IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I 1.25 16 3 •^ f SEP J4 2-2 2.0 U 11.6 fliotographic Sciences Corporation S A^' S: ^^ o •% V ^ V r^ <5^K\ 'o <^ > <*. n? 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SB0 (716) 872-4503 Pi7 , L-?/ f/i «!»■,* CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checlted below. Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur D D D Covers damaged/ Couverture endommag6e Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaur6e et/ou pellicui6e Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque r~71 Coloured maps/ D D D D D Cartes gdographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli6 avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serr6e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge intdrieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II r 9 peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 filmies. L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du point de vue bibliographiquA. qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la methods normale de filmage sont indiqu6s ci-dessous. □ Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur □ Pages damaged/ Pages endommag^es □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaurdes et/ou pellic'ides □ Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages d6coior6es, tachet6es ou piqu^es □ Pages detached/ Pages ddtachies □ Showthrough/ Transparence □ Quality of print varies/ Qualitd indgaie de I'impression □ Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel suppldmentaire □ Only edition available/ Seula Edition disponibie T t( n Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totatement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errava, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 film6es A nouveau de fagon A obtenir la meilleure image possible. T P o fi G b tl SI o fi si o T si T IV d ei b ri r( rr D Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppl6mentaires.- This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film6 au taux de reduction indiqu6 ci-dessous 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X y 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed har« hat bean raproducad thanks to the o*n*'^ositv of: Library Division Provincial Archives of British Columbia L'exemplaira film* fut reproduit grAce A la ginArositA de: Library Division Provincial Archives of British Columbui The images appearing hare are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Las images suivantes ont AtA reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition at da la nettetA de I'exemplaire film*, et en conformity avec las conditions du contrat de filmaga. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page v/ith a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last pago with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — h^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimAe sont filmAs en commenpant par la premier plat et en terminant soit par la derniAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou dMIustration, soit par la second plat, salon la cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmis en commen^ant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposuie are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartas, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dure filmds A des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmd A partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrnmmes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^asl^fctiehian Lf(:,f> {a/^^^- L<^-v\'J ,5(i square miles, or some 47,331,840 acres. In other words, it Is nearly as large as England and Scotland combined. Deducting, say, 10,- (XK),000 acres for water areas, town sites and brolcen lands, there is left 37,(X)0,000 for active farm cultivation, or homes for 116,000 fami- lies, on 320 acres, which is considered a iMTge property for a well-to-do farmer. There are many families doing well on half tliiat area, 160 acres, while a few of the wealthier hold more. A snug living and wiooej to the good can be made on the smailer farm, where the family Is not un- nmally Urge. As there are so far but 2T,OCIO actual farmers in the province, it win be seen there Is ample room for inany more. The land Is laid out In Method of blocks of six miles square. Subdivision, called townships. These lat- ter are again subdivided in- to 36 square parts called sections, one mile square, the mile being again subdivided into quarters containing IGO acres. The town- Ehlps in turn are all numbered from a prin- cipal meridian two mile? west of Winnipeg. The tiers of townships are numbered north- erly from the southern boundary of the pro- vince in ranges. From this class of survey the settler has no difficulty at any time in naming any location. It is simple and com- plete. There Is a road allowance around every section, or square mile, so any pro- perty is readily accessible by team, each quarter section or farm of 160 acres having a road allowance on two sides. 1762;')! MA XI Ton A. Conipiirntlvrly iiolliliiB wiih Growth known of tlit> iiKiiciiliiii-al of Population. c-apiiWIIItlfs of th<> coniilry iM'fori' 1S70, wlu'M it wiiH 'Je- tnclu'd from Ilti|H>rt'8 Lund (" Tlio (Siviit Lono Land ") under FIudsnn'H Buy Conipany ruld by Indians nnd lialf-breeda. At tliat time the popula tlon numbered about lO.UUU souls, not more than 1,()00 of whom were whites, and tiiey, for tlie most part, employees of tlie Mud- son's Bay Company. In 1881 the populi.-- tiou liad Increased to (5.'),(K)(). and at present It la about 27r>,(H»(). When Its wonderful capaliilitlcs are known to the thousands of people !n the crowded portions of tlk old countries nnd the non-productive sections of the United States, the increase will be more rapid than ever. In the olden time. H. B. Co. Fort The average snowfall of Quebec is 115 laches ; of Outui-io, iX> ; and of Manitoba, 62. It is not a country of deep snows— in short, railway trains are rarely blocked and seldom delayed by winter storms. These are also very important Water considerations for the settler. and Fuel. The country is everywhere at easy distances intersected by creeks and rivers, nnd many lakes of vary- ing dimensions exist, especially in the north- ern portion of the province. Some of these are well stocked with llsh and wild fowl, affording amusement and supplying valu- able articles of diet. Water In abundance, and of excellent quality, can also be got at depths varying from 10 to 40 feet In nearly ail portionii of the province. All of the sircnnis and lakes are skirted by blocks of tiniber which afford fuel for the settlers. One of the Qrat questions The Olimate. i sensible man will ask is : What is Its climate V If the cllnuite of any country is unheulthy, tliut country is undesirable, no matter what may be its advantages. The world's mortuary statistics show Manitoba to l)e one of the healthiest countries on the globe. .Malarial diseases are totally unknown In this country and contagious complaints are rarely lu-ard o". Manitoba is situated near the centre of the Canadian Nortli-west, but in the eastern por- tion of tlie wheat-growing belt. Its winters are cold, but, having a clear sky, and as a consequence absence of the humidity of other countries, the extreme Is not felt with the same severity of nmuy other northern dimes. There are no sudden changes, so that day In and day out the settlers dress for cold weather and tnjoy the season through. The winter mouths are from the 1st of December to the 1st of April, and the summer season from the 1st of June to the 1st of September. Spring and full are delightful and Invigorating. Tliere are also beds of mngnillcent coal in several portions of tlie province, which Is a guarantee of an ample supply of fuel for all time at a moderate price. By a wise provi- sion of nature, the timber bluffs, streams, Inkes nnd ground elevntlons preserve a humidity of atmosphere in the summer sea- son that prevents those hot. parching winds, on the low, level, unbroken prairies In that portion of the United States known as the American desert. Hurricanes and cyclones are not experienced In Manitoba. Although the country Is Topography. prairie. It Is In striking con- trast with some parts of western America. It Is not one monotonous level expanse, with nothing to relieve the eye. It is everywiiere more or less undulat- ing, dotted here and tliere with hills and valleys, very few of the former being rocky or barren, simply eminences affording good pnsturnge for nil domestic nnlmals. There Is here, as in all other coun- Soil. tries, a variety of soils, but what may be called the characteristic soil of Manitoba Is a deep black argillaceous MANITOBA. mould of loam resting on a deep clay sub- soil which ranlis among the very richest in the world. This the most capable chemists say is especially adapted to the growth of wheat, and practical every-day life fully verifies the statement. It is also very rich and stands more cropping without manure tEan any other surface linown to agricul- turists. Usually, the snow disappears early In April, and seeding begins a week or two later, the soil drying very rapidly on the surface. Tlie harvest begins about the middle of August Though it is but 27 years Oominercial since Manitoba was created Facilities- a province out of almost trnclvless prairie, railways now traverse all the settled parts of the Very naturally, an Intending Social settler with a family will In- Oonditions. quire, " What are the social conditions of the country V If I locate in Manitoba, shall I enjoy any of the blessings of educated life, or shall I be for ever shut out from all congenial society?" This country is so far settled with many of the best families of the countries whence they emigrated. It is nothing surprising to find college graduates worlcing their own farms, and the most experienced agricultu- rists, mechanics, merchants and men of all callings In the country towns and villages. The representative and gov- Oovernment. ernmental institutions are, with modifications, modelled after those of Great Britain. A Lieutenant- Frnirie travel as it was. province and bring within reach portions still open to settlement. Very few farmers are more than a dozen miles from a market or n railway, while thousands, of course, are wiihln two or three miles of one. Railway stations occur at intervals of about seven or eight miles, and at these are post oflices and villages of more or less importance, with elevators for the storage of grain, facilities for the shipment of ail farm products, and stores wliere anything required in ordinary life may be obtained. Governor represents the Queen, and tlie re- presentatives in the I.osiislature are cliosen by the people. In addlticjn, and for the man- agement of purely local matters there is a well approved municipal system. Ample provision Is made In Manitoba for the care and protection of tlie blind, the Insane. There is a home for incurables, a school for the deaf and dumb, hospitals for (he sick, &c. The existence of these in- stitutions Is, however, no evidence that the country has more than its share of the J 1 1 s. 10 MANITOBA. afflicted, as they were constructed for the care of those