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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour etre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film6 d partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche S droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^'OJ'A scotiajYA LIRR/\RY OF m\lENT OF EDUCATION Section II, 18S1. [ 41 ] Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada. IV. — First Siege iduI Gnpture of Louiahoartj, 1745. By Sir Adams Archirat", iC.C.M.G-. (Presented by Prof. G. Lawson, May 25, 1887.) Few ev(Mit,s in history aro more rcmavkal)!*' than tho sico-e and rapture of Ijonisbourg in lt45. The ri'ssion of Acadia to Eni^land, in 1713, had left Cape Thvton tho chief pos- session of the French in the G-iilf of St. Tja\vn'n(^e. Thenceforth it became th»> setth?d policy of France to construct in that island a fortress of the iirst ordt^r, to be the head- quarters of the French ileet in American waters. Crn-at care was taken in the selection of a suitable spot. Seven years of surveys, and numberless reports by engine(>rs, resulted in the selection, for that purpose, of a place known as "Eniilish Harbour," situated on the east coast of the island. This harbour is close upon the Atlantic. In half an hour, a ship passes from a tempestuous ocean to a haven of jierfect security. The harbour winds inland to a distance of six miles from its mouth. It has a width at the narrowest part of about half a mile. The average depth of the water is from six to eight fathoms. The harbour is spacious enough to hold the entire British fleet. Across its mouth, there stretches, from the shore on the left of th(> entrance towards that on the right, a belt of low, rocky islets, protecting the harbour from the waters of the Atlantic. This belt exterds to within a quarter of a mile of the high and rugged coast on the right. The only ship entrance is between the furthest islet of this belt and the shore on the right. On passing into the harbour, the coast line on the left is found to recede, so as to form a cove. From the shore of the cove the ground rises gently to a moderate height, and this spot was selected for the fort, whi>'li fronted on the water of the cove. The ground consisted of an area of one hundred acres. For the five and twenty years next following the selection, the best engineering talent of Europe was emjiloyed in the construction of the fort and its appendages. Aiound the central area, a wall or rampart of stone was raised to the height of from thirty to thirty-.six I'eet. The wall was over two miles and a half in length. A fosse of eighty feet in width encompassed the walls. The central area was laid olf in regular blocks, the streets crossing each other at right angles. Besides barracks, magazines and hospitals for military pur- poses, the French authorities erected a government house, an opeia house, a theatre, and other secular buildings appertaining to a capital city, as also churches and other reli- gious edifices. In the construction of the fort and city they spent over thirty millions of livres. They made it the strongest fortress on this continent and thought it im- pregnable. They chose new names for the island and fort. The first was no longer to be called " Cape Breton," though that luime was itself French : thenceforth it was " Isle Eoyale." " English Harbour " ceased to be a suitable name : it became " Louisbourg." The new !Sec. ii, 1887. 6. JVOJ'J SCOT I A J\' A LIBRARY (W THE DEPARr.\i;-:Nr of education 42 SIR ADAMS ARCHIBALD ON titles were signilioant. "Isle Royale" sixgjre.stiHl counection with the throne, " Louis- boiirg" with the person, of the Grrund Moimrque. Besides the fort iself, there were outlj'ini? po^ts of great strenu'th. A powerful battery, on one of the low islets we have mentioned at the mouth of the harbour, commanded the narrow ship-entrance between it and the shore on the right: and far up the harbour, ou a lofty hill facing the entrance, stood the grand battery with an armament of the heaviest guns. It also commanded the shiii-entrance. Thus Louisbourg. strong in itself, with two immense batteries commanding- the harbour's entrance, towen'd proudly in these northern waters, and was the terror of the English colonies from the Strait of Canso to the mouth of the Hudson. In 1745, the fort was garrisoned by *700 regulars, and 1,000 militia, under command of Duchambon, who was also the French governor of Isle