IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) * 11.25 f.'- lis ■UUU 1.4 llllii.6 V <^ Photograoiiic Sdonoes Corpomtion 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. )4580 (716) 872-4503 V iV :i>' 'sN '*"''**. <>A '^N V '•i CIHM/8CMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Histoiical Microreproductions / institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibiiographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checi■! SERIES of ANSWERS TO CERTAIN POPULAR OBJECTIONS, AGAINST SEPARATING FROM THB kEBELLIOUS COLONIESi l1 AND blSCARDING THEM ENTIRELYs S| B E 'I N O THB CONCLUDING TRACT >> OF THE DEAN OF GLOCEStER; ON THB •UBjk'cT OV AMERICAN AFFAIRS, s G L O C E S f E R : IrINTED by R. RAIKES} and sold bt T. CAD ELL, IN THB S T R A N JX L jN Kb IftPCCtLXXVI* rt'iw ' "'t'^ ]> M0' -^^ ^•' >»'■«■¥ 5 ::aO 'tj-p i "j ■•■■r 1 „ ■rv ^■ p ^^ !-~f M- ' 44>. (, J^^^^. n V* T'^t-if^t a ,.l y-^ fKt U- ! -4 I- ifi.- ^ '•: ■ -»!*)«««!»•«!.« •efUMMii ! I ,} THE PREFACE. ill I v K-J. J HE Motives, which formerly determined the Author to poflpone his Animadverfions on Mr. Locke's Theory oa GoverQWient, fubfid: dill in their full Vi- 4\ gour: Or rather they have of late acquir-,«, ed additional Strength. For mod un- doubtedly, cool Difquifitions and meta- phyiical Speculations on the Origin of civil Society, and the Nature of civil Go- vernment, would be very little attended to, if ufliered into the World during the , Heat of Adtion, and amidft the Fljimes of War. But neverthelefs I beg Leave to obferve, that tho' I have poftponed the Subjedt, in order to introduce the enfuing A 2 Treatife, 1 1 II. ■■i«nmnBniima««pi mmmmm i^ P R E F A C E. Treatifc, which appears to be more fuit- able to the prefent Juncture, I am far from having abandoned my original Plan : Having indeed made a conliderable Pro- grefs in the Work, and intending (God willing) to lay it before the Public, as fooa as a Pacification fhall render fuch a Sub- jedt more fealbnable, than it is at prefent. In the mean Time, I have further to ob- ferve, that the Principles laid down in my 17th Sermon, preached on the 30th of January [printed for Riving ton] is the Foundation, which I propofe to build up- on : So that the Difcerning and Judicious may, if they plcafe, know before-hand> whether the Foundation is folid, and firna enough to fupport the Superftrudure. vj ^ i\ I r t a t a f f \) h In regard to the following Treatife, I requefl the candid and impartial Reader (for as to the bigoted, the uncandid, or malevolent, I mull leave them to adt as they pleafe) to form his Judgment con- cerning it, not f:om a fmgle Circum- ^nce, or two, but from the whole Force of the Argument, conjidered in one Fiew^ It ag5a;M4s-^i>n'iPwi *!.V PREFACE. V It may pofTibly, nay probably be, that I may be miftakcn in a few Particulars, and that I may have been impofed upon thro' a wrong Information in others ; and yet the main, grand Argument remain as firm as ever. I will not therefore be anfwerable for every minute Point, or trifling Circum- ftance ; but I hold myfelf obliged to de- fend the Truth, and Importance of the general Dodrine. ,. . . Men, who have a bad Caufe to defend, ■will catch at Shadows, pretending to raife mighty Triumphs on imaginary Vidlories, in order to divert the Attention of the Reader from the main Point. But Men, who are confcious of having Truth on their Side, will be the lefs attentive to mere Circurrftantials; becaufe they know, they are right as to EfTentials. I have frequently experienced this Fadt; and par- ticularly in the Difpute between Dr. Franklin and myfelf : Which, as it has an intimate Connection with the enfuing Treatife, and will ferve to throw a flrong Light^on certain MancEuvres, now endea- A 3 voured j hi * .tl PREFACE, T, vourcd to be concealed, I will lay before the Public. At the very Time, when Dr. Frank- lin oppofed the Stamp-Aft, as being un- conf'.itutional, and lubverlive of the Li- berties o'i America^ he was by the Favour of his prefcnt jVIajcfly, continued Poft- . Mailer General for the Province of iV;////- *uania \ — An Oiiice this! which, accord- ing to his own Dodtrine, was created by ,an unconjlhutiorwl A (ft of a tyrannical Par- '' liament in the Reign of Qiieen Ann, and during tlie Admin iilnition of the Whigs. However, as he could reconcile it to his Confcience to enjoy tliis unconfiitutionaly '] hict'athe Place j fo it feems, that after the Stamp Bill had pafl into a Law, his Confci- ence became lefs fqueamifli in regard to that alio, as will appear by the Sequel. Now, in the firfl: and f cond Editions 'of my Fourth Tradt, unhappily for me, I had charged him with procuring a '/place for himfelf in the American Stamp- iOifice; whereas, alas! it proved to be not for iiiwfelf', but for his Friend. And as poor 1^^ * li 4 PREFACE. poor Culprit was thus detedcd in an Of- fence of fo heinous a Nature, againft the eternal Truth and Rectitude of Things, great were the Exultations of the Dodor and his patriotic Friends. Reader, I plead guilty to the Indidtmcnt ; /lalfcs corijitentcm reiim. Therefore I will lay Dr. Franklin's own State of the Cafe before you ; — and this the rather, becaufe his republican Agents and Abettors, the Monthly Reviewers, have dared me to publiih his own Ac- count i hoping, I fuppofe, that I had mif- laid my Voucher. In a Letter of his to me, dated March 2, 1774, arc thcfe identical Words : — ** Some Days after the Stamp- Ad: was ** paiTed, to which I had given all the Op- ** pofition I could with Mr. Grenville, ^* I received a Note from Mr. Wheat- " LEY, his Secretary, [the fame Wheat- ley, whofe papers were afterward sy?<5/(^;7j, and confejjed to be in the Pofieilion of Dr. Franklin, and whofe Nephew was in Danger of being murdered, for endeavour- ing to trace out the original Theft] " defiring to fee me the next Morning. A 4 *• i *€ 4( viii PREFACE. ** I waited upon him accordingly, and ** found with him feveral other Colony- ** Agents. He acquainted us, that Mr. ** Grenville was deiirous to make the " Execution of the Adl as little inconve- ** nient and difagreeable to the Americans as pofTible, and therefore did not think of fending Stamp Officers from hence -, ** but wifhed to have difcreet and reputa- " ble Perfons appointed in each Province, ** from among the Inhabitants, fuch as ** would be acceptable to them. For as ** they were to pay the Tax, he thought •< Strangers fhould not have the Emolu- *' ments. Mr. Wheatley therefore *< wiflied us to name for our refpecftivc ** Colonies, informing us, that Mr. <* Grenville would be obliged to us for ** pointing out to him honeji and rejponfible ** Men, and would pay great Regard to our ** Nomination. By this plaufible;, and ap- ** parently candid Declaration, we were <* drawn in to nominate : And I named for " our Province Mr. Hughes, faying at ** the fame Time, that I knew not whe- *^ ther he would accept of it. I was only '"'^ f • " iurc ^ / /(* •':>' ' '■,» (J < >* M PREFACE. ix ** {are, that if he did, he would execute ** t/ie Office faithfully, I foon after ha4 f * Notice of his Appointment." Now, can any Man in his Senfcs really believe, by perilling this Letter, that ci- ther Dr. Franklin, or any of the Colo- ny-Agents conceived fuch dreadful Ideas,^ at that Juncture, of the enjlaving Nature and horrid Tendency of this Stamp-A The former Treatifes, written by the Author in Favour of a total Separation, have never been m INTRODUCTION. xi beep, attempted to be anfwercd-, not one ca- pital Faft pretended to be denied; — not one Argument refuted i— not one Conclufion dif- .; proved. Low, fcurrilous F,pithets, fuch as 'childfj7iy vijionary^ mercenary^ mad^ is:c. &c. have been the only Mode adopted for anlwering thefe Trcatrfes. The Reader therefore will be at no Lofs in difcovering the true and only Reafon, ifvhy other Kinds of Anfwers were not given. 1 : ! *> But it is rather fingiilar, arid to fome Perfons may appear unaccountable, why fo many of the Americans themfclves, and why all their repub- lican Abettors here at Home, (hould condemn this Propofal of an amicable Separation with fuch Afperity of Language, as they have been known to do, and with fuch heavy Execrations on its Author-,— a Propofal, which they cannot but confefs, would put a total End to all their prcfent Complaints, and redrefs every Grievance: pretended to be impofed upon them by Great- Britain. -< ii Nevertheless, it is hot difficult to find out the Caufe of fuch Overflowings of Malevolence. Every American^ who is not intoxicated with the vifionary Schemes of a growing Empire, and of perfonal Grandeur, >vell knows, that the petty American States and Republics could not fubfift B 2 in I: ^A i \ . j' ' 1 ^ (T[ f 1 y 'i^ ./r } xil IN TRODUCTION. in any Degree of Safjpty, without the Afliftancc of Great Britain, to defend them both from fo* jeign and domeflic Enemies : -And that the Expence? of maintaining a Fleet and Army, of building Fortreflcs, aiid of fortifying Ports and Harbours, of fupporting the Eclat of an inde- pendent Civil Government in each- Province, would be about ten Times as great as the Sum which the Parent State Ihould levy on or require* from them, by Way of contributing their Share towards the general Defence of the Empire. Therefore the wary Americans do not chufe to part with thefe Benefits, while a Poffibility re- mains of perfuading the credulous Engliflt ftill* to continue them. ;. The Republicans at Home arc mod violently^ incenfcd agajnft the Author of this Propofal, becaufe it would qua(h at once all their darling Proje(^s of introdiKing fimihr Liberty-Meet- ings, fimilar Congrefics, and fimilar Forms of Government here in Britain ; - and becaufe it would cut off all Pretences for clamouring a- gainft Governmenton Account of its tyrannizing over the natural Riarhts and Liberties of their dear perlecuttd Brethren, the poory innocent; Americans, / [Whilst I was writing the above, the fol- lowing incendiary Paragraph, inferted in the London y. ii^^ INTRODUCTION. Xlll London Evening P oft , Auguft i, 1776, as foon as the Nation was informed, that the King's Forces had obliged the Rebels to evacuate €anaday—vfz% put into my Hands, as a Corro- .boration of what I was here advancing. " Something muft be done. *' L;pT the Merchants meet at Guildhall, fe- «** rioufly deliberate, and determine: Let ^' them invite the Lcrdsy and Members of the *" Qfpofttkn to joi¥ THEM : Let them make *' their Appeal to the People at large, *« and to the Cify of London in particular : " Let them openly declare, that nothing but ** Neceflity, and tht Principle of Self-Preferva- tion [CatalineV Speech exa^fy^ fee his Ha^ angue in Salust] " i(iduced them to take this important Step : And let theni call themfelves, *' The Committee of Conservation." This Language is fo plain, that it needs no Com- tnent. He that runs may read. C( 4( ) I Nothing now remains, in order to finifh this Controverfy, but to obviate certain Objeftions raifed by the Crafty, fwallowed by the Credu- lous, and terrible only to the Ignorant, againft the Idea of a total Separation. And therefore, to put thefe Obje(5lions in as ftrong a Light as pofllble, I fhall here introduce them in the B 3 Form '1 Ml I 1 M li > xiv INTRODUCTION. Form of Quellions-, in order that the Reader may the better jiid^c, Whether their refpcdivc Anlwcrs, taking the whole Scries together, be iatiifadory or noc . ;? }. : !/.i, . .. mMH 3*r, • ' • » » 4 ;'.i;. Kii •' OB J E C T I O N IL ,,. How Ihall we prevent the JVefi-IndiaVMndii from failing under the Power of the growing Empire of America^ in Cafe of a Sepa- ration? ' Answer i. The ^lorthcrn and Southern Colonies of America have, and ever had, an in- veterate Hatred and Antipathy againft each Other. And nothing prevents this from break- ing oat, into A(5tion * cvcii at prefent, but the ;/^pprehenfion of common Danger. Remove, therefore, this Apprehenfion, and then there will remain no. central Attraction uniting them in One common League or general Aflbciation. And without fuch a "Confederacy, it will beim- poflible for any onr; of thefe Republics to make the Concjueft here propofed^ Answer 2. Should two or three of thefe little Republics join together in fuch an Expe- dition, the reft would oppofe them of Courfe ^o • ■ « ■ ,1 * See the Amerkm Pamphlet Flain TrMtb> in Anfwer ti JmerieanCommn ^en/e» , ,, . .„ ' ' '^ the V POPULAROBJECTIONS. 19^" the utmoft of their Power, and would invite Great-Britain to aid and affift them. The very Principle of Jealoufy, natural to all States, cf- pecially to fmall Republics, wopld drive them to thefe Meafures. For they would immediately fee, that the Aggrandizement of their Rivals foreboded their own Deftruflion. And Great- Britain would at all Times be capable of hold- ing the Balance of Power between thefe little, querulous, fretful States, by never inclining it too m.uch to any one Side, fo as to enable it to give Law to the reft. . Answer 3. Suppose theworft; — fuppofedtl ^hefe Colonies firmly united together under one Head [we know ; not; how, nor why', nor whenl yet even in fuch a Cafe, the paultry little Iflands in the American Seas would be ho Objedt ade- quate to the Ambition of fuch an Empire. For after the firfi. Pjvinder was over, (and if Plunder alone was to be the. Motive, it would not repay a tenth Part of the Expence of the Expedition) nothing farther could be obt ' -^ed from fuch Spots without continual hard x^abour, frefli Capitals, new Stocks of Slaves, a peaceable Bartering of Goods, with a lop^ commercial Intercourfe, &c. ^c. Whereas the rich and large Coiiritries of Mexico, Peru, and^the Brazils would be more likely Objeds to toufc their Am- bition, ■ * ' i I ill' I II ;j ^ SERIES OF ANSWERS to bition, and tempt their Avarice; and they wou}d fpon be at War with the Spaniards ^d foftHguefe. Answej?