is payable at lio: ton animally, and the interest on the residue al the slate treasury, annually and .semi-aiinnally ; Itii stock bears inleri st al 5, 5j, and 6 per cent. The value of the ta.vable property of the state in IfcSUwai 28,S07,riS7 2l d .Mars. New IlA'MrsniiiE h.is issued no slock. The expenses of government are defrayed by a direct lai- Veb.uu.nt.— This state lias issued nu stock. FUNDS. 780 AnK""'"'"*"'' ,1. tH,Jrcl. /Mlnrt. „_ :U1,0 00 V.Ml *) •;»,w«i no ft 71 0.l«»'>'0 KM'*'''*' 5,f3S,llW00 a,UH/onN) Wh'OOO J4,U11III0 I ■,<,ii,ll (1 uo I ' 10,(1' ')■! 2,0(0 in II (VI im;i,t:o'11 i.tuHKiNHi lie «„IO,1(WOO ojttV.Ol'O-OO 00(1,1 00'1»1 60,i'0>'- lii,(ira'iiO ' U"p,(lO<100 U»),IH1() 1)0 3,oai,«i"-('0 im,i(Ki(iii 3 •30.''' 0(*(t aiHi.t'Oo ( i> , J,.ilC.llHV((l 2,(iri,ix«H' 1 1 2 4(,i,lh«l' t1 3 0,1 out fl e.ll'l.cdOOO I -iqO.CO'l 00 «!-ro.(Oono J (iiio,rn'i-i I iftn,io«i-oo ' f,o,l i*vi jOW'.OiOllO 7 4l'n,C( (' (10 !nm«o (10 \w.nv (10 (i(>l,0()OO0 avowodO 7'("(l.l'C0 0O 301 1(1,0. iti'OO 'kO.I'CKVOO iOOii.MiOOO i,!0.iino-io '>0,('(!0('0 11)0,000 00 InheKveril .told, for «f« TnHl. H,40J,9S011 e,ti6J,0W0O 10,tCO,000 00 23,735,OO0'0O 1,149,166-68 naiikiiig 7 iBfl.ono CO 6,101,000-00 ii,e90,ooo-oo ll,fiOO,000 00 j,rioo,(i('0 oil 7,( 00,01 '0 lO 3 OOC.tOO 00 6,310,0^0-00 "iT0^6,no-3J J»,\01,614?7^ Canals. Railtoails, kco.oflo l2-i.f.00 tvO.OOO •,0.000 fcoo.(ion lOil,(WO rao.i'Oi) poo.ooo |ioo,ooo 1620,000 |«7 1,084 1,1 -,0,000 iic,i(ia 2-?6,0flO 220,000 6,61l',9i3 I 8,4';4,694_ 0,000 - ... Icr nivigalion. , Indor the .Urcctu.n of l^-^^^t'w-el Lermnent are defrayed by a direct U.- Maniariii'mrtt* Inlnroit nn 2,flno,n0O ilollnm of mnek pnyuMi) In f.nniliin, hy Iho Rnllrnml Porpo. mil' n. III wllimi' lav /r llic ulnck In i ri'iili'd ; llm iiili'ri'ui on Ihc ri-i-l In liiyiililc -it lln- "liil'- Irr miiry, llii' iiTiil nir|iinau.>nH ri'liiiliiirHiiiK tliii iri>ii«iiry lur llin iiilirc-l »'i |i:ii(l mil. 'I'lii- m rl|i in all i iiai-g In iiiKli! imyiilijc iM ilie lu'an-r, uiid ii'> rnriii In iii'(-ii«niirv In (riiiiiili>rriiii( Itio «ftiiio. 'Itiu real anil per- Miiiial |irii|ii'rly tvnliiii llii< niiiiii (|h;ii>i |h ■jlH,:inil, Id? itolliirH IliniMK IsHMh T'lUniiiic hun !■.« I iiii uliiik Viiiiiilloii In .liinimry, I'-'ll, .I'J.fllO.niHI ilnlliir*. • '(INN I «i-i( 1 I',— 'I'li-i. Htiiir iiiiM iHtiicd no nliick, (ir liilU dIiti'iIii. niiKii thd rcvoliuiDiiiiry war, " Tlio niiKiiiMl 111' Hill (jruii.l I -I l.< ICl'i'i.ri'C (Idll-irn," in |n:i7 Nkw V nil k- This iiito niiiiiiii>iii-i>il Inmilnit nldi-k In l"*!? furlliii i-(in«lriii-lliin tifllii' V.riit ainlClKini- plain raiialH The ^n ii nl'lidll.lliii) (liiihirn w.-in iriil |irli>r tn l^'.'ii i'|i(i law nl' I--!; rrnih il a lliiiirii (ir('(>iiiiiii'<«liiiiiM'< .,( ilii- (anal l-'iinil, I'liiinHtlim iirUic ntati' nUii i>r«, ami |il iri>il ninliT llii> iiiaiiiiui'iiirnt III" lliii lliiinl (It Sncciiii- Ili'v-ciiiii'K, Willi li wiTi' |)|iilui-il I'lir llic iiiyiiifiil nl' llic niniii'y Imrnnvml. 'I'lu'ri' lia'4 licfiii ill' rivi'd fmin ihii auxiliary tiiniN iliii-t ni>( aparl, kIih n tlin liiMi nruiiiii/. ilioii nl' tlio raiial rmid, llir Niini >il' ^,^':i,TI>l dnllarK ; vvlm li I'Vi- N l>y 'J;i),lllHI ilnllarH iIki » IihIc aniiiiinl giald I'or jiiMiri'Nt (III all llic iiiiiiiry Imrrnvvi-d lor llic llrn' ami rii;iiii|ilaiii raiial'4 for '21 >i'.ir!', Iruiii l-IT |i> I'M, I'roin 1*21 til lH.li, tlii'sii iwii (-aii.ili liavc yii'ldnil In lulU I.'i,ll'''',:i7.r'»7 iliill.irn. 'I'Ih! ri'mili K, thai tlia wIiuIm 111" til" iirlKliial ili'lil In (iri)Vi li it Tiir, and, (ixn-pl almiil V{ iiiillloiin, Ii.ik Ihtii |iaid ntl', and lliu Kliick (■aiircll'-d, 'rill! lawn aiilliiiriiiiiB iiiiiiii'V I'l I"' Imrrnwi'd prrvlmiH to |i«'2.'i, (-Miiialiii-d Uu- ImIIiiw- liii; pruVHiuii, vi/ •' lliat il hIiiII nnl Im' lawriii lur lln- cmiiinlxnliini'm iif lliii i-siiial t'liiiil In iMiiki> luaiiH iiiiilrr (Inn ai t. Ii.-yiiiiil such aiiiniiiitH a<, I'nr lliu payiiiciil nCllii; liilcrenl tlivruot', lliu taiial liiiiil, at tliu liiiic, ^liall he dci'iiicd aiiiplc and niiirnli'iil." In l'''2'i, tliii llnaiui.il piiliiy In rciiaril In ninncyn hnrrnwf'il, wan rlianffcd j nnil I'lnnii from that llnio III llic pr> nciit have liccii iiiillKirlHcd w illnint iTrtinu 'ipart Npcilllc I'nndn lur llic p.iyiiiciit nl' inlcrcst In cai-h c.iHc, , w-cvi-r, the iiayiiicnt nl' the lnlcr("iiirri>w I'rnni llic I'.rlc and rliaiii|ilain canal I'lmd, in meet tliN ilciiiand nn ilie trca- miry. In |n:17, aflcr llio Hiin|icn:i.l to l^iH, the reviMiiic Irnm lliu lulls nl'llic canals, al'ier delrayini/ all expi«iiscn nf repairs, and pm im; inlcrcst nn Ihc w hide nmniint iifllic niiNtanillnu il'liis, lian vicldi-d an avcragi! mirpliis nf ii|(l,llU(') dnilarn per iinmini. 'I'hin Miirplu* will sustain a delil nf l'2.lilMI,llllll dnilars. The Hiniliii-|i I'liml or liindii IIS II ive h 1 nr shall he created, fur ijecuring the punclual payment of the iiilere^l, and Hie reiiiiljuriic- iiieiit i)( the principal. 'I'lie aiturenate valuation nf real and personal estate in IS.1,5 was ail.SOMH? dollnrii. M.uiviANii. — riiis stale. In all rases, pays the interest on the slock, half yearly and quarterly ; lint tile I'niiipanies w'liicli the stale has aided liy lis loans reimhiirse the treasury for the amount nf inlcrcst [iilil Iroiii lime to lime. A Hiiikine fund has heen est.-ililishi'd, from preniiums and other sniirces, w im li now {is;i-i) amnunts to l,l)70,H0li-l)H dnilars, which is applied tn the piirrliase nf the stale sinck. Diirina the suspension of specie inyimnts, this state did nut pay the inlcrcst on its slmk either in S|iei ie or ils ei|iilvaleiit. Some of the holders of the slock refiised to receive depreciated hank paper iiir the ilividends; and the treasurer, in Deceniher. h.'IT, reported lliis fact tn the leu'islature ; ami in March, ISilS, an act wa.s passed, whiili provides that the stale treasurer shall cause lli.' inlcrcst on tliii slito slock, lliat shall liercafter accrue, and that wliirli has accrued since the Isl of .\pril, l'-'37, to lio piiil, "either in coin, nr its eiiuivalent in current hank imtes, to be detcrinined by Ihe tomiiiissiniiors iif loans hy the price of coin in Halljinore on llie i|iiarler day." 'flic private, real, and iiersonal property, oilier than men liandise.anil rlBhts and rrcilils nf all snrtu, i' cslliiialed at over l(l(),l)ii(),()il() dollars. No iiiiifnrm mode of valiiiiiK properly llirou'.'hoiit ilie slate is iilnerved. In most of the counties, the valii;ilioiis arc made iiiider acls of 1711 and I7'.'7, which rciinire nil lands to he put down at K dollars per acre ; male slaves, at the highest, lUO dollars ; and females at iO iliillars each. ViKiiiNiA. — Tlie interest nn the stock issued liy this state Is payable snini-anniially at the treasury, m giilil or silver. The profits of the imiirovcmeiits for which the stock is issued are plediicd for the pivini'iit of interest and princiiial; and, if necessary, the general revenues of the coniiiionwcalth are pli'ilicd fir till! payment of the interest. Till' ai.'i!ri'«ate valiialinn nf the real property of Ihe state in ISIS was 2nfi,Si.l3,07S dollars ; and ii now pr)!iahly Hllll,(lil(),0OO. 'I'liere is no ninile of ascerlaiiiinu lln.' personal property. Nonrii Cakiilina. — This state has set apart a lart'e amoniit of funds fir internal improvements, ami firtlie estalilishment nf piililic schools, which are placed under the direclioii nf two lioanls, styled the Literary and Internal liiiprovemeiit Hoards. These funds, until reiiiilred to meet specific apprnpria- li'iiis liy the lei^islatiire, are lent out to individuals and corporations at li per cent. The slate of North l-'iiriiliiia owes nn debt. Soi-ni Caiioi.ina.— The faith of the state and the capital of the bank nf the slate of South Carolina 311 1 the annual dividomis thereof, are pledged for the payment of MIO,nO() dollars issued from IS-3-2 to l'''-(i; and the annual dividends have been formed into a sinkins fund for that purpose ; and at thiii li lie ^()clllller, ISaS) they amount to upwards of 800,000 dnilars, so that the I) per cents, redeeniahle in 1-10, will no doulit then he paid. The interest on 2,00:1,000 dollars to be lent In the Louisville, ('nicin- iKili, anil Charleston railroad, is payable spmi-anniially in I.oiidnii. The 2,000,000 dnilars for rei.nild- inija part nf Charleston is to be lent to individuals, and Ihe stock to be reiiiibiirseil from the mortgages I of iiidlviilnals. The interest on the state stnck is payable semi-annually in London. V.ilualion of property, 200,000,000 dollars. Missis.sii'i'i.— This slate has issued bonds on the faiihof the stale, tothe aniountof 7,000,000dollars, I anil has subscribed that amount in the stocks of two banks. LonsiANA.— The interest on the slate bonds is paid by the respective hanks tn which they were I oiisinillv issued. The interest nn other state stocks is paid out of any moneys in the treasury. 7Vii! Hank nf Louisiana, 2,000,000 dollars of stock ; Ihe profits retained for redemption of the instal- I meat nf 18;iO, sult'icient to cover the amount, fi00,000 dollars. CuHMlitated .Association.— These bonds are guarantied by inoripages on real productive properv/, Uniouiuiiig to 3,000,000 dollars. No stockholder can borrow more than 50 per cent, on his stock; an.; 790 FUNDS. N tills amnnnt is returned by yearly instnlments to meet the payment of the bonds by the bank. Tha state fur ita ifiiarniitee is considered an Htnckhiilder for 1,01)0,(100 dollars, and, on llii! payment of the bonds, will divide accordingly with the stockholders. Dividends are oidy declared as the bonds are paid, anil in the same propurtiuii. The prulits, until then, are retained as a ''-ikiiig fund to meet the redeinptiim of the lioiids. '/'he Ihiion Bank has bonds to the amount of 7,000,000 dollars, and is conducted on similar principles as the alKive. The oriainal guarantee on morteaces of productive property is t<,000,OUO dollars. The state for its guarantee is to rec(!ive one Ki.\th of thi! nett proceeds. 'I'he Cilizcna' Bank has received homis to the amount of 8,000,(100 dollars, and can demand 4.000,000 more ; it is conducted on the same pririciiiles as above described. The guarantee is on 1 1,000,000 dol- lars of morlL'aL'fS on real productive [property. The state holds one sixth of the neit profits, 'vhich are only to Ik; divided as tlie homIs are paiil liy the banks, and in the same proportion. Tennksskk. — The interest on tlie state bonds subscribed lo the Union liank were paid by the divi- dends on til" =tock, until the revulsion of 1^37, afler which the state paid the interest from the ordi- nary resmiii .; of tin; treasury. The inti^rest on the bomis iasimd to railroad and turnpike companies is paid by tlie slate, and the companies are reiiuired to reimburse the treasury for the sums from time to time paid. Kentlx'kv. — This state, in all cases, pays the interest on her own stocks. Auxiliary funds are set apart for the payment of the interest ; but if these funds slum Id prove insullicient, the state is bouiul to resort to direct ta.xes. In 18.30, the legisialiire establi.