of the Territories to the west as well as for those iu the province of Mani- toba. There are a number of friendly societies in the province, with branches in the small- er places, and in many of the country school-houses which dot the prairie. Masonic and other lodges often meet, and gatherings of an intellectual character are frequently held. There is nothing laclcing in town and country to make life enjoyable that could be expected in any new country. An important consideration Educational fcr a settler here as elsewhere Facilities, is the educational facilities available ; and the school sys- tem of Manitoba, as now settled, is by edu- cationists claimed to be equal to any on the continent. Thie rural schools are about every three miles or so apart in the settled districts, and the system is free. There is no taxation of pupils for attendance. The Government makes an annual grant of a considerable sum to each school and all the expenses, teacher's salary included, are paid by this grant, and a general taxation of the land within the district, whether occupied or unoccupied, or owned by parents or those having no children. This assures the poor all the advantages of primary education that are enjoyed by the rich. The teachers are all skilled educationists, duly certificated. In these schools all the ordinary branches for every-day life are taught. In many of the village schools, where two or more teach- ers are employed, a still higher education is given, and in the city and town schools collegiate institutes are maintained where students are fitted for the several colleges at Winnipeg and other cities in Canada. One-eighteenth part of the whole of the "Fertile Belt" from Pembina to the Sas- katchewan, and beyond it, is set apart for the maintenance of schools. A few figures on this point will not be uninteresting. In 1871 the school population was 817, and now it is 50,093. In 1883 the average attendance was 5,064, and now It is 23.247. In 1883 there were 240 teachers in tlie pro- vince and the number is now 1,143, a^^out the one-half males, and there appears to l/C no scarcity, as 1,017 new certificates were granted during the past year. These figures show, on the average, one teacher for every 240 people, and for every 33 children. The entire value of the school properties of the country is now $750,351, or nearly $3 per head of the entire population, a condition of things to be envied by many an older coun- try. The average salary paid to teachers in rural districts is $308 a year, and the high- est in cities is $1,800. In addition to the teachers being all well certificated, the schools are inspected at Intervals by com- petent "^^eachers to see that the mo3t ap- proved aethods are fully observed. The scaools are unsectarian and are national in character, in which the secular branches and general public morality are alone taught during regular school hours, religion being taught, when desired, during hours set apart for the purpose. Ail re- ligious denominations, whether Christian or otherwise, enjoy equal rights, and Christian churches of various beliefs are found In the country towns as well as the cities of the province. In connection with education may be men- tioned the Government Experimental Farm at Brandon, where all the different kinds of grain, seeds, roots, vegetables, grasses, small fruits, trees and slu-ubs that it is sought to grow in the province are sown on all the varied soils which are found on the farm, and a faithful record of the results is pre- served for the information of the entire agricultural population of the country, and occasionally published in the newspapers, of which most of the small towns have one and the cities several. Similar experimental farms are to be found in the North-west Territories and British Columbia. In addition to this the Government sends around to the towns and villages a travel- ling school of dairy instructors. In these schools lectures are given, accompanied by practical operations, by competent men, in all the arts of cattle-raising, butter and cheese-making, &c., that all may learn the best methods known to the country without loss of time or mone'. to the settlers. Besides these, again, there Is a system of Farmers' Institutes, there being now 23 in tlie system, at which meetings are held at regular Intervals in the important points of the country. Practical men here make known their most successful methods of all farming operations, and those present inter- change their experiences. iAXATlON. 11 The adverse criticism which has been pub- lished once or twice by persons whose fail- ure in Manitoba was very easily accounted for, was based on a condition of things which time has materially altered. Lp to 1883 there were no railway facilities in the western two-thirds of the province except those furnished by the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. At that time it was nothing unusual to see farmers hauling their wheat by teams from 100 to 150 miles to the nearest market— a trip covering a whole week— -the expenses by the way con- suming half the proceeds, and a grocery bill at the market taking a great part of the rest. The construction of branch lines, the opening of municipal roads, t&c, now re- duces the prices of everything bought, and does away with many expenses formerly un- avoidable. In this country the rate Taxation. Is low ; it is only a few cents per acre, where the settlers do not impose burdens on them- selves, and under all circumstances is but a fraction of that in other parts of the continent and in Europe. In Canada the central or Federal Government does not tax the people to wipe out the Federal debt, which pays only three per cent, and is there- fore left undiminished. The Canadian debt was mainly created for the construction of railways, canals and other permanent pub- lic Improvement, and with its light rate of interest is comparatively but little burden on the people. As a result the Government is able to save heavy sums from customs, excise and other sources of indirect revenue, and give large subsidies to the several pro- vincial Governments. In Manitoba the sub- sidies so received amount to about $2 per head of the population. Consequently, the Provincial Government taxes but lightly for Its annual expenditure, a large portion of which goes to support schools, roads and bridges, agricultural societies for the benetit of the farmers, the maintenance of asylums and other public Institutions for the care of the aflllcted. The farmer is taxed to only half the cxten*^ o* the amount raised by taxation in the L ted States. There are In this country Exemptions, what are known as exemp- tion laws. These laws pro- tect a certain acreage and buildings, a cer- 2>4 tain number of cattle, horses, pigs and fowls, some household effects and a year's provisions from seizure for ordinary debts unsecured by mortgage. The honest man, will, of course, pay his way, but sometimes his calculations, the result of inexperience, do not turn out as he made them, when some protection against the exactions of im- portunate creditors may enable him to re- cover his position in a short time. Although one of the secrets Borrowing of success is abstaining from and borrowing, yet it sometimes Interest. happens that a loan is ne- cessary, and occasionally it is good business to make one. All English and Eastern Canadian Loan Companies have branches here who lend on farm securities at from 6 to 8 per cent per annum, and even lenders on chattel property are gener- ally satisfied with 10 or 12 per cent. Agriculture and its kindred Manufac- branches— dairying and stock- turing. raising— are the principal oc- cupations of the residents of Manitoba, but considerable manufacturing is also done. All the principal towns and villages of the province have large flour mills, the total output of these being 8,500 barrels dally, and elevators for the handling of grain whose total capacity is over 10,- 000,000 bushels. Oat meal mills are also established at Winnipeg, Brandon, Portage la Prairie and Pilot Mound. Blacksmith shops, carpenter shops, wood working shops, machine shops for repairing agricul- tural implements are also found more or less in every town and important village. The railway companies have large workshops at Winnipeg, Portage la Prairie and Brandon that give employment to many men. The demand for mills, &c., is of course always increasing as the country is brought more and more under cultivation, and the increas- ing population, enlarged facilities for busi- ness and travel combine to afford opportu- nities for the establishment of new branches of commerce by those who have a little money and a practical knowledge of the special business. No. 1 hard wheat fetches Agricultural the highest price of any Features. '" tlie country and is un- excelled by anv in the world. The soil is admirably adapted for tt MANITOBA. other grains and for all roots and grasses. Many farmers, and their nunil)er is Increas- ing, give even more attention to dairying than to grain-growing owing to the increas- ing demand for Canadian cheese and butter, both in Europe and in the mining districts of British Columbia. "Mixed farming" is now considered to be the most paying of agricultural pursuits. The following figures will show how Manitoba has progressed when it is remembered that only a fev. years ago bi.tter, oats, flour and nearly all the produco of the farm was imported from Eastern Canada or the States. For years the nutritious grasses Mixed of the prairies and thousands of Fanning, tons of hay in the low lands were allowed to go to waste for want of cattle to graze and feed upon them. Settlers are now availing themselves of this natural wealth, and are giving more atten- tion to stocli-raising. Last year (1896) the live stoclc in the province was as follows :— Horses, 94,145 ; cattle, 210,507, notwithstand- ing an unusually large export ; sheep, 33,- 812 ; hogs, 72,562. The area under wheat was Crops of 1896. 999,598 acres ; oats, 442,445 acres ; barley, 127,885 acres ; potatoes, 12,260 acres ; roots, 6,712 acres ; and the aggregate grain crop was 30,442,552 bushels, the yield of wheat being 14.433,706 bushels ; oats. 12,502,318 busliels ; barley, 3,171.747 bushels ; flax, 259,143 bushels ; rye, 52.255 bushels ; peas, 23.383 bushels. The yield of potatoes amounted to 1,962.400 bush- els, and of mangolds, turnips, &o., 1,898.805 bushels. Although the average yield of wheat per acre is smaller than usual, the great part of the crop graded No. 1 or No. 2 hard, as the expense of harvesting and threshing was not over one-half the cost of saving the phenomenal crop of 1895 and the marliet prices ruled much higher, as much money was actually realized by the settlers as from the more bountiful harvest of the previous year. For comparison with other years see page 72. The dairy industry in Mani- Dairymg. toba is making very rapid strides. Creameries and cheese factories are established throughout the country, wliose output is annually increas- ing. There were 2,245,025 pounds of butter produced in the province in 1896, of which 1,469,025 pounds were dairy butter, and re- alized good prices. Tlie output of cheese amounted to 98(i,000 pounds. ^ A Ciieese Factory. A careful estimate made by Cost of an Mr. Bedford, the superintend- Acre of ent of the Government Ex- Wheat, perlmentai Farm at Bran- don, of the cost of growing an acre of wheat Is $7.87 (£1 12s. 4d.). This was the result of an actual experiment on a yield of twenty nine bushels. The item of cost are : Plough.ng once, $1.25 (about 5s.) ; harrowing twice, 20 cents (lOd.) ; cultivating twice, 40 cents (Is. 8d.) ; seed, IJ bushels), 75 cents (about 3s.) ; drilling, 22 cents (lid.) ; binding. 