o 5 =H 3 CD CQ 0) o J^ _ "3 L4 A H 2 o O -=3 • •* t- c/3 •» j^ 0^ c o CQ o o i o o '^ 2 CQ ^^ ^ J3 :> 5 O H 'S< ■^'~ ^ ^ .-T CO fH O U H 3 g CO 54131 o o 2; Q X H o m SCALE OF POINTS OF EXCELLENCE IN A SHORTHORN COAV. Pedigree — Should show unbroken descent on both sides, from known animals driven from English herds, as found in the English, or American Herd Books, and without this an animal cannot compete in this class. Head — Small, lean, and bony, tapering to the muzzle 3 Face — Somewhat long, the fleshy portion of the nose of a light, delicate color 2 Eye — Prominent, bright, and clear ; prominent, from an accia mulation of adipose substance in 'he socket, indicating a ten- dency to lay on fat ; '■'■ bright," as an evidence of good disposi- tion ; "clear," as guaranty of good health 2 Horns and Ear— The horns should be light in substance, waxy in color, and symmetrically set on the head. The ear should be large, thin, and with considerable action 1 Neck — Rather short than long, tapering to the head ; clean in the throat, and full at its base, thus covering and filling out the points of the shoulders 2 Chest — Broad from point of the shoulders, deep from the anterior dorsal vertebra to the floor of the sternum, and both round and full just back of the elbows, or, in other words, " thick through the heart." 14 Brisket — Deep and projecting, indicating a disposition to lay on fat 5 — 4 — Shoulder — Where weight, as in the Shorthorn, is an object, should be somewhat upright and of n good width at the points, with the blade well laid back to blend its upper portion smoothly with the crops 4 Crops — U\ist be full, and level with the shoulders and back 8 Dack^ Loin^ and Hips — Should be broad and wide, forming a straight and even line from the neck to the setting on of the tail, the hips or hucks round and well covered S Rumps — Laid up high, with plenty of flesh on their extre- mities 5 Pelvis — Should be large, indicated by the width of the hips (as already mentioned) and the breadth of the twist 2 The Twist — Should be so well filled out in its ''seam" as to form an even and wide plain between the thighs 3 The Quarters — Long, straight, and well developed down- ward 5 The Carcase — Round ; the ribs nearly circular, and extending well back 4 The Flanks — Deep, wide, and full in proportion to condition 3 The Leg — Short, straight, and standing square with the body 2 The Plates — Of the belly strong, and thus preserving nearly a straight under line 3 The Udder — Should be pliable, and thin in its texture, reaching well forward, roomy behind, teats well apart, and of a conve- nient size 3 The Tail — Flat and broad at its root, but fine in its cord, and placed hi(jh up^ and on a level with the rumps 2 The Coat — Should be thick, short, and mossy, with longer hair in winter ; fine, soft, and glossy in summer 2 The Carriage — Of an animal gives style and beauty ; the walk should be square, the step slow, and the head level with the body 2 Quality— On this the thriftiness, the feeding properties, and the vahie of the animal depends ; and upon the touch of this quaUty rests, in a good degree, tlie grazier's, and the butcher's judgment. If the " touch " be good, some deficiency of form may be excused; but if it be hard and slilf, nothing can com- pensate for so unpromising a feature. In raising tlie skin from the body, between the thumb and flnger, it should have a soft, flexible, and substantial feel ; and, when beneath the outspread hand, it should move easily with it, as if resting on a soft, elastic, cellular substance, which, however, becomes firmer as the animal ripens. A thin, papery skin is objectionable, espe- cially in a cold climate 15 100 POINTS OF THE SHORTHORN BULL Most of the points desirable in the female are generally so in the male, but, of course, should be more masculine in their character as inseparable from a strong, vigorous constitution. Even a certain degree of coarseness is admissible, but then it must be so exclusively of a masculine description as never to be discovered in the females of his get. In contradistinction to the cow, the head of the bull may be shorter, the frontal bone broader, and the occipital bone Hat and stronger, that it may receive and sustain the horn ; and this latter may be excused if a little heavy at the base, if its upward form, its quality, and color be right. Neither is the looseness of the skin attached to, and depending from the under jaw to be deemed other than a feature of the sex ; provided it is not extended beyond the bone, but leaves the gullet and throat clear and free from dewlap. The upper portion of the neck should be full and muscular; for it is an indication of strength, power, and constitution. The spine should be strong, the bones of the loin long and broad. The genital organs large, and the whole muscular system wide, and thoroughly developed