IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I If 1^ IIIIIM ^ 1^ III 2.2 " lis lllllio 1.8 1.25 1.4 J4 -< 6" - ► V <^ /2 ^% > J*^ Hiotographic Sciences Corporation m^ d \ ;\ >v \ % V M 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (7)6) 872-4503 ;\ .^!v TO WHICH IS ADDED A PARTICULAR DESCRIPTIOl^ /%sv^7// OP THE COAST oV FROM NEW YORK TO ST. AUGUSTIN; WITH CUMPIETX SAILING INSTRUCTIONS AND USEFUL NAUTICjiL TABLES JND REMARKS. BY GEORGE WALKER, MASTER IN THE COASTING AND WEST-INDIA TRADE OUT OF THE PORT OP PHILADELPHIA, AND LATE LIEUTENANT ANE* COMMANDER OF HIS majesty's GALLEY CORNWALLIS. PRINTED AND PUBLISHED SY ROBERT LAURIE AND JAMES WHITTLE, No. 53, FLEET STREET (successors to the LATE MR. ROS&KX SAYSR.^ ^ 1199. Siuft t^ublirOcD, AND DEDICATED, BY PERMISSION To THE RIGHT HON. K J R L SPENCER, FIRST LORD COMMISSIONER OF THE ADMIRALTY. •j^tr-^- A N EW A N D A CC U R ATE COLLECTION OF SURVEYS OP' THE PRINCIPAL PIARBOURS ON THE COAST OF NOVA SCO T I A, BETWEEN HALIFAX AND CAPE SABLE, AND BETWEEN HALIFAX AND CAPE CANSO, fOKMING, TOGETHER WITH A LARGE GENERAL CHART, A COMPLETE Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Pilot. WITH AN FNTIRE NEW POOK OF SAILING DIHECTJONS^ By THOMAS BACKHOUSE, LATE MASTliR OF HIS MAJESTV'S SHIPS THE THISBY, HUSSAR, AND ARGANAUT. Taken with great Care and Attention, during a Period of Four Years, Comprijing Fifteen Charts, us /J/ow : I. General Chart of the Coad of Nova Scotia, Bay of Fundey, Cape Breton, &:c. on three largejheits. II. Haljour and River St. John, New Brunf- wick. III. Shelburne, or Port Rofcway Harbour, in Nova Scotia. IV. Lunenburgh, or Mallagafii, tlitto V. Halifax Harbour, ditto VI. Country Harbour, ditto. Plate I. VII. A continuation of ditto. Plate II. VIII. Ganfo Harbour, on the N. E. Part of Nova Scotia. IX. Crow Harbour, South Side of Cliedabu6lo 13av. X. Inhabitant Ray and Harbour, at the South Entrance of tlie Gut of Canfo. XL The Illand of Cape Breton, with the Gut of C.uifo, anil Chedabufto Bay. XII. Port Ilood, commonly called Jefiico, on tliC N.W. Side of Cape Breton. XIII. St. Ann's Harbour, on the N. E. Side of Cape I'reton. XIV. Spanilh River, or Sydney Harbour, on ditto, two Sheets. XV.LouifbourgHarbour,on theS.E.Sidc of ditto LONDON: PRINTED FOR LAURIE AND WHITTLE MAP, CHART, AND PRINTSELLERSy N? 53, FLEET STREET. run: £l, lis. 6d. Half-bound, with the Sailinjr Dirc^llom. Publ'iJIicd January, 1799. A New Survey of St. John's Harbour, on the eaflern Side of New.'"oundland, Hy Francis Owen, Mailer of his Majeily's Ship Agincourt; dedicated by PcrmifTion totlie Honorable William Waldegravc, Vicc-AdmiraJ of the Blue, and Governor ul tli? Iflanil of Newfoundland, .•-CC. &c. Price 3s CONTENTS. :ys }t. ars. liedabuflo the South 1 the Gut efiico, on . E. SiJe hour, on :Ic of ditto is Owen, William PART THE FIRST < Page Tor failing alonpf the Coaft of Nova Scotia ---.-- i Inllruftions for going into Halifax Harbour 2 Dircdlions for failing into Halifax Harbour, oxtradlcd from printed Dircdions in the Cuftom-houfe at f?alil'ax 2 Dircflions from Sambro Head, near the Entrance of Halifax Harbour, to Cape Sable ....---.--.. 2 General Remarks 2 Liverpool Bay .-...--..-- f Gambler Harbour, or Port Matoon ...---- 4 Port Rolew ay, alias Port Campbell or Port Rafoir - - - . 4 Port Amlierlt 5 Port Haldimand, or Port la Tour 5 Earrington Bay, on the S. W. Coaft of Nova Scotia - - - . 5 llle of Sable 6 Defcription of the Coaft from Cap* Sable to the entrance of the Bay of Fundy 7 Seal llles, in the Bay of Fundy 7 Bay St. Mary - 8 Grand Paiiage ..- 8 Annapolis Royal -- 9 From Cape Sable to St. John's River, in the Ray of Fundy and Province of New Brunfwick 9 Directions liom Cape Sable to ''Jape Cod and Plymouth Harbour, in New England .----.------ 9 Calhe's Ledge 9 Plymouth Harbour -.---.-.--10 Directions from Cape Cod to Boflon ---....10 Directions for failing in and out of Bofion Bay, from Cape Cod and Cape Ann, by Mr. Knox, Branch Pilot 11 To work into Bofton Bay --....-.. 11 Remarks by Ofgood Carlton ---------11 Sailing Directions for the Habour of Bofton, &.c. 11 To fail in the Night, or turn within the Light-houfc Anchorage - - 12 To fail through the beft Channel up to Bolton - - - - - 12 To turn into Nantaiket Road - 13 To turn from Nantulket Iftand to Caftle Iftand, and thence to Bofton - 13 Marks for the Rocks and Shoals in failing into tlie Harbour - - - 13 Diredions lor failing from Cape Cod to Holme's Hole in Martha's Vine- yard, extracted from thofe of Capt. Paul Pinkham, Branph Pilot - - l* From Holme's Holme to Cape Cod 15 Bearings and Diftanccs of Nantucket Shoals from the Light-houfe - - 16 Tides 16 Diroclions for going between Martha's Vine-yard and the Main, and thence tin ough the Hioals to the eaftward, having made Block Ifland - - 16 Oblcrvations on the Gulf Stream 18. Farther Oblcrvations on the Gulf Stream, by Governor Pownall, Dr. Franklin, &c. &c. 18 The Current of the Gulf Stream, as it lets along the New England Coafts 19 Directions from Block Ifland to Rode Ifland Harbour - - - - 19 Directions for failing along the Coaft of New York, from Block Ifland to Gardener's Bay ..-..-.---20 Inftruflions ^^ Contents. Page InArufllons for going between Long Ifland or Snndy Point, and thrnce up to New York .-....' CI Direftions tor failing into the Harbour of New York .... v'2 Tlie E;ift Kivcr 21 Long If! and Sound 23 For Dflaware Bay 21 Afironomical Oblervations 'j.s PART THE SECOND. Direflions for Cape Henry in Virj^inia, including Clicfapcak Bay - - 26 From Cape Henry or Lin Haven bay to York River ■ - - - 26 From New Point Comfort to Potowmack River 27 Diredions for Jamrs River 28 Particular Directions for York River ....... '2S Dirtclions for going into Patuxcnt River 29 Cape Hatteras 30 Cape Fear Light Houfe- -.-. 31 Remark , - - 31 7 Matlcrs of VcflTels 32 l):icdions for the Coafl of North Carolina, coming in from Sea - - 32 From Charlfton Bar to Port Royal 33 St. Htlcna Sound 34 Port Royal Harbour -- ■»34' Aftronomical Obfervations 35 Obteivations on the W inJs, &:c. on the Coaft of South Caro^na - - 3' the entrance of Halifax Harbour, to Cape Sable. CENEilAL REMARKS. FuoM Halifa:-;, v.eftward, to Charlotte Hay, the country from the otTing is very rocky and bioken; llie flion* is fieep-to, and bounded with white rocky clilVs. The .high lands of Hulpolagetn, on the ealt lidi; of Mecklenburg Bay, are very re- markable; froui whence proceeding weltwaid, the rocks which furround the fliore are black, with fomc^ I'anks of red earth, Jjciween Cape Ic Have (which i.> a remarkable promoniorv, bald on the top, witli a red bank under it facing the foulh-wcllv, ard) and Port jarkfon, ihi re are i'ome hummocks wilhin land, about which the country appears low and level from the lea ; and on the lliore white rocks and ftony beaches, with fevcral low bald points ; from whence to Port < ami'bv'.I the land i^ wondv. Aliout the entrance of Port Jlaldimand, and within Ja:,d, are leveral barren fju.t-, which from tjie oiling are calilv dilceiiied; thence tp Cape Sable the land apjxjars b.'vel and low, and on the Ihore are tome clills of exceeding white fand, particularly in the entrance of Port Haldinuin, and on Cape Sable, where they are very confpicuous from lea. From Cape Sable;, tailing up the Bay of Fundy, you pafs the Seal Ifles, and Tufkct Bald ]tks, tiie latter of which arc Imall green liles with red banks of earth ; the H.ore between tliefe and Cape St. Mary is chiefly furrounded with banks of j"cd eanbj and ihi; country .vitiun appears even and well clothed wilii wood. The Ib.l firaig tli.it II near l| thofe the c<| near even. lilowi land Ci>p<1 llriail (J noil C;J and J ^.>^ \\\ quicll greai culf" T the 1 Fi difta TlK' 1 Tlir. COAST OF NORTH AMERICA, 6CC. J P printed h'i'l r »''Ki- rt' f.irtrrly, -tIv iib voti f-'" on v'our ''ic OlhtT >inc' above >"r miles, ^•i,\y (o C.ipc Split, tlu' coaft tontiiiu«"< Itrai^ht, and ncnrly in the fame ilircCiuui, with few rockv tii:!f near thu (iut, and many banks ol' red »• irlh undrr lii;i;h hinds, which appt-ar \L'iy rvi-n. Ill the (jiit, hMdiiij; into the l-Jalon of Alint-s, from (.' ipf .S|)lii to Catiij Blowmrdowii, and from Cape Don-, on the n(;itli lide of I'atridj^e illand, the land rifis almolt pfrprndicular from llie llioie to a very grt;at height. Hctwecn Cape tilowmi.lown and Partrid^^e Itlaiul, theie is a^;reat depth of w.iier, ajid tljc ilreuin of the current, even at the tune of neap tides, does not run leli than b or 0' nots. Cape Dore and Cape Chi^neclo are high lands with very fteep elilTi yf rock* and red earth, and deep water t lole under iheiii. Vou have nearly the fame kind of lliurc l<> the Head of C'hii^nef'to Bav, where v«'ry c-\tenfi\i! llafs of nuiU ami quick-faiid an; left dry at low watt r. The tides tome in a Ihie, and rulli in vritlj great rapidity; thry are known to JIovj at the equinoxes /torn tO io '0 feet peri en ti~ culm , The Ifle Haute, or Hauto, is remarkable for the jr 9 fatlioni's ity diftinttly lomctimes 8 t within the as they ixjcie the "violence A'/.] Along iding nearly le north fide. 3y fouthcrly ing 10 or \'2 more (lioaJ being, in a f beats con- '• Landing itinuance of land, inuqh tranfparent liffs, wildly heaped i ;rji;£ COAST OF N9RTH.AIV;r.ERICA, h^c. y, licape^ fogpllier, within which are hollows and ponds of frcfli water; the flxirts Af which abound with cramberrics the whole year, and with bluc-berricS, jiilliper, &:c. in their feafon; as alio with ducks, fnipes, and other birds. This fandy ifland aflbrds a great plenty" of* b"each grals, wild peas, and other herbages, for the (up- port of the horfes, cows,* hogs, &c." which are running wild upon it. It grows no trees, but abundance of wreck, arid drift wood, may be picked up along Oiore for fuel. Strong northerly winds Ihift the ipits of' fand, and ollen even choak up the entrance of the pond, which ufuaHv opens again by the next fouthern blaft. In this pond are prodigious numbers oi" ll:al,s, and I'ome flat-filh, eels, &c. and, on th6 fbuth-wefl fide, lits a bed of remarkable large niufcles and clambs. The fouth fliore is between the (clift's fb low, that the; lea breaks cpiite over in many pladcs, when the wi«d blows on the ifland. The Rara's Head is the higheft hill rtn this ifland : it has a Iteep clifi' on the nortii-wcft, and falls gently to the fouth-eaft.^ 1 he Naked Sand Hills are 146 feet perpendicular height above the level 6f high water mark, and always appear very white. Mount Knight is in the lliapQ of a pyramid, lituated in a hollow between two lleep cliffs. Mount Lutterel is a remarkable hutnmock on the top of a large fwelling in the land. Gratia Hill is a knob at the top of a cliO', the height of which is I'iG feet per- pendicular above high water mark. Tlie Vale of Mifery is alio remarkable as is Smith's Flag-Staft', a large hill, with a regular afcent every way. 'From the ofhng, the fouth lide of the ifland, ap|)ears like a long ridge of landy cliffs, leifen- ing towards the well end, which is verv low The Nova Scotia Bakk; :s extend nearly 70 leagues, in a weflerly difecllon. From the Ifle of Sable, they are frorii 20 to 25 leaguers wide, and their inner edges are from I i to 18 leagues ofl!" fliore. They are interleaved by narrow winding channels, (the bottom of which is riiud) running N. W. and S. E. Between thelc banks and the fhore, are feveral fuiall inner banks, with deep water and muddy bottom. The water deepens regularly from the Ifle of Sable, to the diflance of 22 leagues, in .'jd fathoms tine gravel; thence proceeding wefhvard, the gi^avel .becomes coarler.' At the dillance or2.'3 leagues, and fouth from Profpetl Harbour, 'you have from 30 to 35 fathoms water, lar^e floues ; and continuing weftward to the wefleni extremity of the banks, the foundings are rocky and ilioal to 18 and .15 fathoms. Cape Sable bearing N. byW. dillaiit 15 leagues. The fouth-weft extremity of Bank'^iev) lies 2« miles E. N. E. f N. from the ^afc end of the Ifle of Sable. This baiik extends E. by N. 33 leagues, and is near 8 leagues in width; its flioalelt part is about J? leagues from its eaflern ex- tremity, in 16 and i8 fathoms wati;r, fliniy fand and clambs ; from whence it deepens regularly every way to 60 and 70 fathoms, towards the edges of the bank. This bank is lleep-to, and from its Ibundings on the north lide, vou fall immediately in 90 or 100 f'atiioms water, black mud; and on the ibutii lide, in 120 fathoms. Bauon Bank, the ealt end- of which lie^ 9 leagues S. \\ . by W. from Cape Sable, and extends W. S. W. j VV, 7 miles, is about i miles broad, and has 20 and 21 fathoms wafer on it. Between this bank and Cape Sable, there are ;>3 fathoms. The tide flows here on tUe full and change of the moon at 8 o'clock. De/cripiion of the Coqfi from Cape Sable io the Entrance of the Bay of Fundy. . '/ •' Seal Ifles, in the Bay of Fundy. The fouthernmofl point of the fouthern Seal Ifles lies in 1.3 ileg. 2^) min. 25 (vc, N. latitude, and 66 deg. O min. 35 fee. \W. longitude from (Treenwieli, and bean from Cape Sable VV.by N. about 7 leagues; between tln'in there are 17 fathom.s w iter. About 3| miles S.\ W. from the S. W. part of llio Ibulli Seal llle, and weit 7 leagues from Cape Sable, there is a rock above water, which appearjs to be v<'ry fmooth. Between this rock and the fouth Seal illands, there are iJ .fathom* water. Ofi the weft lide of the ifland, there are two Imall rocky iflands ; hetw.eca them and the Seal Iflands, thefe arc 2 and i fatlioius water. ' * B 2 Between n i Vtvr DIRICTIONS FOR SATLIKG ALONG Between the fouth and nort^ Seal Iflands, there Is a channel of about 2| mlle« vride, with 15 fathoms water in it. In goine through this channel, you (hould keep nearer to the fouth than to the north iifand, beeaufe there is a (hoal lies off about ^ of a inile from the north iiland, on which there are 3 fathoms at low vrater. The courfe through this channel is about N. W. Gannet Rock, a part of which is dry at low water, lies weft, between iandS miles diftant from the fouth- wefternmoft of the Tulket Ifles, on the S. E. Ihore of the Bay of Fundy, in latitude 43 deg. 40 min. 40 (cC. N. and 66 deg. 9 min. 45 fee. W. longitude from Greenwich, and 13 miles N. J W. from the S. W. part of the fouth Seal Ifland, and 8 miles S. by W. | W. from Cape Forchu. About 5 miles W. J S. from the fiannet Rock, 14 miles N. N. W. | W. from the S. W. part of the South Seal Ifland, and 1 1 miles S. W. | S. from Cape Forchu, there is a ledge of rocks, which appear about half ebb. Between the South Seal Jfland and the Gannet Rock; there axe from 8 to 20 fathoms water ; between the Gannet and Cape Forchu, there are 23, 28, 16, and 14 fathoms. Cafe Forchu lies in 43 deg. 51 min, 30 fee. N. latitude, and 60 deg. lOmin. 30 fee. W. longitude from Greenwich : is very remarkable, being rocky, barren, and high. S. | W. off the entrance of the harbour, lies Bagfhot, (a blind rock, which is dry at low water, and runs fhoal near iialf a mile to the louthward). In iiiiling into the harbour, you may pafs on either fide of it, and running up W. N. W. as you approach the narrows, keep clofe to the weft Ihore, there being a funken rock in the fair way. There are two more clofe together as you haul around the beach to the ealiward (one of thefe, the eafternmoft) appears at low water. The belt channel is to the northward of them. The LcRCHER, a funken ledge, lies 17 miles N. N. W. from the GannetRock, 11 miles N. W. | W. from Cape Forchu, 10 miles S. by W. from Cape St. Mary, and 14 miles S. by W. from the fouth point of Bryer's Ifland. Between Cape Forchu and the Lurcher, there are 28, 3t, and 14 fathom^ water; and between the Lurcher and Bryer's Ifland, there are from 17 to 42 fathoms. Trinity Luoge coniifis of three ftones, which are left dry at low water; It lits 5 miles N. E. by E. from the Lurcher Ledge, 1 1 miles N. N. W. J W.from Cape Forchu, 10 miles S. W. by W. from Cape St. Mary, and 14 miles S. by W. from the fduth point of Bryer's Ifland. Between Cape Forchu and Trinity Ledge tliere are from 12 to 24 fathoms water ; between the Ledge and Cape St. Mai^ there are 18 fathoms ; between the former and Bryer's Ifland, there are 42 fathoms ; and along the fliore, between Cape Forchu and Cape St. Mary, there are 11 and 12 fathoms, Cape St. Mary bears from Cape Forchu N- by £. ^ £. diflant 16 Ailes. Bay St. Mary. From Ca|ie St. Mary upwards into the Bay, the fouth fhore is low, and runs out in fandy flats, for near | of a mile. The north fhore is furrounded by high fieep cliffsf with deep water clofe under them. Mid-channel, and about two- thirds up the bay, lies a rocky bank, with 4 and 4f fathoms of water ; and on each fideof wfiich, are channels of twelve and 15 fathoms, mud bottom. The entrance ef the River SiflTibou is fhoal, and within has a narrow channel of 2 fathoms water. Onpofite to Siffibou, lies Sandy Cove« where velfels, when it blows hard, may ground laie on mud, and be iheltered from all winds. Grand Pal&ge: The fouth entrance of this paflage lies 9 miles N.N. W. J W. from the fouth partof Cape St. Mary; between them there arc from 14 to 22 fathoms. The Grand PalTage lies between Bryer's Ifland and the S. W. end of Long Ifland; and the Petit Paflage lies at the N. E. end of Long Ifland, about 8 miles diftant from the Grand Paflage. About 2 miles S. W. from the S. W. part of Bryer's Iflandt lies Black Rock; there are 16 fathoms water bcti.veea Black Rock andtheS. W. point I Jut 2} miles you ftould lihoal lies off lioms at low |iveen4and5 E. (hore of Jdeg. 9 min. Im the S. W. lape Forchu. 