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Lm diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthodo. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 •««OCOPir MSOWTION TBT CHART (ANSI and ISO TeST CHA,.T No. 2) bi |Z8 1 §21 i» ^ HM Hi |» 12.2 Hi tarn Ih IIS la ^ 1. Ib |Z0 ^Uu 1^ 14 . 1 gr.6 r:JPPUED IM4GE I '653 Eail Ua,n SIrni ' ~ (716) 482 - 0300 - POone ("6) 268-5989 -To, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA, ROBERT BELL, M.D., D.Sc, LLD., F.R.8., Director. REPORT OEOLOGY OF iM;E)iiEi'iL, mm m m\ m pontiic mm, PROVINCE OF QUEBEC, ANI> PORTIONS OP CARLETON. RflSSELL AND PRESCOn CODNTIES, PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. R. VV. ELLS, LL.D., F.R.S.C. OTTAWA : I'KINTEn BY S. K. DAWSON, VRIXTKR TO THK KINCiS MOST KXC'ELLEXT .MA.rKSTY. 1901. Mo. 739. To lloiiBRT Bell, M.D., LL.D., F.R.8., 4c., Director and Deputy Head, Geological Hurvey of Canada. SiH,— I Ije,' t►' CiESTOM, RDSSELL AND FRESIM COUNTIES, PROVING S OF ONTARIO. R. W. KLL8, LL.D., F.U.S.C. The preitent report eoibraces the work of Hevfral Keiwonti, and relate* ■\tiv incliMlr.i principally to the areas lyiiia to the north of the < »ttawa river, com- ,',''o',i!i"|«n>'iiiif priaea river. This rivoi tra- versas the southern portion of the map-sheet and furnisher an excellent base-line for observation:), us well as affording good facilities for the study of several of tlie :'oolc formations along its course. Tiie area included in the map is not far from 4,0OU squ ire miles. It extends from the western limit of the EListern Townships series, alraady published, to u line drawn' north from a point about ten mile:, above the city of Ottawa. North of the area included in the miip, sflveral int ~ of exploration were carried on, especially along the upf>er ^^^„^ IS of the {>rincipal streams, with the o' ct of better elucidating 'l'»' riU-d vruin points of structure in the old seribc of crystalline rocks, the 4K«iId of which cannot appear on the accompiinying map-sheet. A *ena!l portion of the eastern half of iiie sheet has already been published in connection with a report by Dr. F. D. Adams on the structurf; of •rUiin rock-formations north of Montreal.* .\nii 1 'I Rfport, (ieul. .Siirv. C; 111. vin.,(X..S.), ls!r>, |wrt J. « J ()VlliBC AMU unTARtO' |>i>tri«t t-iamin*'')' V;.*kii»Mr. U>ui> K. * )r e««i.i.«ii<» w«. m«Je of ih. dUtrict t«v.md by th. North. Roug. ^f^'^'^^'l^T''^ 0.ti«.u ri..«. ~»d f«th.r w-t. o( th. Hlack .nd Co«lon«. riv«^ •.tending to . dUUno. north from th« Otuwn of from Mxj to on. hundred mil-. In connection with thU. a Itr. •"'"""» "'"P'7^7^ work w»» done nearly wentyflve y..r. -go by Mr. I. H. ^"1. at th»t time atucbed to the .t.ffof the (i«.lo«ic«l Hurvey. the r.-uU. of which have never y.t »*on pubU.hed, but which will b« f.mmi incorporated In the preeent report. Heveral previous report, have appeare.1 on p<.rtion» of th- intry, notably by Sir Willian. Log.m and .Mr. H, d. Vennor. . ■ ir William LoKan will l» found io th.. Report of ProHres, years lH63.ft4.5.1 .^fl. A preliminary report on the area »outh of i..e Ottawa . .« publUhed by Mr. A. Murray in \h:,,-M. Moet of the renu t. ,^ .hi. work will b.- found .umm.ri/e.1 m th.. Ueology of Canada, 1^63. Mr Vennor'. report, on the area will U- found in the annual volun.e for 1873-74. which had a direct refrrence to the .Kcurrence of plumbago •nd apatite in thin district, and in that for 187.5.77. which alno em- biiced certain point, relating to the struct ural relation, of the several division of the iiy.Ulllne rock.. Much of the exploration of th.- ar«a north of the OtUwa had, of necessity, to 1« conducted by mean» of canoe., owing to the unsettled character of lar^e portions of the di.trl.t. Nearer th.. Ottawa, the country i. fairly well opened up by -oadn and Hotilenients are ..umerou.. The rock, north of oi.c OtUwa (or the most part confin.-d to the cry.tallln... of the (}renv;'uc w-rler 1 to the Fundamental One.M, now regarded a. iepre.e.itinR ti,e , Ider Laurentian. There are al^. large areas of granite and otl • . i-.trusivo rocks which are newer than tho former d v.. n, since th. Mtin.tly cut all the .nen.lK.n. of the i^nes. •Mo-.g f -tawa river .tself. and in the area southwanl towards the St. Uwrente, the Paii.ozoic formation, have u wide development. They range from the ba«s of the Potsdam san.lstone to the top of the Ordoviclan or Cainbro-Silurian system, with occasional outliers of the Medina t,. the south-'ost ..f Ottawa city. These forinallo.m are well exposed In the townships of Ulgaud Hawke.V-ury, L ' 'rignal, Caledonia Alfred, Plaatagenet, Clarence and Cumberland. Several outcrops of the GrenvlUe series occur in this direction, notably in the township of Alfred opposite the viUau'e of Montebello*. At Rockland mills, near the riv^r, there are also indications that the crystalline rocks are not far removed, since the lowest portion of the Potsdam is made up ot large '] IXTRODCrTtOX. T • pi«c«« of ; «m« CMttTn part of th< *<»et, UigHuil iiiinintfl'n, i prominent ridg* rixM a abort (liit*nc« louth of tiie I >tt«w» and ext<'n< I . for Mveml mile*. Tli« inuun.^in ii i-uiupoMxl Uruely of grunitu anil |)orphyrjr, and i* of more rruent dn'o thnn the Ciilcifpn>u« (lotoinlte* which appear in clo«e proximity t<« the weat. It in prolmbly con- temiiuraneoui with the elevation Icnowii ax Mount Cit'viilre, whioli riiot on the north nido of the I^l(e of Two MountuiiiM, and it formi the moat wcHtorly of thi' reroarlcal)le cliaiii of < rufitive hilN whioh are NO oonspicuouN throughout the area cait of Montreal. From tho fonniliferouN ntnita, im> well Heen to the Kouth of th'^ Ottrwn, large ami uharitcteriiitic coirctioni of fouili bavx liueri from time teii (I<'t1n)'ule by him of a broad stretch of country to the north along the upper Rouge and thence eastward into Morin, embracing a portion of the great area of Anorthosite, 8ubsei|uently described by Dr. F. D. Adams, in the report for 1895. Surveys were also conducted in 1878 in the townships of Bucking- Kvi'lMi-.Ttiun ham and Lochaber by Mr. Adams, who was then acting as assi.stant 'vilin^*^' '*' for Mr. Vennor, and later, in 18S3, by Mr. J. F. Torrance, more par- ticularly in connection with the apatite depeen ''■'""" ^^ ''''"' constructed on a scale of forty chains to the inch, which shows the principal topographical features, the position of the \arious miniii" locations and the chief geographical divisions. This map has not as yet been issued by the department. A number of valuable papers l'^i|iliyl)i>. by Drs. Hunt, Harrington and others, relating principally to the ,!I,,'i 'iTui't'.'' deposits of apatite and (ilumbago, have appeared at dill'erent times. That by Dr. Harrir ^uni, on the apatite deposits, is contained in the Report of Progress for 1877-78, while a very valuable paper on the plumbago of the Ottawa ii|;e river. Tile aiuntry iiliiiig the upiier Lievre :ni'l Uatineaii rivers. country, are rendered easy of access. Within the last twenty years also, many colonization roads have lieen constructed, and by this means large areas, formerly accessible with difficulty, can now lie traversed with comparative ease. Along the river Rouge a good carriage road now extends for over one hundred miles, or to a point fifteen miles beyond the mouth of Nominingue creek, while quite recently a line of railway has been completed which coanects Montreal with that river at what was once known as Iroquois chute, now T.Abelle, which is about seventy miles from its mouth. A road has also been made con- necting this point with the Jesuit settlement on Hig Nominingue lake, and thence down the Nation to the old settlements nearer its mouth. Several other important colonization rouds have also been lately made into the hitherto almost unknown country to the west of the Rouge, and a narrow gauge railway has been opened which runs from St. Sauveur, north of St. Jerome, into the wilderness country to the east of that river about the Sixteer-Island lake, reaching the Rouge in the township of Arundel. The opening of these roads has made a number of areas available, situated among the Laurentian hills, which are underlaid by the limestones of the Grenville series, bands of which, often of considerable extent, occur throughout this portion of the province, and form the sites of some of the most valuable farming lands in the district. On the Lievre river settlements extend to beyond the junction of the Kiaiuika, nearly 100 miles from it? mouth, though roads are not yet made for the entire distance. A cross road has, however, recently been opened up to connect this point with the settlements on the upper Rouge, which ha also been extended westward to meet the settlements on the upper Oatineau above the mouth of the Desert. The character of much of this upper country is much less hilly than that nearer the Ottawa, and, while large portions are occupied by drift sands, certain areas valuable for purposes of settlement, are already being occupied. Along the Oatineau, roods extend to a considerable distance above tlie Desert river, and the completion of the railway to this point will render easily accessible a large area of excellent agricultural land. The greater value of this district is due to the fact that a broad belt of crystalline limestone extends northward in this direction for many miles, and, as a consequence, the usually rugged aspect of the granite and gneiss country disappears to a large extent. Much of the country along the Oatineau for nearly a hundred miles from its mouth has i)een settled for many years. The xtension of the line of railway from its present terminus at Lfibelle < the Rouge across the upper country to the Oatineau will also open up a rgetractof ^ -] ISTR0DUCTI03J. 11 J hitherto inaccessible country which promises to furni.sh large areas of excellent farming land. This agricultural character is often larcely Agrioiilniral due to the presence in places of areas of sandy loam or deposits of sand and clay, which occur, not only along the immediate courses of the principal streams, but also occupy considerable portions of the surface, and out of which the hills of gneiss and granite rise, either in long chains or in isolated masses. This drift character of country pertains to the area fifty to seventy miles inland from the mouth of the several rivers rather than to that along their lower portion, and excellent crops of wheat, oats and potatoes are raised in all the settle- ments from the Coulonge eastward. The excellence of much of the f'ry-tiillinc soil throughout this district is doubtless due to the decay of the cal- careous members of the crystalline rocks, which in the country along the several streams, while presenting rarely any continuously wide- spread development, show their presence often in a series of narrow outcrops, separated by intervals of grayish and redilish gneiss. The greater development of these calcareous rocks along the valley of the Gatineau is seen in the townships of Mash.im, Cawood, Aldfield, Luw Aylwin, Wright, Bouchette and Maniwaki, adjoining the river on the west, while on the east side they Lave a very considerable develop- ment in the direction of Thirty-one-mile lake and the areas to the north and south. In regard to the general physical fea. ires of this northern area, it Saiuiy iilains may be remarked that the usually rugged character, seen from the (jatineiui Ottawa valley, to some extent disappears to the northward, so that although there is of necessity a general increase in elevation, there is a greater preponderance of level country. Much of this is occupied witli deposits of sand, as in the case of the Kazubazua plains to the west of the Gatineau, but thi< sandy fer.lure is also distinctly observable over large areas on all the streams from the Rouge westward to Lake Temiscaming. It also appears on the south side of the Cittawa about Pembroke and for many miles to the south and west, in the direction of the Petawawa and on to Chalk liver. Much of this drift is a pure siliceous sand, but it is often found to overlie deposits of a stiff blu<- clay which resemble in character the marine clays of the Ottawa liasin, though marine organisms are very rarely visible. These clay-deposits ciiiydopoMtH have been noted almost as far north as the height of land between tlie Ottawa waters and those which fall mto James bay, at ele\ations of fully one thousand feet above the sea-level. On sonic^ of the streams, such as the Black river, and on long stretches of the Houge, the chan- ael for the greater part of its course is cut out of the sand, and rock exposures are rarely seen except when the hills approach ilie river. 12 J (JUEUEC AND OXiARIO. The trystal- liiic rucks. Aiuirtlionite rock». Reiiort liy Dr. V. 1). -WllIllK. For convenience of description, the crystalline rocks may be divided into three groups, viz., the gneisvic, the calcnreous and the massive, the latter being generally inti u:>ivc, though in places having a foliated structure. The continuity of these rockb witli tho^e which appear to the south of the Ottawa is interrupted by theii- concealment beneath the broiid area of the Palii'ozoic formations of the lower Ottawa basin, but in the preparation of this report, as the crystallines have by far the greatest development, they will be first considered and the distri- bution of the fossiliferous sediments will then Ih* given. In the counties of Argenteuil and Ottawa, while the presence of igneous rocks has been noted at many points, and under different forms, ii»rt river, published by Logan, in the Report of Progress for 1853-54-55- "^ '*•'>'•'• 56, dealt with the structure and distribution of the r.«urentian gneisses and limestones of the townships of (irenville, Chatham, St. Jt'r6me, ice. In this, particular attention was given to the diHtribution of the several bands of limestone which are there well displayed, as well as to the occurrence of the syenitic moan of Chatham and Grenville and to the presence of several well defined dykes of greenstone which traverse the area for considerable distances. A second report appeared in lr<58, relating principally to the distribution of the limestones and to the drift of the Grenville aren, but the results of the work in this district were summed up in the chapter on tlie I.Jiurentian in the Geology of Canada, 1863. In the opening sentences of this chapter it Kurly vi.«M is stated that 'the rocks which compose the Laurentian mountains Htnu'ttirMof were \hown by the Geological Survey, in 1846, to consist of a series of '!" ''"",'•'" •' " ^ ' tiaii link". metauorphic sedimentary strata underlying the fossiliferous rocks of the province. They ore altered to a highly crystalline condition, and are composed of highly felspathic rocks, interstratified with important masses of limestone and quartzite. Great vertical thicknesses of the .series are composed of gneiss, containing chiefly orthociase or potash felspar, while other great portions are destitute of quartz and composed chiefly of a lime soda felspar, varying in coniposition from audosine to anorthite, and associated with pyroxene or hypersthene. This rock we shall distinguish by the name ^f auorthosite.' All of these rocks, with the exception of the areas of syenite already alluded to were therefore held to be alt«red sediments, and the anortho- sites were regarded as a great altered mass which covered unconformably the gneisses and limestones of the Lowur laurentian, the latter forming the Upper Laurentian series. This view was held for some years to correctly explain the true structure of the system until the later work on the anorthosites, already alluded to, induced a change in opinion as to its true origin. According to the old views, the crystalline lime- stones occurred at several horizons in the gneiss, no less than four distinct areas of the limestones being recognized, and the whole series of gneiss and limestone was estimated to have a thickness of no less than 22,750 feet of which the volume of the latter division was esti- mated at 4,770 feet. The thickness of the anorthosite or upper Laurentian member of the series was regarded as doubtful, but was given as 10,000 f^et. Several of interesting papers, relating to the ( iiii. rally altert'd CflllllHtltM. Sup|«w»il tllK'kni-NH nf tIjH I*ivun'n- tian. ma. 16 J gUBBBC Alio ONTARIO. •tructure o( these olilent rocks have Appeared »ince the date of the report juiit referred to, and within the taut twenty years there hat) been a gradual chan^e in opinion on the subject, as the result of much careful and detailed work, both in the field and the laboratory, ho that it is now very conclusively estaliliahed that much of what has been regarded as altered sedimenU and so described in thf earlier reports I-iini*t..n>-, must now be accepted as altered igneous roik. Under this head must nvill<' Kuii)lH:ii<-iital Southern limit iif thf crystailin*' THB COnSTKY NORTH OF THE OTTAWA BIVER. The seven large rivers already mentioned as traversing the country to the north of the Ottawa, divide the district into as many portions. These we propose to describe in order, proceeding from the east to the west, and we will therefore first consider that between the North river and the Rouge river. In this we will first indicate the distribu- tion of the crystalline limestones as assisting very materially in the attempt to depict the structure of the system generally, and the old term 'Grenville series' will be used to indicate the crystalline lime- stone and associated gneiss, as distinct from the great series of granite- gneisses which underlie them and which may be styled the Funda- mental gneiss. Over the greater part of this area, the rocks are crystalline, their southern limit, north of the Ottawa being defined by a line drawn along the course of the North river from St. Jerome to Lachute, and thence in a nearly straight line to Calumet station on the Canadian Pacific railway, two miles east of the Rouge river, on which stream the outcrops terminate at the road crossing just above its mouth. In this distance the crystalline rocks, consisting largely of granite and gneiss ^] BITWIIX THE BOUOl AND NORTH RIVIIM. 17 J St. Andrewii iiiDuntain. of vMious kinds, with which, howerer, wn Nveral well dafined bands OvrrUid by o' the Granville limestone*, ara directly overlaid by the Potsdam sand- M^ldn^. stone. Tha rocks are not oontinuoosly exposed, owing to great and wide-spread deposits of day, which extend to the Ottawa, and out of which outcrops of gneissio granite appear as in the large ridge to the east of the village of St. AnJraws ; but the characteristic rocks of the Potsdam ilong with the upper or Calciferous member of the formation appear at u number of points as at Laohute, and several placet along Lochutr. the road thence to Ht. J^rAme, along the south side of the North river. At the former pla*. both these divisions can be readily studied in good outcrops, containing the characteristic fossils of the formutiun. Nearar the Ottawa river these Calciferous beds are overlaid by the gritty beds of the Chazy, which are well seen along the canal from Urenville to Carillon. To the east of the village of St. Andrews, which is Rituated near the mouth of the \orth river, a well riefinnd ridge of reddish granite with a gneissic structure forms a prominent hill feature and is flanked on the south by the Potsdam sandstones, which on the north bank of the Ottawa have an inclination of about twenty degrees. These beds were not, however, seen in direct contact with the granite. On the nortu side of Jones island, in the Ottawa, .Icmen inland. to the south of this granite ridge, sincilar granitic rocks appear, whilu to the south, on the other side of the river the long ridge of Higaud mountain rises to an elevation of over 500 feet just to the rear of Kigaud village. This mountain has been described '.n the report for 1894 M presumably belonging to the same sorie^i of eruptive masses which occur in the Eastern Townships, and it is possible that ».he St Andrews ridge may belong to the same period. Thi> Ht. Andrews ridge extends along the north bank of the Ottawa for nearly five miles, with a breadth of from one to three miles. It is separated from the somewhat similar mountoin mass of ^fount Calvaire, lying to the north of the Lake of Two ^fountains but no other rocks are seen in the vicinity of the St. Andrews mass as the covering of clay extends on all sides. Great numbers of anorthosite boulders are found around the Janks of the ridge and across its summit. Kigaiid i luiiuiituin. THE DISTRICT BETWEIN THE ROtJGE AND NORTH RIVERS. The rocks of this area are of special interest from the fact that the fii it General attempts to work out the structure of the Laurentian system was made r,*"* ""i^'wien here nearly fifty years ago, when the area was largely a wilderness, i*'" Ronge and Since that time the country has been opened up by the construction ' 2 It QOUIO AVD OUTAMa RaUtiun* ul liaienlODe kod Qiulatrlying Vnein. Outcni|« Binth uf Laehute. Lime* times with ruaty IpieiiM iDcltuion*. «f BVBMriMt roMb, k that tkt rtody ct th* dislriot bM btaa grMtly iMilitat«d. Th« rooks ar* at rmy diflbrmt phyaioal aapteU, and pr» MBably ut twenty chains ; but the man) northerly outcrop is much smaller and is separated from the former by a narrow band of gneiss. The general strike of these outcrops is nearly east and west or nearly parallel to the course of the road leading up the North river. The dip on the northern side of the exposure is to the south at an angle of 70°, while on the southern margin, near the forks of the roads it is to the north-west at about the same angle, thus presenting the appearance of a somewhat crumpled synclinal, and the limestone is underlaid by the gneiss on either side. The width of the band diminishes as it is followed to the east and apparently thins out till it entirely disappears before the Eait Uore road is reached. In its lower portion the cal- careous rock becomes interstratified with grayish rusty gneiss in thin bands, which when they firsit appear present the aspect of inclusions, some of which are several feet in length and often twisted into serpent- like forms, as if the mass had been subjected to violent disturbing agencies. There is moreover a gradual thickening of the gneissic bands as the lower members of the limestone portion are reached, till the latter entirely disappears, the lower bands of the limestone ranging from ten feet to a foot in thickness. '1 BBTWBIII THI ROt l| AND MOITH BITIM. 19 i North of thia on tb* want ( • ^ rawl, raooaMivo utposuiw I with oeoMional band* of grayiah qiurtioM, nioMOOtt* and loaMtiai < hornblendiogneiM, for four milM ; in which diotMioe • well doflnad »aticlin»l !■ Men, the rook* on the northern slope dipping to the north «eat < 50 -70*. A mile farther on thia ia ohnnged to a •jnelinal, in wt ch, on the property of Mr. Evana, another hnnd of limestone occura aU%>at 130 yardi eait of the Uore roMl. The width of the band here expoaed is about fifty feei, tnd the dip is to the south-east < '')". This b*ad can be traced northerly on the strike, by oocasional outoropa, for several miles, and is prolwbly continuous to the bsnd 'wen on thf road to Lakefield Corner, be- , limMtuiM). 'V.,rhath»i Uore, beyond which to the luealcd «ht««' *fter reaching the next con- 'Ace MO trace of m band can Iw seen, and it qra|>hittc Twith that n. -^ Laohute, unl>»s on the' :s th» bond •firoduced in the succeed- vphite cur ipa, ngly throughout a great Wit in lUMitity - !»■ economically impor- ■i)ck has boeii quur exteuHively used for tween conc'exsioris ' ' north, it termiiiat«e giietas ariri iia as ta ite. t^n th^ southern edge of thia Ro^ks of band the dip is v 10° W . S i ,«, 5^, northern edge it is S. 10' *'"""' E. <75°. F <«r, iioi '' >iun V.,aband, havingan expoxed breadth on tli «d of n a. ^ > . ., sh< < near a brook in the valley to the north oi ihe church «t irif pUu^, out a short distance east of the church, on the road b< te«»ions IV. and V., it can betraced continuously for more th^ '.ae, ««veral small hands of rusty gneiss appearing in the ma* * linaentones of this area are much distorted, and they seem to wt-taitnaie abruptly just Iwyond this point, the country to the east beiu* iccupied hv foliated granite-gneiss for several miles. Abrupt chan^«» in dip arr -pquent between the gneiss and the limestone, much of the latter beir - not far from horizontal while the foliation of the gneiss is often -eply inclined. From this last outcrop to the corner of the road through the range r)i»tribution Ste. Angelin.ue, Augmentation of Mille Isles, no rocks other than the T ™",'^ ^**' '1 III Ml gVMir ARD OikTAIIIO. rtddiah-Kny gnoiw ar« viaible, th« turfaM hting rough and Mlljr. Just •Mt of th« oornar indioaMd, a unall rapotura at vary graphitic lim*- ■lone, twanty-ttve feet in breadth, occun which, howBtar, i* tanninaUd dirMitly to the nouth by a ridge of roddish-granit^-gneiae, and the out- crop ia concealed to the north by an alluvial flat. At the ne«t fork of the road, three-fourtha of a mile further eaat, a much broader Itand of the limaatone it leen, underlaid on either aide by gneiia, the converging dip* on the north and louth being well defined. The expowd breadth of thia band it xix nhaini, the dip of the underlying gneiM on the louth b^ing *f . 20* W. < 50". Thia band i« apparently continuoua through 8te. Angelique into range 8te. Marguerite, in an eaatward direction along a well defined valley, for a dititance of three niilea and a half. R<>ek form*- ContinuinK northward into Morin, the country ia generally very limMhip.'""'' "«K*J«1. *>"« >n *•>• valleyi of the atreaniH flowing north into Lac dee Cedrei, two well defined banda of linieetonc appear, which are trace- able northward to the road aouth-eaat from Morin poet-office towarda St. Sauveur, being separated by a prominent ridge of reddiah gneiM. Here they turn round the north ^:i of the gneiitf ridge and uniting, constitute a broad belt, lying to the east of the Morin FlaU road, and the band extends thence in the directisn of St. Hauveur for about five miles. In the area to the north of Morin Flats post-office the lime- stone is penetrated by djkea and masses of unorthoeite, already described, at J a prominent ridge ot this rock also lx>unds the limestone and associated gneiss to the north and north-east, extending thence to the vicinity of St. Sauveur. whence its outline curves to the north through Abercrotr.bie into the county of Montcalm. The limestone for the moat part (oHowh the depreHsims between the mountains of thia district ; aiid, leaving f^M township of Morin, continues in a band nearly a mile in width, e« ^rd to the village of St. Sauveur, where iu outcrop bonds ab. uptly to the north and abuts directly against the mass of anorthosite just described. Of the several limestone areas in .lis vicinity, that of Morin and St. Sauveur is the most extensive. The bands all run in a direction ap.'ioximately eastnorth-east, and from the strikes and dips of the calcareous portion as well as of the underlying associated gneiss and quartzite, together with the groat similarity of the rocks throughout the entire area, it would appear that they all represent portions of the same mass repeated by successive foldings so that the several outcrops of limestone may be parts of one and the same band. Many of these outcrops are quite limited, presenting the aspect of narrow bands, which extend for a few hundred yards, or in places for Limeitunt' of .St. Sauveur. Irregular outcro|ia. ^] HETWBK THR BOViil AVU MORTH RIVBM. 31 J only • few (wt mkI tbmi diMppoMr, whiU othrn can b* (oIIowmI on their rtrik* along the vallejrt of th« ttraMna for Mv«r»l mi>M with only oocMional gaps in the •spoturw where they are oonoealed by the drifi.. East of Laohute, on the road leading to 8t. J^rAme, along the north «ide of the North river, the iimoatone of the lAchu.e area can bi> traced nearly to the Eaat Oore mad which leadi to Laketield, wKen it apparently ends ; but on the river road, about one mile and a hiilf emtt of thii corner, a narrow band of only a few feet in thickneaa appear* in a cliff of granite-gneiM, Thia can be traced north-eaitward for about twenty chains on a band in the gneiaii, when it alto endi and no further indication of it ii seen. Thenoe to the virinity of St. Jt'r^me the gneiiM is atrongly granitic in character, but about half a mile weit of the bridge at this place a narrow band come* in which u traceable in oooaaional outcrop* for a little more than a mile northward. Between Ht. J) are frequent, showing that the whole series is thrown into a number of fold*, while in places the rocks appear to Ije overturned. In most of the limestone, scales of graphite are com- mon, but no other minerals of importance were recognized. The greater part of the gneiss in this area belongs to the foliated variety, and may possibly represent what has been designated a* the Fundamental Gneiss. In parts, however, masses of granite are seen. Latihiil* to Xt. >)' r'^l■l«. Idtchiitr to '*ke«HlJ. Ea»t < toro road. (Iraphitic limeaton^. FolUted i -ffT 3=C n ; 23 J QUIBKO AXD ONTARIO. Limestonra of Chatham, Wentworth and (rrenville. Iiake Loiiiaa, ■"'illaKe of St. Jean, The Spectacle lake liand. Sixteen Inland lake. Ixwt river Landi. In the townships of Chatham, Wentworth and Orenrille several important bands of the limestone occur. Of these probably the moat easterly is that of which the southern extremity is seen near Dales- ville, on lot 11, range IX. of Chatham. From this point the band can be traced northward along the valley of Big creek, entering the town- ship of Wentworth on lot 9, range I., and thence bending north-east, reaches the line of Chatham Gore in range V. The breadth of this band in Wentworth is 700 yards. On the road west of Dalesville two other bands of limestone occur in synclinals in the grayish and reddish- gray gneiss, east of the great mass of syenite which occupies the western part of the township, but these are of limited extent. Another band comes in on the southern end of T^ke Louisa and occupies the end of a point. On its extension to the north-east it is seen in two small islands in the lake, but was not recognized at the north end, while from the south end it can be traced for one mile, when it disappears. On the west shore of the lake the underlying gneiss is seen, and on the road from this place to the village of St. u ean two other bands occur. The most easterly of these is of small extent, but the other continues along the valley of the creek at this place to the masj of syenite on range X., Chatham, by which it is cut off. At the northern outcrop this band divides into two parts, one curving north-westerly along the road to St. Jean church but soon ending in this direction. A repetition of this band is seen several hundred yards to the west, separated from the former by a ridge of gneiss, the outcrop bein;; only local ; while half a mile further west another small exposure is seen in a road cut- ting, but this cannot be traced in either direction. The strike in this area changes from northeast to north-west, being apparently diverted by the intrusive mass of syenite. Beyonst river. At this point it crosses the road and continues easward along the chain of lakes com- prising Gate, Fraser, Long, Silver and Sixteen Island where the band mm ^am '■] BRTWEEN THE ROOGB AND KORTII RITERS. 