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22t

Ktl'iint.il fiMiii ill.; (')iT.\\VA \\iri;,\! isr, \'-l. W. j., lus-it.,.

MoND.w Ai 'i'i:i;\()().\ roi'Ui.Ak i.i.cri'RKs- doianv.

IHK l.nUfA! KiNAI. NAI.TK oF HOIAMC l.AKI'l.NS.
l-'.i' jarnt-. rifltlu'i.

A'taJ Ji!/iii,!ry j^i/i, iSgr.

One of l!ic inf!r.L"n((.'s wliich has ^Sl.-^ ti tl inatcrKillyth-.' pnv^rcss oftta'
sritiico of liotany, has hcen thr iiistution in variiDs parts of iho world
of llolaiiic (l.irdcns. 'Hu' importan'C of ]iii!)lic 1'. itanic ( lardcis lias
for ccnti'.rics been rcconni/ed by the Lioverninenl-; of civili/.cd states.
In an article on tliis suhject in the ICnrycIojia'dia i'.ri;ann:ca, we laid as
lollows : " 'I'lie t'onndation of llotanie dardens di^in^ the W'l and
X\'II (entsirirs dil niiuh m th,e way of .idvanrini; llotanv. I'liey were
at fust apijropnated chietly to the (ultivation of medieinal plants. 'I'his
was especially the case at universities, where medical sclmols existed.
The tlrst r.itanic (l.irdea was est ib!i-,hed at TadMi in i vl.v 'I'he
Jardin des I'lantcs at I\u;s. was established in 16^6 Tlie I'.otanir
darden at Oxford, was tounikd in i^j^j. The ,i;arden a' lvlin!)iirgh
was fountled by Sir .\ndrew Hall' iir and Sir Robert Silibald in i(')7c,
and, under the name ui the Physic (Iirden. was placed mider the
superintendence of James Sutlierland, afterwards profoisor of I'xitany in
the university, 'i'he park atul garden at Kewdite from about 1730.
The ^irdcn of the R iVal Diibh'n Society at ("dasiievin, was opened
at)out 171/1. (;.• nei- states th.it at tlie cn^X of the iSth century, there
were 1600 I!ot,inic darden-- in l-airope." (Mncy. I!rit. I\'. So.)

"'i'lie Roy,il r.otanii dardenn of Kew originated in the exotic
garden, formed by 1 ,ord ("apil ,ind greatly extended by tlie I'rinccss
Dowager, \Vidow of I'rederii k, i'rince of Wales, and b\' dcorge III.,
aided by the skill of the Aitons, and of Sir Joseph Hanks, in i.s^o
the gartiens were adopted as a nat'onal establishment, and transferred
to the department of woods and forests. The lardens projjer, which
originally contained < nly about 11 aires, have been increa.stc t(/ 75
arros and the |ileasiire grounds and ar!)oretiini adjoining extend to 270
acres," (Enry. I'rit. XI\'. p. ^^.)

It may he well now to (onsider what a liofanic darden is. In a
report of a coiiiniittee appointed by the Hritish P.irlianicnt, in 1S38, to
enquire into the management, etc. of the Roy.il (iardcns at Kew

prevMoiis to their being taken nver by the C.vcrnment as the National
Pubhc Botanic (;ardens, wo find lliat Dr. I.indley, who signed the
report, defines a Botanic (iarden as "A (Jarden of Science and

Instruct

:;ti(in

which

means, I take it, a gard n where science, that is
knowledge, concerning plants may be accumulated and iher. applied
for educational purposes. In order that these objects may be attained
'n tlie most satisfactory manner, there are certain features of the work
which must always [)e borne in mind. The means of gathering
together the material to be grown it, die garden, by pur, base, by
exchange, by communication with correspondents at other L'ardens or
who live in different parts of the world, Jthough cf g,e,U importance
•n the management of a botanical garden, do not <:ome within the
scope of my subject today. One of the chief sources of suj^ply
however ,s, of course, by exchange with other Botanical Gardens, of
which there are many, both public and private, in all parts of the
world where education and cJture are cherished. In the first instance
Botanic ('.aniens were merely collections of plants which were deemed
usetul for the.r medicinal ,,ua!ities, later general utility, beauty, variety
or even cunostty were considered, and it is only comparatively lately
that the most important development of all, the educational value of
these mstitut.ons, has been recognized, (hie thing which should be
conspicuously apparent on entering a Botanic Carden is systematic
arrangement, not necessarily any particular arrangement, but an ar
rangement by which somediing is illustrated. A feature of the utmost
importance also, is that every plant should be lab- lied plainly both
with ,ts scientific and vernacular names. In addition to th's any
further information should be given whic:h can be put on the label
without confusion, such as its native country and date of introduction
for foreign p'ants, and more definite localities in the c-ase of indigenous
spt-ies. \\ hen a plant is the source of some useful product, and this
IS not shown by the name, it should be indic:ated on the label In
short the label should give as nu.ch information to a visitor is ,s
pos.sible without loss of clearness. In a scientific garden record
books, gtving full particulars, must of course, be kept, as to the source
age and condition of every individual plant grown. This is of great
value and may be the means of saving much loss by preventing the