^ 4. Suppose neverthelffs, and againft all Pro^>ability, that the North-Americans npt only took Poffeffion pf thefe Iflands, but alfo kept thcmi and cultivated, Pr rather permitted, ind cncoqragcd tlieir new Subj^Sls^ the original proprietors or Planners to cujtjvat^ them, and to raiie Sugars, and every otker W^ India Pro- duce;— what would be the Cpnfequence ?— Nothing but this, that the Britifli Merchant^ vyovild in that Cafe buy Sugar§, kum, Ginger, fCptton, &c. jcc. ju(l as rficy now buy Wiiic$, ^i'rwit, Oils, Coffee, Chocolate, &c. &c. ; that Js, a^ the befi arid cheapeft Market. And it is a JFad well known in the comincrcial WprW, thaj: ystxe we pcrpiitted tp enjoy the like Liberty at prefefit, we might purchafe Sugars and Rum almoft Cent.^r Ceni. cheaper thap we now dp, by being conSncd to the Market of our Sugar Planters^ >fpreover in that Cafe, ^e fhould probably be oblijged through Neeejftty to do /^; Jtt/lice, and to make that ^ejiitution, to a great Part of our Fellow Creatures, wh^ch we ougl^ ^to have done long ago, by OmV^t, and through a Principle pf merfi lfm.mfyi-'to fsLy nptjimg -pfiiig^^r Motives :~That.is, ;we fhoujd xj^^ck the f POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 21 the much iftjurcd Natives of i^nV/i, which mighft cafily be done, and at a fmall Expcnce, to cul- tivate their own luxuriant and fpontancous Sugar Cahcs, and to manufa6lure Sugars^ and feverat other Commodities, and more efpecially Rice and Ihdigo, in their Own native Country; ^ho would then exchange fuch Prorfore for our 'European Goods and Manufaflures : — Inftead of this, we make Slaves of thcfe poor Wretches, contrary to every Principle, not only of Huma- nity and Jiiftice, l?ut alfo of national Profit and Advantage ; as I have often proved in feveral of niy Wtitings both Commercial and Theolo- gical :— We, I'fay, the boaftcd Patrons of Li- berty, and the profeflcd Advocates for the na- tural Rights t)f Mankind, engage deeper in this murderous inhuman Traffic than any Nation Whatever:— And to ftiew our Confiftence, we ' glory in it ! I might iikewife add, that the Cane grows fpontaneoufly in Sicily^ where immenfc Qiian- tities of Sugar might be made, were the Neapo- litan Government to give the leaft Encourage- ment j—or rather, were theCourt oi NapUsoncc to fee its own Intereft, by removing the many heavy Burthens, which are now laid exprefsly with a View [Oh, cruel Infatuation ' abfurd Tyranny !] to check and prevent the Induftry, Riches, 1'' -i! .3>2 SERIES OF ANSWERS to Riches, and Population of the prolific Sicilians. This therefore is another ftriking Initance of the Pradticabjlity of making Sugars by Means of common Day Labourers and hired Servants, without any Slaves at all. For the Peafants of Sicily could as well ftand the Heat of the Cli- mate in the Culture of Canes and the Manu- fadure of Sugars, as in their prefcnt Occupa- tbn. ■ Now the Advocates for Republicanifm, and for the fuppofcd Equality of Mankind, ought to have been the foremoft in fuggefting fome fuch humane Syftem for abolilhing the worft of all the Species of Slavery, viz. that of the do- mejtic or predial Kind. But, alas ! all Repub- licans antient and modern, as far as Hiftory and Experience can inform us, fuggeft no other Schemes but thofe of pulling down and level- ling all Diftin6lions abovT them, and of tyran- nizing over thofe iniferable Beings, who are un* fortunately placed below them. OBJECTIOU^ to V' POPULAR OBJECTIONS. «;j OBJ E C T I O N IIU HrOW fliall we prevent the North-Americans L from becoming a forrhidablc maritime ' Power in Cafe of a Separation ? i . , • 7K Answer i. We may always preVeht, if we pleafe, any one of thefe States from-fwallowing •:iip the reft: — In the Execution of which we fliall be furc of obtaining the Aflift^nc^ and (Good-Will, and not the Execration, .of the i neighbouring rival States. And this Gircum- ftance alone will prevent their bcqoming a for- •niiaable naval Power. 'i Answer 2. The American Coafts, from 5/. jiuguftine up to Chefapeake Bay^ are generally , fliallow, and not fo fit for capital Ships of War, as for fmaller VefTels from 100 to 600 Tons Burthen. This is another infuperable Bar againft that Part of America ever becoming very for- midable by Sea. And as to the other Part from .Chefapeake Bay up to Cape Breton, tho* there are feveral good Ports on that Coaft, yet they labour lundcr many Inconveniences: And it may be *©bferved in general, that the Coafts of Great- Britain ■ I i4 $t:RI£S of ANfiWJBR^ t^ Britain and IreUni have more than double, or evttti crebfe, thfe Kiiniber 4f good, iafe, and deep Harbours, and are never annoyed with Ice or Fogs, which are to be found in all,thc rebel- lious Prbvinccs of t^orth-Jmerica. Answer $, Tia ScslCq^ of Netth-JHtericd are generally barren and unhealthy, if compared with thofe vaft ahd fruitful Regions, which lie beyond the AUigahenwy Mountains, and ap- )^roaching the Borders bf ithe great Lakes. Thither mahy of the Americans who dwelt near the Sea Coafts have removed already : Ahd the prefent DifturbaiiCes will oblige them todo {biii ftill greater Numbers. New Gdvernmehts and •new CcNnmon- Wealths, hiiif civilized and half fa- vage^ will ftart up in thoie diftant Regions : For every Topic and every Argument which the Sea Coaft Americans now urge againfl the Mother V Country, will be retorted with double Force a- •gakiil themfdres by the JifiaMt, Backr Settlers. Navj'ftrange Feuds and Animdfitieshave rifenal- ' ready in many Places on this very Score. So that the Americans icm^in'itig in the Sea- Port Towns will have Work enough on. their Hands to maintain their Authority over their own People, the renK)tc Back-Scttlers, or Engli/h Tartars (as Mr. Burke calls them) without quarrelling with the great maritime Powers of £«ro/?. And if V POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 25 if there (hould be any naval Engagements be- tween the new, and old Republicans on the great Lakes of Erie^ Ontario^ &c. &c. mc- thinks, we here in Britain can have as little to do with them in Point of national Intereft, oir Honour, as Nve Ihould have with a Sea-fight in the Moon, or in the Planets. Answer 4. Granting even that the Nor- thern Continent of America was to be united in one great Emph-e ; and granting alfo that tfiat Empire was to become formidable by Sea; Hill what Reafon is there to think, that this new maritine Power would have any Induce- ment either of Intereft, or Ambition to quar- rel with Great-Britain ? If Conqueft was to be their Object, they furely would never think of invading and conquering Great-Bri- taifty fo far diftantfrom them ; [a wild Scheme not only difficult, but morally impoffible] — efpecially confidering, that they would have fuch inviting Objeds nearer at Hand in South- Americay and infinitely more eafy to be fub- dued. But if their Aims were only to be direded towards the Extention and Protec- tion of their Trade and Navigation; they certainly would wilh to keep well with Great- Britain^ their beft Cuftomer in Peace, and their moft dangerous Enemy in War. C OBJECTION I 26 SERIES OF ANSWERS to OBJECTION IV. « WILL not the. prefcnt War, now carried on with fo much Rancour and Animo- fity, prevent the Engli/Ji and the Americans from trading with each other in Cafe of a Separation. Answer i. If there be any Force in this Objediob, the fooner a Separation (hall take Place, the better -, for nothing fliort of this can be a radical Cure. Suppole, for InQance, that the BriiiJJi Legiflature had yielded to the late Demands of the American Congrefs, before they openly declared for abfolute Independence : That is, fuppofe they had granted, that the Americans fliould always enjoy the Rights, Pri- vileges, and Proteflions of Englijhmen^ without, being obliged to contribute a Farthing towards the general Ex'pence:~In that Cafe the whole BritiJJi Nation would have been highly and juftly incenfed againft the Authors of fuch an infamous Concellion, — a Concefllon, which would in Fad liave made America the Sovereign, and Great-Britain the ful^jc^ and tributary State. And then even the Mock-Patriots themfelves would have changed their Notes, would have exclaimed ! POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 27 exclaimed againft wicked MiniOers for betray- ing their Country to the ungrateful, rebel Ame* ricans, and have clamoured for Impeachments. Granting on the other Hand, that the ^Ame- ricans fubmitted to pay thofe Qiiotas which the Briti/Ii Parliament fhould require for the general Defence of the Empire-,— (till this would be only a pretended Submifllon, which would laft no longer than while the Rod hung over them. For as foon as ever an Opportunity Ihould offer, they would immediattrly r -volt -, and then we fhould have the fame Work to do over again, with greater Difficulties, and encreafed Expences. Indeed the famous American Pamphlet, called Common Senfe^ hath put this whole Matter in fo Urong a Light, that more need not be faid on the Subjeft. Therefore in this fingle Aflertion, tho' in very few others, I entirely agree with the Authors, ffuppofed to be Dr. FiiANKLirt and Mr. Adams] it is Time to part. Nay, every Man of every Denomination is fo tho- roughly convinced, that the Colonies will and mull become independent one Time or other, that the only Point to be decided is, — at whic!. 'I'ime, or at what Juncture, can fuch a Separa- tion be made with the moft Benefit, or, if you pleafe, with the lead Detriment to the Mother Country ? And the Anfwer to this Enquiry is .very obvious, — No Time like the Time p-ejent. C 2 Answer ill '"J I r , i i ^ SERIES OP ANSWERS to Answer 2. In regard to the DifHculties in bringing the Merchants of each Country to Trade again with each other; kt it be ob- fervcd, as the univcrfal Rule with Merchants and Traders of all Countries, Religions, and Languages, that felf Intereft needs no Recon- ciliation : For Trade is not carried on for the Sake of Friendfhip, but of Intcrcft. If after a Separation, the Colonics (hall find, that they can trade to greater Advantage with us, than with others, they certainly will, not for our Sakes, but for their own. And in Times of the profoundeft Peace, and the greateft Har- mony, they never aded on any other Principle. Indeed it is now become evident, that it ever was, and ever will be impolTible for the Parent- State to prevent the Colonies from trading with cither Countries, if there is a Profpefb of trading to Advantage. As a fignal Proof of this, view the prefent State of Things : — We have now the whole Force of the Britilh Empire col- Je<5led together : — We have alfo as much Af- fiftance as our Money can procure from foreign Powers : — AK om Men of War, Frigates, and Tenders -, and m oil: of our Tranfport-Ships are completely armed : All of them are ftationed on the Coafts of America^ in order to prevent the Colonifts from carrying on any Trade of any Sort I POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 29 Serf to our Detriment. And yet we tccl to our Cod, that all is not fufficicnt to prevent them from trading almoft wherc-ever ihcy plcafc. How then (hall we be able to reftrain their Com- merce and Navigation, when this great and formidable Armament (hall be removed ? [as removed it muft be in Times of Peace] and when there will not be much more than Half a Dozen Frigates [or fay, if you pleafe a Dozen] to guard a Sca-Coaft of nearly 1500 , Miles ? More-over, it may be afkcd in regard to thofc very Frigates, ^tis cufiodes {ujiodiet ipfos ? Answer 3. The Americans themfclves fur- ni(h a dccifivc Anfwer refpedling the Eafinefs of a Pacification with public Enemies, where private Intcreft is concerned on the oppofite Side. For notwithftanding all their doleful Lamentations ugairft Spanijh Depredations, SpaniJJk Cruelty, and French Incurfions, they re- conciled it to theif Coniciences to trade with thofe very French and Spaniards^ when it was their private Intcreft fo to do, during the hotteft of the War;---and even to furnilh them with Ammunition and warlike Stores for the De- llrudion of the Englijliy their only Protcdors and Benefactors in that very War. I C3 Answj 30 SERIES OF ANSWERS to Answer 4. It hath been found by Expe- rience long ago, that after a Separation, even the bittercft and moft rancorous A.iimofities are foon forgot. No fooner had the Butch and Spaniards fepar^ted peaceably from each other, than they became mutual good Cuftomers, fre- quenting each other's Ports in the moft friendly Manner, and carrying on a great Trade to reci- procal Advantage. Nay, in a few Years after- wards, they entered into a League offenfive and defer ive againft the French, their commons Enemy, and have remained very good Friends evei fince. Answer 5. The Trade of Great-Britain with the Colonies refts on a much firmer Foun- dation, than that of a nominal Subjedlion by Means of Paper Laws and imaginary Reftric- tions: — A Foundation fo very obvious, as well as fecure, tha." it is furprifing it hath not been taken Notice of in this Difpute. The Foun- dation, I mean, is, the Superiority of the Britiffi Capitals over thofe of every other Country in the Univerfe. As a fignal Proof of this, let it be obferved, that the Briti/fi Exporter gives long Credit to almoft every Country, to which he fends his Goods -, but more efpecially he ufed to do fo to North- America: Yet