1. f W. from tape Forcliii, le South Seal Ibetween the deg. lOmin. ckv, barren, blind rock, hvvard). In lining up W. here being a as you haul pears at low f annet Rock, pe St. Mary, tween Cape uid between low water; l^.JW.from les S. by W. rinity Ledge ►e St. Mai^ 42 fathoms; 'are 1 1 and ''» diftant 16 » and runs ied by high about two-> nd on each le entrance oms water, nay ground i the fouth m$. The iland; aad ilant from r's Ifland, theS.W. point THE COAST or NORTH AMERICA, &C. ' "^ point of the ifland, the water is Ihoat. About 3 miles N. W. by W. from th« • north entrance of the Grand Paflage, is the North-wed Ledge. The wideft and dcepeft channels for Ihips that come from the fouthward, for the Bay of Fundy» is between the North- weft Ledge and the Weil Seals liles : it is nearly 6 leases wide. There is alfo a channel between Great Manan Ifland and the point of the main land to the weft ward of it : This channel is about 4> miles wide. Mount Desert Rock lies 26 leagues N. W. by W* from the South Seal IHand; 17 leagues W. S. W. from the Weft Seal Iftes: 7 leagues £, | N. £ri>a Wooden Ball Rock; and 12 leagues E. ^ N. from Manheigen Ifland. Annapolis Royal. The gut leading into the bafon of Annapolis Royal, llei in 44 deg. 45 mln. 30fec. N. latitude, and 65 deg. 46 min. 30 fee. W. longitude from Greenwich. Tlie Ihoreon both fides, without the gut of Annapolis, is iron-bound fbrfeveral leaguM. , From Petit PafTage, there is a range of hills, riling gradually to a confiderabte height, to the entrnncc of the gut, where it terminates by a Aeep fall. Here you have from 25 to 30 and 40 fathoms of water, which, as you draw into the bafon, nioal in the Bay of Fundy and Province of New Brunfwick. On the weft fliore of St. Jdin's River's entrance, is Point Mafpeck, which lies in 4b deg. 18 min. 25 fee. N. latitude, and 65 deg. 58 min. 35 iec. W. longitude from Greenwich. This river hat fuiiicient depth of water for large ftiipt, as far a$ the Falls, whence it continues navigable 80 miles up into the country, for veflelt of 1 00 tons. At times of great Ireflies (which generally happen between the beginning of April and the middle of May, from the melting of the fnow), the Falls arc abfolutely impaflable to veflels bound up the rivet, . aa the tide deei net yife to their level. Vinaiotts from Cape Sable to Cape Cod and Plymomh Harbour, m New £ngland. . Tmb courfe is W. by S. and the diftance 54 leagues: in Jleering thiscoiirfe« Jrou will pafs about 12 leagues to the fouthward of Cashc'sLkocb. This ledge ies 41 leaguel W. by N.from Cape Sable ; 18 leagues S. W. by W. from Mminfc Defert Rock; 10 leagues S. | W. from Manheigen Ifla&d; 15 leagues E.N.E. from Thatcher's Ifland, oflf Cape Ann; and 19 leagues N. £. by N. frpm Cape Cod. Fide^ the following defcription of this ledge, by tiie mailer ef Itls Mi^efi/'i Sloop Beaver. Caflie's Ledge> ** I took my departure from Thatcher's Ifland, about 2 leagtKs to the Mltvrard ef Cape Ann. The ifland bore north from me diftant S mUes. From this bearing I iieered £. | N. with a fair wind «» niles, and fell ia with the kaak where Calhe't 10 NJBW DIRECTIONS FOR SAILING ALONa Caflie*s Ledge is, uboii* 2 leagues to the northward of the flioal, in 60 fall)an«, water ; the ioiuidings were a hard black clay. This bank extends from north to ibuth 7 leagues, and i'lom E. to W. 2 leagues. In the middle of the Iwuk is the ihoal mentioned: its leHgth and breadth is about half a mile. It is rocky, ajidtlie. foundings very irregular, having from 10 to 4 fatiioma water in the length of a i)oat. ^'ou will hava n fathoms water within a cable's length of it, deepening as you Hand from it, to DO fathoms. As you approach the bank, you found iu irom 60 to. .'35 fathoms, brown Gmd, with black flones and broken fliells; then in 30 fathoms, it grows rocky. The current on the ledge is exceeding rapid and iinaccountnble. If the wind blows ftrong, any veflel would founder, although (he flioiild not flrike on it. 1 he latitude of the ledge, by 4 days good ohfervation, is 43 dcg. 1 mill. fee. N. Note, as this is a very dangerous flioal, all fliips Ihould endeavour to keep clear of it. On the Ihoaleft part of thefe are only 12 feet at low water. i|! U'ff-: Plymouth Harbour, This harbour lies from C«/w Coii about 7 leagues W. it may be known by a round hummock, lying on the north iide of the harbour. called the Gurnet ; and on the foulh fide, by a nigh double Jand called the Monument: this harbour li.es yrcR ; as } ou go in, you mult keep near to the Gunxet lide, for the Monument £de is full of ftioals and quiokfands,' which dry in fevcral places; on the Gurnet xn north fide, there is a fair channel, in which you may ride fafe with every wind, except an eaflerly wind. Should an eafierly wind happen tu blow fo hard as to force yon from jour anchor, you mull run further up the harbour, and anchor within the Sandy Ifland, called Browne's Ifland. In ruuuiug up, you n\ult be careful io avoid the fands, which lie on both fides; they dry at low water. Tlic ground iu this harbour is generally foul, efpecially in the lower or outer part. m Dire^ions from Cape Cod to Bofton. From about a league off Cape Cod, your courfc to Bollon Ijght-houfe is W. K. W. and the diftance 16 leages. When yo^ make the light, with a fair wind, ■bring it to bear W. by K. pr W. N. W. then lleer for it, until you are within ■two cables length diftance : come no nearer to it, but run in until it bears N. by E. you may then fieer W- by S. about a mile and a halti for Nantalket Koad, where, if the weather he io bad as to prevent your getting a pilot from the ifland, you may anchor, and ride in falety. If the wind be contrary, you may fland to the fouthward, 'till you bring the light to b«ar W. N. W. and to the northward 'till it bears W. S. W. until you pome within 3 miles of it ; then you nuill: npt Hand to the northward any farther than to bring the light to hear W. by N. nor to the fouthward than 'till it bears \N'. N.W. you may fafely anchor in the bay, if the wind be oil' the Ihore. From Cape Ann to Boflon Light-houfe, your courfe is S. W. and the diftancc 10 leagues. The light-houfes at Cape Ann, ftand «n Thatcher's Ifland ; wherx they bear S. by W. | W. from you, they are on with each other. To go olei^ without Thatcher's Ifland Ledge, yon muft keep about 3 miles diftant from the ligh<-lioufe. In thick weather, a gun will be fired from the light-houfe, to anfwer any Ijgnal v^hich niay then be made. rsr)ie, When you proceed fwra Cape Cod for Bofton Bay, with a flood tide, rou flu)uld fteer about one point to the northward of the before- mentioned courfe, jecaute tiie tiood fets In to Barnltable Bay: this precaution is the more neiellaiy vhen the wind is northerly. You ai Nantalkct Road, where vou may anchor in fafety (if the weather is fo bad as to prevent a pilot coming o^i' the iiland). own by a *■' ; and on irbour iics Monnin(»nt he Gurnet very wind, hard as to ind anchor >W n>uii be >tftr. The r part. To work into Bofton Bay. , Stand to the fouthward till you briiig the Light to bear W. N. W. and to the northward till it bears W. S. W. till you come within one league of it; then yoiU inuU not ftand to the northward any farther, than to bring it to bear W. by N. and fouthward till it bears W. N. W. you may anclior in the bay iu fafety, if the wind be off' ftiore. The light-houfes at Cape Ann ftand on Thatcher's Ifland ; the two lights appear in one, when they bear S. by W. | W. from you. To go outlide of the Londoners, (or Thatcher's Ifland Ledge), you muft give the Light one League diiianee. A cannon will be tired at the light-houfe toanfwer any fignal in thick weather. >ufe is W. fair wind, 're within bears N. ket Koad, he ifland, bring the until you ly farther 1 it bears diflancc d; whea go cie^ from the > anlwer od tide, I courie, eced'aiy II Bolion I Remarks by OfoQod Ciirlton. In coming into Bofton Bay from Cape -Cod, flood tide, the wind northerly thePe is danger of beiiig carried more foutherly tlinn you fleer, by the tide fetting into Barnllable Bay; in luch cafe it will be necell'ai'y to fteer about -one point more northerly than the above diredions, either coming in or going out. Note, Thele direAions are agreeable to the common compafs, which varies in the bay betveen 6 and 1 degrees welterly ; but as this variation alters, the-trae variation ftiould be often ai'certained. Sailing DireSiions for the Harbour of Bofton, tff . - ' From the entrance of Bofion Bay between Cape Ann and Cape -Ged, which bear from each other S. S. E.* | E. and N. N. W. | W. diftant 1* leagues. ' Frem Cape Cod to Bofton Light-houte, the couffe is W. N. W. 16 leagues; and frdaa Cape Ann' it is S. W. 1 1 leagues. Until you come within two league the narrows, keep the North Bluff of Hon>ilal IHand a fmall ftiip's length open with the South Bluff of George's Ifland. With thefe marks you will fail weft, thence throush the narrows your courfe in N. W. | N. neareft, till Jou bring a remarkable hummock on the land (a little to the north-eaftward of iofton) open with the eaft point of Nick's-mate Ifland ; taking care nut to ftand to far to the weftward, as to ftiut in the hummock with Nick's-mate, which would throw you on the ledge extending eafterly from George's Ifland. You may fail within fifty fathoms of the Beacon and the Black Rock, and be in the beft of the channel. Steer on thefe marks as far up as Gallop ifland, and thence to avoid Kick's-mate ifland and Lovell's Ifland flioals. The S- £. part of Gallop Ifland, and S. W. point of Lovell's Ifland are fteep-to. When you are half the dif- tance in your way from them towards Nick's-mate, keep one half of the houfes on Point Shirley ftiut in with Deer Ifland ; or the eafternmoft trees on Nantaflcet Head, juft open on the eaft fide of George's Ifland ; or a grove of trees on tlic land over Point Shirley, one third from the eaft ward, flmt in with Deer Ifland, bawling around the beacon in your way through the narrows, with little wind, keep the Black Rock on board with the flood, left the tide, which ftrearas with rapidity, fliould carry you through the channel, between Gallop Ifland and George's Ifland ; with the ebb, eive the Black Rock a good birth. Keep mid-channel nntil you have Spedlacle Ifland entirely open with Long Ifland Head ; then ftiape your courfe, which will be N. \ W. neareft, about 3 miles, between the north point of SpeAacle Ifland. Other marks for failing from Spe£lacle Ifland to Bofton : — Keep a remarkable large tree in Charles Town on with the outer angle of the North Battery, till you bring the houfe on Apple Ifland and the two trees on the S. W* end of Governor's Ifland in one : then open the weft flde of that tree a little with the outer angle of the North Battery. Run up thus till you open the Meeting-houfe on Point Shirley, with the north end of Governor's Ifland ; then incline weftward, till you bring the two northernmoft fteeples of Bofton nearly in one. To be in the deepeft water, keep the northernmoft fteeple juft open to the eaftward of the other; and Caftle William Ifland till you bring the firft and fecond church fteeples (from the north end of Bofton) fo near together, that you can but juft fee day-light between them ; with the fteej^e as dire^ed, the courfe it N. W. I W. When you are abreaft of Caftle William, open gradually the northernmoft fteeple (which is the hieheft) to the eaftward of the other ; in order by the time you get the Meeting-houle on Point Shirley and the two trees on the S. W. end of Governor's Ifland in one, the two fteeples may be a fmall fliip's length afunder. Thence bend gradually your courfe to the weftward, until the northernmoft fteeple is aknoft fliut in on the eaft fide of the other, and anchor at pleafiue off tkc Long Wharf| in four or five fathomst clay bottontt • TV Tr ttpi)roj ni.'Hrt-r oil till lilnml, j)oiiit hulf wiiul, the ro "Gcoii '^ I TiiK Coast of north America, fire. »s chorage. and ftecr for der to give a ibrea(iufthe Here if not the wind be- -ty, turn up rthward than W. N. W. To turn into Nantafkct Road. rmal] (hip's rks you will neareft, till eaftward of not to ftand k'hich would 'ou may fail bell of the :e to avoid iHop iriand, lalr the dif. ' the houfes i Nantafliet ees on ihc 'eer Ifland, wind, keep th rapidity, _ George's id-channel then ihape the north toBo/lon: gle of the es on the hat tree a ' open the »nd; then nearly in ft open to e fir/i and that you he courfe ually the in order ^s on the all fliip's until the nchor at TV Ti'hvrvc irfo N.TiU;ifl:ct Road, when yoa come as Iiigh as the bencon, yoil ^t ap})roat li ilic Cintiiiioii Rock, and are abreiill of the Quarter Ledge. Stand no ^ ncHrt'r to NantalkcL blmrc, tlian to bring thc^ nor(l) of a I'jiiiarkable grove of trees ^ on ihv \\v[\ fliorp, lo louih the South Bliilfot' lloCpital Kland ; nornearcr George's '-'a Klnnd, tlian unlil (lie Dwclling-lioulc} upon Long Klaiid m on with the S. W. low point of Georjfc's Illaiul WIuu yon have Nick's-matc Ifland flnit in with G»'ortjt''s Irtancl, }on are (o fiic wcftward of all dangers, and may come within half a cabK' of Giorgi-'s illaiid and Nantalla;t Shorts, taking care, with little wind, that ynn are n(»t hauli'd into Nantalkct Gut. For the hoft anchorage in ^th(* toad, and tlicitert-d iVom every wind:- Haul up within the S. VV. point of George's Ifland, till you Ihut in the light-houfe with it. To turn from Nantalkct Ifland to Caftlc Ifland, and thence to Boflon. Turning from Nick's-male Ifland to Gallic Ifland, you may approach the fouth point of Deer llland, which is hold-to; and when above it, you may (hind in towards Shirley Point, till \oii bring the weft point of Middle Brewfter Ifland on Deer Ifland Point. When you are one-third of the way up to the caflle, Hand- ing over to the northward, take care to keep the northward rocks of Calf Ifland a linall fliip's length open with Deer Ifland Point ; and fiand no farther fbutherly than to have the higheft lunnmock of Great Rrewllor Ifland, or the north fide of Xiek's-niate Ifland, till you bring the two northernmoil fteeples fo near together, that you can bufi juft fee day-light between. In fniall winds be attentive, left the tides, which run Itrong towards the bay fouthward of the caftle, fhould carry you along Obferve alio to give a good birth to the ledge covered at third flood, ex- tending from Caftle llland near two cables, in a direction towards Speflacfe Ifland. To turn from Bird llland to Bolton: — When you have the Meeting-hgufe on Point Shirley open to the northward of Governor's llland, you may ftand to the welhvard, until you bring the two northern fteeples in one. When one-third of the way up from Bird Ifland, open the northernmolt Iteeple to the weftwardof the other. You may Hand fo far to 'he welhvard, as to bring the crane at the end of ].ong Wharf on with the third Itccple from the northward, and no where have left than three fallioms of water. There are three fathoms at low-water in Bmnd Smmd Channel ; but thisfpacious entrance into Bolton Harbour h full of fhoal and funken rocks. Shirley Gut^ al* though it is very narrow, aSbrds a coiwcnient paffagc for fmall veffels. Marks for the Rocks and Shoals in failing into the Harbour. Cod Bank lies E. \ S. about three miles from the light-houfe, and in the fair way coming into the harbour, on which are four fathoms and a half at low-water. The marks for it are, the S. W point of Green Iflund, juft (hut in with the N» E. point of Outer Brewlier Ifland; and a remarkable tree near the N. W. end of Puttock Ifland, Open with Nantalkct Head. The Honilrii's are fleep-to : They lie S. E. three miles from the light-houfej at low-water the largeft rock fliews itfelf about '20 feet long, and 4 feet high. It is furrtmndcd by fmaller blind rocks, cxteudii.g about HO fithonis on all6d.es. The marks for the largefl: are, the S. W. point of the Light-houfe Ifland) ai^ the wellernniofi point of Great Brev.lter Iilnnd in one; and Ntlbaunt Rock z fmall ftiij)'s length open with the S. W, end of the Grii\es. Aldekton Shoal extendi in a dircdJon from the Bkifl Head of Point Alderton, towards the eall end of the Li^ht-houfe Ifland, one third of the diiiance over. C The '! f4 NEW DIRECTIONS FOR SAILING ALONO *J"hc noilli p;uJ of a roiiiarkahli' giovf «)!" (rcL's on tin' well laiul (ut-ll up m tli*? coiiiitrN ), Jult null ia uitli tliu roiili liliill' ui' i luipital lllaiul, is a Idiig lUiirL fur lU oiiUT oiul, on wliieli lliern are thicf I'alhoiiis at low waltT. 'flic niitiks lor tin- Lii^litJinufi: Ijl.md Shoal arc, The I'oiitli hlutl' of ftcorgc'jr , JUiiiui, juli touching the uortii hhut' of Ilolpital lllaiul; aiul (he i'"laj;-(iair, vvitli , thoucli conu-r of the Dwcllinij-lioulc on the l.ij;IU-hourc Illaiul in one. 'I'he S. i',. point oCCireat Hrcwiicr Idand, and the cartcrnniolt tree on th« call point o( Oilier Brewller Idand in oni-, and on*- third ol' Nieiv's-inate JUand, fluil i;i with the eali fide o(" George's KUuul, are llie marks for the Ctiituiion Rocky on >\i)ich i-j I 1 leet at low vater, loiunion tides. The Quarter Ix-dge extends liom Nantalket I'dulf ISO fathoms, in a direflioii towards (ieorj;-e's Illand. 'Jhe nuirks lor it are, the ealt j)oint of the Light-houle Illund, and llic ealt point of Outer Brewlier Itland in one; and the ealt point of George's and Niek's-mate Ifland in one. The S. W. point of Apple Illand, jufl open with the X. E. point of Niek's-inatC IHand, will lead ^ou into the Narrows, clear of the Flatts, extendiui; from the raft tide of Geor^r't Ijlaud^ until you approach Niek's-mate Uland, from which runs a final I fpit of flones. The eaft fide of George's Ifland, on with the eaftcrnmoft Houfe of Hull, is .1 ■Jong mark for the flioal of LovcWs Ijlamh You are to th<: foulhvvard of it when "file north point of Long Ifland is open on the foulh tide of Niek's-mate Ifland; .and vvhenjou open the north fjdeof Caftlc Illand, you are to the northward of it. The Lark is a funken rock, of about the fize of a large boat, on which are IS 'feet at low water: it lies near the edge of a Flatt, extending eallward from Hofpital Ifland. The call point of Puttock ifland, and the welt point of Pimikin "Ifland jull open, and Nick's-mafe Illand a little open lo the north end of (tuIIo]) Ifland, are the marks for it. ' The fouth point of Deer Ifland, 1 finnll flilp's length open wi'th the rork"!, on '\\\f north poinf of the Calf illand, will lead vou cUsir of the louth fide of tli(! \' Middle tlyonntl. When vou bring the S. W. and the N^W. points of Spertacle Tllancl in one, you arc to the weltuard of it. ■' There are but three feet of.\i'al»'r in Ihe-llioali'll part of Upprr Midllc, fioncy bottom. The lioul'e «')h Apple Illand jult Ihut in with the north tide of Governor's illand, is the mark for it,s N. W. end. I'S Dire^ions- for Jailing from Cape Cod to Hoi ms's Hole, in Martha's Vineyard, extracted from thoje of Capt, Paul Pinkliam, Branch Pilot. BRiNG"^M<)rrk's Ifland to bear N. N. W. (lien, by ileering S. ^. 1.. w)u will pals the Polock Kip. in .'J or 4 liilliojiis; ;uid if the weather be t lear, you will .make Ihelight-houle on b.inily I'oiut. firing Nantucket Illand to ))e,ir S.V\', by W. then lieer lor the light-honle, keeping it in this direction, and you \-.ii! pals be- tween the great and little toimd llioali. When you arc within about 2 niilcj ot the lighf-houle, fieer W. N. W. until you arc pali the I'oiut Rip; or >ou niayr bring the b'ght-houle lo ue.ir iuuth, then fteei VV, by N, taking care to make your fourfe good for Holmes's Hoi le. rro To go through the. Ship Cliannel, fleer from Morris's Ifland S. S. E. until vou 4 the Polock Kip,' in ;; or !• fathoms water. If the wrathcr be clear, you will Diale the light-houfe. Cuiilinue lo fieer S. S;. E.— S, by L. and fouth, until the light-houfe Dcars wefl fromyou; then fleer directly for it, .until you are within 2 inijesof it. You fliould lh.in fleer N.W. until the'lrght-houfe bears S.W. by VV. as before' directed; and palling it within about ^mile of the (hore, run until you are within '2 or .'> miles to the louthwarJ of it, there cyme to an anchor in 6, 7, or 8 fathoms water. Fnvt I ("»'II up in M/'» i'J.iK-nali; witli one, (ii'u on thn vail i; JdancI, ftuu j., /uiioti Rocij oil '» a (lirt'dioii ''«-' Light-houlc; lu call point of of Nick's-inate- >'lin.i( from tlie (1, from whitJi « of r-IulJ, I, .1 'III of it wJicn ■■♦-mate Iflnnd; on h ward of it. 1 which are lH enlhvard from >iiit of I'limkiu end of (iailoj) tho rork<;, on ifh fldu of lh(! ts of Spcrtacic '^'/'{/^, fionoy ol'Govtrnors in ^farcha's ■ 1- V)u will ■:". yon will ^>.V»-. In VV. •'i-' i>.ils he. 'I 2 niiJei of or >ou nji,y i> inake^our ^. until von ar, you will h» until the are within !.W. by W, II until you i>r in 6, 7, '\W THE COAST OF NORTH AMERICA, ficc. ircOT Holmcb's Hole to Cape Cod. From the cart chop of HolmcsN Hole, fli-er K by S. until you pafs Nantucket Light houli'. Bring it lo bear well, ami tln-n (leer eall, taking care to make th j coiirff good, wh'uii will carrv )(ni t)vcr the llioals in bitip Channel: tht; grouml n ^ery inK\»ii : you will have liorn •!• lo tt l".ithoni> water. When you have palb'J the (hoals, you will have f'-on» 10 to IJ. iiithoniA; and then, by lieerinjj north, you >vill make I'lii! highlau(U of Cape Cod. To ;;o to the northward of tlu- Round Shoal, you muft proceed according totlic r<»rt'g<)injr directions, until \ou pafs the iiglit-houle, and bring it fo bear S.W. by W. then by making a N. J'., by E.courfe good, you will go between the great and the little round Ihoals, in Jl-, ;i, 4, and T) faliioiiis water. The little round (hoal bears N.W. from the great" one, diltant about .'J miles. Continue your courfe N. _K. by K, until you deepen your water to 12 or l.'J lathoms ; and tiien fleer north for the back of Cape Cod. If you are coming from fea, and make the Illand of Nantucket to the northward of you, it will be known by three wind-niills, which Itand near to each other upon i\u eminence: you may then llcer direriiy lor tiie land, until you are within half a mile of it ; and you may, if bound to the ealiward, run along the Ihore in 4, 5, and 6 fathoms water to the S. K. j)art of the idand, where there are Ihoals and rips on whicivyou will have only '2^-, or 3 fathoms Avater. Continue your coiirfe along the fliore, until you brin;; Sankoty Head to bear S. \V. from you; then lleer N. E. and you will go o\er tlie fame Ihoals in the Ship Channel, as you do in fleering call from the light-houfe. Ofl' the north part of Nantucket Idand, there are three rips; the firfl is called the Bafs Rip, and is about '.i miles iVowi Sankotv Head: on foiuu parts of this rip there ; re only H feel water; on other parts, 'Jf and '^ fathoms. The Great Rip is about 7 miles bom Sankoty Head; on tiiis rip, about E.S.E. from S.mkoty Head, there are (i (l-et water ; and eafi from Scpiam, there are only r> feet, but on many other parts ot' it. there are 'Jj, .'5, ami t- falifoms water. Fifber's Rip is about h leagues iioin Sankoty Head, and has fiom 5 to 7 lathoiiis water on it. Between this rip and the great rip, (lie ground is uneven; there are I'i, 22, and 15 fatiioms : tliele two rips liretch nearly north and Ibuth, and are in length about 12 miles. ll" in coming from lea, you make the fouth flioal, wliieh lies in 40deg. 48 min. iiortii latitude, give it a birth of a mile or two, W you intend lo make Nantucket Kland, fleer N. by W. and when you come near to the ifland, you may proceed along the fliore, according (o (he former directions. If, when yni make the fouth flioal, you are bound to Bofton Bav, and chufe lo go to the eafiward of ail fhe fiio.ils and rips, pals a mile or two lo the ealiward of the fouth Ihoai; then Iteer N. E. by E. until you deepen tlie water to 4-5and iO lathoms, and tlieji Aeer JsM'/ W. for the buck of Cape Cod. Frtvt B e0l IHir- i6 KEW DIRECTIONS FOR SAILING ALONG II: Bearings and Dijlances of Nantucket Shoals, from the Light Hoiifc. From Nnntuckrl Lielit lunilo to the South t>h(»,il to Najitucki't Harbour - - - . to Jiickniiuk Sho;il .... to thf e-jft chop of Holme's Hole to thn tiorth-fallenniiofi partof tlic Horfe-llioc to HiannoK ...... to the Haiulkerchief .... to Suiidy Point . - . . - to the Snow Drift • - - - to (he Stone-liorlo ..... to the little Roiinil Shoal . . . . to the eatl t'lul of Polock Rib - to tiic Great Round Shoal - - . . to the Point Rip to the north c-nd of the Groat Kip - Htiirinif-i. s. s. vv. w. W. hv N. \.