Koyale. For a century befon; that time. Nova Scotia had been the border-ground between the English and the French on the Atlantic coast. The province was alternately British and French, as the fortune of war determined. But every time that it was wrested from France, the conciuest was the work of the British provincials. The possession of Nova Scotia by the English was to the provincials a vital point. When Nova Scotia was French, the border-ground shifted to New England. Th(^ peninsula was a wedge between the two powers. So long as the contest was confined to our soil. New England was comparatively safe. The long peace between the two crowns ended in 1744. The French had taken care to despatch a fast ship at once to Louisbourg to convey tht; news. The governor of Isle Royale, tlie predecessor of Duchambon, had immediately equipped an expedition, under Duvivier (a descendant of the famous La Toxxr) and made a raid on Nova Scotia. The only military posts at the time in this province were Canso and Annapolis. A garrison of eighty men occupied a block house at Canso, which was in no condition to sustain a siege. They surrendered on the first summons. The block house was destroyed, and the garrison sent to Louisbourg, prisoners of war. The plan of operations contemplated that Duvivier, after taking and destroying the block liouse at Canso, should proceed with his Ibrce of 900 men (regulars and militia) to Annapolis, there to <'orabine with otlier parties, who were to meet him there, in an attack on that place. The fort at Annapolis was in a ruinous state. The place might have been taken with ease, if Duvivier had carried out his project with vigor. But a series of blunders occurred. First, the priest Le Loutre came upon the scene at Annapolis, with 300 savages from Cape Sable and the River St. John, on .July 1st. This party speiit some time investing the fort, but having no siege guns, they did little damage, beyond shoot- ing a soldier or two, who were found straggling outside the fort. At length Le Loutre, disheartened by his failure, and hearing nothing of the other parties who were to Join him, raised the siege and retired to Minas. Next came, in August, Duvivier with his troops, and a body of Indians. They, too, failed, and retired to Minas. Last of all came some ships of war from Louisbov;rg. Finding, on their arrival, that both the other parties had come and gone, the ships contented themselves with capturing a transport or two, and then retired from the scene. Nothing could have saved Annapolis, if the several parties of the enemy, or any two of them, had reached the spot at the same time. The destruction of Canso and the attack ou Auuapolis seriously alarmed the people THE SU'T.K OF LOUISHOURG. 43 of New Enu'liuid. They wcro suro thon('. Louisl)Ourg, only a lew miles oil', sheltered the French privateers and oomniauded the iishery, and from it armed ship,-i eonld swoop down at pleasure on any part ol' the Atlantii^ coast. AVith Louisbourir, the only port of any im- portance in these northern waters, the provincials saw nothinu' bel'ore tiiem but di'striiclion to their commerce and to their settlements. They then began lo turn over in their minds, whether it would not he possible to get rid of their trouble by a bold stroke on Ijouisbourg itself It is uncertain who it was that oriuinated the idea : but to Shirley, the Massachu- setts governor, is certainly due the credit, if, under the levies were completed : 4,070 men were enrolled and ready to sail. The greatest enthusiasm prevailed. It was not a question merely of politics or of tradi>: the feeling was laru'cly religious. The savau'cs who raided the British settlements, and massacred and scalped the inhabi- tants, were, in name, Roman Catholics. The settlers gaugi-d the creed the savages professed by the outrages they practiced. The Indians were under the guidance of Roman Catholic priests. In the rude logic of the provincials, they inferred that it was " like master like man." Hence hatred of Romanism became in New ICnii-land a living force, drawing in tb.e same line with trading interests and national hatreds. Many of the volunteers enlisted from religious motives. Whitlield. the great English Evangelist, wh', was in Massachusetts at the time, furnished a motto to be inscribed on th(> banner of the expedition : A7/ ilex/xriiniliini Chrido dure'. " Despair not with Christ for leader." The sentiment was appropriate. It was the