^>. ^, ^.^. ^s^"^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^^^^ ^j 1.0 I.I K^llS |2.5 1^ 1^ 12.2 2.0 m 11.25 i 1.4 ^ /J /. w '/ 4V^ ri Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WCST MAIN ail.aET WHSTIR.N.Y. 14580 (716)172-4503 ^ ^\ ^C^ A CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/iCIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut canadien de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features pf this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. 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Th to Th pa of fill Or be thi sic oti fir sic or Th sh Til wl Ml dil en be rig re( mi This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmd au taux de reduction indiquA ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X 7 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X Th« copy filmad h«r« has b««n raproducad thanks to tha ganarosity of: Library Division Provincial Archives of British Columbia L'axamplaira film* fut raproduit grica k la gAnirositA da: Library Division Provincial Archives of British Columbia Tha imagas appaaring hara ara tha bast quality possibia considaring tha condition and lagibility of tha original copy and in kaaping with tha filming contract spacifications. Las imagas suivantas ont At* raproduitas avec la plus grand soin, compta tanu da la condition at da la nattat* da l'axamplaira filmA. at an conformity avac las conditions du contrat da filmaga. Original copias in printad papar covars ara filmad baginning with tha front covar and anding on tha last paga with a printad or illustratad impras- sion. or tha back covar whan appropriata. All othar original copias ara filmad baginning on tha first paga with a printad or illustratad impras- sion, and anding on tha last paga with a printad or illustratad imprassion. Tha last racordad frama on aach microficha shall contain tha symbol — »■ (maaning "CON- TINUED "), or tha symbol y (maaning "END"), whichavar applias. Maps, piatas. charts, ate, may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba antiraly includad In ona axposura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand cornar. laft to right and top to bottom, as many framas as raquirad. Tha following diagrams illustrate tha mathod: Las axamplairas originaux dont la couvartura an papiar ast imprimAa sont filmAs •n commandant par la pramiar plat at 9n tarminant soit par la darniira paga qui comporta una amprainta d'imprassion ou d'illustration. soit par la sacond plat, salon la cas. Tout las autras axamplairas originaux sont filmAs 9n commandant par la pramiAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'imprassion ou d'illustration at 9n tarminant par la darniAra paga qui comporta una talla amprainta. Un das symbolas suivants apparaitra sur la darniAra imaga da chaqua microficha. salon la cas: la sytnbula — »• siG'tifia "A SUIVRE". la symbols V signifie FIN". Las cartas, planchas. tablaaux. ate, pauvant Atra filmAs A das taux da rAduction diffArants. Lorsqua la document ast trop grand pour Atra raproduit an un saul clichA. il ast filmA A partir da I'angla supAriaur gaucha. da gaucha A droita, at da haut an bas, an pranant la nombra d'imagas nAcassaira. Las diagrammas suivants illustrant la mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 uow WE cuossi^D 'rill:: iiocivv mountaixs into B HUMS If COLLLMBIA. i;v Yisfoi;,\r mii.tox, I'-.k.o.s., axd v,'. d. ciK;Aiir.i:, v.. a., 1'."i:.g.3. ■^ discovt'iy of golil 111 liiitisli (Columbia raised tliiit colony into con;-icloi'- ,iK-,\ iililo ini].orliinec, thu idea of 1^^ conn(.'oling it with Cunailii, liy ;i i();i(l iici'os.s tlio conlincnt cf A niiTica.whicli should pass tlirondi Biitish tpnitory. na- loW*-'^'^°^/ (uvally su--es(cd itsdf. . The ^.j'^:'''-""-'->.V\. .v"^ ^ Americans had already .siic- Sii^V'^^'"' ' '^ ccodcd in carrying a road and ^ "*^ Iclci^'raiih