IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 1^128 |25 m lU [2.2 ;s[ i£o 12.0 IL25 II 1.4 ik 1.6 6" Photografiric Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SM (716)872-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVi/iCI\/iH Collection de Canadian Institute for Historical Microraproductions / Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquas Technical and Bibliographic Notaa/Notaa tachniquaa at bibliographiquaa Tha Instituta haa attamptad to obtain tha baat original copy availabia for filming. 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Tous las autres exemplairas originaux aont fiimAs an commandant par la premiere paga qui eomporta une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration at en terminant par ia darniira paga qui eomporta une telle empreinte. Un daa symboias suivants apparaitra sur la darniire image de cheque microfiche, selon le caa: ia symbola — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE". le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, pianchaa. tableeux. etc.. peuvent Atre fiimte i daa Uux da reduction diffArants. Loraqua la document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit «n iin seul ci'chA, il est filmA i partir da I'angia aup4rieur gauche, da gauche A droita. at da haut m baa, an pranant la nombre d'imagas nAcaaaaira. Las diagrammas suivants iiiuatrant la mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ..{ Q{^ it^/l 08SINIB0IA. i ( u T^HE Territory of Ossiniboia is situated on the West and South of the great Lake Winipic ; it ii watered by the two branches of the Bed Ri? er« by RiTer Dauphin, and other considerable ttreami. It extends from latitude 52" 90^ southwardly to the boundary of the United States, near Ihe souvee oftheMississipi. Ilie climate is remacfcablysalup brious, and has a general resemblance to thai of Canada, but is far less sulject to deep snowi.-^ The general aspect of the country is le?eli Taried only by hills of gentle accli?ity, except where the steep banks of risers intervene ; and it lies on a basis of limestone^ which is here> as in most other parts of the world, the concomitant of a fertile soil. — To the eastward of Red River, and near the shores of Lake Winipic on every side, is a woody csuolry^ thickly covered with the various species of mm mm mm •it ». ' I m^' W, .iSSei. ■ \i(- t timber common ib Canada ; but in other parts^ fur- ther to the west, there are vast tracts of open grassy Plains. These plains form a singular contrast to the close and uninterrupted woods^ M^hich^ in the uncultivated parts of Canada and the adjoining colonies^ overspread the whole face of the country. .The difference appears to have arisen 'from the practice of setting fire to the grass every year, to- wards the end of summer. By this practice, which prevails among the Indians in these western parts, and has probably continued for a long series of ages, the woods have been destroyed, except where the moisture of the soil has prevented the fire from spreading. Spots of woodland, more or less ex- tensive, occur frequently in the midst of the plains ; and the banks of the rivers and creeks are gene- rally wooded. The plains are frequented by in- numerable herds of buffaloe, and would afford to settlers the benefit of pasturage to any extent. The trials of cultivation which have already been made, leave no roOm for doubt, that every species of agricultural produce, commonly raised in. Britain or in any part of the North of Europe, may be cultivated in Ossiniboia, without incurring the ex- pence of clearing away the woods, as in other parts of America. This Territory is included within the Charter of the Hudson's B&y Company, to whom the property % of the ^uid is granted in the most ample manner j, bj the Crown., The Company haye lately executed a conveyance of this part of their Territory for the purpose of settlement^ reserving ouly their exclu- sive right to the Fur trade; and full power is granted to the^ttlers to export any produce of their lands, by way o;f Port Nelson to London, and to bring back goods of any kind required for the use of the settlement. A right is reserved to the Company to charge duties not exceeding five per cent, ad valorem, or th,e rates paid at Quebec, on all exports and im- ports ; but the revenue arising from these duties is^ be applied to purposes of public utility, and ip particular to the improvement of the road, and river navigation from Lake Winipic to Port Nel- son. Notwithstanding the difficulties arising from the late war with America, a settlement has already been commenced^ in pursuance of this grant. It is situated at the confluence of Red River, and Ossiniboyne River; where the first colonists arrived in autumn 1812.— There are at present, between fifty and sixty European settlers, occu- pying distinct allotn^ieots of land at the principal establishment, besides two or three detached settle- ments, formed of Canadians, who had previously followed a wandering life like the Indians, but b2 1 *'•.*; n.Ll "■ ■rM' ■ Y ■■'''■':',. m m :«,V"i*!l who, upon obtaining; a permanent tenure of 1l4nd> have been induced to apply, in some degree, to agriculture. — The last advices from the settlement were datied in July, when the harvest was about to commence, and the crops of every kind were luxu- riant and promising. — The only article which had been planted on an extensive scale> was the potatoe, of which tike produce was likely to be very abun- dant. From the peculiarity of the situation^ com- bined with unfortunate accidents, the supply of seed corn had been scanty; but every kind of grain which had received a fair trial, had suc- ceeded, even beyond the most sanguine expecta- tion : and there is every probability that the next harvest will afford a supply fully adequate to eVei^ demiind. Hitherto the principal support of the Colonists has been derived from the spontanedus produce of the country; of which the abundtoce is singuliirly great ; particularly of fish and buf- faloe.* In order to carry more completely into effect the views of settlement intended by the Company^ it is in contemplation to lay Out a number of Townships, adjacent to the lake and the prihcipal navigable rivers, each to be three miles broad in front, and to extend back about five miles, so ^ to * See Aji^endiz, A. .*", contain at least \0,000 acres of I9114. To a few gentlemen of property agreeing to go out and set- tle, townships will be granted upon the sole con- drtion of establishing a stipulated number of settlers upon their lands, within a limited period of time.* From absentees who wish to becpme Proprietors, a payment in money will be received in lieu of all such conditions. The townships which are now to be disposed of, will be charged at only £400; after payment of which> the proprietor will be liable to no farther demand whateTcr, on account of his land^ no^ to any expeoces but such as are, completely at his own option. For the accommo-^ dation of persons wl^o may be inclined tto subscriba lesser sums^ several townships will be divide^, andf disposed pf in halves or quarters. One-half of the mopey received for all town* ships to be granted wijthin twenty years, is to be vested in Trustees, as a Fund applicable to the general improvement of the Colony. The Trusteea are to have power to assign 200 Acres out of every township for the use of a clergyman, and 50 acres for a schoolmaster ; and also in all cases where the proprietor of the township has not established settlers upon it, the Trustees are to b aut^horized to dispose of 500 Acres, in lots of not more than 100 Acres to a family^ but on condition of their residini^^n their respective lots^ and keep- ing open a road i,through the township. Any pay- m K i :4"(Ji f III m ifletit received from the settlers for these lots is to go into the general fund under the management of the Trustees. In most of the British colonies, vfhere set- tlements bate been carried on by the proprietors of largei grants of land, great inconvenience has been experienced from the conduct of some, who without doing any thing for the improvement of their own property, have, in a very unfair mamker, deprived others of the just regard of liidr exer- tions. It has' been frequentf^ knowb, that after one proprietor had brought out settlers from Eu- rope, and supported them at great expence du- ring their first difficulties and had thus esta- blished a thriving tenantry on his lands, in the confidence that his expences would be reimbursed by the rents, which these settlers had stipulated to pay, this expectation has been completely disap- pointed by a neighbouring proprietor, who, by the ofier of lands at la cheaper rate; has seduced away a whole bod^ of tenantry. It id evident that, if such a practice be allowed to prevail, the exer- tions of individual proprietors must be completely paralyzed. For the general interest of the colony, it is necessary to check such unfair interference! With this view it is proposed, that when any people are sent out from Europe, at the expence of a particular proprietor, or '^i^ive pecuniary assistance, to enable them to es^l^Iish themselves as settlers, the stipulations under which this assis- tance is given, should be distinctly recorded before a magistrate ; and that when, in this way, a settler agrees to place himself under the patronage of oi|e proprietor, he should not be allowed to enter into any transaction for the purchase of ^nd from another. > In order to prevent the evasion of this regula- tion, it will be adviseable, that for some years; to come, a limitation should be put on the quantity of land, that each proprietor may alienate to any settlers, except those who go out under his own (patronage. Such a restriction will be very useful, in another respect, in preventing that excessive depression in the value of land, which in the infant state of a colony, is very apt to arise from the want of a due proportion between the quantity of land in the market, and the demand for it. — ^^Ex- perience has shewn, that when the price of land is excessively low, the settlers form no local Attach- ments to their property, and. fall into( unsteady wandering habits, very prejudicial, to moral im- provement. On the other hand, it is more for the interest of the proprietors to be enabled to <; dispose of a part, of their land at afair price, than 41 to have an unlimited power of alienation, without any adequate demand. r Upon these principles it is proposed that a dis- tinction should be made between the ordinary m m ■v..