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This Kwn ■• fllmMl M th* raduetion ratio elwelMd Iwlow / C« doeuntMit Mt fllmi au taux de rMuetion indiqu4 d-dtMout. lOx 14x ItX 22x 26x 30x 12x 16x 20x 24x 28x 32x TiM eow ffim«d hara haa baan rapraduead thanka ta tiia ^naraaity of: L»rary Agricultura CuMda L'aKamplalra fflm* fut rapreduh grika i la Afriouhura Canada Tha liwa^aa appaarim poaalMa oonaJdaflny ti a# tha original eapy hafa ara tha baat qua lity la candHlen and laglbllity in kaaping wMi tha Original oaplaa In printad baginning with tha frant oovaf and anding an tha laat paga with a printad or INuatratad hnpraa* aien. or tha baefc eovar whan ap p r epri a ta. AM othar original eop i a a ara fNmad baginning on tha firat paga with a printad or Hluatratad Impra a aien. and anding on tha laat paga with a prinMd or iliuatratad impraaaien. Tha laat ra c erdad frama on aach mierofleiia ahaN eontain tha aymboi — »> (moaning "CON- TINUIO"). or tha aymbel ▼ (maaning "END"). Mapa. piataa. eharta. ate., may bo fHmad at d i f fa ran t raduetion ratioa. Thoaa too larga to bo antiraly bwludad in ana axpoaura ara fltonad ba ginnin g In tha uppar laft hand eomor, loft to riglK and top to bottom, aa many framaa aa raquirad. Tha following diagrama Hhiatr&ta tha Laa tonagaa auhrantaa ont «t« raproduitaa avae la phn grand aoin. eompta tanu da la condition at da la nattat* da raxamplalra film*, at an co nformiti avae laa conditiona du eontrat da Laa awampl air a a originaux dont la eouvartura an paplar aat imprimda aont fllmia an eommon^nt par la pramiar plat at an tarminant aoit par la darnlAra paga qui eomporto uno amprainta di m praaaion ou dlNuatration. aoit par la aacond plat, aalon la caa. Toua laa autraa aiiampiairaa ariginaux aont film4a an commandant par la P**"* ! *** paga qui eomporto uno amprainto dimpro aai on ou dlNuatration at an tarminant par la danMra paga qui eomporto uno toUa amprainta. Un daa aymboiaa auivanta apparaitra aur la damHra imaga da chaqua mieroficha. aalon lo caa: la aymbolo — » aignifio "A 8UIVRE". lo aymboio Y aignifio "RN". a. plan eh aa. tabiaaux. ate., pauvant *tra fNmda « daa taux da rMuetion d i ff » antt. Loraquo lo doeumont aat trap grand pour «tra raproduit an un aaui diehd. il act film* A partir da I'angia aupdriaur gaucha. da gaueha * droita. at da haut an baa. an pranant la nombra dlmagaa ni c aaa a ira. Laa diagrammaa auivanta Wuatrantla mdthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MKflocrrv nsouniON tht chart (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 1.0 1.1 III la u i^l^l^ ^ /APPLIED IIVMGE 1653 Coil Moin SIrMt RocheiLr. Na» Yort M609 US* (716) 482 - 0300 - Phon, (716) 2M-5S89-FQ. ( I % CONSIDERATIONS ON FARMERS' CLUBS AND MBI WOBAl SOCIETIES WITH INSTRUCTIONS TO THE JUDGES COMPETITldNS AND EXHIBITIONS SCALE OF POINTS (official) FOR JUDOIN& HORSES. CATTLE. SHEEP, PIOS. POOLTBY AHO THE BEST KEPT FABMS OB PIECES OP LAUD. STANWIIO CBOpTeTC !w«f PROFESSOR O. E. DALLAIFS OFMCTAL I^CTOREB AND FORMER SECRfiTARV OF THE JUDGES OP AQKICULTUHAL MERIT. >oooooooooo< ■ f '<-■■• *1 - -il .'. M.,' ?■* u. ^ CONSIDERATIONS OK FARMERS' CLUBS AND i6ltICDlTDBAL SOCIETIES WITH INSTRUCTIONS TO THE JUDGES AT COMPETITIONS AND EXHIBITIONS SCALE OF POINTS (official) FOR JDDaiNO HOHSES, CATTLE, SHEEP, PIOS. POULTRY AND THE BEST KEPT FARMS OR PIECES OF LAND. STANDING CROPS. ETC.. ETC. BY PROFESSOR O. E. DALLAIRE OFFICIAL LECTURER AND FORMER aECRETARY OF THE JUIKIES OF AGRICULTURAL MERIT. QUEBEC 1902 CONSIDERATION'S OR FARMERS' CLIIBS ni ABRIGULTURAL SOCIETIES AUK INSTRUCTIONS TO THE JUDGES AT COMPETITIONS AND EXHIBITIONS. THE OBJECT OF THIS BOOK The Province of Quebec has an agricultural organ- ization for the promotion of agriouRure which should place it at the highest point of progress. And still we too often allow ourselves to be outstript by others, notwithstanding the advantages we po/ssess. Neither climate, soil, means of communication, nor niarkets are wanting. What then ? It is the insuffi- ency of agricultural instruction which prevents our appreciation, at their true value, of the advantages with which Pi'ovidence has blessed us. The elementary school has not suthciently in- pres- sed upon the minds of the young the necessity of con- tinuing to inform themselves in tho science of agri- culture and this is the reason so iew farmers are found reading the agricultural reviews, taking advan- tage of the works of the experimental farms, or obtain- ing benefit from the experience of others and second- ing le efforts which the Governments are all making to Improve the condition of the farmer. This state of : • — 4 — affain is certainly moHt damaging to the populatiou and meritii the serious attention of public men. The object of the present book is simply to bring to the attention of the interested parties, what we might accomplish, with the advantages we possess. At the same time, we will learn how to proceed, to attain the desired success. GENERAL ORGANIZATION First, we hpve the Farmers' (jinb, the local associa- tion, which is the basis of organization. CIuIm are now established in almost every parish of the Province. Next, the Agricultural