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 CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL PARM, 
 
 DHPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
 
 BULLETIN No. 5. 
 
 AUGHJS'r, 1889. 
 
 E I 
 
To THE IIONOUBABLE THE MINISTER OP AaPJCULTUUE : 
 
 I 
 
 Sib, 
 
 I have the honour to submit for your approval the fifth Bulletin of 
 the Central Kxperimontal Farm, which has been prepared under my 
 direction by Mr. W. W. Hilborn, Horticulturist of the Central 
 Experimental Farm. 
 
 The cultivation of small fruitu, but particularly that of the Straw, 
 berry, has of late years engaged the attention of a large number of 
 fruit growers and farmers in Canada, many of whom liave found in 
 this occupation a considerable source of profit. The fact that this 
 useful fruit can be successfully grown in almost every settled part 
 of the Dominion, makes it important that practical information 
 regarding the best methods of cultivation and the most profitable 
 varieties to grow, should be widely disseminated. The information 
 submitted herewith by the Horticulturist contains the conclusions 
 reached by him from long experience as a practical fruit grower, and 
 embodies also the results of the tests and obseiTations which have 
 been Ca Tied on for the past two years at the Central Experimental 
 Farm, during which period all the varieties of strawberries named 
 and described in the Bulletin have been carefully tested. 
 
 The principles which underlie successful strawberry culture for 
 market purposes are duly set forth, also the best methods of growing 
 strawberries for home use on the farm. By adopting the methods 
 of cultivation here recommended, every farmer could with very 
 little labour, furnish his household with an ample supply of delicious 
 fruit for several weeks during the heat of early summer when such 
 un addition to the diet is most healthful and necessary. 
 
 Most of the figures used in this Bulletin have been engraved from 
 photographs of berries grown on the Experimental Farm, and show 
 the exact size of good samples of the several varieties. 
 
 I have the honour to be. 
 
 Your obedient senant, 
 
 WM. SAUNDERS, 
 
 Ottawa, 12th August, 1889. 
 
 Director. 
 
Central Experimental Farm. 
 
 :o;- 
 
 DEPARTMEiNT OF AGRICULTURE, 
 OTTAWA, - - - CANADA. 
 
 STRAWBERRY CULTURE. 
 
 BV W. W. TIlLB^tRN, 
 
 Muitii'ultiirist, Central Experimental Farm, Ottaira. 
 
 The stiawl)ony can probably l)e grown over a lar<;er area than 
 any other IViiit, heiiec it is, scarcely practicahU' to ijjive any one 
 methml of cultivation which Avill ho entirely satisfactory in every 
 locality. There is so much variation in climate, soil, etc., in ditlerent 
 ])arts of the Dominion, that the system of cultivation must he varied 
 to some extent to suit the circumstances. This plant requires a cool, 
 rich, soil, moist, hut not wet. with room to i!;row. The weeds must 
 be kept down and ])rotection ait'orded from sudden chaiii^es of tern 
 perature, resultini!; in alternate freezini;' and tliawinjf durin/:>; the 
 winter and e;irly sprini,'. Ifthe.se conditions are secured and suitable 
 varieties planted, success is ahnost sure to follow. 
 
 SOIL 
 
 Any soil that Avill produce a <jfO(xl crop of potatoes or other vegel- 
 ablei will answer for strawberries. It should be well drained, either 
 naturally or by tile drains. A rich clay loam is j)refcrable and will 
 usually give the largest yield, but the fruit will not ripen as early as 
 on sandy loam. Avoiil if possible a stiff, heavy clay. AVhile a clay 
 loam will give the best results if properly managed, it will not prove 
 satisfactory unless it is ..-ell drained and the soil thoroughly prepared 
 in the autumn previous to planting. 
 
PREPARATION OK THE SOIL. 
 
 For profitiihle i^Towiii^' on a lari;e sonic, select u i)ieco of well 
 draiiietl clay loam. This hIiohM receive a heavy coating of maniiro 
 in the spring ami then be either sununer-fallowcHl or planted with 
 potatoes, vegetables, or some other early crop which can be removed 
 in time to permit of a proper preparation of the land in autumn 
 before it becomes too wet with fall rains. A sub-soiler should follow 
 the common plough, one that will stir up the sub-soil to the depth of 
 five to ten inches without bringing any of it to the top. 8ul)soiling 
 is not absolutely necessary, but land thus loosened up will retain 
 moisture longer in time of drought and dry otf much more rapidly 
 after heavy rains. The last i)loughing in the fall should be thoroughly 
 done and suitable furi-ows jyrovided, so that all surface water may 
 run otf quickly. Early in the spring, as soon as the weather and tho 
 condition of the soil will permit, cultivate deeply both lengthwise 
 and crosswise with a two-horse cultivator; harrow down smooth and 
 tho land will be ready for planting. Avoid ploughing a lieavy soil 
 in the spring for immediate jilanting. 
 