33 cents (about Is, 4d.) ; cord, 20 cents (lOd.) ; stooking, 16 cents (8d.) ; stack- ing 00 cents( about 2s. 6d.) ; threshing, $1.46 (Os.) ; teaming to market, 4 miles. 29 cents (about Is. 2id.) ; two years' rent or interest on land valued at $15 per acres at 6 per cent. $1.80 (about 78. 5d.) ; wear and tear of implements, 20 cents (lOd.)— a total of $7.87 (£1 12s. 4d.) In all parts of the province. straw- Fruit, berries, raspberries, currants and other berries grow in profusion. Plums and apples of certain varieties can be grown, but at present they are more profitably supplied from Ontario, British Columbia and elsewhere. The fishing industry carried Fisheries, on on many of the lakes is proving very profltaI)l(>. Be- sides supplying the needs of the province in many varieties exporting to a consider- able value is often done. Lakes Winnipeg, Manltolia and Dauphin are the principal lakes of the province. I ■i I" I o 14 MANITOBA. For Inforniation on Who should come, these points read care- and when. fully what is said on the subject in tlie first portion of tbis pnnipblet dealing with Can- ada as a whole. (See pages 7-32.) But the consensus of opinion is that the intending settler should arrive in Manitoba in the latter part of March. The homestead regulations are subjoined, and give all information required. All even-numbered sections, excepting 8 and 26, are open for homestead entry (160 acres) by any person sole head of a family, or any male over the age of 18 years. Entry may be made personally at Entry, the local land office for the district in which the land to be taken is situate, or if the homesteader desires, he may, on application to the Minister of the Interior, Ottawa, or the Commissioner of Dominion Lands, Ottawa, receive author- ity for some one to be named by the intend- ing settler near the local office to make the entry for him. Entry fee, $10, or if cancelled land, $20. Under the law, homestead duties Duties, are to be performed by three years' cultivation and residence, during which period the settler may not be absent for more than six months in any one year, without forfeiting the entry. Application may be made be- Application fore the local -Agent, or any for Patent- homestead Inspector. Six months' notice must be given Id writing to the Commissioner of Dominion Lands by a settler of his intention prior to making application for patent. If the settler has money, he can Bnd farms well improved and in advanced culti- vation, when he can commence on as ex- tensive a scale as he likes. If he has but little means and desires to rent the first year he can get properties to suit him with or without teams, implements and seed, with the owner ready to assist him. As teams and implements can be bought on liberal terms by paying from a quarter to a third down, as land can be got anywhere by giving a portion of the crop as first payment ; and as seed can be got on time by giving a mortgage on the crop, a start can easily be made with little means ; but to succeed under such circum- stances, a good crop and fair prices, with great economy in the settler must follow. Other methods of Pdttling are open to the emigrant, but these are most commonly adopted. In all cases, it is very advan- tageous to the settler to commence with a couple of milch cows, some pigs and poultry, as they are very easily kept through sum- mer and winter, and are a great help to- wards keeping the family while the crops are growing. As is shown in another sec- tion, the settler should also see to it that in addition to his wheat crop, he should put in plenty of roots and vegetables for his own use, if not for sale. They grow with but little labour, and are a great assistance in' housekeeping. As perhaps the largest Railway Lands, holders of lands for sale in the province to-day are the Canadian Pacific Railway, it is desirable to know their terms and conditions of sale. Railway Land Regulations. The Canadian Pacific Rail- way lands consist of the odd- numbered sections along the main line and branches, and in the Saskatchewan, Battle and Red River districts. The railway lands are for sale at the various agencies of the company in the United Kingdom, Eastern Canada and the North-west Territories, at the following prices :— Lands in the province of Manitoba aver- age $3 to $6 an acre. Lands in the province of Assiniboia, east of the 3rd meridian, average $3 to $4 an acre. Lands west of the 3rd meridian, including most of the valuable lands In the Calgary district, $3 per acre. Lands In Saskatchewan, Battle and Red Deer River Districts, .|3 per acre. If paid for in full at the time Terms of of purchase, a reduction from Payment. the price will be allowed equal to 10 per cent on the amount paid in excess of the usual cash instalment TERMS OF PA YMENT. 15 and a deed of conveyance -will be given ; but the purchaser may pay In ten equal in- stalments, including Interest at per cent, the first of such Instalments to be paid at the time of purchase, the remaining instal- ments annually thereafter, except in case of actual settlers requiring the land for their own use, when the first deferred instalment shall fall due in two years from date of purchase, and the remaining eight annually thereafter. The purchase money and inter- est for 160 acres at $;i per acre, on nine years' time, would be ten equal payments of $01.52 each. For other quantities and at other prices the payments would be propor- tionate. The company reserves from sale, under the regulations, all mineral and coal lands, and lands containing timber in quantities, stone, slate and marble quarries, lands with water- power thereon, and tracts for town sites and railway purposes. Mineral, coal and timber lands and quar- ries, and lands controlling water-power, will be disposed of on very moderate terms to persons giving satisfactory evidence of their Intention and ability to utilize the same. Liberal rates for settlers and their effects are granted by the company over its rail- way. As other railway companies and large holders sell on something Hiie the same terms, the one set is a very good illustra- tion of them all. MANITOBA CROPS FROM 1893 TO 1896. WHEAT. Year. Acreage. Yield per A ere. Total Yield. 1893 1894 1895 1,003,640 1,010,186 1,140,276 999,598 bush. 15-56 17 27-86 14-33 bush. 15,615,928 17,172,888 31,776,038 1896 14,371,806 OATS. 1893 1894 388,529 413,086 482,668 442,445 25-28 28-8 46-73 28-25 9,823,936 11,907,8M 1895 22,556,738 1896 12,506,318 BARLKY. 1893. . 1894. . 1895. . 1896. 114,762 119,528 153,839 127,885 2,647,668 2,981,716 6,646,036 3,171,747 As has been mentioned elsewhere, the small acreage, &c., of 189G, was the result of the unusually large crop of the season before. It was not fully harvested until the ground froze up and left no time for fall ploughing for the crop of 1896. As It hap- pened, the spring of 1896 was also unusual- ly late, occasioned by the heavy rains. This forced much of the seed to be sown on the stubble without any ploughing at all, and from this lilnd of sowing come the averages given— a yield that could be got in few other countries from the same hurried and imperfect cultivation. 16 UAMTOBA -UH n m^ ° * > flll^ 03 ._ fl 2 o •" 4 C o cj t« I >> 5 ^ c <- " o 9 « 2--- S » a ^ . « W5. •azu.i i a o > 2 3 1-5 fc. CO M ^ CO iH •artwnfi ? * ^ N 1^ 55 5 CO rH •1«^>l w^^iig JO Bqi 1-37 2 16 1-t IN iH ■IlilV J" ""'ll I^IOX 33 50 56 75 if) ^ §? 72 25 31 25 iS IN CO o\^.-3 5°g i T3 H^ J'g tie fl £ 3 S? o o JS ;3=s 8 8 S 8 •>< O C5 M r1 rH M •)JUIAI«0 93UI8 8X«Q •sXup 'amUOUI '8J09j^ o in tH CO t: t^ C3 da ^ ^ -J •c -a O J3 e o o M .a 53 f © to o CO CO CO ^ O Q lO lO lO O L~ t— i -y^i s § s 3 g s i-i pti ^■ki c> o 00 00 e >n eo CO N CO IN CO So in ifs © lo t^ i^ c^ in t^ r- 00 C5 oi IN o r-l N iH rH CO 1H N © © CO i-H CO o ^ 00 CO CO © in in in 00 o i-l CO \ rii 00 ■ t t -ij 3) n •• fe Ul o » n •a ; M ^ ^ . "2 1 ■«a , j 'i 1^ i s ^ 1 1 i 'S c4 ^ J 18 AfAX/TOBA. I The country is everywhere free Helpful of Btimips and stones, nnd hut Kotos, little draining Is required owing to the porous nature of the soil nnd the configuration of tlie country. There are l)oard3 of trade in the chief cities and towns of the country that malje a study of its commercial and agricultural require- ments, and indirectly do good service to the agricultural classes. There are forty-seven agricultural societies in the province receiving about $32."» apie<"e annually from the Government to aid them In making up prize-lists for their yearly fail shows. Besides these there is an annual provincial e:;hibitlon. At the twenty-four Farmers' Institutes, scattered over the country, at meetings, at regular Intervals, all the improved methods of farming, cattle raising and dairying are discussed, and these discussions are of con- Biderable value to those newly arrived In the western country. The Government in addition to taking offi- cial precaution against the spread of dis- eases in horses and cattle from contact with animals across the line, take measures to prevent the spread of noxious weeds on the farms. The Government encourages, by the grant of a sum of money, the maintenance of a poultry association ; this leads to the im- provement in poultry breeds that places the province in the front rank. One of the best evidences of the success of agriculturists in Manitoba is that resident farmers Invest every dollar they can spare from time to time in buying more land for themselves and their families. During certain montlis, during harvesting and threshing a good man can usually get from $30 to $35 a month and his board, but a yearly engagement with a farmer is a matter of chance and negotiation. A man and his wife, if the latter understands the necessities of a farm are sometimes asked for. Out of the 100,000 head of cattle shipped from Montreal to Great Britain from the country last season, Manitoba and the North- west furnished 28,000, or more than the one- quarter. Manitoba now ships large quantities of butter and flour to China, and last year it ■ent 6,500 tons of flour to Australia. As an evidence of the growth of intelli- gence in the country tliere are sixty-three newspapers pulillslicd In it, one for every 4.01X) |)eople. sliowliig tiiat many read three or four newspapers. There aro no castes or classes In tiiis coun- try, all are e(|ual, and the lilghest pusltions In the gift of the country are open to any man who fits himself for it and has gained the general esteem of the people. Colonists having arrived How to Reach In Canada at Queb(>c or the Montreal In summer, or Canadian West. Halifax or St. John, N.B., In whiter travel to new homes in Ontario, Manitoba, the Territories. cr British Columbia by the Canadian Pacific Railway direct. Settlers from the Eastern States travel via Montreal, Prescott or Brockville, and thence by the Canadian Pacific ; but if from Southern and Western New York „. Pennsylvania via Niagara Falls, Toronto and North Bay, thence Cana- dian Pacific Railway ; those from the Middle States either by Toronto and North Bay, or by Sault Ste. Marie or Portal, Asslnibola, via St. Paul ; from the Western States by Portal (or. if for Manitoba, by Gretna, Man.) ; from the Pacific Coast States by Vancouver, Hunt- ingdon, B.C., Osoyoos or Kootenay. On the same fast trains with the first-class cars are colonist cars which are convertible Into sleeping cars at night having upper and lower berths constructed on the same prin- ciple as tliose of first-class sleeping cars, and equally as comfortable as to ventilation, &c. They are taken through, without charge, all the way from Montreal to Manitoba. No other railway can do this. No extra charge Is made for the sleeping accommodation. Second-class passengers, however, must pro- vide their own bedding. If they do not bring it with them, a complete outfit of mat- tress, pillow, blanket and curtains will be supplied by the agent of the company at the point of starting, at a cost of $2.50— ten shil- lings. The curtains may be hung around a berth, turning It into a little private room. In addition to this, men travelling alone are cut off from families by a partition acrojs the car near the middle, and smoking is not permitted in that part of the car where the women and children are. The trains stop at stations where meals are served In refreshment-rooms, and where hot coffee and tea and well-cooked food may nun' TO itkAcii the gasadias uaa/'. 