when he in'ports from other Countries, he receives no Credit. POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 31 Credit. On the contrary, his* general Cuftom is, either to advance Money beforehand, or at Jeaft to pay for the Goods as foon as they arrive. Hence therefore it comes to pafs, that the Trade of the World is carried on, in a great Mcafure, by Britijh Capitals ; and whilft this Superiority Ihall laft, it is morally impoflible that the Trade of the Britijh Nation can fuffer any very great or alarming Diminution Now the North- Americans^ who enjoyed this Advantage to a greater Degree than any others, by purchafing Goods of us at long Credit, and theo felling the fame Goods to the Spaniards for ready Money, will find by Experience, that in quarrelling with the EngliJIiy they have quarrelled wich their bed Friends. Let them therefore go wherever they pleafe, and try all the Nations on the Globe. "When they have done, they will fuppliantly re- turn to Great Brii£-in, and entreat to be admitted into the Number of our Cuftomcrs, not for ours, but for their own Sakes. -m 'f Jlil '111 C 4 OBJECTION 5* SERIES OF ANSWERS to OBJECTION V. IF we Ihould lofe the northern Colonies, \vhe?e fhall we get Pitch and Tar, Mal^n and Naval Stores for our Navy ? Answer i. To what Market will the Nor- thern Colonies fend their Pitch and Tar, their Mafts and Naval Stores, if they Ihould refufe to fell them to thf En^lifli ? Some Queftions arc beft anfwered by thtir Oppofites : And k is aFafb, that were we to withdraw our Bc»«::- ties, it would he an exceeding difficult Matter for the Colonies to find any vent at all for thefe Articles. Answer 2. The French, Dutch, and Spani- ards have Ships, which carry Mafts, and re- quif-*^ Pitch and Tar, Hemp, Iron, and Cor- da^. as well as EngliJIi Ships. And happily for them, they have no Northern Colonies. Yet thefe Nations arc fupplied with all thefe Arti- cles at a moderate Price, and without Bounties. "What therefore fliould prevent the Englijh from being fupplied ironi the fame Source, and on as good Terms .'* Answer POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 33 Answer 3. The ^w?//)^ Navy receives much greater, and more ncceflary fupplies from the Northern States of Europe than from the Nor- thern Colonies of America. For the large, clean grained oaken Plank of three, four, five, and fix Inches in Thicknefs, fo neceflTary for the very Exiftence of our capital Ships of War, is chiefly imported, and has been for upwards of 100 Years paft, from Germd^ny^ Dantzick^ and the other Ports of the i.altic : The Iron (if any wanted hefides our own) is brought from Sweden ard Rujfta \ and the Hemp almoft altogether from Rt{lfta^ atid its conquered Pro- vinces. Yet we have moft abfurdly and im- politicly loaded both the Iron, and Hemp of thofe Countries with heavy, difcouraging Taxes, in order to favour the Iron and Hemp of un- grateful Jmerica. As to Mafts, Yards, and Deals, tliey may in general be purchafed cheaper in No. 'Way ^ Sweden^ and in fome Parts of Ruf- fia^ Quality for Quality, than in North-Ame- rica : Though they feldom can be rendered fo cheap at an Engli/h Market, on account of thofe ill judged Bounties and Indulgencies, which were formerly granted to the Colonies ; but which of courfe will be removed when we come to underftand our true Intereft. Answer 4. In refpeft to the particular Ar- ticles of Pitch and Tar ; be it oblerved. That oricrinallv if •'A- I t,'l I I 34. SERIES OF ANSWERS to originally we had our Pitch and Tar from Swe- den : But the Swedes were fo impolitic as to lay an exorbitant Duty on the Exportation of their Pitch and Tar, prefuming that the Eng- lifk could find no other Supplies. At that Jundlure, had our Nation but applied to the other Northern Powers of Eur op^^ they might have procured enough, and probably at a cheaper Rate-, for rival Shops naturally dif- folve Monopolies : But the EngUfli^ ever anx- ious to favour the Colonics, tho* in the Event to tVr^r own Lofs, took a different Method, by gram a mod profufe Bounty to thcfe Colo- nies to manufafture Pitch and Tar : Whereby they were enabled at our Expence to clear their .Woods, and to bring their Lands into Culture. And after thefe Favours have been continued to them to this very Hour [for the Law is not yet fermalfy repealed] they and their Advo- cates have now the Modefty to afl<:. What can you do without .^^nVtf« Pitch and Tar ? r t OBJECTION .' i» POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 35 OBJECTION VI. IN Cafe of a Separation, where (hall we get Pipe-Staves, and other Lumber for our Weft-India Iflands ? and above all, where fhall we get Provifions ? Answer i. Where, or from whence do the French and Spaniards^ Dutch and Danes procure Provifion ,, Pipe-Staves, and Lumber for their refpedive Weft- India Settlements ? The Anfwcr to this Queftion will ferve for both. Now ic is a Fad: too notorious to be denied, that the Ncrth-Americans never ceafed fupplying the French and Spaniards, not only with Provifions and Lumber, but with every Article whatever, for which there was a Probability of being paid: I fay, they fupplied them even in Times of "War, as well as in Times of Peace : Though indeed at both Junftures they adled illegally, and were liable to Confifcations and various other Penalties for fo doing. But what arc Laws, Penalties, and Confifcations to an Ame^ rican, when put into the Scale againft prel'ent Gain ? Even Hancock himfelf, the nominal Head of the Congrefs, and tlie Tool of artful Adams, was one of the greateft Smugglers on the y. ,; hm it ^ M I, 36 SERIES OF ANSWERS to the whole Continent Tell me therefore, why the North'AmemanSy after a peaceable Separa- tion, will refufe to fupply our Sugar 1 (lands (whilft they fupply others) if they (hall be as well, or better paid for what they bring ? And tell me alfo, when did they fupply them with any one Article whatever, without being well paid for it ? Answer a. If the Inhabitants of the Weji- JtfdtA Iflands were lefs luxrious, and more in- duftrious (and Necefllty is not only the Mother €f Invention, but alfo the moft perfuafive £n- courager) they might have raifed, and therefore may (till raife great Quantities of moft Sorts of IPiOvifions within their o^ Plantations. Con- fequently, if they will n^ ^ raile them, they can ip Keaibn only blame themfelvcs. Ajtswer 3^. If the WeJi'Indians (hould find 9 Difficulty in fupplying themfelves out of their own Plantations with Flour, Bread, Eifcuit, Beef, Pork, Salt-Filh, Oats, Peafe, and Beans, then Great-Britain and Ireland can fupply them with all thefe Articles in great Abundance, ci- ther from their own Stores, or from Stores im- ported. And the Advantage either Way would be very great to the Mother- Country in the In- creafe of her Shipping and Navigation, as well as in the Exteofion of her Commerce. Indeed for POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 31 for a few Years laft paft Great-Britain hath not raifcd cither Corn or Cattle fuEcient for its own Confumption. But this accidental Scarcity is no general Rule, becaufe it will be found, tak- ing 100 Years together, that for one Year of Scarcity, it is blcilcd with two of Pknty, eBJECTION ^8 SERIES or ANSWERS to I OBJECTION VII. N Cafe of a Separation, from whence fliall we procure Rice and Tobacco ? n I Answer i. This Objedion turns on two Suppofitions, viz. i. That after a Separation the Firginians and Carolinians will not fell To- bacco and Rice to Englijh Merchants for a good Price, and ready Money:— And, 2dly, that Tobacco and Rice can grow in no Part of the Globe, but in Virginia and Carolina. Will any Man in his Scnfcs dare to affirm either of thefc Things ? Answer i. With refpefb to Tobacco, al- mod every Country in Europe can produce it in Plenty, if perir.itted by its refpeftiveLegiflatures fo to C^K^^ [fee my Fourth Tra6t on Political and Commercial Subjcfts, 3d Edit. Page 205.] Nay, in En^hnd iti'elf there were formerly con- fiderable Plantations, and more Ground was daily planting. But our Government forbad the Cultivation of it by fevere Penalties in feveral A6ls of Parliament, in order to favour the In- tereft of the Colonies. Answer 11 POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 39 Answer 3. In rcfpcd to Rice, a great Pare of the fwampy Coaft of Guinea^ and more efpe- cially the MarJhes near the great Rivers, which, like the Niiej annually overflow, would produce Rice in great Abundance for us, if properly culti- vated. For were the native Inhabitants of Cuinea (I repeat it again, becaufe it cannot be repeated too often) to be taught and encouraged to be in- dullrious in their own Country, inftead of being made Slaves, and cruelly truiifported into ours, ..ley would, beyond a Doubt, ufe and confume at leaft four Times the Quantity of Britifli Ma- nufaftures, more than the Slaves and their ty- rannical Mailers now do. For Slaves are little better Cuftomers in any Country than fo many- Head of Black Cattle-, yet much more dangerous and difficult to be governed. And indeed little Induftry can be expefled from any poor Wretches, who know aforehand, that a greater Exertion of Induftry on their Parts, would only be an Increafe of Labour, painful to themfelves, and folely beneficial to their Mafters. i ( ;!i" [Whilst I was copying the above for the Frefs, a learned and ingenious Friend, formerly a Governor in one of our Plantations, obliged me with the following important Obfervation : " That Rice may be raifed on the Grain Coaft "of Africa in any Quantities: And that he " himfelf '. H'i I 40 SERIES OF ANSWERS to " himfelf hath bought on the Spot, for Two " Shillings the Hundred Weight, Rice of a *' fuperior Goodnefs to that of Carolina, It " grows on Up Lands, tho* of the lame Spe- " cies with that which grows in Swamps : But ** as it receives five or fix Months heavy Rains, *» it wants no other Supply of Mpifture. The *' Negroes underftand very well how to raifc it; •« but they are ignorant of the Machines for pounding it out : All Labour of that Kind being performed by Women ; and confc- *' quently flow and tedious."] Now this Piece of Intelligence ftrongly corroborates the grand Principle^ which runs thro* all my Treatifes on the Subjed of Americay viz. That the Colo- nifts, in quarrelling with the Mother-Country, are eiTentialiy hurting themfelves ; and arc greatly, tho* not intentionally benefiting us, by obliging us tc fee and purfuc our own true and lading IntercHs,] cc <« OBJECTION POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 41 OBJECTION VIII. IN Cafe of a Separation, will not the North- Americans fet up various Manufaflurcs of their own, and lay heavy, difcouraging Duties on the Importation of ours ? AnsaVer t, I)aily Experiehce proves be- yond Contradi6lion, that we do aftually fend vaft Quantities oi Britifli Manufactures to Spain^ to lialy^ Germany^ Rujfta^ Holland^ and even to. France .-—Though eachof thefe Countries have long eftablifhed fimilar Manufactures of their own, and have laid difcouraging Duties on ours. Nay fome of them are feemingly fo heavy as to amount to a Prohibition. Yet, let the Manufacturers in Birmingham^ Manchefter, Nor- wich, d'c. &c. tell the reft. So that the Threat, that the Colonifts may, or will fet up Manufactures in Oppofition to ours, proves very little in proving too much. Answer 1. The Colonifts have already, and long before the Beginning of the prefent Trou- bles, fet up every Species of Manufacture, which could be attended with any Probability of Suc- cefs : — To which End they have carried over D Englijh ::'i'Ml i' 42 SERIES or ANSWERS t« Enghfli Machines, working Tools, Patterns, and Models in great Abundance : They have alfo been fcducing and kidnapping our Work- men, Journeymen, and Artifts by every Kiinl of Artifice and Prctt.ice, for at leall thefc 70 Years laft pad : Nay, they have publickly of- fered Rewards and Premiums : And have in-- ferted thefe Advertifements in all our News- Papers •,— they have enlifted Volunteers of this Sort by beat of Drum. 1 aik therefore, what more can they poffibly do, in Cafe of a Separa- tion ?— I ilk further, can they do as much ? And would it not have been ASis of Felony in them to have made the like Attempts, had they been fcparated from us, and put on the fame Foot- ing with other Nations I ^ Answer 3. In regard to the Capability ot- AfMrica to rival Great-Britain in the Clieapnela and Good ncfs of Manufadurcs (which are the main Points to be attended to) be it obfervcd-,. that Aviurica nati.rally labours under many ca^ pital Defedls refpefting Manufaftures. For in- the firft Place, it doth not abound with Wool,, or Silk, Copper, Iron, Lead, Tin, or Coals ;. Articles of the utmoit Confequence in eftablifli* ing large and extenfive Manufad^ ares : — So- condly, the Climate of the greateft Part of the Country is unfuvourable. to feveral Species of Manufadtures, POPJLAR OBJECTIONS. 