motto of a forlorn hope. Humanly s()eaking. success, in such an expedition, was impossible. If it came at all, it must be the result of divine interposition In the eyes of the adventurers, the age of miracles was not past. They believed that in so sacred a cause miracles might still be wrought, and when we see what a continuous series of marvellous events actually did occur, we cease to wonder at the credulity of the adventurers in considering themselves the special favorites of ProvideniH*. The volunteers wt're farmers and mechanics, traders and labourers. They were utterly undisciplined. They had never seen anything of war, except, perhaps, a skirmish with a band of savages. They were to be led by one Pepperel, a merchant, with no more ex- perience of war than thmnselves ; and they wi're to set out on an expedition against the strongest fort in America, defended by a garrison of regular soldiers, and having behind it all the resources of the French monarchy. Such an undertaking required faith and enthusiasm of no ordinary kind. The expedition was to sail from the mouth of the Pisquatiqua on March 24th. Besides ■ 44 Slli ADAMS AUCIIIHALD ON thrt tiansports, thirtoeii small, armed vessels, bclonginn' to Massachiasctts and the other New Kiii^land rolouies, carryin!* in all 100 s>'uns, accoinpanicd the expedition. Shirley had hoped to securi! the assiNtani'e of the iiritisji ileet on the station, and had written to Coiniuodore Warren, who was then in the West Indies, askini; his aid. The answer reached Shirley the very day hel'ore the expedition was to sail I'roni Pisquatii'a. Warren declined: he had no orders from the Admiralty, and would not ait without them. This was disiouraginir. But Shirley did not hesitate. He concealed t'^e news from all except Tepperel and Waldo, the lirst and segan. What was the relief of the provincials, when they discovered that the shii)s were British, and shortly afterwards that they were three of Commodore Warren's Ileet. r,)me to take part in the expedition I It turned out that the very day after Warn-n had despatched his letter to Shirley, orders had reached him flora the Admiralty to sail at once to Boston and join the expedition. He set sail forthwith, and having, on approaching the coast, learned from a merc'hantman, that the expedition had already s.uled, he proceeded at once to Canso, to the intense relief of Shirley and of the two commanding ollicers to whom the secret of his refusal had bet>u confided. Another jiiece of good fortune occurrred during the stay at Can.so. A French brig from Martinicjue, laden with rum and molasses, and bound for Louisbourgh, was prevented by the ice from reaehing that port. She put into Canso and was captured. The cargo was a A'aluable addition to the commissariat of the expedition. But what were the authorities at Louisbourg about all this time? Strange to say, they knew nothing of the expedition. Louisbourg is distant from Canso less than thirty leagues. For three weeks, a Ileet of I.'jO sail had been lying at Canso, and not the slightest hint of the fact had n'ached Louisbourg. Across the strait from Canso lay the French village of Ncrica, (now " Arichat"). The Ileet was visible from the shores of Isle Madame. Yet it lay for three weeks in sight of Ncrica, and not a nnin in that place was found to carry the tidings to Duchambon. Port Toulouse, as it was then called (now " St. Peters"), was within a few miles of Canso. It was garrisoned by French .soldiers under the command of Capt. Benoit. Surely in a time of war that ollicer should have THE SIKUK OF LOUISHOUH(J 45 advist'd his superior at Louishourg of the large llccl in his in'iirhlmrhood. Ho did not, liowcver. Alter Warren reaehed Canso he sent some ol'tlie smaller vessels lo cruise backwards and forwards, in iVinit ol' Lonisliouri;- harbour, to prevent any I'lendi vessels iiovering oil' the coast Irom t nt 'riny, should a gap appear in the ice belt. These were seen by people on the shore, and the I'mt reported to Duchambon. This did not alarm him. lie assumed that the vessels were l"'rench. waitinii' an opportunity to enli'r the liarbour. Every year a supply ship, despatched linm Hiest, reached the coast early in the spring. lie took I'or granted tliat one at least ol' tlie cruisers was the expected supply ship. Still h(> thought it might be worth while to make some inquiry whether there was anything going on at Canso to excite suspicion. He ai'cordingly sent a