«• / " • •'. IMAOE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ <( ■^ \^ * /.»' ,_ V r-^ I 1.1 11.25 M Ml 1-4 Ijj^ ■^— ^ ^■'«' ra^aii^) A^i o*"h" iLX36n06S CarpoFatiQir ^. .r?. <^ .?>. 3S WKT MAM STMHT 1MnfTn.N.V. I4SW 4^ 4^ "^ i : 1 1 • CIHM r • < / ^0 : ■ ' - .. / •; iCMH -V Microfiche Coiiedtioh de Series microfiches (IMonog raphe) (monographies) r i- ■ ■ ' ■ ^ % 6^ >- . Canadian Inatituta for Historical IMicroraproductiona / InatHut ca,nadian da microraproductiona hlstorlquaa >«.-.., - .»• TIM ImMMM tWM • fW iMMM^ ri •ftfMt •IgMlmipiln 9V VNHHR^ W LV f . . fa, Cavfrt q Co»«rt rMMMi anilMr iMMlnMi^ won p^^WW^ Ull«ra4i L-Jc«f«> □ ''ili CalMNd Ink (li. eitar tfMR Mm or MMk)/ 4i^. Mrtrt 4IM Mmm on noirf) eolMf«4 plMM ani/M WiMtratlwM/ ■ounrffMlMMlMr HMttrM/ Tl^it Mwilm w«y cwm iM dowi or dl>wHow U f«Nw« Mrrte pHM cMiMr 49 roMlM ou d« la iiiMniMi !• ton! 4> !• HMffi IntMMN* □ ■iMk lM«M aMii diiriiif rMteratioii may wIlMii 0i* text. Wlmia*w pBUlBia, tWM !*••• I oiiilm d from mmintf II M fMut ^MfoartiinM pofM tort dTwM rMtMHOlieii ijipwaiMMil d«w l« Mirti, n AddltiemI «:/ TMi iVMii !• f HuMrt ot IIm roAietiOfi Co dooMMJwnt Mt fUmi m taoK di "iwr rib lax itx ITT aox L'lntHtiM ■ I Ma4«A| ^'il iiiii It iiii»ilogy in th« Ammrioan Aaaooiation for th« Adranoament of Boianoa, at tha moating of 1866, I aought to ahow in wh«t manner thia gananU law la appliad to aluoidata tha hiaiory of 'i^lHI*- Tl)« origin of linguiatio atooka or fluniliaa haa bann danmad onTv tha moat mjratarioua problema ia philologloal aoienoe. Tliere are, ao far aa our preaent knowledge ax« tenda, between two and three hundred of aueh ato<^K8, differing totailjr (irom one another both in vooabularj and in grammar. VarioMf 'hypotheaea have been offered to explain their origin, but none haa been gwieralljr aooepted aa aatiafaotory. Profeaaor Max- Mttllar, in hia " Boif>noe of LangiMge," oonaidera the problem extremely diffloult, bul not inaohible. He oomparea it to the queation of the plumlitj of inhabited worlda, but deema it not quite aa hopelaaik He belieres (and, aa I hope to ahow, with juatioe) that it may receive a aolution whioh will demonatrate that all languagea have proceeded from oim aouroe. 0 4' fwi ntviu»fiinrr or • A raferma to, I MulMvgrwi to allow UmI Um origU oT dM 10 A Ibr^jrbkk ll te •onMAnI Mtitrity. mm! whiok I 4«ortli«i ■• •* IIm Uu»r»«r» in^*«»f tii^in«» o' ^'^T y««»H| oklWf**.- Ivwf IMMWit miMi httv* MAioMl bow hla ohita, wliMt iMginniof to talk. wR. ■tAHtJf UMB norii •i|irMHi«i«uk, aiiiMinmUy «>f iU own lnT«itl4m, »ml i» aljout th«ra H«v«ral^ InalAnOM of th« ormtion of tuob ohild Unfunfw wor» oitad, mtui th« bot wM iwintoil out th»t in thu flmt iMopling of •tr«ry oountry. wbon, ttwa rarlww oauMa, f»mili«« mu»t ofUn hm aoattcroi M ^•rf wid« t»aiirtanoM hvni ono anothw, many omm mu«t hav^ ooourrod wb«rt two or liior* young ohiWron. 1«A by th« d^ith of ihair |wr«nU to grow up MoluaMl from all othw tooiaty. wem thua ouniHIiMl to frame a lan- guago of thair own, whiob would liaoomn tha motlMNr Umgua of a now HngviMio aiook. Aft tha adaraaa baa baan publiabaa (in tha roluma of tha Aaaodation for 1886) it will nof ba naoaaaary to ra|iaat tha facta and reaaooing whioh wow offarod in aupport of thia thaory. Though praaantoa undar aerloua diaadrantagaa,— for tha matriotad limita of a public addraoB oompallad tha omiaaion of rouoh avidanoe which had baan MMhoffod in ita aupport,— tha raoa|>tion thoa tar aooonlrd to it, by anthoritiaa of tha highaot rank, aoamato afford a good augury of ita ultimata gonotml aoooptanoa. Tha few objaotiona which haro baan mada to it aio only auoh, I am oonfldant, aa a ftillar diaouAdon and ft boMor ^ n^ii tondlng of ita oharactar and purport will ratnova. Moat hi Iham had in fkot bacn alraady anticipated and anawarad in tha original aaM^, of which tha addraaa in quaation waa a briaf and pnrtkl iommMy. I wn grMofbl, tharetora, to tha PhUologloal Oom- mitlaa of tho Inrtitnto for tha opportunity which thair inTiUlion affoffik ma ot laying biforo atudanta of lingoiatic aoianoa aoma of Oia omjl^ portioiw of my aany, which may aid in commanding to iheUr, judgmani tb« riawi thoa at^ggaatad on the origin of lingniatio i«pok% and on tho nntoml Uwa which gorom tha dovalopmcnt ci apooofa. ■ M' "■^ "^ jL mjt^ / » t .ff liiy«i>f k«v« liiM BMliilaiMil bjr miImiiI phibltigtota wlio \m^ 'vfHlMl on UmI mtt«li-v»s«tl t|tt«Hitm. On* olaM« •! iM b«Ml «f vIkimi may )m |>Um«1 Ui« gr«M nam* oT JM»b Griam, h«ir« •rgvti Ulll iblfl rantMtioti nitul bav* hum % gmiitf wftk • f«w huiMlrwl iiMimwylUWa rooto, ftnnx which, bjr slow ana |irp- grwMiv* «(«tMi, cKHilinuMi tr%m\ g«n«r»tlon lu K«fMrf»Uon, hav* ■{Mrunf, flrat, th« agf iiiiimt* tyiw, Mid. Aiially, lh« InlkMtiT* fbrin ol tfiMob. On Uiki llMory. th« (liiiMM r»|»riaMita th« primiUv* mtk of l»nf- ptar, tad IIm analyUo tongiioa of modam India, Paraia and Ruropa VJphw viawa ar IN» «M41liafi «r tn h ugw^y la %km tMlliMUtMi wkiek hm^ m It imk upon ■l«plt«i«jr m Ui« mmrk ai m ■«•!• ol InlhjMj. a#, •! WmI, « #yWI«g)r akiMiy |«Mtl tiMir TiM CliiiiM. ■f.aali. wholly mommfi UMm M U b, IMM Mnrtai m lW«ipA||« iMglilj ikyiinyi «i««Mallip. Ob ikm o«^«f bind. Um Unyif rf JIni WtliMtHui tHk« ^T AaMrka mmI oTiW pMfil* ol OMlfttl mm! iontUm kMm, wkUk kt^n lo Air nkk mnmrnprnymi rmrdaUoM u> w4mm». othr m Irvljr Mnidaitif v«Ulli of fvmMaMUlml fi>mi«. Aanmllnf lu (Mtam'* hjrpoUkMk, w* moM •HpfMNM im Uuw* iwfmUilioM • powarfiil aAbri, whiiili at • a««t«Ui tf9tk km mmmd tk^m to immam tmm iIm tnAmUila atafnH mnd Ut'fam Into 1^1 <]# r^iM«ioa. TIm fnumnaliod ■7«toiii ot Um Hottoaloto •dfnmd Umm IImI 9I lb* (JhlsMM, »• MiomM kmr% to Miaili tiMI Iko Ho«lMiloto h^w mmA» grm»m pragiw Umui Ik* CkijMM in iko piMh oi inUill«()«««l (l«v«lot»m«ni, muI m« (krtlMr rMAOvwl rWmi tlMir fiHmitiv* onndltkMi. Xk^i ift » ooiMltidon whUsh U wouia b« iiniNMiUilo to Miataiii."t * M. BmmuiIi i ii ftiM M i l tppMn lo ho 6^t^^ •fpAmk tlto tlworf of lU fTMl Qmhim pkUologiat ; b«i, •trang* to mj, hm dow not obMrv* that it b oquiUly dwiaiv* ««ainal bit own. If Oiorv ia no faot wklob prov«i titol Iha aynUMtk oondkkm of UMilknaodi, Um (Iraak ahd iha Aimbio baa baan praeatM b/ • monoajrlUbio atafa, tbara ia aqudlly no Am* to abow thai tba monaayllabio oondiUon at 4h« ObiiMMi bM baan prwMdod bjr a polyajrlkbio or lynibatio ataga. Bona writon ban^ Indaad, raggaatod tb«l aiiob a atoga onoa asiatod, and Utot tba niono> ajrUabtaa vbiob bava baan apokan for four tbouaand jaam in Cbin* « apt BMiaij Uba ihaliai of laflaalad diaayllaUaa or loogar votOi, Y^i^ by ibaootoUaad bfluanoaaoi anal/aiaaad of |il tjl JUi/, bav« baan radiMad to Ikair ptaaani formla« ooodiUoo. Tbk anggtoUon. bowvvar, fcila to laka ia viaw tba Am* tbat Iba Cbioaaa la only 00a «f a Uvfa flMiUy oC monoaf ilabio loagnaa. Saraiml aoob laBg«H« M« ipokatt in tba ragion aontji of China and «aai of tba Oai^aa. tba KbMMb^lUor Siaa, and ^m Aaamaaa an aa |mraly MOiMaylbibia •*'llil«rl«toaiaLaaiip^fkU.- M ♦ Jk.ik M. • * ..fr^i i !•■ ttmuuiwumn o9 la iIm «i^ Imom Of •wnHmrWrwii ^ifHityliiM, ltnnilt om hi« own «oH«. " ^m"^*^ t«ncwag« m lhif#t«d a *alimUi airoli* (tfunimU toup,^fHmin§ UMiUnUtmmmiy trmn Um fMiiua of amIi rAo*."* I| may spfMNir, ■UlgvUrlf MUMigh, UmI ih« two rimwn, ■Miuingljr to ^fif ' r«e«moil«l>l«, •« bo4k lo • oiwtain •stent jOaUllMl hy tii« f«ot» A otw •J'" Uiigtti^^ aHaiaf in om f«i«r»Uon would doubilaM tio (ImoumI by M . Rmumi lo hmr9 btM " foTM^d •! on* ■Irokii'* Y«« this Un fia il , ■li^l, in IIm proa— at ila fomwlion, havo oonfomMd lo th« iboorjr ol Um Ootumo philologifll, mm! h*ni grown by gradiuii dov^lofimonl , from I)m BMNUMylUbio lo iho inflooted ateg*. ^ . ^ 5, If ovvry Mw molbor-lonftto bi^Mi, •« w« tappdW, In m tf)» ol ▼«ry young ohildnm, its flnil form would nMMMrily b« in lh« main ncmaayllabio. No ohild in it* Aral ultenutoM willingly pronoanoM • diMylkbb, vadmm il b« • ^ib|i1« mpotition, liko |MfM, mmm,dada. SoiiM jmn ago ^ Miharmlb.wp^ notioo aTlhit ImIIb Um Mrljr ■|)Mok of * UUlo boy oC his houMhold. U« wm * T«ry ImdligMl ohild, wilk good moal offnoa. and, aa it mbaaquanlly appaMrad, wilk rathar oniMmnl aptitiida Cm- langaaga. Ai Um aga of two ywn, b« oould aay aMay worda, b«(r (axoapt in a Uw oaaaa of rapatitton, Uka Ikoaajvfll ii»rrid to) liMy vwa aU moaoayUabUa, eonpoaad dthm DaltMgla«4b r, % 4 f "« "^f^Wp*?""