-ilied a sinking fund for the payment of the debt ; to which fund are appropriated bonuses and dividends on bank stock, premiums on scrip, state divi- dends in turnpike stuck and all inti^rnal improviMiients, protits of the couinu>nwec?lth's bank, proceeds cf state Slock in the old Hank of Kentucky, and tlie excess in the treasury over 10,000 dollars of each year. The governor, by an act passed in IMiH, is authorised to borrow any sum not exceeding the ca- pacity of the sinking fund, to pay the interest, and ultimately the principal, of the state bunds, at an interest not exceeding per cent, per annum. Taxation is conlined to specilic subjects. The aggregate value of such as are chargeable with reve- nue is 2I7,4,'):!,011 dol'iars, upon which a tax of 10 cents on the 100 dollars is paid. Ohio,— The interest on tlie stock of this state is payable in New York, where the stock is transfer- able. Auxiliary funds are set apart for the payment of the interest, and, in case of a deficiency therein, it is made the duty of the auditor of slate to levy an udenuate amount by direct taxation. The loans were invariably made on pledges of specific revenues for the payment of both principal and interest. The stale of Ohio, at the commencement of its loans, organised a system of finance on a linn foun- dation, providing by direct taxation for the payment of the interest and the ultimate redemption of the principal. In 1837, after the susjiension of specie payments, Ohio paid the interest on its debt in New York city paper, at the rale of lOU dollars fur each 100 dollars of interest. Aggregate valuation of real and personal property, 110,000,000 dollars. iNniA.NA.— The canal lands-granted to the state by the general government on the Wabash river, are pledged for the payment of the loans made on account of the Wabash canal. The interest on the bonds issued to the state bank is paid by the bank. In 1837, after the suspension of specie payinouis, this state purchased coin to pay the interest on its debt: and for the July (n;arter paid HI dollars in New Vork paper for each 100 dollars in coin. Aggregate valuation in 1837 estimated at 05,000,000 dollars. Illinois.— The state in all cases pays the interest on the stock. In addition to the usual pledge of the faith of the stale, lands, revenues, &c., there are specifically pledged for the redemption of tho canal bonds, the lands granted by the general government to aid in constructing the canal ; the esti- mate of which is e(]ual to the whole cost of the canal. There is also pledged for the interest and final redemption of the bank bonds, the dividends and the stock owned by the state in the banks, which amounts to nearly half a million of dollars more than the amount of these bonds. Mich 10 AN. — The proceeds of the public works, as well as the faith of the state, is pledged for 5,000,000 dollars— the lands set apart for the University is pledged for the loan for that object. The loans lo railroads are secured by pledge of the roads, &c. The interest on 100,000 dollars issued to defray the expenses of the controversy with Ohio, is to be paid by a direct tax. Missouri has issued bonds to the amount of 2,500,000 dollars to the slate bank of Missouri. AitK.ANSAs has issued 3,000,000 dollars of bonds to two banks in that state. Statement showing the Amount of Stocks issued, and authorised by I.aw to be issued, by the several States named below, in each Period of Five Years, from 1820 to 1835, and from 1835 to 1838. Slates. 1820 to 1B25. Dollars. 1823 lo 1830. 1830 lo 1835. 1835 to 1S38. Tol.il, nMars. D'Mari. Dnilart. Dillarl. NewYnrk ..... 6,872,781 » 1,624,000 2.J04,979 \2;imMi 22,931,143 Pennsylvania ...--• I,6&0,000 6,300,C00 16,130,003 3,166,787 27,1( 6,7'« Massaclmuelts . - - - - . * • 4,290,000 4,290.1 (H Maine • - - . - , . ■ .'554,976 . .nnJ.IITt) Maryland ..... 67,947 576,Bf.9 4,210.311 6,649,033 Il,l!i2,!i'0 Virginia ..... l,MO,(KK)t 469,000 686,500 4,132,700 6,;)i9.ci() South Carolina . • • - • i,wo,ooct 310,100 4,000,000 6,S&>.OcO Ohio ..--.. > 4,400,000 ' 1,701,000 • 6,ioi,ri(0 7,3t,9,(0J Kentucky . . - - . ■ • 7,369,000 Illinois ...-■• . eoo.roo 11,000,000 ll,t«l,0.0 ll,> 90.000 Indi.ina .----• • 1,890,0(0 10.0(0,<'00 Tennessee ..... .■iOO.OOO 6,6lH,e00 7,U>.C(« Alabania ..... 100,000 2,200,000 8,iS0O 0(10 lO.bOO.WO Missouri . - - . . . ■ 2,r,00,i:00 2,3U),llO Mississippi . . . - . . 2,C0O,COO 6,000.0' 7,000,000 Louisiana ..... 1,800,000 7,333,000 14,t00,000 23,735,000 ArkanS'ii ..... . • 3.(«i,con 3(00.000 Michigan ..... • • S,34O,C0O 5,340.CO0 Total I2,790,72S I3,679,6S9 1 40,012,769 108,423,805 174,90(;,M1 # Of this amount I he sum of about 4 1-2 millions of dollars has been redpemed. t Virginia has a »ar ilebl nf 34.1,l39'17 dollars, conlr:icled previous to 1820. X South Carolina lias a revolutionary debt of 193,7 (0>12 dollars. Some (loubts having been entertained as to the right of individual states to contract loan? Messrs, Baring, Urothers and Co. addressed a letter on the subject to the distinguishn American senator and lawyer, Mr. Webster, lately on a visit lo this country. We subjoii Ills reply : — "London, Oct. Ifi, IS.Ii. " Oenllomen, — I have received your letter, and lose no time In giving you my opinion on the qiies tion which you have subniilted for my consideration. The assertions and onggestions to which yo refer, as having appeared in some of the public prints, had not escaped my notice. *] FUNDS. 791 of the bonds by the bank- The 1 „.,„ ilnmnml 1,000,(100 1 iii\iliarv funds are sfit , of nuchas arc chargeable wilhreve- " '' V ^.'u wliero the stock is transfer- ''^ \ in c! se oa .l.lkiency therein, ;sl, iinil, in rase " " . ^'|,c cans '■"''"'V'?;,V,lM-inc pal and interest. ,y,„ei.t ot b. til [""^^P''^„ „ cnu foun- '^ '' '^' r, 1 i a"e 'ed. n.ption oftlic f interest. (toUurs. . ^ai,agh river, jrwSrS°"Tbei"-restont.,e ,„rcbased coin to pay the interest on its '"pc, for each 100 dollursm com. ,rlr In addition to the tisnal V^^^fi )CK. •'V"'V f„, flip redeiniilion of tlie PFTSSintij^a^^^ j:,etb/li'e':u;:^n'?h^ jnt of these bonds. ^ f„r 5,000,000 t^,ith of the «;' «• ''.Kr The loans to Hn WO dol'l'arVSed to defray ti>e 's'tofl^e state bank of Missonri. IS in iliat stale. ■12 Jollart. h of indiv-uluaUtates to contraction \:1 Z subject to the tlisUngu^ '; a visit to this country, vvcbuj "London, Oct. K;.l«^,. ^lol escaped my notice. "Your first inqniry is, 'whether the IpRlsliiture of one of the states has legal and constitutional power to CDiilract IniiiiH at home and ahroiidl' "To this 1 answiT, thiit the Icitislatiiri.' of a state has such power; anil how any dnnlit could have arisen i>u ,iiis p.iint, it is iljlliciiit fur mo to i-oncoivi!. F.vi-ry stale is an iiiili'in-nili'iit, s(ivc'ri'i«ii, poli- tical com jiily, exci'iil in so far as curtain powers, wliirli it mmht ollirrwi-i' li:ive imti iscd, have heeii conlVrri'd on ii (.'eni'ral t'overnoMMit, eslahjislii-d nnilir a written cdiislitnliDii, and rNuriintt its authority ovi'r lh(! pi'o|i|iMif all the states. This Knieral ^'nvenimeiil is a iiniili'd iiuvir unt. Its l)owers are sperlliir and I'tinincraliMl. Ail powers not conferred upon it still remain wilh tiie states and with the people. Thi; statu leu'lslatores, on the other liaml, possess all usual and ordinary powers of government, siiliject to any llmilalions which may he iinpnsed hy tlii'ir own cnnstitiitiiiiis. and with the excepliiiii, as 1 have said, of the opi-ration, on those powers, ol" the consiiiiiil.m of the United states. The powers conferred on the Keiieral Koveriimenl cannot, of course. In.' exercised liy any in- dividual slate ; nor can any state pass any law which is pndiihltiMl hy the (oiisiiliiii.m of the United States. Thus no slate can hy ilself mike war, or conclude peace, nor I'liter into alii lines nr treaties with foreign nations. In these, and other important particulars, the powers wliii h would have i.tlier- wise helonjied to the slate can now he exercised only hy the general L'overnmeni, nr t'uvernment of the lliiiled Slates. Nor can a state pass a law which is prohiliiied hy its own consiiinliioi. Hut there is no provision in the constilulion of the United Slates, nor, so tar as I k.iow or have understood, in any stale constilulion, ptohiliiling the legislature of a state from conlraclini; delits, or in ikiiig loans, either at Iioiim! or alirtiad. Uvery stale has the power of hivyin^ and collectiii!! taxes, dir.cl and indi- rect, ol'all kinds, except that no stale can impose duties on (.'oods and merchandise imported,— that power helongim; exclusively to congress hy the conslitiition. That power of taxation is exercised hy every stale, hahilually and constantly, according to its own discretion, and the e.xigeiicies of its government. "This is the ijeneral theory of that mixed system of governinent which prevails in America. And as the constitution of the United States contaijis no prohihilion or restraint on stale legislatures in regard to making loans, and as no state constitution, so far as known to me, contains any such prohi- bition, it is clear that, in this re.^pect, these legislatures are left in the full possessimi of this power, as an ordinary and usual power of po\ eminent. "I have seen a suiigestioii, that slate loans must be regarded as unconslitiitional and illegal, inas- much as the constilulion of the United States has declared that no stale shall emit lulls ol'credit. It is certain that the constitution of the United States does contain this salutary proliiliilion ; but what is a bill of credit! It has no resemhlance whatever to a bond, or other security given for the payment of money borrowed. 