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#lti ^outl) neafltt^. 
 
 No. 73. 
 
 The Battle of 
 Quebec. 
 
 From Captain John Knox's "Historical Journal of thk Cam- 
 paigns IN North Amkrica tor the Years 1757, 1758, 1759, 
 and 1760." 
 
 § I 
 
 ;ili I: 
 
 '■■ 11 
 
 Sept. II, 1759. Great preparations are making throughout 
 the fleet and army to surprise the enemy, and compel them to 
 decide the fate of Quebec by a battle. All the long-boats 
 below the town are to be filled with 'seamen, marines, and such 
 detachments as can be spared from Points Levi and Orleans, 
 in order to make a feint off Beauport and the Point de Lest, 
 and endeavor to engross the attention of the Sieur de Mont- 
 calm, while the army are to force a descent on this side of the 
 town. The officer of our regiment who commanded the escort 
 yesterday on the reconnoitring pa/ty, being asked in the gen- 
 eral's hearing, after the health of one of the gentlemen who 
 was reported to be ill, replied " he was in a very low indifferent 
 state," which the other lamented, saying, " He has but a puny, 
 delicate constitution." This struck his Excellency, it being his 
 own case, who interrupted, " Don't tell me of constitution : 
 that officer has good spirits, and good spirits will carry a man 
 through everything." 
 
 September 12. A soldier of the Royal Americans deserted 
 this day from the south shore, and one came over to us from 
 the enemy, who informed the General " that he belonged to a 
 detachment composed of two officers and fifty men who had 
 been sent across the river to take a prisoner ; that the French 
 generals suspect we are going higher up to lay waste the coun- 
 try and destroy such ships and craft as they have got above ; 
 and that Monsieur Montcalm will not be prevailed on to quit 
 his situation, insisting that the flower of our army are still 
 
 '3 
 
 
 iV,; 
 
 
 'I 
 
i 
 
 li 
 
 i 
 
 below the town ; that the reduction of Niagara has caused 
 great discontent in the French army, that the wretched Cana- 
 dians are much dissatisfied, and that Monsieur de Levis is 
 certainly marched, with a detachment of the army, to Montreal, 
 in order to re-enforce Mr. Bourlemacque and stop General 
 Amherst's progress." This fellow added " that, if we were 
 fairly landed on the north side of the river, an incredible num- 
 ber of the French regulars would actually desert to us." In 
 consequence of this agreeable intelligence, the following orders 
 were this d;.iy issued to the army : — 
 
 ORDERS. 
 
 Ox Board the " Sutherland." 
 " The enemy's force is now divided, great scarcity of provi- 
 sions now in their camp, and universal discontent among the 
 Canadians. The second officer in command is gone to Mon- 
 treal or St. John's, which gives reason to think that General 
 Amherst is adv^ancing into the colony. A vjgorous bloiv struck 
 by the antiy at this juncture may determine the fate of Canada. 
 Our troops below are in readiness to join us. All the light artil- 
 lery and tools are embarked at the Point of Levi, and the 
 troops will land where the French seem least to expect it. 
 The first body that gets on shore is to march directly to the 
 enemy, and drive them from any little post they may occupy. 
 The officers must be careful that the succeeding bodies do not, 
 by any mistake, fire upon those who go on before them. The 
 battalions must form on the upper ground with expedition, and 
 be ready to charge whatever presents itself. When the artil- 
 lery and troops are landed, a corps will be left to secure the 
 landing-place, while the rest march on and endeavor to bring 
 the French and Canadians to a battle. The officers and incii 
 will remember ivhat their country expects from them, and 7vhaf a 
 determined body of so/diers, inured to war, is capable of doiui; 
 against five lueak French battalions, mingled ivith a disorderly 
 peasantry. The soldiers must be attentive and obedient to 
 their ofiicers and resolute in the execution of their dutv." 
 
 The Brigadiers Monckton and Murray, with the troops under 
 their command, re-embarked this day from the parish of St. 
 Nicholas, and returned to their ships. This evening all the 
 boats of the fieet below the town were filled with marines, etc., 
 covered by frigates and sloops of war, worked up, and lay half- 
 
 
channel over, opposite to Beauport, as if intending to land in 
 the morning and thereby fix the enemy's whole attention to 
 that quarte'" The ships attending them are to edge over at 
 break of day as near as possible, without grounding, and can- 
 nonade the French intrenchments. At nine o'clock this night 
 our army in high spirits, the first division of them put into the 
 flat-bottomed boats, and in a short time after the whole squad- 
 ron moved up the river with the tide of flood, and about an 
 hour before daylight next morning we fell down with the ebb. 
 Weather favorable, a starlight night. 
 
 Thursday, Sept. 13, 1759. 
 
