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 icd. 
 
 Topical History Notes 
 
 ON 
 
 ENGLISH, GREEK AND llOMAX IIISTOKY 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 Leaiuu.j hu-aminafiom in Uhjh School, and ^ 
 
 TORONTO : 
 
 THE W. J. GAGE COMPANY (ltd.) 
 1896. 
 
Rntored according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the Office of the Minister 
 of Agriculture, in tlie year of our Lord 1895, by The W. J. Gaoe Co'y 
 (LTD.), Toronto. 
 
 S4 G&^ 
 9-7-1 9^4 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Minister 
 IGE Co'Y 
 
 This l)ook has been prepared to enable students to .,ualify 
 more fully for the examinations in History for Matriculation to 
 the University of Toronto, and the corresponding High School 
 and Departmental examinations for teachers' non-professional 
 certificates. 
 
 The notes may be used in connection with any larger His- 
 tories, and -A'ill be of great advantage to students in two ways : 
 first, by giving: them a comprehensive general view of the his- 
 tory of England, Greece and Rome before studying it in detail ; 
 and second, in reviewing the leading facts rapidly and definitely 
 in preparing for examinations. 
 
A TOPICAL ANALYSIS 
 
 OP 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 FIRST TOPIC. 
 
 ENGLAND BEFORE THE ENGLISH CAME. 
 
 1. The original inhabitants of England were a barbarous race 
 
 called Britons. 
 
 2. The Britons were first invaded by the Romans under Julius 
 
 Ciesar, 55 B.C.; and the Romans took possession of the island 
 under Agricola, A.D. 78. 
 
 3. The Romans remained in England for more than three hun- 
 
 dred years, and began to leave it A.D. 410. 
 
 4. They built good roads, and two walls across the northern 
 
 part of England. They founded several towns and intro- 
 duced agriculture into England. They also introduced 
 Christianity to a limited extent. 
 
 SECOND TOPIC. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL GROWTH IN ENGLAND BEFORE THE 
 
 HANOVERIAN PERIOD 
 
 1. Under the English. 
 
 1. The English people had developed the idea of representative 
 
 government before they came to England. 
 
 2. They worked out the foundation principles of municipal gov- 
 
 ernment and trial by jury. Two English kings, Alfred thv 
 
>- ?3^^^ffiHf 
 
 2 
 
 TOPICAIi HISTORY. 
 
 Great and Kdward tlu- Confessor, issued general laws lor the 
 guidance ol the ])eople. 
 
 a. The English at first divided England into seven kiugdoms, 
 hut tliese were vmited into one hy Egbert in 827. 
 
 4. Before the Normans eauui the English had the elements of a 
 parliament called the Witenagemot, and municipal govern- 
 ment in burghs, townships and shires. 
 
 2. Under the Normans. 
 
 1. The Feudal system, introduced by the Normans, took away 
 
 the liberty of the ])<'()i)le to take part in governing them- 
 selves, and made the kings absolute. 
 
 2. Free charters were, however, given to some cities and towns, 
 
 with power to control tluur own alfairs. 
 i\. Henry I. established courts, and gave a charter which re- 
 stored some of their liberty to the people. 
 
 3. Under the Angevins. 
 
 1. During the two and a half centuries of Angevin rule, great 
 
 advance was made in constitutional growth. 
 
 2. The Feudal system was overthrown. 
 
 8. Henry II., one of the best kings that ever reigned in England, 
 founded the system of courts that still exists, and re-estab- 
 lished trial by jury. 
 4. The barons in the reign of John tired of the absolutism of 
 kings, and forced the king atRunnymede to grant the Great 
 Charter (Magna Charta). 
 Its chief provisions were : 
 
 (a) That the king should not impose unjiist taxes. 
 
 {b) That the King sell no right or justice, nor deny or delay 
 
 either of them. 
 {c) That freemen should have full protection by law, and 
 
 should not be seized, imprisoned, outlawed, dispossessed, 
 
 or in any way brought to ruin, save by legal judgment 
 
 of their peers. 
 {d) That municipal privileges and greater freedom should be 
 
 granted to the towns 
 
tn should be 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 3 
 
 5. The king's did not like to carry out the provisiiona of the 
 Great Charter, but the barons under Simon do Montford suc- 
 ceeded in getting a council established, b^' the Provisions of 
 Oxford, to assist the king in governing the kingdom. 
 
 '>. De :\rf)ntford wished more than this, however, and having 
 secured a victory over the king, ho called two representa- 
 tives of the common people from every borough to a parlia- 
 ment in 1265. This Mas the real foundation of the House of 
 Commons. De Montford was killed, however, soon after he 
 called his first parliament, and the commoners were not 
 en lied again for thirty years. They have met regularly 
 since 1295. At first parliament met in four departments, 
 but since the time of Edward III. there have been two houses, 
 as at present, 
 
 7. The power of parliament increased so rapidly that it deposed . 
 two of the Angevin kings. 
 
 4. Under the Lancastrians and Yorkists. 
 
 1. The Lancastrians were directed by Parliament. 
 
 2. Tlie aristocracy became alarmed at the increase of voters 
 
 among the common people, and passed laws prohibiting vot- 
 ing by the peasantry. 
 
 3. The Wars of the Eoses destroyed the baronage, and Edward 
 
 IV. was able to shake off the control of parliament, and 
 establish the New Monarchy, which lasted till it was over- 
 thrown by Cromwell. 
 
 5. Under the Tudors. 
 
 1. The Tudors ruled without attention to the constitution. The 
 kings Avere too strong for the barons. The leaders of the 
 Church, instead of holding tlie kings in check, as they had 
 done during the Angevin period, were tools to aid the kings 
 in their tyranny; and the people, as a whole, had not yet 
 developed their power. " The Tudor tyranny " was a dark 
 period for the constitution. 
 
 6. Under the Stuarts. 
 
 1. The love of freedom that the English brought with them never 
 died out. It was checked by t'ue great power of the Norman 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 kings, hut it revived qiiickly as the amalgamation of the 
 Eiiglisii and Normans took pUioe under the Angovins, and 
 hecame strcmg enough even to depose two kings. Again 
 it was checked hy the destruction of the harons and the cor- 
 ruption of the Church during the Wars of tlie Eoses, hut it 
 retained its vitality through the Tiidor Tyranny, and in the 
 Stuart period hroke through the kingly hondage, and placed 
 a check on kingly power that can never he removed. 
 The Barons and the leaders of the Church forced .Tohn to grant 
 the (ireat Charter ; but the people themselves overthrew the 
 despotism of the Stuarts, and restored the liberties that had 
 been taken away by the Yorkists and Tudors. 
 
 2. The Habeas Corpus Act, passed in 1679, provided : 
 
 {a) That no prisoner, charged witTia criminal offence, could 
 be ke])t in pris(jn more than twenty days without trial. 
 
 (A) That judges in any court might issue a writ demanding 
 a prisoner for trial. 
 
 ((•) 'J'hat the Act shouh^ ^VV^Y *<> *he Colonies. 
 
 3. The Bill of Rights was really a modern Magna Charta. It 
 
 was passed in 1689, and provided that without the consent 
 of Parliament : — 
 
 (a) No law could be made or repealed. 
 (h) No taxes could be levied. 
 
 ((') No standing army could be kept in time of peace. 
 The Bill of Eights provided also that parliament should be 
 held frequently, and that it should be free from outside 
 control. 
 
 4. The Act of Settlement provided that all future sovereigns of 
 
 England must be Protestants. 
 
 5. Eespousible Party Government was established in the reign 
 
 of William and M^ry. The Cabinet or Ministry must resign 
 unless they are supported by a majority of the representa- 
 tives of the people in the House of Commons. 
 
 6. The Parliaments of England and Scotland were united in 1707. 
 
 The two countries had the same king from the time of James 
 I. The Act of Union gave Scotland forty-five members in 
 the Commons and sixteen in the House of Lords. 
 
-aaimffl-nr 
 
 r 
 
 JfOflCXh HISTpRV^ 
 
 ,^' 
 
 THIRD TOPIC. 
 
 ^ 
 
 GENEEAL PRCXiRESS OF THE EXfJLlSH PEOPLE BEFORK 
 THE HANOVERIAN PERIOD. 
 
 1. Under the English Kings. 
 
 1. When the English came to England they wore divid..f into 
 
 three classes : the lowest or slaves, ; a middle elass, who 
 were free ; and the nobles or earls, 
 
 2. During the English period the slaves obtained their freedom. 
 
 2. Under the Normans. 
 
 1. Towns and cities grew rapidly. 
 
 2. "Wealth increased. 
 
 3. Manufactures increased largely by the aid of capital brouc^ht 
 
 into the country by the .lews. , 
 
 4. Architecture improved. 
 
 5. The Feudal system was established. 
 
 3. Under the Angevins. 
 
 1. The overthrow of the Feudal system. 
 
 2. The religious movement of the Friars, accompanied by habits 
 
 ot thrift and order in the people. 
 
 3. The teaching of Wyclif and the love of freedom that followed 
 
 4. The general exjilanation of laws to the people. 
 
 5. The introduction of tenant farming instead of feudal farm- 
 
 ing, which freed the laboring classes. 
 
 6. The attempt to reduce laborers again to serfdom, by the 
 
 Statutes of Laborers, forbidding them to leave the parish in 
 which they lived, and compelling them to accept very low 
 wages. i- J «" 
 
HI 
 
 6 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 7. The first groat labor agitations, led by John Ball and Wat 
 Tyli'r, showed that ev(!n tho laboring classes wnn! awakening 
 to a consciousness of their right to greater freedom. 
 
 4. Under the Lancastrians and Yorkists. 
 
 1. Small land-holders vastly increased owing to the destruction 
 
 of the baronage. 
 
 2. 'i^ho people began to take a deei)er interest in political affairs. 
 H. Learning was neglected, owing to the long civil wars, but the 
 
 printing i)ress began to prepare the masses for a forward 
 educational movement. 
 
 5. Under the Tudors. 
 
 1. The mass of liberated laborers, set free by the overthrow of the 
 
 Feudal system, reciuired a great deal of careful attention in 
 order to harmonize their altered condition with the social 
 conditions of the country. Po(jr Laws were pass(>d in Eliza- 
 beth's reign to settle, so far as possible, the questi(ms arising 
 in connection with laborers. 
 
 2. Manufactures and farming Avere widely extended, and the 
 
 sturdy beggars got work. 
 
 England's commerc ial supremacy began to bo felt. 
 The East India Company obtained its charter. 
 
 5. The Royal Exchange was established. 
 
 6. These improvements were made chiefly during the reign ui 
 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 6. Under the Stuarts. 
 
 The people, during this period, continued to advance, chiefly 
 along the lines of political and religious freedom. The great 
 number of able leadi'rs that came from the middle classes 
 shows that the people themselves were developing rapidly. 
 Cromwell, Hampden, Pym, Eliot, Miltou, were among the 
 first fruits of the co-ordination of educational develoi)ment 
 and English freedom. The people now realized the equality 
 of man, and their future development rested on educatiijnal 
 and commercial advancement. 
 
 3. 
 4 
 
TOPICAL HISTOUY. 
 
 FOURTH TOPIC. 
 
 TITE IXPLrEX(-E OP rUK nWRcn AS AX ELKMFN'T OF 
 
 NATIONAL LIFE BEPOKE THE HANOVERIAN J>ERlOD. 
 1. Under the English. 
 
 Thc^^ng^ish worshipped several gods wh.-u th.y first carno t,. 
 
 '■ 'a:dS.r '''^^'""' ^'""^ '"^ '^' ^'•^'-^-' ^^"-'• 
 
 '■ ""llV" f r/' '''^ "^"^"^^ P^"^"^ ^"-'-^ ecclesiastical 
 statesmen had begun to direct the atfairs of state. 
 
 2. Under the Normans. 
 
 The English prelates wore dismissed l.y William the Cou.iuoror 
 and he appointed others over whom ho retained absolute 
 power. 
 
 '^ ^he reign of William II. Anselm, the leader of the Church, 
 opposed the king, and freed the Church from kingly control. 
 
 3. Under the Angevins. 
 
 1. Henry II. determined to make the Church submit to the kin-- 
 HenrrwoT''^ ^^ "" ^''^ ^''^""^'^ P''^^""' ^^^°^^^ ^^^'^'^ 
 
 '■ 'becomell'f "^ T.' ■';''"'' "'^^" ^^^ ^^^^^^ determined to 
 
 he Fn< n pT : ^^"°* ^^' ^"P^ "^''^'^^ appointments in 
 
 the English Church without co.isulting the kin-^ Tolm 
 
 refused to recogni.3 these appointments, Ld for five y^ai^ 
 defied the Pope. He surrendered at length most abjectly 
 d. The Friars caused a great religious awakening among the 
 poorer classes during this period. ^ 
 
 the Engh.h people in regard to religious freedom. Wyclif 
 was really the first teacher of Protestantism in Englnn/ 
 
JMJMl^r'WI 
 
 8 
 
 TOPICAI- TIISTORV. 
 
 i i 
 
 4. Under the Lancastrians and Yorkists, 
 
 I. 'I'lio Tiollardsi fWyolifites) wor<i pcrsofutcil. 
 •^. 'I'll.! Church incroased in wealth l.ut dccmiscMl in spiritual 
 power. 
 
 5. Under the Tudors. 
 
 1. Henry VIII. doniud the aupromncy of thu Tope, and pr.)olaimed 
 
 hiinsolf head of tho Church. 
 
 2. Tljc monasterioH were destroyed by Tfcnry Viri. 
 H. The Bible wast translated into English. 
 
 4. Protestantism 8pread rapidly throughout England. The 
 
 t(.aching of tho followers of Wydif, the spread of learning, 
 tho translation of tho Bible, and tho quarrel of Henry wit°h 
 the Pope, all combined to promote the propagation of Protes- 
 tant i)rincip1es. In tho reign of F^lward Vf. tho forty-two 
 articles of the English Church were issued, and during tho 
 reign of Elizabeth tho English Church was established on 
 nearly its present system. 
 
 5. Many persecutions marred the Tudor period. 
 
 1. Cromwell (Thomas) destroyed the monasteries during the 
 
 reign of Henry VHI. 
 
 2. Prot(istants were persecuted under Mary. 
 
 8. In Elizabeth's reign many Jesuits and their followers were 
 put to death for plotting to secure the throne for Mary Queen 
 of Scots. 
 
 6. Under the Stuarts. 
 
 1. The Puritan movement was the most important religious 
 
 movement of the Stuart period. The Puritans were Pro- 
 testants who wished to reform abuses and simplify the forms 
 of worship in the English Church. They gained political 
 supremacy under Oliver Cromwell. Their political supre- 
 macy ended with the rule of Cromwell, but their moral 
 influence is felt still. 
 
 2. Eomau Catholics and Protestants struggled hard for supreme 
 
 power during the Stuart period. Finally Protestantism 
 became thoroughly aroused by a plot to blow up the Houses 
 of Parliament, and kill the king and members of parliament, 
 
Toi'K Ai, iiisnmv. 
 
 9 
 
 8. 
 
 uml by tho ultm-Runiuni.,,, „f JatnoH 11 ...iH fhn . u r 
 
 K;::c";;:r;;™^ """-'- -'-^,"'0;.;::; 
 
 t.ru;, ""'" ■'"'•■■■'' "'■ '•■■'"■'""■I ""-' I- 1'...- 
 
 nyreen^nt with th. K..„ish ,.Hi.,...J ! 1 ^ '^,:;; 
 
 rs ut ol p.u l„n,u.Mt. and s,,....,|ily ,,„t an en.l to Presl,y- 
 
 FIFTH TOPIC. 
 
 KDUCATION AM) LITKRATURfO BEFORE TilM lUXo 
 
 VKRIAN PRRIOI). 
 1. During the English Period. 
 
 Altud the (Treat f.,uuded the University „f Oxford 
 
 of St TTTiri >^'^^- ^^^^ translated the Oospel 
 oi Nt, John into f^nglish ^ 
 
 Oh^tie "■'■'"^ ' '"" PuWication „f tho English 
 
 Owing to tho many wars rturing the Norman, Angevin, Lanca,- 
 
 tnan,andi„rkfatp..ri,„ls, the intoru.t in odncati,,; rtMn' t 
 
 .. oad ra„u ly. With tho introduction of printing, ho ov" 
 
 he mtorost ancreasod, and the ma,s„, gonerally ,aw th^ 
 
 advantages of education. 
 
 A great many grammar schools were opened during tho Tudor 
 
 period. In the latter half of tho reign „f Honr; VIII more 
 
 wr^Thi ':■"■";" "^'^•'"'""" '""" '-^ *™ -■"- 
 
10 
 
 TOPIC Af. IIISTOHY. 
 
 'rh«< " nt'w l(<uriiin^ " ^iivo great iiiipiilHtt to liteniturc. The 
 r»'i<ru of lUuiry VIII. is niarkod hy tlu* I'Mimdinjuf ol" the Kug- 
 I h ,*li<ti'Uo Class HrlidoU, and the ri'ij;u of I-lli/alK'th is 
 ..f . ,. i,|ijrjiti'-it j'las iu Kuu;lisli lifcratiirc^ 
 
 HVit ni. Moore wrof<» in t}n' time of lli-nry VIII. and during 
 
 the rwlgiV of K i/.a}H'th, M|»en<<**r, Hliaksy)oare, Sydney, Bacon, 
 and many otherrt laid the real fcindation for English litera- 
 ture. 
 
 The Knglisli ^teopli ))assed througli their greatest trial and 
 ac.hu'ved their grandest triniph iu the struggle for religious 
 iil#lfty and politicial fn^edoii luring the Stuart [teriods. 
 
 Those stiTUggles naturally atl'eetetl tho literaturt* of the period, 
 (treat nuiu])ersof religious and jxtlitical writings were issued. 
 Many of tlnun did not outlive the jieiicnl in whicdi they were 
 written. Taylor's " Holy liiving and Holy Dying/' liunyan's 
 " Pilgrim's Progress," Baxter's " Saint's Jiest," and Butior's 
 " Hudiliras," are still pojiular works. 
 
 Tho period })r(jdueed ahlo writers in other departments of litera- 
 ture. The most distinguished were Beaumont, Fletcher, and 
 Ben Johnson, dranuitists ; Milton and hrvden. poets.: Lord 
 (Uareudon and Bishop Burnett, historians ; and Locke, a 
 philosopher. 
 
 SIXTH TOPIC. 
 
 CHIEF WARS BEFOEE THE HANOVERIAN PERIOD. 
 
 1. Under the English. 
 
 The chief wars during the English period were those caused by 
 the invasions of the Danes and Normans. Alfred the Great 
 saved England by driving out the Danes, but they returaed 
 a hundred years later and defeated the English. Danish 
 kings ruled England 24 years — from H)17 to lUil. 
 
 When Edward tho Confessor died without heir», WUliam of 
 Normandy, the Conqueror, claimed that Edw i,rd luti .villed 
 the English throne to him, and invaded England. He 
 
I 
 
 TOPK;Ar< HISTOHV 
 
 im. Th." 
 
 tlin Kug- 
 
 ^alu'th is 
 
 il (luring 
 y, Bacon, 
 «h liti>ra- 
 
 rial and 
 ri'ligious 
 (ids. 
 
 e period. 
 IV issued. 
 ;ht'y wcri' 
 TJunyan's 
 1 Butler's 
 
 of litera- 
 
 clior, and 
 
 sts,: Lord 
 
 Locke, a 
 
 11 
 
 lOD. 
 
 caused by 
 
 the Great 
 
 returned 
 
 Danish 
 
 ''Ulifiin of 
 iu.u Allied 
 and. He 
 
 M 
 
 d.'f.>nf..d ih.. Kuglisl, at S-nlac (Tfa^tintrs) I.HI.l. Ifan.Id. tlu- 
 Kn^^l.sh I..ad..r wlH. luul l.m chos.,: kiujj, was kill.d at 
 N'ulac, an«l th,, Norrrmns ruled lor Hh yoa- 
 2. Under the Normans 
 
 'n- Ktigli.h revolted fn.n, Xurn.an ,ule dunn;,Ml,e somnd vnr 
 ot tl.o Conqueror's reign. Jle ,.r..n.|.tly suppressed M... ,;.I.. ' 
 lion with great sevtii-v. 
 
 Wl-en ir..nry L, the third king, died, he gave tl,. throne to hi 
 'laughter, hut a great nniny •« i.hed to he ruh-d hv a ,nan 
 and her cousin Stei,hen was chosen king hy tli,Ho u ho 
 "J;j.'oted to a ,,u..en. A civil war, in whhh Matil.la was 
 aided hy King David of Seotland, result.-d. and last,- f,,,,,. 
 teen years. St,.phon won the hatfle of the standard, and at, 
 1. ngth Matilda agreed to let him retain the cr..wn on condi- 
 tion that her son, Henry of Anjou, should bo king after 
 Stephen's death. 
 
 3. Under the Angevins. 
 
 Henry H. con :,uered Indand. and F.lward T. conquered Wah's 
 .John lost his French territory at tlxe battle of Honvines 
 Kdward m. clainn.d France horau^o his mother was dau d.ter of 
 
 the French king. The Black ]>rince. FAwuv^V. son, won 
 
 (ressyand Poitiers, and the Fren.d, gave England \c„ui. 
 
 taine ami Calais, but Richard II.. Kdward's success,,, . lost 
 
 them. 
 
 Having s.ihdued Ireland and Wales, the English tried to con ,uer 
 Scotlaml. Wallace and Bruco stubbornly opposed th.„, 
 
 Wallace was captured after eight ye.rs and put to .leuth hut 
 Bruco avenged his death at Bannockhurn, l;i| I. The war 
 was c.ntinued by Edward III. Th. won Hali.h.n Hill, l.,it 
 had to give up the Scotch war on account of the war in 
 France. The Scotch invad.-d Kngland during Edward's 
 absence, but Queen Philippa defeated th.'m at X.-viUe - 
 Cross. Otterburn or Chevy Chase was fought between th. 
 Douglases and Percys near the close of the Angevin p.rio<i 
 and won by the Scotch. 
 The great l.arous rebelled against the kings twice durir.g the 
 Angevin period, first, when they forced John to grant the 
 
mm.^£miii!aiiiai 
 
 12 
 
 TOTMCAL HISTORY. 
 
 (Jroat Charter; Sccoiul. wlicu Simon iW Montford led them 
 in demanding the representation f)f the people in tlie govern- 
 ment of the country. lie won at Lewes in 12()1, hut was 
 defeated and killed next year at Evesham. 
 Tlio rehellion of tlie nobles started ideas of freedom in tlie minds 
 of the ])easants too, and under Wat Tyler they revolted 
 hecatiso they could not secure siinjde justice. AVat Tyler 
 was kill(;d by the ]\Iayor of London. His death put an end 
 to the revolt. 
 
 4. Under the Lancastrians and Yorkists. 
 
 Henry V. claimed the throne of France, and succeeded so well in 
 his att(!mi)t at conquest that he was nuule Eegent of France, 
 and acknowledged to be heir to the throne. Ho died before the 
 reigning king, and the war proceeded. Agincourt, 1415, was 
 his most complete victory. The French were finally roused 
 by Joan of Arc, a poor girl in the city of Orleans, wlio led 
 the French armies so successfully that the English were 
 unable to complete the conquest. 
 
 Jack Cade led a labor revolt in Kent after the French War. 
 After nuieting with considerable success lie was murdered. 
 
 The two houses. York and Lancaster, fouglit for the throne 
 with great bitterness for about sixteim years. The Yorkists 
 were descended from the third son and the Lancastrians 
 from tlie fourth son of Edward IIL Henry VL having no 
 heirs till n(!ar the close of his reign, the Duke of York 
 clainKHl the throne. The English nobility was divided into 
 two parties. The Yorkists wore white roses, and the Lan- 
 castrians Avoro red roses, and so the war was nanuul '" The 
 War of the Roses." After five years of fighting the king 
 acknowledged York as his successor. Queen Margaret, who 
 now had a son, objected to this ariimgemeut. She raised an 
 army, defeated York, and put him to deatli. PMward, the 
 young Duke of York, proved to be a more dangerous foe 
 than his father. Ho fought a great battle, and obtained a 
 decisive victory at Towton in I IGl. ''J'wenty thousand Lan- 
 castrians, including most of their leaders, were killed, and 
 King Henry was captured and put in prison where he was 
 
W'witWM^SMi^SSf^ 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 13 
 
 kept for nearly ten years. Edward was crowned as Edward 
 IV. Margaret raised an army, cdiietly French, but Edward 
 again defeated her, and it seemed as if liis jxjsition was ikmv 
 secure. He ([Uarrcdled, however, with liis best friend the 
 Earl of Warwick, and Warwick bocaiiuj leader of tlu- Lan- 
 castrians and drove the king from England. Henry was 
 taken from prison for a short time, but Edward soon came 
 back, and closed the war by defeating Warwick at Bariujt 
 (1471), and .Margaret, who was on her way to j(.iu W;u-wiek 
 at Tewkesbury. Warwick was killed at Barnet, and the 
 Lancastrian heir at Tewkesl)iny. 
 Edward V. was only thirteen years of age when he came to the 
 throne. His Uncle Eichard was appointed Protector. Jie 
 laid i)lans to become king. He i)ut the young king and his 
 brother in prison, and had them murden-d there. This 
 roused great indignation throughout the country, and Henry 
 Tudor, a Lancastrian, proposed to marry Elizabeth, the 
 eldest sister of the murdered princes, and thus unite both 
 Yorkists and Lancastrians against Eichard. He defeated 
 Richard at Bosworth iield in 1 IH,'). Eichard was killed (m 
 the field, and Henry became king. 
 
 5. Under the Tudors. 
 
 There were several unimportant wars during the Tudor j.oriod. 
 In one of them the Scotch were defeated, and their kin- 
 killed at Flod.len, by Henry VHI. (^ueen Mary h.st Calais 
 m a French war. A brief civil struggle in favor of Lady 
 Jane (Jrey ended in the triumph of (^ueen Mary. 
 
 But the most important war was that caused by the attempt of 
 Philip of Spaiti to con(]uer England and overthrow Protes- 
 tantism. He sent his invincible Armada, but it was defeated 
 by the English, an.l afterwards almost entirely destroyed by 
 a storm. 
 
 6. Under the Stuarts. 
 
 The Parliament began to demand liberty from the tyrannical 
 rule of the kings early in the Stuart period. Led by Py,„ 
 Hampden and Elliot, the Parliament finally came to a war 
 with Charles L, who claimed the - divine right of kings." 
 
14 
 
 TOPICAL HISTOKY. 
 
 i y 
 
 The Parhament formed the " Solemn League and Covenant" 
 with Scotland and, under Cromwell, the Parliamout u-y 
 army defeated the king at Marston Moor. mU, and Xasehv. 
 iMo. In lb46 Cliarles surrendered. After two y.^^s in 
 prison he was tried by Parliament and executed for nmkin-^ 
 war on his own subjects. One hundred and forty of his 
 friends were excluded from Parliament when the vote of 
 condemnation was taken. 
 
 Rebellions in favor of royalty occurred, both in Scotland and 
 
 IrelaiKl, alter the execution of Charles I., but Cromwell 
 
 peeddy settled both rebellions. The Scotch, under (General 
 
 Leshe, were defeated at l)tiul>ar and Worcester, and the Irish 
 
 subn.itted after the siege of Drogheda 
 
 After William III. came to England, James U. raised an army 
 m h-eland, but WUliam scattered his army at the Eoyne in 
 
 The English were at war three times with Holland .luring the 
 Stuart pc^:od. The most important result of these was the 
 cession ot New York to the English. 
 
 ^"xTv "f'/"' """^ ^-^^^--ledg-rd king of England by Louis 
 
 fn •■ 1 l"T" "'"'"' y''''' ^*'*^^' ^' '-^^ to England. 
 
 Louis took the part of James U William showed wise gen- 
 
 eralslup, and amid great diftcdties, and with a smaller 
 army, he compelled Louis to sue f,>r peace, and recogni/e 
 him as rule, of England. The chief events of the war w ! 
 ^10 great victory of the English over the French fleet at La 
 Hogue, which compelled Louis to give up his plan for the 
 uvasion c^ England, and the capture of Port Royal from 
 the French m Nova Scotia. 
 The greatest war of the Stuart period was the war of the Spanish 
 succession. England, Holland, Austria and (Germany ^x 
 cept Bavaria) supported the claim of the Emperor ot Aus- 
 
 Fn Y ■ /, ''^' "' Marlborough led the army of 
 
 J^ngland and her allies. He was a brilliant general/and 
 
 jreat victories; Blenheim, 1701; Ramilies, 170(5 • 
 
 Gibraltar was 
 
 won lo;:r 
 
 Oudenarde, 1708; and Malplaquet, 1709 
 
 taken l)y Sir Charles Rooke in this war. 
 
ovenant" 
 -moat iiy 
 . Xaseliy, 
 yL"i;.s in 
 • iiiakiuy 
 y of his 
 I voto of 
 
 and uud 
 
 'rom well 
 
 fJonerul 
 
 the Irish 
 
 m army 
 ioyno in 
 
 •ing the 
 was the 
 
 y Louis 
 iigland. 
 ISO gen- 
 smaller 
 cognize 
 ar were 
 it at La 
 for the 
 ^1 from 
 
 ipanish 
 ly (ex- 
 f Aus- 
 ison of 
 ■my of 
 .1, and 
 
 17()(i ; 
 
 r was 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. ^5 
 
 SEVENTH TOPIC. 
 