43 Manufactures, being either coo cold, and too much frozen up in Winter, or too melting and fufFocating in Summer •, and very frequently the fame Country or Province partakes of both Ex- tremes. Thirdly, the Genius and Dil'pofition of the People are not turned towards hard and conllant Labour; a Circumflancc this, which is vifiblc through every Part of this great Con- tinent. Fourthly, their fmall Capitals, and "Want of Credit is another very great Impedi- ment ; and it is too apparent, that this Diffi- culty is not likely to be removed by their prc- fent Condufb. Fifthly, their Defertion of the Sea Coafts, and removing in fuch Shoals up into the Country, beyond the Migahenny Moun- tains, as they now do, or lately did, is another great Bar to the Encreafe of any Manufactures, ■which could come in Competition with the Englijh in any foreign Market. For, granting, if you pleafe, that Multitudes of manufafturing Towns and Villages are to ftart up, like Mufli- rooms, on the Borders of the great Lakes, and even beyond them \ ftill fuch Places, in that diftant Situation from the Sea, can no more rival us, than if they had ftarted up in the Wilds of Tartary, or the Deferts of Arabia, Ansv^^er 4. In refpeft to the heavy and dif- couraging Duties which thcfe little independent D 2 Republics : I 44 SERIES OF ANSWERS to Kepublics are to lay upon Engli/h Manufaftnre?, when imported into their refpcftive Territories: Enough has been faid already, to convince any realbnable Inquirer, that there is but little to fear on that Head. However, as this Topic has been ufed as a Kind of Trumpet, to found the commercial Alarm, I Ihall therefore add, ( that the Situation of the Sea Coafts of Norik- America is fuch, that it will be monilly impof- fible to prevent Smugglings if the People fhould be fo inclined : And it is alfo an indifputable Faft, that there is not a People in the Univerfc fo addided to a fmuggling Way of Life, as the Americans. In refped to tne Faos of their Country along the Sea Side, it is interfedled with large Bays, Promontories, and navigable Rivers-, and full of Iflands, and other hiding Places from one End to the other : Moreover, it is not better g-uarded by Land. For the Country is open between Province and Pro- vince, without narrow PalTes or Defies-: So that it will be impoflible to prevent an Inter- courfe by Day, or by Night, if private Intei (!ft' fhould find its Account in maintaining fuch an* Inttrcourfe. But what is fiill more, and above all, the Southern independent Republics wilt never confent to prohibit tht Introdudbion of the Manufactures of Old England merely for the Sake of encouraging (to their own Lofs) the- . - Manufadturcs y H ^ \ '#•, POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 45 Manufaflurcsof iVij-o; England [z. People whom 4hey both hate, and defpife) nor wiil the l^ew- Englandtrs give a Monopoly to the Southern Provinec'i againft themfclves. Therefore as both will aft feparately, according to their re- TpC(fHve Ic-^l Interefts ; the Engltjh Manufac- tures will find an eafy Admiflion with very lit- tle, or no Obftruftion. Nay, it is notorious, that at this very Juncture, when the Amerkcn Re- *bels have abfolucely prohibited the direfb impor- tation of any Brittjh Goods, they admit, forely rgainft their Wills, various Englijh Manufac- tures, through the Intervention of the Dutchy French^ and Spaniards: — But why? Becaufe ihey cannot do without them •, and therefore mull 'have them even with all this additional -PuXpence. Now, as this is a Faft, certain and indifputable, what have we to fear in Cafe of a Separation ? But for a more diftindl Account, "how it comes to pafs, that we have fuch an en- creafing Trade, notwithllanding the Defeftion of the Colonies -, and indeed in order to prove^ contrary to the vulgar Opinion, that the Colo- nies never were the real Caufe of that Increafe, fee the Note in my Fourth Tra6t, P. 213 — 215, •"3 D3 OBJECTIONS m 46 SERIES OF ANSWERS i* ^^^"•♦ik OBJECTION IX. WILL not a Separation from the Northern Colonics greatly dccreafe the Number of our Seamen ? Answer i. By the Term our Seamen muft be meant Britifli Seamen, in Contradiftinftion to North- Americans. And then the Objection fuppofes, that a Separation will neceflarily dc- creafe the Shipping and Navigation belonging to the Ports of Great-Britain and Ireland, But what Proofs are there to be brought of this ? And mthoMX. fome Proof, why muft the Objec- tion be admitted ? ■ % Answer 2. The obvious Reafoning on the Cafe fuggefts juft the contrary. Por after a Separation has taken Place, the A6t of Navi- gation will operate as effedlually againft the North- Americans, as againft the French, Hoi- landers, or any other Nation. Gonfequently they (the Americans) will no longer be per- mitted to be the Carriers of Sugars, Rum, Cotton, Coflfee, Pimento, Mahogany, Log- wood, and all other Woods and Articles for dy- ing. POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 47 ing, &c. &c. from our own Iflands, from the Mofquito Shore, or the Spani/h Main, into Great- Britain 01 /r^/rfw^;— Nor will they be permitted to carry any of our Manufadures, Salt-Fifh, or Provifions, any of our Malt Liquors, Cyder, or any Wines, from Great-Britain or Ireland to the Sugar Colonies, or to any of our Settlements in any Part of the World Judge therefore from this Enumeration of Fa6ls certain and indifpu- table, on which Side, would the naval Balance .preponderate in Cafe of a Separation. But this is not ;all; for we have at lead 150,000 i^mps burning every Winter in Great-Britain and Ireland^ more than we had 60 or 70 Years ago; and their Number is every Year encreaf- ing. Now the North- Americans ufed to fupply ; »us with at lead one Third, if not one Half of the Oil [extradled from Fifbes] ufed and con- fumed in thefe Lamps:— All which, together with feveral Articles dependirg on them, will for the future be fupplied by Britijh aiid IriJJi Sailors. Therefore wh. .1 Nurfery is Itere 1 How growing and extenfivc ' And yet how little attended to, 'till the hi orth- Americans obliged us, as it were, whether we would or not, to fee our own Intereft 1 Answer 3. Our former Predilection for our Colonies noc only caufed us to negle^ leveral D4 Bran.iics if- • I*. K^ I) I - i -;;i 48 SERIES OF ANSWERS to Branches T)f Trade, which we ought to have che^ rijfied: -But, what is ftill more extraordinary, and hardly credible, it induced us to check, and in fome Inftances zimofk to prohibify them by Means of heavy Duties. Thus for Example, we gave for many, very many Years, a moft profufe Bounty (and at one Time no lefs than 81. Sterling per Ton) to the Importation of Hemp from America^ as if on purpofe to nurfe lip that Country into a rivals naval Power : But we ncgledcd to give even the fmalleft Bounty for the Growth of Hemp in Ireland^ as if that Branch of Trade was not worth regarding : Tho' it is evident to aDemonftration, that it ever was more our Intereft to have promoted the Cul- ture of Hemp in Ireland^ than in America •, and tho* the fertile Soil of that Ifland, particularly near the Borders of the Shannon^ feems deftincd by Nature for the Growth of that Commodity. Again, as to pofitive Checks and Refiraints by Means of heavy Duties, we have laid a Tax, not only on foreign Hemp, but alfo on foreign Iron, P'tch, and Tar : All which we ought not to have done J and which we ought now to undo, in order to promote our own Welfare, and to encreafe our own Shipping and Navigation, infiead of thofe of North America, Therefore we have at prefent the Means in our Power of treating with the Northern Po;encates of Europe on very advan^ tageous 1i POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 49 tagcous Terms : That is, wc may fignify to each of them (as we did formerly -o Portugal) that in what Proportion foever, they will favour the Introduftion of the EngH/h Manufafturcs into ^heir Territories by the Repeal or Diminution of Taxes; in the fame Proportion we will admit their Bar iron, Hemp, Pitch, Tar, Turpen- tine, &c. into Great-Britain. Now, Reader, I aflc, fuppofing thefe Meafures were purfued, what Lofs ftiall we fuftain in our Breed of Sea- men I And who will be the Sufferers in Cafe of a Separation I ft Answer 4. But we have many other Re- fources ftill in Referve for the Increafe of Sai- lors, and the Encouragement of Shipping and Navigation. By the general Tenor of the pre- fent Corn Laws, wc difcourage the Importation of Oats, Peafe, and Beans from Ireland, unlefs under peculiar Circumftances ; though thefe are Articles which we daily want, and Articles likewife which would be fo far from interfering with — that the Importation of them, in the Event, would greatly promote the Agriculture of Great- Britain.— To make this Cafe plain, let it be ob- ferved, that we might allot every Year much larger Portions of Land, than we now do [and the Land be likewife in a better btate] for "Wheat, for Barley, or for Barley and Clover mixt, alfo for Turneps, Vetches, Ray-Grafs, Saintfoin, •!f i M I, 50 s:eries of answi:rs t© Saintfoin, Cabbages, Carrots, and other artificial Provender and Graffcs ; — provided we were al- lowed to inif ort good Stores of Oats, Peafe, and Beans from Ireland at all Times and Seafons. iVnd as the Culture of thefe Articles, as a Spring Crop, would beft fuit the moift Climate of Ire- land', fo alfo would the Culture of V/heat and Barley be better adapted to the drier Soil of England, In the next Place, let it be further obferved, that all the Surplus (after our own Confumption) whether of the Growth o{ Great- Britain or Irelandy would be ready on the Spot for Exportation to our Sugar Colonies. Not to mention that our Live-Stock of every Kind, »nd particularly of fat Cattle, might be greatly cncrcafed by this additional Quantity of Food and Nouriftiment. So that we might foon be enabled to fupply our Sugar Colonies, and all our Out- Settlements, with mod of the Nccefla- ries of Life in great Abundance. But, alas ! we have hitherto been fo bewitched with the Notion, that we could never favour dear America too much, that we have facrificed to that Idol every Opportunity of improving the Trade an^ Navigation of Great-Britain and Ireland, Answer 5. The Cafe of encreafing our Quantity of Live-Stock is of fuch Importance to Shipping and Navigation, as well as to all i\iS other Branches of Commerce, that 1 muft t>eg ^^ POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 51 beg Leave to give it a diftinft Confidcration,, I obferve then, that were apermanent^ not a tem- porary Law to pafs for the Admiffion of Live- stock from evct; Country (which in Reafon and good Policy ought always to be done), then we might import vaft Quantities of Pigs and Poultry from France and Flanders^ and young Cattle from almoft every Port in Germany^ J>enmarkj and the Baltic, Nay, I have beeti affured by a Foreigner of Diftindtion, who fpoke from his own Knowledge, that a good Cow may be bought in Hungary always for lefs than ten Shillings, and frequently for five : And that Droves of Hungarian young Cattle might be brought to, and - purchafed at Tfamburghy were a conft;int Intcrcourfe, and a ready Market eftabliflicd, for about 20s. or at moll 30s. per Head. Allow therefore about 2ps. more for Freight and Port Charges, Rilk, Loffes, Pro- fit, and Infurance: And then the Engli/h Far- mer on the Eaftern Shores of England might ftock his Grounds at a much lefs fixpence than he doth at prefent : The Cohfequence of which (like Water finding its Level) would foon be felt in the Weftern, and more diftant Parts. And the Difference between the original Price of fuch young Cattle abroad, compared with their Value, when grown to Maturity, and fat- tened here at Home, would be juft fo much dear Gains to the Landed- Inter eji of this Kingr- • < ■ ■•■'■■. dom. %i •f 52 S1:RIES of answers to ^om. Moreover refpefting the Commercial, let It beobfervcd, that the Hides, the Horns, the Hair, the Hoofs, nay the very Bones would be fo many additional Raw-Materials for future Manufactures After tliis, it is necdlefs to add, that all thele Gircumftances neceffarily tend to cncreafe Shipping and Navigation, Answer 6. Nevlrtheless I will here fup- pofe, [contrary to all Reafon, and every De- cree of Probability,] that after a Separation, ireai' Britain will fufFer fome fmall Diminution in the Number of its Sailors : Still, even on this Suppofition, improbable as it is, it doth by no Means follow, that we fhall have fewer Ships, or fewer Sailors, than we have at prefent, for the Defence of our central Territories, Great-Britain and Ireland* On the contrary, when we Ihall have a lefs extended Coad to guard by almoft 1 500 Miles [and this Coaft -aftually at Homey in the very Centre of our Empire, inftead of being 3000 Miles diftant from it] it is evident to common Senfc, that we (hall be better able to defend our Channel and narrow Seas with 100 Sail, great and fmall, than we could have been, to have defended both our own, and the diftant Coafts of America^ with 1 50 Sail. So much as to the comparative 5tate of the Increafe, or Decreafe of Britifli jailors, in Cafe a Separation Ihould take Place. OBJECTION w POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 53 £5 OBJECTION X. WOULD it not be better to continue fomc Kind of Union with I^e Colonies ac any Rate, rather than to throw them entirely ofF? Suppofe both Parts of the Britijh Nation, the European and the /imerican were ta remain united under one, and the fame Prince, but to aft as diftinft and feparate States, independent of each other in all other Refpcfts •, Would not even this be more dcfirable than a. total Separation ? Answer i. As this Scheme of Independency refpefting the Parliament, but not refpefting the King was, the favourite Topic of the Conr grefs 'till of ht- (when they entirely threw ofF the Ma(k, and entered into open Rebellion againll both); and as the fame Notion hath been advanced over and over by their Advo- cates here at Home, who have quoted the Cafe of the Eledtorate of Hanover^ as an Example, and Illuftration ; I (hall therefore examine this Matter with more Attention than it would ©therwife have deferved. Here ■I u 54 SERIES OP ANSWERS t© Here therefore I afk one plain, decifive Qiieftion, — Are