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M_ DOMINION ARTILLERY A^mCJA'noyi.}^f 
 
 PRIZE ESSAY. 
 
 ON THK PROPORTIONS OF ARTILLERY (FIELD, SIEGK AND GARRISON,) 
 IlEQUIRKD FOR TIIK PRESENT FORCE OF ACTIVE MILITIA OF 
 THE DOMINION, WITH SUGGESTIONS AS TO THEIR ORGA- 
 NIZATION, EQUIPMENT AND LOCALIZATION. 
 
 BY 
 
 Bt Major J. G. Holmes, 
 
 II A '' 
 
 ^" Battery, C. A., Adjutant School of Gunnenjy Kingston. 
 
 .A.TJ(3-TJST, 1378. 
 
 
 QUEBEC : 
 
 PIHNTKD AT TIIp: OUNNKRY SfllOOI, PUKSS, C'lTADKL. 
 
 isTs. 
 
 ••• c .- i 
 
DOMINION ARTILLERY ASSOCIATION. 
 
 PRIZE ESSAY, 
 
 fi9 THE PROPORTIONS OP ARTILLERY (PIKLD, SIEGE AND GARRISON,) 
 REQUIRED FOR THE PRESENT FORCE OF AC'iiVB MILITIA OF 
 THE DOMINION, WITH SUGGESTIONS AS TO THFJR ORGA- 
 NIZATION, EQUIPMENT AND LOCALIZATION. 
 
 BT 
 
 ^ Bt Major J. G. Holmes, 
 
 *' A*^ Battery, Canadian Artillery, School of Gunnery, Kingston. 
 
 -A.UGTJST, 1878. 
 
 i 
 
 QUEBEC : 
 
 nfellTSD AT THB OUMNBRY SCHOOL PBKSS, GITAPKU 
 
 18*78. 
 
ON THE PEOPORTIONS OF AETILLKRY (FIELD SIEGE AND 
 GArvEISON,) HEQUIRED FOR TllK PRFSKNT FORCE OF 
 ACTIVE MILITIA OF Till'] DOMINION, WITH SUGGES- 
 TIONS AS TO THEIR ORGANIZATION, EQUIPMENT 
 AND LOCALIZATION. 
 
 *' Carjje diem, quam minimum credula posiero." 
 
 " Horace," Book 1. 
 
 Canada, owing to tho vast and important natni-e of its public works, 
 such as canals, railways, etc., in which it has boon, and is engaged, 
 has been unable to devote very much of its revenue to dolensive pur- 
 poses, and dei)onding, as jtdid, upon Iho Inipeiial Governmont, wlioso 
 troops, u]) to 1(S71, were qtuu'tored in tho country, and who occupied 
 and kept in repiiir, all the pci'mancnt fortilications, as well as supply- 
 ing their armaments, little was done in the Artillery branch of tho 
 Militia Service. A few Field Batteries woio organized in dilleient 
 parts of the countrj-, in sucii places as chance led to their formation, 
 without reference to anj* particular scheme of defence. 
 
 Gai-rison Brigades and outlying Battei-ies of Artillery were formed, 
 nnd accepted just as tlsey ollercd; irre,si)cctive of their actual use in 
 case of sudden hostilities, in fact, just as the whim of their comnumd- 
 ing officers might lead them, whether to be Artillery, Cavalry, or In- 
 fantry — the colour and cut of their uniform, having more to do with 
 their nature of sci'vicc, than any consideration of usefulness. This 
 led to our having, in the case of Garrison Artille;y, e~pecially, a 
 number of corps organized and equipped as Artillery, but except in 
 the matter of unifoini, dillcrent in no j^articular from Inhmtry. To 
 rectify this, and to have Aitillery corps organized, equipjjcd, and 
 drilled, in places wheie they would be most uselul, and where they 
 could learn, in tho short time alloAved them by tho piesent system of 
 annual training, the duties they would ^o requijed to pei-form in 
 actual warfare, is now the aim of those who have tho welfare of the 
 artillery in their esj^ocial charge, viz: the Ins])ectors of Artillery, 
 and who are, it is believed, fully supported by the Lieut. General 
 Commanding tho Militia of Canada. 
 
THE PROPER PROPORTION OP FIELD ARTILLEBt. 
 
 In determining the pwpor proportion of field artillery to inCantry, 
 a great many things have to be taken into consideration, among 
 which may bo considered, the nature of the country in which tho 
 operations are to be conducted, whether wooded or open, moitntain- 
 0U3 or level: moans of transport, such as railways, good roails, Water 
 communication, plentiful or the reverse : whether the campaign is to 
 be of an aggressive character, or is to bo caiTied on in a eti-ictly de- 
 fensive mannoi". 
 
 Canada presents in its different provinces, a variety of those con- 
 ditions hardly known in any European country, its immense fion tier 
 open to attack, the densely wooded districts, varying from the 
 "Wosloin boundary of New Brunswick, to the Eastern Townships of 
 the Province of Quebec, the comparatively open and well cultivated 
 country, lying between those townships and the Western limits of 
 Ontario, as well as the diflbrenccs of population, numbers of horses, 
 etc., compels us to consider in detail, the ditl'erent requircTiioniK, as 
 well as means, of keeping up efficient batteries, in thedifl'ercnt loca- 
 lities whore they would be most useful. Farming communities are, 
 «8 a rule, the most favourable localities in which to raise Field 
 Batteries. Here the men own their own horses, they are accustomed 
 to ride, and drive them, as well as to feed and groom them, and the 
 horses from being accustomed to work in pairs, are much steadier in 
 manoeuvring, and under lii'C, than horses obtained in cities, and 
 towns, where they have to be hired wherever they can be obtained — 
 strange to each other, as well as to their drivers, who, as a rule, know 
 little regarding the care and requirements of the animals, on whose 
 well being and condition so much of the efficiency of the Battery de- 
 pends. 
 
 Upon means of transport depend, in a great measure, the number 
 of guns an army will take into a campaign, for the large number of 
 carriages of all descriptions which necessarily accompany the 
 Artillery, renders their transport, a matter of very serious conside- 
 ration. If railways ttre convenient, of course a great deal of the 
 transport of both mcn^ horses, and material, may be performed by 
 them with the greatest ease, and consequently the proportion of 
 
ft 
 
 he 
 in 
 
 of 
 
 Artillorj cnn bo as great as possible, n« is consistent with the pervico 
 likely to bo demanded of it; if the ordinary roads are g(M)d, a large 
 pi'oporticn of Artillery can be employed, us it will bo able to move 
 itself without any extraordinary strain being thi-own upon it, but 
 should thoro bo neither railways or good roads, and instead there 
 should be nothing but the wretched cart triu-ks, miscalled i-oads so 
 prevalent in this country, the work of moving a largo force of Ar- 
 tillery would be most difficult. The roads ba<l at the commencement, 
 under heavy traffic, caused not only by the moving .f the Artillery, 
 but also by the immense trains of wagons necessary to supply the 
 Infantry and Cavalry with food, forage, ammunition, and other 
 supplies, rapidly become so bad as to bo almost impassable. Whether 
 the campaign is to be of an offensive or defensive character deter- 
 mines to a groat extent the proportion of the Field Artillery. If » 
 long. march has to be made into an enemy's conirtry, the remarks 
 previously made^ j-egaitling means of transport, such as the state of 
 roads, etc., suggest the advisability of taking as little impedimenta as 
 possible, on the other hand, if the army is acting on the defensive 
 solely, a much larger proportion of Artillery could be used, as no 
 long njarches have to bo made, and it could bo brought almost to 
 where it would be required, long before the time of its use in action 
 commenced. 
 
 Another principle upon which the proportion of Artillery to In- 
 fantry depends, is the state or condition of the Infantry itself, if the 
 latter is well equipped, and disciplined, a smaller proportion of 
 Artillery will be required, if poorly, a larger. 
 
 Befcio actually determining the proportion of gnns to men re- 
 quired, it would be well to see what the opinions of competent autho- 
 rities are U])on this subject. Major Le G. Geary, E. A., in a lecture 
 delivered at the ]?oyal Artillery Institution, AVoolwich,3rd January, 
 1873, says, " it is proposed that a corps d'armie consisting of 12,000 
 men should have altogether 48 guns, 12 guns to accompany each 
 division of Infantry 5,000 strong, 12 to be attached to the Cavalry 
 Brigade, and 12 to be in reserve, thus giving 4 guns per 1,000 men. 
 This seems to have been determined upon after the Crimean War, for 
 at the Alma, we hrtd only 60 guns to about 29,000 men, a little over 
 2 guns per 1,000 men, while at W^aterloo we had less than 2 guns per 
 1,000 men. I have extracted from the official account of the Fi'anoo- 
 
 i 
 
Prussian War, 1870-71, translated from the German, by Capt. Clarke, 
 
 the foilowini;; infoi-niation respecting tlio sti-ength of the corps, and 
 •divisions of the combatants. A French division consisted of 13 
 biittiiiions, (ono of wiiich was a riflo battulion,) 12 guns, 6 mitrail- 
 leuses, 1 company of Engineers. A corps was constituted of a variable 
 aggregation of divisions, and had an Artillery reserve in the propor- 
 tion of about 12 guns to each division. There was, besides, a large 
 Artillery reserve of some 9G guns for the whole army. The Cavalry 
 was organized scparutol}' by divisions. A Prussian division usually 
 consisted of 12 battalions of Infantry, 4 Squadrons of Cavaliy, 24 
 Ifuns and 1 company of Pioneers. There was a reserve, or corps of 
 Artillery, to each army corps ot usuall}-, 30 guns. The total of » 
 corps (Tarmie was then 25 battalions, 8 sqnadrons, 3 companies of 
 Pioneers, and 8 batteries of divisional Artiller}^, besides G batteries 
 of Corps Artillery. The Cavaliy division was organized separately, 
 and had its own complement of Artillery, the chief points of difl'erenco 
 wei'c that the French had no unit of organization, beyond the divi- 
 sion, while the Prussians had that of the corps d'nrm^e of 2 divisions. 
 The Fj-ench Coi'ps CommaTiderof 2 divisions had only at his disposal 
 48 guns and 12 mitrailleuses, while the Prussians had 84 guns. I 
 apfirehcnd that the system which gave a full reserve Artillery, to the 
 Coi'ps Commandei-, was more likely to produce efl'ective results, than 
 that which limited his reserve for the sake of keeping a resoi-vo of 
 96 guns for the disposal of the Commander of an army of 300,000 
 men." 
 
 Taubert in speaking of this subject, says, "from the known 
 strength of our army corj)s, wo may assume that there was about 3 
 pieces to every 1,000 combatants, this proportion is adhered to by 
 most of the other large continental armies. There are no general 
 rules on this subject, because it is not a matter so difficult to de- 
 termine, as the number and calibre of the ])ieces, which an army re- 
 quires ; for, independently of the nature of the ground, which has a 
 great influence on this point, the predilection of an army for its 
 existing organization, the character of its Commander, and the arm- 
 ament of the enemy, have to be taken into consideration. 
 
 In a country much cut up numerous light guns are desirable^ 
 while in a flat, and open one, a greater proportion of heavy guns> 
 and Horse Ai'tillery, might advantageously be adopted. 
 
Agreeably to these principles the number of pieces dn all armies^ 
 has varied very iniicli, but wo iiivjiriably llnd towiircls the end of a 
 campaign, that the pn>i))i'tion ol" Artillciy to the othor aims iii- 
 ci'oasos, UuH is i):irtly to bo uttrilnilod to the fact, of tlio oiloct of 
 its tiro boiiii^ more hii^'hly ostiin iLj.I, and thil tlio ollbe-t itsolf con- 
 siderably incroaso-s, and i):irll\' beciuiso the numbor of combatants de- 
 cro:isos«in a higher ratio than the pieces. 
 
 In the two tirst Silesian Wars, 171 1 and 1745, the nnmbor of pieces 
 was between 2^ and 3 per 1,000 mon, it increased considerably in the 
 seven years war 175G-G3, and reached towards the end of it, to bet- 
 ween 5 and G." 
 