over the entire frame. o u Q PC o w PC POINTS OF THE HEREFORD COW. Head — Moderately small, with a good width of forehead, tapering to the muzzle ; the cheek bone rather deep, but clean in the jaw 3 Nose — Light in its color, and the whole head free from fleshiness 2 Eye — Full, mild, and cheerful in expression 2 Ear— 01 medium size 1 Horns — Light and tapering, long and spreading, with an outward and upward turn, giving a gay and lofty expression to the whole head 2 Neck— Of a medium length, full in its junction with its shoulders, spreading well over the shoulder points, and tapering finely to the head 2 Chest — Broad, round and deep ; its flow running well back of the elbows, which, with a springing fore rib, gives great interior capacity to this all-important portion of the body... 14 Brisket — When in flesh, largely developed, descending low between the legs, and deep, by covering the anterior portion of the sternum, or breast bone, but never interfering with the action of the animal when in working condition 4 Shoulder — Lying snugly and closely in towards the top, and spreading towards the points, the blade sloping somewhat back, and running pretty well up into the withers, which, by rising a very trifle above the level line of the back, gives to the ox a very upstanding and beautiful fore-end. The whole shoulder well clothed with muscle 3 Crops — Filling all up evenly behind the shoulders and blend- ing them smoothly with the muscles of the back 3 Back— Loin, and hips, should be broad, wide and level.... 8 — 10 — Rumps — Should lie nearly and quite level with the back, and their covering should be abundant, mellow, loose, and freely moving under the hand ; thus showing great aptitude to fatten 4 Pelvis — Roomy, indicated by wide hips (as already men- tioned), and the space between the rumps, which should stand well apart, giving a general breath to the posterior portion of the animal 3 Twist — Broad and full, extending well down on each side of the thigh, with corresponding width ; a broad twist is a good indication of a butcher's animal 5 Hind Quarters — Large and thoroughly developed in their upper and more valuable portions, as beef. The thigh grad- ualy tapering to the hock, but muscular 6 Carcass — Round throughout ; full and capacious, with the under line of the belly level, or nearly so 3 Flank — Full and wide 3 le^s— Straight, upright, firmly placed to support the super- incombent weight ; a strong back sinew, but by no means a large coarse canon bone... . — 3 Plates — Of the belly, strong, and thus preserving nearly a straight under line 2 Udder — Broad, full, extending forward and well up behind. Teats of good size, squarely placed, with a slightly oblique pointing out, with veins large and swelling 3 fail — Large and full at its point of attachment, but fine in its cord 2 ^air— Thick, close and furry ; and, if accompanied with a long growth, and disposition to curl moderately, is more in estimation ; but that which has a harsh and wiry feel is object- ionable 3 Color — Red or rich brown, oftentimes very dark, with a white or blockled face, are the colors most fancied, though there are gray and also cream colored Herefords 1 — 11 — Carriage— Promj^i, resolute and cheerful ; and, in the ox, gay and lively 3 Quality -On this the thriftiness, the feeding properties, and the value of the animal depend ; and upon the touch of this quality rests, in a good degree, the grazier's and the butcher's judgment. If the " touch" be good, some deficiency of form may be excused ; but if it be hard and stiff, nothing can com- pensate for so unpromising a feature. In raising the skin from the body, between the thumb and finger, it should have a soft, flexible, and substanHal feel ; and when beneath the outspread hand, it should move easily with it, as if resting on a soft, elastic, cellular substance, which, however, becomes firmer as the animal " ripens." A thin, papery skin is objectionable, especially in a cold climate 15 100 POINTS OF THE HEREFORD BULL The points desirable in the female are generally so in the male, but must be, of course, attended by that masculine cha- racter which is inseparable from a strong and vigorous con- stitution. Even a certain degree of coarseness is admissible ; but then it must be so exclusively of a masculine description as never to be discovered in the females of his get. In contradiction to cows, the head of the bull may be shorter, the frontal bone broader, the occipital flat and stronger, that it may receive and sustain the horn ; and this latter may be excused if a little heavy at the base, if its upward form, its quality and color, be right. Neither is the looseness of the skin attached to and depending from the under jaw to be deemed other than a feature of the sex, provided it is not extended beyond the bone, but leaves the gullet and throat clear and free from