Society, the part of which is, practically, to do what the CIuImi can not undertake on account of their limited means. Then tue regional competitions which bring the agricultural societies into rivalry. Finally, the Provincial organization and their meet- ings at the Exhibitions of the Dominion. And the Universal Expositions. We have besides : Experimental farms, Schools of u«ricalture, Stations of fruit arboriculture. Horticultural societies, &c., &c., Associations of breeders of cattle, poultry, &c.. The Dairy industry society (La Soci6t6 d'lndustrie laiti^re), The Darty "chool, Butter c.heese syndicates. Inspectors of syndicates and various other inspec- tors, Competitions of agricultural merit, Various other competitions in the course of the year — 6- Joaruals of Agriculture and other works, published at the expen«e of the Oovernment and sent free to the members of the Clubs aiiu agricultural Mociutie8,4(c., kc. lM»t\y lecturers on agriculture, whotte dutieH are to explain to the people the utility and a«lvantagei» of all these institutions. How have the people re.^nded to all the sacrifices made by the Government in their favor ? Are they ready to acknowledge the importance of these things ? THE FARMERS' CLUB The object of the founders of farmers' clubs was to bring the farmers together at regular meetings to discuss the intere««ts of agriculture and by that means to diffuse agricultural information and knowledge. As the municipal council regulates the affairs of the parish, and the school commission takes charge of the education of the children, so the Farmers' Club, is a legal association, a deliberative body, which should always have m view the genoial welfare of the aari- culturi'.l class of the parish : cor -equently the club should always exercise an inHuer as great as it is necessarv in all questions touchin ;he well-being of the rural population. The organizers of farm* i V clubs had to contend against prejudice . oeotisni nnd political and other causes of disunior Still it ivas necessary that they should be established and popular good sense unders- tood the urgency, the great necessity which existed for them. Now that the clubs have been organized almost every where, they must not think that tne (iovernmeut supports them for the sole purpose of voting them an annual grant of money of a smaller or larger amount. — 6 — themselves ofX aof.rmentUS?. """""■ «"'»»« b Jlfth TdlfT"^"""' '^ ^ S"™ »» evidence of pai»f„" to conVrnpfatr °" "■'"<'«"■'«-'« «Wch it is to apprl^^iateleir °f„n ''jpo'Sla™"''' '^"•'' ^"^"'^ THK DUTIES OF THE CLUBS. »ion and adoptiol ^r^tCi'^r^^ldTt I^iJKr " idia oVallsefn'l sulestMr t"- 'SPPO--' " ^l"""'' There is not thL^fXttbility '" "'' '"'""''"■"• ROADS. methods to reach h'eli^^^^^^^^^^^ cipal councils to give Set to wh«A"*^ urge the muni- the genemi interfsts "^^^ demanded by interested. settlements between the parties ^mmmmmm — 7 — &c„ by compelling the careless to destroy insects, cater- pillars, &c It might attend to the protection of birds. The club might notify the council and call unon it for the destruction of the weeds which often abound along the high-ways, &c. Finally, a^ a body legally constituted, the club could force the council to fulfil its duties towards society, which would be exceedingly unpleasant for a private individual to be obliged to do. ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. The club might take an active interest in the teach- ine of agriculture and of farmers' book-keeping, in the schools; stir up and cultivate public opinion and set forth its advantages in proper form. And of how many other questions of public interest which it would perhaps take too much space to mention here ! THE DAIRY INDUSTRY It is not likely that, if the farmers' clubs had taken into their serious consideration the future of the dairy industry, creameries and cheese factories would have increased in ridiculous numbers, as they have done in too many localities. The farmei-s' clubs, supported by the popular good sense, would have prevented a number of abuses. The general interests of the locality would have been studied and understood and many disastres would have been prevented. Now that experience of all these matters has been obtained, it is the duty of the clubs to afford all information and to urge the employment of practical common sense in the management of business affaii-s. In the general interest of the dairy industry, the club should keep account of the manner in which good. *«* »n the name of and for the public sugar ,„dustry, teTic'*' ^'"b a, the CSot new eaterprises ■* ""'* "<""•»« iB the MtrnZl of BUriNG AND SELLING JOINTLY smmm _ 9 — The seller is much more anxious to retain the custom of a club than of an individual, who often knows very little aoout the value of the various articles he requires or again, who, through parsimoniousness is induced to purchase goods of inferior quality, such for example as seed grain filled with the seeds of weeds. Upon this subject the club should study the various trade journals and should apply to several first class houses to obtain the most advantageoi i offers. From a commercial stand