CIHM Microfiche Series (l\/lonographs) ICIMH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Canffdian Inttituta for Historical Microraproductiont / Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquas 997 Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best originai copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming are checked below. D D D D D D D D Coloured covers / Couverture de couleur Covers damaged / Couverture endommagte Covers restored and/or laminated / Couverture restaurde et/ou pellicula Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps / Cartes g^raphiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black) / Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Cotoured plates and/or illustrettons / Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material / Reli^ avec d'autres documents Only edition available / Seule Edition disponible Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin / La rellure serr6e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge intdrieure. Blank leaves added during restorattons may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming / Use peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 filmtes. Additional comments / Commentaires suppl^mentaires: Various paglngs. L'Institut a microfiimd le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6^ possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exem- plaire qui sont peut-«tre unkjues du point de vue bibli- ographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une nrK>difk»tion dans la metho- ds normale de filmage sont indk^u^s ci-dessous. I I Cok}ured pages / Pages de couleur I I Pages damaged / Pages endommag^es D Pages restored and/or laminated / Pages restaurtes et/ou pellicultes Q Pages discotoured, stained or foxed / Pages dteolortes, tachettes ou pk^u^s I I Pages detached / Pages ddtach^es [y| Showthrough/ Transparence I I Quality of print varies / D D D Quality inhale de I'impresston Includes supplementary material / Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image / Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 filmtes k nouveau de fa^on k obtenir la meilleure image possible. Opposing pages with varying colouration or discok}urations are filmed twtee to ensure the best possible image / Les pages s'opposant ayant des colorations variables ou des decolorations sont filmtes deux fois afin d'obtenir la meilleure image possible. rhte tem ia flbnad at tha radueUon ratio ehackad balow / lOx 14x ISx 22x 26X 30x >/ 12x lex 20x a4x 28x 32x The copy filmed h«r« has bMn rapreduead thank* to tha ganareaitv of: National Library of Canada L'axamplaira film4 fut raproduit grica * ia ginirosit* da: Bibliotheque nationale du Canada Tha imagaa appaaring hara ara tha baat quality possibia conaidaring tha condition and lagibility of tha original copy and in kaaping with tha filming contract apacif icationa. Original copios in printod papar covara ara flimad baginning with tha front covar and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or illuatratad impraa- sion, or tha back covar whan appropriata. All othar original copiaa ara filmad baginning on tha first paga with a printad or illuatratad impraa- sion, and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or illuatratad improsaion. Tha laat racordad f rama on aach microfiche shall contain tha aymbol — » (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol ▼ (moaning "END"), whichavar appliaa. Maps, platas. charu. ate. may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba antiraly included in ona axposura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand cornar. laft to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Lea images suivantas ont *t* raproduitat avac la plus grand soin. compta tenu da la condition at da la nettet* do I'exemplaire filmi. et an conformitO avac lea conditions du contrat da filmage. Lee enemplairea originaux dont la couvarture •n papier eat imprimta sent filmis en commencant par la premier plot et en terminant soit par la derniAre paga qui comporta una ampreinta d'impression ou d'illustration. soit par ia second plat, selon le caa. Toua lea autras exemplairas originaux sont filmAs en commen^ent par la premiere paga qui comporta una empreinte d'Impreasion ou d'illustration et en terminant par la darniAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symbolaa suivanta apparaitra sur la darniAre image de cheque microfiche, talon le caa: le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE". le symbols ▼ signifie "FIN". Les cartea, planchaa. tableaux, etc.. peuvent itre filmOs i des Uux de rMuction diff*renis. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour itra reproduit en un soul clichO. il est film* A partir de Tangle aupAriaur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de haut en bas. en prenant la nombra d'imegea nOcassaira. Lea diagrammea suivanta illuatrant le mOthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MKROCOrr RBOWTKM TBT CHART (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) ^ /^PPUEG IIVMGE I ^»5 1653 Eo«l Mo.r. SlrM :^S (716) 2Se-5989 -F„ \ CANADA DEPAR'^MENT OP MINES OBOLooiOAii ivrnwr Hon. HontT Kootu, Mimmtu; A. P. Low, Dipvty MDfMTn; R. W. BioTK, DiRErroi. MEMOIR No. 17-- GEOLOOY AND ECONOMIC RESOURCES LARDER LAKE DISTRICT, ONT. ADJOINING PORTIONS OF PONTIAC COUNTY, QUE. XOBLET E. WllSOir OTTAWA GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU 1912 Na 1160 I I 128<.M C.'ANAD.V I) K I* A irr M KNT OK NtlNKS OBOLOOIOAL aVRVEY li'V. li'iiHHr It'M.tllH. MlMHUK; \, V. I/l« . Ur.l'l TV Mivmini; 1(. \V. Iliii« I.. Iirmni'ii ME MO lit No. ^ 7 E (iKOLOGV AND KCOXOMIC RKSOURCKS LARDKK LAKE DISTRICT. ONT. ADJOISIXc; PORTIONS OK I'ONTIAC CoLNTY, QLK. MORLEY £ WIISON 12894 .\ OTTAWA (iOVKRXMKNT PRINrr.Mi liUKKAl' 1912 N... IIHO To n. w. nRiM K, E»«i., Dircotur (i<><)lo({ifal Survey, Di'purtiiicnt of Mine-. SiH,— I boir to xiibniit the fcillnwiiiK' rii ft on tlio «i'(il,,^y iiii i. No. 1177 1:11 A). Mup of Lunlei' hike, Nipissing district, t)iit II.sd. Nn. 117? (32 A). Map of Larder lake and Opasatika lake. Out liso. I s LARDER LAKE DISTRICT, ONT. AND ADJOINING PORTIONS OF PONTIACCOUNTY.QUE BV Morley £. Wilson. INTRODTTCTORV. Oeneral Statement and Aoknowledgmenti. Along with the rapid development of mining in the Timis- kaming region, and the continued northward progress of railway construction, the activities of the prospector have been directed more and more to the country lying to the north of Lake Timiskaming, and beyond the height of land. Up to the present the chief result of this activity has been the discovery of gold at widely separated points throughout this territory, one of the most important of these locnlities being the Larder Lake dis' .ct. The following report treats of the geological and economic rtsiHirces of the Larder Lake district, Ontario, and adjacent portions of Pontiac county, Quebec. This region is of special interest, not only because of its possibilities as a gold mining camp, but also because it is geologically typical of a wide stretch of country in that part of northern Ontario and Quebec. The report is accom- panied by a geological map of the whole area examined, on a scale of 1 inch = 2 miles, and an additional, more detailed map of the mining claims in the vicinity of Larder lake, on a scale of 1 inch = 1 mile. Since very few of the numerous lakes and rivers of the district had been previously mapped, a considerable part of the field work required for the preparation of the geological maps was necessarily 128M— 1 OEOLOOIOAL SUBVEY, CANADA devoted to making topographical Burveys. For this purpose, tl Rochon micrometer telescope and surveyor's compass we'.e used i mapping the lakes and navigable streams, while a ilinin and su veyor's compass were employed on the portages. The surveys mac in this way were tied to the numerous base, meridian, and towi ship lines run by the Crown Lands Departments of Ontario at Quebec. The map thus prepared, with the addition of the numeroi surveyed claim lines in the arcn, in most cases, furnished sufficiei located points to fix the geologienl boundaries, but in some placi iuUlitional surveyed lines were necessary. The surveys and geological investigations, upon which tl report with the accompanying maps is based, occupied the seasoi of 10O8 and 1009. In 1908, field work was carried on in the vicinil of Lake Opasatika. In 1909, the area covered the previous year wi extended eastward to Kekeko lake, in Quebec, >ind westward acroi the interprovincial boundary to Larder lake, in Ontario. Durin the latter season, the topographical part of the work was carried o by Mr. Robert llarvie, of McGill University. By this arrangemei the writer was left free to devote his attention to the geologici features of the area. ;Mc=sr3. G. II. Kilburn, W. D. McAndrew and A. R. McLaren were attacheil to the party as student assistan in 1908, while Messrs. A. J. Merrill and N. B. Davis acted in tl sa'ne capacity in 10j9. The following are the surve-s, other than our own, which wei used in the preparation of the geological map accompanying th: report : — Interprovincial boundary survey between Ontario and Quebe from Lake Timiskaming to the height of land, by O'llanly an O'Dwyer, 1873-4. Survey of lakes on Canoe route from Windigo to Larder laki by W. A. Parks, 1904. Extension of Interprovincial boundary survey northward froi the height of land, by Patten and Leberge, 1906. Base, meridian, and township lines surveyed by the <^row Lands Departments of Ontario and Quebec. Surveyed claim lines recorded with the Ontario Bureau c Mines, and the Department of Mines for Quebec. LABDEB LAKE DISTRICT, ONT., ETC. f The earliest topographical work in the region was a micrometer •urrey of the canoe route from Lao dos Quinze to Abitibi, made in 1867, by Mr. Lindsay Russell. In 1898, Mr. J. S. Bignell also made a survey of Albee, Erain (Kaishk*), and Kekeko lakes, for the Quebec government. The last aamed surveys, however, although accurate in general, were not sufficiently detailed to warrant their use on a map on the scale of 2 miles to 1 inch. The thanks of the survey are due to Mr. Albert Mckegg and Mr. John Alger, of the Klock Lumber Company; to Mr. John Hough, Mining Recorder at Larder City; to Mr. H. P. Depencier, Manage- and Mr. D. S. Sawyer, Secretary, of the Dr. Reddick Odd Mining Company; to Mr. B. Brooks, of the Toumenie Mining Company, and to many other-., who by their co-operation agisted in the progress of the work. Location and Area. The district described in the present report lies on both sides of the interprovincial boundary between Ontario and Quebec, about 30 miles north of Lake Timiskaming, and immediately south of the height of land. It comprises a rectangular area of about 600 square miles, measuring 30 miles in length from east to west, and 20 miles in breadth from north to south. Transportation and Commanication. There are several routes which may be followed in reaching this region. For the eastern part, the easiest and most used means of access is the Abitibi canoe route from Lac des Quinze. For the Ortario portion of the district, either the new government road from Dane, or the canoe route from Windigo lake, may be followed. Prior to the autumn of 1908, when the government road from Dane to Larder lake was completed, the usual route from Lt^Iie Timiskaming to Larder lake was by way of Tomstown, on the Blanche river. This village was reached either by steamboat from New Liskeard, or by i.ilway to Heaslip, a station on the Timis- k aming and No rthern Ontario railway, 3 miles distant. The steam- v.- i%I"^i.**°'r'P'''."