19 b«> bonjjht at vit.v fonsonnblc prices. Tlie cars are uot allt>\vt'il to ln'coiiie overorowd- eil. and the safety and welfare of paHseii^ers are carefully attended to. Every ixisslhle care Is taken thai llie colonist does not ko astray, lose his property, or suiter Imposi- tion. Where a larjre nuniher of colonists are going to the west together special fast trains of colonist sleeping cars are despatch- e.l. No other railway In America olTers such good accommodation to colonist passengers. All trains are met upon arrival at Wln- nip»>g. or hefore reaching that city, by the air»Qt3 of the Government and the Canadian Paeidc Railway Company, who give colonists all the information and advice they require in regard to their new homo. In cases where some locality for settle- ment has been selected, at which friends are awaiting them, they are shown how to proceed directly to that point. If they have not decided upon such locality, but in- tend to seek a home somewhere further west, every information can be obtained at the Land Office in Winnipeg. Bpecial round-trip explorers' tickets can be obtained at the Company's Iwand Office, the full price of which will be refunded If the holder purchases 100 acres or more. In this way, land hunters are enabled to make a personal inspection of the land free of cost to themselves. Most men wish to examine and choose for themselves the section which seems to them the most suitable, and this Is strongly recommended in every case. They are as- sisted in doing this by officials appointed by the Oovernment for the purpose. Mean- while the family and baggage can remain at the Government immigration house In safety and comfort. Providing themselves with food In the city markets, they can cook their own meals upon the stoves In the house, and with the bedding that has served them during their journey, they can sleep In comfort In the bunk bedsteads with which the rooms are fitted. Should they prefer, however, to stop at an hotel, they will And in Winnipeg public houses of all grades, where the total cost for each person varies from $1 (4s.) to ?« (l-'s.) a day, according to circumstances, and boarding houses are numerous, at which the charges are some- what lower. 3K^ It sometimes hapi)cns that the Intending settler has not much more tiiaii sultliicut money to carry him as far as Winnipeg. In that case, he will be anxious to begin Im- mediately to earn some money. 'J'iie Domiu- l()n and rrovlnclal (Jovernmeiits have each an agency at Winnipeg whose business It is to be Informed wiiere laliour is needed. So- cieties representing almost all the nationali- ties of Europe have been formed in Winni- peg, and will welcome and see to the wel- fare of their respective countrymen. At certain seasons farmers are on tlie look- out for able men and pay good wages, generally averaging $15 (iH) to ^'20 (£4) per month and board, and during liarvesting as high as from $25 to $40 per month and board Is paid. The girls of a family usually tlnd employment In Winnij»eg and other towns, In domestic service, in hotels, shops, fac- tories and establishments employing female labour. Good wages are paid to capable girls, and IKtle time is lost in getting a situation. Settlers' ettects, viz. :— Customs Wearing ai)parei, household Regulations, furniture, books, implements n ' ools of trade, occupation or employment, guns, musical instruments, domestic sewing machines, typewriters, live stock, bicycles, carts and other vehicles and agricultural Implements In use by the settler for at hast six months before his removal to Canada, not to Include machinery, or articles Imported for use In any manufac- turing establishment, or for sale, also books, pictures, family plate or furniture, personal effects and heirlooms left by bequest ; pro- vided that any dutiable article entered as settlers' effects may not be so entered un- less brought with the settler on his first ar- rival, and shall not be sold or otherwise dis- posed of without payment of duty, until after twelve months' actual use In Canada ; provided also that under regulations made by the Controllei of Customs, live stock, when imported Into Manitoba or the North- west Territories by Intending settlers shall be free, until otherwise ordered by the Gov- ernor in Council. Settlers arriving from the Uijited States are allowed to enter duty free stock in the following proportions :— One animal of meat stock or horses for each ten acres of land purchased or otherwise secured under home- MAMTOBA. § Btend ontry, up to 100 acres ; and one slieop for eiicli Here so sociirod. Customs duties paid ou aninuilB boui^lit in excess of tliis proportion will be refunded for the nunil)cr appliciil)ie to an additional holding of 1(K) acres, wlien talien up. The settler will be required to fill up a form (whicli will be supplied bim bj- the cus- toms otlicer on application) giving descrip- tion, value, &c., of the goods and articles he wislifs to be allowed to bring in free of duty. lie will also be reiiuired to take the following oath :— I do hereby solemnly make oath and say, that all the goods and articles hereinbefore mentioned are, to the best of my knowledge and belief, entitled to free entry as settlers' effects, under the tariff of duties of customs now in force, and that all of them have been owned and in actual use by myself for at least six months before re- moval to Canada ; and that none of the goods or articles shown in this entry have been Imported as merchandise or for any use in manufacturing establishment, or for sale, and that I Intend becoming a perman- ent settler within the Dominion of Canada. Sworn before me at day of 189 The following oath shall be made by in- tending settlers when importing live stock Into Manitoba or the North-west Territories, free of duty :— I do solem'ilj' sw'ear that I am now moving into Manitoba (or the North- west Territories) with the Intention of be- coming a settler therein, and that the live stock enumerated and described in the entry hereunto attached, is Intended for my own use on the farm which I am about to occupy (or cultivate) and not for sale or sp' .Mlatlve purposes, nor for the use of any o hei per- son or persons whomsoever. Settlers' cattle when ac- Qtiarantine of companled by certificates Settlers' Cattle, of health to be admitted wltliout detention, when not so accompanied they must be Inspected. Inspectors may 8ul)ject any cattle showing symptoms of tuberculosis to the tuberculin test before allowing them to enter. Any cattle found tuberculous to be return- ed to the United States or killed without indemnity. Sheep for breeding and feeding purposes may be admitted subject to Inspection at port of entry and must be accompanied by a certificate signed by a Government Inspec- tor, that sheep scab had not existed in the district In which they had been fed for six months preceding the date of importation. If disease is discovered to exist in them they may be returned or slaughtered. Swine may lie aiimitted when forming part of Hi'Ulcrs' effects when accompanied by a certificate tluit swine plague or hog cholera have not existed in the district whence they came for six months preceding tlie date of shipment, when not accomitanied by aucb cortiticate they must be sul)Ject to inspection at port of entry. If found diseased to be slaughtered without compcusallon. A.— Carload of Settlers' Ef- Freight • fects, within tlie meaning of Regulations this tariff, may Ite made up of on the tlie following described pro- Railway, perty for the benefit of actual settlers, viz. : Live stock, any rumber up to but not exceeding ten (10) head all told, viz. : Horses, mules, cattle, calves, sheep, hogs ; household goods and personal proiierty (second-band) ; wagons or other vehicles for personal use (seconil- hand) ; farm machinery, implements and tools (all second-hand); lumber and shingles, which must not exceed 2,500 feet in all, or the equivalent thereof ; or in lieu of, not In addition to, the lumber and shingles, a port- able house may be shipped ; seed grain ; small quantity of trees or shrubbery ; small lot live poultry or pet animals; and suftlcient feed for the live stock while on the journey. B.— Less than carloads will be understood to mean only household goods second- hand ; wagons or other vehicles for personal use (second-hand), and second-hand farm machinery. Implements and tools. Less than carload lots should be plainly addressed. C— Merchandise, such as groceries, provi- sions, hardware, &c., also implements, ma- chinery, vehicles. &c.. If new, will not be regarded as settlers' effects, and if shipped will be charged the company's regu'"- classi- fied tariff rates. D.— Should the allotted number of live stock be exceeded, the additional animals will be taken at the ordinary classified rates, over and above the carload rates for the settlers' effects, but the total charge for any one such car will not exceed the regular rate for a straight carload of live stock. (These ordinary tar'ff rates will be furnlslied liy station agents on application.) E.— P.nsses.— One man will be passed free In charge of live stock when forming parts of carl' !i(ls, to feed, water and care for them In transit. Agents will use the usual form of live stock contract. F.— Top Loads.— Settlers are not per- mitted, unfer any circumstances, to load any article on tlie top of box or stock cars ; such manner of loading is dangerous, and is ab- solutely forbidden. ir 22 M Ay iron A. 1 G.— Carloads will not be stopped at any point short of destination for the purpose of unloading part. The entire carload must go through to the station to which originally consigned. H.— Carload Rates.