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The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour §tre reproduites en un seul cliche sont filmdes d partir de Tangle supdrieure gauche, de gauche d droite et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Le diagramme suivant illu'tre la m^thode : 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 r .0 "COUNTRY BEFORE PARTY." ISSUED BY THE Dominion Hatioaal League. ►# m ♦- HAMILTON, APRIL, 1878. This pamphlet is issued by the Dominion National League, and is intended partly as a guide in the establishment of branch associations , Lat mainly with the view of furnishing such information as will enable the reader to arrive at correct conclusions regarding a National Policy for the encouragement of our native ifidustries. It is believed by the founders of the League that no country can attain to such a position as the patriotic aspirations of Canadians desire to see Canada attain, without diversity of employments and ample home markets for the farming community. They are also of opinion that the peculiar circumstances of Canada are such that we cannot develop the magnificent natural resources with which Nature has so bountifully endowed our country, without a policy that will judiciously encourage the process. No country ever has risen to the full height of national stature without the aid of such a policy at some period of its history, and in none of them have the reasons in favor of it been stronger than in Canada. Situated, as we are, in close proximity to a country whose industries are older, more extensive, and wealthier than ours, and whose tariff is a prohibitive one against nearly every Canadian product, there is no fair- ness in the competition. The stronger and protected industry has every advantage over the weaker and unprotected one, just as an army behind fortifications and numerically superior would have every advantage over weaker antagonist in the open field. Particular attention is directed to the statistics in the latter part of the pamphlet. These are all taken from official sources, and have been collected with great care. They show, among other things, that for several years past our imports from Great Britain have been vastly les- sened, while those from the United States have been vastly increased, and that our experts to the latter country have been falling off year after year Rightly interpreted, these figures reveal the destructive forces which are in active operation against the industries of ^.-anada, — forces which must be arrested in their progress if this country is to be saved W)m becoming the industrial vassal of the United States. • Correspondence solicited and information furnished by tl c Secretary, Wm. H. Frazer, Dominion "National League, Hamilton, Ontario. I OFFICE OF THE /. /J, !^> DOMINION NATIONAL LEAGUE, Hamilton Young. Esq., Treasurer, Wm. H. Frazer, Secretary, Hamilton, Ont. Hamilton, Out. TO THE PEOPLE OF CANADA : THE great interest which has been and is being manifested by the people of Canada, of all classes and of all shades of political opinion, in the past and present aspects of our trt de relations — an interest which is not singular in any one Province, but is equally apparent in all — indicates that the great masses of the Canadian people are now awake to the urgent need of such legislation as will tend to nlleviate the effects of the present depression. While it is not claimed that ot|ier countries have been entirely free from their share of the gen- eral depression, it is undeniable that in the case of Canada its effects have been aggravated by reason of our unwise trade policy — a policy highly injurious to the best interests of our country, and calculated to weaken and destroy those ties which bind the Provinces together aad the Dominion to the Empire. For several years past, the Administration has been urged by the advocates of a National Policy — comprising men of all shades of politics and others not allied to any political party — to re-arrange our fiscal policy so as to foster and develop the agricultural, mining, manufactur- ing, maritime and commercial interests of the Dominion. These repre-|jp sentations, however, have not received that attention from the Administration which their importance demanded. It was therefore deemed advisable, at a meeting held in Hamilton, Ontario, on March 27th, 1878, to form a Dominion National League, for the purpose of appealing to the peopjp of Canada to waive all party or political differ- ences in order to secure such legislation and administration as will foster and develop the interests named ; the opinion of the meeting was J that this could only be attained by the election of representatives to the Dominion House of Commons who will pledge themselves not to sup- port any Administration who will not favor the adoption of a National Policy. The experience of history teaches that ^reat changes in the policy of a country can best be secured by the formation of leagues or associa- tions, called into existence for the accomplishment of the object sought for; and realizing this truth, the meeting formed itself into an association to be known as the Dominion National League, passed the resolutions which will be found embodied in the draft of Constitution, and decided on the formation of Branch Leagues throughout the Dominion. P'or the assistance of those desirous <{ forming Branch Leagues, and for the promotion of unity of action, the following draft of Constitu- tioh was adopted, subject to such additions as local circumstances may render expedient — such additions not to conflict with the principles of the League as embodied in the resolutions : — Association shall be " The Branch of the Dominion The name of this National "League." Its objects shall be the dissemination of its views in accordance with the following preamble and resolutions : — Whereas, the pressure of competition to sell both labor and the products of labor, whether these products be drawn from the farm, the factory, the forest, the sea or the mine, has greatly increased of late years, is still increasing, and must be expected to increase still more in time to come. And whereas this increasing pressure of competition to sell is visibly forcing civi- lized nations generally into the adoption of such a policy as in each case respectively appears to recommend itself, as the best available means of securing the nation's home market for its own producers, including both employers and employees, owners and tillers of the soil , as well as workers in the factory and the mine. And whereas the defence of home labor and home enterprise generally, which is a matter of deep interest aot only to producers and capitalists, as some imagine, but to the great mass of the people of this country, demands immediate and united action to secure a National Policy. Resolved, ist, That the time has come when it is necessary to form a Dominion National League, the object of which shall be to promote by all lawful means the adoption of a National Policy for Canada as respects all her material interests — agricul- tural, mining; manufacturing, maritime and commercial. Resolved, 2nd, That such a league will find ample vindication and reasons for its existence on the ground, not of attack on the interests of any other people, but of defence of our own ; in fact, upon the broad ground of self-preservation — the first law of nature. ^ Resolved, 3rd, That National Policy, as here to be understood, consists of such ^legislation and administration as shall favor the development at home of every branch of production or manufacture suitable to the countrj''s circumstances, and as shall cement together the various Provinces of the Dominion by making their trade relations mutually beneficial, which they are not at present, and the extension of trade with coun tries whose products do not compete with our own, in such articles, for example, as tea, coffee, cane sugar, raw cotton, and many others. Resolved, 4th, That the League will use its influence to elect representatives to the House of Commons, who will pledge themselves not to suppd^t any Administration that will not favor the principles and policy of the League. Any person may become a member of this League who professes his adherence to the principles above set forth, who is willing to be ruled by the Constitution and By- \1 n \; h Laws of the Association, and who pays an annual subscription fet of twenty-five cents (on payment of which sum he will receive a card of membership). The Officers of this League shall consist of an Executive Committee of three mem- bers, who shall be the delegates to the Dominion League; a Secretary, whose duties shall be to keep a record of the proceedings, conduct correspondence, and perform such other duties as the Executive Committee may direct ; a Treasurer, whose duty it shall be to collect members' fees and subscriptions, transmit the same to the Treasurer of the Dominion League, Hamilton Young, Esq., Hamilton, and keep a correct account of all monies received and disbursed. The Executive Committee would earnestly impress upon all who are desirous of seeing Canada attain to greatness and prosperity, the impor- tance of enrolling themselves in Branch Leagues, one of which, it is hoped, will be formed in every municipality in the Dominion, and when organized, the Committee would urge on Branch Leagues the necessity of at once communicating with the Secretary of the Dominion League, in order that they may be promptly supplied with such information* printed matter, and assistance at public meetings, as will enable them to prosecute successfully the objects of the League. There can be no doubt that the adoption of such a National Policy as advocated by this League would develo j our resources, increase our population, add to our wealth, and enable Canada to attain to that high position among the nations which the intelligence, energy and enterprise of her people, and the varied, valuable and inexaustible natural resources with which a bountiful Providence has blessed her, justifies us in aspiring to. It is for the people of Canada to decide now, by their choice of representatives, whether they will assist the country to realize this glorious future; whether they will continue to waste their energies in the aimless and useless struggles of partizan strife, and thereby allow it to sink into the humiliating position of an appendage of the neighboring Republic. Let our motto at the coming elections be Country before Party, By order of the Executive Committee. Wm. H. Frazer, Secretary, Hamilton, Ontario. EXTRACTS FROM THE PROCEEDINGS OF A DISCUSSION ON THE AGRICULTURAL, MILLING, MINING AND MANUFACTURING INTERESTS OF CANADA, At Toronto, Ontario, October 25TH and 26th, 1877. The President, W. H. Rowland, then delivered his opening address. He said he had to congratulate the membersof the Association that they had assembled in such strength, and that they represented such large and influential interests. There were about fifty members present — about half the number that constituted the Ontario Legislature — who were practically the largest employers of labor in Canada, and consequently he thought the decision such a meeting might arrive at as to what policy would best protect the industries of the country might be ?