?' n»n>«» "uwl OB the map which accompaaies this renort g»phi^Bl>^"**^ " *^*- ^ '««°«l«»ee "ith "cent deciXS of the (522 1S8M-1I 4 0KOI.OUICAL SIRVKY, CANA1>A boat Mrvice has since been discontinuoJ. As the river route from Tomitown to Wendigo lake is Tery circuitous, with three portagas, one of which is over n mile in length, that portion of the Blanche is usually avoided by taking the road to Wilson landing, n distaneo cf 7 milee. From Wendigo to Larder the canoe route followt a connected chain of lakes, wliicli afford comparatively eaay traTel- ling, the portngc», although numerous— eleven in number— being Fio • 1. Index map showing position of are* covered by report. all short, in no case more than a fourth of a mile in length. There is also a wagon road from Wendigo to Larder lake, with two branches, an eastern one leading to Fitzpatrick landing, and a western one to Spoon bay, but this route is now seldom used except for winter traffic. LAKDKR LAKK KI8THUT, ORT., ETC, In 19<)8 a wagon road wm constructed by the Provincial Got- ornment from Dane, a station on the Timiikaming and Northern Ontario railway, to Larder City, a distance of 18 roilet. Since the completion of this route n stage service hai been maintained between Larder City and the railway, so that Larder lake can now bo reached in less than twenty-four hours from Toronto or Ottawa. The chief means of communication for the eastern part of the district U through the old nnd well known canoo route from Lake Timiskamiug to Abitibi, ut' which T^ke Opa^ntika forms a part. There are two roads which mny be followed in starting out on this route, one which lends from Villo Mario to Gillies Depot, at tho foot of Lttc des Quinze, and ttio other from North Timiskaming to Klooks Depot, 15 miles farther north on the same lake. With the exception of one portage lees than a fourth of a mile in length, on the Barridre river, there is a continuous waterway, navigable by canoe, from Lac des Quinze to the head of Lake Opasatika. Lake Opasatika can alao be reached from either Wendigo or Larder, tlirough the canoe route which connects with the eastern extremity of Raven lake. There are two branches to this route, indicated on the map, a northern one leading from Wigwaug lake to Klock bay, and a southern one leading to AtikaniOK buy. The portages on the northern branch arc exceedingly rough and poorly cut out, so that the southern branch is much the better route, although even on it there are two rooky portageii, throe-fourths of a mile in length, ami a stream that becomes difficult to navigate iu the late summer, owing to low water. In the winter of 1908-0, a road was cut from the head of Lake Opasatika to the northeast arm of Larder lake, by the Pontiac and Abitibi Mining Company. This, while too rough for a wagon road, is very useful for winter traffic. History of Development. The country from Lake Timiskaming northward was one of the first districts, in northeastern Canada, visited by the early French explorers, for a trading post was opened on Lake Abitibi in 1686; so that even at that early date communication between Lake Timis- kaming and beyond the height of land had become fairly well established. From the canoe route indicated on the early maps of Canada, it seems certain that the French in going from Timis- • OKOLOUICAI. itlRVKV, CANADA karoing to Abitibi followed the east or Abitibi branch of tlw Blauche river, to Labyrinth (Labirinto) lake, instead of the now well known route by way of Lac des Quinzc and Lake Opasatika. Since both of these routes pnss through the area described in thia report, some inference may be drawn with rcgnrd to the tinu of th* first explorations in the region. For many yeors following the I'ltTIili r. oNT., KTC, -4 I ■ ^, tvv~« 8 OKOLOtilOAI. ai'BVRY, CAMAOiA croetaJ Uifurv m niiml)' l>la«t bud boi'ii itjt off or an mmjt mailo to aiotrUin tba axtant and valua of tha ora depoait on tha proparty. Tha inevitable fa'lure and coniequant diaappointmaBt whiA followed the employment of atich mathoda neeeaiaril/ ratardad th* proffnwi nf (leTelnpmont work on the more proroiaing claimn in tha diitriet. Vrtrieu Work. The geological reporti having rafarenco to the Larder Lak* dittriet and the adjoining portion* of Pontiae county, have up to the prevent been entirely preliminary in character, o^niinad for tha moot part to deaoription* of lome of tha moat important routes of travel through the area. In the Report of Prograsa of the Oaologleal Survey. Canada, / / 187S-8, there ia a geological daacription by Mr. Walter McOuat of the vanoo route from liake Timiikaming to r^ke Abitibi, which include! a very accurate account of tha geology of Lake Opaaatika. In the Report of the Ontario Bureau of Miuao for 1008, Dr. W. G. Miller, Provincial Qeolociat of Ontario, givea an account of hia observations along the Abitibi branch of tha Blanche river, during a canoe trip to the height of land, made in tha summer of 1001. The 1004 Summary Report of the Geological Survey,' Canada, indudea a reiwrt by Dr. W. A. Parita, of Toronto University, on the geology of the country from Lake Timiskaming northward, which describes the chief geological features of some of tha leading waterways of the area. The reporta of the Provincial Government of Quebec on mining operations in that Provlnre for 1006 end 1007 have aections devoted to geological observations by Mr. J. Oba)«ki, in the northern part of Pontiae county, in which the discovery of gold at the north end of Lake Opasatika, and the similarity of this occurrence to that on Larder lake, is mentioned. Mr. R. W. Brock, now Director of the Geological Survey, apent about two weeks, in June, 1007, making a geological examination of the country in the vicinity of Larder lake. His report, accom- panied by a sketch map of the area, was published in tha same year, by tha Ontario Bureau of Mines. Some geological notea and a second .ketch map by Mr. N. L. Bowen, who, aa Mr. Brock'a assistant, spent the greater part of the summer of 1007 in the Larder Lake district, were also published in the Report of the Ontario Bureau of Mines for IS"''. ^ tARDKR t.AKK MMTIICT, OST., «TO. f BibUofraphy. W*ll«r llcOiMl Rvport on m EumimliMi u( tha Covatry bttwMa UkM Tlmiakamfau ud Abltibi. lu»ott ol WUWt O. . SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. Tbe Larder Lake diitriot and adjacent portioni of Pontiao county poueat in general the tame leriea of Pre-Cambrian rocka in the same itratigraphical Bucceuion aa found elsewhere in that part 0* aorthem Ontario and Quebec; but nererthelen, in the large proportion of sedimentarie?, quartzitea, arkosei, slates, and dole- mites, contained in the pre-IIuronian complex, it presents a geologic feature distinct from most of the other districts of the Timiskmning region. The earlieat record of srcologioal events in the area is found in either the Eeewatin or the Pontiac schist. These two groups of rock occur as a rule in separate areas and never in conttict with one another, ao that their age relationship was not determined. The oldest member of the Keowatin group, the greenstones and green schists, consists entirely of igneous rocks, for the most part volcanic, as shown by their nmygdaloidal and elli[woidal structures. Along with these effusions of lava a considerable thickness of muds and ferruginous carbonates was deposited, theoe aedimenia consti- tuting the Larder slates and dolomites. Following the deposition of the greenstones, slates, and dolomites, intrueions of quartz por- 10 OEOLOOirAT, 8URVKV, CANADA phyry, rliyolite, and aplite occrrred, accompanied by considerable deformation of tht intruded rocks. The three members: greenstone and green schist, Larder slate and dolomite, and quartz porphyry, rhyolite and aplite, although not precisely correlative in age, are always closely associated with one another, and together compriae the Keewatin group. The Pontiac scliist, unlike the Keewatin, consists entirely ol sediments, which early in Pre-Cambrian time were transformed into crystalline scliists. They form a very extensive series of rocks, occupying nearly the whole of the Quebec portion of the district included in the accompanying niup. Since they arc highly quartzoae and of sedimentary origin, it necessarily follows that they have been derived from still more ancient relatively acid rocks, although such have not been recognized in the region. Both the Keewatin and Pontiac schist are intruded by a com- plcx of acid igneous rocks comprising a border portion of an immense batholithic mass, extending for many miles to the south- ward and eastward beyond the confines of the district. Thii Laurentian complex consists of a great many varieties of rock, including biotite granite, hornblende granite, and granodiorite, all of which are intruded by numerous dykes of granite, aplite, and pegmatite. The junction of the batholith with the Keewatin and Pontiac schist is characterized by a wide contact zone, in which numerous fragments of the older series occur within the granite mass. It is probable ihat these great igneous intrusions accom- panied great deformative, mountain niakinj,', movements, which folded and metamorphosed the rocks of the ancient complex into much their present condition. The igneous activity of the Laurentian epoch was followed by a long perioil of quiescence, during which the rocks of the Kee- watin, Pontiac schist, and Laurentian were eroded, the region approximately base-levelled, and a great thickness of clastic Huron- ian sediments deposited. These sediments have, since their deposi- tion, been firmly cemented into hard, resistant rocks, but otherwise, have not been altered or deformed. They consist, in a general way, of a basal conglomerate, passing upward through greywacke into arkose, which in its turn is conformably overlain by an upper con- glomerate. Since Pre-Cambrian times, the series has suffered almost di I.ABDER I..VKI-; MSTRICT, OKT., ETC. 11 continuously from denudation, so that it now occurs in the district M residual hills and ridges, more remnants from which its original extent and thickness csn merely be inferred. The Hurouian, as well a, the older rocks of the district, are intruded locally by diabase and gabbro, lithologically identical with similar rocks occurring at C'obalt and elsewhere in the Timi>- kaming region. In Boischatel township between Oilier and Renaud lakes, the basal conglomerate of the Cobalt series is also intruded by a mass of syenite porphyry which, however, has probably been derived from the same magma as the diabase and gabbro, so that all the post-Huronian intrusives may be grouped together in one class. The history of the area since the intrusion of the post-Huronian diabase, gabbro, and other rocks, has been largely one of denudation, although it is probable that the district, in whole or in part, was submerged beneath the sea for a time during the Pakeozoic, since an outlier of Silurian limestones occurs in Evanturel township, only a few miles distant. However, if such sediments were, at one time, present, they have been entirely removed by erosion, for with the esccption of unconsolidated Pleistocene and recent deposits, the post-Huronian intrusions are now the youngest rocks in the area. There are a large number of mineral occurrences in the Larder Lake district, and adjacent portions of Pontiac county, which have attracted the attention of prospectors in recent years, but the chief interest, from an economic point of view, has centred in the auri- ferous quartz stringers of the Eeewatin ferruginous dolomite. This formation is traversed by two systems of intersecting veinlets of quartz, or of quartz and ferruginous dolomite, which in places are so numerous as to convert the dolomite into a stock work or ■ breccia. These veinlets, at a number of localities, contain con- siderable quantities of coarse, free gold, but up to the present such development work as has been done has not resulted in a producing mine. 12 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, OAITADA GENERAL CHARACTER OF DISTRICT. Topography. The physical features of the Larder Lake district and adjacent portions of Pontiac county do not differ essentially from those of other portions of the glaciated plateau of Pre-Cambrian rocks which occupy the greater part of northern Ontario and Quebec. Numerous lakes and muskegs, separated by low ridges and rounded knobs ol rocks with here and there areas of sand, gravel, or clay, are the characteristic surface features of the region. Thus, in detail the surface of the country yaries greatly, although regarded as a whol< it is rather monotonous and devoid of contrast. The district in general has an elevation varying from 900 t( 1,200 feet above the sea, the general slope of the surface being t( the south and southeast. There are, however, a few monadnod hills and ridgc-^ of Huronian rocks, which rise to heights of fron 500 to 700 feet above the surrounding country. The highest o these is a hill situated immediately to the southeast of the 40tl mile post, on tho interprovincial Uoundnrs", known as Maun Shiminis. This haystack-like olevntiou can be seen for many mile from every direction, and is by far the most striking single topo graphic feature of the whole region. According to an aneroi determination by Dr. Parks, it has a height of 750 feet above Larde lake, or between 1,800 and 1,900 feet above the sea. There are ala two prominent hills between Opasatika -^nd Dasserat (MattewagosU Island) lakes, which rise to a height of about 1,650 feet (aneroi determination) above sea-level. These are known as the Swingin hills, tho iiniii(> Loiiig dorivoil '" 'im the Objibway, which means tl place where the spirit swingt^. Sonw of the Wendigo hills, whic extend along the interprovincial boundary to the west of Fish at Eel lakes, when observed at a distance can be seen to have a eerrat* outline. This feature owes its origin to the manner in which tl surface of erosion tends to parallel the bedding planes of the slight tilted Huronian. This district, as is usual in Pre-Cambrian regions, abounds lakes, over one hundred occurring within the area of 600 squa miles described in this report. They vary in size from small pon 128m-,>. 