^^ tWT Of LAMOVAOI. . • of on« vowel or diphthong alone, or eHib of a Towtl or diphdiong pre- , oeded by a tingle oonKmaai. Every word ended with a vowel, and Iwo oonaonanU never oame together. All hi* wonle were thue r nduoed to a form of the utmoet aimplidty ; and, of oourae, the eaiue pliable had many lignifloationa Co aignified oloihea, ooat, oold i odi waa oat/*oap, oandy, aoratoh ; /, which he oould not manage, became •0, and thug " w*lk " and " fall " were both pronouncHd umw. R, which he oould not prondunoe. became /, and thua both " ride " and "like" were aounded U. Hia ■iater'a pet name, Florrie, became IFoy, and Willie waa aounded Wm. Yet, with thia imi)erf«ot u\ymoh, the little fellow managed to make hia meaning partly intelligible to hia mother, and completely ao to hia brother, older than himaelf, who readilr converged with him, and became hia interpreter to the older^ membera of the family. Here, it will be aeen, waa already the com- ^ mencement of a new language. What waa particularly intereating waa the fact that thia language took a completely Chineae form.' In the proper Chineae language, aa ta well-known, every word endi In a vowel, either pure or naaaliaed ; and the great miyority of worda compriae but a aingle couaonantal aound. Indeed, where in our orthography a Cttiineae word commencea with two oonaonanta, their utterance repraaenta to the native ear a aingle eound,— thia aouud being a mute combined with an aapirate or a aibilant, aa in kho, tta. Oooaaionally both aapirate and aibilant follow the mute, atill making with it, according to Chineae notions, a aingle conaonant, aa in thtOi thtett^. Theeo oombinationa, however, are rare, the k, p, and t being the only oonMnanta which can be followed fcy the aapirate or the* aibilant, and the I alone being capable of receiving them both at once- The total number of aylkblea in the Chinese language— that is, of what we should consider words— is only 460, which is raised to 1203 by the variation of accents.* , If we suppose that a now ^^h had to be fVamed by an isolated gioup of young chUdwn, in whom the linguistic faculty was naturally weak, and was exceptionally slow in development, we can understand how such a language might be arrested in its monosyllabic stage. Its, four or five hundr«d words would be ample as a means of communica- tion ambng children, and if these words wore supplemented, as the speake^ii grow older, by the variations made by the topic accents, giv- ^ .^:^':'' :;. \ ■ > t . "*, ' k.. ^wpty^PTWWBfc ■ turn Dmrwuifumn or LAiiquAOi. » in| tliui HOO atitlnet ▼oetWw, th« l«nfni»g« ^W »» oompl«ui for all MUwntUI purponwi. Few unoiviliuHl oommunitiM h»ye * grmter nunib«r of priiniUve word* in ordlimry um. How the highly olvU- iMfJ and lltertry GhlnMM mani^je toexpwM with their llmlt«i voo«bi»> Iwy • v*rt mnge of ide«i U eMlIy undewtood. Much i« •ooompHshod by the mere effect of poeltlon,— • method which ie almoet m fruitfiil in Ungtiage m in arithmeUo. Thus td ■ignlfleM great, or greetneM ; jln, man or ^ly : td jtn i* " great man ; " jUi td, manly greatne*. Jin may beWme a verb, aa in the exprenion quoted by R^muwi from the diiwour^ of a Ohineee author agalnat the Buddhifl monaa- teriea, Jtn Ml jln, literally •• man thoae men,"i.e., make men of thoae perwna who are not now. acting the part of men. So, in Engliah, we can Miy a " man-child " and a " child-man." A merchant-captain will <. 108. lb* IngiWi " K»dw«y " o«m • ouriow rMwnbtanoe to thlt •X tJb.,|».Ul. TlM prmundntfoB ol tlii»€hliMM wpntoitglvtB in tb* Frtnoh oif^iopmplv. ■4. •J t .Ik • A ■ '*¥''• i > ■• wi Divitomwrr or lamouaoh^: pl«t monotylkblM, and Uut r«ry iiulbtinoUy, tt tble, whm m ymr'.' or two furtlMir iM|vMio«d, to mufMc words of two or thrM aylkbli^ Mid to form Mntonow i^hioh iirt intelligible enough to all heerer? He has atill, how«rer, no comprehension of grlunmar, and dispeiuMt not only with infleotiona, but uaiially with pronouna, aitidea, and tht other auxiliary parte of epeeoh. Instead of " Papa, wUI you teU me a story f he says, •• Papa, tell Harry story V Inatead of " the oat scratched me yesterday," he saya, '• cat scratch Hairy yea'day." In- stead of '• I have Just seen two pigwms flying ov«rh«Ml." he says, " Harry Just now see two pigeon—pigwm fly high, high." Erery ' |»rent will recognise this style of speech ; and the phUologist wUl set that, except in the absence of pronouns (and sometimes eren in thia respect,) it represents the simplest fortn of sgglatinstive speech, such MS we And in the MaUy and Manohu grou|js of laiitfusges. Our chil- dren, under the instruction of their elders, quickly pMs beyond this— .••,« stage ; but we can readily understand how a group of young people, not endowed with a ki^ measure of the Unguage-msking faculty, might, if left entirely to themselves, be satisfied to let their Unguage remain in this stage. . «. If, however, in a family of children, such as we have suppMed to be lea to form a speech for themselves, the elders proved to be en- dowed with a good liliguiatic faculty, we may feel confident that, long before reaching maturity, they would begin to employ inflections, and that, if this faculty happened to be particularly strong, these inflec. Uons would, by the time the children were ftiUy grown, have developed into a complete and elaborate grammatical system. Hie steps by which this stage would be reached are sufllciently evident. The most essential adverbs or adjectives of pkuse and time, number and quality,— here, there, yonder— now, then, soon, yesterday, to-morrow— one, two, three, nsany, more— f(ood, bad, much, little,— would first appear. From the adverbs of phuw would spring both the pronouns and the prepositions. If the langusge remained in the agglutinative stage, theee auxiliary terms would continue iaoUted, or loosely attached to the principal words, the names of things or of actions. Bat a stronger language-forming fisoulty would not be satisfied to rast hera. - The qualifying particdes would presently be incorporated wtik the nouns and verbs, to form oases, numbers, tti^ses and, moods, the Aryan or th« EuMwian speech would th^he developed. Or, perhaps, when I ^fp^'^^^ r ■ Si TUB DKYBLOrMnfT Of LANOVAOB. « It tlM qtuUUying •dr.rb. Ium* ooiii« Into u«.. ioiii. youth In whom the lingubtio Inniliiot wm |*rtioubrty .twng, would hit upon • oomi.