£cepted as correct. The meeting was an important one, because before parting they would come to the con- clusion that the time was past for making vain appeals for alterations in the tariff, and that the time had come when they must divide the people of Canada at the polls on the question of free trade and protection. (Hear.) It was also an important meeting for the reason that up to the present time there had been no real discussion of these questions. Whether it was that the minds of the politicians were so fully occupied with steel rails, the Neebing Hotel, etc., that they could think of nothing else, he could not say, but at any rate those questions had so taken up their time in discussing that he failed to find a single speech that afforded much evidence of any real consideration of so vital a matter. He noticed that the Hon. David Mills, in a speech recently delivered, made a great show of what might be called argument, but which for mis-statement of facts in that fanatical way peculiar to free traders was certainly sublime. He would give one or two instances. The hon. gentleman said that the country had gained half a million of dollars in 1874 by the importation and exportation of corn. They would scarcely think it possible for an intelligent, educated man not to know that the great bulk of this margin was in freight and insurance, the larger proportion of which went into the pockets of American shipowners and insurance agents, and the Canadian exporter would not get probably more than four per cent., or from ?6o,ooo to $70,000. The mference was that if a duty was put upon corn, this trade would be lost, whereas the fact was that the export of corn would go on just as easily in bond through Canada as it did now. Another statement equally wrong was that the Maritime Provinces could not have been induced to enter the Union if a protective policy v/as to prevail. The facts were entirely to the contrary. Near the time of Confederation the Nova Scotia Legislature imposed a duty of something like 50c. upon American flour. The Hon. Mr. Tilley's m-iin argument was that Confederation would open to New Brunswick the great markets of the Dominion, not that it would give them to the Americans. Another undeniable answer was that if the people of Quebec and Ontario had apprehended that such an idea had ever been in the minds of the promoters of Confederation, the opposition to it would jAave been as intense as it was in the Province of Nova Scotia. They would never have Submitted to Confederation based upon the deslruction of the home trade. They found everywhere cropping up in the papers that "put off" of the free traders that in all J)robability there would be reciprocity with the United States. The time had passed or trifling with such follies as these. Every right-thinking man had come 1:o the conclusion that the Americans were too wise and too far-sighted to give Canada any advantages in markets she did not now possess, especially as they had the benefit of our markets without giving anything in return. It was, howevef, within the bounds of possibility that if we shut out their products from our markets by a heavy duty they would have an inducement to concede something in order to gain something. His own impression was, that while the Americans gave the free traders every possible oppor- • tunity to talk big and make long speeches, they took care when forming their Govern- ments that men holding free trade opinions should have nothing to do with the fiscal policy of the country, and he did not believe that in our time they would see a free trader controlling the fiscal policy of the United States. The main question for discus- sion by the Convention would be the depression of trade in Canada. Various reasons had been given for the depression, but it simply came to this, that some class or other could not pay their debts and were unable to incur fresh liabilities. Who were these people ? The answer was very simple. They heard a great deal said about the fine crops this year, and that they were to put things right. Why, they had had as good crops for the last ten years, and the farmers were better off than they ever vere before. The farmers were less in debt than in any previous year, The farmer certainly was not in a depressed condition, and so far as agricultural produce was concerned, there was no question about it that this country had produce sufficient to make the best times they could desire, if upon that the prosperity of the country depended. Another class of people were the villagers, mechanics, and workingmen dependent upon manufacturers. Here would be found quite a different state of things ; their trade or position was depressed financially, and they were suffering. The next thing to do was to discover the reason why the circumstances of this class were in a depressed condition. It was owing to an abnormal and extraordinary competition from the United States in manu- factured g6ods. (Hear, hear.) In 1872 the Americans had begun to come down to hard pan, and when wages and the price of everything had been brought to a low point in 1873, they were producing as low as goods were ever produced in the world. While, therefore, their goods cost no more in depreciated currency than we paid in gold, they were able to send over their manufactures, and with the difference between gold and currency pay 14 per cent, of the duty, leaving only 3J per cent, difference between their" protection and our free trade. The result was shown clearly in the change of trade that took place between this country and the United States and Great Britain. In 1872-73 the imports from Great Britain were $62, 000,000, and in 1876-77 $40,000,000, showing a decrease of $22, 000,000. The imports from United States in 1872-73 were $35,000,000, and 1876-77 $46,000,000, and this in the face of depression, and a reduction of $33,000,000 on general imports. Now this increase of $11,000,000 practically meant an increase of double the amount, because we had reduced our purchases to the extent of $33,000,000, showing conclusively that American goods had come and replaced our own manufactures. In the export trade the reverse was the case. In 1872-73 the exports to Great Britain were $25,000,000, and in 1876-77 $40,000,000 an increase of $15,000,000. In 1872-73 the exports to the United States were $36,000,000, and in 1876-77 $2q,ooo,ooo, a decrease of $7,000,000, which meant that the American goods had shoved so much of ours out, and that we had been driven out of our own markets and compelled to send our raw material 3000 miles away. The balance of trade, owing to the extraordinary state of the tariff", was now turned to seventeen millions against us. For fear that somebody might say that the increase from the United States was on free goods, he had looked at the figures, and had found that in 1872 the free goods from the United States amounted to $31,000,000, and in 1876 to $25,000,000, a decrease of $6,000,000. The dutiable goods from the United States in 1872 were $17,000,000, and in 1876 $21,500,000 an mcrease of $4,500,- 000. This four and a half millions excess was in the period of a general decline of our imports of $33,000,000. It was not possible to deny the fact that the Americans had got a market here for their manufactures during the last four years. There was no doubt they were able in the first place to secure this market from the premium on gold paying the duty, but before the premium went down the resources and capital of our manufacturers had been so weakened that it was impossible for them to fight the Americans under the present tariff. The American dealer had his drummer here just the same as in any city in the Union, and in every case he came here with the intention of selling. The American could succeed under the present duty in getting a fair price for his goods in spite of us, because our manufacturers could not produce so cheaply as they could three years ago. It amused him to think that so many of the free traders were ultra-loyalists, and that nevertheless they allowed Great Britain to labor under such a disadvantage as a 17J per cent, duty, while to-day the Americans paid only equal to 15 per cent. They had the strongest possible evidence from a disinterested source that the American manufacturers were turning their attention very seriously to this mar- ket. It was given in the report of the U. S. Consul to his Government. He said in effect " You have nearly the whole of the Ontario market, and you can get it all." If the tans' remained unchanged Canadians would have to drop manufacturing and become hewers of wood and drawers of water for the Americans. The cruel way in which the X Government had allowed our manufactures and labor interests to be sacrificed would forever be a blot upon their fame. He thought that if they took proper means of showing their ."epresentatives in Parliament the value of the home market, good results would follow. As it was, the members of the House, finding that their leaders were not clear on the subject, were frightened to venture into unknown waters. The matter had never been fairly placed before the country. The figures he had quoted clearly showed that for every pound or bushel of American produce introduced into this country the farmer would be compelled to send a pound or bushel to a market 3,000 miles distant ; in other words, to an unfavorable market. The farmer throughly understood the advantage of trading with the cities about him and of having a market near him, because the working classes were purchasers at fair prices. When it came to dealing with the manufacturer tor raw products, he got ' better price and more consideration than if he sold to some storekeeper for export. 