12. v/ i:.ABDZB LAKE DI8TBICT, OKT., ETC. u only a few chain* in diameter, to lakes several square miles in area; the largest. Lake Opasatika, occupying about 20 square miles. In those localities where the rocks have a definite and uniform struc- ture, it may be observed that the rock structure expresses itself in the linear arrangement of the lake basins. Thus, the northeasterly- southwesterly trending chain of lakes, on the Wendigo canoe route, parallels the strike of the Huronian rocks in which it occurs. The same phenomenon of parallelism between hydrography and geological •tructure is exemplified by Wigwaug (White Birch) lake, and by the northeast arm of Larder lake. The drainage of the area is largely into Lake Timiskaming, in the eastern part by way of the upper Ottawa, and in the western by way of the Blanche river and its tributaries. There are, how- ever, a few lakes in the northern margin of the district, which are north of the St. Lawrence-Hudson Bay divide and flow directly or indirectly into Dasserat (Mattawagosik, Island) lake and thence to Abitibi and James bay. Owing to the intense glaciation to which the region has been subjected, the drainage system of the area possesses most of the ■'• T-acteristic features of youthful topography. Except where super- Ucial deposits are well dceloped, stream erosion since glacial times has been practically insignificant. In all the more rocky portions of the district, the watercourses consist of a succession of alternat- ing lakes, rapids, and waterfalls. This feature is most typically exemplified by the watercourse which forms the canoe route from Larder to Wendigo lake. Some of the waterfalls on the Wendigo route, and on the Blanche river, are very excellent potential water- powers, and would become valuable if a demand for power were created by mining or other developments in their vicinity. Agricnltnre. Large areas of clay occur in the Que'«ic section of the region, which are very suitable for agricultural purposes, the soil being precisely similar to that occurring in the country to the east of Lake Timiskaming, which has supported a large and prosperous farming community for many years. At present these areas are not accessible, but if proper transportation facilities were provided they would no doubt be speedily occupied by settlers irom the older districts of the Province. u OEOLOOICAL SURVEY, CANADA Flora and Fannft. Forett.— The beit forest growth in the region it found Quebec, the Ontario portions of the district having suffered fr forest fires which swept over that part of the country about fo: yeard ago. Much of the white pine originally present in the a: has been removed by lumbering operations, but scattered tr remain here and there. These are rather abundant in the coun around Fiah and Lizard lakes. There are some groves of red pi in the vicinity of Dushwah lake, but elsewhere this tree is not very common occurrence. Among the more common trees compi ing the thick forest growth which everywhere covers the surface the country are white and black spruce, poplar, birch, banksi pine, and cedar, the dominance of a particular species in a local depending on a number oi factors, such as soil, moisture, and for fires. Those portiors of the district which have been recently sw^ by fire are occupied almost ei>*irely by poplar and birch. In clay areas of Montbelliard township the forest is largely spm while in sandy districts, such as the western part of Hearst toi ship, banksian pine predominates Cedar is confined to the 1< lands, and the shores of lakes and rivers. Many of the wild animals, especially the more valuable of fur-bearing species, which were formerly abundant in the distr: are now uncommon. Moose are very numerous, and bears rather plentiful. Red deer and caribou are said to be prest although none were observed during the two seasons spent in region. Beaver, otter, martin, fisher, mink, and fox are also fou but are rapidly disappearing, and will no doubt continue to decre in numbers as the country develops. GENERAL GEOLOGY. Summary Statement. The rocks of this region, if classified according to age, fall i: a number of subdivisions; but in a larger way, divide themsel into two strikingly different groups, to the first of which belong Keewatin, Pontiac schist, and Laurentian, and to the second, Huronian. The rocks of the first class are dominantly igneous, i are more or less highly metamorphosed and folded. The Huron I found in iffeied from about forty in tbe area ttered treaa the country of red pine !e ii not of >es comprii- e surface of ti, banksian n a locality ), and foreat sently swept ch. In tJie gely spruce, [eorst town- to the low- jable of the the district, bears are be present, ipent in the also found, I to decrease ge, fall into ) themseWea 1 belong the second, the igneous, and le Huronian 0. 12894-p. 14. LABOEB LAKB UISTBIOT, 05T., KTO. 15 pockt, on the other hand, are entirely sedimentary, are metaiuor- phoaed in only a few localities, und have a nearly horizontal attitudo. The oldest rocks occurring in tho area belong either to th« Eeewatin or to the Pontiac schist, but the age of the two leriaa relative to one another is unknown. Under the Keewatin has been included a large variety of closely associated rocks, tho structural relations of which have been mor« or lest obscured by the intense deformation and metamorphism to which they have been subjected. Three divisions in the series can, however, bo recognized. These, beginning with the oldest, are greenstone and green schist, Larder slate and dolomite, and quart* porphyiy and aplite. The greenstone and green schUt, the moat extensive nnd oldest formation, consists of basic to intermediate igneous rocks, a great port of which possesses structures character- istic of volcanic lavas. Intcrbcdded, or possibly infolded with these volcanics, a sedimentary formation occurs. This comprises the Larder slate and dolomite. The third division of the Keewatin consisU of quartz-porphyry which in a number of localities was observed to intrude the greenstone and green schist. The name Pontine schist has been used to designate a fine- grained, uniform, biotite schist, which occurs extensively in the eastern, Quebec portion of the region. From the mineralogirtl composition and microscopical appearance of this rock, it seems probable that it is a metamorphosed quartzite or arkose, and since no similar series in the some stratigraphical position has been previously described in the Tiraiskaming district, it has been called the Pontiac schist. The Keewatin and Pontino schist series are both intruded by a third division of the ancient metamorphic complex, the Lauren- tian. This consists entirely of acid igneous rocks, granite, gneiss, pegmatite, and aplite. Overlying the Keewatin, Pontiac .ichist, and Laurentian, and ■eparated from them by a most profound unconformity, is a series of elastics— conglomerate, greywacke, and arkose -comprising the Huronian. These rocks have been only very slightly folded into northeasterly and southwesterly trending synclines and anticlines, the angle of dip averaging about lO". They have been very firmly cemented, however, and have so resisted erosion that they form all the higher hills and ridges of the area. It! OKOLOOICAI. nt'KVKr, CAITAUA Xb« Uuronisn, as well at tbo older rock* of tb« fundui complex, ar« intruded and inetamorphoied locally by aeraral ticK of rock, including diabeie, gabbro, and tyenite porphyry, intrutiions, with the exception of unconsolidated Fleiatocei rci'i'iit depoiita, being the youngest rocki in the area, are dei simply as post-IIuronian. The diabase and gabbro are « doubt, approximately, equivalent in age to similar rocka foi Coliitlt, and elsewhere in the Ximiskaming region. Although at present thero are no Paleozoic rocki in thi if ]■> I'vident from the i)re«enoe of an outlier of Niagara limi ill Kvanturel ' township, leaa than 10 miles diitant, that duri Silurian epoch marine ledimenti were deposited in this regie the last remnant of the<|)ccially in tho Quebec section of the region. Table of Formationi. The geological succession, in descending order, is outli the following table: — I'leiitocene anil Brrtnt. Potit Glacial (•'»>•• "anJ. anJ gravel. Glacial Boulders, gravel, Muid, till. UxcoNronMnr. Pott-Huronian. Diaboiio. gabbro, syeni c porphyry. lONiovs Contact HuTonian. Conglomerate. Arkoae. Grcywacke. Conglomerate. 'Geo!ojri'':il Survey, Ciinathi, .Summary Rc'port, 1909. p. 221. >M funduinenUl T MTaral varic- orphjrry. These Pleistocene und a, are detcrilKil ro are witliunt rocks found at ki in this area, gara liircxtone* that duriiitc the thii region, but on. extent, nvcrlaiii >i. To the flnt , sand, and till, !h; and to the g the lacustrine err wide areas, , is outlined in i. till. 21. I-.\«Di!« tAKX DUTBICT, ONT., ITC. 17 CMOoMfoBMrrT. Ismnuian, Qruito, gaaia, gnuMdiorlto, paamMit*. apUt*. Isaaooa Coarwr. Kaswatia*. Poatlaa nhiit'. SSJ; ^^^•i^^i^^'^''- BlotlU «htat. «ri q«rt. «hUt. OrMiK,toa« aod greon lohiit. KMwatia. OENUUL OHARACTEB AMD 8UDDIVISI0NS, The Keewatin embraces a complex group of more or leas meU- morphosed sedimentary and igneous rocks, which may be subdivided into three «tratigraphical divisions. These in ascending order are: (1) greenstone and green schist; (2) Larder slate aod dolomite; (3) quarts porphyry. OinMSTONI AMD OUKR BGBOT. DutrHmiien.-Owing to the numerous scattered remnants of Huronian which overlie the greenstone and green schist, as well as the innumerable smaU outcrops of the other members of the Kee- watin associated with it, large continuous areas of the rock are not common. For this reason, no attempt will be made to outline iU distribution in detail. In the Ontario portion of the district, the greenstone and green schist is the dominant rock in McVittie, Herrst, Skead, and the northwestern par. of McGarry townships! In Quebec it occurs along the northern margin of the district included in the map-sheet, and in a few localities in the vicinity of Lake Opasatika. the largest of these being an area between Lake Opasatika and McLaren creek. On the whole, it u moderately wall exposed, more especially so in McVittie and McGarry town- ships. Litkological Character.— The greenstone and green schist member of the Keewatin consists of a great variety of basic to intermediate igneous rocks, which, however, possess one common characteristio-they are all green in colour, and for that reason are designated greenstone or green schist, according as the rock is massive or foliated. Mineralogically. they have all been more or 'ReUtionahip o( KMwatin and Pontiao sebiit not aaoertaJned! 12894—2 16 0KOI.tMlK.>l. tH'BVKV, CANADA 1„. .Itcred. but the gm-n.to.u.* retain mu.h of tl...r or.g.n. t«« .ud .tructur... whoreu. th« ^hi.t. h.ve been com, ,ecry..«llU«d. *« that their origi.u.1 .h.racter o.n only b. in from their fiel.l relution*. Tho rock, of the m«..ive gr.en*tonu type, at originally c tutcd. belong to the diorit..«ndo.ito. diab.«,ba.. It or per family. «l.h..uKh in th.ir ,.r.-.ont form >'"V'"j'"";^f; of tho original .■on..itu..ut n.ineral. can be "^-"f " ^j;*^;, tho greenstone, arc oxcee-lingly flne-gra.ne.l. but locally tb ... ..o textured and ,.or,.hyrili.-. In many place, they p«.«*. oidol and a«.ygd.»oid«l structure., tho amygdule. .how.ng . tudinul nrrnngement parallel to the <1""«»-" .f^;''^ J '^/^ „,nygdul... usually .on.i.t of a •■arbonatc or ep.do e, le. eon ;r,uar.. On lot to. c.^ion* IV and V. Skead tow. ,„aH. of terpentine travr.ed by carbonate «ean,* occur*, wh.c U.e arrangement of it. alteration P'» eoar-ely holoery.talline and oph.t.c ,p«'i„^ and aphanitio. In it* most typical form the rock „f -...all .l..r..d .-ry^tal. of pl.igioela.e. .neluded m a m ...rlKO.at... .