 THK SKVKX YEARS' WAR. 
 
 1. French in America gradually mailing oncroachmonts on the 
 
 F';ngli.sh. In India also they seek U> drive out English traders. 
 National jealousy aroused that only waits for occasion t(j 
 manifest itself. 
 
 2. Oe()i;go II. as ruler of Hanover, is jealous of Prussia, with 
 
 which his MiniskTs seek to he in alliance. Russia also 
 jealous of Prussia. Maria Theresa passionately desires to 
 get back Silesia. 
 B. In 1755 Maria Theresa joins in league with France. Spain, 
 Russia and Saxony against Prussia. Negotiations very 
 s(!cret. 
 
 4. In spite of Preorge IL's opposition his Ministers make a treaty 
 
 with Frederick of Prussia, providing for the neutrality nf 
 Prussia and Hanover in any contest between England and 
 France. Treaty gives ofFence. Prussia and England have, to 
 fight the rest of Euro]ie. 
 
 5. Course of Events. War opens disastrously. England unpre- 
 
 pared. Port Mahon, in Minorca, lost. Admiral Byncr 
 retreats. Duke of Cumberland falls back before a Fnmch 
 army and engages, by convention of Closter-Seven, to dis- 
 band his forces. In America, French have possession of the 
 Valley of the Mississippi. General despondency. " We are 
 no longer a nation." Pitt comes to the front. His union 
 with Newcastle. The tide of fortune turns. Plassey gives 
 England control of Bengal (June, 1757). Frederick defeats 
 the Friuich at Rossbach (November, 1757;. Soon after, at 
 Lenthen, defeats the Austrians and clears Silesia of them. 
 But a series of defeats reduces his fortunes to h)\vest point 
 (1759). England, meanwliile, gains three great victories— 
 Minden, Quiberon, Quebec. Death of Ceorge II. (17()()). War 
 continues. Capture of Pondicherry destroys the power of 
 the French in Indii. France mak(>s a new '' Family Com- 
 pact " witli Spain. Pitt wishes to declare war with Spain 
 
16 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 nt cnco. (loorge III. refuses. Pin resigns LoM Bute'^ 
 
 hsh capture Hayannah and m.ny Spanisl, T;easure-ship: 
 TaKe also some islands of ti.e French West Indies. Nei^: 
 tiatmus for peace (November, 17(J2) Peace of Pn ' V^^i 
 I'liary, 17(58). "^ ^^" "'^ ^'^"^ (^eb- 
 
 f). Conditions of treaty • 
 
 W ,t 3- "°""""";' '''• '^i"""-' «■") "th,.r islands i, 
 slain) ' °°""' *''"°"''=''' """ '"" ^'-M"" ("■<>■" 
 
 (6) Franco got back fJuadaloupo, Martmico, Belleidc 
 
 trae t r "r' "'° ^""'""■■"' '»'-''•» - - hang,. 
 
 (a) R.gland hocomes the head of a groat Emj^re. 
 
 (e) The^unity of Ocrmany sprang fro™ the victory of Ross- 
 
 EIGHTH TOPIC. 
 KINGLY POWER SINCE THE REVOLUTION 
 
 1. "In outer seeming the revolution of IGSfi h.A i . 
 
 • Vi^H ""m"" 'f '""'"" °' "^"^ ><'"« ™ very 'great 
 
 Minister his own Commander-in-Chief. (J„een An>,„ ^Z 
 only regularly presided at Cabinet Councils bnt Z ■ 
 My attended debates in the House of Lord,' '-T-l ""■ 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 17 
 
 -d 
 
 Bute's 
 
 12. 
 
 Eng- 
 
 ire 
 
 -ships. 
 
 1. 
 
 Nego- 
 
 ^lons in 
 
 3. The chancr- brought abcut under (ieorge F.-He di.l n..t. know 
 
 enouyh laighsh to preside at Cabinet meetings. He cared 
 notliing for English politics. Similarly (Jeorge II. '-Ha in- 
 lent their names and authority to competent Ministers, they 
 acted upon their advice, and aided them by all the nutans at 
 the disposal of the Court."— A/a?/. 
 
 4. George III. attempts ^^ not only 'to reign hut to govern " Cir- 
 
 cumstances favorable to his design : («) He was },orn and 
 educated in England; {h) He was personally i-opuUxr- (r; 
 He was possessed of a strong -.vill and considerable talents for 
 intrigue; {d) The Tory party were now loval and earnest 
 supporters of the king ; (.) The Whig party was broken into 
 factions ; (/) The king was the fountain of hon .r ; he could 
 bestow honors, dignities, places and preferments, 
 o. Difficulties in the king's way : (a) His Ministers were respon- 
 sible to Parliament for every act of their administration; 
 ('. ; They had been so long accustomed to exercise the power 
 of the Crown that they ^vere reluctant to give it up ; (,•) The 
 Whig families had for fifty years dispensed the patronage 
 of the Oown ; {d) The House of Commons was difficult to 
 control in the king's interests. 
 B. Means adopted by the king to carry out his design : (a) The 
 formation of a party, " The King's Friends " ; (/>) Persistent 
 efforts to break up all parties that thwarted his will; {c) 
 Dismissed as soon as possible the Ministers in power at' his 
 accession (Pitt and Newcastle) ; {d) Supported, with all the 
 resources at his command. Lord Bute, who became his 
 mouthinece ; (.) Interfered in the election of meml)ers of 
 Parliament; (/) Employed briln-ry. etc., to g.tin adherents 
 m the House of Commons; {g) F.u-ced those Ministers who 
 would not obey his will implicitly to resign or to sacrifice 
 largely their ccmvictions ; {h) Dismissed from their offices 
 those members of Parliament who opposed his favorite 
 Ministers. 
 
 7. Relation of the king to the Ministers during his reign : 
 
 (a) Pitt and Newcastle-Pitt too great to be subservient; 
 Newcastle, no longer consulted in the disposal of patron' 
 age, resigned after '• numerous alfronts." 
 
 Wg-. 
 
18 
 
 |: 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 (A) Buto-entin-ly suWrvicut. Only eleven n.cnths in 
 olhce. Int,,ns,.ly unpopular with the people (17(i8). 
 
 (c) Grenville-" differed a. to their relative powers, but too 
 well a«;reea :u their policy, l.oth .-u-iutrary, in.p^tieat ^f 
 opposition, and resolute in the exercise of authority." 
 (hiet acts of this Minister: (I) Proceedings against 
 
 Wilkej 
 
 (-) '''^o first taxation of America. 
 
 sought to dismiss him (early in 17.15), but was unable 
 to got any one t., take office. At length (late in the 
 same year), he could no longer endure the (irenville 
 Ministry and <iismissed it. ^^nvuie 
 
 (d) Eockinghanu le .d.-r of the Whig aristocracy, had recently 
 >cen dismissed n.m his I.ord- Lieu tenancy for opposin- 
 the king. Relati<.nof the king to this Mini;ter suggest d 
 byh.s^c.niduetinthematterof the repeal of thettan.p 
 Act. He (the king), resisted this nieasure in Council 
 but finding Ministers res.lved to carry it. he o,>„osed 
 them m Parliament by the authority of his naZ^: 
 by his personal influence over a considerable body of 
 Parliamentary adherents." In July, 1766, they were 
 ungraciously dismissed. ^ 
 
 (e) Dukeof Grafton.-Pitt as Earl Chatham, the ruling spirit 
 l^the Ministry for over two years, then, hishealhy^- 
 
 1^^'» litt during his term of office, played into the 
 king's hands by helping to break up partis^ The Duk 
 of Grafton, "partly from indolence and partly from 
 facility, consented to follow the stronger will oh s 
 sovereign." ° ^^^ 
 
 (/) Lord Korth. 17r(>-l-82._" That Minister, .,v ,,rmoi„le 
 tlH': r°™'* '" pn.r„sativ„-i„ ^haract ertd 
 kms-y,eWed up his own opinions and judgment and 
 
 royal « ill. Iho pcrsocnti, u of Wilkes, tho straininir of 
 pa,.l,a,ne„ury privilege, and the coercion of Trerfea 
 were the d,sa.stron, iVnits of the ( .o,,,. ,„,,;„.. ^ j,™*^™^' 
 out th,s aaniinistration the Ung staled hi/pe fai 
 
TOPICAL III.STOUY. 
 
 credit tijjon thn sll(•(■t!^^ of his moiis 
 
 19 
 
 un-s, a I 
 
 id r( 
 
 ;>ganlc(| 
 <)l)l)ositi(.n tu his Ministry iis iin act of (Iish>yaity. ami 
 their defeat as an alfront to himself." J/a^. 
 In 1780 a resolution was moved in tho IIouso of Commons 
 ilechiring '• that tlio infiueuct! of the ( 'row n Imd iu.'reasod. 
 is increasing, and ouglit to ho diminished.-' When the 
 North -Ministry was overthrown tho kiu-^- spoke of retir- 
 ing to Ilanover rather than siihinit to the litnitation of 
 his power which a change of Ministry would bring. 
 (U) Rockingham.— Policy distasteful to the king. " Its first 
 pi-inciple was the concession of independence to America, 
 which he liad so long resisted ; its second was the reduc- 
 tion of the intiueiice of tlie Crown by the aludition of 
 oihees, the exclusion of contra(^tors from Parliiiment, 
 and tlie disfranchisement of revenue officers."'— J/a?/, 
 Ministry only a few months in office. 
 {h) Loi-d Shell)urne.— In office only nine months. Trusted 
 to maintain himself entirely by the king. Overthrown 
 by a coalition of tho followers of North and Fox. 
 (i) Duko of Portland.— North and Fox the real leaders. Tho 
 king said, '• to such a [Ministry ho never woul<l give his 
 confidence, and that he would take the first moment for 
 dismissing them." Opportunity came in opposin<>' Fox's 
 India Bill. 
 
 (j) William Pitt (1788-1801). -The struggle between Pitt on 
 the one side, and North and Fox on tho other. Pitt 
 triumphs. The king " luid now a Minist(>r, who, with 
 iiigher abilities and larger views of State policy, had a 
 will even stronger than his own. . . If the king was no 
 l.mger his own Minister, as in tho time of Lord North, 
 he had tho satisfaction of seeing his own principles car- 
 ried out by hands far abler than his own."'— .!/«//. The 
 influence of the Crown now greater than ever. Pitt 
 resigned, 1801, owing to the king's persistent refusal to 
 sanction a measure f(,r the relief of Roman (Catholics. 
 
 (^•) My. Addington enjoyed the coi.fidenco and oven the affec- 
 tion of the king. 
 
20 
 
 TOPICAL iriSTORV. 
 
 <h Pitt's sf'oond Min^^«■rv T>u* • u , 
 
 unco „f jr ' p ■f;"'^'" "■'*'■'• «" hi'vo tho a^ist- 
 
 W|jV temper now di»ta,..fu, „, tho W„g, r„.ath of C 
 
 NINTH TOPIC. 
 
 THE ENGLISH IN THE NEW WORLD. 
 1. The War of American Independence. 
 
 A. Causes. (Se,. in jiarticular May.) 
 
 1. To a considcrablo extent tli« T?». i- i. 
 
 left very nu.di to tl !' , '^ "^ ""'""'^^ ^^^ ^«^n 
 
 concorn. E„g,an,l i,„p„.„„ lur oin Z J ?"";""' 
 
 :^.ri:"::, -;.-i- :r-^: -:::; 
 
 of th„ govorn„K.nt. F ,w' ll t- *" ftf "■"' '"'''""'^ 
 favor <,f this determination. ° "■■g"raente in 
 
 (a) Much of the national deht l.nd i„ • 
 
 defence of the colonio, """ "'™™<' » 
 
Pitt's 
 
 TOPIC AK HISTORV. 
 
 (<•) roustitiitional lawyers held that it 
 J*uiiiam('ut to tax tlm colonics. 
 
 21 
 
 was cotniMftcnt for 
 
 (d) J'arliaiiuMit had ou many 
 
 viding for the levy of colonial import and 
 
 duti( 
 
 Arguments against : 
 (a) The colonies had had n(j voice in tl 
 
 occasions jiassed acts ]»ro- 
 
 exiujrt 
 
 England's debt had been i 
 
 le wars by which 
 
 ncurred 
 
 (6) The colonies had taxed themselves heavily f(.r pn.- 
 tection against the foes of the Mother Country with 
 wh(;m th(^y had no quarrel. 
 
 (c) Granted that Parliament could make laws for govern- 
 ment of the colonies, yet, by constitutional usage, 
 taxes were always grant(>d by tiio i)eo])le through 
 their representatives. 
 
 H. The Stamp Act passed in ITlia. The coh)nies individually, 
 and through representatives in a Congress, denied the 
 right of Parliament to pass such an Act. 
 
 4. Act repealed by Rcjckingham a.lministration in si)ito of 
 
 the obstinate resistance of the king and his friends ( i TOO). 
 At the same time Declaratory Act passed, asserting the 
 supreme power of Parliament over the colonies, " in all 
 cases whatsoever." 
 
 5. George III. intensely anno3^ed by the repeal of the Stamj) 
 
 Act. Determined to stuze the first oj)portunity to undo 
 the " fat.il compliance of 17()6." 
 
 ♦i. In 1707. Townshend, notwithstanding what had happened, 
 imp.jsed a vai-iety of small customs' duties on the 
 colonies. Another period of agitation, and (Jovernment 
 withdraw all but a tax on tea (17r,9). Americans refuse 
 to buy taxed tea. 
 
 7. Attack on tea-ships at Boston (177H) gives the king the 
 oi)portunity for which he has been waitinir. 
 
 S. King refuses to consider the question of compensation. 
 Boston punished by having its port clost>d against all 
 commerce. Massachusetts has its char r altered. 
 Troops sent to " bring ';he Americans to the^r senses." 
 
22 
 
 TOPKJAL lllNTOkY. 
 
 "• 'I''- -'l-nic. .ulopfc tin, ,,uarr..l of Mussa.huH.,tts. Hold a 
 
 /•'"o^''-^^I''lM-urn,n^., joint a,.ti.m. 
 
 K'. I-r.l nutth.ua (177:,; l„.in;,M forwanl a moa.ure providing. 
 
 or tho n,p..al of thn late, A.ts, for thu ..Jty^,2 
 
 colonial ehartors, tin, al.andonn.ent of tluM-laiM; to f/v 
 
 at^^and the recall of the troops. It i. conte;:;tu:u:;; 
 
 11. The Congress of delogaten adopt measures for general 
 defense, raise an arn.y and put Washington over it! 
 
 B. Course of War. 
 
 1. 1775. Skirmish of Lexington. April lOth. 
 -s. battle of Bunker's Hill. 
 
 H. 'n.e British troops cooped up during the winter (1775-0) 
 m Boston. lu spring they withdruu- to Nevs- York 
 
 4. .enei-al Arnold makes a raid upon Canada 
 
 5. 1 ho Southern colonies expel their governors, 
 b. 1 ' > <.. Declaration of Independence, .July 4th 
 
 7. Howe gains the victory of Brooklyn. Washington forced 
 to evacuate New York and New .fersey. Later JZ. 
 some successes. ^ ^^^^^ 
 
 H. 1777 Burgoyne marches from Canada to sei^e the line 
 of the Hudson ; then, with the help of the army at New 
 Wk, t« cut off the New Englaml States f^om the 
 others. He finds himself confronted hy Genera rnt. 
 Surrenders at Saratoga (October) ^ ^^'"'• 
 
 9. Howe suils up the Chesapeake, defeats Wr .hington at 
 Brandywxne, takes Pliiludelphia. Washingtor^ iL! 
 
 10. ( h ham again tries to bring about a reconciliation- 
 
 1 <t I in« 
 
 "■ 'Sate,'"' ThoV."' :'""'' "™°'"''' "" "'"-- -*h "« 
 
 ricaces. i hey declare war. 
 
 12. AU hope of reconciliation pa»,e, a.ay with the death „r 
 
 VX 177!.. «il,raltar besieged. The Dutch join the league 
 aga.nst Ensland. In America the British .General are 
 successful in the Soutli. "uaisare 
 
lid a 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 23 
 
 14. 1780. L(»rrl ( 'nriiwulli:^ caiifurfs CharlfxtDw ti ; i\ ina 
 
 other suc('i's«i)-i. The T'tiitctl State-* liunkiiii '. 
 
 15. 17HI. Coriiwiilli>< surnMidors to WaHhingtou Vork- 
 
 tf)\vn. 
 
 16. Lord Xnrth rosigns. 
 
 17. J7H2, N()%'('iiil)('r. Prcliniinnrics tor ])ua«'H signed. 
 
 18. 17Ki. R'acoof VcrHailh's. 
 C'ouditiourt : 
 
 (a) ludepcndt'lUH' of riiitcd States ncknow It'dged. 
 
 (A) France to get a share of th(( New roiiuillaixd fisheries, 
 
 and Islands of St. Pierrci and Mi(iuelo!i. 
 (r) S])iiiji to get Minorca. 
 {il) England to keep Canada ami Neufounilland. 
 
 0. Results. 
 
 1. " If it crijipled for a wliile the snpremacy of the Knglisli 
 
 nation, it founded the supremacy of the English race."' 
 —(i. A great English-speaking nation was I'stahlished 
 in America in which, on a \\id<; sc-ale, English hiw. 
 English institviticms, and English liberty began a new- 
 career. 
 
 2. The Mother Country was taught some useful lessons from 
 
 which, in her subsequent dealings, she jirtiHted. \o 
 further attempt was made to tax any of her colonies. 
 
 2. Canada Under British Rule. 
 
 (Student may consult Wlthrow'.s History.) 
 
 1. 1700-1764. Canada under a military goveininent. The 
 
 country divided into three jurisdictions — (Quebec, Mont- 
 real, and Three Rivers. 
 
 2. Indians dissatisfied with English rule. Pontiac's war. 
 
 3. In 1704, Canada formally annexed to Bi'itish possessions 
 
 by royal proclamation. (lovernment established. A 
 Oovernor and Council. Representative institutions ]no- 
 mised as soon as the country became ready for them. 
 English law. and English methods of conducting judicial 
 proceedings, introduced. 
 
24 
 
 TOPICAI- IIISTORV. 
 
 t. IHssatisfactidti atnonjj tho Fnmch. They arc cxoludoH 
 fnitii all <)flic!i!s, and tnuiti'd as a c«»iiiiiicn'<l van'. Tht-y 
 flisliko tlin English law and Knglish tuniin* of lan»l. 
 5. TiiFJ Qi'KMKC Act (177 J), fts provisions : 
 
 (a) " Kxtrndcd tho bounds of tho ]irovinc<» from Lab- 
 rador to tlu! Mississiitpi. frorti tho Ohio to tho wutor- 
 8h«>d of Hudson's l\,\y. 
 
 (i) " Estafdishcd tli(* right of tho Fronoh to the obsorv- 
 anco of tli(» Roman Catholic religion, without civil 
 disability, and oonfirniod tho tithes to tlio cliTgy. 
 Exempting, liow«!vor, J'rotc^stants from their pay- 
 ment. 
 
 (c) "Restored tho French <-ivil code, an<l (sstablished tho 
 
 Knglish administration of law in criminal cases. 
 
 (d) "Vested supreme authority in tho (toveruor and 
 Councul, the latti^r being nominated by the Crown, 
 and consisting for tho most part of persons of British 
 birth."— jr. 
 
 H. Canada and tho American Revolution. Canada invited 
 to join in the revolt. French fairly satis^fied with the 
 concessions of tho Quebec Act. refuse, but are apathetic 
 as to the result of the cf)ntest between Britain and her 
 colonies. Tho Americans invade Canada {1775). Mont- 
 real occupied. Ineffectual siege of Quebec by Arnold. 
 Tho Americans compelled to retire (177(5). In 1777 
 Burgoyno invades New York from Canada. Import- 
 ance of Treaty of Versailles to Canada.—" By its terms 
 Canada was despoiled of the magnificent region lying 
 between tho Mississippi and tho Ohio, and was divided 
 from the new nation by the Croat Lakes, the St. Law- 
 rence, the watershed betwctin tho St. Lawrence and tln^ 
 Atlantic, and the St. Croix River."— IF. The war, f(^ 
 lowed by an exodus of V.E. Loyalists to Canada— 10,000 
 to Ontario alone. 
 
 7. The Constitutional Act (1701). The rapid develop- 
 ment of what is now Ontario, since the American War 
 raised the question of its separation from Quebec. 
 
"mtmm. 
 
 TOl'ICAL nrsTouv. 
 
 86 
 
 {a) Tho Act "(livM.'d Canada into two provinccH by a 
 lino Cdinc'iding chiefly with tho Ottawa K'ivcr. 
 
 (6) " fn UpiMT Canada, llritish law, b(,th civil and cri'n- 
 inal, and frecliold land tt-ntirc, wcih intniduccd. 
 
 (c) "111 LuwiT Cam. 'a tho Soignorial and Fionch law. 
 
 in civil cases, w to rotainod. 
 
 (d) " In each provinco a government was constitutAMl, 
 consisting of an elective Legishitivo Asseiiihly, and 
 a Legislative Council andd'overnorapixjinted by the 
 Crown. 
 
 (e) " One-scvonth of the land was reserved for tho usf 
 
 of tho Crown, and one-seventh for tho maintenance 
 of the Protestant clergy."— JF. 
 8. The War of 1812.15. 
 
 A. Its Causes. 
 
 1. Napoleon's "Berlin Decree," and tho retaliatory British 
 
 "Orders-in-Council" press heavily on American ship- 
 ping. Tho Amor .can Non-Intercourso Act. Mutual 
 exasperation. 
 
 2. Britain asserts her "right of search" for deserters from 
 
 the navy. 
 
 3. Tho publication of the secret correspondence of a Captain 
 
 Henry who had reported that Now England was ready 
 to secede from tho Union, 
 
 4. A desire to annex the Provinces of British North America 
 
 with the United States. 
 
 B. Course of Events. 
 1812. 
 
 1. "War declared, June. 
 
 2. Sir Isaac Brock takes Fort IVlakinaw and secures the alle- 
 
 giance of tho British. 
 
 3. The American plai. of attack. Canada invaded at throe 
 
 points. 
 
 (a) General Hull crosses tho Detroit River -Brock goes 
 to meet him. Ho re-crosses. Brock follows. Hull 
 surrenders. 
 
26 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 (4) Van Ransolaer crosses the Niagara at Queon.Hton. 
 
 Battle of Queonston Heights. Death of Brock. The 
 
 American force surrenders. Other American troops 
 
 prevented from crossing, 
 (c) General Dearborn advances hy way of Champlain. 
 
 fails in an attack at J.acoUe, and retires into winter 
 
 quarters. 
 
 1813. 
 
 1. Both sides make extraordinary efforts to continue the war. 
 
 2. The Americans construct strong vessels for the lakes. 
 8. American plan— to conquer Upper Canada. 
 
 (a) Proctor captures Winchester and 5()() Americans at 
 French Town, Michigan. Later in the year is com- 
 pelled to cross the Detroit River and fall back })efore 
 General Harrison. Battle of Moravian Town (Octo- 
 ber), British defeated. Western Upper Canada in 
 American power. 
 
 (6) Americans take York and Fort George, but are 
 defeated at Stoney Creek and Beaver Dams. Sir 
 George Prevost and Sir James Yeo attack Sackett's 
 Harbor. Attack not so successful as it mi<'ht 
 have been froi over-caution. In reveuge. the 
 Americans plun r and burn the town of York, but 
 are defeated by Yeo wlien returning across the lake. 
 
 (c) An American force gathered (October) near Sackett's 
 
 Harbor to advance against Montreal. Defeated at 
 Chrysler's Farm. 
 
 (d) Another force invading Canada by way of Cham- 
 plain. Defeated at Chateauguay. 
 
 (e) These defeats led the American Commander at Fort 
 
 George to abandon it in December, after setting fire 
 to every house in Niagara. In revenge for this 
 the Canadians take Fort Niagara and ravage the 
 whole frontier. 
 
 1814. 
 
 (a) The American General, Wilkinson, defeated (March) 
 at Lacolle Mill by a force much smaller than his 
 own. 
 
TOPICAL HISTOftY. 
 
 27 
 
 1815. 
 
 (A) British troops defeated at Chippawa; but the Ameri- 
 cans (]<!feated at Limdy's Laiio. 
 
 ('-•) A force un.ler the over-cautions Provost advanced 
 against the Americans at Plattsburg, hut failed to 
 accomphsh anything. 
 
 The British .lefoated in an attack on New Orhvans. 
 C. Peace of Ghent, December, 1814. 
 
 '' ^?^!':;h1 f! ''^^"" any territory. The adjustment 
 of un.etUed boundaries was loft to u con.mission. 
 
 ment"' ;5 '' T"' " "'' ''^' ''^'"'^ '' "^^^-^'^ -- not 
 mentioned m the treaty ; the Euroi.ean War was now 
 over. 
 
 a An agreement made for a combined effort for the suppres. 
 axon of the slave traffic. ^ ^ 
 
 m 
 
 n 
 
 I 
 
 TENTH TOPIC. 
 THE GROWTH OF THE BRlTrSTI EMPIRE IN INDIA. 
 
 (See Macaulay's Essay on Ch-ve and Hastings.) 
 
 1. In 1700, British supremacy was established over Bengal 
 
 ami over South(>rn hulia. bengal, 
 
 2. The work of organisation followed that of conquest. 
 
 sltirTn ';'" -^----- (') Tfo organised the 
 service of the East India Company in Imlia ; (2) he 
 pu down the tra.ling <.f the C^on.pany's servants, and 
 c> bade their acceptance of gifts from the natives, 
 (i) rn 1767, he return..! to England, and by unsparing 
 lonunciations of the misgovernment of JBengal a^ 
 tracted the attention of the government to InSia. 
 Kn i ho Regulation Act, 177;5: 
 
 (1) Established a Oovernor-fJeneral and a Supremo 
 Court of Judicature for all British possessions 
 m India. 
 
 . (2) Prohibited judges and members of Council from 
 trading. 
 
 I 
 
 \_f 
 
 \ 
 
 
 0. 
 
 \^\ 
 
 v-- 
 
X 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 .^, 
 
 '-^ al4, 
 
 CC^^A 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 aA ?^'f 
 
 i>, ' ■) 
 
 ^ 
 
 (3) Forbade any receipt of presents from natives. 
 
 (4) Ordered that every act of the Directors should 
 
 be signified to the government to be approved 
 or disallowed. 
 
 {d) Clive's own career inquired into. He is censured, 
 but the Commons unanimously vote " That Robert 
 Lord Clive did at the same time render great and 
 meritorious services to his countrv." 
 
 3. Hastings the first Governor-General. His administration, 
 
 1773-1785 : 
 
 . {a) Established the direct rule of the East India Company 
 
 over Bengal. 
 (5) Organized afresh the system of government, respect- 
 ing as far as possible the prejudices, feelings and 
 
 habits of the natives, 
 (c) Began deliberately the subjugation of all India to the 
 
 British Crown. 
 ((?) Sold the services of the Company's army to crush the 
 
 Rohillas. 
 (e) Met and in the end defeated the Mahrattas (who were 
 
 incited by the French). 
 (/) Met the danger from Hyder AH, whom Coote defeated 
 
 at Porto Novo, 1781. 
 {g) Annexed Benares, 
 (/i) Reduced Oude to virtual dependence. 
 
 4. The many unscrupulous acts of Hastings lead to his im- 
 
 peachment. His long and memorable trial, 1786-1795. 
 The investigation of the character of his administration 
 made it apparent that it was not advisable to permit a 
 trading company to rule over so great a possession. 
 
 5. Mr. Fox's India Bill, 1783. " Proposed to transfer the poli- 
 
 tical government (of India) from the directors of the 
 Company, to a Board of seven Commissions. The ap- 
 pointment of the seven was vested in the first instance 
 in Parliament, and afterwards in the Crown." Bill de- 
 feated in the Lords, the king exorcising his influence for 
 that purpose. The ministry requested to resign. 
 
TOPICAL HISTORV. 
 
 29 
 
 6. Mr. Pitt's India Bill, l7Hi. It " preserved in appearance 
 
 the political and comiriGrcial powers of the Uireotcjrs, 
 while establishing a Roard of Control, formed from mem- 
 bers of the Privy Cou ucil for the approving or annulling 
 of their acts." This dual method of governing In.lil 
 continued till ISr^S when its government was vested dir- 
 ectly in the Crown. 
 