— The rates shown in the column headed " Carloads," apply on any shipment occupying a car, and weighing liO,- 000 pounds (10 tons) or less. If the carloads weigh over 20,000 pounds, the additional weight will be charged for at proportionate rates. (Example : $20."> " per car " is equiva- lent to $1.02i per hundred pounds, at which late the additional weight would be charg- ei). If PROFESSIONAL OPINIONS, Prof. Tanner, one of the Lest Professor known authorities on agricullure Tanntr'& in Great Britain, says : " I am Opinion, bound to state that, although we have hitherto considered the black earth of Central Russia the richest soil in the world, that land has now to yield its distinguished position to the rich, deep, black, soils of Manitoba and the North-west Terri- tories. Here It iT that ' the champion soils of the world ' are to be found." Professor Fream, of the Royal Professor Agricultural College. Oirences- Fream's ter, England, says : " Nothing Opinion, in connection with the North- west is, perhaps, mere ;nis;ip- prehended at home than the nature of its climate. Old notions, and particularly erro- neous ones die hard. That in the North-west the thermometer as a rule gives higlier read- ings in the summer and lower in the winter than we are accustomed to in the old coun- try is perfectly true, but in estimating the character of a climate it is wrong and mls- leadiug to be guided by the thermometer nlone. The atmosphere possesses otlier pro- perties besides temperature ; it can tell a tale to other meteorological instruments be- sides the thermometer. On physical grounds, it is easy to understand how the dwellers in the North-west can endure a winter tem- perature which in our own climate would he intolerable— the dryness of the atmosphere is their protection. " Moreover, the frost which locks up the land for months in tiie winter is really a serviceal)le friend to tlie prairie farms. The inoistu"e wliicli permeates the soil expands in the act of freezing, and this causes a min- ute separation or disruption amoufrst tln' particles of ploughed eartii, so tliat when tlie thaw comes they fall apart in a desirable slate of tilth which it is well nigh Impossi- ble to bring about by the work of any agri- cultural lnii)lement. Frost is a good sersant to farmers, and one tiiat works wiiiiout pay." SETTLERS' OPINIONS OP THE COUNTRY. The following are extracts from the re- ports of Mr. Reuben Shelton, of the Grange Farm, Ruddington, Nottingham. England, who was one of the delegates sent out by the English farmers :— " After having travelled across the Do- minion of Canada, from the eastern coast to the western, a distance of over 3,000 miles, and having been driven over more than 1,000 miles of her agricultural districts, I can con- scientiously say (and i liave all through felt the responsibility of my ? osition as a dele- gate) that I like her land, I like her laws, and I like her people. Of the general high standard of quality of tlie land, I do not believe there can be any doubt in the minds of men who have had the privilege of see- ing so much of it as I have done. There are witliout doubt many millions of acres of as iine, black soil, easy working, fertile land, awaiting oettlement in the north-western territories as the most fastidious farmer could wish to cultivate. " From the abundance of testimony of set- tlers who have been out farming in Canada for the last ten or fifteen years, together with what I have seen, I am quite convinc- ed that many a man there has been getting a very satisfactory return for his labour and small amount of capital, while many hav(> been struggling and failing in the atteTupt to make ends meet in the old country, where successful farming generally is now a thing of the past. I feel every confidence in re- commending Canada to the notice of all classes of British agriculturists, but es- pecially to young, strong men, with or with- out capital, vLo are blessed with habits of sobriety, industry and perseverance." Lippentott, Oct. 30th, la^C I came from Northumberland British county, England, eleven years Settlers' ago. I had no capital and had Testimony, to hire out first. I took up a homestead and have now the patent for tiie same IGO acres of land, it be- ing the N. E. 2-11-29. I had 53 acres crop and lii summer-fallowed. The wheat yiel.i- ed 18 bushels, oats 49 busliels per acre. I have four head of horses. JOHN DONAHOE. Hamiota, Nov. 3, 1895. I came from Wexford county, Ireland, In the fall of 1881, to this part of Manitoba, and took up a homestead and pre-emption the ITtli Mar"h, 1882. 1 performed the homestead duties and got the title of a free liomestead in 1885. 1 then entered for a second homestead. I got what was my pre- (mption as a second home^tc.id, and have now completed the duties on that. I air. now applying for the title for this second free homestead, it being 320 acres of land \ I SETTLERS' OPIXIOXS OF THE COUNTRY. 23 ii free from the Dominion Government. This past season I liad about 110 acres in crop, and some of tlie wheat yielded 40 bushels per acre. I a;n well satistied with my pros- pects In Manitoba. RICHARD BOLTON, of Si Sec. 24-14-25 W.M. Carberry, Oct. 20th, 1803. We have a fine district Scandinavian around Carberry. The soil Is Settlers easily cultivated ; there are Testimony. no stones, and the soil Is suitable for all kinds of grains. We had a very fine harvest this year. It has been fine growing weather here the whole summer. There are seven Scandi- navian families settled in the vicinity of Carberry, and they are all farmers. There are a number of Scandinavians working for ihe farmers around here, and that Is the class of people we need In Manitoba. As for myself I wish to say that I worked In the country In Denmark until I was 21 years of age, and then left for Canada, and work- ed for farmers in Ontario for 6* years, and after that went to Manitoba in 1879, and took the homestead where I now live with my wife and six children. We have also bought 160 acres of Canadian Pacific Rail way land. Thus we have now 320 acres, together with cattle and Implements ; the total value (*f which is about |7.uOO. Let us hear from any one who has done better. MUSSEN. Baldur, Man., 30th October, 1896. In the fall of 1893, I emigrated Trom Ice- Ian! and reached this colony without money and almost without " a shirt to my back." I was indebted to the e.\tent of about %'AQ for fares, &c. As soon as I arrived here. I started work In the harvest Held for $1.00 per day and board. I am now possessed of 30 acres of good land on which I have built a comfortable house, a stable, and a henhouse. All my property is now valued at $750. Those who are acquainted with uiy condition In Iceland can Judge of the pro- bability of a man's chance in that country of making progress equal to this in two years. HANS KRIST.IANSEN. Plumas P.O., Man., Nov. 10. 1895. I have lived in Richmond Township, Muni- cipality of Wcstbourne, for over eighteen years. When I arrived in this province 1 bad only a few hundred dollars capital. Seventeen years ago I bought a quarter sec- tion on which I have since lived ; have also purchased an adjoining quarter section. This year I had 145 acres under cultivation. My buildings consist of stabling for about 40 bead of cattle, inipienient s.iods, granary room for 4,000 bushels of grain and a com- fortable house. These buihllngs are insured for $1,200. I have a band of 20 horses, good general purpose stock, 25 to 30 head of cat- tle and about a dozen pigs, besides poultry. This year I had 70 acres of wheat, 16 of barley and 30 of oats, which yielded 2,000 bushels of wheat, 400 of biuiey and 1,250 of oats. I do not stable my cattle, but provi'le them witli sheds and let them run out among the straw stacks. Horses winter on the prai- rie here until Christmas. In all my experi- ence here of eighteen years I have only had my crop touched with frost once, in 1884, and then it brought 50 to 55 cents per bushel. The climate and soil are all right. There is '\n abundance of water and ricli pasturage m this neighbourhood and a choice market and comparatively near at hand. If a man comes to this country willing to work he can make a good living. JAMES ANDERSON. Kola, October 3rd, 1895. I came from Lambton County, Ontario, Canada, In the year 1889, and took up a homestead the 25th May, 1889, it being the north-west quarter of section 12 9-29, about 17 miles from Elkhorn on the Canadian Pacific Railway. My time is overdue now to have my title for the free homestead. I did not apply for it yet as I had no oppor- tunity, but I was in no great hurry for that. I have four horses ; about 100 acres have been cropped in 1895. The wl;eat yielded 25 bushels per acre. I have not threshed all the oats yet, but what was threslied yielded 40 bushels per acre. I had about $500 worth of stock and farm Implements Wihen I came to the country. JAMES McGILL. J. F. Hogan, the well-known Irish-Aus- tralian member of the Imperial Parliament for Mid-Tlpperary, says : " Manitoba Is a most progressive province. It receives emi- grants from all quarters of the world, and is therefore a most cosmopolitan community. It has an immense and very fertile terri- tory, which is now being filled up by good emigrants. I was very pleased with the various settlements I visited in Manitoba, and I venture to prophesy that it will short- ly be one of the most prosperous and popu- lous sections of the British Empire." Willow Bank Farm, Nov. 25. I came from Glasgow, Scotland, and have been farming in this district for nearly 15 years. Have had always goods crops of wheat, but as I am engaged in mixed farm- ing, do not grow lui -h of that <'ereal. Cattle and sheep do well and fatten on the prairie grass, but with a small grain ration are much improved and are eagerly picked up by shippers for the English market. My capital on reaching this country was less than $1,000 (£2lR»), but $600 now would have as much purchasing power as the former sum in 1882. I own a half section of land, 35 head of cattle, 8 horses, a full line of MANITOBA. implements and a good dwelling house. The climate is very healthy. We have a family consisting of ten children, but have never been under the necessity of requiring the services of a doctor. There Is still a num- ber of free homesteads within easy distance of Plkhorn, and railway lands can be bought uear town at $3 per acre, on easy terms. I say to the industrious, come, there is room for thousands of tillers of the soil in this great country. I will be pleased to give any information required. ROBERT BICKERTON. Hartney, Nov. 22. I left County Grey, Ontario, for Manitoba in the spring of 1882, my only capital being one team of horses. Working the first sea- son on the railway, I took up this home- stead and broke twenty acres in 1883. From this time on I have increased the property year by year, and now own 480 acres, 320 of which I cropped last year, and averaged 37 bushels of wheat per acre, GO of oats, and 45 of barley. I have li) horses and $3,000 worth of building improvements on my homestead. I am satisfied that there is no other country that offers tlie same chances to hard-working men with small capital as Mar.itoba, and those having capi- tal, of course, can do better. WILLIAM BARBER. Lucas, Nov. 2, 1895. I came from Essex County, England, in 1890 with a young family of 8 children. I had nc capital, and landed in Montreal with only $20. I had to subsist on that and on wliat I earned. I came to this part of Mani- toba and took up a homestead in .Tune, 1891, commenced the improvements that same season. I then broke 25 a tos. Now, this season I had 05 acres in crop. I have not tlireshed yei, but I expect to have at least one thousand bushels of wheat and at least seven hundred bushels of oats. I have about 80 bushels of potatoes. I have 8 horses, 1 colt and 13 head of cattle. 