23 J Synclinal Btnicture. I'yroxcno, mica and IdfKrase. rapidly narrows, appearing in two small islands in the lake, and the underlying quartzite band has a considerable development. At the northern end a very narrow band can be traced at intervals into Proctors lake, where it has an exposed thickness of not more than twenty feet, and here it apparently ends. At Lost river, Long and Gate lakes, this band is divided into two parts by a ridge of reddish gneiss, the northern portion terminating westward a short distance west of the road leading to Arundel, near the south end of Big lake. A well defined synclinal structure is visible in the main band at several points in its course. It is underlain by the usual grayish quartzose and rusty gneiss, and its lower portion contains twisted inclusions and snoall bands of the latter. On the south side of Silver lake, a portion Chrynotile. of the band is serpentinous and a small development of asbestus (chryso- tile) in veins up to half an inch in thickness is seen. The quantity, however, is too small to be of much economic importance. This is on lot 20, lange IX., Wentworth. The limestone at this place dips N. 55' W. < 50'. Masses of white weathering rock, composed of quartz and felspar, a binary granite or pegmatite, occur in the vicinity. Near Sixteen Island lake pyroxenic rocks come in and small crystals of mica occur on the south margin of the band where the dykes of white gra- nite are found in place, and on the west half lot 23, range VII., Wentworth, also in the same rock, scattered crystals of raic* and apatite are found with idocrase. On lot 22 of the same range, small quantities of graphite occur in vein form as well as in dissemi- nated scales in the limestone, but the (juantity of the mineral is not such as to be of economic value. The northern margin of this band has a regular dip to the south, showing its synclinal character The road from - J renville northward, after traversing the townships of Grenvillc, Harrington and Arunilel, reaches the Rouge river in De Sala- lierry, near the crossing of the county line between Ottawa and Argen- teuil. Thence it elosijly follows the va'Jey of the stream for nearly sixty miles to the head of the settlement on the river. For a large part of this distance the road cros.ses obliquely the strike of the rocks which present a succession of outcrops of gneiss of various kinds, with occasional bands of limestone. That portion of the road lietween Grenville and Lost river, a distance of twenty miles, passes over no less than seven distinct bands of the calcareous rocks, which, however, are fKJSsibly repetitions of the same one. In some of these, converging dips indicating a synclinal structure, are Synclinal well seen, but at certain points the series presents the aspect of an over- ?"„ «tonp,,'° turned anticlinal. The gneiss and limestone are for the most part Orenville to fiiwt river. "tT 24 J QUIBBC AND ONTARIO. Road north ( f Calumet. Calumet station ami vicinity. Conglomerate near) Calumet. Rocks of Sixteen Island ake. inclined at high angles, and the structure is complicated by the presence of the western portion of the Orenville and Chatham syenite mass. The usual strike 9i the rocks is from N. 10° to 30° E. On a road approximately parallel to this, leading north from a point on the shore road three-fourths of a mile east of Calumet station, and which meets the Grenville road in the northern part of range VII., similar bands of limestone occur, some of which are probably the equivalents of those noted on the road from Orenville to Lost river. Some of these out- crops are, however, very local, and can be traced for only a short dis- tance, having an exposed surface of but a few feet ; while others have a breadth of several yards across the strike. Considerable areas are covered by sand and clay, so that the entire extent of the deposits is not, in all cases, visible. On the road north from Calumet, four bands are crossed, sep.'.rated by areas of generally grayish and rusty gneiss. On the southern face of the hill at Calumet station, on the Canadian Pacific railway, there is also an exposure of the limestone which has a north-easterly course and which extends westward to the railway at tb' crossing of the Calumet river. It dips to the south- east and is underlaid by heavy beds of white quartzite, which in turn rest upon reddish-gray quartzose gneiss. The north-east strike of this limestone band would carry it to an outcrop on the road just mentionedi where on the south side of the exposure the dip is to the north-west, thus showing a synclinal structure in this area. An interesting out- crop of the limestone is also seen on the Mountain ruad and on a cross road leading thence easterly to Glen road. Here the rock forms a pronounced ridge of twenty feet in height, and contains, in addition to the usual inclusions of rusty gneiss, common to most of the calcar- eous rocks of the Grenville area, numerous well-rounded pebbles of gneiss and quartz-rock, tliioki/ scattered through the mass. The lines of stratification are also wcii defined, so that the whole pre8«^nts much of the aspect of a conglomerate. It is underlaid to the north and west by quartzose and rusty gneiss, which in turn rests upon the reddish- gray gneiss of the usual type. It will thus be seen that of the several limestone bands exposed along the roads north from Grenville and Calumet, synclinal structures are visible in most cases, though the lack of good exposures interferes with the attempt to establish this fact in every outcrop. Of the most im portant band, or that which crosses near Lost river, and continues easterly to Sixteen Island lake, the synclinal character is clearly evident at several points. The limestone at this lake on its southern margin, rests upon grayish quartzite, having a dip to the northwest of 45 degrees, but on a small island one mile to the north, a similar rock X •f. ■r. 'fi - ^ ff^^ '] BKTWKEX THE ROUOB AND NOKTH RIVIRS. 25 J in contiuttation of this band has a rerarie dip to the louth-eaat at an angle of 50 degrees, while a similar structure is teen near the Lost rivei road crossing. A high ridge of i-eddiith gneiss extends aloug the east side of this lake and separates it from the band already de-icribed as passing parallel to this about a mile to the east. The name of Lost river is piven to this stream from the fact that Lost river, it passes beneath a ledge of limestone which divides the waters of Gate lake from Fraser lake, about two miles east of the road that extends to Arundel. The stream is here concealed for about one hundred feet. Several other cases of these underground stream!) are known in the limestone areas north of the Ottawa. From Lost river northward, to Arundel, following the main road. Lost river to two principiil bands are crossed, of which the first has a somewhat "^"""^'''• extensive development along the east shore of Big lake or Johnson lake, into the upper end of which the Lost river flows. This Big lake band apparently terminates a short distance south of the lake, but to the northward continues along the valley of the stream to Bevan lake. The breadth of this baud on ranges VII. and VIII., Harrington, is nearly one mile, and it includes a large part of lots 7, 8 and 9. At the termination on Bevan lake the band becomes very Bev»n laki-. much smaller and is underlaid by the usual series of gray and rusty gneiss with converging dips on either side of the outcrop. On the east side of the band the dip is west at an angle of 8.5 degrees. A repeti- tion of this band is seen on the south-west side of this lake, separated from that just described by the usual ridge of reddish gneiss. In this second band, which extends to the south of the lake for over two miles, where it ends, the converging dips to the centre are also seen. The Bark lake. band has a breadth of three-fourths of a mile, where it meets the lake, and what may be its continuation appears on the eastern margin and extends for several miles north-easterly till it also disappears to the south of the .^reat foliated granite gneiss area <.f Bark lake. The Big lake band, while apparently terminated not far from the Kg Like band upper end of the lake by a great mass of reddish granitic gneiss, is on "' ''""•'""n^- the direct strike southward of another important band which crosses from Harrington into Grenville on lots 14 and I.t of Harrington. From this point its breadth diminishes, but is apparently indicated by an outcrop on the Rouge river, about one mile below the Bell chute portage or about on lot 26, range IX., Grenville, from which its con- tinuation can be traced by very {"ood exposures to the Canadian ^Pacific railway near Pointe au Chene station. If these several outcrops are parts of one band, which seems probable, it would have a total length 26 J QUBBIC AKD O^^ARIO. LimMtonn uf Harrington townihip. Marble falln. Country north of Anindel to Trembling lake. The Trem- bling lake limestone. (Jranite of Trembling lake. of ovar twenty mile* and be probably the m^t «xU •>> « ii. the whole area. To the west of this band another comes into view on the Rouge river, on lot 17, range V., Harrington, which continues sonth-weet for four miles to the north line of the township of Oc«nville. Tt appears on the Ruuge in an irregular and impure outcrop, much mi\.>d with irregular pieces of the ruBty gneiss at tho foot of the portage i ost the Bell chute, with a breadth of only a few feet, whence it extends south-west into the augmentation of Grenville for several miles, ter- minating apparently on range VII. iStill further west at the distance of a mile, a smaller band parallel to the last, begins on range V., of Harrington, and crosses the lower part of the Maskinonge river, n short distance above its junction with the Rouge. This is well seen on the latter stream at the Marble falls, as well as in small exposures along the road leading down to Lake Conimandant, a short distance below the bridge over the Rouge at the south line of the townohip. This portion of the band is small and chiefly of importance as serving to indicate the structure of this part uf the area. North of the town.«hip of Arundel and oast of the Rouge, the cal- careous members of the system are but sparingly seen. At St. Jovite, in the township of DeSalaberry, a band occurs which has an exposed breadth of 250 yards, inclosed between nearly vertical walls of gray quartzite and gneiss, the latter presenting the usual ru.sty characters at the contact with the limestone. The outcrop can be traced for several hundred yards till it is concealed by a mantle of clay and sand ; but a thin irregular band appears a,t intervals along the valley of the Devils river, and on its branch which issues from Trembling lake, which may indicate its extension in this direction, though its regular strike is deflected by some of the masses of intrusive granite-gneic.s which are seen in the vicinity. At the outlet of the lake this band has a breadth of not more than fifty feet, but northward it can be traced on several of the small islands near the centre and northern end where the strike changes from its usual north course and bends to the west. Here it apparently terminates against a great mass of granite-gneiss which rises boldly on the west side of the lake. This band of limestone also has a synclinal structure with converging dips on either side towards the centre of the lake. This is the celebrated Trembling lake band, which in the Geology of Canada, 1863, was regarded as the lowest of the limestone series in the Laurentiun system, and which by some error in delineation was made to extend northward into Lac les Grues. A careful examination of the district, however, shows that it does not follow this course, since all the rocks about the northern end of this lake are of the gneissic and granitic variety, M^flttaai ••] BITWira TBI ROOOB AXD KORTB RITBRS. ar J as similar to those seen in the mus of Trembling mountain. The only depression in thia direction is along the valley of Cache creek, which discharges the waters of Lao lea Orues on which the gneiss appears and no trace of the limestone was here observed. Trembling mountain riMs aUive the east shore of the lake to an TremWinK elevation of 1,720 feet by aneroid and consists, for the most part, of '"""•'*■'"• moderately fine-gminetl reddish-jiray gneiss with bands of black horn- blendic gneiss, the strike of the foliation being N. 20' W. with a dip to the west. From a calculation of several measurements the elevation of the summit of Trembling mountain is not far from 2,500 feet almve sea-level. To the north and north-east of this mountain the rocks are all granite-gneiss and this rock extends to the east as far as the Devils river, where it meets the great ma.ss of the gabbro and anorthosite described by Dr. Adams in the Report for 1896, vol. VIII. Between Trembling lake and the Iroquois chute (now Labelle) on Koute frcm the Rouge, three lakes are ciossed, there being four portages on the hik^'"!',''"'^ route. On the first. Great Beaver lake, the rock.s are all granite and {ja'*-"*- "" the gneiss, most of which is foliated, but large portions massive and syenitic "'*'^' in chariicter, which form great hills to the east and extend across to the west shore of Trembling lake. Crossing a short portage. Long lake is reached, where the rock shows a more decided banding and is in places well stratified with hornlilendic and garnetiferous bands, but as a whole is of the reddish variety. Here a small band of grayish binary granite comes in, and a thin outcrop of calcareous rock occurs near the north end of the lake, but no well defined limestone is visible. A portage of a few rods in length connects with Lac Vert, on which the rock is all reddish and reddish-gray gneiss, and similar rosk continues thence to Iroquois chute, about one mile distant. At this place reddish-gray gneiss appears at the bridge with a strike J^Mtc of nearly north and a vertical foliation. Just above the village, well >i^ai,a'riv>r banded grayish and garnetiferous and sometimes rusty gneiss strikes north and south and dips west <85' and this can also be seen on the north side of the river, whence a succession of gneisses red, gray, black, sometimes garnetiferous, can be traced to the forks of the Rouge and the Three Arms river, the latter stream soon dividing into the Macaza, the Ruisseau Froid and the Ch-^ud. In order to determine the limits, if possible of the limestones in this Rapid des direction, an examination of these upper waters of the Rouge was ''''"'■ made. The only outcrop of the calcareous member on the Rouge between the Label le and the forks was seen at the Rapid des Pins about if ^ 28 J qCMBC AMD OKTAMO. Thv M»cau and iw bnnchm. Limestones die out. Outcrops near St Jovite. St. .Ji)vite to St. FaU8tin. Annunciation village. fira milM abova the village, where • band from three to fire feet in breadth is expoaed. Thii is underlain by quarUite, and what is prob ably the continuation of the same band, with a width of only two feet of limestone, appears juHt below the mouth of the Macaza associated with twisted gneiss and quartzite. The rooks along this stream strike north and several reverse dips both to the east and west are seen, generally at high angles. The ascent of these branches of the Rouge showed that the prevail- ing rock in this direction was reddish gneisti, chiefly of the granitic type. The limestone band:* seem to disappear almost entirely, as well as the associated grayish gneiss and quartzite. On a small island near the head of Lac Chaud a small outcrop of very impure limestone waa noted, which was filled with inclusions and pebbles of rusty gneiss and a small outcrop of two feet in thioknc«s appears on the eastern shore of the lake which apparently marks the northern limit of the calcareous member in this direction, the rocks thence northward being all of the gneissic variety. The elevation of this lake is not far from 1,000 feet above the sea. From these observations it would appear that the calcareous portion of this system occupies a central position in a broad l>asin-8haped area with a depression to the south, and the extent of the limestone bands which have a very considerable development near the Ottawa, gradually diminishes to the northward, till at a certain elevation they disappear entirely. The only other observed outcrops of limestone to the east of the Rouge, were in DeSolaberry township. About two miles to the south of St. Jovite, near the forks of the road to the ferry over Devils river a small ledge is exposed resting upon reddish gneiss, and this can be traced northward to Maskinong^ (Pike) lake where it shows on the main road to St. Jovite and also on the road along the north side of the lake. The limestone contains scattered crystals of pyroxene and apatite and was reported to carry aabestus, but a careful search failed to discover any of this mineral. East of St. Jovite, on the road to St. Faustin, a small outcrop of the limestone is indicated presumably by the presence of scattered blocks of the rock, but the band is seen in place both to the north and south of the road. The quantity, however, is small and it is probably a repe- tition of that near St. Jovite. The most northerly outcrop in this area near the Rouge was noted in an old quarry, about one mile south of the village of Annunciation, in the western part of the township of Marchand. This place is 600 '] UBTWIIX TBI ROUGB AND NORTH RIVBRI. •iV J jrnrd* north-wMt of the itMul leading from that village to the east tide of the Big Xominingue lake. Portiona of the rock are iterpentinous, (''•««im but the greater part ie of excellent quality for liuie-burninK- In the Berpentinousi portion Eozoon structure wae obMrved near the contact with a mau of reddish syenite-gneiu. >tructtirr. The rockii along the upper part of the Rouge to the Nominingue N'oinininrip creek, aa alio around the ahoree of the Nominingue laken, aro all " '"' gneisHic granitea. No trace of the limestone formation, other than those mentioned waa observed. The strike of the gnt'iaa is for the most part northeaat, the dip sometimes to the eaat and at placra to the weat, showing a folded structure. From theae lakes a road extends southward along the course of the Nation river to the Ottawa river, and settlements are beginning to form in this direction. A traverse was made of the several lakes and portages which extend from the Big Nominingue lake to the liouge river, the geological feat- ures of which will be given in the next chapter. The Rouge river takes its rise near the height of land, separating its Th.- Kougw waters from those of the west branch of the St. Maurice, and after ii rributttril».'* course of about 190 miles joins the Ottawa two miles west of Calumet station on the Canadian Pacific railway. The principal branches from the ea.st are the river of Three Arms, which divides into the Macaza and the Ruisseauz Chaud and Froid, already referred to, and which enters the Rouge about eight miles above the village of Labelle in the township of Marchand. The next considerable stream from the east T*"' "evils is the Devils river, which rises near one of the branches of the Mattawin, after draining numerous lakes among which the most important is a large lake south-west of Lac des Baies at the head of the west branch and unnamed. Continuing southward, several miles to the ea.«t of Trembling mountain, it receives the waters of Trembling lake ond others of that chain by a short creek and empties into the Rouge in the north-west corner of Arundel. Further to the south the T*"" !'"»' Lost river enters the main stream near the middle of the same town- ship, and discharges the water of a number of lakes often of good size, among which are Bark, Bevans, Big and Sixteen island, with others of the chain. From the west the principal tributaries are Nominingue creek, Nominingue discharging Big and Little Nominingue lakes and the extensive chain ""*''■ in connection with these, and the Maskinoog^ river which takes its rise ne the Nominingue lake, and after a long course on which a num- ber of :h.^ lakes are found, enters the Rouge in the south-west part so J qVIBW AMD OMTABIO. MMkinuofi ol HMTingtoa. On thb itrwun U MMkinoagtf Ukc, amrij tm milM Tintua •. 1^^ Nttiatroua Mnaller itrMiiM abound, but tboM nMntionad an the prindfNil and the oaljr onM tnvarMbi* by oaaoM. TtwRolIgn babw UUlU Thire Muun- Uinn Ikkc. A« alraady mentionad, good wagon-roMiU now extet on either aide of the river, and extend northward for nearly a hondred milee from ita mouth, the moat inland village being Charbonneau, which ia about thirteen milea above the mouth of Nominingue creek. Deaoend- ing the river from Labelle, (formerly Iroquoia ehute) which ia the preeent terminua of the railway, 101 milea north-weat of Montreal, and one of the moat important villagea in thia aection of the country, the banka are largely oompoaed of land and clay, prin- cipally the former, which extenda to within twenty-tive milea of the mouth, where the aand ia replaced by clay in the river valley. Limrati.an of At the mouth of George creek, which entera the Rouge about seven milea below Labelle and dinchargea the waterit of the Lake of the Thrre Mountoina, » band of limestone cornea in which followa the valley of thia creek and which ia probably an extenaion of a itniall baud aeeii at the outlet of a small lake to the north of the Three Mountaina lake. From the mouth of George creek the lime atone can be traced down the river in a aeriea of exposures to Con- ception village, and thence, though sometimea concealed by drift, to the road at the ferry turning off to the Devils river in the west part of range IIL, de Salaberry. On thia oro^s rood it continues for about a mile, when the expoaurea disappear. Another email band occurs on the road leading acroaa to the Rouge river from St. Jovite along the aouth ahore of a narrow lake which haa a strike nearly eaat-and-weat, but which, after passing the west end of the lake, turns northward again in the direction of Crescent lake to the east of Conception village. This band does not continue very far in this direction and the deflection in its strike is apparently due tu the presence of a large mas!) of augen-gneiss which extends thence northward to Lake Sam on the road from St. Jovite to Labelle. St. Jovitf to Kuuge river. Thi-Grefn take ))uud. Continuing down the Rouge, about one mile north of Huckleberry chute, a small band appeara on the west bank of the river and strikes north-west in the direction of Green lake, which lies to the south of Three Mountain lake and ia probably the southern end of the Green lake band. Thia doea not appear on the shore of Three Mountain lake, but keeps to the south of it. A band seen on Muskrat lake, which lies between the latter and Lake Maakinong^, and on several small lakes to the aouth, may be the extension northward of this out- crop, though it cannot be traced continuously, owing to the difficult character of the country to be traversed. HRWBBJI TMB MVOI AXD IKMITH RIVIIU. 31 J At HoekbbMTy obato, two bMula mn txpoMd, Mfwntwi bj « Mm Huokl.b«fy loot Und of gMiM. Tbt liBMtOBM Iwv* A bfMdtb o« lix fMt and '*'"'* twenty fMt rMpMUvaly. nnd thcra an>Mn to be m antioiinal •truoture At thU plMt. A third band, with » thiokneH of forty yard* ooom in oa the WMt, mixed with gneiM, but theM bvidi cm not be trMed to My di.UnM below the ohut^ m the only expoeurM in thie direction MW of reddieh-gray gneiM. Prom thie point down to the bridge over the river at the Jesuit Mttlement in Arundel, no caloareoua rocks appear along the stream Occasional outcrops of the gneiss are sMn, hut the banks are fn.,,uently occupied by Mnds which overlie the clay. At the Arundel bridge masNM of reddish homblendic syenite rock are exposed, but a short disunw above this, a band of limeitone, associated with grayinh and rusty gnei«i is Men in the river. Drift conceals the rocks for a mile l.„. ,.ut.. or so below, but what U apparently a continuation of the same band U SMn on the road down the eatt side in a small outcrop on the line betwMu rangM I. and II., Arundel, below which nothing i» visible above the drift till the head of MounUin chute is reached. A small band appears, however, at Dog chute, one mile below Dog rapid m the northern part of Harrington, which has a strike of N. 50 w' The dip U vertical and may repreMnt the northern extension of the band 8cen at Mountain chute. The associated rock is a grayinh rusty gneiss. ' ' The band* of limestone in the area adjoining the lower portion of K,»k. »Io„k the Rouge have already bMn described. For the last seven milM of tull^ri've, t. cou«e the river flow, over reddish and reir normal strike, unlesa they are entirely cut ofif as is sometimes the case. THE AREA BETWEEN THE ROUOB AND NATION RIVERS. Arm U'twrn-n This area diflfera from the preceding in that the surface is more Xatuln'nv?™ largely occupied by lakes, some of which are of considerable size. While a great part of it is as yet unopened to settU-uient, it is readily traversed by canoes. The western part of the seigneury of Petite Nation ond tho township:) of Ponsonby and Suflfolk on the north, are intersected by rends ; while along the valley of the North Nation, a colonization road, already referred to, extends to Nominiugue lake on the waters of the upper Uouge, a distance in a straight line of nearly sixty miles. Two colonization roods extend west from the Rouge into this area, the most northerly of which turns ofi from that stream about three miles above the village of I.,abelle and continues went to the Big Nom- iningue, meeting that from Annunciation, on the shore of the lake ; the other starting near the same point trends south to the lower end of MoskinongiJ lake, and then continues to Desert lake and on to the new settlement of Chapleau, where areas of good land exist, Big Nominin- underlain by crystalline limestone. Around the shores of Big Nom- iningue lake the only rocks observed were grayish, reddish-gray and Cnlonization rcailrt. lUke d ^1 AHIA BBTWrBBM THR ROUdK AND MATIOK RIVHU. 33 J hornblenda gnmM, Htriking ten to lixtjr d«KrMa north u( mmt knd ■huwing by reverM dips »* Mvenil poinU, tb« prMmcc of •ntiilinal utriioturr. TheeMtMrn nhinti HhowN no ImlgcH, the (lenoh b«inK >><>uliler- wtrawn ; but hilU of reddixh-grity gneiM and tcmnite riiu> • nhort diitnnm from the w»ter. The rtwd fn>ui Anniinciatioti, pant thn etwt ■hort' uf thU Uk«, ora«M» at the NnrruwM which i-otmei-tii with Little Noaiiitin){tte lake, and extemU tu thi> Jesuit iettlenient, which i« Imlf » mile from the south wt>itt an)(le of Bif; Inkn. Alon^ thit road out- cropH of gneiuic rock» are fre<|uent. The went iihore of the lako ihows fimilar rocky ledgea at wviTal placeN, which itrike xenerally north anil Routh itnd ilip to the weit. The unuthern end ix Handy aa In also tliK nort hern ihore for Home dixtanco back, being prolNtbly thn exteniiion of the drift plains of the upper KouKe. No trace of litnestone itppearM on the shorm of thia lake. The north Hhore of Little Noinininuuc Iml" Nomi. lake, about one mile to the south, i* aluo low and sandy to the mouth """"" '''"• of Haujjc creek which diichargoa the waters of a chain of lakes from the north. A road extends aion){ the south shore of this lake con- necting with that leading to the Nation, and several settlern have »lrcttn the ea.st side of Sauge creek a high did of grayi.sh hc.rnlilewie gneiss occurs), with a dip H. E. <'-'5 and extends along th»- lake to the east end. Here several .small islands i. which 11 small irregular band of limestone, very im] of rusty gneiss, is seen. Tlu? structure of the li crumpl<-d synclinal, the underlying' nicks on either gray gneiss and ifuartzite. 'e of llig one of liii|inr.- llllli'^tMllt'n, usions is a rusty From Little Nouiininguo lake a portage of sixty chains U.ids to l'..tUL.- ,... N.Mh lilunche lake, which is the head of tiie cast branch of the Nf)inininf;ue river. The shores are low and no ledges visible. From this a port- '" ^'^ a-e of about the same length leiuls to Black lake, at the head of the '"""■' ' ' east branch of the Nation river, around which also the country is low. but ;,'nei.