{k m ■ ii lb fowtmhipLands, and (he Settling Lots. A Regiiter if to be kept of Settling Loti, parcelled off from anj Township^ for the purpose of being alienated to settlers : and when any lands are entered in this Register they are to become alienable without re- striction ; but the ordinaiy lands not so registered, are not to be separated from the property of the Township. Each proprietor will have the power of registering annually a certain eitent of Settling Lots ; and this privilege will be extended in fa- vour of those, who have taken active measures for bringing settlers to their lands. The precise extent of land io be admitted to npMUy, must be a matter of farther consideration ; but perhaps it may not be far from a hit propor- iinn, if on each township the proprietor be allowed to parcel off 50 acres annually; and that if a pro- prietor sends out settlers from Europe under his patronage^ he should be allowed over and above the ordinary privilege, to parcel off 100 acres in the first instance, and 20 acres annually thereafter, on account of every family so brought into the colony. It is not proposed that these restrictions should be continued any longer than the period, during whith the Trust Fund is to participate in the price of all Townships that are disposed of. Neither will they extend to prevent a proprietor from ali- enatbg his township whenever he pleases ; the pur- sr id II 1, o r- >- is e n > chater taking it mider the tame limitationi at to the parcelling off of land« at if it had remained in the hands of the original proprietor. It is well understood that the value of landed property in America does not depend^ as in Eu- rope^ merely on the annual revenue arising out of the produce^ but in most instances upon the profit eipected from re-selling it at an advanced price» A large tract of waste land^ without an inbabi- tant, and lying at a distance from any settlement, may appear a worthless property. It does not indeed produce an annual income; but the capital vested in the purchase is rapidly increasing in value without expense or trouble to the owner. In a country where provisions are superabun- dant^ and wages bigh^ early marriages tprevail, and the natural increase of population is rapid. The in- habited districts annually send out swarms of young men, who advance into the unoccupied waste, and purchase small lots of land, which they proceed to clear and cultivate, as the readiest means of providing for a family. Thus in process of time cultivation continually encroaches on the wilder- ness : and lands which were purchased for a tri- fle, while the settlements were at a distance, may be sold off at a high price, when the progress of population has brought them near. Innumerable instances might be quoted> in almost every colony in America^ of tracts of land^ purchased at a few ^1 m m P i i IM t:l m in 10 pence per acre^ ha?iDg beeitsold again; after the lapse of some years^ at as many dollars or even pounds. To every person who is acquainted with Ameri- ca; the profit arising from such speculations is familiar. But in the United States^ the value of unoccupied land is now so fully understood^ that the opportunities of making a ' successful speculation are comparatively few ; the inost. fa- vourable being pre-occupied by capitalists on the 'spot.' The opportunity -which occurs in Ossini- bbia^ is owing to its peculiar circumstances. It is so distant from the older settlements, that, in the ordinary course* of things, population cannot be expected to spread into it for a long period of time. For this reason, notwithstanding the natu- ral advantages of the country, the owners of the land are willing to part with it for a small conside- ration. Trifling as the price of ^.400 for 10,000 acres must appear, it would perhaps be fully ade* quate to its value, if nothing could be done to accelerate the progress of population towards this remote situation. But the systematic employment of an adequate capital, to be expended in removing the first difficulties of an infant settlement, may place this tract of land in circumstances as advan- tageous to the proprietors, as if it were in the im- mediate vicinity of populous colonies. The ex- pence might be too great for an' individual, but ii ihtLy be defhiyedVith ease out of the funds to bi^ Tested in the Trustees. It is proposed that these funds^ should be ap- plied^ principally in the way of loan, to assist set- tlers^ who without some such aid might be unable to effect the purpose^ on which they are bent, and who, in consideration of this support, will readily agree to settle in the situation that is pointed out. By means of this encouragement, useful settlers might be found among various different classes in the United Kingdom; Among others it may be proper to hbiice particularly one^ coinsi- derable body of people, who will not only be dis^^ posed cheerfully to acquiesce in the terms of this proposal, but who, without some such aid, would be in circumstances deserving of much commise- ration. "^^^ '^ The effects which have arisen in the Highlands of Scotland, from the abolition of the system of Clanship and the adoption of an (economical plaA of mainaging landed property, have been fully ex- plained to the public. The great change which has been going on for half a century in that part of the Kingdom is not yet completed : and of late years its progress has been such as to press with redoubled severity on the poor tenantry, who are ' from time to 'time, dispossessed of their farms, in order to make way for a farther extension of dheep m it III '■'I m m i m mm - u '. ft U ■'«■ 1 -■'. -''' m n m ! m if 1 ,ti 1 r 1 1 i ' r farming. In the earlier stages of this progi^s^ the tenantry who were to he remo^ed^ vrere i|i ge- neral posfessed of a considerable stock of cattle, by the sale of which they were enabled to defn^y the expence of their passage to America. At pre- sent^ there are great numbers who have not ade- quate means. Upon many large estates in the North of Scpt^ landj sheep farming has been introduced in a piio- gressiye manner^ under an idea that all the former population might be retained* T^he highest moun- tains were first converted into sheep pastures, in- cluding a few insulated farms situated among the remoter vallies. The more ex^nsive varies and ihe lower parts of the countiy '^ere left in th^ foriner state of occupancy, in the hands of small Un$fs^, who were crowded a little closer together^ to mftke room for those who had been removed from their former possessions. Patches of improveable ground on the lower declivities of the mountains, were brought into cultivation to suppoi;t this additional population: but the pasturage was necessarily circumscribed : and on every new lease, more and more of the hill pasture has been taken away from the small tenants, and added to the Sheep farms. Thus the stock of cattle, that each family had the n^eaos of keeping, has been .more and more re- duced : their capital has j;radually dwindled away ; w y and the same individtiiilf ^ who 190 or 90 years had a connderable stock; are iK>* ^osseued of a small number only. Whien one ot these populous Tal- lies is now to be converted into a large grazing^ the tenantry who are to be removed are not so wealthy as in former times. A few individuals among; them may have sufficient means of under- taking a voyage to America; but a far greater proportion^ though possessed of some capital^ fall short of the requisite amount. Tlie sale of their stock of cattle may often produce two-thirds or three-fourths of the sum required for the passage of their family. But^ if they have not the whole^ the undertaking is beyond their reach ; and how- ever small the deficiency may be^ they are obliged to sit down in situations^ where their remaining pittance is soon dissipated. Updn most of the estates^ where these ehanges are now progressively taking place^ it is customar^ to lay out portions of two or three acres, of arable or improveable land^ to which the privilege of gra- zing one cow« upon an adjacent common pasture, is annexed. These portions of land, are provincially termed crofts : and upon the sea coasts, where the people are accustomed to fishing, the possessors have in some instances become industrious and thriving: but in the inland situations their condition is^ in general, very miserable. To introduce among them >"• I tm ■ii'i; "■I'ti '■v=i«4 ^1 i' iiri' i3 •^ % u new branches of industry^ to which they are totally UoaccustonDed, is no easy task ; and at the bept it is^hut a dfeary and discouraging prospect, to, a man who haft been accustomed to a large range of mouBtain^pasture^ and to look upon his cattle as tlie only desirable source of riches, to be re- duced to one cow^ and obliged to commence the toilsome improvement of a moor or moss, in which his portion can never, exceed two or three acres. Even for this trifling accommodation the small tenants are in a great measure indebted tp the 'hu- manity of their landlords, who are reluctant to drive away entirely the old population of their estates ; but who have little reason to expect, that under these circumstances, their industry will be- come productive of much benefit to themselves or to those under whom they live. Most of the settlers, who are already established on Red River, are from a district, to which these observations peculiarly apply; where, by repeated divisions and subdivisions, the portions of ground occupied by the tenantry are now much reduced ; and where there are several thousand families, who are little else than a burden on the proprietors, and who must necessarily be removed, in the course of no long period of years, if the lands are to be brought under an (economical system of manage- Qieot. These people^ though possessed of little u page- little acquired skill or well-directed iadastry, haye many of the most essential qualities for a settler in a newf country. Thejare^ for the mostpart, hardy, frugal/ and persevering, of sober and steady habits, and strongly impressed with jreligious principles. The settlers already at Red ;River haye made so