 " Frederick the Great brought 3 gnns per 1,000 mon to the field, 
 with his greater armi(H, and increasod that propoi'tion considerably 
 as his Infantiy decreased in numbers, an army of 00,000 might well 
 be accompanied by 180 guns, a corps of 30,000 by 100 guns." (1.) 
 
 " In the invasion of Bohemia ill 18()(), the proportion of guns to men 
 in the throe Prussian Armiey, consisted as follows : the Elbe Army 
 about 40,000 and 135 guns. The Army in centre, called the 1st. army, 
 commanded by Prince Frodoiiclc Charlo-i, numbered 81,000 men and 
 270 guns. The army on the left called the 2nd. arhiy, was .separated 
 by a wide interval from the centre, it was commanded by the Crown 
 Prince, and contained 100,000 mon antl 3G0 guns." (2.) 
 
 ^' The great quantity of Artillery which was attached to both 
 armies, Austrian and Prussian, was a noteworthy feature of the war, 
 and it was employed in a manner which shows (hat this arm is even 
 more than ever important." (3.) 
 
 • " The proportion of Artillery, to Infantry, in the Dominion, is for 
 too small, 1 recommend a gradual and steady increase of the Field 
 Artillery, until to every brigade throughout the Dominion, there 
 is attached, at least, one field battery. At present the proportion of 
 guns to men is little more than 1 gun to every 1,000 men, available, 
 which is quite inadequate, 3 guns being considered the least, and 4 
 a much better proportion for every 1,000 men." (4) 
 
 " The Prussians had in 1870, 00 guns to an army corps 42,500 
 mon, 36 of which were reseiTe, or corps Artillerj', which deducting 
 
 (1) Hamley, Part VI. Chap. V. 
 
 (2) Lt. Col. Soady, R. A. 
 
 (3) Lt. Col. Miller. 
 
 (4) Col. Bobs, MlUUa Report, 1871. 
 
8 
 
 Pioneers, administration aervices, etc., gavo rather nnijor '2f j^r 
 1,000, but this proportion was often oxeooded in the Field, Thus the 
 army which invoste(! Paris had 147^000 Infantry and Cavalry, with 
 622 guns, or nearly 4 guns per 1,000 men." (1) 
 
 " It has been pointed out thatas armies have increasedinnumborp, 
 80 the proportion of guns has 'boon smaller, en account of the diffi- 
 culty of transporting, and ofibringing into action in tiuie, the long 
 fjrains of a numerous Ai'tiliery, and 5,bo conclusions have been arrived 
 ftt, (that larg'5 armies should ini^t )havo more than 3 guns, in an 
 opm.flat country, or more than 2^ guns in a difficult oric, to 1,000 
 men,, but that the proportion might, in a country favorable to the 
 employment of Artilloiy, bo increased to even '5 guns with smaller 
 Armies of 50,000 to 80,000 men;' (2) 
 
 Keeping in view the opinions of the authorities already quoted, 
 it may safely bo assumed, that the proportion of Artillery required 
 for the .present force of the Active Militia of the Dominion should not 
 be l<iss than 3 guns per 1000 men, and 4 guns per 1,000 men would'be 
 A still better proportion. All the fighting that Canada will be called 
 upon to do, for a great man}'- years at least, will be of a defensive 
 <5haracter. During the war of 1812-13 and 14, no attampt was made 
 by us to cari-y on a lengthy campaign in the enemy's country, a few 
 raids were nuule, lasting a few days, resulting aa a rule disastrously, 
 as often a« they ])i-ovcd successfid, among the former ma}- bo i-cekoned 
 the attack on Sackott's Ilarbouj", 1813, and Plattsburg, 1814, and 
 among the latter the capture of Detroit, 1812. These were the only 
 thi'ce of nuy importance attempted by us. The Canadian Milititt 
 when first called out for service, would have to bo con!-,idoi ed as raw 
 And comparatively undisciplined troops, requiring therefoie an 
 Artillery force numerically much stronger than' would an urmy (jf 
 regular soldiers of equal sti-ongth. "^ 
 
 The present strength of the Canadian Active Militia, Infantry aiMl 
 jCJJavalry, is as follows : 
 
 Cavalry ........^ 1,803 
 
 Infantry 27,990 
 
 Rifles. 9,330 
 
 Total 39,123 men. 
 
 (1) Owen's Modern ArtlUery, page 373. 
 
 (2) A translation from the (ierman, entitled: PropqrtionB 5)|rjg\u;^ to x((f];t, byj^uk 
 
9 
 
 Our Field Artillory consists of: — 
 
 Ontario. 
 
 9 Batteries, four 9 pr. M. L. R. gum each 36 
 
 Quebec. 
 
 3 " ' four 9 pr. M. L. R. guns 12 
 
 Manitoba. 
 
 1 " four 9 pr. M. L. R. guns 4 
 
 Schools of Gunnery. 
 
 2 " fou .• 9 pr. M. L. R. guns each 8 
 
 Toial GO 
 
 There are also 5 other batteries, two of them armed with there 
 9 pr. S. B. guns, and one 24 pr. Howitzer each, and one with four 24 
 pr. Howitzers, making a total of six 9 pi-. S. B. guns and six 24 pr. 
 Howitzers. The two first of these batteries are in New Brunswick, 
 and the last in Quebec. There is one battery in Ontario not yet 
 armed, and one in Nova Scotia. The Halifax Field Battery, six 
 fi pr. B. L. R. guns. The S. B. guns and Howitzers are of little value 
 in the present day, owing to their short range, and inaccuracy of 
 fire, and the enemy would no doubt with the present long range rifle, 
 very soon disable the gun detachments, of both m( n and horses. The 
 pr. Armstrongs in Halifax are too light in calibre for field service, 
 although useful for the purpose for which they were intended, viz : 
 use in mountainous countries, where transport of heavier guns is 
 impossible, leaving these out of the question we have of serviceable 
 guns ; 
 
 In Ontario 40 
 
 Quebec 16 
 
 Manitoba 4 
 
 Total 60 
 
 being a proportion of a little less than 2 per 1,000 men, or to make 
 the comparison the plainer, we will take the total approximate 
 stvength in Cavalry, and Infantry, (including rifles,) in ouch Military 
 District shevinr the number of 9 pr. M. L. R. field guns in each. 
 2 
 
10 
 
 Province. 
 
 Mil. Dist. 
 
 No. of men. 
 
 No. of guns. 
 
 Propr. per 1000 
 
 Ontario) - 
 
 No. 1. 
 No. 2. 
 No. 3. 
 No. 4. 
 
 4,800 
 7,300 
 4,300 
 2,700 
 
 8 
 12 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 1.66 
 1.64 
 1.86 ■ 
 3 nearly. 
 
 Total 
 
 19,100 
 
 36 
 
 1 88 
 
 
 
 
 Quebec \ 
 
 No. 5. 
 No. 6. 
 
 No. 7. 
 
 5,900 
 3,100 
 4,100 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 1.35 
 
 0.00 
 
 .97 
 
 Total 
 
 13,100 
 
 12 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 
 Military District No. 5 has still another battery which, owing to 
 its armament, (24 pr. Howitzers,) can not be reckoned among the 
 effective batteries, if it were, it would raise the j)roportion of guns to 
 men to 2.03 instead of 1.35, and the total for the Province to 1.22 
 instead of .91 per 1,000. 
 
 Military District No. 8 comprises the Province of New Brunswick, 
 and contains 2,300 men with 2 Batteries of Artillery, one at New- 
 castle, and the other at Woodstock. Each of these batteries is armed 
 with three 9 pr. S. B. guns, and one 24 pr. Howitzer. If rifled guns 
 were substituted for these, the proportion of guns per 1,000 men, 
 would be about 3.5 which would be a fair one. 
 
 Military District No. 9 consists of the Province of Nova Scotia, and 
 musters 3,450 men, it has one Field Battery at Halifax, armed with six 
 6 pr. Armstrongs. These guns are not at all suitable for what is 
 known as Field Artillery, being light pieces of ordnance, weighing 
 3 cwt., with a service charge of 12 ozs. of powder, and are useful only 
 for service in mountainous countries, where the roads are not prac= 
 ticable for the conveyance of heavier ordnance. It would appear advi- 
 sable to equip this battery in the same manner as other batteries in 
 the country, viz : with four 9 pr. M. L. E. guns. 
 
 Were this done the proportion of guns per 1,000 men in Military 
 District No. 9, would be 1 . 10 . 
 
 Military District No . lOconsi^s of the Province of Manitoba, and 
 contains about 230 Infantry and Eifles, with one Field Battery of four 
 9 pr. Mk L» li. guns which will be a suffcient proportion for this dis- 
 trict, for some years to come, until the force of Infantry grows to 
 
11 
 
 Huch a proportion as would warrant an increase of the Artillery 
 force. 
 
 Militaiy District No. 11 comprises the Province of Bi'itish Colum- 
 Ma, and Vancouvers Island, it contains only 230 men, exclusive of 
 one Grarrison Battery at Seymour, it is questionable whether it would 
 be advisable to raise a Field Battery in this District at present. 
 
 Military District No. 12 consists of the Island of Prince Edwai-d, 
 and contains about 710 Infantry. There are no Field Batteries in 
 this District. There should be at least one, this might easily be 
 effected by converting one of the four Garrison Batteries into a Field 
 Battery, and by arming it at once with three 9 pr. S. B. guns, and 
 one 24 pr, S. B. Howitzer ; with which they could carry on their drill, 
 and practice until such time as the country can arm them with rifled 
 jguns. 
 
 In completion of this portion of this paper it would be well to shew 
 what number of guns each District will require, to complete it to an 
 establishment of about 4 guns (M. L. R.) per 1000 men. 
 
 Province. 
 
 Ontario 
 
 Quebec 
 
 New Brunswick 
 
 Nova Scotia 
 
 Manitoba 
 
 British Columbia 
 
 Prince Edward Island 
 
 Mil. Dist. 
 
 No. 1. 
 No. 2. 
 No. 3. 
 No. 4. 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 No. 6. 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 No. 8. 
 No. 9. 
 No, 10, 
 No. 11 
 No. 12, 
 
 No. of guns. 
 
 Propr. 
 
 8(1) 
 12 
 
 1.6C 
 1.64 
 
 8 
 
 1.86 
 
 8 
 
 3 nearly 
 
 8(2) 
 
 
 .35 
 
 0.00 
 
 4 
 
 .97 
 
 8(3) 
 
 3.5 
 
 6(4) 
 
 1.01 
 
 4 
 
 16.0 
 
 00 
 
 .00 
 
 00 
 
 .00 
 
 Additional 
 No. required. 
 
 12 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 12 
 12 
 
 00 
 
 8 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 4 
 
 (1) The Ontario Battery is omitted, it bein^ yet unarmed. 
 
 (2) Tile Molbourne battery armed with four 24 pr. S. B. Howitzers, is omitted, 
 recommended armamen t four 9 pr. M. L. R. gunsof6cwt. 
 
 (3) Consists of six pr. S. B. guns and two 21 pr. S. B. Howitzers, recommended to 
 be replaced by eight 9 pr. M. L. R, guns of 6 owe. 
 
 (4) Six pr. Armstrongs B. L. R, guns of 3 cwi., recommended that they be replaced 
 by four 9 pr, 51 . L. R, guns of 6 cwt . 
 
12 
 
 Showing the number of guns required to replace S. B. 
 
 guns, and Ilowitzers, and B, L. li, 6 j^rs. to be 16 
 
 Nambor required for Ontario Buttery 4 
 
 Number required for which no batteries are organized 
 
 or enrblled 88 
 
 Total 108 
 
 Number of 9 pr. M. L. E. guna in organized Batteries, 52. 
 