«8 hills rise at a short ilistance on either side. A [mrtuiir- of a inilo leads thenee to Little P.jack lake, where reddish gnei-s ap (x-ars, but no limestone is seen in this direction. Thence by a poiiage of a mile and n half, a small lake is reachinl which is half a mile wevi of Id'sert i"ke, the head of the west branch of the Maskinon;.'. river. Ueddishgray and hortd)lendic gneiss occurs aliout these lakes, but on li.-. rt lak- a point on Dr.sert lake, separating the two bays at the north end, limestone is .seen, un'lerlain by ([uarlzite and r-uty gneiss. The dip is S. .^o E. < .lO . At the outlet of this lake, which is to the south grayish garnetiferous hornblende gneiss strikes .S; i>u to 75' K The 3 i m i ; f ( ' h 34 J QUEBEC AND Of'AniO. shores of most of these lakes are densely wooded with spruce and cedar, and rock outcrops are few, while most of the surrounding coun- try is also a thick forest. From Desert lake south, a chain of lakes including Long Point, IMhu- e and Trout, is traversed before reaching Maskinonge lake. On tLe III.' t of these only is the limestone well seen, large outcrops appear- ing n lots 4 to 7, range VI. and VII., township of Minerve, occupy- ing .. synclinal on the west shore of the lake and this is probably con- ur.ious southward to I.«c Vert (On en lake). Several folds are seen along this part of the lake, while the rest of the .shore shows ledges of reddish gray and garnetiferous gneiss. Similar gneisses are seen around the shores of Lake iMnuve. In a large bay on the east side of this lake ihe gneiss .shows several low undulations, with dips of five to Trout lake fifteen degrees, and no limestone is visible. Trout lake is surrounded by hills of reddish-gray and hornblende gneiss, and lielow this the stream is navigable for about half a mile, whence a portage leads to the west shore of Maskinonge lake. The strike of the gneiss on this lake is generally a few degrees east of north, and the dip changes from east to west several times, showing the presence of well-defined anticlinal folds. The portage from Trout lake reaches Maskinonge lake in a small bay near the south end. Here a small band of limestone occurs at the entrance of the bay, underlaid by grayish and rusty gneiss, which dips S. 70° E., < 50 . This limest^jne extends south along the west shore of the lake and is separated from another band, seen on an island in the south-east corner of the lake, by a mass of hornblende rock which has the same strike. Dykes of pyroxene cut these and masses of white binary granite, or pegmatite, intersect the limestone. Descending the Maskinonge river grayish quartzose rusty gneiss ap- pears at the elbow, a short distance below the foot of the lake, dipping E < 75° overlaid by limestone, to the east of which the gneiss again appears with a west dip < 70°, showing a synclinal in which the lime- stone occurs. Below this for about four miles to Cameron lake the rocks are gneiss, considerable distances along the stream, however, being drift-covered. CuinTonlake. On Cameron lake, which is in the south- west part of the township of Clyde, a well defined limestone band is seen at the south-west angle. The strike of this, as well as of the underlying gneiss, is N. 40° E., dip S. 50° E., < 75°, on the north side of the bay at the out- let, but on the south side of the bay the dip is reversed to the north- MaHkimingi- river. tfflMib mSsM •■] AREA BETWEEN THE ROL'OE AND NATION RIVERS. 35 .1 3f west < 80°. This limestone strikes directly a)ong the south side of the lake, and can lie traced north-east into another lake for several miles, when it disappears. To the south-west, its strike is along the course of the stream, but the area is drift covered. To the south-east of Cameron lake a portage of half a mile reaches ';'.'"(? and Ix)ng and Kidney lakes. The rocks in this direction are all reddish "'"'^ '"''*''■ gray gneisses, with bands of hornblende rock, and some of the bands are filled with small garnets. To the east of Kidney lake the country is very hilly and densely wooded, and evidently occupied by granitic and gneissic rocks. Returning to Maskinonge lake, which has a length of about ten ^'a-kiiionm- miles with a breadth of one mile to a mile and a half, the limestone appears in three parallel synclinals along the west shore, from the end of the porta^ mentioned to the north end of the lake. About the middle of tl west shore an overturn in the strata is plainly seen, which makes the gnei.ss overlie the limestone for a short distance. These synclinals extend to the bay near the north-west angle, where the calcareous members apparently terminate. Ridges of intrusive white binary granite, weathering a grayish-white, occur in this area, as well as dykes of a coarse black hornblende diorite, which cut the limestone. The most northerly exposure of the limestone on this lake is on the north-west shore, between the large west bay and the north- west angle. It is underlaid by gneiss of the usual grayish type, but this band could not be traced inland, the rock in this direction being gray gneiss and quartzite. An attempt to burn lime was made at this place some years ago by a settler, but the rock used was a whitish quartzite instead of a limestone, and the attempt was. of necessity, a failure. Excellent limestone for burning, however, exists in the vicinity within a couple of miles of the Rouge and five miles from Labelle, so that lime could easily be obtained, instead of hauling from .St. Jovite, nearly seventeen miles distant. Along the east side of Maskinonge lake a ridge of reddish gneiss '•nk'' rast of and granite extends along its whole length and separates it from the h.'ke'.'''"""*'" waters of Muskrat lake (Lac des Freres) and several others which flow into the I^ke of Three Mountains. A narrow band of limestone is seen about a fourth of a mile west of Lac des Freres on the portage ; and a second band on the east side of the lake, occupying a synclinal and underlain by gray gneiss and quartzite. Crossing by a chain of lakes to Three Mountain lake, two other bands are recognized in synclinals, the anticlinal structure of the gneiss which separates them being quite clear. On Lac Brul^, to the west of Three Mountain 3J 1 jiji 36 QUEIIEC AND ONTARIO. Kuad from Mi)iittl»-ll'i t I'uiiwiiiUy Crystalline nMksofAlfn tuvvnsliip «»|llMlnit»' Miintcltfllo. Photit^raiilis. 'riiii-ktii-s.- ;ii till* (lUUltziTi Outcrops at Hocklaixl. lake, hills of gneiss are seen on the north side which show a folded structure. No limestone appears on any of these lakes, but on Green lake, to the south-east of Three Mountain lake, a narrow band is seen, which may be the extension of one of those just noted. In the townships of Amherst, Ponsonby and SufiMk, several new " roads have been constructed by means of which sections across this part of the crystalline rocks have been made. One of the most recent of these extends northward from the village of Montebello, on ihe Ottawa, across the cent al portion of the seigneury of Petite Nation to the third range of Ponsonby, a distance of twenty-three miles, w hich will presently be described. Before giving the distribution of the limestone bands on the ^ north of the river for liiis section, it may be well to point out the occurrence of the older recks on the south side as seen at Alfred and Kockland. Of these the most important and instructive is tliat opposite Montebello where a beautiful display of gneiss, (juartzite and limestone is presented, in a knoll near the ferry and to the south of the road about half a mile to the east. The rocks in the knoll have been smoothed by glacial action and disc-los-j one of the finest examples of twisted structure to ht- found in the district. This has been photo- graphed for the Geological Survey by Mr. H. N. Topley. The structure here is apparently an overturned anticlinal in the gneiss and the crumpled strata can be tracey grayish and rusty gneiss. The Rrcater part of this area aionx the road to Ponsonby is however occupied by the underlying reddisli and reddish- gray gneisit. At Papineauvillc tlie limestone is well displayed on the shore of the l'iH''n North N»tit>ii Milli. North Natiiiii Milla tn Thirfw I^ic SiiiiDii. Linu'Htone quarry. ■(•en which cut the linieitom-, mnd an Kotoon utructure it found »t the junction ol the two Heriw. < HMMwional diumm of red granite-gneiM rise from the gciiemlly level pl»in, but just what «re» in occupied l.y the linieetone in thin drift portion it hnrd to way. Along the road from 8t. Andr.' Avclin to North Nation Mill* outcrops of lioth limwtone and gneiHg ar« frequent ami the ntructure is well leen. The gray and rujtty gneiaa in well expotted and the prasencn of three antiolinaln in the separating areas of the reddish gneiss is rocugni/.etl, the liinb.tor.e and gray gneiss occupying the Hynclinals. From the forks of the ruad near the crossing of the Nation river, which is about three miles north of the station of North Nation Mills, a road extends east to the Papineau- villo roan the e»Nt branch are Little and Hig WhiteBsh. «u Sable, Nert and Cache lakes ; on the west branih are Long, Cnwked, Zigai-,', and des lies lakes, while Kig Hay lake, Lac des Sucreries, and Hev.-ml others are on the tributaries of this branih. The country around these lakes is generally rough and in places elevations from 400 to COO feet al)ove the lake levels are found, the rwks l)eing fur the most part a reddish foliated granite gneiss. Along the shores of these lakes small outcrops of limestones are ooiasionally seen which, however, are not traceable to any consid- erable distance on the line of their strike, while from the generally folded character of the rocks it would be extremely difficult to con- nect the exposures .seen at the various points into a continuous exten- sion of any one band, althoufrh they may and jtossibly ort of PniipreM (ieol. .Surv., Can., l,srO-77, pj.. ■Mi-MH). 42 i Qir.BBT AND ONTARIO. Hill Wliiit-ri.li Uki', N'atiiiii chain. tl I.akv i)i>r>'. Ilntn liiki' \ 1 i 1 On tht Big Whitoflnh lake (Nation river)— (for it may here b.- r^ marlied that in thin dintrict ther« are •» nuuitHT oiUke* known locally by thii name),— a« well a* oi. Little WhitftWh luke. the only rock* neen were revnral b > im'h Lttc (It'll MueroriMH, on which the Motion oan b*- oxteiideii ni Canienm litku on tho .MllMkinon^t'• river. On onn sraiill lakf • ■ tv, a wnall Imnd of limeHtiMK' wiw iwn underlain by black and j{r _ ," ■ s. in till' vioinity r dark ^la^ •> «• On the jwveral |iorCa){nii the r>- ■tOMH, the latter in bands from six toi-ightfeet thick : the dip on tlie weiit side of thf pxiHisuri' Ix'inj; to the oast at ni\ angle of 40 , but on the eastern niarj^in, thiti in reversed to H.E. <.;$() ', where the rock l»econiP« grayer in colour. The underlying rock here is a red orthocliuse foliated gnei«.s, Coing eastward the dip of the gneiss soon changes to E. <*J0', beyond which, to tho eastern end of the lake, the shores are drift w)vere»i. Similar dark-colouml limestones are seen in two sniiill islandu near the centre of the lake on tho northern siile, and here the rocks are cut by dykes of hornblende and pyroxene. Hands of crystalline limestone also appear on the south shore of this lake alxiut midway, associated with the usual rusty ()uart»>HO gneiss. The nearest calcareous rocks ti. tlu< south are the outcrops noted on Round lake in Addington, wliile to tlie north the nearest are those set-n on the west shore of .Ma.Nkinong<' lake, in the township of Label le. A.scendinj5 the east branch of tho Nation, a portivge leads to Ijic au I- Sable. The shores are nu.stly occupied by gneiss of the usual varieties, j but on the east side, north of the point near the mouth of a small creek which discharges the waters of a small chain of lakes from the east, dark gray siliceous limestones occur along with black hornblendic gnei.ss. West of the inlet or Narrows, at the north end of the lake, limestone also occurs, associated with grayish f|uartzose gneiss, dip \V. <60'. The upp«T end of Ijic au Sable is in the western jmrt of the ' township of Minerve. At the north-east angle of the lake low-lying ledges of limestone dip S. 70° W. < 3.5°. But few ledges show along the shores of this lake, and where seen, with the above exception, are of grayish limestone, with rusty and black gneiss, the general strike being from N. to N. 10° W. The stream entering the head of Lac au Sable is for the most part sluggish to Lite Croche, where it takes its rise. .Several small lake- illr-riTI"-*. t lininrh f tli4- .Natiiin ;«; au Salilr Hi 11* ■■■ \ QUEBEC AND OMTAUIO. expansions occur, but ledges are few, and such n» are seen, with one exception, consist of gray or dark hornblende gneiss. On the second lake-expansion below Liic Croche, a small band of white crystalline limestone is associated with hornblende -{neiss, but the outcrop is very limited. Live CnK-lif. liOO (Iva Ilt'H. ZigiUk); liikr Crooktil hiki ■i \ Around Lac Croche the only rocks seen are gneisses, red, grnyish and (|uartzose. The strike is generally north and the dip is east .-40' to 80'. From this lake a portage of about a mile in length, leads westward to Lac des lies, which is at the head of the e.ist fork of the west branch of the Nation. A small band of the limestone is seen on an island near the north-east corner of this lake, overlying tine-grained quartzose gneiss. The strike at this place is N. 25 W., the dip is west. An anticlinal in the dark-gray hornblende and garnetiferous gneiss is seen a short distance west of this outcrop. On the wist side of the lake, half a mile below its northern enii, is a deep bay in which the rocks are mostly tine grained and quartzose. A heavy dyke of gray binary granite cuts the gneiss at this place but no limestone was observed, though a synclinal occurs in the gneiss. The islands with which the lake is dotted, are with the exception noted, all comi^sed of <»neis8. In places this is rusty and quartzose, but certain bands are garnetiferous. The strike is generally N. to N. 10° W. Fn the lake to the south, l)etween this and Zigzag lake, a small band of limestone appears on the east shore, underlain by rusty gneiss and (juurtzite, and a .second band occurs towards the south end of the lake near the por- tage to Zigzag lake, which occupies a well-defined synclinal. The limestone here is very rusty and disintegrates readily, forming a coarse calcareous sand. Around the shore of Zigzag lake liic only rocks seen are g'-ayish and dark hornblende gneiss, in places much twisted and crumpled, presu- mably from the presence of intrusive dykes ; but at the outlet of the lake, a short distance above Crooked lake a small band of limestone appears on the point. Similar calcareous rocks, in two bauds, also show on the east shore of Crooked lake, south of the inlet of the Nation river, separated by well-defined antidinals in grayish and rusty horn- blende gneiss. The general strike of the rocks is north. Around the north .shore of this lake, west of the inlet, several bands of the limestone occur in layers of four to five inches thick. The gneiss with which they are as.sociated, is much disturbed and dykes of white binary granite, largely composed of felspar, arc seen in the vicinity. The south shore of the lake shows occasional ledges of black, ru»ty grayish gneis*. and AREA BETWEEN THE ROUOE AND NATION RIVERS. 45 ,1 Two branches of thu west fork of the Nation are found in the vicinity of Crooked and Zigzag lakes. The most ea.sterly discharges a lake several miles long containing numerous islands, and named Big "itf l^ay lake. Bay lake. It is situated on the western line of the township of Loranger, while on the westerly branch are lakes Sugar Bush, rx)ng and several others, unnamed. On Big Bay lake, outcrops of limestone are seen both on the shores of the lake itself, and on several of the many islands near the centre and southern end. Several of these bonds are coarse-grained, yellowish and dolomitic. They are associated with bands of black hornblende and quartzose gneiss, and dip uniformly to the north-west < 45' to ')0\ but show at several points evidence of great disturbance and overturning of the stiuta. The gneiss bands are frequently garnetiferous, and masses of intrusive white granite are common. On several of the islands in the northern part of the lake a distinct anticlinal structure is seen in the gneiss ; and occasionally the rocks are thrown into a series of crumplings and folds in which overturn dips nn* clejirly visible. The east side of this lake is generally low, but ledges of grayish gneiss are seen at intervals, as also along the shores of a deep bay which extends to the eastward. Hills of reddish and gray orthoclase gneiss rise around the lake. From the south-west angle a series of ixirtasies and small lakes leads across to Long lake, the intervening rocks, where exposed, being all gnei.ss. Long lake is about five miles in length from north to south. The i,,,,,^ i;,!;,. shores show numerous ledges of reddish-gray foliated gneiss, often course ; but near the outlet at the southern end, leading to Sugar Bush lake a small band of yellowish dolomitic limestone appears, containin-,' lumps of dark gneiss and pebbles of (juartzite. A synclinal occurs at this place, the underlying rocks being rusty and hornblende gneiss. On Sugar Bush lake, which is reached by the creek from Long Si,t,':ir ISuhH lake, the rocks are mostly gneiss. Indications of limestone are present in the rusty bands on the east shore, but no well-fletined ledges are visible, except, at the south end where the portage leads across to Crooked lake. On the north shore a heavy dyke of black rook (diorite) is exp)sed, which holds pieces of slaty-looking gray gneiss in the mass of the rock. The west shore of the lake shows occasional ledges of reddish (|uartzose gneiss and the usual folded aspect is .seen at se\eral points. At the south end the limestone is underlain by white i|uurt- zit*-. The general strike of the rocks on this lake is N. to .\. 1(1' E. On the portage to Crooked lake, half a mile distant, the only rocks seen are reil and gray gnei.ss. No limestone shows in this direction, but on the east side of Crooked lake two well defined ai-eas are exposed alonsr with the characteri -tie rusty gnniss. Ilk.'. I It ti II QUBBKC AND ONTARIO. cliaracti^r of rock«. Kxtent of linieiitone Going south to the Lower Long lake on the Nation river, much drift is found along the connecting creek, but, in the northern narrow pro- longation of the lake, the calcareous bands are infolded with the gneiss in such a manner as to clearly indicate an overturn of the strata. A well-defined anticlinal is seen on the west shore of the lake a short distance to the south of this place with a corresponding synclinal still further to the south, in which is a second baud of limestone. Lower Long lake is about eight miles long from north to south. A consider- able portion of the west shore is low and sandy, with occasional out- crops of the gneiss. At the point on the west side of the narrows at the south end, ledges of serpentinous and tremolitic limestone appear much twisted and broken up, owing doubtless to the intrusion of dykes in the vicinity. From this point a depression extends southward to the north-west angle of Lac Simon and occasional outcrops of limestone lead to the inference that the limestone outcrops seen at the upper end of that lake near Edward's d^p6t, are continuous with those on Long lake. On the east shore of Long lake limestone appears in three bands, so removed from each other, ..ad separated by areas of reddish gneiss, as to make them three distinct bands or repetitions of the same by folding. The dips of the underiying gneiss would indicate the latter structure, although the strata are in places in a nearly horizontal atti- tude. Reverse dips are, however, readily seen in the underlying rocks, showing a folded structure at several points. In all this area between the Houge and the Nation, though lime- stone bands are frequent, the endeavour to trace any of them to any distance continuously, was found to be impossible except in the area, near the Ottawa. In some cases this has been done for several miles where depressions would indicate that these have been caused by the decay of the softer calcareous rocks ; but, under the most favourable conditions, little reliance could be placed on the finding of areas, separated by tracts of unbroken forest, and apparently upon the same strike in their presumed place on parallel lines of section. Even on the lake shore so many gaps occur in the rock outcrops, owing to sand deposits, that continuous sections can rarely be obtained ; while in other places, through the presence of intrusive masses of granite and diorite, or the agency of faults, the continuity of strata over any considerable area is rarely found. From the frequently recurring changes of dip in the gneissic and calcareous strata, however, it is plainly seen that the entire series of rocks in this area is thrown into a numl)er of recurring folds and that the successive bands of gneiss and limestone are repeat- ed, sometimes at very frequent intervals. AREA BETWEEN THE NATION AND uftVRE RIVERS. 17 J NATION AND LifcVRE RIVERS. A great portion of the country between the Nation and the Lifevre ('imrncter of rivers is much more inaccessible than that just d scribed. Roads are """'"'>• confined almost entirely to the townships near the Ottawa, very rarely extending north more than twenty miles from that river, while it is not so readily accessible by canoes. The route traversed extended from near the centre of the west shore of Long lake by n portag' of three miles along the south side of .Simon creek in which distance two small bands of limestone were crossed about midway on the trail, and thence by following a small chain of lakes with several portAges to Lac H.ar lake. des Ours (Bear lake), which was reached at its southern angle. With the exception of the bands noted on the first portage no limestones were seen on this route. Around the shores of Bear lake the prevail- ing ro>;k-ma8se3 were hornblendic reddish and gray gneisses. Large dykes and masses of white binary granito (pegmatite) show at intervals, more especially along the south-east portion of the lake. The general strike of the foliated gneiss is N. to N. 15' E. and the dip changes from east to west, several anticlinal folds lieing easily recognized. From Bear lake to the Lievre river a canoe-route exists, either by descending Bear creek to its junction with the Lievre river, in the southern part of the township of Wells, or by making a portage of a mile and a half near the intersection of the stream with the eastern line of the township into a chain of lakes, in which are included lakes Brochet, L'Aigle, Serpent, Corl)eau, St. Germain and ^^ >«'"'■ south, with a breadth of a mile to a mile and a half. Near the centre a small group of islands, not shown on ti.o map occurs. Two long bays extend from the upper end of the lake to the north-east and north- west, and ranges of high hills of gneiss and granite rise both to the east and west. The rocks on the south-east part of this lake are reddish and .juart- zose gneiss. These are cut by large masses of grayish graniU'. The red rocks extend along the east shore in a series of folds, the strike in this area being neariy east and west with dips to the north and south. About hal* a mile from the south east angle of the lake these are over- lain by white crystalline limestone, containing scales of mica, and underiain by the usual rusty gneiss and quartzite. Thence rusty gneiss with a band of limestone extends eastward into a bay, the shores of which are composed of sand, often calcareous. On the islands near the centre of the lake the rocks are a mixture of garnetiferou.s gneiss, limestone and white granite, and similar rocks occupy the western shore of the lake as well. Rusty gneiss generally accompanies the limestone, and garnetiferous bands are common. Along the east shore similar rocks are seen, the strike changing to north, hut the lieds are often minutely crumpled as in those at Papineauville on the Ottawa, showing the disturbing action of the white granite, the series at the two places Ijeing identical. On the north side of the north-east arm, which is apparently underlain l.y the limestone, an anticlinal is seen m the rusty gneiss ; and between this and the outlet, which is on the north-west arm, the anticlinal structure is repeated and another band of limestone appears. At the eastern entrance to this last bay, calcareous bands with quartz- it* strike uurlh and dip east < 70". A sm„^,l dyk.,- of pyroxene is seen 4 I i iii ilti.. I'ili 60 J gcniC AKD OMTAMO. HUgl th« L lake t<> lievrt- Little Staff The Lirvn- river. along with the gntnlt*. and bunches of limestone occur in the latter as if caught in the intrusive ma«.. From Stag lake a passage of 250 yards connecto with Little Stag lake, the shores of the latter being almost entirely of limestone. An island towards the middle of the lake in the direction of the outlet i» also formed of limestone. Oneiss however comes in at the south-west angle. The shores are generally low, and undulations in the gneiss and limestone are visible at several points The country to the north and weat becomes much less hilly indicating presumably the presence of much more extended areas of the calcareous rocks in this direction, though a somewhat extensive covering of sand and clay conceals the outcrops except at scattered intervals. This predominance of the limestone probably marks the eastern limit of the Liivre basin, which has a breadth to the west of some miles and will be presently described. From Little Stag lake a stream empties into the Liivre opposite a long island in the township of Dudley, and just below the junction with the Lit^re, ledges ol yellowish dolomitic limestone are seen holding scales of graphite with bands of rusty gneiss which dip W. <75'. Near the lower end of this island garnetiferous gneiss dips E. <80'. A considerable ridge extends along the west bank of the river about 250 yards distant, but the immediate vicinity of the stream is low and occupied with drift-sand. Before describing the distribution of the rocks along the course of the Lifevre. near the lower part of which some of the most impor- tant mineral deposits in the province of Quebec are situated, including apatite, mica and graphite, we may consider the structure as seen between the Nation and the Lievre near the Ottawa. . , The district between the Nation and the Lievre, near the Ottawa, xS,.^.'.X" embraces the townships of Buckingham, in part, Lochaber, Derry near the Ottawa, Mulgrave and Lathberry, Ripon and Hartwell, and a portion of the seigneury of La Petite Nation and the Gore of Lochaber The principal stream traversing the district is the Blanche, which eaters the Ottawa about half a mile west of the village of Thurso. The three branches of this stream in the townships of ViUeneuve, Lathbury and Mulgrave have chains of lakes, none of which are of large sizb, but by means of which the area in question can be readily traversed by canofc= while the portion near the Ottawa is intersected by numerous roads, 80 that the geological features can be readily ascertained. Roads from Buckingham village and Thurso meet at St. Malachi and continue north to Blanche lake, a short distance north of the out let of which it forks, the eastern route continuing across Mulgrave in»o Lievre rivers. Blanche river. RoadB noi th of Thiirwi. H AHEA HETWEBN THI NATIOH AMD LifcTRB RIVBK8. fll .1 Hipon, where it joins the road from North Nation Mills to St. Andr.! Avelin, and thus affords a good section across the strike of the gneiss and limestone. The left-hand road continues north to Long lake, in the north-west part of Mulgrave township. A road alno extends north-east from Thurso village, crossing the Sinsic river, and thence into the north-east portion of Lochaber. Thence dividing, the west fork reaches Heart lake on the east branch of th.- Blanche, while the other continues on to the road leading to St. Andr^ Avelin. Along these roads and around the shores of some of the lakes, hands of lime- stone are seen, some of which can be traced for short distances only, while others are continuous for some miles. Among the most important of these is probably that which is Lim.-ton.. recognized in the eastern part of Lochaber, appearing first on ranges ''""'" V. and VI. This band, with a northeast direction, crosses the Gore of Lochaber and the western part of I.