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Us cartea, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent *tre film*s A des taux de reduction diff«rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour itre reproduit en un seul ciich«, il est film* * partir de I'sngie sup*rieur geuche, de gauche * droits, et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'imegea n*cessaire. Les diegrammes suivants illustrant la m*thode. 1 32 X -« It- #* ^lll •) ,. 1'^ "OUGHT WE TO HAVE A PROHIBITORY ' f ; LIQUOR LAW?" r LECTURE ^ ^ ^ ■ .. '■' - ' « genp- »"1)ITBBBD IN THB SONS OF TEMPER/VrlCE HAl-1-, ■■fc OWElsr SOUNtpli^OH 14, ia73, I EEY. KENHlDi; OREIGHTON. ''i^i««>»Hi««»»'«i»Hi ^i » « i^ « iw m >imi n «pmi«i w i^ » D i i i i m t MH i«»i»i«i«n « «»» i fci » »ii tnWM » »i » »»«««»im«i— niii^ninl OWEN SOUND: Ji(o. BuTHBBiroBD, OknukaIi Boo& & Job Paiirnut. 1878. x-r- \ '^ 4«V" [r.^l* '■» '♦V i f"' •% r * 1 S-" I .1ft ,0V . !-, ■- t.tJii;t)Kiac^t^^ Mfi^ V- :i ■ ,1 ' ,' ' , <• -^^JVA j\, . ■ ,-*„.. ,v -fern- 'fiiil?.^ i * .">V*'l**»*~*'-''t»» »!• i ^'1 ^ .M w ^ ' ,- 'J iis^ft aik^A -I if^. K'^' dfe i «Ci I •4-^, •f ' .1 If . I 1 1 i OUGHT WE TO HAVE A PROHIBITORY LIQUOR LAW? the cJsroi^:StT-::oZZnL^^^^ of many who wish weU to rience of the past-l that irw« wii^i!"^^,'*'"^"!*^ ^^"^ t^^^ «^P^- long train of eVs connected wTth In it "^'^''"'.1? '^^^^^^ ^^^^ th« law must interf erertrprotect i« f r"i!™f ?f ^' *^® «*''°n» *"» ^^ t^e greatest curse thaJ'aS S, * ^^it?"" w ** ' T^ ^"^"^ > ''^^^^ **»« lature that thev un^liv! * ^^i ^® """»* demand of our I^iris- wiU ^^i'in pu^tt!^^ ttl XHs'iSf 'a'n T "T"^^' ^^'^^ *^^^ source of innumerable otwTHflo T ,* "?*^onal crime, and the that on the principle of vaLTtJ^ ^'- x- ,^ ^'^^ ^® "<> doubt promote TeSTrance imrn^7r 'T**';!" and individual eflFort to fcousandsoHrSdaTvebLn fw>,^^^^^ ^"^? accomplished, the pit. From many a flesoUt^dT '°**f «^ from the very brink of while peace plentv LVf * ^°"® *^® ^®™«" ^as been expelled; from the grasp of thTmali^Zrfi j^^'^lr ^^? ^®P*' ^^ prevention, that personal ^ni ^XnT^nTn'ty^eZ^^T "^^ iP^""^'* ^P^^ cease. We will go all lenrthVwli. ?v. ^^V'y ^^ . ™o''al suasion, shaU moral 8entimel-to tS™re ^i^h^.^^'^i^' "" ^PP^b^ to men's with, warn, and pray for tht^ wh^ ^^ *"n '"'^''S- ^^ "^^ ^^^on we feel bound tSfdes th^^J^ ''*''^ f*"**" '"*° *^« «nar«- But acknowleSr^ong ^ft 1;^?^ o"^ best to outlaw a great and infernal systemsXthM ever x^Jffn^ru'^J^*'"' **"« ""^ *he most morals, killed tKdie? Jrlll^Z !^ heart-strings, debauched the will teU you why I tSk^hi« Kl ^ f "^ °^ ^""^ fellowmen. I Tl^ j\ 1 T?"'' *"*8 "• necessary to our success- always Tr ^^^^'^^ "" 'T^^^ T"^ ^« ^«^«^ Pr^^^" He was not ^d Kt. Sd wS "iiT-'^^r ^^ '^°™««*^« affections werp^re* of right and wro^gS^dthaf ZT '° °"'^- v ^^** '^^^^^t^ perception terizld him, wtt de8?rov& bv «t7J kT' ^^«^ "^"^^ ''^• left of them i^no mateh for thf 1^ evil habit-or, at least, what is The vitiated IpS^tite of IZ } l^I"^ *^"* ^^^ " consuiAing him. right; s?rongS^th«S a rS^dTr hllfh '^'^'^'^ *^'? *^« ««"»« °^ stronger th^th« f««ifn^^' --"- - *^*^' ^''^ ^^^^'^ f*^'' happiness:. God iad. nmn;'8tronBerlvrn7h'..nTirrf ' =^fi*!«^' ''-«» ail the Taws of declares such a hS to bl^ Siw ^"."l^ future wrath. Jeremiah the dark hue of tt\l';L"^'*gtTa;^yX^^^ 'I'^'^F^'"' °' have sunk down, under its'thraU.gL^rrLlSi^^a!^^^^ ■-'v^ !?.« ^°**i?^"' ""' h*^«.yet confessed its resistless mastery and have gone to the grave suffering beforehand the torments of thelost ' ml you may att^k that appetite with logic, passion, love, heaven hell- and to what does it amount? The subject of it grants you all you air l?.«,-.