favour- able a report of the country to their friends^ that many are anxious to follow them : and there Cian be no doubt, that a great number of people frotti these districts, would become settlers, if they could obtain a small degree of assistance, to defray the expencet of their passage. There are great numbers of fami- lies, to whom the loan of £\0 or 20, would make all the difference, between a state of comfortable independence, and one of degradation, rapidly de- clining into hopeless poverty. Proceeding upon the principle, that the Fund under the management of the Trustees, should be applied to the temporary accommodation of emi- grants of this description, arfangeinents must be made for collecting the debt» due by theni,^for re- ceiving the surplus produce of their lanch in pay- ment, and conveying it to a market where the value, may be realized. Thus the funds advanced for the assistance of one set of emigrants will be re- placed, and ready to be applied to support others in like manner. To the extent of the capital sub- scribed^ there will be a coptinual influx of settlers 16 into the colony^ Mobile the funds applicable to thii purpose/ instead of diminisMng^ may be expected to increase^ both by the interest, chargeable on the loans advanced to emigrants, and by the rents, payable to the trustees, for those lots ^rhich they have a right to assign to settlers. ' It may be imagined, however, that the remote and inland situation of Red River will not admit of the settlers sending any produce to market, on sueh terms as to provide for the reimbursement of the advances made to them. But the inland situa- tion of the settlement is by no means so insuper- able an obstacle to its success :— and means may be found of conveying produce to the sea-coast, at such a rate as will leave a very fair remuneration to the farmer. In the present unimproved state both of the river navigation, and the road by land, between Port Nelson and the interior, the expences incur- red by the fur tradeirs, afford no criterion of that which may be sufficient for the carriage of goods under a better system. — When Canada was first ac- quired by the English, the River St. Lawrence above Montreal, was considered nearly in the same light in which Nelson River may now appear. — -Even since the settlement of Upper Canada by the Loyalists, it was deemed impracticable to convey produce to market I from the remoter parts of that province;^ av ^«st« of latejearti 'floor^ be^f, und pork liave been brought to Montreal^ eyen from Detroit. If the attention of the settlers in Ossiniboia be directed to articles of higher value> in proportion to their bulk and weighty there can be no doubt of their success. . Fvon Port Nelson to Red River^ there are two routes^ nearly equal in length. — One is by the River Nelson^ a stream not much inferior to the St. Lawrence in magnitude^ but. interrupted by seyeral falls and rapids^ on account of which the boats now used roust be small enpugh to be moved on rollers over the carrying places, it appears', however, ihkt by far the greatest propor^ tion of these obstructions are concentrated in one part of the river, not exceeding fifty miles in extent, and that both above and below there are great tracts of deep and moderate current, free from any .obstruction.^^It , is therefore probable that this river may be improved into a much more useful navigation than it has hitherto been, espe* cially for bulky articles, descending the stream. J .:The other route, by Hayes River, has been more carefully examined, and it is calculated, that by means of improvemenl* now in the course of execution, the expenceof carriage from Lake Winipic to Port Nelson may be reduced to j^^ per ton at the fullest computatiiin ; and may '1 |l I ■ pi I^-'-^i.t! ^?^ -_': *"-'"• Vi'- ./ V '* v> •ij a 18 |ifob«bly1)e McompUAed for mudileis.*— To (bit iBOgt be added ibout per ton for the carriage «cro8B ithe Lake. When prices are bi^ in the fiwopcan ibaffkets, these charges would ncit be a ba#^d the«Kporiation even of flour, beef, or poilL, considering the extremely small expence of raising (these articles upon^e fertile flains.— Tallow may he procured «in Red River •■ such abundance, and at so cheap a Taite, that in any state of the fnaiikcis iin GurOpe, it will bear this expence of fiArnage. — ^Wool is an article on which a«harge of j£6 or £7 ftt ton, can meTer form a serious bar to CKpoiMibn. A bceed of the best merinos Inm akcpdy been introduced on Red RiTcr; and as the same breed 'has heeu naturalised in Sweden, and even in Iccibnd, there can he no doubt of ^ir being soon inured to the climate. The plains that now feed: the bufialoe may afford pasture to innu- nerabie hesds 4>f sheep, and from the small quan- tity of «now on Red Rirer, they will require but little ptofender iti winter, f The cultivation of Hemp and Flax may stqpply another vahiaible commodity, which can bear the burden of n considerable charge for carriage. This indeed is a cultivation, viliich cannot be expected to lUcceed extensively^ except in an inland situa- tion. The attempts to introduce it in our maritime * See Appendix C. t ^ee Appendix D. 19 Colonies hh'^e been dnsuccessful^ cbieiy becaute tbe facilitj of exportation has induced the farmers to prefer more bulky commodities^ of easier culti- Tation, and to which^ from habit, they aro more partial. There is the more reason to expect that hemp may be raised with success, as the soil and climate of Ossiniboia appeal to bear a near resem- blance to those of the Ukraine, and the other Rus- sian provinces^ from whence the chief supplies are now drawn. As soon as this branch of industry is properly understood by the settlers on Red River^ it may be adviseable that the quit-rents to be re- served upon new allotments of larid> should be made payable in hemp ; and with some attention on the part of the Trustees, to encourage the cul- tivation, and to introduce the best methods, it it probable that, as the settlement advances, hemp will become one of its chief staples, and that the colony may thus become entitled to a large share of the protection and encouragement, which our Government have always been disposed to ajQTord to this favourite national object. After the subscription is.closed, .so as to ascer- tain the amount of the Fund, which is to be undler the management of the Trustees, their first steps will be to estaUish an agent in those districts from whence the emigrants are chiefly to be expected; and another at the settlement ; and to provide one or more ships, to be regularly employed between ■ 'a f ill.. 1 pi I'll .■1^; feo Great Britain and Port Nelson, to carry out the aettler8> and to bring back the produce of the set- tlement. . •' i The Agent in Scotland will have to make ar- rangements with the emigrants^ and to superin- tend their embarkation }i .to make a selection among those who may offer themftelyes, to receive as much of their passage .money as they have thb means of paying, and tp take regular obligations for the balance.— The price of passage must be fixed at such a rate, as will afford a fair and full compensation for all expences which the conYoy-* ance of the emigrants will incur. This, as well as the number that can be receiTcd, must be deter- mined by the Trustees from year to year, according to circumstances. The Agent at the Settlement, will have to col- lect the debts due by the settlers, and for that purpose to receive from them any species of pro- duce which can be realized at a European market, and will bring such a price, as to leave a surplus after paying all charges of conveyance, &c. &c. .The amount of this surplus is the criterion for. cal- €ulating,> the net original value Of each species of prodqce at the settlement | acicording to which the agent will be directed to give credit to the settler for hifi^payments. Every article will be valued at a fair price in money : but the whole transaction ,,•*•:-. il iitM 'Jf i"\-]i-V'*' •""**• *»* a liokjr be tarried on witliidut the intervention of any circulating medium. The produce so received must be prepared for the market^ and conveyed to Port Nelson^ to be shipjied fdt England^ by return of the vessels that bring out the annual accession of settlers. These arrangements must be carried on under the direc- tion and superintendence of the principal agent at the settlement, ^ith such assistance as expe- rience may prove to be necessary. In the infancy of the settlement^ the ships that carry out the settlers, will be taken up for the homeward freight by the Hudson's Bay Company, to bring home timber^ of which several cargoes may be supplied annually by one of their establish- ments on the Bay. The Company also require a considerable supply of provisions for their servants employed in the fur trade ; and this vrill secure an advantageous market for the surplus produce of the settlement, so long as the quantity is too small to afford a sufficient homeward freight for a ship. From the extreme facility of cultivation on Red River, such emigrants as have been alluded to, will have no hesitation to pay an annual quit-rent for their lands, at the rate of four or five pounds of clean hemp per acre, or an equivalent in wool, wheat, or other produce. No industrious settler ^'i .