 The eight 9 pr. M. L. li. guns in possession of the Schools of 
 Gunnery are not included in the latter number, as they are not 
 among the effective lists of guns, being required for instructional 
 purposes and use in very extreme cases, and would be all the nioie 
 necessary where they are, and at their present use, were the Artil- 
 lery force of the country i,p to its proper standard. If the Schools 
 of Gunnery were each divided into two distinct branches viz : Field 
 and Garrison, one Battery of each at each station, these guns then 
 might be considered efilective, as indeed they would be, being 
 properly regarded as the Corps d' Elite of the Canadian Militia — 
 Field Artillei'y — and available at a moment's notice for any Servic<^ 
 This they are not at present, the establishment of Horse:^, at e.'ich 
 School being only eight, and of men, none, as the enlisted men of A 
 and B Batteries are Garrison Artillery, raised for the purpose of 
 garrisoning the Fortifications of Kingston and Quebec, and in the 
 event of hostilities would all be required for this purpose. 
 
 OEGANIZATION OP FIELD AETILLEEY. 
 
 The present organization of the Militia Field Artillerj' of the 
 Dominion, is one of independent batteries, each under the immediate 
 command of the Deputy Adjutant General of the District to which 
 the battery belongs. The only exceptions to this rule, are Military- 
 District 5, 6 and 7 where the Artillery is under the Eegimental 
 command of the Inspector of Artillery Lt. Col. Strange, R. A. In no 
 case are any of the Batteries formed into Brigades, which might 
 readily be done, or what would be better stil!, form them into separate 
 Eegiments with their proper Staff. 
 
13 
 
 It is impossible to have the whole of the Militia Artillory of the 
 Dominion formed into one Eegiment in the same manner as the 
 Soyal Artillery, as promotion must go by seniority, and it would be 
 impossible to transi'er a man from Manitoba, for instance, to Nova, 
 Scotia, to fill a vacancy occurring thei-o, and to which he would be 
 entitled because of his seniority. There would bo no difHculty, 
 however, in an arrangement by Districts, in the same way as the 
 Cavalry wore tormed in Military Districts, Nos. 1, 2 and 3, some 
 few years ago, and which has worked well, and without dilHcuity. 
 A vacancy which occurs in the Field Officers list is tilled by the 
 senior Captain, no matter where he resides, and if the Eegiment is 
 called out, he joins it at any place where he may be ordered to 
 report. 
 
 " In order that Field Artillery may perform efficiently the various 
 duties required during a campaign, it is necessary that it should bo 
 well organized and equipped, for otherwise it would prove more 
 embarrassing than useful to the troops of other arms. In consoquonce 
 of the continual movement of a force in the field, the Field Artillery 
 is obliged to carry not only a large amount of ammunition, but a 
 great variety of stores, so that all repairs of cai-riages, harness, etc., 
 may bo execuiod witliout delay, the equipment is, therefore, very 
 complicated, and a good organization essential to prevent confusion 
 in the interior management or manrouvring of a battery. A battery 
 of Field Artillery has three chiefrequirementsor elements, materiel, 
 personnel and transport. 
 
 Mati5riel. 
 
 Pieces of Ordnjjtnce, 
 Ammunition and stores. 
 Carriages for the above. 
 
 Personnel , 
 
 Officers to Command. 
 
 N. C. officers and trumpeters to execute orders. 
 Gunners to servo the pieces. 
 Drivers to groom and drive . 
 
 A.rtificers to repair carriages, harness, etc., and to shoe 
 horses. 
 
14 
 
 Traksport. 
 Horses, mules or other transport animals. 
 
 A Battery should consist of as many pieces as can be readily 
 manoeuvred and worked by the I'equisite establishment of officers, 
 men and horses in the field . The number has varied in the diiferent 
 European armies, between four and eight pieces to a battery. In 
 England, Prussia and France, there are six ; in Eussia, Austria, 
 Sweden, Belgium, and some minor European States, there are eight, 
 while in the Swiss artillery there are but four. The number eight 
 appears to have some advantages over six, for the extra two guns 
 greatly increase the fire of the batteiy; a battery of eight pieces can 
 also be ({ivided into two tolerably powerful batteries oi four guns each 
 if required; and each half battery is composed of two separate divi- 
 sions instead of one and a half, as with a battery of six guns, and 
 therefore can be more easily manoeuvred. Six guns are, however, 
 more manageable than eight, entail fewer carriages, and stores, and 
 are better adapted to the rapid movements now so requisite : (1) " 
 
 The establishment of a Canadian Militia Field Battery is as follows. 
 
 1 Captnin. 
 
 59 Gunners and Drivers. 
 
 2 Lst Lieutenants. 
 
 51 Horses exclusive of Offi- 
 
 1 2nd do 
 
 cer's Hoi-ses. 
 
 1 Assist. Surgeon. 
 
 4 Spare horses when the 
 
 1 Vet : Surgeon. 
 
 Battery is called out for 
 
 1 Serjt. Major. 
 
 Active Service. 
 
 1 Q. M. Serjeant. 
 
 4 Guns with carriages and 
 
 4 Serjeants. 
 
 Limbers. 
 
 4 Corporals. 
 
 4 Wagons, Ammunition. 
 
 4 Bombardiers. 
 
 1 Forge Wagon . 
 
 1 Trumpeter. 
 
 1 Store Cart or Wagon . 
 
 1 Farrier. 
 
 1 
 
 Some of the Batteries have small arm Ammunition wagons 
 attached. Until a couple of years ago, the whole of the horses 
 were taken out for annual training but are now limited to 28 in all, 
 too small a number to carry out the training properly. Every 
 Battery as at present constituted in Guns, Officers and Men should 
 have for annual drill at least the following number of horses. 
 
 {I) Owen's Modern Artillery, 
 
I 
 
 15 
 
 Each Subdivision 6 24 
 
 " Serjeant 1 4 
 
 " Staff do 1 2 
 
 " Combatant officer 1 4 
 
 Total 34 
 
 There should be as well, at least 2 spare horses, so the in that 
 event of horses becoming non effe(!tive through sickness or casualty 
 the drill would not be interfered with . 
 
 The non combatant Staff such as Surgeon and Vet. Surgeon need 
 not be mounted for annual drill, as their duties do not require them 
 to attend drill parades, and as they usually attend to their private 
 practice, as well as their Batteryduties, they are hardly ever present 
 with the Battery except at their own sick parades, which usually 
 occupy very little time. 
 
 For Active service the strength of the Batteries both in men and 
 horses is much too small, and does not leave anv margin for casual- 
 ties, which are sure to occur, such as sickness, absence, etc., etc., 
 Col. Robertson Iloss, late Adjutant General, in his report foi* 1870, 
 recommends the following as the pi-oper establishment of the 
 Battery. 
 
 't 
 
 Major 
 
 1 
 
 Bombardier's 4 
 
 Captain 
 Lieutenants 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 Trumpeter 1 
 Farrier 1 
 
 Serjeant Major 
 
 Serjeants 
 
 CorporaU 
 
 1 
 4 
 4 
 
 Gunners and Drivers 80 
 Total 100 
 
 With 60 horses exclusive of Officers horses. He adds, in speaking 
 of the above. " By the adoption of the above recommendation, this 
 very important branch of the service, which cannot be hastily organ- 
 ised, would, I am confident, eventually attain a very high degree of 
 efficiency. — " Colonel Boss omits altogether in this estimate. Surgeon, 
 Veterinary Surgeon and Quarter -Master Serjeant, very important 
 personages to a Field Battery on Active Service. 
 
18 . 
 
 consolidatiug the provincial railways I would submit to my collea^cs the question 
 of taking adrantage of the Contract made by your Government with the company 
 for taking over the Eastern Extension, by paying the money expended by the com- 
 
 Sny, and making it a part of the Intercolonial , but when applied to ' by Mr. 
 olmes, I told him it was very doubtful if totLt proposal would be entertained^ and 
 that it would be useless to propose that a dollar should be returned to the Local 
 Government. You are at liberty to make any use you please of this telegram. 
 
 Sd. 
 
 Cbab. Tufpeb. 
 
 (Applause.) 
 
 And now, I had heard Sir Charles Tapper on various occasions 
 state his views in re«rard to this matter. He did so publicly several 
 times in the County and Town of Pictou. But I am obliged to 
 him for now giving me the opportunity, by allowing this tele- 
 gram to bo made public, to tell you that in carrying out an opin- 
 ion of my own, that if we could get the Dominion Government to 
 take thetse railways under their own management and advance 
 the moneys expended in their construction, it would be hetter 
 even than the rrroat Syndicate scheme, 1 ventured to put it to 
 Sir Charles Tupper whether he could not take back the Eastern 
 Extension and give us back our money. He said " I will take it 
 into consideration ; I think we made a mistake in giving away 
 the Pictou Branch; but we cannot return a dollar to Nova, Scotia." 
 He further said that he would not undertake the responsibility of 
 even recommending the building of a line into the Island of Cape 
 Breton by the Dominion Government. Perhaps it was hardly ne- 
 eessary to read these telegrams, because at a public meeting in 
 Antigonish, where a large assemblage mot the Ministei* of Bail- 
 ways and presented an address to him, urgently requesting tho 
 Dominion Goverpment to take over the Eastern iixtension and tho 
 Pictou Branch, and make them a part of the lutercolonial, his re- 
 ply was that he might now tell them (for I had acquainted him 
 with our success and the deposit of money under the contract), 
 that the plan of the Local Government would be much better for 
 them and the East generally than anything the Dominion Govern- 
 ment could do for them. This declaration was publicly made in 
 the Court House at -Antigonish, in my presence, unu in the pre- 
 sence, I believe, of the Hon. member for Aniigonish (Mr. McGilli- 
 vray). 
 
 You will see, therefore, that this effort of the " Chronicle " is a 
 deliberate, and, I cannot characterize it as anything else, most 
 malicious falsehood intended to influence the people in the East- 
 ern part of the Province. 
 
 Now there is one other matter to which I shall very briefly re- 
 fer, apologizing to the House for doing so. Among other schemes 
 devised by the enemies of Nova Scotia to defeat the beneficial ar- 
 raQgement for consolidating the railroads of the piovince and re- 
 plenishing its depleted cofflers a pamphlet has been published, to 
 which no man has had the courage to put his name, and which 
 bears upon its title page the name of " John Smith. " There are a 
 good mJxny John Smiths, and tho person who wrote the pamphlet, 
 knowing tbat if he published his real name, it would probably 
 not have much weight, appears to have concluded that the name 
 John (Smith would be b-tter than his own. I do not intend tb re- 
 view this pamphlet, becii|tt6e it is worthless, but as parities Ignor- 
 
Drivers gun , 13 
 
 ** spaiw 6 
 
 'To clean officer's horses and appointments , 6 
 
 Total drivers 
 
 24 
 
 ^otnl gunners 46 
 
 Spare men for guards, stable pickets, casualties.... 10 
 
 Total N. C. officers, gunners, and 4i'»ver8., 70 
 
 The men mounted on the off horses should bo employed to cloai) 
 their viding horse and harness." (1) 
 
 It would bo useful in forniing an idea as to the proper establlsment 
 according to Imperial Standard in men and horses of a Canatiian 4 
 gun Battery both in time of peace and in time of war-to take f rds of 
 the strength of a 6 gun Battery of Royal Artillery. There are many 
 reasons why a Canadian Battery should be similijir in nearly every 
 respect as regards its equipment to the Eoyal Artillery. 
 
 It would depend on the Imperial storos in time of war for every- 
 thing required to keep it efficient, Ammunition, Snjiall Stores, Mate- 
 rial for roiMiirs of harness, carriages etc. No system of supply, that 
 would stand the least strain thrown upon it being in existence at 
 present in Canada. 
 
 The followiiig table shews the strength of a Royal Artillery 9 Pr. 
 M. L. R. Battery of 6 gi^ns — also the comparative strength of a Cana- 
 dian Battery of 4 guns, being §i' is. of the R. A. establishment, where 
 posaiblo, as in some cases certain offii'crs, N. G. officers, and artificers 
 will be required for the Batterj', irrespective of the No. of guns, 
 
 9 Pr. F. By. R. A. 9 Pr. F. By. C. A, 
 
 Officers 6 4 
 
 N. C. Officer? 18 14 
 
 Gunnel's 66 44 
 
 Drivers 61 40 
 
 Trumpeters 2 2 
 
 Artificers T 4 
 
 Total 
 
 J69 
 
 108 
 
 (1) Colonel strange, B.A. Militia Report 1878. 
 