* Petite Nation to the Nation river, west of St. Andre Avelin, beyond which it is largely concealed by drift, through which, however, an occasional outcrop appears, by wiiich its extension into tlie township of Suffolk can be recognized. Several well defined anticlinals are seen in connection with this area A recond and still more extensive band can be traced pimost con- tinuously from Thurso village, where ite southern terminus is concealed oy the drift of the Ottawa valley, through the eastern part of Ix»chal)er and Ripon, till it reaches the valley of the Nation river, to the south of Lac Simon, in flartwell township ; thence its distribution northward has already been described. The entire length of this band from Thurso to its northern extremity in Ix)ng lake of the Nation chain is not far from forty miles. The roads which intersect the township of Lochaber show numerous outcrops of limestone. A somewhat extensive band appears neor the Ottawa river at Rockland station, on the Canadian Pacific railway, in- terstratified with groy gneiss. This band on the road north of the sta- tion hag a breadth of nearly a mile, its eastern margin lieing concealed by a mantle of clay. While continuous to the north the calcareous portion gradually decreases, and the underlying gray gneiss appears. Generally, however, the bands of limestone in Lochaber are of no great breadth but are repeated at frequent intervals in a series of folds, with many changes of dip, and anticlinals in the rusty and gray gneiss are seen. A somewhat important band emerges from beneath the clay covering near the line between Buckingham and Lochaber on range IV., and can be traced northeasterly to the village of St. Malachi, where, east of the post office, it has a breadth of neariy half a mile 4J TliiirMi to Hartwell, tdwiwliip. H i i i. ! I } 52 J qCBBIC AMD ONTARIO. Mulgravc Mulni bud. BruncheM of Blunclin ri^t-r. i i beyoud which, to the north, it ia probably oontinuou. to Orwn Uke on the ewt branch of the Blanche. Thence it pane* to Heart take and up the valley of the 8in«c brook, the courw. gradually changing more northerly, till it paMes into the eaatern part of the township of Lathbury. Thi« band i. well defined and ha» a breadth in eaatem Mulgrave of nearly a mile. Another imporUnt area i» continuous from Buckingham village, where it is well eiponed at the falls below the mills, with slight interruptions north-east, past St. Malachi, to the shores of Blanche Uke. Here it divides, one arm crossing by the eastern shore of the lake where it becomes serpenUnouN and is associated with dykes of pyroxene and from this point extends up the middle branch ; the other con- tinues up the west branch through Gull, Hawk and Lady Ukes, beyond which it has not been traced. This l«nd is also associaUKl with serpentine on Gull and Hawk lakes and attempts have been made to mim- the small strings of asljestas (chrysotile) which occur in the serpentine both here and on Blanche lake. The quantity of the mineral is however too small to be of much economic importance. West of the bands just described, others occur to the north of Buck- ingham village, but these have not been traced to any considerable distance, owing to the difficulty of traversing the rough and compara- tively unsettled township of Derry. A small band was also noted at the outlet of the chain of lakes from Echo Beach lake on the western branch of the Blanche, which also couU not be traced owing to the drift. ,..,„l.»„i . a.t. Furthur west in the township of Portland East, a band of limestone is visible between Lake Tamo and Clay creek, which is exposed for a couple of miles. It extends north and south in the direction of the lake valley and may pass beneath its waters. The shores of Lake Tamo however are frequently sandy and rock exposures are few. The band continues northward into Clay lake. The intermediate areas separating these calcareous bands, are for the most part occupied by grayish gneiss which, near the limestone, assumes the usual rusty character and becomes interstratified m thin bands. This gray gneiss, which is also quartzose, is associated in its lower part with dark hornblendic layers and these pass downward or rest upon the reddish meml)er8 of the system. Intrusive masses of the white granite are frequent and among other places can be well seen on the l.vn,...m..tnd road east of St. Malachi. Dykes of pyroxene rock are also more numerous than in the area« tx. the east, and mines of apatite and graphite have been opened at a number of places. On the whole Aliatit i| nm LifcVRE RIVER. S3 J however it may lje laid, that the conditioiM f•^ourahle to the occur- rence of apatite and mica over the greater part of the area just des- cribed aro not »o favorable aH in that mon- closely liorderin^ on the Lit'vre where important mines of apatite are Hituated. The gray and black gneisx of thiM area has a wfll inarkei»i>.iM. generally fine-grained dialuMe rock tnivcrwt both the gneiss and the ''^'*'" limestone in a ;;enerally east-and-west diieotion. These dykes are mostly narrow, often only a few inches in thickness while in places they have a breadth of several feet. They do not nppeiir to be connected with any special mineral 0 """'■ miles from the chain of lakes at its source to its junction with the Ottawa river near Buckingham .station on the Canadian Pacific rail- way, about twenty miles east of Ottawa city. It has been carefully examined for over one liundre„i(kinBh.im village, falls and rapids occur, the descent in the three miles being not '" '^''f'' '"""• far from 250 feet. The surface along this area is largely covered with h fl ! M «} f i 04 .1 MininK diitrirt riut of the kiwtr Li^vni rivtT. IjVBilBC AND OMTAHIO. Mining amiK wwt nf thf Li^vre. Mnd, the anderljing rocks being nioetl/ gmiu, with which, howerer, are Mwooiated small iMnda of limeHtone. Limestonn also appears along the road down the west side of tlie river, about one mile below the bridge at the village, but owing to the covering of sand, its relations can not be readily neon. From the landing at the village the current is sluggish, and steamboaU ascend to near the foot uf the High falls, just above the northern line of the township of Portland. The Little rapid, which formerly interfered with the navigation of this part of the stream, is now overcome by a dam and look. By the former the stretch of broken water about three miles below the PolU, known aa the Long rapid, has also been ublitemted. The country east of tliiu portion of the Liivre is very hilly and broken. Alxiut eight miles above the landing at the village of Buck- ingham, the celebrated mines known as the Emerald, the .^Uiuaw Hill and the /Ktna are situated, while in the immediate vicinity of the Little rapids, are the London and the Little Kapids mines. Alwut seven miles further up the river, tho whaifs of the North Star mines are placed. The mines themselves are situated on lot 18, range VIL, Portland east, on the summit of a high ridge, overlooking Lake Tamo, about three and a half miles east of the river. In this direction also are the Philadelphia; Company's mines on lot 26, range VIIL, the Chapleau mine, on lot 7, range VI., with ieveral others of less importance, judging from the amount of development work performed. Near the landing of the North Star, in a blufif overlooking the village of Notre-Dame de la Salette, are the Salette mines, while two miles, further north is the landing from the Villeneuve mica uiine. This mine is on lot 31, range I., Villeneuve, the distance by rood fioni the landing being nearly live miles. On the west side the surface is much less rugged as far as Chalifoux's landing, opposite the wharfs of the North Star mine. At this place the succession of hills, on which are situated the Ross MounUim High Rock, down Hill, Star Hill and Central Ijike mines, and further north, the High Falls ni'ne, come to the river. The distance of these from the river is from halt a mile to a mile and a half. These hills rise from the stream to elevations of 500 to 700 feet, and in this range of hills are included the most productive apatite mines of the district. The country-rock throughout this ai-ea is mostly a gray gneiss, the limestone rarely appearing. Along the river small outcrops mixed with rusty gray gneiss, show at the Narrows, about five miles north of the village of Buckingham. Limestone also occurs with the rusty gneiss in the village itself, and a band extends thence north-east. i i Ut'.VRB RIVKR. Oft .1 which hM already baen referred to Much of the river oounte in thia pari lie* between clay banloi, and rook expoaurea ara few. North ot the Little lUpida a ■mall outcrop ii seen on th«> bank near Nalett<- village, the extennion of which cannot be traced owing to the depoaiu of clay. In addition to the gneisi w hich in w> largely developed throughout thii I'Vf"*""- • area, great nia8iw>8 of pyroxene appear in the vicinity of all the iiiinei. n.k,." These, with binary granite (pegmatite) and diorite, form a great part of the hill on which the Emerald and yKtna minwi are located, the gneiN in contact lieing generally rurty and having a ahattered aappci a« if from the action of intruHive uiaMen. The same may be xaid of the hill ranges at the other mine*, the intricate admixture of the granite, pyroxene and gray gneios being everywhere apparent throughout the entire mining iirt-a. The gnfisi) at the head of the High falls atrikes .V. \!i' E., but iit the U.hUs aUHit great bend above the falla this changes to N. 10 W. the dip l»eing K. "'"'' '"""• < 70', Intrusions of pyroxene and white gmnite are seen in the vicinity and on the hills to the KOuth-went, and small deposits of mica and apatite occur. At the brook flowing from Ik>rt-miin lake a fourth of a mile above the fall, a considerable \vuiil of limestone in seen with a breadth acrofs the strike of nearly half a mile, or to near the nliore of the lake, where it is underlain by jray and rusty gneiHS. A little further west, on the west side of Itowman lake, the High Falls mine is situated on the east side of a ridge of gneiss and pyroxene. The band of limestone just mentioned probably extends .southward ti„. i,i,.vi* along a depression to Central lake about one mile distant, where it ^'n'"" "*'' shows in a narrow outcrop. Hut northward it appears along the rivoi' on both sides and is much mixed with the gneiss especially iti the lower part of the band. At the mouth of the stream from Scalier lake two miles further north, a similar band appears, but the strike is here nearly east-and-west and just at the mouth of the stream the usual rusty gneiss shows in underlying ledges on the south side of the river. The deriection in the strike at this place is doubtless due to the intrusions of granite in the vicinity, since similir variations are seen in connection with the rocks at all the mines in the pyroxene l)elt. From the mouth of Scalier creek to Bear creek in the township of St.an.bont Wells, the banks are often of clay and sand ; the current is sluggish ' ""' and u steamboat traverses the river to the foot of Pine rapid, nearly fifteen miles from the High falls. Hills of grayish and reddish gneiss rise on either side. Several thin bands of limestone are been in this M .1 ijUBUSr AND OVTARIO. TtrrMfti. R*|iiinx. Lar lien (lintancA, iiMocikted with rutty gneUH the thU-kiiKW of th« calcareous memben nutgiuf; from eight to twelve feet where expoieil. About two mile* lielow the Ox lk>w, which in neikf the north line of V'illnneuve town■hi(^ • twelve foot band of the liuieitune in gray gneiM ia twinted and overturned in a wonderful ni;inn«tr, ithowing well the enormous diiturbanee to which thew r(M'kH have been lubjected, but no ralca- reoUD ureu of any onnsidernbln fixtent are leen ulong thi« portion of the rivur. Between Bear creek nnd Pine rapiti, limentone outcrope are seen at two pointx, the mrmt oonNpicuous lieing about one mile below the latter place, where on the eastt bank of the titream nine l^)an' west boundary < • Wells, it.nd uonaiats of a heavy rapid ending in a fall of eight to ten feet, over limestone interstratitied with and underlaid by gray rusty gneiss. The dip at the lower end i.s N. ."iO" E. < 40 . A short distance aliove this is the Hapide Croche, alxn over limestone in which are large incluHions of black gneitis, the strike being north and the dip eoHt and weHt in » tyncline. Between tiis and Liicdes Sallies two other rapids are passed, viz., the Cedars awJ tin) Iro<|uois. Calcareous strata are freijuently associated with the usual gray gneiss which also underlies the limestcne, and from the diverging dips sliows an anticline in the lower be crumpled d a lir ge dyk" of lilack hornblende diorite comes to the river from the south. This is in the south-west angle of the towiishij. of Met. ill. The limestoii" hire has a breadth of several hundred vui s ai is pmbably the extension northward of a large area seen or the lake to the south. Furthur north similar limestones av'ain com-' iri. and are separated from the last by an anti- cline in the jr 'S, ami = iiese -xtend in a series of outcrops to near the Iroquois rapid u fourth of mile below the mouth of Serpent creek. <.] Lli:VHE RIVBII. 07 J Ju«t below th« li)Ji* ex|i«n»ion in the northern (lart of Ri^plow, micBconus liin>>«tonn atitl ruHty gnftiM ngiiin Appeitr, the Inttir turmin^ •n anticline with the lii\ieitone on either iiide. (•nc (IcM Hnlilei* i-< ubijul. three mileti Utinf fniin nnrtli to wmth mill I'X' 'li> one to two iiiilen wiiJ«. Tli»> i-iiifern nicle ik iMiunilcil u liiort di«t*m'e " ""' hack from the iihore by liiK'i rirjf^ii* of rtxidixli Ktieixx. The ahon- thowH one Hinall exposure of impuri iimoMtont*, thi' roclcN lM>iiiu luo^tly liorn- bleiidir, ijuartzoee unil ({ametiferouH gtieinii. The Ntrike i» N. W. the dip S. W. < >.0*. Onthe wnitt-Rilie there are two bayH of which the nioNt Moutherly m wfll iim the point b<>tw)-en th<> two. In conip limestone apitears in this direction. The north shore of the lake in montly Hand, and from the extremity of the north-wett l)ay a portace extends we..f several miles, but al»out three-fourths of a mile liclow Ikbiche rapid, '"'"'"'^''l'"' which is half a mile north of the line between the townshipH of Wabawtec and Met till, occasional ledge!) of black atiats, but the force of the current has cut awav thf east lutnk so us to render the work at present useless. The strike of the rtK;k at this place is north. Kroni ISabiche rapid to the foot of Long i-slaiid or to the mouth Is.IkIm ,:i|>i.l of Stag ciei'k where our section from the Xation reached this ii\ur, 'li.',',',!"" the rocks seen are mostly liuie.stone. The strike is generally north and- soutli bu! this is souictiiiies dcflecUnl by the pre.sence of masses of granite. In the luke-expansioti in the southern part of the township of Dudley, alternations of lin stone and rusty gneiss occur along with mnssps of white granite, nd at tlie foot of Ix>ng island a ridge of - ril im the upiier I.ii'ivir. rapid. Mouiitaii' farm ti> Kapide i\f> Cwiren. QUBBBO AND ONTARIO. M The upper part of the Lievre w»s traversed in 1877 by Mr. L. U. Ord, and from his notes it would appear that along the upper portion of this section the same alternations of gneiss and limestone extemi for many mil.?'. Mr. Ord says; 'the main channel is on the west side of Long island which is flat aner. This l)elt of good land apparently extends for a considerable disUnce on either side of the liver, and the rocks seen are small exposures of limestone and dark weathering gneiss. ' At L'Origniil rapid a band of rusty gneiss and limestone, with pyroxene and mica, strikes N. E. and dips N. W. r>C°. and from this to Mountain farm, fifteen miles above, the rocks are dark weathering gneiss and limestone, nearly always occurring together in small exposures, with a general strike of N. 20' E. and a dip to the west. The country in the vicinity of the river is nearly all flat, and the land is good and well timbered with hardwood. ' From Mountain farm to Rapide desCi'dres, fourteen miles further north, the river is broken by frequent rapids, the rocks seen being principally gneiss boulders. At this point a band of limestone, about forty to fifty chains wide, strikes across the river and dips S. W. < 45° to 90', holding mic.i, pyro.tene and graphite an«l sc«tterti«li "W litlo' I: \ I Lac Crochf. W!iit<-ti«li lakr. KnacI frrni'. I'oltiniiui . Mica mim' Whit.ti:li Ukf. 60a qURBBC AND ONTARIO. small expoRures of the limestone appear along with quartzo«e rusty gray gneiss. On the north side of the lake the rocks are all gray and quartzose and dip S. 70° W. <7o'. Indications of limestone are visible also in a belt of twisted calcareous gneiss which flanks the granite- gneiss of the hills to the north of this lake, from which and from the general synclinal structure it would appear that a calcareoun band enters through the depression at the south-east angle. A portage of a fourth of a mile leads to Lac Croche. Here two small bands of limestone are seen along with the usual rusty beds, and on the west shore the rock is gray and quartzose and strikes north with a dip to the east. On a small island the limestone and gneiss are cut by dykes of pyroxene and granite, and occasional pieces of the former are found in the pyroxene. The north and east shores of this lake show several bands of lime- stone, separated by areas of gneiss, and dykes of white granite are frequent. No minerals of economic importance were noted in their vicinity, though small crystals of mica and scales of graphite were ol)served. Hills of gneiss surround the lake, but are thickly wooded. The portage from this to Whitefish lake is by a route from the south- west angle to a small lake, whence a carry of a mile over a ridge of red gneiss leads to the south-east corner of the lake. Whitefish lake has a length of about twelve miles from south to north, with a maximum breadth of nearly three. Near the centre of the lake a narrow neck of sand, underlain by limestone, extends from the east side and connects with a prominent ridge of gneiss and lime- stone which nearly divides the lake into two parts. The southern and larger portion contains a number of islands, the largest of which is two miles in length and is high and rocky. The northern part of the lake is narrow, but widens out near the lower end and there holds a number of islands. It discharges into the Lievre river by a creek half a mile in length, flowing over limestone. This lake is al.so reached from the south by a rough road leading from the village of Poltimore, through the southern part of the town- ship of Bowman by way of Priests creek, to its southern end. Aloag this part of the lake the rocks are a mixture of grayish gnei.ss and limestone which have been cut by large masses of white granite and f pyroxene. Near the south-west angle of the lake a deposit of mica in one of theie pyroxene masses ha.s l)een opened by a company from Ottawa, and a small quantity of the mineral extracted and shipped by way of the Li'-vre tn Buckingham. A portasre leads from the west u mm "] ABKA BBTWBBN THE LifcVRB ASD TUB OATISEAU. 61 J V -y uiite. Fol(l.-,l stnicturi*. shore from a point opposite the Big iaiar ri on lot 20, range Xl., Hincks township, through a chain of lake? ^o tlio south-east corner of Femichaugan lake. The eastern shore of Whitefish lake, at O.m south-east ar occupied by gneissic and calcareous rocks, the former oftci quartzose, and the whole is penetrated by masses of white Limestone and grayish gneiss, with occasional garnetiferuu' and reddish areas, show all along the eastern shore of the lake, similai ia character to the rocks described along the course of the / > \-3. These are often much broken up, and intrusive masses of white Kr.nite are numerous. ITiere are several series of opposing dips t'> t! « east and west, showing a folded structure, and the areas uf liine:.W)iie are much more numerous than in the portion between the Ntrtiou and the Lievre rivers. Of the islands situated in this portion of ihe lake, the greater part are of reddish and gray gneiss, in places higii! y garnetif- erous. Occasionally limestone bands occur, flanking anticlinals in thi- underlying rocks, and d '.e-like masses of the white granite are common. The limestone >^;^nds pre not traceable to iny considerable distance, owing to sudden changes in the strike due to the numerous intrusions which divert the strata from their usual strike of N. 10" E., either through the agency of faults of greater or less extent, or through the thinning out of the beds in either direction. The west side of the lake along the southern half is for the most part occupied by limestone, from the northern line of the township of Hincks. These developments of the calcareous members of thi> system, on either side of the lake, appear to occupy synclinals, separated by the broad area of reddish gaeiss which extends through the central portion. In these synclinals however, several subordinate folds are seen. North of the bar and headland which divides the waters of the lake N;.itli .ik! ..t into two portions, the breadti) is much less, the shores being from a half mile to a mile apart The ^^est shore, for several milfs, is composed of highly garnetitVrous j^iiei-." often quartzuse, in whicli a well-dffijied anticlinal structure is appaieut, and the strike L> nearly norlhand- south. The northern extension of the limestone bunds from the east side appears on the west shore resting on the east iiank of the gni'iss anticlinal to the west bay in the northern portion of the lake, and from this point to the outlet at Whitefish creek calcareous rocks for the most part occupy tl.8 west shore, showing however several minor undulations in which the underlying gneiss appears. Ilk- i I r 62 qUKBIC AND ONTARIO. t4> ri'iiiichuii' gan l»ki'. The eastern shore of the northern half of the lake is mostly gneiss. The presence at several points in the lake, both at the north and south ends, of intrusive areas of white granite is recognized, but with the exception of the pyroxene mass at the south end in which the mica deposit is situated the extensive mineral Iwlt of the Lifevre district does not appear in this direction. The portage west from this lake to Pemichangan lake passes through several others, the principal of which are Bangatt and Green lakes. On a small lake just before reaching the latter, on lota 15 and 16 range XI. and XII., Hincks, rusty gneiss is seen on the east side and limestone on the west, as also at the outlet leading to Oreen lake half a mile distant. The rocks throughout this area are mostly limestoue occurring in synclinals with separating areas of gray and rusty gneiss and with numerous masses of the white binary granite. Occasional bands of the reddisli-gray underlying gneiss appear but the rosks as a whole represent the upper member of the system, rather than the lower or Fundainentol Gneiss. The strike of the rocks throughout this section is north, but this is often changed through the agency of the granite intrusic . BanKntt laki . The western shore of Bangatt lake shows but little limestone, the rocks being gray gn-^iss and granite, but at the north end the lime- stone appt»ars on both shores and extends northward into the valley of the creek which discharges this lake into Pemichangan. High hills of reddish gneiss rise on either side au I an anticlinal structure is visible at several points. Pemichangan lake lies to the south of Thirty one Mile lake or Grand lake as it is also called, anu is situated in the township of Blake. It is separated from the latter by a ridge of limestone across which there is a portage of ten chains. The outlines of Peiuichangan l^ke are very irregular, long bays extendmg in different directions, and several islands occupy the centre, one of which has length of rearly two miles. This lake discharges into Thirty-one > lake by a creek from the north-east angle. About the shores of this lake and of Thirty-ore Mile lake to the north the usual arrangement of the upper gneiss and limestone is seen. The areas of the latter increase to the west, the Lievre forming the eastern limit of the great Gatineau basin, but the usual strike of north to N. 10° E. prevails. The strata are thrown into a series of folds, the anticlines in the underlying gneisr, being well displayed, and at times there is an intimate infolding of the two series, showing th<> strat* to Pctiiichnii^n lake. Thirty one Mill *ty-onc ■ laki'. li iiik •*] AREA BETWEEN THE LI£VRE AND THE OATINEAU. 63 .1 be in places overturned. Intrusions of the white granite (pegmatite) are frequent and are especially well seen in connection with the lime- stone. At the point near the north end of Pemichangan lake on the east side, on lots 16 and 17, range VII., Blake, an intiusive mass c' pyroxene and dark diorite is seen in which a small opening has beca made for mica and apatite, but the quantity of these minerals seem& to be small. Large areas along the shores on either side a- occupied by limestone which ttrikes generally with the course of the lake, and a chain of islands extends at i:it«rvals throughout the entire length, showing gneiss on which the limestone rests on either side. The regu- lar succession of the various strata throughout this area is stron^jly suggestive of their sedimentary origin. Many of the limestone bands in the synclinals are only a few yards in breadth, while others are ex- posed across their strike for nearly half a mile. Up to this point, therefore, in our section west, it will be seen that the reddish gneiss is much more prominiently developetl than in the area to the east; and tha*. the limestone and associated gneiss, where exposed, generally occupies synclinals in the former. The second portage from the Lievre, from Lac dee -..ibles, already re- I'lirtaRe mut^ ferred to, shows a similar structure. This route was traversed by Mr. '>|j JJi![i*frfrI',Ji, Ord, who says of it in his notes, ' the track from the north-west angle I-:ic.Siiiil.i( of the north bay in the latter lake runs in a north-west direction for alwut 100 chains to Hay lake. The surface is low and drift-covered and only one outcrop of gray gneiss is visible. On Hay lake a small outcrop of limestone is seen on the south side along with a little pyroxene. To the west a portage of half a mile lead.s to Lake Coclion on which also there is a small band of limestone having the usual north-east strike, and from this lake another portage nearly west for two miles lead.s to a small b»y on the east side of Thirty-one Mile lake, a short distance north of the line of Blake township. On this portage a band of limestone occurs about midway, the debris on eitlier side being reddish and gray gneiss. The lake band of limestone is met with about ten chains before reaching the east shore.' From the west side of Thirty-one Mile lake a portage of three- fourths I'.irtaprc fri>iii of a mile leads to Round lake at about lot .'JO, range VII., Clameron i|"iJe*faJj',"'to township, and passes over limestone with two small bands of reddish •■ittinran gneiss. Limestone occupies the greater part of this lake, as well as the islands in the centre, separated by outcrops of gneiss. The outlet from this lake is a creek about fifty yards in length, connecting with Rat lake, and the limestone extends all along and also occupies the eastern portion of the latter lake, which is divided into two parts con- I I 64 .1 QUBBIC AND ONTARIO. ! ( i Tlif t Imincuii river. Six PiirtaK'"". 1 ' i I 4' § DMted by a small narrow passage ; but the west shore of the second portion is nearly all reddish granite-gneiss. Thence, to the creek dis- charging into the Gatineuu, gneiss is seen all the way, and forms a broad area, but limestone again comes in on the lower part of the creek and continues to the Qatineau, a distance of half a mile. A belt of coarsely crystalline limestone shows on the Oatineau at the point where the creek from this chain of lakes joins it, and a rapid renders a short carry necessary. This point is about ten miles below the village of Desert, which is at the mouth of the Desert river. Descending the Gatineau much of the shore on either side is occu- pied by sand and clay deposits. The country is much more level than to the east, due to the greater superficial extent of the calcareous rocks, but occasional ridges of gneiss rise to elevations of several hun- dred feet. The soil in this direction st'enis to be well suited for agriculture, and the crops of wheat, outs and potatoes are excellent. A good carriage road, with a line of telegraph, extends along the river from the Ottawa to the Desert, and settlements continue northward for some miles further. At the liend of the river half a mile below the outcrop at the mouth of the creek just noted, rusty gneiss and quartzite show on the east bank. These are overlain a short disUnce down by limestones which dip east .55°. At the Six Portages postKjffice the gneiss also underlies the limestone on the west bank of the river, the strike varying from N. 40° W. to north, while the dip is east. Limestone also appears at the village of St. Gabriel, one mile further down, on the west bank of the stream, and from this down to the mouth of Bittol)ee creek occas- sional exposures of gneiss and limestone appear above the usual cover- ing of sand and clay. I'.,rta«.r.mt.s At the mouth of the Bittobee which enters from the south, the friini liittoiK* (jatineau turns sharply to the west for about .six miles, when it again bends to the south and flows through the townships of Wright and Aylwin. There is a road to Thirty one Mile lake from the mouth of the creek and also a canoe route south by way of the creek and lakes Bittobee, Victoria and Little Whitefish and thence by a creek south to the Gatineau by which the great bend to the west can be avoided. The principal rocks on this route are limestone with separating anti- clinals in the underlying gneiss. isitti.i»v UkH. On the first of these lakes (Bittobee) the limestone appears on both the east and west shores, separated by an anticlinal in the gneiss, the opposing dips being east and west at angles of 6.5° and 75'. A second I AREA BirWEKN Till LI^.VRE AHF TnL aATIXBAU. 