■(1.31 /- can find any difllicultj in paying such a quit- rent : and it is in fact more advantageous to the settler to obtain clear lands at this rate, than a gra- tuitous present of a lot entirely covered with wood, on which four or five pounds per acre roust be ei- pended before the soil can even receive the rays of the sun ; and where 15 or 20 years roust elapse, be- fore it can be disencumbered of the roots and stumps, and all the obstacles to cultivation, froro which the land on Red River is by nature free. Nothing therefore but an adequate population is wanting to render these lands highly valuable to the proprietors. By roeans of the arrangements, of which a sketch has been ^iven, the conveyance of eroi- grants to this settlement may be effected at a mo- derate price, probably not materially different from that which must be paid for a passage to any other part of America ; and when the superior ad- vantages of the soil of Ossiniboia are more gene- rally understood, the settlers wiH not be limited to those who require the aid of a loan. — At all ,_ events, the Fund vested in the hands of the Trus- tees will be the means of bringing a constant influx of people ; and with the prospects arising from the natural increase of population, the value of land will soon rise in proportion to its natural advan-: ^ tages. There can be no doubt that in the course , 23 of a few years the 500 acres, which the Trustees haye a right to dispose of, out of every Township, may be occupied by at least five or six families ; and in almost any part of America^ where the po- pulation amounts to this proportion, on every 10^000 acres, it would be thought a great bargain to obtain a large tract, even of wood land, at one or two dollars per acre : nor is thi^ extraordinary, as the purchaser may have the prospect of selling it off again in a few years, in small lots, at five, siz^ or eight dollars. In- these circumstances any Proprietor, who niay not be inclined to take the trouble of parcelling out his lands to settlers, will have no difficulty w selling off his Township, entire and undivided, m such an advanced price, as will bean ample indem- nification for the loss of some years' interest on his original Subscription. Those who are not anxious to realize their money soon, will find the value of their lands increasing continually upon their hands, without trouble or the necessity of any personal exertion. To persons who wish to lay up a pro- vision for an infiEtnt family, so advantageous a mode of vesting money, without any risk, does not perhaps often occur. I' .'M^ "3 U'y'A m \ If^'^t^if-' 'r f V >■-■ • IS" ,\'r^ iA.vj- ^ s ,i.*'U J S B f- u ^4^ > 1 APPENDIX A. ;i.-t;: An anonymous letter was iii^erted in the Quebec Mer- curj in October last, (1814), and copied into some of the English newspapers, stating that these people were not only treated with the utmost cruelty and injustice^ but neglected, and left in a starving cpndition ; and at the same time representing the climate of Red River, as precluding the possibility of their obtaining a subsist-, ence by agriculture. This publication made no impres- sion in Quebec or Montreal, where it was universally ascribed to a certain association of Fur-traders, who con- ceive this settlement to be prejudicial to their interest, and make no secret of their desire to obstruct its pro- gress. As the motives of their hostility are not so well understood in England, it may be proper to enter into some detail, in order to place in a just light the circum- stances which have been misrepresented ; and when the^ true state of the fact is compared with the colouring which has been given to them, it will be seen how littlje, attention is due to any farther allegations from the sam« quarter. , , , ;, , 1. As to the settlers being neglected and left to starve, it may be sufficient to refer to the books of the 1 ■I J 26 storekeeper (now in London) (ma which it appears, that between the 1st of Nov. 1812, and the 17th of March following, buffaloe beef, and venison of the moose and red deer, was served out to the settlers, to the amoun of 29»217lb.; and as the number of people of all ages did not quite amount to one hundred, this makes an average of more than 2lb. per day of fresh meat; be- sides which several other articles were issued, particu- lar! j 4,9671 b. of pemicah, 4 preparation made by the Indians from the most nutritious parts of the meat. During the summer months, the settlers had always a superabundance of fish; but as it was distributed im« mediately from the hooks and nets, without being taken into stbre, no exact account was kept of the quantity. During the second winter, many of the settlers had a considerable supply of potatoes raised by themselves : besides which there was tdso a distribution of 24,000 lb. of fresh meat, and 7,800 lb* of pemicim, the number of peopk being nearly the same as during the first winter. These distributions were not made in daily rations; but from time to time, as the supplies came in, leaving to every family to manage it for themselves. A feM^ thoughtless individuals, having wasted their allowance, whilie supplies wer^r coming-in in sup^erabundance, had but a scanty pottion, during some of the intel*vals of comparative scarcity, to which a supply, dependent on the chace, must necessarily be subject. But the utmost hardship that arose from it was, that they had to part with some superfluities of dress to purchase meat iVom their more provident neighbours. This is the wholie foundation of the tale of famine ; and during the second winter, there was not even one day of scarcity to build a story upon* i« 27 2. With respect to the climaterand soil of the Red River country, a multitude of authoritieft might be re- ferred to, among which a few only shall be selected. The first is a letter from a gentleman, who has been for many years employed to manage a branch of the Fur Trade there, on account of the North- West Company of Montreal. He had received the strongest assurances of promotion in their service; but he judged it more advantageous to settle in the Colony lately formed in that country ; and accordingly set out from Montreal,, a few days after the date of the letter, with the intention of proceeding to Red River, and establishing himself there as a settler. He is brotlier to a very respectable manufacturer in Dean Street, Southwark. Sir,, Montreal, Ath October, 1814^ '* In answer to your queries, concerning the cli- mate and natural productions of Red River, I have the honour to present you with the following state- ment : " 1 have resided thirteen years on Red River, and have always been in the habit of cultivating its soil ; and from experience can take upon myself to say, that the climate i^ much the same as in Upper Canada; that is, the winters are of a shorter duration, and much milder, than those experienced at Quebec. ^* Last summer I had water melons sown in the open ground on the 4th of June, which were ripe early in September; the largest weighing ISlbs. The musk melons and cucumbers were as large, and as well fla* voured, as I ever met with at a fruit shop in London. Turnips sown on the 25th of June, were fit for the table about the middle of August. In October one of them 'St !28 Weighed 14|lb8. Ohe bushel of potatoes will produce frcnr forty to fifty bushels. ** Wheat, barley, and rye I have only se^n in small qUaAtities ; but I am of opinion, that no country will produce a more abundant crop, or with so little trouble, as on Red River. " The natural produce of the soil, is wild flax, wild rice, cherries, pears, raspberries, strawberries, grapes, bush cranberries, currants, plums, crab apples, and dif- ferent roots, which the Indians prepare as food. The plains likewise abound with medicinal herbs and roots. Salt springs are very common; and the sugar maple is to he found iti every point. ** I need not tnedtion the immense herds of buflkloe tha. graze on the plains, or the number of elk and moose deer that inhabit the woods. *' A line, with sixty hooks, set across any part of the river, will give you from sixty to a hundred catfish per day, each weighing from 9 to 25lbs. besides, sturgeon ' and many other fish peculiar to North America, may be taken in great abundance with nets. In the fall a*id spring, wild fowl of almost all descriptions are very common. The general price of a buffaloe, as large as an English ox, is from twenty to thirty rounds of am- munition, or from three-fourths to one pound of to- bacco. "^ ** But the real value of the country, is the fertility of its soil, and the facility that nature oifers to th^ indus- trious of obtaining the reward of his labour. Here a lux- uriant soil only asks the labour of the ploughman : not a root or stump requires to be taken up. TH£ LANDS ARE ALREADY CLEARED. The plains present you with a pasturage of many hundred miles in eictent; and youi horses and cows (except those required to be «9 milked), may be left out all wintes. In truth, I know of no country that offers so many advantages: ai^ejc- ceeding wholesome climate, a fertile soil, fish, flesh, and fowls jn abundance ; and sugar and salt for the trouble of making them. In fact, all the necessaries and all the luxuries that are useful to mankind, are to be founcji there. Society only is wanting. " 1 trust, my good Sir, you will pardon the cursory manner in which this is written* Being on the eve of my departure, I hope will plead an excuse ; and believe me, though hastily written, the foregoing statements are stiictly correct. I have the honour to be, &,c. &c. JOHN PRITCHARD." ae. The following letter is dated February 1812, from Mr. Donald M'Kay, who is now residing in the North of Scotland, and was formerly for many years employed in the Fur Trade, first from Canada, and afterwards in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company. " In obedience to your Lordship's commands, I shall begin with the nature of the climate of the country you wish to describe, and Red River in particular, now called Stone Indian River.'"' ** I have wintered there four years, and during that period, found that it was far milder than in Canada. I have wintered in Montreal three years, and two at Point Claire^ 18 miles above Montreal, and River St. Lawr^ce did not break open till April, and Red River breaks in March, and not half the snow falls on Red River : the ^oil is better than in Canada. Besides other advantages, Red River hath buffaloes, deers of different kinds, and I PI III I-,!;,; If:f * More properly Oasinihoyne River, tl>e original name, of which Stone Indian is an awkward translation. .a 30 in the fall and spring) geeae, swans, wivies, dncfks, heath hens, partridges, rabbits, &c. Sturgeon, and many other kinds offish in the spring; the buffaloes do not come lower than Fort des Eppinette, below Brandon House. Red River enters Lake Winipic at the south end on the west side, in lat. 53, long. Q9 ; its course are S.W. to lat. 50, long. 109, when it turns to the N.W. at the bottom of the little Missouri, which course are S.W. till it comes to the east end of the Stony Mountain, and it is 34 miles to cro^s that hill to the great Missouri, which joins the Mississippi 45 miles above the Illinois and New Orleans, in the Gulf* of Mexico. When I was there-in 1780, I have seen tribes of Indians that never saw any European before, and some as fair and clean as some