Engliflimen and Hanoverians the fanne People, or the fame Nation ? Arc they the Subjeds of the fame Prince by one and the fame Title ? And do Hanoverians enjoy any one Pri- vilege cither at Home or Abroad, belonging to the Englijh Nation ? Certainly not : How then can thefe Cafes be pretended to be parallel? And to what Purpbfe are they brought, biit to perplex the Caufe, and to draw off the Atten-» tion of the Reader? To make the Cafes parallel^ we are to fuppofe an American to be as much an Alien, and to be as incapable by Law of en- joying any Honours, Places, or Preferments in thefe Realms, as an Hanoverian is : "We are alfo to fuppofe him. excluded from all thofe com-, mercial Benefits and Protcftions by Sea or Land, which are poiTeffcd, and have by Treaties been acquired, by the Englijh Government, for the fole Ufe of EngUJli Subje(5ts:~Nay, we are to fuppofe ftill further, viz. That the Americans never owed any Allegiance to his Majefty by Virtue of his being King of Great-Britain^ and of the Dominions thereunto belonging ;— but as being King of America by a feparate, diftinft, and independent Title. All this, I fay, muft be previoufly fuppofed. But alas ' this is not what the Congrefs and their republican Advo- cates ever meant to fay, or wifhcd to fuppofe. Their ^m POPULAR OBJECTIONS. sS Their Bufincfs was, to play the Lcgcrdcmaitv of Cups and Balls with Common Scni'e and Common Honefty. For when any Englifli Be- ntjii was to be enjoyed, then we were gravely told, that Americans yicrc as much EngliJ/tmena^ ourlelves, and therefore ought to be permitted to enjoy the fame Privileges and Advantages ia common with us : But when any Eng/ijh Bur- thens were to be born, or any EngUfli iTaxes to be raifed, for the Maintenance of thcfc Privi- leges—then truly the Americans vi^vtno longer EngliJIimeny. but a diftindt and feparate People, who ought not to have been taxed without their own Conleru. Away ye Advocates for Treafon and Rebel- lion ! Away with luch Jefuitifm and Chicane ! And ye pretended Patriots, either Hay and rea- fon at Plome like fair and honelt Man •, or clfe throw off your Difguife, ad openly, and leave us. Go, and join your Aflbciatcs in Ame- rka^ and there be happy in your free and equal Democratic Governmer'ts. There preach up the Dodrine, that every human moral Agent is to be his own Legiflator, his own Governor, and his own Diredlor. There maintain your funda- mental Paradox, that no Man ought to obey any Laws, impofcd upon him without his own Con- iient: And there alfo refufe to pay any Taxes, which af ,!i^^ 56 SERIES OF ANSWERS to which had not received your own Approbation. The Congreflcs, both Provincial and Conti- nental, will undoubtedly liften with attentive! Ears to thefc inftruftive Leflbns : And they will fufFer you to fpurn at their Authority with the fame Impunity, that you fpurn at ours. •Answer 2. Let us now fuppofe anothfcr Cafe, riz. That the jimericans are declared by Law to be as much Aliens and Foreigners^ as the Ha- noverians are : But to be, like them, fubjeft tc the fame Prince, under a feparatc and indepen- dent Title ; What would be the Confequence of fuch an heterogeneous Syftcm ? Nothing furely very defireable, if we can rely either on the Experience of what is paft, or on Reafoning as to what may come. Bv n.^.pprience we learn, that our Junfliori with Hanover was Tin from being a BlefTing to cither Country. For it is well known that th^ innocent Inhabitants of that Eledlorate have been involved, for our Sakes, in all the Calami- ties of War, whilfl we ourfelves enjoyed no Sort of Advantage from their Mifery, unlcfs the Lavifliing of our Blood and Treafure in De- fence of a Country not to be defended, can be called an Advantage. The Words of the Ame- rican Pamphlet, Common Senfe are here very true 1 1 POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 57 true, and very apropos, — " The Miferics of *' Hanover fin the) laft War ought to warn ** us againft Connedlions." Nay, we are farther taught by long Experience, that the Genius of the Englijit is peculiarly unfit to be joined with any other People, upon and equal Footing, or 'n a co-ordinate State \ of which their Behaviour towards the Scotch and /r/V//, as well as towards the Hanoverians^ is too (Iriking an Example to pafs unnoticed. Though indeed, properly and ftridly fpcaking, Scotland is not co-ordinate, but united and incorporated with England^ at the earned Requeft of the Englifh : which Circumftance renders the daily and bitter Re- proaches of the Engli/Ji againft the Scotch ftill more inexcufable ; for the Americans have de- clared, one and all, that they never will be united or incorporated with Great Britain. And in refpcdl to Ireland^ *till the much-wilhed-for Union can take Place, this Country is not co-or~ dinate^ but 2i fub-ordinate State. For the Proofs of which, fee the Declaratory A61 of 6th of George I. made to quell the Tumults excited by the fadious * Writings of Mr. Molineux. See alfo my Addrefs aod Appeal to the Landed * A further Account will be given of thefe Writings m my Anfwer to Mr. Lock ; wherein will be explained, how far Mr. M ) L I N E u X himfelf praftifed, or wiflicd to pradlife, his own Doftrine. E Inccrcft, KClM>u;.lUUaMkH % h; 58 SERIES OF ANSWERS to Intereft, Pages 80--84. Now after a due Con- fidcration of thcfe Fads, I a(k, doth Experience and pad Trials warrant us to fay, that a Junc- tion with Hanover is found to be of fuch a na- tional Advantage, that we ought to attempt the like Plan in regard to America ? •if' I ! But this is not all : For our Reafoning on the Cafe ftill llrengthcns the Argument againft a Junftion with America. Thus for Example, Hatwuer is but a little Way off, and is indeed but a little Country if compared to America ; nor can it ever be a greater : But above all, the Mafs of the Inhabitants of that Electorate have never been inftrudled in any Notions, as a Rule cf Dufy, but thofe of SubmiflTion and Obedience. Wher(;as America is an immenfe Country, the nearefl Part of which is 3000 Miles diftant from Great- Fritain : And the Americans in general are defcribed by t, > own Friends and Advo- cates, as fome of the moft litigious;, turbulent, and ungovernable People upon Earth. [See Mr. Burke's Speech, and my Anfwer to it. Pages 13—26.] Answer 3. Tlancuer can never wreic from England the Seat of Empire ; for every Thing confpires to prevent the very PofTibility of fuch a Pfojed : Whereas it has been the unanimous Opinion 1 ' POPULAR OBjiCT IONS. 59 Opinion of the North-Americans for thefe 50 Years pad, that the Seat of Empire ought to to be transferred from the lefler, to the greater Country, that is, from England to America, or as Dr. Franklin elegantly phrafed it, from the Cock-Boat to the Man of War. Moreover the famous American Pamphlet, Common Senfe (in the Compofition of which Dr Franklin and Mr. Adams are fuppofed to be principally con- cerned) declares it to be prepofterous, abfurd, and againft the Courle of Nature, that a great " Continent fhould be governed by an Ifland. •« In no Inftance hath Nature made the Satellitie " larger than its primary Planet : And as Eng- " land and America, with refpedt to each other, *' reverfe the common Order of Nature, it is *« evident they belong to different Syftems; ** England to Europe, and America to itfelf.'* E2 OBJECTION 6o SERIES or ANSWERS riy ^^£,.^mxj^j^m^^:^>^<^o'^^ i'< \y- f ,.' i O B J E G T I O N XL WILL not the fevering America from Eng- land have the fame £ffe6b in our poli- tical Confliitution, as that of cutting off, or ftriking away a main Prop, a maffy Pillar, or a ilrong Buttrcfs from an ancient, crazy Building? Ansvter I. Metaphorical Objcdtions are beft confuted by metaphorical Replies. The EngliJIi Conftitution is by no Means crazy in iflelf : It is built of Materials the beft, the ftrongeft, and the moft durable of any yet difr covered in the World. Moreover it hatH this peculiar Excellence, that every Part of it llrengthens the other Parts, at the fame Time that it fup ports \tit\i.-—Ponderibus lihrata fuiSy was a juft Compliment paid it by an excellent Judge, Monf. de Lolme^ in his admirable Trea- dle on the Englifli Conftitution. But as all Things may be impaired by Time, and more efpecially as tiic beft of Things may be injured by unfliilful Treatment, fo it hath happened, that ignorant Undertakers have endeavoured to repair, and perhaps, a>s they imagined, to deco- rate this goodly Fabric, by fticking many addi- ^ . . . > tional POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 6r tional Buildings to it, which had no real Ufe, Symmetry, or Proportion •, but which have weakened the original Stru6ture, by drawing ic -'©ut of its true Perpendicular. Answer 2. Metaphor apart:— As our •Conftitution is compofed of three different Powers, the Regal, the Arifl:ocraiica], and the Democratical ; and as the Mock-Patriots and Republicans are in full Cry, that the Crown hafh too much Power already by the Difpofal of fo many Places -, I afk, With what Face can thefe Men oppofe a Separation, if they really think what they fay ? The Places in North- America lately in the, Difpofal of the Crown (or if youpleafe, of the Mihiftry) were (great and fmall) fome- Hundreds. And yet you, a (launch Patriot ! You, who are for ever crying out, O Liberty ! O my Country !) You who de- fire to counter-adt the Influence of the Crown ••by legal and conftitutional Means, wifli ne- verthelefs to retain dear Atmrica with all its evil Appendages of Places, Penfions, Sine- Cures, Contrads, Jobs, &c. &c. &c. What Abfurdity ! What Inconfillency is this ! Surely there muft be fome deeper Reafon for fuch a Condud than any that has been yet afligned. t ^1 Answer 3. The true Reafon is the follow- ing. As long as ever North-America fliall re- E3 main I r .1 iv ^ r i! ,r.: iili I C4 C/wurs, is adje. , in order to clear up the dejtgned Aml>i;^L '> f the refpcdlive Authors in fome Piacci, and to fix' and aicertaia their ttM$ and ^ratjical Meaning in others : «i C( (( <( cc (( (( tc it 4( (( POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 63 whole Community, there is a State of the mojl perfetl political Liberty. On the other Hand, in Cotintrics, where a Man is by his j5/>///, or Fortune excluded from thefe Offices, or from a Power of voting for proper Perfons to fill them : That Man, whatever be the Form of Government, or whatever civil Li- berty, or Power over his own Adtions he may have, has no Power over thofe of another, he has no Share in the Government^ and there- fore has no political Liberty at all. r- (( cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc ** It may be faid, that no Society upon Earth was ever formed in the Manner repre- prefented above. I anfwer it is true ; be- caufe all Governments whatever have been, in fome Meafure, compulfory^ tyrannical^ and op- preffive in their Origin : But the Method I have defcribed, viz. [that every Member ought to have an e^ual Power of arriving ac iht fapreme (offices of the State] muft be allow- ed to be the only equitable and fair Method of form ng a Society. And fince every Man others ; I fay^ their/m in Proportion to their Numbers, and Circumilanccs, at leaft equally guilty with others in thefe Refpeds ? Nay more, is it not notorious, that where-ever they have Power, and can adl as Landlords, eleftioneering- Managers, principal Ma- nufafturers, Jufticec of the Peace, &c. &c. They arc left fcrupulous than others in theUfe of Power for the Purpofes of undue Influence, and OppreJJion? — A Man muft be ftark- blind, who cannot fee theie Things. In Ihort (Religion apart, they having no Religion to cant about) the Race of the Sir Hudihrajfes^ and the Ralphos is very far from beinjj extinft. ought» • , i f*"-, f ^'' ti 72 SERIES OF ANSWERS t6 ought, not o ily to wi//i earneftly, but alfo to f^/U earneftly, after the Example of the brave jlmericans^ in order to procure more Liberty, . and a better Conftitution than we now have]. And now, Reader, having given thefe Sam- ples of Republicanifm, I hcic lodge my lolemn Appeal, whether any ftrained, any forced, or unnatural Conftrudion ha.ih been put on the Senfe and Meaning of th^ll* much boafted pa- triotic V/rirers. If there hath not, the Cale is clear, and the Point is decided: But if there hath, it is eafy to make the fame appear by examin- . ing the Contents, and fpecifying Pa'-ticulars. IVlultitudes of Quotations might have been pro- , duced from other Authors to the fan;e Eife6b : But furely thele are fuincient : And from thefc . it rnuft appear, that as long as ever tne Conti- nent of America fhall remain connefled with ■Great- Britain, under any Mode or Form what- ever, fo long will the Champions for American Kcpubiicanilm be ilirring up the People to re- bel; and to eftabli'lia republican Tyranny, the woril of all Tyrannies, indead of the prelent (Tovernment, v/hich is certainly the lead oppref- five, tlie mildeft, the beft poifed, and the mofh realbnabie upon Earth, In a Word, nothing fnorc of a total Separation, can prevent the fpreadingj or can radically cure the Contagion -:"'. ■ " ■- ■ of • : t>OPULAR OBJECTIONS. 