'J he term 'bill of credit' is familiar in cnir political history, and its meaning well ascertained and settled, not only by that history, but by judicial interpretations and decisions from the highest source. Uor the purpose of this opinion, it may la; sulticieiit lo say, that bills of credit, the subject of the prohibition in the constitution id'lhe United States, were essentially paper money. They were paper issues, intend(ul for circulation, and for receipt into the treasury as cash, ami were some- times made a teiiiler in payment of debts. To put an end at once, and for ever, to evils of this sort, and to dangers from this source, the constitution of ihe United Slates has decliired. that 'no state shall emit bills of credit, nor make any thing but gold and silver a tender in payment of debts, nor pass any law which shall impair the obligation of contracts,' All this, however, proves, not that states cannot contract debts, but that, when contracted, they must pay them in coin, according lo their stipu- lations. The several states possess the power of borrowing money for their own internal occasions of expeiidilure, as fully as congress possesses the power to borrow in behalf of Ihe United Slates, for the purpose of raising armies, equipping navies, or performing any other of its constitutional duties, it may be added, that congress itself fully rijcognises this power in the slates, as it has aulhoriseil the investment of large funds which it held in trust for very important purposes in cerliiicales of state stocks, , "The security for state loans is the plighted faith of the state, as a political community. It rests on the same basis as other contracts with established governments — the same basis, for ex.imple, as loans wade to the United States under the autlnuity of congress ; that i.i lo say, the good fiilliof the govern- ment making Ihe loan, and its ability to fulfil its engagements. These slate loan,s, it is known, have been contracted principally for the purpose of making railroads and canals ; and in some cases, although I know not how generally, the income or r(^venue expected to be derived from these works is directly and specifically pledged for the payment of the interest and the redemption of the debt, in addition to the obligation of public faith. In several states, other branches of revenue have been spe- cifically pledged; .and in others, very valuable tracts of land. It cannot be doiilded that the general result of these works of internal iinprovemcnt has been, and will be, to enhance the wealth and ability of the stales. "It has been said that the states cannot be sued on these bonds. Put neither could the United Slates be sued, nor, as ! suppose, the crown of Kngland, in a like case. Nor would the power of suing, probably, give the creditor any substantial additional security. The soli-inn obligation of a govern- incnt, arising on its own acknowledged bond, would not he enhanced by a judgment rnul red on such bond. If it either could not, or would not, make iirovision for paying the bond, it is not probable that it could, or would, make provision for satisfying the judgment, "The states canuol rid themselves of their obligations otherwise than by the honest payment of the debt. They can pass no law impairing the obligation of their own contracts, — they can make nothing a tender in discharge of such contracts hut gold and silver. They possess all adeiiuate jiovver of pro- viding for the case, by taxes and internal means of revenue. They cannot get round their duty, nor evade its force. Any failure to fulfil its undertakings would be an open viidation of public I'ailh, lo bo fillowed by the penalty of dishonour and disgrace,— a penalty, it may be presumed, which no stale of Iho American Union would be likely to incur, "I bnpe 1 may be justified by existing circumstances to close this letter with the expression of an opinion of a more general nature. It is, tliati believe the citizensof the United States, like all honest men, regard debts, whether public or private, and whether existing at home or abroad, to be of moral as well as higal obligation; and I trust I may appeal to their history, from the moment when those stales took their rank among the nations of the earth to the present time, (or proof that Ibis belief is Well founded; and if it were possible that any of the stales should at any time so entinly lose her self-respect and forget her duty tis to violate the fiiitli solemnly pledged fiir her pecuniary eng igiMiients, I believe there is no country upon earth— not even that of the injured creditors— in which such a pro- ci^eding would meet with less countenance or indulgence than it would receive from the great mass of the American people, " I have the honour to be, gentlemen, your obedient servant, "Messrs, Baring Brothers & Co," "Daniel Wedsteh." There can, of course, be no further iloubt as to the law on this important suliject; and we trust that the states will respectively evince that high moral sense, and detenninalion to pay their just debts, for which their distinguished countryman gives them credit. We confess. it! i i I 792 GALACZ, GUAYAQUIL. 5 ^ howovrr, that wc nrp not without our niisgiviiip;s on this point. The extreme facility with wiiich Iduns oil Amriitiui account have rrcciilly liecn raised in Europe, and espicially in this eountry, on nil manner of securities, will turn out, in the end, a serious loss to America; inasmuch as it has teniptcd her citi/.cns to en^au:e, without tiullicient consideratiun, in the most ^i<;iuitic undcrtakiiiL;^, and to generate and dilVusc a spirit far more akin to gamblinp; than to the pursuits of solicr industry. In conseciuence, a vast amount of capital has liern nn]irolU:il)ly expended, and to little hctter purpose, in fact, than if it had been absolutely thrown away. Now, the |>h' i^i now niaintaini'd liy a line ot'seviMi steam vessels. 'I'lic Anstrlan sleam ciimpany, which was the lirsl in llie t'leld, have extended their scheme l>y starting vessels lietwecn Vienna uiicj I.iii/., aiida llavarian cinnpany coiiimenced in l>;i^ ninnint; a vessel hetween llatisban and l.inz. It is proliahle lliat in a year iir two steamers may ply Irom Uini downwards. Al present sleam hoals ply on the Oaiiiilie as long as the river remains free from ire (nsnnlly from Fehrnary osed to overcome the ditticulties in the way of the navigation by renovating the (dd Honian road, and deepening tln^ channel contiguous to it. lint it rarely happens that attempts to iiiiprove the navigation in the bed of a river, under any thing like similar circumstances, are even IcileiaMy successful. 'I'lie better way undoubtedly would be, were it practicable, to construct a lateral canal, or rather a canal from the mouth of the Uereska to I'alanka, which would not only avoid the rapiils, but also shorten the navigation by getting rid of the bend of the river by Orsova. I!ut tlie diHiciiliii'.s I in the way of such an undertaking, from the nature of the ground, are said to be insuperable ; anil ii [ is, tlierefore, probable that the distance of 5U miles along tlie rapids will continue, if not alwajs,i{i| least for some considerable time, n porlaire. The evil, however, of this break in the navigation \\\h been diminished, as far as possible, by the construction of an admirable carriage road (receiiliy linishrd), at great expense, by the Hungarian diet,frotii Moldova to Orsova. In the extent of excava- 1 tions ill the rock, and terraces of masonry, upon which it is carried, it is not inferior as a .'peciinenl of engineering to the tinest roads over the Alps. .Several steamers have been transported down these I rapids at the season of tloods, small barges pass them at all times, aiid little boats, laden w ith \\\\\\ and wo(d, ate towed lip by men and oxen. The passengers and goods conveyed hy the steamers are | transferred from .Moldova in row-boats, to tlladova, below the Irongate, where they embark on I another steamer. | A riiilrcdd is nearly completed from Briinn, the capital of Moravia, to Vienna; another rnilrcajl diverges, from the Dannlie, at Mnz, north to lliidweis in Uoheinia, where it reaches the bunks of Uw\ Muldaii, and through it communicates with the Kibe. — Ji. GUAYAQUIL. Account of the Export of Cocoa from riiinyanuil, during each of the Si.t Voara ending with 1638, spe- cifying the Countries to which it was exported, and the Uuanlities sent to each. Cniinlrit's. IS33. If 31. I93i. isae. li-37. IMS. TliMl. /./J. IM. lit. Lis. ;./.i. 5l\iin .... 2,116, 1C6 6.70S,I50 t»S,04l I,6ie,3f3 P9i.i;73 9, 11:1,4 10 Mcjiji-n .... i.l-76,i:!i9 1,991,191 2,399,SI'6 1,0I4,0S3 2T5,!149 1,221,001 >--.\il 1 ("■i-ii'r.il Anictica 361,0116 i!sr),9i8 6,'i",297 4SO.I8n M,070 43I,S.!2 2,JTI,)3i Nfvv (irfiiada ■ 5",9.'>4 2.1 06 t9,'-22 4il,9!'3 ,51,712 33,939 2i-:.y6 IlTU .... 6:r..Moi 6asi7o 6-.v,l«7 2,137.472 7II,S2I 767,3-S .5.'6^.r(9 (lull .... 2 -.9,1-47 22S,017 3>S,711 4.'".0,253 262,750 li,0,6!'9 i.7ii\jm : M.Tiiila .... 139,^32 153,778 67,463 . 806.(70 •,117.443 lUiiiburg . - . . . 400,002 4(M.ui GeniM .... • • . . 325,377 3.'5,J" S.111 Tnm,n . . 4nr.,noo . . 4O;.,(O0 Rio Janeiro ... Total • • 306,454 433,S71 243,0C0 9S3,ia 6,69S,776 10,999,862 I3,SOO,S51 10,918,563 8.620,125 7,1(16,075 5S 13 1,354 HAMBURGH— IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 793 The extreme facility with continue, alttf "\ , y ,.,,,,stoftiK.ead>^^ ;;j, thi. country, anajha; ^^^^ "r^o'XS.>i"i any thin. '•'^^^'^''^^'W "ucUatl^i''« page 701 of this edition, annex ,,e comnuim a •'^< '.„,,, ,,,„,,,ain, ^;s. is seldom porn.r.ed in |css_0,a. I l.el-nv t\.e 1 ' f" ';„ ,1..- iulviu.tni:.'^ I,e oporalio.1 " f'Vl ^Nv-rKs'. It Iv.is .K- Iwl'pPt's J"",,.' -ire even t..lfi"l'l> or of this iTcak i" i''« j (reccmly ',:;; admirable rnrnag^ '^'^^t „f ^^^^^,,. va to Orsova. '' .„ior as u specimen arried, it is ""\^ ,%oried dow" tlu« 'l,frtf'g"te?w.u;rV'theyen.UarKc. .nrtihpr railroaJ I of the fix 1 the U'lii" IS36. |4,91U,996 ' 606.204 ll,0<4,0>3 4S0,1S!) 4!l,9i'3 12,131.4';* 4r>0,'2i3 61,463 Years ending wit't ,tiiic8 scut to oaih. 1839, spe- licmB.fi''-' • 1 I J.I. 2,\4^9f2 136 723 flU.013 l.ii'.t'Ol 431 >2J a3,S39 167,31S li,0,W'9 400,W)2 ■ ».. i.,r 243.fCO ■ The district in which Guayaquil is situated has, for a considerable period, formed a part of the republic of lOruador or ./liinialor. I.ikii llin other S. American slates it h:is been sulijected lo perpetu- ally recurrini; revdiulioiis ; but (iuaya()iiil has uotwithslaiuliiig ciinliiiued to enjoy a considerable coininercu. lis principal arlitlc of export is cocoa, of uliich larjic (nianliiies are eliipped ; and next to it are limber, tobacco, ceibo wool iisimI in stiilhn^ niallresses, ^c. '1 he principal articles of iinpurl are Uritisli umnufucturud cottons and hardware, silks, wine, tloiir, &c. — .b'. HAMBURGH. Table of the Principal Imports, Stocks, R.xports, and Consumption at the Port of Hamburg, from 1826 to 183'J, both inclusive. Slock, Import. \ Cnnsiiiiip Trice in Jan. 1. aitU Kxjj. December. Jan. 1. .inii Kx\t Uiceiiibvr. DonUnffo. Bi.ff yrt Ilav. Lla. IM. Wi. .s\A(l/i>i,t,0 ' 4- 125 -43 4 IS37 2»,0«),0l)l) Mi,iA»i,0(,0 100,000,100 5 14.7 1-2 IS3S 1 -icno.iwi 5:1.2 ii,o.K r>tj,Jil),ieu 4 375 -5 125 l!i3>l 9,1)00,000 H9,7 O.lltHj <.l5,7i0,000 5 1-2 -7 isaa 12,0.0,01 0| 47,JOLl,UlK 5lMJ00,lK«l i -bl-l i.-yg 13,0OJ,COj 83,2;0,0L0 8).2iO,iOO 5 1-4 -6 1-2 .l. .Sir. Chi. Scr. Chi. Scr. Dm. Matci. ColloB - IB36 9,l4.i 6u,l06 66,-51 7 3-4 10 10 1-4 Indigo - 1836 470 350 7,118 480 7,123 6-0 15 1.4106 1S37 IH.500 5.i,4-.0 67,3:.0 8 - 8 18;i7 460 150 4,929 615 4,554 too 3 3-4 - 6 1-1 IVM id.aio 42,2.-4 6ll,?6» |6 -13.4 1S38 833 163 6.236 163 6,476 223 6 1.4 ■ 6 121 INI9 7,9t>0 40,9i6 40,ll:l6 |6 1-4 - 8 1839 595 103 5,923 944 6,273 9S4 7 1-4 • 7 1-2 Slork,.I»n.'. Ii'40 SHHO 1 Slock. J.in.t. I-41I - 245 651 1 Caivltna Sumatra. £11/. Dni. nih. Bet. mi'. Bet. Marci Lbl. r.bt. Lit. :ichitlingt. Rico - l»36 2 3 «,U0 ' 8,707 12,8-. 9,107 7.SS4 13 10 14i Pepper ■ 1836 2,50,000 2,31 000 1.980,000 3-f.23 1837 1,900 11,00 i 9,220 Il,h4l 10,670 12.840 13 ■ 15 ISOT 570,000 , 9.30,0(iO l,27u,(Hi0 3-875 isos 4)0 11 ',000 .'i.771 30,90J 5,471 30,902 16^. 19 1838 2.30,0110 1 i,2eo,ooo 1,110,000 4 18J9 7J0 10,000 I0,0d7 27,II; 7,317 26,312 13 ■ I4j 1839 400,000 1 1,900,000 2,000,000 3 3-4 Slock. Jau. 1. Slock, Jin.l. 1 1S40 • • 3, TO 10 800 1K40 . 3fO,0OO Htti-l. Baft. Baei, 1 Sdiitlingt. 12,613 |3'623lo3S25 Bagi. Baet. Bagl. .^MUingt. 6,803 3-37510 3 1.2 FimcDlo . 1836 14,000 14,613 Pimenio • IMS Il,0t0 5,^03 1831 16,000 b,033 13,053 j3-375 . 3-625 1839 10,0CO 5,466 8,446 :i 1-4 ■ 3-315 1 .Slock, J.«i.l. IS40I - ■ 7 000 Shipping. — The ships arriving at Hamburgh in the undermentioned years (ending 30th of Septem- ber) have been as under: — From the 1637. 1838. 1S39. East Indies ..... Brazil . . . . . West Indies . . . . United States . . . . Mediterranean . . . . 