Europeans; the Shivetoons in particular, the Mau- dales, Soulliers, Flying Big-bellies, and some Snakes ; their Horses are very beautiful and swift ; who treated me with the utmost civility and hospitality. Every tribe hath a different language, but has interpreters all of them. The white beaver is in this River, aAd small crocodiles." ** Red River is almost clear from wood on the north side only along, the river itself about 40 miles from Lake Ouinipique or Wioipeg ; the south side are woods of different sort up to a great distance, and River au More (now called Red River,) joins Red River* 50 miles from the Lake, its source comes from the border of River St. Peter and Mississippi. There are famous fishing places at its bottom for barbot or catfish and sturgeon. Fort Dauphin has two rivers. River la Bish and Swan * Of the two branches of Red River, the south is the largest and properly called Red River, though Mr. M*Kay, and some other of the traders, give that name to the west branch, or Ossiniboyne River. ) • SI Rivcr^ the sail as about Lake Win i peg; these riters enters into little Winipeg, opposite the Islands of St. Martin in the middle of great Winipeg, and River du Tremble opposite to that on the east side of the lake. The south end of the lake breaks open a month before the north end will. It is all woods about the lake, and the soil light in some places. The distance from York Fort to Winipeg is 350 miles, and 24 carrying places, some very trifling, and could be cleared with little trouble. But to entjer minutely into a detail of the nature of this country, would need a whole volume, therefore ^hall conclude with having the honour of being, £(£. Sac, .^y, DONAH) M'KA Y. The above have been selected as the testimony of gentlemen who, being well acquainted with other parts of British America^ are qualified to form a judgment of the comparative advantages of Ossiniboia. The same may be said of Miles M'Donell, Esq. Governor of the new colony on Red River, a gentleman who has passed most of his life^ip Upper Canada, and is well acquainted with the agriculture oi all parts of that province. The subjoined extracts from his letters will serve not merely to give an idea of the country, but of the state of the settlement. The first letter is dated July, 1813. '' The Country exceeds any idea I had formed pf its goodness. I am only astonished it has lain so long un- settled. With good management, the bu0aloe in winter, and fish in summer, are sufficient to subsist any number of people until more certain supplies are got out of the ground. The River has amply fed us, and about 900 people in the neighbourhood, since the beginning of June. The land is most fertile, and the climate extraor- St (hnarily healthy. The fever and ague, so prevalent in other parts of Attierica, is here unknown. There is no complaint peculiar to the country.*' * • • • ''The country on the west side of the river, from above Deadinan's River, throughout, is all a plain, with & belt of wood, on the river's edge, of irregular depth, ir^in I to fi or 3 acres. In many places the plain reaches to the river-bank. On the east side it is well wooded ; the wood consists of oak, elm, poplar. Hard or cotton wood, ash, maple, 8ic. &c. There is no pine or cedar. Rivers falling into the Red River are geiicirally wooded on both sides. * * ♦ * # * ♦ # " Our crops from bad culture, and the seed being old, do not promise great returqs. The winter wheat being sown late, has totally failed, as also the summer wheat, pease, aVtd English barley— of all these, there must be new seed sent us. The appearance of the potatoes, pro- mises good returns. — ^The Indian corn has almost totally failed, from a great drought after planting.'* The next extract is from a letter dated July 25,1814. " 1 arrived from York Fort 15th October last. — The harvest had been secured, which consisted chiefly of potatoes ; the people had returns of 45 or 50 kegs for each one planted. I had only about 15 for one, owing to the carelessness of the servants in attending to the culture and digging of tifem.** " The globe turnips were of an extraordinary size ; the Swedish turnips also produced well. Our oats grew well ; but from being late sown, part were overtaken by the frost before they were ripe. Wheat, pease, beans, Indian corn, rye, and hemp, en- tirely failed. The seed of these were old, and the few grains that came up were, from bad tillage, soon over- come by weeds.'* * * * * 5? J3 " Therie hare been about leiren kegi of barley, four of wheat, five or six of oats, a quantity of Indian corn and buck-wheat, and nearly three hundred kegs of potatoes' put in the ground in our settlement: — the whole lo6ks more luxuriant an4 promising : — very different from the crops of last year. We have had green pease, a fort* night ago. I ate new potatoes yesterday-— size of walnuts; and some of our barley will be fit to reap a week hence. Of potatoes I expect we shall have as many as all the people now here and to come can con- sume; and I am in hopes there will be a sufficiency of seed grain, of the kinds we have, for ail the people next year." .'The following extracts are from the letter? of two young men who have no acquaiqtance with other parts of America ; but they are not destitute of interest, ai they not only give aome idea of the sentimepts of thevettleri, but may in some degree shew whether they are treated in the unjust and inhuman manner, which the Quebec libeller has represented : — ^Mr, John M'Leod writes to a friend in Scotland, under date July 82nd, 1814. * * # * " This is a very agreeable department. I can take a ride, and visit the settlers at pleasure.^ I yesterday dined with Mr. and Mrs. M'Lean : he bat his crops in as forward a state as ever 1 saw at home : — his barley and wheat are both in ear, and will be ripe in eight days hence : he had fifty returns of potatoes last year, and it promises no less this year. The soil is very productive and exuberant, but very much incommoded with flies in summer, and cold in winter. In summer I have seen the thermometer at 90" above the cypher, and in winter 35" below the cypher> 67" below the freezing point. These people that came out as settlers here ha« D i'l'i '1 "i hill 34t encountered and stnrmoQnted many hardships, but ihtj are getting on gradually. All the Lewis lads has been in the Colony's service. I saw B. Bethune the other day, and asked him if he intended going home this ship time : — he told me, if he got his wages a little augmented, he would serve another contract. In this country, peo- ple are esteemed according to their merits and good behaviour." Mr. Archibald McDonald writes, under date SMtht July, 1814: " Coming up from York Fort, the young settlers behaved remarkably well,, and soon acquired a pretty good idea of the falls and rapids we had often to ascend ; came to Jack River in nineteen days, remained one day only, and then carried on through the Lake, but still was not able to get to the settlement till £ 1st June. On the morning of the following day got for the new settlers forty-two bushels of potatoes, to plant for them* selves immediately, which was finished in the course of three days. Their own lands were now to be measured off, so as to get them settled without loss of time. Captain M'Donell very judiciously ordered their lands to be given them downwards from the settlement, alono;; the west side of the river ; but they, upon grounds that the upper part of the river must be better lands, would rather go farther up the country, not once thinking of the hazard they would run from the natives, by throw- ing themselves so far from any protection. But I am pretty well convinced the scheme did not originate with themselves, as they were highly taken up with the ap- pearance of the country the very first day we arrived. However they agreed to take their allotments where first proposed.*** ** They are now all settled in their respective lots, and most of (heir houses in a fair way of building— indeed some were roofed. — It is their cfirn advantage how loon they have them finished, as there is but few men lefi heri; when the captain and all the boats are off: and he wishes to give these people every eacooragement, by gititig them employment as often as he can. Captain M'BoAell has ordered that ten or twelve holrses that he has here, may be distributed among the new ; sc;ttlejSB whenever they wish for them. * ♦ * ■:cn^->"^i Of the productiveness of the soil of Red River, an idea may be formed from the following extract from the Journal kept, in the year 1813, at Brandon House, a trading establishment of the Hudson's Bay Company, where the cultivation of the ground is very far from being a principal object of attention. ** The little barley (three quarts) that was sown in our garden, 14th May, was cdt down 15th ^i^gust, and . produced thirty-four gallons of clean corn :-^the ground is the nineteenth part of an English acre/' , ' N. B. This is in the proportion often quarters to the acre, or nearly seventeen bolls to the Scottish acre. •^>'With a view to ascertain with more precision the nature of the climate of Red River, thermometers and other instruments were sent out four and five years ago, with instructions for taking an accurate series of observa- tions. But from the remissness of the officers tp whoi^ they were intrusted, this intention has been very imper- fectly exeouted; and the journals hitherto received are full of large blanks. Ever since the observations on the effects of extreme cold, which were made at Churchill Factory, by instructions from the Royal Society> ther- mometical observations have been made in many parts of Hudson's Bay; but the officers have directed their attention to the wintier only ; and their observations stop D 2 36 predielj at the time, when to an agriculturitt they art most intereiting. In •earchmg for materials to supply this deficiency, the only document that has yet been discovered is a Journal of very old date, kept by Anthony Hendey, one of the first of the Company's servants, who explored the interior country beyond Lake Winipic. Though he had no instruments, his observations may perhaps convey aa distinct an idea of the general nature of the climate, as if they had been made with more apparatus, and scientific precision. — He left York Fort on the 26th