\\'.{ VV. N. \V. t N. N. by v.. N. by t. { E N. \.\L. N. E. by N. N. v.. N. E. E. N. E. E. N. E. E. S. E. I E. TIDES. Or) Nantucket Shoals the tile flows, pn (ho change and full d;iys of the moon, hiiir pail 10 o'clock, and th«' Itrcani rontmue'S lo ru^l lor an hour longer. The flood fets N. E. by E. and tlR- ebb S. VV. by VV. The ftiCMUj runs from 2 to 3 J^nots 01) hour, a))cl the water rifcs between 5 and 6 I'cct, J)ireStions for going hetwe«ny[?ivr\W%V\n^y^xA and the Main, and thence through the Phials to the eajlward^ having made Block Ifland. Ik approaching the fouth end of Block Kland from the fouthward, the water ftioalens gradually, When the idand be-ars from \. VV\ to N. by W. the bottom is mud: this is commonly called Block Illaiid Channel, This illand appears high and round as you come from the ibutiiward ; and if from the S. E, it is like a Saddle, |ow in the middle and high at each eiKJl, though higheli to the fouthward. Your (courfe froni Clock Illand to Grey Hcud, is E. ^ N. and the diltancu about I4> leagues. Grey Hkad is the wefternmoll point of Martha's Vineyard Ifland: The land of this head is high, and of feveral colours, jvs red, yellow, and white, in Itroaks, In fleering from Block Ifland for Grey Head, you nuill be careful in avoiding af parcel of rpcks, called the Sow and Pigs, fome of which are above water, Thefe rocks lie ;i miles W. by S, from the wefternmofl of Elizabeth's Ifles, and about 5 miles N. W. from Grey Head, The firft oi' the flood tide fets (Irong tp the north- ward over the rocks into Buzzard's Bay, which is a loul bay. Within Grey Head, there is a fair fandy Bay, in which there is good anchoring, with fouth and louth- eaflerly wincjs. Your courfe along Elizabeth Iflcs, is E. N. E. in 1 j, 12, 8, 15, 16, and 17 fathoms water: give the ifle a biith ol' about three quarters of a mile. There is an opening at the weft end of the cariernniolt: of Elizabeth Illands : it is caljed Quick's Hole, and has pretty good anchorage. About 3 leagues E. N. E. from the mouth of Quick's Hole, there is another opening at the call end of the ifland, called Wood's Hole, About if ill the i| \ H call' anchor I thole \v| DO tid«l o'cloe ' the fl" >\hK.l> >aiil, 'On tin and "t well cl '. Hoi ' very gl ' The ul ^ 1)> VV ■i wiUlil * from N. W at lo\ falhor ¥x( leagu going toav( The Tuka parts throu pronj ward . (pots Tl may ' and wat< a mi and the bet^ on 1 tid< II ■'. yovi paf 40 •vva fou noi in xnI fai Ot \# THE COAST OF NORTH AMERICA, &C. «7 igfit Houfc. <■'• il">' >. ii y. .'i .•i V. 9 V\'. N. F. •»? ^z^- •4 N. •1. :i , 1 1 k. lu f^f flic moon, o'-yt^T. Tlie » KOJij 2 to 3 > ^nd ihence [fland. ■i> the wiitor • the bottom ppears high K^* a Saddle, i'rii. Your •■« about 14 : The land . in ttrcaks, avoiding af er, Thc/b id about 5 > the north- 'reyHe.id, and toiith- «, 15, 16, or a mile, nds : it is ud of the ALoiit midwn) between Quick's and Wood's Holes, there is a fair Tandy cove I in the iiland, tMlliiid there it DO tide. In tills cove the tide llows, on theiliange and full of the moo/j a« nine o't lo« k J hut in the channel between Kli/abetlis Itlaiid and MMrtitii's Vinty rd, the Hood runs until twelxe o'clock. In this channel there M n middle jjround, \\\\\k\\ extends nearl) us far to the enllward as the norlii po.nt if Martlia's Vine. Mird, called the well t.hop; on this ground there are iVonj 'i. to t' iuthoms water. On the foiiUi tide of this ground there is aHo a channel, in which tlw*/'- arc 9, 8, and 7 fathoms water. V\ lien the eall chop of Moliius's Hole comes open of the welt chop, }ou are to the call ward of the uiiddle ground. l^loLMKs's HotK lies about W I-agues S. S. 10. from Tarpauling Co\e : it is a ver_\ good harbour: the ground is ^oc^d, and you nuiy anchor where }(>ii pleafc. The ufual mark for anchoring is, tiic welt chop, bfcariiig from S. S. VV. to S. W. In W. in 6 or b fathoms water. In this Harbour, wiiich is two miles deep, you will lie f(;cure from all wimis, except a northerly one. About 'l\ miles northward from Holmes's Hole, there i.s a Ihoal called the Hedge fence: it extends W. N. W. and E. S. E. b' miles, is about a mile broad, and has from + to CJ feet on it at low-water: between this Ihoal and Holmes's Hole, there are from V to \1 iathonu water. from Holmes's Hole to Cape Poge, the courfe is S. E. by E. diflance about 3| leagues; in the channel between thein, there are Vl and II tiithoins v\ater. In going through this channel, }ou mult be careful to koeji vour bad going, in order to avoid a dangerous (and which lies on the north tide of it, called the Horfc-lhoc. The channel between this land and Cape Poge', and alio betwocn the former and Tlikanuk Shoal is narrow; in it' there are from 12 to l-^ fatlioms water. Some parts of this land dries at low water; on other parts there are narrow channels, through which vell'els ma) pals: tiic eaiienimoli part of it Ipreads with many prongs, like lingers. When Tukanuk Jtland bears S. S. W. you are to the eall- waraof the Horle-flioe. On the louth lide of the channel alio, there are feveral Ipots of land, to axoid which you imill keep >our lead going. There is a harbour between Martha's Vineyard aiui Cape Pogc, in which you may anchor. In proceeding for this haibor.r, you pals withiii a mile of Cape Poge,. und then tieer in louth, along the low iancly beiuh on the well tide, in 5 fathonn water, until you come to the toutheinmoU jiart of it ; then fail more eallcrly about a mile, until you bring the town, which is in the bay to the weftward, fairly open; and then lleer diredly weft into the harbour, until you get within half a mile of the town, where you may anchor in \ or !> I'athoins water. This harbour is a gut, between Martha's Vineyard and Cape Poge, and is formed by a Ihoal, which lies on the N. W. and W'. lide of the entrance, and the beach to the fouthward. The tide runs Itrong into this harbour until 12 o'clock. a you come from the call ward, and are bound for Long Iiland, or New York, you Ihould avoid going to the nortiiward of 40 deg. 30 min. latitude, until yon pafs the louth Ihoals of Nantucket : the foutherninoit part of them lies in latitude 40 deg. 4'i min. My by ftrels of weather, you Ihould be driven fo far to the north- ward as to be near to Nantucket Iiland, you may paf« through the uhannel to the fouthward of the iiland : this is a very diflicult and dangerous palfage, and I would not recommend it, but in cafes of neceflity. Martha's Vineyard Kland lies nearly in the fame latitude as Nantucket, and may be known by a (mail round illnnd, tvliich lies otl to the fouthward of Grey Head, called Norman's Iiland. You may fail between this iiland and Martha's V'^ineyard; but you muil bu carciul of a ledge of rocks which lie nearly in the mid-channel. About ObJeTvatkn 11.; ji "' S NEW DIRECTIONS FOR SAILING ALONG Ohfervation on the Gulf Stream. Ships, in pafiing the flioal ground on St. George's Banks, and on Nantiictft Slioals, Ihould take care to go between thole flioals and the Gulf Stream. As tlie foutheriimoli part of tlic ftioal ground on St. George's Bank lies in 41 deg. 38 uiin. latitude, and tlie northern limit of the Gulf Stream, diretlly fouth frouj this ilioal ground, extends to latitude 39 dog. you Ihould pal's the Ihoal ground l)ctween theie two latitudes. As the fouth part of Nantucket Shoal lies in latitude 40 dcg. 42 niin. and the (rulf Stream fouthward from this part, reaches as far to the northward as latitude 38 deg. 30 min. you fliould pal's Nantucket Shoals be- tween thele latitudes. The fiioal ground on St. George's liiink lies in longitude 67 deg. bG niin. well, and the fouth Ihoal of Nantucket m 69 deg. 37 min. welh hy obfeiving the above directions, and keeping between (he Gulf Stream and tJie Ihoals, you will fiorten your palfage to New York, Delaware, Virginia, and olber wefteru ports; for you will have the advantage of the eddy current running contrary to the (tuU" Sheam : the latter would retard your progrefs at the rate of 60 or 70 miles a day. The Nantucket Whalers, by their conllant pradice of whaling on the edges of the Gulf Stream, all the way I'rom their Illand to the Biibamas, are well at.(|uainted with its courfe, velocity, and extent. A (hanger may know whi-n l;o ii m the Gulf Stream, by the warmth of the water, which is inuvh greater than that of the water on cither lide of it. if, when you are crolhng the C/iiif Stream, )ou arc bound to the weftward, you lliould get out of it as ioou ai polUble. Fcrtber Oh/ervations on the Gulf Stream, by Governor Pownall, Dr. Benjamin Franklin, eft. eft. l.\ the like nuuiner as the combined attraction- between the fun, moon, and earth, being uniform and permanent, produces au uniform and permanent effect in the general tides ol' the ocean, fo the winds, w here they are uniform and per- manent, produce, by protrujion^ currents in the ocean in like manner permanent and uniform. The tide railed by attraction being (if I may fo cxprefs it) a local elevated wave, which is preceded and followed by its progreliive motion, by a depreHioQ of the level, the fea is in a conftant ofcillation of tide and ebb. The currents oc- caiionedby the pvotm/ion of the winds, continue at ail times flowing one way, either in the direcliou of the wind, or in a diverging lateral courfe ; or in a reflexecf recoiling current, as the waters piled up againit any obllrudion tind the means of running oft', and delcendcd from this forced elevation. The winds between the Tropics having a general courfe weftward, protrude the waters of the Atlantic Ocean in the fame direclion. Where this general cur- r«ait meets with land or ifiands that obihutt its courfe, with rocky ground or fand« that divert its courfe, or where it runs through channels which draw it into othci diredions, this general effect partakes of the operation of thefe fecondary caufes. This general current in palling through the chain of the Carribee and Bahama lllands, and amongft the Cayos of the fame, is diverted and drawn from its general courfe in ainiott all directions. Where it is not interrupted or diliurbed, it keeps its general courfe, as along the Welt-Indian Sea, through the Gulf of Mexico* to Its bottom; and in the channel between Hifpaniola Cuba, and the Cayos and Iflauds.of Bahama, to the Gulf of Florida. The main current, which runs directly well to the bottom of tlie Gulf of Mexico, being there oppofed by the Continent, does there pile up its waters to a very elevated level* Thefe aggregated waters - • T^ry rviniint rnn ofT by the Tuath of the Gulf of Mrxiro, bccanfo the winds and the gcncrjl cur« rciHi, in the tpdce bciwcuk Uut proviticc and IliipanioU> Hop liic cuirent thuc. rui| run niV l.oiliai t)l" Flo meets (;ulf Florid lee cu fets n *20 mil T Ihe i "■5.^ THE COAST OF NORTH AMERICA, SCC. t<> on Nantucket ream. As the s in 41 deg. ply foiith from |e thoal ground Jics in latitude aches as lar to ^^t ShoaJs be- s in longitude p7 min. wetJ-. Mf Stream and Virginia, and Jrrcnt running at the rate of nt praflice of Wand to the A (Granger Iter, which it HI are crotling it of it as iboii Pownall, n> moon, and mancnt cftect brni and per- ■^ permanent cal elevated a depreliion currents oc- g one way, n a reflexeff he means of d, protrude general cur-r uid or fand« t into othci lary caufes. nd Bahama its general d, it keeps '1' Mexico* Cayos and insdiredily Continent, ted waters - jenfrjl cur« ''^^f irmi off laterally, and defcond down an inclined plain along the Confis of Mexico, J.oiliana, and Plorida, and roiintling the Sable Point of Florida riilii into tlie Gulf ui' Floiid'i, The current, \vhi;:h runs N. W. through the old HMii:inia C'haiuu'l, nieets it at il't enibrocheure the current coming N. K. round the jjoint iroin the Ctulf of Alexico; and thele in one combined current, let thiougli the Gulf of Florida north-enfterly ; tiie lat(;ral diverging partial currents, and loniething of a let" current excepted. From hence this current, in a bendnig ami expanding flow, fets north-earterly along the Coalt of North America to N. latitude il deg. *J0 niin. or '60 min. r.. 7 he Current of the Gulf Stream, as ii Jets along the New England Coalls. This current lies in the meridian of the Ifland Nantucket, in north latitude 3S dog. 30 min. and in the meridian of George's Bank, as belbre oblerved* its northern edge is in north latitude 39 deg. where its courfe is E. N. V. h\ tlitj meridian erf the Ille of Sable it* northern edge is in north latitude* '11 deg. 20 min. Ar 30 min. and here its courl'e is E. S, E. and S. E. by E. The fouiheui is not io decidealy marked or known. This current thus revolvijig in an orbit (which, fpeaking generally, may be faid to be a defined orbit) round the Atlantic Ocean 'u\ a continual circulation: it i-i conformable to the laws o(" hydraulics, that there (heuld be, in the (pace included within the iinier edges of this orbit, an eddy, into w.hich all flouting fubltauces, fuch as wood and weeds, whicli fall into the general current, tliall be finally ab- forbed. Now the fafl is, that weeds, called the Sar^uj/b weeds, as alio the gulf ueeds, have been oblcrved, as found at certain and afcertr.ined latitudes and longitudes, within the area of the orbit of this general current, and nearly on what may be fuppoled the inner eage thereof. As in N. latitude .Stdeg. VV. longitude from London 41 ; again in N. latitude S*? deg. W. longitude :>0 deg. t!;e breadtii of the fpace within which thefe weeds are here found, ii about 2 deg. 15 min. again in W. longitude 27 deg. The northern bouiuLuy in which (liel'e weeds are here founil, is N latitude .'>4 deg. and the foulhern b the well tide, called Makarel Coxe, the entr;ince of which is (boal and dangerous. About a mile, or a mile and a half within the harbour, there is an iilaiwl, called Scape Goat llland : it lies right before tl)e tovx n, and fhetches about N. E. and S.W. As both cnd< ol' this illaiid :ire prettv bold, vou may ptf's into the anchorage at either end, and ride nearer to Rhode Itland fide, than (o that of Scape Goat Kland; becanle the other parts of the harbour are gr.ill'v, and would be apt to chonk your anchors. Rhode llland is navigable all round, by keeping in the middle of the channel. Naraganfct Bay lies between Conanicut Ifland and the main. Your courfe in, is about north, taking care to avoid the VVhale Rock . vou may pals it on eitlier tide, and anchor where you pleal'e. From the l.ight-houfe on Conanicut Ifland to Grey Head, in Martha's Vineyard Iflnnd, the courle is E. S. E. the dittanoe 101 leagues. In little wind, you muft take care that the Hood does not carry you into Buzzard's Bay, or on the Sow and Pigs. BireSlions for Sailing along the Coaft of New York from Block Ifland to Gardener's Bay. MoNTUK Point, which i"; the cartcriimorc part of Long Idand, is 5] leagues S. by W. from the S. W. point of Biock llland. Between the ifland and the point, there are 16 and 18 fathoms. As you approach the point, you will quickly vonie into 9, 7, and 5 fathoms. A flat riins of!" fioni the above point, on the outer parts of which there is water enough. The N. E. part of Gardiner's ifland Is '1^ leagues W. N. W, from Montuk Point: with wctierly winds you may anchor of)' this part of the Ifland, which is fandv. The marks for anchoring are, tiie high hiijils of Plumb Ifland N- \V. and the fouth point of Gardiner's Ifland in li^ht, beating S. by VV. oi* (outh : you will have 12 or 10 fathoms: the bottom is land and mud. About 5 miles north from the north part of Montuk Point, there is a rock on which there :ire 16' feet water. The entrance of Gardiner's Hay i« foruied by the north end ol' Plumb Ifland, and the landv point of Gardiner s llland. When g"ing into the bay, you mull give the north end of Gardiner's llland a large birth, llir a flioal runs otflioin it to a conliderable diflance: come no neaier to it than ft fathoms water. You fliould alio be careful not to approach Gull Rock nearer than a mile and a half, in order to avoid a very foul and rocky fpot, on which tliere are about 3 fathoms at low water. This Ihoal lies with the following marks and bearings: A houfe on Plumb Ifland, Ibnding about one third of the wav between the middle and the north eaft end, on with the nort]iernmolt of the two trees which appear bevond the Houfe; the north end of Gull Ifland to bear N. N. W. or N. by W. | W. and the fouth-eail end of Plumb Ifland on with the N. W. point of Long Ifland, In order to avoid this rock, when going into, or coming out of Gardiner's Bay, you mult he fure to keep the foulh point of Plumb Ifland open of the north-weft point of Long Ifland, whillt the Houfe on Plumb Iilaud is on with the nortliern- moft of the two trees as before-mentioned. Tlune are feveral trees, but they appear, when viewed at a dillance, to be onlv two trees. This flioal is called by fome the Bedford Rock, becaufe his Majeity's fliip Bedford grounded on it, jfiuguft 15, nao. In Gardiners's Bay, you may anchor in what depth of water you pleafe, from 5 to 8 fathoms,. On the fouth tide of Gardiner's Ifland there is a very good riding. If you are to the eaftward of the ifland, with an eafterly wind, and wifti to take flicker on the S. W. fide, you muft give the north-well: end of the ifland a large birth^ as before directed; and as )ou open the weft lido of the ifland, you may haul round the N. W^ point, and anchor where you pleafe The foundings arc regular* About v^ AbovJ I flioal, o| i' miles : lowing ; N. by Ifland Bav. and gool may bril the niidj , there is I From! which \\ • and full! LoN( 108 milt pretty H wardot mile fro along th and the weft pa from 15 deepens with bl , have CO there is about ti InflrtU, The • Ihoals, Ifland,^ beft of ■land, a Sandy there if not ap then di water. .Of S. b ^^;Road, you ai ' \ou cc J. it and in .5, 6 tto kee ilies ofl ho Yel [diftan( [York ' li'rom i iyou n' ftidc fl io'clot 1^ THE COAST OF NORTH AMERICA, 6cc. tt ic ofT foiitli frfHn Uh: cart Mc of' n»is vvaftrr : (her to tiip- (Iiore on f alio a cove oi> and dangerous. I illi.iwl, Called ^.'