-..i.lot... an.l -lilorite. The original aug.te. wh no doubt ,ne.ent in the roc-k. had entirely disappeared fro. every thiu M-.tion exa...i..ed. The eonstituents of the ro< than those mentioned, are: i.ornhlende, serieite pynte. m ilmenite. sphcne. and see.n.dary plagioclase. The primatj clase is always so decomposed as to render .ts further .den impracticable, although from tho character of the rock .t .s ably in most cases labradorite. The schistose varieties in the greenstone-green sch.st of the Keewatin are not nearly so abundant as the more Bhaws. They occur most extensively, in the v.cm.ty Opasatika. where they adjoin the I-^-^'^ J™* consist for the most part of chlorite a,.d amph.bole rocks r original t«x> en completaly \\j be inf«n«d iginally coiutl- t or peridotita lan the outline On the whole, ocally they are y ponifltt spher- lowing a longi- he strilce. The , le«s commonly jad township, a ur», which from srved under the The greenstone lome placea, car- rhere the calcite y, almost white, les are found to ophitic to fine- the rock conai»U in a motrix of jgite, which wa» lareJ from nearly f the rock, other pyrite, magnetite, s primary plagio- ther identification rock it is presum- en schist member the more massive vicinity of Lake intrusives. They ole rocks, showing I jr i 7. i 12S!t.4-|,. IS. I.ARDKR LAKi; DISTRICT, ONT., ETC. 19 a more or less parallel arrangement of their constituent minerals. Like the greenstone, they usually .ntain an abundance of car- bonate anil pyrite, the latter occurring in places as cubes, an inch or more in diameter. In «on:o lo<'alities, notably on the north shore of Moose bay, Ijike (>pasatika, these rocks are traversed by a net- work ..f crtlcitc and chlorite soanis, which appear as grooves on the weathered surface (Plate IV). Also on the prominent point which ocfurs on the east shore of Lake Opasatika, just outside the entrance to the same bay, there is a hornblende schist bolonging to this phase of the Keewatin, wliioh is intcrlaminatcd with ferriferous dolomite (Plate V). Microscopic examination of these rocks shows them to be largely composed of ferromajrnesian minerals, some sections consisting entirely of chlorite, others of amphibole, others of hornblende— both actinoHte and tremolite. Calcite and feldspar are also abundant in some sections; the other minerals present, such as biotite, quartz, pyrite, magnetite, and sphene, are unimportant. Examination of the green schist under the microscop'j gives little evidence as to the original character of the rock from which it was derived, but when its field relations ne studied it is seen that in places the greenstone and green schist pass into one another by an insensible gradation, showing that both types of rock were originally the same, the schistose variety representing simply a more advanced stage in dynamic metamorphism. Structural Relationx.—Oy/iut^ to tb 'morphosed condition of the greenstone and green schist, as , their hoiuugeneoua character, the detailed structure of these ■ .as not dctormined. That they are highly folded, however, is shown by the nearly vertical attitude of the sediments associated with them. A similar infer- ence can be drawn in places, from the rapid variations in the green- stone from a fine-grained, amygdaloidal, to a coarse-tcxtui„d rock, when observed in a direction at right angles to the strike. With regard to the relationship of the other members of tlie Keewatin to the greenstone and green schist, it is believed that the slates and dolomites were probably laid down contempor lusly with the original volcanic flows, and have been subsequei.tiy folded into their present position, although there is a possibility that they, entirely or in part, overlie the greenstones, and have been infolded. The 12894— 2i 20 OKOI.OOICAL 8UEVEV, CANAUA relationship of tlie quartz porphyry and aplite, although sen complex in places, is evidently that of a younger intrusive, si occurs as dykes cutting the greenstone and green schist. Origin.— The rocks comprising the greeustone-green member of the Ke watin, while not all of precisely the san are all of the same general basic to intermediate character, igneous partly intrusive, but largely eff-sive. and belong great epocD of igneous activity. A laige part of the greei has many of the characteristic textures and structures of i igneous flows, and even where these are lacking, the field re are such in many places as to indicate their volcanic origin, are, however, along with these volcanic lavas, some dyk. identical in composition and degree of metamorphism with th greenstones, and evidently of approximately the same age green schists of the Keewatin, as was pointed out above, were ally massive greenstones, hut have been recrystallized and under the action of dynamic agencies. I.ARDEB SLATE3 AND DOLOMITES. General Character and iJistrifcufion.— Throughout the K greenstone and green schists, in the Ontario portions of the al»o in Quebec to the northeast of Lake Opasatika, areas an of slate, phyllits, dolomite, and iron formation occur in a of Lcalities. These, -^ks have their greatest developmer the north shore of Larder lake, where they occur in an c belt over a mile in width and several miles in length. Thej of well bedded phyUites and slates, interbanded with fer dolomite, the dolomitic bands having widths ranging froi yards to several hundred feet. The iron formation consi few small outcrops of banded jasper and magnetite, occurr in the slate and greenstone. One of the largest of these exposures occurs on the peninsula to the south of the Na: Larder lake. There has also been included with the Larder slate so mitic, sericite schist, chiefly that occurring in the vi( Diamond and Marjorie lakes, in McVittie township, and west trending band situated a short distance north of Eei on the property of the Pontiac and Abitibi Mining Compar i ough scmewhat ;rusive, since it :hist. ae-green scliigt ' the same age, laracter, are all belong to one the greenstones lures of surface e field relations c origin. There )me dyke rocks n with the other same age. The ove, were origin- zed and foliated )ut the Keewatin IS of the district, areas and bands BUT in a number ivelopment along ' in an east-west th. They consist with ferruginous sing from a few ion consists of a e, occurring both of these ja»pilitt f the Narrows on r slate some dolo- . the vicinity of hip, and an east- h of Bonaud lake I Company. Since 12894— p. 20 LABDER LAKE DISTRICT, ONT., KTC. 21 eerioito gchiai may result from the iretamorphigm of either iKneous or sedimentary rocks, the origin of this schist cannot be determine*! froui its petrographical character. It has been classed provi>ic>niill). however, V7ith the Larder slate, because of its association at a number of points with dolomite and a dolomitic chert-like rock. Lithological C/arac/tr.— Lithologically, tlie Larder slates and dolomites do not differ essentially from similar sedimentary rocks deposited in more recent geological periods. The slates and phyl- iites are soft, grey to green rocks, showing two distinct cleavnges, •me parallel to the bedding, and the o'Vcr croasiug tho bedding planes obliquely. The most interesting phase of th? altered sed'- inentaries are the dolomitic bands, which, owing to their liiphly '•lliceous and hence more resistant character, stand up conspicuously as ridges wherever they occur. They consist of pyritic, ailicified, ferruginous dolomite, or possiltly ankerite, traversed by numerous intersecting veinl^ts of quartz, or of quartz and ferruginous dolo- mite. In most localities the fresh rock has a bright green appear- ance, owing to the presence of a chromifcrous mica, probably fuchsite. On the weathered surface the bands are always covered by a thick coating of rust owing to the oxidation of the ferruginous dolomite. The quartz veinlets which cut tlie rock are almost always present even in beds only a few feet in thickness, and in many places becomes so numerous as to convert the rock into a stockwork or breccia. They usually terminate abruptly at the margin of the band, or extend but a few inches, at the most, into the adjoining M.ite. In a number of localities the veinlets can be seen to cut one another obliquely, appearing on the surface as a rhomboidal net- work. This feature is well illustrated by an outcrop of dolomite on the Chesterville claim, shown in Plate VI. These dolomite rocks are of special importance because of the occurrence of gold in some of the quartz veinlets. The greater part of the prospecting and mining activity in the Larder Lake district and adjacent areas, in recent years, has been confined to this euriferous quartz of the brecciated dolomite. Examined in thin section, under the microscope, the slates and phyllites are seen to consist largely of chlorite, with smaller amounts of pyritc, quartz, sericite, orthoclaae, dolomite and plagio- clase, the latter minerals becoming more abundant in the less meta- ss 0KOI,Ocks the massive V7S of dynamics, 15 degrees with jres intersecting ationship of the in Fig. 3. occur oti tti<> imrth shore of Larder lake, the slates and 'lolomiteii appear to be iiitonttratitied with the greenstones and green schist, and while it may he poinHihle that they nre in reality younger than all the greenstones, Imving been infuliled to their present posi- tion, there is no structurnl evidence in support of such u conclusion. C'onglomeiates, or other evidence of unconformity, were not observed along th line of junction of the slates and the greenstone, the two rocks apparently grading into one another. Thickness. — In tlie district along tin; north shore of Larder lake, where the slate and dolomite are most extensively developed, these roeks seemingly form a conformable monoclinal succession, dipping steeply to the northwest for over a mile. If it l>c assumed that there has been no duplication of beii". i; thi-> distance, the Larder slate and dnloniitc in that locality have a thickne-s of 5,000 feet, of which 90(» to l.iHM) feet, or nearly one-fiftli, consists of ferruginous dolomite. Origin of the Dolomitic Rocks' — In the Summarj- Heport of 1910 it was pointed out that, while it was assumed that the car- bonate rock occurring on the north shore of Larder lake and else- where in that vicinity, owed its origin to sedimentary deposition in a manner similar to the slates and phyllites with which it was there associated, there was apparently a relationship between the dolomite and the quartz porphyrj* which this assumption did not explain. If it be assumed, for the purpose of investigation, t!iat the ferru- ginous dolomite is not of sedimentary origin, it seems necessary to conclude that the rock has originated by the alteration and replace- ment of quartz porphyry and aplite under the action of hydro- thermal solutions. That replacement has taken place, under this hypotheiis, is evident from the fact that carbonation of all the lime, iron, and magnesia in the quartz porphyry or aplite would result in less than 2.5 per cent of ferruginous dolomite, whereas the carbonate rock usually contains 40 per cent and upwa !- of this constituent. The evidence supporting the hypotli"si3 of alteration and replacement of the porphyry and aplite by hydrothermal solutions may be briefly stated as follows :^ (1) On claim L M 31, McVittie township, immediately north of the Harris-Harwell property, masses of porphyry — too small to 'Revised Nov. 30. 1911. t4 OEOI-OOIrAI. BUKVEY, CANADA )m indietted on the map— occur in the dolomite. The dolomite all putet trtniitiontlly into the porphyry, on dtiin L1I81, on tl Valentine claima in Skead townahip, and in the aouthwett com< of Heant townahip. (2) The porphyry everywhere contains a considerable propo tion of carbonate, and in places is largely replaced by it. This exemplified by porphyry dykes occurring on the aouth shore ( Fortune lake, on the property of the Pontiac and Abitibi Minir Company. (3) Numerous vcinlcts of quart* and dolomite containii chrome mica intersect the porphyry dykes occurring on the sou shore of Fortune lake. Similar veinlets also cut the aplite occii ring on the Gold King claims IIF 140, on claim SV 601, and a number of points on tlie shore of Fitzpatrick bay, Lnrder lak (4) The following observation-, while not conclusive when co sidered individually, yet taken as a whole indicate without a dou that thi; carbonate rook or the rock from which it was derived h ^n subjected to the action of hydrotbennal solutions. The minerals quartz, chrome mica, ferruginous dolomite, se cite, and pyritc, wbWh constitute the ;iolomilic rock, are those wlii commonly result from hydrothcrmal action. Tiie mineral tourmaline, which contains boron, occurs in t quartz veins traversing lV ''dloinitc. Mr. N. B. Davis, vlio ,tcil in the field work in this distr during the summer of lOlo, found the carbonate rock to contt traces of boron. Tlio occurrence of the chrome mica in the quartz veinlota porpiiyry, as well as in the carbonate rock, suggests that this mine is of secondary origin and, if secondary, a result of hydrothcrr action. As opposed to the above hypothesis it may be observed that i carbonate rock in its most extensive development is interbedc with slate and phyllite, and occurs in uniform continuous bai extending for several miles, that the quartz porphyry and aplite not unique in containing considerable carbonate since all the K watin rocks of the reg'on show the same alteration to a greater less degree, and further, there is no apparent reason why the repls ment should be largely limited to a locality where sedimentary ro occur. I.ARDKK l.AKK l>lsrUICT, OKT., ETC. u lomite alto }1, on the rett comer jle proper- t. This i( h shore of ibi Mining containinir the south 3lite occur- 101, and at nrder lako. when con- )ut a doubt derived has omite, seri- those which ;ura in the this district to contain veink'ts in this mineral ydrothcrmal ced that the interbedded mous bands id aplite are all the Kee- B greater or the replace- entary rocks It is apparent, therefore, that hydrothermal solutions hare acted on the Keewatin rocks of the region and that some carbonation and replacement have been « ff.'ctcl tlirough their agcn-y. but in vLu of the intense niotamorphism and deformation to which tliese rocks have been subjected, and the extromo mobility of carbonates under such conditions, the writer has ossumed provisionally that the car- bonete rock as it occurs in its most typical .iDiilar in eompodtion to the .,u«rt. porphyry but po».e..