point, it is easy to under- stand the value of the club as an information bureau and as a business agency. The best means, which farmers possess for self pro- tection, exist in joint effort, in cooperation, in union. INDUSTRIES AND EXPORTS. TRADE. Some years ago, when the introduction of the dairy industry into a parish was proposed the anxiety and uneasiness of many of the farmers was most apparent. Was the scheme advantageous ? Shall we be well paid ? What will we do with all this butter and cheese ? Who will buy these products ? The agricultural lecturers know the numbers of explanations of all kinds that were necessary to induce conviction. It is therefore in the interest of the club, to study the markets, the new exports, new industries, kc, and to give the earliest informatici to its mem- bers as to what is necessary to be done to foster these sources of revenue. As stated before, the number of those who read, who keep themselves practically informed, is still so small that recourse must neceasarily be had to tne - 10 - oW?^^",-' "»■""' -'-Wie, for ,fce i«tr„cti.. ■>oJ?a(B""e,'tly°S„Sed l^i'i*?' o" People are received the necSy imo'nte >^»J^ '"inds have not i-ASrablV-'" "■- '^ o-'^Oone With J I2,000°00o'fere''i„''!j°° '""""rtry, which reaches th. i.a^Ver?ia?„td\o'°br'™'"*' ""^ ' B«a„se we teil y™!"itrifi!;« l^e «' trade, as everyone will ""'•iof the dubstth A^l^f "ho destroy ,he •broi;a*x;:t ^fc''o,r»^' '° ^'«'"' '-0. 'terosxj^xra^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ P^S" "■"" "^'f 0- «-ther along the paths of e«^ Ms'it ncft defeL'l™'^' "'""s. why do they I-P'e Who are ask^^"rj^L^„- .^U^eZn^T ^'"^ THE EXPERIMENTAL FARMS. -eep th'e'-Ce^^'XSdnf'rr"'?' ^''™ - '» 01 the advantages offered — 11 — bv the exportation and sale of the various products of tno farm. The exitrencies of trade are studied and the most ecoDomfc'^n^etbods of satisfying them are promptly determined upon.. It gives the farmer experience which he himself would only attain after years of labour, if he evei attained it at all. It quickly acquires the knowledge of the bes^t system of cultivation with a view to returns, prohts, &c. Finally it gives him a lead and t^e advantage of experience in every matter wh.ch may be of interest to a farmer. Now how can we explain the fact that so few peopTe'acquaint themselves with the ^Po^ant works Soneat our Kxperimental Farms ? ^l^^^Jl^^l^"^^ reason. People do not read or rather they will not. How many farmers are there who have received this year's report of the experimental farm ? «ow nmny receive/the report of last year's operations ? Hqw many farmers are there who do not even know of the existence of such a Farm ? Hav« thp vounff oeoDle who are leaving our schools ev^rhLidtJeirfeache speak of these institutions or SlTatteition to their great utility ? Sti I such a lesson would be quite as valuable as many another which has been taught them. The report of the Experimental larm might furnish an interesting subject for study and discussion at many meetings of the Farmers club. The following remark is often hoard : V :, call meetings every month ! Useless ! What would you have us do by ourselves ? What a mistake ! ! .11 fn the re^rLntthJ^'^y industry Sf,ciefr them. Let 1 ^**'°«^ *^e pubJic kS"^^'*'*^*??? ^^nt to The clubs shojirn * ^.!**'« niore Xf7'^^"« ^bout tECTUBEs ON AGBICULTURe. W>ni».-t do our Wl„„ '"'""^^""''"nportant. ' ^■t" "■^' "■''^' - -'^^^^rofK? "- i-«.e to T^be lectui-es am t„ j . "stening to speeches. ' -^eSV.1/?»tMeet.e.„ "dna, at a regular mam — 18 - meeting of the club, a series of questions on mattew of interest under existing circumstances and on weak points of agriculture in the locality. It is readily underetood Ihat a lectnre of one hour's dui-ation, once a year, doe^ not constitute a course of instruction in agriculture, but it is always so much. WHERE TO MAKE EXPERIMENTS. After a discussion or a lecture, or agjiin if some new subject, some new necessity should arise, such for example as the employment of mineral or artificial fertilizers, the club should cause experiments to be made either by some of its members, or upon a piece of ground specially chosen. Such experiments, properly conducted will bring conviction to those attending. The situation of land adjoining public schools would be doubly advantageous for carrying on such experi- ments. COLONIZATION. The Farmers' Clubs and Agricultural Societies might encourage colonization by studying the question and seconding the best efforts known, to encourage our fellow countrymen to take up land m the country. COMPETITIONS. Competitions are practical methods of instruction brought before the eyes of the competitors and of the public. The hope of obtaining the prize awarded at such competition encourages the farmers ^ make every effort to make the best showing possibl either m the variety of the best crops or in animals of the hnest stock. The man, whose means are limited, counts upon the reward offered, to repay himself the frequently very riT' - 14- rilTr^McSK® outlay* necessary for any I hi ng of supe- vafuabl *'"* ^***°* *'**°® *^®^® competitious are most -'urUier the competitions contribute