«n- ^ diou. mod. of wpwiing th* -nM of th... qu.Ufying wo«K not by inoorporatinc Ihom with the verb or the noun, but by ohanginf the Towel of the verb or the noMn to oorreepond with that of th« edverb. The dlffer«io« in the two oMikod. k «iUy imd«»tood. and we oen imdily BM ho^^k»rf HwB «i«*»* «»"' '^ *" intelligent boy or gill If hodha .igniftee " to know," And am or ami Is " I," end an U * then," the Arywi led might »»» the pronoun to tlie rerb, end for "I know " would gey eucoinotly, hodkamiy know I. If he wlphee to •peak of \ peet time, he will preBx the edverb in mi abridged form. Jnd for CMe of pronunoktlon will ehorton ^le ■uffiied pronoun. In- stead of eeying an ftorfAomi, " then know I," he will wy. briefly, but totoUlgibly, ahodhom, and thu. produoo the Aryan imperfect with it« irellknown " eugmen^A-^Another Ud, the leader ill •^•eoond _ iMlated group, haa been aocuatomed to uae the word daxoha for " strike" or " atruok," In a vague and general aenae, with no particu- lar reference to time. He wiriie. on aome oocaaion to lay diatinotly, ^ " now striking." flu is " now " or •♦ here," and he might say, " Au daroAo ;" but a quick sense of euphony suggeata to him the happy idea of Changing the vowels of the verb to correspond with that of the adverb ; he says, " dumtHA^r or, in an abridged fotm (with the pro- noun pw.fi»ed) yarfru6u, " he U now striking ; " and his companions, with equally ready apprehension, at once oatoh his meaning, and con- form to his method of speaking. The gbrm of a new system of inflec- tion ia thus formed, and is quickly developed into a Unguage of the Uemitio type. This, however, it should be observed, is not the only mode in which languagea of this type may have originated. As w. shaU aee presently, there U evidence to show that the method of in- flection by intsmal vocalic change may have been, in some cases, among the very earlieat products of the language-making faculty. The logical leault to which we are brought by our course of raasoni§f>4a evident enough. Thi inJUctiom qf a fanguage must 6a eoeveUwi tk^ lanffuoffe iiaelf, and mu$t originate wUh ittfirtt tpeak* tr$. Tliil, Mbas be«» aeen, is the view of Renan. But no. writer haa ekpieiW man dearly and forcibly than Professor Max Miiller the important truth, that the mould of each linguUtic stock heart mleooe of having been formed at once for all time. " In the gram- ■n^ '-■•%r ^m .#' 1 li m DITBLOrMUT Or LAMOaAOI. / DMlioU fettlnnM of th« ArjtM ftnd H«iniiio dUlaote," ^ n •upyamt that a language of aninlteolod root, had ariewi, and had e.iaied for aeveral gwiera- tiona, until tho population apeaking it had bean aomawhat widely dUTuaed ; and lei him then endeavor to imagine how an attempt to introdnoe infleotwl forma— aa for example, a ftiture tenae. a eubjuno- Ure mood, or a poeewalre oaae -would be reoeived. If the people had been able to make thenweUea understood without theee new- fangled oootrivanoea, why should they Uke the trouble to adopt them t There can be no doubt that aome of the Utln and German^ iafleoliona would b« rery uaeftil in English, and would be highly ooB. luoive 10 oleame* and force ; but how hopeleea would be the attempt to introduce Ihem I Unless we ar« willing to suppose that human natura in pwhistoric Umea differed utterly from^e human nature of to^y, tre must believe that the same difflculty, or rather imposair bility, would havo been found in thoee days. To thto genend sUtement, however, there are certain ilpplMlit txceptUma, which should be noUoed. As will be seen, they simply ocmflrm the rule, In the shape in which Prof. Max Miiller has lald.it down. A. change in the form of inflections not unftwquently takes plaos^ The Anglo-Saxon tongue had many ways of forming the plural. It might terminate la •, in m, In a, or in n, or it might be indicated by « change In the radical vowel. Wv^fa, wolf, became wJ/m; mpA, ship, se^; hmdu, hand, hondA; iuing; tongue, tm^gim; bSh, book, Uk. All these plurals have now in Engliah but one termination, in •. We say wolvsa, »hipa, hands, tongues, books. In Fienoh and Spanisli plurals, a similar change has taken place, from the variety of tl|e Latin forma, to a single termination in s. The rule i% tlMt wlien, ttpm the haUt of speech, the need of im inflection isstMmgljIUt, eadlthisppsm that, for any reason, one form disap- pears, aiiollMr» tiM ilmplsst, and most convenient, to likely to be adopted, by a eoft of bommon consent, in ita place. A striking exampleiiibukd in the lyitofe tense of the Romanic' langoa^ In Off.- ^■fg^tm^im' ^-,.„u ••»" ]4l ' f- 14 r DBtttArMnrr or ukimvmm Om ocmftiikm of upMoh whlek feltowwl ih« y latin, bnl ownj inJaelkiM, m, for •sainpl«, th« «•■■ of nottiM, di*. appMfwl altogvllMr. TIm Ulin fuMira wm alao losl ; bal Um aMd of this tMiM WM M strongly ftll. tkM • ii«w on* wiw foraMRl by aniiing Um MiKilU ■ ■ ■;■'■ I ■ A% thia ataga of our argument it beoomea neoeaaary to oonaldar with aome care an important queation whioh haa already bean inoi- dentally alluded to— that of the diflerenoe between aynthetio and analytic languagea. The fact that during the hiatorio period the pro- greaa of language haa in general been firom the more to the laaa com- plex form ia onqueatbnable. The prooeaa whioh atrikea ua fai the riae of the Romanic languagea on the ruin of the Latin ia repeated in the Teutonic ooontriaa^ in Ghweoe, in Peraia, in India, and in Arabia. In all theae ttgiona mAny inflected and compoalte forma have diaappeared, and hare giTen place to simpler and more analytic mathoda. Prepoalh tiona and auxiliary verba haTO, to a greater or laaa extent, aopenwded the caaa-forma, tensca, and mobda of the primitive tot^jnea. Thia haa been regarded aa a progre« from ayntJiaaia to analyda ; and, as haa bean, alieady ahown, aome eminent writers have bean lad to maintain that this progress represents the natural and nana—iy advance which % knguage mdUpi, with the devel<^ment of inttUeot and of coltaro in thoae who tjpeak it. Some have evao go^e ao Ikr aa to ^_^^^___^_^ "__ " ■ , I I . ^ -.. I ■ I f - ■ . i- i' I ■ n ■-'- — "-I •Manh: " LMtaiw oa tlM fagll* lMS«ns*: !••«*• Zf. -nm MtiLonitiiT 09 iJiaouAOi. li •pMk of Mflily omnpUm aimI •jntlMtk) t tain to be the aimpler and !«■■ infleoted of the two. But it la equally oertain— and indeed thaae vary esamplea ara auffloiant to show — thai, tha ohanga of form haa nothing whatever to do with any Intelteotual or ■ooidi advanoaroant^ and that to apeak of it aa a progreat in any aanae it wholly to miaoonoeive ita natura and origin. In faot it la mor» properly a degradation and an impoveriahment. The modem Ian- guagea of aouthem Europe aaiumed their preaent " analytic " form, aa it ia atyled, daring the middle agea, at a time whrni the oomoiunitiea apeaking them wera oertainly, in every point of literary oultura and aooi*l organisation, very ba below their predeoeaaora who apoke Um highly oompoaito olaaaio tonguea. No ona will maintain that the prtr'^ sent inhabitanta of northern Hindo«tan ara intolleotually superior to the oontempororiea of Kalidaaa, or that th9 modern Peraiana, who ■paak one of the mo«t analytic of Aryan languagea, ara auparior in intelligence to their anoeaton of the Zoroaatrian era, tha speakara of the highly inflected Zand. The cavaea t<^ which all theae modem languagea owe their poverty in infleoted forms ara ao well known, hlatorioally, that the dispoaitioa to aacribe it to intelleotnal progreaa ia aomewhat aarpriaing. Primitive mother-tonguea, aa haa been , aaeni , vary in oharafotar, from the bara simplicity of the mono^Uabio Obineae and Ansmeae to the extranne complexity of the Banaorit and the Algonkin. When the community whidi qpeaka one of these w«irAtl oooMnrAliv* inllu M i ow b y ftatkoriiy, Affwiioa. •Mtom, ami nMMailf. Aooordingljr, w» ••• lUt lh« Oliin«M l«n- gBAgt Imm ranuanad luliatMiiialljr %hm muma for marm than foor Ibona And jmr%. Tb« Of^k •ohooUioy of %hm fourtMntli oMitury •ft«r . iObriat mid his IlMiod or hi* II«»r«»«t»i« fkr inor. nwdlly U»«» an Bnglinh Ul of Omi pniMmt dny owi hmm! lh« work* of (Jhauoer or of illandflville Two ihouMnd ymni in ih« on* ohm h*d wroufht 1mm ibang* than four hundnid hav« prodaoad in Um oihar. Th« oauaM which orifinatr Ui« grmi ohangm in iiMMoh. nmdariug • 100111 iMiguiigM oImoIoIa, and oraaiing naw idioroa in their placa, ttPt two in nnnib«r, both |KJwarftil in thair way, and nMthar of thwm ^ ^^^ving anythinic dlraotly to do with int«U«otuai advancement. In Ikot, aa haa been hinted, the firat twidenoy of both of them would r»ther be towani imjioveriahment alike iu the arta of life »iid in ' ipewih. Thiif of^uam may b« britil/ defined aa oonqueat and migra- tion. ■' • , "■•• ;■''■-■-■ -^ ^ '. ■ ■ The English language aflbnla the moat familiar Mid tihe moat atrik* ing example of the change produced by conqueat The subjugation of ihe Angl»49axons by the Normana reduced their language ftom a . Wghly Inflected tongue to what haa been styled (though with some •zaggeration) a grmmmarless speech. The three genders, which wore carefully indicated In both noun and adjective, ceased to be dlstln- ^ished. All but one of the flte esses were lost. The half-dosen different modes of forming the plumi were reduced to oo»— only a few fsitti relics of the older forms remaining to show that th^y had •xistsd. The subjunoUTS mood, feebly kept alivs by grammaUcal ptirists, disappeared from the common speech. Many of the formative particles— proAzss and safixes— which abounded in the Ajof l»49*xon, And g»Te it an exuberant life, died oat of the laognage ; and in their plaoe a few inoongmotts «lements were adopted fipom the qweoh <^ the oonqnerois. In gensrsl, howeVer, the grammatioal forms which re- mained were ralifli of the original language. At the 8a«e time a rast nomber of Anflo-Saxon words disappeared entirely, the plaose of Umy.thoagh not all, bung suppliMl by wonk of Latin origin, osnally rnnoh oorrupted ud distortwl in prooondnftkm. In short, the Eng- lish speech, as it ilnally 6aiei|;ed afW this great Ungnistio oataolysm, wM » UMN ^aigon or *< oamp langaage,**,^ >yii^ yViaiMa> in ni DiviLontnrr or u^iiatuui. If %k0 |HM>t>U of iIm iwo f«r«i4||n ii»ll«i«. now tiwxkhkf Inlmrmlnclwl. ■taitAlH lo iiMkk« Ui«»m«U«« uii.Uw«44>«»a liy on* anitUMr. To ilMk flC tlii« m^iigM *nd .kigma*! " |.i.%4n KnglUh " M an mmiyiitt |migu«. •i«l U. «Mlt !»•• Ui- pttidiiot oC •» ltiipr.»»iNl <»4»ilii-tkm. la ■imply i»rm«»»»roun. No .loulU th« •trong »nUiU«i».wl ,Miw«r» of th«* two mlntM «*'«• •1»«*iJly maiU UimowiUmi tii*uif«iit in thU now mMiium or ««|»ri-iiion. *n.l fMhiim«l it into • l«ngu«g« |Ki«N«iitig nmnj flno 4U»liti«i of ito own. It hw drnwu tomo v.lunbl* •l«m«iiU Irom botk tho idiom* of wbicb it is oowiwiiml, mtui may Uiun i« Mi.l In OMittin r«a|iMta to lurfMM ••oh of Ui«ni, oBpooially in th« mmnM of diMHminating tho nioor •hwl- of thought. Tho high««t jK^ry, alo. qiiMMW, and phil«»«»i»hy h*r« found it •«l«qu«t« U) tb«ir im«nI« To diaouM tho 4U««Uon whuthor th« knguNg«i of Hhmkiwpimni •ml <.'h«th«m fai .ufiorior or inforior to th« Unyu^wi of Uiotro ami AlfWd would b« idU. Tb«r« k no arbitrmtor ijudiflod to •bwldo •uob • di«|nat«. The qu«ation with which wn mm now oono«mMl b diflorMit. It la quite olaar that the jiauolty of Infleotiona in th« Kngll«h noun. Mid A4|«oliv«a ia no mor* an avidenon of progntaa than thoir ■bundanoo in yia Oarinan ia • proof of munUl ■luggi«hn*«i and lingtiiatio uUMpu^ tlon. Tho Engliah Teuton* were oonquennl hj a jiaople MfirAking a differont Unguage ; the (Jermwi Tentona remained liide|iendenC. The Engliah loat by the oonqueat many inflaotiona which the (lammiia reUined. To malntaiu th«t the Engliah apeeoh haa reached ila preaeut ■tata by a prooeaa of analynia ia aa abaurd aa it would be to aay that the gardener who trima a ihrnb for the pnrpoae of converting it Into \ a hedgw-plant ia knalyiing it The buah wae needed for • new pur- ptha, Vandala, and fmaka, after thair aaay oonqueat of Roman and Ohria^ tian Italy, 9p^ «^ 'i«i*^ ''•'^ ow^*"^* to rMaounoa aloioat 2 ^-.-::..:.--. :.:"-:-.:-^...:^^..,-. .■ "I^' <^^^,^i«,--|', II .in Orrm««<^lkm ol Umi word. W. *.U i»»^r «•« »«b*l. oT •♦•^'^ f|«Hili »iwl w. .»Ui«r WM Ui« oHgtn of »• »•"""• ^ __4,^ .^i- k«r»r^ in •»»»«»» *»»^ *• '*^"*' "" • ««"*'*«- •»*»y Z.liW J7iu.po«rU-d, both In to r*"— •«« '" '" '••'"* mUA by tl» UitrodttoUon of imw\wor«i« mw 1 foniMi, or by th# dbtor- JtoTof Uw^*»*** •" '•*'**'^* TA4. MvUflBi Ihitl in »»* «"^ **»•* *"• «MmM o^ okMif*.— "i^ J^trVqa^-wUlb, toting l«f^. Oo«q«^ •• ^ .Ttry OM. Ih. aollbrm tn«Mtkm of tli* iirtiY«^*fi-U«t the • oainlMaiilwl. . vl »cvM^mnrf av UkimuAm, It gmnla ft«M iIm II«v«|«<>m (IIm mmwI InUbil*! ImkI) •Imil toHf- lU gMMralloM. or aImiiI fottHM* Ii««4m4 fmm, afo. 1%« IaImM. lAalt of IIm Mil tiinwi Ifwo* Ui«4r liMunt iMHty hwm T»liitl mi4 p^rily frwn V«v*u. tm* at lk« TiMigtt (or frimmUj) UImuI* Ait fully pioww 111 gMiMda«i«a of tho M«r«(nMHa mmI llowiaiiui rbUi6* jif« miAoimkk ovUMia* on tkk |Miiik* Now In onni|MHn« ih» l*nj(tittfM of tki MfllAra, or MiitfrMit, if _ Bianilka wilh Uumm «|iokmi in iho wMrtMmm. or omAIhw griMifMi, w« «ni •traok liy tho Tvry dlifht ohangiM vhloii Uiojr have an> mutntlMM nra all in Um diraeiiim of ain|dioity and aaaa of pronanai** lion. Tba/and § of SaoMM boUi baaomo A in Hawaii Tba Tongan (or original Polyjoafian) k la droppad allogaUiar in Hawaiian (aa il • baa alao baan in fiamoan), ita plaoa baing auppliad hj a aligbt oaldi ing of Um braaUi. /Aa, Um word for ftab in Tongan and NawZaalainl, la pronoiUMad i'm in fhunoa and Hawaii The naaal M (ng) baoom* ainiply H in Hawaiian. MmKa, wbiob in Hamoan and Touym !• binodi^ broooaa «MNia in Marqaaaan and Uawaiian. Tha law gnuMnnUoU obangaa ara in lb* aaoM diraoUon of grealar iimpliflily. Ttm BaoMaa baa aaTand parUdu waieb ara aflxad to ■ari pyMicjr ol Ite U. 4. wmk of M* Ma JtOgv J llM MiAiMi to lh« tdmU form A'« I. III. .^*m.ir.U.« ,.nm«H.«.. •!»- H.««- '^^fl'^^^ «■ MM^_< . «i»4ak to k»l hi lilt w«rt*m «M*- Urn. own lanr-g.. »• »• -«« ^-•'" *^-^ ^ •:^* Utor.1. m«i Mid wom«i from K««Und pr th. v^m wooUl not b. foona In Ui. «^HBI^^ . ., ,_^. Til, ^11 «| our brkf ro.i.w of Uiki mn.1 lnl.n-an« ll«r«l-tl« !la Hi- R-o' or foor ma.t imporUnt prinoipi- oT Uu^i^^ Uk. Tli.1 th. mt* or .ton* pnKlu«a by Up., or li«. i« u-wril..* flfiL^ wh«i oot df«t.d by oo«.»u«t or othor «H«rn.l Uillo.n«... r«3y.low. Th.onIycl-n.. which th.^^kn^ wktobto ri«UoJby . -lifht hUto. or ..tnWng or th. btmth. It to lOl ia Ummm. dfav^km. M. Til. ohioif in • -P-^ P«^««* *^ «nif«^. wh.n not a^ t'-fc .A. ,, ^ # T • ^fkm MMJb*«iM»4 «tlll Unit «U7* 5 # JU •onoiu«i«««i It wWA w« !»*• UiM »i««n bt««|f»t m to ll|* wUUly dilfrmnt •flUi- prwiiifl-i on •\mmh I9 i»m,u«rt •«ir.»mj»«nl*l hj Millar* of l^nruHP^ •»** ^'T "»•"• »"'«'»**'»»». «"* •*»«»«»*'• •'»»» •u«h miiit.ii«. Ii-a U> v-ry inMr«itin« n«ulta wh-n •|i|>iUia U. htalori ml .n^l MhiioliHiiml .ni*«tiiwt* Among k»Mi meat im|i«)HMil oT lk«t qiMNiUona ia o»rUlnly UmI ol Om mrlj |iwi»lin(| of Kurtii^ , If am Arymn «roifT*nl% wIki, In |if»hlii«ri« ttm*.., ovumn K«rt»ii.» in RuocMiiT* w*w» of mlgmtion. had found Umir i»«w •InhIm wholly imiw.r%i|,4«l, tli«f* U no n*ion for •niHHi-lnf thn« iUm Ungu«n«i wkioh tUr d«.«»«d*nUi now Bimtk would dlffwr inu«li iiior« frmn on« anollOT in gmAttMr or voo»lm»»ry lli«i thu PolyiwwUH l-nguimwi how ilillbr '•monn tH«m»U«l. TV •ota.l diff«r«no«, how^vtir. mrm imtm«n««ly grmUir. alid am of •aoh • iwtMw M to !••»» no v' 33 TMB iwYau>riiBirr or iJUiorAOB. '• %.'■, * ■■ ealt ci MX|alaition. Hm Aryn oonqn#nw« would imlumlly not Attempt, like th« Teutonic oonqueroni uf wMithem Europe or the Nomum oonquerera of Bngknd, to eoquire the apeeoh of th^r aub- jeoti. like the RooMn oooquerora of Qenl. they would retttia their own lengueiie, but in suoh e aimplifled form ■• would adept it for OQcnmmiioetion with the oonquered people. The mingled reoe would ■peek en idiom whioh would be in the main Aryan, but would have k»t many Tooal elementa eud many grammlitioal inflectiona. The new language would be to the primitive irryan what the Bngliah ii to the Oerroen, or whet the Fn»»■■* of LAJIOUAO* tl app««m»<-t whloh ihM* woka AW ll«fW««« of Europe brt-nl to U». . 1 t u TheobUolloM which h^T. Wn m^^e to the n.w theory of the oriS^S^ in the form in whieh it w« ^t forth. v«pr briefly -,Uee Into two, which tnke the form of queetioniL The Eret proceed, ^mphllologi;. who er. Inclined to eccept the theory, b^-f/^' ^rvia«nndpnrtic«li.ly for evidence ^'^^'^^'^^±;^^ "^ J^not only to invent . .peech, bnt elio. e. they grew^ older, to lirthi. ieech with inflection. The other ohj«^n c^me- fn>m tho«i who hnve he«.tofor. held the common and ** n^J'.'^'S natuml viaw that inflect*! language are the growth of ageiof .low y «««mulat«l culture, they aak fo# evidence that langu.