.E. andS.VV. J anchorage.! at le (joat Iflaud; ; to choak your middle o( the four courfe in. Is it on eitlier lanicut Iftand • the diftance not carry yo\x Hock Ifland s 5] leagues land and the will quickly on the outer i-om Montuk nd, which is I N. W. and ih : you wiM s norili fi-oin '< left water, umb Ifland, y, you mull :)iriroin it to You iliould iir, in order f>nis nt low •^ houf'j on lie and the lear hcvond Y W. I W. ong lUand. liner's Bay, north-well ? northern- , but they il is called ided on it, 1 of water If you are flielter on ; birthj as laul rouiid gular* About ■^ AI)OiU 4| miles N. W. | N. from Montuk Falfe Point, there lies a fmall rocky tflioal, on which there are 16 feet at low water. Montuk Fall'e Point is about 3 f miles N. W. from the true point. On the 16 feet rocky thoal, there are the Ibl ■ lowing bearings, namely, The long white clifTs on the well end of Fifher's Illand : N. by W. i W. the Gull Rock W. N. W. the north-erfl bluff of Gardiner's Ifland W S. W. { W. a grove of trees which Itand on the well fide of Fort-pond Bay. This bay Is very convenient for wooding and watering: the ground is clear and good, and you may anchor in any depth you pleafe. In a large fljip, you may bring Willis's Point to bear N. E. and even N. E. by N. and then have in the middle about 7 fathoms water. Near to the Ihore, at the bottom of the bay, , there is a pond of freflj water. From the well point of Fiflier's Ifland, a dangerous reef runs off a'lout one mile , W. S. W. which in pafling it you mull be careful to avoid. In this paflTage, which is called the Horfe-race, the tide runs very llrong : it flows on the change and full days of the moon half pall eleven o'clock, and the water rilies 5 or 6 feet. Long Island, from Montuk Point to Yellow Hook, extends W. by S. about 108 miles, and is at the broadell part about 10 miles acrois. The land is generally pretty low and level, excepting a few hills which lie about 40 miles to the weft- ward of Montuk Point. Along the fouth fide of the ifland, a flat extends about a. mile from the fliore; in fome places it runs out a mile and a half. Your courfe along this flat from Montuk Point to Sandy Hook, is S. W.by \V.| W. It leagues, and then W. by S. 22 leagues. The eaft end of the flat is land; the middle and wefl parts are land and floncs. At 4 leagues dillance from the iflands, there are from 15 to 18 fathoms water; and from that diflance to 20 leagues, llie water deepens to 80 fathoms; in the latter depth, you will have oazy ground and fand .with blue fpecks in it. About 4 leagues oflT the eafl end of the ifland, you will , have coarfe fand and fliells ; and at the fame diflance from the middle and welt end, there is a fmall white fand. From the S. \V. end, there is a flioai winch extends about 6 miles towards Sandy Hook. Inftnt5lions for going between Long Ifland and Sandy Point, or Sandjr Hook, and thsnce tip lo New York. The entrance of New York lies between Sandv Hook :md the before-nienlionrd : Ihouls, which extends about 6 miles S. by W. | W. frnin the S. W. part of l.oii;i Ifland, towards Sandy Point; the dillance between iliem is about '1 miles : in (h(* belt of it, there are h or 6 falhoms water. Sandv I'oint, or llook, is pretty hi^h •land, and round at tiie fop; it is lonu>iimes c.illed Poill.mii. In proceeding lor Sandy Hook, you mufl not come ^ery near to the land on the Innth fide, becaufe . there is foul ground and Ihoal water; namely, '1\. f>, and .'ij fathoms: you fliould not approach any nearer to this fide, tUl Sandy Point bears N. ^'^ . by W. and then direcl your courfe N. VV. between Sandv Point and the Spit, in 3 or 6 fathoms water. When you have got within Sandy Point, and wilh to anchor, iteei lomh, or S. by W. into the bay to the wcflward of" tin- point, called Sandv Point B.iy o: Koiid, and there you may come to an antihor in !• or 5 fathoms water. If, when you are pafl the point, you do not chufe to anchor, continue your courfe until 'you come into 4 fathoms to the weltward of the Spit, and then proceed bctwuen it and the fiat that lies oflT from Staten Ifland. ^'our courfe is about N. N. 1.. in 5, 6, 4, and fometimes 3 fathoms; as the channel is narrow, it will be neceliary to keep the lead going. When you are al)realt of llu- little Round Ifland, whicii lies olf the S W. point of Long Ifland, and is called Cotu*v llhiiid, your courlV. to Yellow Hook is about N. by \V. and thence (o Nut IIImiuI N', \'. h,. the whole dillance is about 3| leagues. Nut Ifland is fmall: it lies due loiifii from New York Caftle Point, and near lo Long Illand. Between thel'e Iflnnds you w ill have from 8 to 15 fithoms, and flioalen lo 8 fallioms again, as you iippiuiieh Nut Ifland : }ou mull haul round Nut Ifland to anchor in New York Road or Harbour, Ihc tide flows at the Hook, on the change and full davsof the moon, at half pall fever, o'clock. D D- ■'% 22 NEW DIRECTIONS fO% SAItINO ALONG 11 *t Biregiions for failing into the Harbour of New York, iJc, When off Sandy Hook, in 10 fathoms water, do not (hoal your foundings by approaching the bar, until you have brought Mount Pleafant h^lf way between the light-houfe and the cedar trees, (the light-houfe will bear about W. J S.) then fteer acrofs the bar W. by N. if flood tide, and W. N. W. if ebb tide (quarter lefs four is the lead water on the bar at half flood). When you have deepened to fi fathoms, and Mount Pleafant is well to the rorthward of the norfli point of the Hook, fhape your courfe well, and pafs within two cables length of the point, which is bold-to when abreaft, but ihoals in an cafterly dirediion towards the north-wefiern extremity of the middle ground, where the channel between it and the Ihore of the Hook is reduced to a very narrow and intricate pafs of three fathoms and a half water. The oatfide of the middle ground deepens gradually, and you may, (landing to it, fafcly truft to jour lead. If you mean to ftop at the Hook, bring the light-houfe to bear E. S. E. to E. by N. and anchor in 6 fathoms good ground ; but if bound to New York, continue your courfe weflward, obferving not to approach the eaft bank nearer than 5 fathoms, at which depth you will be clofe to its edge. When you have brought Bond's Hollow (the welt fall of Never-fink) to bear S. \ E. or S. by E. you are paft the fouth-weft fpit, and may (liape your way northwards to the nar- rows, being cautious for avoiding the Upper Middle, not to borrow to the call bank fo much as to fliut the cedars on the Hook, with the high land of Never- fink (here it is proper to remark, that the tlood fets llrong to the weftward from the fouth-weft fpit, until you are above the Upper Middle, whence it runs up channel-courfe to the narrows). When abreau the Upper Middle, and above the draught of the Amboy Tide, haul over to the north-eaft until you open Snake Hill with the bluff point of Staten Ifland, and fteer for the narrows. Being to the caftward of the weft bank, you may fail clofe to this part of Staten Ifland, which is fteep-to. There is a reeff extending about a cable's length from the eaft ftiore of the narrows : keep mid-channel until you open the paflage between Staten Ifland and the Main (commonly called the Kills) In order to avoid the edge of the weft flat, which is fteep-to, keep the high bluflT on the weft fliorc of Hudfon's River well open to the ealiward of Bedlow Ifland ; and to fail clear of Mud-flat, on the eaft fide of the channel, have the points of Hudfon's River open with each other. Mud-flat deepens regularly, and may be avoided by the lead. There is good anhcorage in eight fathoms abreaft of the Old Church, but in fix fathoms the ground in this part of the river is bad. N. B. The above beaiings are by compafs ; the variation being 7 deg. wefterly. The Light-houfe on Sandy Hook lies in 40 deg. 27 min. latitude north, and in 74 deg. win. 3 fee. longitude weft from the Royal Obfervatory of Greenwich. It is high water on the days of the full and change at the Hook at H. M. 7 30 Note, That the fiream of the tide continues to ki in till nine o'clock «t the rate of two knots At New York in the eaft river 9 00 in the norrh river 1 1 00 Tides rife perpendicularly about feven ftei^ but are fometimes checked to fuch a degree by the wefterly or north-wefterly winds, as to lower the water on the bar to three fathoms and a quarter, and eafterly or noxth-eafterly winds have fre- quently rifen it to five fathoms. n« lip bundings by way between 3Ut W. I S.) if ebb tide well to the id pafs within Ihonls in an ddle ground, ced to a very oulfide of the fafely truft to r E. S. E. to New York, bank nearer hen you have or S. by E. rds to the nar- ow to the eaJl nd of Never- veftward from nee it runs up le, and above ou open Snake Being to the I I (land, which (1 the eaft Ihore etween Staten lid the edge of re of Hudfon's ar of Mud-flat, apen with each ead. There is t in fix fathoms deg. wefterly. north, and in f Greenwich. H. M. it 7 30 o'clock ver river 9 00 II GO hecked to fuch 5 water on the vinds have fre- Th THE COAST OF NORTH AMERICA, £CC« The Eaft River. H The tide during the liilt quarter ebb fets from the North River around Fort I'Dinl, and flows up llie Eall River at tlie rate of thre»! knots, whence, with a like velocity, it reluins two hours before the North River high-water time. This afl'ord.s great convenience to fliips in lliiftiiig their birth from one river to the other. The king's fliips, during the iiiininer feafons, ride in either river in the ftream ; in the winter they haul-to or moor between the wharfs. The Twelve-feet Ledge otf the town, and theiunken wrecks and clitvau\-de-frize, fliew by the ripple of the tide. The beft paflage up the Eaft River is to the northward of Governor's Ifland, keeping mid-ch;innel until you are pafl the rocky llals olf Long Ifland, (oppolite the Careening Yard and the fouth-eaft reef of New York Ifland) which runs out 150 fathoms in a (butherly direction from Red Bank: from this Long Ifland Shore is bold toBruufwitk Creek, where it flioals a little way olF Pat Point. Jn order to clear the York Ifland Shore Flat, o^^pofite Brunfwick Creek, borrow towards tiie creek, keeping the water-mill in Wallabout Bay on or open weilward of Bruckland Church-fpire (on a hill to the weftward) : you may fail clofe under the bold rocky cliff's on the weftern fliore. Blind Rock and Governor's Table Rock extend S.W. 600 fathoms, on a range from Blackwell Ifland. The channel on the weft fide of the ifland is clear, and throughout deep a boat's length from the Ibores. There is a funken rock two-thirds of the way up the eaftern channel, and about 30 fathoms from the ftarboard ftiore. Before you enter into either of the Blackwell Ifland Channels, if flood, let the tide be nearly fpent ; if ebb tide, en- deavour, by llemming the liream, which continues fwift until a quarter of an hour before the turn of the tine, to reach Hell Gate at low-water flack; the moll de- Hrablc time to get through. As you run up between Flood Rock, which is fteep- to, and the point of Long Ifland, Lear up more eafterly, keeping mid-channel. The leaft drain of tide will fliew the Hog's back dangers on your larboard, and the Pot Rock on your ilarboard, by the uncommon ripple and boiling appearance of the water. There is fuflicient depth for large Ihips, until you come up witli Marfti Ifle, where it flioals and forms a bar acrofs the channel, with only four fathoms at the top of high-water ; and about a third of the way over from the ifle, there is a Angle rock with no more than ten feet water. To return through Hell Gate, high-water flack is the mofl convenient time, as the tide is favourable down to New York ; there is however fuflicient depth ait low-water for any fliip in the Gate. Should the pilot have mifcalculated the tide, and the fliip, with a ftrong favourable tide and a leading breeze, is advanced near the Gate, you muft attend the true fet of the ftream, in which you may ealily keep the ftiiu with lofty fails; low fails being liable to be becalmed by the land. The principal ebb flreain leads round Mill Rock, which is very bold, whence it turns fliort to the fouthward by Flag-ftaft" Point, in the weltern Blackwell Ifland Chanr.<'.l. The pnflage be- tween Mill Rock and Scot Cap is deep, but very narrow. The fouthernmoft pafl'age between Flood Rock and Long Ifland is uled on tiie flood only, when the ftream leads " ' through Long Ifland Sound. From Marfli Ifland ealhvard, the found is navigable for the largeft fliips. The ftream continues moderate for about three leagues to Frog Point, where the New York tide meeting the Sound tide in contrary directions, caufes a perfect llagna- tion. The Ship Channel is to the noithward of the two Brethren Ifles and Hulet Ifland, obferving to keep near the main until palt Lawrence Reef (which extends third channel over from the ealt point of Fluftiing Bay) ; and thence keeping clear of the nortli fliore, until you have doubled Frog Point Peninfula. Your courfe to New City Ifland is about N. N. E. You muft ol>ferve not to borrow Q 2 towards H NEW DIRECTIONS FOR SAILING ALONG I towarrls the eaft (uln of tin- Pcninfula, on account of the Mud Flat extending from i( towards New Citv Illnnd iimliora^e. The Litepping Stones (piirtly dry at low- wafer) leave a fiifiicient chnnn*-! to the northward to work up or down. 'I'lie flxeciitioner's Rocks (drvr^t half tide) lie norlh-eaft two miles from Heart Ifiand, and north about one mile trotn Sands';; Point ; the channel to the fouthward of ihem is the molt frequ«'nted. Here the Sound widens, and affords iecure an- chorage in 0}'ller Bay. Jrhintinglon Bav and Ilaniftead Hay for fliips, and in the ponds above for fmah craft, and (oxreptinpj the outer points of Oyfter and Hun- tington Bay) the foundings are regular; and as you approach towards the extre- mity of the ifiand, the found becomes narrower, and you will feel the Itrength of the tide encreaiing. In the entrance into Gardner's Bay, between Long Ifinnd and Plumb Idand, and between Plumb Ifiand and Fifher's liland, the tide ftreams with vait rapidity; and in calm weather, the Ripple (or Race) is heard at a great diftance : it has the ap])earance of (hoal ground, although there is no lefs than twenty fathoms water. 1 lie channel bclween Fifher's llle and the Gull Rocks (which are fmall low grafs illands, d'Uant about two miles from Plumb liland) is five miles wide ; and there is a flioal with leventeen feet of water, Avhich lies fouth-eafl about a league from the body of Fiflier's Ifland, and may be calily avoided by keeping the north Ihore on board. From the entrance of New York to Barnigate Shoal, the courfe is S. by W. 5 W, and the diliance 15^ leagues. From Barnigate Shoal to the entrance of Little Egg Harbour, the courle is S. W. ^ S. and the diftance 5 leagues. From the entrance of Little Egg Harbour to that of Great Egg Harbour, the tourfe is S. S. W. I W. and the diltancc 6" leagues. From Great Egg Harbour to the en- trance of Delaware Bay, the courfe is S. W. | S. and the diliance 8 leagues. All along this coall, from the entrance of New York to that of the Delaware, the Ibundings are regular: at the diliance of two leagues from the (hore, you will have from 8 to JO fathoms water, until you are ofT Great Egg Harbour; and thence to Cape May, you will have from 5 to 7 fathoms. ''Hvilh tre the sveli with B< the adj; Bav, tin H«J()k I From i. S. i off this w.tter. and has on! Three ' there ■ ditlant t ween are, al this llv liland Betwe league lies tlv Chingi fathom water 20 lea; ll f. i , -i For Delaware Bay. The entrance of Delaware Rjv is I'ormcd by Cape Mary on the caft fide, and Cape HcnIoj)en on the weft hde; the) bear N.E. ^ N. andS.W. 5S. from each other, diliance aliindcr about 7 leajiues. Hei'ore the entrance, there lies a long narrow b:ink, on which there are from 'r> te S^ fathoms water. The north-eaft end of this bank lies E. i S. '.i U aglIe^ from Cape May : it thence extends S. W. 6 leagues. The S. W. end lies 4 leagues S. by W. j W. from Cape May, and 3 leagues E. N. E. ^ E- from Cape Henlopen, On the north-eaft end 01 this bank, there are 5 and 4 fathoms Water; and on the middle, and the S. W. end, there are 4 and .')| fathoms: near to thir end, both within and without, there are 9 and 10 lathonii; and near to the niladle, and to the other end, there are d and 7 fathoms. From 3 to 7 miles S. W. from Cape May, there are over-falls, on which there are from 12 to IS (avt water; near to them, on all fides, there are 5 and 6 fathoms. As (he belt channel into the Delaware is on the louth fide, you fliould keejS' along the fbuth fhorc, at the diliance of about a mile, until you come within 4 Tiile- of Cape James; then edge off to avoid a flioal called the Hen and Chickens, the fourh end of which lies '.) miles N. N. W. The north end of this Uioal lies a nu!e aid a half E. by N, from the liglit houle. Near to the ftioal on the eaft fide, there are 15 fathoms water. The Ibuihend is about2 milesfrom the neareftibore. \Vhen you are abreafl of Cape James, fieer N. N. W. about 4 leagues; taMng care frequently toobferve the bearings of the cape, in order tp avoid being carrjed to the weftw:ud by the flood tide, before you get the length of the guiding fand, ijiid conlequcntly Ibrced to go through the weflern channel. When you are on the eaflfide of the guiding land, you may run clofe along it, by your lead, if you intend to go to the wcliward of the Middle Ground. When you are io high as to ■0- ctending fioni !'>• dry at low- dcvvn. riic- from Heart \he foutruvard rHs /eciire an- 'S ••nd in the ler and Hun- |ds the extre- le Itrcngth of •liimb Ifland, \vai\ rapidity ; •e : it has the ilhoms water, lall Jow grafs le ; and there league from e north ihore is S. by W. entrance of giies. From the tourfe is nr to the en- 'C 8 Jeagues. e Delaware, ore, ^ou will iiibourj and I ^|f THE COAST OF NORTH AMERICA, Scc, 25 ;mo bring the MoUicr Kill and Gammon Iflc E. N. E. and \V, S. W. then you arcs Jtlie length of the guiding (and. The Motiier Kill fliews ilfclf with a fair opening, 1 ^Iwith trees on each lide, like as thougii a pair of Gates ftood op.;n. If you go ii ;thc wolhvurd of tin; Middle Ground, you mull be careful to a\oid being involvcc with Bombay Hook Shoals. You will fee in the Chart how the weilern Ihoal and the adjacent Aioals meet you as you proceed. The tide in the entrance of Delaware . )^ay, (lows, on the change and full days of the moon at nine o'clock ; and at Bombay Hook llland, it flows half pall 10 o'clork. From the entrance of the Delevvare to abreaft of Chingoteak llland, the courfi; is S. I W. and the diftance 16 leagues. In order to avoid fome fhoals which lie oH" (his part of the coalt, you fliould not go farther off than into 7 or 8 fithoms, water. The northernmolt flioal lies (j leagues S. E. J S. from the Falfe Cape, and 7| leagues N. E, by E. from Chingoteak Ifland. This is a linall (hoal, and : h;ts only 10 feet water on it: between it and the fliorc, there are lli fathoms. 'i'hree leagues S. by E. from this flioal, there lies another fmall one, on which f ihcre are I'S feet water. From this flioal, the Falfe Cape bears N.W. by N. | N. r. dillant 9 leagues ; and Chingoteak Ifland bears W. by S. dillant 7 leagues. Be- > tween the tu o flioals, there are 7 and 6 fathoms. Iviear to the latter (lioal, there ' are, alnioll all round, frt)m 10 to 13 fathoms. Four leagues W. S. W. { W. from this flioal, there lies another with the following bearings, namely, Chingoteak Ifland W. \ S. dillant ;i leagues, and Falfe Cape N. | V\'. diltance 9 leagues- Between this (hoal and Chingoteak Ifland, there are 9 fathoms water. Three leagues VV. S. W. from this (hoal, and S. E. j S. 4 miles from Chingoteak Ifland, lies the north end of the flat, that extends i'rom the illands which lie between Chingoteak Ifland and Cape Charles : near to this end of the flat, there are 5 fathoms water. You mull run along the edge of this flat in 4, 5, or G fathouA water: the ccurfc is b. b. \\ . | W, and the diliance, to abreaft of Cape Charles, 20 leagues. ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS. aft flde, and n each other, long narrow t end of this • 6 leagues. 1 3 leagues bank, there there are 4 2 9 and JO 1 7 fathoms. h there are fathoms, liould keejS' e within 4 1 Chickens, tiioaJ lies a e eaft fide, areflAiore. es; teRing injg^carrjed itlinif fand, ou are on atl. if you io high as io Names of Place.. i of Lo»dou. L;uitudc N. D. M. S. OLiferveis. _' D. M. s. Neiv York at the Fort 74 a 40 41 25 C Governor Rurnet and Erwin \ Prior in 176y. Sandy Hook Ligbt-houfe 74 s 40 27 00 The King's Commiihoncrs. Cape James, or Hcnlopen 75 7 :30 38 4G 00 5 Monf.DeChabert, with the ma- \ rine clock. Philadelphia 75 10 40 •69 56 54 S MeflTrs. Mafon and Dixon, and (Erwin Prior, 1769, Sec. Norriton 75 28 40 9 56 Mr. Ritenhoufe. f The latitude bvM.Chabert, the 1 longitude by a mean between the obfei vationsof the fame gen- Cape Henry 7G 17 36 57 00 \ tleman, with the marine clock; and the calculation made from 1 the Journals and Britlfli fhips of [war, by Cajpt. Gafcoyne. Cape Hatteras 35 7 50 Capt. Gafcoyne* NEW ill' i 11 !!