8pain . . . . . Portugal . . . . . France . . . . . Great Britain . . . . Netherlands . . . . Baltic . . . . . Totals . . . 19 121 139 55 65 32 21 125 1,160 634 513 17 136 160 39 77 23 35 118 1,249 654 484 17 140 143 40 80 38 34 138 1,490 619 494 2,884 2,9' ,2 3,233 .4. [HAVANNAH. Niimhcr of vessels which entered the port of Havannab from foreign ports, from the 1st of January 10 tbe 30th September, 1830 : 651 American, 55 British, 398 Spanish, 11 Dutch, 10 Belgian, 23 French, 22 Hamburgh, 19 Bremen, 8 Danish, S3 others, 113,373 tons. 9,649 " 50,710 " 1,621 " 2,268 " 6,109 " 4,008 " ' 3,522 " • 1,373 " 6,130 " 1229 ' 197,763 The coasting vessels, from 30 to 200 tons each, are not included ; nor are they repotted among lb* I Mrival8 and departures in tlie daily papers.— .4m. Ed.} Vol. II.— 3 X 100 !l 704 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 5 J' Q ^ IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. I. Table exhibiting tlie diflcrent Cdiinlries to whirli Articles of the Produce or Mnnufactiiio of 11 United KiiigdoMi have bt^en ex|)orted diirint' the Six Yearn eiidintj with 18;i8, arranged in the Ord of the Mniiiiitude of the Rxportg to tlieiii ; and specifyini! the average aiiiiiial Aiiiniint of the Expor to each during tlic said Six Years, and the I'ortion of such Exports destined for each, supposing tl wliole Exports to he 1,000. Average Averai^e Average annual Anidutit of Expiirls, ii>33-a». annual Prripnrtinn Average annual Amount of Kxports IS33-33. annual Prop- rtion Countriu. expnrted to eai'h Countrv, Kuppnsing tlie whole Kxitnrls Counlriee. exported to each Cnun'ry StiplKlsilu; tilt whole Kxpnr to lie 1,000. to he 1,000. Unileil Stilei of America ■ 8.2s1.2«S 1 SI -260,779 Iliyti .... 3li2,9l3 6-62=,5-,7 riernwiiy 4,b 12,721 10I.WJ,3II .Mauritius 251, I6J 6-496,171 East India Company** terriloriei fcL-ypI (iports on tho Medilerra- and ffvlnn 3,37i,20l 73R')S,606 11,-ai)) 20fl,'77 4-570.793 British \Ve-jl InJifS 3.IS3.li;i2 b9'61iM9l Malta .... 164.632 3-6(.2,-94 Italy and the Italian Islands '2,73s. IBI 69 9I.S3,9 Cfiluiiitiia 164,0114 3-i88,t.5i Holland .... 2,733,274 5H-81I,4;1C i'lussia .... I5i,72a 3-342.0 9 Brazil .... 2.-.2l,39l 5i-l74.SBl Deiiiiiaik 113,113 2471,219 Hniish North American colonies • 2,131,2(0 4fir>17,74l l"niaii Islands > 95.11,6 2-( 8.1,490 Russia .... l,6W6,39l 3(i 9(12, -113 Sweden 9tl,M3 1 -ii87,;;34 France .... l,4i)4 597 32-705,t3l Philippine Islands 84,!-21 1-856,113 Turk.y and Continental Greece Niirway 70,945 l-fi52,lf.9 (t-xclusive of the Morea) 1.377,464 30-142,613 Az ires . . - • &2,bJI 1-1)1,709 Fortuijal Pruj'er • 1,242.114 27-I1-U.HI9 M.ileira 4'i,»5l -893.9::o China . . - - 9eii,l7ii 2l'5sU,071 8}iia and Palestine 37.016 •810,010 Cuba and other Foreign West In- t'aiiary Islaiuis • 3.5,^11 . •7ai,82?) dies .... 863,584 l8-!!97.-i57 'iMIinli, liirbary, and Morocco - 33,9.'6 •742,31M Bi-lpiurn 661,196 IS-S4j,30I Morea and Greik Islands 2:1.273 ■5li,5li5 New South Wales, Van Diemen's .Si, Helena 21,233 •46i,(C3 Iiarid and Swan River • 844, l(X) 18-471,194 Guati-inala 8,3 4 •IB2.MS Chili .... 70<,38i l,i3'll,969 Aialiin .... 3,V33 •086.108 Slates nf the Rio de la Plata 679,8-2 14877 ;it Ports iif Spain - a,i9l) ■0-1. "114 Gibraltar 667,570 l4-tO-,240 Isle (if Piiurbon ■ 1.814 •031,613 Feru .... 437. Ib4 9it.6.^32 K.i-,tern coast nf Africa . 1,762 -038,ii7 (-ape nf Good Hope 42>.t:-)9 9-3,8fi.220 New Zealand and Sou;h Sea Is- Mexico • . . . 4ll',4i2 9-1 13,1 98 lands - . . . 7?6 •I17.2P0 Sumatra and Java 381.617 8-351,470 Cape Verd Islands C15 •Oia.hW Western coast of Africa - 3^6,9V2 7-811,077 Ascension Maiul 179 •003,9-7 Spain and the Balearic Islands 358,1-93 7-809,783 At rican Ports on the Red Sea 33 ■OlO,:22 l&les of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, and Man 340,1 15 7-442,639 Total - 41,6' 8,162 1 -OOO.t i,OliO II. Accotint of the Quantities of the principal Articles of Foreign and Colonial Merchandise inipnrtci into, exported from, and retained for Coiisiiinption in, the United Kingdom, with Nett I'rodiico 01 the Revenue accruing thereon, during the Years 1837 and 1838. Quantities imported. Quantities exported. Quantities retained for Consumption. Kelt Revenue. Description. 1837. IS3S. 1637. 1538. 1337. 1836. 122,390 1837. i. 193 1838. Ashes, pearl and pot - cwt. 147,329 127,101 18,810 .5,097 128,098 '"4 Cocoa - • lbs. 2,853.000 4,096,409 933,276 639,287 1,416.613 i,tOI,7'-7 1 13,922 l5,2.-j Husks and shells • — 511,737 384,842 . 481,170 421,548 Coflie, VIZ — J British plantation - — 15,184,413 17,436,623 329,017 93,237 17,138,158 15,493,639 ) 1 Last India and .Mau- ritius . . — 9,950,005 8,413,393 1,320,253 216,578 9,203.614 10,263,843 > 696,643 6S5,0eJ Foreign plantation • — 11,278,096 I4,080.0t>3 6,411,701 10,9)3,450 3,169 8,191 J 1 Allurli • — Cork, unmanufactured cwt. 36,412,514 39,932,279 8,060,975 ll,293,2S0 2t5 26,346,661 60,076 25,765,673 57,522 24,124 A.J tO,SI5 51,852 246 Cotton wool, from foreign 1 countrie-, viz. — 1 The U.,S. of America lbs. 320,631,716 431.437,888 1 Brazil - - — 20,940,143 24,464,505 1 I'urkey, Syria, and 1 K^ypt . - — 7,?8I,540 5,412,478 1 Other foreign coun* 1 triea • - — 4,616,829 1,739,680 1 Total - Cotton wool, from Bri- 334,090,230 466,074,551 1 1 tish pouession . viz.— H Kast Indies and Mau- H ritius, Ihe growth H of - • • — 61,577,141 40,-229,495 H — — Foreisrn • — 66 669 H British West Indies, ^1 Ihe growth of ■ — 1,199,162 928,425 ^1 — — Foreign • — 396,540 600,931 H Other British posses- ^1 sions • • — 23,654 407,286,783 16,606 368,413,035 455,036,755 450,658 29,8S9 H 1 Tola: quantities • 507,830,577 39,722,031 30,644,469 5,143.891 55-^ Indigo . . • Ibi. 6,.543,871 7,004,996 £,587.561 2,226,194 3,00.3,730 3-.'H Idc dye • • — 1,011,674 1,|J93,952 133.939 400.937 423,333 673,089 1,1411 t.6^1 Logwood - • tons 14,699 16,992 3,316 4.937 12023 13,798 2,3-13 "i^l Mailrter - • cwt. 81.841 97,411 822 2,374 78,830 108,921 8.1137 ii'i^^H Ma Ider roots • - — 109,233 73,701 2 168 100,503 82,841 2,532 2,i^H Flax and tow. or cndilla ^H of hemp and flax • — 1,000. 86 ■> 1,626,277 6,970 ef30 993,634 I,6l5.9r6 4,234 6,^H Currants • • — 217.921 169,733 17,841 22.921 174,842 166.424 193,883 i^'j.^^l Ij!mons and oranges • chests 349,8,'0 262.107 l,';3« 1,1103 311.490 2'29,848 62,431 .'■'.^^1 Raisins - • — 169 390 193.466 11,526 I3,6--.3 152,162 156,174 114.095 tlb^^^l Hat* of straw . • No. 26.228 14,472 12,714 9,778 6,624 ■iMi 1,612 1 ^^M Flailing of straw - lbs. 30,81)2 40,110 7.M6 11,626 23,!i62 34 662 20,(0.! i9^^M Hemp, undrassed • cwt. 773,621 730,376 16,574 39,458 631,613 733,3711 2,766 3)^1 'S. untitiM Anii»i"> "' isao-as. Aver"*" Prop' til™ f>|iorlrJ '" Mch Couniry, „holeK»liorl.l 1 10 b« 1,000. ' the Mediterra- ,•. jn.l Morocco It IsUiiJ* >t Atric* and Sou* lb4,63i ' 164,004 113,11;' 95.11>8 90,!- 1^ 84,>-21 •i0,945 &2,bJl 4",-M 3-7.016 3.'i,0H , 3;i,<)26 ' 2;l.i''' 21,253 k3 4 3,'.'3-3 lt,z90 1,>*U h Seat anil* mtheBed'se. 7?6 K15 i:» 33 6.w«.r>'''' 6.496,nl 4510,795 I 3.a2,'9-l 1 3.342,0.9 . 2 47,,219 I 2.il'J,480 I l,l*-,«4 1 1S56,113 l-..52,t(.9 l-l-.l,-09 •Ji93,9;'0 ' .(ilO.UlO I •7S.5,S29 ■ -74 ^3M •51', SI'? • 46-vl''::l •l^.^^os •OSiD.!.."! ■O'l.'IM •Ol'l,!)"! •IW.iiT •in,2ro I •oi;).i>M •Mi3,M.T •Ol'0,"'2 1 -^;;^^Uooo;io^J ffissriSST.=s IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. Table U.—eontiniietl. 796 Description. (Quantities iniporteJ, t Quantities exported. Qilaiililies retained fur Cunsumpliini. Nell Revenue. | IW7. I l.'<38. 1837. I83». 1837. \ 1 1838. IF37. 1 1539. HiilR', miiatinpd, viT.— L. i. liulValo, tiiill, co^v, 1 01, or horse - cwt. Iliilea. laiuu'd. viz. — 338,632 318,362 46,649 3-., 192 290,739 316,369 36,482 41,531 Hullalo, bull, co^Vf 1 ox. or liorae • lbs. 87,67'! I05,955 19,^03 121,142 63.S95 2-i,3R2 814 210 Molasxes • ■ cwl. li«2,2,-J 6'0 529 1.611 1,291 ! 51.12,0 9 52t.,ilO 266,')2li 236,688 Oil, olive . gallons 1,721,914 2,W';i,llll 2 9,472 2011,76) l,496,6>ti' 2,'2(i,l46 3 1,»«6| 43,416 — palm . - cwt. — ir.\iii, spermaceti, i< 23,337 252,312 16,732 !j,s29 211,919 272,9Jl 13,299 17,102 and blubber • tons Sallpi-'re and cubic 21,603 2S,2J1 393 1,192 20,873 26,806 14,370 6,605 nilre . . . cwt. 349,993 20S,5-)5 36,939 68.8«9 240.222 280,890 6,339 7.505 Flax aud tinsee 1 bush' Is 3,321,0-9 3,3ill,-6i 6,979 146,926 3,3?I 941.390 2I,26S 32,;84 867,456 932,3115 3^9' 427 Cassia ligliea - • — 9-4,674 3><0,l,V, 760,141 557,70.: IO,'i,4HJ 100,837 2,642 2,521 repi'iT • - • — 6,291, 9'I3 3,6.-2,3 12 4,76H,^80 3,0-7,109 2,625.07-. 65,6 tl I'iiiieoto . • — 2,113,300 9l.'3,SSS 1,376,615 807,339 333,406 . 4,193 , Sugar, viz — West liidii.ornrilish na w. possessions - cwt. 3,305,238 3,321,431 448,382 374,697 East India, of British possessions • — 296,679 428,834 . . , E.^st India, of fgreigii possessions ■ — 77,627 193,627 . . • 3,954,810 3,909,653 4,760,563 4,656,892 Mauritius ■ - — 537,961 604,671 Uefinpii ac tual weight ForeijQ • • — 263,073 2K|,7SS 227,807 281,616 Talrow- . - — I,3I4.>M9 1,122,449 52.375 12,513 1.2=9,511 1,160,107 203,977 103.669 Tea - . • lbs. 36,973,9M 40,413,714 4,716,248 2,577,877 30,625,206 32,3JI,39J 3,223,840 3,362,033 •Tiniber, viz.— Battens and batten ends • gt. lihds. 15,903 18,020 128 95 14,151 17,610 133,800 161,112 Heals and deal ends - — 72,S32 72,737 916 1,306 66,6)1 70,b7!' 5i.J,570 622,261 Masis, 6anl under il ins. in dianieler - No. 9,474 11,240 199 303 9,763 10,909 2,685 3,331 Masts. S anil uiidiT 12 ins. ill ilianieler • — 3,623 3,943 160 121 3,444 3,690 2,313 2,635 Masts, 12 inches and upwards • • — 4.273 4,319 19 73 4,077 4,393 4,571 6,494 tlil( planks • • — 1,96J. 3,996 6 - 2,199 ,1.>"J 8,813 15,552 Staves ■ gt. hhds. 85,721 76,l»l 1,638 1,876 81,434 7u,46l 51,693 58,733 Fir, S ins. square aud upwards • - loads 579,980 647,061 816 645 681,039 633,899 456.416 672,595 Oak - • • — 31,616 34,890 2 > 30,940 36,155 41,425 46,766 Dnennmprated • — 4S,4!'l 43,41'. 80 45 48,026 43.523 12.073 10,976 Wainscot logs • — 5,393 5,- 37 a > 4,020 4,51 ri 10,938 12,351 Tin ■ - • cwt. 29,102 30,722 29,216 29,034 2 72 6 61 Tobacco, viz.— rnnianiifactured • lbs. 27,144,107 30,162,024 17,341,587 11,610,493 22,321,489 23,149,726 3,417,663 3,561,811 Maiiulacturcd or ciears • • — 632,186 1,443,08-1 302,<:69 632,926 141,383 189,71.J Siiiitr - • — 4,133 357 3,472 791 331 294 Wine, viz.— ( ape • - - galls. 618,103 342,372 6,766 2,712 500,727 538,52= 6',«3I 74,037 French ■ • — 72-1,140 544,129 106,9,1 1 131,H25 431,59 417,2'il 1 120,2sb 113,992 Fori Ileal • - — 2,693,365 3,1.TJ,725 199,518 245,166 2,360,252 1 2.960,457 1] r 797,28! Madeiia • ■ — 2»9,400 261,920 MM07 139,113 111,376 1 110,29 30,29! S|tanish • • — 2,S02,5b3 3,37.5,847 4"2,34j 663,243 1 2,278,263 2,497,3)5 ^ 1,497,957 i 6>-5,91i Oilier sorts, inclmlin? , wine uiixe.l iu bond — 904,8So 857,491 3.>l,122 406,368 i 602,319 626,I7C I 144,645 All sorts 8,033,480 8,5I8,4«4 1,.134,793 1,588,427 6,391,531 1 6,990.27 1,687,091 1.846,057 III. .\ccnunt of llie Viiliie of the various Articles of the Produce and Manufacture of the United King- dom exported to Foreign Porta, according to the real or declared Value thereof, in the Years 1836, 1837, and 18.18. Articles. 1836. 1837. 1833. , Great Britain* /,. /.. /.. i Alum ..--.