 9 
 
f- 
 
 DlSTRIUUTIOir, 
 
 ^ 
 
 Majors 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Captains 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Xiuutonants 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 Serjeant Majors 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Quarter Master 
 
 Serjeants 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Sergeants 
 
 
 G 
 
 4 
 
 <:!orporal8 
 
 
 6 
 
 ^ 
 
 Bombardiers 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 •Trumpotors 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Farrier Sergt. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 •Shoeing Smiths 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 iGollar Makers 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 'Wlieolors 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 jOunnors 
 
 
 66 
 
 44 
 
 Drivoi'S 
 
 
 6-1 
 
 40 
 
 Total 
 
 159 
 
 108 
 
 Horses riding 
 •Draught 
 
 18 
 66 
 
 84 
 
 The horses are distributed as follows 
 
 'Officers 
 Staff Serjeants 
 "Sergeants 
 Trumpotors 
 Artificers 
 
 5 
 2 
 6 
 2 
 3 
 
 6 gun teams 6 horses each 36 
 6 Wagon teams 4 horses each 24 
 
 1 Forge wagon 2 
 
 2 General Sex'vice wagons 4 
 
 12 
 44 
 
 56 
 
 4 
 2 
 4 
 2 
 
 4—24 
 4—16 
 
 lr-2 
 
 1— 2 
 
 Total 
 
 84 
 
 50 
 
1^ 
 
 Tho loft liand column in tho above tnblo shows the strength of 
 the li. A. Buttery of 6 guns and tho right hand column tho compare 
 fttivo strength in officers, men, and horses, that a Canadian Battoi'y 
 8h>nld bo, it having only 4 guns. 
 
 No Moilieal or Veterinaiy officer exists on tho cstablisHmont of 
 eingle IJ-ittories, those officers forming part of the Brigade Staff, onb 
 of each being detailed for duty with Buttorics at outlj'ing stiitioiiw. 
 
 Tho above tables siievv that tho establishment of gunners and 
 drivers, at pre-iont allowed to the C-anadian Battery, when called out 
 for service, to bo much too small; in other respects it appears to be 
 ulH>ut coriect. ' ' 
 
 It would appear advisable that all Militia Field Batteries shoitldfti^' "^ 
 kept up to their full Oitablishment in officers aJid men for annual 
 training, as a supply of trained men cannot be obtained at a moment's 
 notice, and other than trained men are comparatively useless in a 
 Field Battery. 
 
 ♦ This fact is even now officially recognized, as tho Field Battorids 
 are allowed twelve days annual training, while Infantry are trained' 
 but eight. — Would it not be still better to go even further, and make 
 the period of liaining for Field Artillery at least 24 days per anhnm. 
 — The first 12 days to be carried on without horses, the men bci^g 
 instructC'l in standing gun drill, squad drill, and rifle exercises. - -Tho 
 officers, N. C. officers, and driver^ sword drill in addition, and all tt> 
 be throughly grounded in a knowledge of ammunition, stores, and of 
 laying oi'dnance. The last 12 days the Battciy to be horded without 
 wagons^ saving a useless expenditure of pay for 10 horses, as the 
 BattCi-y never manauivres with tiiom, tho Battejy to bo complete in 
 other respects, for the purpose of learning field drill, etc., and cany- 
 ing out the annual gun practice, which now, thanks Lo tho D-jminion 
 Artillery Association, which has inaugurated competitive ])ractice, 
 nnd laid down rules for the . same, is of real benefit to the service, 
 instead of being, as heretofore, a pj-rotochnic display at groat expense- 
 to the public, for tho benefit of nicmlers of the corps and their 
 
 friends. 
 
 7 0.7/ 
 
 The command of Field Batteries is one which ought to cngngcthd 
 attciition of the proper authorities and be arranged without much 
 •longer delay. At present all Commanding Otiicfirs of Butteries,. 
 (oxcoi^t in the Province of Quebec which has a liegi mental Command- 
 
itig Offl.or,) aro practically indopond«fht of oafch othei'j and ought to 
 be formed into sonife rogimcntal systeifi, so that, in the event of two or 
 tnoro Battcrie:« being brought together, the i^enior Field Artilloay 
 officer would take command, without any qu6j*tion or jealousy on 1 i« 
 part of the others. At present if two Batteries aro berving, lor in- 
 stance, at a Brigade Camp of instruction Vith other tioopn, each 
 Captain can claim id bo a Coiumanding Ofllcci', and decline tc 
 bo commanded by the othci', but only by the senior wfficer in the 
 camp, in the same way as each' Battalion Comitiandeiv and apparently 
 no regulation exists at present to prevent this. 
 
 This case has actually occurred, and tho junior Captain of twtf 
 Batteries in one camp, who objected to being placed ui dor tho com- 
 mand of the senior, was upheld, and his objection supported as being 
 a valid ono; 
 
 A much bettor sj-stcm than tho prfcsont ono in my opinion would 
 be that, instead of the piesent four gun batteries wo now have, 
 a Battery bo composed of two of tho present ones, to be exactly tho 
 same in eveiy respect, comniandcd by a Major, and all Batteries in 
 each District to bo formed into l^egiments, tho immber of Field 
 Ottlcers depending on the number of Batteries. 
 
 If the Battoiies were increapcd in strength from four to eight gum* 
 each, each half Battery to be of the same strength as tho present 
 Battery, or of the proposed strength for a four gun Battciy ; tho 
 eystom of Colnfaiand would bo as follows : 
 
 Each division or2gnns 1 Lieutenant 
 
 Each half Battery 4 gune 1 Captain 
 
 Each Battery 8 guns 1 Major 
 
 Every 2 or rhoro Batteries 1 Lt. Colonel 
 
 Each Ecgimeht woitld have tho same number as liio District to 
 which it belongs, and the Medical and Veterinary staff appointed 
 Eegimentally, ono of each to each Battery. 
 
 Wo will tako tho number of guns for each District as determined 
 by the paper on prbportibn, Und by this means place fairly before us 
 the strength of each Ecgimetit wore each District up to its proper 
 strength in Field guns. 
 
ti 
 
 U. Dist. 
 
 No. of guns. 
 
 Lt.-Ci^. 
 
 Mujofi. 
 
 Captnlfta. 
 
 I/leutonaMt'8 
 
 Surnoodi. Vet, 1 
 
 0. 1 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 8 3 
 
 .2 
 
 28 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 21 
 
 8 3 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 2 2 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 2 2 
 
 6 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 3 3 
 
 6 
 
 la 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 2 a 
 
 7 
 
 1« 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 2 2 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 1 1 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 e 
 
 1 1 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Military District-No. 11 remaining as at pvosont. 
 
 In Military District Nos. 1 and 2, it would appdar advisable not ta 
 adhere strictly to the proportion of guns to men, but give to No. 1 
 District an excess of 4 guns over the proper number, and reduce No. 
 2 District by 4 guns, niaking each llegiment in the Districts of 
 equal strength, viz : 24 guns each, with the proper complement of 
 otficers, as it would make a more perfect organization for discipline 
 and command, and the Districts being geographically connected, it 
 would not really affect the services of the Artillery in those Districts 
 m case they wei-e required. 
 
 Col. I'Vench's lleport on the Artillery Militia of Canada, dated lOtb 
 Jahuary, 1872, contains nian^'good suggestions, a number of which 
 are quoted ; oi' the otficers, he says ; " Generally speaking, the officers 
 commanding Batteries are wel' able to handle their Jlatteries when 
 performing ordinary manueuvres, some of them have j)assed through 
 the (lunnery Schools, ami can instruct in gun drill, mounting and 
 dismounting guns, filling shells, boring and tixing fuzes, etc. 
 
 The Subalterns, as a lule, not being as well acqiuiinted with their 
 duties as one could wish, restrictions should, I think, be ])liiced on their 
 oppointment and promotion. 
 
 In view of the facilities now afforded to all ranks of Field and Gar- 
 rison Artillery desirous of obtaining instruction, I would submit the 
 following suggestions, which, if carried out, would I believe tend to 
 greatly increase the effieiency in those very important bianehos of 
 tho service. 
 
2i« 
 
 "1 
 
 Ist. Thdt jiftd;' tho 1st Jarinai-y ?873, nd officer" sliall bo promoted^ 
 to tho rank of Captain who does not poasess a 1st or 2nd chiss certi- 
 ficate from the School of Gunnery. 
 
 2nd. That after the Ist January 1873, no K. C. officer shall be pro- \ 
 mo'ed to tho rank oi" Serjeant who does not possess a Ist or 2nd class 
 cerliticato from a School of Gunnerj', or a cortificato shewing that the 
 bearer is competent to fulfil the dut^ of that rank, signed by a Com- 
 mandant of a Gunnery School, or by a board norainatoi for tho 
 purpose by tlie Commandant of a Guimery School. 
 
 3rd. That no person be appointed to a commission in the Artillery 
 till his educational qualifications arc reported as satisfactory by the 
 lns2)octor of Artillery. 
 
 Horses. 
 
 Tho difficulty of horsing the Batteries appears unabated, some 
 District Staff Officers, having j3ointod out that batteries in their dis- 
 tricts, would not be able to turn out for want of horses, an extra 
 allowance of 25cts. per horse per day was authorieed for the Artillery. 
 
 I consider such an arrangement unsatisfactoiy for tho following 
 reasons. 
 
 1st. It is invidious to pay the Artillery horses at a higher rat© 
 than the Cavalry. 
 
 2nd. Some of the horses are inferior, unfit for work, and occasion- 
 ally die of disease Avhile on service, and have to be paid for by the 
 public. 
 
 Tho drivers of such teams having no connection with tho Batteryy 
 but just clothed for the occasion, are a drag on the Battery during 
 tho whole training. 
 
 3rd. That in tho event of a sudden turn out of a Battery no horses 
 arc available, as was the case last year, when the Montioal Field 
 Battery was orde; ' out to repel a Fenian raid. Tliis Battery it 
 wi^l bo rememberc ;oj)t a Eogiment waiting for eoveral hours, 
 Und was eventually a day too late for tho affair at Trout river. 
 
 The samo Battoiy could only turn out for four dtivB at Laprairie 
 this year, tho Officer cotnmanding having to ])ron'ii.';e tho people who 
 supplied him with hoi-sos that they were to bo returned witiiin that 
 lime, such a state of afTfiiirs is highly objectionable, and 1 would' 
 iagain urgently recomnlend fho enrolment of rfraw^/j* horses for Field- 
 Batteries. 
 
.^ 
 
 BNRotLiNQ Horses, 
 
 i I have .studied this subjoct attontivoiy Muring tho pnst year, and 
 ©aving tulcon tho opinions of a grwit iiumbor of persons in variouHi 
 /parts of tho Dominion on tho mutter, have come to tho conelnsion, 
 , tb.'it tho object can be attained without increasing the estimates, by 
 giving enrolment gratuities, viz., by the insertion of a elaiiso in the 
 'Militia Act, exempting from all statute labor, tolls oi; roads, water 
 laxe , etc., teams of horses duly certified as hav;ngbeon enrolled in a 
 local Battery, and marked, with the initial letter of the Battery. 
 There are certain details connected with this proposal, which need 
 not bo gone into in a report of this nature. They are mainly intended 
 to guard against imposition, and to induce owners of enrolled horses 
 to drive them together in pairs viz : by non exemption from tolls ou 
 roads if driven singly, otc, etc. • ■ 
 
 . lean see no difficulty in carrj'ing out this measure, and if it 14 
 approved of. I believe that the difficulty of horsing Fiold Batterios 
 will be ended, that tho Batteries will have the pick of all the horses 
 in their vicinity, and that the horses having boon constantly driven 
 in pairs will work kindly together, in the gun and wagon teams, 
 The riding horses of the Battery can bo provided by those using 
 them as in Cavalry corps." 
 
 Tlie opinions of several Commanding Officers of Field Batteries in 
 various Military Districts, are given in Appendix 4, page 80, Militia 
 Jleport, 1873, they aro too lengthy to be givon in this paper. 
 
 i: 
 
 i ' 
 
 'd^ 
 
 mSTEUCTIOX OF FIELD BATTERIES. 
 