niessage to Capt. lienoit at Port Toulouse, directing him to make inquiries. That oiilcer desi)atched thriM! men on this service, a soldier, a habildiil and an In.lian. They proceeded to Canso, landed on the shore opposite the islaiul, and nuide their observations ol' the state ol' things there. They thi-n set out on their return to Port Toulouse. f)n tln'ir way they met a temptation that they could not resist. Accident gave them -the opportunity of lalling on a small j)arty ol' iMiglish and making lour of Ihcm prisoners. They then i>rocee(led homeward with their laptivcs. One niuht they all stretched themselves out by the camp lire. The messengers vveri^veary and soon fell asleep. The prisoners seized the opportunity, released themselves from their shackles, and killed their captors. The tidinus of the doings at Canso perished with the messengers. The commander at Port Toulnuse lost his men. The governor at Louisbourg remained as ignorant as ever of what was going on at Canso. At last, on Sunday, April 'JOth, the wind shifted, driving the ice seaward, and leaving the shore clear. The expedition sailed at once. It reaclK'd Chapeau IJouii'e ((}al)arus) Bay, back of Louisbourg, and was within a couple miles of the fort, on Sunday evening, lint the wind died away and it was impossible to land then. The lleet lay oil' till the morning. At early dawn, the Fren, steering in a direction towards White Point, immediately in rear of the town. Duchambon at once despatched a body of eighty men towards the point, under connnand of a famous partisan oftheiuime of Morpen. The boats a|)proached within a short distance of the shore, then veiM'cd aboiit and returned towards the lleet. There they were Joined by a niunber of other boats, fully manned, that been hidden behind the tran.sports. waiting the return of their com- rades from the feint on White Point. All then made for the shore of Gabarus Bay, at a place som<> two miles distant from White Point. The Morpen jiarty, seeing their mistake, marched at once for the new landing plaoiii that i)()inl tlicy ovt-rlookt'd (lie fort. Tlu-y shewed themselves lor a monieiit on the erest of the hill, then uttered a deliaiil shout to the soldiers on the walls. Then they plunyed ai^ain into the forest on the hill side, and made their way towards the upju'r part of the harhour. Two miles above the fort, on the edu'e of the hari)our, stood several warehouses lilled with (luantities of pitch, tar and other iiillainmal)h's. To these they set (ire. In an incredibly short space of time the whole was one mass of llame. The smoke irom the burning buildiiiirs and miiti-rials wa.s driven by the wind in the direction of the grand battery already mentioned. The garri.sou of this post thought that the wliole British force was upon them. They immediately reported the state of things to I)uchaml)Oii, and obtained his consent to abandon the battery: lirst spiking their cannon. In hot haste they acted on this permission, hardly taking time to spike the guns eil'ectually. They escaped to Louisbourg at miuiiight, leaving the French ilag floating on the stall'. Next morning Col. Yaughan, on returning from his reconnoitring expedition, with a small detachment of thirteen men of whom one was an Indian, came in sight of the ])attery. The Hag was llyiiui-, but he was surprised not to see any smoke issuing from the chimneys. Alter waitinir a while, and sei'ing no appearance of motion or life in tho fort, he sent the Indian to scale the wall and ascertain what all this meant. The Indian, on climbing up, found that the fort had been abandoned. He then opened the gate and let his comrades in. Vaughan immediately ordered the French Ilag to be hauled down, and having none of his own to replace it with, he directed one of the men to nail a soldier's red coat to the mast. lie then sent a message to the general, informing him that "by the Grace of God, and the courage of thirteen men, he was in possession of the grand battery," and asked for a rei-nforcement and a Ilag. Hut it seemed for a while as if Vaughan was not likely to keep his nev\' poss(>ssion long. Duchambon, ashamed apparently of the cowardly abandonment of the battery, sent next morning a body of sixty soldiers, in boats, to retake the fort. Vaughan saw tho boats leaving the wharf, and steering towards the foot of the hill on whi(;h the battery stood. He immediately rushed with his thirteen men to the shore, and opened lire on the