73 of Rcpublicanifm. And this would do it i for it is hardly poffiblc tofuppofe, that cither of thefe Writers would have dared to have gone fuch great Lengths, had it not been for the Maxim, defendit numerus^ and that they forefaw, that the great Caufe of America would become a Cleke for tkeir 6ins. Indeed Hr. Price repeat- edly d.sclares in his Pamphlet, and mightily glories in it, that the Time is near at hand, when America and Great-Britain muft neceffarily feparate. If fo, Do£lor, why not feparate at prefent ? And what Reaftni can you give for not embracing this, the moft favourable of all Op- portunities ? An Opportunity, which would put an End to all Wars, and even Rumours of Wars (of this Kind) probably for ever ; which would turn our bwords into Plow- Shares, and our Spears into Pruning Hooks ; and, what is (till more, which would fave you the Trouble of writing more Panegyrics on the Bleilings of Anarchy and Confufion.— " Oh, no: This is not the convenient Seafon for parting: For we cannot, we ought not, to feparate from America at prefent. Whilft America continues '* in Connexion with us (it matters not what " that Connexion is) it can, and will afifift us " in carrying on the great and neceflary Work' " of d.free and equal Republic. At the worft, ['- it may ferve as a maflced Battery, from which F 5^e (( (C «c If- : 74 SERIES OF ANSWERS to " wc may, fafely, and under Cover, annoy " fbofe detefted Foes of the Liberties of " Mankind, the Friends of a Britijh, conftitu- *' tional Monarchy. But if we (hould be fcpa- •' rated, all thcfe Advantages will neceffarily " ceafc -, and we (hall be deprived of the Ame- «« rican Affiftance for ever. Therefore, 'till that «* happy Period fhall arrive, we muft make the *' Caufc oi America our own: For, indeed it is «« QfK and thejatne fhing.*\ \ < ! ' ' -^ * :' , ^ > > * r. M -», . • , <•!•! OBJECTION POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 75 y / IC e is, OBJECTION XIL IF it be right to feparacc from North-Atnfrkay will not the fame Arguments lead to prove, that it will be right to feparate from Ireland alfo? But can fuch a Scheme be ronfiftent with Com- mon Senfe, or Common Prudence? (See a fcurrilous anonymous Tfa<5t to this Kffe(5t, printed, I think, tor Bzcket.] )N Akswesl I . Such a Scheme, as here propofed, would afluredly be inconfifient with Common Senfe, and Common Prudence : But certainly it hath no Manner of Connexion v^ith the Argu- ments in Favoiir of a Separation from North- America. Ireland is in a Manner at our own Doors, and almoft in Sight of our Coafts; whereas America is 3000 Miles off. To make the Cafe parallel, you muft {ttt Ireland afloat ; and then if you can pufli it but i®oo, inftead oi 3000, Miles from our Shores, I will allow that all the former Arguments wiil ftand good, and oe very conclufive. Nay, I will allow, that we o'ught to have no more Connexion with Ireland^ in Reafon and good Policy, than we hnve with yikily or Sardinia, with Madeira, or the Canaries. F 2 But ■p i; 76' SERIES OP ANSWERS to ' * But Providence hath fixt Ireland to be our neareft Neighbour; and as the Country is too fmall to be a feparate, independent State of it- felt", it mud depend either on Great-Britain^ or on Ibme other governing and prot«:6t:ing Power. Therefore the only proper Queftion is, To whom, or to what Country, for its own Sake, as well as for ours, ought it to belong ? And furely this Quellion is foon anfwered. Answer 2. Ireland is, very unluckily for the republican Facftion, lugged into this Debate i for whenever they have recourfe to the Cafe of Ireland, they are fure of receiving a * fignal Overthrow. The only proper Inference to be drawn from the Defeinltead of being exaggerated, is greatly deficient. Neverthelels 1 here repeat (what I have often faid> and proved before) it by no means follows, that we (hall lofe our Trade to Norths America by a Separation : Whereas it is obvious to common Senfe, that we may dou" hie our Trade to Ireland^ if we will incor- porate with that Kngdom, and if, by re- moving our ablurd, prohibitory, and reftrain- ing Laws, we will make of both Countries, one grand S)i>em of civil Government, and commercial Polity, OBJECTION ^ f I » POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 79 visiaeMnKei^jsimiiSfemcsi^ 1 OBJECTION XHL IF we fhould feparate from North-America^ what Recompencc fhall we be able to make to thofe faithful Americans^ who have fuffered for their Loyalty to the King, and their Allegiance to the Briti/fi Government ? Answer i. The Continuance of the War is hy no Means a likely Method of procuring a juft and adequate Compenfation for the unhappy Sufferers. For fuppofe what is called the beft : Suppofe we Ihould fubdue the Americans^ and compel them to accept of any Terms which we ifhall pleafe to lay upon them : — Still what fhall we get ? And wherein fhall either we, or even the Loyalifts be in better Circumftances ? 'Tis true, we fiiall take Pofle/Tion of a large Country ♦, but it will be a Country almoft ruined, snd deferted. For moft of the Inhabi- tants, mad with enrhufiattic Notions of the Bleflings of Independency, and fctting little Value on Lands, which thev- know are not com- parable cither for Goodnefs, or Healthineft with thofe on the other Side of the Alligahenny Mountains, will certaiply retire thither, as Mr. F 4 BURK£ . « ;i !l I ■ii lb SERIES OF ANSWERS to Burke bctore me has well obferved : Thither, t fay, where they have Kcafon to believe our regular Troops cannot purfue them to Advantage ; and from whence they can make daily Incurfions on our defencelefs Frontiers. In Refped to the few Inhabitants, who will not, or can not re- rnove, their rxceflive Poverty will render them (for many Years to come) incapable of paying fufficient Taxes even for their own Defence, mivch lefs for making a full and adequate Compen- fation for the Injuries they have done to others. ]Now thefe Things will certainly happen, fup- pofinL even that we Ihould prove viftorious. But on the contrary, if wc (hould mifcarry at laft (which is certainly a fuppofcable Cafe) then we fhall be difabled, not only from compelling the Rebels to make Rcllitution of their Lands and irioufes to the Loyalifts, hut alfo from re- lieving them ourfelves. • I I Answer 2. The befl, the mod effedtual, and in the End the lead expenfive Method ■would be, to order a fair and reafonable Eili- mattr t«> be made of their Lofles; and then to indemnify the Sufferers out of the cur- rent Services of the Year. A public Lottery or two, 01 even a Million taken out of the Sinking Funils wculd perhaps be more fatisfadtory to the ouiicicij>, than any other Mode of Com- penfation. POPULAR OBJECTIONS. «i JDcnfation. Which Sums, ncvcrthclefs, if they (hould prevent the Cofts of but one Year's Campaign by Sea and Land, would be a great and defireable Saving of the Expcnce of Bloody and by much the chcapcft in regard to treafure. But above all, we ought always to remember, that we can better fpare Seas of Treafurc, than Rivulets of Blood : And that there hardly ever returns a Moiety of the Men who firft go out, fit for Service at the End of two Campaigns, even tho* there (hould not be one pitched Battle fought. Not to mention, that many of thefc Sufferers may be fully and properly indemnified, and at no Expence to the Public, by fuch Pro- motions in Church, or State, in the Revenue, the Army, and Navy, as their refpedive Ta- lents, Occupations, or Profeflions have rendered them fitteft for. Answer 3 If fuch Loyalifts, who are Ka- tives of America^ are fo in Love with the Air and Climate of that Country, that nothing lefs than a Return to it again can content them, (which feems to be the Cafe with feme of them) then even they may be gratified in their Wifhes, by a proper Difpofition of our Forces now on Duty in that Country. For as a great Part of the Provinces of A^(?w T^r^, New J erf ey^ Ten- fdvaniay and Maryland^ are at prcfcnt open to i.ft.'i our '.I. ■ I "l';f ill' '■IT. 9s SERIES OF ANSWERS to our Land Forces and at all Times acce/Hble by Sea v and as they are likewife the moft cen- tral Provinces, whofe Inhabitants are the lead infefted with the Madnefs of the Times-,— it will be no difficult Matter, whild cur Fleets and Armies are on the Spot, to credl thefe Provinces into four fcparatc and * independent Republics, under the immediate Protc6lion and Guardian- fnip of GreahBriiain, Thither therefore the well-afTciflcd Refugees, now refiding either in Great-Britain^ or in the adjoining Coloni iv ,.v d i/j :/^ 1.0 I.I ki 128 1 2.5 |io ■^™ M agi ^ 124 11:25 II u 2.2 2.0 18 1.6 V2 ^n "J / >+, Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 •1>^ iV ^^ :\ \ "% V -<* '^..1? ^.^^, t ^ I aadi long endeavouring to over-turn the Conftitution in Church and State. Real Pa- TR.ro.TS» who are perfuaded of thefe important Truths, ought to move for a fpeedy Separation^ but no others* As to how manyyOt how few there are of this Peifuafior ^ that is another Queftion, which cannot be fo eafily deter- mined, whilft there is fuch a Variety of Motives for a Man's concealing his Sentiments. How- ever, one Thing is certain, that this Doftrinjc is making Converts every Day 5. and that many Perfons, even of great Eminence and Diftinc- tion,, avow it at prefent, who formerly treated it \LVdx Marks of JLevity and Ridicule^ Answer f POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 85 Answer 2. Though mere minifterial Men fliould be afraid to propofc a Separation ; and tho' the Herd of Mock-PatrwtSy oi republican Bigots, and of * French Fcnfioners, (hould dc- cbim bitterly againft it; yet (God be thanked) wc are not fo deftitnte of Men of unbiaflcd Principles, and of independent Fortunes, as to defpair of Succefs. The chief Misfortune isv that many who approve of the general Plan, and w juld heartily join in it (were it once fct on Foot by others) yet do not chufe to appear themfevcs the firft in promoting it. Now, tho* great Timidity and great Caution are Qualities not amifs in fomc Circumftanccs, and are extremely proper in others •, yet in the pre- fent Cafe they are highly detrimental \ as they afford Opportunities to the impudent, and the daring, to Men of no Principles, or of very er- roneous and dangerous ones, to erecl their own Syftems on the Ruin of their Country. Answer 3. There is the lefs Reafon to defpond in this Affair, becaufe the former Prejudices are all wearing off^; and, what is ftill more, becaufe every Man now plainly fees, that we fhall never be able to retain the Americans in See my Addrefs and Appeal, Pages 9 — 19. .1! due i t S6 SERIES OF ANSWERS to due and conftitutional Subjediion (even fup- pofing diat we conquered them in the prcfent War) but at fuch an Expencc both of Men, sind Money, as would, in the Event, prove our Riiin. , i The former commercial Prejudices wcfe, that the American Trade was the only one worth confidering, in a national View j and that our Trafic with other Countries, efpecialiy with the Nations of Europe, was hardly to be defired* in Comparifon with this.— The Revcrfe of all whit;h is, by Experience, proved to be the Fact. And the Author of thefc Trafts againft the rebel Americans now appears in a very different Light in moft Men's Eyes to what he did fomc Years ago. Indeed were a little innocent Mirth to be indulged on this OccaQon, it is really di* verting to rccolkdt what abfurd and nonfenficai Stuff was vented to miflead, and inflame the People. Nay, thofe patriotic Worthies, the News-Writers not only proclaimed the Down- fall of the Commerce of this opulent Kingdom, but alfo ventured to foretell that a Set of Cice- ronis would appear, in a Century or two, who (for Want of Employ) were to condu<^ inquifi- tive Strangers over the Ruins of this our once great Metropolis. " Here, Gentlemen, flood *' Wejiminjler Hallf and adjoining to it was the " Parliament I POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 87 ** Parliament Hoiife: Let us now go and view " another famous Ruin. Here, Gentlemen, ** was a Place called the Royal Exchavge^ where *' Merchants ufed to meet, when Merchants " lived in this Country." Kind and inftruc- tive ! And you too, my ingenious Dofbor, you, a Writer on moral Obligation, could condefcend to lend your affifting Hand in this good Work: You too could think it not below your Dignity to pronounce a Kind of funeral Oration over the dead Corpfe of the Bank of England. Poor Bank of England ! Unfortunately taken cap- tive in the American War, and afterwards fcalped, and put to Death in cold Blood by an American Sachem, one Dr. Price. But furely. Sir, you was fadly taken in to be made fuch a Tool, to bedaub your Fiii»gers in fuch dirty Work. Your pretended grand Dif- covcry is„ after all, no more than this — that when a Man [a Corporation of Men makes no Diffe- rence, as to the Truth of the Cafe] fhall mort- gage his Lands, or pledge his Perfonals for more than they are worth, fuch Mortgage or Pledge yNiWfofar not be valid. — Indeed ! tuum^ ve hoc obfecro ? vetus credidi.-^ And if he fingly, or the Corporation jointly, (hall divide fuch bad Mortgages or Pledges into lefler, called Notes ©f Hand, Bills, Bank-Bills, &c. &c. each of thefc fmaller bad Mortgages or Pledges will be proportionably p eS SERIES or ANSWERS ta proportionably Z'^^likewife. Wonderfully great and new ! And, as you faid of one of Mr. Burke's Speeches, admirable and excellent ! Go on therefore, great Sir, and continue to il- lumine our dark Minds with more Difcoveries. Go on, and prove to a Demonftration, that a Guinea, for Inftance, if it fhould be light in Weight, or of a greater Alloy than the Standard, is fo far a had Guinea^ ?. But, my kind Inftruftor, while you are bu- lled in thele abjlrufe Inveftigations, you omitted to mention one Thing, which perhaps is the only Thing worth mentioning in this Affair, viz. That the great national Security againft be- ing over-run with Paper Money, or Paper Credit is, that no Banker's Note, not even a Note of the Bank of England^ can be offered in J'ayment as a legal 'Tender. Now this you emitted to mention. But why ? Even becaufe your favourite honeji Americans had made a Law formerly, and h^ve fince made a fimilar Law, declaring that Paper Money may be offered as a legal 'Tender^ and that itmuftbc accepted, under Penalty of Death.