 Tho present system of instruction is ono that might bo very woll- 
 improved upon, and is a subject that requires verj' careful considera- 
 tion. Under present regulations, each officer commanding a Field 
 Battery, receives $200 per annum for tho purpose ot providing a 
 competent Instructor for his battery, as well as keeping \i\ good order, 
 tho guns, carriages, harness, stores, etc., in his cha.go. In h>any 
 cases no competent instructor is attached to tho Batteries, and thQ 
 equipment of the Batteries is not kept in that good condition that it 
 oughit to bo. Would It, not bo better that ,an lustruQtpr )bp,4etail«i. 
 
 ■!:!; 
 
t4 
 
 / 
 
 annually from Iho Schools of Gunnciy, who could reside at th<> 
 B»ttoiy Head Quarters, wearing his uniform on all occasions, and 
 attending all drills. This man couW also superintend the cleaning and 
 care of nil the Batteiy stoics, and to a groat extent assist the Oflficer; 
 Commanding in the recruiting of his Battery, and in other ways aid 
 hiB> in keeping the Battery in that state of efficiency in which it 
 ehojiild always be, to be of service to the country if required. It ma3'^ be 
 Haid that this grant of $200 is also to enable the OfRt'jerCommjyiding 
 to meet other expei)*es, not included under the head of instruction 
 and care of arms. If this be Ihe-case it is a wrong system, that of 
 paying money for a jHirticular purpose, knowing it to be in part 
 .appropriated for another. If money for other purposes be required, 
 give him a contingent allowance sufficient to meet this, and the pre- 
 sent allowance be paid to the Instructor detailed for the duty. By 
 changing the Instruelior every year at least, tliey would not bo 
 allowed to fall off in their discipline and drill, and everything would 
 be much improved '7 this means. 
 
 Another want mucb felt is that of better means for instruction of 
 Field Batterj' officeis and men at the Schools of Gunnerj-. At piesent 
 these Schools have an estiablishment of eight horses onh*, with which 
 they are sup;")oscd to teach riding and field mana'uvres. To sny that 
 they can do so is simply lidiculous, and the subject has again and 
 Again been brought to the notice tof the authorities, but apparently 
 without any effect. 
 
 Colonel Strange in his report on " B " 'Battery, School of 
 Gunnery, dated 3Ist. December, 1873, says : " The duties of Garrison 
 and Field Artillery, heing as distinct as Cavalry and Infantry, only 
 that each of the Artilleiy branches is far more difficult, and takes 
 ijauch longer to learn. 
 
 I am of opinion that for each Gunnery School, a Garrison Battery 
 and one of Field Artillery, with at least one Captain, and two 
 Subalterns, one Serjeant Major, one Quarter Master Serjeant, six 
 Serioants, six C()r])orals, six B(rtnbai*diers, one Trumpeter and 125 
 Gunners or Drivers, are required for each Battery. The Captain would 
 be much occupied with pay, and discipline, but the Subalterns duly 
 qualified, in time might each take a subject to teach as a specialty, 
 MK'h fts purveying, fortification, or Military law etc j 
 
25 
 
 The Field Battery should consist at least/jf four guns, four ammu- 
 nition wagons, and forty horses, with less than that number, it 
 would be impracticable to teach Field Battery movements. Mounted 
 Officers should be pormittbd to draw a forage ration for their private 
 horses, used for government purposes, as allowed at the Cavalry 
 School last year. 
 
 Militia Artillery Officers, K. C. Officers, apd Gunners, should be 
 attached, supernumerary for short CQurses, to Field or Garrison 
 Batteries as the case might be ; their instruction bping confined to 
 t^eir special arm." 
 
 In the Militia Eeport, for 1872, page XXXV, Colonel Strange also 
 says : '* The number of horses (eight) is inadequate for instruction, 
 in Field Artillery movements. Forty horses would be sufficient for a 
 pernianent instructional Field Battery, and riding establishment, 
 especially if Officers going through courses were given forage for 
 their own horses, as allowed last year for the Cavalry School, such 
 horses being available for gun draught. 
 
 The Artillery horses might under these circumstances be able to 
 perform the transport and fatigue duties for the store and supply 
 departments, driving Avagons being almost as good practice as 
 driving guns, A considerable saving of money would bo the result, 
 combined with efficient instruction, and a Field ^aiiery always re<xdy 
 for service^ which during annual training at camps, or on emergen- 
 cies might be distributed among the Field Batteries, to whom the 
 addition of a few wolj trained wheel, and lead drivers, with their 
 Jiorses, would be invaluable." 
 
 cry 
 :wo 
 six 
 1125 
 mid 
 
 uly 
 
 Ity, 
 
 EQUIPMENT OF FIELD BATTERIES. 
 
 The Field Batteries in Canada are with four exceptions, previously 
 mentioned, armed with 9 pr. muzzle loading rifled guns weighing .8 
 cwt., purchased from Imperial stores. The first supply consisting 
 of one Battery of iour guns with carriages, and ammunition wagons 
 complete, and of ten similar guns without carriages, or wagons, were 
 purchased in Septemboi*, 1871. The complete Battery, above men- 
 tioned, is now in possession of the London Field Battery. The 
 
26 
 
 remainder of the guns, to the number of 60 in all, have been pur- 
 chased at different times since, together with iron carriages and 
 limbers suflHcient for them, it not having been considered aidvisable 
 to convert the wooden 9 pr. S. B. carriages to suit them. No further 
 supply of ammunition Avagona, however, was purchased, but the old 
 pattern wagon and limber boxes were converted to carry the 9 pr. 
 M. L. R. projectiles. 
 
 Since the introduction of the 8 cwt., 9 pr., a new gun of 6 cwt. has 
 been introduced, as it was found that the lighter gun was just as effec- 
 tive as the heavier one, firing the same projectile, and service charge, 
 and fitting the same carriage — with the advantage of being 2 cwt. 
 ilighter, a matter of importance, as the mobility of the Battery was 
 therefore very much increased by thus lightening the weight to be 
 dfawn b}' the gun teams. 
 
 ta purchasing any new supply of guns, it would be better, therefore, 
 to get the 6 cwt. gun. This was recommended as long ago as the 
 3l8t Dieeombor 1874, by Col. Strange, R. A., who says : " I beg to 
 submit a copy of my last year's report on armament (A) which was 
 not publisfced, only adding to it the recommendation that the 9 pr. 
 M. L. R. giun of 6 cwt. might advantageously bo substituted for the 
 gun of 8 cwt, for Field AHillery." 
 
 No reserve of guns, ca. ages, limbers, or wagons, is kept in this 
 country, a want which would bo most seriously felt, in case of sudden 
 hostilities; of course reserve ammunition for the Batteries might be 
 .carried in ordinary country wagons, but it would be at great risk, as 
 well as being very liable to deterioration by wet, etc. 
 
 It is generally considered that Artillery should take as much am- 
 munition into the field as will suffice for two or three actions, but as 
 fluch an amount cannot be convoyed with the Battery, reserves are 
 organized, from which the wagons of the Battery may be replenished. 
 
 The expenditure of ammunition in different Batteries of the same 
 force, in any one engagement varies so much, that it is impossible to 
 lay down any rule as to the number of rounds required per gun for 
 ftn action. 
 
 '* In the French and Prussian war of 1870, the Artillery of the 12th 
 German Corps, in eleven engagements, expended an average of 14| 
 
 (1) 
 
 <2) 
 
r 
 
 t7 
 
 rounds per gun, at Sedan one of the heavy Batteries fired 115 rounds, 
 and one of the light 126 rounds per gun, it is difficult to obtain th« 
 expenditure of the French Artillery, especially a« the ammunition 
 Bometimes failed, but the following averages have been given : at 
 Borny 15 rounds, at Rezonville 45 rounds, and at Gravelotte 110 
 rounds per gun." (1) 
 
 " It has been pointed out that the employment of rifled guns has 
 not affected the consumption of ammunition, but that the greater use 
 which will doubtlessly bo made of Artillery, will tend to increase the 
 expenditure : it must, however, bo remembered, that rifled guns pro- 
 perly placed, and fired with -deliberation, produce such formidable 
 etfoets, that there may off'er no necessity for a very large expenditure, 
 to accomplish the desired object." (2) 
 
 The number of rounds taken into action by the gun carriage, and 
 ammunition wagon in our service is 
 
 /-,/-,. ( Limber .'. 36 
 
 GunCarriage < . , , ; . 
 
 ^=» ( Axletree boxes. 4 
 
 Wau^n (Limber 36 
 
 ^^^" JBody 12 
 
 I 
 
 148 
 
 and the proportions of different kinds of projectiles are, 
 
 Case shot 4 
 
 Common shell 32 
 
 Shrapnel shell ll£ 
 
 The total number of rounds per gun taken into the field is to be 
 
 ^""Battery { ^^™t .".'r." 108 
 
 1st. Reserve. Divisional reserve 108 
 
 2nd. Reserve. Corps Reserve 44 
 
 T tal. 
 
 300 
 
 (1) Lt.-CoI. Beilly, supply of ammunition to an army in tlie field. 
 <2) Lt.-Col. RelUy, C. R, R. A. 
 
IF^ 
 
 28 
 
 The Ist. reserve ammunition is carried in ammunition \\agon8, one 
 for each gun in the Batteries, the remainder or Corps reserve ammu- 
 nition could be carried in ordinary farmer's wagons, provided the 
 cartridges were packed in metal lined cases, (of which a proper 
 number might be kept in store) and protected from damp by tarpau- 
 lins or other waterproof covers. 
 
 The wagons for the Ist. reserve ammunition should be kept in the 
 district stores, together with the proper supply of ammunition ready 
 for issue at a moment's notice, as well as the ammunition for the 
 2nd. reserve, and the proposed means for protecting it from the 
 weather; wagons, horses, and harness, being hired, or impressed 
 when required. 
 
 The number of spare ammunition wagons Ist. reserve, required for 
 the present force of Field Artillery would be as follows : 
 
 Wagons, atiihiunition. 
 
 No. 
 
 strict 
 
 !No. of guns 
 
 1,(1) 
 
 8 
 
 2, 
 
 12 
 
 8, 
 
 8 
 
 4, 
 
 8 
 
 5,(2) 
 
 12 
 
 6, 
 
 
 
 1, 
 
 4 
 
 8,(3) 
 
 8 
 
 9,(4) 
 
 6 
 
 10, 
 
 4 
 
 11, 
 
 
 
 12, 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 8 
 6 
 4 
 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 70 
 
 The number of ammunition Vragons required for the Batteries^ if 
 they were of the proper strengtli according to numbers suggested in 
 this paper, would be as fellows: 
 
 (1) Ontario Battery omittod, not yet armed. 
 
 (2) One Battery 24 pr. Howitzers at Melburue. 
 
 (3) Two Batteries, (three 9 pr. S. B. guns, and one 24 pr. Howitzer each) one at New- 
 tJastle, and the other at Woodstock. 
 
 (4) The Halifax Battery, six 6 pr. Armstrong B. L. 
 

 29 
 
 . of guns 
 
 
 No. 
 
 of wagons. 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 1:2 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 > 
 
 ..160 
 
 Military Disti'ict. 
 
 No. 1, 
 2. 
 
 3, 
 
 4, 
 5, 
 
 6, 
 
 7, 
 
 8, 
 
 9, 
 10, 
 
 11, 
 12, 
 
 A certain proportion of sparo gun carriages with limbei*e sKould 
 ^Iso be kept in reserve in the proportion of about one to every six 
 guns, these should also be kept in stoi-e, with the reserve wagons^ 
 together with a proportion of materials for repairs in the field, such 
 •as spokes, felloes, shafts etc., in the rough . leather, nails, iron of 
 proper sizes, horse shoes, and nails, thread etc. 
 
 The jiresent system of supply of war material, is to purchase from 
 time to time, as required, from the Imperial stores whatever is 
 needed. This, especially as regards gun carriages and wagons, 
 appears to be very inadvisable for many reasons, among which may 
 be reckoned that of economy, one of the principal ones apparently 
 in this country, where every dollar spent in preparation for defence 
 is begi-udged by many, and by others called money thrown away. 
 