 Before daybreak this morning we made a descent upon the 
 north shore, about half a quarter of a mile to the eastward of 
 Sillery ; and the light troops were fortunately by the rapidity of 
 the current carried lower down between us and Cape 
 Diamond. We had in this debarkation thirty flat-bottomed 
 boats, containing about sixteen hundred men. This was a great 
 surprise on the enemy, who from the natural strength of the 
 place did not suspect, and consequently were net prepared 
 against so bold an attempt. The chain of sentries which they 
 had posted along the summit of the heights galled us a little, 
 and picked off several men* and some officers before our light 
 infantry got up to dislodge them.t This grand enterprise was 
 conducted and executed with great good order and discretion. 
 As fast as we landed, the boats put off for re-enforcements, and 
 the troops formed with much regularity. The General, with 
 Brigadiers Monckton and Murray, was ashore with the first 
 di\ ision. We lost no time here, but clambered up one of the 
 steepest precipices that can be conceived, being almost a per- 
 pendicular, and of an incredible height. As soon as we gained 
 the summit, all was quiet, and not a shot was heard, owing to 
 the excellent conduct of the light infantry under Colonel Howe. 
 It was by this time clear daylight. Here we formed again, the 
 
 ' 1 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 * In the boat where I was, one man was killed, 
 slightly, and two mortally, wounded. 
 
 One seaman, with four soldiers were 
 
 t Captain Donald M'Donaid, a \'ery gallant officer oi Eraser's Highlanders, commanded 
 the advanced guard of the light infantry, and was consequently among the foremost on shore. 
 As soon as he and his 'nen gained the height, he was challenged by a sentrj-. and with great 
 jiresence of mind, from his knowledge of the French ser\-;ce, answered him according to their 
 manner. Ft bei-ig yet dark, he came up to him, told h'm he was sent there with a large com- 
 mand to take post, and desiied liim to go with all sjieed to his guard, and to call off all the 
 other men of his party wlu) were ranged along the hill, for that he would take care to give a 
 good account of the 1? - Anglois if they should persist. This /i/wssf had the desired effect, 
 and saved us many lives, etc. 
 
river and the south country in our rear, our right extending to 
 the town, our left to Sillery, and halted a few minutes.* The 
 general then detached the light troops to our left to rout the 
 enemy from their battery, and to disable their guns, except 
 they could be rendered serviceable to the party who were to 
 remain there ; and this service was soon performed. We then 
 faced to the right, and marched toward the town by files till 
 we came to the Plains of Abraham, an even piece of ground 
 which ^tr. Wolfe had made choice of, while we stood forming 
 upon the hill. Weather showery. About six o'clock the enemy 
 first made their appearance upon the heights between us and 
 the town, whereupon we halted and wheeled to the right, 
 thereby forming the line of battle. t The first disposition then 
 was " grenadiers of Louisburg on the right, forty-seventh 
 regiment on the left, twenty-eighth on the right, and the forty- 
 third on the left." Part of the light infantry took post in the 
 houses at Sillery, and the remainder occupied a chain of houses 
 which were opportunely situated for that purpose, and covered 
 our left flank, inclining toward our rear. The general then 
 advanced some platoons from the grenadiers and twenty-eighth 
 regiment below the height on our right, to annoy the enemy, 
 and prevent their getting round the declivity between us and 
 the main river, which they had attempted. Ky this time the 
 fifteenth and thirty-fifth regiments joined us, who formed a 
 second line, and were soon after followed by the forty-eighth 
 and fifty-eighth, two battalions of the sixtieth and seventy- 
 eighth regiments (Highlanders), by which a new disposition 
 was made of the whole, namely: "first line, thirty-fifth to the 
 
 on the slope of the hill ; fifty-eighth, 
 seventy-eighth, left ; twenty-eighth, 
 
 right, in a circular form 
 left ; grenadiers, right 
 right; forty-seventh, left; forty-third, in the centre." General 
 Wolfe, Brigadiers Monckton and Murray, to our front line ; 
 and the second was composed of the fifteenth and two battal- 
 ions of the sixtieth regiment under Brigadier Townshend, with 
 a reserve of the forty-eighth regiment, under Colonel Burton, 
 
 * The hill they cUtubed, aiul haltfd at its to/>, of uiorc than mortal size ; 
 TCii-'cring they sccuiiul. an host ani^flic, clad in bnrnini:^ arms ! 
 
 t Quebec was tlieii to tlie eastward of us in front, witli the enemy under its walls. ( )ur 
 right was flanked by the declivity and tlie main river to tiie soutiiward, and what is called tlie 
 lower road leading (westward) from the town, with the river Charles and the north countr)', 
 were on our left. If the reader will attend to tiiis description, observlnjr the cardinal points, 
 he may thereby form as lively an idea of the field of battle as if a plan were laid before him ; 
 and, though our first disposition was afterward altered, yet our situation, with that of tlie 
 enemy and the scene of action, could not vary. 
 