June, 1755, and on the 9th July arrived at Lake Winipic: he then proceeded westward up the Sas- katchewan, on the ftfind passed Basquiau, on the £8th left the River and proceeded by land, and on the Idth of August entered the plains. He passed the winter among the Indians about latitude 53^ or 54% consider- ably to the north of Red River. He set out on his return in May; on the 3rd June he entered Lake Winipic, and on the €3rd arrived again at York Fort*— His Journal contains a daily notice of the state of the weather, which is here extracted in the form of a table ; and every remark, which occurs in the Journal, to throw any light on the general state of the season is subjoined as a note at the bottom of the page. '%>i • i-^ r in 1755 1 ! .;h — ^_-^i,; ■ ••u n^imi. 1 ?F«w<»«r. 1 1735 1 frM. Wmttker. Jun««6 W. fine Auk. 9 S.W. moderate 27 W. fine 10 N nne 28 S.fcS.W. fine n W. Ine 29, N fine 12 w. fine « 30 N. fine 13 w. itrong pic July l' N.W. rain and tl«tnder 14 w. mod«rttc «! N.W. fine 15 N.E. fine 3, S. fine 16 W. fine 4l N.W. fine 17 SW. fine 5 W.N.W. fine 18 N.W. fine 6 E. by N. fine 19 W. fine 7, E. byN. fine 20 W. fine 8' S.W. fine 21 N.W. fln0 f 9 S.W. fine 22 N.E. fine 10 N.W. fine 23 N.E. fine n N. wind and rain 24 N.W. byN. fine 12| S.W. continuancfeofrain 25 w. fine la 8. moderate 26 N.W. fine u S.W. fine 27 S. fine 15 £. fine 28 N.W. blowing weither 16 E. fine 29 W. fine 17 S.W. fine 30 W. fint''*'. )i:' 18 S.W. by S. fine ) 31 N.W. byN. biowim ^"^i ,9ii.lftS.W.byS. fine Sept. 1 N.W. cold raw X iifl.iO N.E. fine 2 N.W. fine 21 W. fine 1 . 3 n;w. blowing raioy 22 W. fine I blowing ilrotigt 4 NE. fine 93 S.W. 5 W. fine *- ■*■ With raiit 6 W. fine * 24 S. ifine. ', 1 W. fine 95 S. fine I li 8 S doudy, with rain i» ni^ 8. fine 1 {at times 27 S. fine ') ;; S.W. fine / ' ; 9 W. 'fiiiev . J. «8 10 N.W. • Rtifi -' J T+ 29 N.W. fine '. 11 N.W. fine '^i:' 30 S.W.byS. fine " Vi N E. Voldi:»w ' • 31 N.W. fine 13 W. fine Aug. 1 N.W. ifine . I.'. 14 SW, fine 2i NE. fine ' |-' 15 S.W. fine 3, S sultry hot 1 , If W. rainy 4! N.W. fine 1 V W. , rainy 51 S. 'fine It 1 N.W. rainy '■ 6 calm. sultry IS N.W. tine T a. hot sultry i 2( N.W. fine m:.- J N.W. strong gai*-., with 2J S. fine thiinderjlrghtniiig 2? W. fine and rain. 2( } N.W. fine _J * Aug. 12. — Hazle and rheriy trees loaded with ripe fruit, f Aug. 21. — Many ripebierries and cherries, t Sept 1. — Indians living on berries. f S^pt. 23.— I cannot describe the fineness of the weather, and the plt»s«nt ceuntry I am now in. 'J8 f.K.I Nov * Oct. 15. — Froze a little in the night. f Oct. 24. — It freezes in the nights, and thaws in the days I Nov. 1.— A gentle fros in the night, gone by the middle of the da^. i Nov. 12. — Freezes in the night, and thaws in the day. , _ n Nov. 14. — Women making clothing for cold weather. ^ ^ Nov. 26. — Ice almost gone. .** Dec. 10. — Ice neither bears nor breaks down. ff Dec. 15. — Snow and ice almost gone. ^Uh f' K'u 39 1756 Wind. Dm.97 S. and W. Jan. ►W. to N. flrotty night, warm day blowing, inowing, fracsing N.E.to N.W. r«b. WeaOtr, 1756 Wmd. moderate freeiiag blowing snowing sharp freezing clear moderate close snowing cold freezing ^i cold moderate freezing moderate blowing freezing variable f Imoderate moderate freezing, with snow at times fine moderate fine fine fresh gales with now at times Feb. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 SO 21 S2 23 24 25 26 27 28 Mar. 1 2 3 4 5 * Apr.23 24 25 2S 27 28 29 30 Mayl Wtathtr. moderate clear sharp « warm I fresh gale, with I drift and snow S. S.W. W. > S. and J S.W. S.W. >S.W.byS. SandS.W S.W. W. by N. N.W. W. w. S.W. S.W. w. >W. to i N.E. S.E. S.E. N.W. S.W. ¥ * * \ N.W. s. s. s. moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate .variable ^snowy fine moderate moderate thawing fine fine moderate anow at times moderate moderate fine fine • « « run at times very warm fine fine fin« fine fine 't ■I II IT it* tt * Jan.' 1 1. — The winter, is now set in good earnest. f Jan. 18 to 21. — I observe the bad weather is of no continuance, and the cold is nothing like so severe as at York Fort. I have bad nothing on my feet yet but a flannel sock, and buffaloe-akin shoes with the hair inwards. X Feb. 10.— Walked in snow shoes for the first time. !') March 4. — Travelled on the river : the water running on the ice. I March 5.— It thaws so much, that our sledges are in the water all the way. ^ March 6 to)April 22. — ^Weather for the must part moderate, and when we had blowing weather it wai of no continuance. By the middle of April the snow aU gone, and the creeks and ponds broken opeh. ♦* April 23,— River broke open, ff April 84 to 27.— Muiquetoes plenty, many grey geeie and swans flying. \ i'lf* 40 J 756 Wind, tVeather. 1766 Wind, WfthtT. May S S. fine lliay25 S.B. rain at times fine moderate 3 s. pleasant 26 N.E. bv N. 4 N. fine 27 S.W. fine - 5 S. fine 28 N.W. rain, thunoupr and light ninr 6 s. rain at times * 7 S.E. fine 29 s. fine 8 N.W. fine 30 s. t^arw 9 N. moderate » 3» S. by W. fine . blowed strong 10 w. fine Jaae 1 N.E. 11 s. fine 2 S. fine 13 s. fine 3 N.E. fine 13 N.W. fine 4 N.E. by N. strong gale " 14 NE. fine 5 S.W. fine ''. 15 S.W. fine 6 N.W. fi-esh gale 16 N.>^. cliear blowing 7 S.W. fine \; 17 N.E. fine , 8 S.W. fine ■: \\il ' 18 S.E. fine ^ 9 N.E. rain at time*'' : 19 N.E. -^lose : 10 S. small rain ' 20 S.E. fine 11 s. finb ^ ' 81 S.E. fine 12 s. fine 82 S.E. fine 13 N.E. foggy ts S.E. fine 14 E. Ifine 84 S.E. rain «t times 15 N. fine vv Though none of th« more recent jpurnaU kept in the interior, give so connected 4 view of the seasons for a whole year, ^ Mr. Hendey's', yet a num'ber of mterest- ing particulars may be cbllectjed from thetn occasioniilly. Mr. Peter Fidler, who wiitered at Swan River, in latitude 52' 20', in the year 1795-6, observed that l!he river froze over on the 8th' November, and broke up again on the 1 4th April. The snow was all melted*^ before the 10th. Swans, ducks, &c. appeared on the Srd. From the 1 5th to the 30th of April, the average of the thermometer, observed about the middle of the day, was 57* ; and it Was occasionally as high as 72° or ,,^ 75°. The same gentleman another year, in descending n Ossiniboyne River, observed on the 2nd of May, whjen in latitude 50" SO' that all the trees, except the oaks, were nearly covered with foliage. In 1814, at Brandon h^ House, in latitude 49** 42', he obs^erves as a proof of a remarkably late spring, that no leaves had appeared on ;*^ 41 w the 4th of M&y. The ice did tto^ breaik up that season till the £lst of April. On the fi3rd June of the i&ate. year, Mr. Fidler obserted/ that the potatoes were in flower, and the barley shot into ear. At BrdfhdOn Hou^e maple sugar is usually made towards the end of March; and about the middle of that month the snoi^ is g^' nerally melting fast, and the ground bare in many pldtces. In 1812, Mr. Edwards, on the route frohi York Fort to Red River, observed the thermometer in the Morn- ings and evenings in the month of July to be generally from 55** to 6^" : on thr^e days only it Was a little below SO". He did not make any observations in the middle of the day. In August, the thermometer observed at the same hours, was in general from 60<* to 75% and hardly ever so low as 50**.— In September, the morning and evening observations were in general from 50 to 65° ; — once as low as 42°. In the middle of the ddy, about one or two o*clbck, it was often 80°. At the Settlement on Red River during thie first half of October, the thermometer ini the mottlihg^iid even- ing was generally from 40^* to 50° : on the 13th in the morning, it was as low as 31° : during thi^ (ieriod,it was seldom above 60°, even at the mid-day observatibn: In the latter part of this months the range of the thermo- meter was from 30° to 40". On the 31st Was the first severe frost ; and oil the 5th of November the river was frozen over. The period of its breaking up thie following spring is not noticed ; but from other documents it is known that on the 18th April boats were navigating the river. Mr. Edwards's Journal clbses on the 17th of May ; and during the last fortnight ojf his observations the average of the thermometer at mid-day is 75° : for the preceding fortnight, viz. in the latter part of April it is 53°. On 4S the -llth May, it is, remarked t|iat the trees are looking green. • ,' • In winter the frost is very intense, so that after a con- tinuance of North or North- West winds, it is sometimes so cold that at night even mercury is frozen. This is very rare on Red River; at Swan River, in winter 17§^-6, it happened three times. It is observed however, that the nipst intense frost is generally accompanied by a calm, or very light airs, so that the cold is not so much felt as might be expected from the state of the thermometer. Even in January, men travel considerable distances through the wilderness, and sleep in the open air with- out danger. The weather is generally of a cheerful and pleasant character. By Mr. Fidler's observations iii winter 17.9^-6, during a period of 148 days from Novem- ber to ilVf arch, 76 days were clear uninterrupted sunshine, nd 44 days fair, but the sky more or less clouded: the days on which snow or rain fell, including every shower however slight, amounted to 28. In winter 1813-14, he observed in like manner 25 days, on which more or less of snow or rain fell. He observed 10 days of drifting winds during the former winter, an4 15 during the latter. Mr. Fidler always measured the snow oftinutely, when new faUen, and in these two winters he scarcely ever records a foil of more than two or three inches. The' difCerent falls added together, for the whole of winter 1795-6 amount to 24 inches; and for 18 13 14 to 28 inches. On the 5tb March, 1814, he observed the snow to lie on a level 15 inches deep : about the same period the ice on the river measured 20 inches thick. To those who are acquainted only with the climate of England, this may appear a great thickness ; but in any part of Germany it would b.e thought moderate. '^' :r 4S APPENDIX C. Thb Hudson's Bay Company are engaged in establhh- ing 8 chain of intennediate posts, between Port Nelsoi^ and Lake Winipic ; from which two great advantages will arise. It Will admit of a commnnication being carried on in winter, by means of sledges drawn by horses, in the manner practbed in Canada, and in all the northern countries of Europe. It will also admit of the navigation in summer being managed in a more OQConomical manner. At present the boats carry but a smaU load, because there is one part of the river much interrupted by falls and, rapids, where sudall and light boats are the only description that can b^ u^^d ; but this is only in a very small proportion of the whole tract ; in other parts there are extensive lakes which would admit of large barges, and rivers of a smooth and equal current, where boats of considerable burden might easily be used. Witjh an establishment of men stationed at these intermediate posts, various different kinds of craft may be used in different parts of the route, and the cargo may be removed from one boat to another, as circumstances render it convenient. The same men may be employed in winter to drive sledges, and convey goods from stage to stage along the same route. Of the practicability of this method, the following letter contains the testimony of a gentleman of the first mercantile abilities, who, during a residence of many ^ v^ 44 years in Upper Canada, has had ample experience on the subject: — '' In answer to your Lordship's queries respecting the practicability of conveying goods by sledges in winter at a moderate expence, I have to observe, that recent experience in Canada has fully ascertained this point. 