lino across the Uocky jrountainsinlo f'alii'ornia, and thus proved thujirac- licahility of cslahlihliingconiiuunicalion through au ininii'tisc tract of unsettled country. ]u iNiiO, L'a[i- tain ralliser and Or. Hector found several passes lhr(}Ugh tho great barrier of the liocky Mountains, -which thoy represented as presenting no great oh.. lack's to llio formation of a road. But theno lay f;ir to tl'-» .soutli of tho great gold-iiehls of ( 'ariboo, and wore iu soiuewlial dangerous proxinuty 111 tho American fnaitier. J)r. Ihn'tor, indeed, at- tc nipted to cross tho uiounlains further north, in order to reach tho liead ■waters of tho Thompson liiv<'r, but encounteied forests so donso and en- cumbered, that ho judged it impossible to ]iroiT(ul, and turned south to thu more open country on the Cohuidiia. The JiCathcr I'ass, lying in about tlie same lati- tude as Cariboo, had formerly bo(Mi used by tho Hudson's I'ay Comiiany as a ]iortago IVoiri tho Athabasca River to lho"]''ruser, but had long been ubandonod, on account of tho many I'asualtios •which occmred in the navigatiou of tho hitter river, lu tho summer of 1SG2 n'O loft Endand, deter- mined to reach Cariboo, if possilde, by tho most direct route, taking tho Leather I'ass, and explor- ing tho hitherto Tinknown region of tlio north bi'andi of tho Tliompsoii llivtr. We roachc( third party of live, who desoended tho Fraser iu canoes, sufl'erLd horribly. Tliu canoes were swamped iu sonic rapids ; two of the party ^aincil the shore, nud the other three a rock in the middle of tho htreiuu. These were rescued after two days liy their companions, but wore so dreadfully frost-bitten and ex- hau.-ited, that they were unable to proceed. Their comrade f erected a rude sheltir for them, cut ii large supply of lirewood, unci leaving tlicm tbeir scanty rciuiiaut of la'ovif ions, set out on fi'iit to ol'taiu a;.-iaUinre at Fort tieorge, wliieh they exrocted 114505 2()yS l^HE QUIVER. [Decembek IJ, IS.M. Oil the old of Jmio wo left Eilmoutoii, willi u tiuiu of twelve liorHcs, six of Ihoui packed with our bnggago, pominicaii, and Hour. Tno only luxuries wo took with us were tea, salt, ar 1 tobacco. Our party was, perhaps, as curious a collection as over sot out on an expedition as difficult, and oven dan- gerous, aa this was likely to prove. In addition to ourselves (two) were iivo others — viz., Baptisto Su- pernut, a French half-breed, who professed to know the country as far as Teto Jamie's Cache, whom wo had engaged as head man and guide; another half- breed, commonly called " Tho Assiniboine," a man with only one hand, and a murderer — this last peculiaritj' wo did not, however, know of at tho time; his wife and son, the latter a boy of thirteen. Wo had been very, very unwilling to tako the woman and boy, but " Tho Assiniboino" nifusod to accompany us on any other conditi(jn ; and as wo bears ; unable to sleep at night for fear Iho hoisos should trample on him, or Indians or wild beasts attack tho camj). Afraid to touch a horso, and unablo to handle an axe, his solo employment con- sisted in bewailing the haidtshipa of his position and prophesying greater evils for tho future, com- forting himself by Iho perusal of Paloy's " Evi- dences of Chiistiunily," which ho failed not to study dilijrently three times every day of tho three months our journey lasted. Prom Lake St. Ann'n, iifty miles bej'ond Edmonton, to Jasj)er House, at the foot of tho mountains, the forest is almost un- broken. Tho surface of tho country is slightly un- dulating, and vast pine swamps fill up tho shallow valleys. A day's journey in Ihis region consists of floundering through bogs and swamps, and con- stant scrambling and plunging over tho fallen timber, which lies strewn, crosbt-d and interlaced, r4 *i>^M n^^ I,-* ( ) ^xi I Ml. ' -^'ia, I — --•- ^'-■, I. ' _ ^ w.r.'fl exceedingly anxious to socuio tlio services of so accomplished a huntor and I'ui/di/iiir, wo at length consented. Tiicro is littlo doubt that lhi-< evontu.ally ])r()ved our salvation, and that " Th.i Assiniboino " would have followed tlin oxamj)lo of Bapti.