 7. British rule only once seriously threatened during re- 
 
 mainder of the period (1797-8). Tippoo Sahib, successor 
 to Hyder Ali in Mysore, vows to drive the English into 
 the sea. Is killed at the storming of his capital, Sering- 
 apatam, aud Mysore added to the British dominions. 
 
 ELEVENTH TOPIC. 
 
 THP: ADMINISTEATIUN of the younger PITT. 
 
 A. The Circumstances under which he assumed power. 
 
 The king had contemptuously dismissed the coalition Min- 
 istry of North and Fox. and entrusted the fornuition of a 
 Uovernment to William P.tt. Pitt's followers were in a 
 minority in the Commons. He was defeated again and 
 again, but refused to resign. Meanwhile, the king was 
 exercising his influence in Pitt's favour. The udvei-si> 
 majorities gradu:illy dwindled down, and on the House 
 being dissolved (March, 1784), and a new election taking 
 place, an overwhelming majority was return(>.l iu favor 
 of Mr. Pitt. (For constitutional principles involved in 
 this struggle, see it/a?/, chap. I, pages 72, etc.) 
 
 B. Pitt's relation to the King. 
 
 The king trusted him because he had saved him from the 
 power of the coalition. Pitt was no puppet in the king's 
 hands, his will was stronger than his masters ; yet die 
 king never cease.l to guard carefully the royal power. 
 " He (George) had the satisfaction of seeing his own 
 principles carried out by hands far abler than his own. 
 
30 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 In prosecutions of the press, and the repression of rle.no- 
 cratic movements at homo, the Minister was, perhaps 
 as zealous as the king ; in carrying on war to crush 
 democracy abroad, the king was more zealous than his 
 Minister. They labored strenuously together in sup- 
 port of Monarchy all over the world, and respected" too 
 little the constitutional liberties of their own people » 
 — May. ' 
 
 0. Pitt's Foreign Policy. 
 
 ^" ".^^T f '^''^'' "Minister' and a statesman, who saw 
 that the best security for peace lay in the freedom and 
 widening of commercial intercourse between nations." 
 
 2. Commercial Treaty of 1787 between England and France 
 
 framed on those principles. It enabled subjects of both 
 countries to reside and travel in either without license 
 or passport, did away with all prohibition of trade on 
 either side, and reduced every import duty "_(7 
 
 3. The intimate connection between England and France 
 
 made the events of the French Eevolution of 1789 of 
 great interest in England. Pitt's attitude towards the 
 Kevolution-cool, but without distrust 
 
 4. Besides his desire for peace, Pitt's policy in Eastern 
 
 Europe led him to seek an alliance with France. Catha- 
 rine of Russia had two objects in view : (a) the annexa- 
 tion of Poland ; (h) the expulsion of the Turks from 
 Europe. Austria was willing to join her in carrying out 
 her plans. To defeat the designs of Eussia and A uftril 
 Pitt had renewed the old friendship of England with 
 Prussia, and in 1789 entered into an alliance with Prus- 
 sia and H..lland to preserve the Turkish Empire. But 
 1 russia had designs on Poland herself, and hence Pitt's 
 anxiety for a French alliance. 
 5. Burke, alarm.d at the doctrines of the French Revolu- 
 tion, had determined to make a continuance of peace 
 betvveen France and England impossible. Pitt stru^-led 
 against the slowly-rising tide of public opinion until 
 opposition was impossible, and war was declared 1793 
 
TOPICAL JIISTORY. 
 
 31 
 
 6. Pitt an unsuccessful War Minister. Ho was at heart a 
 
 Peace Minister; he was forced into the war; ho was 
 destitute of his father's power to arouse enthusiasm. 
 
 7. England joined the league against France, consisting of 
 
 Austria, the Empire. Prussia, Spain, and Sardinia. Dur- 
 ing this war England accomplished nothing worthy of 
 herself on land, but she kept her position as mistress of 
 the sea. Her money was given lavishly to keep the cf)n- 
 tinental armies in the field. She was paymaster (jf the 
 coalitions. 
 
 8. This war at once gave Russia her opportunity. Poland 
 
 was divided, ri,ussia, Austria and Prussia each getting a 
 share. Pitt was powerless to prevent it. 
 
 9. Throughout the war Pitt kept watching for an opportun- 
 
 ity to bring it to a close. His attempt in 1796 was a 
 failure o-.ving to the elation of the French over the 
 victories of Napoleon in Italy. No other opportunity 
 offered during his first Ministry. 
 
 10. Pitt's later position was " one of almost tragic irony. An 
 
 economist heaping up millions (jf debt, a peace :Minister 
 dragged into the costliest of wars, he is the very type of 
 a bafHed statesman." 
 
 11. Pitt was recalled to power 1804, during the period of the 
 
 threatened French invasion. He succeeded in forming 
 an alliance with Eussia, Austria and Sweden, to resist 
 French aggression. But the crusliin- defeat of the 
 Austrians at Austerlitz killed him. 
 
 Pitt's Domestic Policy. 
 
 1. " His policy from the first was a policy of active reform. 
 
 and he faced every one of the problems financial, con- 
 stitutional, religious, from which Walpole had shrunk " 
 ~G. 
 
 2. Financial Policy : 
 
 (a) Smith's " Wealth of Nations "' was the ground work 
 
 of his policy. 
 (6) He was able to carry on the Government without 
 
 making the taxes too oppressive. 
 
;J2 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 ((•) Me j)ro|)(Jsed tu ])ay off tlus luitioiuil dt^lit graduilly 
 by means of a sinking fund. 
 
 (d) Ho reduced the customs duties to such an extent ar 
 
 t(j make smuggling unprofitable, yet the revenue 
 increased. 
 
 (e) He made (1787), a Treaty of Commerce with France. 
 (/) Ho proposed free trade with Ireland, but this offer 
 
 Avas rejected by th(» Irisli Parliament. 
 (g) He succeeded in bi-ingiug about free trade between 
 England and Ireland immediately after the Union 
 (180(1). 
 
 (h) Why he failed to do more : (1) He had to contend 
 with the ignt^rauce and prejudice of those who sup- 
 ported him ; (2) The breaking out of the French 
 Revoluticm put a stop to his plans. 
 2. Constitutional Policy : 
 
 (a) The India Bill (1784). Pitt "left the (East India) 
 Company in possession of their large powers, but 
 subjected them to a Board of Control representing 
 the Crown. The company were now accountable 
 to Ministers in their rule; and Ministers, if they 
 suffered wrong to be done, were responsible to Par- 
 Ham ent. "— Met ?/. 
 
 (6) 1'he Bill " to amend the representation of the people 
 of England in Parliament " (1785). 
 
 {<-) The Regency Bill (1789). George III. had become 
 insane, and the Prince of Wales claimed the regency 
 as a riglit. Pitt resisted the claim on the ground 
 that Parliament alone had the right to appoint a 
 regent. 
 
 (d) The Constitutional Act (1791). Divided the Canadas 
 
 and gave them self-government. 
 
 (e) Supported Fox's Libel Bill (1792), which gave the 
 
 jury the right to decide whether a publication is 
 libelous or not. 
 (/) Resisted the panic excited by the French Revolution, 
 bit moved (1794) for the suspension of the Habeas 
 Corpus Act. 
 
Tor'K'Ai, iiisrouv, 
 
 33 
 
 {(j) Carried tliroiigh the Act of Union between Kii-Iand 
 and Ireland. 
 
 (/i) Proposed (iHoij to introduce in Parliament a Catho- 
 lic Einancipatif)n IJill. but the projjositiou nu't with 
 the determined opposition of the king. This led I'itt 
 to resign. 
 
 4. POLUY LV Eeligious MATTERS. (See May, chap. XII.) 
 
 (a) In 1787, 1789 and 1790, Pitt opposed, but in a half- 
 hearted way, a motion for leave to bring in the Test 
 and Corporation Acts. 
 
 (6) In 1792, opposed a measure supported by Fox to 
 repeal certain penal statutes against Unitarians. 
 
 (c) Pitt's influence obtained the passage by the Irish 
 Parliament of certain measures for the relief of the 
 Catholics of Ireland. 
 
 {d) After the union of England and Ireland, Pitt was 
 of opinion that Roirian Catholics might safely be ad- 
 mitted to otHce, and to the privilege of sitting in 
 Parliament. As stated above, the king opposed the 
 proposal, and Pitt resigned. 
 
 TWELFTH TOPIC. 
 
 he Canadas 
 
 THE CAREERS OF BURKE AND FOX. 
 
 (See articles in Eneycloiucdia Britannicu.) 
 
 Burke.— " One of the greatest names in the history of poli- 
 tical literature." 
 
 1. Born 1729 at Dublin, educated at Trinity College, Duldiu, 
 
 went to London 1750 to study law. Little known of 
 this period of his life. 
 
 2. Made his first mark as writer by a satirical work, '• A 
 
 Vindication of Natural Society." Then followed his 
 work "On the Sublime and Beautiful." Both works 
 were published 1756. '-By 1756 the cast of Burke's 
 opinions were decisively fixed, and they un^lerwent no 
 radical change." 
 
n^i'^^A. JSiX 
 
 34 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORV. 
 
 8. Began hin public caroor in the service of " single speech " 
 Hamilton, whun the hitrur was Irish fSt-cretaiy. In 
 176ol,ocamo private secretary to the Mar.,ui3 of Kock- 
 mghaiu, an<l in the following year was returned to Par- 
 liament f„r a pocket borough. "For the space uf a 
 (luartor of a century, from this time down to 1790 Burke 
 was on(; of the chief guides and inspirers of a revived 
 Wing party." The policy of that party was opposition 
 to the king's attempt at personal rule. Burke made 
 8ix.eches, and wrote books full of unanswerable argu- 
 ments ; but, all the same, the Commons voted lor the 
 king. 
 
 4. During these years Burke was a member of the club of 
 
 which Keynolds and (Jarriok, Goldsmith and Johnson 
 were leading lights. ' 
 
 5. On the fall of the North Ministry. 1782, Burke was made 
 
 paymaster of the forces, but held the office for only a 
 ew months. In 1788, he held the same position under 
 the Coalition Ministry. 
 
 6. For fourteen years (1781-1795) he gave close attention to 
 
 Indian affairs. The enormities of which Hastings was 
 guilty aroused his indignation, His impeachment of 
 Hastings was one of the interesting events in his career 
 ^^^^ distrusted the French Eevolution from the first' 
 When Its excess revealed its true nature he determined 
 to arouse the English nation against it. With this object 
 he wrote "Reflections on the Eevolution in France." 
 Thirty thousand copies were sold within seven years 
 His views alienated him from his party. He sacrificed 
 his friendship for Fox. He published an " Appeal from 
 the New to the Old Whigs." Largely through his in 
 strumentahty, England was forced into war with 
 if ranee. 
 
 8. In 1794 Burke lost his son, in whom his hopes were wrap- 
 
 ped up, and he never recovered from the blow 
 
 9. Pitt's desire for peace called forth Burke's " Letters on a 
 
 Regicide Peace." He died in the year following, the 
 dark year of the war. 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 85 
 
 ^Zl:^^ ''^"^ ^"' "^"^^ ^-^-^^-'" «^-- in ,nfd- 
 1. Born in Westminster, oducatod at Eton and Oxford, trav- 
 dod extensively in France and Italy, entered the TFouse 
 of ( ommons m 1708 for the pocket borough of Midhur t 
 ^-/'"''dsonofHenn- ^>x, " the most tlforou^hly h.Jd 
 statesman of his day"; was idolized by his father but 
 recexved from him a bad training. His'fath.r initiatd 
 
 ^:::!^^Z '''" ^'^'^ ^"^^' '^"'^ ''''''^' ^' 
 
 ^' ""a ford o?I^"'aV^' P'^''^ °' ""^^^^^ "^- •••"•^ -- "^^de 
 a Lord of the A<lnuralty ; b,xt, opposin,^ the Royal Mar- 
 riage Bill incurred the displeasure of the king, and was 
 never forgiven. " 
 
 4. "In 177 J Fox began that opposition to the ill-advised and 
 ilRated measures of Lord North which gave him a place 
 among the greatest of orators and the most prescient of 
 statesmen." Became a pupil of Burke's In political 
 science and was soon the ackuouh.dged leader of the 
 Opposition The cliief efforts of the Opposition at this 
 time were directed against the king's policy in the Amer- 
 lean war. 
 
 6. Became Secretary of State in the Marquis of Rockingham's 
 admini^ration but held the position for a few months 
 only. Became Secretary of State for a short time again in 
 the coalition Ministry. The chief measures with which 
 his name is associated are : (a) The treaties of peace be- 
 tween Great Britain and France, Spain, and the United 
 States of America; (i) An India Bill. 
 
 6. At the election of 1784 the whigs were left in a hopeless 
 minority. Every effort was made to defeat Fox His 
 election was contested. In his subsequent parliamentary 
 ca> .^ he made many eloquent speeches, but accomplished 
 1 The chief points in it are : (1) His opposition to 
 
 i itt > oummercial treaty with France ; (2) His opposition 
 to the slave trade; (3) His attempts to have the Tests 
 and Corporation Acts repealed ; (4) His support- of a 
 
36 
 
 TOPICAL IIISTOKY. 
 
 thoronghgoin^r acho.no of parlijunoutary roform ; (5) His 
 ai.i...int,M.>nt, an a jnanagor in fh- in.iKN.chni.-nt of War- 
 ren Hastings; (G) Hin suj.port of the claim of the Prince 
 of Wales to bo regent during hi.s father's nmdnoHs ; (7) 
 HiB Lihel Act ; (8) His friendly support of the French 
 Reyol.iti.m; (D) His opposition to tho suspension of the 
 Habeas Corpus Act, etc. ; (10) His Si.pport of the meas- 
 ures to resist Napoleon ; (U) His appointment as Secre- 
 tary of State, 18U(); (12) His farewell speech .gainst the 
 slave trade. 
 
 Fox discontinued attendance in Parliament for some time 
 (17.»7), and ..e.-upied himself with writing a History of 
 England from .lames II, 
 
 THIRTEENTH TOPIC. 
 
 THE WAE WITH BKVOLUTIOX.ARY FRANCE (179:^1801). 
 I. Its Causes. 
 
 The spread of revolutionary principles on the continent ex- 
 cited the distrust of the conservative class in England. 
 Ihe excesses of the revolutionists aroused horror in all 
 classes. Burke worked upon the fears of the En-^lish 
 people until a panic of terror was excited. Pitt witli- 
 
 fC\f '^^""'''''^ ^°'' '^^^ ^" ^°^^ ^' h« «o«W. but in 
 1^.)2 the French Convention decreed that France offer 
 the aid of her soldiers to all nations who .vould strive for 
 freedom. Further, in February, 170:-}, the French, hav- 
 ing overrun Holland and conquered Flanders, threw 
 open the navigation of the Scheldt, in violation of the 
 Peace of Westphalia, and when the English envoy remon 
 strated he was ordered to quit the country, and war was 
 declared against England. 
 
 II. Its Course. 
 
 1. AustTia and Prussia attacked France on the north and 
 east, Spain and Sardinia to the south, England kept the 
 sea, and the peasantry of La Vendee rose in insurrection 
 
TOPirAF, HIMTORV. 
 
 37 
 
 2. The war was at first disastrous to the Fn'Ucli. They failed 
 in thi'ir attack upon Hoilund, jiud were drivm from the 
 Xuthcrliiuds. Hut tho (icruiaii iiowcrs were not anxious 
 to rL'st<.rt) ordi'r in p^iant-o, as they wished to curry out 
 their designs on I'uhunl. 
 
 H, Soon an enthusiasm to spread Hl)ert,> everywhere was 
 awakened i.i France, and then lirr arms began to con- 
 quer wherever they went. An Knglish force under the 
 Duko of York, acting in tho Netherlands, was so wvsted 
 hy disease and hardship that it re-eml.arked for Knglund. 
 Lord Howe defeated the French fleet off Brest on t1»o 1st 
 Juno, 1704. 
 
 4. Tho year 1705 saw tho coalition against Franco break up. 
 
 Austria was the only ally of conse.iuenco England liad, 
 and she had to be heavily subsidized. Most of the French 
 and I)ut(di colonial possessions fidl into Knglish hands. 
 
 5. In 170(5 Pitt, heartily sick of th(i wai', strove to bi-ing about 
 
 a peace, but tho successes of Bonaparte in Italy h-d the 
 French Oovernment— tho Directory— to decline all o\er- 
 tures. Si)ain entered into a treaty offensive and defen- 
 sive with tho French, and war was declared against 
 Britain in October. The !-;i)anish and Dutch fleets were 
 now at tho service of France. A French army under 
 (Jeneral Jloche set sail for Ireland in December, but the 
 fleet was dispersed by a violent tempest and returned to 
 France. 
 
 6. Tho year 1707 is tho dark year of the war. Napoleon 
 
 drove the Austrians completely out of Italy, and Austria 
 was compelled to sign tho Treaty of Cami)o Formio. 
 England was left without an ally on the Continent. Her 
 fleet mutinied— specie payments were suspendt'd at the 
 bank— Ireland was only waiting for an (jppertunity to 
 revolt. Still she remained mistress of tho sea. In Feb- 
 ruary, Admiral Jervis defeated the Spanish fleet off Cape 
 St. Vincent. In October, Admiral Duncan defeated the 
 Dutch fleet off Camperdown. 
 
 7. In 1708 the Irish Catholics rose in arms. Tho insurgents 
 
 were defeated at Vinegar HiU. Later in the year tho 
 

 38 
 
 TOPFCAI. HIMTOHV 
 
 I 
 
 French f;om.ml Humhort lun<l...| with r«X, ,„,.» ■ ...rren 
 •l.'ml to Lord Cornwallis. lu m,,,, ,. ,, " ' ""^•'"- 
 
 N„,.,,.,.,, „,, K,,,.,M,,HH;:ij::u:^:;;;;;;\-; 
 
 wor»U,i at tho ,i,.,.„ of Aero O v r n ' "' ''" ''''" 
 
 uiiig of 17.1!). Pr,„„;h «„,e (l»funt,.,l i„ ]u,w i,,,tu'.r,, 
 tlu'ir own i„ s,vita.rl„„,l a,„l H„ll-.,„l N ^ 
 
 K"-!a roHr,.,I fnun tho coalition, '^""' '''"'""'• 
 
 ». In the .pring of ,«,„ «„,„,,„„ „„ 
 
 St. Bcrnanl, and dof..at«l th„ Austrian, at V 
 Moreau aI«o d<.f,.at,.d thorn l„t,.r i^ .1 *'»'™SO. 
 
 Hn...^^A.tHa,ad.,™ad::;art'L=,;ir 
 inerce bv shuf+ino- nil T,^ '""yi.iiKi .s com- 
 
 succoodc^ i : .ifi:"K;::r" '";■■'" "*''"''"' ''■■'■■ "« 
 
 "n-,u.d noutn,,!:: ^i' En^utfl ?1 """"""'* '" 
 
 ■■' I^-...ark in tl.e BattlS' c 'p^,: J™ 'T ^ ^' 
 time before thi^ hnfflo fi, t^ ^^ptnnagon. A short 
 
 ciuio uiis oattio the Emperor Pa..,) n( T?.,„ • 
 aHsassinated, and his success,,/ a! I ^'"'^ "^^^ 
 vention with England mZ' ^^'^"\"^^'^' ^"^^^^ ^ ^-n- 
 lish, and the Fren h aVmv t J^T'^^^^^ '" *'^ *^-«- 
 11. Napoleon now resolved o7pac.e1ir:T'''''?- 
 
 Amiens, March, 1802 ^ *'"^'- ^^"-^^^ ^^ 
 
 III. Conditions of Peace. 
 
 1. France to withdraw from Southorr, Tf.i 
 
 Kepublics of Holland Sw^ . , ^' ^''^ *^ ^^^^^ '^^ 
 themselves. ' ^^^^zerland, and Piedn.ont to 
 
TOJMCAI, HISTORY. 
 
 39 
 
 hark tho cai.t.nv,! c-oloni-s. ..x.vpt ( Vvlun nn.l TrhuLl ■ 
 to reston, Malta, within thtv. ,„..nths, to th. Kni.l.f. ..; 
 "t. John. 
 
 POUBTEENTH TOPIC. 
 
 TTIF- WAR WrT][ NAPOLEON. 
 I. Its Cause. 
 
 Napoloonrosoh.to to b.-conm mast.-r of the W,..t«rn Worl.l 
 T osp.te the ph.1,0 in tha IVa..., of A,ni..ns. tho R..,u..Uc; 
 of Hoihui.l, etc., nm<lo dopen.l..nt upon his will Tho 
 protests of tlie Kn.^lish fJovernnu-nt n.et l.y a di-mand 
 hat the French exiles be driven fron. Kn.land, aLuhat 
 Malta be surrendered. Huge arnutnumts made rea.ly for 
 
 m;~' " ^"^"^""- ^^^- ^^-^-^^ ^y ^^"^"-d, 
 
 2. Its Course to the beginning of the Peninsular War. 
 
 1. ^apoleon fonned a camp of 1(K),()(H) men at Bouh.gne, and 
 souglit to divide the En<dish fleet nr„l + « *^' »"" 
 
 +!,„+ f-p . J-"o"'^^i neet, and to concentrate 
 
 that of France, m order to cross the channel. The death 
 of the French admiral prevented the plan from bein.>- 
 carried out, and the assumption of the title of Empero,° 
 and the ceremonies connected with his coronation, kept 
 IN apoleon engaged f n the close of 18( )4 
 
 '' ' wJ^tl!!T' I ^'v r' '^^ ^"^'^" "^ *^« «P--'^ fleet 
 with the Fivnch. Nelson was too quick for the French 
 
 Admiral. The French and Spanish navies were annih i- 
 
 at.d otf Cape Trafalgar, 21st October. Meanwhile a 
 
 league of Eussia, Austria, and Sweden was fcrmed 
 
 against Napoleon. Pitt gave subsidies. Napoleon, dis- 
 
 appointed in his plan, against En.,Iand. marched his 
 
 army against the Austrians and Russians. He crushed 
 
 their combined forces at Austerlit^, 2n.l December Re 
 
 suits : (1) The Treaty of Presburg, by which Austria 
 
Ill 
 
 '^^ TOPICAL HISTOUY. 
 
 ci'dod all h.T Itaiiai. an.i Adriatic Provinces; {2) Tho 
 dissolution of the old (icrnian Kmynvo. 
 
 8. In October, IHOli, Prussia was crushed at Jena. In No- 
 vonibor Napoleon issued his " Berlin Decrees " 
 
 4. Tn January, ISO?, tli.. En-lish novernincnt replied by an 
 "Order-in-Council," declaring Franco and allied coun- 
 tru^s blockaded, and neutral vessels trading with them 
 go,.l prizes. In June, 1807, Napoleon dc.feate<l the Russians 
 at Fnedland. Battle was foll<,wed by tho P.-ace of Tilsit 
 Russia became friendly to France, and forced Sweden to 
 renounce her alliance with England. The Russian and 
 Swedish fleets were put at tho service of France, and 
 Napoleon counted on that of Denmark also. In Septem- 
 ber an English fleet bombarded Copenhagen, and s(,i/ed 
 the Danish fleet. In November England issued fresh 
 Orders-in-Council. b(>aring still more heavily on neutrals 
 In December Napoleon issued in return his Milan 
 Decree. 
 
 3. The Peninsular War. 
 
 A. How it came to be entered upon. 
 
 Napoleon was seeking to unite all Eu'rope against England • 
 in],articular, he wished to close the continent against 
 English goods. Spain had been the subservient ally of 
 France for some years, but Napoleon wanted to have full 
 control of the country. He forced the King to resi-ni 
 and appointed his brother Joseph to the vacant thron(^' 
 I ho Spaniards refused to acknowledg.. him. The En-lish 
 Government gladly oiTered to sui.port them. " 
 
 B. Its Course. 
 
 1. Sir John Moore and Sir Arthur Wellesley were sent with 
 sinall arn,i.s, IHOH. W.-lLsley gained tho battle of 
 Vimiera, and forced a French army to surrender in Con- 
 vontion of ('intra. 
 Sir John Moore advanced into Sjmin, found himself op- 
 posed by forces much larger than his own, and made a 
 masterly retrc-at of 9.^ n.iles to tho coast. Was killed 
 mthe battle of Corhnna, .lanuary. 1SU9. 
 
TOl'ICAI. HISTORY. 
 
 41 
 
 ('2) The 
 In No- 
 
 and 
 
 2. Frush troops wore s.'nt (IHU9) to Wollosh.y, in Purtuyul. 
 Ho crossed the Dour,,, coini-elled Soult to rotrt':.t ; tTu-n 
 marching on JMudrid, defeated a Fr».nch army at 
 Talavkka (July). Had to retreat on Ba.lajos, and to 
 allow Ciudad Eo.lrig.) and Almeida to he captured. 
 Checked the advance of Messena at BUSACO, hut fell hack 
 on TouKios ViODKAS, Octoher, 1810. 
 
 3. Messena was compelled to retreat, and Wellin-ton fol- 
 
 lowed and hesie-ed Almeida. Battles of Fhiontks 
 D'ONOUR, May, LSU. Portugal was saved from the 
 French, but Spain was in their hands. 
 
 4. Napoleon withdrew the best of his troops from Spain, 
 
 and Wellington assumed the olfensive, 1812. Ciiidad 
 RODKKSO and Badajos were captured. Wellingt.m 
 marched on Salamaxca, defeated Mormont (July 22nd), 
 and in August entered Madri<l. Besieg,..! Burgos-hut 
 the approach of two Fn.nch armies compelled a retreat 
 to the frontiers of Portugal (Octoher). 
 
 5. In May, 1818, Wellington again advanced from Portu-al 
 
 defeated the French at VirroKiA, and drove them across 
 the Pyrenees. In July he carried Sax Sehastian by 
 assault. (Gained the battle of Bidassoa in Octoher, 
 which enabled him to enter Spain (1814). Drove Soult 
 from an entrenched camp at Bayonne, and defeated him 
 at Orth'is. In A i,ril, an indecisive battle fought at Tou- 
 louse—the last of the waz-. 
 
 IV. The War in Europe from 1808 to the Battle of 
 Waterloo. • 
 
 1. In September, 1808, Nai)ole(.n went into an intimate alli- 
 
 ance with the (Jzar of ilussia, in order to prevent the 
 German [lowers from remnving hostilities. 
 
 2. In 1809 Austria determined once nu)re to renew the strug- 
 
 gle with Napoleon. Ba^los of Wagram, July oth and 
 6th. An English force sent against Antwerp, returned 
 after heavy losses. 
 8. In 1810 JSapoleou dispossessed his brother Loiiis of the 
 kingdom of Holland, on account of his laxity in carrvinir 
 
42 
 
 TOPICAL HISTOllY. 
 
 out the continental system, and added the country u, 
 France. He also sought an alliance with the United 
 States against Britain 
 
 4. "In February, 1811, the United States announced tliat all 
 
 intercourse with Great Britain and her dependencies 
 was at an end "—a serious blow to English commerce. 
 Besides this, Napoleon seized several States, among others 
 the duchy of Oldenburg, for trading with England. The 
 Duke of Oldenburg was a brother-in-law of Czar Alexan- 
 der, and the latter resented Napoleon's action. He re- 
 solved to disregard the continental blockade of British 
 manufactures. Napoleon determined to punish him. 
 
 5. In May, 1812, Napoleon set out from Paris to superintend 
 
 the invasion of Russia. In June the United States de- 
 clared war against England. 
 
 6. In the spring of 1813 Prussia rose in arms against Napo- 
 
 leon. Later in the year Austria, stirred to action by 
 the successes of Wellington, joined Prussia and Russia 
 Napoleon was defeated by the allied forces at Leip/i- in 
 October. On the last day of 1813, the allies entered 
 France. 
 
 7. In March, 1814, the allies entered Paris. On April 4th 
 
 Napoleon abdicated and was sent to Elba. The Treaty 
 OF Paris closed the war. The Treaty of Ghent con- 
 cluded the war with America. 
 
 8. On the 1st of March, 1815, Napoleon landed at Cannes, 
 
 and m twenty days he was in Pans. On June 18th he 
 met Wellington at Waterloo and was defeated. 
 
 FIFTEENTH TOPIC. 
 
 THE SOCIAL CONDITION OF ENGLAND IN THE EIGH- 
 TEENTH CENTURY. 
 (Knight's History of England may be consulted with advantage.) 
 