1 have a liouse 10x20 ft, worth $140. also an addition 12x12 ft. I am about building a stone house. I have 2 stables and granary and 2" acres fenced. I am satisfied witli my prospects in Manitoba, and I am certain that my fellow- countrymen would do well in this country. SAMUEL RlClIARn.SON. of 22-11-25. "Westhome Farm," Gladstone P. O., Man., Nov. 1, 1895. I came to this province in March, 1888, and began farming on Sec. 9, Tp. 15, range 12, in the municipality of Westbourne, town- ship of Blake. I brought out material for a house in one car, and settlers' effects in another. I occupy a whole section of land and it is all Inclosed by fence. I have about 225 acres at present under cultivation. 1 had about 150 acres under crop this year. My threshing statement is as follows :— Wheat, 3,353 bushels ; oats, 1,390 ; barley, 44(} ; flax, 14 ; total, about 5,200. By weight the wheat over-runs about 12 bushels to the hundred, oats weigh about 90 pounds to the bag. All the work in connection with' rais- ing this amount of grain was done by two men, except the assistance of a boy of 15 years for a little over a month, during cut- ting and stacking. There is no part of the province that I know of that is as well suit- ed for mixed farming as the county of West- bourne. There is an abundance of natural hay, and grain of the best quality can be raised. I have never gone extensively into stock. At present T have eight head of horses, 22 head of cai le and a few pigs. I have pasture inclosed for my stock and do not allow them to run at large. The supply of water on my place is equal to the best I ever found in Ontario. Good wells can be had by digging 10 feet. The soil is a black sandy loam, very productive and very easily worked. Four small horses can easily plough from four to five acres in a day with a gang plough. I believe in summer-fallowing and hope in future always to have at least 75 or more acres and never to take off more than two consecutive crops. The chief town in this county is Gladstone, on the M. & N. W. Railway. This town suf- fered from the effects of the boom, but is now making substantial progress. R. Muir & Co. have recently erecied a first-class roller mill, supplied with the latest and most improved class of machinery. Westbourne in the east and Midway in the west are both risinrr towns. Midway this year has had tlirce elevators put up. W. J. EMERSON. G. N. STEWART. If further direct testimony is desired, apply to the High Commissioner, 17 Victoria St., S.W. London, or to the Commissioner of Immigration at Winnipeg, Manitoba, for a copy of the l)ook, " A Few Facts," which contains tlio answers of a number of west- ern settlers to a ser'3S of questions put to eacli of tliem. t I I Two stacks of wheat. NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES HE North-west Territories of Can- ada comprise the larger portion of the Dominion outside the boundaries of the different pro- vinces. This vast portion of the North American continent was, until comparatively lately, an al- most unknown region, ruled over by the Hudson's Bay Company, and popular- ly looked upon as an inhospitable country, good lor nothing but the production of fur, and affording inducements only to the hard." explorer or searcher after big game. With the ncquiremeut by the Dominion of Canada of the rights of the Hudson's Bay Company in 1870, and the formation of the province of Manitoba out of a small por- tion of the Territories, came more enlighten- ed Ivuowledge of the natural advantages which the newly-acquired portion of the Do- minion offered to those in search of homes, and of the existing favourable conditions for agricultural or pastoral pursuits, and the rapidly extending limits of settlement and railway construction, together with iutelli- gent exploration and systematic observation of climatic conditions, which have since taken place, now enables us to realize and confidently assert, that within these Terri- tories is situated the largest unoccupied areas of good Land on the Nortli American continent. In this extensive settlements have been made and large districts await only the transforming influence of the in- dustrious husbandman to be converted into happy and prosperous homes. The North-west Territories extend Extent, from the International Boundary, or 49th parallel of latitude on the south, to the Arctic Ocean on tlie nortli, and from Hudson's Bay on the east to the Rocky Mountains on the west. This vast extent of territory, covering an area of some 1.402.- 800 square miles, and embracing some twenty degrees of latitude nnd fifteen de- grees of longitude, naturally includes witli- in its limits many districts, of great extent in themselves, which show marked ditTeren- ces from each other in climalie and toi)0- graphical features. In attemiitiiig to give any adequate description of tlie Territories as a whole, the natural divisions as marked by those differences should, of course, be 26 NORTH- WEST TERRITORIES. dealt with separately, but for present pur- pos Saskatchewan Ulver, and most of the new settlement has taken place In the Immediate vicinity of this road. Larpo settlements have, however, been formed on the north side of the river in the vicinity of the Sturgeon River, and to the east near Beaver liake and the Battle River. The town of Edmonton, which The Ohief Is situated on the Saskatchewan Town, River at the point where it is reached by the railway line, Is in the centre of a thickly-settled locality, and In common with other centres which have rapidly spr"ng up throughout the dis- trict, affords facilities for all purposes of trade. In addition to being the centre of the lurge agricultural settlement along the Sas- katchewan River, and to the north of that stream, Edmonton Is one of the largest markets for raw furs in North America. Fort Edmonton was the northern centre of the Hudson's Bay Company's fur ,rade a century ago, and has continued to be the source of supplies for trappers and traders, who in e.xchauge bring the large catch of fur from the country betweea the Saskatche- wan River and i;he Arctic Ocean to the town for sale. The Edmonton district Is Farmiiig also the centre of placer and mining for gold on the Sas- Oold Washing, katchewan River, an aver- age of about .$50,000 worth of gold having been washed each year from the bars and banks of the river for some years past. Placer mining in the district Mas commenced about the year 1863, and in the early days $10 to $15 per day was the . .erage pny made by tlie miners; during recent years, however, the average has been about $1.50 per day. In 1890 over 200 men, many of whom were settlers in the district, were occupied in placer mining on the river, over a distance of about 100 miles on eacli Bide of the town of Edmonton. New interest has been lately aroused in the possibilities of this industry, from the fact that some Americans who made tests in 1896 found that only about ten per cent of the gold was saved by the hand " grizzlies " used by the miners. These prospectors took away Rich Land, specimens of what Is called " black sand," whhh they smelted by a special process and discovered that each grain of black sand was largely composed of platinum and gold, and when properly treated yielded very paying returns. This sand had formerly been washed back Into the river by the miners who used pick, shovel, and grlzzlle, but these recent dis- coveries, together with the confidence showa by those who have brought In extensive ma- chinery to treat It, has attracted consider- able attention to the Edmonton district, and the Saskatchewan placer mines, and the home market created by this mining de- velopment will prol)ably accelerate the agri- cultural development in the district very materially. St. Albert, nine miles west Other of Eilmonti'ii is probably the Settlements, oldest settletueut in Alberta. The village of Fort Saskat- chewan, twenty miles north-t-ast of Edmon- ton is also the centre of large settlements. Along the line of the Calgary and Edmonton Railway, the other towns or villages .-ire South Edmonton, Leduc, Wetasklwln, La- combe, Red Deer, lunlsfail and Olds, all centres of prosperous settlements, while In the easteru p .rtlon of the district at BuEFalo Lake, about 4(i miles east of I^acombe and at Devil's Pi'ie Lake, 18 miles from Innis- fail, a luini'/er of stockowners have settled and own large herds of cattle and horses. Homestead lands may still be To obtain obtained near any of the towns Land. mentioned, within easy distance of the railway, and the railway company hold desirable lands for sale at reasonable prices on easy terms of payment. Northern Alberta is well watered Rivers, by the Saskatchewan River, the Red Deer River, and the Battle River with their many branches. The Athabasca River also enters the district on the north, and its brandies, the Macleod and Pembina in the north-west portion of the district are the scenes of active placer mining operations during the summer months. Besides these rivers there are numerous lakes in almost every part of the district. Lac la Biche In the extreme north-east has a large settle- ment of half-breeds, Lac Ste. Anne in the north-west is anotlier large lake where a NORTH- WEST TERRITORIES. number of settlers are located. Beaver Lake, Saddle Lake, Egg Lake, Buffalo Lake, and Devil's Pine Lake, are other prinoipal lakes near all of which settlements have been founded. The rainfall in Northern Alberta during the summer months is sufficient to ensure good crops, and in the Edmonton district heavy yields of all kinds of grain and root crops of first-class quality are raised each year. SASKATCHEWAN. The district of Saskatchewan embraces that portion of the North-west Territories lying to the north of the province of Mani- toba and district of Assiniboia, and to the east of Albtrt.