1 4^1 Na"0"a' Library Bibllothdque natlonale
■ ^^ ■ of Canada du Canada

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'"troducfon n{ trees or other plants into districts unsnital.le for their
proper devel-rment. Many plants are pecuh'arly aflerted by climate
t!.e fhct that su,:h will grow even luxuriantly in a certain locality makes
H .n .:<- n^eans sure that they will produce in paying quantities any
useful products derived from them in their natural habitat Most
plants show n.ip.Uience of being grown in unsuitable soil or climate by
tht.r behaviour as to flowering or frtnting. Many of our wild plants
when grown in England, flower very seldom or not a: all, as the
Wgnr.n Creeper and Wax Works X'ine (G'/as/r.s sarnJe.s) The
charming I!rit,,>h Coluu.bian shrub Xutt.I/ia ccr.sifonnis althou^.h k
fl-vers frequently and proU,-,ely in Fngland, wHl not „roduce^he
exquisitely beautitul waxy berries, with their shades of pure white
^■^•"';"' '"'^'^ ^^'^^' '•'-^^- ^'l' yowing on the same bnsh and'
at the same time, whid, make it such an attractive object in the
\a,u:„uver Island hedgerows and woods. Similarly the produc-
^'-^ '»■ P'ants of alkaloids, ar.natic oils, and other product^
-- ^ '"ay be util.ed in the various arts and sciences, is mu,h aflected
'•>• 'l^nge ot climate. Hut, on the other hand, m my most useful
.ncm.ers of the vegetable kingdom can, and have been introduced
•rom one part of the world to others where t'ley were not found natur
i''- ' "^ "■"'" ^'''''^^^' ^'"J ' '^'1^- ''--n. Arabia, the banana from AfVica
tl- pea,h lron> Persia, a,,d many other luscious A-uits ; our own india,;
• o-n. the sugar ,Mne and ntmierous grasses are now gro,vn over far
w.dcr areas on the globe's surf.ce, than were originally adorned wtth
tl'-n by nature. Forest trees and Uees and shrubs for hedges and
^>'"a:nent, arc frequently b.i.g i,,,;, ,rteJ from one coutn^y in'o
another or fron, other parts of the sa:ne country. But all plants, even
<-u. the same locality, do not thrive similarly when placed under the
changed conditions o, soil and Himate consec,uent upon their introduc"
">" -nlo atiother country or locality. In this way thousands of plants
have been destn.yed and much capital squandered, which might have
!>ccn obviated had there „een a botanic garden, where careud experi-
ment could have o.en made beforehan.l with all the parfculars record-
ed (or reference when required. Certain trees will thrive well in some
I"caht,es fur a few years and then suddenly their development will
cea.e-ins'ances of , his are f^umd in the attempted cuiciration of certain

kinds of ;.pplc arvl ,,car trees in .nmv parts of Ca.ada, where they
scl(l.,ni attain I, any ^reat age <,r M/e. The hk., k waliuit a^rain ,s a
tree whi.h has disajipointed sone <.( its achnirers. J^or a tew year,
afier gerniinatmn, l,en:g a vigorous grower, the rapid prodiu lion ol
wood gave so nui<h pomise that experimenters were indu.ed tu .levote
consideral.le areas to its < ulti^atiun, only t,, Hnd alter lo or ,5 years
thai the trees rapidly decreased ,n vigour and retrograded. This may
be due to their havir.g penetrated through the upper layer of suitable
soil and reached a colder or less congenial stratum ; !)ut, I do not wi.h
to discuss that i:oint now ; th.e unr.ecessary outlay would not have been
made, had it l)een p,;ssible to examine trees of a known age, grown
under sinular circumstances in a l)utanic garden. Again on the^ther
hand, a botanic gaden uou'd be the means of introducing and distri-
buting through the (out. try new aid valuai)!e j)larns, with the great
advantage that those who accpiired them would know beforehand
whether they were likely ;o succeed. IJoianic Gardens 'o be of the
greatest educational utility should be, at course, thrown open to the
public as much as p<jssil)Ie, and lor that reason should be laid out man
ornamental manner, so that not only botanists, gardeners and spec ialists
may be satisfied when they visit ihuii to study and examine newer
rare plants, but, also that they may form attractive places of recreation
lor the large and important class of mechanics and other labouring
classes and their fnulies, ccjnsistii g in this country of people possessed
of considerable education, and, who, when cMice attracted to one of these
gardens, could ncji but lind m it an efhcient instrumei.t tor refining the
ta.se, incieasing their knowledge and augmenting in a very high degree
the amcHinl ot rational and eleva ing j^leasure available to them.' A
fertile .source c^f interest in IJotanic Caidens is the cultivation and
e.\hibition of the various plants from which foods and other economic
products are derived. Interest in these will soon extend to other [ilants-
In the same line of thought is the fostering of a love for fiowers in
children, and 1 believe that every child should be taught to wish for a
garden of its own. I know of nothing at all which will give such con-
tinued and wholes(>me pleasure to a child as a small plot of garcen of
which it considers it has the sole proprietorship. If any one wishes to
see true iileasure, let them take a seedsman's catalogue, about the