 IV. Increase of Population. 
 
 From 1700 to 1750, 200,000 ; from 1750 to 1780, nearly a mil- 
 lion and a quarter; from 1780 to 1801, nearly a million 
 
:-.#i«^'**. 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 43 
 
 and a half. - The start in the national industry sup 
 
 fnZ't^Z :°"'''^ °' ^'^'^^"^^ ^^^"'^ -^ -^^- --ns f 
 sinLn 1h ^"'^^^•'^^^"^ ^^"^^«-' appears to have been 
 
 singularly concurrent with that outburst of public spirit 
 
 Piti:'-«. '"' ^^---^-tion of the first Willil.n 
 II Morals and Manners of the People 
 
 '■ ^^sTTr',''" upper classes were refined, their morals 
 any of the h'^ 77"^ "' ^'' "^^'^"^^^ to patriotism or 
 ^ m pubhc with his mistress. Fox was a gambler. 
 •-. The middle classes were the salt of the country -fiod-fear- 
 ing, intelligent, law-abiding. 
 
 '■ 'bZntr^Tlr r;""' ^^ ^^-'-"^•'^ ignorance and 
 ut dity. The Methodist revival did them untold <. od 
 
 the most hfoless in the world." The Methodist revival 
 
 III. RelTr-pus Progress. 
 
 1. r. ^he early part of the century among the upper classes 
 
 Deism prevailed extensively (^hrisf itr.,'f,, f ? 
 
 as au exploded belief. ^ hri.stianity was regarded 
 
 2. The Methodist revival was confined almost entirely to the 
 
 Wer and middle classes. Whitfi.ld, the oratorV.rohn 
 
 '' ""churl" '"'^"'"'' "i '^' "^"^'^"""* ''^ *'- Established 
 
 4. The noblest fruits of the revival were : («) The new mor.l 
 enthusiasm; (.) the new philanthropy/ Hence :irpX;^ 
 Reform (note careerof Howard); (2) Repeal ot Penal Law^ 
 (d) Abolition of Slave Tndp • ^<i\ 0^1,^ I, • • '■"^'^"^. 
 lar Education. ' ^^ The beginning of popu- 
 
44 
 
 TOPICAL HlSTOllY. 
 
 1 1 
 
 IV. Progress in Manufactures. 
 
 1. In 1770 one man in three wns engiiged in agriculture ; in 
 
 1850, one man in four. The great advancement in the 
 mechanical arts began just at the accession of George 
 
 m. 
 
 2. The names of the great inventors and discoverers of the 
 
 end of last century are Brindley, Arkwright, Crompton, 
 Cartwright, Eoebuck. Wedgewood, W;itt. 
 
 3. The first canals were opened in the first years of George 
 
 III.V leigji. The coal trade at once sprang up. Ark- 
 wright took out a patent for a spinning machine, 1769. 
 Mobs burned the mills in which they Avere used. Cromp 
 ton's " mule" was finished 1779. Steam power was first 
 employed in spinning, 1787. Cartwright's power-loom 
 was first brought into profitable use in 1801 . 
 
 4. Dr. John Koebuck's name is connected v/ith two important 
 
 inventions : (1) A process for producing sulphuric acid 
 cheap ; (2) the process of smelting iron (1759). 
 
 5. In 1793 Wedgewood produced a new kind of earthenware 
 
 that soon drove out the wcjoden and pewter dishes. 
 
 6. In 1774 Watt's first steam engine was set up in Birming- 
 
 ham. 
 
 SIXTEENTH TOPIC. 
 
 J.ITERATUEE AND ART IN THE EKiHTEENTH CKNTURY. 
 (Refer to Chambers' Cyclopaedia of Literature.) 
 
 I. Literature. 
 A. Poets. 
 
 During this period there is a gradual transition from the clas- 
 sical s ,hool of Pope to the natural school of the begin- 
 ning of the present century. 
 
 1. Edward Young (1()81-17()5).— Night Thoughts. 
 
 2. James Thomson (17, 0-1748).— The Reasons. 
 
 3. William Collins (1721-1759).— Ode to Liberty, etc. 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 45 
 
 CKNTURY. 
 
 oTu the clas- 
 
 5. 
 f). 
 
 8. 
 
 Thomas Gray (171G-1771).— Elegy in a Country Church- 
 yard. 
 
 Oliver floldsmith (17-28-1774j.— The Deserted Village. 
 WUiam Cowpor (' 1 731-180(1 1.— The Task. 
 Robert Burns il7r,i»^1796i.— The Cottar's Saturday \ight. 
 William Wordsworth ('1770-1850).— The Excursion. 
 9. Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-18341— The Ancient 
 Mariner. 
 
 10. Sir Walter Scott ri77l-1832).-Lay of the Last Minstrel. 
 
 11. Thomas Moore (1770-18521.— Irish Melodies. 
 
 12. Lord Byrou (1788-182 Ij.—Childe Harold. 
 
 13. Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822 l.-Revolt of Islam. 
 
 14. John Keats (1795-1820).— Endymion. 
 
 E. Novelists. 
 
 1. Samuel Richardson (lf)89-17Hl).— Clarissa Harlowe. 
 
 2. Henry Fielding (1707-1754).— Tom Jones. 
 
 3. Tobias Smollett 11721-1771 ).— Roderick Random. 
 
 4. Dr. SamuelJohnson ri709 1784).— Rasselas. 
 
 5. Sir Walter Scott. — Waverly. 
 
 C. Historians. 
 
 1. Tobias Smollett.— History of England. 
 
 2. David Hume (171 l-177()j.— History of England. 
 
 8. Dr. William Robertson (1721-1793 ).-— History of Scotland. 
 4. Edward Gibbon (1737-1794).— Decline and Fall of the 
 Roman Empire. 
 
 D. Metaphysicians. 
 
 1. David Hume.— Treatise on Human Xatur(>. 
 
 2. Dr. Adam Smith (1723-1790).— Theory of Moral Senti- 
 
 ments. 
 
 3. Dr. Thomas Rt id (1710-1796).— The Intellectual Powers 
 
 of Man. 
 
 4. Dr. Dugaid Stewart (1753-1828 ^— Philosophy of the Hu- 
 
 man Mind. 
 
 E. Theologians. 
 
 1. Dr. Josei)h Butler (l(i92-1752l.— Analogy of Religion to 
 the Course of Nature. 
 
*" TOPICAL inSTORY. 
 
 2. John Wesley (1703-1701 1.— Sermons. 
 
 3. George Whitfield 1 1714-177U).— Sermons 
 
 4. Dr. William Paley (1748-1805;. -Natural Theology. 
 
 F. Essayists. 
 
 1. Dr. Samuel Johnson. -The Rambler and The Idler 
 
 2. Dr. Hawkesworth.— The Adventurer. 
 
 3. Horace Walpole. 
 
 4. Earl of Chesterfield and others, j ^^^ World. 
 
 5. Eev. Sydney Smith. •\ 
 
 6. Francis Jeffrey. I Edinburgh Review. 
 
 7. Lord Brougham. J 
 
 G. Dramatists. 
 
 1. David Garrick (17l6-l77rM.-The Lying Valet. 
 
 2. Samuel Eoote.— The Minor. 
 
 3. Oliver Goldsmith.-She Stoops to Conquer. 
 
 4. Richard Brinsley Sheridan.— The Rivals. 
 
 5. George Colman.— John Bull. 
 
 II. Art. 
 
 '■ ""Pait^ng.^" ''''" '"" '""^'" "' '^^ "^"^"^^ "^^^-1 -' 
 
 2. Reynolds.-" The acknowledged leader in portraiture " 
 
 3.GAiNSBOKOU.n.-'<ApainterbothofUndscapeandportr!it 
 in a style at once thoroughly English and .horoughlv 
 original." » -^ 
 
 4. Wilson.-He was a great painter, but his painting was 
 
 conventional." 6 wcs 
 
 5. West.— Painted " Death of General Wolfe " 
 
 6. Wence_;'The undisputed successor to Reynolds." 
 
 7. Wilkie.-Painter of the " pleasant side of every-day life " 
 
 8. Turner '.His « Crossing the Brook' is the nou2^" 
 
 lish landscape of its kind ever painted." 
 The Royal Academy was founded in 1768.-- The list of 
 original members is a curious index to the state of art 
 in Engl ,nd at that time. Of the thirty-three whose 
 names are inserted in the first catalogue, eight or nine 
 are foreigners ; two are ladies ; some were coach and 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 47 
 
 sign painters-most are mere names nou- : prohal.lv not 
 more than half a do^on would be rec<,gni.ed except l.y 
 the students of the literature of art." 
 
 III. Sculpture. 
 
 1. Banks freign of George III.WTho first groat Kurdish 
 
 sculptor. " 
 
 2. Bacon (John) designed a very large proportion of the pub- 
 
 ic monuments of England at the end of last centurv 
 8. Plaxrnan. --Some of his grander pro.luctions, lik^'the 
 Archangel Michael and Satan, are the gh>ry of the 
 -P.nghsh school of sculpture." 
 
 IV. -Architecture. 
 
 1. Sir Robert Taylor, the leading architect when (Jeor-o III 
 came to the throne. 
 
 o' ^i"" i!!ll\ ^"^'^a^^— Architect to the Bank of England. 
 
 3. feir Wilham Chambers.-Architect of " Somerset House.- 
 
 SEVENTEENTH TOPIC. 
 
 THE HOUSE OF LORDS SINCE THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 (See May In particular.) 
 
 1. The influence of the House of Lords very great, but gradu- 
 
 ally becoming less. b ^^ 
 
 2. Its increase in numbers. At beginning of Henry VII 's 
 
 reign only 29 temporal peers ; at death of Elizabeth, 59 ; 
 at Revolution, 150; at accession of George HI. 174 
 Between 1700 and 1821, 667 were created, of which 388 
 were created between 1761 and 1821. 
 
 3. Character of this increase. The House of Lords - ig no 
 
 onger a council of the magnates of the land-the terri- 
 torial aristocracy, the descendants or representatives of 
 the barons of the olden time." The additions to the peer- 
 age have consisted of eminent men in various walks of 
 
18 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 4. The principle of rcprcsontation in tho House of Lords : 
 
 To) Theru are 28 jx-crs of Jivl iiul oliuitod f(jr life. 
 
 (6) Scottish peerage, represented by 16 peers, elected for a 
 
 single Pailiatnent only, 
 (c) English spiritual peers number 28, holding seats for 
 
 life. 
 
 5. Importance of the prerogative of creating peers : 
 
 (a) Attempts made in 1719 to fix tho number of peers. 
 
 Defeated chiefly through the exertions of Walpole. 
 (5) Power to create peers prevents a dead-lock between 
 
 Commons and Lords, 
 (c) Creation of p(;ers in House of Lords ecjuivalent to a 
 
 dissolution in the Commons. 
 
 EIGHTEENTH TOPIC. 
 
 THE HOUSE OF COMMONS SINCE THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 (See May In particuler.) 
 
 I. Number of Members. 
 
 1. Under the last two Stuarts average number of members 
 
 500. 
 
 2. Union with Scotland added 45. 
 
 3. Union with Ireland added 100. 
 
 4. Number since averaged about ()50. House which met 
 
 January, 1886, had 670 members. 
 
 II As Representative of the People. 
 
 1. Defects of the system of representation previous to 1832 : 
 
 (a) Nomination boroughs. 
 
 (b) Partial and uncertain rights ( f election. 
 (r) Flagrant bribery at elections. 
 
 C^) Seats bought and sold, 
 (e) Govern lent influence in large town^. 
 (/) Cost of elections in the great cities. 
 Tfl') Many 1.1 rge towns unrepresented. 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 -19 
 
 2. SonuM'xaiii plea of tho defects. 
 
 (a) ''Seventy mem])ers were retarm-d by thirty-five 
 places in which there were scarcely any electi.rs at 
 all." " The Duke of Norfolk was represented hy 
 eleven members ; Lord Lonsdale by nine," etc. 
 (6j At New Shoreham an associaticm, "The rhri«*tian 
 Club," was in the habit of sellin- th.^ represent ition 
 to the hi^'hest bidder, and after the election, dis- 
 tributing the money among its members. 
 (e) Men who had amassed fortunes in the Indies (;Xabobs ), 
 and whose careers had made them unscrupulous, 
 "forced their way into Parliament by such a torrent 
 of corruption as no private hereditary fortune could 
 resist." As much as £6,000 was given for a seat. 
 (d) " The poll was liable to be kept open for forty days. 
 During this period the public houses were thrown 
 open, and drunkenness and disorder prevailed in the 
 streets and at the hustings. Bands of hired ruffians 
 —armed with bludgeons and inflamed by di-ink — 
 paraded the public thoroughfares, intimidating vot- 
 ers and resisting their access to the polling places." 
 3. Attempts to remedy these defects : — 
 
 (a) Wilkes' scheme (1776) proposed to give additional 
 members to London and the large counties, to dis- 
 franchise the rotten boroughs, and to enfranchise 
 Manchester, Leeds, etc. 
 (6) Duke of Richmond (1780) proposed annual parlia- 
 ments, universal suffrage, and equal electoral dis- 
 tricts. 
 
 (c) Mr. Pitt moved several motions for reform (1782- 
 1785). Proposed (1785) " that seventy-two members, 
 then returned by thirty-six decayed boroughs, should 
 be distributed among the counties and the metropo- 
 lis." Compensation was to be given to the proprie- 
 tors. Some thirty other seats were to be purchased 
 and distributed. The king thoroughly opposed the 
 scheme. 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 i ':i 
 
 
''^ TOPIC A r. IIISTORV. 
 
 {d) " Tli„ inattor was now allowed to drop, and th.' ter- 
 ror caused by the outbreak of the French Kevolution 
 some years later rend.Ted all elForta at reform use- 
 less." 
 
 The Reform Bill of 1H82, introduced by Lord John Russell 
 provifled : — ' 
 
 1. That the franchise should be taken from fifty-six " rotten 
 
 boroughs." 
 
 2. That one hundred and forty-three large towns or counties 
 
 without representation should have the right to elect 
 members. 
 
 H. That householders paying £10 rental should be allowed to 
 vote in borouglis. 
 
 4. That leaseholders should have the franchise in counties. 
 HI. The History of Parties since the Revolution. 
 
 1. Under William and Anne the two great parties, Whigs 
 
 and Tones, about equally balanced. Whigs inclined to 
 hmit the royal power, Tories to extend it. Wliigs in 
 favor of religious toleration, Tories against it. Whigs 
 favorable to the House of Hanover, Tories inclined to 
 recall the Stuarts. Whigs mostly merchants and manu- 
 facturers, Tories mostly clergym^m and land owners. 
 
 2. During the reign of George I. and George H., the Tory 
 
 party was gone. ^ 
 
 B. After the overthrow of the Stuart cause in 1745, the Tories 
 became a national party. They rally round George III 
 become "the King's Friends." '' 
 
 4. The Whig party broken up into factions by the jealousies 
 
 of rival families, and the intriguing of the kiug. 
 
 5. The Tories support the king in his efforts to chastise the 
 
 American colonies. The Whigs, after in vain opposing 
 the king 8 measures, secede from Parliament (1776) Re- 
 turn weaker than ever. 
 
 6. After fall of North and Rockingham ministries, there are 
 
 three parties, Lord Shell)urne and the Court Party ; Lord 
 
TOPICAL IflSTOKV. 
 
 nTZ'i^': '''"7 '•™''- ■■ '>'■■ »■- ""'i 'I- w,,i." 
 
 ">o two l„,t „■„.,„ against t|„, ,i,„, |,.,| , . ,,„, '""• 
 
 l< <.k on « ,th ,y,np.-,ti,y. tho Tnrio» with in,li,-„..fl , 
 
 alarm. Mr. Burke', views. '■■■Iltfuat.cm an.l 
 
 IV. Duration of Parliament. 
 
 -r,,,..a a„„ve 'tt.. ^t^^'lt l^r^tTr •''Ki:"- 
 
 :-i. Triennial Act (1094) providPfl . f^\ rp, ^ 
 
 should he called wiZ roe y a^ I :rT 'r ^'T "'^' 
 of a fonnor one- (h) N.. p ,^''^'^ ^'^^'"^ ^'i'' ''i^^^luticn 
 than three yoarH.' ^-harnent should sit longer 
 
 4. Septennial Act (1715) extended the period of durati . 
 
 seven years, I'^'nm or duration to 
 
 5. In practk.,. Parliament seldom lasts seven ve.rs Out f 
 
 eleven Parhaments of C.eor,e III. only ei^.Xte.f^:^' 
 
 V. Privileges of Parliament. 
 
 1. Right of expelling members : 
 
 (a) Sir Richard Steele expelled ri7l4\ fr.r, 
 
 ^ refleetin, on ti.^ ^ini!::^; X"*^ " »- 
 rfleclr„ '7.*".-d on a general „Lra„t for 
 
 of re-eleotTon A , ' """ ^^ ''^ "'capaWe 
 
 re election. Again elected (by a majority of W), 
 
52 
 
 TOPICAL m«TORV. 
 
 but his o])p()nent porinittod to take tho seat. In 1774 
 WilkoM WHS again returned and i)«*rrnitt( d to take his 
 Beat. In I7H2 tlut proceedings ag.iinHt him were ex- 
 pungf'd from tlic records of tho Commons "as being 
 subversivo of th.> rights of the wholo body of tho 
 electors of the kingdom."— 7-/:,. 
 2. Right of committing to prison. Extends only to the dura- 
 tion of the session of Parliament. See Murray's case in 
 
 r-L. 
 
 a. Publici(ti(m of Debates : 
 
 (a) After tint Revolution, frequent resolutions passed to 
 
 prevent tho puidicution of debat(!S— without avail. 
 (6) Imperfect reports oppeared from time to time in 
 
 Magazines, sometimes as the proceedings of tlie 
 
 "Senate of (ireat Lilliput," etc. 
 (c) Notes had to be taken by stealth ; reports generally 
 
 inaccurate. Dr. .Tohnson '-took caro that the Whig 
 
 dogs should not have th.- best of it." 
 {(l) Reports of speeches accompanied with the names of 
 
 the speakers first appeare.1 1771. C(d. Onslow com- 
 plains of some of these reports, 
 (e) Commons order print(>rs to appear at the har. Wilkes 
 
 arranges a scheme by which the House is brought 
 
 into conflict with the Cori)oration of London. . The 
 
 Lord Mayor committed to prison. 
 (/) Publication of debates since pursued without any 
 restraint. 
 
 [g] The privilege of reporting may be withdrawn at any 
 time. 
 
 4. Right of Commons to levy taxes and vote supplies : 
 
 (a) This right freely acknowledged since the Revolution. 
 (A) " StopiDing the Supplies " only once attempted (1784 1 
 
 since the Revolution. 
 (c) Lords can only assent to the appropriation bills. 
 5g Refcjrm Bills since 1832 
 
 (a) Lord Derby's l)ill of 18G7 gave the franchise to all 
 ratepayers in boroughs, to all lodgers in boroughs 
 
ly rt case in 
 
 rOIM(;AL IIIS7()KY 
 
 58 
 
 occupying rooniH ivuttid at £1<) a year, and to £12 
 lun.i-hoklerM it, coiiutieH. It took JW nwiuUn-n fn.iu 
 Kuyhsh I'uvuughH, and gave 25 s,.at.s to Kngli^h ,;oun- 
 tifs, au.l tho othi^r uight to Iridand and Scthind. 
 (bj In 1872 the syntcn of votinjj: ^irrctly by ballot was 
 adoj)t<>d. 
 
 (c) In 1885 the fraiichihi' was *;xtoijded hy Mr. (il-idstone 
 to includ*' agricultural laborers. 
 
 NINETEENTH TOPIC. 
 
 THE PRESS AND LIBERTY OF OPINION. 
 fSee May, Chap. IX.) 
 
 1. Under the Stuart, poli^:., ! discussion was suppressed with 
 barbarou.s severity. Milton's Areopagiti.^a was a i,h.a for 
 Inhcenced Pnntin.r The licensing Act of tho reign of 
 tharles II. placed ..',o entir coiitrol of printing in tho 
 (.overnn.ent. The A.f aiter being several ti.nes renewed, 
 was allowed to expire 1695, and from that date " a censor- 
 ship of tho press was for ever renounced by the law of 
 England.'' 
 
 2. The restraint i.enceforth upon the ueedo.u of the press was 
 the law of libel. This law harshly adu.inisterod. 
 
 H. Newspapers assumed their present form in Queen Anne's 
 reign. The political writings of that time so ' • ferocious " 
 that a new restraint-a stamp duty-was imposed in 17l '-> 
 iho groat writers of this period-Addison. Steele, Swift' 
 Bolingbroke, ' ' 
 
 4. No_ marked advance in the next two reigns. " VVritcMx were 
 hired by statesmen to decry the measures and blacken the 
 characters of their rivals ; and, instead of seekin.^ to 
 instruct the people, devoted their talents to the personal 
 service of their employers, and the narrowest interests of 
 taction. 
 
64 
 
 rOl'KUL HISTORY. 
 
 5. ''';-/'';^;^'nnrH,ut of r^oorgo III. su„n fell foul of the press 
 It had bo.u tlH3 custo.n of journuli.ts to refer to public „n 
 under cover of their initials ; the " N<.rth BriU.J' Wi k" 
 paper, ansa.led them openly by name. No. 45 oT hat 
 paper atta.-ked the kin,, and Bute. The OoverLn " 
 osolved to prosecute. A '' General Warrant '' wai^d 
 
 ritZrV ;r '^^^""'" '"' '^^'''''^''^ onaquesti; o' 
 Kstlv W^ " """ ''"''"^^^ ^^'^'" Parliament; and, 
 
 'i^n.h. lubhc sy,„p,,thy was aroused for Wilkes and 
 popuhirrw.ts took place. vuKes, and 
 
 "■ ' leZs'"*; T''""'""' ""'" ^'^'^*^^' -- '-1 <lied out the 
 htters of Junius appeared. In the trial springing oul 
 of this case two doctrines were asserted : ,1 Thtta pub 
 ^her^scriuHually liable for the a.ts o\ his Z::^] 
 
 ~ /of hi: "'•'";' '' '""' '^ '" ^"^''^^^•-- --an 
 was p, oof of his eruu.nahty. A third doctrine was assertc^d 
 
 by Lord MansfieM. that the judge alone must decid on the 
 "nminality of the libel. ^^ 
 
 7. Mr. Krskiiu. won great fame in opposimr ...... i . • 
 
 i 'i'l'" oxcitomont „f Mu, F,„,„.h ,i,.v.,:„tf„,. „.„„.,, „„.,.,. 
 ™t,..u „f „,„„y s„liti„u» o,.ini„„s. Tl„„„.., J. , ' 
 t.r.H for using .„„•„„„ „,,^,„„„„ „ „.^ I' - ; - "a, 
 
 r ,0 ,ov,.,„mont a,l„„t,.,i „ ,,,,rossivo p.,li„y , 7!,2 ^; , fj 
 
 n,„ last tw,.„t,y.,.i,,ht years of the roign of;,,.,".^; Tr- 
 Wl ,lo tiK, r,ght of fr,,. ,|is,.,„s,io„ had !.,.,.„ ,li'cn. to J 
 factious lcens(> bvuil,i„. i i " ^'iscrenitert hy 
 
 iiciuM, "'3' \\ ud and dan"-eroiis flw.r.v;,. , i ^ , 
 
 K-ce and ,cMUi„„-tho G,,v.r„M r a" -^H^ r''."'- 
 
 Suard,„g against those e.eesses. had Z.!:^:^:::;^ 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY r;;;. 
 
 represso.1 lugiti.nato a^Mtjitiou. a„h. ■. 
 
 Mutual d,> r„st a„rt alionati,,,. gn-w up betweon th..,;, 
 cue ,,o„|,l„ l.„t c„„f„l,.„,.e i„ ,,,|ors whom tl„.y know o v 
 by oppr,.s„.ve taxes, and ha,.,, law, .-vorol. y i^,„,i„„ " f 
 
 popular discontent.',' 
 
 TWENTIETH TOPIO. 
 
 I servants: 
 
 RELKJIOUS JJRER'J'Y. 
 
 1. Religious Toleration is one of th« lnf»a, ^ i 
 
 national UCn n-u ,1-1 '^'^*'''^ ^«velopments of 
 
 national hie. I he earlyTloa was that the Church and 
 the nation were coterminous, and that any one sen- r .ti . 
 f;^n^^t^n.urch. put hin.e. ....e L .ro;!:;. r^ 
 
 failed. At the R. vohition Dissenters rendered iuu,ortant 
 
 f«) It exempted from the penalties of existing statutes 
 against saparate conventicles, and absence fro,., 
 c. mrch, all persons who should take the oaths of 
 allopance and supremacy, an.l subscribe a declaration 
 against transubstantiation 
 
 ib^ It relieved the dissenting ministe.-s froni the restric- 
 tions imposed l.y the Act of Uniformity ,,nd the JZ- 
 the " ;; ""1; "^ """^^'"'^ ^''^^' - -'^^^^-n to tak ng 
 excel;:- !ns. '•' "'"" ''' '' ^^''■^^''^^ ^'^^ -^•^-•' 
 g It allowed Quakers to aHirm instead of taking the oaths 
 
 d It recpured all '' meeting-houses " t.. be registered. 
 
 .r the^r'^"' ^'""^^ ^"'"'^^^ -^ ^"^-^^- 
 
56 
 
 TOPIOAL TIISTORY. 
 
 3. Poi.al laws against Roman CatlujlicH were passed from time 
 
 to time. An Act passed in 1700 enacted : 
 
 (al That a reward of £100 be given for the discovery of a 
 
 Roman Catholic priest exercising his functions. 
 (6) That a priest so found be imprisoned for life. 
 
 (c) That a Roman Catholic could not inherit or purchase 
 
 land unless he abjured his religion upon oath. 
 
 (d) That he could not send his children abroad to be edu- 
 cated. 
 
 4. \n inroad upon the Toleration Act was made by an Act 
 
 (1711) against occasional conformity, and another ri7l8) 
 to prevent the growth of schism. Both these were repealed 
 in the following reign. 
 
 The relaxation of the Penal Code followed upon the religious 
 revival of the middle of the century. 
 
 6. A Roman Catholic Relief Act was passed 1778 without a 
 ^ dissentient voice. It repealed the Penal Statute of 1700. 
 
 7. The Test and Corporation Acts were repealed 1828. 
 
 8. Next year (1829) the Catholic Emancipation Act was passed. 
 
 9. Jews were admitted to Parliament for the first time in 1845. 
 
 o. 
 
 TWENTY-FIRST TOPIC. 
 
 11 
 
 THE GREAT STATESMEN OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 
 (NoTK-For Pitt, see Eleventh T(.pic.) 
 1. Canning^After Pitt, by far the most brilliant statesman of 
 England in the first quarter of the century was Canning He 
 was an admirer of Pitt, and endeavored to carry out Pitt's 
 policy of encouraging commercial progress at home, but he 
 was more decided in his foreign policy. 
 
 His l>est work was done as Secretory of Foreign Affairs, 1807- 
 809 and 1822-1827. During his first term as Foreign Secre- 
 tary he proved the ablest opponent of Napoleon, and in his 
 
■»»,%1fis^-^.. 
 
 3d from time 
 
 scovery of a 
 
 tions. 
 
 e. 
 
 or purchase 
 
 ath. 
 
 d to be edu- 
 
 3 by an Act 
 other ri7lH) 
 ere repealed 
 
 ho religious 
 
 > without a 
 e of 1700. 
 
 2H. 
 
 was passed. 
 
 me in 1845. 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORV. 
 
 67 
 
 ENTURy. 
 
 ituaman of 
 
 nning. He 
 
 out Pitt's 
 
 Tie, but he 
 
 airs, 1807 -- 
 ;ign Secre- 
 and in his 
 
 X ii^i L-ora or the Ireusurv in 1827 Imf ^,- .^ t 
 months after the formation of his ministry '' 
 
 ever enacted in England. Thdr chief ,.cTwe« 1 ° " " 
 
 (a) The Reform Bill f)f 1882. 
 
 (6) The suppression of the Slave Trade, 1&S3. 
 
 (c) The new Poor Law of 1884. 
 
 (d) The Municipal Act of 1885. restoring the nght of 
 self-government to towns. ^'gnc of 
 
 (n The encouragement of national education hy g„vern- 
 ment gnaxts from 1881, and by establishin.: "n^Mu 
 catK,nal Committee of the Privy Council ^n la'^l 
 3. Peel.-Judged by the number of statues erect^rl f. ^ ■ 
 
 and ,,a.ed tHeCath^tKrel,^ ::T:;™tr;^:,f-' 
 ton's ministry re,ig„,d in 1880 and Peel d"d .ft „T f 
 l.ow,T for more than ten yea,-s excentlv;. / ? " '" 
 
 1835. He was Prime M^^S:; fo Cl ".'rr His :' T 
 work was the repeal of f ),« n t "^ ^"^ givatest 
 
 British influence in L I? ""'''' ^"'^ '^^ ^''^^'^"^'^^ ^^ 
 
 gave great Xnce Vt ^wf Zr ' iV' '^^" ^'^^^ 
 resign in 1846. ^ ^' "'"'^ ^^ ^^« ^"^ced to 
 
 o' ree, in ,8,„he ^^.oame Priml'^, ;:-::;-'';»:;::: t 
 
■'^: 
 
 5® TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 power for six years. He was again Prime Minister in 1865, 
 but was defeated on a second Eeform Bill, and retired in 
 1866. 
 