«^ eq^ul n variety of inflection., in the cap«»ity for .ubtle d..tinctifn.. and m^ "mpiienaive power of expre-ion, to the cla«ic A^ ^d 8emiti^ tongue., have ever been found among barbarou. people.. The« objection^, or rather inquiriea, are both entlwly n«»nabl. ; and both have b^n pit»ented. wi|h equal oourteay and foroe, by very eminent authorft««i.-the flrai. for ^^V^^^^^^'^^'^l ^iZaf in hi. Uto met inte rating addit*.. ^ P««dent of the SecUon of Anthropology in the Britidi Scientific Aaiociation, while compli- menting the theo.7 •• " ^«y in*««iou.,» and pointing o«t, mow dearly than iU author bad done, it. utility In explaining wme im- portent llnguiatic problem., yet demur, to the sufficiency of the evidence tliu. fkr offemi ; the .econd by an Uluatriou. .Utcman and MhoUr. who ha. done me the honor of turning aude for an hour Crt ». the aflWr. of empire, and from Homer, to conrider the viewMuggeatoJ by me, uid to di«ju« them with hi. iwual candor and aoutenew. I need not lUld that any .uggertion. proceeding from Mr. Oladatone on a question of phUology mmit alway. deserve the moiit n).|Wtful oon* rideratton. On the qnertion of the capacity of chUdren for inventing entirely . new word, and form., evidence i. .teadily accumulating. For the., %. prewmt. It wiU be .ufflcient to prewnt one te.timony which, alike fromit. MMNt and it. character, will be found eiaainenrty satiAo * tory. It eoTOwlWmiftWydirtingniAed German iwrf^ Sinologirt of Bnrope, himwlf th» i^ of^wp.* <« phildogSd ■ »■'' • . \- Vr ^&^ u nm wmLommrr or uwaoAoi. •eimo0. Til ohUd UngiMir «« ''»»Wi it n/hn ta tUt of hU own nuplMW. WUt to ■iHwUlly n«iarkftbUi to that Uw novel word. Mid forma wm« not MaplojMl in oonvwM wilh .noUiw^ child, but were Ihfl aponUuieoba |irodiiota of Ibo ohild'. own lingutotio faculty. Th»t thto Ikeultj should be |mrticalarly strong in e grMMtoon of Dr. Hmnt Oonon von der Ckbebnt., and m nephew of Dr. 7 won give up hto idio- glottio endeavon, leaming German before hto next-bom atoter had nuohed the age of beginning speech. So <*«« language could have no forther grammatical development." In thto ma«i interasting case, we see clearly how the Sentiitio system of infleotkA, with internal vowel changes, may have originated; If thto higUy gifted child had been left with an equaUy intelligent girl, to grww np by themselves, after the death of their parents, in fwme iheltefed i^fhiitftil nook or oasto of Arabia, Oregon, BrasU, or Oentittl Afriea, can w« doabtf thftt they woald, hf the tine they had raaehed matority, havefkwned for themselves and tb«ir posterity a it'Ji* '''_^i.&-, , fa« DKYItOPMIIIT or LANOUAOi; ' *>' S H Unftiaf* •• •»•*»•*••• *"'*^' "*** oompleto m the AraMo or th« R«naorit--or •• any of thoiw Btill mora remarkable languafaa of which an aooount Mb novlo In |l»«. in r^ponaa to Um othar oUh of MuiriMl ■■■.■•■■■ ' ■ ■ ■ ■ ■■ '•-•^V'^'' "■^"■ Thaopinum wWah pravaila widely among •oljoUra, and ia luitained by many twatiaea on philology of very high repuUtion. that the Ian- gnagea of the Aryan and Semitic faralliee are the only tonguea in whioh gwinlne infleotiona are found, and that the variationa in all other languagea are of a purely agglutinative oharaot«r-.whioh Bome- timea mawly aimulatea Inflection— ia an opinion which, though onoa ■eemingly wammted, could only have reUlned ita hold through the neglect of itudenta to Inyeatigate fully the facta that have been •teadily aooumulaang during the laat half-century. It U now time to proTe by the higheat evidence, accepted by the beat authorities, that thia opinion ia uttwly erroneous. If it can be shown that Ian- guaget M clearly:,iK^ectional and as happily expressive as any^ the. Aryan or Semitic tonguea are spoken by tribes in a low, almost the loweat, stage of barbariam^in regard to whom the idea of a gradual growth of linguistic development by slow apceesions of culture would be an utter abaurdity~the propoeitiona required by our theory will probably be deemed to be sufficiently establiahed. Wh»n, many years ago, it fell to my charge to make the flrst eth- nographical survey of Orogon, I found in that region several families of languagea romarkable for the great number, variety, and expressiye- nesa of their grammatical variationa. Among these, the moat strik- ing, so far as the knowledge which I then gained wottld enable me to judge, was the Sahaptin famUy, compiiaing two principal languages and several dUleots. Of the leading language, the Sahaptin— then spoken by a tribe of about two thousand persons, commonly known among the whites aa the Nea-percAi,— I was so fortunate as to obtein a complete account f^m a very able and accomplished American mifldonary, the Rev. A. B. Smith, who had resided three years among them, and who kindly placed in my hands his manuscript grammar, oomprisiAg one of the moat thorough and profound analyses dver made of aa nhwritten tonfrio. Its soourscy I Uad good oppor- tnnity of toi^, whUe procuring ah extensive vooabuUry from the nativii. with the aid of another highly educated and indefatigable ■:f ■mmiii!;m^m:rm. ;/ m ; ^ Tu DtTiboraairr or ujiovA^a miiMOiiMy. the lUv. Dr. WhitniM.— vImm* (kpkmbl* ftu*. wMek bcMl him, wilh hill fMoilj, « r«v yiMmi afW I m«« IhMn. (Uuir mMMor* bj Mtolhor Indian tribe) forma on* of Um Mtldwt tnipliMi In th« hiHory of roodom mimiorak ^', ' > Hm Sahaptin Ui throughout an inflootod knguafo. Itit no^M h«Te •i|^t oa«N — nominativo, gmitiro, aoouaativo, two dativw and three ablatiree. They have two numbera, ' the plural being formed from the lingular, for the moet part, bjr a syllabio reduplioation. similar to that which fprroa the perfect tenae in the Sanaorit, the Greek and the MiMO-Oothio. Thua pUm, girl, make* in the plwml fipiim; aHeat old woman, aaiwU; laA», good, Uiaht. To tUa rule there ia an •xoeption in the caae of worda expreeaing the vaiiooa family relations, ^here the plural ii formed b/ adding nm to the ajnguUr, aa pikS mother, pL p%kama. The a^jeotirea are varied like the aubatantivea and agree with theni ia omo and in aau^. The following are the nuriationa;. ;'■<'■'■' ^ ■ t1'',. Kom. taAa, good, >v T V ^ t lit Dat -J 2nd Oat let Abl. V • and Abl. 3rd Abl. tak$na iahaph tahtpa tahipkinik. WMfMH, of a houae . •iMfia, houae . . ' imtpk^ to or for a houae ., . imtpa^ in or on a houae » . inUki, with a houae (inatrument) inUpkinUkf from a houae iniUtin^ for the purpose of a houae, loAsoifk It will be aeen at once, in the dative and ablatiire eaass, how niinoh more " profoundly reaaoned and accurately chumfied " '(to uae an ex- preaaion which I riiall have ouoaaion to quote firom FVofeasor Max. Miiller) fre the Sahaptin oaae4iatinotions than, the Aryan. It is poaaible, and indeed probable, that both in the Sahiqptin and in the Aryan langtugea the oaae terminationa, or manj of t^em, aiff- relics of primitive prepositions ; but if so, all trnoee of stioh preposifcioiis seem to have vanished, at least from the Sahaptin. If they once existed, it was, I believe, in the piimitive household in which the laagiisge was first fbrmed and bfonght to itaibllesl mator- ity, while all the members were still nmted. Tliere Is, howirrer, fkir reason fbr questioning whether the case terminatioaa may not. in some instances, ha^e be«i, frpm the tkt^ TU Bsraumumr or latouaob.. if port lBfl«olloii% or pluNMtio dMagw. mu»*^ by ih« l«ngu.f»i forminf fMulty, to axprM diaHnoMoM of uHMning. Aa Profaiwir H«y' S8 ?