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month of M;,y and ^ive it, toKcthor with a small amount of money to
spend on seeds, to a child who has had a garc'en of its own and learnt
'^' love flowers. Do not .ive any hdp in the choosing unless especi-
Hlv ,:sked to do so, and liuut the dnncc to about three or four packets.
I-or a child to ^ct the in.st pleasure out of a ^uaiden it should not have
too mu<h assistance, either in plants or w,;rk. The ^oil should he well
dua up to In^in w:tl,, all el>e should be done bv the juvenile proprietor
and for the garden to be of the most use, it should not be made U.. easy
to get i.lants, so that each one m.v be cherished and new ones mown
from seeds or cuttings. I know fr.,in my own e.xperience when a child
What a source of deliglit luy ga.den was. On coming home from board'
ing-.school to spend the holidays, the tnst thing to be kn.ked at was my
garden. 'J he asM;ciatioi,s with flowers are all good and enlighttnin-
and a love for their, should be most carefully engendered and cherished
in those unhappy , h.ild.en whera it docs not e.xist naturally. Such how-
ever, are e.xceeding'y rare. 1 h. greatest encouragement to a , hild wh(j
has a garden of its oun, is for the elders to take an interest in ,t, never
decline to go and !o„k at it u lunes c r ask. d to do so, and ab.ve all'things
do not interfere in the airargeutnt and management except to i .event
dLsastrous mistakes ; small mistakes will do good, by teaching their own
lessons. Now, what die.se g.udens are to children, public gardens are
to the masses, furnishing them with, at the same time, innocent and
beneficial and also engrossing and satisfying c upation.

All public gardens should be scientific ic the extent of having
everything properly named and plainly labelled. The first demand vn hen
anything creates inteiest is to know its name, and it is a great dis
appointment uhen this cannot be obtained. As a matter of history it
IS mteresting to learn that the Royal liotanic Garden at Kew, now the
most extensive sciuuific garden in the world, was far from being scien-
tific at the time it was taken (ner, and the committee appoimed to
investigate the matter, ^^ hen refrning to the fact that few plants were
properly labelled, expressed the following opinion of a garden in that
state: "It is not easy to disa.ver what advantage except that of a
i.lea.sant walk has been derived, by the public, from the privilege of
visiting the garden."

The value of plants as food and medicine is a legitimate field of

uiqUM-y Un th. hotai.ist and .he one hy n.c.i.s nl ^vhi, h he ronics most
Ot'iucntly ,n rcmn with tic .,t>M iuitiflr: , ul;!ir. Now, there is no
I'lare where surh inn sti^ntions r.n \n rnrricl on so conveniently n^ at
a properly equipped i'.otanic Carden, where plants can he ^rown
under oi.ervation .nd examined, at all slaves of dcvlo- in, nt l.y in-
vx-sliyalors sp.nahy trainal to undustard arul make the mo-t . f uhat
they see, and also lully equipped with the necessa.v apparatus and
I-tcrature. Such knowledge as we have, as to the ^rlue for A.od ,n
"^"st of the nu,re in>po,tant prrdu. ,.. of the vej.e.al:le kin.dr,m has
f>eui derived fr.nr the ahorii^inal inhahita.Us o( the countries where t!,e
I'l^'nts pn.duen. then, orrur ,n a state of nature ; hut the snentifir
-otanist has added very nun h indeed to this list of useful plants A-on,
his knowledge of olher species in the san.c or closely allied families.
On the other hand u, ued.cal hotany the useful knowledge derived
horn aboriginal sotines is coinparativelv small, hy far the larger
I>-i-rlic.n of the valuable vegetable ren.edies having been discove^^d
by die scentihc chemist as a result of .iirect chemical analysis of plants
aided by e.xpenment or actual knowledge of the effects produced upon
die human frame by the various products obtained.