dewlap. The upper portion of the neck should be full and muscular ; for it is an indication of strength, power and constitution. The spine should be strong, the bones of the loin long and broad, the genital organs large, and the whole muscular system wide, and thoroughly developped over the entire system. POINTS OF THE DEVON COW. The Head — Should be small, lean and bony ; the forehead wide, flat, or, from fullness of the frontal bone over the eyes, somewhat dishing ; the face straight ; the muzzle fine ; the nostrils open ; the lips thin and rather flat 4 The Nose — Of a light, delicate orange 4 The Eye — Should be bright, prominent and clear, but mild and gentle in its expressions, as indicative of that spirited but tractable disposition so necessary to cattle that must bear the yoke ; a beautiful orange colored ring should invariably sur- round the eye 4 The Ear. — Thin ; of a rich orange color within ; of a medium size, with a quick and ready movement, expressive of atten- tion 5 The Horns — Light, tapering, of a waxy color toward the extre- mity, and gaily as well as symmetrically placed on the head, the occipital bone narrow, thus bringing the base of the horns nearer together 2 The Neck — Of medium length, somewhat light its substance very clean, and well set upon the shoulder 2 The Chest — Deep and round, carrying in fullness well back of the elbows, thus affording, by the aid of a spring rib, abun- dant internal room for the action of the heart and lungs, and that, too, without an extreme width forward and between the points of the shoulders, which might interfere with the action of the animal 14 The Brisket — As it adds nothing to the internal capacity of the chest, must not overload the breast, but be sufficiently deve- loped to guarantee a feeding property, attended with a full proportion of fatty secretion 4 — 16 - The Shoulder — Is in this breed a very beautiful and important point, and should, in a degree, approximate in form to that of a horse. It should take a more sloping position than is found in most other breeds, with its points less projecting and angular and the blade bone more curved, thus blending with and form- ing a fine wither, rising a little above the level of the back.. 4 The Crops— Full and even, forming a true line with a some- what rising shoulder and level back, without either drop or hollow 3 Back, Loin, and Hips — Broad and wide, running on a level with the setting on the tail 9 The Rumps — Lying broad apart, high, and well covered.... 5 The Pelvis—Wide 2 The fmsf— Full and broad 3 The Quarters — Long, and thoroughly filled up between the hocks or hip bones and the rumps, with a good muscular deve- lopment down the thigh to the hocks 6 The Flank — Moderately deep, full, and mellow in proportion to condition 3 The Legs — Not too short, and standing as straight and square behind as may be compatible with activity. The bone quite small below the hocks and knee ; the sinews large and clean, with the forearm well developed 5 The Udder — Should be such as will afford the best promise of capacity and product 1 The Tail — At its junction, level with the back, long, very slender in its cord, and finishing with its tassel of white hair. 1 The Hair — Should be short, thick, and fine ; and if showing on its surface a fine curl or ripple, it looks richer in color, and is supposed to indicate a hardier and more thrifty animal... 1 Color — In its shades and degrees is more or less an object of fancy, but, in the Devon, is always red. Formerly a rich blood- red was the favorite color and test of purity ; and now a some- what lighter color is in vogue. In all cases, the color grows — 17 — lighter ar nnd tho muzzle, while a dark mahogany color, verging a nost to a black, and growing yet darker about the head, was a very questionable color for a true North Devon^ more especially when accompanied by a dark nose. Carriage — The Devons having, from their '^ xcellence for the yoke, another destiny besides that of ti o butcher's block, it is important that the animal's carriage should indicate as much ; but, to obtain this, something of the heavy, inert, squarely moulded frame of the merely beefing animal must be relin- quished for a lighter and more acting frame 3 Quality — On this the thriftiness, the feeding properties, and the value of the animal depend ; and upon the touch of this quality rests, in a good degree, the grazier's and the butcher's judgment. If the "• touch " be good, some deficiency of form may be excused ; but, if it be hard and stiff, nothing can com- pensate for so unpromising a feature. In raising the skin from the body between the thumb and fmger, it should have a soft and flexible feel ; and when beneath the outspread hand, it should move easily with it, and under it, as if resting on a soft, elastic, cellular substance, which, however, becomes firmer as the animal " ripens." A