^ as a full Difcharge. [See this ini^iuitous Proceeding expofed in feveral of my Tiaifls, and particularly in Tra6l V. dedicated to the Continental Congrefs.] Now Dr. Price ehofe to conceal this important Circumftance. But. h *' POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 89 But dill fome perhaps will be apt to alk, Why is Dr. Price fo full of Wrath particularly againft the Bank of England? And what Part of their Condu6t has ftirred up his patriotic In- dignation to fucha Degree ? 1 will inform them by telling the whole Truth refpeding a certain Tranfadion, where the Doctor contents himfelf with telling a little Truth, a very little indeed, omitting every Circumdance, which would have placed the Subjeft in ajuit and proper Light. Ever fince the Reign of Qiieen Ann (and how long before cannot be afcertained) it was cuftomary with Government, when in Want, to get Money advanced by rich Individuals on the Credit of the Land and Malt. Tax-, which Sums were repaid, as foon as the Money arifing from thefe Taxes wer^ received and brought into the Exchequer. This Pradice was attend- ed with bad Confequences. For firft, the Mo- ney was generally borrowed on very difadvan- tageous Terms; the Lenders making a Prey of the Public, ih Proportion as the Exigencies of the State became more apparent : And fe- condly, if the Lenders found themfelves di- ftreffed for Money btfort the Time of Payment of the Taxes came round, which was frequently the Cafe -, they ufed to fend, or carry thefe ex- chequer Tallies to the ALLEY in order to G raife i ^ >imiit^. ■y ■■*'.• mi TO ' ( 96 SERIES OF ANSWERS raife Money on them. This laft Circumftance^ was, not only v^ery detrimental^ but very dif- ^r^f^r/iw/ahu to Government Detrimental it was,, becaufe in the Event, it enhanced the Premi- um for Lending •, and difgraceful^ becaufe it ex- pofed the Exigencies of the State to our Ene- mies abroad, and to every wanton Scribler, or ma- levolent Incendiary at Home. [But N. B. Dr. Price did not chufe to utter a Syllable of alK this.] Therefore the Bank and the Miniftry agreed, that they [the Bank] (hould advance the Money on ffiore moderate Terms than ever : And that none of thefc exchequer Tallies Ihould appear at Market to be hawked about for the future. Therefore now they arc never fecn in Public, as heretofore, but being fafely locked up in the Bank, are delivered out^ and cancel- led in Proportion as the Money is brought in. This Account I had from a worthy Perfon, who certainly ought to know ; becaufe he is princi- pally concerned in the Traniadion. He is a Diflenterlikewifej-but a very different one fronii the modern Stamp, and not at all infedled with the prefent diflenting Madnefs. However, this Lendirtg of Money to Go- vernmentj on fuch eafy and konourable Terms,- is the Offence which has incenfcd Dr. Price, and all the Patriot* Aiid thexcfor.o they all. ex- claim. OE, -ex- aim. POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 91 claim bitterly againft it. Why do the Miniftry borrow at all ? Why not (lay *till the Taxes are received, and 'till regular Payments can be made ? Why fo lavilh of the public Treafure ? Why fo like a fpendthrift young Heir not of Age, wafting the Eftate before he is in Poflef- iion of it ? &c. &c. Doftor I will tell you : It is becaufe your whole Fadtion (whether you are perfonally concerned, you befl: can tell) have put Government to fuch enormous Expences, by exciting the Americans to rebels that the Mi- niftry are forced [unle.s they will adopt my Scheme] to anticipate the public Revenue, after the Manner above defcribed : — I fay, by exciting the Americans to rebel : For the Americans thcmfelves declare, that they never would have gone fuch Lengths, had they not received the Hioft folemn and ample AflTurances from your Party, that vigorous Meafures would be taken to fupport them. Therefore I affert, that the Americans have been betrayed into Rebellion by the falfe Hopes given them by their daftardly Encouragers here at Home : — And confequently that every Drop of Blood, and every Shilling of Money expended in this Quarrel, ought to be put to the Account of your Fadion of Republic can Bigots, and Mock Patriots, I do not fay in- deed, that any of you wiftied, that the Americans would have thrown off the Malk fo foon, and G 2 have m 92 SERIES OF ANSWERS to . have declared with fuch Vehemence againft all kingly Government. No, this is what you did not uifh, becaufe you wanted to have made ^cols ot them, in order 10 h >ve brought your own Schemes of more Liberty, and a better Confti- tutionfirfi to bear. And then :— But they were too precipitate, and both of you have been diHip- pointed in your Turns :— You — by their Over- Eagernefs for attaining the wifhed-for Obje6t of 2ifret and ! Dr. Price's 3ook.is as much in Vogue at prcfenf, as Dr. SacheVkrel's Noii- \ Ctpnfe was formerly with theie Gentry.. Q ^ ^' Eledion, i ii- iC (C p SERIES OF ANSWERS t«» ^' deding, and depofing Kings fhould be made •* the Subject of daily Gonverfation. This Right is one of thofe defpfratf Remedies, which never, fliould be adminiftered but in defperate Cafes; ** and therefore is not fit for vulgar Ufe, oi^ *' common Praftice. We all know, that the *' Revolution was a neceflary Work ; but there " is a wide Difference bee ween' Neceflity, and *' Wantonnefs. When therefore 1 hear, that •' " Men are for ever inculcating the Duty of put- *' ting revolutional Principles in Pra^ice^ with- " out regard to Times and Circumftances, and *' whether in Seafon, or out of Seafon ; I al- *« ways fufpedl, that thefe Men mean to fay, *' we wifh to over-turn the prefent Conftitution, ^' and to eredt a Republic in its Room !.'* Nay more, this confiitutional Whig, ind truly ' great Lawyer had the Courage to maintain, in a, folemn and judicial Charge, the Prerogative of the Crown in the ^reat Affair of PrelTing ; not- withilanding the popular Prejudicies were fo ftrong, and the Mock- Patriots fo clamorous againft it. And when he printed his Speech, I had the Honour of difperfing many Copies of this unanfwerable Trail, as foon as printed, and long before it was publifhcd with the reft of his Works in the Folio Edition. But I hear, that one, or two of okhx Law-Patriots [whofe feditiousi and POPULAR OBJECTIONS, qf; and inflamatory Harangues have been regarded in America as the Oracles of Law] have fpoken (lontemptuoufly of this Performance, and hive commended the /Imericans lor refufing at all Times, as well as at prefent, to pay any Regard to Judge Foster's Law Authorities. If tiiis is the Cafe, let them fpeak out, let them publilh their Objedions, and li^^t their Names to what they publifh. — Time will Ihew the relt. As a Clergyman, it is often objeded to me, that I am a mercenary Wretch (or as iVIr. Burke was pleafcd to phrafe it, a Court Vermin) writing for Preferment. This is very hard and Cruel, after fo many folemn Declarations to the contrary. Let it therefore be obfervcd, that whereas I had often faid before, I would never diredbly, or indiredlly feek for Preferment ; I will here add, once for all, that I will never accept of any, even tho* offered to^ and preffed upoii me. ' ' So HELP ME God. Having now, I think, faid enough on this Subject to convince thofe, who are capable of Conviftion, .1 (hall proceed to obferve in gene- ral, that of all Controverfies agitated in modern Times, this "bout the Colonies appears to have |>een carried on by their friends and Advocates t • * ' with ill' 98 SERIES OP ANSWERS T© with the moft Vuulcnce, and with the leaft Re- gard to Truth and Decency. [No bad Argument this, in my Opinion^ independently of others, why we (hoiild wifh for a Separation, in Order to put an End to fuch Procedures.] As to Ik- ^€myy indeed there was not much Ground to cx- ped it from the common Herd of Mock- Patriots,, and reipublican Bigots, confidering who thty are, what are their Aims and of what Materials moft of them are made : And ftiil lefs "Was the Profpeib that they would pay a due Regard to TRUTH. But ncverthelefs, as they have Writers of Eminence among them, and fuch Writers too, who before this contagious Difor- fder, had maintained a fpotlefs Charadiier ; one might have hoped for better Things from them. And yet. Reader, what a falling away has there been even in the beft of them ! Dr. Pric£ hioi- ^If not excepted! In my Letter to Mr. Burke (whofe unpro- voked Ufage compelled me to cenfure and ex- pofe him, as I am now conftrained to do by Dr. Price) I obferved at Page 11, " That in Pro- *' ccfs of Time the Notion, that Dominion was •' founded in Grace,, grew out of Falhion [with *« the Antinomian Fanatics of New-England^'] «' but that the Colonifts continued to be Repub- •' licans ftiU, only JRepublicans, of another Gom- ^' pledion. I POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 99 ^' pledion. They are now Mr. Locjce*s Difci- " pics, who has laid down fuch Maxims in his ** Tfcatife on Government, that if they were to ** be executed according to the Letter, and m V the Manner the Americans pretend to under- *' ftand them, they would neceflarily unhing every '* Government upon Earth. I (hall at prefent f« mention onty four of them." [Which I did, , quoting both Book, and Chapter from whpnce I made my Extraft.] Now an open and ingenuous Opponent had firft to fay, if he thought proper to fay any Thing, that the Americans were net Mr. Lockf's pifciples, and to give his Reafons for that Afler- tion :— Or, fecondly, if he allowed them to be ' his Difciple?, that Mr. Locke's Pofitbns were not fo extravagant, and fo detrimental to the Peace of Society, as I had reprefented them ; — Or, thirdly,* that taking them even according tQ my Quotation, they were to be juftified, and and ought to be defended, by every true Friend to the Rights of Mankind : — I fay, an open and ingenuous Opponent would have adopted one or other of thefe Modes of Proceeding ; becaufe each of them is free from the low Cunning of . Equivocation, and mental Refervatipn. But what Method doth Dr. Price adopt in |hU Cafe ? He adopts neither of the former j ■^-^r -w r '■ but H • idb SERIES or ANSWERS to ' but wheels about, and attacks the Dean of Glocefterutidtv the Cover of ambiguous Expref- iipr. ^ capable of different Meanings-,— a Manoeuvre fit only for a bad Caufe! Dr. Price's Words are thefe [Page 9^, itt Edit.] *' One of the most violent Enemies of the ** Colonies has pronounced them all Mr. Locke's *' Difciples :--Glorious Title [ How fhameful it *' is to make War arrainft ihem for that Reafon ?" Now the obvious and natural Meaning of thelc Words, and the only Meaning, in which Dr. Price wifhed that his Readers fhould under- hand him, is, that the Perfon who had called the Colonifts Mr. Locke's Difciples, had like- wife recommended the makmg War againft them for that Reafon •, that is, becaufe they were Mr, Locke's Difciples. Now, as every Tittle of this Accufation is notoriaujly falfe y and as all my violent Enmity againft the Colonies rifes no higher than to wifh to throw them off, leaving them to themfelves, and to their own Imagina- tions, — What can Dr. Price fay to thefe Things ? And how can he clear himfelf from the Guilt of being a falfe Accufer ? I profefs, I know of no Salvo, no Sybterfuge whatever. For either he muft fubmit to this Imputation, or lie uuucr another, which, by adding Crime to Crime, and chicaning away the Meaning of the Paffagcs, is much worfe. And then his Defence and Vio- . dicatioA (( cc POPULAR OBJECTIONS, tot dkfttion would run much m the following Strain: " I did not mention Dr. Tucker by Name, ** therefore he needed not to have applied the •* Paflage to himfelf." But, Sir, the Circum- ftances prove, that you meant him. *' Do *' thiey ? Why then an Enemy might fignify only ** an Adverfary^ fuch as Dr. Tucker certainly " is." But a mvft violent Enemy •, what can that fignify ? ** A 'violent Enemy may fignify a violent *' Mverfary.^* Still, Sir, you cannot come off even by the Help of this Salvo; for you add immediately afterwards, " How fliamef ul it is tQ make War againft the Americans for being Mr. Locke's Difciples ;" therefore thisa;/W^»^ Enemy was likewifc for making War againft them, according to your State of the Cafe ? *« Oh no : 1 had there turned the Difcourfe by a " Figure in Rhetoric called Apojlrophe \ and wass " then thinking of the bloody-minded Miniftry> ** and not of Dr. Tucker." Bravo! — The Order of the Jefuits is now extinft : And cer- tainly there was no Need of continuing them any longer, even for teaching the Art of Chicane " and Equivocation, if we can find fuch adrdit Profeflbrs among Proteftants themfelves. As to the Apellation, glorious Title ! which Dr. Price bcftows on all Mr. Locke's Difciples ; furely it is not very confident for him, of all Men, who difclaims paying any Deference in Matters !• .