i 
 
 5 
 
 5|i 
 
 \ 
 
 drawn up in four grand divisions with large intervals. The 
 enemy had now likewise formed the line of battle, and got 
 some cannon to play on us, with round and canister shot ; but 
 what galled us most was a body of Indians and other marks- 
 men they had concealed in the corn opposite to the front of our 
 right wing, and a coppice that stood opposite to our centre in- 
 clining toward our left. But the Colonel Hale, by Brigadier 
 Monckton's orders, advanced some platoons alternately from 
 the forty-seventh regiment, which after a few rounds obliged 
 these sculkers to retire. We were now ordered to lie down, 
 and remained some time in this position. About eight o'clock 
 we had two pieces of short brass six-pounders playing on the 
 enemy, which threw them into some confusion, and obliged them 
 to alter their disposition ; and Montcalm formed them into three 
 large columns. About nine the two armies moved a little nearer 
 each other. The light cavalry made a faint attempt upon our 
 parties at the battery of Sillery, but were soon beat off; and 
 Monsieur de Bougainville, with his troops from Cape Rouge, 
 came down to attack the flank of gur second line, hoping to 
 penetrate there. But, by a masterly disposition of Brigadier 
 Townshend, they were forced to desist ; and the third battalion 
 of Royal Americans was then detached to the first ground we 
 had formed on after we gained the heights, to preserve the 
 communication with the beach and our boats. About ten 
 o'clock the enemy began to advance briskly in three columns, 
 with loud shouts and recovered arms, two of them inclining to 
 the left of our army, and the third toward our right, firing 
 obliquely at the two extremities of our line, from the distance 
 of one hundred and thirty, until they came within forty yards, 
 which our troops withstood with the greatest intrepidity and 
 firmness, still reserving their fire and paying the strictest obedi- 
 ence to their officers. This uncommon steadiness, together 
 with the havoc which the grape-shot from our field-pieces made 
 among them, threw them into some disorder, and was most 
 critically maintained by a well-timed, regular, and heavy dis- 
 charge of our small arms, such as they could no longer oppose.* 
 
 * When the general formed tlie line of battle, he ordered tlie regiments to load with an 
 additional ball. The forty-third and forty-se\enth regiments, in the centre, being little affected 
 by tlie oblique fire of the enemy, ga\e them, with great calmness, as remarkable a close and 
 hea\y discharge as 1 ever saw jierformed at a pri\ate field of exercise, insonuich that better 
 troops than we encountered could not possibly withstand it : and, indeed, well might the 
 French officers say that they ne\er opposed such a shock as they received from the centre of 
 our line, for that they bi'ieved every ball t(n)k place, and such regularity and discipUne they 
 had not experienced before, our troops in general, and [larticularly the central corps, having 
 levelled and fired — coiinite mi conf' dt: canon. 
 
 I 'II 
 
 ti 
 
 i;- 
 S; 
 
 i n 
 
 II 
 
 I' 
 
Hereupon they gave way, and Hed with precipitation, so that by 
 the time the cloud of smoke was vanished our men were again 
 loaded, and, profiting by the advantage we had over them, pur- 
 sued them ahnost to the gates of the town and the bridge over 
 the little river, redoubling our fire with great eagerness, making 
 many officers and men prisoners. The weather cleared up, with 
 a comfortably warm sunshine. The Highlanders chased them 
 vigorously toward Charles River, and the fifty-eighth to the 
 suburb close to John's gate, until they w^ere checked by the 
 cannon from the two hulks. At the same time a gun which 
 the town had brought to bear upon us with grape-shot galled 
 the progress of the regiments to the right, who were likewise 
 pursuing w^ith equal ardor, while Colonel Hunt Walsh, by a 
 very judicious movement, wheeled the battalions of Bragg and 
 Kennedy to the left, and flanked the coppice where a body of 
 the enemy made a stand as if willing to renew the action; but 
 a few platoons from these corps completed our victory. Then 
 it was that Brigadier Townshend came up, called off the pur- 
 suers, ordered the whole line to dress and recover their former 
 ground. Our joy at this success is inexpressibly damped by 
 the loss we sustained of one of the greatest heroes which this 
 or any other age can boast of, — General James Wolfe, — who 
 received his mortal wound as he was exerting himself at the 
 head of the grenadiers of Louisburg ; and Brigadier Monckton 
 was unfortunately wounded upon the left of the forty-third 
 and right of the forty-seventh regiment at much the same time, 
 whereby the command devolved on Brigadier Townshend, who, 
 with Brigadier Murray, went to the head of every regiment and 
 returned thanks for their extraordinary good behavior, congrat- 
 ulating the officers on our success. There is one incident very 
 remarkable, and which I can affirm from my own personal 
 knowledge, — that the enemy were extremely apprehensive of 
 being rigorously treated : for, conscious of their inhuman be- 
 havior to our troops upon a former occasion, the officers who 
 fell into our hands most piteously (with hats off) sued for quar- 
 ter, repeatedly declaring they were not at Fort William Henry 
 (called by them Fort George) in the year 1757. A soldier of 
 the Royal Americans who deserted from us this campaign, and 
 fought against us to-day, was found wounded on the field of 
 battle. He was immediately tried by a general court-martial, and 
 was shot to death pursuant to his sentence. While the two 
 armies were engaged this morning, there was an incessant 
 
 I 
 
firing between the town and our south batteries. By the time 
 tliat our troops had taken a little refreshment, a quantity of in- 
 trenching tools were brought ashore, and the regiments were 
 employed in redoubting pur ground and landing some cannon 
 and ammunition. The officers who are prisoners say that 
 (Quebec will surrender in a few days. Some deserters who 
 came out to us in the evening agree in that opinion, and inform 
 us that the Sieur de Montcalm is dying, in great agony, of a 
 wound he received to-day in their retreat. Thus has our late re- 
 nowned commander by his superior eminence in the art of war, 
 and a most judicious coup iVetat^ made a conquest of this fertile, 
 healthy, and hitherto formidable country, with a handful of 
 troops only, in spite of the political schemes and most vigorous 
 efforts of the famous Montcalm, and many other officers of 
 rank and experience at the head of an army considerably more 
 numerous. My pen is too feeble to draw the character of this 
 British Achilles; but the same may, with justice, be said of 
 him as was said of Henry IV. of France ; he was possessed of 
 coin'iige, humanity^ clemency, generosity^ affability^ and politeness. 
 And though the former of these happy ingredients, how essen- 
 tial soever it may be in the composition of a soldier, is not 
 alone sufficient to distinguish an expert officer, yet I may with 
 strict truth advance that Major General James Wolfe, by his 
 great talents and martial disposition, which he discovered early 
 in life, was greatly superior to his experience in generalship, 
 and was by no means inferior to a Frederic, a Henry, or a 
 Ferdinand. 
 