«J'^f« ^® following as an illustration, from the L™"'^? r **^*'^ '''. ^'"^ ^^ ^' ^^'''- The demon L^ouBed withm him, and lus very soul is rent with contending passions His little sorrow-stricken chUdren seem to rise before his^S° and the wan, worn face of the wife he still loves seems to plead Swrn If He stnui ' ^l^ *^r ^'*'*' ^™'^*''^' "h^"^*^ ^^ be again ensnared, xie snuggles, perhaps he nravn. in afrnnxr n«fpi'' »..* *i- i .' grasp of a fiend is apon luNn,Vndhe=stnigg?e; in vain^ H^eJttsthe moA:?""'' f ''f'- ^-« -"■•e thfglass is at his lip . ' oSe more he g(,e8 reeling home, putting a final e.xtinguisher on the opening "'" "°'' engaged in the traffic are living preST8av8«'Th«r?l..f consequences." A distinguished .uci.SngF'"'" '"'' "*!■• "*"'" *» 'Wmw.^ to oonUnnem m ttJ'™^«T.i,''°'l'''"°'''''"'*?<''"''>»''™l>' »'.d quieted my -spirit. Zta, he diZi^J ■'.° '"trrt-rno »"« neeu purohaw bmt.liSdtttmii'^hron'STo.i'''"''''.'"^' .'■"?'>*»-•■ ^ou h.ve ^•' "'-Hr.S'lP relCSto^'ri^'o'rif"^ -*»» joytuUy niMt on hi. Xm S„™ K.?- "'.■ ?"'* "i" we Med to si ' Slit .»^l „". ..™-?"™. "^ •""">?», "tnvins who eould t.11 him mother, and takes tfirmm,Il flL ^ J? hide— one who strikes suffer fU hS^rSidSfi? *' "^' *" *» """' '<«*« °« to Yonder gray-hwred parent. «:e diking, "What have you done * A '"*% li^^^lSBBflKlfdS^ u""" ^'"^^- "« ^"^ once K'Sdy^^^BS't^ ^ '^^ '»•'". "^^''d high among.hig fctlKJHIIBf^'*. strong arm in „ur declining yJani. I ilSr vo^Mt "" ^""" "P ^i« affections? By what Slffi kJSR'J IfH|^^« consciei^te, involved him in infamT i|«floflt on theHpin of time/a nseloss or hurtfu wl?f ^^4 en^iiwf X?' ' r^ * t"' ^'''^ "'" ha'ng^it'^u^W ^rothe. t-Ji^^Jiftrlfe^^^ or T'end epirituous liduora." And iWth nrm,A ^i fi^ me full power to have the whole artillery of thn oivil r^„ "^.„_!_ .®8" of J he busmesB is both useful I the WriHd haWthTwhole aSle^^^^^^ Tt^'^ ^^ *he Aegis of in its'^defence." ThilKhy moraP«,?Lin« f '}^ P^^er ready to open And where reason and conaci?ir »nT '*''? '"**' *^« rumseller. / f^J^n message: "If ye do so aeain T ,;?n u„T' 5 ""*^'y ^®"* *'»«'» ^ ^^ ''a"*^"rruler8to8ayto?hX^err^te^?'*\ So we the young «„d unwarj o their rfm l"/fw^7^" *'" ^"^^"? °» /««u/«onyo«; for theLcondSc^" we&tfvfvoT''*' J"'' 'f^^y s^ ^TuTe^L?" «^-"^^ -^ ^— -^^" "^iffp:;t7o«^^^^^^^^^ ,thatt SS: rh^mar rome w^hlnthTfe^tr^ *^^ ^ "^'^* *° -^ enactments? These questrns Ire fLlv mi^^l *'^ P''''^'""^ «f «=i^»l grrfht a l^ense implies thrr^XfS I fZ,^ T^^" ""^ '*J^' *^« "8^* *o That theTaflfc-has alwais E 'J^f,!* /u"*, '■®*"*'"' *" withhqjd it. And if we g^ack abouTa cen?urv^riH*^\ T.^*""/^"""* ^« ^"P»t«d- Parliame^^ shcfTr^s i* what mX *1,^*^'' r***"*« •''*h« B"*"!* •^p^ed JE4.uSli:SreTtU^^^^^^^ t e'nt TC "^f ^^ '='^"- Wds inVublic. LvtS people ^^^^^ ««* "P ^^^^ ^to which tLyconveS^these^n^fw.*^ ^*h straw, unable to help thrives In tC'^^ ^^" h*d become ,th6y recovered soSse of their Z,u""*^ caverns they lay until their maddening pXns makinTthZv?' ''^'" they went back to : fikhy ^vice reso^n^d 3 r'otS blSp£y"^.''^Z*t H "' $^« "^1 part of the community becamnJarZS • i^^' +1. t better-disposed . ■tmned to make a vigoTous S ^nTJ^^X -i^^'-^'**T '^''''• sSii^sliq^u^^^^^^^^^ retail the arScle;' ^ZSi'^StV^:^^:^^^ .^ V < f' \ f '\ ^ had asBumed an attitude of decided opposition. Well would it h.v«' been for the nation, and for the worltf if thi« approach to th« ri^h! position had been followed up. Of course there^ wra good deaft smuggling and of illicit distillation. Strong ren.onstSes were poured m on the House by spirit merchants, traders with the «3r colonies, -iothe.^whoseg..^ ThertoSTn a^^^ ■^ <. -fn. — V r- ""'^" " ""»" K*""" were imperilled . The historian sum • ': The Justices of the Peace, either from indolence or corruntfon" neglected to put the law in execution." And besides all thTaTed J T^' ^l*\\T '^^ '^'r ^*"^«' '^»*'«i^«^ *he idea that' fhe tide f/ ^^i!"