 5. Lord Palmerston was the guiding statesman of the empire 
 for ten years from 1855 to 1865, with the exception of a 
 few months in 1858-9. He was a very able man, whose 
 policy was inaction at home and the avoidance of com- 
 plications abroad. The Crimean War came to him as a 
 legacy. Ho prosecuted it to a successful issue, and showed 
 vigor and statesmanship in quelling the revolt in India in 
 1857. He transferred the sovereignty of India from the East 
 India Company to the Crown in 1858. The volunteer move- 
 ment developed during his rule. He was successful in avoid- 
 ing all foreign wars during the last six years of his term of 
 office, and did much to bring about England's polity of peace 
 and the settlement of international disputes by arbitration. 
 
 6. Disraeli and Gladstone.- Since Lord Palmerston 's death in 
 1865 these two statesmen have been the great leaders of the 
 English people. Mr. Disraeli introduced the Reform Bill of 
 1867, and became one of the most successful political leaders 
 of the century. Mr. Cxladstone, who began life as a Conser- 
 vative, became the leader of the Liberals, and passed a num- 
 ber of progressive measures of great importance. Among 
 them are . — 
 
 (a) The Disestablishment of the Irish Church in 1869. 
 (i) The establishing of School Boards and providing for 
 
 their support by local rates, 1870. 
 (c) The abolition of religious tests in Universities, 1871. 
 {d) The introduction of the secret ballot in elections, 1872. 
 (e) The Franchise Act of 1885, giving the right ti vote 
 
 to agricultural laborers. 
 
'"'—^^yy,:,,^: 
 
 iter ill 1865, 
 d retired in 
 
 TOPICAL HisroRy. 
 
 59 
 
 the empire 
 leption of a 
 nan, whose 
 Lce of com- 
 o him as a 
 and showed 
 in India in 
 Jm the East 
 iteer move- 
 ul in avoid- 
 his term of 
 ity of peace 
 rbitration. 
 
 's death in 
 iders of the 
 orin Bill of 
 ical leaders 
 s a Conser- 
 sed a num- 
 e. Among 
 
 in 1869. 
 oviding for 
 
 ties, 1871. 
 tions, 1872. 
 :ht to vote 
 
 TWENTY-SECOND TOPIC. 
 
 PRIME MINLSTERS PROM .768 TO THK PHKSKNT TIME. 
 
 Mr. George firenville . . 
 
 Marquess of Eockingham Apnl.i7(- to June 176h 
 
 Pitt, Earl of Chatham ^^^Y ^o ^^ ,my um 
 
 Duke of Grafton July 1766 " Oct. 1768 
 
 Lord North °''^- ^^^^ " ^^n. 1770 
 
 Marquess of Rockingham:; """.'J^ " '''^"- '''' 
 
 EarlofShelburne Mar. 1782 " J,,!^ 1782 
 
 Duke of Portland ;Coa;;tion\i;.;ist;;)"' ';\'''' ^^ ^^'^^- ^88 
 
 Mr. William Pitt (the ,onnge'^ " tr iT. " '''" '''' 
 Mr.Addington '" ^ ^^^^^ 1^83 '' Fob. 1801 
 
 Mr. WUliam Pitt ^eb. 1801 - April 1804 
 
 Mr. Spencer Perceval Mar. 1807 " Oct. 1810 
 
 Lord Liverpool Oct. 1810 " May 1812 
 
 Mr. George Canning ^-y 1812 " April 1827 
 
 LordGodorich April 1827 " Aug. 1827 
 
 Duke of Wellington " ^"- ^^27 - Jan. 1828 
 
 Lord Grey Jan. 1828 " Nov. 1830 
 
 Lord Melbourne ^ov. 1830 '' Ju,y 1834 
 
 Sir Bobert Peel April 1835 - Aug. 1841 
 
 Lord John Russell ^ug. 1841 " Jm^ 1346 
 
 Lord Derby . ^^ly 1846 " Feb. 1852 
 
 Lord Aberdeen Feb. 1852 - Dec, 1852 
 
 Lord Palmerston I^^«- 18-=^2 " Feb. 1855 
 
 ■■ F«h- 1855 '• Feb. 1858 
 
TOPICAL mSTORV. 
 
 '""•'"^''^^■^^' Fob. 1H58" 
 
 Lord Pal.norsto. fune 1H59 " 
 
 INov. 18(i5 " 
 
 ^°^^^^^^^^^y June 18.;.; ^. 
 
 '^"^^--» .. .. Fob. 18G8" 
 
 ^^' ''^-^-^-r. ■ Dec. 18.«" 
 
 ^^•^^--^li .. F.b. 1874" 
 
 ^'- ^^^-d-^one April 1880" 
 
 Lord Salisbury June 1885 " 
 
 ^" ^''^'^^^'^^^ Feb. 188fJ" 
 
 Lord Salisbury Aug. 18ri<i " 
 
 ^^- ^'^-^-tone Aug. 1892" 
 
 Lord Roseberry Alar 1894 " 
 
 Lord S.,lisbury Juno 1895 
 
 June 1859 
 Nov. 1865 
 June 18B6 
 Feb. 18.W 
 Dec. 1868 
 Feb. 1874 
 April 1880 
 Jr;ne 1*^5 
 i'eh. 1886 
 A ug^. 1886 
 Aug. 1892 
 Mar. 1894 
 June 1895 
 
 
' June 1859 
 ' Nov. 1865 
 ' June 1866 
 • Feb. 1868 
 Dec. 1868 
 ' Feb. 1874 
 ' April 1880 
 ■ .Trme V^b 
 S'eb, 1886 
 Aug. 1886 
 Au,.r. 1892 
 Mar. 1894 
 .Tune 1895 
 
5 
 
HI* 
 
 ■'*^- 
 
y/iH> 
 
 lV^ 
 
 ^tUl/lfil 
 
 f* SEA 
 
 France after the Treaty of 1259. 
 (I'he dotted line encloses the lands held by the King ot Kiigland. ) 
 
i 
 
 ;• I :*^ Toulouse 
 
 " ST* 
 
 France after the Peace of Fretigmy. 
 (The doiie.i lints enclose the Dominions of the King of Knglsnd.) 
 
A TOPICAL ANALYSIS 
 
 OF 
 
 GREEK HISTORY. 
 
 FIRST TOPIC. 
 
 THE LEGENDARY PERIOD. 
 1- Tho chief sources of the Greek Le-on<ls .„• ;..*» 
 
 writm,.s of Orpheus, Hesi.Kl and Homer ' '" '"" ''^ 
 
 2. Tho earliest known inhabitants of Greece were the I'elas.; 
 
 who are believed to be an Asiatic tribe. ^ 
 
 "J'«l'tlonundetym..logynKiv..intraein^'theIVIwi.M., » „ , 
 to the western and northern coast of A^ia Mi, , , t * ' ' T'"'!'''''' 
 ever, little or no reason to doul.t that the uko ih.'' .'' ""V 
 these • swarthy A8latk'8'belonL'(.(l ontV. fi t """^ '" "'''''•' 
 
 throngh the wk- district o T r^ e Th, . \''"';"'' '" ^'"^^"''^th.stance 
 -St ancient European -t;i^n:;:t\;;;hl:';r ^^Zlltr '' "'" 
 
 • It any man is inclined to call the unknoun ,.„... u u . ' 
 Greece hy the name of Pelas.ic, It J^o^l^^^ Uo So • tt'i^:;^ "' 
 "u-nc carrying with It no assured pivdicate. . . ul '"'•"« i« a 
 iMsight into real history, nor enuhli nif « , . ? ^ enlarging our 
 
 . eal historical prohlem-l^^ow „' w. ^'n' t! el'lT""' """'' '"^ "'« 
 
 stock of dis,K>8itions. aptitudes, arts! & Tith vhi i'h' ''T'''' ''"^^ 
 carear. "~G rote. '"'*''•' "^"" ^^'dch they begin their 
 
 3. The Hellenes. 
 
 '' ^Hellen Til '""f '" """'"'''^ '^^'^^^'^^ ^-- ^he original 
 
 :i:i.-i;tir:.:;S.i::;*S"'""-' 
 
 " Hoih metropolitans and colonists styled thems.-K^.- u. n 
 were recognizcl as such by each other • i 7,1 . "''"^^"S. a''d 
 
 prominent 8vmb<.l of fraSv-1 1, h;: n '''''^'''' ^'"^"••""^■•^^the 
 cities by a word which Involv/ describing non-HHIenic men or 
 
 y worn Which involved associations of repugnance. "-t;,v./>, 
 
 Vf 
 
! i 
 
 ii'2 
 
 TOPIC A I. IIISTOUV. 
 
 4. The HolleiKfs w-rc dividt'il into three leading brandies : lonians, 
 
 ^•Kolians, and Dorians. 
 
 5. Foreign Immigrations. 
 
 1. Cecrops, about looo B.C., came with a colony from Egypt and 
 settled in Attica. The legend states that he founded Athens, 
 and that he first called it ("ecropiu, afterwards changed to 
 Athena after tlie goddess of his tril)e. Hermann states that 
 the legend of the Egyptian colonization oi Attica was never 
 acknowledged by the Athenians themselves. 
 
 •2. Cadmus about 15."/) B.C. came from Phtjenicia and settled in 
 B(eotia. He founded Thebes, and introduced letters into 
 Greece, and also music and the arts of working iu metals. 
 
 " A division of them, under tlie name of (^admcians, occupied Bcxiotla, 
 and lilli.T driving out the natives, or unitint,' witii tliem, founded there 
 the celebrated city of Thebes. Cadmus, the leader of tliia n^Iony, has 
 the f.imc of introduciuK letters into Greece ; but the merit of this, and 
 all III.' improvementa which took place at the same i.ciiud, belongs to 
 him only in conunon with tlie other chiefs of the Curete.s."—C'yo<e. 
 '^. Pelops. V2H;i B.C., canw. from Phrygia and settled in the Pelo- 
 l><!Unesus. 
 
 e. The greatest king of legendary tinu's was Theseus, who was the 
 tenth king of Athens. Ho lived about 12:itJ B.C. Ho united 
 the twidve cities of Attica aud contributed largely to the pros- 
 perity of the country. 
 
 7. 'J'ho Trojan war is the most striking story of the history of 
 legendary ( ireece. To it is attributed the kindling of a national 
 spirit of unity among the Hellenic natit)ns. 
 
 '• From the time of the Trojan war downwards, the Hellenes always 
 looked upon tliumselves as hut one people."— //«/•»««««. 
 
 The sieg.» of Troy lustixl ten years and ended in the destruction 
 of 'J'roy by the triidc of the Wooden horse. The leading (Jreek 
 heroes according to tlie ILjiueric legend were, Agamemnon, 
 Menelaus, Nestor, Ajax and Achilles. 
 
 "Though literally believed, reverentially cherished, and numbered 
 among til.' gigantic phcnomen.i ..f tin- past, l)y the (Jrccian public, the 
 Trojan war is. in the ey.;s of modern inijuiry, essentially .1 legend and 
 nothing innrv.' -a mfn. 
 
■••p**". 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 s : lonians, 
 
 Egypt and 
 led Athens, 
 changed to 
 
 .states that 
 I. was never 
 
 I settled ill 
 etters into 
 luetals. 
 
 ipieti B(L>otia, 
 ouiidod tlicre 
 9 cohjiiy, has 
 t of this, and 
 d, holoiijfs to 
 "—Grate. 
 
 a the Polo- 
 
 ho was the 
 Ho united 
 <o the pros- 
 history of 
 a national 
 
 lenes always 
 
 iestruction 
 ling Greek 
 amemnon, 
 
 id numbered 
 II piihlii-. tlio 
 I loK*'itd and 
 
 68 
 
 8. Dorian Conquest of the Peloponnesus. 
 
 1. This is generally called '• The return of the Heraclidie." The 
 desrendants of Heracles had been expelled hy P.lops. and 
 settle.l among the Dorians. They induced the Dorians finally 
 to make common cause with them and succeeded in the 
 oonquest of all the Peloponnesus exc.'pt Arcadia and Achaia. 
 This important movement took place aliout ll(X) B.C. 
 
 9. Great Authors of the Legendary Period. 
 Homer about 950 B.C., Hesiod a century later. 
 
 10. End of Kingly Rule in Athens. 
 
 Codrus last king lodo B.C. No successor allowed, because the 
 pciople thought no one worthy to succet^d him. For m-arly 
 atH) years Athens was governed by Archons, who were 
 practically kings and who ruled for life. 
 
 11. The great rival of Athens was Sparta, and l)efore the close of 
 the l.'gendary ])eri(jd these two cities centred in themselves the 
 whole of the elements of (Jrecian development. 
 
 SECOND TOPIC. 
 
 THE CONSTITrTlOXS CF SPARTA AND ATHENS. 
 
 . Lyeurgus, the great Spartan law giver, really bcdongs to the 
 riiythicul i-eiiod. Two dates are given for th.; Issue of his 
 remarkable laws, HHl and 817 B.C. Sparta enu-rged from : • 
 legendary period with a definito system of laws, and with u 
 profound reverence f(jr their national constitution. Probably 
 in no other country in the world was the character of an 
 entire people so completely altered by its laws as in Sparta. 
 
 . The main features of the Constitution were : 
 
 There were two kings descended from the Heratdidii.. They 
 presided over the senate or council. The senate or council 
 consisted of twenty-eight idders who h(dd ottice for life. The 
 kings had almost unlimited authority in time of war and 
 
.SJf~* 
 
 s^i^ 
 
 64 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 when away from Spartan territory. Both the king, and the 
 senate were restrained hy the Ephori, five magistraL Thol 
 hy ho pe„„ e by general vote. The Kphori held a c, ..trolling 
 an.l somewhat peculiar position. They presided at genera! 
 assembUes of the people and cond.uted all elections ' The ' 
 made war and peace, but they had to be nnanimous befo:^ 
 
 near y all the functions of executive government. The 
 .Sparta,^ themselves were forbidden to work in cultivation of 
 he land or m m,..nual labor. The workers were the Helot" 
 Iron money was used. The whole people ate at public tables 
 and the fare was simple and inexpensite. The Tim of tr, n 
 mg was to develop physical st«ngth and endural atd a 
 s,|.r^of subordination of the individual to the stat^ tn all 
 th, gs. » ven human life was regarded as belonging priraariW 
 to the state and not to the in.lividual, and the'nal ral a,S 
 tlon of parents was to a large extent eradicated by the lat 
 that made men and women sin.ple elements in the uniti 
 calM the state, and led mothers to rejoice in the death ff 
 he,r sons .f they died nobly for Sparta. The Sp.rtan re™.^ 
 ence W law was one of the greatest lessons Sparta ..a™ to 
 the other Greek states. " 
 
 3. Athenian Lawgivers. 
 
 Draco, 621 B.C. 
 
 for,„.,, a,„..„euo„ ,«::j;;i7rr:::2 ,t r: :'--^L" ,;' 
 
 The laws of Draco were very «,vere. They were principally 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 65 
 
 ;s and the 
 les chosen 
 'Htrolling 
 t general 
 la. They 
 us before 
 
 assumed 
 It. The 
 vation of 
 e Helots, 
 lie tables 
 of train- 
 e, and a 
 to in all 
 rimarily 
 ral affec- 
 
 tho law 
 le unity 
 leatli of 
 n rover- 
 gave to 
 
 Solon, 594 B.*". He 
 
 ititutlon, 
 
 the pre- 
 
 court of 
 
 ley have 
 wn. He 
 animate 
 tributed 
 of idle- 
 I'liere it 
 Oltman. 
 
 inpally 
 for all 
 
 ]{ 
 
 couul 
 
 was one of the wisest 
 
 abolished the ofleusivo laws of l»ra<'( . His 
 laws provided : 
 
 1. For the relief of the poorer people from the tyranny of 
 
 the aristocracy. 
 
 2. For the ab(.>lition of oppressive rates of interest and of 
 
 slavery for debt. 
 
 B. That the people should be divided into four classes 
 according to their wealth, and that only those who 
 owned property could bo elected to office. This sub- 
 stituted a property qxialification for mere accident of 
 birth as a condition of State preferment. 
 
 4. That the entire people should have the riglit of suffrage 
 
 whether they had property or not. 
 
 5. That a council of 400 be chosen annually to consider all 
 
 questions to be submitted to the (ieneral Assembly. 
 
 6. That all questions of peace or war, the election of magis- 
 
 trates, and the decision of disputed law cases should 
 be referred to the Ecclesia, or General Assembly of the 
 people. Plutarch states that Solon made some of his 
 laws intentionally obscure in order that the whole of 
 the citizens might ultimately bo called upon to vote on 
 disputed questions as the final court of appeal. 
 
 7. He re-established the Areopagus as the high court of 
 
 Athens, named after the hill on which it mot. Tliis 
 court became tho most famous in the world and was 
 consulted largely by other nations. 
 
 THIRD TOPIC. 
 
 ATHENS FEOM THE FIRST OLYMPIC GAMES TILL THE 
 
 PERSIAN INVASION. 
 1. The Olympic gam as formed so impojcant an element in the 
 development of (rrecian character and tho progress of Greek 
 civilization that other events are dated from the first Olympiad. 
 
^ "^ Mttimm m ^imf n im 
 
 66 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORV. 
 ' The U3C8oftlie.se frames were threefold-mt. The 
 
 uiiitiiipallCireeka 
 
 tln..u,MH,uU e tVe ' V ''m'''''";''"'''^ ^'^^ P"^"*^'''^ education 
 as the i„," 1 .'^ 1m' ''-^ t'^'"'""^' that the body ha.1 its honors as well 
 
 were the nerves o'te u n - t ""'' ""' ""''■'*''"'^' "^'•""^'th andskill 
 pally, i.. nscL^'^r ^^"u:u^Z7 !" ""' ' '"* ''•"'•^' '"^"^^ P"-''" 
 
 - an n-resistihie i^:^':::'':zti:'^r^^^^ 
 
 A... es,a,lhed t'-n^ra^irr; • i;^^^^ 'th:^"l f ^ 
 
 di( tor the few theOlvnir.!,. ,. * J J^'l"* oi .iition. W hat chivalry 
 
 2. Changes in Government. 
 
 1. Th„ hereditary arol,„„, rulcvi from 1046 to 752 B.C. Then the 
 elocfvo element was intrcxlueed, and Athen, becamel a 
 
 t.K/art;erc7s;r;ut;TC°'™"^ ■"'*-•""'' 
 
 archonn in aU ""^ """■" ^<'™» decennial 
 
 ■■i- Annual archons were chosen from Ii88 B.O 
 
 a. The people gradually began to resist the' tyranny of the aris 
 ocraey, and the aristocratic factions tte„"^elvL^,X 
 fuctums. so that a constitution became necessary toreclc^e 
 cor«,ctn,g part.es and unify the various element "t 
 sUtc. Solon was chosen arehon, and he laid the foundatL 
 
 4. Revolution op PEisjSTRATrm Toi- 
 
 death 527 Br Ti '^ '"''^ '"" interruptions till his 
 
 «ne public building^ and Jlird h ItuibtrV ^ aT'"' 
 
 HrssousHippiasandHipparchussueceedMlimH ,'"''• 
 
 was murdered n.„itr- ■ '"'-I'S-oaia iiim. Hipparchus 
 
 nurdered. a„,l H,pp,a, was expelled by the Alcm«omd« 
 
Iff Jill Greeks 
 ininon rufo ; 
 1 education 
 nors as well 
 (id in tliose 
 rth and skill 
 and princ'i- 
 !i3 a motive, 
 isirc sprcjid 
 rue rewards 
 ition of the 
 latchivalry 
 -they made 
 
 Then the 
 ime iu a 
 t'cted fur 
 irus, and 
 decennial 
 
 the aris- 
 formed 
 ■econcile 
 1 of the 
 ndation 
 onstifu 
 
 of the 
 
 'rnment 
 
 till his 
 
 e ruler. 
 
 1 of the 
 
 avail 
 
 • 
 
 erected 
 ^-thens. 
 archus 
 jBonidae 
 
 TOT'K Af, IIISTOnV. ;;-7 
 
 "I'm ''"," ''T, ;'""•" •"'■ '■' J''--"-'-. ' 
 
 i>iaratn(in. 
 
 5. THH-M,.!, OK Dkmocraov. After the expulsion of Hippia« the 
 an.tocratic par.y le.l by Jsagova. and supported by th. 
 Spartan king Cleomenes tried to sceuHM-ontr. 1 of tbe c,ov.rn- 
 -ent. A eader of th. p.ople can.e frou. tb. noble ialnily of 
 Al<-uu..otHda, IU the person of Cleisthene.. H,^ succeeded in 
 Inving (leou.eueH from Athens and completed the work 
 -gun by Solon m freeing the people. He divided the nation 
 into t^i districts each of .Inch sent fifty men to the Council 
 of Five Hundred, whu-h became the parliament of Athens, 
 liiis good work was accomi)lished 5<)7 B.C. 
 
 Speaking of the democratic victory under Cleisthenes. Herodotus 
 
 mo'.!J'of"A7"*' f ".'': '""""'^•' '''' ^'•^''"'•^"'" «^ "'P'"'-^-^- tl'c govern. 
 
 nut ot Athens had hoeonie at len^nh Kuhstantiallv l.o,,>d..r I 1 
 
 its tormer revolutions were lint chaiiL^es i.. ti.,. ... u ''''"• ^" 
 
 ;..e nohility: so.„etimes, inde!" the'wt^k.^',,^^' ! j;!;, j;:^;;;" '"' 
 
 set up an ol.Karehy, with I.s.^.oras for it. chief, his cause vaner 
 manently identiHed hoth with that of <lemocracy and " ' A ,u n' 
 independence. The middle and lower people hitherto , CI 
 U.rou,,h inexperience, inertness, and disunfo ', ^TZn^^^ IZ 
 m ff u have ma^le them superior hoth in votes of the as3 K ' i 
 rials of force; they wanted leaders whose personal inHenCr. 
 keep them united, whose political oxperiencJ miSl d n^^r .^ '' 
 duct and who mi^rht he ohli^^ed, instead of usi„^. the pt-.-pl ■ s L, n 
 mentstosery*. a temporary purpose in raising'a factto ' o es th^^*^ 
 lioped on their continued activity. "-i/affc,H« ' ^^"^^ 
 
68 
 
 TOPICAL iiisrouv. 
 
 FOURTH TOPIC. 
 
 SPARTA FROM THE TIME OF LYCURGUS TO THE PERSIAN 
 
 INVASION. 
 
 1. Th(, history of Sparta during this period records no internal 
 revolutions such as ehanicterizod Athens. The social demo- 
 cracy of Lycurgus was so broad that it required little exten- 
 sion. Sparta gradually increased her power until at the 
 beginning of the fifth century before Christ she was the 
 dominant power in the Peloponnesus and had no rival but 
 Athens for the supremacy of Greece. 
 
 2. Messenian Wars. 
 
 The wars with Messenia were the chief wars of Sparta before 500 
 B.C. The first lusted from 718 to 723 B.C. and the second 
 from 07J) to (m B.C. In both of these Sparta was successful 
 Messenian leaders : Aristodemus in first, and Aristomeni',. in 
 second. The Mesaenians revoU*»d a third time 4G4 B.C. but 
 they were again subdued ir>l B.C. ' 
 
 FIFTH TOPIC. 
 
 THE PERSIAN WAR. 
 1. Causes of the War. 
 
 There were many (Jrecian colonies on the west of Asia Minor. 
 These had been con(,uered by the Persians. Some of them 
 revolted and received aid from Athens. The Persians 
 resented this interference with the extension of tlieir empire 
 and Darius determined to add to his Asiatic dominions a 
 portion of Europe. Hij.pias, the exiled ruler of Athens, 
 helped to induce Darius to invade Greece. 
 
TOPICAL HISTOKV. 
 
 69 
 
 PEESIAN 
 
 internal 
 ^ial dtuno- 
 fctlo exton- 
 il at the 
 
 1 was the 
 rival but 
 
 loforo 500 
 he second 
 uecessful, 
 Jimmt'.-; in 
 B.C., but 
 
 a Minor. 
 
 of tlioni 
 Persians 
 r empire, 
 linions a 
 
 Athens, 
 
 a. First Invasion, 492 B.C. 
 
 Persian tear;rMo„t,""'' "'"""'■" '' "- ■^"'■"■"»- 
 3. Second Invasion. 
 
 Datis and Artaphernes succeeded in landin.r „ ■„.. 
 
 ;;-ece, an,l had got within tu j;-u ' " L:.. ^Lr'''^ '" 
 they were met by Miltiad.. with"^.. ^r:^ f i^ ^^^ 
 
 Atben.ona:ar:ir:;rLr;;:L-;:ar^^^^ 
 
 '"• tlu. IMsistratida. vvc-rc utter vm'uU»^^^^^^^^ A.T"';;""' ^"" '"""'"^ 
 "ippia.s. the la«t of his famil v M,!. /,^w Marathon, the ,^xih,l 
 
 i.sn. an<I valor even to Sparta h^TolT'-'Sl,"^ '"'' ' '" '"•'*^"'- 
 
 4. Third Invasion. 
 
 with an artnv of i 7(K) immi . . ^'^^^^ "iv.ulc(M,reuco 
 
 Hhins Th" At ':"^''^'^' '""" '""' - rt^'^-t <'f r.iore than 1200 
 
 L.,mulas Ki.,gof Sparta, leader of tl.e " eeL a .d , 2 :!; 
 Lay until a traitor, Kphialto,, led the Per^L;, 1. , 
 
 over the mountain,, and threa^n^ the oZTlXl r ' 
 '-™."U«« promptly sent ho„,e all tt^o Un.^^^lZ^^ T 
 Spartan, and 7,K. Thespian,, who would^^ ^^^1 , T "' 
 ■oroes who remained fought de.m.ratolv Zil T 
 Wroic death. Xerxes burned Arh;ll„r''hfc t^', '""' 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 defeated at Salamis 180 B.C. Xerxes niturned with part of 
 his army by way of the Hellespont, and left Mard<jniiis in 
 Thessaly for the winter. Next year Mardonius invaded 
 Greece. He destroyed the partially rebuilt city of Athens, 
 and then retired to B(jeotia, where his army was almost 
 annihilated by Pausanius (Spartanj and Aristides i Athenian i. 
 179 B.C. On the same day that Platiea was fought a great 
 naval victory was won by the Creeks at Mycale under 
 Leotychidea (Spartan i and Xanthippus (Athenian i. 'J'heso 
 victories were decisive. The Persians gave up the contest, 
 and not only Greece but Macedon and Thrace were freed 
 from Asiatic domination. 
 
 effect of the Persian wars on Greece was beneficial. It gave 
 the (; reeks faith in themselves, and developed a spirit of 
 unity among the different Greek states. " A small country 
 had withstooil the attack of half a continent: it had not 
 only saved the most costly possessions that were endangered, 
 its freedom, its independence ; it felt itself strong enough to 
 continue tlie contest, and did not lay aside its arms till it 
 was permitted to prescribe the conditions of peace." 
 
 " From ii multitude of small states, never united. ))Ut contiiuially dis- 
 tracted l»y civil liroils— mid sucii at tlie be^'inniuK of this jieriod were 
 tlie states of (Ireece-any thing important could hardly he expected 
 witliout the occurrence of some external event, wliich, by rallying' the 
 divided forces round one point, and directing' tliem towards one object, 
 should hinder them from nuitually exhausting one another. It was the 
 hostile attempts of Persia that first laid the foundation of the future 
 splendour of Greece ; certain states then grew so rapidly in iK)wer. that 
 uiwn their particular history hinges the general history of all the 
 rest."— Ueeren. 
 
 Another consequence of the war was the great increase in the 
 power of Athens. Her ascendancy among the states of 
 Greece began with Marathon, and was firmly established by 
 Themistocles and Aristides. 
 
'.kUfcr- 
 
 ith pai't of 
 irdoniiis in 
 lIs invtuU'd 
 of Athens, 
 was almost 
 Athoniiinj, 
 jlit a great 
 ealo under 
 n). These 
 be contest, 
 were freed 
 
 1. It gave 
 a spirit of 
 11 country 
 it had not 
 idiingered, 
 enough to 
 rms till it 
 
 tiiuiallydis- 
 l)eric)d were 
 be expoeted 
 nillyiiifr the 
 9 one t)l).ject, 
 . It was the 
 f the future 
 I iK)wor. that 
 Y of all the 
 
 ise in the 
 
 states of 
 
 blished by 
 
 TOPKAI. IIISTOKV 
 
 SIXTH TOPIC. 
 