6S J Anticline is seen on the west side of the Uke in red and gray gneiu iind Micu'lciwaita. masses of white granite and dykes of pyroxene occur in the limestone- A smnll deposit of mica has been opened at this place in connection with one of the dykes. Passing by a narrow channel into Victoria or Bass lake the ^■lt■tl.ri:l hV,-. shores are of reddish garnetiferous f^neiss, strike, N. 10' E. dip E. < 70 '. No limestone is seen on this lake. From the south end a portage of a third of a mile reaches Little Whitefish lake over a low ridge of limestone which forms the height of land at this point. Around the ■hores of this lake especially at the north end and on the west side outcrops of limestone are frequvut in several bands separated by anti- clines in the gneiss. The strike i-< constant, a little east of north, except where this is broken through the agency of granite intrusions. The rocks on the east shore are mostly rusty grayish gneixs. The dis- charge from this lake is south to the Gatinnau by a creek along which the rocks are mostly limestone with granite. About midway on the east side a portage leads across to the Pemi- Tcrtag.- changan about one uiile and a half distant, passing over a hiizh ridce „'"" '," or rusty gray gneiss and along a lake on the shores of which limestone l»ki'. is again exposed in a syncline. From the south-east angle of Boss or Victoria lake a portage also leads to Rat lake about twenty chains distant, over gneiss but meets the limestone before reaching the lake, whence the calcareous band continues along its south shore and crosses the lake in lot 30, range IV., Northfield. The strike of the gneiss and limestone here is N. 30' E. These bands are apparently the continua- tion of those seen on the lakes to ^^^e south. The gneiss of Victoria lake extends across and occupies the greater portion of ♦he north-we.st shore of Rat lake or to the extension of the limestone bands on the south side. From the frequency with which these limestone bands are repeated N along the shores of the numerous lakes to the east of the Oatineau, and from the prevailing gray and rusty character of the gneiss through- out the area, it would appear that the upper or Grer.ville portion is most largely represented in this direction. The massive development i f the underlying foliated gneiss, seen along the Uouge and the country to the west of that stream, does not so largely appear in this direction, and there is a greater development of the newer intrusives such as white granite, pyroxene, ic, but there are also areas of red gneissit-- granite which are undoubtedly niiwer than the Grenville series, and which present certain features common to the Fundamental Gneiss. liiiifstiiiii 66 J OCBBIO AMD OJITAMO. M 1|^ f Thp (Utinpau bpluw Bittu- U*cTefk. TJi^ St. Antiiiiif mica mine. From the forks o! tht Bittobee we.t, tlie 0»tlne»tt flowi brtween drift-covered b»nki, and expoaures of rock along the •tream are few. About two mile* below the forki, a heavy rapid, nec«»iuting a port- age of 10 chains occurs, over limestone and rusty gneiss, anda synclme b seen in the latter a short duUnce below the rapid. The underlying rocks on either side are of the same gray gneiss. To the north of thu place on ioU 14, 16, range D, Wright, several deposiU of mica occur, one of which on lot 18, is of interest. It is in a vein of oalcite associated with dark-green pyroxene and granite, the sides of the vein near the contact being thickly studded with mica crysUls, some of which are of good »izo and of fine quality, though many of the crystals are affected by cracks and grains of calcite. The quantity of the cry^Uls U however very great. The country rock in the vicinity is a jtrayish quart«ose gneiss which forms a considerable ridge at thw pUoe. This mine has been recently worked extensively. Outcrops of limestone and granite with rusty gneiss also occur near the village of Oracefield in the township of Wright, at the point where the river bends again to the south, the dip being east < 40'. These continue down the river to Aylwin while masses of reddish granite occur at intervals. Below Aylwin a small opening for mica has been made in a band of limestone, cut by a mass of white granite, Hinck, mica but the crysUls are small. On lot 22, range II., Hincks, about two '"'"''• miles east of Aylwin village, an important mica mine is situated. This is located in a pyroxene dyke which cuU the great belt of lime- stone and which is in turn cut by a dyke of granite. The mica here is very dark coloured but the crystals are of large size and comparatively free from fracture. A large quantity of the mineral has been removed from this place. Below Aylwin for some miles the river is very rough, being broken by numerous heavy rapids and falls which necessiUte fretjuent porta- ges. The rocks along either side of the river are mostly limestone, though bands of gneiss occur at intervals, and masses of white weather- ing granite are frequent. No minerals of economic importance were observed on this part of the stream, but occasionally the rock is serpentinized and small veins of chrysotile were noticed. The stretch of broken water continues down to Paugan falls near the village of Low, and from this point down to the village of Wakefield (La P6che) the current is smooth and the passage easy. Occasional ledges of limestone show along the stream anauf(»n falU. ■MMHHII -] I'PPIR OATINKAU. er J From Low itation nouth, the section wm continued along the line k.'T'2,.,i of the Gatineau Valley railway. North of this point, while many cuttingH have been made the greater part of theae are in blue clay and rock exposures are few. Houthward tbu lime«tono is seen both along the river and the railway as well as in numerous ledges to the west, the strike generally lieing north, the dip varying from east to west. Hills of gneiits and granite rise at intervals, but a well-deftned area in which limestone is abundant extends all along the valley of the Oatineau from about a mile above the village of Wakefield, hav- ing a breadth of several miles in the townships of Low, Aylwia and Cawood. This area will be again referred to. The red granite comes in aliout a mile north of Wakefield nllage, Mica mine and forms a lar^e area to the south and west. Thence to the vicinity Wakt-fiold. of Chelsea this is the principal rock seen along the railway. Much of this rook is clearly more recent than the limestone and associated gray gneiss with which it is associated, since it cuts both these in every direction. Both at the Cascades and between there, and Kirks Ferry, the pyroxenic rocks have a large development and important mines of mica have been worked for years. A short distance below Kirks Ferry a heavy band of limestone extends to the Gatineau from the direction of Old Chelsea, which lies in a syncline in the gray gneisH. Most of Msrin^shelU the cuttings on the railway north of Chelsea station are in sand, clay and gravel in one of which, about hnlf a mile north of the station there is a deposit of marine shells. Thence to the junction with the Canadian Pacific railway near Hull, the country is occupied by heavy deposits of marine clay and no ledges are visible on the railway section. THE UPPER GATINEAU. )rd. The upper part of the Oatineau and several of its principal tribu- The npixr taries to the west, among whi<^h are the Desert and the Eagle with their connecting chains of lakes, as well as the Gens de Terre, further Mr.L.K. Ort " 1.1 uploratiun*. north, were examined by Mr. Ord in 1877. On the east side of the river he also examined the Boskatong creek and lake and thence continuing northward ascended the Pi>icatosin river and lake, whence by a portage, the Tapanee river, a branch of the Lii'vre was reached, and a traverse made to the junction with the latter already mentioned. As a result of Mr. Ord's work we have now a very good knowledge of the character of the country in this direction, and as having a l)ear- ing on the structure to the south it is thought desirable to incorporate 68 J (JVIBBO AKD OXTARIO. tMwrtMKi iUfflc riven. If^ ; n the information than obUin«d, though th* xreater pwt of the areft Um beyond th« limit of the msp-aheet. Of the Disfrt, and iU branch the Eagle, and of the country drained by these ttreame, Mr. Ord in hi» noten sayi t -The Eagle einpiipx into the IKim-rt about fifteen mileii from the junction with the (iatineau on k>t 24 range VII., townthip of Eg»n. It rtow» from the west of wuth, draining leveral !ake« in the townshipti of Church and afljacent town- nhips in the county of P*-"-^ mm^ Mft] vrrn oatiniau. <9 J |M>rta^f. direction ov»r i;ne!«ii, till it takes ita lonK coarae to the Ronth. The oountry then become* drift-covered with imall cxpoeuroi of timeatone and ocoaiional outcrops of gneiiia to within a milt' and a half of the Eagle, where on lot 35, nnnti IV., township of Egan, a liand of limestone dipn cant < 49° and reHts upon white, red and black weathering gneiss. 'Below this to Desert village on the Uatineau, the rock out- Th< tiatinran crops consist of small exposures of limestone only. The large hand vilkiKc of gnei<)a seen at the Dt'sert church, crosses the Uatineau to the east bank, along which it continues to the Oiseau rapicU, two milen and a half aliove the Dt-nert, the west shore being occupied by the limeHlone. At this |>oint the gneiss recroHsos the stream. It strikes north and dips east < 45°, and continutw along thi* river to Joseph cr«-«k and portage, about lot 25, ranj^e A, and loU '23 to 28, rinj^e B, town- ship of Aumond, where it turns otT to the westwanl and the river flows over limestone as far as the Bi|; Eddy portage on lot 7, range I. 8icotte. At this place the limestone also leaves the river and linl..ii crosses the river to the left bank aguiii at the Koculon portage, about fifteen chains north. It again recrosses at the sharp bend of the stream about lot 48, range I., Sicotte, at tlie Hittobee chute, with a strike a few degrees east of north. From ttiis the river continues on gneiss for two miles, when the gneiss is overlain by a bund of iiinestone which dips 8. E. < 35°, whence to the Elbow, about lot 10. range A, liiiskatong, the river crosses the strike of the gneiss. About thirty chains east of the Elbow, a narrow band of the limestone overlies the gneiss with a strike of N. 20° E. ' From the Elbow to the Gens de Terre, the river flows through a flat, sandy country, with but few small rock-exposures. Above this m liortn;.'!- 70 J (jUIBIO AMD ORTAmO. Trrrr rinr. BlHlkft^>llK crwk. PiackUnin rivtT. i Iji ■tfwm th« MiM ch»r»cter of country ooiitlno*^ « •m»U.bwid of lime- •toM »»-iDg expowKl in • «m»ll r»pid, oloM to th« forki of BwkAtong erwk, which antKr* from the eaat. ' The Oen» de Terre is » emAll rtrewn emptyiiig • chsin of lake* to the northwest. It falle into the O.tineau at the line between concee- ■ioM IV. and V., H*ik»tong. For • di»Unce of twenty milee up tills ■treMD, to the Upine farm, the country ie flat and sandy. Four •mall rapids over gneiw occur in the first eleven mil** from the (U- tineau. At the Lepine furm the hilU of gneiss begin to rise, and from this point I Im country is said to be very rocky. ' fiaskatong creek empties into the Oatineau from the east at lot 41, rnnge VI, liaakatong, about one mile north of the Gens de Terre. It rtc.wH through a flat, sandy plain, and at a high stage of water in the Giitim.iu the (.urrent sets up stream into Baskatong lake, three milea (l.stoKt. This lake Im* a 1- ngth from north-east to south-wwt of four niiUs luid 1 1. ilr l'.V ik'«'Ut three miles in breadth. At the south- east comet a l»y extends tor two uiileu further. There are but two islands in the Uka, both f.f dnrk-woathcring gneiss, and gneissic rocks occupy the sh.innof the luke ou the west side with the exception of a point on lot* 1 and 2, rai.^'e IX., Uaskatonj:, where a band of limestone occurs, holding black mica and «reen pyroxene. ' The Piscatosin river enters this lake at its north-east ngle. From this point southward the shore show* occasionai;iedges of daikweath- ering gneiss, though considerable areas are flat, sandy »• .' uoavliy tiuil)ercd. 'The Fiscatosin river is very crooked, llowinjr '" i-v^- i ..< i - > Hy flat and sandy country, which shows but few Inia :- ; ' • I'' '■ •■■t limestone occur between Baskatong and Piscatosiu \.>\- v-rauiby bands of gneiss, the first of which is about one mile . n * liJf from BaskatouK lake, the second two miles further up streaib, ^nd the thiid one mile from the exit of the stream from Fiscatosin lake. This latter sheet of water is five and a half miles in length, with an aver- age breadth of about sixty chains. It has two bays running east, separated by a narrow point of land. The first exposures seen on this lake are on an Uland about forty chains north-east of the outlet, and consist of limestone with mica and pyroxene dipping N. < 60'. The asMMsiated rock is a dark hornblende gneiss. The limestone also ap- pears on the weft end (f the point between the two bays, as also at the west end of the lako tspposite. The s,hore« of the lutcru|M of dark-weuthrring gneiM. Hniall nrxa* of iime^toni' are neen it( two plu.-ea, l>ut owing tu the tupigrupliv of the country not being ii«pictiHl correctly on an v map, it in inipc lible to lay thoM* tlown with an; apjiroarh to 'ticurnoy The limited tti't>a« expoxed, however, aa oorapartxl with thu of thf gneiNN, U'nil to show that the calcareouH rocka have very eonKni'-rably dccreoHed in vol> :ie in this lection of the province, which ia juitt north of the line between the countte* of Ottawa uoU MT. Iiarii t.-r i.f lllltlA. ■i Hull, Btick- intfliAiii »ii(l Wak.fi.-Ul area. Iiii|«irtant mintis. 72 J QUEBEC AND OMTARIO. UULL, BUCKINGHAM AND ^KBFIELD DISTRICT. The townahips bordering upon the north side of the Ottawa, between the Li^vre and the Oalineau rivers, have, from their convenience of access, and from their great mineral wealth, been more thoroughly studied than any others throughout the area. Of these, Templeton, Buckingham, the eastern part of Hull, Wake6eld and Portland West, are particularly worthy of mention in this respect. In this area are situated the most important mines of apatite, graphite and mica yet discovered in Canada. Throughout their extent the same general development of limestone and gneiss of the Orenville series is seen, the latter predominating. Very considerable masses of clearly intrusive rocks occur, in the form of pyroxene, granite and greenstone, while several dykes of diabase rocks are also found. The settlements are, for the most part, confined to the river ranges near the Ottawa, though along the Gatineau and the I jfevre, these extend further north. While outcrops of calcareous rocks are comparatively frequent it has been found very difficult at many points in this area to trace most of th. - to any great distance owing to various causes. Considerable areas are largely drift-covered, and throughout this portion of the Ottawa district there is a greater predominance of the igneous rocks which have exercised a marked influence on the regular distribution of the gneiss and limestone. It is doubtless to this development o£ the intrusives that the district owes much of its mineral importance. In the eastern part of the township of Wakefield a well-defined band of limestone occurs, having its ^^outhe^n exposed limit in the township of Hull, where it is concealed by the clay covering. It can be traced northea-sterly through the Wakefield lakes and the western part of Portland West, into the township of liowman. It reaches the Li»' vre at the High falls and thenceextends for some miles up the course of that stream as already noted. Near the southwest angle of Bowman the Und divides, the western arn> following up the valUy of Priest creek and lake, and thence by a chain of small lakes, on each of which it can be recognized, to the western side of the Big Whitefish lake in Hincks township. The separation of this Imnd and its many deflec- tions appear to be due to a large area of reddish granite, snd large masses of pyroxene and greenstone occur in the vicinity near Priests lake and creek, where also important deposits of apatite are situate«.tui< , , , cni mill*' ni-iir larly in the vicinity of Perkins .Mill, limestone bands are seen. These Perkins Mill. are a.ssociated with serpentine which appears to lie an altered condition of the pyroxene, rather than of the limestone, as the line of separation between the limestone and serpentine is strongly marked, and in the latter numerous small veins of chrysotile are developed. This area has been quite extensively worked, but most of the mineral is too short in fibre to be available for spinning, and the quantity too small, as com- pared with the great deposits in the Eastern Townships, to be worked with profit. The principal area operateusits are situated. Beyond these mines, however the strike of the strata in the south part of the town- 'li ii.i'lHttin ai.'l I'ortlun ttii)im of the Ottawa vallev. Potmliim BaniUtdiie tlie lowe.'«t of a conglomerate, sometimes very coarse, and made up of pieces of the underlying gneiss and sand- stone in a sandy and sometimes slightly calcareous paste. This rock fills up the inequalities in the old Archwun floor. As we reach the upper Ottawa, the lowest beds resting upon the gneiss belong to yet higher portions of the series, so that on the islands in the northern portion of Lake Temiscaming, the basal fossilifcrous strata belong to the horizon of the Niagara formation. In many portions along the lower part of the Ottawa river the succes- Siicc'e»»irm i>r sion of strata from the base of the Potsdam sandstone to the Medina is unbroken, and the several formations succeed each other in regular order. At several point«, however, the whole series has been broken by faults, so that the geological structure is occasionally very conjpii- cated. As a rule, however, the Palaeozoic strata lie in a nearly horizontal Horizimtal attitude, or are disposed in somewhat shallow basins. Well-defined ^ "'™^'''■'■• anticlines are seen throughout the area between the Ottawa and St. Lawrence rivers, but the inclination of the beds rarely exceeds five degree.i, though occasionally this reaches an angle of nearly twenty. Near the faults, however, the inclination of the strata is sometimes as high as eighty degrees. The fossiliferous sediments along the lower Ottawa have evidently been deposited in an estuary of the old valley of that river, which must have been ivell-detined at an early date and shortly after the deposition of tlie Orenville scries. The northern limit of the Paleozoic l5"iii>eet may be thus enumerated. Utica shale. Trenton limestone. Black River limestone. Chazy limestone and shale. Calcit'erous dolomite. Potsdam sandstone. In addition to these the Lorraine shale and smdstone are found in the area a little south of the present map limit, and certain outliers of red shales which rest upon the latter have been Located and are awigned to the Medina formation. While as a rule these formations are in a nearly horizontal attitude or lie in shallow basins with low converging dirs, at certain points they are intersected by heavy faults which have affected ihe strata over considerable distances. As these have exercised an important bearing on the distribution of several of the formations a short des- cription of some of the more important may first be given. Of these probably the most extensive is that recognized to the west of Higaud mountain, which is an eruptive mass on tin- south side of Lake of Two Mountains already referred to. A reference to this fault and anticlinal will be found in the Geology of Canada, 1863, page 116, in which it is said to traverse the country south of the Ottawa river to a point some distance above Ottawa city. In places the dislocation of the strata is considerable, but sometimes the disturbance assumes rather the form of an anticline. This fault has quite recently been traced out in more detail and in the area imme- diately west of the mountain mass has affected the strata from the the Potsdam to the Trenton limestone in a marked degree. In the southern part of the township of Hawkesbury east, and a short distance west of the village of Ste. Anne de Piescott, limestones of Black River age are seen in the bed of the Rivii-re a lu Giaisse. They here dip to the south-west at an angle of abiii creek line of fracture is recognized which throws the strata of several forma- tions from the Chazy to the Utica to the south for nearly forty chains. West of this again numerous breaks are .seen but these pertain to the geology of the adjoining sheet to the south. unticliiit*. fault. POTSDAM SANDSTONE. Rcferenre has already been made to the occurrifnce of the rocks of ri>t».lam ... ... 1*,. . 1.1 wiiul^tunc. this formation in the area north of the (..ttawa m a precedins; chapter. In this direction the sandstones iire the continuation of lho.se which have been described in the south-west sheet (Montreiil shet't) of the Eastern Townships series. They form a continuous belt to the south of Laolinti' t^i the Archa-an between the line of the Canadian Pacific railway from ' Grenville to Lachute, or rather from the line of the North river which flows between St. Jerome and Lachute along the soutti flank of a ridge of crystalline rocks. They are well seen in a ridge and escarpment .St. .lirOnie. 80 J QUBBBC AND ORTARIO. I iU eut of Lachut« where they have ft dip to the •outh of ftbout four degree*, and are soon capped conformably by dolomitea of Calciferous age. Ht. Andrew. South of this between the Pottdani ridge and the Ottawa the surface rooiiiituiii. .^ \i,rgelj drift-covered, but is pn.bably occupied by Calciferous sedi- ments. The prominent ridge of granite east of St. Andrews possibly cut», as in the cane at Higaud mountain, the Calciferous dolomites in which case it may be regarded as a recent intrusion. On the north shore of the Ottawa belonv the mouth of the North river the sandstone again appt-ars, but is here inclined towards the river away from the slope of the mountain at angles of 10' to 'JO'. Below this on the north shore the rocks are concealed by drift, but on the south side of the Lake of Two M' ntains beginning ab ve tbe mouth of the Uivi< re a la Grnisse, an^' vi> i " >g eastward towards Hudson, Potsdam sandstones are well ... ■ intervals, and prolxibly occupy most of this area near the riv • LaWf iif Two Muiiiitaiiix. Ritrniiil village. (hitcnuH in AUnnl township. Their contact with the overlying Calciferous is se. he railway bridge in Rigaud village where the dip of the latter is swutheast at an angle of nearly 6° or directly towanis the raountoin which rises on the east bank of this river. West of this place along the Ottawa the Potsdam sandstone is re- cognized at but few points. It is seen near I.«faivre's wharf and on the road south of this plac.; overiying the crystolline limestone of the Alfred outlier, and west of this place, it comes in on the shore a short distance above the ferry road opposite Montebello, where it is expo- sed for several hundred yards with a north-west dip at a low angle and Qimnv . H.t ..f is overiain by the Calciferous further west. On the north side of the l>ii|iiii.imvi!le. j.jyg|. jj jg jjpg^ jjp ^ poj^t almut two miles east of Pspineauville where there is a quarry in the sandsti.n'* anil the sirata hero dip south at an angle of 4\ The sandstones at this place show the presence of the peculiar tracks which have been described from the sandstones ,;k tion of the markings styled Prolichnitea and other allied forms the only other form yet re.!Ognized is the peculiar fossil known a Sco'khus. At the contact with the Calciferous, in what are known as the tnuisition beds, a number of shells have been found which have b<>en described iti different reports. These occur in a rock which is partly siliceous and partly calcareous. The fossils are often silici»ie■ slones are in thin beds. As a rule the straU are in a nearly hoi i«»iital 6 83 J 40I»M AMD OITAUa Lkchuui. Point<> ftu Chvne. Pkpilienuvill BiMk bity. Templetiiii. h ftiUMMl* bat m thrown into low antioUnat. Tho ouUiaca of tho forautUoB eUmdy follow thow Rivwi foe tho FMmIia wndstono, but oocMiouUy tko Uttor »ra wanting and tho Oaloifwona thm ratU upon tb« oryatallino rooki, In thrir diatribntion thete roclu He for tho moot part in c1om» pros imity to the OtUwa river. The moat exten»ive deTelopment appears to be in the area louth of the North river and between that •tream and the OtUwa, where they have a lireadth of several milot. They are well leen at Lachute near Wilwn'H paper milli" in the woet part of the village, in broad ledges, and also to the south of the Potadam cMsarpment eart of that place. In the direction of Orenville they are rarely expoeed owing to the great extent of sand in this direction, bnt along the OtUwa between Orenville and Carillon they appear at inter- vals from beneath the Chazy shale. Further west they are exposed along the road west of Pointe an ChV-ne sUtion on the Canadian Pacific railway. They here rest directly upon the rocks of the CSrtnville series, so that the Potsdam sandston.* has not been dep . The country along thp shore of the river west of this place is com- posed of clay. Itetween MonteboUo and Papiwauville the dolomites are exposed on a siimll inland about two miles east of the latter place where thfy dip south at an angle of 4', and rest upon the Potsdam sandstone which is seen in the quarry near this place. Above the mouth of the Nation river, along the shores of Black Uy they occur in broad lelges with a low dip of 4' to 5' toward-* the river, and extend from this plr.ce to the village of Thurso where they lire seen in «. low escarpment on the road from the village to the wharf. They also show along the road cast of Thurso where the road turns north aloiij; the line of the Gore of Lochaber, forming a narrow margin on the crysUlline rocks north of the Ottawa for several miles. The most westeriy outer, ips of this formation in the map sheet under di8cus.sir)n are alK)ut three miles east of (Jatineau Point on the road from Wabassee creek to East Templeton where they show in broad ledges dipping with a low inclination towards the river and resting on the Potsdam of the Templeton escarpment. They are also seen on the road west of the Ui-ve on the brow of the hill, but are soon concealed by sand at this place, but it woold api«ar that the formation extends in a somowlmt broiid belt from the Liivre to the mouth of the Gati- neau river. OALOtriMVI rORMATIOK. 8S J On th«» MMith skto of lb* OtUw* thay ara upoMd on th* •bora nt 2llm*ku2d CambarlMi'l whwC, nnd extMKl inland for about 200 paoM till tbay M« ovtrUppad b/ tb« Obncy thnltia. Eut of tbi« tbay again oom* into riew in tbo weat part of tba rillaga of Rockland, naar the road whioh tnrM tottth to Stewart'i qaarrjr. Tbej oooupy a larga portion of the riUaga, and art well expoaed at inter>-alt to tba east limit where tbey are terminated by a fault whioh oute all the formation! upward to the Trenton. They here reet up<» the Potedam Mcarpnicrt teen near the milli and are overlaid by the Chazy ihalee to the Huutb Their next appearance eaatward it a ehort distance eaat of tho South R'wl wmi of Nation river, where they appear along the road leading to Brown'* w|„rf. wharf, and alio on the ehore overlying the Potedam, already referred to near the Montebello ferry. They next come into view a short diaUnoe eaet of Hawkeabury, along the river, where they form the bam of the Chaiy, the area being traversed by several »mall faults. Near the mouth of the Little Rideau river, th<>y have a breadth of about :K)0 yards and form the south side of the Ottawa here for Rome distance. Alternations of Calciferous and Chaty strata show along liitwlcMnury both shores of the river, thence east to Point Fortune and Carillon, iI',rtunH. the outlines of the formation lieing somewhat sinuous and the Htrata affected by faults of small extent. At the last-namem>uiI> the area to the south of Rigaud mountain, extending to the Ht. ^„„„',to'ii,. Lawrence and occupying the north side of that rivor from tho Ctdrcs west to River Beaudette. The dolomites form a belt several miles in breadth lying to the west of Rigaud mountain, liounded on the north by the line of the great fault which brings against its outcrop tiu the north the Chozy, Black River and Trenton limestones successively across the southern part of the township of Hawkeabury cast. West of this these rocks have nut been recognized till tho eastern extension of the great moss of the Rideau area is reached in the townships of Osgoode and Winchester. MKMCOPr RBOUITION TBT CHART (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. J) I.I ■ 45 |2£ ■ 2.5 |S0 ■m lit |3j2 ■ 2.2 la |3^ !■■ lit ■ 40 12.0 u 1^ nil li 1.8 ^ APPLIED ir^MGE 1653 East Mr.in Street Rochestef. Kew York 1*609 USA (716) 482 ~ 03CX) - Phon« (716) 2M-5989 - Fa» 84 J QUIBBC AND ONTARIO. CHAZY FORMATION. The Chazy This formation has been divided into two parts, the lower embracing formation. ^j^^ ghales and sandstones, the upper the limestones. There are about twenty feet of transition beds in the middle of the formation, where the limestones become interstratified with the shaly portion. The shales have not yet been recognized on the north side of the Ottawa, east of the Oatineau, except along the portion between Grenville Grenvillr and Carillon. In thii area the Grenville canal is cut in the sandy and ™""'" shaly beds for its entire disUnce, and at Greeces Point, a short distance below the lower entrance to the canal, the contact between the Chazy and the underlying Calciferous can be well seen. Here the dolomitic usually buff- weathering limestones of the latter, are overlain by several feet of a fine conglomerate or coarse grit, resembling in some respects certain beds of the Sillery sandstone. These coarse grits soon graduate upward into greenish shales and sandstone, with thin partings of dark Little Rideau. limestone, which represent the lowest division of the Chazy. On the south side of the Ottawa, these shales south of the Little Rideau pass up into the limestones in which several quarries are located, notably that owned by Mr. Kobert Ross. Nearer Carillon the contact between the Chazy and Calciferous is seen on the road along the north side of the Ottawa, about one mile west of the village, where there is an abrupt fold in the measures and a fault is also indicated. Hawkesbiiry. The shales of the lower part of the formation are well exposed about Hawkesbury and on the roads east and south. Cuttings are seen on the line of the railway to Glen Robertson near the small pond about half a mile south of the former village ; and on the southern part of lot 10, near the line between ranges II. and III., oiitcrops of Chazy lime- stone occur to the west of the road leading to Vankleek Hill which are filled with the shells of Rhynconella plena. The country thence south to the road between St. Eugt-ne and Vankleek Hill is largely drift- covered and outcrops are rare. L'Origniil. On the shore of the river between Hawkesbury and L'Orignal the shales are well exposed for several miles. South of the latter village they are also seen along the road to Cassburn, but a fault with a direc- tion to the north-west crosses this road about one mile and a half south of L'Orignal and cuts out the Chazy limestone and a large part of the Black River formation, the upper beds of the latter being tilted to the south-west at an angle of 65° to 80° while the Trenton to the south has a dip of only 5°. "J CIIAZY FORMATION. 