^'"^,^ ^.*-u^ ""^^^""^ *^«'^«' ^"'l the traffic that produced iL # ^^ ""^f tributary to the funds of the Exche<,uer (S absurdity seems to linger in the minds of some to the preSenJ) It ! 3?.n!,^*"^K -^S^u' T^^' ^^'"^ circumstances, « ' after the most obstiriaS dispute which had happened since the beginning of this Parliament " r^mog-a now Bill was introduced and c^ied, ?emovL these h^avv in w ' ?"//^^"",* Y^'^' ^ **" «^»^ *° b« *ble to mention thrsiS cant fact, the ^vhole bau^h of Bishop, voted. Among other th'nJs^Sis reference will show that we are introducing no novilty that thJ^State ha* always assumed to act in the premises,%nd that.Ai'niversaC^^^^^ aubject has been regarded as entirely within the range of S Sion ?hl''T''^?^' °^ * prohibitory law cannot be permitted to shidd themselves from a restrictive statute, by goinc back of all f. precedents, and denying at this late' hlfwhSt they nev dJS ^fore namely, the right of the Government to enact^such a statute ^11?^' rT'*'"' *^** ^*. ^*« "^* ""til prohibition became probable that the trafhc was considered by its friends as lying beyond th^ rightful province of the civil authority. Surely— ^ ^ " No rogue e'er felt the halter draw. With good opinion of the law." „«• J ^ leading purpose for which government is established in fn afford protection to the person and property of the governed l^d £ aU good governments some of the abstract rights of thTindit?duS are surrendered, for the attainment of a geLral good Hence i fhS* r^«""=«^ by immemorial practice Ind univS consent is that the law may and ought to interfere with any pursuit trade n^ caUmg which is injurious to the health morals or wSss of thi community. No man of common sense will deny ff SuDoose a STZ irT""'? *^ '""^ ^ P«*d«r-mill near^the centoeTou? town, the law steps m an ■ ^ ys you cannot do that. You must hiSw your manufactory in sonu place where the lives aAd propSty of the citizens will not be endangered. If a man opens aClott^r? eBtabhshment and gambling-heU in our midst, Ve law breaks tu^ and spreads its interdict over the premises An in«HTnHnn * Jt^ publication of blasphemous books '^d^lLnl'pSrefS'sS^^^ leg slation takes hold of the proprietor and teUs him, tCtenden^of your business is to corrupt and debase the popula ion therefore it cannot be tolerated. The law says to the buteher, you must remove your slaughter-house to a situation where it will not wi^y or iSure ii™i?^v °^ y^""* ^^isi^hoT. and friends. tK qZantine laws compel ships, crew and passengers, sailing from an iStflrl n!J T remain at Gro83eIsleor|aten!slaAdunt°ft£7roS^^^^^ the contagion IS over. The counterfeiter's tools are h^Twn-Srhl™ t!^i,^'^*t''''-^t'^''' procuring them; bu^a proMbifS^^'S not allow a man to put up a wooden building on h? own lot S^fh u1- Th '^.?"iyA*''T'^ i* endangers his neighbor's property mu It 18 admitfd that these are wise and beneficial reguEr^'BiI^^ 6 they not infringements of t.ie abstract riKhta and privileaes of ndividuals? Yes it is answered, but the safety and well bTncr of the comnuinity denmnd such an interference. That is iiist n^v losition. Governmental authority ought to remove, m nuisances whatever is injurious to the public interest; and he^ce UoZtZu^ patrmne and nurture the groyshop, th! greatest nuJnce oftZnU hf^v.ATl I '*' 5*'^"' *^" »bonunable traffic will be found to ^XdJi;r' dTvT-J'' i^"""- ** ^" ^""'"r '" '^"^ «""*!