 The Field Artillery carriages and limbers, at present in use by the 
 different Militia Artillery Batteries are constructed principally of 
 wrought iron, the parts only which are of wood being the shafts, 
 constructed of ash, the limber boxes are of deal with elm ends, the 
 centre boxee are of deal with mahogany ends, (elm could be substi- 
 tuted) the axletrce boxes arc of deal with elm 'uids, the footboard is 
 ■of elm, the platform board of ash, tho spokes- of the wheels are of 
 oak, and the felloes of ash. 
 
3fl 
 
 All theHe various woods can be obtained in this country (except 
 the mahcganj', wliich is not actually necessary), of as good quality 
 and at less than i^rd the price at which it can be obtained in 
 England. Before the introduction of wrought iron, Field Artillery 
 carriages were constructed almost entirely of wood, which owing 
 to the cheapness of this material would seem to be the best for us 
 to use in our manufactures. It is, of course, more liable to destruction 
 from natural decay than iron, but is not liable to the contrac- 
 tion or expansion to which iron carriages are subject from the 
 various extremes of temperature to be met with in a climate like that 
 <of Canada, or to that great brittleness to which iron is liable when 
 subjected to a violent strain in very cold weather, a fact to which 
 -many of the almost unaccountable breakages of the present iron 
 •carriages, which have occurred since their introduction in this coun- 
 try, may be attributed. 
 
 The cost as per priced vocabulary of stores used in H. M. Service 
 1871 of a wooden 12 pr. B. L. E. gun carriage with limber (this 
 being a cawiage of about the dimenfiions as regards strength which 
 would be required for a 9 pr. 8 cwt. M. L. E. gun) is £100.12.0, while 
 the cost of the wrought iron carriage with limber for the 9 pr. M. 
 L. E. gun 8 cwt. is £165.*7.0. The comparable length of life of two 
 carriages, of course, can hardly be determined, until experience has 
 been had with the iron carriages, but it is pretty safe to assume that 
 two wooden carriages will last as long as one iron one, shewing a 
 balance in favor of the iron carriage, at this rate of comparison, of 
 about £35.0.0. In any case it can be safely asserted that the wooden 
 carriage can be constructed in this country of as good quality and a 
 great deal cheaper than in England. 
 
 Take the price charged in the vocabulary before referred to for 
 some of the component parts, and compare it with the ordinary 
 market value of the same articles in this country, as a basis for cal- 
 <iulation, assuming that the price of labor, etc., is about the same, 
 which it is. 
 
 Spokes in the rough 5 in. cost in England Is. 6d. stg. Market 
 value in this country, best quality, Os. 5d. 
 
 Shafts in the rough cost in England lis. 7d. Market value in this 
 country, best quality, 3s. Od. 
 
 This shows a result in favor of Canada of over 3 to 1, as regards 
 cost of material, while coal and iron are very little dearer here than 
 
 tl 
 lii 
 
31 
 
 at home. It can therefore be safely assumed that the same carriage 
 that costs in England £100.0.0. can be produced in this country, at a 
 price not exceeding £50.0.0, which, taking the life of the wooden 
 carriage to be equal to one half that of the iron one, shews again by 
 manufacturing the wooden ones for ournelves in this country instead 
 of purchasing the iron ones of about £32.0.0 stg. or about 40 per cent, 
 which would amount to a very large sum, when taking into consi- 
 deration the number of can'iagos and wagons which are required 
 for oven so small a service as Canada, as well as starting even on a 
 small scale the manufacture of war materiel in this country, and the 
 consequent. spending of our money among our own people. In con- 
 nection with this part ot our subject, the following article from the 
 Broad Arrow of the 9th March, 1878 is worthy of careful attention. 
 It is headed " The supply of Artillery ammunition," and is as 
 follows: — 
 
 " The subject of the supply of Artillery ammunition in the field 
 touched upon by Lieut. Graves, 20th Hussars, in his recent Lectui'e 
 at the United Service Institution, has engrossed the attention of oflfi- 
 ■ cere df the arm more directly concerned for some years past. 
 Major "W". B. E. Ellis, E. A., assistant superintendent of experiments 
 at Shoeburyness, has contributed a short paper to the Journal of Pro- 
 ceedings of the Koyal Artillery Institution, in which the matter is 
 fully and exhaustively discussed. 
 
 The suppl}' of ammunition to replace that carried in the gun 
 limbers is at present effected by the agency of wagon?, or four 
 wheeled carriages, consisting of a limber identical in all respects with 
 the gun limber, and (excepting some trivial differences of detail in 
 interior fittings of the ammunition boxes), interchangeable with it, 
 «nd a ** body," the latter being merely a system of four ammuitlon 
 boxes fitted on a frame resting on the axletree on which the two hind 
 wheels of the carriage run, a " porch " attached to the frame forming 
 the means of connection between the body and the limber, an eye at 
 the end of the perch fitting over the limber hook precisely as the trail 
 eye of the gun carriage does. Major Ellis proposes to substitute for 
 this heavy and cumbersome four wheeled cuiriage, (drawn on tl e 
 peace estab'li^ment by four horsca, iacreased on service to six,) two 
 limbers, these two limbers carrying between them the same amount 
 .of ammuuition as the present service wagon. 
 
32 
 
 Fi'om experin\onts miiJo with a service limboralterod to carry out 
 this idea in 187(>. Major Ellis now gives figures and facts in support 
 of his pi'opohul. ''The weight on a shaft horse in a wagon is 60 lbs. 
 in the modiried liniber without any carrijigo attached, the weight on 
 the shaft horse was found to bo G4 lbs. As great nicety of adjuHtmont 
 is required in testing this weight, it may be that practically no 
 ditference arises, With regard to the load and motive power, the 
 service wagon packed weighs -iO cwt. qrs. 2 lbs, 1 ho converted limber 
 packed weighs only 18 cwt, at most, or 2 cwt. qre. 2-4 lbs. less than 
 the service wagon, Two of the proposed Umbers would then weigh 
 36 cwt. only, or 4 cwt, qrs. 2 lbs. less than the service wagon, 
 while carrying an equal number of rounds of amra^unition. From 
 this it appeals th£!.t the ammunition wagon carries 4 owt. qrs. 2 lbs. 
 of perfectly useless load. 
 
 The wagon with six horses gives a gross load of 747 lbs. per 
 horse. One of the proposed limbers could have four horses while 
 the other had only two horses, making together the total of six 
 horses, allowed for the wagon. With four horses in Major Ellis's 
 pattern Umber the load per horse would be 504 lbs ; while with 
 only 2 horses It would be 1008 lbs. The latter load would, however, 
 be none too great, as the second line of limbers would not be requir- 
 ed to move out of a walk. The first line with four horses would 
 always be able to keep up with the guns, even on service. 
 
 The number of car ji ages of a battery turned out on the proposed 
 plan with the same number of guns, and carrying the same total 
 number of rounds as now (888) would be increased by four only, 
 counting each separate limber as a carriage. 
 
 It must be remembered that the modified ammunition limbers 
 would be available as gun limbers on an emergency, without any 
 alteration, so that they could either be substituted in action for a 
 damaged limber, or one whose team was disabled, or in case of 
 urgent need of an augmentation of Artillery it would only be neces^ 
 sary to issue guns and (carriages to these limbers. From this source, 
 without any increased expenditure as regards horses, harness, or 
 drivers, at a comparatively short notice, nine batteries could be put 
 into the field for every eight now in existence, the number of guns 
 available being thus increased (in round numbers) from 480 to 540, 
 As before obeeFved, the modified limber would give less weight on 
 
33 
 
 the elmfL liorso wlieii the gun is limberod up tlmn in the oaHO of 
 the service limber. Major Ellis claims as special advantages for his 
 Hj'^stem greatly increased mobility, eighteen more rounds with 
 every gun limber than at present, ant} thorough interchangeabllity 
 and uniformity of every part of the equipment : a more I'apid and 
 eas}* sup])Iy of ammunition in the tiold, with a much less weight on 
 the shaft horse under the same conditions. 
 
 The alterations could bo carried out quickly and at small cost 
 while the eventual economy would bo very great. In marching over 
 difficult country, in going down steep hills, and making sharp turns, 
 the increased mobility ^ould be very great." 
 
 LOCALIZATION OF FIELD BATTEllIES, 
 
 With regard to this subject little can be said. Of course it is neces- 
 sary, that all Field Batteries should bo raised in localities where 
 their services could be quickly utilized in cases of sudden invasion, and 
 where there are means of rapid transport to any point where they may 
 be required. In case of war which has been expected, and of which'due 
 warning has been given, this is not of so much importance, as time 
 is given to centralize the force, and make whatever aiTangements 
 are thought necessary. * 
 
 In a voluntary system, such as oui-s, Batteries can only be raised 
 in those places whore persons can be found willing to take the trouble 
 to organize them ; and in some places — no matter how important it 
 might be to have Batteries there,— it might be found impossible to 
 raise them, owing to there being no one in the place who would come 
 forward and undertake their»formation. 
 
 It might be well to look at the present localization of the Field 
 Artillery, and judge Avhat other places in each District would be 
 favorable for the formation of Batteries, in order to bring the pro-r 
 portions of Field Artillery up to the proper standard. 
 
 Military District No. 1. 
 
 This District has three Batteries of 4 guns each, one at London 
 and two at (Tuolph. One of the Guelph Batteries has as yet no 
 
 guns, having onlj^ just been formed. This district requires (from 
 
 5 ' ■ • ' ^ 
 
!■ I 
 
 84 
 
 reasons given in ])reviou8 portions of this paper,) tljroe additional 
 Batteries of four gunrt each. To do thia it eoema adviHable to. 
 raise an additional loiir-yiiii Hut lory at London, nialiing eight guns at, 
 that point. Kaise two additional Battoiiosat Stratford, an important 
 and growing town situated on the Grand Trunk Uailwaj*, at the June 
 tion of the IJutlalo and Godorieli brancdi of the same, a place aj)parontly 
 having every advantage from a military point of view. If ditHculty 
 occurred in manning and horsing bo many guns at Stratford, Sc. 
 Mary's and Mitchell, two large towns adjoining, might each furnish 
 a division. Ijondon would then have eight guns, Guolidi eight gui»s, 
 and Stratford eight guns, all situated at important strategic poiuts 
 for the defence of the Western peninsula of Ontario. 
 
 Military District No. 2. 
 
 This District has three Batteries of four guna each : Toronto, 
 Hamilton, and the Wolland Canal with its Head Quarters at Poi-t 
 Robinson. It requires three additional Batteries of four guns. 
 To do this a Batteiy of four guns could be organized in Barrio,, 
 a large town on the Northern Railway, to form the left half of the 
 Toronto Battery. Another Battery of four guns could easily be raised 
 at Brantford, a city on the Buffalo and Goderich branch of the Grand 
 Trunk Railway, this corps to form the left half of ttie Ilamiltoa 
 Batterj'. The Welland Canal 'lattery could bo augmented to eight 
 guns by giving the St. Catherine Battery (Garrison) four field guns. 
 This would give this District 24 guns, the number recommended. 
 
 Military District No. 3. 
 
 This District has two Batteries of 4 guns each, one at Kingston, 
 and the other at Bethany-, county of Durham. It requires two addi- 
 tional Batteries, of 4 guns each. This might be effected by changing 
 the Napaneo Garrison Batter^' into Field Artillery, with four guns, 
 forming the loft half of the Kingston Battery, and the Port Hope 
 Garrison Battery into Field Artillerv, forming the loft half of the 
 Durham Battery. This would complete this district to the number 
 recommended. 
 
 Military District No. 4. 
 
 This District contains two Batteries of 4 guns each, the Ottawa 
 and Gananoque. It requires four additional guns. The Ottawa 
 
 III! 
 
35 
 
 Battoiy niigiit bo incroasod to 8 guns which could now easily be 
 done, us the disbanding of the 0. B. (i. A. would loavo an aniplo 
 Hold t\)v rocruitin;^. Tho Gantvno>|ao Battory remaining at itsproaont 
 strength, this would complete this die^trict. 
 