■■ DMwuMfmmn or LAMouAai. k i Mora reiKarkahlfl, in osrteln rMfMoH fa Um mbitentiTC wrk Th« , oominon opinion, «xprRaMd in pkilolofkml ooin|Mndiiimii, ia th»t th« ^mh of ptti^ MiHcnoe (■ tk« bighMt outooni* of oultur* muI raflwtion in tb« A171U1 and S«mi(io Un«a«gM ; and Mhokn hav* •xhaualad iMr ingtnniiy in trmoing ito rappoMd origin and primitiva maan* ing. In th« Sahaptin wn and thia varb uaad fVaqnantly. aa tha mi«ionariaa affirm, and in praoiaalj tli« aama aanae aa in OrMk and Enf iiah. By a ourioua ooinddenoa, ita form baara a raroarltabia r»> ■amblanoa (o that of tha Aryan varb. Ito root ia luk. In Banaorii, the oomaponding root fa a$, which aoma philologfata lupfMaa to hava originally maant' aithar *' to braatba," or « *b dwall." But tha mx- ampla of the Sahaptin woUld aaam to ahow thAt thare ia no naoaadtjL for raaorting to any auoh derivation, and thil tha verb may wall have been an original invention of the aarlieat makera of eaoh tongue. The firat three tenaea in tha conjugation of thfa varb wUl ahow that ita forma are aa completely infleotional aa thow of ^ Efaiuorit» the Greek, or the Oerman : PAESENT TKNBB. : .:!_■ ^*''**» ' •"* ' .'>■;•'■'■: K v.- '-■-■'• !'." wtuhik, we are *-; , ." :; '■ ' :;;■ ^^moosk, thou ui^""^'fi^'r'' y>^{/^ mwa»kih, ye ai«-^'"7- ■';.■■■ kiwash, he, ahe, or it fa * kiuthih, they ar« * PRESENT PAST TENSE. J «od4w, Ihavejuat been tooaAaAo, we have juat been awdka, thott haateta , : athwdthttka, ye have, etc AwadAo, he haa, etc hiutMka, they have, etc > * REMOTE PAST TENSE. »» ^odkOfX w»M (L, tmiaAina, we were aMka, thou wa^ *" v ' atAwa$hina, ye wero . Auddi«,hewaa T^f^*^ " Aui«*wirt, th^ were ^ ITdAa, I have juat been, differa from imUo, I waa, aolely in the dif. ferent afaade of the prindpal rowel aound, tl^ d in the former having the aoondora in "wall," and the a in the latter the aoa|id of a in " fother/* A elearer inatanee of a pare^inflaoiiip ol,th« EfamitiQ oaat ooold not b^fonnd in any laugUMa. Another vaiy ottriooa ooinddenoa between thfa verb and the Aryan mhatantiva verb deaenraa to be agntioned. The Sahaptin oa/k, like *.'■->.,.. ' / . j"> nil Divau>rMgirr of lanouaoi. Um Aryan lin U loaf^MAa, I bMonia, whioh tn«kM in ih* par foot voUmtk, I hftvn bMmm« or bcwn, (oomnponding to the I^atiii /Vm, from • root mMning to grow,) in tli« •orlit. wiUaia, I bfo«ni« or WM, and in the Ail or* «n•• of lU AmHim iAffttlHP^ i»««iMi «/ balAf. m mom Imt« im». t«n«l. • «i«rk of liif«ri«it}r. k ia r««lil7. •• l>npimcmn lan|( iiM« poiaM -aad m avary parani nova,— tha ohUd b^gina with aingla worda, and uaoally with nioa4>. , ■ylkhlaa, or al^lha moat diaqrllablaa. Aa ha growa oldar, ha puta hla'^ worda t<^gathar ; ha oompounda and inHaota tham. Finally, whan fulj gPi«rB, ha utian hia thooghta in aantanoaa, in which, oniaaa with a oonadona affort, ha raraly thinka of tha wor4 and navar of thair rooCa. Thua, ainoa all oomplolad language ta only knbwn lo ua in thia final ' ••me, or aa it ia apokw by grown proph^ Pn>fe«or Sayoa'a thaoty, porplaxing aa it aaama at flrat thbught, ia Mlj JualUlad by tha facta. Tha word whfeh Mr. Snith gava ma aa an aaampla of tha ramark^ abU powar of aompoaitaon in tha Sahaptin ia ooa which, ^noa it waa urn publiahad, haa baan oftan quotad. Though long, it ia anything bat hank or hai4 On tha eontrary, it ia both auphonicKia and. to^ •oalamllinrwithlhah«iguaia,aTidanUyaaayofoo«pmhan«on. It ba word of aiaa ^Uablai^ forming aaratal diatand gRmpa^-Ai-itt... f^»lMm\nm%hmn^; and it maana *«ha ImiraUad by on foot in a winynlgkr Thl% it wiU ba aaao, ia a oomplal. .«tt«M», and it i. . TZ^J^^"^*^^^ ^••"tViitbkimaih.p^iu oflhatldnipanQiiiingnlar; it baaiaaoarioimmaBiblanoa Inawmd •ad naaning to iha IqgUib pnmoiui -H" bal ^ amd only «• .■l^fT" ■■ 4 I 1 '.W' TT^i. / oowpo-na form •«,«. ^ u ..IdH „,^_ ch«i. U^ dirioUon of Ui. «oir,«,,t towaH, the .,H,.k«. iy.l^ "-™'"'"" «n»-wMiWi will ttfnity h« hiimIr him traral thia w»j oti foot in » rainy iii(hi." / . . . mrt H mny b. .aid th«t to (brm ind ^r« .«oh • b„-«^ „ U..8nh^4in or the 8.„.crit. «„..thing mo. ,h.„ . .tn,^7.^.^ . f^y I. "•^•d both in if fl^t fV.n.e« ^, ,„ ^.ir 13!:^ ni«« mu.t b« higher endow men U-power« of oom»m,.tioo of •cionaly, but ttill working ofiwU vely and oonat*ntly ^^ ♦J*.** "^ ** 'P^T"""*^ • i«^ °««. •«*» it i. proper to J,ow that Uia dronmatano* in the pr«e„t oa- f^llj ^firm it WhUe «th«! • ing the kn^ of Oiia trit.. I had oocadon to .tu4r Uieir chat^ *"^ !!1.""^ opportunity of .«»rt.ining it fn,m the mi«ion.ri«; and other whit* raaidenta. At th^k *!«- r * * . """"■"«• ft.h*nd„./«, V T^ V '^^V '"»• ^ *^t« of them-."Th« ^ 8a^n.^or , Ym^m^), ar. the trib. who, a^veml yea« ago d*.. P«^a dilution to the Unit«l Sutea, to «tK,ne.t that^h^^ Thdr good dtapodtion. ha.6 b-n much e«Iogi«l by t«.dle«, and N^MjOilrtj jjMiaft^r thi, n.-«,«rf oommondation wa.pLbllri.ed.. ^ +if «»«r * •«»« with the prdae. of the intellect^ power tS'T*' !^ ""**^ '^"'' "^ unconquerable firmneT th^ rwnt^Ue barhariana In the admiimble #ork of that able and ' m ..^ «►««.. j^"j»»ijl ' V Si twB ii«Tit»rMtn 09 uwuuaM* IbliMiiiiMlwl likitoHM, Mr. J. P. Dunn, ciliUMl "TW Mmmmtm oI lk« MouAlttiibb'' * wumkliv* la givM^ drawn frmii aMtA4 d*>mtm»^i» aimI «4Wr MiUMnlia mmnm, of Um ottUmMll «f Um NM-fMMwia ift 11171b AfW andttrijid tMmy wrong* wilk uiMiMiiplMl |Nill«a-^Mt onlar iu d«tKl1vf tliwai o( tlMir Umia. TlMiy w«r« M hjr th«ir faRUMU ohUf. " H—^mwt Jamfki,'* wbocn ik« bkMoriMi |»r9tMMtno|it« frutn i^lig. "^hm thmj ooold no Umipur ho roairmiiuHl. h« put bimMlf at th»tr hC«d a bold raaolution. Tlia famoua " Ketraat of tha Tan Thou*' •and " waa about to bit aofpaaaad by Ummm indomiubla barbartana,, ^^ Cktharinf^ hia whola trlba, old and young, women and ohildren, wilk hia mountad warriom in front and raar, Joaaph took up hia daa{)arat« march, far aaatward and north«rard. towarda tha Canadian Una. Th*;. diatanoa waa a thouaand milaa Tha track lad orar tha Rooky M oun* taina in thnir ruggedaai di^lea, through wida ri ran treaoharoua witk qaiokauida, and acruaa long atrntahap of brokan and arid plaina Th« '" * , pnrauing troopa, glided by Indian acouta— tha aarage Baimooka— « . hung upon tha raar of tha fiigitivaa. Othar troopa from tha forta os tha plaina cama hurrying to intaroapt tham. Joaaph fought hia way through all, daf!»Unj| thaoK capturing honna and ammnnition, and i« OM inalaiuM a howilpr. Hia warrion who f^l wera nal(NMl an4^ matUatad by tha Baimoik aoouta ; thair woman whan oapiwrad wart •ahitotadto arary indignity. The Kaa-paro^ rafbaad to rataUat*. No alaio auMity waa aoalped by Iham. Tha whita woman who war* lakao wara diamiaaad l^ Uiam unharmad. Thair oondael and thair wrong* nwaknid iho afm^ptHhy avm of tha mda pi a n aa r aalUmv. Wbaa tlWM WM« aaUad upon to iidat tha aoklian, lh«y rapHad, in tbtir wtpfiMiv* Aftmtiar phnMo, that thay ** had not kit any iMHaaa,** and oomagnantly had no oooaaion to hunt for any. tbay traded nr~" " — : ^ ~ — ~— ~ "•^:^7;->r VMi ummjuxFmmn 99 'firmnii. iC^^^ry. |«llM.4ry. ••d .rtill^ry •^ja^^ «.mrr«.rt-.| 4Ji«, ™y ••' '»y •" "««* •»«'«^ for hi. b,«.»ol««l dta|«ii|«n. •na !^"«*^^ '-^ "P«' »>*- ••«• •»««« •« !**• Uh« dmc«« 4Mr !ILI*— f "y^ . " P'y-" " ^ «*»«•« IM.«rm^ 4« hi, ton.|«^ oa. -r U- met w»r^i«,^ ,^4^ ^^ ^ ^^^' ^ familk., which i. n«.al. .«d fo„,ht ,,a. d««t «i,„Uft„ .kurirj ■^r.„o, and r»r gi»rd«. .klrniWi lin«. and !UW fortill«tl„«i;" To •kl- Q«r auUior add. that whao Um oaptivaa w.». JT , ! MUm..^ »i 41. . r «?*»''•■ •'•ra lakan down tha mrn^H Riwmr, Iha p«pla along that atww., who had baa„ uaad |«kin. ««^l "How claan tW-r "How dignlflad thaj .', : ■ ■"V-t . ■. ■ :>. . ■■' W-"r ■■ ■■ ■ ' ".*? *; .■,.;^ ». ««■ up our «,|wm«,(._|f „ ^^ ^^ ^ ^__^ ^^^ «l»d •»!.., whU. a^. too, k.„ b«,„«Ul«| ,0 tW, p«uri.y t ■4: ~\ I '^A raa wnMiopmuat m LAJMir*«t> b ftroBi IIm H««aMMikiii All LMAfi {m IW^w^w), llM MlMMMb lU M«-^li«-«i% tk« ll«Hp»«. llM «|taMM»u, Um ft»yi-r oT AnHiHmn pfclUiUigjr. wli» if«« bvo^kl Omw ^UAillka l« Um iuHk« a# •«i*4«>ta •>«»#« Uma siilf 7«M« acD, lA Ilk |Hib*kJ»*i «irw.p«Ml«-« wllfc 1^ wl^ioiMirf HMfc«««ki«r . Mia Ui Ma tiB**"- " IKuwit." «m Ito rkkk r«siiy«a firOM IhA il MMkiMiMI>i>t** VliWiftii%* ill IfiM. fhM Ilk p«iM» to Oia n»l»wM« OmmMr • fcw p«»-/ gfm^ My U dUwl, wlikih will amply mmllrm •!! lUt I !!•»• •I|iu4 % hf kmtinat, to niah iiMHlkii^ tn fiilkiiMi^ •r UMlr MkmM M Mv biti «d«.L»*| to fMilitoto tWrit«. H« to km^lM to Uiu M^an h,«.u« h. fli.