 " \\'hen the matter matched his mighty mind, 
 
 Up rose the hero : on his piercing eye 
 
 Sat observation, on each glance of thought 
 
 Decision followed, as the thunderbolt 
 
 Pursues the flash." 
 
 The strength of our army this day in the action will best 
 appear by the following return, to which I shall subjoin that of 
 the enemy as delivered to me afterward by an intelligent 
 Frenchman. 
 
 
 I 
 
 ii 
 
 m 
 
 % \ \ 
 
 llr" 
 
OFFICKRS I'RKSKN'r, RANK AND FILK, Krc. 
 
 P 
 
 
 Commissioned. 
 
 Start. 
 
 N. I 
 
 .'om. 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^*m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 W 
 
 
 CJ I 
 
 
 i 
 
 ffi 
 
 
 1 
 
 jj 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total of all 
 
 -9 ?" 
 
 Regiments. 
 
 ■A n 
 
 «5 
 
 '/ 
 
 1 . 
 
 n 
 
 s 
 c 
 
 lA 
 
 
 c 
 
 2 
 
 Rank 
 and 
 
 Ranks, in- 
 cluding ( '.111- 
 
 3^ 
 
 
 a V i 
 
 5 = .X. 
 
 -5 .a J2 
 •J -: S 
 
 1 
 
 ■•J 
 
 s 
 
 '2 
 
 '7, 
 
 < 
 
 r 
 0- 
 
 1 
 s 
 (A 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 File. 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 eral ( )fti- 
 cers, etc. 
 
 iStll 
 
 Amherst's 
 
 1 
 I ' I 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 1 
 21 
 
 6 
 
 352 
 
 406 
 
 
 2!Sth 
 
 liragg's 
 
 I I 
 
 s 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 1 1 
 
 3"2| 
 
 421 
 
 1 
 
 3Stli 
 
 ( )t\vav's 
 
 I I 
 
 s 
 
 1 1 
 
 8 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 11 
 
 4^6 
 
 5 '9 
 
 1 
 
 43 cl 
 
 Kennedy's 
 
 I 
 
 () 
 
 (•, 
 
 4 
 
 ' I 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 2 So ' 
 
 327 
 
 1 
 
 47tli 
 
 L.iscelies's 
 
 1 ; 
 
 3 
 
 S 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 O' 
 
 
 
 
 
 3' 
 
 2 
 
 305 
 
 3''o 
 
 1 
 
 4«tli 
 
 Webb's 
 
 ; I 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 33 
 
 14 
 
 605 i 
 
 1 683 
 
 
 SSth 
 
 Anstrutiier's 
 
 01 I 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 2r/i 
 
 335 
 
 
 6oth 
 
 1 Monckton's 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 h 
 
 6 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 i.S 
 
 2(>6 
 
 ! 322 
 
 
 ) Lawrence's 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 1 1 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 14 
 
 474 ; 
 
 ! 540 
 
 
 78th 
 
 Fraser's 
 
 00c 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 14 
 
 603 1 
 
 : 6()2 
 
 
 22d 
 
 ( Loiiisbiirg ) 
 \ Companies > 
 ( of i Irenad. ) 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4otli 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 216 
 
 241 
 
 
 45th 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 , '.-s 
 
 4S 
 
 109 
 
 67 
 
 's!^ 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 259 
 
 102 
 
 4215 i 
 
 1 
 
 4816 
 
 4828 
 
 One major-general, three brigadiers-general, one quarter- 
 master-general, one aid quartermaster-general, one adjutant 
 general, four majors of brigade, two aides-de-camp. 
 
 STATE OF THF: FRENCH ARMY 
 
 Right Column. 
 
 
 Centre Column. 
 
 
 Left Column. 
 
 
 Troupes de Colonic 
 Regiment de la Sarre 
 Reg. de Languedoc 
 Des Milices and one ) 
 six-pounder ) 
 
 550 
 500 
 
 5. so 
 400 
 
 Regiment de Rerne 
 Regiment de Guienne 
 Des ISIilices 
 
 360 
 
 360 
 
 1200 
 
 Royale Rousillon 
 La Colonic 
 Des Milices 
 
 650 
 
 650 
 2300 
 
 
 2000 
 
 
 1920 
 
 
 3600 
 
 Monsieur de Bougainville's corps from Cape Rouge, consist- 
 ing of five companies of grenadiers, cavalry, Canadian volun- 
 teers, savages, ai I militia, two thousand and sixty ; total of the 
 enemy, nine thousand five hundred and eighty. 
 