- 3,898 2,761 5.7,53 i Apparel, slops, and negro clothing • 604,8b3 631,301 684,934 Arms and ammunition 411.286 289,142 333,697 B^con and hams . . . - 42,319 35.840 41,226 Href and iKirk, lalted 136,898 119,117 1I8,4<6 Beer and ale - 264,560 288,235 311,792 [ Boiks, printed .... 178,034 147,430 141.913 ; Brass and copper manuracturra 1,072,002 1,166,082 1,221,(173 Bread ..nd biscuit .... 8,184 9,991 9,819 1 Butler and cheese . . . « 205,858 179 073 230,674 1 I atiinet and upholstery wires 7.5,511 67,357 77,201 Cods and culm . ■ • ■ 329,760 428,690 483,630 CorJaee ..... 84,475 73,211 92,906 Corn, ^rain, meat, and flour • 31,297 31,781 31519 Co'.ton mantiractures . • • • 18,482,586 13,632,148 16,709,136 yarn .... 6,120,326 6,955,938 7,431.049 Co'.vs and oitf.n .... 3,072 6.107 4,344 Eartiiennare of allsorta 837,4"3 563,082 651,095 Fish of all sorts 18-,43;> 185,120 210,601 Glass of all sorts 551,599 47.5,595 37.5.869 Haoeriashery and millinery . ■ ■ 681,980 414,687 514,0.53 Haniwares and cutlery . 2,270,630 I,4li0,404 1.497,525 Hals, l.eiver and felt - . . • • 147,907 104,100 ■ 91,256 of all other sorts 41,753 46,290 61,504 Hn[is ..... 11,783 10,547 17,397 Horses .... 98.302 75,215 63,283 Imn ami steel, wrought aad unwrought 2,310,207 2,00-3,708 2,530,895 Linl 26,585 14,782 22.433 Lead and «hnl .... 221,931 155,210 154,108 Leather, wrought and unwrought > 316,322 250,308 267,103 ■addlery iiid buDCM .• ■ • • 83.388 , 87,037 80,841 « 796 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS 5 ^1 is ^1 Talilo Ul.— continued. Arliflps. IS36. IM7. 1339. I.. I.. A. I.irifn nniuifarluros ... - . a,2l9,0-.3 2,10!l>97 2,7S,'-.,2,10 V.irii .... . . 31:-.,(j(lS 4I.'-|,728 6N7,HUI Mirliirn'iy ami ntill wnrk ..... 30ll,N,)2 4!'3,2II8 627,146 M.itlit-iiiAiiial aikI <)|>Iic.U tiiRtninients •ilfi.OlO Z7,2i9 21,474 MiiI'.H ........ fi,;)i;« S,I04 6,131 Music il ifislrumnit« ...... n.i'io Vl.lilH 6-.,2fli Oil, liatii of (irfciilaii'l fishrry .... r',si6 fi,7{IO 10,463 r.tiii'ii\' ccl'Hini ...... 2tO,s|| F, 1,307 177,673 I'li'f. (il.ileil Wiirp, jc'.vjllrry,antl watrhea 33tl,!<(iD 257,728 240,393 1'ot.llOfl ....... 4,91.1 7,0J0 I2,i70 .Sail 17I,IM 190.414 221,111 S.ilhictif, Ilriluli riliiml ..... 11,111 19,393 28,0:9 Snvliol ;ill wirli ...... »,wo 7,466 10.331 Silk iniimfirlurca . . .... ni«,777 6n;i.«;i3 777,2-3 Sdiji.imj caixtlt-s ...... •i:(i,:i2 230,8 li 334.2 m Sjiirtts • ...... ■iwn 10,4«.i 17,3S-. Slahiiiipry o( ill gnrts ..... 2it7,!>l5 )!>7,4'<9 2IH.I78 Siii{:u, ri'liiii'il ...... aii;i,:)« 4 ■:i,9-4 6.')3,222 *liii, imwnm^hf ...... 6I,M7 7,i,ir>7 1111,800 aiu! iMM*t('r wares, arnl lin pKifes 3S7,ri2S 37l,.il3 4M,7|1H Tnlnci'c, i;tamil"aclitrt'l 13,121 12,416 Toi^ii' 8 ..-.•• . I),-!!'!) 3,711 .1.490 llmhrtlUiam; paraiola ..... «,;.:iB 3!>,IHl 60,702 \V lull' one ....... in, -.so tj.347 6,201 \Vo.>l, si p-« 32S,W!) l8-.,;i(i0 3!.l,3-.6 \Vli:il ,.folh,T»o-ls a!).9«7 10,076 24.390 VVi.it I'll atitl uomtctl yarn ..... 3 11,6110 3,17,140 3«4,W5 W,) illi II iiniitifacluri's ..... 7,«3ti,ll7 4,6-.4,397 n,7'i»,417 All ollirr arlK-li-l ...... Tolal rnl ortI,"hrci! vihip of llif pnvliire in,l niimific. l,J!i:l,W2 1,117,209 I,3)i,i48 ttiri-s iif the 1 iiili-(l Ktii>;liMii fxpoiU-.l from (hmt /»m- /(ii/i lo forr.^a parts ..... Irrlaml. 62,94n,P3S 41,766,205 4!l,G10, oeaii) . . . • 212.SO-, Rrilish North Anieru-an Colo* Dt'iiinark 181.4114 Trip ill, Rirbarv, ami Morocco 74,0.3 nifs .... l,9fl?,45; Prussia .... 1 11,2 '3 \Vt.>r('rn Coas' of Africa 4n.'i'.4 — West Iniliei 3,ln3,4ll (iiTiiuiiy 4.9.'",lK1i) Cipe of 11 Kil llopo 623,123 Ifavti .... 250,13: 11 III ,11 1 3,-,49,4J9 Kis'ern 1 oist ot Alri'a lO.iW Cutji anil otiier Foreign West Il.'l.-iilill I.llli'-.OIO Atrif 111 Poriion the Rj I Sea - 1% Inilii's .... 1,02 '..111 friiui' .... 2,111,141 Amciimoii M.iii.l 1,0T-' I^nttel Slates of America 7vi8-.,Tw I'oriujal IVnpcr l,ll,-i.l96 I .ipe Veril IsLanll 1,1 J.' Mexico .... 419,7-( — A/ori'S 3-,3sS SI. Ilelnia Kl.!l>jn Coltinibia 174.3" - Miliira 34,4 7 .Mmritiiis 467,.14.' Hrajil .... 2.(iO(i,tO Spain ant 'he Itilcaric Islaiuls- 243.839 Arabia .... Iu7 StalMOf theRiodclari.ata . 6'i0,34 — ('.manes 47,10) Kist Iiiilia Company's Terri Chili - , . . 41 3.1; I C.ilirallir 8n4,0i|U lories an.i C'cvlon 3,«7lM9i Peru .... 412.11: Itilvaii'.i the Italian UlaiiJa 3,nVo.2.11 Cliiiia .... 1,2 '4, Mb Isles of Cluernsev, Jeisev, AI- Mil'a 2, '6,040 S\iiintra aiul .lava lOi.tf.' deriicv, and .\tau 313.H 1. mi 111 Islaii Is . 96,190 riiilippitit' Mai'ils 31,780 'I'mkev aii't Continental f'.recoe Ne.v .Soatli Wales, V.in Die- (i-xciilsive of ihe Morci) 1,-67,110 men's Land, and Swan River 1,336 8.2 Total ■iO,f 60,971 M irea ant dre k l.t.iiits 2n.SS7 Jxfinitrks on the uhove Tiihlis. — Foreiij^n Cdinpctltinn. — Tlit' fallinc; otriii thi^ exports i lvS37,(sr(' p. ;)f).) was almost c^nlirclv owing to thc< declinr in tlie oxporls to the I'liiti'd St;Uo whirli Cell oil" from r:.4V'!.'),fi()o/. iii"l830, to 4,695,22.")/. in 183V. But this cxtraordiiKir tloc'liiio was wholly owina: to aecidontal causes, or to the pecuniary ditlicultics in which I niercaiitiie class in the United States were involved in the hitter part of 1836 and 1S3' throii'^h the previous ahusc of credit, and the revulsion occasioned by the universal stoppiicr of tiie blinks. It was clear, that how severe soever in the meantime, any check to coiniiiorf oriiriiiatiiii; in such circumsiances would be of a temporary description ; and, in point of (aci its inlhience soon ceased to have any very j>erceptil)le operation, and our exports to the l.'nilc States were, in 1838, almost as larj^e as ever. But this is not all. Since the f()re|};oing tables were luiblished, an account has Iw printed exhiiiitinu; the declared value of the principal articles of native produce and iii3iit fucture exported from the United Kingdom in I8:?9. We subjoin this account, ami it i seen from it, that the increase in the value of the exports of the IS) articles which embraces in 18I!'J over the value of the same articles exported in 1838, amounts to ncarl 2,000.000/. (See p. 797.) It is oi)vious, thcrelbre, that the statements tliat have recently been put forth with so inuc misjilaced cont'idcnce, as to the injurious influence of foreign competition on our trade, an the ciMisecjuent decline of our ox()orts, are not mere exagu;eratioiis, but are wholly wiiliot any real foundation. 'I'he coin[)etition of Saxony, Rhenish Prussia, and Belgium, is rcprt ■ented as the niiist formidable ; and if we wight credit the statements put forth at publi TS IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 797 IWT. /.. 2,I0!1.'97 4iri,7ili 4!'3,J9S 27,2'>9 f.,104 II, ins f,JM If. 1. 307 2?>7,"26 7,0J0 190.414 I9.39i 7,4B8 60:l.6'>3 33U,8i) 10,4i'5 197.4S9 4 •3,9*4 73.157 S7I,SI3 13,1JI 3,711 3l',l«l U.347 i8-.,;if>o 10,07a 337, 1 40 4,6:i4,397 l,U7,ib9 I93S. 2,7Kr.,2.16 5H7,8U1 627,148 21,474 6,131 6'>,i9J 10,463 177,«7r( 240,393 12,'>70 221,111 2H,o:9 10.331 177.2 -9 334,2 m 17.3Si 2IK,176 101, KOO 4n«,7!W 12,4*6 fi.4>J0 60,702 6,201 3S1,3"6 24.i>90 3"4,ft35 6,7?3,417 l,3Ji,i46 41,766,205 303,010 49,0 10,'*96 420,074 50,060,970 I 42,0(J9,2-n iM?. Countries. L ISS, ,440 2U 71 411 62:1. 10 I 1 IJ 46 ,S0 .03 ■l',4 ,123 li. i"ii' ,07 ,34 <■ 167 .191 .l:)li New ZcaUnd and South Sea nrilisu' North Aroencan Colo- nits • , ,'. _ West Inliei "Si' an'lotl.er' Foreign West rnire'l'snlcsof America Mfiicn • CiilimiliLa Sl'at«of'theRioael.irl..tl riiiii ■ ' ; u''.i» of (HUTUspy, Jeiwy. Al- (liTiiin-, ami .Mali 1,997.457; 3,3«3.41l 250, 1 3S' |i,nii6-2| Total 3l3.-'il j0,r60,9:0^ r,.__Th.- fall.ns; otr 111 the expo t, U ill the exports to the, UnUotlt^UU., 1/ in 183-,. But this extmordinarN- U pecuniary dimcuUiesiawhu-h. he nVebtterpartof 183Banai^.!. cLioneahy'theuniversaUtopixi, L nleal..inH^ nny .heek to a.n« Lv description; and. in point ott cralion.ai.aour exports to the Lm.cJ ivo nublishea. an account has kon [id" of native produce and innnu; i Wc subioin this account, and . rxnorts of- the 19 articles ^vh.ch 'exported in 18.58, amounts to nearly Irecently been put Jbrth with so .nuA lloveien competition on our trade a ir'eralions.butarevvhollyvvuhou< Tnisli Prussia, and Belgu.in, is rop«- Ke Btatements put Ibrlh at pubhc Account of llic ilecUnnl Vnhio of tbn prinrlpnl Arliclrs of nritish ami Iriuli Prodm^o and Manufacture cxporUMl ill Itii! VcurH eiuling lliu f)tli of Jiiuiiuryf tH3'.> uiid IH to. Arlidet. (^nnN and ciiint • CotU'ii iiiinuf.ieturcs • vtrii - Kirllit'iiwait' . . - Il.irJivarft .iml cullftry I*iii«ri iiitiiul".irtmf» • y.irii ■ MuUli, viz.— Irmi am) steft C'iptii.T anJ brass l^fil Till, in I).ir9, kc. 'J'ln iil.Ui'i S,»It .... Silk niniuifidurt'ii Siin^r, rrtiu'-ii W'n tl. sliff|i*s nr bmbi' WiiiiMfii yarn WiKJlU'd iiuuuUclurua • Tntll o( \h- C'tTt-rn'mi arlirlcs 1(38. IhW. /,. /.. 4S.9-|0 R11,IS8 10,71 •.,v,7 17,U,1.13 7,I3I,«B') 0.'<.7,u:6 ("1,314 7liS,l|lii 377,2--.l 371.270 1.I!"-,M7 I.XIO.fHI.l 2.7,li.2T2 3,4.2.|SH l!3..H.:l fll.O'J 2.-.3> M'2 2.7n2,7,H 1,221,732 1,2'3,'>77 I.'i4,:2d l!li,t;4U li'l P4G 112,120 4l(i,V7 3I-..K2 223,156 2 9.1 1,>) 777,2'-0 Mi'i."t>H 6k'1..'47 213. \H 411,106 SM.S.'fl '■'*). \.V, 4(1 ,1KH ,'i,71'r.,(Jl9 C.27S,' B3 .MIII.MI I'l >i.;'.i tncetings, and circulated by the jness, as to the wonderful pro^rress of manufactures In the.'in countries, and the destructive inlluence of the Prussian League on our trade, it iiiiirlu ho supposed that our exports to (icrmany li;id lieeti reduced t ) little or nothing. Diit, how stands the fact ! The declared value of our exports to Prussia, (jerniany, Holland, and Uelgium, since 1830, has been — IS-IO. 1-3I. KV. 1 IS33. Kit 183%, { l''36. If 37. 1>3«, 1.. 177.921 4,46 ).6J) 2,02 .M-.> /.- Ill2.<>|ii 3,642,912 2,0<2,'>lti ■,.1lu.3ll 2 ■'.li'ii 5.0SS99T 2,750,30-^ /. 111.179 4.3},-.4'< ( 2,iSi.493 j 8(16,4 29 7,'>H<.01i1 /.. i:H,t>3 4,'i47,1Uii 2,l-0.;r,7 7.0 0)!! 7,003 9:. '1 A. 1 A. l«<,2:i lbO,722 4.fi'2,OuG 4,4:13.729 2,61", 10! 2,Vi9,H!-' (*l-,la7 M9,27(, f,2-.-.12S 7,973.119 /,. 131,^36 4,>.HS,0 ' 3 04 i.OiO to 1,9, 7 8,>i71,l'iS IS-.,125 4.'w»,ro'j 3 is 1 iJi l,OiiS'JlO 9. 