1 have known many instances of goods being brought in that way from Montreal to Niagiura find Detroit. These sledges are generally drawn by two horses, and loaded with from 12 to 15cwt. besides the driver^ and they travel at the rfite of from 35 to 45 miles p^ day. The road between Kingston and Niagara is frequently rough and hilly; and 1 am of opinion^ that on a level road, or along the ice of a river or lake, a pair of horses could easily draw a load of 15 cwt. at the r^te of 45 miles peir day, for a continuance. If the business is to be cattied on' upoti a large scale, the plan of having relays of horses, stationed nt the distance of a day'sf joumiey apart, will be the most adviseable: these stages need riot be nearer than 40 miles. Every driver ought to have a third horse, both as a reserve in case of aCicident^> and t\ enable hini to give rest to every horse oeea- sionGllly. With this there can be no doubt of bis beirig able to make three trips per Week> carrying iibdut 14 cwt to the next stage, aiid bringing baek an equal weight each tiine. I have the honour to be, &;c. Thomas Clark." •M jfn -■h The distance from York Fort to Lake Winipic, mea- sured along all the bends of the rivers, is nearly 400 English miles. If, according to Mr. Clarlf:'8 computa- tion, this be divided into ten stages of fprty niUes each, an establishment of seventy men, will allow seven to 45 each stage ; and at thr^e trips per week they may carry twenty-one loads of 14 cwt. so that the whole estahlish- ment should convey about 15 tons up from York Fort to Lake Winipic, and 15 tons down, for every week of winter weather adapted for this occupation. In the climate of York Fort, at least twenty weeks may be ^ reckoned of clear and steady frost, after making every reasonable allowance for occasional interruptions from heavy falls of snow, drifts, or other weather of unusual severity. At this rate the winter's work will amount to $00 tons con,veyed each way. With respect to the summer, in has been calculated and by a very accurate add iqtelligent officer of the Hudson's Bay Company, that seventy men, employed in navigating boats of a suitable description, may, at a moderate con^putation, carry 1£0 tons from York Fort to Lake Winipic, in the CQiurse of thesunimer, and bring down an ^qual quantity. The expence of this establishnient will copsist chiefly in the wages of the men employed. Horses can be procured at a yery low rate from the Indians of the plait)s> who possess great numibers. There are many at the trading posts of the Hudson's Bay Company, pur- chased by the common labourers for their own use or amusement; and it is thought a high price when 30 or 40s. is paid for a horse. During the summer there is hardly any work for the horses, which may therefore be turned out to pasture with very little attendance ; provender for the winter may be raised by the labour of the men who are to drive them. Though the principal part of the men's time has been accounted for, there is an intermediate season, which is not reckoned upon, either for the boat navigation, or for the sledging in winter. For several weeks in spring, after the ground i'^i • : : 46 . ■ is thawed, navigction cannot be carried on, upon ac- count of t)ie floating ice, which encumbers the lakes. In autumn also, there is a period, after the navigation is interrupted by tiie commencement of the winter frosts, and before they are sufficiently confirmed, for the ice to be safely trusted to. These intervals, may amount to ten or twelve weeks, on the whole; and though part of this time will be required for collecting fire wood, and other domestic objects, a part of it may certainly le appropriated to the cultivation of the ground. It is not proposed to attempt that of grain, which may be brought from the settlements in the interior, at a cheaper rate than it could be raised in the country below Lake Winipic, where the soil and climate are not so favourable. But there can be no difficulty in raising a suf- ficiency of potatoes, parsnips, turnips, and other such articles, for the siijppbrt of cattle in winter. Oats may be sown 'to be mown before they are quite ripe, and given to the horses in the shape of hay. The natural meadows, which are found in some parts of the route, will afford a very easy supply of provender ; and after a sufficiency of ground has been cleared, hay may be procured in all parts. By one or other of these articles of winter food, there can be no doubt that the horses may be maintained without any very great sacrifice of the men's labour. — Each man will have to provide the winter provender of three horses, for which purpose it can hardly be thought necessary to allow more than oQe third of his summer's work, over and above the tinke which may be spared in spring and autumn. — Upon tl](is supposition, the quantity of caiYiage performed in sum- mer, may be reduced from 120 tons to 80; and tfakt of the whole year to 580 tons : but of the downward «ar- 47 riage about 40 tons may probably consist df provisions brought from the interior, for the maintenance of the men employed; ^ The prime cost of these provisio*** will be very small. Supposing that grain may be raided on Red River for^bie prices that are usually paid in time of peace in Upper Canada or the Genesee country, the quantity lequired for a yearly ration will hardly exceed £3 per man. From the abundance and cheapness of buffaloe meat, (as stated by Mr. Pritchard, Appendix A.) no great additional sum will be needed for supplying a ration of animal food. The grain may be sent by water carriage to the Depot at the outlet of Lake Winipic. The beef should be brought in -winter frozen, by a continuation of the sledge road ; and as the distance from the plains to the Diipot is about half of that from York Fort, the expence may probably be in the same proportion, between £2 and £3 per ton. A very ample yearly ration of all kinds of provisions will not exceed 10 cwt. per man, or 35 tons for 70 ; so that even if the whole were to be brought by sledges, the expense of carriage to the Depot would only be about .£100 ; and this added to the prime cost will not raise the total expence of these provisions to more than £4 or ^500. Supposing the wages of the men employed to be at the same rate as are commonly paid by the Hudson's ^ay Company, they may amount to £1,600, viz. Fifty .ordinary labourers, at ^20 per annum; ten. steersmen and overseers^ at £35 ; and ten at £2^ ; making the whole expence about <£2000, besides an annual supply 'of horses to keep up the stock, the annual tear and ware of boats, and their apparatus, &g. &c. These items it would be difficult at present to ascertain with minute \ » accuracy, but it is not probable that they woyld exceed 4 or ^500; so that the expence of conveying 340 tons down from Lake Winipic and 380 tons up, may be about .£2500, i. e, about ^3. 10s. per ton. In reckoning it therefore at £5 per ton, a sufficient latitude has been allowed to cover very considerable errors of calcu- lation. . In estimating the wages at the rate now currently paid by the Hudson's Bay Company, the calculation certainly is not stated in the most favourable view that it might admit. These are the wages paid to la- bourers, who are sent out under indenture for a period of years, and who have no view but to return home after saving a little money. From the nature of the ordinary occupations of the Fur Trade, hardly any labourers have hitberto bjeen sent out by the Conipany, exqept single men : but the proposed em- ployment is perfectly well suited fgir marriecKinen W|ith families. Many such, who are desirous of emigrating to Red River, and who have not adequate pecuni&ry means, might be found willing to engage for a term of years, at wages very much below those usually paid by the Hudson's Bay Company; and though an ad- ditional expence must be incurred for the maintenance of i^eir families, this would be far from overbalancing the diminution of the money wages, ^hen the settle- noent is so far advanced as to furnish an abundant a^jid cheap supply of provisions. '-] f\. -t«- Jv APPENDIX D. i •'! of by ad- ince Thb boundless extent of pasturage in the plains of Red River may afford a source of immense profit to sheep farmers, ib the progressive increase of their stock, which may he multiplied in a rapid manner, by keeping all the ewes as long as they will continue to breed. It is well knowii! that ewes may bear lambs for at least five or six years, before they are too old ; though in Europe, where the land is already fully stocked, they are generally sold to the butcher at a much earlier age. But in a situation where the extent of pastufe is super- abundant, land where the object of the farmer must be wool rather than mutton, his heep ought to be preserved as long as nature will allow. From the subjoined tables it will be seen that a farmer, beginning with one hundred ewes, and preserving all their