 trravelly or sandy loam should be heavily manured in the spring, 
 and may be planted with vegetables. All weeds should be kept 
 down during the summer. Plough in the fall and again in tho 
 following spring, and harrow thoroughly. Xo subsequent tillage will 
 make up for inadequate prei)aration of thesoil for strawberry culture. 
 A stiff claj' loani is more ditficult to manage. A crop of clover or 
 other green immure turned under will help to make the soil more 
 friable. Coarse barnyard manure should also bo used whenever it 
 can be applied in time to decompose and become well mixed with the 
 soil before planting. Tile drains in such soil require to be much 
 nearer together and should not be too deep, usually not much more 
 than two ami a-half feet. In the autumn, before tho land becomes 
 too wet, trench it up in high narrow ridges; if done with tho plough, 
 turn two furrows together forming a sharp ridge as when prepared 
 for carrots or other roots. Surface drains should be made to tiika off 
 suri)lus water quickly, AVhen thus exposed to the action of the frost, 
 a comparatively heavy soil will work down tino and mellow in the 
 spring and give good results. Care must be taken, however, never 
 to stir such soil when wot, either with hoo, plough or cultivator. 
 
 TIME TO PLANT. 
 
 Plant as early in the spring as the land can be prej^ared, as this gives 
 
(ho whole season for growth, and oiia])le.s the phmts to prodiiooa full 
 crop tlje following year. Fall i)lantiiig. if done in August, will yield 
 a small erop the following spring, but seldom enough to ]my for the 
 extra labour roipiired. The principal objeetion to fall planting is 
 that the i)lants do not make sufficient root growth to ])revent them 
 from lifting in the soil with the repeated freezing and thawing to 
 which they are exposed during the winter and early spring. In any 
 locality whore no difficulty is likely to occur from tiiih cause, autumn 
 planting may o.'"ten bo praticed with advantage. 
 
 METHODS OK IM.ANTINO. 
 
 Several different systems have l)een ])racticed successfully. The 
 method of planting should be regulated by the (piantity of land to bo 
 used, the amount of labour aiul manure at the disposal of the planter, 
 the varieties to be ])lante(l, whether for market, or for a city garden, 
 or on the farm for family use. 
 
 IHLL SYSTE.M, 
 
 For a city gai-den, where land is usually scarce, the hill system 
 will generally give very satisfactory results. Plant in rows two feet 
 apart and twelve to fifteen inches apart in the row. Cut off all run- 
 ners before they have time to take root, thus enabling the ])lants to 
 make strong stools or hills by the end of the growing season. Any 
 blossoms Avhich appear the same season of planting should bo 
 removed. In an unfavorable locality, where much alternate freezing 
 and thawing is likely to occur during Avinter and early sj^ring, 
 growing in hills is not always successful, as they are more likely to 
 heave with the frost, and the plants do not afford the same protection 
 to each other as when planted in matted rows. 
 
 MATTED BOWS. 
 
 For this mode of culture, the rows require to be from two and 
 a-half to four feet apart, and the plants twelve to fifteen inches apart 
 in the row. Cut off" any blossoms Avhich may appear, also the firat 
 runners, until the plants have gained sufficient vigor to send out 
 several strong runnel's at once, when they should be allowed to take 
 root and form a matted row from six to twelve inches in width. All 
 free growing .sorts make too many plants and should have all surplus 
 runners cut off. The plants should not be crowded in the row. 
 From three to six inches apart each Avay will give the required pro- 
 tection to each other and room to ))roduco fruit of large size and in 
 abundance. 
 
<m()WIN(» STRAWHKRRtKS DN TIIK FARM FOR KAMrr.V I'SR. 
 
 TIk'iv is prolinhly no other class of tho coimnunily so poorly [)ro- 
 vidod with this fruit us furmors. This should not ho tho om-o, as 
 Htrawhcrrit > can he ij;rown with so little expense and trouhle. that 
 no one who has land should be without a snttieient supply. Much 
 diftieulty has been oxpcrienee<l hy sonio in keeping up a strawberry 
 plot for family u.-o, for the reason that tiie usual method has been to 
 plant strawberries in some out-of-the-way corner or enclosure where 
 all the work has to Im' done by hand, and where they rarely f;et any 
 attention atter the tirst .-ea-ion, except to i;;ather such fruit as nuiy 
 ripen. By the end of tho third .-eason the ])lants will generally ho 
 80 exhausted, that but little fruit is ])ro(luced, and tho young plants 
 sekloiu ])Ossess that vigor re([nire(l for starting another |>lant;ition 
 successfully, hence they are often given up as too troublesome. 
 
 If the following system is adopted, a crop of strawberries can bo 
 grown as easily as one of potatoes and with as little risk of failure : — 
 Select the best piece of land j)rocurable, where the plants can be cul- 
 tivated with a hor.-e cultivator in the same manneras corn or jK)tatoe!H. 
 For a family of ten or twelve i)ersons, four rows two hundred feet 
 long will give an ample suy)|)ly for from three U) five weeks, if 
 suitable varieties are selected and reasonable cultivation given. 
 Suppose the j)lot chosen to be forty feet wide and two hundre<l teet 
 long. Plant four rows, covering one-half of the |)lot, as early in the 
 8j)ring as possible, four feet apart and one toot apart in the rows. 
 