« »' human witktdness. Diversity of opinion in regard to these evils is now out oLtw^nl?TK*°"- ^^^y, "'^ *°° numerous and momentous to be ovtrlcoked by any one, however careless and prejudiced. I turn the tables oil the whiskey advocates and say,-no government has a right to hcense and protect that which has demorafized more yo"g mfn wasted more property, beggared more families, destroyed more Lalth' blighted more hopes, crushed more hearts. ' filled more prematur; our earth Widowhood, orphanage, humanity, mplore prohibition- how can the Legislature witfihold the boon and be guiltless? " Kights, indeed! Who gave any one a right to drink what will dethrone reason and turn the man of mighty fntellect intorfoor- nay, worse, make him the jibe and derision of fools? \Kio cave anv one authority to spend his money for that which will keep his children pri ofoTlh^'^n"''','^"^ ""°^ *^^™ ^"^ ^'"'^ "P' candidates forlSe IZ^LZ A ^'*^^*-^ ^" ""ty «"« * "g'^* *" "»« that which will entai the deepost misery on those who love him best, and turn w" own last resting place into the dishonored grave of the drunkard? N^ man has a right to make hin.self a living, walking, withenCcurse to all who are connected with him. And no man h£ a right"? f ol W a ?nTlni^tr•^''''l"?*^y'^':^T l^«ting injury uponlLe engZ^^ hL ' V *^** " "I?'* certainly scattering irreparable ruin JoSnl eila^:rti;:3tu?gV^^^^'^^- uponhimU a right, inTh^ to the light which formeriy passed unnoticed. But every rSw mind must know that the half has not been told. LS^^f' No^ tY« -Lri^^'^J' *^" ""*'.°^ ""^"'^^ i» '«g^d to the unSnSg past' Ihl ?T^ '"? ^'"^'' °* * '"""^^ ^'i«*™» co™« back, as a wiSf upon the night winds to testify that we have not exaggerated. The stifled sobs «id tears of the wretched outcasts around^ declS; that the evU SKounrS*!- /^'*-^-*hrchoingtrumpof%r£fmo^^^^^^ fi«i T '.?f*^ the destinies of the human family shall be finaU? fixed; when the accumulated storm of retribution berins to sweep and howl over the livid -lake-then will inteUigent beingsf throughout the universe feel and know, that on yonder elrth, the mSude of the rJiL!?*"^'i^y*^' *'"*®« i" «*W drink, 'had nevTbeen at Si realized, much less exaggerated. Then it is said: " A large amount of capital is emuloved in thft ^^^tT '^^ '^^' ,°-^ "?"°^' ^""^ * prohibLiy law'woS le an rnjuiy to those engaged in the business.^' That is not by any mean* a settled point Such a law might be the means of saving themTel^ wUrf>."'"}:''''r^ '^''' ^^'^i^^^' ^'•«™ the fangs of that destroyer which they have been setting loose upon others; ind it would comiS beTL^^n^tl^rre!' I'A^^ Of sc^ieV iut-s^^^^^^^^^^ fnlnr"i'^^fT\'*''^-y " «^* ^^^y P^^'^^^y l"«k on that loss 83^ instance of retributive justice, for the penui^ and misery which they J liad b^en sproacling over the country. At any rate, the march of improvomont cannot be stayed because temporary oncro.ichment« are hkely to nuide on some men's private gains. A sectional hue and cry has been raised against every social advance that has been made in the past. Not a canal has ever been dug, nor a railroad built, with.mt interfenntf with local interests somewhere, or without having it said that somebcKly was going to be ruined. The introduction of everv new piece of machinery Tias been opposed, sometimes with riotous niobs, on the ground that it would bring financial destruction on some Ill-fated claJiB. I can remember when it was said that Liverpool and Bristol would be ruined if the slave-trade were broken up Wo all know the outcry that wasma^e at Ephesus, of "injustice and robbery'' if silver shrines were no longer needed for the great goddess. Diaiia A similar outcry aaainst prohibition will not occasion any very great degree of alarm. B««wel1, in his Life of Dr. Johnson, speaking of the slave-trade, myB,-''ThQ wild and dangerous attempt which has for some time been persisted in, to obtain an Act of our Legislature to abolish so very important and necessary a hrawh of commercial interest