1 he question of taxation was what really worried and clouded the mind of the voter. Everywhere he was told he would be taxed more heavily if a certain duty was increased. Now if the citizens of Toronto gave a bonus to a railway to come to the city, it would be given in the belief that the railway would bring in additional population to an extent to render the charge on the original Copulation less than before the bonus was given. In the same way, if the farmer could e got to understand that protection to manufacturers meant getting extra population, and that duty will be collected from ten men instead of from say five as now, he will see he is not to be taxed higher than at present, but that he will obtain a larger home mar- ket, with a larger population over which to spread taxation. In examining the Canadian census figures he had been surprised at the result. In 1861 the population of the Cana- dian Provinces was 3,432,000. The average annual rate of increase in the ten years ,. preceding — during which occured a year of great depression — was as follows : — Ontario, 4.37, Quebec, 2.50, New Brunswick, 2.60, Nova Sfcotia, 1.82, Prince Edward Island, 2.07. According to these figures the population of Canada in 1871 at the same ratio of increase should have been 4,700,000, but the last census showed that it was under 4,000,000, an annual increase during the ten years of only one per cent. The most stagnant nation under the sun had a better ratio of increase than our boasted Dominion. All over the United States Canadians were to be found, most of them Oi^cupyiii^; responsible positions. Every year Canada must have lost an enormous population. The cost of raising a man in Canada had been estimated at ftSoo. — that was until he was able to take care of him- self. At the lowest calculation, Canada had, between 1861 and 1871, lost 80,000 people a year that had been educated in the country, and who were worth to her half a million of such men as we get by assisted emigration. (Hear, hear.) To use a vulgar expres- sion, our country was getting little better than a breeding ground for the Americans. Another question for discussion would be whether it paid to send our labour out of the country to buy the result of foreign labor. We had bought the results of foreign labor to a larger extent than we had shipped labor products oui of the country, and the fact remained that the balance must have been paid for in money in some shape. As we had not that money, he concluded that it must have been borrowed. This kind of thing would have to stop soon. We were buying all the time more than we were send- ing out labor for, and he asked in what sort of shape would we be when we could not borrow to pay for our purchases. The result would be a more frightful depression than we ever had before. So far as the Government were concerned, ^vhen that happened — afid the time would come sooner than anticipated — direct taxation would have to be resorted to in order to pay our debts. When this fact was properly put before the peo- ple, they would come to the conclusion that direct taxation was a greater bugbear than the impalpable taxation of the protectionists. Our expenditure for the last five years had been ^17,000,000 for iron, and for articles which could be manufactured here fli20,- 000,000 in addition, What a short-sighted policy, when the materials were in the coun- try only waiting to be taken out of the ground. What would they think of a farmer who would buy milk because he was too lazy to milk his cow ? Yet we occupied such a position, and the time may come when we will have no cow to milk. The remedy was to put on a sufficient tariff so as to encourage manufacturers, which would reduce the imports to the extent of 825,000,000. It would not take a very high rate of duty to accomplish this under this policy. In five years the whole import of manufactured goods would come down to 30 or 40 millions. The benefit of Protection was exemplified in the case of the United States, where after so great a calamity as the civil war, they had already turned the balance of trade in their favor. This could not have been done under any other system. We could never become a great country until we produced our own manufac- tures, and used up the raw material that God had given us. The tendency of the free trade policy had been to separate rather than to bind together the different Provinces of the Dominion, and under such a system community of interest was prevented, and national feeling rendered impossible. The speaker proceeded to refer to the sugar refin- ing business, which he asserted free trade had ruined in Canada. He contended that it would be useless to subsidize a line of steamers to do the West India business, so long as they carefully destroyed the only means of working such business. The only thing to do was to put on a tariff which would enable Canada to manufacture. With reg.ird to the proper policy for them as manufacturers to pursue, there cculd be no doubt that they would have to enter into the next election. The fact that many of them were Reformers and strong party men did not lessen their duty to themselves and their country so far as this question was concernea. They should see that the men who were nominated at the next Reform Convention were men who would tell the Government that on this ques- tion they would have to change their policy or get out. He had no confidence in the honesty of either party, but if the course he recommended were pursued he fancied that as much could be got from the fears of the Government who were in, as from the promises of the party who were out. If there were only twenty members in the new House who were pledged to protection, they could, at the right time, get the controlling power of the Government. Their interests in this case were the interests of the country, and, in de- termining upon better measures to preserve our industrial life, they would, at the same time, be doing everything to preserve the national life. (Hear, hear.) AGRICULTURE. Hon. Senator Reed, of Belleville, commenced the discussion on this subject by moving the following resolution ; — I. "That the great Agricultural interest of Canada suffc" grevious wrong through the present one-sided system of allowing / merican farm produce to enter our market duty free, while our produce has to pay heavy toll on entering the American market ; and that justice to ourselves requires that we meet duties exacted on the olher side of the border with equal duties on our side, no more and no less, also that the same measure of justice should be extended to our milling and mining interests." He said : — I ittle expected when I came here to have the pleasure and honor of saying a few woru. n support of the resolution, but I must say it gives me the greatest pleasure to do so. I came here! by accident. I am not a delegate, but I think I received an invitation, and I am very happy to be present, and to speak of the great Agricultural interest of this country, which, to my mind, is the greatest interest. I have had something to do with the general interests of the country for the last 20 years and I fancy 1 know what the Agricultural interests require, and what will be for their best interests, and if I should look back a little into the past, you will excuse me. I have been connected with Agricultural interests for over 40 years. I can recollect when I first arrived at Kingston, and at that time the Frontenac country was almost foreign in a monetary point of view, as the Americans had the whole trade. The American people, when they granted us the Reciprocity Treaty, thought we would become one of themselves, but it did not seem to have had that effect, as it had acted for the benefit of both countries. We all remember certain circumstances that occurred at the time the "Munro Doctrine" was promulgated. I am a staunch Britisher in feeling myself, and have looked with a great deal of jealousy when anything of this kind turned up. In 1864, when Mr. Gait, Mr. Howland, and Mr. Smith went to Washington to enter into negotiations for a reciprocity treaty, I well recollect that the Americans led them to understand that Canada was to become a part of the Union. At that time we were about acquiring the North-west, and in the course of the discussion one of the Ameri- can Commissioners (Mr. Morrell) asked Mr. Gait what he would have to pay for the North-west, "because," he said, " we look upon it here as if we should have to pay your debts some day." Mr. Gait also proposed building canals in common with the United States, but Mr. Morrell said he had no authority to ent jr into negotiations of that kind, "that, gentlemen," he said, "will have to remain in abeyance until you take your seats here." Such was the state of feeling in the United States in 1864, and it is quite evident that since then our American friends have not lost the idea that the Munro Doctrine is the one for them to adopt. However, \ believe since then we have established a nationality north of them that will rise up a great country. This cold climate is calculated to give our people vigor, the one just adopted, for the reason that one of the standard arguments used by those advocating the continuance of our present suicidal policy, whereby agricultural products of the United States are admitted free of duty into our country, while ours are subject to heavy duties on entering theirs, is that imposing duties on American wheat and other grains, would have the effect of seriously reducing the revenue now accruing from our canals, and unfavorably affect our carrying trade. In rebuttal of this stereotyped argu- ment, the speaker contended that the bonding system suggested in his resolution, one made simple and inexpensive as possible, would prove unanswerable arguments to all reasonable objections that can be advanced against the fullest reciprocity of tariff with the United States in agricultural products, for the bonding system would continue to- secure the transport of American grain, via the St. Lawrence route, in bond for export, without of necessity causing any dimunition in the volume of that trade now existi.ig, or prove any obstacle to its future' increase, affording, as now, to the Canadian miller the manufacture of iiour from American wheat, in bond, but for export only, thus more fully securing the markets of Canada to Canadian farmers, much to their advantage, while no injury would be done to other Canadian interests, for the cost of bread to our consumers would not necessarily be increased thereby, from the fact that Canada would still have a surplus of wheat for exportation to foreign markets, but to our own advantage the volume of same would not be so great, for our present jug-handle policy crowds from our home markets a portion of the Dominion produce that otherwise would be absorbed by ourselves, much more to the advantage of our own producers.