7 01, 562 lTU*sia (ifrimriy I lloHioi Il.lgiiMn I Tnt.ll. It appears, therefore, that so far from there liaving licen any fullini? ofT in our trade with Gi-rmaiiy, and the countries through which Germany is supplied with manufactured goods, our es'iiorls to them have decidedly increased, and are greater at tliis nioiiient than they wero before ilie League was organised, or those improvements of which we have licaril so iiuicli, had made any progress. It is not competition of the foreigner but of the home maiiuficturers against each otlier, that reduces prices and profits, and gives rise to perpetually reciininf; complaints of the decay of tiade. Provided tranquillity be maiiitiiiiicd at home, and L'ritain continue to he exempted from that political agitation that is the bane of industry and the ' curse of every country in whicii it prevails, we have nothing to fear from foreign competition. Our natural and acquired advantages for the prosecution of manufactures and trade, aro vastly su(terior to those of every other country ; and though foreigners do excel us in a few dcp.irtmenis, and may come to excel us in others, so that the character and channels of our trade inav, in consequence, be partially changed, there is not so much as the shadow of a foundation for sup|)osing that its amount will he at all alleeted. On the contrary, it is all Imt certain that it will continue to augment with the augmenting wealth and population of the innumerable nations with which we have commercial relations. But it has been said, that though the declared value of our exfiorts in 1839 be considerably greater than in 1838, the quantities of raw cotton, foreign wool, &c. entered for home coii- Kiimption in 18:^9 were decidedly less than in 1838; and that, coiisequenMv, the extension of the expoit trade has been owing to the decline of the home demand for manufactures, originating in the depressed state of the manufacturing population. But we doubt whether there lie 1 .ucli in this, 'i'ho quantity of any article entered for home consumption is a tntrtlly dilferent thing from the qnaiilily actiuillfi mn.suriicd ,- and it is this only that is of the Lwst importance. Now it is phiin. that to determine the quantity consumed, we must not oiilv know the quantities entered for consumyition, but we must further know the stocks on hand at the beginning and end of the year; and before it can be truly allirmed that there has been any decline in the consumption of cotton goods, it would be necessary to know whether the stocks of such goods in the manufacturers' and dealers' hands had inerciscd or (liiniiiislicd. It appears from the Pari. Paper, No. SO. sess. 1810, that the cotton entered for consump- tion, in 1833, amounted to '1G0,7.'>6,013 lbs., whereas in 1839 it only amounted to 355,78 1,9G0 lbs,, being a decline of about 10.'),000,000 lbs. But the actual consumption dill not fall oil' in any thing like this proportion : on the contrary, it is staled in the most vahiahle document publisheil on the state of the cotton trade — tlie annual circular of Messrs. Holt& Co. of Liverpool, for the 3!8tof December, 1839 (vol. i., p. .522.)— that the con- Bumptiim of cotton in 183.^ amounted to about 416,700,000 lbs., and in 1839 to about 381,700,000 lbs., being a decline of only 3.'j,000,000 lbs., which was wholly owing to the increase in the price of raw cotton ; and we have been assured by those well acquainted with 3x2 798 Lir.HT-iioiJSE, tho fii("l;i, thilt (liirt (limliiiilioii of lh(> ronHiiniplioii liiii Iummi I'lilly li.iliiiirrd Iiy n prnporliorinte iliiniiiillioii of llm hlurkn of licilMlHicllirril ^'imlrt lirlii l>V til)' liiaiiiir.Kinrcr.s iiiiil iltMliTH; ni> tliiit ii winild ni)|ii'iir lli.il till' su|i|Msi'il iliTiiMsi- of till' liiimi' ili'iiiimil is almiil iis visimmry an till' siippnyicil liisiisiroiiM iiilliiriiiT of IVii-i^iaii mid Sm\i>ii cKiiiiii'iiiinii. 'I'lii' ilrrlino in lli« oiitrit's lit' liii('i).;n h!i('('|i'm won! in IS;H(, ih ciiiiiiiiii'd wiili iNitS, i:< ti>i> iiirntHidi'riililu to di'MiTVo nolii'i'; Inil, Niirll um it \>*, it is ri'itiiiniy tn Ix^ ilccDiiiitrd iWr in tlic hiiiiih iiiiiiiMrr. Ni> iloiiht, luuvi'vcr, tliiTO lins ln'Cii CDii-iiili'r.ililo iiicrciinlilii mid miiiiuf.ii'tmiiii; distri'SH duiiiii? Ilu^ list Iwi'lvo iiiDiillis; Iml its r\li'iil liiis Ix'rn ridii'iiliiiiHJy rx;i;;i'i'r:ili'(l, iind it in licHidrs clear ill. it r.'i('ii;ii i'iim|H'liiinii li.id iinilmu: In dii with it. 'I'lii- (li. ilmiir-lii' cauncs - to the lisr in lln> rati' of iiitrrt'hl, irid till' prrssuri' on tlii' iiumu'v iii.irlii't, ociMsioiiid liy llu" aliiisi's thai prriodii-aliy mid iiitin- Kitiily ^\iinv out of our vii'ioiis li.inUiiii; .sysli'Mi, and to tlir indilliiriil liarvrsts of I.SIH mid l.-vl',). Itiit till' reader may In' itssiiri'il llial there is iiiiiliini; in the situation of tliu inanufae' tuii'.s mid eoinineri'd .if tlie riiiiiilry that .sliould cveite any iilarin. Alllioiiiih, h.Hvevi'r, we atl.ieh no weinlit to the exauijerated and iiiifiiunded slalemeiitH that li «ve lieen so perseverinnly eireiilaled as to the deeay of trade, we me not cerliiinly of the nninlier of ih'se wh.t think that no eii.iiuv' slioiild he made in the eniiiinereial poliey of tlie eoniiliy, or that it, ni.iy not In' very niiieii.illy iiiipinved. Kestrietive ri'unlutions and oppressive duties, thoi|.j;h iiuuh dnninished ol l.ile je.irs, still eontiniie to exert a very povver- liil and misehievoiis mlliii'iiei' over many departments of iiidiislry ; and are, in f let (siipposiiiji; traiiipiiiliiy to he preserved), the only ihiiii; iViiin wliieli it is at all reasonahle to apprehend nnv si'rion-i iiijmv. It is in all lespeets of the utmost im[iortani'e that every praelieahle fllort Khonid he made for their modilieation and reduetion. They not only diminish exportation, hy diiiiinisliini; iinporlation, hiil inthi't a (irieviiiis injury on the eonsuiiier, without produeins; imv corri'spoiidiiii; advaiil i'.;e to the reveiiiie, to wliiih, indeed, they are deeidedly iiostile. l*erha]is, li.nvever, their worst edict consists in liie haiulie and pretence which they iilllird for all sorts of misrepreseutatioii and iihuse. 'I'liis h.is heeii slrikiii;;ly evinced in the recent liiscnssioiis as to the Cirii Laws. All pnlies, iii.iinifictnrers, and auriciilluiist.s, seen) pMie- rally to entertain the most erroneous notions as to the innuence of these statutes, 'J'he truth is, that, ill ordinary years, it is now, thanks to the spread of ii;;riculliiral improvement, nil lint impcrceptihlc. Diiiint; the six years endinu; with IS^ii, the average price of wheat in lireal. Uritaiii was .')()>•. '.^,7. a qnartcr ; and we are h.ild to say, that not a little of evidence has hecii, or can he produced, to show tli.il this price would liavi? hceii reduced .'><. u ipiartor had the poits hceii all the while open to iineondiiional imporlaliim Irom ahroad. Hence, were our manufactures re, illy decliiiiiii;. or in a peiiloiis .state, which happily they are not, it is idle to suppose that this dcidine or daiiLjer could he ohvi.iicd hy the repeal of the ('orii liaws. 'I'iie inlluenee of the latter is now littli' felt, except in iinfavourahle years, when I home crops are dcticient; hut iheii it is exlri'inely injurious. 'J'his arises not only from I restrictioiH w!iich they lay on importation at the time, hut also from the (liscoura;'eiin which ihey i>ive to w.irehousiiiLV in ordin.iry years, and, eonsi'i|iieiilly, forciiij; the reiiuir HUpply to he suddenly introduced, to the ureal tlcraiv^ement of the ordinary channels of tr.iilc mid of the ennencv. ISuch a slate of lliiiiL;s should not he allowed to exist; mid seeiiis; I the a\;ricullurists have really notliinj; to tear from the opeiiimi >'' the jiorls, sound poll would sui;ivest that foreign corn shouLl he admitted al all times for home consnniiilion, uiu such a re.isanahle eonsiaiil duly ('vw or (i.v. on wdieal, and other urain in iiroportioii) us in be re.piired to countervail the hurdens peculiaily allcctini; the land. 'J'he exclusion of f.nci suijar, ami the regulations as to the timher trade, are productive of iiothin!; hiil mischief, an liave not, in f ict, a siiis>le reileeminu; niiality uhoiil them: their elTcct is to add very maleriallv to the prii e of a most impc>rtaiit neeessary of life, ami of our houses, ships, and macliiiit and to dcjirive the Treasury of al least l,.''iOO.O00/. a year of revenue. But were the con laws and those rolatinu; to timher anil siii^ar placed on a proper footinu;, and some of the in oppressive duties in our tarill' as those on hrandy and hollands, adci]uately reduced, lilt toreiii[ii competition to which we miiiht he exposed wouKI he productive of nothin;; ndvaiilase. Such compelilion is, in reality, the vivifyimj principle of industry, curix dcucii viort ilia corda. It gives a new stimulus to the inventive powers, at the s.ime time that supplies new priniuels and new modes of onjoyment to reward the lahour of the induslrioui It must ever he hi)rne in mind, that the amount of the exports from a country always dcpeml upon, mid is, in fact, measured hy, the amount of its imparls; and while the maj^nitiuloo the laiter conlinuus to increase, and wc freely open our ])orl.s to the proilucls of nil couiitrii- and climates, we may bo sure that our exports will cijually increase, and bo found in eve market. — iS. (LIGHT-HOUSE. — The following six new light-houses have been erected on the coas of France : — I. l-innd ./ Sf. Marcniif. in l:ititiiiln of 49 ili'g. 2'.) mill. 5.5 sec, lnni;itiiilo 3 (leg S9inin. west nf I'.Tri? •he liiilii sliiiaii'd on ilii! tort, alioiu SJ levt uliove thti tevul uf tlie sua, and iii»y be percciveil, in I'm wcxthi^r, al llic itislaiu'o lit' lliri!i> leagues. 3. I'.irl .Vji' i/ 1, on the rijjiil siili! ol' the entr.ince of llie Morbilian ; llifi lizlit sitintnd on the poini kboul 70 feel above tlie sea, and u visible, iu line weailier, at lUe distance of 3 leagues. Ici LIVERI»0()L—()1»HJM. 799 "' -'"sn:r- ::'^'- I r.r ill t\\i' HiiiiKi iinuiiifr- " ■ il... r III' (if iiiU'r»"«t. er:;;,';;:;:::""-^ '-■•• UUI \^>Vl- 1.0011 uvlu.ul .)^. I '"^- r (',.. ,11 •,i-.)iiv;ivion>oii. ,,f our hou.0.. sh,,.s. u ^^^^ ^.^,^,, tSHcsSS ,ouUl bo Produonvc ot ^ J ' ;^^„, «,,nnoi,loot.n.U^Uy . -^^^^^^^,^ l"^' ^X\So ^Ju.o i-ulustno.. rowari\ ttu i.n ..i.vivs d.'penJs ually uiercas. . ana uc lou Les have been erected on Iho CO.. \{ the sea, and ui'^y i Kih^n-tliolialUBitiniedoulUcpoinl, 3. Citpn Ferrtt, nhnitl nnn mile north of tliB pnlriiiicn of llir ll.miii of Arrarlicui, in Inliliidt' i\ i\vg. 3H mill. U Hi'iv. loiiKiliKli' .'1 il''!.'. y^ iniii Kp ci'i- , wr-\ nf |':iiH ; llii; lit'lil mliiiiliMl iilxmt 'MU (vvl iihc.vu till' IcVi'l III' (III! Hi'll, mill vlMlllli' ut lllr lllnllllli'i- nlli li':i|:ili'>l. Till' almvi! iirii nil till! Alliiiilii. ciiUHlH. 'I'ln; riillnwiiii! iiri' on tlii> Mi'(llli;rriiniaii, iirar llir iiimillii of llif Itlioiii' : •t. /..I Cii/iKir/rHe.- Ill plnro of llin Hinnll li'.'lil Iichibi'h nti Ilii- ciisl liiink if llic iMitr;iTiri' cf Ilii- old Illmiif, 11 iii'w iiiii', i>rilii) llrst iir^irr, Willi a lixi'il IikIiI, Jims Ijitii rsiiililislinj mi ii Imwit. hi llir liilu'lit iiriiliiiiil '.Ml till iiliiivi' llir livil 111' I he sen. Ill laliliiil' el' 1,1 ilii;, •.'11 iiiiii, J(Ihi;i:., Ii.n^llilili; 'JiliK. 'ill mill. :i(l H'l'. I'lixt rriiiii I'lirix ; llii' liijlil visihlc al llii' iIimIiiih r iil'li liau'iiiH. .'». /'i.r( i/(! ('(iiii.i. Ill laiiniili' III' 1:1 ili'L'. i'i iiiiii. ,'m si'i\. liiiiuiiiKli' .'I ili'K. Iliiiiii. 'lOiii"!'. past from I'lirH, nil ilii> IpI'i HJilii nl'lliu liiitruiicu uI'IIip pint, UU tVi'l iibiivi' tliu Irvul i>riliu huh ; vlHlltli! at Itii; illH- talll'P III' it liM)!llrH (I. I'.fil fir Id ('i(i/(ir.-Aimtli(>r llulil on n tnwiT at tin- cnil nf llii- ni'w ninl|.. im tlii' riulit siiln nf tlii! pnlraiiip nrilii' |inrt, in latllinli! nl' i:i ili'U. 10 in in. .'lI mit . Innuiiiiili' Ilili'd 111 in in. •J'-mm'. lasi nl' I'arH, VKilili' at (III! iliitlmirii nl' a loaniii'H. 'I'liiM Hi:ciii il lij-lii will prrvi'iil all (inhKilnlity nl' iiii-,lakiiit| Ciiita, I'.pi' Ca-HiH. Mm. K.l.