85 .? The Chazy limestones also appear along the road in East Hawkes- Ea»t of bury between ranges IV. and V., and are well seen on a road south Hill, west from Barb post-office between lots 22 and 23. They here contain fossils and have a low southerly dip. Similar rocks show -.'ong the road to St. Eugene. West of L'Orignal the country is largely clay-covered far several 0"tcroi;i west miliB. About three miles from the village several rock outcrops appear alon^ the south side of the river road and in these a number of quarries are located. Some of these are in rocks of Black River and Trenton age, and the presence of the fault which was noted on the road south of L'Orignal is recognized in the tilted attitude of some of the strata. Outcrops of Chazy shales overlain by limestones of the same formation however appear, and these are highly fossiliferous. The rocks are nearly horizontal or with a low dip to the south and on a road leading from the village of A!*red to L'Orignal, known as the L'Ange Oardien road, Black River and Trenton limestones appear with low undula- tions. Furthur west beneath the escarpment of Black River and Trenton KMge »<)uth limestones south of Brown's wha-^, strata of Chazy age are recognized wharf. at its base dipping beneath the escarpment. The country in the direc- tion south of the Ottawa is, however, mostly clay-covered, so that rock outcrops are rarely seen. Continuing west the Chazy shales come into view a short distance Clarence ami east of Clarence wharf and thence extend along the shore to the vicinity of Foxe creek below Rockland. They are here cut off by a heavy fault "vith a direction to the south which throws the strata horizon- tally for nearly four miles in the direction of Clarence creek. Between Faultn. Clarence creek post-office and Rockland several faults occur, some of which have tilted the strata at high angles and the area is a good deal disturbed. The Chazy shales show along the road south of Rock- land in the direction of Stewart's quarry and here pass beneath the Black River and Trenton escarpment to the souch. On the road along the south side of the Ottawa in the direction of Cumberhmd Cumberland similar strata are seen at intervals at the base of the ridye a short distance to the south. At the Utter place they form a somewhat >x)ld escarpment to the south of the village and are suc- ceeded upward by the limestones of the upper part of the formation and these in turn by the Black River and Trenton rocks. Thence westward the shales appear along the road as far as Ureens creek, the limestones occurring in the escarpments so'.ith of the road, the whole having a low dip to the south or south-west. ,1?- 86 J Thicknru of the fomiction. <)UIBEC AMD OXTARIO. Good opportunities for measuring the thickness of these two divi- sions of the Chazy are not aflforded east of OtUwa. From observations made along the river west of the city, however it would appear that a thickness of not far from 100 feet must be assigned to the shales and sandstones, and about the same for the limestones with possibly about twenty feet for the middle or transition portion. Black River iimeitonPH. ( Irfiat displa- ct'ment of the Kigaud fault. •ops of ; River Black Kiver limestones. BLACK RIVER LIMB8T0NE. The rocks of this formation appear in a belt varying in breadth from a few yards to over a mile. They overlie the Chazy limestones throughout their entire development, except where they have been removed by faults. One of the most important of these breaks is that situated a short distance east of Rockland where the band of the Black Eiver on the west of the fracture is about four miles south of the continuation of the formation seen to the east in the direction of Clarence post-office. In the eastern portion of the area the Black River outcrop seen in the northern portion of the township of Lochiel is separated from what appears tc be its extension around the Calciferous and Chazy basin - ' Hawkesbur^ oast, by a distance of about nine miles, the direi. n of the throw apparently being to thp noriii-v.e.si. The form., ion southwaid underlies, throughout the entire Ottawa and St. Lawrence basin, the great development of the Trenton limestone, except in the township of Russell where it is affected by the line of the Rigaud and Gloucester fault along the Castor river, but this area lies to the south of the present map-sheet. The Black River limestones can be well studied at several points. Among these may be mentioned the area east of Greens creek in an escarpment south of the Montreal road ; several escarpments to the south of Cumberland village ; Clarence creek, about four miles south of Rockland ; outcror-* along the road half a mile west of Clarence post-office on the Montreal road where they are affected by faults ; the strata in the escarpment at A. Stewart's quarry south of Rock- land ; the South Nation river at Jessup falls about one mile from its junction with the Ottawa river ; the north of the escarpment from Brown's wharf to near the village of Alfred ; Murray's quarry about one and a half mile south of L'Orignal, and se the south of this in East Hawkesbury. The formation is important as furnishing some of the best building stones of the Palieozoic series. These are well seen near Glen Robertson on the line of the Canada ••] TRIMTON LIMESTONE. Atlantic Kilway, but the quarriea at this place are a -liort JUtonce south of the southern limit of the map-sheet. The limeatones are fossiliferous throughout. A large quarry in the FumiU Uj)per portion of the formation is found at the crossing of a road over the Riviere a la Graisse m lot 15, range VII , Hawkesbury East. These strata contain Telradium fibratnm and other fossils charac- teristic of the formation, and have a dip to the south-west at an angle of 8° to 10°, apparently in contact with the Potsdam sandstone which shows along the roads a short distance to the south. TRESTON LIMESTONE. The Trenton is an upward extension of the former division, the lime- TiHuton stones passing into each other without stratigraphical break, ine fossils are, as a whol'-, distinct, though in the Black River formation several forms occur which are common to both, but certain of the Black River forms are not found in the upper series. The Trenton limestones have an extensive development in the area between the Ottawa and the St. Lawrence. They are thrown into low Un.lul.'itions , ,._, , II ■»i. in tin; strata. undulations which can be recognized at different places generally with low dips which rarely exceed 6° and are often much less. The thick- ness of the formation is pro mbly not far from 700 feet, that of the Black River Ijeing probably not more than 100 feet. The Trenton limestones are extensively developed throughout the townships of Cumberland, Clarence, Plantagenet, Alfred, Caledonia, and Hawkesbury west and eaist. In the southern portion of most of JI'^^^VJ,'^"' these they are oa erlain conformably by the Utica shales which foini .i,,,!^.. the central part of the great Pahuozoic basin. In the eastern part of the area the strata are affected in the same manner as those of Hlack River and Chazy age by the great Rigaud fault. They are well seen along the road from L'Orignal to Vankleek Hill, and south-west from the contact with the Black River formation at the fault near Murray's quarry they have a surface breadth till they are overlapped by the Utica of noi far from eight miles. West of L'Ori and «anf river at the mouth of Ureena creek, at Besserers wharf about one mile below and at one mile east of Cumberland wharf, an nbundance of clay nodules are obtained which contain the skeletonM of Afnllotui as well as shells, leaves and other remains around which the concretions appear to have formed, below this to Hawkesbury, although the clays along the shores were carefully examin'jd, marine remains were rarely found in them. It is therefore conclusive that the aljsence of theste does not necessarily indicate a different origin. To the north of the Ottawa great depoxit'i of sand and clays are seen ('Inv'* nnd along all the streams flowing south from the height of land. TheMO |!|„, Ottawa. deposits extend north for many miles. The clays occupy tho lower levels and are frequently exposed along the river banks by the cutting down of the channels through the great overlying beds of .snnd which are widely spread over the surface around their upper wiiters. At many points these deposits are now arranged in a sericH of ter- Trrracvn. races of which four at least can be readily recognized along tho upper part of the Rouge and tliu Lii'vre rivers. The unilerlyinf? rocks are thus concealed over large areas by the great deposits of drift, but ridges frequently protrude from the otherwise drift covered plain. Along the lower Ottawa to the south-east of the Xorth river be- tween the villages of Lachute and St. Jerome, several well-detined terraces are exposed. These consist of clay, sand and gravel, the upper benches frequently composed of the latter, and at a point alxiut four miles south-ease of T^Achute two artesian wells were sunk i.everal yeors ago which have yielded a supply of the purest wiuer. These wells were put down near the foot of a sand and gravel terrace the top of which is about fifty feet above the level on which the wells are located. Of these wells one reached a depth of eighty-three feet, while the other was sunk to a depth of 120 fpet, the underlying rock not being reached in either case. This would give a thickness (or the drift deposits in this area of not far from 200 feet showing a depression which probably represents an old channel of the Ottawa which was some feet below the present river bottom. No rock ledges appear in the area Wtween the ridge east of St. Andrews and the Calciferous beds to the south- east of Lachute village. The construction of the (iatineau Valley railway, along the west * V''"^"'"" bank of the Gatineau river, has enabled us to study the clay deposits mihviiy. Tjiu'linti' tf St. .IlTltlllt. Artt-iun 93 J QVIBKO AMD ONTARIO. Marine •HpIIk nau Chelae*. Shellt near C*ntley «nd McUregor Uke. Drift i>f the Siper atineau. Height of Und. Good Hoils. of thin district. A (?re»t number o( cuttings in this material »re seen along th« line for more th»n forty miles north of the OtUwa, some of which show w»ll» nearly 100 feet in height. These have been care- fully examined as far north a» Kazubazua station where the country becomes covered Urgel, irith saud deposits. The greater part of these cuttings show no organic remains whatever. At a point half a mile north of Chelsea sUtion, however, a bed of marine shells is seen at the contact of sand and gravel with the clay, from which several species have been obtained. The elevation of this place is 395 feet above sea-level. To the ♦■ast of the Oatineau in Hull township on the road from Cantley to Wilsons corner and about half a mile north of the post- office at the former place, clay bankn in a small brook showed quanti- ties of marine shells among which were recogniied Soj-icara rugoM, Uaeomajragili* and Leda arctica, with some foraminifera. The eleva- tion of this spot is about 360 feet above the Ottawa by aneroid or about 465 feet above sea level. At the outlet of McGregor lake, two miles north of Perkins Mills, near the road crossing, shells of Saxieam are v-^ry abundant and Maeoma are rare. The elevation of this point is gi^ in as 45M feet above sea level. From the elevations along the Gatineau railway it in probable that all the cKy deposits there seen have the same origin. It would appear therefore that the estuary of the Ottawa extended over a very wide area at the time when these deposits were laid down. Thestt clays certainly extend northward to an elevation of more than 700 feet where they are covered by c-eat accumulations of sand. Along the upper part of the Gatineau, ti. jservations of Mr. James Richards- during his trip from the St. Maurice to this river and his descf the latter stream, shows that this character of drift-sand continues to the height of land between the two streams which he places at an elevation of about 1,600 feet. That this generally level and sand covered country extends ov r much of the area no.Hh of the Ottawa has been stated by all observers who have traversed the district. This great overlying mass of drift-sand appears to be devoid of organisms, at least in so far as yet a8cerUine .1 Hl/RrACK OUUKiV. 93 J charai-tf ara portions of tiia aKK klong tbf Uatine*a and the ri\('rii both tu the eMt and weet I^arK* farms in connection wit., the various operation* in lumber, for which this 'listrict is celfbrate^ successfully worked for many yearn, and have clearly demoiwtrated t. fact that in ordinary seasons, much of the land, more especially in the vnllcyi, in uf gn-at agricttlturil value. There nre however large nr«as of iippan ily almost pure granitic sand, forming plains which are comparatively valueless for this purpose. Along the north shore of the Ottawa days are found to an elevation n»} ■ north ol along the hill xides of at least '^00 fe<>t. Thes*' ' '^uer clays have as " "***'''' yet yifldt'd no fossils, but near Urenville in tl -^ ' . V of the river these an^ found. They have been described in the '■•'.''■' y of Canada, 1863, page 1»17. On)! of the most interesting depositH of water worn stonos, forming lt<''r lencli an old lieach, is seen on tho north-west Hank of Uideau mountiiin. It iniiiiiitaiD. has Ix^n described in the I'arlier publications of the Oiologicul Survey, and a brief description is given in the volumo juxt mentioned on pane S96. They occur at a . elevation ot' aliout S60 feet nl(0ve sea-It vel l»y aneroid taken by Mr, K, Chalmert* and are seen in a series uf bare patches of oval shaped and rounders ranging in hI/o from two inches to tifteen inches in their longest axis. From tlie fact that no vegetation grows over mud' of their surface it would seem that they rest at t)ii)< (Hjint on a ri>ok^° base. At the |»'ut>ent time the deposit cotiMists iiltnoHt entirely of tli« water worn stone!*, nil the sandy portion ot tii8 deposit having l^een washed owoy and deposited nearer the foot of the slope where tl". an.ls are oimspicuous. The deposit has l>een excavated to u depth c iri" than ten fee I and maintains the same cha- racter throu)^ I'mt. 1 ^ mcks are for the movt part of the |iorpliyry of the w -.t ^iili: ul tho mountain and a few of (|uart%ite are assuoiated. To the south .vest this deposit can be traced for a couple uf miles, and ;s rosseil by '[■• '.omI leading south to the village of .Ste. Marthe on '. Acstern spu. of the hill, where it is covered with a scanty growth of small trees and l>ii<^lu'S. No trace of it is seen on the south side of the mountain, and it appears tu indicate tho remains of an old lieach during the j)eriod of submergence of this area. This dciKJsit has been referred to in the rejiort by Mr. H. Chalmerst. Ice markings are foutid at several points throughout tho area. They Striii-. indicate a movement in several directions throughout the Ottawa basin, and the direction of the stria', as given in the lists published by 'I • Annr.al R,iK)rt ti-ol. Surv. Can. vol. X. (N.S.) IHOT. 1'. (11 i. t Annual Koixjrt (ieol. Surv. Can. vol. X. (N.S.) 1897. pp. OOj ami IKU. Ice movements. 94 J QUEBEC AND ONTABIO. Mr. R. Chalmers in the report jurt quoted, ranges from east and west to south. It is not deemed necessary to repeat these lists in this place. It would seem that there were at last two phases or periods of glaciation and a third series of markings were probably produced througn the agency of floating ice, which apparently moved westward along the present course of the river in an almost opposite direction to that taken by the first Laurentian glacier which seems to have closely followed the contour of the Ottawa valley. The lists of strite will be found in Mr. Chalmers' report, vol. X., pp. 29-39 J. Economic mineraU. ECONOMIC MINERALS. Among the minerals of special economic importance which are found in the district just described may be mentioned apatite, mica, graphite, asbestus and iron. Baryta also occurs in veins at several points and the felspar and quartz -vhich make up the greater portion of many of the masses and dykes of white granite have been found to be of suffi- cient purity in some oases to be economically worked for the manufac- ture of glass and pottery as well as of porcelain. In this connection may also be mentioned kaolin of which at least one deposit of very fine quality is known in the township of Amherst. In addition to these, certain portions of the district are celebrated for yielding a variety of minerals most commonly associated with the crystalline rocks such as pyroxene, tourmaline, zircon, sphene, scapo- lite, Ac, which are of considerable mineralogical importance and often a source of considerable revenue. The crystals are frequently of large size and in considerable quantity, so that this area has in this respect become celebrated. Certain other minerals have also recently been found in this district which possess certain features fitting them for decorative and ornamental purposes and some of these have yielded gem stones of considerable value. A|>.ititc'. APATITE. The occurrence of this mineral north of the Ottawa was known for some years before its economic value was ascertained. The first reference to it was made by Lieut. Ingalls, in the Transactions of the Lit. and Hist. Society of Quebec, in 1829. It was subsequently referred to by Dr. T. S. Hunt, in the Geology of Canada, 1863, page 461, as present in certain rocks in the township of Hull, as also its occurrence in the township of Ross : but its extraction for export did not commence till -] APATITE. 95 J the year 1871-72, or nearly ten years after it was first mined in the province of Ontario, in the townships of Burgess and Elmsley. The history of the industry has already been fully given in a report on ' the Mineral resources of Quebec'* but certain features in regard to its mode of occurrence and distribution having a more direct bearing on the economic aspect of the question may here l)e stated. The presence of various kinds of itrneous rocks in the gneisses and Igneous rocks. limestones of the Grcnville series has already been referred to in the preceding portion of this report. These are of several kinds and include syenites, granites, anorthosites, porphyries, pyroxene rocks, binary granites or pegmatites, trappean or diabase rocks. That these are of different ages as regards their period of intrusions is manifest from their relations to each other. Thus the syenite mass of Grenville clearly cuts across the diabase dykes which can be traced for a long distance through the townships of Petite Nation, Orenville and Chat- ham, while these diabase dykes just as clearly intersect mas.ses of pyroxene and binary jjranite. Of these several intrusive or igneous Their asuocia- rocks it may be said that some of them have exercised a manifest el!-^'no,„'ie' influence upon the occurrence of some of the economic minerals, while mineralH. in the case of others such influence is not apparent. With the pyro- xene rocks are associated apatite, mica and sometimes graphite and asbestus, but with the granites the apatites do not appear in so far at least OS has been observed, though mica is frequently an associatear is well seen in the 7 98 J qUEBIC AND ONTARIO. Apatite. Pocket obaracter. High Rook mine. ii Ii . I Apatite in pyroxene. Mode of octurfrence. pyroxenite at this place alao. The apatite here doea not present any of the features of a bed nor of a well defined vein, there being neither foot or hanging walla in the ordinary use of the term. The minei-al occurs in the form of pockety deposits, in the pyroxene, connected ap- parently by smaller strings rear the contact with the gneiss, and some of the pockets have yielded several hundred tons. Ascending the railway track (now taken up) to the summit of the ridge, several pito are found along the slope of the hill south of the com- pany's oflBces. Here the presence of three distinct dykes is seen, viz., the pyroxene cutting the gneiss, the whitish pegmatite granite cut- ting the pyroxene, and both of these cut by a three foot dyke of dark- green diabase. The apatite deposiU here occur apparently as pockete or chimneys, which have been mined to a considerable depth, and are connected by small irregular vein-like deposits. Along the sides of the pyroxene, near the contact with the gneiss, the remains of the apatite can be seen in the shape of smaU patehes or impregnations of the dyke. The gneiss here has a dip to the west at a high angle. On the road leading thence to the High Rock mine interstratified gneiss and quartz rock occur. The strike is generally N. 60° W., and the dip is to the north-east at an angle of 80°. These are frequently cut transversely, and in places almost at right angles to the strike, by dykes both of pyroxene and pegmatite. At the High Rock mine, the summit on which the principal workings are situated, is about 700 feet above the river at its foot. The pyrox- ene and granite dykes are visible in all directions, both at the surface of the hill and in frequent exposures along the sides down to the base. Cuttings have been made in the pyroxenic masses at many points, the lowest workings on the south side of the mountain being about 400 feet below the summit. In places the granite intersects the pyroxene and frequently these intrusions are so numerous that the gneiss, which is the country-rock, occurs as narrow bands or irregulariy shaped areas, often of very limited extent. The apitite in all cases occurs in association with the pyroxenic mass, and the lowest workings are apparently quite as productive as any near the summit, though there is no well-defined vein structure apparent. At the mine near the base of the hill, the apatite occurs as great pockety deposits, often of many hundreds of tens in extent, but varying in size in different portions of the pyroxene jiass. In the case of the dyke of apatite-bearing rock lossessing much breadth, the mineral is found usually in close proximity to the contact mtm '•J APATITE. 99 J with the Msociated gneiss, and frequently both marginx of the dyke are apatite-bearing in this way, while the central mass of the pyroxene is almost entirely barren. In narrow dykes carrying apatite, the whole mass is usually extracted and the mode of occurrence is then not so easily seen. At the Star Hill mine, about one mile distant from High Star Hill Rock to the north, a deep pit has been sunk in greenish pyroxene, with a reddish and white felapathic dyka. The apatite here in also in the outer zone of the pyroxene, which is clearly intrusive in the rusty and gray quartzose gneiss, the latter striking N. 60' W. vertical. At this place the gneiss is garnetiferous in the vicinity of the pit, and is also cut by u dyke of pegmatite. The pyroxene dyke is more nearly along the lines of stratification of the gneiss, but both are clearly of later date. The Central Lake mines are situated about two miles north of the Central Lake la8t-namo" stratification of the contain- ing gneiss for several hundred yards ai .' opened by a series of pits and cross-cute in all of which this mode of occurrence of the apatite can be recognized. In the upper part of the main or deep pit, two bands of apatite are seen, one on each side of the dyke, forming an irregular deposit which gives off small branching spurs into the adja- cent pyroxene. These two bands have been followed downward to the lowest or 600 fet>t level, the (,uantity of apatite apparently being as great in the bottom of the .shaft as in the upper levels, but varying as all these deposits do, owing to the irregular nature of this formation. In the north pit the structure is that of a dome shaped mass of pyroxene, carrying apatite irregularly disseminated, which has been forced upward through the gneiss, a capping of the latter being seen along the edge of the pit on the eas. side. In some of the pits near the outer margin of the dyke, crystals of dark mica occur. From the continuity of this dyke and ils extension downward to such a distance the theory has been put forward by some that it is a true vein forma- ■1 ^] APATITE. 101 J tion. If so neither hanging nor foot-wiills are found, but fruin the fact that the aputite occurs, in must cases at least, within ii few feet of the contact with the inclosing gnriis, it has been follow.'d with great regularity along the entire exposed outcrop of the dyke. Wlu-re a so illed foot-wnll has been seen, oxamination has nhown it to be merely the gneiss formation which has been reached in the exinviition. Among other important mines on the east side of the Liis re may be mentioned the Little Uapids, the Emerald, the Squaw Hill and the .i^tltna. Otiiers occur such as the Philadelphia, the Saiette and the Loudon mines, but the features already stated as to structure ftpply to all these. At the Little Uiipids mine on lo's 6 and 7, range I.. Portland East, Little Ra|iicl« along the tramway which leads down froii. the mine to the river, aljout """''" one mile disumt, pyroxene and granite rocks occur intimately nssoci ated with the reddish and gray gneiss which is the country-rock of the district. Just west of the mine itself gray quartzoso gneiss strikes X. 20" E. and dips N. 70' W. < r>0' and this is cut transversely by great masses of pyroxenio diftrite. The course of the dyke in which the apatite occurs forms an angle of 30' with the stratification of the associated gneiss, and the dip of,the west side of the tlyke is east < ^"0'. The excavation for the mineral is on the west side of the ilyke next the gneiss, the etlges of the gneissic strata l>eing exposed on the west side of the cutting, and forms what has Iwen called the fo orystalUne limeHtone is seen a short distance south of the workings. The same relations of the apatite to the inclosing rock also occur here. The pyroxene cuta the gneiss and is in turn cut by a dyke of granite. The most northerly ffroup of apatite mines in this district is that in I'ri »t cr..-k the vicinity of Priest lake and creek, in the townships of Denhoira and Bowman. They are situated near the line between these town- ships and present the same arrangement of rock masseH as has already been descril)e<.>iiation o! frequently, crystals of apatite are distributed in quantity sufficient to ',',',"'._^ render their extraction proHtalile especially when, as is often the case, they are associated with crystals of mica as at the Genimill mine near Cantlev, atd at others near Wilsons corner. This mingling of apatite and mica is a frequent occurrence in the mines of the Gatineau district throughout the townships of Wakefield and Hull where the principal mica mines are located. It is doubtless this occurrence of a^.itite in J'vf'.'^^^f »■ »"<' the calcite, which is usually called limestone by the miners, which has led to the statement that workable mines of the niineril are found in the limestone as well as in the pyroxene. The two calcareous deposits should however not be confounded since they are entirely distinct in character. The calcite is invariably a portion of the pyroxene intrusive mass while the crystalline limestone is a true portion of the stratified rocks of the Grenville series ; and in this limestone the apatite, in so far as yet known, has never been found in workable quantities and in fact is rarely seen, except as occasional scattered crystals near to the contact of some pyroxenic intrusion. 104 J QITBBKC AND ORTARIO. W»lwfl«M. Rclktioim <>( pynixrnr in gnviHH mill gnoitc. In the arrai WMt of the (Utinnau, apatite depmits ar« rarely found in any economic <|uantit7. Near the village of Wakefield there are several inaNwee of pyroxene, but though a small quantity of theminorul wan obtained, it wa« not nutficiently plentiful to b« profluhly worked. Near Old Chelaea also iinall quantitiet <>f apatite were found in connec- tion with iome of the mica de|H»it>i, but the condition! whiih prevail in the Buckingham district do not iiepni to occur on th'? (iatineau. Further west in the township of lions, apatite deposits have U-en reportefl hut ujwn examination the quantity of the mineral was found to lie innigniticant. From the evidence already adduced from the Htudy of these deposits over the entire area in which workable mines exist, it is plain llmt a very close connection exists lietween the pyroxene ami the apatite and that all the iraporUnt depwiis must be lookeoTt Geol. Surv. Can., vol. IV. (N.S ) llS88-M'.t. '] ARBB«Tt'«. 