 71 
 
 
 THE ATHEMAX ASCEXDANTY. 
 
 1. From the close of the Persian wars till near the close of the 
 
 Peloponnesia.i war Athens was supre.ne in (Jrecian affairs. 
 Her greatest glor as reached during these seventy years. 
 
 2. Leaders: Themistocles. Aristides, Ciinon ison of Miltiados) 
 
 Pericles and Alcibiades. 
 
 3. Establishment of a common fleet and a general treasury for 
 
 Greece, under control of Atliens. 
 
 4. The war against Persia did not end with the <hjuble defeat 
 
 at Plata-a and Mycale. The (Jreeks became invaders insti-ad 
 of defenders, and the war continued with intervals until 149 
 B.C. In KiH B.C. Cimon won a great victory at Euryn.edon, 
 defeating the Persians both by land and sea. Again, in 450 
 B.C., he organized an expedition and the nar was brought to a 
 close by the defeat of the Persians at Salamis, 449 B.C. 
 
 "The fear of losing the wh„le island n.mpehcd Artaxerxos I. to 
 sifc^natreatyot peaee with Athens, in whic-h he m-ojrnix.ed the inde- 
 pendence ot the Asiatic (in...ks. nnd ajrn-ed that his rteet should not 
 navigate the ^.^.ean Sea. n..r his troops approach within thr.e days- 
 march ot the coast."— ^e/7n«MM. >^uayo 
 
 5. Wars between Greek States. 
 
 About the middle of the fifth eent.iry before Christ several minor 
 wars occurred. Some of the smaller states rebelle.l against 
 paying tribute to Athens, and they were made su^bjects 
 instead of allies. A sacrcl war between the Phocians and 
 the Delphians for the possession of the oracle at Delphi in 
 which Sparta assisted the I )elphians and Athens the Phocians 
 was won by the Phocians. Corinth and Megara disput«i 
 about their boundary. Athens aids Megara and Sparta 
 Corinth. Athens first defeated, ultimat^dy victorious 
 Sparta, to weaken Athens, helped the I)<,rians against the 
 Phocians. Spprtans won at Tanagra, 457 B.C., but Athens 
 won ffinophyta, 456 B.C. In 447 B.C. the B<*>otian. defeat 
 
'^i i 
 
 72 
 
 I 
 
 |i 
 
 TOPICAL HlSTOi.V. 
 
 o«,i « . '" i*o M.t , a tniw was made ».f,fwe«.n Ath.-iis 
 
 and^Nparta. It was t. ,a.t thirty y.ars, ..ut ended in foult::.: 
 
 .h^tli":^:;:'"!; tcr^r"; ''"r'f- ^'«^"""' - <« -- • '>.•• 
 
 For u..^uu.jau:: LrwZz^ " T':" "^ '":"'•-• ^^••^'^•• 
 
 tempo.st burst v-i,luilllt«f,rv tuL\^\ ii't.Tvn.cMl J.H re- the 
 i-oursfi that <0v.. ;',"„" :;,';V''';''^ "'"' «*• ""-'-'lent during h. 
 
 f"dora...s. an,l while «om"T.f'*' ''•:'' "•^'■""^^''''X'.v ..v-r th. .o„ 
 
 -u..u.d or r... j;;;;,;zf ;!. r;;:;';;?'-::;^ -- -|^'- ^».e 
 
 l-niiliinliv (•..i,il,l„iiii.. i„».„J. „,', '""'" >-Pnrtn, .■i.TytlijuB ivan 
 
 6. The Age of Pericles. 
 
 Most l.rilliant in th. history of A.hen,, or .ireec. More ^reat 
 
 oTr:;-;;::::r;,'rt-i:!;:^ 
 :r^^t&,-ti&Eir-^T^^ 
 
 with the «on T» • ^^ "'' "'^ ^*'"^ ^ni"'^< cimnecting it 
 wtft tlu sea During the period of the rule of Pericles 
 Athens reached the climax of her wealth and powef hI 
 great naval ascendancy brought her the treasures if s"r 
 
 pre ::?ar;'Tr^ '^"^^"^^' ^^^ -^•' ^^lucation c th r 
 
 Perzcles hunself o.. .f the most striking characters of history 
 
 ■I 
 
 TO 404 B.C. 
 
 SEVENTH TOPIC. 
 
 THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR, FROM 431 B.C. 
 1. Causes. 
 
 Eivalry botwo..,. Ath™, and Sparta ; discontent of ,„allor state, 
 
 Hk oZrrr' "'?.'^«""""-i '-- ^at Athen, z 
 m.iKe otlier states subjects instead of nlln.. ■ 
 
 between aHstoeraey and den,ocrae;' T„:t:;edrr: 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 73 
 
 'V«>lt, hut 
 n Athens 
 
 foiirtt'eii 
 
 s, Jiiul the 
 preserve 
 11." I strife. 
 •eC re the 
 (liirJii)^ jH 
 e Athens. 
 !• the con 
 Isiinr the 
 tiiiiff waff 
 njriie, the 
 ch as tlie 
 
 ■e groat 
 r period 
 id been 
 ns. and 
 •ting it 
 ^oricles 
 •. Her 
 of sur- 
 rishod. 
 istory. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 states 
 would 
 sitioii 
 cause 
 
 of th. gr.-,t w V u'a« a quarrel uetAveuu Corinth and h. ; 
 cc.ony Corryra. Athen. fav.-red Corcyra. Sparta united 
 with Corinth, and ultit.uitely nearly all the (Jroek states and 
 cciionies became engag«'d. 
 
 2. Athenian allies. 
 
 Ail the islan.is of the vKgean except Mehm a,. I'hera), Corcyra, 
 Zaeyntl, >s Chio., Le.hos, Samos ; the «;.vek cohmie. on th.' 
 coast of Asia iMinor. and on the shores of Thraco and 
 Macedon ; .Naupactus, Pluta,.u, and sonu- phiees -f Aearnania. 
 
 8. Spartan allies. 
 
 AU the Poloponnesu«, except Argos and Achaia, which stood 
 neutral; 13..otia, Loeris, Ph.,eis, and Mogara ; Ambracia, 
 Anactonuni, and the island of Leu( . ^. 
 
 4. Course of the War. 
 
 First : Ten years of indecisive warfare en ..ng with a truce of fifty 
 years, which, though not fornuilly set aside till 415 B.C., was 
 violated almost as soon us it was arranged, 
 
 Second: The invasion of Sicily by Athenl Planned by Alci- 
 blades. (Greatest expedition sent out by Atliens. Alcibiades 
 recalled. His desertion to Sparta. Athenian defeat at 
 Syracuse, 413 B.C., broke the power of Athens in a .single 
 day. (irote calls this "the most picturesque battle in 
 history. Athens had sent her grcat<.st army an.l fleet 
 under one of her most brilliant sons, a lu^phew of the noble 
 Pericles, but had foolishly humiliated him and transformed 
 him mto an enemy. 
 
 Third : Struggle of Athens to regain her lost ascendancy for 
 about ten years. Athens, still leader in literature and art 
 made heroic but vain efforts to get back the proud position 
 she lost at Syracuse. Alcibiades was forgiven and recalled, 
 and for about five years success came to the Athenians. 
 Ihe government at home was unsettled and again Alcibiades 
 was banished, 4U7 B.(^. He was murdered in Asia in 404 
 a.y. Lysandor annihilated the Athenian fleet, 405 B.C . at 
 -.hgospotami. 
 
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 74 TOPICAfi IIISTORV. 
 
 "It was mudo known :\t Pini'iis !)>■ tlu; conseomtod sliip I'mdluK. 
 wliicli iirrivi'd tliciH' during' tli(! ni^.'-lfl.roniin^'.striU^rlil from tlu; Helles- 
 pont. SiK'hiunonit'ntni'di.sti-(s.ss;inda},'i)ny had nev(!r been ex[)orienced 
 in Athens. The terrible disaster of Sieily had beeouie known to th(! 
 l)eoi)le ))>' d«'^'rees without any anthorized rcin^rtcr ; but here was the 
 ofTicial niessenj^er, i'r(!sh froin the scene, leavinK no doubt or room 
 to (|nestion the uiaf^nitude of the disaster, or the irretrievable ruin 
 impendiiif? over the city. The wailinj-'s and cries of j,'rief, lirst arisinjr 
 in I'ira'Hs, were transmitted by the j?uards stationed on the Long Walls 
 up to the city."— 6' /'n^j. 
 
 \c!xt yoar, 404 B.t'., Athens surrendered to Sparta after a siege 
 of four months. The democracy was overthrown and Sparta 
 was the leader among the states of (irt 'ce. 
 
 Lysias, the Athenian orator, expressed the feelings of Athens 
 when he said: "fJreece, on the fall of Athens, should have 
 shorn her hair, and mourned at the tomb of lier heroes, 
 as over the sepulture of Liberty herself." 
 
 EIGHTH TOPIC. 
 
 FEOM THE CLOSE OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR TO THE 
 CLOSE OF TPIE THEBAN WAR. 
 
 1. The Spartans under Lysander organized the Athenian govern- 
 
 ment by the "Thirty Tyrants." Many Athenians exiled or 
 put to death. Within a year Thrasybulus organized the 
 Athenian exiles in The^^es and drove out the "Thirty" and 
 re-established the constitution of Solon. 
 
 2. "The Retreat of the Ten Thousand." Cyrus rebelled against 
 
 his brother Artaxerxes, the king of Persia, and engaged a large 
 body of Greeks to aid him. Battle of Cunaxa, 4Ul B.C. Did'eat 
 and death of Cyrus. Retreat of the ' ' Ten Thousand (ireeks " 
 under Xenophon. 
 
 3. The weakness of the Athenians is shown by the impeachment 
 
 and death of Socrates, 8i}9 B.C. 
 
 4. Attempt of Agesilaus, king of Sparta, to conquer Persia, 89(5- 
 
 394 B.C. Successful till Persia stirred up a war at home and 
 Agesilaus had to return. 
 
TOPICAL HISTORY. 7u 
 
 6. The Corinthian War. 
 
 Corinth, Thebes, Athens and A rgos united against Spartn. 
 
 "The tyranny of Sparta, and more particulnrly, tbc n^cfiit (U\ asta- 
 tio-iof EIis,\vastlH'allcjr..(l pretext', Imt tlie l.ribes of ThmKTa;e.«». flie 
 Persian envoy, were the real causes of this war."— /foi?-t'«. 
 
 Agesilaus defeats the Corinthies and their allies at (•uonea. :m 
 B.C., but the Athenian and Persian fleets under Conon 
 destroyed the Spartan fleet at C^ydau., mi B.C. 
 
 6. Conon for a time made Athens mistress of the sea, an<l began to 
 
 rebuild tlie walls of Athens. 
 
 7. Antalcidas, a Spartan, arrai g(d i humiliating peace with 
 
 Persia, B87 B.C., by which the alliance between Persia and 
 Athens was broken off, and Persia was allowed to retain most 
 of the rjreek colonies. 
 
 8. The Theban War. 
 
 In the Olynthian war the Spartans seized the Cadmea, r r Acro- 
 polis, of Thebes, 882 B.C. It was re-captured l)y Pelopidas 
 in 879 B.C., and the Tliebans under Kjiaminondas and Pelo- 
 pidas became leaders of those states that wished to be free 
 Irom the grinding tyranny of Si):irta. I'he Spartans defeated 
 by Epaminr)ndas at Leuctra, 871 B.C. Four invasions of the 
 Peloponne^ians by the Tliebans followed. In the fourth the 
 Spartans were again defeated in the battle of Mantiuea, 8(52 
 B.C. Epaniinondas was killed just as the victory was 
 achieved. Pe:;ce fcdlowed in 8(51 B.C. The power of Sparta 
 was broken and the power of Thebes established by one man. 
 Theban sway did not last long after the death of Kpamin. .ndas. 
 He raised Thebes to the position of honor, but it fell with 
 him. 
 
 " Cicero pronounces liim to be the tirst man of Greece. Tlie judgment 
 of Polyhius, though not sununed up so emphatically in a aiii^'li! epithet, 
 i.H delivered in a manner hardly le.s.s .sif,Mnti<iuit and laudatory: 'The 
 best men of action, combiniiif? the soldii'r and patriot— such as Tiino- 
 leon and Philoixi'men-set before Ihein Epaminundas a.3 their nuxlel. 
 With him the dignity of Thebes both bcKan and ended.'— 6//\;<e. 
 
.*vv 
 
 
 70 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 NINTH TOPIC. 
 
 I M 
 
 2 
 
 PHILIP OF MACEDON. 
 Tho poople of Pxreece were exliaunted ny long continued fighti:.^ 
 among themselves, yet instead of cr.nserving their powe^ they 
 entered in 85(> B.C., on a war of ten years, called the Phocian. 
 or First Sacred war. 
 
 Philip of Macedon came to the throne 359 B.C. He saw clearly 
 the weakened condition of Greece, and interfered in the Phocian 
 war against the Phocians, whose country he devastated. He 
 was admitted to the Amphictyonic Co.incil with the two votes 
 formerly held by the Phocians. 
 
 3. I)eTnosthenes arouses Athens against Philip. J^^schines defends 
 
 Philip. 
 
 4. Philip became general of the Amphictyonic Council, and 
 
 marched into Greece to make war on the Locrians for alleged 
 sacrilege. The Athenians and Thebans regarded this Second 
 Sacred war as a pretext for overthrowing the liberties of 
 
 dS8 B.C., where they were defeated and the independence of 
 Greece was extinguished. 
 
 TENTH TOPIC. 
 
 ' tv 
 
 GREAT NAMES OF GREEK LITER ATU^t^ 
 
 1. During the legendary period : Homer and Hesiod. 
 
 2. Lyric Poets. 
 
 Alcaeus and Sappho, lu prime about 600 B.C. 
 
 "Sappho's poetry stands highest in the passionate lyrics of all 
 times and f.gei."—Jet)OMs. ^ 
 
 Anucreon, 500 B.C. 
 
 Simonides, 556 B.C. 
 
 Pindar, 521 B.C. 
 
,.V':,^....A- 
 
 •^^Vr 
 
 d fighting 
 wors they 
 > Phocian, 
 
 w clearly 
 ePliocian 
 a ted. He 
 two votes 
 
 3s defends 
 
 icil, and 
 ^r alhged 
 is Second 
 )ertiep of 
 hserunea. 
 idence of 
 
 ic8 of all 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY 
 
 3. Dramatists. 
 
 a. Tragedy : 
 
 .l':schylus, 525 B.C. 
 .Sop]i(;cles, 495 B.C. 
 Kuripides, 485 B.(J. 
 
 b. Comedy : 
 
 Aristophanes, 41-t B.C 
 Alexis, 890 B.C. 
 
 4. Historians. 
 
 Herodotus, about 485 B.C. 
 Thucydides, about 472 B.C. 
 Xenophen, 429 B.C. 
 
 i-\ Orators. 
 
 Lysius, 458 B.C. 
 
 Antisthenes, about 450 B.C. 
 
 Isocratos, 48(5 B.C. 
 
 Demosthenes, 388 B.C. 
 
 Hyperides, l 
 
 iEschines / ^'•ntemi>()raries of Demosthenes 
 
 6. Philosophers. 
 
 Thales, about 68o B.C. 
 Pythagoras, 51') B.C. 
 Socrates, 409 B.C. 
 Plato, 429 B.C. 
 
 77 
 
 
 I 
 
A TOPICAL ANALYSIS 
 
 OF 
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 FIRST TOPIC. 
 
 THE .M()\AIl(JHY, 753 B.C. TO 509 B.C. 
 
 1. " Exaf?f,'oratcd and eml.cllisliod as the in.,.s^ ,..neient tnulitions of tlie 
 
 Romans rospoctiuf, thdr oH^mu u.ay be. tl..,y M aj^re. in tl.is-tl.at 
 th,. Konians bolon,^,.! to the ra.e of tin, Latins, and tiiat their city ^vas 
 a c'okjny of the ncIKllbol•in^'• Alba Loiif^a."— //ee;v«. 
 
 Niebuhr sayH that thirty Latin t(nvns w.-ro controlled by Alba 
 au<l that Rome. Quirium and Lucerum became, .ne. Lucerum 
 was an Etruscan town and its pcoj.Ie did not gain equal 
 standing with the citizens of the other two towns until the 
 time of Taniuin I. These three tribes are known as the 
 Ramnes, Titles and Luceres. 
 
 2. Seven kings are said to have rulea 'n Rome : 
 
 Romulus, 753 B.(J. 
 
 NumaPompilius, 715 B.C. 
 Tullus Hostilius, G73 B.C. 
 Ancus Mai'tius, 642 B.C. 
 Tarquinius Priscus, ($16 B.C. 
 Scrvius Tiillius, 578 B.C. 
 Tarcxuinius Superbus, 534-509 B.C. 
 
 3. Romulus. 
 
 Roman wall built. Union of Romans and Sabines. Two kings 
 till the deiith of Tatius, the Sabine king. 
 
> 
 
 itioiisof the 
 I tliis— that 
 uir city was 
 
 by Alba, 
 Lucerum 
 din e(iual 
 until the 
 'n as the 
 
 wo kin^s 
 
 4. Numa Pompiliu^. 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 79 
 
 da^s A,„,.aPo,nrnhus, a Sabine, eleot,.! by tlu- Ron.u L 
 Foundu^g of religion, institutions in Rome 
 
 5. Tullus Hostilius. 
 
 A Roman elected bv tlie SnTn'nou t-. 4. 
 
 of the tbir?v I . I^estrnctionofAll,a,th,. In-a.) 
 
 or the tl uty I.atm cities, and transfer of h.r ,.ower to 
 Rome. Settlen.ent of leading Alban families in RoI„: 
 
 6. Aucus Martius. 
 
 A Sal>ine elected by the Romans. Latin wars. Extension of 
 Roman territory. Enconragement of agricnlture. 
 
 7. Tarquinius Priscus. 
 
 Oreat public works, public builrlings, drains etc Sono. • 
 
 l^uccies the same rights as the Ramnes and Titles. 
 
 8. Servius Tullius. 
 
 Oreat extensi.,n of the empire. Servian constitution Plebs 
 recognised in Comitia Tributa, and Comitia Cen^iat! 
 n.w assembly instituted, based on the ne^^™" ^-j 
 of the army on the basis of land ownership instead 'it 
 P^rection of the Servian wall around the Palatine an t" 
 Quimial cities, and adjoining settlements, sl^i,.:^:^^ 
 J^atin colonization. o^^'ijuj, oi 
 
 a Tarquinius Superbus. 
 
 Overthrow of the Servian constitution. Tvrannv of T • 
 
 free, wealthy, welTan^^^^^^^ ''" '''^''T'' ''' •'^" """•" '"'i^r- 
 
 ill armed, a,^ wml ^o S;„r ^ u n "^^h" t ' ''7 "'"■^ '"^"' ""'"•• 
 beneath the power of tlie noh.i tv u IH ^ therefore naturally sank 
 the Tarquins estah.ish ,;',„; "trX''''^''''' "•"■^••"'— ^ 
 an exclusive and tyrannical arlst^cllc^: "-i,!:;;;;;""""'"''^^'^"' ""^ 
 
80 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 10. Government, 
 
 Thn govornmnnfc ,luri,,g tho ruonan.hy was vested in ( ^ Ti, 
 lonjj, who comrnan.Ierl in war an/mlmTn ^ , ''^ ^^'^ 
 
 Ihe .senate nominated by the kin-- fM The P ' ^^ 
 
 11. Patricians and Plebeians. 
 
 Th..,.ife,.,„ „f E,„„ „,„,„ ,|i,i,|„,, i„^, t„oai,ti„et classes- the 
 
 patricians anil tho piclieiaiis, " ° 
 
 The patricians wore tho aristocratic families of Rome 
 
 originally frcohon. citizens who were in.llonZ ! 
 
 jndowners. The patricians at first formed the 1™ 
 
 i I. t,,r,,, ,,„pn„„ .,„„,, .„ „„ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ J^ 
 
 Tlio plebeians were the common people who BradualW 
 camo t„ settle in Eomo, and who were '-.^^^J, 
 tl.o Roman state, hut not memhers of it " Th,,v 
 g.vatly increased l,y additions from conaulred Ian 
 c ties. Many of tho wealthy citizens of other a " 
 tates came to Eome as it increas..d i„ powe so'thT 
 the j>lel« were not necessarily n„ „.er tlnnTv, . 
 f'jni.^ MM, i^ 1 , «'iiij' fji) )ier tnan the patri- 
 
 c.Ciill Vw ": "'""•" '" "'" S<>v«n.ment of the 
 «^; 1 ' "~"-^- "■ ""'" "- I— given by tho 
 
 SECOND TOPIC. 
 
 FBOM THE OVERTHROW ^THE MONARCHY TO THE 
 
 PUNIC WARS, 509 B.C. TO 2G4 B.C. 
 1. Titles of Leading Officials. 
 
 Consuls, ^rst named praetors, two elected annually instead of a 
 Ung : first appointed, o09 B.C. instead of a 
 
in (u) The 
 
 justice; (b) 
 
 Popul 
 
 UH, or 
 
 d by Servius 
 e Cornitium, 
 
 slasses : the 
 
 ^ of Rome, 
 ndepondont 
 •1 the state. 
 ■>, patres or 
 
 gradually 
 
 Hu1)jects of 
 it." Thf.y 
 ered Latin 
 tlier l,atiu 
 ■«r, so that 
 the patri- 
 ent of the 
 ;ho second 
 i^en by the 
 
 TO THE 
 
 5tead of a 
 
 TOPICAL FflSTORV. g- 
 
 Tribunes, guardians „f thf riirhts nf fb« .,i i 
 
 494 B.C. ^ ^ ^"^^''^ ' ^^"^^ appointed. 
 
 Quaestors, or finance ofhcors ; first appointed, "..f. B C. 
 censors, appointed to poHV.rm son.o of tho duties of consul. 44S 
 ;^;d-e,|^::f"' '-'''--'' -^" «^"'^- va..ncie. T^ 
 
 2. Leaders during the Period. 
 
 Spurius Cassius, consul. 
 
 (a) Eei.ewed league with Latins, im ]].(.'. 
 
 (4) Made league with Hernicans, 18G B.C. 
 
 (c) First Agrarian Law, 48(J B.C. 
 Cincinnatus-great dictator in ^quian war. 
 
 "'tr m::;::^^^^^-- — ^ - Agrarian 
 Publilius Volero-" second great charter." 471 B C 
 Terentilius-Ied to revision of laws, 4(i2 B C 
 
 building lott ^^6 B.C ^^^'"'"'"'^ '' '^^' '^ ^-- ---^ i<- 
 Valerius and Horatius-Uberal lawgivers. 4-19 B C 
 Camillus- -five times dictator. 
 Canulius— laws sanctioniufr marri-ic^a T.„f 
 
 Lloinms (with whom was associated Sextius) Ro™ ' ' 
 
 ^e.™e. passed .ioiaian iaws, a^.rt^rf.:::^^ --' 
 
 Sextius-first plebeian consul, 366 RC 
 
 Mardus Eutilus-first plebeian chosen dictator 856 B C H 
 first plebeian censor, 851 B C ' """"^ 
 
 Publilius Philo. R c. :-389-dictator and lawgiver. 
 
82 
 
 TOI'ICAI. iiisrouv 
 
 3. Constitutional Growth. 
 
 Mainly a str..g^d,. f„r o.,ualify J-.tu-.v,! plobeinns and patricians, 
 llehs c.,..ruB th., putri.ians hy rcldsin- to ti-l.t. Cltimato 
 succoHH of tho plol.s. Tril.,m..s ..I.Tf.-.l to i.n,t..,.t, the pk-Ls, 
 .•)!)l B.C. At first two, uftorwanis fiv. Jhiiillv tm. J»l,.l,is' 
 cita passed by assembled plubs, to huvo forcu ani..u- thn pk.l,s 
 thumselves. 
 
 •■ Th.. c-haractcr of tl.e Tri l.i.nes, was. in o.vory rospoct. rlifforent from 
 l.ut of t h. c-on.suls. TlM. app..ar,UHv of tlw for.uT w..s n.o.h.t a 
 Muu.l,..; but then p.-r.Hon. vv.-.v s,u>v,huMl inviolal.k,. Tl^.^rforn-WH 
 8..,t,Ml rati.,.,- for op,K,.sition Hkm, for avtion. Tl,..y wen- i„s,i,ut. ,1 'to 
 d.fo.ui tho opproHScl, to pardon otlVncvs, to arraign, th. on.Mnk.s nf 1 ,! 
 IH-oph., an,l, when th.y j,„k^.,| it t.eco.ssary, to stop, l.y a sin^M,. uonl 
 '•3 whoh. ,„ac- nne of Kover.unont. As lo..^ as the n,.,hlic. .T.l.si. , 
 t ..Yla..^^.rous i,.Hue.K-e. whieh either the e„„.s„| ..r the tribune ...i-^l t' 
 
 in- ve rounln.irrespeetivejnrisdietion,was,ii,Minisl.edhyseveran, 
 portant res rtettons. Th..ir authority expire,! uith the v4r in 'vie. 
 they were eh-ete,! ; the for.uer olTiee was divided between ten, le ter 
 a non^ two persons ; and as hoth in their private and publi nt 4 
 
 hey were averse to each other, their nnUual confliets iontrib d f. 
 
 ':Sir'"-r;r^''^"'' ''''-' '^^" '^^^^--^ ^^^ >-•-- ^^^^ 
 
 Agrarian kuvs. The extension of tho territory as well as tho 
 social and economical condition of the ]„.oplo rondorod the 
 enactment of Laid laws nocessary. The agrarian laws were 
 closely associated with the growth of freed.n.i. The first was 
 enacted l.y Sptiri.is Cassi;,s in 186 B.C. It was a Ion- time 
 helore it was properly ...xecited hy the consuls owiu^'to the 
 patrician opposition. It provided that part of the%ublic 
 lands be leased for the public treasury and part given to the 
 needy. 
 
 Tho Publilian law increased power of plebs, and provided for 
 election of tribunes by the plebeians by tribes, and not by 
 tlie whole people in centuries, as this gave the patricians too 
 much control through their clients. 
 
 The Terentilian law proposed to limit the consular power and to 
 appoint ten com.nissioners to prepare laws for all classes. 
 I he law was violently opposed, but at length the decemvirs 
 were appointed, 451 B.C. They codified the laws in twelve 
 
<\ patricians, 
 t. l.'ltiriiato 
 :jfc tho ))lfl)H, 
 N-n. I'lcl.is- 
 
 . 'lifTercut from 
 HS modest and 
 riicirt'orccuiis 
 t' iiistiliiti d t(i 
 -•ncmifs nt' itic 
 a.siiij.'-lc \\(ird. 
 I)lic sidisisicil, 
 trihiiiic ini^'lit 
 liysi'vcral im. 
 year in whirli 
 t<'ii,tlii' latter 
 ul)lic iiitcrcst 
 i>iitril)uted for 
 alauce of the 
 
 well as tho 
 .■ndcrt'd tlm 
 X laws wore 
 lie first was 
 '' long time 
 win- to the 
 tlu! public 
 ;iven to the 
 
 'ovided for 
 md not by 
 tricians too 
 
 AVer and to 
 
 all classes. 
 
 docenivirrf 
 
 in twelve 
 
 TOPICAL irrsTORV 
 
 ciaudiusand virj:,.,z:z x^Tz::^' "^ •^""- 
 
 t" .Vons Sacer, and the r„u \ ' " '"''""'' f'"'" 
 
 appointed. '^'"'"'-^ "«'' tviUnn.. w.t.. „.. 
 
 " U'ith retrard to tli.. co-istltiifJo,, n, 
 laws or- f,, T,..el,:e TaN^Z^^'' ''"'""' "*-^ '"'^ ""'"'f ">at '».' 
 «'^.o.IK4vofI^,„,,,,,,,J,^,;; "^f ;n arra„,a.,n..mt ,.y .vld.-h the 
 
 ''I'lH'ian frilMw. The (',„nH . ■ V ' ■'"•"''"•r.s of th.. tidrtv loe..i 
 
 Jhe Valerio-Horatian laws .l|.,T^f. ,, . 
 
 f'>r.n of the pl.d.isoita, V.r r.soluti^r? f '"7f'''^ *^^ '*^^^' 
 
 became eqn., ^j,, ,,, cent., r;.:^^:;';'" '7 ''''' ''^^"^ 
 
 The Cannlian 1 '" "°^*^ «f '^'ff'-il enactment. 
 
 authon.in,C.Ci::;:l:"7f^-"/o the plobs by 
 opened the consulship to Th 1 *'""^ Patricians, and 
 tribunes. p,„, Jt^n,^Bry,r'''''^'^^ -^^^tary 
 consuls and sometimes military trii^nlr '''''' ""^''^°^"'' 
 In 443 B.C. the po^ver of fho . 
 
 four were plebeian. ■^•^- t^^'^e of the 
 
 In 38o B C tbp To+* 1 
 
 The LaM„ e': We rr„r it'T^^^'"'' "^ »-her. 
 '"" '^«''-. and., even,. /;;rt:,;h?:ri;"'- "''•> 
 
 years kd by Lieinius and Sextfu, t T " ''™«e'° "' '"» 
 
 kfei-Lat distress had prevailed). 
 