to caase a searching for and practice of the best methods to secure success ; they are therefore generally popular, A competition should not be a simple establishment Of facts which nature or chance may have produced, but rather the recognition of the results of a desirable improvement. Alj^ competitions should be for the encouragement of The programmes should be of the highest class and prepared with a view to actual requirements and not a repetition, sometimes inferior, of what has already been accomplished. ^ The prizes offered by the new programme should be ^L^ "5 •"*'1u*^ correct the omissions and defects observed in the preceding competition. The very highest prizes should also be awarded with f JiT ^"^ Introducing a knowledge of the demands of trade or of infant industries, &c., Arc. com "etif ^^^ strictest honesty should govern these As mentioned above, it sometimes happens that the only object the directors have in view is to prepare their scheme of operations in such a way as to divide th ^ Government grant between themselves. fest'^fraud^ ^^^'^^^ °^ '^"^^**^ money, in fact it is a mani- And there are many clubs and societies which are in ^n!'^®* ?u ?^<^o"nt of the want of honesty, of the selfish- ness of their officers. r-4 — 16 — SELECTION OF THE JUDGES To be a Kood iudge, a man must be honest, impar- tial and J^eJd ol ^uflBcient knowledge. Personal interest unfortunately often induces » nut tha public notices such favoritism and looks with contempt upon its perpetrators. ition to subsist. Such are the causes of the weakness of too large a number of our agricultural associations, so useful and admirable in themselves. AGRICULTUUAf. SOCIETIES. BANQUETS. Exhibition, a ploughing match^c. Sa"^mtt tLrio pSt a stop to tb«,n altogether. Besides it is the ''"S;'»Kitinra"KS gives them the opportunity oi eujuj-iuB feast once during the year. Only, so many abuses have crept into these i^eunions If i — 1«— hrinera, or Drofe.MV; »S„i ^ "I?" ".""Wae model or .chSl» of^,St",I IS thL Fk''»"'»«"'«I farm. »« generally Xf"er?r mi.u .VSj 'Ifeclie,, which both in onr ot^f^rtTiS&n" °" '"""'^ p.Sd WoiS'iS'nd'"' """^ "" «««''« """'M •» pre- clnl^Xrfe7di°ng'"a*C"„'e\°'l^'°{?'°'J^"»«"' report the cpeechefdeli™?2l °°" ** "'"''««' '» tu'^S o'fttsizls&rr'**""'' '««■' awociatioa ""o"«»ni2ation of a once prosperous whl\%,^btomYng*"w»kTbr,:n!'i7,'' "'^'' '0-="'*^ to secure new memZ and n^otbTdriJiBS^r?k""« whoarealreadvin if KvinV.,!*- oyariving out those they hold! ^ ^ ^ insultiog them or the opiuions For in this matter the public cor 1 mii«f k« »i tenJoVth'.\«Zd»^-£S&- be el (18 ;h 111 SCHEME OF OPERATIONS or AORICULTT"?AL SOCIETIES AND FARMERS* CLUBS. Let us repeat what we have already 8tate« ««« *<> *>« EXAMPLES. Examples will enable the ideas of the author to be theX^vln^riMl- ^'•^^""'PJe. it is well known thJt made h^l m?/ ^"®*'^''' "^ ^ J"^^ ^'^^^^^ time, b" bico'u^nLmlCT^ '" ^'^^ --"8 -' ^^^ 'or Let our agricultural societies employ a larire nart of *beir funds in giving many and high prizes forfho?Sm.h bred breeding stocl^ of this specils, Suly reSJ^d and recognized as such bv judges who havIaB^^nfke i?-'"and"'/^*''f ' ^^''- »?der^tand everySg^'^bout ii«n? ilo «'««le provincial exhibition will be a suffi. hav« Si jT *° • ,f P"^"^- ^"* ^^ exhibition wm a'tTenttn'^ftte'Se"""^^'' " ^^ ^° '''^'' ^^« 1 J'n?? *'''* valuable prizes will induce a larger num- ber of farmers to procure the object in view and the desired result will be reached much more rapidly I . 1 i l-.„ — 1»- PREMIUMS FOR KEEPING THOROUGH BRED STOCK. TBI IMPROVKMKIfT 0¥ THE BKCID OF H0R8B8 AND CATTLl OKNEBALLY As a general rule, premiums should not be jjiven for male or female breeding stock, except on conuition : 1. That the animals are recognized by true experts as superior in their ciaHS. 2. That they shall he k«pt, subject to certain condi- tions, for the use of all the member of the society or farmers' club which has granted such premium. Or again an additional premium might ha awarded to an animal, already a prize winner, on the condition that such animal remain at the disposition of the meml)ers of the association for a tixed period : This is called a " Premium for keeping." Still such premium for keeping should only be granted for breeding stock accepted by competent authority and should offer guarantees of unquestionable superiority. Besides this, the prizes awarded shoulil only be paid after a lapse of tune sufficient to prove the v.iluo of such breeding animal, if ho has b:3en favoial)le received by the public. Bv these methods in Kngl mvI, ir«jhind and Scotland, Denmark, France, Belgium aid elsewhere, they have been able to improve their cuttle generally to a great superiority over ours. And the proo^ of this is that it is principally by the importation of stock that we improve our own cattle. A breeding auimal, which has not obtained at least 80 points out of 100 of the official scale of points, should not receive a prize. The association has other merits to reward. f I - 20 — The following are the resolutions of the Council of Agriculture of Quebec, having reference to nremiums for keeping ; Third resolution :— That article 