Deserters who are come over to us since the action inform 
 us that it was very difficult to persuade Monsieur de Montcahii 
 and the other commanders that the flower of our army were 
 behind the town : and, after the marquis had marched his 
 troops over the river Charles, and taken a view of us, he said : 
 *' They have at last got to the weak side of this miserable gar- 
 rison. Therefore, we must endeavor to crush them with our num- 
 bers, ivui sctilp tlicm all before hiH'h'c o clocks K\-ery coppice, 
 bush, or other cover that stood on our ground this morning 
 were cut down before night, and applied to the use of our new 
 works. The houses were all fortified and several redoubts 
 thrown up round our camp, which is about one thousand yards 
 from the garrison, before ten o'clock. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ORDERS. 
 
 SErTKMIiER 14. 
 
 "Parole, Wolfe; countersign, England." 
 
 "The remaining general officers fit to act take the earliest 
 opportunity to express the praise which is due to the conduct 
 and bravery of the troops, and the victory which attended it 
 sufficiently proves the superiority which this army has over any 
 number of such troops as they engaged yesterday They wish 
 that the person who hitely eominanded them had snn'ived so glori- 
 ous a day, and had this day been able to gii'e the troops these Just 
 encomiums. The fatigues which the troops will be obliged to 
 undergo, to reap the advantage of this victory, will be sup- 
 ported with a true spirit, as this seems to be the period which 
 will determine in all probability our American labors. The 
 troops are to receive a gill of rum per day, and will receive 
 fresh provisions the day after to-morrow. The regiments and 
 corps to give returns of their killed and wounded yesterday, 
 and the strength of their corps. The pioneers of the different 
 regiments to bury the dead. The corps are to send all their 
 tools not immediately in use to the artillery park. All French 
 papers or letters found are desired to be sent to the headquar- 
 ters. No soldier to presume to stroll beyond the outposts. 
 Arms that cannot be drawn are to be fired into the swamp near 
 the headquarters. The admiral has promised the continuance 
 of all the assistance which the n.val service can spare, to ease 
 the troops of the fatigues which the farther operations will 
 require of us. General Townshend has the satisfaction to 
 
 ril 
 
 IM 
 
10 
 
 vi 
 
 acquaint the troops that General Monckton's wound is not 
 dangerous. The commanding officers of the corps will order 
 the rolls to be called every half-hour to prevent marauding, etc."' 
 Last night Krigadiei Townshend went with a detachment of 
 two hundred men to the French general hospital, situated on 
 the river Charles, and about a mile from the town. This is a 
 convent of nuns of the Augustine order, who — from principles 
 of charity and piety — take care of all sick and wounded men 
 and officers. Lands are appropriated for the support of this 
 institution, besides which the French king endows u with a 
 yearly salary ; and a table is kept there at his expense for con- 
 valescent officers, directors, surgeons, apothecaries, etc. The 
 brigadier found an officer's guard at the convent, but he imme- 
 diately took possession of the place by posting a captain's com- 
 mand there. The unfortunate Marquis de ]VIontcalm was then 
 in the house, dying of his wound, attended by the bishop and 
 his chaplains. A transport, a schooner, and a parcel of boats, 
 with ordnance and stores, passed the town last night. The 
 enemy fired briskly on them, but without any effect. The gar- 
 rison appear to be at work upon their ramparts, as if resolved 
 to prolong the siege. Some deserters who came out to us this 
 day inform us that Monsieur de Levis, who has rejoined and 
 collected their shattered forces, had intended to surprise the 
 rear of our camp at daybreak this morning, but, upon recon- 
 noitring our situation and finding we had made such excellent 
 use of our time in erecting redoubts and other works, prudently 
 
 The Sieur* de Montcalm died late 
 When his wound was dressed and he settled in 
 bed, the surgeons who attended him were desired to acquaint 
 him ingenuously w'ith their sentiments of him ; and, being 
 answered that his wound was mortal, he calmly replied, " he 
 was glad of it." His Excellency then demanded " whether he 
 could survive it long, and how long.'' He was told, "About 
 a dozen hours, perhaps more, peradventure less." " So much 
 the better," rejoined this eminent warrior. " I am happy I shall 
 not live to see the surrender of Quebec." He then ordered his 
 secretary into the room to adjust his private affairs, which, as 
 soon as they were dispatched, he was visited by Monsieur de 
 Ramsey, the French king's lieutenant, and by other principal 
 
 *The appointments of this great man as lieutenant-general and commander-in-chief, 
 etc., did not exceed a thousand sols per day; and I have been credibly informed that all his 
 other emoluments did not amount to more than the like sum, — the whole equivalent to about 
 nine hundred and thirty pounds sterling per annum. 
 
 declined the undertaking 
 last night 
 
II 
 
 officers who desired to receive his Excellency's commands, with 
 the farther measures to be pursued for the defence of Quebec, 
 the capital of Canada, To this the marquis made the follow- 
 ing answer : '' I'll neither give orders nor interfere any farther. 
 I have much business that must be attended to, of greater 
 moment than your ruined garrison and this wTetched country. 
 My time is very short, therefore pray leave me. I wish you 
 all comfort, and to be happily extricated from your present per- 
 plexities." He then called for his chaplain, who, with the 
 bishop of the colony, remained with him till he expired. Some 
 time before this great man departed, we are assured he paid us 
 this compliment : " Since it w^as my misfortune to be discom- 
 fited, and mortally wounded, it is a great consolation to me to 
 be vanquished by so brave and generous an enemy. If I could 
 survive this wound, I w^ould engage to beat three times the 
 number of such forces as I commanded this morning with a 
 third of their number of British troops." 
 