«. « texture. The ..plite whe.. examined i..icro«copT«ny wa» foun con.in InrKely of ..unrtz. gruphio intergrowth. of quartz and ,p.r and nlkalic plagioolase. w.th earbonato and pynte m very ■ quantities. Structural Helal ion,. -Ovi\ng to tho .nechanioal defora.ti which .he ...idic «.e.n.,er. .f the Keewa.in have been subjeot. i, ditHcult ,o detem.ine their .truHurul relations, but the ev considered a. a whole indicates that they are «""-»J J" than the .,.hor n ..,n>«.r. of the group. Throughout eons.dc areas the porphyry and greenntone appear to bo very much , mingled, so nuu-h so as to forn. u p.eu.lo-.-onR b„>ernte. and possL that so.ne of this roek n^ay be .i.nply the .nter.or c. portion of acidic volcanic flows. In a few places, however, defined .lykes of the porphyry intrude the greenstone, and a relationship holds for the rhyolitc and apl.te. If he do. rock is of sedimentary origin, then the quart., porphyry rh and aplite must have intruded the dolomite, formmg an mediate rock, for all intermediate types between quartz po. and aplite and the dolomite are present. There is an alte possibility, however, .ha. .he dolon.itic rock has been forme aykes of aplite. .p.ar,/ porphyry, a.ul related rocks by tl replacement, but. in eitl er cu.e. the a..idic n.embers of th. watin must be younRer than the Larder .late and phylhte. lielatio. of th.- Kr.rt distances of the schist, in the vicinity of Lake Opasatikt. I.U.iir.\I. SI HVKY. . AXAI.A contact .one. which occur, along the U»u^^^- ^^ I„ the vicinity of it. junction '"♦\'^^.^'^^;'" ;;;,«. which are exposure, of hornblende «-l...t «.-c«r w.th.n ^l""* '" ' ,^, ,f that ^ric. In « .."nlar n.unn r n throughout P.,..tiac ..his,. -'««'»;-'';7;;:. '" , 1 , .eem very probable a belt several nnU wuk^^ U « • ' .^ ,„.„^,,,,, ,,i,, „,eu, that the areas of roolc. rich n lerrou ag ^^ so abundantly throughout t». -P"t«et -ne >-« re^ulUd ^^ ^^^ partial n.elting and ^^^^^^^^t!^. all of the baaic watin gret-nstone, and it may be quesuo -,igi„ated in thi. hornblende variation, in the Laurent.an ^^ «ot o g na .„,. ..re,enti„g ^^J- . ^^ r^wlt J^north end ol and aaaimdation. In the .l.striet . ^^,,5^^ ;„ . u I at a number of po nts along the line ot junc of very limited extent. HtnONIAN. General Character and SnhdivUions.-A considerable part oi Zttes arloL. and greywackes. with all intermediate vane It, ihJ ro.ks are not sharply separate from one another; fc Zlome ..ay occur in the midst of greywacke or greywacKe . i I I.ARDER LAKK DIHTRICT, OST., ITC. Sf the miiitt of conglomerate, and a tiinilar relatioiuhip may cxiat between niiy of the ineiubera of the »crie«. H wever, if minor Taria- tion« be disregarded, in most places where the Ilur^nian occura, • •tucw-iiioii can be recognized, cousiating of a bii^ul conglomerate pa««iiiK u|i\vard through greywaclce into arkose, whii-h in its turn ia iivcriiiiii l>y nn upitet conglomerate. IHxhihulion.— Owing to the immense nunil)er ..f .^cnttered out- .•r..|H .,r Iluronian i>rt-«nt in the district, no iittt-mpt is made to outline tliu geographic disiribiilion of tlie series in dituil. The largest Iluronian area ih that comprising the series of hills and ridges extending along tlie interprovincial boundary, and eastward across the northern part of the Quebec portion of the region. Out- ride of this belt there arc two other areas which might be men- fione „.i„ute grains of mica ..hi^t. green ob rvedo.r...;|. of thi. material, like the IH-Ud... a.. . ». i may be angular, subangu'ar. nr well . type predominiito-. some locul>t.e, lor « mg e eke. without a singU .neter. to ocur in the -;^; /f^*;; ^^ ;*,,,„« L usually a beddec ^.bble.obc^enn.Usv nuy.J^^ .^^^^^^ i« found u =.:r::?o;:i:;~uof^^^^^^ iM.uato are also commonly present. ,r/o,.-The grovwacke described in the previous paragrap .,.. ..on.st:ng of a;.-2n ^^ '^tmZJrtl^e Huroni. ;„,..„, to -^--' - ;;;^'',t:2;a. nor bo sharply defined in th '^'''■'rift;: « SLtigllurhood of Lake TimisUamin ::;; olll. Mi^oscoplc examination of the roek shows . 1 2X94 -I I. ;«; LARDER IJ^KE D18T1UCT, OST., ETC. 8T consist primarily of rounded to angular grains of quartz, orthoolate, aud plagioclase, with subsidiary quantities of calcite, sericite, epi- dotc, and pyrite. Upper Conglomerate. — Resting conformably on tho Huronian arkose, is an upper conglomerate, which differs but little from the basal member of the series. As a rule, the enclosed fragments of this conglomerate are smaller than those in the lower, but the two rocka are lithologically so nearly identical that they cannot be differentiated in the field, except where their stratigraphical reln- tions are known. Thickness. — Owing to the lack of distinct bedding planes in the conglomeratic members of the Huronian, it is usually difficult to determine the direction and angle of dip of a complete section of these rocks so that their exact thickness can not always be deter- mined, although vertical sections of portions of the eeriee can be obtained in many of the prominent hills of the region. The maximum vertical thickness is probably about 900 feet, but this would be slightly greater than the actual thickness, for the series has a dip of about 15 degrees. This thickness, on the other huid, may be considerably less than the maximum thickness actually present in the region, and is certainly much less than that origin- ally deposited, since a large part of the scries has been removed by denudation. Structural Features.' — The Huronian on the whole has not been greatly deformed, being very gently folded into northeasterly and southwesterly trending anticlines and synclines, with au angle of dip averaging 10 degrees. In the neighbourhood of Larder lake, however, there are numerous areas of conglomerate which have been greatly mashed in a direction parallel to the strike of the under- lying Eeewatin. These conglomerates might have any one of the three following relationships to the other rocks of the region: (1) They might be Keewatin conglomerates deposited between the vol- canic flows of that series in a manner somewhat similar to the interflow conglomerates which occur in the lower portion of the Keweenawan series. (2) They might belong to an older Huronian series, that is, a series younger than the Keewatin but older than 'ReviseU Nov. 30, 1911. 38 r.F.OI.OfilCAl, SCRVKY, CANADA the undi.i„rled Iluronian. C^!) They might be portions of the ordinary flut-lying series which have suffered local disturbance^ It is possible that conglomerates belonging to all three of tl.e above classes nre present in the region, but the evidence is not con- clusive There is an area of mashed conglomerate on the shore of Larder lake, at Larder City, which has been intruded in a m.*t complex manner by a hornblende lamprophyre-vog«.te (see Plat* X) The pebbles of this conglon^erate also differ from the normal tvpe in that thev consist entirely of quartz porphyry, rhyolite, and iron formation. 'From the occurrence of pebbles of iron formation in the rock it mi^ht be concluded that it is younger than the Lanier date since the latter contains some of that formation. The presem-e of the intruded lan.prophyre, which was not observed to cut tl,e undisturbed Iluronian, suggests on the other hand that the mashed conglomerate may be older than the flat-lying series and that .t therefore, lelougs to class 1 or 2. It was also observed, however, that in some outcrops, where the mashed conglomerate had a considerable vertical thickness, the schistosity appeared to diminish froni the base upward, as if the contact of the flat lying Huroman and the Keg^atin n.i^'ht have served as a plane of deformation. This pheno- men* can be seen in a conglomerate hill situated on the northern boundary of claim H.J.B. 21, in McGarry township. From this observation it is probable that the mashed conglomerate, in some localities at least, represents simply a local phase of the normaUy flat-lying series. , «• • „ In a recent contribution to the Engineering and Mining Toumal Dr W G. Miller describes certain mashed conglomerates occurring in tl.o vicinity of Kirk and Cross lakes, in the Cobalt district. These conglomerates, like that at Larder City, have been intr^uled by hnnprophyre dykes which in turn are cut by 'dykes ot fine-grai.u.1 granite, apophyses from the Lorrain mass. He. then- fore concludes that this mashed conglomerate belongs to a Iluronian (Timiskau.ing series), older than the less disturbed Huronian or CohaU oeries. The occurrence of the lamprophyre cutting tlie sheared conglomerate at Larder City suggests that this conglomerate may be the equivalent of Dr. Miller's Timiskaming series. Relattous fo Other Fom«Hor.«.-The relations of the Huronian to the Keewatin, Pontiac schist, and Laurentian indicate that prior to the deposition of the series a prolonged period of erosion occurred, durinir which the highly folded and metamorphosed rocks of the 128!H— p. »S. I.VRKKR LAKE IMMTKICT, OMT., ETC. 89 ancient complex were reduced to almost a peneplain. The abund- ance of small scattered remnants of Huronian in lome portions of the district, shows that at these points, at least, the pre-Huronian base-levelled surface corresponds very closely with the present surface. But some hills of Keewatin occur in the area, having an elevation of from 200 to 300 feet above the general level of the country, and these were no doubt much more prominent prior to the time of the deposition of the Huronian, since they have certainly been much retUiced by post-Huronian denudation. The areas where T^urcntian roA to be obwrved in the field has not been obtained. The «etie« wb» at ene time thought to be wholly or in part of pyroclaatio origin; later it woa suggested by Dr. W. G. Miller that deaert condition* prevailed in this region, in Huronian times, although he noted that the conglomerates in some respects resembled a glacial till; B. W. Brock and others also pointed out the similarity of theae depoaiU to glacial material, but considered the evidence available at that time inconclusive, while Dr. A. P. Coleman, who has con- tributed aeveral papers to the discussion, is convinced of their glacial origin. A complete investigation of such a problem, however, involve* the consideration of every possible process which may have played a part in the formation of the various members of the series. These processes may include any of the following:— (1) Marine or marine littoral deposition.* (») Wind depori- tion. (3) Accumulation in situ by the normal process of weather- ing. (4) Deposition from floating ice. (6) Fluviatile deposition. (6) Lacustrine deposition. (7) Glacial deposition; or (8) any com- bination of the above. I shall apply some of the criteria which distinguish deposito originating in these various ways, and endeavour to draw some con- clusion as to the probable origin of the series. (1) The great heterogeneity and general absence of complete sorting throughout the greater part of the Huronian, the angularity or Bubangularity of the pebbles and boulders in much of the con- glomerate, and the great thickness and enormous extent of the con- glomerate are features not characteristic of marine or marine littoral deposits, and furthermore, the ancient regolith which occurs at the base of the series, in places, could scarcely have survived a marine submergence accompanied by the intense wave-action which the accumulation of a wide-spread basal conglomerate st-veral hundred feet in thickness necessarily implies. The marine or marine littoral origin of the Huronian of this district need not, therefore, be further considered. (2) In a few localities, notably in the vicinity of Lake Timis- kaming, the quartz grains of the Huronian quartzite are surrounded •Journal of Geology. Vol. XIV. p. S26. I.ABDER LAKE 1>I8TRICT, OKT., ETC. 41 by a film of hematite, which niight poiiibly indicate the exiitence of an arid or lemi-arid climate at the time the quartsite was depoaited. The general domination of disaggregation over chemical decomposition in the formation of the Huronian is also probably in harmony with dry climatic conditions. Nevertheless, if an arid or semi-arid climate existed at any time during this Huronian period, it was not of sufficient intensity for teolian action to become the dominant depositional factor, for in most localities the quartzite and arkose are sufficiently well stratified to indicate a subaqueous origin, and the quartsite occurring in the vicinity of Lake Timis- kaming, the grains of which are coated with hematite, contains rounded pebbles of quartz and jasper which are clearly waterwom and not windworn fragments. Moreover, since the greater part of the Cobalt series, although of continental origin, is unoxidized, it is more probable that a himiid climate prevailed at the time the series was deposited, rather than desert conditions as has been sug- gested by Dr. Miller.