53, of the by-laws of the Council of Agriculture, be amended by adding the following paragraph : Nevertheless when an agricultural society shall determine to purchase registered breeding stock, or to grant premiums for the keeping of such animals to their owners, instead of holding an exhibition, the entire amount of subscription of its members may be returned in leguminous seeds or in v -tificial fertilizers at the discretion of the board of lirectors of such society. STOCK BREEDERS* ASSOCIATIONS. In the same manner as those formed in Europe, the farmers may form joint stock bre. ding societies. Such societi(!s properly conducted would contribute power- fully to the improvement of the breed of cattle. THE HORSE. Asa permanent trade in the exportation of horses appears to be a matter upon which horse In-eedeis may calculate, agricultural societies should give special attention to the breed of horses best suited to the market. Let the prize, given for the class of horse sought after by the exporter, be at least double that given for other classes, this will be a lesson. POULTRY. The fattening of poultry for exportation is highly recommended ; well, give many and valuable prizes for exhibits of at lea^^t a dozen of fowls and not for a pair of any particular l)reed. Those exhibitions should be lessons in matters as they actually exist. 'i44 — 21 — EXPLANATIONS. The scheme of operations itself should contain all necessary explanations, approved by the Council of Agriculture. But it will be said, if all the money is taken for one or two purposes, hov; recompense the others or main- tain the general interest ? The answeO*: recompense things, already sufficiently well knowfl^ by diplomas, showing the number of points obtained, and to this add a small award to cover the cost of carriage. A useful article, well known to the public, no longer requires much encouragement. The competitors are sufficiently interested in maintaining the reputation of the article which they have to exhibit. Ihe diplo- mas will be sufficient to show the superiority ; the number of points awarded will prove 't. INSTRUCTIONS TO THE JUDGES AT COMPETITIONS AND EXHIBITIONS. To render the decisions of the judges more valuable and useful to the competitors and to the Dublic genei- allv, they ipust give the gi-ounds upon which then- decisions are based and not merely a judgement on view alone. The exhibitor or competing party, recognizing the weak points in his exhibit, might then set to work and remedy them if possil^le. The system of deciding according to a scale of points is the surest way for the judges to render and tor tlie competitors io obtain justice. The secretary of every competition should be obliged to give to each competitor a detailed statement of the points awarded to all competitors in the same class. ss-is i i' !» ! i ! I ! II!' titi IM: — 22- The general public should also have a right to a detailed copy of the decision of the judges upon paying the secretary for the same. By these means, competitions and exhibitions will be sources of practical instruction. The prize cards, aflBxed to the exhibits, should also show the number of points awarded, so that a first P"Z6, for an exhibit which only received 80 points out of 100, would "uot justify a competitor in claimiuK perfection for iris exhibit. This would also be an advantage to the public by making it acquainted with the exact value of the exhibits. In the public announcement of the prizes awarded, the secretary should also declare the na ')er of points allowed to each exhibit. Farmers in this way would become accustomed to understand true merit and would be less inclined unjustly to criticise the work of the judges. SCALE OF POINTS. The following scales of points are based on various agreements already in use either in this country, in the United States, in Scotland or elsewhere. Most of them are already official and the slight changes adopted have only rendered them better adapted to competitions in the Province of Quebec. Perfection is always represented by 100 points. Explanations accompany each scale of points which will facilitate the work of the judges and above all will prepare the farmer himself to become a judge. Order in the ideas is a great assistance to the iudj?- raent. ' '' ill! 28 — TABLES. The present pamphlet is accompanied by tables ready prepared, ruled specially for competitions of agricultural societies and farmers' clubs. Forms of the?e tables will be found at the end of this book, which we would recommend all interested •. .rtiaa to procure if they desire to follow easily and systematically all matters of importance presented by the competitions and exhibitions, VARIOUS COMPETITIONS Competitions, special : of vegetables, it u u u u u (( of green fodders, of pastures, of grain, of meadows, of gardens, of the best kept stables, &c. Competitions, general : of best kent farms, exhibitions of cattle, poultry, &c., ploughing, &c., &c. - 24 — SCALE OF POINTS FOB COMPETITIONS OF VEGETABLES. Motives of Judginant. J. Year of rotation . Urninage 3. Deep breaking up or loosening o> the ground 4. Manuring 6. Destruction of weeds and dig- ging 6. Space between the rows 7. Straightneis of the rows 8. Distance between tlte plants 9. R 'guUrity of growth 10. General appearance Total; Points of perfection. 