 Cut off all the blossoms and tirst runners until tho plants have 
 sufficient strength to send out several strong runners at once (which 
 is usually in July) when these ma}' be allowed to take root. Stir tho 
 soil occasionally with the cultivator and keep tho ground free from 
 weeds. The second half of tho plot should be well manured and 
 planted with jjotatoes, and after the.-;o are dug in the fall the land 
 should be prepared for planting in the following spring. Plants of 
 the best quality can be obtained from tho.^o tirst planted tor this 
 second plot. By following this system a full crop of fruit can be 
 gathered in about fourteen months from tho time of planting. 
 
 As soon as the last berry is picked, plough up tho first plantation, 
 ,add manure ami again prepare the land for planting the following 
 spring. But one crop of fruit is taken from tho plants and less time 
 is required in putting out a new plot every spring than in cleaning 
 out the old one. With this method there is no difficulty in keeping 
 
u|» a supply of stroiiff and vigorous plants for replantint; — a most 
 important jxiint in siiccosHfiil Htrawboriy cultiiro. A plantation ran 
 he made to l)i'ar well for Hovoral Hoasons by clcatun^ out tlie rows an 
 Hoon as the last fruit i.s j^athorod, cutting them down to ahoiit six 
 inches in width and i^ivin^ thorough cultivation until the autiiniii; 
 hut more experience is re(iuired to manatee the plantM under this 
 method than with tlio renewal plan. 
 
 One row each of the following variotios: — Cre.>K'.oiit, Wilson. Caji- 
 tnin Jack, and Manchester, will make a collection that will ifive a 
 Huccession of fruit for a month in a favourable season. In any locality 
 where other sorts aro known Ui succeed and are more easily obtained, 
 they can Ijc used in place of those named. It is of threat importance 
 to procure plants as near home as possible, or from those who will 
 take much care in packing; them. Failure is often due to the caiviess 
 handiini^ of the plants while out of the ground or to want of care in 
 packing them. 
 
 PLANTING. 
 
 After the land has boon woU prepared, mark off with a corn marker, 
 
 or stretcli a lino to plant by. Take pains to have the rows straight; 
 
 it adds to the ap|)carance of the plot and time is also saved in the 
 
 cultivation. Trim otf all dead loavei and old runners froni the 
 
 plants; shorten the roots to three or four inches, keep them moist 
 
 and where the wind cannot reach them while out of the ground. 
 
 When planting, make a hole deep enough to admit the roots without 
 
 doubling them up. Take the plant i > lI.9 left hand, place the crown 
 
 on a level with the surrounding soil, . pread the roots out fan shape<l, 
 
 fill in the soil, working it in among them, and j)ress so firmly that 
 
 by giving a (piick jerk on a loaf it will break olf without moving the 
 
 plant. Only plants of the previous year's growth should bo used. 
 
 Fig. 1 shows the correct way of setting the 
 
 l)lant. In fig. 2, the roots are all in a bunch 
 
 instead of being spread out evenly as in fig. 1. 
 
 They cannot, therefore, make such a vigorous 
 
 growth. Wl^en planted too deep, as in fig. 3, 
 
 they are nearly always smothered and will rot 
 
 off at the crown. In fig. 4, the crown is above 
 
 the level of the surrounding soil and therefore 
 
 too high. When thus planted they generally 
 
 wither and die in a few days. 
 Fig ' •' 
 
8 
 
 rig. a. 
 
 Tig. 4. 
 
 CULTIVATION. 
 
 ISu.,lv all Ho.lH urofull of wood hoo<Jh. When those ^.onni.uito a.ul 
 dS"L'wln?'r""V"'"^"""" should be.in. F..,.^,., ^,^^,^^ 
 the oil U3 I <|o,troy tho«o woodn, and d»n,.^dn,u^.h(\vill cause stffl 
 
 Xevor allow woods to frnm in the 8tmwl.ony patch ('..itivufn 
 
 cast ::"=-:;•: -tr: 5 
 
 cause of their making fooblo growth. i» '»tttn the 
 
 MULOIIINa. 
 
 Th« ^'"'P of Htrawlx)rrio.s will very much depend on how well the 
 la t« have been protected during the winter and early spring 
 i« not the severe freezing that injure, the plants so much is the oft 
 
 the cius , the mulch should bo applied. Most ot the material should 
 be placed between the row. with just enough in.ned ^t^ t^^^^^^^^^^ 
 plants o nearly cover them fmm sight. Before growth be Jns in 
 he spnng, draw the covering oft" from the plants and 1 i ' I n 
 between the rows until after the fruit has been ga tiered Z 
 
 causes ,t also to retain longer the moisture gathered early in the 
 

 
 bi.!:;.!:;;!:'';;"!:::,,':!:,,?;? "" "";'^" *" — ""-<i <■ 
 
 ^vanmM• wIkm, thus loosoiuMl ,„wl fl... I.l •'^""'- /"*' ^" '' bocomo. 
 
 BLOSSOMS. 
 
 Strnvvherry bloHsoins are .livi.lo.l Into clnssos 
 l.st, b,-.sexnal or perfoct. These eo.Uain sta.nens 
 or male origans, and pistils or fe.uaie origans. «s in 
 fiK. ^ hence are calle.l perfect or hi-.exnal, irk- 
 ed thn. (B). 2n.l, ,ustiMate or imperfect, which 
 Pi/ 5 ^-^ ^ j;:»;"|" pistil, only, or female or,.«ns, as in t1,.. «;. 
 P.K^ B..«exuai. PiHtillate varieties usnallj .yieM the hu-est crops 
 
 X-^\ of tru.t when j,ro,)erly fertilised. This may ho done 
 
 by planting one or more rc.w.s of a ],erfect-rtowe,un« 
 sort o eveiy four or five row« of those with impoit 
 lect blossoms. ' 
 
 rig. 6. Platillate. 
 