* (3) The gradational contacts between the Huronian and the underlying rocks seem to indicate, that, at the time Huronian deposi- tion was initiated, the surface of the ancient complex was in a condition very similar to that of the granites of the Piedmont plateau, to-day, as described by Merrill.* The basal beds of the Huronian, at these points, were evidently developed in situ by the normal process of weathering, and represent a fossil soil. It is evident, however, from the presence of stratification in a consider- able part of the Huronian and from the great variety of pebbles and boulders in the conglomerate, that transportation was involved in the formation of the greater part of the series. A part of the Huronian conglomerate is, therefore, evidently a remnant of an ancient regolith, but the origin of the great mass of the series must be explained in other ways. (4) It might be possible for a group of rocks having some of the characteristics of the Cobalt series to be deposited on the sea- bottom from icebergs. The evidence pointing to a continental origin, however, is so conclusive that this mode of deposition for the whole series need not be seriously considered. Nevertheless the 'Rmort of Bureau at Hinei of Ontario. Pt. II, p. 41. >BJIetii of the Oeologicsl Society cjf Amorica, Vol. \l, pp. 321-332. 42 OEOI.OOICAL 8DBVEY, CANADA prewnce of l«rgo boulder*, a foot or more in diameter, in the midst of fine-grained stratified greywacke, aeema to necessitate the agency of floating ice. It is, therefore, concluded that floating ioe wa« present in the lakes or rivers of this Iluronian period. (6) The great variation in the size and constitution of the pebbles and boulders composing the conglomerate of the Cobalt series, the varying degree of abrasion to which these fragments have been subjected, and the grcMt variability observed in the rook* of the series, when followed along the strike or along the dip, are general characteristics which commonly belong to sedimenU of fluviatile origin when deposited not far from the source of supply. As opposed to the fluviatile origin of the Cobalt series, it may be noted, however, that the transportation of large boulders which occurs in places in the conglomerate has not been satiafaetorily explained. Tlieee boulders are coir.monly 2 feet or more in diameter, and, in the iiuse of the granite boulders, are in some places many miles from the nearest possible source. And furthermore, since the surface upon which the conglomerate was deposited was compara- tively flat.' the streams effecting the transportation of the boul4er« would necessarily have comparatively gentle gradients. It has been suggested by Dr. Miller that the climate of Huronian times wa« semi-arid, and that with such climatic conditions violent floodt might account for the transportation of such large boulders,* but from the evidence cited in (2) and (4), it is more probable that the climate tiiroughout the greater part of the period was cold and humid and that torrential action was, therefore, unimportant. (fl) In some localities the greywacke, quartzite, and arkose of the Cobalt series is distinctly and uniformly bedded (see Plate IX), and the quartzite in places is also characterized by uniform and continuous ripple marks. From these observations it is inferred that the stratified greywacke, quartzite, and arkose were deposited from shallow standing boilies of water, and are, therefore, probably of lacustrine origin. (7) In a paper contributed to the American Journal of Scionce in 1907, and in a number of publications since that time, Dr. A. P. Coleman has advocated the glacial origin of the Huronian of ■See pace 38. •Report of Bureau o( .Mine* of Ontario, Part II, 1K07, p. 58. bi t.AKDKK I.AKK I»IK TRICT, ONT., KTC. 48 northern Ontario and Quebec, and has |M>inted out the striking limilaritT' of the conglomerate of the Cobalt series to Pleistocena till and to the I)w>ka eonRlomerato of South Africa. The prin- cipal features upon which Dr. Culeii:an buoes his conclutiions may be •unmariMd briefly as follows : the great thicknew and wide extent of the conglomerate; the great size, angularity, and hetero- geneity of the included t>«bble3 and boulders; the character and variability of the icatrix; the occurrence of immense boulders at a distance of sevtrnl miles from the source of supply, and, finally, the diiicovery of kfratched and polished pebbles and boulders in the con- glomerate at robalt.' In opiKisitioii to Dr. Coleman's hyiiothesis it has been main- taineB. llin. Joumai. Vol. XXX, pp. e40-e»7. •Canadian Minine Journal, Vol. XXX, pp. 681. - Report on the Gowganda Dbtrirt by Vi. H. Collins, Gcuiogical 'r^unrey, Canada. 1909. p. 31. 44 OKOLOOICAL SURVEY, CA5AI)A of Kek«ko lake, in BoiKhatel township, whiih were definitely scntehed in two directioni. The conglomerate at this point lies almoet boriionUl, and has been neither mashed, sheared, nor faulted, BO that the scratches cannot be attributed to any dynamic cause operating after the formation of the congloraerae. The pebbles exhibiting the scratches when separated from their greywocke mttriji, an found to consist of fine-grained greenstone, and possess rounded comers and facetted faces — the typical form of glacial stones. As further evidence bearing on the glacial hypothesis, an Attempt was made to obtain a definite eitimtite of the proportion of 'aoled' pebbles and boulders in the Iluronian conglomerate. Only those stones having rounded corners and two or more plane faces, which when projected, intersected at a considerable angle, were classed as 'soled,' and, since it was not possible to break out the pebbles and boulders for examination, on all sides, the count was made from observation of the outline exhibited in a given area of rock surface. The estimate made in this way ranged all the way from 8 to 88 per cent, but in all those loca1itie>) where the con- glomerate was extensively developed the percentage was high, usually from 20 to 80 per cent. If it had been possible to break out the pebbles and boulders for examination in three dimensions, the above percentage would certainly be greatly increased. It was observed in making the above estimates that all the more typical areas of conglomerate pebbles or boulders, having shari" comers, were un- common. Dr. Coleman's discussion of the origin of the Huronian has been largely confined to the basal conglomerate, although he suggests that beds of stratified conglomerate and slate, lying between masses of tillite, might correspond to Pleistocene interglacial deposits. From the observations cited in sections (5) and (6), above, it was concluded that portions of the Cobalt series were of lacustrine origin. This (conclusion, however, is in no way opposed to the glacial origin of the conglomerate, since interglacial and post-glacial deposits are commonly of lacustrine and fluviatile origin. In the region described in thia report, the Cobalt series contains a basal and an upper conglomerate. These conglomerates resemble one another very closely and undoubtedly originated in the same way. If it be assumed that these conglomerates are of glacial origin, then LARDICK LAKE UIHTRICT, OSTT., ITC. 48 they eonitituto two teparate till sheet* and tlie ttratifled greywadte, arkoae, and quarUitc are interglacial, or poisibly in tome localitiM, po»t-g]aciaI depoaita. From the above di»cu»»ion, the following positive conclusiona may be cited with regard to the conditiona and mode of deposition of the Huronian rocks occurring in the vicinity of Lake Timia- kaming and northward: (1) that the seri«« is entirely of terres- trial origin; (2) that the basal portion of the aerica ia, in placea. an ancient regolith; (3; that climatic conditiona were auch at times during thia Huronian period that floating ice waa abundant in the lakea and rivers of the region, nnd (4) that lacuatrine deposits are also represented in the aeries. With regard to the mode of deposition of the major part of the conglomerates of the Cobalt series, only two hypotheses need b* conaidered. They are either of fiuviatile origin or have bean deposited from continental ice-sheets. From a consideration, how- ever, of the difficulties of transportation involved in the fiuviatile hypothesis, and, on the other hand, the facts, that practically every feature of the Cobalt series can be duplicated in the PleUtooene glacial, interglacial, or post-glacial deposits of the same region, that there is evidence indicating that the climate during at leaat a part of Huronian times was cold and humid, that the pebbles and boulders of the Huronian have cliaracteristically a ' soled ' appear- ance, and that striated pebbles and boulders have been obtained in two localities over 60 miles apart, it seems necessary to conclude that the evidence preponderates in favour of the hypothesis that the conglomerates of the Cobalt series are of glacial origin and have been deposited from ancient Pre-Cambrian continental ice-sheets. In the foregoing pages an attempt has been made to apply the criteria which distinguish the various types of clastic sediments to the different roek varieties represented in the Cobalt series, and to ascertain in the light of the facts now available which of these will best acc-nrnt for their origin. As a result, it has been shown that tlie preponderating evidence is in agreement with the glacial hypo- thesis, for with the exception of the ancient regolith which occurs at the base of the series, the conglomerates simulate a glacial till in every feature; the stratified greywacite, arkose, and quartzite con- tained in the series have their duplicate in the interglacial and il 4e likUl.lXiU.VI. »l U\f\, IWSM'A povt-gUriMl (Icpcmitt kill down ly till) I'leiatiHif iiv continental ic«- •hwU, And the upper conKluint-ratc might w«U he du* to a recur- ranoe of glacial couditiuni. The occurreui-e of the ancient regolith of the ba*« of the Cubalt lerira ii not a teriout objection to the glacial bypotheait, when it ii con»i(leretr), uru the rrgions where imoothly eroded and itriatcd •urfat.v* uro Ica^t abundant, and that the baial con- glomerate hat bet'n found retting on a tuiooth undecompooed turface exactly similar to that pruduct^l by glacial erosion, in at Irast two localities. With the progrcas of ditailcd iicolugical investigation in reffions where Pre-Cambrian roclcs occur, it is becoming more and more npporcnt that the nindern prooes, were at work on the earth's surface even in the early I'rc-Cambrian times. The existence of Ifuronian continental ice-sheets would be simply another link in the chain of evidence pointing to the remarkable uniformity of natural processes even from the very earliest times, in the earth's history, of which we have any knowledge. Correlation. — It may be notoil that no attempt has been made to assign this series to any particular division of the Iluronian fiystcm, although it is stratigraphically and lithologically equivalent to, and practically continuous with, rocks which elsewhere in the Timiskaniing area have been called lower Huronian, or lower and middle Iluronian in the Cobalt district. It is doubtful whether the relationship of these rocks to the original Iluronian of the north shore of Lake Huron, or to the rocks similarly classified elsewhere in the Lake Superior-Lake Huron region, is at present sufficiently well known to permit of such close correlation. For this reason they have been described as simply Huronian. PObT-IirRONUN INTRU81VE8. General Features and DUtribulion. — At widely separated points throughout the region the Iluronian and older formations described above are intruded by dykes and small masses of a variety of rocks including diabase and gabbro, olivine diabase, and syenite porphyry. The olivine diabase although observed in only two loca'ities, fornix 4 . I^attKM I.AKK KlHrillcT. .IM., hfc 4T Uw largiwt UDi] Hio«t |»r«i4t«>iit i>o«t-Hi.r.ni«i. .lyk« ot the wholo tttion. Thit oiitProf.. •» n prominent tidg^, rnnniuK in a north- «ttt*rljf .lirection, ui fht- nf.rfl> ou,\ of Lak.. 0|.,.,«t.ku. It has • width of ahout :WJO y«r.l«. ,.u. « 1,„ tra.*.! f..r ...vt-rul mile.. A »eiy imall outcrop of olivine diabaw aUo ovrur. inlrudinR tU Ijiurentian nl the ea,t rn.f of Kl-l.ku»«.ka lak.". Tli.- .j.-uite por- phyry wa. oWn-cl in oul.v ono l.,calitv. It owurn .m nu oblonit maw, .bout half a mil.. l„nK «n.| a f.„.rth „f « miU *iUo. betwet-n OBler uid Rtnaud lak. to the nottheant of Lake Opn-atika, A lM.rni.I«n.le bi.