 Military Bistheot Ko. 6. 
 
 This District has throo Batteries of 4 guns each, tho Montreal, 
 Shellbrd, and Molbourno, and it ro([uiros as many more to complete it. 
 To do this, it would simply require tho Batteries to bo increased to 8 
 ^Bns each, which there is no doubt tho commanding ofiicors would 
 roudily undertake to do if thoy wci» allowed tho incroaso of sub- 
 fltttiitivo rank recommendod. 
 
 Military District No. 6. 
 
 "This District has no guns at all, and should have twelve. The 
 lai'go town of Three Rivers would soem a likely place in which to 
 organize a Battery of eight guns, and BoauharnoisorSorel a suitable 
 ])laco for a half Battery of 4 guns. By doing this, tho district would 
 bo complete in Field Artillery. 
 
 Military District No. 7. 
 
 This district has one Battery of 4 guns, and should have at least 
 12 guns more. Tho Quebec Battery, the only one at present, might bo 
 increased to eight guns, and an additional eight-gun Battery raised 
 in the fine county of Mcgantic. By so doing this district would have 
 tho uumbor required. 
 
 Military Di»trict No. 8. 
 
 This District contains two Batteries of 4 guns each, one at New- 
 castle and titte othji at Woodstock. It has nearly its proper propor- 
 tion of Artillery, these Batteries should be united as one command, 
 ;as previeusly recommended, forming one Battery ot eight guns, each 
 half Batteiy remaining, of course, at its present location. 
 
 Military District No. 9. 
 
 Contains one Battery of six guns at Halifax. Increase its equip- 
 ment to eight guns, raise anotljci* Battery of eight guns in th» 
 
3G 
 
 populous country lying on the shore of the bay of Fundy, making 16 
 guns in nil, the number I'equired to complete its proportion. 
 
 Military District No. 10. 
 
 This i)istrict has ono Battery of 4 guns at Winnipeg, ample, for 
 years to come, for its force of Infantry Militia. 
 
 Military District No. 11. 
 
 This District contains no Field Artillery, and its Infantry force is 
 too small to warrant the raising of any. 
 
 Military District No. 12. 
 
 Contains no Field Artillery, and should have a half Battery of four 
 gtihs. One of the two Garrison Batteries at Georgetown and Summer- 
 side might be changed into Field Artillery, aud would complete this 
 District; 
 
 SIEGE AETILLEEY. 
 
 " The object ^tid cquipnient of Siege Artillery are very different 
 from those of Artilcry for service in the field, the quantity and 
 variety of the material i*equircd being very much greater, as 
 well as the time necessary for its collection. The organization of 
 Artillery for siege purposes is however in isotne degree siupler than 
 that of Field Ai-tillory, as there is generally a sure basis on wliich 
 to ground such an organization. Sieges causing much expense and 
 delay should not be undertaken, unless by such a course the enemy 
 tn^^v either be much crippled in his resotirces or deprived of his 
 points of support, or unless the capture of any particular fortress is 
 absolutely necessary for the reduction of a country, and is likely to 
 iproduce a considerable moral effect." (1) Canada from the very 
 nature of its Military organization, a purely Militia ono, possessing 
 no large standing army, would always be fighting a defensive cam- 
 paign. It would never undertake any operation in an enemy's coun- 
 
 (!) OXven'8 Modern Artlll«ry. 
 
f- 
 
 87 
 
 try requiring ft siege train, from the fact that there are no wdrks in 
 the country of our only possible antagonists of any size which would 
 render their reduction by a regular siege either advisable or neces- 
 sary. We will, therefore, instead of considering under this heading 
 what is properl}' known as Siege Artillery, take up what is called 
 heavy Field Ai'tillery or guns of position. 
 
 This class of Artillery is, in the .British regular service, armed 
 with 25 and 40-pr. M. L. E. guns, and in this country consists of a 
 few 18-pr. S. B. guns oh travdiling'aiego cjirriages. 
 
 " The proper proportion of heavy guns of position can hardly be 
 determined. Most of the Continental powers have a proportion of 
 heavy FieldBattevios, attached to both divisional and Corps Artillery ; 
 they are equipped and horsed like other Field Batteries, and thereforo 
 possess sufficient mobility to accompany an army in its operations. 
 Experience has constantly shewn the advantage of heavy armaments 
 in the field. 
 
 Before Waterloo some of ^he troops of British Horse Artillery, 
 exchanged their G-pi-s. for 9-prs and two or three Batteries of 18 
 prs. were equipped for field service, although not present in the 
 battle. 
 
 In the CHmeu some of our Horde Artillery had 9 prs. T'he Eussians 
 both at Alma and Inkerman brought 12-pr. guns, and 32-pr. Howit- 
 zers into action, overmatching the fire uf our 9-pr8., and 24-pr. 
 Howitzers in the latter engagement, until a couple of British 18-pr. 
 position guns and two French 12-pr. batteries restored the 
 balance." (1) 
 
 Wo have in Canada 32 S. B. cast iron 18-pr. guns. It is proposed 
 • to convert these juns on the Palliser system into 40-pr. M. L. E. 
 .guns. Were this done, and these guns with suitable carriages, limbers, 
 and wagons, distributed in about equsl proportion to the Militia 
 Stores in London, Toronto, Montreal, and Quebec, together with a 
 proper supply of ammunition (at least 400 rounds per gun) it would 
 prove an ample supply of position guns for our present force. 
 
 These guns would not bo required for service of a temporary 
 : nature, such as the Fenian raids 1866 and 70, as their use is princi- 
 pally in crushing the Artillery of the opposing army, and Artillery 
 
 (1) C :!n'8 Modern Artillery. 
 
 m 
 
38 
 
 is not likely to form a portion of thearmumentofsuch atiiibustering 
 force. 
 
 In the event of more serious hostilities, were it deemed advisable 
 to have a proportion of heav_y ordnance with the army, the lighter 
 9-prs. might be withdrawn from some of the Field Batteries, and the 
 heavy 40-pr8. issued instead, in the proportion of one heavy gun to 
 two light ones, the equipment in harness, horses, etc., thus answer- 
 ing without any serious alteration. This is done every year at 
 Aldershot, and no difficulty is found in the men picking up the drill, 
 which only differs slightly from Field gun drill. 
 
 
 Hi. ..;! 
 
 Pl 
 
 gaeeiso:n^ aetillery. 
 
 " Is emploj'ed in the defence of fortresses, for the purpose of re- 
 tardin;^ and injuring the besieger's works^ of counteracting and 
 silencoing the tire of his batteries^ of creating casualties among his 
 troops, and of repulsing such assaults as may be made by him." (1) 
 
 The proportion of Garrison Artillery required by us is governed 
 by the size of the armament of our different fortresses, forts, of bat- 
 teries, which we have at present in this country, and to determine 
 the number of men we require, we shall take each place where works 
 of defence are erected, by districts, in the same way as the Field 
 Artillery portion of this paper was treated. 
 
 As the greater number of guns mounted in all our works ai*e of 
 comparatively light calibre, we can safely assume that a Garrison 
 Eattery, of the present authorized strength, (Vide, Eegulations and 
 Orders, Active Militia, para 12,) will be able to man at least 4 guus, 
 (allowing for casualties such as sick, etc.,) we therefore require in 
 the diffei'cnt Militaiy Disti'icts the following strength of Garrison 
 Artillery. 
 
 Military District No. 1. 
 
 Has no permanent works, and requii^es no Garrison Artillery. 
 
 Military District No. 2. 
 
 Contains the Old Fort at Toronto, armed with 7-8" 65 cwt> S.B. 
 guns, and 2-32-pr. 56 cwt., S.B. guns. It- possesses one Garrison 
 
 (1) Owen's Modern Artillery. 
 

 39 
 
 Batterj at Toronto, and one in CoUingwood, which could be brought 
 to Toronto to man this work in addition tc the Toronto Battery. ° 
 
 The St. Catharine's Garrison Battery is not required and could be 
 disposed of i:& previously ^recommended. 
 
 Military District I^o. a. 
 
 Contains the important fortified City of Kingston. It contains 
 fo'ir Garj-ison Batteries, Cobourg, Napanee, Port Hope, and Trenton. 
 None at Kingston whore most required. The armament of King- 
 ston when taken over from the Imperial Government in 1870, was as 
 ibUows. 
 
 56 pr. guns 1 
 
 ^ 8 in. ^uns 65 cwt 2 
 
 32 pr. guns 56 ewt 24 
 
 24 pr. guns 50 ewt 28 
 
 5f in. Howitzers..... , 4 
 
 32 pr. Carronnades , ,,. [4 
 
 24 pr. Carronnades... .,.,.. ^ 
 
 18 pr. guns ,..,..,.... 5 
 
 13 in. L. S. Mortars ,.,.... l 
 
 10 in. L. S. Mortars . 2 
 
 8 in. L. S. Mortars 2 
 
 Total 83 
 
 Since then 2-Y" B. L. R. guns have been received, and mounted 
 one in Fort Henrj^, and one in Fort Frederick, in places formerly 
 occupied by the 8" S. B. guns. All the guns on the land and west 
 face of Port Henry have been dismounted, and are to be replaced by 
 10 64-32 pr. M. L. R. converted guns. This will make the total 
 number of guns mounted at Kingston as follows. 
 
 7" B. L. R. guns 82 ewt.... 2^ 
 8"S. B. guns 65 ewt.... 1 L, , . 
 64 pr. M.L.R. guns 56 ewt. ...10 ^^i^ive of 
 32 pr. S. B.guns 56 ewt.. ..24 hjfowit?iers &> 
 24 pr. S. B. guns 20 ewt.... 9 | ^arronados. 
 Mortars 51 
 
 ^'^^.^l 51 
 
 80' 
 
 pi 
 
40c 
 
 The OarroDades and Howitzers for flank dofonco would not 
 require men especially detailed for them, as they would seldom bo 
 required for use, until after the necessity for using the guns, in a 
 great measure, ceased . They could be manned by f«w Infantry men 
 trained to ordinary gun drill, as no particular accuracy in laying is 
 required for them, and only case and grape would, as a rule, 
 be used. To man the guns and mortars, 10 Batteries would be 
 required, and only two are available, the Cobourg and Trenton, 
 The other two are yeconimonded for disposal as Fi6ld Artillery. 
 
 Military District No. 4. 
 
 Contains no permanent works, except Fort Wellington at Prescott, 
 an almost useless work, ard at present unarmed. A Garrison Battery 
 has just been formed at Prescott to man this work. 
 
 Military District No. 5. 
 
 m 
 
 Has no permanent works, A saluting battery of eleven 24-pr. 
 S. B. guns, and a couple of 32-pr. S. 3- guns on St. Helen's Island, 
 constitute its armament. The important post of Fort Lennox, 
 situated on Isle-aux-Noix, is dismantled and empty. It had at the time 
 it was given over to the Canadian Government an armament of seven 
 32-pr. and five 24-pr. S. B. guns, which have been removed and 
 placed in store at Montreal. 
 
 This Fort contains also fine stone barracks for half a regiment, and 
 should certainly be looked after, as it would be a fine place for the 
 Fenians to capture, and at present easily to be done. They would 
 have ihe easily earned reputation of capturing, and if they liked des- 
 troying, a British Fort, and would not only gain prestige by the 
 achievement in the eyes of their ignorant supporters, but might cause 
 considerable loss to the Government in buildings, etc., as well as the 
 expense incurred by driving them out. This might be prevented by 
 keeping a detachment of " B " Battery there. The men formerly at 
 St. Helen's Island, would be available, and Colonel Strange, E. A. 
 has recommended this should be done. Montreal in this district has 
 a Brigade of six batteries, and another batteiy is situated in St. 
 John's. This w^ould all be required for the defence of Montreal, ir^ 
 ^he event of war. 
 
41 
 
 Military Distaict No. 6. 
 
 Has no MTorks, and has no Garrison Artilleiy-none is required. 
 
 Military District No. 1. 
 
 Contains the most important Fortress of Quebec. This Fortress 
 ?s armed as follows . 
 