10 
 
 LIST OF VARIETIE?^ 
 
 Atlantic (B).— Fruit medium to large, 
 conical, bright dark crimson, of good 
 quality, nearly or quite as firm as Wilson. 
 Season medium to late. Plant a strong 
 grower and quite productive; sometimes 
 the foliage is injured by rust ; worthy of 
 a more extended trial. 
 
 Fig./. Atlantic. 
 
 Annie Forrest (B).— Fruit large, conical, 
 bright scarlet, colours on all sides at once, 
 medium to good quality, tirm as Crescent; 
 medium early. Plant a vigorous grower and 
 quite productive ; worthy of trial lor market. 
 
 Fig. 8. Annie Forrest. 
 
 A.HATEiR (P).— Fruit of large size, round, light scarlet, good 
 quality, not firm enough for market. Plant a strong grower, quite 
 pr(xluc(ivc; often suffers from rust; of value only for the amateur. 
 
 Big Bob (P)._Fruit of large size, bright scarlet, good quality. 
 Plant only moderately vigorous; sometimes productive ; not usually 
 reliable. 
 
11 
 
 Black Gfant (B)._Fi-nit hinn.-, t 
 
 ) voiy liuw, often invuular 
 
 „ ■ .. 0-; ,^ Ill 
 
 torm, very dark red. seeds qnite proinine.it, the Inrire berries are apt 
 to be hollow in the eentre ; of good quality. Plant only ni(xleralely 
 vigorous; not very productive. 
 
 Belmont (B).— Fruit medium to large, conical or egg-shaped, good 
 quality, dirk crimson, quite firm. Plant quite vigorous, [)ut not pro- 
 ductive enough to lie valuable either for home uhe or market. 
 
 EuBAcii (P)._Fruit large to very 
 lu'ge, roundish or broadly conLcal in 
 foim, sometimes uneven on the surface? 
 but nevei- m apen ; bright red ; quality 
 medium to good, not tirm enough for 
 distant market; ripens medium early. 
 Plant very strong and vigorous, foliage 
 healthy and withstands the hot, dry 
 weather. remarkably well; very ])r(xhic- 
 tive. AH points considered, it is one of 
 the best sorts tested here for a near mar- 
 Fig. 9. Bubach. ket or home use. 
 
 Bancrift (P).— Fruit of medium to large size, somewhat of the 
 Manchester type. Plant not vigorous or productive enough to make 
 it of any .spe-iil value. 
 
 BoYDKN (B).— Fruit medium to large, dark red, good quality. 
 Plan; '. t vigorous nor is it.productive enough to make it valuable. 
 
 Bkight Ida (B).— Fruit medium to large, bright scarlet, medium 
 quality. Plant vigorous and productive. Succeeds best on a rich 
 loam. Blooms eirly and is therefore liable to injury by late spring 
 frosts. '^ 
 
 BoRDELAiSE (B).-~Fniit small to medium, conical very dark red, 
 almost a purple When fully ripe; very good quality; it" has si very 
 high musky flavor that is much admired by some. Plant vigorous 
 and healthy; not very praluctive. It is a foreign variety of the 
 Ilautbois type and one of the best of its class. 
 
 BrnwELL (B).— Fruit lai-gc to very largo, ovate conical in form, 
 sometimes irregular; colour light crimson, becoming quite dark when 
 fully ripe; of gocxl quality; flesh mcxlerately Arm. Plant strong, 
 vigorous and pnxluctive ; succeeds best on rich clay loam, with very 
 narrow row or hill culture. 
 
12 
 
 Crescent (P).-Fruit medium to li.rgc, conical, colour bright 
 scarlet; colours on alUides at once, which i.s a great advantage in 
 gathering the fruit ; only medium in quality ; flesh mo^Jerately firm 
 If It 18 not allowed to become too ripe ; season early to medium late 
 Plants very vigorous and multiply rapidly: should not bo allowed 
 to mit too closely for best results. The most productive of any' 
 variety yet fully tested ; one of the best for home use or market 
 
13 
 
 Captain Jacic (B).— Fruit medium 
 to lar^e, of regular form; bright red 
 in colour, me<iium qualit}', fully as 
 firm as Crescent; season medium to 
 late. Plant strong and vigorous, very 
 productive, succeeds best on a rich 
 clay loam, valuable for market or 
 home ute. 
 
 Fig. 11. Captain Jack. 
 
 CoRNELtA (P).-Fruit large, of regular form, colour red. quality 
 medium, ripens late. Plant not vigorous or productive, subject to 
 rust. " 
 
 CuMBERr.AND (B).-Fruit large to very large; form ovate conLil, 
 regular and uniform; colour light red; of good quality; flesh 
 moderately firm; season medium. Plant strong, vigorous and 
 moderately productive. 
 