 We are drawing artillery and ammunition ashore with all 
 expedition, in which we are much favored at present by the 
 weather, and have found a convenient road for the purpose 
 leading directly from the cove to the camp. This is the place 
 that had been intended for our descent yesterday ; but the 
 morning being dark, and the tide of ebb very rapid, we were 
 imperceptibly carried a little lower down, which proved a favor- 
 able circumstance, for there was a strong intrenchment that 
 covered the road, lined by a detachment of one hundred and 
 fifty men. It is still much more fortunate that the general had 
 not deferred the execution of his project to another day ; for 
 two French regiments, with a corps of savages, were actually 
 under orders of readiness to march at six o'clock on the morn- 
 ing of the 13th, and intrench themselves immediately along the 
 heights ; but, happily, our troops were in possession of that 
 ground before the enemy had any thoughts of stirring. Several 
 men and officers wounded to-day in camp by shot and shells 
 from the town. The French regulars in the late engagement 
 fired slugs of lead and iron from their small arms. Some of 
 them were found in the shot pouches of the officers that were 
 made prisoners, who, being challenged upon this subject, re- 
 plied with a magnificent shrug, '' It was their custom, without 
 any ill design." A fiag of truce came from the garrison this 
 afternoon, requesting permission to bury their dead. All that 
 were within our reach we had interred before. Brigadier Monck- 
 
 <- } 
 
 I 
 
 'lit 
 
12 
 
 ton took the opportunity in this cessation to pass the town to 
 his tent at Point Levi, of which notice was sent to the gover- 
 nor and to our batteries on the south shore. 
 
 After our late worthy general of renowned memory was car- 
 ried off wounded to the rear of the front line, he desired those 
 who were about him to lay him down. Being asked if he 
 would have a surgeon, he replied, " It is needless : it is all 
 c'er with me." One of them then cried out, "They run, see 
 how they run !" "Who runs?" demanded our hero with great 
 earnestness, like a person roused from sleep. The officer 
 answered: " The enemy, sir. Egad, they give way everywhere." 
 Thereupon the general rejoined: '•'Go, one of yon, my hids^ to 
 Colonel Burton — ; tell him to mareh WehFs regiment with all 
 speed down to Charles River, to ent off the retreat of the fugitives 
 from the bridged Then, turning on his side, he added, " No7c>^ 
 God he praised, 1 7C'ill die in peaee l"" and thus expired.* 
 
 Quis 
 
 Myrmidonum, Dolopumque, aut duri miles Ulyssei, 
 Temperet a laehrymis / 
 
 This resignation and greatness of soul calls to my remem- 
 brance an almost similar story of Epaminondas, the Theban 
 general, who, having received in fight a mortal wound with a 
 sword, which was left in his body, lay in that posture till he re- 
 ceived intelligence that his troops had obtained a victory, and 
 then permitted it to be drawn out, saying at that instant, 
 " This is not the end of my life, my fellow-soldiers ; it is now 
 your Epaminondas was born who dies in so much glory." 
 
 When Horace Walpole wrote the annals of his time, he thus de- 
 scribed the impression made on the English public by the touching 
 and inspiring story of Wolfe's heroism and death : " The incidents of 
 dramatic fiction could not be conducted with more address to lead an 
 audience from despondency to sudden exaltation than accident pre- 
 pared to excite the passions of a whole people. They despaired, 
 
 * Various accounts have been circulated of (ieneral Wolfe's manner of dying, his last 
 words, and the officers into whose hands he fell. And many, from a \anityof talking, claimed 
 the honor of being his supporters after he was wounded. I'ut the foregoing circumstances 
 were ascertained to me bv Lieutenant I'rown, of the grenadiers of Louisburg, and tlie twenty- 
 second regiment, who witii Mr. Henderson, a \-olunteer in tiie same company and a private 
 man, were the three persons who carried his Kxcellency to the rear, which an artillery officer 
 seeing, innnediately flew to iiis assistance ; and tiiese were all that attended him in his dying 
 moments. / do not rt'collcct the cxytillery oX^uer's tiatiie, or it sliould be elteerfitlly reeorded 
 here. 
 
13 
 
 they triumphed, and they wept ; for Wolfe had fallen in the hour of 
 victory. Joy, curiosity, astonishment, was painted on every counte- 
 nance. The more they inquired, the more their admiration rose. 
 Not an incident but was heroic and affecting.*' England blazed with 
 bonfires. In one spot alone all was dark and silent; for here a 
 widowed mother mourned for a loving and devoted son, and the peo- 
 ple forbore to profane her grief with the clamor of their rejoicings. 
 
 New England had still more cause of joy than Old, and she filled 
 the land with jubilation. The pulpits resounded with sermons of 
 thanksgiving, some of which were worthy of the occasion that called 
 them forth. Among the rest. Jonathan Mayhew, a young but justly 
 celebrated minister of Boston, pictured with enthusiasm the future 
 greatness of the British-American colonies, with the continent thrown 
 open before them, and foretold that, '• with the continued blessing of 
 Heaven, they will become, in another century or two, a mighty em- 
 pire '' : adding in cautious parenthesis, " / do not mean an inde- 
 pendent one.'' He read Wolfe's victory aright, and divined its 
 far-reaching consequence. . . . 
 