-ito, who deserted, and left us to oiu' fate, had ho not been banipered with his family, and thus compelled to follow tho iirovisions and our fortunes. And lastly, R[r. O'lJ -, a gentleman of considerable classical attainment, but of a mar- vellous timidity and helplessness ; throughout tho journey unhappy during tho day from a continual fear of losing the way, or being devoured by grish' to reach in six days. But tliey had niiscnlculiiteil tho distance ; the way lay throiitjh dense, encumbered forests, and tho snows of winter set in hefore they arrived, ahnost dead, after twonty- one days' travcUinjr. Tlie Indians were sent out to seek those left behind, but returned unsuccessful, owing to the amount of Know which hart fallen. Their remains wore di:ic<)verod in the ilif'ntr, and there appears little doubt that one of these unfor- tunnte men, niaddeiiiid by huu;j''.'r, had killed uud eaten his two voini''auicius, aoros-i tho path and on every side. Having forded llio I'embina ilivir, \\o reached tho !^^eLood on the ItJth of June. Hero our guide Eaptisto deserted, carrying olfM'ith him our best horso and our only large axe. AVo, however, doterniined to proceed, and iilthough " Tho Assiniboino" had never before set foot in this region, wo trusted to his wonderful sagacity to find tlio road. Shortly afterwards wo had a somewhat narrow escape of losing all our property, if not our lives. Wo had made a largo fire for tlio bcneiit of tho horses, while resting in tho middle of tho day, the smoke allording them some protection against tho swarms of gad-flies and mosquitoes which toriuentod them. In struggling to supplant one another in tho most favourable positions, they kicked some of tho burning brands amongst tho thickly-set pines, in tho middle of which wo were encamped, and in a moment tho woods were on fire. ]?y tko greatest exertions wo succeeded iu picvcutiuj iL fiom suixouudinjj us. IJelEMIu:.; Ill, 1 !.] IIUW \VK CliUr^8i:i) TiliO UUCivY ;,Ll,UNTAi;;;!. 'MA) — "-n K-ii-w.-yDi. I iia. One liorso was soveroly bunil, Init no utlier tlamugo occuimhI. Aft'.T striking,' llio AIIkiIiuhi"!, rivci', wo ibllowod its riglit liaiik iinlil avi'iviir-j./iipijsito Jayjior House. AV'o woi'o now I'uiily in Ukj ltofk3' ]\Iountaiiis, and liiyh Up a niouiilain f-ido, whither thu liail kd ii.<, wo hud ono of tho most inaji;nilic(:nt vi(;ws it wa-" ever our I'ortuuo lo Lchold. llundn'ds of ibct liolow nishi.d tlio torrent of tlio Alhaliaiua, now swollen to if.'i lieight, bearin,!;' ahnig great pino-trces like straws in tlio powerful euricnt ; around us, on c jry side, liugo .snow-eajiped niounlain.s tov/orod up, Avilh stranp) I'auta.slio peaks; in tho vuUoy Ijenealh, tlio litilo while l.udding, surrounded by a porfeit garden of wild llowers of tho most bril- liant and \i;rii-d coloars, cilgod along tho mouniain slopes by the brightest, green, (.'ros^ing iho A.lha- basea by rail, v,o now followed tho iMyette, wiiieli stream we wrro compelled to Iraverso no less than six times. Swollen like tho Athal;a';:-a, tho water.s ] aged and boiled round ilie great roiks and botilder.-i which beset its bed, and rusln.'d over the .'■.liouiderii of the horsi'S' as they stenuned tlio current ; several of tliem lost their looting, anil were borno lar away down tlio stieam. !Mr. U'JJ , having narrowly escaped ili>a.-tcr on two previous occasions ouco wlien on horseback, auil a,^■iiin when lording on foot, hero crossed triumphanily, laiMing on with bolli hands tu tiie ih.wing tail of tho doctor's horse. J. caving till! Myette, wo e.iiae upon several small s! reams running to tho west, and thus learm d that ^'.;• had uiiconMiously jiassrd tho hei;;!it of land, anil shoiily aitm' .struck tlie Leaser, a little above its expansion into iloose La'.o. Our couiso now lay along tho right bank of this river, and tho liaveliing at this point becauu) CNceedingly diliicult aiid hara:-.