thin, papery skin is objectionable, especially in a cold climate 15 100 POINTS OF THE DEVON BULL. The points desirable in the female are generally so in the male ; but must, of course, be attended with that masculine character which is inseparable from a strong, vigorous consti- tution. Even a certain degree of coarseness is admissible; but then it must be so exclusively of a masculine description as never to be discovered in females of his get. The head of the bull may be proportionally shorter, the frontal bone broader than those of cows, and the icciptal bone flat and stronger, that it may receive and sustain the horn ; and this latter may be excused if a little heavy at the base, if its upward form, its quality and color, be right. Neither is the looseness of the skin, attached to and depen- ding from the under jaw, to be deemed other than a feature of the sex ; provided it is not extended beyond the bone, but leaves the gullet and throat clean, and free from dewlap. The upper portion of the neck should be full and muscular: for it is an indication of strengh, power and constitution. The spine should be strong, the bones of the loin long and broad, the genital organs large, and the whole muscular system wide, and thoroughly developed overjhe whole frame. o u DC I— I X >^ POINTS OF THE AYRSHIRE COW. Head — As in the order broods, small ; tho face long and nar- row; the muzzle and nose variable in color 4 Eye — Placid, and not strinkingly large 2 Ear — Of full size, and of an orange color within 4 ^or/js— Small, tapering, with an outward and upward turn, and set on wide apart ; the face somewhat dishing 2 Neck — Of medium length, clean in the throat, very light throughout, and tapering to the head 4 Shoulders — Lying snugly to the body, thin at their top^, small at their points, not long in the blade, nor loaded with muscle 6 Chest — Must retain sufficient width and roundness to insure constitution. The lightness of the fore-quarter, and the " wedge shape " of the animal, from the hind quarter forward, arising more from a small, flat, and thin shoulder than from any undue narrowness of the chest 12 Crops— Easily blend in with so thin a shoulder, and prevent all hollowness behind 4 Brisket — Not overloading the fore-end, but light 4 Back — Should be straight, and the loin wide, the hips rather high and well spread 8 Pelvis— Roomy ^ causing a good breadth at what is termed the " thurl " or " round bone," and between the points of the rumps 4 Quarters — Long, tolerably muscular, and full in their upper portion, but moulding into the thighs below, which should have a degree of flatness, affording thus more space for a full udder. The flank well let down, but not heavy 6 Ribs — Behind springing out very [round and full, affording space for a large udder, which by Ayrshire breeders is consi- — 22 — dered very essential to secure the milking property ; the whole carcass thus acquiring increased volume toward its posterior portion 8 Rumps — Nearly level with the back, projecting but little.. 4 Tail — Thin in its cord, of full length, light in its hair, and set somewhat further into its back than would be admissible in some other breeds 1 Legs — Delicate and fine in the bone, inclining to be short, and well knit together at the points 3 Udder — In this breed is of more especial importance, as the Ayrshires have been bred almost exclusively with reference to their milking properties The great feature of the udder should be capacity, without being fleshy. It should be carried squarely and broadly fordward, and show itself largely behind. As it rises upward, it should not mingle too immediately with the muscle of the thighs, but continue to preserve its own peculiar texture of skin, — thin, delicate, and ample in its folds. The teats should stand wide apart, and be lengthy, but not large and coarse 12 Hair — Soft and thick, in the phraseology of the country, woolly 4 Color — Varies, a dark red, a rich brown, a liver color, or mahogany, running into almost a black. The light yellow is however, a color sometimes found on good cows, but those pale colors are objected to from an impression that such belong to animals of less constitution 1 Carriage — Should be light, active, and ever gay ; this latter appearance is much promoted by the upward turn of the horn 1 Quality on Handling — Will show the skin to be of medium thickness only, moving freely under the hand, and evincing a readiness by the animal to take on flesh when a drain in the constitution is no longer made by the pail 6 ICO POINTS OF AYRSHIRE BULL The points desirable in the female are generally so in the male, but must, of course, be attended with that masculine character which is inseparable from a strong and vigorous constitution. Even a certain degree of coarseness is admissible; but then it must be so exclusively of a masculine description as never to