6 10 10 10 16 5 5 5 10 25 100 Remarks. Write here the reasons for the reduction of points. Total . . points accoided. Note. — FrHctions of points are f ntered aooording to the decimal system, that is in the !>aiue way as dollars and cents. Four points and three (quarters are written 4 75. Three points and a half 3 50. Two points and two thirds 2 66, &c. REMAUKS. 1. Some farmers always grow their vegetables in tlia same place, bat it is better to improve all the different piiris of the land in turn. It \h important to know ths crop which preceded as well as the one that is to follow thi vegetables. This is the rotation of cropH. 2. Some Sills will n.it dry perfectly except by a system of drainage. The removal oi the baiiks of the ditches counts in drying the land. 3. Cold or heavy soil can on'y be properly loosened by being broken up by the plough. 5. Points must be deducted for weeds along the ditches and fences surrounding the p-ece of ground exhibited. The cultivation of vegetables has also the efteoi. of cleaning the land. 8. There'should be an ample dl:itance between the rows and between the plants. Important. — Digging is necessary even when there are no weeds to destroy. It has tho etfect of replaci' s within reach of the roots the elements of nitrification which have collected on the surface on the ground. ^ - 25 — SCALE OF POINTS FOR COMPETITIONS OF GREEN FODDERS. 5 10 10 10 1. Yeiir (if rotMion 8. Drainage 3. Harrowing and rolling 4. Destruction of weeds j 5. Sowing on differunt days ] 10 6. Necessary .luanlities for the cattle; 15 7. Quality | ^ 8. Conveniently situated j 6 9. Regularity of growth i 10 10. General appearance 1 20 Total lOO Write her* the reMona for reduc- tions of points. PoinU aeoorded. ToUl.. REMARKS. 4. Weeds cut down early in the season along the ditches and fences. 6. The whole of the green fodder should not be sown on the same day. 7. Amix'ure of lentils, peas and oats is better to begin with than indian corn still too green. 8. Green fodder should be -rown « near a^ possible to the oldest pastures. ■Mi I j u ■:.i .:' (II i ! i l| — 26 — SCALE OF POINTS FOB PASTURES. MotiTM of judgement. Pointa of perfection. Remarks. Points aceordeJ, 1. Year of roUtion 6 6 10 10 5 10 6 10 10 5 6 20 Write here the rcaaons for the reduc- tion of points. Total ... 8. Dninage 3. Harrowing and rollinn 4. Deatrnction of weedn S. Paatarei too amall or too lar^e. V. Diviaion of paaturea. 7. Spreading the droppings of the animala 8. Qualitj 9. Sufficient watering places 10. Fences in order 11. A lane and good road 12. General appearance Total 100 REMARKS. 3. Pastures generally require to be harrowed, seeded where they hare failed and well rolled, 6. Pasture land divided in two gives twice a« much grass, divided into three it will sive three times as much. 11. A good farm road or lane from one end of the farm to the other is indispensable so as to ptsture each field and to bring the cattle to the buildings when necesiiry. The lane should pass near the watering places, when there is not water in every field. All weeds should be cut down in the pastures early in the season ; for it is in the pastures principally that they spread from their soed which is afterwards buried by the plough. i — 27 — SCALE OF POINTS roE COMPETITIONS OF STANDING GRAIN. MotivM of judgmeut. 1. Ymut of rotation 2. Dniiwg* 3. Harrowing and rolling 4. We«li. 5. PUnUtions Urge and regular., 6. Regularity of growth 7. Good colour 8. Uniformity of height 9. G»r8well filled 10. Howing of clover, &c 11. Fences in good condition 12. Order, general appearance . PoinU of perfection . 5 10 10 10 B 5 6 B 10 10 5 20 Remark!. Points accorded. ToUl. 100 Total. REMARKS. 1. Points must be deducted from those who sow grain upon grain, even when the land is good. This is a ruinous system which induces the growth of weeds. ■ , , 10. Important consideration should be given to the sowing of clover seed. Ac, at the same time at the gruin. KoTE. As a general rale no more grain should be sown than is neces- sary for use on the farm. 12. The lodging or laying down of grain is often due to the absence of some mineral element in the soil. Paints should then be deducted on the general appearance. V 1 1 -28 — SCALE OF POINTS roK OOMPKTITIONS OF MEADOWS. MotivM of judgment. Pointa ' parfaetion. 1. Tmf of rotation 2. Dninaga 3. Harrowing and rolling. 6 10 10 4. Weeda 10 5. Strong lowing S U. Regular growth 7. Oojd colour 8. Height, uniformity of 9. The head, bluaaoms or ears 10. Leaves, second growth, auckeri.. 11. Renewing bare ipota 12. Order, general appearance Total . 6 6 10 10 6 5 20 100 Remarks. Pointa accorded. Total. REM.XRKS. 5. Clover seed should bo a >wn thick to obtain fine long clover and plenty of it. It will also be much easier tu dry in c uska. 11. Early in the spring, spots, injured by the frosi, by th"* w»nt of drainage, &c. , should be renewed. This is done by harrowing thoroughly and by sowing clover seed, &i., followed by rolling. It is an excellent practice to roll all the mealows in the spring. Meadows are manured by spreading a lifrht bad of dung, ai auon as the hay haa been taken off. An old meadow ruins the ground and in luaes the growth of wjeds. Ill ^4L — 29 — SCALE OF POINTS ruH VEdETADLE GARDEN Motives of Judgraant I Points I perfuctiun. 