-ii:g. 'iho river and la!ce h:id ovirilowi d their banks up iotlu a'.Mos! perjicndictdar mountain- sidfs of the v;!lli,-y. Tiie trad was entirely under wal';-r, and for more than two (hiy.s wo v.'cre almost constantly wading, the horses being goueraliy uji to th' ir girths, or i!oating about in dcp Aval.r, to file great damage of lloiU' and iiemmican. At times iiccuiaidations of drift W(jod barred tho passage along tho shore, and we v.ero comi)elIed to scale tho ]iiountain-side ; many of tho hoise.s .slijiped and rolled down into the water, when wo liad to uajiai k them find cairyuj; iheir loads ourselves, to enable them to ve-ascci:il. Two of the animals strayed over the bank into t'lo .sircam, and were ,swej)t aw.iy in a moment. Une Y>'as rescued by the intre- jiedity of "The A--s;nibiiiii(>,''ilic oiherlo.-;, and with jiiin all our lia, salt, and tobacco, (jur i..-;;ruments, sjiaro clotlas, and ammunition, except v, hat we had on our ]H.'isons at tho tine. "Wo reached Teio Jaune's Caclie, on the west side of tlio iiKHinluins, on tho ' nil of July; but, although mo had crossed the main ridge, v.\) were still surrouralcd by snow- clad mountains, whicli stretched avvuy as far as the eyo could reach in every direction. At this place wo I'ouial two families of t^'houshwap Indians; they, liowever, ccadd give mj litilo information about the country to the south or west, and were unable to furnish us with a guide. "W'o now crossed the h'raser, and shuck almost duo south, following the emigrants' trail of the ])receding summer. At the jia^sage of the (..'anoo liiver, one of tho tributaries (if the Columbia, our ral't was carrird by the rajiid current uiuh r a larg'e pine which grew horizontally out of the baidi, and uU- lyoveihung the wa'^ r, in Vihieh ils lower branches were submerged. Tho raft was sucked under water, and its occupautd brushed olf like Hies; but, forLunalely, no lives worn lost. Tlu) provisional Were, however, considerably damaged by the water, and a portion of tho bnggagu swe[it away. Ill six days afier lea\ing Tho Cache we came to the junction of tho tv.'o main brandies of tho North Thompson. Tho trail now led up to tho north-wost branch in tho direction of Cariboo, but (luickly camo to an end. Tho emigrants had been compelled to abandon tho attempt to cut their way through to tho Cariboo district; and we afterwards iliscovercd their track following the main river to tho south. This wo jiursned for two days, when it also capo abrnjillyto an end in two largo camps, in which ; were strev,-n pack-saddhs and harness; and near at : liand great liees cut down, v>itli lieajis of cliips and splinters. Wo searched in every direction, but I could ilnd no track forward, TliO truth, serious enough, was nov.' forced upon us, tiiat the emigrants, dos[iairing of cutiing tlieir j way through forests so dcnso and encumbeiud, Li.d ; made large rafl.j, and thus descended tlio river to i .Kandoops. Tor us to iblicjv,' their exani[ilo seemed lo bo inijio-.-iible. To make a proper rail, with our weakened forces and ono small axe, would have occupied many days. Y/e coidd not abandon (Uir horses, which would probal'lj' be our only resource i'or fouil, fur our provisions wero now reduced to three days' rations. Is'or wero wo competent to nianage tliat most unmauaginible of all transports, a large raft, on a river full of rocks and rapids, like the Thompson. "We tliereforo decided to cut our way thnnigh tho forest. No ono who has not seen a primeval forest, whoro trees of gig:intie s'v/.o have grown and falieii undis- tnrbi (I for tiges, can form any idea of the collection of limber, or