■ ! NEW DIRECTIONS FOR SAILING ALONG THE COAST OF ORTH AMERICA, l^vt ti^ Second « Bire5iions for Cape Henry in Virginia, including Chefapcak Bay, 6?r. WHEN you fail to the fouthward of Cape Henry, you have deeper water than uhen you are in the latitude thereof, as 21 fathoms reddifti fand, and pretty large; and 9 leagues olF it, is 35 and 40 fathoms, fine grey fand; and in the latitude of 36 deg. 19 and 23 fathoms, large yellow fand, with fliells; and when you come into the latitude of Cape Henry, 7 leagues off, you will have 1 1 fathoms, grey fand, and from that to 9 lathoms, with a pretty ftrong current. The land is low and fandy, you cannot fee it above 7 leagues. Cape Henry is low, but blulf, with a few trees to the fea fide, a little diftance from the water: it i» very ftcep-to, having 7 fathoms clofe by the cape, and nothing to hinder you from coming into Lin Haven Bay, where you have loft ground in 5 or 6 fathoms water. The bank called the Middle Ground is above a league from the cape, where is a very good channel to the northward, and very broad between this flioal and the flioal of Cape Charles. From Lin Haven Bay to Keketan, fteer N. W. until you bring a remarkable tree, which you will fee on your larboard fide, about W. S. W. then fteer N. W. by W. a league, and when you have th^ faid tree S. W. you are in the beginning of the narrow; then fteer W. | N. to the north Ihore, and when you are come about a mile off the north fliore, that Point Comfort bears N. J E. you will have 1 1 fathoms ; then you may fteer W. by S. and W. S. W. for the road. When you come from Lin Haven Bay, you have from 1 1 fathoms to 5, until you bring the faid tree S. W. When you bring Willoughby's Point S. W. you are abreaft the flioal called the Horfe-ihue, which is not above § a mile broad. From Cape Henry or Lin Haven Bay to York River. Prom Cape Henry to Lin Haven Bay. If you run in, you have gradual found- ings, having the cape S. S. E. In ftanding to the northward, you will come on the llioalings of the Horfe-flioe, which is likewife gradual in turning in. Endeavour to keep the channel, for the benefit of the tide. You will have 7| and 6| fathoms water, foft oazy ground ; and nvhen you have but 5|, it is hard fand; you then have ^, lave an hhc S. \M v'lf'fiithoms. much, 01 keep the ride in tl or 4| (M ,, 7 fathom which m , the Ihoa Ther< take no Willouj 6| to 1 only fo are ftee and ke( Conifot anchor have b' next p( To Henry fuch ti head o juft o\ very d theftfl larboa bread' «noug I M going Point there 8 am entrs You 7 fall Ft is nc off. than go Smi eaft am( par this and dar wh 5 t fev ab< THE COAST OF NORTH AMERICA, &C. 27 ICA. k Bay, e?r. deeper water li/h fand, and fand ; and in 1 fliells; and i wiJl have 1 1 current. The Ws-wry is low, water: it i« der you from thorns water. Je, where is hoal and the remarkable fteer N. W. le beginning u are come )u will have to 5, until S. W. you e broad. lual found- )me on the Endeavour 5| fathoms ; you then have f jave an eddy that fets you contrary to expeftation. The firft of the flood fets to ftlic S. W. fer which rcafon, you muft not keep the main nearer than 5 J or 5 ffiithoms. You may borrow on cither fide to 4 fathoms, but it will not avail you 'much, on account of the eddies. You muft obfervc in running up to Kcketan, to keep the cape S. S. E. and Point Comfort W. that is the welt point of it. If you _ lide in the bay, the belt of the road is E. S. E. or E. by S. from the cape, in 5{ or 4| fiithonis water. Endeavour to keep your marks, and you have from 5| or I 7 fathoms, by reafon of a fwatch that runs within the channel fair by tlie ftiore, , which may deceive you. You will have, in running in with the former bearings, the Hioal point to the weftward of Willoughby's S. W. There arc three houfes, which you will lee over Point Comfort, which you mull ' take notice to keep W. N. NV. If you have light of the cape, and abreall of :, Willoughby'* Point, you muft edge over to Point Comfort, and you will have from ■' 6§ to 10 and 17 fathoms water. The point after, above the Horfe-lhoe, is bold, ■ only fome knowles, which lie within, or to the caftward of the Horfe-flioe, whidi are fteep-to; to (hun which, after you are in deeper water, edge to the Sword, and keep in 10 or 12 fathoms water; and when well fhut up, haul in with Point Comfort, and run up S. W. until the point bears N. E. or N. E. by E. and there anchor in 17 fathoms abreaft of Hampton Haven; but within and above that, you have but 5, (J, and 7 fathoms. From the weft point of Point Comfort, and the next point of land on the north fide, is (hoal water, and all fand. To run off Lin Bay to York River, and fliun the Middle Ground, bring Cape Henry S. S. E. and keep your courfe N. by W. and N. with the flood tide, until fuch time as you come to the other fide m 44 fathoms ; then you are upon the head of the fame bank ; and when you bring Point Comfort wcil, you are then juft over in 5 or 6 fathoms: you may Itcer N. N. W. and N. W. by N. It is very dangerous to come into York River ; there is a great flioal at the mouth, on the ftarboard fide going in : it is pretty fteep-to, as 6, 7, or 8 fathoms ; but on the larboard fide it is Hat, and a point of drowned land. It is but a mile and half in breadth at the mouth of the river j but when }ou are in, it is \NiJe, and roomy enough. From New Point Comfort to Potowmack River. A fpit extends from this point S. E. | E. 2 miles, which you will avoid by not going into lefs than 4 fathoms water. About '.i leagues N.N. E, ^ E. from New Point Comfort, and 2 leagues from Iron Point, lies the Wolftrap Rock, on which there are 12 feet at low water: between this rock and Point Comfort, there are 8 and 9 fathoms. From this fpit, which runs off from New Point Comfort, to the entrance of Rapahanock River, the courfe is N. by W. and the diflance G leagues. You may kieep in 5 or 6 fathoms water. Near to the Wolf-trap Rock, there aro 7 fathoms. From Rapahanoc to the flat which fpits off from Wicomico Point, the courfe is north, dillance 6 or 7 leagues ; good foundings, as 5 or 6 fathoms water 4 miles off. Be careful as you approach Wicomico, to keep rather nearer the eaftern than the weftern lliore. To be clear of the flioals on the point, you (hould not go into lefs than 7 fathoms. This Ihoal extends about '2f miles E. S. E. from Smith's Ifland, on its extremity, there are only 2 fathoms water; and very near it eaftward, there are 10 or 12 fathoms. A Houfe, with a white chimney ftanding among the trees on the fliore within Smith's Ifland, is the mark for the flioaleft part of tills fand, open to the northward of the ifland, and bearing weft. When (his houfe bears W. by N. you are to the fbuthward of the extremity of the flioal, and when it bears W. by S. you are to the northward of it. What adds to the danger of this fhoal, in going up or down the Chefapeak^ is, the broken iflands, which lie on the eaft fide of the channel, and the flats of fand, which extend from 5 to 8 miles to the weftward from them. The land of thefe iflands is low, with feveral tufts of trees on them. The eafternmoft is called Hooper's Ifland ; it it about 2f leagues in length : a little to the weftward of it lies Uarren Ifland. Ts^ the 28 NEW DIRECTIONS FOR SAILING ALONG 1! ' . ( the foiUinvard of Hooper's Ifldnd lie TartRicr Iflands, flicy extend about 8 Iea|;(i«s in lengtli ; niul to tin; louthwaid ol" ranj;i«:r Illands, lit; Watt's lllands, thcv arc Imall, and t-NtctuI about 2| leagues. Between the (oiilli end of Hooper's Illand Hnrl the northornnioli of the Tangier Klands, there is a palFage for Nanticol^c River, called Hooper's btraits; and at the north end of tlie fouthernniol^ of tlio Tangier lilands, there i< niiolhor pallagK called Tangier Straits. To the calUvard of U'att's Jtland, lie I'oiowniaf k Bay and River. \ irj;inia is fepiirated Iroin Maf^l.ind hy I'otowinack River; its entrance in formed by VNiconiico I'oint on the (oiilh fide, and Point Look-out on the north: it I-. about .'J| leagues difiani-i; between thele (wo points. If you are bound to Si. MaiyN River, >ou nmli keep nigher (he main, than the flioals uhich come away from St. (ieorge's Illand; being a i'mt: birth from the linrboard lidc, your eoui Ic is N. W. into the river, and you will have 5 or t» falhoms; and then anchor, tlio uver being all open fo you. if you are bounil lo W'ieoinico in I'olovMiiack River, you mull give it a good birth oil" above Clenienl's Illand; t()r oif it, are two or three fmall illands, wliicli lie to the eaftward of the River Wicomico, alfo broken ground; and when you come nigh the river, you mult keep the illand on the liarboard lide, and you will ftnd 4| fathoms water. After a great way, you will have but 3 fathoms. Going into this river are two points, and to lail ciear of both, )ou muft Iteer up W.N.W. tdl you ha\ e the river open then north of Newton's i'oiiit. Anelior on the loutli lide of the point in 5 and 4j fathoms water. Be furc to give all the points a birth in all iMarxland, m the iid\f and ull the rivers. fiave a ji h'.' call 'k ni'iirer liror -I fithcj the id: eon.e river o n Vire^lons for James River. Cape Hkkrv is a Lluff fnndy land, with a fingle tree or two on it (eparafe from tlio reft; but Cape Charles is an ifland. Between the capes lie the Middle Ground, about two tLirds over from C'aj)c Charles to Cape Henry; therefore it is ad\ifeable to keep over to Cape Henry. If bound up James River, keep Caprr Henry L. S. E. and run up W. N.W. hut when you come almoll abreall of Willoughby's I'oint, look for the Houfe on Point Contfort, and keep that N. W. by W. and run in with it fo, \intil you are in the deep water, and bring Point Comfort W . by S. or W. | S. then you may run in with it, giving the point a fmnll birth. It is llcep clofe-to,. and anchor in Hampton Road, bringing Point Conilbrt N. E. by E. or thereabouts. In turning in, be very careful not to Hand too far in when near Willoughby's h'pit, for feur of being hooked in to the call- ward of it, in (he Bite, and when farther in, yon will have deep water on both tides, and fo on, according to your own judgment, not lels than 1 1 fathoms to thu faid Ihorc* Particular Dire^iotts for York River. Bring Capr Mcnry any wliere between the S. by E. and S.E. Cape Henry S. by E. you are on the Tail of the Middle, and the Cape S. E. you are on the il'onlings of the Horfe-flioe ; the Horle-lhoe has very good Aioalings all the north fide; keep in N^. N.W. or N. W. by N. till you have Cape Charles E. by N. then you may bear away N. W. or N. W. by W. as you have the wind and tide. Obferve ebb tide fets ftrong out of Chefapeak Bay over the Horfe-flioe, fo that if the wind is northerly, you mult no' come nearer the Ilorle-Uioe than 5 or 6 fathoms if you can help it; when you have the New Point Comfort north, and Back River Point S. by W. then you are abreall of the tail of York Spit, in three fathoms; and when you are a lit(l« above Long Hie, you mull come no nearer the main than 7 fathom-;, till you come to enter (he river above the Marlh ; keep in 9 or JO fathoms, and run up and anchor between York and Gloucefter, in what depth you pleafe : in turning up, ftand to the Horfc«flioe, into 4| or 5 fathoms, and off into 7 or C)j, till you are ^breaft of the eiitiuiicc of New Pocal'an, where you will have )Out 8 Iea/5tiei nds, thcv arc ooper's Illand or NiiiUicokc rnnioil of tlio the calhvurd 8 entrance is the north : it lain, than the irt}i iVoin the have b or 6' c it a good ands, wliicli d when yon iind }ou will 3ins. Going upW.N.VV. on the (oiitli •oiiiti u birtli t4 If THE COAST OF NORTH AMERICA, &C. 29 have a gut of 1 fifhoms run clole to the entrance, therefore be very careful not to li^' Ciilchcd in with tlie tail that lome-. fioni 'i'aes Malli ; whc-n up here, eomc no inarer than 1 fathoms or ti|, all the way up to York, nor to the other tide, tliau I'^or II ; when abixali of the fmall illt;s on York Spit, the tail of the fpit has biit^ '■ fitlioMis, dole to it and about the middle 10 fathoms, rlole lo it and abreift of Uie iflands )()U have I,*] fathoms and a (liore ; when entered the river, \ on mull eoii.e no nearer the bank than H or D fitiioms the l)ank is about one third of tlu! river over iVom the north Ihore, obl'crve the Chart Ibi more foundings. Dire5iions fur going into Patuxent River. Ir you come dr)\vn the bav to tin; River I'atu.sent, give Cow Point a good birth, till ; ou hav<' ttix-ned the liver; then run righl uj) for Drum i'uint, which is without C'oopi'r'.s Cri;ek ; and il' )ou go up higher, give a birth to Alkuni's Point. If you co.ne up the bav tor Patuxent River, you nuill give a good birth from the louth liiore, and wlieii above C'edar Point, the louUi tide ol' the nu)utfi of Patuxent is all open : The louth tide of the river is (lioal as higli as Baltimore Bay, keep as nigh as you can in the middle of the river, only giving u birth for thu ])oints. in coining up or down the bay, you mull come no nearer than \\ on the eaflorn ftiore, nnd :)u the welieri: than 5 or i» fathoms. Abeist hreo .'eagues to the northward of great Wieoinieo, lies Jittle Wieomico, ^^lli(h nuikci the louth point of Potowinaek River; there is a fmall illanil near thu (liore called Smith's Illand, iVoiu wbenc\j fliouts olf a dangerous I'pit of ("and about 4- or 5 miles call into the bay, in whieh is but two fathoms, of water, andiefs; uitd at the eall end thereof lU or 12 fathouis Iteep to the land. , For the murk of this dangerous Ihoal. Note, there is a houfe on the fliore, within the aforeiaid little iliand, with a white chimney among the trees ; brin^ that open to the northward of the illand, and when it bears vveli froni you is thu jlioaleli of that fand, and wlieu to the W. by N. or W. by S. are otf iVom the Jhoal; if you (teer north 01 foath, this ilioal is the more dangerous, becault- of leveral broken illands that lie to the ealiward of it in the inidll of t\\c bav, from wijieii lies oft" feveral tlatr. and Ipits of laud of about 3 fatlioms, three or lour nules olT, and deep to 10 or 1 J fathoms. Thefe illands are low land>, with feveral hummocks of trees, the caflernmoil of which is called T.ingier Illand, King athwart of Wicomico, a Hat fpit of land lying from it, fpitting to the loaliiward oJf, near as i'm as Rapahanock, whereon is 5 or 6' fathoms w.iter; nul v\ithiii J or \ miles of the laid illand is three fathoms (on the eall lide of this ilianil is tin; going info Po<.omok and Nanticoke). The flioal of this illand is long and broad, and divided into Ipits; for as the ealt *cnd hath a ("pit about three leagues long to the call >vard, and about '2 leagues broad, fo on the S. VV. lide of the illand, which Ihews like a point or blutF of trees, fpits olf a long Ihoal to the S. W. on whieh is but three fathoms, about f6ur miles olf. There is deep water of (J or 7 fathoms between thefe two fpits, and loft ground, fo that luch as fail by courfe up the bav by night, tor fear of W icomico Point, fbould fteer more to the eaflward than ordinary, left they fall between thefe two fpits, and be at a lofs ; where you iind fuddeidy but three fathoms, and the like depth to the eailward or weliward on thefe points or fpits, and fuch broken ground lies along to the well ot thefe broken iflands, whereabouts or 4 miles ofl', i's 3 or 4 fathoms; and from thefe you will deepen fuddenly to 12 or 14 fathoms ■water, and in fome places 20 fathoms near tliefe Ihoals; but the bell of the channel is 12, 10, y, 8 fathoms, foft ground. And a noith courfe, as aforcfaid from the cape, within the hummocks, bearing fouth, will carryyouclear between the dlands and Ihoals of Wicomico Point. Thai Point being the fouth tide of Potowmack that divides Virginia and Mary- land, and on that S. lide are feveral Ihoals in the mouth of Potowmack : From the. faid point over to Point Look-out is about 7 leagues, where to limn thofe Ihoals, llecr up Potowmack River, or up the bay for Maryland. From the laid Wicomico E Poiht .^o NEW DIRECTIONS FOR SAILING ALONG ii;i It ' i (i Poinl yoti mtift rtccr N. by W. or N. N. W. for the fai'd Polnl Look-mit, where alfn li(;s a Oioal ; and ifyoii would fait up St. Mary's, you iiui(i IViun (l-vcrul IhoaN that lie on the north fide within Point liOok-oul; but from I'oint Look-out up tho bay above 3 Ipa);ues to the northward, lies St. Jnroni's Point, oil" which lifs a lh(»al, 4 miles oJf the (liorcj and l. Icaj^ucs more to the northward ii Cedar I'oint, beinj; low Tandy (ground, and Jtra^^lin^ trees l\inj; on the foulh entrance of I'aluxcnt Kiver, from whieii lies a fpit, and is ail flat within tlie point; on the norl|j fide of the laid river are hi>;h hills, called (lifts, with trees on them ; and tVom that flion; lies a long flat, but good foundinj^s on both tides the channel, loft ground, 7 and 8 fathoms water. More inwanlly is Roulbev's I'oint on tlie louth fide, and Drum I'oint on the north point of Low Sand. Sliii)s niav anchor without thefc points, or (nil further into the river; always ohCerving it lor a general rule, that where a point of land is, and elj)ecially low giound, there lies otf a fpit of fund and Hioal. Cape Hatteras. Cape Hatteras lies about S. | E. 37 leagues from Cape Henry; between them lie the inlets of Currituck and Roanoke: in the former there are 10 feet water, and in the latter 8 feet. About a^ leagues N. by E. | E. from Cape Hatteras, lies the fouth end of a bank, on which there are 5 and 4 fathoms water : it cxtcnrts north and fouth nearly 3 leagues, and is about 2| miles broad. The inner edge of this bank is about 3 miles t'rom the fliorc ; between them there arc 10 and 9 fathoms water. Clofe to the louth end, and along the outer or eaft fide, there are 7 fathoms. About 3 miles N. by \V. from the north end of this bank, and 3 miles K. by S. from the north end of Hatteras Ifland, there lie fonie fmall knowls, on which there are only 9 feet at low water. The flioals of Cape Hatteras extend 10 leagues F,. S. E. from the cape, and are from N. N. E. to S. vS. W. 5| leagues, at the broadtft pari ; nenr to them, on the north fide, there are from 6 to 9 fathoms; near to the call end, there are 9 and 10 fathoms; and near to them, on the fouth fide, there are 20 fathoms. There is a channel betw een the cape and the tlioals, in w liiek there are from 2| to 4 fathoms water. This channel or Iwatcli lies about S. W. by S. and N. E. by N. in going through it, you will y>afs the light -hoiite on the cape at thti diltance of 1-J miles : as the fea generally breaks on the flioals on each fide, you will fee tlie fwatch. Your courle from Cape Henry to the outer end of the liioals, is S. by E. j E. and the difiance about 39 leagues. Twenty. three leagues from Cape Hatteras, Cape Look-out bears S. by W. | W. and about 7} leagues S. \V. f- W. from Cape Hatteras, is Occacok Inlet, in the entrance of which, there are from 17 to 13 leet water. Between the two capes, there are very regiilar foundings, in from 8 to 5 fathoms water. The ftioals from Cape look-out eNteiul 4| leagues S. by E. f E- from the cape, and are about 3 miles acTofs : clofb to them on the eafl fide, and off the outer end, there are 5 fathoms water; near to them, on the vvjll fide*, th«re are from 5 to 9 fathon.s. The outer pari of thefe flioals lie 25 leagues S. W. ^ S. from Cape f fatteras ; and 30 leagues S. W. by W. i W. from the outcrmolt part of Cape Hnttcrns flioals. The deepeft water between them is about 30 fathoms. The entrance of Core Sound is about 3| leagues N. VV. by W. from Cape Look-out, in which there are 3 fathoms water. The channel lies in, firft N. E. by E. and then alters gradually round the flat, which extends from the ifland on the larboard or well fide, to the N. N. W. | W. You will have 3, 4, and 3 fatlionis in the channel, as you proceed to Beaufort, where you may anchor in '.i fathoms at low water. From Cape Look-out 2G leagues S. W. by W. f W. lies Cape Fear. Between the two capes there are iflands lying all the way along the fliore, off which, about •2 leagues difhince, there are from 5 to 9 fathoms water. About 10| leagues to the wefiward of Core Sound, is the entrance of New River, in which there are only 5 feet at low water. On each fide of this entrance, there are two inlets, on wlu'ch there are from 7 to 1 1 feet water. The i THL COAST OF NORTH AMTRICA, &C. 3' The flioalT of Capr I i-nr cNtiiid aliout l{ Nmj^iii'h S. K. hy V. { K. frnm th.; C'apt-; tUcy art" aljuut "J milfs liro.i.l. On (In: inmr piirt of the Uio.il., tlii'ro aio o It'll water J ami on tin; mitlillf |iuil, lIuTc ar<; oiil) j (fct water: i\«':ir to thi-'in ever)' where, tlierr lue T- or t- (alhnins: Abuiit t niilts to tlij loutlnvaiJ of llu-ir «'Xtreinit), (lure an- \'J 1.