^ And further, our exports of grain would then show the actual surplus of this country, after the farmers of this Dominion (not the American) had first supplied all that our own markets require for home consumption. (Applause.) Mr. H. Shorey, of Montreal, seconded the resolution. Mr. Lukes, Toronto, said he thought a denial should be given to the Premier'.s. assertion that the views embodied in the resolution would destroy the carrj'ing trade of the Dominion, and requested some member to give the meeting his views on the subject. ^ Mr. W. H. HovvLAND said — We are very large exporters to Great Britain, and every day we have the question of freight come up, via New York or Canada? and although we are of course in favor of the Canadian route, yet I am sorry to say we are compelled, to ship three-fourths of our goods via New York, in bond. The second resolution was then put and carried unanimously. Mr. McInnes, on rising to move the third resolution, as follows: — "That while the commercial depression of the last four years has been in great part due to general causes, affecting nearly .all civilized countries, the injury to Canada might have been greatly lessened by wise legislation, thereby making employment at home for both capital and labor, and a profitable home market for the products of the soil." Said — They had not met to deliver abstract essays on the principles of Free Trade or Protection. He understood the object of the meeting of the Association was tov II enable ifs members -to place their views before the country in such a practical manner that a question so deeply affecting its welfare might be understood by the people. Poli- tics had unfortunately become mixed up with it, and a cloud of dust would be thrown up to blind men's eyes to the truth. The great question was what the circumstances of the country required at the present time. There ought to be no doubt in the mind of a^ one giving the subject the least consideration, that a fiscal policy suited to the con- dition of an old manufacturing country like England, with its realized wealth and E,bun- dance of trained labor, was quite unsuited to a young one like Canada. The manufac- tures of all young countries required Protection, and it was good policy and wise legis- lation to foster their development by a sufficient measure of Protection. We have a very high Free Trade authority in support of this view, the late J. Stuart Mill. The reasons for it are obvious, and he would endeavor to make them clear before concluding. This principle applies with exceptional force to Canada from its geographical position alongside that great country to the sou^h of us, whose people were protected by a tariff which excluded us from any competition with them in their own market, while our market was practically free to them. He could not understand how any one in Canada could advocate the continuance of this one-sided Free Trade policy. The Americans alone have good reason to be satisfied with it. They reap all benefits. He did not, however, believe that any one here wished for any such an excessive and indis- criminate high tariff as theirs. The enormous waste and expenditure caused by their great civil war, along with their depreciated currency, necessitated a high tariff, aside from the question of Protection. But, as already stated, he did not believe that Canada would be wise in following their example, and fortunately the necessity did not exist. They are now considering and discussing; not Free Trade, but freer trade, in the admis- sion of raw materials required for their manufactures, at a nominal duty or altogether free. Their currency has for the last four or five years been gradually approaching par in gold, and there has been in the same period an immense reduction in the cost of manufacturing ( very description of goods. The enormous strides they have made in their manufactur- ing industries were fully demonstrated at th^r Centennial Exhibition. The superior quality and finish of their goods, as well as their cheapness, were such as to suprise and alarm European manufacturers, and English exhibitors gave expression to their fears in the English press. They are now not only regaining foreign markets formerly pos- sessed by them, and which for a period of about ten .years, owing to their civil war, they had entirely lost, but gaining new ones, even in England, whence they are export- ing considerable quantities of their cotton and other manufactures. Statements have been published by the advocates of the present one-sided Free Trade policy to the effect that, comparing their present exports to those of ten years ago, there is no visible increase, artfully ignoring the period of their civil war, when there could be no exports. But taking that period into consideration, the marvel is that they should so soon recover lost markets and find new ones. Finding a new market for manufactures, unlike finding one for produce, was always a matter of time and difficulty. Prejudices have to be overcome in displacing the goods which have had possession of any market, even by those which are better or cheaper, besides financial arrangements existing for long periods of time. Looking at the marvellous increase and excellence of their manufac- tures, no one can doubt that their exports will continue greatly to increase year by year. This is the country alongside which we are placed, and whose manufactures have been allowed under the present one-sided 'Free Trade policy to enter our markets at a nomi- nal duly, while we are excluded from theirs by a prohibitory one, gradually displacing English goods of a similar class and destroying our young manufacturing industries. The difficulties and expenses attending the commencing of manufactures are much greater in a new than in an old country, and where manufacturing industries have been carried on for many years. You have inexperience to encounter, the want of skilled operatives, and no other will answer ; these operatives have to be imported or trained. Importing means emigration to these operatives, and no man will emigrate unless with a prospect of bettering his condition, which means an increase of his wages. Training operatives to their work is an expensive process ; it means small product of an inferior quality for a considerable time, which is simply ruinous. It may be said that those engaging in such industries should take these difficulties into account at starting, but he would venture to say that scarcely any one at first engaging in them did so except very partially. Then there was the important and vital question of market, and to this it may also be said that it should have been taken into account at starting, but he believed he was correct in stating that the whole of the manufacturing industries of this country were ' ^arted at a time when the condition of the market was very different from what it 12 i! is at the present time, otherwise the greater part of them would never have been com- menced, with the existing one-sided Free Trade policy. Our competition for supplying our own market was then with Europe, England mainly. We were prepared for that competition, which has always been a fair and legitimate one, but we were not prepared for the ruinous competition of our neighbors alongside of us, whose goods entered mir market — a small one at best — virtually free of duty, owing to the premium on gold, which nearly paid our duty, for it is well known that the prices of American goods are not afiected by the premium on gold. When their manufacturers could not aispose of the whole of their product at home at market rates, it suited their purpose to send the surplus to Canada, or any foreign market, at a considerable reduction from the prices attainable at home. Canada is thus made a slaughter market. The ruinous competi- tion and fluctuation caused by sudden imports, whenever our neighbors may happen to have an accumulation which they desire to clear at a sacrifice price without disturbing their own market values, can hardly be over-stated. And this is not all. It has been found that after they have once introduced their goods into this market, a systematic attack is made on the Canadian manufacturer by reducing prices far below cost of pro- duction, in order to crush him out of existence, for the purpose of securing the market for themselves and obtaining their own prices. This is surely a ruinous competition for the Canadian manufacturer, who has to contend with the difficulties already mentioned, of higher wages, &c., and who in starting could not have taken this into account. The advocates of the existing policy contend that the people, especially the farmers, are greatly benefitted by the influx of American goods, and that this country is being enriched because its imports are greater than its exports. This would be true if we exported our products and received in return imports exceeding in value the cost of the articles exported ; the difference would be profit, and the country enriched to that extent. But it is surely a fallacy, as applied to imports which we have largely .0 pay for in gold, as the Americans tax ev» ry article which the Canadian farmer can sell them by the imposition of high duties, wnile the same articles exported by their farmers to Canada are admitted duty free. As regards the 'question of prices, it is not merely one of dollars and cents. The important point to the farmer of Canada was the amount of purchasing power which the produce of their farm placed in their hands each year ; '' by a protective policy, and the consequent building up of local markets, this was increased, the balance of cours^ was in the farmer's favor, whatever the prices might be. That manufacturers conferred the greatest advantages upon a country was indis- putable, and experience had fully proved that internal cornpetition kept prices within bounds. It has been stated by the foremost man in the Government that an increase of duties might or would lead to direct taxation. He (Mr. Mclnnes) believed, on the contrary, that the rate of duty did not affect the volume of importations ; that is, that their amount would not be lessened from an increase of the duties, excepting as regarded the articles which we manufacture, and their number and variety w6re limited. He believed that the farmers were far too intelligent to be frightened by such a fallacy, and that they were in favor of Protection to home industry. The necessity of resorting to direct taxation can only arise when the industries and commerce of the country become so depressed as to cause the amount of importations to fall so low that the revenue therefrom will be inadequate for the expenses of carrying on the Government or payment of the interest on the public debt, and this state of affairs the present policy of the Government is well calculated to bring about. We had passed a series of years of abnormal prosperity, which caused a large increase of manufacturing industry of various kinds, and in which the savings of the people were invested to a considerable extent. The majority of them were entirely unrenjjinerative, and, with a continuance of this present one-sided Fred-Trade policy their savings would be swept away and thousands thrown out of employment. Different classes of manufacturers require different classes of protection. We have not come here prepared to propound any scheme, as that should be the duty of the •°-rnment who would take the subject into consideration. We understand that the int Government have made up their minds that there are going to be no additions ^ the tariff, but I think it will be the duty of the new Government who are prepared to listen to the evidence of the manufacturers. (Loud applause.) Mr. Robert McKechnie, Dundas, in seconding the resolution, said — I have much pleasure in seconding the resolution. There can be no doubt that we have felt a greater depression in Canada than our neighbors on the other side. In the United States the people felt the depression very severely, the cause of which was their civil war. This war was of great benefit to Canadian manufacturers for the time being, but now without . '3 protection our markets are flooded with American goods of all kinds. The manufac- turers of Canada are crying out for Protection, but how did the Government, treat the gentlem'^"'. who went down to Ottawa and gave tbeir evidence on this point, The manu- facturing mterests of this country have been treated by the authorities with indifference in fact, and the Government organs treat every manufacturers' meeting in the same way. Instead