A subject of great interest to everybody and one which is
freciueiuly n>ade an excuse by ill-mformed people for not studying wild
Planis, ,s the fear of being pr ironed. Sfrangelv enough this tVar\.ever
t'oubles them with rega.d to cultivated and greenhouse plants where a
n.uch larger pr. poiti, n cf p„iM nous specus is to he found d.an is the
case in the wo„ds around us. As a matter of fact poisonous plants in
Canada a-e ex. eedinglv rare. The I'oison Uy(A'/^..- To.ic.ln.dn,,, )
-^ the only plant m this part <,f Canada, winch ,s poisonous to the
^'n.ch,and even with regard to this, although it is so virulent in the
southern states it is, as you all know, an e.xtremely rare thing to find
anyone affected by it here. There are, also, tar fewer plants than most
people thmk whuh are a, tually pc;isonous, even when taken internahv •
and anyone wuh a very small amount of knowledge and common sen;e
IS warned .gainst these by then- acrid las.e or nauseous odour. This
I have no doubt, ,s the reas. n why cattle and wild animals which feed
on vegetation are so seldom poisoned. Tlie poisonous plants are dis-
tasteful to them aiul are not eaten in any quantity when their dangerous

nature ha. hecn detected In the keen senses of ,asie or sn.ell. lor this
reason I ran make un ex, use «.r |,eo, le, uho are ..Id enough t., dvnk
who allow themselves to h. ; oi.v ned, and I do v.ni Inheve anv s.ns,|,le
person ever will.

I .i"itc aj^ree w.tl, my friend l-ro(e^s(,r >h,<oun who a kw years
o^o, in speakmt; of the vast supplies of ^^ond wh..l,some food .ouig to
waste all n.md us ev.ry year n> .he ^hap. <;f var.ous ,unu., touched on
th,s sul-.jert and speaking of tl e small numher of poisonous plan's in
-Vlocah.ys.id: "I h,:ve no pat.enee wuh the stupid people who
a low themselves to starve to death in a country clothed with urass
Plants, and trees, nearly all of wh.ch are capable of sustainin^hfe ■'
\\.th regard to such plants as contain nox <u,s pnnciples there are a few
J^cncral rui.s, .Inch may be br me in nuuc\ by those who travel in the
w.lds and are l,al,le to require such knowledge., and to whi. h, wuhout
going mto undue detail, it n,ay not be a.ni.s to refer hue. I'iants
belongmg to the same natural order, as a rule, cont nn similar constitu-
ents i here are large orders of plarts every men.ber of whi.h makes
wholesome f^.od, notwithstanding the occasional presence of ncnci
pruK.ples ; such we fnd m the ce-s ,am,ly winch n,av always l,e
recognized by their cructorn, llowers, n,ade up of ,our separate petals.
Ihesnmemaybe said of all the rose fam.lv which have the st.unens
s.andu.g on the calyx as wc Hnd in the ro-e and apple. All grasses as
wheat and c<,rn. and all plans h.arn^g papilionaceous flowers asthe
bean, the [.ea, and clover, produce wholesome food for man and be.st
Mrs. Lmcc . ^n her " Fannhar I.ectm.s - n ilotain" says " ^„ch
plants as have five stan.ens and ... ^isnV, with a corolla of a dull livid
^.o nn, and a disagreeable sm.II, are usually p.isonous : the thorn apple
fS^....>...0 and tobacco are . xamples '1 he umbelliferous plants
whK-h giow ,n ... places, have usually a nauseous smell : such plantJ
-<■ A-..V.. as the water hcndcck. Umbelliferous plants which grow
■n .In- places, usually have an aromatic sn.ell and are n<,t poisonous
asjaiaway and tenneh i'lant. wid. :abia,e coiollas, a, d '0.:!:::

ur seecs ,n capsu'es, are often poisonous, as the foxglcne (7J.,.,a/is)
a o such as contain a ..>.,.,>..■, unless they are compoundlwe.
Such plants as have horned or hooded nectaries, as the columbine and
monk's hood are mostly poisonou. Amongst plants which are sZ!

f«H.s are the rom;,.nn.! n.nv.rs as ,h. Dandclinn an.l H.nc^ct
{Eupatorium); su<-h ns l.avc lal.uu. comllas, .„!, sccls 'yin, nakc.l in
the calyx, are seldom or never poisonous, the ,nint and thNme are
examples of such planis."