 Connecticut QuEEx (B).-Fruit medium; colour, a dull greenish 
 red, unattractive ; good quality ; season medium to late. Plant veiT 
 vigorous, not very productive. 
 
 CiiARLEs Downing (B)._Fruit medium to large, conical, good 
 quality, not firm enough for market. Plant a strong grower'' but 
 very much affected by rust, malerately productive. 
 
 CoviLL (B).-Fruit large at first picking, but does not hold out 
 well in size later in the season, colour dark red, good quality, ripens 
 very early. 1 hint strong, vigorous and quite productive, should be 
 grown on rich soil, in narrow rows, its earliness will make it valu- 
 able for market, rij)ening as it does, several days ahead of Crescent. 
 
 CflAMPI 
 
 to gOO( 
 
 strong 
 
 [ON (B).— Fruit of medium size, conical, light red, medium 
 quality, moderately firm, ripens medium to late. Plant a 
 n)wer, quite pnductive, sufkrs considerably from rust. 
 
14 
 
 Craavkord (B).— Fruit large to very 
 large, bright scarlet, colours up on all i^ide.-t 
 at once; medium to good quality, quite 
 tirm; teason lute to very lute. Plant 
 strong and vigorous with healthy foliage, 
 quite productive; worthy of triiil for near 
 market and home uhe. 
 
 Pig. 12. Crawlord. 
 
 Daniel Booxe (P).— Fruit medium to large, conical; colour 
 bright red; good quality, not very tirm when fully ripe; season 
 medium. Plant string and vigorous, foliage suiters from rust to a 
 considerable extent; mxlerately productive. 
 
 Dow.vER's Prolikic (B).— Fruit medium to large; colour light 
 red ; niedium to good quality, not tirm enough for market; rijiens 
 medium early. Plant a strong grower, but suiters from rust ; pio 
 ductive. 
 
 Daisy (P).— Fruit large ; colour bright 
 red; medium to good quality-, qirite tirm ; 
 ripens medium early to late. Plant quite 
 vigorous and pnKluctive; worthy of an 
 extended trial for market and home use. 
 
 Fig. 13. Daisy. 
 
 Emerald.— Blossoms nearly pistillate*. Fruit of medium to large 
 size of the Manchester type; colour light red; medium in quality 
 and in tirmness. Plant is not a strong grower and sutfers from rust 
 to such an extent that it is of little or no value here. 
 
 Excelsior (P;.— Fruit medium in size, round, poor qualitj^, not 
 ■firm enough for market. Plant vigorous and prvxluetive. 
 
 Early Canada (B). — Fruit medium in size, very dark reil, quite 
 acid, flesh firm; season eurly. Plant only moderately vigorous, suf- 
 fers badly from rust. It blossoms very early, and is, therefore, more 
 liable to injury by late spring fros..t8. 
 
15 
 
 Enhance (B)._Fruit lai-ge to very large, very irregular in form- 
 ic .u- dark red ; poor to medium; flesh firm ; seLn medium to la e' 
 Plant very vigorous and hardy, very productive. 
 
 Fairy (P)._Fruit n.Hlium in size; colour ne:irly white in the 
 .hade when fully ripened in the sun the berries are'a ,u- tty pi- 
 quahty^good ; flesh soft, ripens n.edium to late. Plant -igo.-oul d 
 moilerately productive. ^ 
 
 Gold (P)._Fruit large, nearly round, of regular form; colour 
 
 to late. Plant only moderately vigorous, rather tender, re,, uire. to 
 be weir protected; fairly productive. ^ 
 
 Gandy (B)._Fruit medium to large ; colour bright red ; fle,h firm 
 medaum to good quality; seasoa late to very late. Phuu vlrv 
 vigorous and quite healthy, only moderately productive ^ 
 
 ::r;:^cr;:n:r^''""- "'^^^ - --^^--^-.p^^-tive, 
 
 Jy^" ^^T'"'',^^^--^'"'' "^«''-"» to large in size, round 
 .hghtly conica ; colour bright red with golden seeds, of very fine 
 appearance Plants vigorous but only moderately productive ; where 
 It succeeds it is one of the best for table use. 
 
 Grand Duke (P).-Fruit of medium size, and good qu ilitv Plant 
 only moderately vigorous and pnxluctive. ^' 
 
 IlAVERLAND.-Blossoms nearly pistillate; fruit large, of rc-ular 
 conical form, bright scarlet; quality medium; flesh ifot very fin 
 season early to late. Plant very strong and vigorous; very pro 1 1.: 
 t^^^fr^tstocks rather weak. This variety i^worthy of ^iil '^. 
 
 Hampden (P).-Fruit medium to large; form oblate conical- 
 cc^urcluUred, quite acid. Plant is not vigorous enough to be If 
 
 Hoffman (B).-Fruit small to medium, quite acid. Plant quite a 
 
 Hevderson (B).-Fruit large, pyramidal with neck; colour 
 bright red, does not ripen eve.ily, very goal quality. P ant only 
 mocierately vigorous and productive, of no value for nm-ket. ^ 
 
 Itasca (B)._Fruit medium in size, good quality. Plants ouito 
 vigorous in growth, but unproductive. The blLonfs of this vXv 
 
 . • 1' 
 
 3 
 
 ij; 
 
 
 
 's 
 
 'e-ii 
 
 ■ t 
 
16 
 
 arc not very well supplied with pollen, the stamens drop off soon after 
 the flower opens, which gives it the appearance of a pistillate sort. 
 