the imju'iielrablo character of such a region. The fallen trunks—greort, or dead, and in eveiy stage of deciiy — lay pih.'d around, lV(,'ipient!y i'orming barriers of tJx or seven feet high on every side. The giound in many parts was covered witli a thick growth of .Vmerican dogwood and aralea — the latter, a tongh-stemnied trailer, often growing as high as the bhinildei's, and covered on the stem and leaves with slmrp spines, which pierc(;d throngh our clothes, and made tho hands and h'gs of tho pioneers scarlet with myriads of punctures. Tho horsc.s met v.'itli continual disasters — nariiig in bogs, falling over rocks, or getting hel[ili s^dy enlangh d amongst tho i'allen timber. Wo reduced our meals to two a-d;iy, and those of the scantiest, eked out oceasicuially with partridges, skunks, squirrels, and marlens. ].)ay after day pa.-sed on, and there was no ajiiiearauce of mm-o open country, or any sign that man had over boforo visited lii;s dismal region. The obstructions continuid as great as ever, and wo had to keep chopping almost inces:antly from morning till night, the woman taking her turn amongst tho rest. On several occasions working hard all day, and not even rest- ing at noon, we did not advance a single mile. Wo made an attempt to escape out of the narrow Valh>y in which we wero conlined ; but tho mountain- sides ■\\ero too steep, and the horses rolled down ono after the other. On tho 7lh of August our piovisions camo entirely to an end ; and en tlio Oik v,e killed one of tho luu'ses, and dried tho meat. ;\Mhoug'i wo used the striclest cconemv, this 2U) I'llE QUlVEn. |.I)lci:mui:u Io, l^(il, -upiiiy l!i>(c(.l Ufi only niuo diiys. During this timo tho country Li'l'on* ih showi'd no sign ot' improvo- | nicnt. ^Vo wi'io slill shut in by lofty mountains, I ■ind thii Ibroft slmtchod iiway as fur na wo could ' MOO. TIki h()r^^('s lii'ciinio nioro nkolctonH, Iniving lived for wi'cUs oil iiuthini^ hut twign, or Hciiuty pitchos of ni!u>h uriiss iind iMiuisntuin. "Tho Assinilioin((" lu'iran to nuuniur loudly, docliuing it usoli.'s.s to utttiuiit to oxtri.'iito oursolvos, und Mr. t)'H— — to huuuut hia huid fiito with in- I'vcascd earnest ness. On tho 1 7th we leslcd in a dreary heavor swainp to kill another wretched unimul, and tho following ' day were inspirited hy observing the marks of an ! axo upon some timber. On tho 'Jlft wo observed the tracks of horses, ] and the next day hit upon a faintly-marked trail, ■ whoro the trees had been "blazed" a long time ! ago. and oh' niarleu-traps at intervals convinced ■ us that v>o laid at li.ii''th struck the o.stremo end ' of a trapping path from tho fort. I'ho valley bogan rapuUy to expand, tho hills bocaujo h)wer, and wo fairly shouted for joy as we emerged from tho gloom in which wo had so long been im- Iirisoned, on U> a beautiful littlo prairie, and saw )cforo us a moro open and park-liko country. Tlie trail was now good, and wo proceeded without much dilliculty. Our supply ot hor-io-llesh again camo to an end ; but, on tho 'J.'Jrd, wo mot with Indians — tho first human beings wo had en- countered since leaving Tete Jauno's Cache, six weeks l)eft)re. I'rom them wo obtained potatoes and berries, and ono of their number guided us within a few miles of Fort Kamloops, which wo reached on tho 'J9th, three months after leaving Edmonton. [Note.— Tlio map wliicli iiccoimianiog tliin urticlo hus lo-'ii KpociiUly eiii{ruved (or tlip piirpo^u, iind itll the places alliiiloil tu ill tbo text will bo foiiiid iiiiii'IclhI. Tlio roiito (olloweil t'ruui li'.-l liivur to Viotiji'ia is iiijioatod by tUii dotted line. 1 I'ho vulluy auio Uiwei , oi'god IVom bt'on iiu- («, aiul saw ntiy. Tin.' I'll williout Uubih agniii I mot with 3 hull 011- Cuclio, HIS. id potatoes guided UH which wo toi' leaviiii? icio has bu.n CCS allndoJ tu iVeJ from KuJ t^i-'iV.' " t. i-1- ■.<*v^'%r-:V.Ji;