^ I'i ' 162 SERIES or ANSWERS fo Matters of Argument and Reafon to any • hu- man Authority, when it makes againft him ; yet to exult fo much on the Authority of a fingle Man, >yhen it makes for him. But let this pafs at prefentj in Order that we may not anticipate what may further be faid on the Subjed of Mr. Locke. Indeed it is here particularly urged* as a dijih^l Confideration, that he was the great Friend of the Liberties oi Mankind : Arid I ani ready to allow, that fuch a Charac5l-cr is zglori- eus Tithy when truly and eminently defct-ved. But a mere AflTertion is no Proofi Therefore the great Qucftion is ftill remaining, viz. In what Refpefts did he fo eminently deferve to be ftiled the Friend of, and Champion for the Li- berties of Mankind ? Now 'till this can be fairly decided, furely it would be wrong to build fo high an Encomium as Dr. Price has done, on a mere Suppofition. In the mean Time, he xnuft give me Leave to mention one Circum- llance, which, according to my Ideas (I will • In myLetter toDr. Kippis (printed for Rivington). the Cafe is ftited, in what Refpeils, and under what Li- mitationsy Human Authority is admilTible in all Contro- verfies whatever, religious, civile philofophical, &c. &c* And it is further fhewn, that the Church of England lays no other Strefs on, or further claim to, any Authority than what is perfectly agreeable to the Rules of Procedure in all the Affairs of Human Life ;— and indeed 'witboHf 'which Djtjirte of it. Human Affairs could not be carried on. not l! • I t( «c POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 103 not anfwer for the Doflor's) makes no Ihining Part in the Charadler of Mr. Locke, as the Pa- tron, Proteftor, and Guardian of the common Rights of all Mankind. In his fundamental Laws of the Province of Carolina^ he lays it down as an invariable Maxim [Conltitution CX.] ** That •* every Freennan of Carolina fhall have abso- '* LUTE Power and Authority over his ** Negro Slaves." And at the Conclufion of this Code of Laws, he adds thefc remarkable Words: — ** Thefe Conftitutions, in Number 120, and every Part thereof, fhall be and r**- main the /acred and unalterable Form and Rule •' of the Government of Carolina for ever. •' Witnels our Hands and Seals the ift Day of •* March, 1669." Such is the Language of the humane Mr. Locke ! the great and glorious Aflfertor of the natural Rights and Liberties of Mankind, Now I have obferved already both in this, and in former Treatifes, that Republicans in gene- ral are for leveling all Diftinftions above them, and at the fame Time for tyrannizing over thofe, whom Chance or Misfortune have placed below them. And moft undoubtedly a ftronger Proof €>f this Condud could not have been given, than what is contained in the above Affertion of Mr. Locke. But here 1 foreiee^ that an Excufe, or Apology io4 SERIES ot AKSWERS to Apology (liich iis it is) will be attempted to be made ; " Mr, Locke was then a young Manj ** as appears by the Date of this Code of Laws *' [1669] And as he lived under the Reign of a •* tyrannical Stuart [Charges IL] it is nd <* "Wonder, that he fhould be a little tainted '* with the Vices of the Times." Well [wav- g at prefent the Confideratiort, that to follow a MUliitude to do Evil is no juft Excufe] let us attend this great Man to the ^ra ot Liberty, and to the Times fubfequent to the. Revolution: Nay, let us fee, what were his real Sentiments concerning Slavery in that very Treatife, which was faid to have been wrote in Defence of the Revolution : A ftrange Defence it was ! I meaii his Treatife oh Government* For in that very Treatife, Book 2, Chap. 7, tii political or civil Society. We find the following aftoniftiing Po- fition. " There is another Sort of Servants, ** which by a peculiar Name we call Slaves^ •* who beirlg Captives taken in a juft JVar^ are «« by the Right of Nature^ S^h]t^td to the Afr- *' SOLUTE Dominion, and arbitrary Power «« of their Mafters" Reader, 1 cah proceed ho farther*, for the Point is here decided, as far as the Judgment of Mr. Locke can decide it. [And if fie nas maintained Opinions in other diftant Parts of his Book^ y ' > POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 105 Book, which fern to contradidl this Poficion, I am not to be anfwerable for hh/eeming Contra- diflion.] Nothing therefore now remains, but to determine, whether this, or any other War carried, or to be carried on, is juji, or unjuft. And two Sets of Cafuifts will always make quick Difpatch with that Matter : Our Guinej Cap- tains in one Inftance, andfuch Parry-Writers as •Dr. Price in the other. Indeed Dr. Price has already determined, chit thc: War on the Part of the Amerkans is merely defenfive^ confequi-ntly jufi and netejfnry. Thei^fore it mull follow ac- cording to the above Polition of Mr. Locke, fhat every Englifliman taken Priionerin thc pre- fent War, is by the Right of Nature^ to he jubjeU $0 tht abfolute DeminwH and arbitrary Power of his American Mafler. And as to the Guiney Captains, they too can eafily find as good an Apology as the Doftor's, for nakmg War upoa the poor Negroes, or for caufing ochcis to make War againl^ them, in order to procure Slaves. Confequently, * Blacks, or Whites, the Inhabi- tants of Africa^ or of Great-Britain are, accord- ing to this comfortable Interpretation of the Law of Nature, and the Rights of Conqueft, under the fame Condemnation : And nudung but Force is wanting to juftify the felling us all for Slaves^ Glorious Titles thcfe! Glorious H Deeds! I ''! I i':i r I % M, 11 I 106 SERIES OF ANSWERS to Deeds! All the ancient Republicans, Romans^ Athenians^ Spartans^ &c. &c. reafoncd, and a(5t- cd exactly after the fame Manner, POSTSCRIPT. l!l POPULAR OBJECTIONS. 107 POSTSCRIPT. THE foregoing Treatife was finifhr'd, and a great Part lent to the Prefs, before the News arrived of the Siiccefs of his lVTaje(ly*s torces again ft the Arricricav Reb».ls. Probably this Circiirr'ftance may mai<.e a great Alteration in ibme Men's Minds, refpedling the NcceflTity or Expediency of a total Separation. But, alas ! arguing from mere Contingencies and rheChjince of War, is at beft a very precaribus Method, and is the more fatally delufive, as it is fo flatter- ing to human Vanity. Indi'ed It has no Weight at all, if put in the Balance againft the natural^ and therefore in the End the necejfary Courfe of Things. It was certainly as much the Intereft of the Englijh Nation to have abandoned Fr^wff, immediately aftet" the fhining Vidtories of /igin* court and Crejfy^ as ever it was either before, or fince. But, alas ! who is fo wife and prudent as to make Ceflions immediately, after having gained a Victory, or made a Conqueft ? The only proper Inference to be drawn from our prefent Succefs is, to terminate the War H 2 with 1 io8 SERIES OF ANSWERS tj with more Speed, and with greater Reputation, It is -ow wholcly in our Power to provide proper Settlemcntii for the loyal Part of the /Iwtricans in the four central Provinces [fee Pages 8 1-8^] of NeW'Tcrk^ New Jerftyy Ma^y- landy zndPenJihania', which Provifiun and Set- tlements perhaps it may not be in our Power to make fome Years hence, or after a Rcvcrfc ot Fortune. Therefore we ought to embrace the prefent Opportunity Vre it be loft j - and con- clude THE War. National Intereft, national Honour, good Policy, and the Principles of permanent, extenfivc Commerce all unite in this Point. I; \' \ CaDC^tfmttfMSWr^'^TtSCStA SUMMARY O F T H E /contents. Pa^ in— Tl. The P R E F A C E. THE Reafons fct forth for delaying the Publication ^f the Animadverfioiis on Mr. Locke, at the prefent Juncture. An^xtrail of a Letter from Dr. Franklin I to the Author, accountins; for his [the Dodor'$] Nomination of a Friend lo a Place in the Coiiedioa in the /^wma7« Stamps. vii— viii. Inferences drawn from the Tenor of that Letter. ix, Reafons affigned, why the Regency-Bill, and not the Stamp- A-/^OTmffl«j from becoming a formidable Naval Power, in Cafe 9f n ^epardtion ? Anfwered ' ' 23-^2^ OBJECTIOlnJ Hi # I CONTENTS. Objection IV. Will not the prefent War now earned on with fuch Rancor and Ani- rnofit\', prevent the Englijh and the Americans from tfiiding with each other in Cafe of a Separation ? Ai^fwered Objectiqn y. If wefhoulJ Jofe the Northern Colonies, where fhall we get I'if'.h and Tar, Mafts and Naval Stores for our Navy ? An- swered Objection VI. In Cafe of a Separation, Where fhall we get Pipe- Staves, and Dther Lumber for our PFeJi-India Iflands ? And above all, W^here Iball we get Frovifions ? Anfwered Objection VII. In Cafe of a Separation, From whence fhall we procure Rice and Tobacco? Anfwered Objection VIII. In Cafe of a Separation, Will not the North- Americans fet up various Manufadures of their own, and lay heavy, difcouraging Duties on the Importations of ours ? Anfwered Objection IX. Will not a Separation from the Northern Colonies grearly deereafe the Number of our Seamen \ Anfwered Objection X. Would it not be better to cov\x\t\Vit fame Kind of Union with the Colo- nies at any Rate, rather than to throw them entirely off? Suppofe both Parts ot the Hri- tijk Nation, the Europeany and the American were to remain united undvr one, and the fame Frinne, but to a6t as diftin£t and fepa- rate St'afes, independent of each oiher, in ■H + Pages, 26 — 31 32—34 35—37 38—40 41—45 46—52 all II i'i- {':■ h4 ;■ ^'i' 1 1. r-j £. CONTENTS. all other Refpe(5ls ; — Would not even th» be more eligible than a total Sejyafation? Anfwered Objection XI. Will not the fevering of Jmerlca from England have the fame ElFeft on our Political Conftitution, as that of cutting off, or ftriking away a main Prop, a mafly^ Pillar, or Buttrels from an antient, crazy Building ? Anfwered ObjectiotJ XII. If it be right to feparate from North- America^ — Will not the fame Argu- ments lead to prove, that it will be right tft feparate from Ireland alfo ? But can fuch a ijchcmebeconfiftentwith common Senfe, or common Prudence ? Ai^fwered •t Objection ^S^III. If we (houJd fepacate from North-Jmerica, what Recompenfe (hall we be able to make to thpfe faithful AmericanSy ■who have fuflferfcd for their Loyalty to the King, and their /.llegiance to the Brit.ijb Government? Anfwered '< Pages* 53—59 60 — 74^ u M 75-7^ 79—83 Objection XIV. Who will dare to move fa ' eitner Houfe of Parliament fur the Separa- tion here propofed I Anfwered • • 84- ; • '1 ' CONCLUSION. * Keafons for ftating (o many Odllje'^ilons, and ■ for being prolix in the An fwers. f Old Jacobites turned new Republfcans. Republlcnn Whigs difguife themfelvcs under / , the Mafk of Conflitu Clonal Whigs, . r t ■93 94 95 'k K 1 CONTENTS. A faying of the late excellent Judge Foster. His Defence of the Legality of Frefling unan- fwerable. The remarkable Virnlcnce and Difregard to Truth viiible in the Conduift of the Rebels^ and their Abettors. A Qycre, Whether Mr. Locke defcrved the Epithet of Glorious beftowed on him by Dr. Price, for his Treatife on Government. Mr. Locke's DefinitioA of the Right of MaP. ters over their Slaves applied to the Negroe- Trade, and the prefent War. ■* ^' 9^ I'^l X04 Jiuitelj f!' ,1 Latfy puhlijhed hy toe fame Auth^y *' ' Trads Political and Commercial. J. A Solution of the important Qticftion, Whether a /a. poor Country, where raw Materials and Pro- vifions ^re cheap, and Wages low, can lupplant the Trade of a "ch, niunufadurinj^ Country, where raw Materials and JProvilions are dear, and the Price of Labour high. %, The Cafe of going to War for the Sake of Trade confidered in a new Light. 3. A Letter from a Merrl^ant in London io^ his Nephe^y in America^ concerning the late, and prefent Diftur- ))ances in the Colonics, ^. The true Intereft of Great Britain fet forth in regard 10 the Colonies ; and the only Means of living in Peace and Haixnony with themj proved and illultraied by five different Schemes. 5. The refpeftlve Fleas and Arguments of the Mother Country, and of rhe Colonies diftin£lly fet forth j and the impoflibility of a Cotnpromire of Differences, or ^ mutual Conceffion of Rights plainly dcmonftrated j with a prefatory lipiflle to the Plenipotentiaries of the Congrefs. 6. A Letter to Edmuntd Burke, Efq; in Anfwer to • his printed Speech of March 22, 1775. Wherein it is fhswn, that all the Arguments advanced in his Speech, abfolutely conclude for a total Separation. y. An humble Addrefs and earneft Appeal to the Landed Intereft of Great Britain and Ireland refpey JPower—^'dnd a} i/ifrary tower 5 they being fynonimous Terms. 4. That the Enjoyment of Prote£lion, and of all the Benefits of a iocial State, doth not oblige any Man to obey that State any longer than he pleafes j unlcfs he has bound hlmfelf by a fpecial Covenant fo to do. 5. That length of Time, quiet Pofllffion, and peacea- ble Enjoyment can give no Right or i lue to any Go- vernment founded originally on Force, and not on Coaftnt. ^0 he publijhed the laft of all, if Divine Providence JliQUid vouchfafe Life and Health to the Author. ARevifal of the Common Prayer, agreeably to the Principles of Orthodoxy: Or an Elfay towards improving our Forms of public Worfhip, without injuring, or undermining our Public, eftablilhed, national Religion. — Which Treatifc will confift of t|ie following Particulars, I. A if' SM I ^ 1 ■^:: I. A new ?et of /ry? Lf'fr^ns ; whereby the more In ftriiJi. tive Parts of the old Icifamenc uiil be moit ficqucntly read, and the lefh inflrudtive omitted. 2< Th' Bonlcof Plnlms ;hridged, nnd mcthodlzecl undir certain H of a few ColleC^s to be mnde for parti- cular Occafionsi the Catechifm to be enlargej, and the Comniinatioh- ervice 16 be altered. 6. A new Set of Collects to precede the. Epiftles and G^fpels, more fuitable to hofe Portions or Scripture, than th • prefent arc. N B. This Co lejn Prayer. The Whole to be ufliercd in by a {Jrelimiiiary t)ifcourfe, containing, i. A ihort Account of Liturgi -S in gene-, lal, and of the Forms principally in Ufe in England before the Reformation. adiy. A Stri<5lure o\\ the Errors cf Dr. C^ark in fiij pretended Lmendations i,f the Common Prayer : And, jdly. Some Obfervations on the imperfe