\ [liIV'l'IM'OOl,. Till! An.oricanoililor originally inloiiilcil to have fjivm n sppiirato nrlicio iiiidor tills lii-ail, as well as uiiilor lliat of IjihkIoii ; iiiit, on t'lirllior ciiiisidiratiiiii, lii< liiis jiidiriMl tins to lin itiiiioei'Ksary, 011 nccoiiiil of tlin very full ili'si'ri|itioii liy tlio aiillior of llio cuin- iiiiri'O of llio.'U' I'ilii's, in iho iirliclo Docks, in thi« limly ol' llic work. — .1;//. Kd.] [LONDON. (See liivi-;iii'i)(ii. in this suinileinuiit.) — Am. Ki/.] NAIFIM.IA. (Sec Uiikkce.) Ni:\vsrAPr,i{s. UiM'i'iiN c.r llir Niiiiilii'r nf ,Siain|M issiii'il to tlio iliir.'ri'iit Newspapers in riiKJaml ami Wales, Sent- |:inil. .'iiiillrelanil. iliiriiiu eai'li nl'llie 'I'liree Years e ml nil! I lie .Mil nl' .la unary. IMI'.l. (ruiiiplleil Iriini the /',u/. I'dpii, i\n. OlM. Hi'.aa. 1n:iU.) N. ». 'I'liii reihaeil rati! of duly touk elleelnn tlic lilli nf Septeiiiller, If^illi. K'.rlaiid. n'll'tiilnprrs iiuliii-ul i>A Srolliiiul. H't'lcll [WplT* IrfJaUll. ;nilMinl'a!i"f'P ijllll cnillitr! I |l,l|Klil i.. isao. •rf. S'siiipii. t3,3«T,S-'. 11. III. I till. Sl;illtp9 I St.Mlipi. I St.-||lip4. SJ,lJi U.Jil.WS 43,0t0 IS37. III. Sf;niip^. 5,744,eu 33,000 Neiviip.ipt!is. 2,94 1, bSJ 3,754,6liil 27,300 Suppli'iiirtiti. Nc\vap.ipers. Newspuppn. I,4!I7,3'3 l,2iB,707 74.'',Wi Mti.lBa 2,10J I l-M. Siipplu* iiiniU. .'ijSOO 2,000 21,720,!31ii J!l,lUI,nj(l 0,&iU,'.8) 14,837 ,S43 Ni'iv* p.ipcra. 2,!1l3,9>i3i 3,893,710 l,(. Nuivs. papers. 1.2.1. .SUllip-* 21)1,73(1 198,.'>3ll 2,219,7-1'! 2,flM,f.'.7' 3>'.M7.2."I' 2,990,48;^ 2,223,333' Suppli*- lllflll!!. 79,400 l-2il. Supple iiii'ii^a. !.3,r2 2,VIW Tnhl. Ih3' . ■foljl. 21,001,0 ;o \,l. .Sl:lll.p«. 2.^•.lU,2.^1 I-2pI ,SI:ui>|s. 171,UM 28,(;SI,367 I6,03b,373 l:,,989,432 2.8,244 Sllppll! tllCMlS. l6,2l7,li7C Ni^ivs. p.ipt-rn. 3,973,11" 4,110,912 111,284 4,J2S,370 3,0 tS,'.! 3 \,l. p:ipt'r4. 2,929, I J3 1 til. Sii|ipli'- llll-lllS. 62,Clti 2,99'2,07t 2,2 I9,ifl3 "vl9^,:l3! 2,2J0,136 12,791 2,318,927 Al.lSS.lll Ufti'HV nf till- Aniniiiit of AilvorlisniiiPiit Duly paiil hv tlin Dillerent Newspapers in Kn;;laml and Wales, Si'iitland, and IrulamI, diiriiij; cacli uf tliu Tlirce Vuars undiiig lliti Mi u( January, 1839. (rniiipiliid as aliiivi) ) bvi.lon pippf* ..... Kticlisli priiviiiL'i.^i p.ipfrs . . - • SmU'Ii P»|U'|S ..... Otilihii pipt 171 .... . Insliruuuliy p.i|K>ra .... 1836. IJ37. l-a8. /. 1. rl. 40ti40 3 44 441 Ii S I0,lili'i 13 Ii 4,I0'I 14 4,U).3 4 7.. I. 1/. 39.02 •> 3 U 4P-,« 9 10 7 11,687 2 4,M0 8 4,0i6 8 8 ir8.148 II 3 /.. .. d. 41,448 17 f.ll.ti.',-. 5 1 13,IVH 7 6 4.m5 17 4,130 H tOI.213 1 2 II6,:2I 12 11 It is RPcn from the first of the above returns, that the principal increase lias been in the circnlalion of Eimiisli provincial papers, which lias risen from 9,.');')'J,f)i^o in 18'?G, to 1 !>.'.; 17, t)70 in 1H;W, bciiic; a rise of about 70 per cent. In Irclaiul, the slamii iliily, pre- viously to the roiludioii, was lower than in Uritain, and the iiK'a.«ure has consequciilly had comparalivi'ly little inlhience in that part of the empire. — !S. OIMII.M. Tlie opium trade, as the readers of the Dictionary are aware, has been, for a li'ii!;ihenod period, prohibited by the (/limese government, and has, in conseipience, been CDiulueted as a si>rt of sniuggliii!; speculation. 'I'here would seem, however, to he "oncl Broimds for thinking that the prohihilioii of the importation of opium was all along intended to be tnirc apparent than real. .\t all events, it is certain that the trade has grown gradu- ally up, from a small bet^innin;;, to be one of groat extent and value; and it is contradictory mil! absurd to suppose tliat this should have been the case, had it oncouiiteied any consider- alile opposition from the (Jhinese authorities. But the truth is, that these functionaries, iii- RteaJ of opposing the trade, or even merely conniving at it, were parties to its being ojienly carried on ; and received certain regulated and large fees on all the opium that was imported. It has even been alleged that a part of these fees had found its way into the imperial treasury at IVkin, though that is more (loubtful. 'J'he appetite for the drug increased with the in- creasing means of gratifying it ; and there appeared to be no assignable limits to the quan tity that might be disposed uf in the empire. 800 OPIUM. ^1 Pi The rapid RxtcnHion of tho trade floetns nt len^tli to hnvo awakfnrd the nttcntion of thn court of IVkiri to the subji'ct. W'e doubt, howevrr, notwitlislaiidinK wliat lias lu-cn nlloRoiJ to tlie coiitriiry, wlu'lher a sense of the injurious con>ie(|UPnrps of the use of the drui; hud much to do in tiie ninlter. This, indeed, is ii part of the subject as to wliirii tliero exists ii great deal of niisiipprehensioii ; and we tire well assured, that, provided it be not carried to excess, llie use of opium is not more injurious than that of wine, brandy, or oiher Htiinulatits, In truth and reality, the alarm of the ( 'hincKe government was not about the health or niora's of its sulijects, but about their bullion ! They arc still haunted by the same visionary fears of being drained of a due 8\ipply of ijold and silver, that formerly haunted the people of this country. The imiiorts iif opium bavin;; increased so ra[>idly as to be no longer balanced by the exports of tea and silk, syeee nilver began also to lie exported ! 'I'he court of I'l'kin could have toli'r:itrd what arc rallied the demoralising ellects of opimn with stoical indilVer- cnce, but the ex|)orlatii>n of silver was not a thing to be endured. — It is, however, only fair to stale, that the (.'hinese staleHtuen are not all of the liexley school; and that some of them ajipear to have taken an enlightened view of the question, and to have einanei])ated thcm- Bflves from the prejudices that still influence a majority of their colleagues. The statesmen in (|uestion contendi'il, that the taste for the drug was far loo deeply seated and too widely dilfuscd to admit of its ell'eetual prohiliition ; and they, therefore, proposed that its importa- tion should be legalised, subjecting it, at the same time, to a heavy duly. 'J'here cannot be a doubt that this was tlui proper mode of dealing with the subject. In the end, however, fhn government of I'ekin, iiilluenced by unfounded theories, as to the mischievous cllect of the export of ihu precioua metals, came tu a dillercnt conclusion, and resolved to put a stop to the tradi.'. No sooner h;id this resolution been adopted, than a most extraordinary change appears to have taken place in tlii^ conduct of the Chinese authorities; and their usual caution seems lo have wholly deserted ihein. They now became as preci[iitate and violent as they had pre- viously been slow and circumspect ; and resolved at all hazards to attempt forcibly to put down the trade. To accom]ilish this, all foreigners were, in March, 1H;59, prohibited from leaving Canton ; and compulsory measures were at the same time resorted to for compelling them to deliver up the o|iiutn in their possession. How the alVair might have ended, had our countrymen at Canton been left to the exercise of their own judgment in this crisis, it is impossible to say ; but we have been assured by those on whose statements we are disjwsed to rely, that they would most probably have sue ceedcd in getting out of it with comparatively little loss. Instead, however, of acting fir themselves, they had to act in obedience to the orders of Mr. Elliot, chief superintendent of the British trade in ('auton ; and he, while under constraint, occasioned by coniinement the factory, and without supplies of food, which was withheld by the (Chinese, commandi all the opium belonging to Uritish subjects to be given up to him for delivery to the (Jhinr authorities; declaring, at the same time, that "failing the surrender of the said opium,'" tl British goveriunent should be free "of all measure of responsibility or liability in respect British-owned opium." We do not presuuie to ofl'er ony opinion os to the necessity or policy of this proceeding the part of the superintendent; but, in consecpjence thereof, ami of the unjustifiable proceed ings of the Chinese, above 20,0(10 chests of opium, worth upwards of 2,0()0,()00/. sterlinc were delivered up to Mr. Elliot by British subjects, and by him to the Chinese aulhorilii and the latter, not satisfied with tho possession of the opium, which it was their duty to Iiav placed in a slate of security till the mailers with respect to it should be arranged, imimvliatt proceeded to destroy it! Having succeeded thus far, the Chinese next insisted that the forei merchants should subscribe a bond, pledging themselves not to import opium into any p; of China; or that, if they did, they were to be justly liable to tJic penr.lty o{ iliuth. But till condition being refused, and no arrangement having been come to, Mr. Elliot suspended ihi trade on the 32d of May ; and a collision has since taken place between a British sloop war and some Chinese junks, when several of the latter were sunk. Sundry grave (|uestions will, no doubt, arise out of these extraordinary proceedings. Th the Chinese have the same right to exclude opium from their empire, that we have to prohili the importation of beef, or ummunilion, or to lay a duty on corn, does not admit of an question. But in endeavouring to suppress a trade that had been carried on under the sane lion of the authorities at Canton, all of whimi had largely parlici|. , r 1 c n.i.chievou. cllect of th.- o;%i.d resolved to put a Btop... Bt extraordinary chanRO arrears to '. S their usual canton seem ;, .i and violent as thcv had pre. ;;'^rre^or;Jr.rco„ipeUin, at Canton l-eon left to the exercise „„ but we have been assured l>y say, but wc na . j ^j, sue liev would most piouaoij ■■» r Instead, however, otncungt.. Mr. Klliot, chief superintendent d rant, occasioned by confinement « iTil bv the Chinese, con.mandoa '^'hiXdehverytotheCjne. e surrender of the said opium, tl .;,oii«y or liability m respect ol •ssity or policy of this proceeding on kS and of the uniuslifi^hle proceed- ," 'upwards of 2,.)()0.(>00/. slcr in , ,1c to V^" I ""■ -Elliot suspended the Ke^twee^nUvitirh sloop of l:r:Xi;dinary proceedings. TbJ their empirc,lhaiwe have to prohibit «nn corn does not admit ot any It Llbe^ carried on under the sane. Lw pa ticipatcd in its profits, jast.c Serconcerncd of the intentions S;L were in the habit or.^^';^ . l,ut as no attempt was ever niaai o .;s'::::g:gedinthetradewerenaurj . Hence the necessity lor a ouu 'lose are clearly entitled to proh.bit t..