 Jumbo (B).— Identical with Cinnberland. 
 
 James V^ick (B).— Fruit medium in size ; bright glossj- red ; 
 medium quality; quite firm. Phmt very strong, vigorous and 
 healthy; requires to be grown in very narrow matted rows, or in 
 hills, otherwise the fruit will bo too small. 
 
 Jewem. (P).— Fruit largo to very 
 large; colour beautiful bright scarlet ; 
 medium in quality, moderately 
 firm for a large berrj- ; season medium 
 to late. Plant strong and vigorous, 
 produces but few runners; .Miitablo 
 t)nly for narrow row or hiil system ; 
 very productive. 
 
 Fig. 14. Jewell. 
 
 Jersey Queev (P)._Fruit large to very largo; colour scarlet; 
 goo<l quality, motlerately firm; season i.-te. Plant healthy, only 
 mwlerately vigorous ; fairly productive. 
 
 Jessie (B).— Fruit medium to 
 very large in size, irregular in form, 
 bright crimson, good quality, flesh 
 quite firm; season medium early. 
 Plant a strong grower, only mode- 
 ratel}' productive. 
 
 This variety has not come up to 
 expectation in this locality. 
 
 Fig. 15. Jessie. 
 
 Kentucky (B).— Fruit medium to large, rather light in colour; 
 reason late. Plant a str )iig grower, often injured by rust; not very 
 productive. 
 
 Kino of the Xohtii.— This variety suffers to such an extent from 
 rust that it is of no v.ilue here. 
 
17 
 
 ..u::■(n!;:L::;^'z■i;:z:"^;;;;l:::;;:;'r''""^^ 
 
 "ir T!" •«'"' '•""''••"■"" "■■" I "- .'it,,,:; ,' „ : ,;;;;':;;r 
 
 stand (lron,i.-ht as avcII i.s most varieties. 
 
 Legal Texdeh CB) — Fruit smnii • .>i..nf ..• 
 pnxluelive. ' ""'^""'''' W*'"t v.goro„s. only m,xlerufcly 
 
 LrnA (P).-_F,.,iit niedimn to hnre, hrUr]u 
 ^H<.ssy rc.1, nuHliun, 4uality ; season nuviimn 
 oarly. Plants only .n.Hlerately vi^cmms 
 but veiy productive. 
 
 
 Fig. 16. Lida. 
 
 LoNOPELLOW (B).-Fn.it large, elon^^ated, with neek- d-.ric red • 
 .^ood quahty. uK-diun. in tirn.ness. Plant nclt very vil'-o t Jo' 
 duetive, does best on rich clay loam. ^ ^^' 
 
 ^rANCIIESTER 
 
 ( P) .-Fruit laj-,i.-e, 
 ohiale conical, of 
 rei^Milarfonn; col- 
 our lio-ht scarlet ; 
 i!:ood quality, sub- 
 acid. JMant vij,^- 
 orous and very 
 productive, a good 
 market sort where 
 it succeeds ; in 
 many localities 
 the Ibliage rusts 
 to such an extent 
 that the crop is 
 very 7nuch injur- 
 ed. 
 
 Fig. 17. Manchester. 
 
18 
 
 May Kino (B). — Fruit medium in size, 
 conical, light red, Avitli white tip, good 
 quality, flesh quite soft. Plant very healthy 
 and vigorous, not very productive. 
 
 Maggie (B). — Fruit medium to Inrge, 
 sometimes very large, irregular in form ; 
 colour dull red; quality medium to good, 
 flesh quite soft, will not bear shipping to 
 a distant market ; season early to medium. 
 Pkntvery vigorous, healthy and produc- 
 tive. 
 
 Fig. 19. Maggie, 
 
 Mary Fletcher (B).— Fruit medium to large; colourdark bright 
 red ; good quality ; season medium. Plant quite vigorous, moder- 
 ately productive, foliage often injured by rust. 
 
 Mrs. Garfield (B).— Fruit medium to large. Plant not suffici- 
 ently vigorous and healthy to be valuable. 
 
 Mt. Vernon (B).— Fruit medium to large, oblate conical; red in 
 colour; quality medium, flesh quite firm; season late to very 
 late. Plant very strong and vigorous, quite productive j a valuable 
 late sort for either home use or market. 
 
 MoNTREuiL (B).~Fruitvei7 small; dark red when fully ripe; a 
 variety of the alpine ; of a peculiar flavour, not admired by the 
 majority of of people. 
 
 Mammoth (B).— Fruit medium to very large in size; dark red; 
 good quality; season medium. Plant not very vigorous, suffers 
 much from rust; moderately productive. 
 
19 
 
 Miners' Prolific (B).-Fniit medium to hxnro; ,h,rk bright mi ; 
 gofxl quality, not firm enough for market; neason medium. Plant 
 quite vigorous and moderately productive, foliage sulfer« somewhat 
 irom rust. 
 