of treating manufacturers with respect, they treat them with ridicule, and also treat with ridicule any resolution they pass. I was pleased with the opeiimg remarks of the President, and I think the points in his address were very ably brought out indeed. The depression in Canada is caused from the want of employment by the masses of the people. If we had plenty of buyers for our manufactures there would be no such depression, as there would be no lack of employment for the working classes. Take the article of fur- niture for instance. Had the Government placed a fair duty on furniture coming into Canada, there would not be many mechanics in that business idle to-day, and I say the Government ought to try and find a remedy when any portion of the community is suf- fering. Agriculture is very important, but I believe the manufacturing interest is the mainstay of the country, as without it the farmers cannot find a home market for their produce. In 1876 we imported into Canada 8267,000 worth of furniture, without export- ing one dollar's worth. This shows there must be something wrong — bringing wood into a wooden country — for here we have the material, the manufactories, and, in fact, every- thing which produces the article. Mr. McKechnie then read the following imports and exports for 1876 : — Carriages and harness imported ' $179,000 Do- do. exported 17,000 Cotton goods imported $3, 623,000 Do. exported 6,000 Regarding cotton, we have not as large mills, but we can make as good an article. We can get cotton^ (the raw material) very nearly as cheap, but still the Americans are able to send over their surplus here and keep prices down, so that I believe there is not a cot- ton factory in the Dominion that has been able to pay a dividend except one in Dundas. Fire engines 817,000 Mr. Ronald, of Chatham, makes as good an engine as any firm on the other side, but he cannot ship his goods over there on account of the prohibitory tariff, while American agents come over here and undersell him, no matter what price he asks. Axes $15,000 One firm in Hamilton alone having imported 88,000 worth of these goods. Hoes, forks, spades and shovels imported 849.000 But of this class of goods we exported 895,000 ; these, however, went to Great Britain. Nails imported 8228,000 Stoves dr> 393,000 Why is it we should import such a large quantity of stoves, and not export a single one ?. Machinery imported 8392,000 Factory machinery imported 265,000 We have, according to these figures, imported in all of iron goods 81.405,000. While, if the Government had put on a protective tariff, we might at least have retained 81,000,000 of this in the country. Of woollen goods we imported 89,180,000, and I am informed by a gentleman representing these goods that there are no factories suffering more from the want of a protective tariff than they are. The imported goods are not as good as ours, being all mixed up with shoddy. Musical instruments imported in 1876 81,008,000 These are articles of luxury, and why should they not be made at home ? There can be no question but that it is protection to manufacturers, etc., that is enabling the United States to pay off their debt of four thousand millions, while we in Canada, whose debt is a mere bagatelle, are becoming more and more involved. In regard to Confederation, I agree with the President that we are no nearer being harmonized with the other Provinces than before Confederation ; we have been cultivating a trade with the United States rather than with them. Protection enables them to send arms (87,000.000 worth) to , |:i y H Turkey, and cotton, sewing machines, watches, locomotives, etc., all over the world. This, toOpin a country which it has been said is " protected to death." There have been far more failures in Canada, in proportion to population, than in the United States, and I think that with Government aid we might have come out of the hard times with much less loss than we now possibly can do. I am satisfied we are now coming to a crisis in the history of our country, when unless we have Protection, men like Mr. Lukes will leave us and go to another country, where their interests will be better protected, and where they will have the advantage of trading with a population of forty millions on their own side, and four millions on this side. I im glad to see so many leading men present from all parts of the countfy, and although the number is not so large as I should like to have seen it, yet I belike this will prove the most important meeting we have ever held, and I have no doubt it will bear the best fruits at the ensuing elections. We ought, in a question of this kind, to steer clear of politics. We want Protection, no matter who gives it to us, whether Reformers or Conservatives., and if neither will do so, we must start an independent party of our own who will give it to us, for I am convinced that, without Protection, we will soon as a country sink into insignificance, (Loud Applause.) Mr. McInnes, Hamilton, said — AUov, me a moment to state the fact that there | has lately been erected in Londonderry, N. S., a blast furnace, which I am glad to say produces the best iron which has been offered in the markets of Canada for a long time. There is also another blast furnace in the City of Rochester, N. Y., and the markets for the production of both of these is in Ontario. The iron from Rochester comes in here free of duty, and you will easily understand that freight on an article of that kind is an important item, so you can see the great disadvantage at which the Londonderry enterprise is placed as compared with its Rochester competitor, of whose production, I know from personal knowledge, nearly seven-eights is sold in Ontario. Now, it appears to me, that for a state of things like this there should be some remedy. I think it is a great injustice to admit the iron from Rochester free, and I* am sure this could be remedied without doing injustice to anyone. Mr. Barber, Streetsville, said — I wish to draw your attention to the fact that a duty of twenty per cent, is charged on ore going into the United States from Canada, which after being manufactured is again admitted to this country free of duty. Mr. Jones, Gananoque, said — My experience is that the United States are not only making a slaughter market of this country, but are also doing their best to crowd out our manufactories altogether. To give you a practical illustration of this, I will read you a letter I received from the other side a few days ago. I had been purchasing am article of malleable iron for some years in the United States, as I could get a better article there than in Canada, but latterly a factory of this kind was started in Oshawa. They quoted prices to me (8gc.) and finding them low, and the article first-class, and feeling that I could not do better, as I thought, the article being equal, I determined to purchase in Oshawa. I therefore wrote to the parties to return me my patterns as I was getting the iron cheaper and had made other arrangements. (Mr. Jones here read the letter referred to, which expressed the regret of the parties in the United States, that he had not communicated with them before making other arrangements, as on going over their calculations, they found they could deliver the iron — duty and freight paid to Gananoque — for 8|c., the same as asked by the Oshawa Company in Oshawa.) " Previous to this they had not paid the 17^ per cent, duty or freight and had charged me more than the Oshawa Company quoted, I have read this to show what they will do to wipe us out altogether, j.-st to carry out their Munro Doctrine. It is quite evident they could not afford to sell me at the price the Oshawa Company quoted, but to make up the loss as far as possible, they would, in case they received an order, ship the goods to their representative invoiced at four or five cents, so as to reduce the duty to eight or ten per cent. I am of the opinion that on a question of such great impbrtance as we are now discussing all party politics should be set aside and any party supported that will protect the interests of the country. You all know what a loss it is to a manu- facturer to be obliged to shut down. We have to pay the same insurance, &c., &c., and often have great difficulty in getting our hands together again, and the Americans find it better rather than do so to manufacture, instead of $150,000 on which they make a profit of 15 per cent, in their own country, $200,000, on $150,000 of which they get 15 per cent., although they lose 10 per cent, on $50,000, as oa the whole they have a good profit, but the Canadian manufacturers have to suffer. (Applause.) Mr. McInnes said — I hold a letter in my hand addressed to my firm from one ol the largest houses in the city of New York. It reads : " We desire to keep the T 15 ♦Canadian market open to sell any lots we may wish to dispose of under regular prices." Mr. E. GuRNEY, Jr., said — I met some gentlemen from Hamilttm recently who had •started an establishment for the n:\anufacture of curry combs. They told irie that shortly after starting they had been made an offer of ^5,000 to stop manutacturing. They replied that, as they had put their '* all " into the business they did not propose to stop. They were then told if they did not stop they would soon be obliged to, and shortly after this the price of curry combs fell from 82.40 to 9t.6o per dozen. Mr. Shorey, Montreal, said — There is a young industry started in Ontario, the maaufacture of some lines of cotton goods, and our iirm having seen their samples, •thought it best to patronize them and try and use their.goods. United States manu- facturers have ageuts in Montreal for the same class of goods, and these parties on learning of the Canaai^n ei terprise, came to us and said, " No matter what prices they quote, wo will sell you fo,ltss." This, I think, is another argument that they are fully determined to crush our manufactures. Mr. Lukes said — I notice that the St. Louis millers are now shipping flour to Toronto and are prepared to sell at less than the cost of the wheat — although we are exporting wheat to them — while our mills are standing idle. Senator Reed — I think the Government of Canada is very unmindful of our manu- facturing industries. A Canadian railway company can send its iron to the United States and have it re-rolled without paying any duty at all, but on coming back to Canada it is subject to a duty. A Canadian vessel winter bound, or in distress, or . -abled, and requiring repairs to her machinery, the patterns being in Canada, duty is -cnarged not on the repairs alone, but on the entire machinery to which the repairs have been made. These are the regulations furnished the Custom officers. In three years there had been a balance of fifty-five millions of dollars against us in trade with the United States, or in other words, we had paid them that amount more than they had paid us, and last year our imports of goods from that country that might have been made at home exceeded twenty millions of dollars. Mr. Dickinson, Ottawa, having made some remarks showing clearly the