„... lam,,ro,.|,.vr.. ,jr. „rs as an im«iil«r niOM on tl... lI.,rri,-.M«xw,.|! .lai,,, ,H - ur,), „, irr..«ul«r dyke, intrud- niK the KeewatiM Kr....nM.>ne .... „rri,m ..,. tli. -outh i.horo of the Narrow, in I^rdtT luk-, «„.| i„ .j.vk, > .uttinK the nm.he.1 conglo- merate whi.-h ,H-..urH ..I. th.. ,lmrc of birdor lake at Urd.r ( it.v (Plate X). Be.-ause of it- ooeurrHur ii, ,),o last nicntio.itci rela- tionahip It is diteribed al.,„K with th,- [..Kt-IIuroninn intnisiv.^,. If. however, the inni.h.Hl . .,nKl.,nur..ic. i* not o lo.-ully .i..t„r.ne,1 pha.e of the Hat-lyinir lluronian .uMKloinornte. I,ut Mon^H to th.- older basement un.IorlyinK th.- UtimniHi.. then tho lamprnplivr,. i, in reality more closely r«l«.cosition to the aplitic phase of the diabase occurring in other parts of the Timiskaming region. The occurrence of camptonitc ns a small reef iu Larder lake is of interest, because of the rarity of alkalic rocks in this region. Macroscopically, this rock has a fresh green appearance, very similar to that of the typical post-Huronian diabase, but under the micro- scope is seen to consist largely of the brown hornblende barkevite, with plagioclase, chlorite, sphene, epidote, ilmcnite, apatite, and calcite in subsidiary proportions. The chlorite has probably resulted from the decomposition of the brown hornblende, since it occurs associated with that mineral; the rock on the whole, however, has sufTcred but little decomposition, and is quite comparable in this respect to all the post-Huronian rocks of the district. A slight amount of mineralization has occurred in the camptonite, for it I.AKUKK LAKK HI8TKICT, OXT., ETC. 49 contains niH^stes of calcite, quartz, and eiiidoto, with diaaeniinated galena, chali-opjrite, and pyrite in places. The laniprophyrc, which has lieen classed provisionally as post- Huronian, is a very dark green rock which when examined micro- acopicully was found to be a l.iotite nniphibolo lamprophyre. It consists essentially of orthoclase, biotite, zonal hornblende, and a pale green fibrous ainphibole, having, as far as could be determined, the optical properties of aotinolito. The accessorj- constituents of the rook are splicne, pyrite, calcitc, and chlorite, the chlorite being an altiTiitioM prodmt from the biotite. IM.KWTtK.KXK AMI HKl'KXT. The ancient rocks descrilwd above arc overlain by large quan- tities of Pleistocene and lU-cent materials, which arc classed as glacial or post-glaciul, according to the time and manner of their deiiosition. They rest on rock surfaces, which are rounded, striated, and polished, bearing ample evidcnoe of the intense jflacial action to which the region \ia» been subjected. The ice movement in this rcKioM, as shown from the jtlacial striir, was from a direction approximately 10 degrees east of north. The glacial deposits of the district show great variations in different localities. Areas of smid abound in the country west of Larder lake, and in MeCarry township adjacent to tiio iiiterprovin- cial boundary. These are roiighly stratified in places, an() feet, was enwuntertd. A few days were spent in the Unier Lake distri.-t i.v the writvr in October of this year, but as Mr. Ogilvy, who „ -.^in In mm,^ of the Reddick, was engaged in widening the shaft at the tioi^ the property was visited, the underground workings were not accessible No opinion as to the proUble extent or value of the new discovery Clin, therefore, be expre8-i;i|. While t\^ e.xpIorato,^- work -o far accomplished on these bands ..t brecciated doK-mite has scarcely been sutfi.-i«,t to warrant a final cone usion, enough has been done to show that many of the deposits which locally -arry value, in gold of *5 ,„ .^i,) .r more to the ton are too small iu extent lor profitab e operation. Nevertheless it is ;.ot possible that somewhere the gold may be locally more exte:,8ive than has hitherto been foun,l. It is ,ndeed surprising that such an ore muss has not been di-covere,!, wh.„ it i, considered that tiie local occurrences of gold are very numerous thnt the deposits of quartz in the dolomite- are of enormous .xteut. and that these occurrences are probably »-'eneticalIy simii.,, ... the auriferous quartz -loposits of the nearby l'„rcupine district. The writer, therefore d.,es not intend to imply in sumn:arizins: the results of evploration m the larder L.,ke ,listri,-t that th.- re:.!,.;, has n,. futur,- niinimr p.>ssibilities or is not a field for furlli.r pr..!=r tin?. lt»M 4! 58 OKOI.OQICAL SURVEY, CANADA Origin. — It has been pointed out' that there is evidence which indicates tliat these stockwork dcpositH have originated by the frac- turing and crushing of the dolomitic beds under the action of com- pressive stresses, possibly accompanied in places by some mechanical movement:), and that channels were thereby affdrded for the circula- tion of liydrotheruitil :«olutiuiH which tilled the fractures und replaced the wall-rock with quartz and other minerals. No positive evidcncT wits obtained to account for the loealizu- tioii of the gold, but in places it appears to bo associated with shear zones and with fmilts of small displacement. With rejfard to the source de during the guniiii'-r and autumn of 1909. Gold King.— The Gold Kinir claim H.F. 140, aceu^iea the eafterii portion (if tlic peninsula on Lnnli-r lake, to tlio imst of Larler City. The greater part of the rock on the claim i« Kcewatin groenttone. but on its northern border, near the lako shore, there i8 an area of porpliyry, cut by veinlets of quartz and ferrujtinoug dolomite, which ■carry g«me \isible gold. The work done on fho property coniisti of some stripping, a few small cuts, and an ndit about 40 feet in length. Big I'eie. — The large island in the southeast comer of Larder lake, and a number of claim": about a mile north of the Reddick, are owned by the Big Pete C.iuadian Mines, Limited. Ezploratory work has been limited to claim H.F. 31, where a diamond drill was operated for a time on Keewatin slate. Keir-Addiaon.—The Kerr-Addiaon claima adjoin the Reddick on the west, ami hence are .ross^Kl Igr the same band of ferruginous dolomite as the Knott claim, II.J^. 20. The development work accomplished consists of ».>nit> stri^vpinif, a few surface openings, and an mlit M iVet in lennlli. on daim H.S. 168. Touruenie. — Tiie Toumenie Mining Company owns a large number of claims in the vicinity of the north shore of Larder lake, including those which formerly belonjred to the Larder Lake Pro- prietary. A stan:p mill was erected on one of those claims, O.E. 33, in 1907. by the Proprietary Company, but haa never been put into operation. During the summer of 1909, and the wintar of 1909-10, the Tournenie Company confined its efforts to developing its numerous claims t^uffioiently to comply with the government assess- ment requirements. These opinitions have consiated largely of oix-n- ' uts in brei^ciated dolomite. Limoln-Nipissing.—'The inosooth quurti and pyrito in Kecwatin grpcnttone. SILVER-I.EAD. There arc two occurrences of argentiferuu»t K>lena in thu district, which may he mentioned under tliia head, one on >'luim B.O. 229, IlearKt townahip, owned by the Xorth Canadian Ould Mines, Limited, and the other on the Mageau claima, lot 12, con V, Skead township. In tlic first locality several irregular veins of galena, blende, and chaloopyrite, up to 10 inches in width, occur in Kecwatin greenxtone. They all pinch out quickly when followed along the Htriko. On tho Magcnu claims, veins of quarti: and calcite occur, cutting Kecwatin greenstone, tlic calcite in places containing galena, blende, and cobalt bloom. COPPER. Although co|iper minerals, chiefly chalcopyrite, occur in tmall quantities nearly everywhere throughout this district, no depoait of commercial importance has yet been discovered. Some of the occur* rences of chalcopyrite that have more especially attracted the attention of prospectors nre those on the Copper Queen claim 11.8. 112, the Quinn claim on TVuswah (turtle) lake, and the Renaud claim north of Nabuguslik lake. The last mentioned deposit is of :ipecial mineralogical interest, consisting of small masaea of chal- copyrite, and di!iHcminutc Fauna. See Flora and fauna. Flora and fauna Forest fires '♦ Forests 14 French, early explorations br '* 5 00 GKOI.OOICAL SUnVKY, CANADA o Pask. Galena 58 Qeology, economic SO " general of Lardor Lake district 9, 14 Glacial origin of Huronian, examination into 43 GUciation intense in region IS Gold, auriferous qnartz of little value M " Belt group, vein in Pontiac schist of special interest 53 " found at widely separited points 1 " near Lake Opasatika 6 " King claim 52,54 " similarity of occurrences noted by Obal-ki 8 telluride 52,55 " veinlets of quartz. Larder Lake district 11 Greenstone and green «clii897. •686 •• \m: 1896 1899 1900 1901 1902 1808 1904 1905 No. 719. Tear 1900. ?,*» " JWl. 813 861 896 924 981 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. No. •818. 851. •854. 857. Platinum. Coal. Asbestos. Infasorial Earth. Manganese. Salt. iVo. 872. •877. Zinc. Mica. Molybdenum and Tungsten. Graphite. Peat. Xo. 881. 882. 913. 953. 984. UJ Report of th. .oetio. of Cli.«i,t,y „ m.T.1.^ ^°- n?J- ■^"^ 18L«- No. 169. Year ,«».«^ xt. . Phosphate. Copper. Mineral Pig- ments. Barytes. Mineral Pig. ments (French). >ioe. •110 •119 •126 "138 •148 •156 Year 1874J. " 1878^. 1876-7. 1877-8. 1878-9. 1879-80. 1880-1-2 •169. 222 246 273 299 333 359 Year 1882-8-4. " 1885. " 1888. " 1887-8. " 1888-9. " 1890-1. 1892-3. •Publication, .u -kcd thus are out of print. No. 580. 616 651 695 724 821 •958 Tear 1894 " 1895 " 1896. " 1898. " 1899 " 1900 " 1906 Map> No. 3U, icul« 60 m "3 Map No. 19M. Map Iti89. SEP0BT8. QENERAL. 74S. Altitudps of CtinaUa, b.r J. White. 18W. *9Ti. DeacriptiTo Catalogue of Mineral* and Kock«, bjr 1{. A, A. John»ton and O. A. Young. 107S. Catalogue of Publication*: Reporti and Maps <1SM-1(09). 1085. Deacriptire Sketch of the Oeologv and Monomic Minerals of Canada, by 0. A. Young, ami Introductory by K. W. Brock. Maps No. 1084; No. 1M2 (second edition), Real* lOO m. = 1 in. French translation of Descriptive Sketch of the OeoIoKy and Economic Mineral* of Canada, br O. A. Young, and Introduo- tory by R. W. Brock. Maps No. 1081; No. 1(H2 (second edi- tion), waie 100 m. = 1 in. Part II. Ueological position and chHracter of the oil-sh^ile deiirMita of Canada, by B. W. KIN. Notes on Canada, by H. W. Brook. YCKON. Y'ukoD dietrici, by li. .\l. I)aH>on. 1887. ,. . 1 in.; Nus. 375 and 277, acale 8 m. = 1 in. Yukon and Mackenzie basins, br I{. U. McConuell. 301, scale 48 ni. = 1 in. Klondike gold fields* (prelimiuury), bv li. O. McConnell. No. )i88. Ncale 2 ni. = 1 in. Klondike gold Kclds, by K. li. McConnell. 1901. Map No. 772, seal* 8 ni. = 1 ill. Windy Arm, Tagish lake, by K. G. .McConnell. 1906. M«p Vo 916, •cale 2 m. = 1 in. Upper Stewart river, by .T. Keele. Map No. 938, ] scale 8 ni. = 1 in. It, . . .. Feel ond Wind rivers bv (has. Camsell. Map fBound tonolhor. No. 942, scale 8 m. = 1 in. J Klondike gravels, by R. O. McConnell. Map No. 1011, scale tO ch. = 1 in. Conrad and Whitehorx- mining districts, bv D. D. Cairne«. 1901. Map No. 990, scale 2 m. = 1 in. Klondike Creek and Hill gravels, by K. Q. McConuell. (French.) Map No. 1011, scale 40 ch. = 1 in. Whitehorse Copper Belt, br R. O. McConnell. Maps No». 1826, 1,041, 1,044. 1,049. Beconnaitisance 4 ■ coal-field, Yukon, by 1). 1>. Cairiies. Maps Nos. I >* scale 2 m. = 1 in. ° Memoir No. ,31 ; Wheafon di^tru•t, by D. l>. Cairnes. BKllISH COLUMBIA. The Rocky mountains (between latitudes 49* and 51* M. Dawson. 1885. Map No. 223, scale 6 m. = 1 in. 224, scale 1} m. = t in. Vancouver island, by O. M. Dawson. 1886. Map No. 247, scale 2 m. = 1 in. The Rocky mountains, geological structure, by H. O. McOjiin'ill, 1886. Map No. 348, scale 2 ni. = 1 in. Cariboo mining district, by A. Bowman. 1887. Maps Nos. 278-281. Mineral wealth, by O. M. Dawson. West Kootcnay district, by G. M. Dawson. 1888-9. Map No. SOil, scale 8 m. =: 1 in. Kamloops district, by G. M. Dawson. 1894. Maps Nos. 556 and 557, icale 4 m. = 1 in. 1086. 1107. 1110. •260. •295. 687. 884. •909. 943. 951. »79. 962. 1016. 1060. 1097. 1011. 212. 235. 236 263. •271 •294 •578. l^ap No. •Publication* marked thus are out of print. '» K £ .f-rrri i--«-. '■.. », ,., ..„„. „, -'I. < (111 rill poitiiMi, l,v .1 K •!, ,, ■,., ,. -•'l-.\.n. 1- ) i„. "• '•""■"■ ">*«■ M«|.> .N.„. 2,9 a.Kl ao •m. c..i".„=,i,i3. „, ;,„„,"' "" ' ■'•"■ •''• ■••'• ». >.«.r,i:„i,.s,r,i.i;i, : ;:,;"■" ;• •"••■ ^^ «•» .-.» il}S"'SF^F •"'*--!.'■■'■■■ ^ or c.„... .,°it.-si:,&,,,':"5.- „«' a tM-si'sT- •"'A.^iKATCHEn.AN _^'^'''^'os'!"^-1,^-,-p,"-r.,,R.a.McCo„„en. .««. M.P. •Publication, marked th„. are o„t o, „r „, 13894- S Ml. Conntr* batwMo Athabaika lak* aud Cbiirchill rlr*r, by J. B. TyrtM mad V. B. Dowling. IMS. Map. No. W7, kbU IS m « « *»• „ M8. Sonria RIvar coal-flrld. by 0. B. Du.