1. Draining *** 2. Ground looiened, dopth of j 10 3. Mauoring j ^^ 4. W«oda. digging ! 1« 6. Dr«Min,(, care of the plant* i 6 G. Regularity of growth 5 7. Variety of seed planted 8 8. Taste, symetry, order o 9. Clean walks ^ 10. Destruction of insects 10 11. Trees and shrubs & 12. General appearance | 15 Total Remarks. PuinU accorded. 100 Total.... Note —The vegetable garden is a schoul of ajtrio ilture in itsblf : If equal SUCC9IM is not attained in the open field, it is because the work is imper- fectly done. Do little but do it wjll. The moisture absorbed by the weeds will often be suflBcient to pntect the useful plants from the drought. A digging is as good as a watering. The earth should therefore be often stirred up around the plants. We often hear : Oh ! that ma.i may well have a fine garden, Ac, he is always in it, that is to say, he weeds, digs, stirs up th> ground, preserves the moisture, &c., &c. — 80 — SCALE OF POINTS rm COMFBTITIOXS OP WKLL KBPT STABLER. 11 ( i , MotiTM of judgmant. PoiuU of perfection. Remarks. Points accorded . 111! 1. Lanath knd brd*dlb 10 IK! h '1 9. Htight 10 3. VantiUkion. S 4. Dninaga, tloaring, paving ^ i 6. Salubrity S fi 1 6. CleanlineM 10 5 ' [ 7. WhitawMbing 8. Water trounhs 10 9. Adaptation, oonvenianoa 10 10. Order 6 6 ; a 11. Economv ••• H 12. Health of the cattle i ' Total 20 — Total 100 ; REMARKS. 1 ii : 6. Short, raided paTins in the rtalU oontributea largely to the deanlineaa 1 < j j 1 ^ : of the cattle. PoinU ahould be reduced if the paviuK ia too long ; a i{ If 1 i length of 4 feet 4 inchea is generally sufficient, starting from the manger. mil ) i! The manger should be large enough and the npace between the W i manger and the paving should not be more than 6 inches in height. t i| The prizes should only bo awar ill 1 winter. ded afl «r SI vera! visits d uring the i I (ili - 81 - SCALE OF POINTS COMPETITIONS OF BB8T KEPT FARMS IkUof vlut Nmuc of competitor. AddraM MAzimum of pointa. 1. Bystam t.f oultiviition. 8. DivUioa of th« Utm. , 3. Fmots 4. WMds Pointa of parfeotion. 4 8 4 3 ft. Dwalliaghouaa i t 6 BuildinKi,— 7 pointa : Baroa LofU Sublaa Cow atablea Pignery 8heaptold. 1 1 1 1 1 1 Hennery I 1 7. Implements Farming i 6 8. Manuiea j " 0. Oeneral order 6 10. Book-keeping j 3 15 16 30 11. Improvement to the land . 12. Cattle 13. State of the cropa Total I 100 Remarka. Poir.t« aoeord»d. Total... N. B.— Thia ia the official scale for the competition of agricultural merit. Ni I -82- 8CALE OF POINTS roB PLOUQHINO MATCHES. Dialribution of |Miinti. Puinta of 1 Ramarki. pvrfMtion. ' Pointi Kocor'laii 1. Wall mad* ridn 6 10 6 10 6 15 6 10 6 6 16 1 \ Total Q NutnhAP of f urrowft . ■ > ■ 3. Th« iMt furrow 4 Dtpth of th» ploughing 5, Wall turnad oTer Th« out 7 H«ttlinff of the ffntund 8 Htraisht blantatiuu ft flood level 10. Resularitv 11. Width of furrow for diainb, •.* . 19 Oaner&l ADDenrAncs Total 100 11. The furrow for draiuing (between the beda) should be narrow. ( :! "Uhl Piiintt itocorr«lu«k, ohm, no«- trili, th« iiola, tMih. ng*. 'yv li»«ly ^ NmIi : fnrin of, tht parotid gUiid Withum, b«ck, loini, croup StoinMh, th« b*rrcl, no lUprM •ion behind the ihuulder, the ch'Jit • 8hould«r • • Th* (or«)h*ud, th« nlbow, the fore-iirni, tha kiieo, from thu knee to the foot, the f'>i>t. the ohettnut, the ergot and fotlock tuft, coronet, piatern. fetlook, hoof, etc The hin IquMier. thu hip», ruiiip, thi«h,tail,»titte,kn«o|)'»n, leg, hock, canon, fetl>>ck, paattrii, coronet, er|.;')t and fetlock tuft, tht' che'itnu't, tholoot, thw lioof. Colour Skin, hair, inane Action, temper Height and weight Type of his breed, general ap- pearance 8 R 16 7 6 lU 10 3 6 12 10 10 Reinaiki. Point* Mcordcd. Totul. 100 Total N. B.-A atrong and full mane and tail betoken a .troi.g con.ti. *""L%mene.sraaybedue to vario... c* .*e. : to founder, heated-frog, .onti^red hoof corn*, c.acked h .of, ringbone, .plint .pra.n aw.llmg , dUten*ion of the iynovia, apavin. strained ahoulder, blood npavm, nail in the foot, etc. 8 'iHf ! i t ii ! i! - 31 — SCALE OF POINTS, FOR CATTLE BlIGED. THE BULL. DUtributinu of joints. Points of Perfection. Remarks. Points accorded. 1. Head and hums 10 10 7 10 10 7 5 10 3 10 3 16 Total.. 2. Neck 3. Front quarters 4. Back and (ides 6. Hind quarters 6. Scrotum 7. Feet 8. Skin 9. Colour 10 Weiaht 11. £icutcheon 12. General appearance, type Total 100 REUA .RKS. \ good breeding animal shoi.d be kept fur a long time, ns old cows, served by young bullc, general give bull cilves, while heifers are more frequently wanted. ((!l III — as - SCALE OF POINTS FOB I'ATTLI MILCH COWS. Breed. .IJintribution i ; points. 3. 4. 5. 0. 7. 8 9. 10. 11. 12. Head and hurns Neck Front quarters Back and sides Hind quarters Udder, veins and t mts Feet and bone formation Skin and hair Colour Weight Escutcheon Appearance, type of the breeJ . Points c.f perfevtion. Total. 