>»Iiomi.. I'lie t.iitr.tiiie ol liape I'ear River i«( about J miles to the vvedward ol" tlio cape; tliert ait J tathoms ilk it at low watei. ipc, and are hem, on the re are 9 and J. There is to 4 fathoms N. in going >f ij miles : the fvvatch. K. J E. and bvW.|\V. [n'let, in (he ! two capes, m the cape, J outer end, from 5 to 9 from Cape irt of Cape IS. from Cape rtrft N. E. e idand on , 4, and 3 ■ anchor in Between hich, about leagues to I there are > inlets, on Cape I'ear Light-houle. ^Trrafury Departmfnt, Reieni.,' O^ciy /iprU 10, 179.0. 7he J'oUo-vi'Kr (thfira.^ J'roni i/ocu/Hft!ts on ^le in this Office, it publijlied for the irt' for mutton of Commamiti s of f'ejftli in the tradt of the United States. Doylt a^.L-cenyf Frincipal Clerk. Cape Fear Lrciir-HousE is fitiiated near Bald Head, a noted blulfon Cape Fear Illand, at tht- mouth of Cape Tear River, on which river is built the town of Wilmington, 'i'lie iron lamp is ten feet nine inches in diameter, and about tiftecn feet nine inches in height, lioiu the tloor to the top of roof. It was hrlt lighted Dec. 'J3, 1794- From the point of the cape, the Light-houfe bears W. N. W. diflance 4 miles; and from the extremity of Frying-pan Shoal, N. W. 8 leagues. In failing from the eallward, bring the Light to bear N. N. E. and then ftcer ill N. which will carry a velRd clear olf the iiioal, and bring her a inort dilium c wellward of the bar. Obferve, howe\er, it" it is night, not to go within lels liian 7 fathoms water. If it be necelfary to fail over tiie bar without a pilot, bear N. or N. J E. and fleer direclly in ibr if, nntil the vi'Hd i.> dole in with the beach ; anil then in for the fort, which bears from thence about N, anil is plainly in light. The channel over the bar is direct, and of good widlii. It may be necelfary to oblervi: to ftrangers, that iu palling the flioal, efpecially in a dark night, it is molt prudent to Iteer VV. in latitude ;}:> dog. 'JOmin.- or 'J3 min. at mod, until they Ihoul in their water to 1 or 8 lathems : by doing this, they may be fure of Ix.'ing to the weliward of the bar. R E M V R K. It is nof exprelRd in the above, whether the bearings are the (rue or the maij^netic beaiings: I rather luppofe them to be the latter; but the dilference is lo trivial, as xwX to require notice : I believe it is lels than a (piarter of a poin', and now decrealing. Speaking of the variation, it may be obferved, if I miiiake not, hns dccreafed as follow : In longitude 7 4 deg. latitude 4,'> deg. 'iO min. the wellerly variation, in 172:*, was 7 deg. 20 min. and in 1780, but 1 ih'g, in the fame longitude, and latitude 38 deg. +5 min. in I7i8, it was 4 deg. and in 177S, but 2 deg. \iO mm. That it had decreafed at Quebec in 179:$, feems indifputable. In 178:), il was there 1'2 deg. 35 min. and in 179:i (by a mean of many compaiTes), but \'2. dog. 5 min. The di/Terence is but fmall, but it appears dcDionltrated. See Lovimei on Magnatilm, 4to. p. :J4, T' V TO * I I ^l! ? I 2Z NEW DIRECTIONS FOR SAILING ALONG TO MASTFRS OF VKSSKLS. A nriiifioal corrofpondnit itiforms maltcrs of vcHcLs, bound to northv. ard of Capi; Uattcrns -'ind olpfciallv (Iiofe \vlio fiill in about tli.; cape, and arc nnywifc Ihort of (irovilion, tliiit in lijliiudi- .'33 dcg. 3() min. and about tliu longitudt; of the taiH', tliLTi.! is a largo muftlf i)ank, intoniiixcd witli focklcs, and liiiall pebbles, Iving in b filhonis \vati.r: Tl'.at bank abo;uuis with fiili, fuch asfea-bai's, fea-ciout, flounders, fkate, tiilk, and dog-bib. Tiie fea-bais here are remarkable ibr their lize, generally weighing from i- to to 6 pounds eacli. .■V \el)el has filled two b. bank ; that is, if \ou have fuitable bait, fuch as the ballabo, whieli .they generally have in the VVeft-lndies. Vou nudt be lure to have good taekling, as the iilh are remarkably Itrong, commonly weighmg from 20 to ,'50 pound,-, each. Four or tivc lines have been lolt in an hour, ami at lall have been obliged lo bend the dipping-line to thf inner end of tht^ tovv-bne; and lufting the veu'ei into the Avind, the Iilh has been taken. No cominon towing will hold IIumu, except \oii ufe the ibrcgoing method. They are fuppoled to be overgrown blue fill). Dire ff ions for the Coajl of NortH Carolina, coming in from Sea. Stkering for this coad, endeavour to keep a degree to the fouth-A-ard of the latitude of (ho place vou intciui lo make, iinlil you reckon yourfelfon the etlge of tlie Crulf Stream. Your own judgment will then dired you what courle is bell, according as you find the wind lo blow. Do not, if polhble, go to the northward of 3.'J deg. 20 min. latitude, untd 30U get into 10 fathoms water. In this depth you will be within the ibuth, or outer end of the Frying-pan Shoal, which lies in jatitude ,'3;{ deg. ,'5.'> min. In Hearing (he coalt in .'3.'j deg, 20 nun. lalitutie, your firlt Ibundings will be trom ,'30 to ,'),') tathonis; in th.is tlepth \o\i will be verv ni;ar to the inner edge of the Gulf Stream, "^'ou will have tine grey fand with black fpots, when vou get into i7 fatloms: there is a long tlat in this depth of water. In Itecring welt, \ou will, lor the iirit b or (^ leagues, llioalen the water very little. When you come into II- tiithoins, yo\] will Ihoalen )our water quicker, but gra- dually. Vou will fee the land in 10 fathoms water, if the vveather be clear, and you niay then be fure that you are within the Frying-pan, fioai the outfide of this Jhoal. You can fee no land bearing to the welhvartl of north-weft. To go over Ca])e Fear Bar, you muft take care not to bring the pitch of tlip cape to the eaftward of E. by N. until you have brought Bald Head to bear N. I E. the channel over the bar will then be fiiirly open ; and if the weather be fo bad as to prevent your getting a pilot, you nia\ Iteer in X. | E. w ithout ilan- ger : at luch times the nuddle ground on the larboard iide, and the fingers on the Ibirboard fide, will lliew Ihemfelves very plain oy the breakers. Three fathoms is the lealt water on the bar : at half tlood you may venture to go in. Eighteen leagues S. W. 5 W. from Cape Fear is George Town Entrance, or Winyah Harliour : a bank lies between them on which there are 5 fatlioni,s water. The north end of this bark Hi s about b\ leagues S. W. by W, from Cape Fear : it thence extends S. W. | S. 85 :eiigues. 'J'he N.W. or inner fide of this bank, is about 4 leagues from the flio.e; mar to (his edge, there are 10, 9, and 8 fathoms water: as you advance towards the iliore it (boalens gradually. This is called Long Bay : near to the north end of this bank, there are 10 t'atlioms water; along its S. E. tide, there are 8, 7, and 6" iathoins, There arc fevcral Ihoals to the fouth- ward of this bank, About THE COAST OF NORTH AMERICA, &C. 33 iiortin-, nrd of nd nro nnvuifo OMgitude of tlie liiiall pebbles, baCs, iV'ii-iiout, ikablu for llieir ours, with only 1 Ijeen npplied aU-r ii])on this It of winter is yalbii, iilh, by baiJabo, whicJi good tackling, poaiui.1 each. bilged io benii veiiei into the ill, except vou le full. from Sea, iithuard of the oil the edge of fourle is belt, Ihe )ior(h\vard In this depth , which lies in lalitiule, your 'I be very near lul with' black L'pth of water, ter very little, fker, but gra- be clear, and outfidc of this t' pitch of thp tiead to bear K" weather be "ithout dan- fingers on the "hr«;c fathoms Entrance, Qr thorns water. 1 Cape Fear : of this bank, md 8 fathoms his is called vater; along to the fputh- About ?j leagues ti.W. by S. from George Town Entrance, or Winyah Harbour, Ill's Cupe Kuiiuui, and l)etvvccn them the entrances of Santee River- The Ibuth ^tntrar.ce is Jj leagues from the entrance of George Town River, and .'J leagues nn>ni Cape K'tman. bliips that fall in with the ihoiis olf GcorgcTovvn Entrance, |)liould noi < oiiu; into leli than 4 fathoms water ; >ou are then about 10 or 12 miles ilroiu tli> land. The muddy appearance of the water is apt to frighten itrangers, j| though there is no real danger to bf apprehended : the latter here is low, and ap- ^'l prars, wiien leen at a diltance, in hummocks, like a range of illands. % *C;:pi.' Roman is a very low land : it has neither tree nor bulb, and appears, .jf when leen at a diftance, to be a fand left dry by the tide. From the fouth entrance ot SaiiU-'t; Kiver, to about J miles 8. W. of Cape Roman, there is a Uioal which extends a coniiderable diltance from the land: the S. E. point of it lies about t league;, S- E. \ K. tVom the Ibuth point of George Town Entrance, and the S. W- point liis about .'i leagues S. E. by S. from Cape Roman. Clole to this dangerous 1 111(1, there are \ and 3 fathoms: the land is io low, that you cannot fee it from the deck of a Ihip, at the extremity of the llioal. Steer VV. N. \V. from the S. W. part of the flioal, and you will foon fee tho idand, called Racoon Keys : it is a long narrow illand, and lies about W. by i>. Iroiu Cape Roman. > When you fee Racoon Keys Illands, lleer VV. S, W. or S. VV. by VV. in about 5 fathoms water. As there is a flioal runs off about 5 miles S. E. b\ E. from the N. E. end of Bull's Klaiid, you fliould take care to avoid it in palling. Between Racoon Keys Illand and Bull's Illand, lies Sewee Bay. As there are flioais lying off the welt end of Racoon Keys, yon Ihould anchor near to Bull's Illand, in 0' fithoms water. From the llioal oil" the N. E. (iiid of Bull's Ifland, to Charllion Bar, your courfe to go clear of the Rattle Snake, is S. VV. by VV. \ VV. and the dillance 7 leagues* There aie four illands between Sewee Bay and Charlfton bar, namely, Bull's, Cooper's, Devies, and Long Illand. There arc flats extending from all the illands, along which the foundings are regular. VV^ith Charlllon Churches to the north- ward of Sullivan's Illand, von will be in 5| fathoms water, on the edge. of the Rattle Snake; and when the churches are open to the Ibuthvvard of Sullivan's 'Hand, ycai are clear of the Rattle Snake. Vou Ihould come no nearer to thi; dioal than b i.ithoius water. N. B. The belt going into Charlrton Harbour, is an hour and a half before high water. In failing, you midi keep the breakers on board, but come not nearer to them tluin 7 or ti fathoms, for they are ileep, and you may have d fathoms, and the next nunute call on fhore. The depth of water on Charlllon Bar at loiu ivater neap tides, is \'Z\ feet; at high water neap-tides 17 ^ feet ; at low WiktQX /pi ing tides \lj feet; ut high water Jpiing tides J 9 tcet I From Charlfton Bar to Port Royal. Off Charlfton Bar, in 5 fathoms water, to North Eddiflo Inlet, the courfe is S, VV. by VV. I VV. and the diltance .5| leagues. 'I'his courfe will carry )0U clear of the Ihoals which lie of Stono Inlet, they lie farther out than any that arc in ^our way to Eddiflo. Stono Inlet is about 2 league? from the fouth channel of Charlfton ; there are two iflands between them, viz. Morris's Ifland on which the light-houle ftands, and the ifland called the Coflin Land. W^ith the light-houfc open off the Codin Land, you will clear the Stono Shoals in 6 fatlioms water. But ii you Ihut thq light-houfe in \vi;h the Collin Land, you will not have more • A \^indmill lias Infcly bff n eicftf J on tl.r point of Cape Roman, which at a diftance having the appearance of a light-houfc, cfpecially ia hazy wtiitlier, will cafily dccfivc llrangers, who, for want of txiti latitude in appmachiuj^ tlirioail, may niillnkt it for Charllton L:ght-houfc. In falling '" ^*''t^ fins >vindniili, ymi mufi not roine iuto lefi than ^ fathoms water, bringing it to bear W . ^4. W. Then you aie abtcjlt ol lae Citpe i>iioals, unii Chwillon light-houic will bear VV. 5. \V about 15 feajucs, than 34 NEW DIRECTIONS TOR SAILING ALONG i. 1 Kit than 5| fathoms ofl' Stono Shoals: )0u wiil pafs clofe to the breakers, and confe. qnc'iitly be in danger : you may know where the thoa! is by the breakers, unlefstbel fea be I'mooth. There are 9 or 10 f«?et at low water in Stono Inlet. From Stono ]iil<;t to North Eddiao Inlet, the rourl'e is S. W. by W. { W. and the diftance ll| miles; the foundings are regular between them, and ftioiil very gradual when you, are coining from the ofling towards tlie fhore. The bar of North Eddifto, and the fiioals which are near it, lie oir about + or 5 miles from the land: tliere are 3 and 4 fathoms water clofe to the bar ar.d fljoals, and on the bar 9 or 10 ieat at low uater. South Eddiilo is 3 le.igues from North Eddifto W. S. W. The Ihore of the illands which lie bt-tween tiiem may be approached by your lead without danger : the thoalings towards it are gradual. Note, To enter Aorth Eddifto inlet, you are to bring Bear BInff in one with the Woodland on Tucker's IHand N. W. by N. St. Helena Sound. BtTWEKV South Eddifto IHand and the northcrnmoft Hunting Ifland, lies the entrance of St. Helena Sound : it is about 2 leagues wide. This place is only navigable tor veflels drawing 7 or 8 feet water: is full of fand banks, lome of which are dry at low water. Six navigable rivers empty themfelves into this found, viz. South Eddifto, Afhepoo, Cambahee, Ciiehaw, True Blue, and Corfaw. Sonie of thefe rivers come 200 miles down the country, but few of them can be navigated by vetfels of 6 feet water, for more than 116 or 40 miles from the found. The courfc is S. W. | S. from the entrance of St. Helena Sound along the Hunting Ulands, to the entrance of Port Royal, and the diftance about 5^ leagues. You i*ill have 5 or 6 fathoms water, with regular foundings. Port Royal Harbour. Coming from fea for Port Roval .Harbour, you fliould get into the latitude of St. Michael's Head, which is 32 deg. 6 min. N. then fteer VV. for Hilton Head, and when you come within 15 leagues of it, you will have from 20 to 25 fathoms water. Continue your courfe weit till you make the land, which you will do, if the weather be clear, at the diftance of G leagues, in 12 fathoms water: here- abouts thti land is low, with high trees upon it. The entrance of Port Royal is known by a fmall grove of trees, which ftand on the north lide of it 5 they rile above all the other trees like a high-crowned hat, hence this gi^ve is called the Hat of Port Royal. Continue to fteer as before, keeping your lead going, until you get into 8 fathoms water; you will then be about 3 leagues from St. Michael's He.id. You may then fteer a point to the fouthward of the weft, until you get into b fathoms water; Hien more foutherly, obferving not to bring St. Michael's Head to the northward of N. W. by N. until you fee the great north breaker called Cole's Care, clofe to which there are 4 fathoms water; leave this Ihor' on the ftarboard fide. In approaching this breaker from the northward, you wi.i lee another breaker to the fouthward called Martin's Induftry : between thefe two breakers is the entrance of the channel into Port Royal Harbour, which is about a mile wide. The mark to go clear of the north breakei, is a parcel of trees, which ftand near the mouth of the River May, and appear like an ifland kept jurt open of Elizabeth Point. Your courfe through, between the two Ihoals, is W. I N. or W. by N. there are not in this chfinnel lefs than 3| or 4 fathoms at low water. Continue to fteer as aforelaid between the two breakers, until you bring St. Philip's Point to bear N. N. VV. then fteer dircftly for it, and you will have, as you advance, 9, 8, and 7 fathoms water,. When abreaftof St. Philip's Point, give it a fmall birth, and fteer up N. by W. | W. in 6 and 5 fathoms water, in which depth you may anchor in a very lafe harbour. Between THE COAS*r OF NORTH AMERICA, SCC. 3S cers, and confe- lakers, unlefstbel It. From Slono the diliance 1 1 idual when }ou' tlddilto, and the [there are 3 and I |r 10 feet at low j The Ihore of IT lead without iff in one with Ifland, lies the is place is only janks, fome of elves into this , and Corfaw. ol' them can be from the found, ng the Huntinj; leagues. You Between Martin's Induftry and Galkin Bank, there is alfo a channel called the ISouth Channel, in which tfiere are not lefs than 12 feet at low water. To go Ithrough this channel, when in 7 fathoms water, ^ou muft bring Hilton Head to Ibcar N. W, by N. and then llcer, with an ebb tide, N. W. and with a flood tide N. W. by N. until St. Philip's Point bears N. by W. | W. you may then ftcer for the Point, and proceed as before direfted. I The eaft end of Joiner's Banks lies about 3| miles S. E. from Hilton's Head, I and 4 miles S. by E. from St. Philip's Point; and extends from thence W. N. W. about 2| miles, and has 31 fathoms on it at low water. Hilton's Head is on the fouth fide of the Harbour, and is the higheft bluff point of land thereabouts. Five leagues S. W. f W. from the entrance of Port Royal, fouth channel, lies Tybee Inlet; between them is Hilton's Head Ifland: from this ifland the Gatkin Bank extends about 8 miles ; at the broadell part you may proceed along thi» bank in 5 fathoms water. It will be as well, if you are bound to Port Royal, to make the land about Tybee, as the light-houfe makes that part of the coail more difringuifliable than any other : it is a large wooden tower, without any light kept in it. Tybee inl«t is the entrance of Savannah River. Ships which diraw 1 4 or. 15 feet water, may go in at Tybee, and proceed thiough-land to Beaufort, in Port Royal Ifland ; and from thence in veffels that draw 8 or 9 feet water, may go through land, to Charl- f?0B ; and from Charlfton in velfels of 7 or 8 feet water, may go through-land to the River Medway, in Georgia. It is obferved on this coaft, that N. E. eaflerly, and S. E. winds, caufe higher tides th;ui other winds, and alfo fomcwhat alter their courfe. At Port Royal entrance, the tide flows, on the full and change of the moon, at ^ paft 8 o'clock. About 6 leagues from the land in 12 fathoms water, the flood fets Itrongly to the fouthvvard, and the ebb to the northward : at a great diliance from the fliore, there is no tide at all. Near to the entrance of the liarbour, there is a llrong in- draught during the liood tide, aud an outfet with the ebb. ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS. the latitude of ■ Hilton Head, • to 25 fathoms ou will do, if water : here- Port Royal is " it; they rife ; is called the d going, until I St. Michael's until you get St. Michael's north breaker this ftior' on , you will fee 'en thefe two hich is about 'cel of trees, n ifland kept wo fhoals, is 4 fathoms at rs, until you and you will f St Philip's td 5 fathoms Between Names of Places. Cape Hatter as Gape Hatteras Shoals, 7 (fouth end) j Cape Look-out Shoals, 1 (fouth end) j TheFrying-pan, or fouth 7 end of tape Fear Shoals j The Bar of Cape Fear ) River - - - j Cape Roman Charlflon's Ship Channel Tybee Light-houfe Longit, W. of London. D. M. 00 00 00 00 00 00 Latitude. D. M. S 35 7 50 34 48 00 Obferveri. Capt. Gafcoyne. \ J i 00 00 00 34 1.1 00 00 00 00 33 30 42 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 80 56 00 33 50 00 C Inferred from that of the Cape,' I by ditto The King's Ships [Mr. Wheatlyin 17 52; Mr. D» \ DunhihmneO; aud Capt.Fotts' ' I in 1765. ( JMr. Wheatly and Mr. Daniel, ) Dunbibin Pocock and the Pro- 33 4 00 I ^'^^^'".