105 J miningof It in thU country unprolltnUle, but the exUience of unut quantitiod of the minerftl in Cunadn i» a well e»t»liliiihed fact, iirnJ the rMUinption of the iiulustry in only de|>eiident up»ii a profiUkble mar- ket for the output. AIBEHTII. Tht! presence of l> itli anlwtus (hornbli-nile) and cliryHotile in Iho A«l».tt,.. crystalline rocks 1i«h bet-n kiiuwi for many yiiir», ami att<>nipU have been luiidc from tinv to time to work these deponit*. North of the Ottawa, chry»otile occurn in connectiun with tlie serpenlinouH bands which are apparently a part of the pyroxenite asHOciatwl with the crys- talline limentonen, and wherever this Herpentine is found traww of chrynotile may be seen. These di-posits are (jenerally smiill. The veihH are uiiually narrow, rarely reiithinjj half im inch in width, and frequently twenty or more small vein* of a fnth to a fourth of iiii inch are wen in a thickness of six to ten inches of serpentine. Occasionally a nuinl>er of these small veins coalesce and, for a few inches, form a vein of an inch in thickness, but this enlarged vein spt-edily splits up again into its thin constituents. The short libre of the haurciitian sli..ri tU.r. . a»l)estu8 is against its siicceshful spinning as lompiircd with the loiter output of the Thetford incs. It is. however, very free from the usual impurities, such as gniini of iron, usually found in the veins of the latter. The mineral is silky in texture and of a dit^rent .shade, lieing usually of a creamy white colour. The areas of the serjientine in the limestone are usually small. They sometimes occur as narrow dykes, and sometimes as masses with a central core of white pyroxenite. mid an outer zone of serpentine, iis in the Teiiipleton mine, near Perkins Mills, and in the township of !:)enholm on the (Jiitin.au, near the Piiu- gan falls. In both these places the chrysotile is continrd to snmll veins in the outer zone of the serpentine and not in the limest^ine which is the country rock at these mines. The principal hxjalities in which attempts have been made to work .\»i» -tus this mineral in the Ottawa area are in Portland West, lot 10, ian.!,'i! '" ' ' " "• v., on lan' the nn-a. which terroinatee »g«iniit a nianK of red granite gneiw. In thi» awa the c-oncretlonary looking mnxw-e of the pyroxenite are not otwrrved. The Tenipleton Und diflere horoewhat from that jurt dencribwi. The country-rock ia alw cryitalline HnieHtone, »>ut the (.erpentinixed pyrox- euite here frinjuently aiwuroe* the nhape of concretionary miiitfiee, ionie. time* like rounde«l boulders, but al»o in irregular shaped areaa t -end- ing downward w a con»iderable distance. The expo-eil nurfuce i>f theee mauea haa often an irregularly oval outline. The imiss^a themMelvee consist of a oore of white pyroxenite, at Hrst sight resembling cerUin of the liroestnnet but generally slightly harder and ftntr grained, sur- rounded by a zone of serpentine, and near the contact with the lime- atone the small veins of chrysolite occur. In one pit a section is made ac-ro«B one of these pyroxenl't inassen, which here has the aspect of a dyke showing it to descend through the limeston ■ «or at least twenty feet, with n thickness of a httle ove. *o feet, along the margin of which the small chrysotile v.- ns are arranged paralU-l to the walls. Some of the rounder masses of the pyroxenite are detachable from the limestone, and •' is mode of cjccurience presenU several interesting features. Th o pyroxenite is clearly a distinct rock from the Hnie- ■tone is (juite clearly seen at a number of points, und that the chryso- tile is confined to the pyroxenite ix also manifest. When the lime- •tone is serpentinized the mineral appears in the form of small irregu- larly distributed spots forming an ophicalciie, but this iii distinct from the serpentinized pyroxenite. The depoiit in Denholm near the Gatineau is similar to that in Templeton in tht- mode of occurrence of the pyroxenite. A sharply defined line can be recognized between these masses and the associated limestone and the small veins of asbcstus occur in the same way. Several other areas of serpentine with small (luantities of cLrys.tile have been found at various points. Thus in the seigneuiy of La Petite Nation at C6te St. Pierre, alx)Ut three miles north of St. .\ndr6 Avelin, on the road to Hartwell, a band of limestone occurs lietween two dykes of greenstone or pyroxenic dioiite. The contact between the limestone und the diorite is marked by a zone of serpentine in w' -h small veins of chryiotile aiu seen ai well as an cozoonal struc- -] oiuraiTi. lOT J turo. The lower portion of the limratotie h»« •in»ll gr»ln» of mrpitn- tine (Jiitributed through it, The lt>nholm a considerablf amount of the serpcmtine rock ha* l>een iilii;ipe t small for successful treatment and the works have been closed. ORAPIIITE. '^1 The graphite deposits of tae Ottawa district have already been very "imphite. fully ('iscu^sed in the ' Re()ort on the Mineral Kesouices of (juel-cc, "" but some recent developments in the industry require a brief mention. Generally speaking all the workable graphite in the diatrict north of the Ottawa is obtained from the grayish gneis-i through which the mineral is disseminated in flakes or scales. In places howf vcr it occurs in the columnar form in veins of various width and of ^reat purity. The 9ake8 are found b(jth in the gneiss and limestone, but the work- able mineral is for the most part confined to the gray gneiss. •Animal Repcjrt, l. Siirv. Can., vol. IV., (X.«.) l»tW-W<. 108 J QUEIIEC AXD ONTARIO. The Walker mine. Pugti and WtartV niiu' McXanvrlitiiii anil l>arently indifferent success, and a large sum has been spent in the erection of a crushing and .separating plant. The gneiss in whicli the graphite principally occurs is here also associated with limestone bands and the strike of the strut a in the principal cutting is N. .30 \V. with a dip to the south-west. The graphite is well dis- seminated in the gneiss and the percentage in places appears to Iw quite as high as in much of that at Walker's. Furnaces for roasting the ore, prior to crushing, were erected in L><92, but the process does not appear to be very satisfactory. Excellent deposits of graphite are also found on lots 2.3 and 24 of the same range as the last on the property of Mr. MacXaughton, of Buckingham, and also on that owned by Mr. Donaldson. These were prosi>octpd by the late Mr. J. Fraser Torrenco some years ago, who reported the mineral quite equal to that at the other mines in the dis- trict. Mo attempt has recently been miule to develop these properties. ••] OBAPHITE. 109 Several years ago the Nortli American GraphiteCoinpany commenced ^'||[J|.'.^..,,| mining on what is known as the old Dixon area on lot 2.-<, range VI., (iniphit. O). BuL-kingham, wlieie a large and valuable deposit of this mineral is found. Mills for the preparation of the graphite for the market were erected, roads made and a considcrahle quantity shipped. No details as to the working of this place have lately Ix-en received. The mineral at this mine also occurs in a gray and somctiiiK-s rusty gneiss which is cut by heavy dykes of granite and other intrusive rocks. In fact at all the graphite localities the presence of these iritrusixe masses is easily recognized. On the cost side of the Lii'-vre an attempt was made several years jV'' ■'^^'''^'.'^|'J ago to develop a deposit of disseminated graphite on lot \'.\ range X., Buckingham. The locality is near the summit of a high ridge of gray and rusty gneiss along the top of which the miner il is disseminated. The percenUge of graphite at this place does not appear to be quite as great as at some of the places west of the river. About 200 tons of the rock with the mineral unseparat«d were mined and shipped to England, but the transaction appears to have been a failure financially The graphite in the township of Locliaber has already been described LmliaUr. in the report for 18x8-89, vol. IV., page 1;?5k. An examination of these deposits shows the mineral to occur, foi the most part in a rusty quartzose gneiss with which crystalline limestone is interstratified, rather than in the limestone itself. This is the case with the deposits on lot 20, range XII., and on lots 2.! and 24, range VIII., as also on lot 24, range VII., which comprise the principal deposits in this district. In the township of GrenviUe on the south half of 1 jt 10, range V., Jij;;);';;,',';,"' on a property worked more than fifty years ago, a new company, known as the Keystone Graphite Company, of Wilkesbarre, Penn., has com- menced operations. The rocks at this place are largely crystalline limestone, with bands of grayish and rusty gneiss. These are cut by dykes of granite, and diabase, and the graphite is found in irregular veins near the dykes. Various minerals, including scapolite, sphene, pyroxene, apatite, pyrite, Ac, are found in the rocks at this jilace. The results of the mining operations have not been made known, but a large amount of money has been spent in d(>\ elopment work. On the lot adjacent to the east, the National d extent some years l,,iK, T.m.r. ago is situated on the south shorr of lAke Terror, on lot 12. range 111,, P no J QUEBEC AND OITTARIO. Portland west. The mineral here occurs as veins of the columnar variety in a hard felspathic rock, but they are not of sufficient size to render their extraction profitable, and work has been abandoned. IRON. Iron Forsyth mine. Haycock mine. But little development in the iron industry has taken place in this area since the publication of the ' Report on the Mineral Resources of Quebec,' in 1888-89. The principal deposits are those known as the Baldwin and Forsythe mines in the township of Hull, about two miles north-west of Ironsides station, on the Ottawa, Northern and Western railway, (Gatineau Valley) and the Haycock mines in the township of Templeton. The former occur in somewhat extensive pockety r lense-shaped masses in crystalline limestones, which have been cut by dykes of several kinds of intrusive rocks, and the mass of ore, which is some- what irregular, has been traced westward over three lots. Of these mines, that known as the Forsythe is situated on lot 11, range VII., of RuU township, and is the one from which the great bulk of the ore was extracted during the several periods in which these deposits were worked. The ore fills an irregular fissure in the lime- stone, running in a direction a little north of west. The main cutting in the ore-body extends for about twelve chains west of the road to Old Chelsea. In places, the excavation reached a depth of over one hundred feet, but the ore-body proved to be irregular, being sometimes quite wide but diminishing as the depth increased. At the bottom of the workings, it is said to have a thickness of about eighteen feet A large quantity of excellent ore was taken from this mine, much of which was shipped to the United States, but a piirtion was smelted in a blast furnace at Ironsides village, near the bank of the Gatineau river, the fuel used being charcoal. This old furnace was removed nearly twenty years ago, and no mining has been done at this locality for a long time. The ore contained small quantities of sulphur and phosphorus, but not sufficient to be injurious. There is also a small percentage of disseminated graphite. The ore is largely a magnetite, but sometimes passes into a heematite. The extension of the ore-body is not detinitely known, but what is presumably its continuation, has been uncovered on the two lots tidjacent to the west. The ore of the Haycock mine is also a mixture of magnetite and htematite. The quantity visible is uot as great as at the Forsythe ••1 MICA. Ill J mine. Considerable work was done there from twenty-five to thirty years ago, and a small forge wa» erected, the ruins of which can still be seen. The country-rock at this mine is a mixture of granite-gneiss and diorite, and the ore is irregularly distributed. This property is situated on lot 1, range XI., of Hull, and lot 28, range V I., Templeton. Iron ore is also reported as occurring on lot 2, range X., of Hull, but its value is as yet unknown. In the Report of Progress for 1857, Sir William Logan calls atten- G^r^nville inm tion to a deposit of magnetic iron ore which may possibly be of econ- omic importance. He says : ' It is on the south half of lot 3 range V., of OrenviUe, the property of Mr. Thomas Loughran. The bed is ircm six to eight yards in breaod deal wrinkled, the rocks at the mine being pyroxene with a second dyke of syenite and with a little pink calcite, the countiy-rock being a grayish quartzose gneiss, with some leddish gray bands. The course of the vein is about N. 23 E. A small quantity of the mineral was also observed on lot 2, range II., some of the crystals being of a dark wine-colour, the containing rocks being crystalline limestone with white granite. On lot 9, range VI., Grenville, a deposit of mica was opened many years ago and several very tine crystals of muscovite were obtained. The rook is gneiss and limestone cut by dykes of very light-col„ured pyroxene and white granite. Not much mineral is now visible at this place as the mine is tilled with water but a number of light-coloured crystals were scattered about. The course of the dyke is apparently N. 20° W. the dip to the west < 80°. In view of the recent discoveries in the Buckingham district, some of which are very productive, but little attention has been paid to the Grenville district. 8 Kendall lak.'. mini-, (l.-enville. 114 .1 QUBBIC AMD ONTARIO. Big lake niinc Harrington. El ■ : ! H hi Whitetixh lako mine. PrieHt CH'f'k mini'. (latinf'.'iu (li«trict. Furthur north on lot 8, nnffp IV., Harrington, on the summit of a ridgn to the louth-west of Big lake, an opening'haa been made in the gneisH and limestone belt, which ia here intersected by a large dyke of pyroxene carrying crystals of dark mica. The pit was sunk only a few feet, the mica obtained being apparently too small and wrinkled to warrant further expenditure. Crystals of mica and a small deposit of graphite also occur with small granite dykes cutting limestone, about two miles east of the road at Lost river but neither ia in sutli- cient quantity to be economically worked. In the township of fiowman, lot 34, range VII., at the south-west end of Whitefish lake, a small deposit of mica has been already referred to. The rocks around this end of the lake are grayish gneiss with limestone bands cut by pegmatite dykes as well as by pyroxene. The mica is found in a large mass of light-coloured pyroxene which cuts the gneiss, and several dykes of the granite cut the pyroxene. The mica crystals are sometimes a foot across the face, but .so far most of these are somewhat crushed and of small value. The mica is of the amber variety, and no pink calcite was seen. The crystals occur in fihsures through the mass of the dyke rather than at the contact with the gneiss. The presence of numerous dykes, both of pyroxene and granite, in this area should be favourable for the occurrence of mica in workable quantity, but no other deposits were observed around the shores of this lake. The gneiss at the mine strikes about north and south with a dip to the east, and underlies the lime- stone formation seen on the shores of the lake. Another large dyke of the pyroxene occurs a few yards west of that in which the mine is situated. About four miles to the south-west of this lake, an opening has been made near the west end of Long lake, in the Priest creek chain. This is said to be on lot 21, range V., Denholm. The mica crystals are dark amber-coloured, occurring in fissures in a dyke of soft grayish- green pyroxene, which cuts reddish and gray gneiss. Some of the crystals seen were of fair si/e, but the quantity appeared to be c'^-ll, and the location is so far removed from a shipping point that the expense of handling the output is at present too great for profitable working. Although mica is found at a number of points in association with the apatite deposits of Prrtland and Buckingham, and is still somewhat extensively mined in this district, the largest workable deposits yet found are apparently nearer the Gatineau river, in the townships of Hull, Wakefield and Templeton, and in consequence of the great importance aaHMHi IIOA. 115 J fttpre»entaUacbe.ltothwininer»l,acaretuU .'. ot .ne mo.t important iocalitiw was made, in order to determine, i! powiWe, Home fact, relative to ita mode o! occurrence which might be of practical benefit in the search for it. Generally speaking, it was found that the mica of conim rce in this district occurred under four conditions. In all cases it wa. associated with intrusive rocks, either pyroxene or some form of granite, often a pegmatite. To some extent it closely follows the arrangement already described for the deposits of apatite, in that it Renerally occurs near the contact of the intrusion with the inclosing rock, and very often the mica and apatite occur associated in the same mass. This is more noticeabU probably where these minerals occur with masses of pink calcito, which forms masses of irregular shape in the pyroxene, and often of large extent. The different modes of occurrence of the mica may be thus described : ^^l^'^^,, l«t In pyroxene rock near the contact with the inclosing gneiss, "'"^•*- which has been traversed by the dyke. Sometimes these dykes follow ,.,„„„ct along the strike of the gneiss, but at others they cut across the strati- ' ' '-' '■ fication at all angles. In this case, very often the pink calcite is found near the contact, an. I this frequently carries the mica in the form of more or less perfect crystals of all sizes, interspersed with crystals of pyroxene and apatite. Good illustrations of this mode of occurrence are seen at the Gemraill mine in Cantley, on lot 10, range XII., Hull, and at the Burke mine on lot 1, range XII. 2. In pyroxene rock where the mica occurs in fissures in the mass Fi-m-^ of the dyke. In this case the crystals are rarely perfect, calcite is usually absent and the mica appears to follow certain lines of fracture or faults, along which it occurs in pockety bunches which are apt to disappear suddenly, leaving the rock apparently barren, till another mass of the crystals is found. Often the crystals are ot large size, instances being reported of specimens six to eight feet across the face, but these are frequently crushed or twisted so that there is often a large amount of waste material. A good illustration of this is seen at Wright's mine, near the Cascades, on the west side of the Gatineau, and at the Cassidy mine, east of that river. 3. In pyroxene dykes cut by cross dykes of granite or diabase. In <• this case the mica is generally found near the contact with the second intrusion and the crystals are often of large size. This is well seen at the Powell and Clemow mine (formerly Quinn's), in Hincks, some of the crystals being at least three feet across the face and exceptionally (Ivke ill 116 J QCUW AND ORTAMO. Fafrmatite d«|io*itii. Pur|>I« mica. \Vil,„a comer. amooth though very dark-coloured. A uinilar uode of occurrence of apatite due apparently to the intenection of the pyroxene by a dyke of diabase ia leen at the .^tna mine, on the Liivre, in Buckingham townihip already referred to. In moet of these cases the pyroxene intersects the gneiss, but at the Hinoks mine the country-rock is crystalline limestone. 4. The intersection of gneiss by pegmatite granite. These dykes are sometimes several hundred feet acro""t'i which will illustrate certain peculiar occurrences in the mica deposits. JJumer! Thus on lot 14, range II., Wakefield, pyroxene cuts the eastern edge of a gneiss ridge which extends for several miles north-west along the course of Wilsons creek. At the contact of the gneiss with the north Ql 118 J gUBBIC AXO ONTARIO. ClitibbiK'k unci Wilnun iiiiiu'. mine. I Hi •ida of the dyke m%%», bunche« of pink celcitc occur which c»rry well •baped crytUUe of mic* »nd apatiU;. The former are tight-amber- ooloured, but tome of the larger liave inclunion* of oalcite near the centre or lometimeH small i|uantitiei of apatite in huibU fiwureu radint- ing from a central [wint which of cour»e neriously affect the markot value of the mica. The oryHUU of mica arc found in the caicite but in a portion of the niaas of the pyroxene near the contact with the gneisH, apatite was found in the mawtive condition. The run of the ilyke ia about north-west and the dip north-east < 80 . A nhort di»Unce to the north-east seTeral openings have been made in the south front of the pyroxene which here interseoU the gneiss. Mica and occa.-tionally ■mall bunches of apatite occur in the pyroxene which is apparently much shattered and containH small (luantitics of pink caicite. Mhshcs of the gneiss appear to Iw caught in the pyroxene, the contact of the two series Wing well seen on the north flunk of the hill. Most of the observed mica crystals are wrinklel and bunches of pyroxene crystals also occur in the mass. The minerol iippears for the most part to be distributed in pockets through the mass of the pyroxene rather than to occur as a contact deposit. A more important dejwsit is found half a mile to the north east of this on the east side of the brook on lot IT., rani,'0 II., ^Vaketield. The mica occurs in a gully near the contact of a light greenish-gray pyroxene. A considerable ([uantity of pink caicite is found along or near the contact in which the amber mica occurs. Homo excellent crystals have been obtained here nnd siuall ijuantilies of sen green crystals of apatite are also founi" in the calcit*'. The minii)g is done by following down on the caicite iJong the junction of the j.yroxene and the gneiss which is sharply defined and this mine is therefore a capital illustra- tion of the contact type. Not far from this to the south-easit are the Seybold mines, on lot IS, range II. f>n the path up the brf)ok from Wilson s, an opening for apatite has been made, the rock Iteing a pyroxene which crosses tlie strike of the gneiss and the apatite is of the reddish \nriety. .Scattered crystals of very dark mica also occur in the pyroxene. The dyke at the Seybold mine is u very dark mottled hornblende rock, in place? very hard and containin« much iron in its composition. This dyke is broken and jointed and contains p.itclies or vugs of the pink caicite which carries fine crystals of apatite, pyroxene, and mica, while considerable quantities of amorphous apatite also < ccur. A large nass of hornblende, pyroxene, apatite and caicite, ten fesi thick, flanks lie north side of the main diorite mass. Poi tions of vins are apparently MICA. 110 J oompoMd of felipar •nd hornblenda, the former MUK'lini purple in colour but gener»lly « bluieh-gray. The mii-a ii generally •••ry dark, almoMt black, in cryeUlaof ii foot or more aorum the facf, while «rpat masM* of Bnialler one* art- Mattered through the oalcite ntar the con- tact with th)> diorite. The north pit on thia property lilto dhow* Hinall (juanlitieii of black mica with iorae phoaphate. The dyke ii a v.-ry hiird dark hornl.lendf and folipathic rock, the mineral oontenU following ii I'wHure which extends irregularly up the aide of the hill. Patches of pink talcile also occur with scattered crysUU of apatite, nntl good cry»UiU of pyroxene also are found at lliia placfl. Tin- gonerally dark <<>lour of the mica is due presumably to iu auociation 'with a very dark- oolouretl dyke, and the mineral it impregnated with iron. Between this point and Wilson* corner several other openings have be^n made, both for apatite and mica. The conditions seen iit nil thete places an- Hiroilar to those already described. The pyroxene cuto the gneiss and the mineral conU-nts are, us in the former, neiir the line of contact. The most important mine in this area is that known hm the l^ke i.ik. tJimrd Uirard. This is situutod on the south side of u lake on lot 24, range """" II., Wakefield, nither tnon- than throe miles east of Wilsons corner. The rocks in the vicinity are mostly reddish gray and griiy gneisi-, and several band.s of limestone occur alnrnt the shores of the lake. About 120 paces back from the shore, on the south side, a large dyke like mass of pyroxene oecurs in which the mine is situated. .Several other dykes occur in the vicinity to the south and east, in all of which small quantities of mica were observed. The principal workings were in connection with the large dyke first mentioned, and the exoava* urns have followed downward along or near the contact of the two roik masses to a depth of nearly 250 feet. Large quantities of the pink calcite occur in the pyroxene near the contact, and the mica crystals are for the most part distributed through this. In places these are very abundant and the .[uality of the output is on the w hole exiellent, both as regards the size and clearness of the crystals. In some places the calcite is ijuite barren. .\ very large quantity of mica has l)een taken from this mine and hauled to Ottawa, where it is cut for shipment. Only a small part of the large dyke has been extracted, however, and it is ijuite probable that oth«T portions to the west of the present workings may be equally productive. But very little ajiatite is found at this mine. A few small crystals are seen at an opening in another dyke alwut 200 paces east <>f the princip.a! one. Dykes of pegmatite 130 J QUIIBBC AND ONTARIO. h ' •lao cat the gMiM and lioMmton* »t tha aaatern part of tha laka. Work wan luipandail at thi« locality for Mveral yaan owinc apparantly to daprMnion in the marliet. MinMkt An iBt4>raating loo-tlity both for mica and apatite is found on tha * ** riorth-waat arm of Wakeflnld lake, on loU 26 and 27, range IV., Port- AIImV ||^„(J ^^^ At the apatite mine ( Allan '■) a number of pita ar<> di*- trilnited over the lurface of a high ridge of gneiu, cut by pyroxene dykea, which are uiiually light-green in colour and frequently contain Hmall (luantitiex of iron pyriteii. Pinkish calcite is frequently found, through which crystals of red and grevn apatitt* are scattered. Quan- tities of maasive apatite also, both green and red, are found throughout the pyroxi'nu. Tht* mica crystals are apparently compiiiittiv»d the cor a hundr«l yards. The ether or more southerly mine is near the suu i.iit of the ridge, near the line between raiises III. and IV. The pink c ilcite here forms a vein having a courxe north- aud-south with pyroxene, and granite intruwions are aUo frequent. Thf mica is dark amber and appears to occur in the pyroxene near the contact with a cross dyke of the granite. A few crystals of apatite niMO occur in the calcite and the mica crystals are soraftimes a foot across the face. No apatite was noted in the opening on the north side of the ridge. On the road from Deziols corner to Perkins Mills, by way of the north side of Mi-Oregor lake, several mines, formerly opened for apatit<> were examined. In every case the association of mica and apitite crystals was observed in calcite near the contact of the pyroxene and the country gneiss. In I^aurin's mine, lot 20, range XII., Temph<- ton, the apatite was in the massive as well as in the crystalline form, the latter being quite abundant in the calcite. The mica in this case was brown. -1 MICA. 191 J At the miDM of th« Templaton and North Ottawa Companjr, lot SI, Mortant (iiiniiiill dfpuniti of mica were obaerved. Pnibaliiy the moat extensive of these '""" it whut ia known aa the (lemmill mine on lot 10, range \II., Hull, about half a mile from Cantley poat-office. A numlwr nf (ipeningn have been made along the aides of a knoll of reddiRh und gray gneiu and granite, which is intnntected by several dyki-M of pyroxene. Most of the mica occurs lit>re i\s true contact depoi^itt alontf the gneiss and pyroxene, and the mineral in found almost entirely in the pink calcite. The main veins have it course uf north-eaat with a dip to the south-east The overhnn$(in^ wuil is iniiietimeM gneiss the underlying rock Ijeing a light-coluured pyroxene. The width of the inicii bearing portion in the principal o[)enin^, which is in the calcite, is from three to five feet. The crystalv are light-amber coloured, of gixx] size and generally smooth, .\nothor opening to the north of the main pit in near the ctmtact of the ]iyroxfiie and a cross dyke of white ((■''^'^i'^ which cuts both the pynxene and the itneias, the granite bein^ clearly the later. The crystals here are lightcoloured but smaller and Home- what wrinkled. In the most westerly pit near the crest of the hill, the gneiss dips to the north <40'. Tht- pyroxene cuts across the gneiss with a south dip, and carries t'alrite with mica along the con- tact. The dyke here runs N. 20' E., dipping !S. 70° K. <55 . On the north side of the hill the ridge or' l>anded gnei.ss dips N. tiO' K. <30'. The main dyke in whish the principal mica deposits are found has l)een traced on its north-east course for 1,200 feet. Very consider- able quantities of apatite occur in some of the openings at this place along with the calcite. This mine has been photographed by Mr. II. X. Topley, and the relations of the difterent rojks and minerals can be clearly seen. The Webster Company's mine is situated on lot 10, range XII., \S'i ii-ti'i min. Hull. A numlt)er of pits have been sunk on a knoll of gneiss whii-h is intersected by pyroxene and diorite dykes. Some of the Httt'r are hard and hornhlendic. Pink calcite occurs nimr the contact of the dykp with tho gneiss, and the mica and apatit-e occur mostly in the : 1 Mine* Miiitli of Wil«)iii- ctirner. Wiln5 and the dyke cuts the gneiss tiansversely to the strike. A short distance to the west of this on lot 12, range XV., an open- ing in pyroxene shows, on the south side of the dyke, u very consider- able deposit of mica and apatite crystals which underlies the limestone on the north. The strike of the dyke is N. 40° W. and the dip is to the south-west <50\ The pink calcite is well exposal along the contact and contains most of the crystals which are often of good size, though the proj^rty had \m'.n but slightly opened up. Red and gray gneiss lie to the north of the dyke. To the north of this another opening on Chubl.uck's property shows great ledges of pyroxene cut- ting the gneiss and the mica and pyroxene crystals occur in fissures in the dyke itself. At another opening to the west, on lot 13, range XVI., Hull, one of these fissures carries calcite and some very large crystals of sni ah mica were obtained. The excavation was carried down to twenty-five feet and hugh crystals of pyroxene occur here which are well terminated. The associated gneiss is generally redilish or reddish-gtay in colour and the pyrox.