^., and extending to the north up to the north boundary of Township 70 of the Tominion Lands system of surveys. The district embraces an area of about 107 - 000 square miles, a considerable portion of which is, however, contained in the wooded portion of the Territories and unsuitei to the lmmed,''te roquireraents of settlement. The southern naif of the district is traversed from east to west by the Saskatchewan River, and the valley of this important stream, with the country immediately ad- jacent thereto has long been famed as a de- sirable field for immigration. The country has, however, until quite recently been with- out railway communication, and settlement hvs been very much retarded by this fact. However, in about the cen- The CUef tre portion of the district a Settlement. tiirivius settlement has sprung up in the vicinity of Prince Albert, which is reached by a brancli from the main line of the Canailinn Pacitic ilailway, running nortli from Kegina in As- siniboia, the capital of the -pstern territory, and considerable settlp'uent lias also tiiken place along the South Saskatciiewau Uiver, which joins the main stream near Prince Albert and to the cast of this stream in the Oarrot River district. Further to the west some flourishing set- tlements are to be found near the town of Battleford, and I'orth of that point ranch- ing is carried on rl)al alterations. Tlie aboli- tion of riparian rights and vesting the con- trol of tlie water in the one strong central authority of the Governmeut \Yas the most important feature of tlie Act. In considering tlie qi >stion it will be well to bear in mind tliat lie best American autliorities are agreed tha. the arid and semi-arid portions of the L-.!*"d 'S^a^ra, whicli can bo rendered useful for agricul- tural or pastoral purposes only by the arti- ficial application of water, include an area of llvte hundred millions of acres. In the States immediately adjoining Canada, irri- gation is being developed with great vigour, IRBIOATJOX. 37 as a glance at the following table will show :— Under ditch. Acres. 1,200,000 1,250,000 200,000 25,000 100,000 125,000 3,038,400 4,200,000 Under cultiva- tion. Acres. Idaho 330,000 Montana 410,000 Nebraska (west of i)7°) North Dakota 40,000 2,000 South Dakota 50,000 Oregon (east of Cascades) Wyoming Colorado 45,000 180,000 1,757,100 These figures are compiled from the report of the " Office of Irrigation Inquiry," Wash- ington, published in 1892, since which time a large increase has been made. So far as the Canadian North-west is con- cerned, out of about two hundred millions of acres of land, between the Red River of tlie Nortli and the Roc'-;y Mountains, avail- able for agricultural and pastoral purposes, not more than about one-fourth, or tifty millions in all, require the artificial applica- tion of water. The necessary worlds are being pushed for- ward with great energy, and at this date (November, 189(5) one million five hundred tliousand acres in the country lying between the Missouri Cot^\u1 and the Itocl;y Moun- tains on the east and west respectively and between latitude 52° on the north and the International Boundary on the south, liave been topographically s".iveyed for irrigation purposes. GENERAL REMARKS. The foregoing brief romarlis regarding the Provisional Districts into which that portion of tlie North- west Territories at present at- tracting f e attention of immigrautp Is divided, have been confined to general des- criptions of the chief characteristics of the districts in (luestion. The following is more detailed information regarding points wldch are common to the Territories as a Wijolo or ap))iicable to partlcidar localities, and which are of special interest to our intend- ing settler. In all the settled portions Schools, of the Territories most liberal provision is made for scliools, and new schools can be formed in nnj newly settled district where there are twelve chil- dren of school age. About seventy per cent of the cost of keeping the schools open is paid by the Government, and In consequence the school taxes paid by the settler are very small. Provision is also made by the law for iiigh schools and teachers' institutes, and the incoming immigrant will find that the school system in the Territories has been fornmlated on a very liberal and enlightened basis. All the religious denomina- Churches. tions are represented in the Territories, and many tine churches are found in the larger centres. Throughout the country districts the school- houses are largely used for Sunday services by the different missionaries who visit the settlements from time to time, and in almost all parts of the country the settler can attend the service of his particular creed by driving short distances. In i!ll the larger towns Stores, Banks, and villages throughout Mills, &c. the Territories and at many scattered points in the thidily-settled districts, stores are found which supply all possil)le wants of the set- tler in tlie way of farm implements, ov sup- plies of any kind, and the prices ciiarged are, as a rule, very reasonable, an ' the goods supplied of goou quality. Brandies of the chartered l)anks have been opened at all the larger towns, and private banking in- stitutions do business at nuuiy of the smailer points. Money order brandies are connected with the principal post ottices throughout the Territories, and the Dominion Express Company, which has agencies at nearly all railway stations, carries on a very simple and cheap system of money order exchange. Grist mills and elevators are in operation at points where grain raising is the principal business of the settlers, and creameries have been opened at a large numlter of places where dairyin.g is carried on. These cream- eries are operated under Goverument super- vision and witli Government aid, and the settler owning a few cows is thus enal)led to get a good cash price for any mlllc he may have over and above his own wants. Cold storage wareliouses. breweries, meat packing establishments and other manufac- turing estal)iishments are in operation at dllTeicnt points, and tlicse are lieing rapidly added to as tlie country develops. NORTH- WEST TEhRITORlES. Ltunber & Build- ing materials. !n the wooded portions of the Territories the set- tler has uo difficulty In obtaining timber for the construction of his house, and outbuildings, but in the plains region manufactured lum- ber has, of course, to be largely used. >!auy saw-mills are operated in Alberta along the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, and in the north along the Saskatchewan River, and agencies for tlie sale of lumber have been located at all centres of settlement In the Territories. Manufactured lumber and shingles of first-class quality are also shipped in from the timbered areas in Bri- tish Columbia, and the immigrant's wants in this way can be readily supplied at rea- sonable prices. Liberal provision is made in the Government regulations to enable settlers to get timber for building, fencing or fuel on Government lands where there Is any timber available. In the wooded portions of the Ter- Puel. ritories. the settler has no difficulty in obtaining a good supply of wood for fuel, but in the plains or prairie sections the item of fuel is a somewhat serious one. Fortunately, however, nature seems to have foreseen this want, and has provided a bountiful supply of coal, vast deposits of ,' iiich are found at a number of points In AlLerta. Extensive colleries are now oper- ated at Canmore, LethbridgC; Edmonton and Anthracite, in Alberta, and at many other points small mines are worked for the im- mediate wants of the surrounding settlers. The coal mined at the first three of the above-mentioned points is bituminous, while that at the latter, as lud'cated by the name. is anthracite of flrst-c'ass quality. Coal is also mined in south-eastern Asslnibola, and although of the lignite family, makes fairly good fuel. Settlers Hving in the Im- mediate vicinity of these mines get their fuel supply cheaply, but at present the price Is rather higher in localities remote from the point of production. One of the most important Markets. features requiring consideration In a new country Is the question of a market for the products which the set- tler has for sale. In the eastern portion of the Territories there has always been a good market for the wheat which Is there the staple product, but further west, par- ticularly in Northern Alberta, and to the east in the Prince Albert district of Sas- katchewan, the markets have not been so good. This condition has, however, during the past year been materially changed, owing to the rapid dev^elopment of the min- ing districts In British Columbia and to the east of Manitoba, and during the year 1896 a good market was found f»r everything produced. This change has also affected the ranching industry, for although there has been a good demand for some years past for the best quality of beef for shipment to the English market, the increased demand for the liome market, has Increased prices con- siderably. The question of a ready cash market for everything which can be pro- duced may now be said to be satisfactorily settled, and the incoming settler may feel assured of be'ag able to dispose of any pro- duce he may have to sell, at remunerative prices. An V.W Tc.ini. s o it s TBE YUKON GOLD FIELDS. 41 Geol. Surv. Rep. HOOLE'S CANON. „ _ , ^„ Circumstances, the mining camps have been THE YUKON GOLD FIELDS. ^^^„ ^^^ ^^^ ,^ ^^J^^^ ^,„„gi^ „!,, ^H The greatest gold discovery of recent years ^^^^ communities in Canada, quiet and free has been made in the North-west Territories ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^,^^^ detachment of the of Canada. No sooner has the great wealth Mo^tli-west polic- proved ample authority of the gold and silver quartz mountains of j^^ ^^^ ,jiaincenaLc. of order. But the en- British Columbia become known to the world ^^^^^^^ quantity of gold brought out by a than tidings were received of fabulously ^^^ prospectors resulted in a rush such as rich gold diggings on the Yukon and its ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ j^^. ^^^^ ^.^^^^^ ^^^ j^ tributary streams, particularly on the Thron- ^^^^^^^^ necessary to provide more amply for duick. or, as it is more generally called, the ^^^ ^^^^^^ .^,j„.^g companies obtained char- Klondike, as well as on the Bonanza, the ^^^^ ^^ ^,^5,^ railways from the coast to the El Dorado, and other creeks. This district adjoii's the United States territory of Al- aska, and approacfhes on the north very nearly to the limit of the Arctic circle. It head of the inland navigable waters, with the intention of there building small steam- ers. This work was l)ogua by one or two companies in the summer of 1S97, though is a country of severe winter and very ^^^ ,_,,^^ ^^ ^^^^^, travelling facilities of any short summer, and so far as can be judged, eonsequence for tliat year ; the two Ameri- principally valuable for its minerals. But ^^^ companies of Alaska doing nearly all of Its richness in that respect there Is no ^^^ „„^.„^^^ ^^ conveying prospectors and doubt, and it is impossible at present to ^..^^..^.