 1 ine.i B. L. It. guns, 82 cwt 5 
 
 8 inch S. B. <' 55 u j 
 
 64-32 por. M. L. E. " 58 " ...!.'...*.'..'. 10 
 
 32 por. S. B. " 56 « 18 
 
 24 " « 60 " .'.'.*.!.*..".'..'* 18 
 
 24 " " 48 " 32 
 
 24 " '. 20 " 2 
 
 18 " u 42 U g 
 
 12 " " 34 " .!!!!.Z;;!!!;!!; 6 
 
 Mortars L. S., 13 inch 36 " 3 
 
 S. S., 10 inch 52 " '..' 4 
 
 47 " 4 
 
 " L.S., - 18 " 6 
 
 " " 8 inch 9 " 2 
 
 Total 120 
 
 Carronades 54 
 
 Howitzers 10 
 
 Total 184 
 
 The total number of guns and mortars being 120, requires 30 
 batteries of Garrison Artillery- to man them. To meet this demand 
 we have one Battery at Quebec, one at Grosse-Isle, (thi.- Battery has 
 been disbanded since the above was written,) which could not bo 
 spared being composed of Quarantine employees, and another a^ 
 Gaspe ; steps should be taken to remedy this. 
 
4a 
 
 Military District No. 8. 
 
 Contains the fortified harbour of St. John. Its armament consists 
 of 28 guns and mortars, 
 
 8 inch S. B. guns, 54 cvvt 4 
 
 G8 por. •' 95 " 2 
 
 og '« «' 64 " 2 
 
 n u '* 58 " 8 
 
 24 «' " 50 " 8 
 
 18 " " 38 " 2 
 
 12 " " 34 " 1 
 
 8 inch Mortars L. S. 9 " 1 
 
 Total 28 
 
 It has also five 64-32 pr. M. L. B. guns lately mounted at For* 
 Dufforin, making .33 guns in all, requiring a force of 8 Batteries of 
 Garrison Artillery, which the district has, making it complete in 
 Garrison Artillerymen . 
 
 Military District No. 9. 
 
 Contains the city of Halifax, the only station in the Dominion 
 where Imperial Troops are stationed. Its works and their armament 
 being under the Imperial control do not come within the province 
 of this paper. This district contains 16 Batteries of Garrison 
 Artillery which would afford assistance in the defence of Halifax, 
 and they could all be utilized without the slightest trouble, as this 
 post is heavily armed with modern rifled guns of large calibre. 
 
 Military District No. 10, 
 Eequires no Garrison Artillery. 
 
 Military District No. 11. 
 
 Has no permanent works of defence, although its defenceless con- 
 dition has been the subject of remonstrance for some time past. The 
 Lieutenant General Commanding speaks most strongly on this sub- 
 ject. In his last report, page 20, he says : " Before quitting the subject 
 of ordnance, I beg again to refer to a suggestion submitted in Decom- 
 
V 
 
 4B 
 
 "ber 1875, shortly after my return from Vancouver's Island, viz : for 
 the construction of an earthwork battery upon u pronivOn^ory Ciillcd 
 McAuly's point, commanding the entrance to the harbours of Victoria 
 and the Naval Station of Es(j[uimault. I had plans and estimates of 
 this work, prepared by Lt. Col. Blair, R. A., and he estimates the 
 expense, exclusive of magazines, at about six hundred dollars. The 
 number of men requisite lor this IJattery would probably be about 
 •100, and I have no doubt that the loyal people of Victoria would 
 readily raiso a small Brigade of Vohuitcer xVrtillcry for the purpose. 
 
 This Battery is a real necessity, because in the absence of a man- 
 of-war from the anchorage in Esquiniault harbour, which sometimes 
 happens, there is no kind of protection for the valuable Naval stores 
 in the Dockyard, nor for the city of Victoria. Any piratical cruiser 
 or privateer entering the straits oi'Fuca could blow up and destroy 
 both places, with perfect immunity at present. 
 
 On visitiiig the dockj-ard at Esquiniault, at tljo request of Vice 
 Admiral the Honorable Arthur Cochrane, I found two 7 in. and four 
 40 pr. B. L. R. guns obsolete foi* uaval service, and about to be sent 
 to England. I requested that they might be detained, with their 
 shell, and equij)ment, pending my proposition to have them handed 
 over to the JJuminiou Government, I submitted this scheme in 
 December 18T5. I now find no steps hav'- been taken to procure the 
 transfer of the guns, and 1 eai-nestly hope this may bo done." 
 
 Since the above was written, the Canadian Government, acting, no 
 doubt, under picssuie from the Home Authorities, have determined 
 to carry out this scheme, of fortifying in a small way the harbours 
 of Esquimault and Victoria, and Lt.-Col. Irwin, Inspector of Artillery, 
 is now there carj-ying out the building of the works, and organizing, 
 us well as training, volunteer Batteries to man them. 
 
 This Battery, even when erected, will be quite inadequate for the 
 protecti(jn of such an important position as this, and it would appear 
 very advisable that the construction of pernuinent works, mounting 
 guns of heavy calibre, saj' 9 in. or 10 in. M. L. Rifled, should be com- 
 menced without delay. The cost of constructing these works might 
 be spread over a number of y«ars, the country would haidly feel 
 the ellect of it, and would luivc the satisfaction of feeling that, in 
 that quarter at least, it had taken its share in the deience and 
 upholuing of the grand old Empire it is so proud to be culled a jjart 
 
Military District No. 12. 
 
 ti:;.v!': 
 
 !i ^!i; 
 
 
 ;i n 
 
 Thia District has no fortified harbours, and, owing to its closef 
 proximit}'- to Ilalifiix, with a strong naval squadron generally cruis- 
 ing in that vicinity, it is comparatively safe from any serious attack. 
 I have no information as to the capabilities of (Jliarlottctown its 
 Capital for defence, but should think that a light Buttery of rifled 
 guns, properly manned by a couple of its Garrison Eatteries, would 
 bo sufficient for its defence against any privateer likely to oporato 
 against it. It has at jiresent 4 Garrison J3atterics. Those at Char- 
 lottetown might bo retained as Garrison Artillery, the other two being 
 treated as recommended in a previous X)ortion of this paper. 
 
 In concluding the subject of Garrison Artillery, it would, pei'haps 
 not be out of place to refer in as few words as possible to the equip- 
 ment of the diffoi'cnt Batteries, as well as that of the ditrerent forts 
 and earthworks in which guns are mounted, scattered as they are, 
 over difi'erent parts of the country. 
 
 These works when handed over by the Imperial Government wero 
 armed altogether with smooth bore cast iron guns, AVithiu the past 
 year or two the idea of converting these guns into rifled guns has 
 been suggested, and steps are being taken tow^ards the carrying out 
 of this important work. Although a few heavy rifled guns of modern 
 construction are required, in places where there is a probability of 
 naval attack, such as St. John, Quebec, Kingston etc., still the con- 
 verted gun would prove quite powerful enough for the defence of 
 all land fronts of works, and of harbours of not very great import- 
 ance. We have in Canada according to General Smyth's report tho 
 following guns suitable for conversion viz : 
 
 19 
 
 8 in. guns. 
 
 135 
 
 32 pr. guns. 
 
 209 
 
 24 pr. guns. 
 
 32 
 
 18 pr. guns. 
 
 The 8 in., 32 and 24 pr. guns can be converted into 64 pr. rifled 
 guns, and the 18 prs. into 40 pr. rifled guus. A 32 pr. gun was 
 given to a firm in Montreal for conversion, but they have, it is 
 understood, given up the work, owing to some defect in their plant, 
 which renders it impossible, without constructing special machinery 
 
4ft 
 
 tor the puqioso, for them to turn out the finished gnr\. The import- 
 ance of this work to the country i.s so great tliat, if necessary, the 
 .government whould give a Kufueiont amount of money to provide the 
 plant, and have the work proceeded witli at once. 
 
 The dotaila of ammunition, store^i etc., for guns, works, or Batte- 
 ries, are omitted, the detail being fixed by a Eoyal Warrant, called 
 *' Kcgulations for the equipment of the Army," and it would be use- 
 less to recapitulate the diii'orent items here. 
 
 of 
 
 i-t- 
 
 10 
 
 OEGANIZATION. 
 
 The organization of Garrison Artillery requires little to bo said 
 about it. A system of rogimentalization is much required ; and that by 
 districts, as proposed for Field Artillery, is recommended, so as to 
 permit of promotion to substantive field rank of its officers, as well 
 as to secure a jiropor system of command in the event of many 
 Batteries being brou;.!,ht together. This system having been detailed 
 at length in Iho paper on Field Artillery, it is considered unnecces- 
 8ary to reproduce it here. 
 
 The time allowed for training is too short to permit of any degree 
 of efficiency being attained, and should be doubled, half to le put in 
 at local head quarters, and half in barracks at the nearest fort, 
 where the officers and men could put into practice what they had 
 been working at theoretically, during the fir^t half of their training. 
 In conclusion it would be well to state that this paper has been 
 written with the view that it applied simply to a system purely a 
 Militia one, and not as applicable to a thoroughly trained and well 
 disciplined regular force, with an endeavour to place plainly before 
 the reader what could be done by this countiy, with its j)resont sys- 
 tem. That the time will never come when this country, like other 
 countries, will require to keep u\) a small standing army, is not the 
 opinion of the writer* In fact it is necessary, that not only our 
 distant North West territories should have an armed force of regular 
 soldiers, but that all our cities, of any size, should be garrisoned by 
 at least a few trained men, who would not only assist in maintaining 
 order, but also serve as patterns of Military neatness and soldierly 
 Iteai'ing to the Militia Corps, as well as furnishing them with well 
 
46 
 
 trained institlctora for their annual drill. The regular force need 
 not bo a large one ; tho proportion of the regular Ai my of the United 
 States to its population, would be a fair one for ub, and would give 
 us about 2500 officers and men. 
 
 They could Ibrm a part of the Imperial forces, and might be ex- 
 changed with them, at stated intervals, letting our men serve in Eng- 
 land or elsewhere, being replaced by a similar number from there, 
 thus keeping up their etiiciency, by seeing all the modern improve- 
 ments in works and materiel, and taking part in manoeuvres on a 
 scale not likely to be obtained in tins country for many years to 
 come . 
 
 The present active militia force of this country is too large by 
 about one half. This can bo seen by tho difficulty experienced in 
 keeping the ranks of many of the corps up to their proper strength. 
 
 Better for us to have a fairly well drilled militia, 20,000 strong, 
 than an armed mob of double the number. 
 
 The Reserve militia enrolment should bo strictly carried out every 
 t"\vo years as provided by law, thus not ordy giving proper informa- 
 tion on which to work, in cat?e it should bo neco.ssaiy to call out a 
 portion of them at any time, but also keeping befoi-e the mass of tho 
 people the knowledge that thoy are liable to be called upon to serve 
 for the defence of the country, should necessity arise for their so 
 doing. 
 
 A proper supply of warlike materiel of all sorts, for, at loast^ 
 100,000 men, should be always at hand in our reserve stores ; and 
 in addition, plans and equipment for quickly transforming our Lake 
 steamers into gunboats, should be kept in certain Garrison towns 
 bordering upon the dillerent lakes. Our lakes and rivers form our 
 principal line of defense in our two most important Provinces— Ontario 
 and Quebec,' — and if we can succeed in suddenly getting complete 
 control of them, and keeping it, we arc safe ; it is one of our cheap- 
 est means of defense, and should no longer be neglected. As it is 
 now, we have been compelled, owing to a sudden Fenian scare, to 
 arm, or prepare to arm, a few tugs, with a few, comparatively worth- 
 less, smooth bore field guns, the only weapons at our disposal. 
 
 Were this country placed in a thorough state of defense, such aa 
 it could be, by the expend i'-ure of a not very large amount of mone/ 
 
 . II'!. jjj 
 
 i 
 
4t 
 
 and the exercise, by those in authority, of a little forothonght and 
 prudence in dealing with the Military defence of this country from 
 a practical and not (as it is now, and has been for many years) a 
 political one, we should be in a position far different from what wo 
 are at present : an arm of strength to our Mother Country, instead 
 of a source of weakness in time of danger.