10 5 6 10 8 30 3 5 3 8 3 10 D , I Points 100 Total....! REMARKS. 1. The muzzle should be moist. . ,. t 4. There should be no depression or hollow behind the shoulder. It would be an evident sign of ill-health. 6. The disUnce from one hip to the other, from bone to bone should be the length of the distance from the hip bone to the bone along side of the vulva. This should form an equilateral triangle while corresponding exactly with the udder. The udder is not always full of milk, but the above measurements can always be taken. Other explanations follow on the scale of points. — 36 — SCALE OF POINTS FOR JUDGING AYRSHIRE COWS. This scale of voints teas adopted in Scot/and on the Uh of Februanj, 1885. 1. The head short, the forehead large, the nose thin between the muzzle and the eyes, the muzzle large, the eyes large and sparkling, the horns well placed and inclining upward, of medium size, not too light, in a natural condition, without having been scraped 2. The neck moderately long from the head to the Shoulder ; no loose skin underneath ; the neck small at the junction of the head and enlarging gradually to the shoulder ; 5. . <= o » j , 3. Fore-quarters light, chest deep. The cow gradually increasing in size to the hind quarters. No depression or hollo V behind the shoulder ; 5. 4. The back short and straight The loins well formed especially towards the shoulder. The ribs short and curved The body deep in the flank ; 10. 5. The hind quarters long, large and straight. The haunches far apart and clean. The thighs deep and tK' k s "' ^^"^' ^^^^^ l^^^^^^^ ^^ the level of 6. The udder large, not fleshy, the back part large ; the base of the udder extending well under the belly • the milk veins equally developed everywhere. The further the vein reaches towards the front legs the longer the cow will hold her milk. The teats 2A to jJ inches in length, of equal size throughout and falling straight downwards. The distance between the teats on the side should be the third of the length of the udder, and across, the half of its length • 30 — 37 - 7. The legs short in proportion to the bodj'. The boues light and the joints solid ; 3. 8. The skin yellow, smoth and elastic and covered with close soft and woolly hair ; 5. 9. The colour white, brown or red, tlie shade indif- ferent, but each colour clear and distinct ; 3. 10. The average weight 1,000 lbs ; 8. 11. General appearance, step and movements ; 10. 12. The escutcheon large and well developed and rising regularly to the vulva ; 3 Perfectiox, 100 Points. — 88 — COMPETITION OF FAT CATTLE Breed CIw. Scale of 100 point*. Motive* of judgmenr. Points of peifection. . Head : Muzzle large and well) formed, month large, no»tri)» wide; eye* large, prominent, clear and mild ; face8> "y "^"e — 42 - 1 fiQ « fib O H A. a O a 8 £ 1 •« 1 ^ 1 a "2 I 1 ■U(>i|ii4i4iuoj 1 us a 1 •^•!l«n5 1 2 S. j •«8aq 1 ^ - •duinn •|*£| I ■M»)j«nb-piii|i '* s i ! 1 "* 1 B ■eUlJ JdMOq ! "» £ 1 2 •■n"»tj - i 1 S auiiiaudaQ "O 3 j s ••ap'8 2 i 3? ifpofl '8j9)jHiib-aj()j 1-2 •jjDau pas pti^H 1 ■■)iqiqxo JO on r I a :a 9 J3 ta •a a •*« s 9 2 « & e a k e J a 1 3 a J 2 fiQ S I a. 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S S t & S •qWIA JO 9)«(J — 50 - $ «. -c I "3 I |8i 2 S a. o m •8>iiMaua|{ IS S •j«9 ao •jnoioQ IS S •mMOog a«in8*a | I- 1 •aaiMOB 8aoj?s i "^ S. upaeAV I r^ a. ■auiiioa pa« 8ai4toJivH •aSvaicJd ■aoi)«)o^ ©a 2" ! <-* a. IS 2 is 8. E e •;WU Ji) »^^Q. — 61 — S (A O 2 >. to .» 2 tJ a. i ■ -!• js ^ :^ zs £ S iiO!)«4U«|d oSxvj u5 2 I •P'9M 3 a -• a. 2-2 'uopmo^ -I a 2: a •;!»i.\ JO 9i«Q — 62 — 8 o 1? •* X as ^ SB >- O a 2 8 h O o CO ^3 M a a I '9oa«i«*ddB T«j8a»f) Si •9wri l_ l-^i! ■iapjo ui -ij -8auai«^ I « a. •iC^iiinj^ I -• a. -UOItlAIQ "* a. •azig •»P»9M o 5 •8ui|io.T ©a •aSsuiMQ I -i •uoKW> s I (» > 2 o 1^ I^H PoinU meoorded. ■aouejuodd* 1 •<« * ' ■rm«id em 1 us jS I ■g«oj ^qSivJig -i -i 8 1-H •■P9«A\ Si *• e ■i$U|jnuB(t 2i •< -piinojS 1 ei{) SiuasHooq 2i ■oSsuivja 2i •uo!?v4<'H -1 •siiqiqite }o "0^1 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Pages Agticultural Societies 15 Agricultural lecturers \[\ 12 Banquets [[[[ 15 Books for the juciges,niodels of 42 Buying and selling jointly 8 Colonization ' ' 13 Competitions 18 Dairy industry 7 Duties of farmers' clubs ...!!! 6 Elementary schools . • !!!!.. 7 Examples ......'. 18 Experimental farms, The 10 Exports and industries ,,[[ 9 Farmers' Club .....'..'. 5 Fields for experiments 18 Industries, Various '....'. 8 Instruction to judges .......'. 21 Judges, Selection of !!!!!.! 15 Lectures, Agricultural 12 Models of books for judges at competitions. . . . ! ! .' 42 Object of book \\\ 3 Organization, Gene'al .'. ....'. 4 Progranjrae of schei. e of operations .....'. 17 Koads, lanes \\ g Scale of points !!!!.. 22 Scale of points, for judging vegetables 24 " *' green fodders .'. 25 " " pastures 26 " *' standing grain 27 " ■ " meadows 28 " " vegetable gardens 29 ^>' — w- Passi Scale of poiot8, for judging well kept stables 80 " *« best kept farms 81 " " ploughing matches. . . 88 " " norses 88 « " cattle 84 *• " milch cows 86 " ** Ayrshire cows. 86 *♦ «• fat cattle 88 " " hogs for bacon 40 Trade and Commerce 8 I — «e)§<^B>§^®— fi