* importation of opium ; hut neither the (^hin(^^e nor any other nation are rntilli-d, after having, by a long eonnivunee nt ami participation in the Iraile, iiithiced r.treigiierH to import a largo amount of viiliinlile properly into their territories, to pounce upon and sei/.e such pro|)erty on jiretenee of it^ being conlrahiind ! The ('hines,- are a ri'markiihly cli'Vi r people; and it is impossihle that they nhonU not see that, in this instanee, iheir government has heen guilty of the grossest injusiiee ; and that it has rendered itself liable for the full value of the property it has HO unwarrantably sei/.ed and destroyed. Hup(tose the Hriiish parliament iiad, in I TOH. passed an art prohiMiing the iinportntion of tea; and Hujipose farther, that llie collector of customs and other aulliorities in liiverpool had paid no attention whatever to tiiis act, luit that, from l'/'.)C> down to the present day, they had openly countenanced the trade, that it had rapidly increased; and that every year hundreds of Chinese ships laden with tea had arrived in the Mersey, safely unliailed their cargoes, and sailed either with silver or other Hriiish produee on board : what, under Ihcsii circumstances, would the ('hinesu have said, had the Hriiish jr nernment snddeidy turned round and declared, " You are engaged in an illegal trade;" and wiihout farther intimation have proceeded to seize and destroy all the tea belonging to them in England ! Would not the Chinese, the Jiussians, French, and, in short, the wholi' world, have di'ciared sneh an act to be llagrantly nnjnst ' And would nut every honest man in Kngiand have- said that tho ('hiiiese had been swindled ; and that the government of (Jhina did not deserve to be treated with ordinary respect, if it did not endeavour to procure redress for its sul'jeclH. Now, this is precisely the ease of Encland against the Chinese. 'I'lie morality or immo- rality of tho opium trade is wholly beside the iiuestion. Tiiougii o|)ium were ten times more injurious than has ever been represented, that would not alter the fact tiiat the trade in it had been openly counlcnanccd by the (Jhinese authorities for a period of more than forlv years; and such being the ca«e, foreigners were ecitainly entitled to infer that that couiiKmnnce would not suddenly he withdrawn ; and th i', nt all events, their property would be respected. This, in fact, is not a question about whi. h there is any real room for doulit or dilU'rence of O[)inion. The conduct of the Chinese has been most unwarrantable ; and the government of this country has not only a well-founded claim for redress, hut is called ui)on to enfi)rcc it by a just regard for tho national honour and the interests of the Hritish suhjicts, whose rights have been so outrageously violated at Canton. It is laiil down by all writers on |)ublic law, that it depends wholly on the wrl of a nation to carry on commerce with another, or not to carry it on, and to reirulate the manner in which it shall he carried on. ( Valtcl, book i. § 8.) Hut we incline to think that this rule must ho interpreted as applying only to such commercial states as recognise the geniTal prin- ciples of public or international law. If a state possessed of a rich and ONtensive territory, and abounding with products suited for tho use and accommodation of the- jieople of other countries, insulates itself by its institutiims, and adopts a system of jmlicy that is plainly inconsistent with the interests of every other nation, it appears to us that such nation may bo justly compelled to adopt a ciiurse of ])olicy more consistent with the tjcneral well-being of mankind. No douht, tlio right of inteiference, in cases of this sort, is one that should bo exercised with extreme caution, and re(iuires strong grounds for its viudiciiion. Hut that this right does exist, seems suHiciently clear. Wc admit that a slight degree of inconvenience, experienced from one nation refusing to enter into commercial transactions with another, or from its insisting that these transactions should be carried on in a troublesome and vexatious insnner, w>)uld not warrant any interference with its internal atl'.urs; but this, like all other questions of the same kind, is oiio of degree. Should llie inconvenience resulting from such anti-social vexatious conduct become very oppressive on others, tlie parties so ojjpressed would have as good a right to interfere to enforce a change of comhu t, us if the state that has adopted this anti-social offensive policy had o[)cnly attacked their teriitory or their citizens. A state has a perfect right to enact such rules and regulations for its internal government and the conduct of its trade as it pleases, i)rovidcd they do not exercise any very injurious influence over others. But should such he the case — should the domestic or com- mercial policy of any particular state involve principles or regulitions that trench on the rights or seriously injure the interests of other parlies, none can doubt that these others have a right to complain ; and, if the injury he of a grave character, and rcilress be not obtained on complaint being made, — no reasonable doubt can be entertained that the aggrieved party is justified in resorting to force. 'J'hese principles appear to us to apply with peculiar force in the case of China. Tea, a peculiar product of that country, has now beconie a necessary of life in England; and no one can doubt that a most serious injury would he inflicteil on the people of Britain, were any considerable impediment thrown in the way of its importation ; and as the arbitrary policy of the Chinese government, which is not inlhienced by tho maxims, and is regardless of the forms, that prevail among civilised states, has already interrupted this trade, and con- stantly exposes it to great dangers, it certairdy appears that this is a case for forcible inter- vention — dignus vindice ii')dus, — and that we are entitled to demand that tho trade should 101 802 PAPER, STOCKS. i 5 q o ^ he plnrnl on n iioliil footinpr. that the import onJ rxpnrt dutic* Hhotilil he rcndernl intrlligihle •ml innilnatc, iitul tliitt un iMiJ ithuuld tiu put to tlic fxturlioii uiid iiiturlcrviict) uf tho C/hiitiMO ■uthorilicM. — er of any very material importance. Ah renpecU revenue, loo, the meiinure promises to lie most Buccessfnl. In \8'M'>, the nett produce of the duties on paper, in the I'nited Kin(;dom, amounted to 7l.'),7'i:)/., of which the duty on Htained |)a|)er produced OO.MI/, The latter duty, utt already hccu, was totally repealed in 181)8, and deduetintf it, the duty on [)riiHinK and writing papers, paste-board, &c., in IH:!.'), amounted to (!,').'), G()2/. Mow, the rates on the latter dcscrijitions having betii reduced a half, it follows, that had the consumption continued stationary, the duly would now have amounted to ',i'i'i,SO\l.; whereas, it amounted, in 1838, to 5.')|uc furro. The only, thing to bo regretted, is that the pruning knife ia seldom vigorously and skilfully applied. — S, STOCKS. [Wc give the following Tables, exhibiting the fluctuations in stocks in two of the princ pal markets of the United States during the yeor 1840. — The fullowini; prices of some of tlio prinripal fincks snid In tlip NewYork market at or near the clcso ul' each iiiuiitli in tile yi>ar lU-lU : Stnclu. Jan. Feb. .March April. Mar- June. July. 021 Av%. Sept. Oct. .Nov. Dec. irniled Stntps Ranlt . 7fiJ 73 72 74 70i 731 i 65 03 66 J 65i| CIJ Bank of New York . 11:1 . - . 117 ♦ 117 ♦ 117 125 }12J }125 123 120'- 123 !}|2I Maiiliatlan R:ink - „ 11-2 85 85 86 82 86 91 1 031 02 95,' 96 (16 Merctiants' Bank - . IKti- - - . jlin 109 1101 110 Olio ♦ 100 112 114 115 J1I5 Mechanics' Uank - . 9» un 97 i 100 KKU 102 99) lOOi 101 100} I01}| 103 i Union (tank - - 10(1 iin 109 {107 108 no ♦nil ♦111 113 no 110 110 1 Bank of America - . lis lis no 114} 114 nil 114 114 II6i 115 116 Uf'.l PlKTiiix Hank - 791 75 78i 79 79 8li SIJ 84 86 J851 84 i<^i Dry Dock Hank - . (jo 50 4» 531 47i 4fli 40 44} 00 75 62 m DttlawarK anil lliidson Cinal ti'.li •a:. 07 i 73 73 78} 751 76 1 1 s 79 86 ; 'S.lj Lafayctie Dank _ fifl fiH 08 73 ♦73 78 ilH 78 80 (10 89 ' ♦!,l) Meclinnii's' lianking A 9sn. . fil 6'H OH 69 6S3 76 70 73} 76 791 80J Mi; American Exiliange H ink 413 bii 80 80 83 90 !io: n 95 9Ti 94 J ra Bunk of Commerce, scrip ■ 9ti3 98' 971 971 98 991 OS' 98 m 991 99.' OS Norlti American Trust Co. - 411 481 433 43i 34 32 801 26| 26 323 283 *>,,■ Mnliawk Railrnnd . 62J dih 05 69 07} 74 70 7li 68} 691 70 kV Pntersiin Kailrond . 4.1 4(1} 41 42 40 41 38 39 39 45 .50; .VJ Boston & I'rdviclencpU nilroad 1(11 WZ (10 91 9» 98 92 93} 95 94 03^ >.>3 New .lersey Railroad _ 7Hi 8!,'. *'i 82 80i 81 71} 74 76 78 76 :f' Stiiniiiglon Railroad . 15i 16! 12} 181 m 18 171 24 29 5t 281 S>; Hiirleni Riiilroad - . 4IS 4ti 4.51 45> 4()i 4|i sr-; 39 37 4(ti ,"!i; 'j> IJtica Riiilrniid . 115 118.' 122 12U 130 130 12-2} 125 126.! 129 129 !:!i; I.onc Island Railroad . !)0i .'.0.; 50i- 109 54 .5(1} 4n 481 50 49i 56A .551 5.M Syracuse Raiiro id . 107i- 107; 114 119 121 ISO nwj 116 117 120 Hi Farmers' Trust Company 77.5 83 83i 82} 781 82 F.O 78 76i 84 811 f?; Canton Cnnipany - - 27J 28 23 27 21 J ! 24} 21} 22 2> 281 2411 iiJi • OfTered. ) Asked. STOCKS. 803 ,houia be rcnarrrJ in*ibl- ,ai.,lurlc.«»c«oflhc«^'l»'»^" ,c arliclo Paper in ihU cJUion to nuU.or. nn.l puWi^hoT.. ».y :^. .,,,,,• Ih. author, or in... ,.,..Vuh.lio.. i« inir.Misra Ly - .,, ,,«,K;r. »..«w Ihn.U-a, >";•>•' 1 llui Ibe hanUh.i. u.nicl. J only hiilf il8 formrr niiiounl. w ,t .ucccshM. In 1830 the nrtt u,Ueato7ir,,7.V.)/.,ofwh.chlu, ": UH ireaay .ccn. «u« totally e latter ac«cn,.lionHhavu.KU-." lltionary.lhcauty>voulJnow ; r was' Btm greater. 1 - . Thf Prlcei of loma of the princlpnl Btncki inlil In th« riiilnilclpliia Market at or netr (lie cluie of each Montti III tliu Vuar IMO, ItMto J«ii. r«i.. Mar. Apn M.y June. July. All*. i S.,,1. (Icl. ! Nov. !>«'. J«n. mil. D.ir. Jan. IDlOklHII. l^nlreil Sinic* Hfink NO I 7M 7S1 7H/ '7irii4ii 00 "tiir "oT 07; 07 01 .'lO 301 MiM'hiinii'ii lliiik 33 331 33) 3«i 351 3«1 30 30| .30} ;io; 3v 35! 4o; 30 30] 31 1 ailv. • iiriird lliink - - - 33! 33} 3fli| 40 3u; Wi 3H 301 301 31 I - riiriinTn mill Mi'rh. Dank 51* .19 1 S3 SOI 53 • .141 51 1 911 9li 50 1 .101 55j 52) 3 I'l'iin 'I'liivniililn' llitiik .19 11 •111 5,1 53 511 5|i 51 5J .191 f>'ii .191 7i- I'lMiiiHylviinlit lluiik 40il lOOi l(K)l 111 IIU 410i 109 105 400 110 115 419 395 Mi'ri'liiintii mill Morlianicn' ilmik i>r I'litHhiirg ,11 48 451 40 41 45 . . 47 471 - 471 47 4 r.xi liiiiiirn lluiik 37 ■ 3S . - , • 49 19 - 44 43 — Cniiiiiiircliil, Clni'lnnati - H.I HO HU) 0.1 0(1 (Wi HM 091 93 09 911 - HHl 31 - Nnrllirrii, KiMitiicky HV N3i H3 H5 00 HO H71 03 b71 IHI O-il 01 HI 9i - lliiiiin, Ti'iitii-xm-i' - 071 fi.l flU 00 OH 07 01 00) 071 001 70 70 051 9 Vll•kHl.llr^ll. U.('o.,MI»i. 1.1 l.1| 1.11 171 15 19 V 10! OJ '3 151 13 1(1} t'l 5) \t'W Orll'IIIK (illM - 13 10 10 10) 11 11 101 103 13 13 - 01 31 \. Am. Inn. Cii. IMiilnila. 11 7 OS «i OJ . «1 9 101 lo; 10 1 — (ilr.'iril l.il'it mid 1'ruiit 22^ 31 991 93 511 941 241 931 141 211 95 95 911 91 - ? D^litwiiri! Hl IIiiiIikiii Ciiiinl n 7.1 711 7.1 70 70 . 78 78 _ 87 ' - 95 93 - MorriH «'miiil . - - 13 m 13 10 15 to 10 9 81 (ViniiliMi mill Aniliny R. 11, III) 107 103 no IIHJ 1101 m 107 IIW 113 110 1011 901 131 IMilliiilil. mill 'rritlitiill ill). U3i UU 1001 105 110 " . lOil 103 1001 1001 - 90 i - I'jilliiili'lptilii.Wiliiiiiigtnn, 1 mill Haltiiiiiire 44 411 431 49» 40 1 40 431 44 43J 44 45 ' 485 .39} 4i .- 10.', 5 101; 1051 1041 1031 101! 1031 103 109) loo; lOOJ .'i 1 rciiii'ii. HihihS pcruta. - U5 031 00 01 01 (rrj 05 071 91 01 Oil 931 HO 9 1 Cily 5 per .■eiits 100 100 lUl 1051 105i 103 - - lou 109 - 101 1 - .dm. JCU.] 19 sciaom vigorously and s! ikilfully ons m si locks in two of the princi- NewYork market at or near thocUso b40: Nov. 1 Dei'. I 05ii ci; 193 Ijlll 90 I W 115 l;)ii5 101 3 1 103 I 110 j 11(1 116 I llf; M I ;>'J C2 i ^Vl hO 1 S3i 89 I ♦to 80-1 !>:'; 9-l.ii ^3 90i I ?"i 2H}j W; 70 t.ii 501 .V2 931 W THE END. ; Asked.