84 
 
 TOPirAI. HISTORY. 
 
 ; I j 
 
 (i) Ri'strictinn c»f land b> be hold by ono citizi-n t.. "jiX) 
 jiij^'cra of public luml, and removal of the riirht to 
 fct'd (»i> common ptiHture more than KX) oxen and 
 r»<M> sheep. 
 
 (c) Compulsory employment of a certain i)roportion of 
 
 free laborers. 
 
 (d) Restoration of consulship with the provision that 
 one comul must be a pleh. (This law was some- 
 times violated). 
 
 (e) Curtailment of j)owor of consuls by ajjpointment of 
 
 a praetor to administer justice, and curule yKdiles 
 to act as policemen. 
 
 The result of these laws wus to break down in a large measure 
 the opi)osition between the patricians and the ))lebs. 
 
 In 357 B.C. interest reduced to ten per cent., and the rich first 
 taxed. 
 
 In H47 B.C. interest reduced to 5 per cent., and in ;il2 it was 
 abolished. 
 
 In B30 Publilius passed three laws : 
 
 (a) Confirming and enlarging the legislative power of the 
 plebs. 
 
 (6) Defining and limiting the power of the senate over the 
 comitia centuriata. 
 
 (c) Providing that one Censor 7ni(st be a plebeian. 
 In H2B imprisonment for debt was limited. 
 In 287 B.(J. th(! Hortensian law finally established the legislative 
 
 authority of the plebs in tribal assembly, and abolished the 
 
 veto power of the senate. 
 
 " H(Mieeforth the decree of the ph;hs on the rogatls of a tribune haa 
 the same force as the decree of the poi)ulu8 on the roffatis of a consul. " 
 
 " Ai-TKR TiiK Passing op the Hortensian Law, the political dis- 
 tinction hetwkkn Patricians and Pj.khkians ceaskd, and, with a 
 few ummparfntit exceptions, both orders were placed on a fnnfinq; of 
 perfect equality. Henceforth tlie name Populus is sonictimea applied 
 to the plebeians alone, and sometimes to the whole body of Roman 
 citizens, as assembled in the comitia centuriata, or tributa."— .4>'moW. 
 
ropdrtion of 
 
 'M2 it was 
 
 TOPICAL HISIOUY. „, 
 
 tril.un,.H."_Gr;-o/... '^^' • ''-^ "" l»«'i-»«v,,.rlii^f ..ffortii of the 
 
 4. Leading Wars. 
 
 Tho Ktruscaiis take Homo, TjOH B.C. 
 
 giv^-u;. First dictator. "^ ''"' B-^- (»'« B.C. also 
 Wai-s u'ith ^quiaus and VoUcinn i .• 
 
 about fifty years, -,8!-I b U c" '' "''' '"^'"'^'^'■^ ^"'• 
 
 iuH, Camillas. R^vvor of Jf'V- ^""^"^•^^^^^^•^' -M'l'i-'s Claud- 
 
 fV.n . . •' ^ ^^'"*^"^. '^atins and Herni,:ans 
 
 <^ou,iuust ol Voii, :{!»(j B.C. 
 
 Hon. ^k.m by Cauls, :...,, ,Ho Capitol saved by Munlius .U. 
 1^-^ • llio (.auls leave Rome for a ransom. ' 
 
 Volscians take advantage of Ro,„.'. defeat bv C.,.. i , 
 
 war, Hm B.(J.. aided now ]>y Latns 'fi H -^^ '" " 
 Camillas defeats them. "' "^'^•"»«aus, hut 
 
 J^truscans defeated by U. Alaron*. T?nf;i 
 
 y^O-Hol B.C. ^^^'^""' '"'^^' I'l«bGian dictator. 
 
 The Samnite wars beo-an m'J n r- i . 
 
 fought. First bec^an M { n n ai.-,tinct wars were 
 
 29« B.C. B.„„:.:ra:ri; a't ■:::?'. ff t"- ^ """ ""-^ 
 
 butSamuitMaudallio, btnten an,l f ^ ^ '""'' "' "'"■' 
 
 I-ast Sa„„aa. .ar /ou^t'^^:^,^'^:: t'';- "f ' ^"'\^-''- 
 
 but the Sainnians and th<.i,. .in -^''^'^ ^^^"^'^ 'It'speration, 
 
 Chief bau,« c,u.i:;; 'a'^rLi;;:;:: """"■'"'•'' '^•'■^■^'"^- 
 
Hi] 
 
 TOPICAL HISTOllY. 
 
 .\ii3buhr calls t}io march of the Samnites into Etruria -on. of 
 v,ho most })rilliunt feats in ancient history." 
 
 "Tlie u'.ir last,..] d^Mit years, and was even more destructive to the 
 sanuutes tl.an tl.e earlier ones; hut they cundueted it w 1 ^T -e 
 v.'our, and the.r whole plan, thou.^h not crowned with succes is one 
 of the ffrandest recorded in ln!itory."-Niehuhr. 
 
 Tiie war with Tarentum was the last great struggle of Eome for 
 the (u,mpl,.t,j corxtrol of Italy. From 281 to 271 the war con- 
 tinued. Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, aided the Tarentines. 
 
 In 2(i(i B.C. Home was master of all Italy. The last peoples to 
 submit were the Sarsinates and .Sallentini. 
 
 5. Relation of Rome to the Italian nations. 
 
 .xisttd. Ihe nations returned their own adnunistrations, laws Ian 
 Kua^es and d.alects. but liun.e was their central point, and they ue e 
 
 Kome ha<l -l^; nght to make war, conclude treaties, and coin 
 money. All Italian aations had to furnish contingents in 
 war. ° 
 
 The othei- nations held varied relationships to Borne : 
 (a) Some had full citi/.enship. as : 
 Those placed on public land. 
 
 Incorporate.1 communities, as Tusculum and the Sabine 
 towns. 
 
 Maritime colonies. 
 
 (i) Latin towns retaining autonomy an.l equality, but re- 
 stricted m franchise and rights of migration. 
 
 (c) Citizens subject to taxation and service in the k-ions 
 instead ot with the allies. ° 
 
 {dj Other communities allie,! ..n varied ter.us, but all bottnd 
 to supply contingents in war. 
 
■ ¥»:mi>>:.imm^.mk'>^,^:^m. 
 
 ■una •• oik; (jf 
 
 TOPICAL IILSTOKY. 
 
 87 
 
 iStruL'tivu to tin- 
 I it with f^Tcat 
 1 aiiccess, is one 
 
 of Home for 
 tliH war con- 
 entines. 
 
 't peoples t(j 
 
 state that then 
 I'ns, laws, Ian 
 and tlicy were 
 lible with, tliat 
 
 is, and coin 
 ititiguiits in 
 
 the Sabine 
 
 ity. but re- 
 the h'^ions 
 it all bound 
 
 THIRD TOPIC. 
 
 THE PUNIC WARS. 
 
 1- Carthago ami Rome came into conflict in Sicilv r .u , 
 heen extendin- her .„.«.,. ^"'<-wn sicUy. Carthage liad 
 
 to check (Jartha^e \Z!t conquest of Italy, M-as ready 
 
 Messana. Rome fonsJntr c^^^^^^^ "^^' ^f^^^^ «^' «o- ^t 
 
 2 PWT., . ^ ^^^*^^g« ^"d Sicily oppose Rome. 
 
 2. First Punic War, 264 to 241 B C 
 
 Romans under Appius Claudius successful in s; •, 
 
 Carthaginians and Hiero kino- ft '"^^ ^"^''^^^ 
 
 into alliance with ^n^ '<^l'' "r^!?^^'- "^^ -»ters 
 
 Romans raise a fleet and win 7 I ''^''l^'-'\So controls sea, 
 
 «ardinia,25)BC r;.. '"'^T '"'-^'^^ ^'^ ^ '"-•-- .'^^l 
 250 BC c' th f"' "''''"'■ ^'-"''^^ i"^''^^^" Africa 
 
 carthag;/crdr:"t"rtr'^'^'^™^ ^^^-^^ 
 
 almost totally destroy d"55BCB'"'"r' ^"'^ ^^^ ^••"'>' 
 nearly all lost bv sfnl. ' """ ^'^^'^ '^^ •^'■•" ^'"^^"'^ 
 
 army^.r R^! . u^, 'T 7 T^''^'^ "^^^ ^'^"--^^' "'■ f- 
 
 comptered I BC b\rr '""' ""^ ^^'^^*'-- '^'-'y 
 
 invasion of iLo53BC R '" ''■'''' ''' '''' ^ ^^ 
 Panormtts, 250 3 0^^ ^"'"■'^^-^^-y ''y ^i-t.llus at 
 
 at Drepan^m, 249 B.C. HaTii::^ ' • '^ ^ "'^^''" ^'^^"^-'^ 
 general, 217 B.C., was succes f j ''.';" "^^'"^ < '-•rhaginian 
 
 Southern Italy Im t T TT . '" "''^^' ^^^^ "" tla-eoastof 
 Islands in 2- 'i "',':,; t^^ '\«--> ^' ^I. Aegates 
 to peace in 211 b;c ^Th rZ^'' ""''" ^'^'"'"^ '^^^'^ 
 
 pay a la.^e sum to Ron.! al^S c^"' -h T"" '"'^- ^''' 
 the part ruled bx. TT,- \! ^' ''''^'^' ^^"^ ^'xeeption of 
 
 part ruled by Htero, becomes the fiust Roman Puovince 
 
 3. Second Punic War, 218 to 202 B C 
 
1/ 
 
 88 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 Italy, crossi,,. tho Alps. Great Carthaginian victories at 
 1 K-inus and Ir.bia, 218 B.C. Torril.le sla..f,4,tor of Ronuan 
 -my at Trasimene, 217 B.(- Defeat of L.tl^consuls. Paul" 
 ^r.a yrro at Cann«., 2l(i B.C. Capua and Southern Italy 
 JO n Hannibal ^,eh„hr says : '' The number of the dead at 
 Cam,.^ n.novrling to the lowest estimation, was 40.000 foot 
 
 am 
 
 orse. 
 
 4. Failure of Hannibal to march on Rome. 
 
 In 215 B.C. Hannibal defeated by Marcellus, and the Romans 
 V ctor^ous also m Spain and Sardinia. Hannibal forms an 
 alhanee with Philip of Macedon. In 214 and 21B B C no 
 
 Tarentu'r^R"' '"r^-" '" '^' ^•^^ "^^^^^l ^^^ 
 I aru.tum. Romans besiege Capua, but their army destroyed 
 Hannibal retires, and Capua again besieged. In Syrac'^use 
 
 Scipio and drives Romans out south of Kbro. In 211 B C 
 Capua surrendered. Cornelius Scipio (Africanus) appointed 
 to omn.and in Spain. In five years he had driven the 
 
 an arm^J'^r" T'- "' '''"^" '" "'^' ^■''- Hasdrubal led 
 an army from Spam to help Hannibal, but he was defeated 
 and slain at Metaurus. In 205 B.C. Sci'pio decides to in"!de 
 Carthage He defeated the Carthaginians in 203 B.C., and 
 Hannibal was forced to return from Italy. In 202 B.C. the 
 final battle of the war was fought at Zama, and the power of 
 Sparta was broken. 
 
 5. Third Punic War, 149 to 146 B.C. 
 
 Rome, led by Cato, decided that " Carthage must be destroyed " 
 A assinissa s encroachments encouraged by Rome. Carthage 
 'otests and war is declared. Another Scipio defeats 
 Carthaginians, and Carthag,. is utterly destroyed 
 
 " By the treaty whic-l. toruiimited tl.e seeoml Punic wxv Romn hn,i 
 "«;"Hl Carth.ap.. and had attac-hed to her a van.pire u Tuck he^bl i^ 
 
 ">s«a. u ho hved a century, to the utter despair of the Carthaginians ' 
 
'mm»:km->^:f'm 
 
 n victories at 
 iter of Roman 
 msiils, Paulus 
 ioiithern Italy 
 of the dead at 
 ■as 40.000 foot 
 
 the Romans 
 ibal forms an 
 
 2ia B.C. no 
 inibal seized 
 Tiy destroyed . 
 
 In Syracuse 
 riibal defeats 
 
 In 211 B.C. 
 is) appointed 
 I driven the 
 asdrubal led 
 was defeated 
 les to invade 
 03 B.C., and 
 202 B.C. the 
 the power of 
 
 destroyed." 
 !. Carthage 
 ipio defeats 
 
 far, Rome hml 
 uck lier blood 
 rocions Mnssi- 
 •tliajj:iiiiaiis." 
 
 »iid diabolical 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. gg 
 
 FOUBTH TOPIC. 
 
 1. W onderf ul recuperative power of Rome Fleof n f. a 
 
 alter army were destroyed bv the ( .^^^ ^''' " •''^"''>' 
 
 arnues were ready to follow. ^^^^^^S^^^--- >>ut still new 
 
 2. Extension of the empire. 
 
 The Romans extended the empire e-istwn..^ 
 
 during this first centurv nft ^""f '"^"'^ ^'^ ''^^^ ^^ westward 
 They^conducted th ^war TJ '"Tm^' ""^^" ^^ ^^^^>'- 
 I--iod, and Greece tcameubtS't'V""'"" '"^'^"^^ ^^^^ 
 that Carthage ^.s'ZuTuV^'''^ "^^ T^ '''' 
 Antiochus,kino-,.f.svrin th w . ' ^ ^^''^ ^""^'"''^ ^' 
 
 was also laid. '' ' ^"''"^•'^*-- "^' Asiatic supremacy 
 
 3. Constitutional changes. 
 
 («) The Comitia loses its influence Tbn T?. ^ 
 
 more numerous and more s^tt^red so ^at'tr ^^^^ '^"'"^ 
 in assembly as formerly. ^^^ '^" ""^ '"^^^'^ 
 
 (A.l The supreme influence of the senate Tbo «n . i, 
 
 only deliberative body It Won!' ^^^ ^^"^^^ ^««omes the 
 sentative of great families b .T . "'"'" ^^'^ "^"^'^ ^epre- 
 tribunes aid^re^l^^.^'tt C^'; ^ '^^^« 
 
 have veto power and use^t t re tL' the ! T^'^l ^'^^ 
 trates when the senate opposes ^1^ 1 ? ^Z '" ^'^^"■ 
 n. adopting measures recomlnded^^bytitl^^ '''''''' 
 ^t:-^::^.^-^'!-^^^ -^^cy and finance, 
 the senateUri^^rol^gr^^^^^^^ ''' '^'^^^ ^ 
 
 (c) The organization of provincial governments 
 
 W Last dictator (old style), 202 B.C. 
 
 ie) Both consuls plebeian for the first time. 172 B.C. 
 
90 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 4. Social changes. 
 
 (a) Thn farmors docroased by the demand for men to fi^rht in the 
 alin(,Ht continuous wars, and by the importation of f(,reiirn 
 
 COl'li. ^ 
 
 (6) (jroat increase in wealth, especially after eastern wars • 
 greater jiower of capitalists. ' 
 
 {c) Influence of commerce in decidin-j j)ul)lic i^olicy. 
 (d) The influence of Greek culture began to be felt. 
 
 5. Wars of the period in addition to the Punic wars, 
 (a) Macedonian wars. 
 
 First, 21 1 to 205 B.C. Philip of Macodon enters into alliance 
 with Hannibal, but does not give him very energetic 
 support. Rome forms alliance with the yEtolians. In 
 211 Athens, Sparta, and Porgamus join the Roman- 
 ^.tolian league. In 205 yEtolia makes peace with Philip, 
 and Rome follows the example of her ally. 
 
 Second Macedonian war, 200 to 196 B.C. Reasons : Extension 
 of Philip's power dangerous to Rome. 
 
 Danger to Egypt affecting Roman trade. Rome's friendly 
 relations with f J reek cities. 
 
 Egypt, Rhodes, Pergamus, and commercial cities of Greece 
 in alliance with Rome. Syrians, Acarnanians, and 
 B<jBotians on l^hilip's side. 
 
 In im B.C. the Acha3ans and Epirus join Rome. 
 
 In 197 B.C. Flaminius defeats Philip at Cynoscephalse, and in 
 196 peace is concluded. Philip surrenders all possessions 
 in Asia Minor, Thrace, Greece, and the ^:goan Islands 
 and pays lOUO talents to Rome. He also loses power 
 to make foreign alliances w'thout permission from Rome 
 
 Third :Macedonian war, 149 to 1 1(5 B.C. 
 
 Andriscus (Pseudo-Philip) defeats the Romans 149 B.C. but 
 is defeated and captured 148 B.C. Macedonia becomes 
 a Roman province, 148 B.C. lu 147 B.C. the Ach*an 
 League invade Sparta, and decline to recognize Rome's 
 authority to interfere, and in 146 B.C. (Grecian liberty 
 was overthrown by Mummius at Leucoptera, and by the 
 
rOPlCAL HISTORY. 
 
 91 
 
 nic wars. 
 
 <lestn,cti,.u of (^oriuth. Rome thus finally subdued its 
 greatest ru-als, Cartilage and Greece, in .h.\ same year. 
 (b) War with Antiochus of Syria. 192 to 189 B C 
 
 Antioehus the Threat determined to c.nqner Europe, as Alex- 
 ander the Great had at one time conq, e ed A a 
 Invaded Cree.. Rome aided Greece, and drove hi:n J^^t 
 of Europe. Ho was followed into Asia by Seipio 
 Afncanus and his brother, and defeated at Magnesia, 
 l.»OB.C. Peace was concluded IH!) B.C. Antiochus .^ave 
 to R.,n.e l.,..,.)0 talents, relin,uished all his clain^s to 
 European possession, surrendered all his Asiatic territnrv 
 we t of the Halys and Mount Taurus, and was restricted 
 m ns rights of war and navigation. Ron.e formed most 
 of the territory surrendered by Antiochus into the state 
 of Pergamus, to iorm a check to Syiia 
 
 (0 Wars with the Southern Gauls, as allies of Carthago or 
 
 ^bS^'oi^B c '""pr^-- ^^ ^•'-•. cisaipinet.a;;; 
 
 oTul ltlB:a. • ^"^' "''"^^ ^^^^"^^ '- Transalpine 
 (d) Illyrian wars. 230, 229 and 219 B.C., aU favorable to Rome. 
 (ej Llgurian wars, lasting with intervals for more than twentv 
 
 years, 185 to 168 B.C. Romans successful. """ '^^^ '^^^^^> 
 
 FIFTH TOPIC. 
 
 FROM THE END OP THE PUNIC WARS TO THE FIRST 
 
 TRIUMVIRATE, 146 TO (>U B.C. 
 1. Wars, and extension of territory. 
 
 ^^^ tSn^T"' 'f *." ^'^ B.C.. ending with the conquest <,f 
 Spam. ISumantia destroye.l by Scipio Africanus (Xuman- 
 tinus} and inhabitants sold into slavery, 133 B.C 
 (b) Revolt of slaves in Sicily, 135 to 132 B C 
 
 Seventy thousand slaves under Eunus and Cleon rose in 
 rebellion and for nearly four years defied Rome. They 
 were finally conquered by Rupilius, 132 B.C. 
 
h 
 
 92 
 
 TOPICAL HlST(iJ{V. 
 
 r: 
 
 (c) Numidian war, 111 to 106 B.C. 
 
 .luguithii. ]i]n'r of Niirnidia, refused lo rocogiiizo Roman 
 authority in Africa. The Trihnne Menuuius roused the 
 merchants of Ronu\ and against the majority of the 
 senate secured tlie declaration of war against Jugurtlia. 
 Motellus and Marius lead tlie Roman army. .lugurtha 
 made prisoner, and Numidia divided, lOr, B.C. 
 
 (d) The Cimbrian war, 113 to 101 B.C. 
 
 The Cimbri and Teutones with 30(),(X)0 warriors came from 
 
 the neighborhood of the Baltic Sea. They were the first 
 
 of the groat northern tribes to invade Roman territf)ry. 
 
 For nine years they wore victorious. They devastated 
 
 Haul and Helvetia. In 105, at Aransio on the Rhone, 
 
 80,000 Romans were killed in one battle. In 102 B.C. 
 
 Marius annihilated the Teutones at Aquse Sextia3 ; and in 
 
 101 he destroyed the Cimbrians near Verona, in the 
 
 Raudine Plain. 
 
 "The Teutones were literally annhiiluted, for those who survived 
 put an end to their own life."— Niebithr. 
 
 (e) The Social war, 90 to 88 B.C. 
 
 This was a desperate struggle of the Italian states for Roman 
 citizenship. Throe hundred thousand Italians lost their 
 lives. The Latin colonies remained true to R(jme, and 
 saved it from defeat. Sulla first won great fame in this 
 war. 
 
 (f) Civil war between Marius and Sulla, 88 to 82 B.C. 
 
 Rome was deluged with blood by the rivalry of these two 
 great generals. For the first time Rome was invaded by 
 a Roman army. Sulla had boon appcnnted to command 
 the army agai^.st Mithridates. Marius, after Sulla's 
 departure from the city, got himself appointed to the 
 command. Sulla returned, and by the legions of Rome 
 drove out the Marian party. He then proceeded to the 
 East. 
 
 In 87 B.C. the Consul Cinna determined on the recall of 
 Marius, but he was defeated by Octavius and driven 
 from Rome. Cinna and Marius raised an army, and, 
 
 i 11 
 
who survived 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. qo 
 
 after an cxtntonlinary exporu-ncc. as a fugitive Miriu. 
 wmcneij ot his opponents. 
 
 most distii.Kiiisliod iK.r.uns uv.v ,. t . ' ■'" tl"s ni,.unor tl... 
 
 Anto..ius. Q.c;u:!;;;\; r.:r;:rx"^^ 
 
 an end to his own life. N,, n v. . imh, V ^ ';"^'"^';'^' *'* •'^^'"•'"^- I'"t 
 was oarri.-d on to s.u-h an ex ..t /." ' ".''^'"' ''"' '''^' '•"'^'''''''v 
 
 S-rtorious, to „ut tdu'tho I '%?'"""'■''• ''^ "'^' '«'^'^'^' "«' 
 Marias. ()n th 'sixt le. t l' ... • T^'?"'^ "•^'^'^'''''"'^ '^•"'"f ''V 
 
 -"-i^iu,^hedi.d.i:;;;;i:^;;:,^::;;;:;:'^-^^ 
 
 now ceased, but not the hitter spirit o, l^i:^,;^^::::';^;^^ "* ^'-' 
 In . Wry^SB B.C., Marius died. (^i„na remained leader in 
 
 ouiid. v% lieu Sulla had comnjeted fl.o fir f \tu\ • . .• 
 war ho .•c.t,n...d and ....feaj, l,i. R .^ :\^ "'2 
 second time. In 8'2 B (' tho "R i" tutmius the 
 
 mitted to tlK.ir arrn; Sn, '"''. ^''"'^^' ^^^"^ «^^^^- 
 
 thousands hit ' ''*' --^Pl-ointed dictator, and 
 
 (g) Mithraditic wars, 88 to 63 B.C. 
 
 :^Iithridates, king of Pontus, ' ordered a massacre of th« 
 Romans m Asia Minor, and determinerto free a^ 
 from Roman power WlnU p ^ ^'^^^ 
 
 and took possession of Oro.r'^Su.la 1^''^"" 
 . efeated Mithridates at Ch.ron^a, 8« Be tTi2 
 Orchomenus f^^ n r j -"-v^., ana at 
 
 and (■,„, J """"''ates surrondurod Bitlivnia 
 
 and Cappadocia, gave eighty ships to Eon.o and a^ 
 
 HUthority in Isia" MithH .' T\ ^"^'^'''^^^""l ^omau 
 jf .'i.sia. Mithndates died (i3 B.C. 
 
94 
 
 TOPICAL iri8Tf»Fn-. 
 
 (h) Revolt of Spartacus, 73 to 71 B.C. 
 
 SpartacuH, wiM, a band ,.l' ghi.liators, escaporl fr.nn Rome 
 and niised an army of slavos and disoontontcd Italians 
 For three years ho threat.-nc-d Ruinu, and delVated the 
 armies sent against him. In 71 Ji.C. he was defeated hy 
 Crassus. and the remnant of his army was destroyed by 
 PomiH'y. oil his return from Spain. 
 2. Constitutional Changes from 145 to 60 B.C. 
 (a) Loss of power by the Senate. 
 
 Two reasons Irad to tins result: Great popular agitators 
 ai)peal directly to the peoi)lc, and tlu. generals of the 
 army use their power to coerce the senate and people. 
 The first exainph. of this was the seizure of i)ower bv 
 Sulla, in H8 B.C. "^ 
 
 In addition to tliese external causes there was an internal 
 reason for the decay of the inHuenci" of the senate. The 
 extension of Provincial Government led to senatorial 
 corruption. 
 
 (b) Rise Of the Equites, the party of wealth, who subordinated all 
 other pcjhtical ideals to commercial considerations. They 
 were state cc ntractors, bankers, money lenders and mer- 
 chants. They were tax collectors also, and often bought 
 the right to collect taxes, especially the taxes of Asia 
 The laws of Caius ( Jracchus, 1'28 B.C., gave the Equites a 
 start towards power. 
 
 (C) Marius introduced two changes in regard to the army in 107 
 
 (1) .Military appointments were made by the people instead 
 
 of tlie senate. 
 
 (2) The army was made free to all citizens without regard to 
 
 property. 
 
 (d) Agrarian Laws. 
 
 In 188 ii.C, Tiberius Gracchus saw the rapid decline of the 
 farmer class, and introduced laws to prevent the occupa- 
 tion ot too*nuch land by the rich, and its equiUble rental 
 in small portions to tlie poor. Opposed by Octavius, his 
 colleague, and the senate, he appealed to the people, and 
 won las cause, but was killed in a riot, j;i;} B.C. 
 
ilttt^m'^jmmitmm.imf.. 
 
 TOPICAL inSTORV 
 
 95 
 
 - nyoars later, 128 B.C., Caius rjraochus propo.o.l to cnforc. 
 
 citizens for planting, and to foun.l eiti..n colonics, Loth 
 m taly and abroad. Little good resulted. Tho senat. 
 doclarod war on the Oracehan agitators and defeat..! 
 them Cams (iracchus ind.iced one of his own slaves to 
 put him to death. "i>tsTo 
 
 ^" '-ILT" '''• ''''' r' ^'"''"^ ''"'''''"^' f"'-^''^''- allotments 
 and imposing a fixed rent. 
 
 ^"^ ",erf ^'" ""'^ ^'"^'''' ^"""^ '"''''" converted into private pro- 
 
 '" 'serfnf;^^'''"'' ""''' ^^^ P^-er of the army, forced the 
 senate to eonsc-nt to a new distribution of l.nds in (laul, 
 to establish riv^v colonies, and to grant cheaper com 
 
 (e) Struggles for the franchise. 
 
 un V Tb f ^' V"' "" ^'"'^ ^" ^^^^ government of the 
 country. They had to contribute money and soldiers for 
 the empire, and they demanded citizenship. The proud 
 Romans refused to grant their demands, and th.! So 
 
 the franchise was gradually extended to the Italians. 
 3. The Social Struggle. 
 
 The last hundred years of the Roman republic was marked bv 
 fierce class struggles. The aristocracy of fan.ily and t t 
 aristocracy of wealth united in resisting tlie efforts of 
 
 z and Tr'T 'r '''''• "^^^^ "^'^ "^'^^ ^'^'^--^ ^^- p- - 
 
 to resist the measures ot such liberal statesmen as the Grac- 
 use of foice Ihe murder of Tiberius (Jracchus and three 
 hundred oi his followers was the first civil bloodshed in K : . 
 This stupid attempt to destroy principles by murdering th r 
 advocates soon reacted on the senate itself. They put force 
 al.ve law, and ia less than half a century Sulla u s d H 
 Roman arn.y as a force to dominate the Roman senate. T le 
 use of he army to control the constititutional lau-n ak n 
 authority overthrew the republic. The Roman armies ream 
 
f 
 
 1 1 . i 
 
 lift 
 
 ^^ TOPICAL HISrORV. 
 
 agencios for th. gratifi.aticu of th. pommal ambition, of 
 successful gcnorals. until ono of them l.ocamo strong enough 
 tc. conc.ntrato in hin.self the eomploto control, an.l the 
 republic was overthrown. 
 