<|. ih.t - „„ |«^^ ^^ " bMti « Ami»to«„ langu.^- ^ „„.,^ I nmy TMtor. to .ad. who h.. not jrH hmn .ur^mmmi, cither in brccdth of Icsmlng „, in depth of tho«gh^ hj »ny one who h«i Iinr T^"1^ ?''' '"*" ''^' •"^»'*' ^'7 high .„.h«rity •apwd by Pro€. Whitney, in hU " life .„d (Irowth of iMnm^mn,'* though .pparcnUy frfcrring to Am«ri«n yion« i„ g,„^. cYi.iiwvti, HUim more ccpwiiaJly to thoM of the Algonkin .took. I hetr hud Ocm»Um to quote it •Icwberc. bnt tJi« quotation well dccrm to be r^tod "TW. •,•," h« rwuirk.. "inflnito po«biliti«. of «p,^ •*ir«i«- in ciioh • ttruotur. ; and it woaM only need that come n*. ^e^AmcrioM Ortok r^c .hould .ri« to All it ftiU of thought and ««oy. Mid put U to the u— of . noble litomtons -nd it would bt ^JtLtlS'kLr -^ '-^^ '^^ Hr^-i .-.things To thk eHttMit pMMg; I would only Tcntu,^ to take oo« «„«>. ti«. Th. n.tiri.A««ri«n 0«.k rao. ha. alr^y arim, and .p^i. Ui. kaguago b quaalion. A highly «.dowad kng««. cmn onlybaTO origin-fd with a highly endowed raoo. WhJT^^Z^^^ i««whointh«Aiioiikiii«fibatlMf»p^ owiou uf a u se •m DtTBU>n»irr or ui^vouaoi. f ^^ da«ed during Om brfrf ♦•«! of oar (iitM«oar« with tbwn, we mntt IMl it^ilM tkftt th* poopia to whom thoa* l«Ml«ni balongad wm« far aboT* Iba oomnoii nmk. Aa nwm lika Solon, Mlltiadaa, ThamiatooK Pariolaa, Bpaminondaa, Phookm, and tha raafc of tlM long lina of Oreak wortbiaa, nnal ha^ aprong from a highly giftad oommuniftT, ao wt may ba aura Iba* foraai ataleaman and laadara lika Powhatan, Philip of Pokanokal, Mlwitonomah, Pontiao, Taonmaah, Black Hawk, and, in oar own day, Ptoondmakar and Orowfooi,— man who have won tha napaoi and admimfekm avMi of their enemlaa,— oonld only hava ariaan among a paopla of oharaolar and talenta oorreaponding in elevation to to their own. ^ ^ ' ^ SlUl another Americah raoe may bo mentioned, the Iroqnoia, about 'wboaafwnarkableabilltieathereoanbenoqneation. Aa U well known, thair &moaa eonfadaraoy, the Five Natlona, held, for a long time alW the fraofoh and KngUah ooloniea were founded, the baknoe of power in North Amorioa. If they had not, by their hoatillty to the Itwoa and AJgonkin alliaa of the French, been led to caat their in- floanea on the aide of the Bngliah, it ia the opinion of compOtent hlatoriMM thai the whole region weat of the Alleghaniea, lirom Canada to the Oulf of lUiko, would now be Frenoh. Thfir happfly deiriaad; politkal ijaliwn, manrpaiied in ancient or modem timaa, haa bee* ^r«U eliwIdMed by the poMlnilbo genina of Morgan. 'Their oratory, their MMiily, and ihair prowan.hnt* been oalebrated by many eml. M«t writ«. In their W^ pfotpwrity, their nmiiben did not «(ioeed.pWhahly did not leaob, twenty thowandaook. Itmayfiiirly b»afinnfdthn*,riiMa the world bogaa^ao much intelloolaal ftwoe, poblfeapifife, ehiqaenoe^ ilnMimMiahip, andmiHtaiyiHll ha^norwr, to ovr knowladgi^ being alaewhite eonoeatnleci in ao amall a oommnnity at thai whkb ooMpiMd Hkt InM|aoia oantona of northern Kow York tOBOMMM tfli^M^-- te^ ^<^ known to Amerioui aoholani to need a wiMtt dww ip iiM i. IlaateAaly ▼oenUaii fertunataly |*e i W Te d in the lof pboM^httV* iMooadpM of tho bM* nilutl iMtaMa of OwmAi^ Oniii, OilMliH SHnitii^ Toraiilo» P oo n d To ga , i^ dMflripHw ooMpoimd,-»ai*ilc Ow en^lMNiift ..■■■».' mi DaTKu>»Miirr or lamouaoi. 87 I ' w ohaniolMr ot th* apMob. W« m»y wdl b« grat«Ail to An Idiom whloh hM p r — rv d tbo worM-fainotui torrani of Niagara from tha too poaaibla daaignation of *' Tompkina* Fallm'' Tha waalth of forma and tha powar of axpraHion in tha languaga hi^Ta impr e wad avary atudant. Two handrad and flfly yaara ago, tha aohoUrly Jaauit, Brabouf, oom. parad it to tha Oraak, and found it in «»mo reapaota auparior. In our own day. thia opinion haa baan rainforoad by an authority of th«» greataat waigbt ProfiBaaor Max MiiUar, who Ifamad Mm language from a ilohawk undergraduata at Oxford, — no|r an aataamad phyaioian in Ganada, — haa writtan of it in terma of singular foroa. To hia mind, ha daolarea, tha atruotura of tha Unguago " ia quit» aulBdant avidance that thooa who workad out auoh a work of art wara powar^iHeaaonen and aoourate olaaaittara." Powerfiil roaaonara and aoounl^ olaaiifian 1 To appraoiata tha full atran|;th of thaaa axpreaaiona, we must oonaider ^ whether they conld be properly applied to the fi-amera of the great olaasioal tonguea of the old world, tiie Aryan and the Beniitio ; and we muat honeatly deoida that they oould not The irrational and oonfuaed gender ayatem of the Aryan, and the imiierfeot tenae ayatem of the Semitic stock, must exclude them from the oompariaon. "^It is a noteworthy fact that the two foremoat philologists of Europe and America, both' deroted atndenta and admirera of the Aryan ^leech, have compared thia speech in ita higtieat deYelopment with the lead- < ing American tonguea, and> that Wth, th<^igh differing widely in their linguistic theories oW other pointa, hxve pronounced in the strongest terms their bpinibn of the structural superiority of these American languages. \ It will perhaps be asked i^y, if the Americrim language and their ffmmers were of this superior character, the results achieved by Uie latter have been so small. How did it happen^ that the Algonkiiis, the Iroquois, and the Sahaptina remained barbarians of the SUme Age, while: the Aryan nations attained the higheat pitch of civilisa- tion. The queation is a fiur iad pertinent one. The answer is found in a single word,-^portunity. We recognise the prime importance of oooaaion and sarronndingi to an individual, but are ai^t to foi|pet that ihay are aqoally essential to % vaoe. We admit that HiHon, condoDUMd by fkte to ignoranoe and penniy, woqI<} probably have rsmained "mute and inglorioaa." If tlie American civil war had not < . '•«* v;^^ iKft^iW-'^L uw ^yftt ■pJ^'ii 88 nut DiTBLoriiaiiT or lamouachi ooet|rr«d, 0«ii«rml Onuit woaM, in all Hkelihood, b»v« lived and died an indoatrioiia tann«r in an obaonra lUinoia town, utterly unoonaoioua of tka |iow«n which ware doaUnad to make him ona of tha moat ftMnoaa oommandara of raMidara timaa. If tha Arjan raoa had been X ao onfortoiiata aa to maka ita flrat appciaranoa on the ahorea of tha 8t> lAwranoa, or on tha waatam prairiaa, or amid the nplanda of Oregon lifiaawMim ao domaalio animal hat tha dog, nq oereal bnt maiaa-> awrronndad not by driliaad nationa lika tha Aooadiana, tha Amyriana, / tht Pbmnioiana, tha EgjpUana and tha Ohinaaa, qualified to teaoh it ' arohilaetara, aatronomy, tha alphabet, the amelting of metala, ^lip- "t building, tha uae of tha mariner^a oompaai, bat by wandering bordil of boatila anvagea — wa have no ground for aappoaing that thia raoa, whatovor might be iU natural endowmenta, would have attained any \ haigfat In oultnra beyond that whioh waa reached by the moat capable Ajoerioan tribea, whoae ill-fortune placed them in that hopeleaa pail- tion. , * , ■ ' ' * Thia ia a point whioh, in ita connection with our theaia, requirea aoma further oon8i4eration. The doctrine of eroludon. whoae impoi-t- ' anoe I woold in no way depraoiate, haa, in reference to the intellectual powanof the human race, been atrangely mikapplied, toinch an extent ■^ w to lead to aeriona arrpia. The miaapplioation, it muat be aaid, ba^m with Darwin himaelf ; bfut he, with that noble oandor whidi diatinguiihed him, admitted and corrected the miaiake, in whioh aome of hii fi%wera atill peralat. W^ know how franklf and fully, near the doaeOf hia life, he withdrew, on better information, the opinion wlUflh he had originally axpreaaed of the low intellectual and moral dmraoteroftheFaagii^ By juat imidiantibn, thia revaraal of Uia opinion wiH apply to all aaTagea--for the Fn^giana have alwaya been nmkad among ikhe lowaai of tho low. On ftutk^^oonaideintion, it haoomaa apparent that thia final judgment of the great inveatigator of aatttM waa in atriot aoaManoe irith the Uw of evolution. It