boats. This was returned vigorously. For many minutes there seenu'd no hope of successful resistance, but Vaughan and his men were determined to sell their lives dear. They continued their lire. At length they had the satisfaction to see the boats turn about and head towards the town. The little band marched back in triumph to their battery, where they were soon joined by sixch a rei'iiforcemeut as put the reten- tion of the post beyond the region of doubt. An immense number of powerful guns, and a great quantity of shells and other war material were found in the battery. The gunsmiths, of whom there were many in the ranks of the volunteers, soon drilled out the spikes, and within a week, the powerful armament of this battery was turned against the fortress it was built to protect, doing, with its plunging shot, inlinite damage to the walls and buildings of the beleaguered fort. At the same time, the invading force, after reaidiing the crest of the hill, were gradually advancing their batteries down the hill side, sloping towards the fort. Each battery came nearer and nearer the walls. F>om these batteries and from that which the thirteen men had captured, a constant cannonade was kept up. At last, a battery was constructed within the eighth of a mile from tho walls, and played directly on the west gate. The balls from THK SI KGB OF LOUISBOURG. 47 this jwiiit rak('vn to be there by all tho French governors of the period. No time was lost in raising them to the surface, and making thorn ready for use. They were dragged to the siti' of the proposed battery and duly mounted In a few days they were playing on the island battory below, doing elfective work. By and by, some larger guns and a mortar procured from the camp were, with infinite dilficulty. added to the armament. Then tho new battery began to makt> fearful hovoc with its plunging shot on iho island fort, dismounting tho guns and driving away the gunners. In a few days the island battory was as good as silenced. We have already mentioned that the French government were in the habit of sending every spring from Brest, a ship with supplies for Louisbourg. The ship generally loft in time to rea," the Miir(|uis de Maisou l'\)rte, on approaihin-^ the coast, descried the "Mer- maid," one ol' Warren's sniall shii)s ol' war, and innnedialely i^ave chase. The " Mermaid" hoisted all sail and ran for Lonisbourg. All ol' a sudden the Maniuis I'ouiul hiinsell' in the middle oi' Wurreu'h ileet. An action took place in Bight ol' Louisbourg; and though Duchanibon himsell' witnessed llic i)atlle, lie liad no idea how deeply he was interested in it. In a short time the "Vigilante" surrendered, the crew ol tioO men bi'coming prisoners of war. The supplies she carried were ol' great uso to the besiegers. The " Vigilante" hersell' was repaired, and numned by a IJritish crow, thus adding a powerl'id ship to the strength ol' the IJritish Ileet. The time had at last arrived I'or brinuinii' the fleet on (he scene. I'rcparators to (hat Duchanibon mu.'^t learn (he hupelcssnr.ss ol' his iondi(ii>n. It was re[)orted in tlie l"]nglish camp that the French and their savag(< allies had treated (lie liriti.sli i)ris(iners with great cruelty. De Maison Forte was spoken to on tlie subject, lie was asked to visit thediU'ercnt ships in which liis captive oliicers and crew Wi'W distributed, and see how tln^ prisoners were treated by the l']nglish. Finding everything to his satisfaction, he was asked to write to Duchambon, remonstrating against the cruelties alleged to be committed on the French side, lie wrote accordingly, and his note was sent under Hag ol' truce. This gave Duchanibon (he lirs( intinia(ion he had of the loss ol' the " Vigilante." Though he, himsell', had witnessed the hard battle wliiih had ended in the -urreiider of a shi[), as yet it had never occurri'd to him that the ship was the one that contained his supplies. .So the letter fell on Duchambon and his olRcers like a bomb-shell. While the governor and his subordinates were labouring tinder the depression caused by this intelligence, the besiegers were making preparations i'or a general assault. This was to be made on Tune 11th, the anniversary of Kinir (Jeorge's accession. The grand battery and al) the new batteries on the hill side near the west gate, were to open a general cannonade on the fort. The lighthouse battery was to play on the island below, and during the cannonade, the ships of war, at a