benefits American manufacturers enjoyed over those in Canada, read the following extract from the Philadelphia Press : " The wisdom of the protective policy is just now being signally T^indicated. The protective duties have enabled us to establish and develope a manufac- turing system that permits us to compete with the most industrial nations of the world. Our manufacturers have attained to such a degree of skill and excellence that they can nearly eqjial foreign manufacturers in their own markets and defy competion at home. The products of our looms and workshops are finding their way into every country and are successfully contending hand-in-hand with British genius and wealth in Sheffield, Manchester, in the Indian Empire and in the Colonial possessions of England. Another curious incident growing out of protection is the emigration of foreign capital and labor to the United States. Rather than continue a non-profitable competition abroad, foreign manufacturers are transferring their establishments to this country, and this is owing to our healthful and protective resources. To this add the cheapening of «very species of fabric by the rivalry created between home and foreign industry, to say nothing of the means of existence afforded to the laboring classes, and we have a sum total of benefit flowing from the protective system that fully justifies the support it received from Washington, Jefferson, Hamilton, Clay, and other American statesman, and from political economists of cosmopolitan reputation like Henry C. Carey and others. In Switzerland also, American machine-made watches are killing the manufacture of their own hand-made, and it has been determined to establish a factory on the American principle in that country. After half a cantury of continued progress and improvement "the Swiss now find themselves obliged either to yield the field to their American rivals •or to adopt their system." The res^ntion was then put and carried unanimously, and the meeting adjourned till Friday 'at ten o'clock. Mr. Green, Montreal, on moving the following resolution, " That a policy under which millons of money are annually sent out of the country, making employment for people abroad, while our own workingmen at home stand idle, is unpatriotic and suicidal ; that our own people have the first claim upon the country for employment, in preference to foreigners, and that a system which annually sends over twenty million dollars to the United States for manufactured goods which we can as well make at home is a crying injustice to our workingmen, taking the bread from their mouths and giving it foreigners, should be stopped by the adoption of a patriotic National Policy." i6 ! I Said — I have much pleasure in being with you tJ-day, and of having the pleasure of moving this resolution. This is not the first time Montreal has united with Toionto in endeavoring to obtain in this country ajudicious tariff. In 1859 a number of gentlemen came to Montreal, where the seat 01 Government !hen was, and some very stronp repre- sentations were made and a great agitation was created over the country, in Montreal, our organization was very strong indeed. Meetings were held, and the result was that a tariff was formed under Sir A. T. Gait, and raised from 15 per cent, to 20 per cent., and on boots and shoes I think to 25 per cct. Previous to this, boots and shoeii were largely imported from the United States, and for years before that there was not a manufactory in the Dominion of Canada. After the tariff had been raised, however, Messrs. Brown & Childs and Smith & Cochrane went across the lines and brought in machinery, and within fifteen months there were from fifteen to twenty boot and shoe manufactories established in this country, and in 1861, during the American war, they were able to supply the Dominion with boots and shoes is cheaply as they could be purchased in the United States. Now, on travelling through the country, I have been struck with the fact that the manufacturing interest is everywhere stagnating ; real estate and rents have fallen 25 per cent., and everywhere there are signs of general depression. Even here in Toronto I find rents have fallen considerably within the last four or five years. I recollect when this depression first came on in 1873, at the time of the failure of Jay Cooke & Co., and in 1874 we felt the first effects of that depression. At that time, those who looked at the future of the country met together and discussed this question, and sent deputations to the Government, representing to them that unless a change was made in the policy of the country, the changed condition of the United States would annihilate the Dominion. The Finance Minister said to these gentlemen that the depression was merely temporary. The next year and the year following we again sent deputations to Ottawa, who were only, however, receiving less and less attention, and were always met with the answer, " The depression is only temporary, and in a short time prosperity will return." We are now in the third year of this depression, bordering on the fourth, and the failures of the last nine months show a larger amount than t^ ise of the preceding nine months. What is to be our remedy? Let us take the hl.^cory of any country without manufactories, and we will find that no such nation has been prosperous. The nations of Europe without their manufactures would not be what they are to-day. A country rich in agriculture but poor in manufactures, is poor Take Russia, for instance, who sends her wheat and other produce all over Europe, and yet, without manufactures, how poor she is to-day. It was a fortunate thing for this country, the Gait tariff of 1859. That tariff' brought to life nine-tenths of the Industrie's that are alive in Canada to-day. I recollect an article in the London Times, in 1861, which called the tariff they were adopting a " Chinese wall," and predicted that it would end in commercial disaster. Yet the same paper, in an article on the Exhibition of 1876, admitted that it had been a dissappoint- ment to England, for instead of copying their designs, the exhibits of the United States were far ahead of the English exhibits in textile fabrics, iron, &c., &c., and that as far as price was concerned there was very little difference. Lying as we do alongside the United States, unless we can establish Lud advocate manufactures within ourselves, we are going to lose our population. The Reform papers are constantly copying articles from the United States papers, recording failures as they occur, and heading them " Ruined by Protection," but comparing the failures in the United States, according to population, the comparison is a bad one for Canada. In 1873, the failures in Canada, according to the population engaged in business, were one in 47, in the United States, one in 108, which is two and a-half times greater. In 1873, in the United States, the failures were one in 83, and in Canada one in 28, which is three times greater. In 1876, the failures in the United States were one in 69, and in Canada one in 32. For the nine months of the present year (1877), the failures in the United Statea»amounted to $142,000,000, and in Canada, $21,000,000 (which is ^3,000,000 in excess of^last year), so that in the ratio to the population, the failures in Canada would represent $210,080,000. Our failures are on an average three times greater than theirs, but taking into account the war they have passed through, they should not be one to four that occurs in the United States. Mr. Green then compared the national debt of Canada, with its four millions, and the United States with its thirty millions, showing that the debt of the latter, according to population, is double that of the former. He also called attention to the number of men put into the army in three years (2,150,000), and pointed out that 2,000,000 of men out of a population of 30,000,000, was one-third of the working popu- lation of the countr}'. Just consider, he said, the simple withdrawal of the productiye 17 force of the country to that e-tent. How disastrous it must have been to their trade, while the amount of property destroyed was five times greater. Mr. Green also called attention to the enormous national debt, 84.000,000,000, which had increased to that amount from $1,000,000,000 during the war; also to their internal taxes, $300,000,000 per annum ; to the immense amount of property destroyed by the Alabama, and other Southern cruisers, and drew the inference that the United States could not possibly recover as she is doing from the effects of these losses, were it not for the Protective tariff. It is evident, Mr. Green continued, that there are only two sources of wealth in a country— that is, creative wealth — namely, agriculture and manufactures. If I purchase /5o,ooo worth of goods in Europe, T. have to take the money out of the country to pay for them, but if I manufacture;^50,ooo worth out of the raw material that is in the country, I save to the country that much money. Now, are we going to employ this money to develop the products of our own country, or are we going to send it abroad to maintain foreign manufacturers ? I think, that in this country to-day, the tariff could be remodell- ed. Our revenue is $13,000,000, which is laid on without discrimination, the object being simply to raise that amount of money, no matter how. If that tariff was revised by men who are competent and who understand such things, wij could have an equit- able tariff, and I blame the Finance Minister for forming a tariff without first consulting the leading men of the country. Mr. Green then related a circumstance to show the wretched manner in which England carried out protection, of a gentleman who was going to start a hat factory in New Brunswick, and being about to ship the machinery from England, was arrested and fined, being informed by the Custom authorities that it was against the law in England to ship any machinery out of that country to the calonies. He finally, however, got it shipped and set up by water power, not far from the city of St. John. England, Mr Green continued, made it a point to protect her trade when she could produce goods cheaper than any other country in Europe. In relation to tariff, I would like to make a statement. A nation which draws its revenue to meet its obligations chiefly from customs duties, as in the case of Canada and the United States, may so distribute these duties as to make them the means of industrial development and wealth to the country, or they may so be arranged as to destroy exist- ing industries and prevent new ones from being established within the country. It is the wise and skilful statesman who can so arrange his tariff as to make it a means of contributing to an increase of wealth to the nation. He has thereby a richer country to draw his revenue from, and the people are better able to contribute to the needs of the Government. A farmer may say, if you increase the tariff I will have to pay more for my goods, and will get no more for my produce ; but this is not the fact. Nova Scotia contains more coal than Great