 Half the continent changed hands at the scratch of a pen. Gov- 
 ernor Bernard, of Massachusetts, proclaimed a day of thanksgiving 
 for the great event, and the Boston newspapers recount how the oc- 
 casion was celebrated with a parade of the cadets and other volun- 
 
 in Faneuil Hall, music, bonfires, illumina- 
 and, above all. by sermons in every church of 
 the province; for the heart of early New England always found 
 voice through her pulpits. Before me lies a bundle of these sermons, 
 rescued from sixscore years of dust, scrawled on their title-pages 
 with names of owners dead long ago, worm-eaten, dingy, stained 
 with the damps of time, and uttering in quaint old letterpress the 
 emotions of a buried and forgotten past. Triumph, gratulation, 
 hope, breathe in every line, but no ill-will against a fallen enemy. 
 Thomas Foxcroft, pastor of the •' Old Church in Boston," preaches 
 from the text, •• The Lord hath done great things for us, whereof we 
 are glad." •• Long." he says, "had it been the common opinion, 
 Delenda est Carthago, Canada must be conquered, or we could hope 
 for no lasting quiet in these parts ; and now. through the good hand 
 of our God upon us, we see the happy day of its accomplishment. 
 We behold His Majesty's victorious troops treacling upon the high 
 places of the enemy, their last fortress delivered up, and their whole 
 country surrendered to the King of Britain in the person of his gen- 
 eral, the intrepid, the serene, the successful Amherst.'' 
 
 The loyal John Mellen. pastor of the Second Church in Lancaster, 
 exclaims, boding nothing of the tempest to come : " Let us fear God 
 and honor the king, and be peaceable subjects of an easy and happy 
 government. And may the blessing of Heaven lie ever upon those 
 enemies of our country that have now submitted to the English 
 crown, and according to the oath they have taken lead quiet lives in 
 
 teer corps, a grand dinner 
 tions, firing of cannon 
 
14 
 
 all godliness and honesty." Then he ventures to predict that Amer- 
 ica, now thrown open to British colonists, will be peopled in a century 
 and a half with sixty million souls, — a prophecy likely to be more 
 than fulfilled. 
 
 " God has given us to sing this day the downfall of New France, 
 the North American Babylon, New England's rival," cries Eli 
 Forbes to his congregation of sober farmers and staid matrons at the 
 rustic village of lirookfield. Like many of his flock, he had been to 
 the war, having served two years as chaplain of Ruggles's Massa- 
 chusetts regiment; and something of a martial spirit breathes 
 through his discourse. He passes in review the events of each cam- 
 paign down to their triumphant close. •' Thus (iod was our salva- 
 tion and our strength ; yet He who directs the great events of war 
 suffered not our joy to be uninterrupted, for we had to lament the fall 
 of the valiant and good General Wolfe, whose death demands a tear 
 from every British eye, a sigh from every Protestant heart. Is he 
 dead ? I recall myself. Such heroes are immortal : he lives on 
 every loyal tongue ; he lives in every grateful breast : and charity 
 bids me give him a place among the princes of heaven." Nor does 
 he forget the praises of Amherst, '• the renowned general, worthy of 
 that most honorable of all titles, the Christian hero ; for he loves his 
 enemies, and while he subdues them he makes them happy. He 
 transplants British liberty to where till now it was unknown. He 
 acts the general, the Briton, the conqueror, and the Christian. What 
 fair hopes aris8 from the peaceful and undisturbed enjoyment of this 
 good land, and the blessing of our gracious God with it I Methinks 
 I see towns enlarged, settlements increased, and this howling wilder- 
 ness become a fruitful field which the Lord hath blessed ; and, to 
 complete the scene, I see churches rise and flourish in every Christian 
 grace where has been the seat of Satan and Indian idolatry.'' 
 
 Nathaniel Appleton. of Cambridge, hails the dawning of a new 
 era. "■ Who can tell what great and glorious things Crod is about to 
 bring forward in the world, and in this world of America in particu- 
 lar.'' Oh, may the time come when these deserts, which for ages un- 
 known have been regions of darkness and habitations of cruelty, 
 shall be illuminated with the light of the glorious gospel ; and when 
 this part of the world, which till the later ages was utterly unknown, 
 shall be the glory and joy of the whole earth I '' . . , 
 
 All, and more than all, that France had lost England had won. 
 Now, for the first time, she was beyond dispute the greatest of mari- 
 time and colonial powers. Portugal and HoUand, her precursors in 
 ocean enterprise, had long ago fallen hopelessly behind. Two great 
 rivals remained, and she had humbled the one and swept the other 
 from her path. Spain, with vast American po .sessions, was sinking 
 into the decay which is one of the phenomena of modern history : 
 while France, of late a most formidable competitor, had abandoned 
 the contest in despair. England was mistress of the seas, and the 
 
15 
 
 world was thrown open to her merchants, explorers, and colonists. 
 A few years after the peace the navigator Cook began his memorable 
 series of voyages, and surveyed the strange and barbarous lands 
 which after-times were to transform into other Englands, vigorous 
 children of this great mother of nations. It is true that a heavy 
 blow was soon to fall upon her : her own folly was to alienate the 
 eldest and greatest of her offspring. But nothing could rob her of 
 the glory of giving birth to the United States; and, though politi- 
 cally severed, this gigantic progeny were to be not the less a source 
 of growth and prosperity to the parent that bore them, joined with 
 her in a triple kinship of laws, language, and blood. The war or 
 series of wars that ended with the peace of Paris secured the oppor- 
 tunities and set in action the forces that have planted English homes 
 in every clime, and dotted the earth with English garrisons and posts 
 of trade. 
 