given signal, were to enter the harbour and join in tlie grand assault. Duchambon saw that the crisis was at hand. A day or two before, he had, according to his own account, received a petition, signed by 1.000 inluibitants, imploring him to span^ further bloodshed, by offering a capitulation. ^Te had then held a council of war, who recommended the same coirrse. He then sent a Hag of truce to the general and commodore. C)n their iirst arrival, they had summoned him to surrender, lie had replied proudly, that he would .send his answer by thi' mouth of his guns. But things had changed since then. It was now his place to drop lofty airs and to ask for terms. The conditions wert> sent. He was obliged to comply, and on June lOth, the fort surrendered. Thus, in the course of less than seven weeks from the time when first the ships were seen from the battlements of Louisbourg, that stronghold was in the possession of the invaders. In the preceding autumn, the Marquis de Beauharnois, the governor-general of Canada, having reason to believe that the provinces would take som(> steps (o avenger the capture ofCanso, and the raids on Annapolis, had sent a letter to Duchambon, oH'ering TTIK SrRGE OF LOUISnOUFKJ. 49 rffnlbrrcmcntN for the LouiNljonrsr srnvrisoii, if r('(|uiiv(l. I'nt that ollicor I't'lt hiiiiNcH'qnito Hiilf ill his Htroiifjliold, and (Iccliiicd the olli'i-. Wln'ii, howcv cr, lie IniiiKl hiiiisrir ..ori'ly prt'NNcd hy th« ciiomy, ho rt'pt'iitcd ol' his dt'cision. lie tln'ii Ix'thouuht him of u force undtT Muriii, wliii h hud hocn sent in (he previous your louid in tliouttuck on Annapolis. It hud wintt'rcd at iifuuhassin, and was now on its way to niakc another uttark on '.nnu- polis. It wus supposed to he at Minus, and thither Dm hunihon sent messengers, orderinij Murin to oome ut oneo to liOtiishonrir witli all the troops under his command. On the urrivivl of the messengers at Minus, they found that Marin and his party hud already pfono on to Annapolis. They followi-d thither. On reeeipt of l)nihaml)on's order, Marin held u eouneil of war. Some of his ollirers were di.^posed to disreuard the order, and yo on with the attufk of Annapolis. Ihit Marin persuaded the hulk of his party to obey. Mut then came the diiiieu'ty of transport. All Aeudiu eoulil not furnish ships enough for the purpose. At lust, however, Murin succeeded in proi urini^' a vessel of twenty-live tons and also some 1,jO l)ark canoes. In these he embarked his men, numl)eriiiif — Canudiuns and Indians together — .some 401) men, and set oil' for Louishourg. IL' made fair progress down the hay, till in doubling a headland near Cape Sabb', he found him.self dose upon u British privateer, which immediately opened lire. Nothing daunted, Murin und his purty returned the lire, und rushed on the privuteer. They were ulready sculing her sides, with u j)rospect of soon getting possession of her, whi'U a second i)rivateer, a comrade of tho other, hove in sight ami i»rei)ared to lake pari in the contest. The Canadians und Indians, seeing that there was no further chainf for them, abandoned the uttuck und, Hying in their cunoes to the .shore, hid themselves in the forest. When the privutoers left, the i)arty gathered themselves together. The skirmish had liiinned their ranks. They hud lost tlieir vessel and nmny of their canoes. At lenuth they got alloat again and pro- ceeded on their vogage. Ihit the delav was fatal. They did not reaih Isle Koyale till over a fortnight after Louisbourg had fallen. Ibichumbon, in his repor' to the minister, suys that, if they hud arrived when he expected them, the fort would have been suved ; thut the English supposed the force to consistof 2, ■')<•() men, and would have raised the siege on the arrival of Marin's force. This is one of the many excuses which Duchumbou assigns for his fuilure. The English forces entered into posse.ssion of Louisbourg. The garrison marched out with the honors of wur. Ilaii's Hying und drums beatinii'. The men, after giving ui) their arms, went on l)oard the I'lnglish ships. Lhnb'r the terms of the lapitulution, over 4,000 souls were afterwards sent to France. All England was in a state of delirous excitement, over the capture. Church bells proclaimed the joyful tidings in every town of the kingdom. The grateful monarch gave Pepperel a title und Warren u Hag. Th(» spoils of war taken at Louisbourg were enormous. To these were udded, a few days al'terwards, two Indiamen, ri