< .>. IMl. laU. Coal-ftaUa of lUaiioba, Satkatchawan, Albarta. and Baittrn Britiak Cotumbia, b* D. B. Dowling. Map No. IMS, irala 8S m. =: 1 ia. 1204. Mamoir No. 34-B: Pralimiuarv lUport on tha Olar m4 Bkala Dopoaita of tha Waatarn ProTinoaa, hj Halnrieb Rlat Md Joaapb Kaala. Map No. lMI-51 A, ■eV«J>*9- ' > '■!„_, im. Uamoir No. 2>-Ki Oil and Qaa Proap«:ia ol tba Nertbwatt Prorinca* of Caaada, by W. Malcoln.. Map No. IttI (SS A), aeaU Um.' ins. Mfmcir No. Ni Tba Baaint of Nalaon and Cbnrehlll riTari, by W. Melnnaa. Map No. ItM. aeala IS m. =: 1 !n. MANITOBA. SM. 3N. BS. 7M. TM. IMS. IMS. 12M. Dock and Siding monntaint, by J. B. Tyrrall. 1S87-8. Map No Stt. acaU 8 ni. = 1 in. QUoial Laka Ag^w.ii, b/ W. Upham Northwwtvrn iKirtion, br J. B. »». acala fc m. = 1 in. » „ ,. . Uke Winnipag (wait ibor«), by D. B. Dowling. 1 ISM. Mapi Not. SU. 315, IK. Tyrrall. 1990-1. Mapi Nos. SM and IMI. Map No. au, a-alc « m. = 1 In. k Bound togatbar. 410W« JiUVU A^ w' WT» IT MITT V lift — * ■ a aa • w ■ Uka WinnJoei (aaet ahora). by J. B. Tyrrell. [ 1888. Map No. Mt, soala 8 m. = I in. ^ , ^ ,^. ^ Coal-Halda of Manitoba, Saakatchewan, Alberta, and Eaatarn FritMb Colombia, by D. B. Dowling. Map No. HIO. acala 88 m. ssJIn. MtMoir No. M-l: Prrllminarr Baport on tha Clay and Shnlo Docoaita of tba Wra^arn ProTincaa. by Halnrieb Rlaa %■« Joaapb Kaala. M«r No. 1281-81 A. icalo S3 m. =■ Hn. Mamoir No. 29-E: Oil «nd Oa» Pronpeft!. of the Xorthweat Prorlnce-i of Canada, by W Malcolm. Map No. 1221 {M A), acala SS m. - lin. NORTH WEST TKRB1T0RIB8. 317. Hudson bay and strait, ly R. Ball. 188S. Map Xo. >29. aeala i m. = 1 in. M8. Hndaon bay, aonth.of. by A. P. I«w. 1^ IM. Attawapiakat and Albany rWara, by H. Ball. IMS SM. Northarn portion of tba Dominion, by O. M. Dawson. 1886. Map No. JIB, aeala M« m. - 1 in. ^ .^ . „ , 887. Jamaa bay and eountry aaat of Hndat '7<^lJ^- ?• ^^■,, „ S78. Bad teka nnd part of Barana riyar, by >. B. Dowling. 18M. Map No. 876, acala 8 m. > 1 in. •884. Labrador pcninania, by A. P. Low. 188S. Maps No». 86S-S88, aeala tSm. • 1 in. 618. Dubawr', Kasan, and Ferguson rirers, by J. B. Tyrrell. 18M. Map No. 8M, aeala IS m. - 1 in. . , v . t, , M7. Northern portion of the Labrador peninsula, by A. P. Low. 8M. Booth Shore Hudson atrait and Ungara bay, by^ A. P. Low. Map No. SM, scale 28 m. - 1 in. I ] 718. North Shore Hudaon strait and TTngara bay, by [ B. Ball. Map No. 6N, aeala 28 m. - 1 in. J 788. Great Bear lake to Great SlaTe lake, by J. M. Bell. 1860. 778. Eaat coaat, Hndaon bay, by A. P. Low. 18N. Maps Nos. 778, 7»6, 781, aoala 8 n. ■■ 1 in. 788-787. Graaa Birar region, by J. S. Tyrrell and D. B. Dowling. 18M. 818. Ekwan rWer and Button laVes, by D. B. Dowling. 1901. Map Ko. 781, aeala M m. - 1 in. . ,. , ..^ 818. Naatopoka ialanda, Hndaon bay. by A. V. Low. I8M. 9M. Tha Crniaa of tha Neptune, by A. P. Low. 1905. - Bound together. •Publications marked thus are out of print. ItN IM. Mtr. tm. M. 1 Lac 8*nl Bound to(*tbiir. „ ♦; CM lak*. IM, by A. W. O. iriGwi. dralB«d to tk* WinUk Md Upptr Attawa. ''^J^'kL'l'*; ■•»*;(* on *■ .iploratUm of tho Saat eeaH of ^ 1 i.7NT«r ^;uih:. - fr "*• "•■ "•• «'• -»• • -• ■ RM-ounaiwaaro aereaa tho Mackfnaio uouatalni on tho Polly. Ro. - Hn.) No. M. lealo M eT. u» ^ '' ■"*£ ir^.' ^ '^- "• ^^ «""•'• "»■>• Map No. Mi. «,.lo 4 ^**"w^li5w^ PHMi'W.,. b, H. P. H. Bm-oll. lan.]. ||apa ^*** wil.'^"'*""'''" '"•" ■••«»»• w»«tloo. b, F. D. Adanu. ^^ *«*Jlhl^"''*' ^^' ^ «• »•"• '*•• Map No. »7». «,.lo 2f. Forth ohojt to B. #.^Ua. IMtTkapNo TM «»]. a „ , . •" BndbniT Nlckol and Coppor dapoaita to A -^ n-.i. »«_ . . Boport o. NJa«ra^p.l£rb7 JTW. ^.^w.^M^'iTi ^Si*^>- m M M7. «7. en. TM. W7. ®***"**^M-;»«*?»»'««"e«.o* • portion of Alnma Wil««. Map N . M«, lealo I m. - i !». tho rt^ion Wng north of Laka Snporior. bo- W. H. ColUni. Map No. M4. loale S m. 1«1. On tho 'Boondtofothor. ' Pablieationt markod tkaa aro out of priat. (t'rtnik). Map No. M. Ml. Krport on I'rnilirok* ■b**!, by K. W, Elli. •cala 4 n. - I in. •W. I'ranrh Innatation Oow and* Mining Diviaion, bjr W. H. Collin*. Hap No. ItTI, Mala I m. •• I is. IM. Franrh IranalalioB rrport on the Tranaenntinanlal Raitway location b»»»r«n Laka Niplfon and Hti . _ - U*p No. MS, iirala 4 m. - I in. Collin. 106*. Qroluiiral rrronnaliNncA of tha ragion travrrard by tha National Tranfu-ontinrntal railway b*t«rrn Laka Nlnifon and Clay laka, Ont., by W. H. Collin*. Map No. »M, «ca!a 4 m. - I in. I«7t. Oowgancla Mining Divltion, by W. U. Collini. Mrp No. 1071, MaU 1 En. > I in. lOK. Mtmoir No. 6t Orolmty of tha Halibiirton and Bancroft araai, Ont., by Frank O. AdaBm and Alfred E. Barlow. Ma|M No. 7W, Ural* 4 n. - 1 in.; No. 770, acala < ni. • I in. 1001. Mrmnir No. 1: On tha Oology of tha NIpigon baiin. Ont., by A. W. O. Wilaon. Map No. 1000, icala 4 m. - 1 in. 1114. Franch tranalation. Qfological raconnaitaanca of a por ion of Algoma and Thnndar Bay dia- trict, Ont., by W. J. Wilaon. Map No. IC4. arala Rn. - 1 in. Ulf, Franch Iranalation: On tha ragion lying north of Laka Snparior, batwarn tha Pie and Nipigon rirrri, Ont., by W. U. Collini. Map No. 004, acala S m. - 1 in. IIW. Memoir No, 17-E; Qaology ami economic reionrcaa of th« Lardar Lnke diatriit, Ont., and adjoining imrtionH of Pontiao county. Que., by M. h WiI«on. Mnp" No. 1177—31 A, icala 1 m. > 1 In.; No. Ilrt-S2 A, "cil,. '.'m. - 1 in. Bound togatbar. QITEBEC. 116. 840. 268. 2*7. Its. S7f. tOl. 670. 707. •780. 788. 863. •23. 962. 974. 975. 1032. I. Low. 1884-5. Map No. acala Miataaaini expedition, by A. 8 m. • 1 in. Compton. Stanatead, Beaaca. Richmond, and Wolfe eountlea, by R. W. ElU. 18«6. Map No. 251 (Sherbrooka aheet), acala 4 m.- I in. Megantic, Beauce, Doreheater, L^tIi, Belleehaaie, ind Montmagny conntiea, by R. W. ElU. 18874. Map No. 287, acala 40 eh. - 1 in. Mineral reaourcca. by R, W. Ella. 1880. Portneuf, Quebec-, and Montmagny coantiaa, by A. P. Low. lSlt-1. Eaatarn Townr'LijM, Mentreal ahaat, by R. W. Elli! and F. U. Adama, 1884. Map No 57), acala 4 m. - 1 in. Lanrentian area north of the laland of Montreal, by F. D. Adama. 1895. Map No. 590, acala 4 m. - 1 In. Aariferoua depoaita, aoutheaatern portion, by R. Cha'mara. 1805. Map No. 667, acala 8 m. • 1 in. Eaatern Townahipa, Three Rirara aheet, by R. W. Ella. 1898. Argenteuil, Ottawa, an,: Pontiac rountiea, by R. W. Ells. 1809. (5ee No. 739. Ontario). Nottaway bwin, by R. Bell. 1000. •Map No. 702, scale 10 m » 1 in. Wella on laland of Montreal, by F. O. Adams. 1901. Maps Nos. 874, 875, 876. Chibougaman region, by A. P. Lot. 1905. Timiakaming map-sheet, by A. E. Barlow. (Reprint). Maps Noa. 509, 606, scale 4 m. m iln.; No. 944, acala 1 m. • 1 in. Report on Coupe r-bea ring rocka of Eastern Townships, by J. A. Dresser. Map No. Vn, scale 8 m. <• 1 in. Report on Copper-bearing rocka of Eiistern Townships, by J. A. Dresser. (P'ench). Report on tha Pembroke shett, bjr R. W. Ells. (French). Report on a Recent Discoverr of Gold near Lake Megantic, Qne., by J. A. Dreaser. Map No. 1029, scale 2 m. <• 1 in. Report on a Recent Discovery of Gold near Lake Megantic, Qua., by J. A. Dresser. (Frencn). Map No. 1020, scale 2 m. >• 1 in. * Publicationa marked thna are ont of print. •'t'\. xinl.. )t „,.., I ,„ • '.' •' l>r t. M«p No. 1180- ■>>« u . ., NKW BHirNSWKK. ">ini« una n'moimki rounti>a k. i » A .. «.. Mine, M rr,„„r,„. ,,y i, /^^^P , Q, »*••,. "f."' « «. - I in. ' ins. Mfmoir No. 18-K. Tho Cl.v „nj ui . . portion, „.j,,„. inlrrH-rif. ?.';'? 'fCa^/'j^;?^".^''.!;'" •"<» I'M, «riil(. 12 ni. = 1 in. ""'' •.• Ke«le. Map No. «•• Boutlmestei^ Xov» Scotia h. T W d . a,, , . ~«le >. . Tin! "• ''' ^- ^ B"''^?- I8W. Map No. Ml ": ""JV""'-;.:"' "" "• ^'^.'H.. M.P, Xo,. «3. 653. e«. .... ins V "V *'«!' No. 8S3. «ale 25ch. - N". 1153. s,«ie ,2„,. = ;|^*' '"^ " "iP- «nd J. Keele. Map MAPS. '042. Dominion Of Can.d,, Minerals. S.a,. ,co „,. = , i„. ^, V , YUKON. •803. Explorations on MH,„,ill»n. Upper I'ellv ,.,.,i «,»...„ . Bji n .' ""• = . ">. • Stewart rivers, scale Jl^ortion of Duncan Creek Mining ,li,trict. .c..,e 6 m. = , in •Publication. „,arke.| thus are out of print. 8 8M. Sketch Map Kluanc Mining district, Male 6 m. - 1 in. *<16. Windy Arm MininR district. Sketch Qeological Map, scale t m. " lin. 990. Conrad and Whitehorse Mining districts, scale 2 m. ° 1 In. 991. Tantalus and Five Fingers coal mines, scale 1 m. - 1 in. 1011. Bonania and Hunker creeks. Auriferous graveU. Scale 40 cnaint - lin. ion. Lower Lake Laberge and vicinity, scale 1 m. « 1 in. 1041. Whitehorse Copper belt, scale 1 m. - 1 in. 1028. 1044-1049. Whitehorse Copper belt. Details. 1099. Pelly. Eoss, and Gravel rivers, Yukon and North West Territories. Scale 8 m. • 1 in. 1103. Tantalus Coal area, Yukon. Scale 2 m. ^ 1 in. 1104. Brai'bnrn-Kyiioiks Coal area, Vukoii. .<< ale 2 m. = I in. BRITISH C0H:MBIA. Cariboo Mining district, scale 2 ni. = 1 in. Shuawap Geological sheet, scale 4 m. - 1 in. Preliminary Edition, East Kootenay, 1 in. Telkwa river and vicinity, scale 2 m. == 1 in. Nanaimo and New Westminster Mining division, scale 4 m. « 1 in. Special Map of Rossland. Topographical sheet. Scale 400 ft. >• 1 in. Special Map of Rossland. Geological sheet. Scale 400 ft. - 1 in. Rossland Mining camp. Topographical sheet. Scale 1,200 ft. ^ 1 in. Rossland Mining camp. Geological sheet, ^rale 1,200 ft. >• 1 in. Sheep Creek Mining camp. Geological sheet. Scale 1 m. » 1 in. Sheep Creek Mining camp. Topographical sheet. Scale 1 m. > 1 in. lA— Hedlev Mining district. Topographical sheet. Scale 1,000 ft. - 1 in. SA— Hedley Mining district. Geological sheet. Scale 1,000 ft. - lin. 4A— Golden Zone Mining camp. Scale 600 ft. = 1 in. SA— Mineral Claims on Henry creek. Scale 800 ft. ^ 1 in. 17A— Reconnaissance geological map of southern Vancouver island. Scale 4 m. = 1 in. Structure Sections. Scale 1,000 ft. - 1 in. Scale 400 ft. >: 1 in. (Advance sheet.) district. Topographical sheet. Scale 400 278. 604. •771. 767. •791. •792. 828. 890. 941. 987. 989. 997. 1001. 1002. lOOS. 1004. 1068. 1074. 1095. 1096. IIOS. 1106. 1123. 1129. 1135. 1136. 1164. 1195. 1196. 1197. 1198. Hedley Mining district: Deadwood Mining camp. 15A— Phoenix, Boundary ft. . 1 in. :6A — Phoenix, Boundary district. Geological sheet. Scale 400 ft. - 1 in. 28A— Portland Canal Mining district, scale 2 m. = 1 in. Beaverdell sheet, Yale district, scale 1 m. = 1 in. sheet.) 45A— Topographical map of Tulameen. Scale 1 m. = Man. 46A— Geological map of Tulameen. Scale 1 m. » Htsoo. 47A— Sketch map of Law's camp. 48A— Geological map of Tulameen coal area. Scale 1 m. = 1 in. (Advance ALBERTA. 594-696. Peace and Athabaska rivers, scale 10 m. == lin. 1 in. •808. Blairmore-Frank coal-fields, scale 180 ch. 818. Costigan coal basin, scale 40 ch. = 1 in. 92^.996. Cascade coal basin. Scale 1 m. ° 1 in. 963-866. Moose Mountain region. Coal Areas. Scale 2 m. - 1 in. 1010. Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. Coal Areas. Scale 39 1 -lin. •Publications marked thus are out of print. 1117. SA— Kfloionlon. (Topograpliy). Scale J m. » 1 in. 1118. 6A— Edmonton. (Clover Bar Coal Seam). Scale } m. - 1 in. Portion of Jasper Park, scale I m. = 1 in. (Advance sheet.) 1132. 7A- Bighorn coal-field. Scale 2 m. = 1 in. 1201. SIA— Oeological map of portionit of Alberta. Sajikatchewan, and Manitoba. Scale 35 m. « i in. 1221. 55 A— Oeological map of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. Scale 35 m. - 1 in. SASKATCHKWAX. 1010. Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. Coul Areas. Scale 35m. -lin. 1201 51 A- Oeological map of portion U >'«■ Not*. Sm*U mMu oft fdimtmt my mttttrml nm htHitait* m Ut mMf, mt tm mm h ottm anttiwIM mWk Ik* gntntioms mmigrttm itku&;. (KtnmUm, 1.) JUagmttie dmUmmhon mitm f*45' Wnt. OtograpkiaU fasUitm baud om lafitmd* tmd hi^itmdt fiiertmtions at LisUard h Dmtmiom AstmiamiaU Brumek, Dtpmrimemt ^ Mmior. C:0, 1 r . 1 r L^ a//\ i^ vitijM* itoMMlMMl MiiitoHa Tsr^r MAP31A NIPISSING DISTRICT ONIARIO Scale, &338V » I MILS TO I INCH 793d OKOLOGY m-K-WtLSOM SURVEYS W.J.WILS0M w.A.n*Mes lt.t.WHS0H mof. at^HmtHT f LAMBS, roKtsra *m miNts,»HTAiNO. B tmm rntNT or lAUoa mo mttsrs. mutate. n.Lveavm coumvoL J LEOKNO imvM HUHONIMI W iiliii I t iiiiii^ a i | i*ii I. M i l i j jii.i I r ii i p V i. * V" ' < II j i | * LAUMCNTIAN iHHHBl I ' ili.r II fjii I I III I ! I ^ I h I > ^i T i ^ iiiii Wm«m.,^m- J| j rOMTIAC (CHiar r" ICONOMIC OEOLOOY mam AB lai^JMHkdMlM.^aMiw I li * I III I illii I ill Natt. SmaU arta» nf milimti Ua rr » on (*« map, or» tmnnt to ofmr i»Miuri«(»i< wMk M« Vrttnttanra and grttn tehitU, 'K—mmtm, It. ItaQtuHt; HecUnaliaK nfaal »'« ITaK. Oeagmpkienl potitimt hmml ,i„il trtn mhutn. iKmmUn. It. Mairnr'u- ilrrliMititm atoul UM Wtat. l/nvniphinU pottlim, hnmd '4^ ITJliiLjL -- M IT L L 1 G A N r<^-i;f ftn j . I ilk j t j^. j » I A i jv/ W M:flr- Taw U=L^J^..LL.lYl_ -r^-*- -i*-*- -1 -1 -i!'J„ [ :l T J,Vf ^ i- LAKDKK I MAP 32 A ER I^UCK .4XD OPASATIKA LAKE NIPISSING. ABITIBI and PONTIAC ONTARIO A.vi> yrUHKC SraJe.ufl^rao I9k/7