 "Tho luxury nf tl,. East, thonph unit.,! with Grocian tasto whl.!- 
 '-H-M ,UnHi„.vda„..„,.thoKreatbyLuc.elluH,tlu.i, m^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 lH.ur..,i u.to ,hc fn-asury l.y Pomp.-y ; fh- frnptin; exMU 'V , 1 . 
 ife<l |K,w«,r. which sinj,!,, <.i,i„.„H ,,,,, ...InNulyc-xerciH. ,. ,'","'• 
 
 ;|.- ...... na.is,ra.,,.yin,livi .a onh-r, l^^ v:; .u ^ ^ 
 
 iU-nu^ni inilli.n.s, to enrich IhcnisclN ,.3 ,,.',iin in tl.c .,n.vh . 1 
 .l-nancis of s,>l„icrs upon tLcir .cncrals , "; ' , :, c ii .j. t 
 
 rmyn.l.h be r,n..,l by hhn who h,ul only ,n,,ney chouk .y t' 
 
 all tbc.sc circun..sta..ccs n.ust have fon.bn,|..,l new an.l appro cbi.; 
 
 vb.cb wc „,u.st now .iu.l,.. of virtues and vices, as well as of He 'and 
 I':--;- t.y a very „,aKnhic<l standard, had not funned In C 
 tfifrantie character they did."- /fercH. ^ 
 
 4. Cataline's conspiracy, 65 to 62 B.C. 
 
 One of the most extensive attempts to make the whoU. nuvchinery 
 of Rome subordinate to the ambition of one nmn, was the 
 conspiracy of Cataline. Cicero's orations led to his expulsion 
 and ultimate defeat and death. 
 
 "If Cataline really luul any object at all, unless wo .unnooe thp 
 
 makn.iT hin.sclt tyrant, and of becominf,Mi second Sylla witl , .^ hi 
 >"-tion. however, of ever resigning his tyrann'/'-Sj;! ' " 
 
 5. Th^flrst triumvirate ; CeBsar. Pompey and Crassus, 60 
 
 .Julius Oesar, who had rapidly risen to power and had secured 
 military renown and wealtli in Spain 
 
 Pc.Tupey, who had done more than any other man to extend the 
 Roman empire, and liad been given the m.ost splendid triumph 
 yo^ accorded m Rome, (>2 B.C. , for the conquest of twenty-one 
 
 Crassus, the richest Roman. 
 
 Pompey and C..sar liad each been treated discourteously by the 
 senate, and they decided to unite in order to secure the elec- 
 tion o Caesar as consul. The wealth of Crassus was necessary 
 to bribe the people. Caesar was elected Consul in spite of the 
 opposition of the senate. 
 
TOPICAI- iri.STOUV 
 
 07 
 
 >1. iiiid tfio 
 
 SIXTH PERIOD. 
 
 FEOM m B.C. TO THE ("LOSK (,F THK REKiN OF 
 
 AUGUSTUS. 
 1. Groat men of the period. 
 
 Cato: A great loader of the patricians who .tood bravely for 
 opubUcanHn. in the nudst ol fl.e eoufliet. of r-..sa a I 
 I '>"|I-y. He killc-d himself after the defeat of Scipio and th ' 
 final triumph of Caesar at Thapsus, Hi iJ.c. 
 
 fam!' II u" ';io"' m" IM ""T '""" ^" ""'""" '"'''•"•^ ^^-'^ ''^•^"'•veH his 
 
 "'"'(■aJ,.,'"""'" f "'""' r*"'' «° ■""""'" "'" "'-piracy of 
 Cat,. u„, and was, after Cato, tl,o la,t g.vat l™,l' , of th„ 
 
 li^ rt" r'' ";•,''" ""'""■ "'■' ^''"'''■"'- -■■" "'^-^ 
 
 agan .t Antony. ni,,„ tho second tri,M„viral« was estal,- 
 l.»lu.,l on „ safe l.asis l,y the ,>ros,..i,.tio„ of tho .no „ e of 
 
 r„t "'"""""""■ <-'i™o was tho first on tho iLt of 
 Antony, tie was murdei-ed, 18 B.C. 
 
 tn«s Th°. "''"' "*">"''"'• f' ""wvo the thought of any thi M„ h ko 
 
 Pompey was a most successtal commandor. Ho did moro than 
 
 any "thor goueral to o.xtond tho Koman e.npire. "h 
 
 ho .uttuonce of Cato, who nrg,.! that it was hetu,r To 
 
 choose a master than to wait for a tyrant whom anarch; 
 
 patrician party, and solo consul, in order to check C-esar w ho 
 was regarded as the leader of tho elements o;I:osed ^i'l^: 
 
m 
 
 TOPUJAr. IIINTOUV. 
 
 mi 
 
 I'Utrici ,„ souate. If., wan .l..»,.ut...| Uy ra-sur at, Pha.salia, IH 
 IJ' ., aiMl afterwards nmr.l. if.l in Kjjypf. 
 
 • It I^ ijt tj, ,,jK,,k of P, „„p.,v, HH tl... ,.„tlhH.. of hi. .hararter arc 
 
 ^'■A '"l''-^'>M«l.l,..uaMah|,.r,l.utaft..rwar(ls|,..uasi,othl„.. 
 
 .. '-raMaHtaU,«r„.«or.|»m.,. il. „„allnl l.-.o,-.. • .Zi 
 
 't C M, wft, m.mn towar.h ,-..-«r, a.s a fri..,..., na.l.l ...v o 
 
 r.-...w...ltl..,>ro.scTi,.t.,„.sofSyl|a. ^^^_ ,™'"' " ^ '^ ""*•'"«- '"'v. 
 
 JxUiu*, Oasar was ..a. .f th. <rr,atost |,.a,l..rs of any age. In war 
 
 he was always s-UH-ssrul. A . a Htatus.nau ho gavu .n uk-n,... 
 
 or .,M,s,.l,r, un.l w.s.lu,n. 11. was f„ully tnnni.ivd in tlu, 
 
 senau. huuso hy the patrician party l.d by Brutus aaU 
 
 Mark Antony ou the death of CWr, l.ecamo leader of the 
 iru.uds of the naudered hero. He boca.ne a member of the 
 secuml truunvnate, and was a brilliant general. His love 
 <.f sensuous enjoyment was his weakness. He ineurred the 
 onnuty ol ( ctavianus Cesar by negl-cting his wif., o.tavia; 
 
 ttr:r.: it'tt ^"^^^^-^--^ ^^-^ thedefea. a; 
 
 suicir' """^ ''"^ ''^""'^^'"^ ^^"'^ committed 
 
 ou,u i^ponisy was his ^.eatost talent. In'thc vicLt a. , oS 'to 
 
 Octavianus C«sar. (Augustus.) Adopted son of Julius c*sar 
 Ch . ly eighteeti years old when Caesar was assassinated. Came 
 at once to Eome to claim his inheritance. He won favor 
 v^x the people and soon became the rival of Antony. 
 ^th Antony and Lepidus he formed the second tri.na-.rM: 
 After the death of Lepidus he shared the control of the 
 
i|iOEki%.' 
 
 TOIMCAI, MIKTOKV. 
 
 W 
 
 I sal ill, \H 
 
 imu'ter iiro 
 
 111' t'/Ull(i|| 
 I IICVIT Uc 
 •itillS, IlilVt" 
 
 In war 
 
 (iviclencc 
 it in tlit> 
 
 tUS ttU(i 
 
 the most 
 word \vu8 
 
 ■ of the 
 f of the 
 lis love 
 red th»3 
 )('tavisi, 
 jfoat at 
 imitted 
 
 Antony 
 •isy : his 
 li-bed at 
 nwily of 
 irythinK 
 iiust pro- 
 rortif^ato 
 ch ahow 
 
 Cdesar. 
 Came 
 I favor 
 ntony. 
 '■iratf. 
 of the 
 
 e , prre w.th Antony till B.C. :u. Fin thon hocunu, hu,.,vm... 
 n I...- (.,„p.rato,.). f^.i.-r him Ro,„n r ,, h.l it. gltJt 
 Hpinn.lor. Ho uas an ..-ollont politida. v.u^ a groatco n 
 ...an. or. For f.-ty-fivo year, ho uas tho n.ighti.tt RoZ. 
 Virgil, t . groatost opi,. ,.oot of R,,,,,.., flo„nHl,o,l -luring ♦h- 
 lH'r.o<l of Octavian Born 7o B.C., di^a ,, B.C. Hi"*!, 'f 
 HorkK wore tho Buoohca, (^eorgica and .V.mnd. 
 Horace born (i5 B.C., diod H B.C. A groat lyric pot^t. His chiof 
 works ...... his Olos and Epntlos. Ffo was a .opu d oan 
 
 m sontw,.ont, and fought with Brutus .t Philippi. 
 Sallust, born H() B.C., di(.d :n n r p,Vo«. i. t 
 
 u-rnf,. n. /I , /• • '^'^'^ ^'^'''^^' Roman liiKtorian, 
 
 u oto th. CnfaUna and tho .r„<7«w/.«, and tho Hist.ri.r.u, 
 '^»>'n QutUMUo. Fought under C*sar in Afri.-a Ma lo 
 governor of Numidia. '' 
 
 Ovid, born ty B.C., died 18 A n a ^ ^t. u 
 
 f- 4- iir •' '/''^'i i» A.JJ. A poet who was a so a maffis- 
 
 trato. Wrote Metamon,ho>>i., Fa.ti and TrUtia. 
 Livy, born Tif) B.C.. died 17 A T1 „- r. , 
 
 Vr;« I • r , •' ^''^^ R<'m<''s groat liistorian. 
 
 His chief work was 1'ho Histm-ir ,.f w • . 
 
 books. iiistoiy of Rome, comprising 142 
 
 2. The First Triumvirate. 
 
 Formed GO B.C. Caesar commanded in the west, Pomr-ey re- 
 mamed at Rome, and Crassus went to Syria, 'crasl fdi'd 
 5d B.C. Pompey an,I G.sar became rivals. Pompey was 
 
 senate led by Cato, took the side of Pompey. C*sar was 
 ordered to give up his command in 49 B.C. He "f-' ed 
 
 CWs r^'^T"'' '""^'^^ *°- The senatrded d 
 
 C«.sai s offer and he marched to Italy, crossed the Ruble n 
 
 and renewed ha r.flr..r. an,. __. , . . "^ -^^"""l 'n, 
 
 n 
 
 „ J , , . " ^^"■•■y 1 cxossca tne Kith 
 
 and renewed his offer T1,a aor..,* • • ■^" ' 
 
 sivtv An.r. n ''''^ ^^^'° rejected it. n 
 
 sixty days Caesar was master of Italy. Pomnev left ftni 
 Battle of Pharsalia, 48 B.C. Defeat of Pom po^wh \m , : 
 Egypt and was there murdered. C.sar dictator 4^ fi 
 he had -n dictator for eleven days in 49 B.C.) till tho on. 
 Z :. ;^.^bdued opposition in Asia and Africa Wa. 
 
 B.C. Dictator fourth time and consul fifth time, 44 B.C. 
 
100 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 o 
 
 Was offered tlx; crown. Tint rejected it. Murdered on Ide's 
 of M.'uch, 41 B.C., V)y a conspiracy of sixty republicans led 
 by Brutus and Cassius. 
 
 Second Triumvirate, 
 
 Antony drove the conspirators from Italy. Octavianus, Csesar's 
 adopted son, claimed to he Caesar's heir, and was chosen by 
 the senate to break the power of Ant(jny. He suddenly 
 changed his plan, and united with Antony and Lepidus to 
 form the second triumvirate. The triumviri proscribed 
 2,000 equites and BOO senators. Each named his own per- 
 sonal enemies. Cicero Av-as named by Antony, against whom 
 he had uttered his Philippics. Brutus and Cassius defeated 
 by Antony and Octavius at Philippi, 42 B.C. Antony went 
 to Asia and Egypt. Cleopatra. Octavius strengthened him- 
 self at Rome. In 40 B.C. Antony and Octavius quarreled, 
 but Antony married Octavia, sister of Octavius, and the 
 breach was healed. In 87 B.C. the triumvirate was prolonged 
 for five years. In BG B.C. Lepidus attempted to resist 
 Octavius, and was banished. In 82 Octavius declared war 
 against Antony, who had divorced Octavia and neglected 
 his duties under the influence of Cleopatra. Antony and 
 Cleopatra defeated at Actium, 81 B.C. Death of Antony 
 and Cleopatra. Octavius left in sole control, 81 B.C. 
 
 4. Constitutional Development. 
 
 The republic overthrown by military commanders. Republicans 
 murdered Julius Caesar to avoid a monarchy, which they 
 believed he intended to establish. They were themselves 
 driven from Rome, and afterwards defeated. Octavius finally 
 secured suiiremo power, but used it in a constitutional way. 
 He was able to give Rome the needed rest from turmoil and 
 political revolution which had slowly and surely led to the 
 decline of the republican spirit. 
 
 He restored order throughout the empire. 
 
 He organized a thorough system of provincial governments. 
 
 He gave new dignity to the Senate and the Equites. 
 
 k 
 
 II 
 
 _ . hi . 
 
hS.Mt 
 
 !.ȣ 
 
 3d on Iflo's 
 )li('ans 1(!(1 
 
 ,s, Cfesar'a 
 chosen hy 
 
 suddonly 
 jcpidus to 
 proscribed 
 
 own per- 
 inst -whom 
 3 defeated 
 tony went 
 ened him- 
 ][uarreled, 
 , and the 
 prolonged 
 
 to resist 
 lared war 
 
 neglected 
 tony and 
 if Antony 
 C. 
 
 publicans 
 hi oh they 
 hem selves 
 us finally 
 3nal way. 
 rmoil and 
 ed to the 
 
 3nt3. 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY 
 
 lOJ 
 
 5. Wars from 60 B.C. to 14 A.D. 
 (a) Cesar's Campaigns in Gaul and Britain, 58 to 50 B 
 
 drove tho Helvetii .ir„l e • ■'■"'•"<'"'«' yuar ho 
 gone..! rov.,lt TZ aul ™/b c ? ™""°= " 
 
 -other „:inirpri:„:e'r '^ ''"" '•^•^ ""'^ '<""' 
 (b) Parthian Wars. 
 
 ''^urr;:rwest/rr^"™'" "' ^""- '- ">» 
 
 hi. ar„,y istroyeTarCaX. ^^aa "^^ '^'^'""'' »'"' 
 
 (0 Civil war between Cssar and Pompey 
 
 Pompey favorite of the Senate. Caspar ordered to r..i ,, • 
 com.„a„d, refused to do ,o. Mareh fto R le f^d'f 
 of Pompey. c»,ar vietorious at Ph„r»^l^ 48 b c 
 Pompey murdered as he was lauding iu Kgypt' 
 
 (d) Caaar's con,aests iu Asia, Africa and Spain 
 
 T/;i°c: "o\t":;r^"-'-: ^■--"■- '""^ "-"Pied 
 
 '"iubUcaTr '"''"'' *'« ««''°''<» ^'---i-te and the Re- 
 
 The republicans, led by Brutus and Cassius, were defeat<,l 1 
 Antony and Octavius at Philippi, 42 B.O ^ 
 

 102 
 
 TOPICAL HISTORY. 
 
 (f) War between the East and West. 
 
 Antony in the East and Octavius in the West declared war 
 against each other, 32 B.C. Deleat of Antony and 
 Cleopatra at Actium, 81 B.C. 
 
 (g) Northern Wars. 
 
 Pann(jnia had been concLuered by Octavius, 80 B.C., but it 
 revolted in 12 B.C. The country now called Germany 
 attracted the attention of Octavius about the same time. 
 Two armies were sent out, one against Germany under 
 Drusus, and the other against Panuonia, under Tiberius. 
 Drusus and Tiberius were sons of Livia, the wife of 
 Octavius, by a former husband. During his fourth 
 campaign Drusus died, but Tiberius took his place and 
 conducted the war against Germany for two years more. 
 
 In 1 A.D. the German war began again, and lasted till B 
 A.D., when Tiberius concluded a treaty with the Ger- 
 mans in order to quell a revolt of the Pannonians. In 
 9 A.D. the Pannonian war -mded in favor of Rome. In 
 the same year the Germans in the northwest, near Gaul, 
 rebelled and destroyed the Roman army under Varus. 
 Tiberius again invaded Germany, by way of Gaul, and 
 in 11 A.D. he crossed Germany unopposed. 
 
 7. General Progress. 
 
 During the reign of Augustus (Octavius) the organization of 
 twenty-eight new provinces, and the taxes and trade with 
 the various parts of the empire, which practically embraced 
 the whole of the known world, brought great wealth to 
 Rome. Augustus ornamented the city, and became the 
 patron of literature and art. The internal peace which he 
 was able to maintain gave the people time to devote to 
 general culture and social development. 
 
 The first public library was opened in Rome B.C. 37. The 
 Augustan half century was Rome's brightest era. 
 
 I' 
 
^•i'^J} 
 
 KEY TO MAP OF BATTLEFIELDS 
 
 AND HISTORICALPLACES LV ENCxLAND. 
 
 BATPLEJ-^IKLDS. 
 
 (1) Bannockburn. 
 
 (2) Eiinict. 
 
 (3) Bos worth Fl-ia. 
 
 (4) Bothwell Bridge. 
 
 (5) Dunkirk. 
 
 (6) Edgehill. 
 
 (7) Evesham. 
 
 (8) Falkirk. 
 
 (9) Flodden. 
 
 (10) Halidon Hill. 
 
 (11) Hastings (Senlac), 
 
 (12) Lewes. 
 
 (13) Marstou ]\roor. 
 
 (14) Mortimer's CJross. 
 
 (15) Nasel»3'. 
 
 (10) Neville's Cross. 
 
 (17) Otterhurn. 
 
 (18) Preston Pans. 
 
 (19) Sedgmoor. 
 
 (20) St. AlV.ans. 
 
 (21) Tewkesbury. 
 
 (22) Towton. 
 
 (23) Wakefield. 
 
 (24) Worcester. 
 
 HISTORKJAL PLACES. 
 
 (25) Cambrids.'a 
 
 (26) Dover. 
 
 (27) Oxford. 
 
 (28) Runnymede. 
 
 (29) Plymouth. 
 
 (30) Portsmov.th. 
 
 (31) Torbay. 
 
 (32) York, 
 
E .j,'llsh and Canadian History Note Boolt. 
 
 0--A.<3-E'S 
 
 Mew Topical English and Canadian 
 History Note Book. 
 
 This little Primer is prepared to cover the Public School 
 History Course in English and Canadian History, and is 
 printed so as to furnish a number of blank leaves to allow 
 students to make additional notes. Price 25 Cents. 
 
 The Notes. 
 
 LEADING PEATITRBS. 
 
 The Notes are arranged TopicaUy under such headings 
 as best indicate the True Growth of the nation. 
 
 Progress of the People. 
 
 The Progress of the People, the Struggle for Freedom, 
 the Establishment of Representative Government, aiii 
 the Development of Education. Literature, and Religion, 
 are given more prominence than wars. 
 
 Colonial Extension. 
 
 The Colonial Extension of the British Empire is briefly 
 outlined. 
 
 The History is Classifi ed^ 
 
 The whole History is Classified, so that the Relation- 
 Ships of the Great Upward Movemenc can be understood 
 
Engrllsl, «,Ml Caiiiuliaii History JVote Book. 
 
 Arrangement of the Notes. 
 
 m 
 
 The Arranj,.ement of tlie Notes makes it Easy. Definite 
 and thorou,.h reviewing, perfectly simple without i 
 teacher. 
 
 Admirable Prepa ratim^, 
 
 The Notes supply an admirable preparation for the 
 study of larger histories, and the best means for clearly 
 remembering what has been learned from them. 
 
 Ae^itional Notes . 
 
 Ample space has been left for additional notes to be 
 written by the student. 
 
 Used in Connecti on with any Histo ry. 
 
 The Notes can be used in connection wi^y History 
 and are intended to stimulate the further study of the 
 important subject with which they treat. 
 
 By the Use o f this Note Bnoi r . 
 
 L:^^J^J^^^^dJoJ^clierj^r^ Pupils. 
 
 more certain. 
 
 L^^^t:^^^Jnme^udy_of History. 
 
 revealed. 
 
W. J. Gage & Co.'s Publication's. 
 
 efinite, 
 lout a 
 
 OAon*s 
 
 English & Canadian History ^ote Book. 
 
 )r the 
 
 slearly 
 
 tx> be 
 
 story 
 f the 
 
 ' ts 
 
 From ,.„OF. .V.L.,4M rL4„K. n.A., LL.n., 
 
 Trinity Collec/e, Toronto. 
 **!« Is nil ]Mliiilnil»l(> romiilijiii,,,, «^ .. 
 Iiall otun nnr (o It." *^ *" |M'rHs<> li. | 
 
 I 
 Nlia 
 
 A loiiK'rr'M nam. 
 
 to Not.s 1,11 a loiitr iVlt u-.a ,f 
 llicn; sc-(Miis to l.o no tuvt l)Of)lf >V 
 
 ','iH'h tnne in arrant in^'.LswV 
 llH-y aru jn.st the tliin^^ Coi or i 
 "ac-hn.s: and roviow. ,,,7,1 ,,> | , 
 -^Mtha^.y English or Can.Hiiu 
 
 A very sr<'at aid. 
 
 Your Notes on Enirlish and Cam 
 J.a.. History will n.eet the needs 
 It many teachers who are pressed 
 
 H .1 very ^Mvat au .— L. F U ui 
 HOi'. />;.,„. A7,„/«,„ Falls Ms 
 
 A<]iiiiral>ly adaittcd. 
 
 It is admiral)]y adapted for Pn 
 ranee (.lasses, and w/ll makell^" 
 }^oyk .letniito and thorough -S Y 
 
 •Ills! Ili<> IhiiiK. 
 
 I am pleased when I spp vnn,. 
 "En.'lis/, and Can.ulian'llis^^"' 
 ^ot,• l)oo]<" jn the hands of mu 
 pni'ils. Some of them are ,si."^ 
 nieia with their re-nilnr t.Vvf . ^ ," 
 -..I .iM,l then. j;,;,t"fc f , £"«g« 
 
 «roat hrip |„ sliidriils „f ,„^. 
 • «ry. 
 
 : I' ;■'' I a^-ainst Note Hc.,|,,oV'^ V 
 
 '^<'i' s ui.lt 1 Jia\-e seen eonie frmn 
 tli'-.l.n.ss, and nn,ler the o'l v of n 
 .I'l'lioous teacher tfiey nmst , n n 
 ^roM help to stndents^jf s o V - 
 
 <<raspiiig „„i„t^ sHpp,,,.^^ 
 
 teachers, especially in the pii He 
 Hchoo . where the hvulinj? eWr^ts 'f 
 Canadian and Enjrlish llisto,y are 
 
 m ahly a<lapte.l to the needs of tie 
 te^c t ler. si nee I istory can he ta i-t 
 to yuiiny pnp.ls „iilv hy provi ii ^ 
 
 , »A>{,Jiulycwayi:s. 
 
 I Fill an important niche in 
 review. 
 
 toi^''«i'r.n/'- *""^ ^*'^ ^'o'<-'s on Hi3- 
 r?vle V l/V^ oniK.rtaiit niche in the 
 HAiew ...ssoiis on that snliject.~D. 
 
Ih ' 
 
 h N 
 
 il 
 
 \m 
 
 W. J. Gage & Co.'s Publications. 
 
 PROBLEMS IN' ARITHMETIC 
 
 FOR PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
 By CHAS. CLAKKSON, B.A., Principal Seaforth Collegiate Inst. 
 
 - - PREPARED FOR - - 
 
 SENIOR CLASSES, 
 
 ENTRANCE EXAMINATION, 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOL LEAVING, 
 
 PRIMARY EXAMINATION. 
 
 iaai 
 
 The Laboratopy Plan Applied to flrithmetie. 
 
 Ppaetieal Help Top Basy Teachers . 
 
 SCHOLARS* KDTTIOy CONTAINS 
 
 Introduction and Eevip:w Questions — 16 pa^es 
 practical suggestions and selected review questions. 
 
 Entrance Examination Papers— Complete, 1873 tc 
 1892. 
 
 Public School Leavin(} Papers— Set of 14 papers. 
 Type Solutions— 20 pages of great variety. 
 Primary Examination Papers— 1873 to 1892. 
 
 PRICE, 
 
 30 CENTS. 
 
 TEACHERS* EDITION CONTAINS 
 
 Answers to all the Problems, and 
 Skeleton Solutions to several hundreds of the prob- 
 lems ; short, clear, useful in the class-room. 
 
 PRICE, 
 
 60 CENTS. 
 
 A PRACTICAL BOOK THAT WILL HELP ¥0©. 
 
 \i I ■ 
 
 't f 
 
The W. J. Gage Co.'s Publications. 
 
 IC 
 
 ON. 
 
 }PS. 
 
 ffes 
 ns. 
 
 tc 
 
 )b- 
 
 THE PUBLIC SCHOOL ALGEBRA 
 
 ON TUK 
 
 TNnUCTIVn MHTliOlJ 
 
 Br 
 O, CLAKKSON. II.a.. Prlu. Coll. Institute. Seuforth. Ont. 
 
 ti\e questions, foiriparison.s, (-tc. b'"«^u i-iciL-iats, inuuc- 
 
 The f,'uidiiig' principles of the book are these : 
 1. Follow the lino of least resistance. 
 «J. Seek practical applications from the be^Innlnff. 
 tf. Connect arithmetic and al(<ebra as closely as possible. 
 
 4. Introduce simple tests of accuracy wherever possible. 
 
 5. Avoid all difficult examples. 
 
 6. Grade the steps very carefully. 
 
 '• ''uKS'e'r "varllr^^rm' r^'**" ""''' '""' ''^'^' *"« "'»'"« *•!«« 
 
 **• ^th^« tL!*«"''"L''i" }"J^'' traditional order of Introduclnir 
 
 tfet Jo''a'^late;'';?r,e!''' '"'''' ""** ''^-^^P^- ''^ -'«' '"^^ 
 
 '• ^T'lVofTueanf/'**""'*' ^^•'•"•"- •'«"*'»«""'» •^ "ch 
 
 Short Clear Hints and SuGcnsTioNs 
 
 wliereveruVJVli:;^'*'**' ^''^S^*"***' Helpful, and will win its way 
 
"W. J. Gage & Co.'s Pr/BLicATiONS. 
 
 Virgil ^nid. Boole I. 
 
 WMth Notes nnd Vwahulary by .1. E. Wktherkll. B.A. Con- 
 tains Iimoductioii, Notes, Synopsis, K.xnininaflon Questions, Vocalm- 
 lary, Miacelluiieous Index of proiKsr names. I'lie.; ^n tents. 
 
 ThlH iH tli« <-licn|)f>Mt volume piibliHhed of %lrj{ll Hook I. with 
 
 Vocubiilury. 
 
 Best HChooI edition. 
 
 It is the l)est sclux)! edition of 
 Virffil I iiavi! seen. A. W. iUN- 
 NisKK, B. A., Uitjh aiasaical School 
 Master, Farmeraville. 
 
 4 uioflei t<>\t*l>ook. 
 
 It is quite a model text-ljook.— S. 
 F. McQiUAVHAY, U.A., H.M. 
 H.S., Fergus, Out. 
 
 A ntONt vnliiuble book. 
 
 I eonsider tiie ba)i< a mo!?t valu- 
 able one for youn^: students.~\V.M. 
 Ta.ssik, M.A., LL.D., II.M. Coll. 
 ln»t., reterborn. 
 
 Hliiill reeoninieiid It. 
 
 I eonsider it the most complete 
 edition I have seen. I shall reeom- 
 mend it to my puj)ils. A. G. 
 Knujht, M.A., H.S., Deaerunto. 
 
 Virg-il ^nid. Book II. 
 
 Edit.,.! by .1. C. Rohkutson, B.A., Classical Master. Owen Sound 
 Collegiate Institute, Editor of Caesar III. and IV., and one of the 
 editors of Kol>ertson and Carruther's New Authorized Latin Book. 
 
 lieadliiR FentiireH.-l. Introduction: Clear and rearlable, an ! written 
 for the eaijacity of those who will use the book. The sectioM on the 
 metre made i)articularly clear. 
 
 2. A^o<«s.-Entirely devoted to (o)clearinB' away the diflHculties the aver 
 
 ajre yountr student would Hnd ; (/>) Ic^-ulinf-r the student to look ujjon 
 the iKKMii as a piece of literature!, to be uiidersto«xI and appreciated. 
 All notes that would be above the pupils' heads are avoided. 
 
 3. References on difticult points are given to the standard and authorized 
 
 Grammars, but these arc purely supplementary, the notes beinj? as a 
 rule complete in themselves. 
 
 4. Focabuiarj^. -Specially prepared for this edition. 
 
 6. Illustrations.-lniiinacd to make the pupils' conception of the story 
 more vivid, and increase his interest in it. 
 
 6. Accuracy in typography, annotations and vocabulary. 
 
i 
 
lim 
 
 rnr 
 
 E 
 
 

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