must have been crushed at once had not the insignificanse of the «alot8 who took the lead in it made the vast body of planters mer- chants and others reasonably enough suppose that there could be no danger. * ♦ # # To abolish a status which in all ages God has sanctioned and man has confirmed, would be a robbery to anmnumerabh class of ow fdlow-mbjects." But no one was frightened. The cry of robbery "rum to commercial interests," and "flagrant injustice." passed Mnheeded. "The wild and dangerous attempt'Hif "insiinificaAt zealots to obtain a prohibitory law against slavery succeeded; the country w«nt on prospering more and more, and the namos of those who took the lead" in the movement will be carried down to posterity a« the benefactors of their race. Transfer the above quotation from the slave-trade to the liquor-traffic, and you have the precise p<,sition of those who urge the objection I am considei ing against a prohibitory law— a position the absurdity of which will be as universally apparent a few years hence as that of poor Boswell is now. Prrthibition may involve senous inconvenience to a certain class; but the loss to the OTog-seller will be an inestimable gain to the entire community, and "partial evil will be universal good." I have carefully read the late debates in the Ontario Parliament on tlua subject, and was forcibly struck with the fact that so few were willing to peril their reputation by saying a good word for the traffic. Another equally impressive fact was, that those who undertook it made out so poorly. I can remember but two points urged on this side, at all worthy of notice. One was in substance— We might iwt to interfere vnth a man's right to eat and drink wluit he pleases. It ought to be distinctly understood that we have no wish to infringe upon any «ne s liberty as to eating and drinking. Let me try to illustrate this buppr)8e an ox or a sheep is dying of disease, and the owner kills it and brings the meat into market. A town officer steps up saying ' ' the law prohibits the sale of this article." But there happens to be one ■standing by who is jealous of his own and others' privileges— one who IS determined that "Britons never shall be slaves." He turns round «nd defiantly asks, "do you mean to interfere with the rights of freemen? Cannot any one eat unsound meat who pleases?" The officer replies, "certainly he can: but that {4 not the qtiextltm. This man, by exposing /or sale what is injurious to health, has rendered' the article liable to confiscation and destruction, and himself to a heavy iine. That is the law, and a very good one it is, necessary for the protection of society." 80 the object of the law we want is not the l^v A .V u 8 regulation of any one's diet, or an infringement of hid liberty as to ■what he shall dnnk; but the prohibition of an immoral, soul and body- destroying traffic. Strange that men will shut their eyes to a distinction so manifest. The other point was to the effect that — If a prohibitory law he passed, we ought to remunerate the liquor-dealers for the loss of their Irifsiness. It would be greatly to the advantage of the country to buy out eveiy establishment in the Dominion, destroy the whole stock, and allow no importation, except what shall be placed under the same restrictions as other dangerous articles on the apothecary's shelf, rather than permit matters to go on as they are now. But if we begin the work of compensation, of course those who have profited by tho trade must be required to remunerate those who have been ruined by it. ■ Thousands of our population are groaning under injuries and mispries which money cannot repair or alleviate; how are they to be compensated? If the Legislature refuse a prohibitory