^ ^"'^ I vmcial purveyors 32 43 00 32 00 41 The -King's Ships and Surveyors, f Monf.DeChabert,with the ma- ( rine clock. Ol/ervationi ■• l.i 36 NEW DIRECTIONS FOR SAILING ALOJifO Ohfervations on the Winds, £s?r. on the Coaji 0/ South Carolina. If tlie wind blows hard from the N. E. quarter, without rain, it commonly continues fo for fome time, perhaps 3 or ^ days; but if fuch winds ;ire att.iulcii with rain, they generally lliift to the E. — E. S. E. and S. E. Sout!i-ca)l wind blows right in on the coail; but they feldom blow dry, or continue long: In 6, 8, or 10 hours after their commencement, the (ky begins to h)()k dirty, which foon produees rain. When it comes to blow and rain very hard, you may be fure the wind will fly round to the north-well quarter, and blow hard lor twenty or thirty hours, •with a clear fky. North-weft winds are always attended with clear weather ; they foinctimes blow very had, but fehlom for longer than 30 hours. Tlic molt tailing winds arc thofe which blow from the S. S.W. and W. N. W. and from the N. to the E. N. E. The weather is moft fettled when the wind is in any of thefe quarters. In fummer time, thunder-gufts are very conunon on this coall ; they always come from the north-well quarter, and arc fometimes fo heavy, Miat no canvafs can withftand their fury : they come on fo fuddenly, that the greatelt precaution is necellary, to guard againll the efieds of its violence. From Tybee Inlet to St. Simon's Head, the cdurle is S. by W. | W. and the dlllance Ki leagues ; and from Tybee Inlet to the bar on the entrance of St. Simon, tlie courfc S. by W. and the diftance 19 leagues. Between them are the follow- ing founds, narnely, Walfaw, Ollabaw, St. Catherines, Sapelio, and Little Simon's Sound. In going from Tybee for St. Simon's Sound, you will have from 4 to 7 fathoms water. The fliore of the feveral iflands which lie between them is flat, and the Ihoalings as you approach are gradual. Nine or ten miles from St. Simon's Fojt, lies St. Simon's Bar : the fort is on the fouth end of St. Simon's Ifland, and by its white appearance, makes this place remarkable. To the fouthward of the fort, about l| miles, is tlic fouth end of Jekyll Ifland; is eafily known by the trees, which have the reieuiblancc of an umbrella, and are therefore called umbrella-trees. The majks for failing over the bar, arc a large round tree, which Hands to the welhvard of the found ; right on with the middle of the opening between St. Simon's and Jekyll's Ifland; bring alfo the three trees, which fland together to the welhvard o( St. Simon's Fort, juft open to the fouthward of the fort, and then fl.eer well, until you are over the bar. At three quarters flood en the bar, you 'viH have about 19 feet water. The width of the bar is about | of a mile ; the extremities of the fund on each fide, generally flievv themfelves by the breakers. The North Ilreak Head and the South Break Head, bear off each othe S. E. by E. and N. W. by W. Come no nearer to the North Break Head, than half a cable's length. The ground on the bar is hard, but foft without and within the bar. When the fouth end of Jekyll Ifland bears S.W. f W. the N.E. point of St. Simon's Ifland, called St. Simon's Head, N. by W. and the round tree which ftands to the weftward of the found, is on with the middle of the opening between Jekyll Ifland and St. Simon's Iflahd, you are on the middle of the bar. When you come into -\\ fathoms water, you are within the bar, and fliould fleer W. by N. ^ N. In the fair way, there IS a middle ground, but you need not be afraid of it, as there are always 3 feet more water on it than on the bar. Give the fort in pafliing it a birth of about a cable and a half's length, ami anchor with the fort bearing E. by S. in 13 fathoms water. You will then be about I of a mile from it. The tides on the .full and change of the moon, are as follow: In the found, 9 o'clock ; on the bar, | paft 7» and in the oiling, | after b o'clock. St. Mary's C5 THE COAST OF NORTH AMCRICA, &C\ 37 Carolina. ' , it commonly •■'lil wind blows Jii 6, 8, or 10 foon produces the wind will tliirt;- hours, ley fomctiiues infT winds arc totheE. N.E. rs. tlicy always lat no canvafi eil precaution i W. and the cof'St. Simon, ire the follow- Little Simon's e from 4 to 7 I thein is flat, ; fort is on the Kes this place fouth end of iblance of an r Jailing over ; found ; right Ifiand; bring Simon's Fort, I are over the water. The DU each fide, lead and the f. length. The icn the fouth Ifland, called weftward of id St. Simon's thorns water, r way, there ilways 3 feet length, and will then be ti the found, St. Mary's St. Mary's River, or Prince William's Sound, called alfo Amelia Sound. r • / • The bar of St. Mary's, or the entrance of Prince William's Sound, lies about *:\ leagues S. by W. from St. Simon's Bar: between them you will have 5 or (5 fathoms water. Run to the fouthward, until you bring the northcrnmoil of the three Sand Hills, which you will perceive on the north end of Amelia Illand, half a cable's length to the northward of the fouthernnioll Umbrella Tree, on that ifland, and you will then have the bar open. On the bar the tide rifes 5 feet perpendicular on a fpring tide. The north channel is only a large fvvafli, and luifafe foi any vefllbl drawing above 10 feet water to attempt at high water. in failing through the fouth channel, if you have a flood tide, keep as near the fouth breakers as you can. The flood fetting ftrong to the northward, on the ebbi, you will find the tide fetting to the S. E. A^'hen you arc on the bar, the north end of Amelia Ifland will bear W. by N. diflant 3| miles, and the fouthernmoft part of Cumberland Ifland W. N. W. i \V. dillant 4| miles, fleer W. N. W. \ W. The North Breaker generally fhcws itfelf; it is fometimes called the middle; Breaker: there are not kfs th'ah 12 feet at low water. Between the bar and the foulh end of Cuniberiimd Ifland, there are \- or b fathoms: this is called the foutli Channel. There is another called the North Channel: it lies near to the fouth call point of Cumberland Illand. The north channel has two bars, called the Outer and Inner Bars, with only Q feet on them at low water. In order to go over in the belt of the water, bring the N. W. point of Amelia Ifland to bear S. by W. | W. and then fleer for it, until you have pafled throngh between Cuxnbetland's Ifland, and the North Breakers. , Harbour of St. Auguflin. St. Augustin lies trom St. Mary's Bar S. by E. \ E. 20 lenc^ncs. There are two rivers lie between tiiem, viz. Naflan and St. Juan's. The bar or cntratice of Naflau lies 5 leagues to the fouthvvard of St. Mary's: there are b lathoms water between them. All fliips bound for Naffau l^iver, or out of it, ought to found the cannel before they venture on the bar, as all the banks and flioals are quiekfands, and fabje^rt to change in flrong gales from the lea, or freflies out of the river. The tide rifes about 4 feet, and runs veiy thong, particularly the ebb. The fands at the entrance of Naliau River lie 3 miles off from the S. E. point of Amelia Ifland, and the fame diflancc from the N. E. Point of Talbot Ifland. Three leagues to the fouthward ot Naffau, lies the entrance of St. Juan or St.-John's River; between it and St. Auguftin's the fiiore is byld, and you will have 5 or 6 fathoms within | a mile from the Ihore. When abreaft of Cartel Point, you open the Bay of St. Auguflin's, when the fort, which is large and white, bears VV. by N. diflancc 8 miles, you will have about 7| fathoms water." Before St. Auguftin lies the north end of St. Anaftatia Ifland. The bar of St. Auguftin is formed by the eytremity of a narrow fand, which extends 2 miles E. S. E. from Cartel Point, and the point of another fand, which extends |,a mile E. by N. from the N. E. point of St. Anaftatia Ifland. This bar is little more than a | of a mile wide, with a lin^ll flioal lying in the middle, and which divides it into two channels, called the North and South Bars ; there is not more tiiun 12 feet on either of them at high water, fpring tides. On the north end of E St. 14 ill t 'I '^ i V ;i 38 NEW DIRECTIONS FOR SAILING ALONO Si. Anart.'itui's Ifland, ii? a liglit-houfe which will be fcen in the fniall plan o[ the Harbour of St. j'\iijjufiin, in the margin of thi; (icneral Chart. At the foiifh end of St. Analtatia'i Ifland, and 6 leajiiies S. S. E. | K. from St. AiigiWlin's Bar, lies Matanza Inlet. There are oiilv 8| leet, on tlu^ flioalefr part of the har, at high water. \ ell'els which go in a( this inlet, may go hetween St. Anattatia's llland and the main to St. /\ngurtin. The tide Hows at both ends of th«; ifland, on the (hanges and iidl days of (he moon, at ^ pail 7 o'clock. Capo Canaveral lies S. S. K. '2\- leagues from Matanza Jnloi ; bi-tween thorn lies Afofkito Tnlct, or New Smyrna Entrance; it is about N. N. \\'* | VV. from Cape Canaveral. It isa bold fliore all the way from Matan/a Inh.'t, to the Cape, except- ing a rocky flioal, wiiich I'xiends a mile and a half from the (bore, to the fouthw ard of Matanza Inlot, about 5 miles. From Cape Cana\era! lome rocky llioals extend e.iff, about (> leagues: tliev are about /jI- league-; in breadth, from north to louth. The N. E. exfremifylies t-| leagues N. E. ^ V,. from ilie Cajx; ; the S; E. «'ntremity lies S. E. bv K. ■§ E. rij leagues. There are 5 fathoms w aier near to thole llioals, on the north tide; on the fouth fide, t fathonis ; and on the ealt tide, 9 fathoms. T'le iiortliernmorf part of ^ aranilla Reef bears E. i)v 8. from Ca))e Carnavcral, dilhinf MS Ieague> ; thcneareli part of the b.aik to ('ape Carnavcral bears S. E. by E. dilhint '2'^^ leagues. Memory rock bears S, S. E. 4 E. diliiint 28 leagues from the Cape, and 2.5 leagues S. S. K. i E; from the eallcrnmoli part of the flioals which lie off the Cape. j^yes, or Hi!l*^orough Inlet, lies about 16 league*; S. bvE. from Cape Carnaveral. The hind betw<'en tlmm is curved; ^hvrv arc fonie jfx.-ks near the ihorc in thu bight; there are 2. .", 4, !j, f and 7 fathoms water betw'cen (hcC-ii])c and the Inlet. Prom Mavps. or llilllborough Inlet, to the S. E, part of tlie llioals which lie off Cape Canaveral, your courle is N. by E. and t'tu' diftance \">l leagues: (here ;fre 10 fathou.s water bi'twiM-n them. .Nfeimorv R(>(.k !;<.'.« lu leagues E. S. E. from I-iilIfl''oroiigh Inlet. From Carnavf ral fo Hil'caino Ilie, (he co.ilf lies nearly fouth, and about r< i- leagues diftant. From J^ilcaino Illo to Cape Eargo, the coall runs ftinth ^vefterh. sicd from J.argo to Capo Florida, it run> S. l>v V\'. and S S. W. At the north, end of litth- Bahama Banic, Ins '\[ii-aniUit ^y'-rr\ which is very JnngiTous, as (he tlood tide fets in on evcrv part of llie end ot lliis bank. About 12 leagues S. bv W^ from Memory Rof k, lies S(,'al Key : (his key lies olFthe nortlt end of the Bahama Illund. wiiich is lon<<.ind narrow, and roekv i'oni one end to tlui o'i:ei", fh-etdiiT!g about 2:i leagues S. 1:1. by E. and N. W. 1h^ \W . ■■ J*: Kf ' J Table. THE COAST OF NORTH AMERICA, ScC. P all plan of tUe I K. from St. flioalt'fr part of o hctvveen St. it both ends of '.' CiiriKnoral, ill bears S. J]. Mit 28 leagues 'it part of tiic •o Carnavoral. 10 ihorc in tho and the Jidc.l. s which lif! oir lies: (here .-fre E- S. E. from nearly foutli, the co'art runs nd S S. W. wiiicli is ver\' bank. Abou't: Jsotrthc nortii one end (o tko 4 TahU of the principal Courfes and Dijlanccs from Delaware River to Cape Florida. '^ From the entrance of Dehivvare River to \ Chefape.ik. Bay 3 Cape May and Cape James, or the Cape of) Delaware, lie from each other - - - J Cape Charles and Cape Henry, or the Capes 7 of Virginia, lie from each other - - j From Cape Henry to Roanoke Inlet - From Roanoke Inlet to Cape Hatteras - From Cape Hatteras to tlie foulhernmoli of) Look-out Shoals - - - - - j From Cnpe Look-out Shoals to the fouthward | of the Frying-pan Shoal - - - - ( From Frying-pan Shoal to the entrance of) Santee, or fouth end of Cape Roman Shoals | From Cape Roman Shoals to CharlUoii Bar - From Charifton Har to St. Helena Sound • to Fort Royal entranrc - From St. Helena Jiound to the entrance uf} Savannah River - - - - - ]' From Savannah River to St. Simon'- Sound - From St. Simon's Sound to Prince William's } Sound, or St. Mary's Inlet - - - j From Prinfe William's Sound to St. John''; River From Savannah Rivtr to Si. Marv's Inlet to St, John''- River to the outennol't ol'Cape } Canaveral Shoals - - - - - ^ From St. John's River to St. Angufiinc's Entrance to C-ipe Canaveral Shoals Conrles. S. \\\. S. W. \ s. ■) N. E. ^N. ] S.bvW.^W. ( N.byE. ^E j' S.|E. S. nearly W. I S. S. W. bv W. nearlv Le; igm 'Jl •4 .J 164 \iJ nearU 'J(3 S.W. by W. |W. il7| W. S.W. |-\V. i IS nearlv ^^^ s. w. i ;> s. W. I W. From the ontciiuoi} of Cape Canaveral Shoals ) to the north end of Maranilla Reef - - ^ | Ditto, to Rocky Spun;.', . . . . FroinRockySpring to rowey Rocks, near Cape \ Florida - ~ - - - - - ) to Wood Illand on the call ( end of Grciil Bahama - - - , - j to tiio Road of Great Ifaac From Fowev Rock:> to tlie aiicJioiing ground] Jouth of Bin; mis j S. by W. I W. S. In V\'. I W. S. h^ \V. i W. S. b\ F. • S. by W. I \V. S. b\ \V. nearly. s. I !•:. " S. li\ E. nearly. • S. i); ]■:. I [,.' E, S. E. I ]■:.. S. I K. S.iVV. E. iS. E. I S. E. bv S. ' S. |i7 ' 6 nearly I - 1 20 , ho I i 1 1 -li OBSERVATION. J Table. TiiK. w.itfr or" !i.c Gulf Stream having niori> heat ih.m llie w ;i(i'i oi' die ocem, even in the higlicit latitudes, you may know when j.ou are _-one into, 01 i.nine o'lt of the Gulf Stream, bv this (iitlerenVe of heat; and I'o gieat is it, .•ipecmiiy jm ivintcr, that it iias bc.ii found, in the above latilndcs, to rite and tiiik the Merci.iy ^ive degree":. For a conthxunt'ion of th'n iiavi^atlon rrfcy to Romans (hrf a>id fi .-idWd* d Pilots whic/i is iikr,vifc accomjianicd ii-Uh a Book ^ D.r,cl::ii>, F 2 . NEW y) SL-K f. N E ^V DIRECTIONS FOR Sx\lLING A 1. N c; THE COAST OF NORTH AMERICA, By GEORGE WALKER. «ii=~ ■ I h I iHiuik. II "iHi I (■ III' rrrrw part tlic Cljirti* I,(ttel\ added to the /irrcidi'^ Dneitlom. Sailhig Injtrii^iions from New York to the Capes of Delaware or Pliiladtlphia. WHJEN over (he bar, ftecr fouth by the coinpafs, until you get into 15 f;ithoms watt^r, tht-n \our couik' is W. S. W. clil*-ance \'J. leagues: if the wind fliould inclini! to the louthward, itcer S. W. but not liirther off than 16 fathoms, in wliich dopth vou will h.wv the bfjiefu of tlie curiient, which lets to the veftvyard as far as tiie C-'apt-s ot Phiiadejjthia. If the wind lliotdd be in the north-\v»>('t qujuter, which in general is clear weather, keep no larther ofF tiiap. jO tathoins ; the ncare? in fliore, the llronger ♦!ie current, which (ots about oiu; uule j'er hour. The tide of flood runs W. by S. and the ebb V,. by N. but you will hav«' no tide farthej- off than 8 or 9 fathoms. If you aie turning with the wind to (he vv»')tvvard, ftand no farther off than 18 or 20 fathoms water, as the tail n\' tin- Gidf Stream fets to tiie eaftward farther Out. You may venture to Itnnd in fliore into d fathoms, until you are as far .to the wefiward as Hereford, whl(h is fi fiiiall iidet into the new Jerfey Coalt, about 2d leagues from Sandy Hook, anil 8 leagues N.E. by N. from Cape Henlopen. Four leagues iouth from Heretbrd lies a verv dangerous Ihoal, in length about 3 miles, which was formerly called the Fiie Fathoms Bank^ but now on fomo parts of it there are but 6, 7, or 8 feet water ; it is + leagues from the fliore, and dangerous, as it lies in the fair way. between it and the coaft, you have a good channel of 6 fathoms; the ibundings in fliore are regular, but you mull be careful not to ftand too near this flioal, as there are 3 fathoms clofe to it on both fides. If you are bound into the Delaware, give Cape Henlopen a birth of a mile and a half, to avoid a reef of rocks called the Hen and Chickens^ which lies from the pilch of the Cape whereon the Light-houfe ftands S. J£. one mile; when there is any fea, thefe rocks will Ihew thcmielves : be careful not to Hand too far towards Cape May, as there are fevefal overfalls {^boui, half channel over, on which )o\\ have only 2 and 2\ fathoms. The beft place to anchor is Old Killn Road. Run up about 3 miles, until you bring the Light houfe to bear S.E. by E. jipd Cape May >J.E. by N. then you will will JOU fu iirl irtto ' ^'l excel rious K.N Capj was I THB COAST OF NORTH AMERICA, 5CC. 41 will foe the buoy on (he tail of the fand called the Brown : then bring np until }oii ^ct A pilot. Be tvirefui lo kvcp your t^ye on tin* inmks, us the llooJ tide ruiu lu ilrong lo the weltward, that it niiglit obhge you to bring up bcfbic you can get into a pro;j<-r roadlfcd. I'loia Sandy Hook to the Capes of Phibdelpjjia the foundings arc regular, f'xccpt (lie forc-mcntioncd (hoal ; but the j^iound you iiiid on your lee is of va- rious Uni^. The Jerfey Ihore is very low and landy, and lies VV. S. W. and K. N. K. from the well end of Long illand : Hut the land to the fouthward of Cape Henlopeii lies S. by K. and N. by W. and is much higher. The variation uus Ijulf a point well in iT'/T, and is now about 7 degrees weftcrly. A, aware or ;et into 15 ues : if the )ff than J 6' i'tts to the al is clear le itronger IS W. by S. fathoms. -id' th;in 18 ird ftirfher as far .tq >ali, about inlopcn. igth about ■ on Ibnio liore, and 'e a good 3e careful I fides. niile and from tlie n there 4s ■ towards hich )04 mtil yoa hen you will From Cape Henlopcn, called alfo Cape James, to the Capes 0/ Virginia, When Cape Henlopcn is bearing N. W. fleer S. E. until you get into 15 fathoms water; then your courl'e is S. S. E. in order to clear a dangerous Ihoal called Ail'ateak, which bears liom Cape Henlopeii S. by E. dillance Xii leagues, and lies froui the ihore 5 leagues, ftretthing about S. by E. and N. by W. The lounditigs along (hore are gradual. When you get to the fouthward of this (hoal, you will deepen the water two futhnms. I would advifc not to come nearer than 10 or 12 liitiioins in the night, or in thick AVrather, for the Ihore has very great indraughts, which are occaiioned by its many inlets ; The lead will be of great I'ervice all along this coalL There is another llioal called Ciiingoteak, bearing S. by E. from Aflateak, flii'iance 12 leagues, and (> leagues from the land, extending N. N. E. and S. S.W. 'J'lie courle froju Allateak to clear Chingoteak is S. S. E. This Ihoal being rounded, the courfe to Cape Charles is S. S. W. \ W. dillance 18 leagues, and when you have run above half that diftance, you nuilt keep the lead going every half hour, as there are feveral banks lying off the Cape, having no more than 2^ and 3 fathoms water. Come no nearer than 7 fathoms, until you are to the fouth- ward of the Cape, and when it bears W. N. W. then you are clear of the banks. To know the land about Cape Charles, coming from he northward, obferve that it appears round and bluff", with very high trees, much higiier than any to the northward. Cape Henry, when you are, to the northward of it, fliews itfelf with a long range of fand hills and ftraggling trees, a^ far as you can Ite to the fouthward. There is 4 leagues difference of latitude between the two Capes. If you are bound in, bring Cape Henry to bear W. by S. then you will be to the fouth- ward of the Middle Ground, which lies between the Capes: when running in, fleer W. by N. and W, f N. giving Cape Henry a birth of two cables length otF the ihore, and you will have 6, 7, and 8 fathoms, until you are round the Cape. As foon as you come abreaff of that Cape, be fure to take your foundings, and of Iteering W. N- W. about 3 miles, until you bring the Cape to bear J>. E. by E*. and Cape Charles N. E. | N. tiien vou may anchor in b\ and 6 fathoms in Lynn Haven Bay, a little below the flioal called iXicHorfe-Jhoe, which birth is good hold- ing giound. From Cape Henry to Cape Hattcras. Bring Cape Henry to bear W. N. W. diftance about 4 leagues, and you will have ! i o» 15 fathoms water; your courfe then to clear the ftioal of Hatteras is S. S. E. ttiilance 42 leagues. This Ihoal is very du.igerous, being 23 miles from the ihore, right off" Cape Hatteras : it Itretches S. E. by E. and N . W. by N. and ihere are 15 fathoms almoft clofe to the outfide of it. You muff be very careful \vhcn in, or near the latitude of this Cape, 9s the |;ales from the eallward are more 4» NEW DIRECTIONS FOR SAILIN(; ALONO nio.r fov.TC flif.T»; ifuui on .iiu nfltcr priil of tlic co;i(l, and ;^i\'«,* very Iilllc n'.irh' IJijj,' ; 'I'iMir iirji ijijjXMriiucf.' is Ua/.y \vc>'lh'r ttnil I'mall rain; )0'.j .jit tlui\ to '^vt ai» ofTin;; iis iiiti as polliijic, »• 'ihilt.