ia ewlaio that there haa been, from one geologioal rMMirr or LAMouAoa M or qoality of its brain oooara from flrat to bai When " Rpcaking man " appaarad aa a naw spaoka on tba world'a ataga, Um aiae and powar of bia brain waa flsad, onoa for all Thara ara variationa in diffarant'jraoaa, aa tbara ara diflaranota in this rMpaoi among ohildran of tha Huua parenia ; bat tba rariationa do not paaa oartain daflnad limita, i^nd ara ocmatantlj tanding, aa Mr. Qalton baa abown of fcba buman atatiira, towarda tba ganaral avaraga. Tbua it baoomaa apparent tbat in tba oaaa of man, or at l«aat of •peaking man-~for if tbara waa a ■peaobleaa komo prinnfftnitu, ba belonged to another «peotea — tha prooeoi of erolution, or, more, properly apeaking, of development, i^pliea, nut to bia natural qap% city, bat to bit growth in knowledge, ^uat *■ bia bodily stature and strength have, ramainecb the same f^om tba aarliaat timea and in all ■tagea of oulture — aa hta oaieooa remaina and tha maaaurementa of aziating raoaa clearly abowr-ao thara oan ba no reaaonabla d^Wbt tbat bia mental atatura and foroe have remained unaltered. We have no reaaon to doubt— we have every raaaon to believe— tbat the earlieat ' Aryana, aavagea aa they undoubtedly were, oould raaaon aa profoundly and feel aa keenly aa the moat oultivatad of their deaoendanta. Aa ^he atraotur^ language depends entirely on tba natural capacity of ita earlieat framara^ it ia dear tbat the Aryan tongue, in ita primitive form, must have poaaaaaed every quality and every power of ezpmsion which hava ever belonged to it. If, among otbar barbariana, tbero have been tribaa equal in natural capacity to tha barbaroua Aryans, their langoagea will equally show theaa aminant qualities. To apply these propositions,— if the langnaga of the lateat Aryans poaaeasaa aiu^onstantly axeroiaaa tha power of exprea^ abatraot idaaa, wa may ba certain that thia power waa poaaeaaad and constantly exereised \ij the first Aiyan fiunily. And fart|iar, amon^ tha barbar- ous tribes of the present day, wa may expect to find the same power poasesse d and axsrdasd, with greater or lass f uln ess , in proportion, not to thair degree of cultivation, bat to their natural oapadty. We ahoald expect that hi|^ sadowad oommuniUsa of barbarians, Jike tha Algoiddos and Iraqnoisy woold have languagss aboumling in ab- stnMt andfsosfal aaqprassloiis. Soeh, in fiwl^ wa find td be theoasa. If «a telca what nrafc8M>r Mia MfUlar styles abatraot terma of the ■MMMl d4gre»-4ha iwM* aktbotata if not the isost mataphyaloal of all ^ 7^ •n*;'f 10 ttOtllBlT •» UMlVAttl. lM«,'llfe» audi Affwi *am§m, m tfmM tansiMlkNi to raprMi Umm aWtiaulium. I» llMlroqaola lliti frmfaadon k Mi«or iMm; Ia IWmM^ igMMBiaj ; froai Aiiiwe n li mrf jw i ^ to ■Maitata, (root^ mmtn i t) w« hovo mmont0tmufnl§0r9^ wdtttation ; ftooi Ao l t ri flg, to flglit, (root moK itilly mi4 6>iiin M^ to b* pMwcAil, and two «bafci«ot nooii% l itoi i Mift f ic and to otf, iatMTwiiMkbly^ tbioogb the diotionaiy. Bnt H H IMllMpi^ ia tbo ahatiMt twm of tbo flnt degna, th« moat prialtiTO 'and in a eart*i» mam tba profoondaat of all, that tbia original maiilal mpaoltj ia'inoal itrikiogly abown. ProfiMMr Max Hillar, in bit •« BeiMioa of Tbooght," waU obaenr«a tbat, wban oertain albnok^giata **«all na tbat tbara are aamgaa wbo bava no» ^ aiagla abatNMt tirm in tbafar hngnaga^ tbaf oogbt fliat of all to fl^a oa tba MMMO oC tbo aavagaa, to wboao langoaga tbay rafar, and, aaeondlyr Ibaj oogbl to eqpMa bow tbaaa aavagaa aould poaaaUy bava forwaJ tbo afanplaat naiaa^ aneb aa fiUbor, taotbar, brotbar, aiafcar, band and mk,*' b* obaanraa, " ^K|w«aaaa, |ii4jat(iy, M^ pttml bnl flUal laMion--' l. ooma from jam ; ' oam (i^ iHbir) Vbo aooMO ftoM biaC,or 'wilb AnuMpoaitifMi of fml^aiiifl4i«nlw*bo>0«Mlii».''' In 4^ Jjraqnoit, aeoon^ tifcy dlaHi^iibad Qm^Um pbikkgi^ tiia Bov^ J. 4. Oooq, tbi iiftKl ban Hi origin in m oMoiption pacbapa avan noca adbtlo.. '*: 5*" •l"*.'- "^-^^^^ »■• MTMArniyr ot lamvam. , 41 mf htkmr, mmmhwA IW ▼•ri> mOitn, (raol, iiii>..««lo • b«^*," ta wl»4 k HjlMl th* " i?h or kftk (wharo Iha cA iaf tho Gmaaa Rattoral), whieh oaibnoaa tho gnmA eoaoapt of <*aoaeaaaAil •««ioB,"-4ia idaa aa porolj abatroot aa oaa wdl ha ina. gioad,— iowara, aeeordiag to thia aathor, iato aa amaiiag aaltitode of ^•riratifa tarawi ioelpdlag gitcMgmm, to hagia life, to be hora, gimM- Aa«, to forai, to aiake with the haoda, gmkdtmtn, to eroate with the miad, to hnof, yifoAifanwiMM, to iaoraaae, to prodaee fhiit, gikm, to grow bettor ia haait^, AOiy, ioag Hred, old, gimMUu, " itia prored trae,'V^' .* '-V. * •>< 4t TUB nm/iujowumn or uuiooJuia i^ ■ w^ — »" « li t M » lttl>|[ iImI prialliv* mm, bMrterteM m lk«y wtra, \»A ili« •MliU «ipMitj wlii«k MtbM tlM«i lo iBVMt th«M i«Mrtl oe abttrMt ww A to will Bfttarallj bt askwi |Mm w« wo mppoM tkal varj young •kUdiw, wkiM Mr lliMry r«ipirat m iIm Irk fViB«f« of «v«r7 lar*' gMft, iM !•▼• p o M iwii l ikte rtmarkaM* fcMllj. VortaMlilj, w« ar* •Mt lo MMifIr Uib <|tt«til.tioo of a graal liogoittio pro. bit. II will Urgdjr »od»y, ool-oolj ika aoiaoea. wklak kat • bLi aamad koi al«i tka pravalant opiaioDa oo maoj poiota of maotal, aooial. and poliliaal pkiloaopkj of tka kigkaal iotaraat. It may tkarafora Ihirlr aUlm tka aariow aad oapdid ooofidatitioa of all aokolara wko aia rntor- aatad Id tkaaa Inportant atadiaa. DalhldHgw«., makm of Um iMguf, d «l»ikl>«o in ..plaliifaic th. Wgto of Ifmmnl Unm, Tka poHk«« of Ika work lalaiiag lo Ikia rabjMl Book, okaptor I. oo "QoMfal Ohoraelac. Md Qfc» wjawa lo IkaaakM^ aadaladdatta ftlVfarlteaMMalfaMaaiid^aavka. "Tka tadb.! taw»toa«tdiMo*aw r^«ia« III awa aaaoid 1 fjkrv it NO jMrM 0/ i^a fo'id^ — «fc«- tW nia i Mng iiii d to M« ky kfa patartaaad Ika pttaeBa ■WW kiaimnii i ir a kl aa ik alfc '' "Tk aia laa o l -fei ^1 •%' f. 44 tmm ow^muiwwmMi or uui^UMia « all owmImw Itv Mm vsvds lo be Mid kf • humtm Mrtlii A«««m«,«pIb Mm I* Ma wiMidaUkMf tlma*k»m in l/U -A V«i l; fb lt| h- pfll«y •«• faiMlj.'* «ft Mr. tUkm, "i lo Imm Mfv vM4i, VMMy bvat M to «•* lor to «i^ fMM lU ialwiMMMi «mA M«l bjr lk«f wiik l» atop tMr kMM» purMy fnai ■ j a y li M i i Mt l — I mI w o( tmw tt MMt •b«r« • ywr «ld, Im Md nadt wid TkMk lb* boy la Mm mmmmj Mm word Mini far iiiijMiln M *e mI. I iMd MMgP0«rth«fMitoi*w4. f1nl»lM vImb IfUtry. by ^k* MHMb Am. OrMlMllgr. m bte ya wbtali «• MiglM MMtkUflU. M arMwJato wn mmI «m. flMlly, mi* wm piMad 11^ Mfai bdag B«tMMMI •ad mIm' «mm Io MgBiiy rraryMiiim •dtbi* I M MM* lb* bogr wwUd add «b« word* food or ted, wldoh b* iMd UwiMd tatba Iha WMd wtMi bla. Omom Ha M«r waald Mty ^aad mlm, hmi tikm^ bii mn* «io|>Mof ba nid /It aiNi, for hod, rtprntakm to Mtt. Tiara la m da«bt b«l MmI a varb to ata^ for to aa*. would bwr* datalopad ItoaC bad M« Mm rlpadta^ aiad adoptod «ba yaraaoakr toMrMdjr wUobwai If . TUaab Iboafb ba dwaOa naob aad foroiblj oa «ba pbyiioloflaal vlaw. toahidfa^ Mj iniany tba fbaaMoaa of tba btaia. doaa aot iadfaato Mm paeallar Hgbl wbkb tba* atodgr aaito oa Mto aab|aol ia qaaaMoa. TMa baa baaa latolj bybto m diaMi^pdaiMd aatbrapokgial. Dr. Toflaard. in bia BOtobla laalBM oa *'TIm laM t^aigm of Mm d w n al n fir of pabUahad ia Ma M$tm trAnArofOoth far Miqr. IMS. Aftor rafonriH ^ *^ Ibat Ibajoaif ■•*BBtMiia iatoUi- tf waooaaidar «• fhato. Al MMa al^ Mm bfaia to bipt. nlaMraly to Mm body ) tt ia ia a to torn to Iha bleod wbiib il raoiivw. WlM*to Mmb «ka «iV iawUab oar ayidiaa to ■paak, to raad, to wiltol MMUldiMbaaayam «aadalt^alM»aiMaalof lafid M*^ by IIm MM «f iraadi Mfed UMa wUab «• toapTMa apaa Mmm T Wbaitor to ba abto to addbak ia oaaAnaMaa «f Mm. bkaa aa* »forMi toiqril toUM ( toill tUn^ iMi , aUioMflqr 4IM yagfiMhiyy. faMfaiibli^toMMoaar- ofaa i ^ ipr^ jg^aaaafe " •llAdMliv* ■ tmm oK^Bvowmmr or i.Ait«v4t»(i. 4§ •o r«MrUbl]r to Mtlite Uk* tftrnkm mnpi^mmA hy hi« la V, # 4*- » .*»,. .x: -- * At / ^ / / 1 ^ V, ^ \ /- 'Ifc ^ • ♦> ■«■ i A ■P #> pp « k