>ne is lightgrayish-given and soft. These are not contact deposits but appear to resemble segrega- tions along lines of fissure through pyroxene itself. In the pit which produced the largest crystals of mica and pyroxene no apatite was seen. iOiii MICA. 123 I while ia most of the other pits adjacent, it occurs in considerable quantity. In several other openings on the mljoining lot to the south of those just described, similar conditions are seen. The pyroxene outs the gneiss, sometimes transversely to the strike, at others nearly with it. and mica and apitite occur, though none of these mines are at present being operated. On the back roiid, oast of Cantley, on lot 3, range XIII., Hull, a pyroxene dyke cuts reddish and •jrivy gneiss and is in turn cut by a dyke of hard felspathic rock. Apatite and mica occur here along witli a little pinU cak!.., in the pyroxene near the contact with the cross dyke, which would therefore appear to have had some effect in pro- ducing the mineral deposit. A quarter of a mile further north a similar occurrence is seen The pyroxene here has apparently burst through the gneiss but not reached the surface as there is a capping of the gneiss along one side of the pit overlying the pyroxene. A diorite dyke also cuts the pyroxene, and along the contact iron-pyrites, oalcite and mica are scattered ; the crystals occur along jointings in tlie pyroxene and are generally much twisted. Another interesting location in this vicinity is at the Burke mine '""i' on lot 1, range XIII., Hull. Here a large dyke of pyroxene cuts tlie gneiss, portions of the latter Ijeing seen along the north side of the pit. This place was formerly worked for apatite and yielded a large amount of this mineral as well a.s large quantities of amber mica which occun cd along with tlie apatite and which was thrown into the dump as usclcs.s. These crystals as well as the apatite were distributed through that portion of the pyroxene near the gneiss along with pink calcite, the relations of the several minerals to the containing mcks being well seen. Huge crystals of pyroxene are seen at this place one on llie south .side of the pit being over a foot in diameter. This mine has also been photograph(>d by -Mr. H. N. Topley, for the Geological Survey. On the road south from Cantley to Wrights Bridge, a succession of gneissic and granite rocks are traversed for several mile<. The relations of the pyroxenic and granitic rocks to the stratified gneiss are well exposed at a nunilwr of places. Attempts have Ijcen made to mine mica on lot 7, range X., Hull, but the crysUls are small and gener.iily dark-coloured. One of the largest mines worke intrusive mass is a hard black, dioritic-looking rock, and the mica contained is correspondingly dark- coloured as is also the case in a third pit where the country ruck is gray and red gneiss having a strike N. 10° W. with a dip west < 50' The mica here is also dark and in small crystals. Approaching Kirks Ferry on lot 17, range X., soveral openings have Kirks Keixy been made by Mr. Haycock, of Ottawa, which present some points of Haycock interest. On the west side of the road and about 100 yards from it the gneiss atilkes N. 20' W. and dips N. 70° east < 40° to 60°. This is cut by a dyke of pyroxene having a course east and west with ii breadth of about four feet. At the west end of the cutting thu dyke is cupped by the gneiss. The upper part of this dyke for Kve or six feet carried apstite, but below this the mica came in and yielded some very fine crystals of the amber variety. The dyke is vertical. Further on another cutting in pyroxene with red ijneiss shows bunches of pink calcite near the contact, in which are the usual crystals of mica and pyroxene. Cross dykes of white granite cut the pyroxene at this place. On the east of the post-road near the (Jatineau on lot 12, range XI., two dykes, one of pyroxene and the other of granite, cut the gneiss. The former forms the foot wall of a mica deposit, the granite the upper, and the crystals are formed along the contact between the two. The gneiss at this place and also at that first mentioned has a synclinal structure, the intervening space being occupiefacfarlanp'.' mine. \l t of mica crysUh are numerouB. Most of theHe are imperfect or irregu- larly formed, and all a-e of the amber variety. Small quantities of apatite are seen at some of the openings. Some very large mica crystals wen. obtained at this place, but most of these were too much crushed to l« of much value. This mine presents none of the features of the contact deposits, but is like the Nellie and Blanche. To the west of the Cascades mines, on lot 24, range .KIV., Hull, on the property of Mr. Cross, a mass of pyroxene with heavy dark horn- blende rock cuts the gneiss. The mica crystals in the dark rock are very dark-coloured also, but in the lighter portions are of much lighter shade At this place there is a very large outcrop of intrusive rocks of various kinds, and it is probable that these continue across to the mine at the Cascades, which is less than a mile to the north-east. On the east side of the Gatineau, on lots 15 and 16, range XV., Hull, two interesting mines are located. Of these, the most southerly is Cassidy's. and is like that at the Cascades, in that it is situated in a heavy mass of pyroxene which cuts red and gray gneiss. The pyroxene is greenish-gray with portions mottled with white, and the mica deposit extends across the pyroxene in a fissure and is from one to two feet thick with a course of N. 40° W. A second and smaller vem cuts across the south-east end of the pit. This deposit is entirely in the pyroxene, and there is no pink calcite showing. Cro>«-dyke8 of white granite cut the pyroxene. There h no gneiss within fifty yards of the mine. The crystals of mica are amber coloured and of large size often twenty inches across the face and some reaching a breadth of nearly three feet, but most of these are imperfect. Green apatite occurs in the south-east end of the principal opening. Half a mile to the north of this is Macfariane's mine, the path in the interval crossing a band of crystalline limestone which overiies the gneiss to the north . of Cassidy's. Macfariane's openings are for the most part along the contact between the pyroxene and the gray gneiss, with the usual deposit of pink calcite, which carries crystals both of mica and apati-e. Some of the former are from eight to ten inches across the face, light- coloured and smooth. In the other pits a short distance to the north, the calcite is in very small quantity and the mica much crumpled. Several other openings have been made in a very hard dionte rock in which small quantities of iron-pyrites are found, but the mica in these is dark and the crystals unimportant, being small and much twisted. Further north, in the townships bordering along the Gatineau, deposits of mica are found at widely separated points. Thus in the township of Low. lot .16, range XIII., a band of reddish and gray tm MICA. 127 J gneisa separates crystalline limestone and is cut by a heavy dyke of grayish granite near the north-east end of a knoll. The mica crystals (muscovite) are found in the mass of the granite. They were of good size and smooth, but few in number. The strike of the gneis.s here is N. 40' E., the dip 8.E. <70°. This is what ii known as the Vonosta V.ii,„taiiiinf. mine. The pit is only a few feet det-p, work having ceased on the disappeaiance of *he m.neral some years ago. Further north in Hincks, lot 22, range II., a very large surface show lliink», of mica crystals was seen. Three openings were made in pyroxene, l^!H■"|'^n"n','. cutting limestone. The dyke is of a large size and is cut by another of white granite, the mica occurring in proximity to the cross dyke. This mica is dark-coljured but remarkable for the size and smoothness of many of the cryrcals some of which were more than three feet across the face. The mine was opened in 1893, and about 200 tons of crystals taken out. The strike of the country-rock, mostly crystalline lim**- .stone, in the vicinity of the mine is about N. 25' E. and musses of whitt' granite are seen at a number of places. This mine was worked by Clemow and Powell. On the bank of the Gatineau a short distance below Aylwin, several openings were bade in a granite dyke also cutting limestone but the crystals were mostly too small to be commercially valuable. Further north in the township » • Wright, on lots 14 and IT), range D, .-^t Aiitoim .,r on the north side of the Gatineau, several deposits of mica occur. That ' '""^ '""" " o.. '.ot 14 has been opened up and extensively worked for some years. The country-rock is a gray gneiss, well stratitied and cut by a dyke of greenish-gray pyroxene which holds bunches of pink calcitc The sidas of the opening which was originally about eight feet wide and twenty to thirty feet deep, are studded with mica crystals ranging in size up to a foot across the face. The number of these is very great, but many of the largest are injured by the presence of small cracks across th centre in which inclusions of calcite or apatite occur. A large quantity, of mica has been taken from this piace. Large dykes of white granite are also numerous in the vicinity. The deposit on lot 14 adjacent is near the crystalline limestone, and dykes of pyroxene and granite are also common. A similar occurrence of mica crystals is also seen here but the locality has been but slightly tested. South of the Gatineau on the west side oi Bittobee lake, small Rmdi. ttc, deposits of mica crystals are found in connection with pyroxene and granite, which cut both the gneiss and limestone, but the quantity does not appear to be very extensive. Further north in the township i h 128 J QUIBKC AND ONTARIO. Ml i } MinvH near Purkin* Mills of Bouchette, on lot 31, range I., •nother mica mine ia located in a mau of pyroxene cutting a gray and Bometimes rusty gnews. The cry.tal8 here are mostly dUtributed through the dyke and are very dark-coloured and often iwisted. But little gneiss U visible in the vicinity of the mine. Several other deposits have been noMd in this area but the quantity observed is generally small. It may, however, be .toted that where dykes of pyroxene cut the gneiss or when these are cut by the wh.ue granite the chances for mica are much better than when these rocks cut the limestone, judging from the localities yet examined. It will be seen therefore from the '»««'"P,*'°f'' «''*" "Vfi^M • deposit* that ceruin portions of the townships of Hull and Wakefield contoin by far the greater number of workable depositsof thism.nera^ in the Ottawa district, at le.«tin sofsrasour researches have extended in this direction. As reganls the deposits in Buckingham Templeton and Portland, while the presence of th« mineral l"^" »l';««^y J^"^ "fnted out in connection with the apatite deposits at the Blackburn. McLaurin, Jackson, Rae and several other mines in ♦h^ «"'»*y. «>- paratively little attention was paid to the presence of the m ca for Jome years, though the crystals were often "^^undant and of gc^ quality Several valuable mines however are situated in the v.cm.ty of Perkins Mills, which have been extensively ---^^J-^^Iwn n>ay be mentioned lot 16, range VIII., Templeton (Walhngford.), in which the output is also of the amber variety. In the area included in the map-sheet No. 122. with the exception of the mines already noted in the vicinity of the Gatineau, deposit, of this mineral are very rare or at least have not yet been locat^^ The rocks are somewhat different in character over much of the area and there is an absence of the great development of pyroxen.c rock so con- spicuous in the Lievre and Gatineau districts. In the above desc.iptions of the apatite and mica deposits of the Ottowa district, it may be stated that the greater part °fjhe lamina- tions were made by this department several years ago^ Muchdevebp- ment work has been carried on in this area since that time and a nlJr If new area, have been located, some of which have been qui e extensively worked. A number of the old mines formerly worked for apatite, in which mica was found and at that time regarded as a waste product, have been operated as mica mines for several years and ha>e pI^-S among the most productive in the district. The detoils of these new workings were not known at the time of our examinations, but as i •^1 MICA. 129 J the information regarding these deposits is of interest to the mining community, and in order to render this portion of the report as com- plete as pt;.;3ible, additional details have been obUined from the report* of Mr. J. Obalski, mining engineer for the province of Quebec, and are here added. In the township of Templeton. in addition to the localities already described, the occurrence of mica may be i-c'.noned as follows : — On lot 21, range IV., indications on the property of Mr. McTiemey. On lot 22, range IV., Taylor and McVeity, an old apatite mine, re- opened for mica in 1898, from which a considerable quantity has been extracted. Lot 20, range V., W. Smith, indications. Lot 10, range VII., Stevenson mine, worked by several parties at difiFerent times, and in 1899, by Mr. J Asquith, of Ottawa. A large quantity of good mica is reported ai taken from this mine from a large surface trench. Distance from East Templeton, 10 miles. Ijot 14, range VII., prospected by the American Mica Co., Boston. No returns available. East half lot 15, same range, formerly worked, 1891, by Hon. C. A. Dugas, and in 1896-97 by BaumgarU-n and Manchester, has yielded a considerable quantity of good mica. In the latter year worked by the Webster Co. to a depth of fifty feet. Ten miles from East Temple- ton. Westhalf of lot 15. Worked by several parties since 1893. Quite extensive operations in 1897-99, to a depth of 70 feet, and is reported to have yielded a large quantity of excellent mica associated with apatite, some of the mica crystals being of large size. Lot 16, same range, Wallingford mine, worked regular'y since 1892. One of the largest and most productive mines in the district, the out- put of merchantable mica being very large. The crystals often of large size and excellent quality. The mica occurs in a large dyke of pyroxene, cutting the grayish gneisc, and has been worked to a depth of over 170 feet along an excavation 200 feet in length. The mine is well equipped with machinery for the extraction of the mica. Apatite is also found in large quantities at this place. Mica is also found on the south half of lot 17, same range, twelve miles distant from Templeton station on the Canadian Pacific railway. 9 ISO J QUEBEC AND OiTTARIO. Ill Lot 4, nuige IX. Worked at intervals wince 1892, and hM yielded » large amount of good merchantable mica. K nown as the Hophia mine. Twelve miles from Templeton station. Southhalf lot 11, ran^e IX. Proq jcted in 1804, by the North Templeton and Ottawa Mining Co. Lot 13. Indications of mioa. Lot 14. Worked for apatite twenty years ago, ai. ' since 1894 for mica. The mineral occurs with pink unlcite in pyroxene and a consider- able quantity of mica has been extracted with the apatite. It has recently (1899) been worked by Jurkowsky and Co. Lots 16-21, also prospected by the same company, no returns. Lot 7, range X. Prospected in 1900 by McLaurin & Mcl^aren. No returns. Lot 8, same range. The Marsolais mine, formerly worked for apatite but since 1897 has been worked irregularly for mica, of which a con- siderable quantity has been extracted. Fourteen miles from Temple- ton. East half lot 9. Post mine, Canada Industrial Co., formerly a phosphate mine, has recently yielded a quantity of mica, some of the crystals being of large size. West half lot 9. Jackson Rae mine, formerly worked for apatite, has since 1892 yielded a considerable quantity of mica. North half lot 10. Jubilee mine, formerly worked for apatite, also contains mica in considerable quantity. East half lot 10. Also formerly worked for apatite, contains a small quantity of mica, worked by Mr. A. M urphy. West half lot 15. Has yielded several tons of apatite and mica in close association. Lot 16. Victoria mine, opened in 1899, by McLaurin and McLaren. Excavated for 300 feet in length by 60 feet in depth, and has pro- duced a large quantity of excellent mica as well as of apatite. North half lots 7, 8, 9, 1 0, 1 1 . The Blackburn mine, formerly wc; ked for apatite, of which it was a large pi-oducer, the mioa then being regard- ed as a waste product. Worked at intervals since 1891 for mica, and has produced a large quantity of excellent mineral of large size. It is one of the most important mines in the Templeton district. moA. 131 J Indication* of mica are alio fuand on loU 12, 13, 14, 24 and 27, range XII., and on lott 3, 4, 5, 13 and 17, rangp XIII. Uood lized mica, but aomewhat broken, is also found on lot 38 of the (iore. In the township of Hull work has been carried on in racent years by the Brown Hron., of Cantley, on the following lots : — Lots 19, 20, 22, range VI., and on lots south half 18, the Eva mine, as also on south half 19, the Al)erdeen mine. There is a large quan- tity of mica in several of thew pits, much uf it of excellent quality and good size. This is hauled to Cantley and there dressed for the market North half lot 18, range VII., the Fortin and Oravel mine, opened 1^99 in pyroxene, has yielded a large quantity of gcmd mica, some of which is of large size. It has been worked to a reported depth of 90 feet in one place. South half lot 20, range VII. The Fleury mine, opened in 1900. shows large dyke of pyroxene carrying excellent mica, one crystal of superior quality measuring 24 by 28 inches. The deposit has not been largely developed. All the above locations are a short distance south of Kingsmere. The Scott mine on lot 14, range IX., and the Cascades mine on lot 22, range XV., have already been described. Lot 23, range XV., Ferguson mine, opened in 1899 by Mr. H. Flynn, is with calcite in pyroxene, and has yielde mine, opened fir«t in 1893, was reop.-ncd in 1900, results unknown, and on the west half lots 1 and 2 same range tho (lien Almond Mica and Mining Co. has done u large amount of surfa-v working from which a consider- able .,uautity of generally small sized mica has l«en obtained. This company has also operatever»l openingx were mAt lieing the moat pro- ductive in the ( iatineau district. The mica occurs in cryataU aome- timea of large aize and in great itbundance in a pinkinh or gray calcito in a large dyke of pyroxene cutting u grayish gneiaa. In 1900 the depth of the excavation waa over 90 feet and for aeveral yeara the diiily output of rough mica waa about three tona. It haa recently Ijeen worked by the Hilla Co., of Chicago. The mine ia near the nortli bank of the Uatineau, about aeven milea east of Uracefii'ld. On lot 12, range V., near the road one mile aoutli of the Pickanotk river ia the Moore mine. It ia in u knoll of pyroxene, and has been opened only by aurfacf working!). The output so far has been generally of amall aue though cryKtaU of large sixe are alao rt-ported. It waa worked at iuterviilM in 1898-99. The above deacriptiona, taken in large part from the recent reports of Mr. Obiilski, embrace most of the loc-ationx in which mica ha.s been worked or known to occur in economic quantity. Indications of the mineral are, however, found at many other points, some of which may yet develop into productive mines, but owing to luck of develop- ment nothing can now be said as to their actual value. In an area so traversed by massea and dykes of pyroxenic rocks and granites, niica deposits will undoubtedly continue to be found at maciy other points throughout the district north of the OtUwa, since over a large portion of the area between the (Jatineau and Liivre rivcjs and in the country adjacent to these streams the conditions aro highly favourable to the occurrence of both mica and apatite. BARITE. Baritr in Only two depoNitM of this mineral arc known in the area north of o ty mm. . ^^^ Ottawa. One of these, formerly the Foley mine, is on lot 7, range riLarAN. 1.15 J X., towiuhip of Hull, nn*r the roMl to Ciintlay, and occurs in ronnpc tioii with the gniiiite which cuts the rryittalline litiimttHi<<. Th<< mineral iit in Ninall irtHij^ular vt-init alonu the courw of the dyke, ntnu ing from one to two feet in width, *nd aiuiociiited with mawMw of |iur|ile Huor. Thi« depoeit Imn within th« Imi two yenrii t)«en workt'd tosonn' fxtent hy m Monlrekl P'dnt company «nd » qunntity of tlie barile han been ihipped to that place. Another Himilar deposit i« leen along the bavk road towards the Temploton line, on lot 3, range XL, of Hull, but hM not yet been developed to «ny extent. The actual value in therefore unknown. riUPAR. Some of the pegmatite dykes are lurgely made up of foUpar, eithi-r ,,._.,^|^^ whit« or red in colour, and in Horn- of theHe the mineral ia Hulticiently pure to lie economicnlly available for the manufacture of certain kiniU of porceliiin or pottery. The presence of iron in the nick in highly injurious, but the red colouring of thefelnpar di^Mlppearll in the procem* of manufacture, and the resulting silica is snow white. There are large masies of this rock throughout the area wcupied hy the crystalline roiks, but much of it is too remote from convenient shipment to be economically valuable. The pegmatite dykes aro numerous in the areas of crystalline limestone though they out the gneiss formation also. Ijirge areas are seen near the villaKe of Papineauville where the |.„,,|n,,„„viiie. mass is nearly white, but these are said to contain too great a propor- tion of quartz and small quantities of mica, which is also injurious, and prevents these deposits from l)eing utilized. A large ({uaiitity was at one time shipped from the great dyke at the Villcneuvo mine, '' ,, .... ,1- ^ llll'IllllVO the quality of the felspar lieing excellent, hut m this case the (hstance „„„„. from the Lievre river and the suhseciuent transfers from boat to rail rendered the handling unprofitable. The freight rate to the irnited , States where the felspar was shipped, and the low price obtoinable, combined to render the industry almost unprofitable. Several (juarries were operated a few years ago, one of which was near Templeton station, alx>ut twenty tons a day having been shipped for several months, but the work is now suspended. The Kaolin deposit in the township of Amherst has not yet lieen ,{^,|i„ „f developed though the quality is said to be excellent. This could now Ainli«r»t. be shipped by the railway from St. Jerdme into Arundel. The extent of the deposit is, however, unknown. 136 t qVKBEC AMD OHTABIO. BuildiDK ■tones. KoM quarry. L'Orignal quarriea. Quarry in Potsdam sandstone Lachute. BUILDINO STOJtBl. . u- « v.=» FTnwkeBburv. m limestones oi v^nazy ngc, ~ the township of East HawkesDury, .tone was taken for construe- .hich a very large a^o^n o -^ ^ ^^^^^e^r L'Orignal also tionworkontheGrenv.leaud ^^^^^^ formations, quarries are found m the BlacK ivi hurrays) the --J;- J^'^m'rto^^^^^^ tLL miles 'weT of Butler's quarry in the Chazy l'"*^^^ j ^j^^ 3,^^ River L'Orignal near the river road -"^ -j;';^;Xrwn and the quality 0. Trenton lim.to.H« ^^ «lp-«lot^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ J^^^^^ of stone is excellent. These are m luo of Longueuil. F„.her weston the north side oftheOtUw^W^^^^^^ and Montebello. a quarry s locat^ - ^mTh oTuc^kland the has yielded a large a^nount o^ st^ne. Jo^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ large quarry of Mr. A. Stewa. t, tro escarpment of Soulanges canal was -'^^''''^' 'l^'^^it^^ t,^,^ ,1.. nv?er for- Black River and Trenton limestone, the latter to g F ^^ .^ tion of the cliff. The great quarries of Hull near Utta the Trenton limestone. rr trrarry opposi. the^illa. of ---^ ^^ f Wge amount of good stone has been taken^ On V Rigaud mountain al«, there is a quarry in the gramt« large blocks for monumental work have been obtained. • ««^« of the crystalline limestones of the Grenville series are dolo- to utUize these have as yet been made. Ochres of Grenville. OCHRCS. * ^t Uf 17 ranee VII., township of Grenville, a On the eastern part of lot 17, range ' . .u„ :_ ^hich a mica .r . »•„= ia ««>n alonir the east side of a ndge m wn«.u 1. ^J PRAT AND MARL. 137 J of a brown ochre which hiw Wn worked in former year* by a Montreal company for paint, but nothing has iieen done in connection with this locality for somo time. The serpentine rock is in places a l«autiful Hton.-. but tho rock is apparently too much shattered to furnish block, for decorative purposes, except of small size. PBAT. Along the south side of the Ottawa, deposits of peat are numerous Pea: and extensive. Most of these are beyond the limits of the map sheet. In the Geology of Canada, 180.?, several areos are mentioned where peat occurs, some of the deposits being of sufficient size to be economic- ally important. On the north side of the Ottawa, in the township of Grenville, three l^;^^" of these peat bogs have been observed. One of these on lots 4 and 5, of range V., covers aliout thirty-six acres, and has a depth of ten feet. It has been used in the neighbourhood and is pronounced of excellent quality. Another deposit of about the same extent occurs on lot 1, of the same range and is in parU more than fifteen feet in thickness. A third of about thirty acres occurs on lot 4, of range VII. A fourth deposit was seen in a tamarack swamp extending over about forty acres of lots 4 and 5 of range I., of Harring- ton. AU these areas should be easily drained. The depth of the Harrington deposit is from ten to twenty-five feet. PIAT ANU MAKL. In Argenteuil, on lot 3, range I., an ancient lake b«.in is filled with f^^^;^^, peat, the extent of the deposit being about twenty-two acres. The peat has a thickness of nine feet and is underlain by shell marl ranging in depth from five feet to thirteen feet On the same lot is another peat bog with a length of half a mile from east to west and a breadth of one hundred to one hundred and fifty yards, also underlain by marl with a reporteyni, Nicholson. ? Diplotrypa Whiteaveni, Nicholson. Branching forms of Montiouliporoidea. Trematif Urminalit, Emmons. Strophomena ineurvata, Shepard {=Streptorhynchii$ filitextnm, (Hall.) Pltciambonilei tericea, Sowerby. Rafineiqnina alternata (Conrad) Emmons. Platyttrophia lynx, Eichwald. Rhynchotrema imrquivalvu (Castelnau). Conularia Trenton«n»is, Hall. Calymene senaria, Conrad. Aiaphus megisto*, Ijocke. " platycephalus, Stokes, Dalmaniles eallicephalus. Green. Ostracoda. Several species. From same locality. Collected by L. M. Lambe, 1891 Pachydictya acuta, Hall. Rafinesquina atteriMla (Conrad) Emmons. Tremalis lerininalis, Emmons. Strophomena, resembling S. Philomela, Billings. Orthis (Dalmanella) teatudinaria, Dalman. PlalyHrophia bijorata, var. lyn.r, Eiohwald. Rhynchotrema imrquivaivu (Castelnau). Parastrojihia hemiplieata. Hall. Troclwiiemn umbilicatiim. Hall. Cyrtodonta, sp. Endoceras proteiforme. Hall. Dalmanites calliceplit^nn, Green. Lichaa Trentonen»u>, Conrad. Ceraums pleurexanthemue. Green. From Foxes Creek, Clarence township, Ont. Collected by R W Ells, 1893. Crinoidal fragment)!. Pachydictya acuta Hall li Ulliu __ Mlk] APPKIDIX. 143 J Pratopora Stltoj^ni, Nioholaon. t Monotrypella Trentonetuii, Micholton Diteina, or TretnatU, ip. Crania, ap. Lingula quadrata, Eiohwald. Plictambonitei terieea, Sowerby. Strophoimna (Rafineiquina) tUtemala, Conrad (Emmona). Strophomma ineurvata, Shepard. Orthis (Dalmanella) tetttidinaria, Dalman. " (DinorthU) peetinella, Conrad. «• (?) n. »p. " or AiMxyga or Zygoipira, sp. Platystrophia bi/orata, Schloth'im, var. lynj-. Eichwald. Rhynchotrema inftquivalvu (Castelnau.) Bellerophon tuleatinug, Emmons. Calymene $enaria, Conrad. Cetvurus pUurexanthemus, Green. lUaenus sp., c£., /. TrentonennU, Billings. Aiaphui plalyeephaluf, Stokes. " megxtloi, Locke. Dalmanite* eaUieephaltu, Green. Trinudeus eoncenlrictu, Eaton. Ridge south of Cumberland village. Collected by Dr. F. Slater Jackson, 1890. StrepUlasma comietdum. Hall, or an allied form. Crinoidal fragments. Plectand>onile» terieea, Sowerby. Rafinegquina alternata (Conrad) Emmons. Stropkomena Jlucluosa, Billings. " cf. S. lenuistriata, Sowerby. Platyitrophia biforata, var. /yn.r, Eichwald. Rhynchotrema inequivahii (Ciistelnau). Zygoepira reeurvirostra, Hall. Liotpira Progne, Billings. Trochonema tinibilicatunt. Hall. Hormotoma gracilis (Hall). ? Omospira Alexandra (Billings). Asaphtis, sp., apparently A. plalyeepluihts, Stokes. Calymene ainaria, Conrad. f Licha*, sp., cf. L. Trentonettsii, Hall. I