be discovered in a female of his get. In contradistinction to the cows, the head of the bull maybe shorter, the frontal bone broader, and the occipital flat and stronger, that it may receive and sustain the horn ; this latter may be excused if a little heavy at the base, if its upward form, its quality and color, be right. Neither is the looseness of the skin attached to and depending from the lower jaw to be deemed other than a feature of t^ sex, joromtZerf it is not extended beyond the bone, but leaves tne gullet and the throat clear and free from dewlap. The upper portion of the neek should be full and muscular; for it is an indication of strength, power, and constitution. The spine should be strong, the bones of the loin long and broad, the genital organs large, and the whole muscular system wide and thoroughly developed over the entire frame. o o SCALE OF POINTS FOR COWS. Adopted by the American Jersey Cattle Ciub^ April 21, 1875. //md— Small, lean, and rather long 2 Face — Dished, broad between the eyes and narrow between the horns I Muzzle -Dark, and encircled by a light color... . 1 Eyes— Full and placid 1 Horns — Small, crumpled, and amber color 3 Ears — Small and thin 1 Neck — Straight, thin, rather long, with clean throat, and not heavy at the shoulders 4 Shoulders — Sloping and lean ; withers thin ; breast neither deficient nor beefy 3 Back — Level to the setting on of tail, and broad across the loin 4 ^arre/— Hooped, broad and deep at the flank 8 Hips — Wide apart, and fine in the bane ; rump long and broad 4 Thighs — Long, thin, and wide a^.art, with legs standing square, and not to cross in v/alking 4 Legs — Short, small below the knees, with small hoofs 3 Tail — Fine, reaching the hocks, with good switch 3 Hide — Thin and mellow, with fine, soft hair 4 Color of hide — Where the hair is white, on udder and inside, of ears, yellow 5 Fore udder — Full in form, and running well forward 8 Hind udder — Full in form, and well up behind 8 Udder — Free from long hair, and not fleshy 5 Teats — Rather large, wide apart, and squarely placed 6 Milk — Veins proeminent. 5 Escutcheon — High and broad, and full on things 8 Disposition — Quiet and good-natured 3 General appearance — rather bony than fleshy 6 Perfection 100 In judging heifers, omit Nos. 17, 18 and 21. >^ u (/) a: POINTS OF JERSEY BULL The points desirable in the female are generally so in the male, but must, of course, be attended by that muscular cha- racter which is inseparable from a strong and vigourous cons- titution. Even a certain degree of coarseness is admissible; but then it must be so exclusively of a masculine description as never to be discovered in the females of his get. In contradistinction to the cows, the head of the bull may be shorter, the frontal bone broader, and the occipital flat and stronger, that it may receive and sustain the horn ; and this latter may be excused if a little heavy of the base, if its upward form, its quality and color, be right. Neither is the looseness of the skin attached to and depending from the under jaw to be deemea her than a feature of the sex, 'provided it is not extended beyond the bone, but leaves the gullet clean and fee from dewlap. The upper portion of the neck should be full and muscular; for it is an indication of strength, power, and constitution. The spine should be strong, the bones of the loin long and broad, the genital organs large, and the whole mus- cular system wide, and thoroughly developed over the entire frame. POINTS OF THE CANADIAN COW. The Canadian breed of cattle originally from Normandy, was imported by the first french settlers and until within a few years has been kept free from crossing. The points of excel- lence cannot therefore differ much from those of the Jerseys. Purity of Breed — Should be fully established by undoubted tes- mony, and have a well established reputation for the production of milk and butter 4 The /fcarf— Small, eyes full and bright, the face thin, the muzzle pointed and surrounded with a white circle more or less defmite, the horns polished, irregular and generally turned inwards and black at their extremities, and the ears small with quick action 8 The Back — Straight from the crops to the root of the tail, the chest deep and almost in a line with the belly 4 The Skin — Strong without being loose, well covered with long hair, of a red color sometimes spotted with white, or dark brown of ten striped 2 The carcase — Well rounded and deep, the ribs well together, flanks short anl slightly hollow, tail thin and descending below the knees 4 Legs — The front legs straight and thin,, the hind ^ones short and close to each oth^r, p\^\ sUcRi^d'./lbticv'joss'jChfcn* the animal ••• •• • * . .. ... : .-.:•• The Udder— FnW ..and'. hjigh '*i^. J»^iaidf tKe ' ^ats'.large and well apart, veins lar^e*arxdrflill» .*•.;*..',..*.:.'.' 4 General appearance 3 31