produce, may, at the end of ten years, be possessed of a flodk'from which he may shear annually froih twelve to eighteen hundred fleeces, and that this stock may still go on, doubling their numbers in the course of every three or four years. As the settlers may be furnished with rams of the (inest breed of merinos, and a supply may be procured E 50 of fwei of the lecond or third cross, there can be no doubt that their wool, when thoroughly wached, will be worth in London at least four or five shillings per pound, and the fleeces may be expected to weigh on an average about three pounds of clean wool. For the expenses of bringing the wool to market and realizing its value, it may be necessary to dedudt nearly one shilling per lb. A bag of wool, containing 200lbs. must be reckoned as half a ton by measurement. This quantity of Spanish wool is packed into a bulk of 22 cubic feet with the help of a very moderate degree of compression; but there can be no doubt that by more powerful means, the bulk of the package might be still farther reduced : in the opinion of a person of great experience such a bag might easily be compressed into the space of 15 feet. It is therefore a full allowance to reckon it as half a ton. Allowing a shilling per lb. or i£lO per bag; and supposing the expenses of carriage from Red River to the sea, and of freight to London to amount together to «£7 (L e,£\4 per ton,)therewillremain £S per bag to cover other mercantile charges. It will be seen in Appendix C. that the inland carriage may be effected for £6 or £7 per ton ; and £7 is a fair allow- ance for freight; for vessels have been charlered for the voyage to Hudson's Bay and back to London, at a freight of from ^9 to .£10 per ton, of which about one-third may be defrayed by the outward cargo. Allowing a shilling per lb. for all expenses on the wool, there will still remain ten or twelve sl^illings per fleece as the net value to the farmer : and it cannot re- quire much argument to shew, that this will aiK>rd a very ample remuneration for his expenses, when he has nothing or a mere trifle tu pay for his land. • >. « r 1 In calculating the progreitive increase of a flock of •heep, the only point of any diificnlty is to judge what allowance ought to be modi for casual losses by disease or accident ; which will be very diBferent, according to the mode of management, and the degree of attention on the part of the farmer. If the sheep are to remain exposed to the winter storms, as in the mountains of Scotland, and to gather their subsistence from the her- bage beneath the snow, considerable losses must be ex- pected ; but if a sufficient supply of winter provender be laid up, and cots be erectf^a as a refuge for the sheep in severe weather, the losf.^s will be proportionably very moderate, While the numbers of the flock are yet small, it will be very easy for the farmer to pay this degree of attention to them. It may require experience to determine whether this management can be coq- tinued rd,vantageously with a numerous flock. If it should be judged too expensive, the sheep may certainly find their subsistence in the plains without any artificial shelter. We have the testimony of Mr. Pritchard (Ap- pendix C.) that cattle may be kept in that manner, and it is known that the Ostiniboyne Indians keep numbers of horses for which no provender is ever laid up. There is no reason to suppose, that in this mode of manage- ment, a flock of sheep would sustain greater losses than in the mountains of Scotland. There is indeed a greater intensity of frost in Ossiniboia ; but it is seldom from the direct eflects of cold that sheep perish, and there is no animal, even of the arctic regions, that is better clothied than a merino sheep. The chief danger arises from drifting snows, which are more frequent and severe in the mountains of Scotland, than they appear to be in the level plains of Red River ; and the sheep are far more exposed to danger from this cause in a barren mouh- ^^ tainotis pasture, where they must be allowed to wander Mtigly over a great space of ground, than in a situation where die herbage is more abundant, and where the flook itnay therefore' be concentrated under the eye of the tthephcitl. It will indeed be necessary in Ossioiboia, that the sheep should be so concentrated at all seasons' of the year, on account of the necessity of protecting diem from the wolf. They cannot be allowed to wandef by themselves, as ki our mode of management, but must be kept together and watched by shepherds, as they &re in those parts of the be employed, it is probable that the casual losses oif a flock in Ossiniboia will be less than in a mountain flocik in this country ; but even if the loss be reckoned at the highest rate, that is warranted by experience in Scotland, the result of the calculation w>ill be sufficiently encouraging. In very exiposed and unfavourable situations, it is understood that an attentive tfaxmer may expect to lose from 5 to ^10 perceht, of his young sheep, viz. the iambs of the preceding season, and from 2 to 5 per cent, of other she^p. The subjoined tables are calculated on these data. In the first, the loss is taken at the highest rate, and is supposed to be 10 per cent, annually on the ^oung she^p, and S.per cent, on the rest, of tthe flock. liifthe second Ublei th«]p«9 it calculated at 6 p^ i^enti] QO the young she^P* and 3 per cent, on the rest. It will be obsenredj tbat by one pf tbese calcu^iqns tbe stock doubles 19 about three years, aqd by tjie qiq^t unfavonrable in foi^r years. Tbe former, hqweveri is fiir from; sbewing ]^e greatest degree oH rapidity with which a sheep stock may be made to multiply. 3y the care and attention .iirbicb may be given tp a sn^41 parcel of sbeep> the los^es may be kept mupb Ipwcr thf^u i^.tbe most favourable pf .t^e^e calculations. If plenty of succuljentlfood be provided fpr the aged ewes, they may cpntinue to breed for some jfcars longer ; and by a care- fid preservation of the twins* a greater prppprtion of lambs may be reared. But as these refined attentions cannot easily be applied on a large scale, th^y are n»t reckoned upon* The snbjpined tables are calculated on data wi^ich may be realized wjit^ a numerous jBpcky by any iarmer of compejtent skill and al^A(ipn t9 bi# bnsi- ness* rill i-'4r In both tables, it is supposed jtbatfUhe iarme^tbvegins with a stock of one hundred ewes* ^l ypung ; and that a lamb is annually reared from each ewe, the twins bein^ in sufllcient numbers tp balance the lambs which may be lost in the yeaning season. It is supposed that tbe ewe lambs may be brongbt jin tp have lambs again at the age of twp years ; and that every ewe is to breed for five seaspns befpie it is pnt off as tPP pld. In |the second table, one-half pf the ewes are supposed to breed for six seasons* The firiit cplnmp sbews tbe number of ewes that may be expected to bruig lambs each year^ the second, those which have bred the full .number of years, and must therefore he dedupted fr^om ilie breed- ing stock before ne;xt season. This is found by taking the ^number of • gimmers Wjhicb ib&ve been brought into 54 the breeding st(^ in the fourth preceding year, and deducting the supposed annual loss during the inters mediate seasons. The third column shews the amount of casual losses, which may be expected among the other breeding ewes, and is calculated by deducting the sum in the second column from that in the first, and applying to the remainder the assumed proportion of loss. The fourth column shews the number of ewes which may be expected to survive and to have lambs the next ensuing season ; calculated by adding together the sums in the second and third columns, and deduct- ing the amount from the first. The fifth column shews the number of ewe lambs which may be expected to be reared each year, being one-half of the number of ewes in tlie first column. The sixth column shews the amount of losses which may be expected among these ewe lambs, according to the assumed proportion. This sum being deducted from that in the fifth column, gives the number which may be expected to survive the win- ter, and to remain next ye^ under the denomination of ^mmeny or yearling ewes : this number appears in the seventh column, but in the line immediately below that in which they arc stated as lambs. The eighth column shews the loss which may be expected among these gimmers during the second wintjjer ; and this being de- ducted gives the number of yoUng ewes which may be expected to produce lambs the ensuing year, as in the ninth column. This number, added to that of old ewes in the fourth column, gives the total number of ewes which are to breed next season, as in the following line under the first column. The tenth column shews the total number of fleeces which may be shorn from the whole flock. It is formed by adding the number of gimmers in the seventh 55 column to that of the breeding ewes in the fint, and doubling the sum; on the supposition that the wedclera will be equal in number to the ewes. This will be the case, if they also are kept to the full age which nature will allow ; which will probably be done in a situation where wool must be the principal object. 18 th T«w. l8t 2nd 3rd 2 '8 & s O 100 4tb 6th 6th 7th 8th 9th loth lltb 95 ISV 165 214 196 377 S15 387 458 12tb 546 644 I I ■ e 3 4 I, 5 I 6 I 81 34 33 8 10 Id 46 56 74 68 14 17 30 34 39 95 90 135 157 136 186 331 369 50 47 66 83 107 98 138 157 334 383 44S 547 193 339 373 333 6 8 11 I 8 (9 a e i 45 43 60 10 14 16 30 33 37 74 90 88 134 141 173 33 306 346 9 10 1 3 43 40 57 FlMoes. 100 185 70 10 13 91 118 584 84 730 878 134 164 196 334 1>056 1,363 1,504 "■ l.fSQ Loss on Lambs 10 perCcnt -^-— on other Sheep 5 per Gent. US •:■ I :. YMr 1 d 3 4 5 6 1 7 8 9 10 i e i 1 « 3 ll '•J c CD s 3. •8 Fleeen. lit 100 3 97 50 > 3 9 1 45 44 100 Snd ' • §7 3 94 48 '69 3 47 191 Sri. . J3i) . 6 6' , ... 4 ^ 135 ^- 4 45 4th < mh 5 174 187 4o 5 65 9 63 5th <337 44 6 \ 1 116 7 85 3 89 106 eih 96^' 43' 7 919 996 135 i6ie 8 109 3 7th 38^ 90 i i6 197 4 193 9d4 8th 41^ 3d U W 990 i*) 159 5 147 l«149 9th* -517 i 45 45iS 95iB 14 m ^ ^01 1,448 lOtb X559 60 18 39 581 717 330 90 944 7' 93t \m Uth •«18 79 409 509 95 310 9 301 9,9^ 19th 1,018* 384 9,804 ' f ' / \ < > H-V ■ * Loss on Lambs* 6 per Cent. — — onothei Sheep 3 per Cent. FINIS. 10 idi 43 ^ 04 -I