law, will they agree to indemnify those who will suffer by the present license system, in the future? If they do, they will soon have no trouble in distributing a surplus revenue. The idri of remunerating those who have been fattening on the degradation and calamities of others is a grosa absurdity and outrage. Let them turn to some useful calling as a means of support, thankful that they get off so easily as to be allowed to do so. ^jj The trade in strong drink is a root from which grows a rank crop of all moral and social evils; it is a tree planted in our midst whose spreading branches drip with poison, and in whose deep shadow death reigns. The only effectual protection we can have against its influence is to cut it down and cast it out. I have no sympathy with those timid warnings against *' legislating in advance of public opinion." The idea that we are not to proclaim a truth or enact a law until everybody is prepared for it, and the bulk of men think alike about it, ;i8 contrary to the whole philosophy of reform and improvement, as well as to the teachings of history. That the law would be violated i» no argument against its enactment. What species of crime can be mentioned which prohibitions and penalties have entirely driven from among men? Not one. The laws against murder, profanity, robbery, outrage, perjury, are disregarded by many. Would that prove the propriety of their being abrogated? If public opinion is wrong, let the laws be made right, thereby hastening the work of leading the popular mind on to the truth. We may all become educators on this subject. Let the friends of sobriety and good order determine to take a part in the struggle now going on. When thousands upon thousands of the loftiest intellects and the most generous hearts are annually destroyed by rum. When multitudes of broken-hearted wives and worse than orphaned children are imploring us to aid in securing a triumph which will restore to them deluded husbands and fathers. "VVTien the drunkard himself is calling upon us, in his misery, to give him that shield wliich will protect him from the tempter whose syren-voice will otherwise draw him on to destruction. Can we longer be silent and indifferent? Never was there a more favorable time for action than now. We must all become agitators on this subject in our own vicinity; -^nd we must press it upon the attention of our law-maker» in such numbers and with such earnestness that they will be compelled to yield. The demon will yet be trampled down— annihilated; and the banners of victory will wave over our gladdened earth. Temper- ance will yet triumph. Both God and man call upon you to labor for its spread. i- -^' •vA. :i/; 1h lis liber^ as to soul and body- eir eyes to a ohibitory law be Ihe loss of their country to buy 16 whole stock, under the same thecary's shelf. But if we begin profited by the been ruined by ir injuries and f are they to be Y law, will they t license system. 3 in distributing who have been liers is a grosa Ful calling as a 18 to be allowed h grows a rank id in our midst >se deep shadow lave against its sympathy with public opinion." lact a law until Ic alike about it, [iprovement, as d be violated i» if crime can be 3ly driven from "anity, robbery, that prove the n is wrong, " of leading the Bct. Let the i a part in the Is of the loftiest f destroyed by ad woise than , triumph which 's. 'VN^en the give him that jyren-voice will r be silent and For action than 3t in our own )ur law-makera n be compelled inihilated; and irth. Temper- ou to labor for let I ' ''f^ rV.>7 '-^ '"Ti- 'tm-V' .^ » ^ t i ■^ ., . , « ' •■*# - / 1 - *-. ' 4 I " / i^i ' r -v ^v H M 9 . " .. 'jtj m iHgi H In m ■ m anlHi ii Hii^H 1 1 rV i,t' i 1 i V-^*^ ^H 1 t i-