-i a l;.u.nic<(l inr.aii. Jlir Crult ::itrt;.;!ii runs \i'i) riij)ull)', anil nol Iffs tli.in I miles per iioiir, without tlio tiiil ol' this Ili();il ; Cou)u no ni'iii\r to it ihiin 'JO lalhonis, and when yon aro hhrv.i:^ o;'llit; ihtial, in (hat depth nl'v\aliith : \\ h'Mi liiat C ipo I)ears from tin- \V . I)\ N . to the VV. by S. it appears like A ronuti illand, with a rhiei;et oi' higli troiis on it; but tlie ehaiige of tiir Aveather alters the appearanei- ol" tlie hind when fiilt you make it all along tlui coal I. \\ hen Cape Halteras bears W. by N. then you may be Aire of b»Mnu; to the foiitluvard ot" its iho.il: II" you are hound to the ibtuhward, and the wind oH" the land, haul uj) S. \\ . bv W. about 'J leagues, to prt'vent the current taking you on the icarboard bow ; this is oi'len the cale with thole ujiaequaintcd, and fomo ha\« tiritled as far as the Capes of Virginia: I have uiyfelf, in a eahn, drifted in '2\ hiiurs i:-! miles dill'erence of latitude. Note, 'Jill' (riilf Strf^ani lets nearly \. X. F,. as far as tlie latitude of Cape ll.itteras, from ihenee to the latitude ol" lh«! Capes of X'irginia, about N. E. by N', ami then Irom the Ca])e,s of Virginia to the latitude of the Capes ol Philadelpiiia or Delaware E. N. E. I'rom whence it lets nearly ealt. Wl a hat long und I Remarks on the fudden dangerous 'thunder Storms Jo frequent in the , Summer Sea/on off Caps Hatteras, and on the Southern Coall of America. R> J I Thk firft apptMranee of them \-~ a black lieavv cloud, the weather fultry, littlo w!ik1, and variable. I adviie at liie appearance of thele warnings, not to Itay ti» rt i'(", but clew up every fail, except the forefail and foretopmalt-lfayf'ail, and your i" ip v/ill be ready to vetrr ; if vou have time to hand the lails clewed up, do it, »)Mi it leldoni happens that you iiave, us thele gales come on lb fuddenlv. A It. licking ac( iilenthappeneil to a brigantine in com})anv with me, oil Ca]ie Hatteras, yn the vear IT.'.'J ; a little bet<)re the fquall reached them, they atten;pted to recti ^t»(I hi the time of reeling tlie velTcl overfet, and all hands peiilhed. The varia- iioii ivas i (leg. ,'iO nmu welt in 1777. Concerning the variation which has been dccrealing fmce that time, i:(mfult for this article and the following; the remaik» p..^c J3 of tlie Sw ond Part, hijiriiblions for Jailing from Cape ILuterris to Cape Lookout. Tnv; courfe is S. W. riituinee X'l leagues. There is a very dajigerous Ihoal ^vh.cli lies from Cape Lookout, Itretching S. bv W. and N. by E. about ti leagues, aii'i having no Uiore. than .*) or 6 feet water on it. Come no nearer thandfathoms in day time and clear weather, and not nearer than 10 fathoms in the night or thick weather. Keep vour lead going, as it is the bell guide all along ^ys coaii, on account of the various fettjngs oi the tides, occafioned by the numerous in-. drmii(htM. Cape Lookout may be ealTly known by a great number of very high r-jg^/tnl looking trees; the lower part of them appears white and withered, ami r.uidi iiiglur than any others ip fight. You may fee the Cape »t 8 leagues diilanc.e, it lies in latitude j+ deg. 27 niiu. ^i, When THE COAST OF NORTH AMERICA, 5cC. In II to ;^^•t •Is fll.lll .111 iir. \N iflio'.jt <-''» voii .■irc le wcallier id, Itretdi. iiorfii and if <»pp(Mrs I'gC of tllff along tliii "i: to die id oH" (Ji(j "1^ )oii on oiiic hax « d in 2i 43 It of Ciipe iliid(.-i|)i)u -oaft of fry, litdo to Ihiy (o and \v»iir |>, do j(, i'dIv. .V latteras, I to lOC't, le v.iria- )as Ih'cii rcuiaik, Lit. IS flinal cagUfs, tathoins iglit or i coaij,, ous iiin rv liigh d, aii4 ilance, When it hoar'* i'lom you, from W. vS. W. to W. N.W. it aptn'jirs in tlx* fi)rm of a hat-cn»svn; wIumi bi-aiin)/ more to tiiu nortliuard, it looks like an illaiul, witli a lon^,' narrow point Itrolr liin>{ X. \V. and S, L. Here tlie lido (uti b. W. by \\\ und X. E. by K. and it Hows lull. .lOniin. ■ , . From Cape Lookout to Cape Fear. Tmf. rourri' i-; W. S. W. § \V. didanru 4i iiMguos. Duo foiifli from Cape FiMr V\(:< a \i»ry dan^^i.Toii'; (lioal, lallod the Fi\'/Hii-r>,iii. Tlit^ loiilluMniiioli p;»rt of wliicli is S Icauiiiis tVoin llir Capo. When near llic latitude ol" llie Cape, kc t-p a rareflil man at tlic iiialllii-ad, as you will di I'try the brciikers on (In- llio.il beloic* yoii Ice the land, wliiclj we rail a ^ood liinil-fail ; and if you are bound in, come no nearer llian S f.iilioms. I have made tli<' breakers bearing S, \V, and I licciecl 5?. S. E. wliicli courle kept nie in the fame water until I got t(» the (outluvard of tlie (lioal; (hen the water deepened to 10, I J, and 1 t fathom';. I'jiere is a vorv great (lat all round tiic foutli end of this iLoal, about '2 or 'J^ le.igues from thu breakers, having 1-, t, and (■>' fathoms water on it. When yii bring it any farther to the northward than N. K. >oa will be in loul groiuid. If the wind be at N. L. or to the ealtward of \. N. L. do not i uiae to an anchor, exci-pt you int'-an to run over the bar, which you cannot do without" a pilot, as the fands are (o often f.iifting; nor by any means atte/npt to get under weigh whilli the tide of iiood runs, except \ou have a pilot to carry you in fi\cr (he bar. The flood fets N.W. by N\ Tiie latitude- ofjhe bar is .'M <\\'i. t1 min. >.. The flowing ;it lull ai;d change Is S. K. by S, and .N". \\ . by N. ;) h. •{."'niln, Thre variation was 4 deg, auniin. W. in HIT. From Cape Fear to Cape Roman «W Charlefton Ban The courfc is S, W. dillance (6' leagues. There is alhoal which lies ofFS.S.K. from Cape Kcnian, in length about 5 leagues, und very dangerous, having only C or 7 feet water on it in many places. The Ibundings all along the outfide of this Ihoal arc gradual: You may ftand into 6 fathoms in day time and clear weather^ hat not nearer than 10 fathoms in the night. Cape Roman appears much like Cape Lookout, only the trees are not fo thick on it, nor fo high. S. W. from this Cape lies a long Hat, in length 10 miles, on fbme parts of which there arc not more than b or 10 feet water : The iouthernmoll part of it is called the "Strth Breetker of Bull's Inlet; on the other tide is a I'and called the South Breairr, that ftretches from the northornmoft part of Bull's Ifland into the fca about 1 1 mile. Between thefc two lands is the entrance over the bar, on which there are I.'* and fomctimes 16 feet at high wmter. Bull's Ijland appears very bluff", and with ' hig^ red fand hills. The tide rifes here about 9 feet ; and along the e:i(t lide of this ifland there is an inland navigation to Charieiton, for Imall veilcls of 8 or 10 feet draught of water. If you are bound from Cape Roman to Charlefton, the courfe is S. W. by W. diftance 14 leagues. Be careful to avoid a flioal called the Rattle Snake, S. R about 8 miles from Spencer's Ifland, which lies from Sulivan's Ifland N. N. E. diftance C miles: come no neater this flioal than 6 fathoms, as it is almoin Hcep-to . ^ on 44 NEW DIRECTIONS FOR SAILING ALONd on both fides. The Innd n!)Out Cliarlcflon may enfily hr known. Comlnj; rrom the northward, yoti will (l«>fory the New C'hurrh Stn-plc helbrt' you ran fee th(? Lij^ht-houfc, -it fie-ing much hiphiT : The Li;;ht-l)Oufe IhuiHi on the Couth tidt; of the Harhoiir, on what is called the Co^n 1.nu,i\ Snlivan's Ifland lormiiijj th' north fide ofthe entfincc. If you want to brinj( up outfide of the bar, hrinj; the I.i;(ht- houfe to bear W. S. W. or the New Church Steeple weft, but not nearer tlian 7 fathoms. The Intitudf of Char'eHon Bar is .O'i dep. \'2 niin. N. Thi; tiili- of flood fets W. S. W fmn (his to Tybi-e, which is tin- entrance of the llarbour of Savanuaii in CJcorgia: it Hows at full and chanf^e 7 h. 30 niin. The variation 4deg. :iOuiin. well in 1777. From Charleflon Bar to Tybee. When over the bar, and in 8 fathoms water, the courfe is S.W. by S. dillance 22 leagues. As you come near the latitude of Port Royal Entrance, which is 3'2 deg. 17 min. N. be careful to avoid a very dangerous (hoal called Mattin's InJujiry : it lie^ 4 leagues from the fouth fide of the entrance of Port Royal, which is the north fide of Hilton Head, the higiiet^ land in light; conic no nearer than 7 fathoms, keeping your lead going, and in the niglit or thick w«'ather, do not approach nearer than 10 fathoms : the tide of flood fetr, boldly in. When you gel to (he fouthward of Hilton Head, you will fee the Light-houfe which hands on the Ifland of Tybee, and the foulhcrnmoft land going into the harbour. If bound into Savanna, bring the Light-houfe to bear W. \ S. and fleer W. \ N. it will bring you over the bar, carrying 3 and 3J fathoms, until you are a little above the northernmofl end of Tybee Ifland : there you will have but 3 fathoms till you run up as far as the fouth fide of Cockfpur Ifland, where you may anchor in i and \\ fathoms, good ground. The latitude of Tybee Light-houfe 31 deg. 58 min N. The flowing at full and c hange at Tybee Bar S. by E. and N. by VV. 11 h. 15 min. The tide of flood lets S. S. \V, and the ebb N. N. E. The varia- tion was 4 deg. 30 min. weft in 1777. From Tybee to St. Simons. Bring Tybee Light-houfe to bear N. W. in 10 fathoms \yator; then fleer S. by W. diftanee 14 leagues, to go clear of the flioid of St. Simons, v.hich lies ofl^ tl St. Simons E. S. E. 4 leagues. There are I- and 5 fathoms clofe to this flioal, to avoid which, come no nearer than 8 fatlioms in the day time, and ,12 fathoms in the night or in thick weather. The ifland of St. Simons is on the north tide of the Sound or Harbour of the fame name, which lies in latitude 31 deg. 10 min. N. and on the fouth fide of that harbour lies Jekyl Ifland, on which are remarkable trees appearing like umbrellas, and thence called the Umbrella Trees. On the fouth licle of St. Simon's Ifland, and on the ftarboard hand going in, you will fee tlie ruins of an old fort. The tide of flood fets S. S.W. and the ebb N.N.E. It flows at full and change at St. Simon's Bui E. S. E. and W. N.W. 7 h. 30 min. From St. Simon's to St. Mary's; i When oulfideof the bar, and in 8 fathoms water, your courfe is fouth, diftane* 8 leagues : it is all along a bold coaft as far as St. Auguflin fouthward. Amelia Ifland IS on the fouth fide of the inlet or harbour of St. Mary's, and on the north fide of faid ifland ftand the rujns of an old fort. The north end of this ifland is in ktilud* 30 deg. 54 min N. and the variation 4 deg. 30 min. W. in 1777. Cum- THF COAST OP NORTH AMERICA, &C. f t 45 Cum« Ciimbcrliitu) lihtnd lies on the nurch iiJu of St. Marv'b Harbour; nnd between thtfl'e two illuiids lios 'l\^or llland, on which you will fee clullcri vi' trees, ap- pearing iDiich like hoiitc's at a diliaiice. N. B. When )oii are outhdc olthe bar, and Tygcr Idand is bearing VV. by N. then brinj; Amtlia 111 ind to hoar W. S.W. and Uumbcrland llland N.VV. by W. thele arc the antlioriii); inarkn in a llithonis, and j^ooJ holding ground. This- roadlled is open to all tMlJerly winds. 'I'here are 1(» feet water on the bar at higk water; it the wind has blown any tinje in the N. E. quarter, it will rife a or i toct more. Tin* Hood lets due louth from thii to St. John'», which is the next harbour to the iuuthw ard : It tlowii here 9 h. 45 tiiin. From St. Mary's to St. John's. The courfc is S. by E. dillance 9 leagues to St. John's: In mnking this place, ^hen bound in to St. Auguliin, it appears like a round high blutf, on which is a wooden building like a windmill, called the Spanijit Lookout. On the north lido ol' the harbour is Talbot llland, in length 5 miles : it is low and full of trees, lying north and louth: there are 16 feet water on the bar at high water. The latitude is 30deg. :i2min. N. At full and change it flows S. E. by S. and N. W. by N. 9 h. 45 inin. From St. John's to the Bay of St. Augiiftin. ^ When in 9 fathoms water off the bar of St. John's, the courfe is S. S. E. dif- tance 11 leagues. The northernmoft land of the bay is called P(nnt Cartel: When you are as far to the louthvvard as this point, you will fee the Ifland Anaflaua, in length 18 miles, and on the fouth fide of the bay, the north fide ot which has a high white tower, like a light-houfe, where a look-out is kept : When^ a velTel appears in fight, a fignal is made to the town of St. Auguflin, by hoifting . their colours, and firing a gun ; if the ved'el appears to the northward ot the bay, and is a three-mad vetlel, they hoift an cnltgn, and hang out on a pole in the foria-, of a triangle, three balls on the north fide of the tower; if to the fouth, the balls, are hung out on the louth tide of the towL-r ; if a two-mall veflTel, two balls and a , jack hoiUed ; if a Hoop, one ball and a pendant ; for a fleet, they fire five guns, . and an enfign hoifled. The bar of St. Auguflin has no more than 10 feet water', on it at high water fpring tides, and at low water 5 feet. There is a fwafh to . the northward of the bar with 11 and 12 feet water; but the fand fliiAing otlen, and the paffage being fo narrow and crooked, the pilots feldotn attempt it. , The latitude of the fignal tower is 29 deg. 58 min. N. It flows at full and change . S. E. by S. and N.W. by N. 9 h. 45 min. The variation was 4 de^. W. anno 177 J. TV aifithor in the Bay of St. Auguftin. — Obfervations on the Weather, and on the Gulf Stream. See Part I, p, iS and 19. Bring the figlial tower to bear S. W. | W. and the fort which ftands to the northward of the tower W. | N. the new barracks will then be open with the northernmoft point of Anaflafia Ifland. Then bring up, and you will have 10 fathoms water, and good holding ground : The northernmoft land in fight will bear N. W. by N. the fouthernmoft land S. S. £. and you will be near the middle «f the bayi it being immaterial which way you caft your fliip. But ftiould you be G too +6 NEW DIRECTIONS I- OR SAILING ALONO too far to tlio nortlivvard or fouthwurd, Iherc would be danger in calling the wrong way, and more To on t!ie tide of tlooil, which fets llrongly into the bay. If it lliould be likely to blow from the ealtwaril, do not attempt, to get under weigh vvliild the tide of flood runs. From the lU of November to the lad of February, the hardeft gales prevail that blow on this coaft ; and in general iVom the N. N. E. to the S. S. E. the wind any way cafterly comes on very fucUk-nly to a gale during the feafon above-men- tioned; and thefe gales give but little warning. In the year 1777, I had the charge of his Majefty's fliip the Lively, and was (lieii at an anchor in St. Augullin Bay, when it came on to blow at E. N. E. and in 15 minutes time I was obliged to iilip, and had we not carried fail to the utmoft, we Ihould not have cleared the land to the fouthward. N. B. When the wind backs againlt the fun, with a fmall rain, you will perceive the fea to rife before the wind comes; then prepare for a gale, which in general will lalt 5*0 or CiO hours. If you fliould be obliged to cut or flip, carry all the fail you pofTibly can to get an olhng before it incrcafes fo as to put you pafl carrying any fail, which is always the cafe ; and obferve that the flood tide fetting to the louthward, will be of no fervice to you farther out than 12 fathoms water, when you will be in the fbuthern current until you get into 4-6 fathoms, which is about 15 leagues from the laud. Then you are in the Gulf Stream, ilfuing out of the Gulf of Florida, and which runs firongly all aiong the edge of foundings about N. N. E. as far to the northward as the latitude 35 deg. 15 min. Then it fets more caflerly about N. E by N as far as the latitude 37 deg. from thence as far as the Capes of Delaware or Philadelphia in latitude 38 deg. 50 min. N. its direction is about E.N. E. and from thence the latitude of 38 deg. 50nun. N. it fets away nearly eaJl. w 1^ DireSlions to make a Jpeedy Tajfage from St. Auguflin to New York, and Objervations on the Tide along the American Coaft. From the Bay of St. Auguftin, firering N. E. this courfe will run you into the Gulf Stream out of foundings : Ihcn lleer N. E. by N. until you get into the lati- tude of Cape Hatteras, which is in 55 deg. 8 mih. N. then you may haul up more northerly half a point, fill you get on (oimdiiigs in or near the latitudes of the Capes of Virginia, When in IS or _'0 fathoms, and near that latitude, lieer N. E. by E. 78 leagues, and look out for tliu high land of Never/ink : it is in latitude 40 deg. 23 min. N. and very remarkable, being the higheft l.md on either fide of the entrance of the harbour of New York. When you ha\-e nearly made the dif- tance before-mentioned, be careful not to run in the night or thick weather, and come no nearer than 12 or 14 fathoms. To come fo in the bay of New York, bring the light-houfe W. by N. or W. N. W. in 10 fathoms, a'nd the fouthern- niofl part of the high land of Neve>Jink S. W. by S. it flows at full and change 7h. 30 min. The variation was 10 deg. weft in 1777. Note, That all along the fouthern coaft of America, you will find no tide far- ther out from the ftiore than 10 or 12 fathoms water; from fhat depth until the- edge of foundings, you will have a current fetting fo the louthward, at the rate oi one mile per hour; when out of foundings, you will have the Gulf Stream fet- ting to the N. E. quarter, and the farther you get to the northward, it fets more cafterly, but not fo ftrong as before-mentioned ; and when you get to the north- ^ard of 39 deg. it fets almoft due eaft. The wind blowing any time from the N. E. quarter, occafions the Gulf Stream to run more rapidly to that quarter. ji Tahk •d ing the he bay. ir weigh ,'ail that le wind ve-men- had the Vugullin obliged a red the a fmall arc for a to cut es fo as that the out than into 46 the Gulf along the 35 deg. e 37 deg. 38 deg. f 38 deg. IV York, lU into the the lati'' il up more des of the , ftcer N. in latitude her fide of Je the dif- ither, and cw York, fouthern- id change » tide far- li until tho' t the rate tream fet- fets more the north- 1 from the larter, ^ Tahh THE COAST OF NORTH AMERICA, 6CC. 47 A Table of the Latitudes, Time' of full Sea on the Full and Change of the Mootjy and Seating of the Tide on the Southern Coajl of America, from New York to St. Auguftin, ' Names of Placet. Latitude]. Point t )f Flowing. 1 H. Mir ' deg. min. Sandy Hook (Light-houfe) New Vork 10 27 N S.S.E. and W. N. W. 7 *30 Cape May - - - . . 33 52 S.E.byS. N.W.byN. N. W. 9 45 Cape Henlopen - - - . 33 46 S. E. 9 00 Cape Charles .... 37 10 S. E. S. N.W.N. 9 45 Cape Henry - - - - . i6 57 S. E. N. W. 9 00 Cape Hatteras - - - . 35 8 S. E. N. W. 9 00 Cape Lookout . - . . 34 27 S. S. E. N. N.W. 10 30 Cape Fear 33 51 S. E. bv S. N.W.byN. 9 45 Cape Roman .... 33 4 S. S. E. N. N. W. 10 30 Bull's Inlet or Harbour ... 32 S.E.byE. N.W. by W. 8 30 Charlelion Bur .... 32 42 E.S.E. W.N. W. 7 30 Port Royal 32 17 E. S. E. W. N. W. 7 30 Tybee Lighthoufc - - - . 31 48 S. by E. N. by W. 11 15 St. Simon's Bar .... 31 10 E.S.E. W. N.W. 7 30 St. Mary's Inlet .... 30 54 S.E.byS. N.W.byN. 9 45 St. John's 30 32 S.E.byS. N.W.byN. 9 45 Tower of St. Auguftin ... 29 58 S.E.byS. N.W.byN. 9 45 The' Setting of the Tide along Shore from New York to St. Auguftin. Flood. Ebb. From the weft end of Long Ifland to Cape May From Cape Henlopen to Cape Charles From Cape Charles to Cape Hatteras From Cape Hatteras to Cape Lookout From Cape Lookout to Cape Fear From Cape Fear to Cape Roman From Cape Roman to Charlefton From Charlelton to Tybee From Tybee to St. Simons From St. Simon's to St. John's .... From St. John's to the Bay of St. Auguftin - VV. by S. S. by W. S. S. W. S. W. by W. S. W. by W. W. S. W. W. S. W. W. S. W. S. S. w. S. by W. South. E. by N. N. by E. N.N. E. N. E. by E. N. E. by E. E. N. E. E. N. E. E. N. E. N. N. E. N. by E. North. • Set Part I. page 22, 1:1 « I BY LAURIE AND WHITTLE, No. 53, FLEET' STREET. I. A NEW SURVEY O F TH E ISLE OF WIGHT, WITH THE ADJACENT COAST OF HAMPSHIRE^ Wherein are particularly defcribed the Roads of St. Helens, Spithead, &q. with numerous Head Lands and Sailing Marks, &c. Sec, By William Price, Mafter of His Majefty's Saip Tliefeus. Price Four ShlUhigs. II. A NEW SURVEY OF THE COAST OF DORSETSHIRE AND DEVONSHIRE, FROM ST. vALDAN'S HEAD TO SIDMOUTH; Containing chiefly, Portland and Weymouth Roads, with the Point and Race of Portland, with numerous appearances of Land, Sailing Marks, &c. Ky WiLLiA.M Price, Mafter of His Majcily's Ship Thefeus. Price Four Shillings. in. A NEW SURVE Y COAST OF DEVON SHIRE, FROM EXMOUTH TO RAMEHEAD ; Containing Torbay, Start Bay, Plymouth Sound, and Bigbury Bayi exhibiting particular Sketches of each ; containing the various Appearances, Head Lands, Sailing Marks, &c. He. By William Price, Mafter of His Majefty's Ship ITiefeus. Price Four Shillings. **:,;* The above Three Charts are formed to join together, and exhibitJ, in One View, the whole Coaft from the Owers Light to Plymouth Sound, and meafures Seven Feet, Nine Inches long, by Two Feet, Two Inches wide, ftrongly lined with blue Paper, Price Ten Shillings and Six/ien.e. Fitted up on Canvas and Rollers, full coloured, for Mer- chants' Counting-houfes, Price One Pound Five Shillings^ with an entire new Book .of Sailing Dire^ous. A New Survey of the Harbour of St. John's, in Newfoundland, by Francis Owen, Mafter of his Majefty's Ship Agincourt. Price Three Shillings. El re new '4 T