Britain, and an equal quantity of iron lying side by side. What is the value of her coal and iron to the Dominion ? While to England it has been the nucleus of her wealth. Nova Scotia has it in more abundance, yet it is no use to her. The duty on iron in the United States is 87 per ton, in England nothing, and we pay 17^ per cent, more for iron in Canada than tJhey do in the United States, owing to the difference in tariff. In 1876 we imported : — From Great Britain, edge tools * 9 12,000. From the United States 24,000. Spades imported from Great Britain , 5,000. Do. do. United States 15,000. Sundrie."; do. Great Britain ' 81 7,000. Do. do. United States 1,549,000. Not all the statesmen in the world can contradict the fact that the United States con- sumer is getting his iron cheaper by the difference in tariff. In discussion with a Mon- treal gentleman not long ago, he stated that he was willing to have a revenue tariff in this country. I put the question to him : — Suppose the Government do not require a revenue, and there exists an industry in the country which produces millions of wealth, would you recommend a reduction of that tariff if boots Eind shoes were to be 5 per cent, cheaper in this country ? What is the effect upon the manufacturers of the Dominion ? He said: " Let the manufacturers become importers." I asked hiin how many impor- ters it would take to meet the wants of the Dominion. He said one half the number of importers would be sufficient. I asked him " What becomes of the other half? " He said, " Let them go to farming or leave the country." I asked him, "After they had left the country, what would become of their employees, for in Montreal alone boot and shoemakers give employment to from ten to twelve thousand persons?" He said, i8 i t " I-et them also go to farmiii};, or leave ttie conntry. " I said, " If these men leave the country, how many houses will they vacate?" About tifteen hundred, and rental would drop about 35 per cent. If you are an owner of the buildings your income will be, instead of ^4,000, 83,000, and your real estate will also decline in value , so much less imported goods will be needed in the country ; and now let us sum up and see how we stand in a prof t and loss account of the country. The value of boots and shoes imported 320,000,000 , Saving of 5 per cent i ,000,000 8i9.ooo,ooo Now supposing these goods had been made in the country, and cost the consumer twenty millions instead of nineteen millions. The interest on twenty millions for one year will be 8400,000, and the aggregate of this in twenty years is what Great Britain bases her wealth upon. Take an industry of any kind — the moment it is not running a dividend will annihilate the capital. I find that, as a rule, this is seldom brought up, but it is one of the most important things in this country. Kedpath & Sons, of Montreal (whose refinery is now closed for want of protection), whose machinery cost 8350,000, offered to sell the whole of .t the other day for a little over the price of scrap iron. In Nova Scotia they are attempting to make iron at Londonderry. The company have already spent two million dollars in blast furnaces, etc., but if the history of the country is not at fault, it is only a question of time as to when the Londonderry enterprise will follow the fate of similar enterprises, which were started at Moisic and Marmora. I have seen some of the iron from Londonderry made into stoves, and am convinced that it is the best iron we have ever had in Canada. Yet if the company does not get protection it cannot stand. The statement has been made that the mechanics of the United States are in a worse position to-day than those of Canada. I recently had occasion to go over there to secure the services of a foreman for my factory. On hearing that a man such as I wanted was out of employment in Danbury, I went there after him, but although I offered him a salary of 81,500 a year, he said " he guessed he would not come to Canada for that." This did not look to me as if the mechanics were badly off over there. Mr. Green then made a comparison between the mineral wealth of Nova Scotia and Massachusetts, and read from statistics, showing that the former contained large quantities of gypsum, coal, iron, all kinds of stone, zinc, and precious stones, while the latter contained none of these. Also, that Nova Scotia far excelled Massachusetts in her lumber, timber, fisheries, hydraulic power, and quality of the soil. Also that Nova Scotia was on an average 40 miles nearer navigation than Massachusetts, yet although our natural wealth surpassed theirs, and although we were as industrious and as ingenious, yet we were not as prosperous, because our legislation is against the interests of the country, and in favor of other countries. (Applause.) The resolutioq was seconded by Mr. Watson, of Hamilton, and carried unanimously. Mr. S. Fuller, Stratford, then moved the following resolution : "That while twelve years' experience has proved that Reciprocity in natural products between Canada and the United States is convenient and beneficial to both countries, the extension of the principle to manufactured goods is impracticable ; and further, that as the late Reciprocity Treaty was terminated by our neighbors and not by us, it is against both the interest and the dignity of the Dominion to seek Reciprocity as if it were a favor we stood in need of, though we should be ready at any time to entertain any reasonable propostion in that direction." And said — I am not prepared to make a speech but I will try and point out how the want of a protective tarift has affected the industry in which I am engaged, namely, the flax interest. A number of gentlemen met together and passed resolutions to go into the manufacture of flax provided the Finance Minister would give us a protective tarift of 25 per cent. We sent that petition down to Ottawa signed by a large number of manufacturers, but the authorities never deigned to answer it. and the result was that the gentlemen who proposed to put their money into the enterprise refused to have anything to do with it, and now we send all our raw material to the United States to be returned in a manufactured state. After some further reference to the flax interest, Mr. Fuller read the following extra^'.t from the Springfield Republican, relative to the Manufac- turing Industries of Massachusetts: "The seconcl volumn of the census of Mass- achusetts, recently issued, contains detailed statistics in regard to the standing of the industries of the State at the close of 1875 and comparisons with 1865. A recapitu- lation of the statistics for 1875 shows that during the ten years there was an increase ot 19 10,403 to the number of inelustrial establishinunts, rcproseiitinj,' an increase of capital of 8108, J22, 222. The total product ot the State for 1865 i:; reported as ^^x) j, ()■;/]. f)Hj in currency, or 8315. 715. S75 in f,'*)ld. This includes 851, 141^,576 in currency or 832,57^,347 in gold, for the products of agricultural and niininji, hsavin^' the balance for the product of manufactures and fisheries. In 1875 (though the fishery product fell otf from more than 814,000,000 in 1865, to less than 88,000,000) the whole currency product of manu- factures and fisheries went up from 8444,5^4.353 in 1865, to 8600,010,678 in 1H75, and the total product, including agriculture and mining, to 8643,478,227— an apparent increase of nearly 8148,000,000, or 30 per cent, over 1865. Reduced to a gold basis the gain appears greater, the total for 1875 being 8574,534.175. and the gain in ten years ♦ 258,818,000, or more than 80 per cent." " These figures," says the Springfield /i^/>M6//VaM, " are misleading, however, the real gain having been perhaps 50 per cent., while the population increased 30J per cent. 'I'here are 10,915 establishments of the manufacturing classes reported, ami 11,318 which come under the heatl of occupations, such as blacksmithing, bleaching, coastwise and ocean commerce, coopering, painting, glazing, plastering, upholstering, etc. The total product of the 10,915 manufacturing establishments (goods made, including stock bought and wages paid), was in 1875 8532,136,133, the capital invested being 8^67, 074,802. Of these establishments, 8,678 are devoted to twenty-four chief industries, with a product of 8448,313,933." The Springfield Republican comments thus on the results of introduction of new machinery in some industries: '■ The effect of improved machinery is to increase the product man- ufactured in proportion to the number of hands employed — and some results of this kind, as shown in the tables, are really surprising." And went on to explain how their own manufactories were prospering and how foreign iron was kept out of their market through their protective tariff. Regarding reciprocity, Mr- Fuller said — I believe it would be advantageous to Canadians, but we must not ask for it from the United States, but must meet them with a tariff as they meet us. Free traders say the farmers do not want protection, but, gentlemen, I say the day has come that they do want it. I find now that oatmeal millers are buying their grain on the other side, as they can get it cheaper and have no duty to pay, and I know personally of two millers who have con- tracted for 5,000 bushels of oats in Chicago. Hon. Mr. Mills tried to show the farmers that it was not they who were paying the duty on the cattle they exported to the other side, but the Americans who imported them. Well, now, take State of Michigan ; the farmers there produce as good sheep and lambs as we do in Ontario, and consequently • can obtain as good prices in Detroit for their sheep as we can, but when Americans come over to Canada to buy, they know they have to pay 20 per cent, duty before bringing the cattle across and consequently instead of paying us .s carried. Mr. Howland then moved, seconded by Mr. Elliott, " That this meeting recommends that the support of this Association be given only to those candidates for the House of Commons who will support the policy laid down in the above resolutions." Carried. Statement of the Occupation of Emigrants Arrived in THE United States from Canada, For the year ended June 30th, 1876. professional OCCUI'AflONS. Architects 35 Chemists 5 CI argymen , 30 D.intists 20 Druggists 37 Eiitois and Journalists 17 Engineer 1 Engravers 17 Lawyers if^ Lithographers 20 Musicians iS CJnicers 1 Physicians u'4 bcientitiC Men r Teachers 3 ^j5 34 SKILLED OCCUPATIONS. Accountants 8 Bakers 30 Barbers 8 Blacksmiths 186 Boilermakers 10 Brickmakers 3 Burnishers i Butchers 17 Cabinet-makers i Calkers 6 Carders 16 Cfl rpenters and Joiners 852 CiC^rks 94 Coopers 25 Coppersmiths 1 Dressmakers 25 Engineers 44 Gardeners gi Gasfitters 14 Glaziers 19 Glovemakers 25 Gluemakers 22 Gunsmiths 31 Hatters 11 Iron-moulders 85 Japanners 3 Jewellers 11 Locksmiths 13 Machinists 82 Manufacturers i Marble- workers 7 Mariners 215 Masons 762 Mechanics 21 Millers 11 Milliners 37 Millwrights 4 Miners — coal i Miners 270 Operatives i Packers 27 Painters 79 Paper-hangers 5 Pile-driver i Plasterers 38 Plumbers 55 Printers 34 Roofer i Rope-maker i Saddler -. Sail-makers 2 Seamstresses 21 Shipwrights 84 Shoe-makers 23 Stone-cutters 43 Tailors 66 Tanners and Curriers 15 Telegraphers g Tinners 8 Tobacco Manufacturers 16 Tool-grinders 4 Upholsterers 38 Watch and Clock Makers 3 Weavers 23 Wheelwrights g 4.485 MISCELLANEOUS OCCUPATIONS. Agents 4 Auctioneers 49 Bar-keepers 9 Bird dealers 21 Boat and Barge men 90 Booksellers . 