^^ ^,,p ^^^^ ,^ ^^ ^^^^ ^,,^ ^^^ limit the locality from which gold will be ^^j^^ Government of Canada, in 1897, rein- *"^'^®°' forced the detaclunent of mounted police to The principal drawback, hitherto, has been a strength of 100 men, and established stop- the difficulty of getting into the country. i)ing places or refuge posts here and there It was necessary to go round by ocean between the sea and the Yukon, in order steamer to St. Michael's in Behring Straits, that communication might be open by means and from tliere by a light draught river of dog trains throughout the winter. A cus- steamcr, in all about 3,000 miles, at great toms officer was sent to the divide and regu- cost, or else to cross the mountain divide lations promulgated as to the terms on carrying provisions on the prospector's back, which mining claims could be taken up and and build boats on the other side to get held. Considerable hardship will be under- down to the Yukon. This also involved ex- gone by many, who. contrary to advice, in- pense, hardship and danger. Under these sisted upon making their way Into the coun- 1762r»l 42 NOllTHWEST IBRRITORIES. try dUi.ng the past summer, but the arrange- ments in progress during the full of the year will result In making the Yukon as accessible as many of the mining districts of British Columbia, a short time since deemed Inaccessible, but now served by com- petiut; railways. '"urther information. If required, can be obtiiiued by writing to the High Commis- sioner for Canada, 17 Victoria Street, Lon- don, or for rates of passage, &c., to any of the agents of the Canadian SS. Compi^uies at London, Liverpool, Glasgow, or to the officers of the Canadian Pacitic Railway, 67 King William Street, London, and at Man- chester and Liverpool. Persons on the American continent desir- ing information can write to the Secretary, Department of the Interior, Ottawa, or Commissioner of Immigration, Winnipeg, Manitoba, or M. B. Mclnnis, 1 Merrill Block, Detroit, Michigan. TESTIMONIALS. The following are a few out of many simi- lar letters from settlers giving the result of tlieir work :— Uegina, Nov. 4. Eleven years ago I came from London, England, and had no money wlien I came. I now have valuable Improveineuts on my land, and own fifty head of cattle. I would not live in England again if my fare was pai"iug in the wa.v of farming operations."— A. II. Price, North Fryeburg, Maine ; F. A. Russell, Andover, Maine. " I will only say that I saw the best wheat, oats, barley potatoes, cattle, and land tliat I have ever seen. I thiuk it Is the place for a poor man."— S. G. Pollard, Essex, Vt. " The best wheat, oats, potatoes, barley I have seen at Prin(!e Albert and Stony Creek."— Ezra Rinney. Jericho, Vt. " It is the best place for a poor mun to make a home for his children."— W. A. Pol- lard, Westford, Vt. " I can most heartily recommend It to any one who wants a cheap home with a good living and money laid up for the future."— Arthur Ellis. M NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. " The soil Is wonderfully rich, producing a variety of luxuriant grasses that make the finest hay In the world. There is no place in America where a man can create a com- fortable home In so short a time, and my advice to every young and middle-aged man is not to allow this land to be taken or given to railways without making a selection first, as no doubt these fine farming lands, that are given by the Canadian Government to those who wish to become settlers will be very soon taken and made ' homes plenty.' " —A. F. Go£f, Richford, Vt. " I consider the country well adapted for mixed farming, and the pioneers have little to contend with In making a home for them- selves and families compared to what the old pioneers of the New England States had."-E. J. Wilder, Sheldon, Vt. " I should say that the country would make a flue home for a young or middle- aged man. The lands are so very low In price or free to homestead that those who go there with the intention of getting a home in earnest must succeed."— M. W. Bounds, Enosburgh Falls, Vt. TESTIMONY PROM NORTHERN ALBERTA. St. Albert, November 10, 1896. I have lived In Northern Alberta since 1887. and during that time have never had a total failure of crops. At a low estimate, I am $20,oC0 better off financially than when I started. Money can be made farming here by hard work, judgment and economy. We have a good, healthy climate. It is not necessary to house cattle at all ; they do well In open sheds. This is a flrst-class dairying section. Vegetables grow well, and there is a large variety of wild fruits. WILLIAM GUST. Lacombe, November 13th, 189G. I have great pleasure In telling you what I think of this part of the North-west (North- ei'n Alberta). It will be the outcome of four years' residence. I must preface my re- marks by saying that I have old country agricultural experience extending over thirty years, obtained in eight* different counties. I am well pleased with the country and can recommend It with all sincerity to the farm- er, be he small or large, who means work. The climate (am just returned from a three months trip to England) I prefer to that of the old country. GRIFFIN FLETCHER, J.P. Mornlngslde, Alta., Nov. 9th, 1896. Having been asked to give the public my opinion about this country of Alberta, I give it with the greatest of pleasure, as I have travelled a good deal. I came from Man^ toba about one and a half years ago, having lived down there for a number of years. 1 have taken up a homestead ten miles from Lacombe. I have a good garden in this year and believe that roots of all kinds will do Aery well here. Having travelled quite a little from Edmonton to Calgary, am pretty well acquainted with the country, and I think that any one coming here with a little means can make a good home, fully better than any place I know of at present, as timber for building can be had pretty handy; also lots of hay, and good water. I believe there is a great prospect ahead for this country, especially in stock raising. J. BLACKSTOCK. Beaumont P.O., Alta., Dec. 1, 1896. I removed to Alberta from the County of Kent, Ontario, about eighteen raontus ago, this being my second harvest. I have 3,000 bushels of grain, 500 of which is wheat, grown on twelve acres of laud. My oats will go 80 bushels per acre. We have black olay loam ; also lots of good timber and water. Potatoes go about 300 bushels per acre. EDWARD TOWNSEND. Wetaskiwln, October, 1896. I left Mancelona, Michigan. April lOth. 1894, arrived In Wetaskiwln April 18th, had a good look at the country until August, then located within five miles from Wetas- kiwin. I like the country well. Of course 1 came here without anything ; now I have a comfortable home and plenty to cat, which I would not have had if I had stayed in Michigan. If any one wants a free home for ten dollars and would like to raise cattle and horses. I know of no better country. Horses need no care summer or winter ; abundance of hay for the cutting. LEVI BitADSHAVV. It would be impossible in the space at command to print a tithe of the letters re- ceived from settlers in the several districts referred to in this pamphlet, but a small book entitled " A Few Facts " containing answers to a series of direct questions put to settlers In western Canada can be ob- tained from the office of the High Com- missioner for Canada, 17 Victoria Street S.W., London, England. THE FIRST QUESTIONS ASKED Q. Where shall I arrive in Canada ? A. At Quebec between 1st May and I2th November, or at Halifax between 1 2th November and ist May, or thereabouts. Q. How shall I know what to do, or where to go when I leave the steamer ? A. You will be met by a Government official who will give you every infonna- tion you desire and will advise you, it you wish to be advised. You will be taken direct to the Government Immigration Hall, where you can remain without charge until the time for your train to start. There you can buy your ticket (if you have not already done so) for any part of Canada, can change your English money into Canadian money, and can purchase any provisions you may require for your journey, at the most reasonable prices. If you are a single man you will probably prefer to buy your meals at the stations on the road as you go along, at a cost of from lo cents (5d.) to a shilling per meal. Q. And if I arrive in winter ? A. You will find the same kind of accommodation and the same oflficials at Halifax. Q. How do I go on to Winnipeg in Manitoba, or to the North-west Terri- tories or British Columbia ? A. By train in colonist sleeping cars. These are built on the principle of a regular sleeping car, the seats of which are converted into beds at night, and there is a cooking stove at one end of the car. CUi the way you can buy bread, milk, and small articles at many of the stations along the road throughout the whole distance, but before starting you can obtain all detailed information as to what you can do, and what you had better do and better not do, from the Government Agents at the Immigration Hall. 46 THE FIRST (JLESTIOXS ASKED. Q. And when I arrive in Winnipeg, what tlien ? A. Assuming that you have made no definite plan for yourself, you will find a Government Immigration Hall at the station, where you can remain a week if you choose. If you have a wife and family witli you, then your best plan will be to leave them there and go out and select the land you intend to take up. Registers (if imoccupied Government land are kept at the Hall, and registers, maps, &c., of railway lands fcjr sale can be seen in the office at the station. And you can go on to Brandon, in the western part of Manitoba, or Lake Dauphin, in the northern part, and there find a Government Agent and accommodation as at Witmipeg. Q. If I want to go on beyond Manitoba, into one of the North-west Terri- tories, do I get any help there ? A. Yes. At Calgary, in Southern AU^erta ; at Edmonton, in Northern Alberta ; and at Prince Albert, in Saskatchewan, there are similar Government institutions. At all these places there are lists of lands available for settlement, and registers for those wanting to hire men for their farms and for those who want to find work on farms. Q. If I find land I like elsewhere than at one of these places, have I got to go back there to register it ? A. No. There are land registration offices at Winnipeg, Brandon, Minnedosa, Lake Dauphin, in Manitoba ; at Alameda, Regina, Yorkton, Prince Albert, Battle- ford, Edmonton, Calgary and Lethbridge, in the North-west Territories; and at Kamloops and New Westminster, in British Columbia, besides in that province wherever the Provincial Government have their offices. At all these places there arc shops where anything an intending settler requires can be purchased. CAUTION. — A newly-arrived person should remember that while the Gov- ernment makes every effort to further him on his way in safety, it cannot protect him against the consequences of foolish conduct on his own part. If he prefers taking the advice of strangers to that of officials whose only desire is to help him, he will have no one to blame but himself if he finds he has made a mistake. If he has money dealings of any kind with chance acquaintances, he may or he may not have to pay for his experience, and at certain times he will find himself approached by apparently disinterested people who will advise him not to settle in Canada, but to go to the States. These men are American agents who are paid by one organization or another to catch unwary immigrants. They should be told politely but firmly that their advice and infonnation is not required. l! 1 H I J o * 73 1 :5 [ THc: PINK TINT INDICATES BRITISH TtRRIT wtm CHART SHEWING CANADA IN IMMIGRANT OUAKAHTIHE ' TATTONS ..-^ . n .i,U„l ri al Ha.if, GroftBC i^'- CAFTI-E QUAi Q Smemon. 0-- ..hr BRITISH I'ERRITORV CAN ¥ING CANADA IN GEOGRAPHICAL RELATION WITH EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES. f^tili^t pr" nt HflMffv. KAiLWAVU '#* rANAOOlN R*ltW«Y» IN OPfl>»IlOh »BE DITTO ' ' PnOjeCTEO, Aft£ £ RAILWAY CONNECriON5 IN UNITCn STAT ADA 'M\ ^*'>\ '**> -t w . ShC. >iM"* " " ^ " n T or A B RE (HOWN IN PI LL RID LINEI. I SMOWK IN ooite; ■ «Ttl >K OLAClt LII.L