 Mrs. Cleveland (P)._Fruit medium to very large, irregular, 
 scarlet, good quality, flesh moderately Hrm ; season medium to late' 
 Plant strong and vigorous ; foliage quite healthy ; productive this, its 
 tirst season on trial at the farm ; quite i)romising. 
 
 Monmouth (B).— Fruit medium to largo, 
 of uniform conical form ; bright crimson ; 
 good quality, flesh quite Arm ; season very 
 early. Plant vigorous and healthy, but not 
 large, quite productive, a promising early 
 variety for either homo use or market. 
 
 Fig. 20. Monmouth. 
 
 New Dominion (B)._Pniit large, oblate conical, regular form; 
 colour bright scarlet; good quality ; season late to veiy late Plant 
 vigorous in growth, foliage sometimes injured by rust; quite pro- 
 ductive, succeeds quite well in this locality. 
 
 Norman (B).— Fruit large, conical, colour dark glossy red, good 
 quality; flesh quite firm ; season medium early. Plant only mode- 
 rately vigorous; foliage rusts to some extent ; not productive enough 
 for market. ° 
 
 NicANOR (B) .-Fruit small, bright red in colour; season early. 
 Plant not very vigorous, moderately productive. 
 
 Old Ironclad (B)-.Fruit medium in size; colour crimson; 
 medium quality, flesh quite firm; season early. Plant veiy vigor- 
 ous and healthy, not productive enough to be valuable. 
 
 Ohio (P).— Fruit medium size ; form round, slightly conical ; colour 
 bright red ; medium quality, rather acid ; season late. Plant strong 
 and vigorous, quite productive ; foliage injured to quite an extent 
 by rust. 
 
 Ontario (B).-rruit and plants of this i resemble Sharr^.g so 
 Closely that it appears to be identical with that variety. 
 
20 
 
 Pipers (B)._Fruit em.ill, dark ml in cdour, me<linm quumy 
 q-nteac-uJ. Plant vigonmn a.„l ,,HKluc,(ive; fruit not, iariro cnou-J 
 tor mnrifc'l. " 
 
 Prince ok Berrieh (B)._Fnnt nauiiuni to lar^^o in size, .lark ro.l 
 in cokmr quality very ,u:o.mI, tlosh .lark ml, quite Hrn.. Plant only 
 m^crately vi^i.or.Mi.s, foliaso l.oalfhy, not vory productive 
 
 Parry (B)._Kruit lar^^o (o very lari,^e ; form oblate eonieal, nuito 
 
 ^Unn ^" ""^'f'"' "^■''^•'^'' ■' .'^'•-J 'l-^'ib', m.Hlerately tirn.; seL.,n 
 mc. inun early. Plant mo<lerately vi^.orous, quite l.calthy, fairly nr.,- 
 dut.votluss.>rt docs not appear to bo very hardy, require/td bo 
 well proteoteil durinj; winter. 
 
 PiNEAi'iM.E (H)._Fr„i( medium to Iari,'e, 
 irregular in form ; e.)lour lijrht red or pink ; 
 good quality; somewhat resenibling pine- 
 apple; not vi'i-y firm; season me<lium to 
 late. Plant very vig.)rous and healthy, 
 sometimes quite i)r(xluctive; not reliable. 
 
 rig. 21. Pineapple. 
 
 d„rrr'"~^'f '""'' "'''''^' l'^'^'""^^'- ^^•••"t '"'-^'^ ^^ very large ; 
 dark glossy red ; good quality, not very firm. Plant only m^lerately 
 vigorous, foliage suffers to quite an extent from rust. 
 
 Pearl (B).— Fruit medium to hirge in 
 size, obtusely conical ; colour bright scarle t ; 
 good quality, quite firm; season medium 
 early. Plant a very strong grower, none 
 more vigorous, foliage healthy, very pro- 
 ductive, well worthy of trial for market. 
 
 Fig. 22. Pearl. 
 
21 
 
 RorAL IlAUTnois (B).-Fnu< small to n.oHin.n i„ nizo. v.-ry dark 
 rod or ,.,„•,„ who,, fully ripe; quality very ,,.>.!, of u hi^h musky 
 flavour. \ Unu ,,u,lo vi^on.us and heulty, uot pmUu-tiv., a fo.vign 
 vunoty of litilo vuliu- for tl.is locality. 
 
 RAV-sl>K..r,,..-H.(M)._F,„it„H,,i„„i„ sixo and .luality; folia^^- 
 «njuro.l by ru8Uo Huch un oxtont .hat it i. of no .special value hc4. 
 
 .SrrARi'i,Ks.s (H).— Fniii lai-v to 
 very larijfc', invifularin form ; eol- 
 our crimson ; ^o<><\ (iiuilily, ukmIo- 
 lalcly tirm; season late. I'lant 
 very lar<;'e and vi^rorous, foliajj;e 
 healthy; requiroH rieh soil and 
 ^o(mI cultivation ; well adapted to 
 hill culture ; lilossonis more easily 
 injured hy late 8prini>- frosts than 
 most sorts. 
 
 Fig. 23. Sharpless. 
 
 Skneca Queen (B).-Fruit large to very large, form roundish to 
 flatish; colour very dark red ; goal quality, quite firm; seaso.i 
 medium. Plant very vigorous and productive, succeeds best on 
 sandy loam; on such soil it is one of the best amateur sorts. 
 