2 Cattle dealers 2 Coachmen , fk 16 Contractors 3 Cooks 15 Dairymen i Expressmen 2 Farmers 4896 Farm labourers 107 1 Fishermen 207 Grocers 5 Horse dealers 16 Hotel keepers 9 Hunters 2 Jockeys 8 Laborers 933 Laundresses 3 Librarian i Lumbermen 1017 Managers 2 Merchants 135 Nurses 2 Publishers i Railroadmen 4 Performer i Salesman i Servants 662 Students 1 1 Teamsters 13 Watchman i 9.003 GRAND TOTAL. Frofe^onal 235 Skilled Labor 4,885 Miscellaneous 9,003 Occupations not stated 294 Without occupation S>454 Total for 1876 22,471 Total number of Emigrants from Canada to the United States for the year 1877 22,116 Total number for two years 44.587 Total Value of Goods Imported into Canada. COUNTRIES. Great Britain , United States France Germany Holland Belgium Spain Portugal , Switzerland Austria Russia Italy .' China Japan Turkey Greece Asia Africa South America British West Indies. . Spanish West Indies. Danish West Indies. . French West Indies . . Dutch West Indies . . British Guiana Peru Mexico Maderia Sandwich Islands . . . British East Indies.. Sicily St. Pierre et Miguelon Newfoundland Norway Dutiable Goods Free Goods Total Imports Goods Paying Duty. $32,916,776 23,510,846 • 1.356.963 343.840 201,709 229,226 268,834 38,130 68,866 7.581 237 25.579 256,466 161,806 7.557 700' 19 61,188 589.5" 557.282 5.565 4,211 1,138 142,993 3.817 222 388 53.813 212 1,095 2,930 36,381 601 96o, 916,770 Goods Free. 6.655,463 27.798,633 53.769 26,754 848 22,586 9.264 7.335 200 750 2,576 334 97.394 932 51.205 6,169 3.257 20,811 3.660 3.647 792 1.335 7,508 605,261 40 •35.380.523 Total Imports. •39.572.239 51,309,479 1,410,732 370.594 202,557 251,812 278,098 45.465 69,066 7.581 987 28,155 256,800 161,806 7.557 61,007 61,188 97.394 932 640,716 563.451 8,822 25,022 4.798 146,640 3.817 222 338 54.605 1.547 1,095 10,438 641,642 641 •96,297,293 26 Total Value of Goods Exported from Canada, 1877. Countries. ^ Value. Great Britain ?4i ,527,290 ' United States 22,919,179 Newfoundland 2,112,106 British West Indies 2,194,649 Spanish West Indies 1,284,375 French West Indies 160,212 Danish West Indies 69.633 Dutch West Indies 2,723 Hayti 77,266 British Guiana -. 199,258 Mexico 11,809 South America 639,816 St. Pierre et Miguelon 160,875 France 3^9.330 Germany 34324 Spain 62,659 Portugal 129,960 Italy 213,692 Belgium 66,912 Holland 94.303 Denmark 14,760 Norway ■, 308,792 Sweden .^ 23,907 China 37, ^49 Maderia 25,047 Gibraltar 4-943 Canary Islands 8,043 Azores 2,793 Africa ^. 23,170 British East Indies .9,049 Australia 105,610 ♦ New Zealand 3,164 Sandwich Islands 11,232 Labrador 26,958 972,975.988 Coin and Bullion 733,739 Estimated amount short at Inland Ports 2,165,666 Total Exports ^75.875. 393 ill Canadian Statistics of Insolvency for 1876. Ontario Quebec , New Brunswick. , Nova Scotia. . . . , Manitoba British Columbia Commercial, Industrial, Liabilities. 299 255 30 95 3 I 683 446 302 27. 42 3 2 822 ■ 9 9.936.971 16,399,199 3.317.478 1.613,987 71,466 7.053 »3i,346,i54 Assets, $1,754,166 2,263,244 149,641 295,207 16,021 600 $14,478,879 Showing that the failures of manufacturing industries are greater than that of commercial. * 27 Imports by Provinces for 1877. ;.- Countries. Goods paying Duty. Goods Free. Ontario Great Britain United States 19 other Countries. .. Great Britain United States 25 other Countries. . . Great Britain United States 16 other Countries. . . Great Britain United States 7 other Countries Great Britain United States 6 other Countries .... Great Britain United States 4 other Countries Great Britain United States II other Countries... 810,922,844 11,709,848 850,906 . I4.I95.501 6,044,282 2,922,015 3,260,071 1,736,967 722,812 735.032 294,182 62,504 678,701 1.044.559 97.132 391.432 ' 647,049 4.748 2,733 2,034 307 8 801,484 16,483,481 31.590 4.333.525 7.486,145 384.772 770,203 1,952,630 466,809 112,314 157.925 18,921 34,284 3". 137 980 31.297 139.442 852 572.356 1,267,878 12,497 Quebec Nova Scotia 'P E. Island B. Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick ..... Dominion Great Britain United States 32 other Countries. . . 32,916,776 23,510,846 3.489.148 860,916,770 6,65";. 463 Total 27,798,663 926,397 8^^.380,523 Grand Total 896,297,293 Canadian Imports and Exports from 1868 to 1877. Total Imports, including Coin and Bullion. Total Exports. Excess of Imports. 1868 8 73,459,644 8 57.567.888 8 20,088,577 1869 70,415.165 60,474,781 13.796.185 1870 74,814,339 73.573.490 7,768,471 I87I 96,092,971 74,173,618 31,772,386 1872 111,430,527 82,639,663 41.534,989 1873 128,011,281 89.789,922 47,627,269 1874 128,213,582 89,351,928 49.475.750 1875 123,070,283 77,886,979 52,320.623 1876 93,210,346 80,966,435 19,478,872 1877 99,327.962 75.875.393 30.563.677 28 VALUE OF GOODS IMPORTED FROM GREAT BRITAIN AND ENTERED FOR CONSUMPTION IN CANADA. 1873. 1874. 1876. 1876. 1877. Paying Duty Free $47,497,034 21,025,742 $47,789,220 15,287,217 $49,239,119 11,107,948 $32,385,482 8,348,778 $32,916,776 6,6S5,46^ $68,522,776 $63,076,437 $60,347,067 $40,734,260 939.572.239 VALUE OF GOODS IMPORTED FROM THE UNITED STATES AND ENTERED FOR CONSUMPTION IN CANADA. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876- 1877. Paying Duty. . . . Free $16,678,805 31,056,873 $21,103,356 33,179,716 $22,023,665 28,782,155 $21,334,613 24,735.420 $23,510,846 27,801,823 Total 947.735.678 < , * $54,283,072 $50,805,820 4 $46,070,033 $51,312,669 Dominion Imports of Grain and Products for 1877. QUANTITY. Bushels Barley ..... Oats Peas, Beans, Rye Indian Com Wheat . . Other Grain Barrels Wheat Flour Rye Flour Indian Meal Oatmeal , . Other Meal Ontario. Quebec. N. Scotia. N.Bruns. Manitoba. B. Colum. P. E. Isl'd. ( 275.359 64,932 600 7 28,899 4 776,184 887,596 « 5.337 2,421 7.755 18.671 4 1,896 168 2.283 921 373 2,728 300 65,296 103 15 6 719,688 1,397862 105,976 30,743 58 5.289 463 3 755.400 819,177 1,446 27 3.748 9.128 125 82 25 359 69 48 52 28,131 282,140 121,039 61,216 9.922 30,385 16,225 134 317 1.363 72 25 58 36,909 27,566 136,294 83.434 198 278 9.663 835 1.257 397 172 388 813 150 «.355 429 222 1,103 119 32 '' Total for DominioM of Canada. 369,801 1,697968 8,669 65.414 8,260079 4.589051 635 549.063 1.969 294.342 4,012 4,260 29 Dominion Imports of Grain and Products for 1877. VALUE. Total for Ontario. Quebec. N. Scotia. N, Bruns. Manitoba. B.Colum. P. E. Isl'd. Dominion of Canada Barley 8122,286 » -15.688 • 695 » 14 » 18,455 » 6 1 187,144 Oats 253.169 342.114 1,651 847 ?2,797 10,099 5 610,682 Peas, Beans, 2,647 416 4.591 1,509 661 5.147 699 15,670 Rye 43.515 109 8 43.632 Indian Corn 3 236,910 940,002 58,820 18,881 149 3,944 837 4,259 543 Wheat 3.992847 839.941 2,088 54 2,946 8,698 J150 4,846 824 Other Grain 175 20 463 78 51 63 850 Wheat Flour 164,890 1,422636 717.103 385.253 41,620 161,466 71.305 2,964 273 Rye Flour. . C22 r.429 6,632 460 161 302 9,616 Indian Meal 89,624 76,095 426,123 255.293 482 1.383 29,477 878,477 Oatmeal . . . 3.789 7.919 2,496 1.035 2,526 9.135 403 27,302 Other Meal . 6,718 810 304 3.421 428 253 253 ".925 Exports of Manufactured Articles by Great Britain DURING the first SiX MoNTHS OF YeARS 1875, 1876, AND 1877. ARTICLES. Woven Fabrics, Silk Wool Cotton " Flax & Hemp " " Jute Yam, Wool and Worsted . . . Thread and Yarn Cotton . , . " Flax and Hemp .... " Jute Hides and Skins, tanned. . . . manufactured Hats, of all kinds Cordage, Hemp Machines and parts Cutlery and Hardware Arms India Rubber Goods Hosiery and Smallwares. . . , Paper and Cardboard Earthen and China Ware. • . Candles, all kinds Soap Sugar, refined Paints and Colors Glass and Glassware Chemicals 1875. 9 4,060,141 51,832,659 139, 207, 812- 18,689,541 3,636,506 11,527,890 31,059,490 4.237.894 526,118 3,375.377 4.347.518 2.797.535 774.702 21,932,520 10,080,197 3,908,057 2,060,275 12,730,473 2,273,926 4,117,848 396.615 . 744.594 2*604,921 3.018.134 2,707,597 10,528,729 •353.177.069 1876. • 3.742,463 45,441,657 133.065,587 14,925,848 3.678,194 9,740,903 29,792,638 3.748,253 602,160 2,779,586 4,281,319 2,812,624 711,205 17.498.924 8,691,562 2,135.352 1,801,076 9,057,490 1,494,399 4,076,160 327.135 701,362 3,126,214 2,532,932 2,316,193 9,506,601 »3i8,587,837 1877. » 3.837.805 39,426,040 125,605,172 14,732,848 3.414.5.56 7.779.637 28,432,181 3.215. 187 485.974 2,651,048 3,585,940 2,801,009 688,624 15,084,301 7,526,807 1,892,751 1,758,230 8,649,48'' 1,516,787 4,079,055 451.427 914,820 3,569,728 2.885,543 2,103,893 9,306,074 DECREASB. • 296,394,925 $ 222,336 12,406,619 13,602,640 3,953,693 221,950 3.748,253 2,627,309 1,022,907 40,144 724.329 762,578 68,078 6,848,219 2,553.390 2,015,306 302,045 4,080,995 757.239 38,793 133.591 603,704 1,222,655 856,782.144 30 Imports of Foou into Great Britain during the first Six Months of the Years, 1875, 1876, and 1877. ARTICLES. Grain and Flour Potatoes Rice Fruit Wines of all kinds . . . Brandy and Spirits . . Sugar Molasses Coffee Pepper Tea Cattle Meats, fresh and salt. Tallow, Lard, etc Fish Cheese and Butter. . . Oil from Olive 1875. $ 57,060,640 2,617,658 3.915.584 5.582,332 17,199,002 7,548,616 56,391,705 881,045 23,361,299 1,516,787 19.376.235 14,693,476 23,450,465 5,156,960 1,644.746 27,227,089 4.356.782 ♦271,980,425 1876. 1877. INCREASE. * 67,377,458 \ 83.743,472 ♦ 26,682,829 5,245,161 4.091,986 1.474.327 6.459.324 6,714,663 2,799,079 4,966,962 5,690,798 108,466 18,214,761 18,236,763 1,037,761 10,724,817 5,990,720 52,388,885 70,922,675 14.530,970 469.762 360,331 21,933,292 25,889.599 2,528,300 1,212,333 996.845 12,450,237 13. 721. 721 14,630,136 12.033,514 28,073,973 30,130,195 6,679,730 3,852,666 4.214.155 1.556,738 2,243,239 598.493 28,538,331 29,311,875 2,084,782 3.057.506 4.749.923 393.142 ♦281,141,942 ♦319,032,474 ♦47.052,049 % Condensed Statement of Domestic Exports, United States, for years 1875, 1876 and 1877. manufactured articles. Agricultural Implements Books and Printed Matter Brass Manufactures Cars, Carriages, Carts Clocks Clothing Cordage Copper Cotton Manufactures Drugs, Dye Stuffs. &c Fancy Goods, &c Glass and Glassware Hemp, manufactured Hats and Caps Manufactures of Iron Sewing Machines Steel Manufactures Fire Arms Jewelry, Plated Ware, Watches . . . Leather Manufactures and Trunks Musical Instruments 1875. ♦ 2,625,372 1,320,351 1.017.293 1,181,436 1,2-22,914 509,102 391,165 1,085,688 4,071,882 2,925,322 673.557 691,310 877.505 264,476 11,168,866 1.707.929 880,536 5,502.320 301,964 7.438,193 628,989 1876. 1877. ♦ 2,256,449 ♦ 1,817,873 1,307.351 1.572.563 270,915 340.183 1. 147.963 1,405.015 967.591 1.025.586 579.595 509,028 271,090 323,888 3.441,959 2.913.943 7.722,97'^ 10.235.843 3.340.988 2,608.160 672,755 614,094 628,121 658,061 884,051 871.375 247.355 305.980 9,012,679 8,310,315 1,700,798 1,652,487 949,570 1,118,677 3,667.050 i 5.259.813 230.909 360,128 10,142,576 8,^98,383 815.933 921.679 31 MANUFACTURED ARTICLES— Co»j//n«f