 With the peace of Paris ended the checkered story of New 
 France, — a story which would have been a history if faults of con- 
 stitution and the bigotry and folly of rulers had not dwarfed it to an 
 episode. Yet it is a noteworthy one in both its lights and its shad- 
 ows : in the disinterested zeal of the founder of Quebec, the self- 
 devotion of the early missionary martyrs, and the daring enterprise of 
 explorers : in the spiritual and temporal vassalage from which the only 
 escape was to the savagery of the wilderness : and in the swarming 
 corruptions which were the natural result of an attempt to rule, by 
 the absolute hand of a master beyond the Atlantic, a people bereft of 
 every vestige of civil liberty. 
 
 Scarcely were they free from the incubus of France when the 
 British Provinces showed symptoms of revolt. The measures on the 
 part of the mother-country which roused their resentment, far from 
 being oppressive, were less burdensome than the navigation laws to 
 which thev had long submitted ; and thev resisted taxation bv Par- 
 liament simply because it was in principle opposed to their rights as 
 freemen. They did not. like the American Provinces of Spain at 
 a later day. sunder themselves from a parent fallen into decreptitude, 
 but with astonishing audacity they affronted the wrath of England 
 in the hour of her triumph, forgot their jealousies and quarrels, 
 joined hands in the common cause, fought, endured, and won. The 
 disunited colonies became the United States. — From Fark)nan''s 
 '-'Montcalm and Wo/ft'."' 
 
 
 "The Peace of Pans," says l^arkman, in the concluding chapter of his 
 *' !tIontcalm and Wolfe," " marks an epoch than which none in modern 
 history is more fruitful of grand results. With it began a new chapter in 
 the annals of the world": and he borrows the Words of Cireen in his " His- 
 tory of the English People": " With the triumph of Wolfe on the Heights 
 of Abraham began the history of the United States." John Fiske's judg- 
 
i6 
 
 ment is that " the triumph of Wolfe marks the greatest turning-point as yet 
 discoverable in modern history." It was a significant and great event 
 because it settled the fact that North America should be New England, and 
 not New France. 
 
 "The British cause," says Hinsdale, in his "Old Xorth-west," "was the 
 cause of the Xorth-west and of America. Put in the broadest way, the 
 question was, whether French or English ideas and tendencies should have 
 sway in North America. Montcalm and Wolfe were both gallant soldiers 
 and able commanders, both true patriots and chivalrous gentlemen ; but 
 they stood on the Heights of Abraham that September day for very dif- 
 ferent things: Montcalm for the old rci:;ime, Wolfe for the House of Com- 
 mons ; Montcalm for the alliance of king and priest, Wolfe for habeas 
 corf us and free inquiry ; Montcalm for the past, Wolfe for the future ; 
 Montcalm for Louis XV. and Madame de Pompadour, Wolfe for George 
 Washington and Abraham Lincoln." 
 
 Of the long struggle of France for the possession of this continent 
 Parkman is the historian, his great series of books, ending with the " Mont- 
 calm and Wolfe," constituting a body of historical work which is unique 
 and monumental " Mr. Parkman's Histories " is the subject of a special 
 Old South Leaflet, 7th series, 1SS9, No. 3; and to that the student is re- 
 ferred for representative selections and careful historical and bibliographi- 
 cal notes. 
 
 Captain John Knox's " Historical Journal of the Campaigns in X^orth 
 America for the years 1757, 17 58, 1759, and 1760," from which the account 
 of the battle of Quebec given in the present leaflet is taken, is a large work 
 in two volumes, published in London a few years after the battle, and is 
 of high value as the careful record of one who was a participant in the 
 great events described. There is a large nimiber of contemporary narratives 
 of the siege of Quebec, both on the English and French sides; and a careful 
 account of them may be found in the notes to Justin Winsor's chapter on 
 "The Struggle for the (ireat Valleys of Xorth America," in the "Xarrative 
 and Critical History of America," vol. v. There are few great historical 
 events concerning which the original material is more abundant or valuable. 
 The mrst important life of Wolfe is that by Wright. There is an admirable 
 brief biography by Bradley in the " English Men of Action " series. Sj^ecial 
 attention should also be called to the address by Sabine before the Xew 
 England Historic-Genealogical Society in 1S59, the hundredth anniversary 
 of the death of Wolfe. The appendix contains much valuable matter ; and 
 the study of the many different accounts of Wolfe's last moments is of 
 peculiar interest. Knox's account differs in important respects from others ; 
 but Mr. Saliine's verdict is that it is his version which we may confidently 
 adopt. This, too, is the account followed by Parkman. 
 
 d\ 
 
 ■'I I 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 THE DIRECTORS OF THE OLD SOUTH WORK, 
 Old South Meeting-house, Boston, Mass. 
 
 W I 
 
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■'Ml