Plants containin^^ miK:ila,,inous matter are. as a rule wholesome
and in Hrm^h Columbia the Indians eat almost any hulf.ous root making
regular annual trips to ^Hstrirts where rertain liliareous plants abound
Amongst those roots whirh they rollert in thi. wav are the ra.niss
{Camassta csclcnla) Lilinm Col,>nHa>nnu, Fn//f/,na, th • snnll
bulbs of Ca/ypso bor,„U, and, as Pmfessor Maroun tells me, the bulbs
of nearly all bulbous-rooted plants, which they desi.'nate by the generd
name of muck-a-mnck. Another article of food to whi-h they are very
partial is the inner bark of young trees of Pi>,u. M.rmxnna.

VHth regard to the poisonous properties of the parsley family referred
to above, Dr. Trimcn says, "The properties of the Umbdlifcr.e are of
three i)nnciple and remarkably different kinds. In one section a watery
and acrid matter is present; in a second a milky gum-resinous secretion •
and in a third, an aromatic and oiy one. U'hen the first of these pre
<loniinates, they are poisonous ; the second in excess converts them in-
to stimulants ; and the third renders th.em carminative and serviceab'e
as pleasant condiments. If both the acrid and gtim-resinous secrefons
be absent they are often useful articles of ^ood, as happens with the
sweet roots of the carrot and the parsnip, and the foliage of the s.im-
phire, fennel, chervil, parsley and celery."

Before closing I should like to say a few words concernin-- the
Botanic (Jarden and Arboretum at the Central Experimental Farm I
have there in r.y charge a trac-t of 65 acres of rolling land admirably
suited to the purposes of a l^otanic (harden. The higher portion is
virtually a plateau with a wide bottom running round three sides of it and
with banks sloping down to the bottom land. This variety of aspect
is very convenient for the purposes to which it has been assigned The
soil ,s not particularly good but will improve with treatment. Vhe differ-
ent natural orders and families of plants will be represented by groups
many of which have been already located. There are at the preseni
time about 400 species of trees and shrubs planted out, and of most of
these there are two specimens-ali are labelled and a record has been

1 and M-mc-ct
'yin- naked in
nd iIiMiic arc

le wholcsntiK'
s root, making
I'nnts abound,
c the rainass
V, thj small
ine, the bulbs
)}• the general
they are very
n<!'fti.

unily referred
Uifcfce are of
:lion a watery
us secretion ;
':f these pre-
erts them in-
1 ser\-iceab!e
us secretions
:ns with the
of the sani-

icerning the
al Farm. I
d admirably
r portion is
des of it and
y of aspect
gned. The
The differ-
by groups,
the present
of most of
d has been

taken of their tune of planting Special efforts will be ,nad ■ to h.u-e the
collection illustrating the Canadian flora as complete as possible and I
now appeal to the members of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists' ( MuMo help
me in securing roots of as many as possible of our r>ative ,,Iants for ..ilti vv
tion. Every working botanist knows the difficulty of deciding spec ific
I'in.ts from dried herbarium specimens. I shall, therefore, mak. a spe« i-
alty of trying to clear up some of the botanical problems, which now
bother botanists, by growing several specimens from seed, where possible
from various localities. I have already several species under cultiva-
tiun, the seeds of which were collected by Pr, fessor Macoun, mvself or
some of my correspondents, an.l I shall be glad to experiment with any
seeds sent to me for that purpose. I would parti-ularlv rec,u.^t now
the seeds of Asters and Solidagoe.s, as I an. convinced there \- . -t nuuh
to be done, in working up the Canadian representatives of these two
genera, which can only be satisfactorily accomplished bv prowin.- them
from the seed.

Besides the solution of such scientific problems as the above
economic plants from other parts of the world will be tested as to their
suitability for profitable cultivation in Canada. Forestry now becoming
•so important in Canada, will also receive aftentic.n. Already enormous
numbers of young trees have been grown from the .seed and'distributed
to settlers on the treeless praries ot Manitoba and the North-West
rerntones. Before long it will become necessary „. Canada t. grow
trees for timber, in the .same way as is now systematically done in (Ger-
many. This however will not be done for many years to come and by
tnat tune, I hope, valuable data will be available from the growth of
the specimens on the Experimental Farm to show what kinds of trees
can be profitably grown.

Many other benefits, I trust, will come from th.s Botanic harden
now begun, by which general botanical knowledge, economic and scien-
tific will be advanced, and I look forward to the time when the Botanic
Garden of Ottawa, shall be one of the chief attractions of this part of
the Dominion.