 Sterling (P) .-Fruit largo, of regular conical form ; colour scarlet • 
 quality very good. Plant not very vigorous or productive, foliage' 
 su tiers much trom rust. 
 
 SuNAPKE (B)._Fruit medium in size, conical; dark rod; good 
 quality, hrm in flesh ; season medium. Plant a strong grower 
 tolu.ge suiters considerably from rust, n<.t as pro<luctive as Wilson' 
 quite distinct in foliage and fruit from that ol<l standard sort 
 
 S.IIUT8 (B).--Fruit large, long conical with neck; colour very 
 dark red; good quality, mcxlerately firm ; season medium early 
 1 lant not very hardy, nor vigorous, moderately proiluctive. 
 
 Summit (P;.-Fruit very large ; form obtusely conical, never mis- 
 shapen very uniform ; colour light scarlet; good quality ; flesh 
 moderately firm; season medium. The plant is not large and suifers 
 some from rust, moderately productive. 
 
 &oi 
 
22 
 
 Snow Fla^« (B'> -Fruit medium in hI/.o; cr.ionr bright Hcarlot 
 very w uU> i„H»de, lt«vMr go(xl to very go.Ml ; houho., medium. I'lu.,; 
 MKxloru.ely vigorous and prcHiuctive, valuable only for the amateur 
 
 buRHusE(H)._Fruit medium U, large; colour dark red; quality 
 good. I laut only moderately vigorous and productive 
 
 Sucker State (B).-Fruit mediun. in size, bright scarlet, mdium 
 »iu.ility ; plant quite vigorous and prfnluctive 
 
 TiuoMPHK i>K Gani> (B)._Fruit large to very Ltrge, conical, often 
 fl tened; cobur glossy crimson; flavor good to very good, flesh 
 quite firm. Plant only moderately vigorous and productive, should 
 be grown on rich soil and in hills. 
 
 yiNELANi, (IJ).-Fruit medium in si«e, medium quality, season 
 late. J hint moderately vigorous; Ibliage injured considerably by rust. 
 
 Wilson (B).i-Fruit medium to large, conical, 
 dark red, quality good when fully ripe; as 
 usually gathered for market, it is quite acid; 
 very firm. Plant vigorous and productive; 
 foliage sometimes injured by rust. 
 
 This sort should have rich soil and good cul- 
 tivation ; one of the best market sorts. 
 
 Woodruff (B).— Fruit medium to large, 
 Irregular in form, often wedge shaped;' 
 bright, glossy crimson ; good flavour; flesh 
 very firm ; season medium early to medium 
 late. Plant only medium in size, but very 
 vigorous and healthy, very productive; well 
 worthy of a trial for market, also one of 
 *\\>' ^'esfc for home use. 
 
 Fig. 25. Woodruff. 
 
 Windsor Chief (P). -A-u. medium in size, form round, regular: 
 colour dark red ; "flavour quite acid, but rich when fully ripe ; flesh 
 quite firm. Plant only moderately vigorous and productive ; foliage 
 sutlers from rust. 
 
WoNi.KRFun (P)._Monti('al with Windsor Chief 
 WARnEu.'s No. 2 (P).-Pruit Iur^.o in ni.o ; oolour.lurlc mi ■ .obd 
 qna.y; ilonh quite tirm. Plant strong, vigorous and .ZS^f- 
 worthy 01 trial Ibr maritot. ^ ' 
 
 \V^CM.r.„o.sK (P).-I.'ruit medium in nizo ; form conical ; colour 
 bn,ht scarlet; medium quality, quite tirm; .oason mcdiun t.tte 
 Plant v,gorou8 and prcxJuctive. This sort is worthy of trial for 
 marlcet, rt. even suo, fine appearance and pr.xluctiveni are itn ,oZ 
 
 WHAT VARIETIES TO PLANT. 
 
 It is veiy difficult to give a list of varieties that will be equally 
 
 H m table for all localities. Ditterences in soil, climate and man e c^' 
 
 cultivHtjon should be taken into consideration, also the purpose fb 
 
 vh.ch they are grown, whether for market or home use. lir m r- 
 
 <ot purposes. Crescent, Captain Jack, Wilson and Manchester, have 
 
 been perhaps tl^most satisfactory of the old well tested sorts. The 
 
 fo ageof the Manchester has been quite subject to rust in marr^ 
 
 locahties; where the plants are thus affected to any great extenT 
 
 some other kind should be substituted. It is besf ftr tho e who 
 
 grow strawberries for market to test a nuniber of the leading so ts 
 
 locat'y ""'' " P'^"' ""' '"^^'^ '' *^"^« b««^ "'^-P*-! tt their 
 WooDRUPK hm been one of the most p..fit.tble varieties here, either 
 for home use or market. Among the newer sorts, Bubach Pearl 
 Haverland Crawford, Warfield, Jessie, Monmouth, Ohio ^^ly 
 Gandy and Woodhouse, are prephaps among the most p^^mi sit' 
 and valuable about in the onler named. Many other sorts^have s^o' 
 good quahties but those named above appear to possess a 4ater 
 comb.mUionofgoodpo,nts, and those who grow for mark tCu d 
 do well to give them a trial. 
 
 f