IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 "f Lfi i2.0 M 1.25 1^ III 1.6 < 6" ► 1. ^ 0% ^ 'J; V '/ Photographic Sdaices Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SS0 (716) 872-4S03 V iV ^^ \\ '^ , aignif la "A 8UIVRE". ia aymbolo ▼ aignifia "FIN". Mapa. plataa. eharta. ate., may ba flimad at diffarant raduetion ratioa. Thoaa too larga to bo antiraiy includad In ono oxpoaura ara flimad beginning in tha upper left hand comer, loft to right and top to bottom, aa many framee aa required. The following diagrama lliuatrate the method: Lee cartee, planchea. tableaux, etc.. pouvont itre fllmAo A dee taux do rMuetion diffAronta. Loraque la document eat trop grand pour Atre roprodult en un aoul cllehA. 11 eet fllmA A partir da I'angle aupArieur gauche, do gauclie A droite, ot do haut an baa, en prenant la nombre d'Imagee nAceaaaire. Lee diagrammee aulvanta illuatrent la mAthode. 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 i 4 5 6 7^ i ANEW S Y S T MODERN GEOGRAPHY:^ ox, A ^Geographical^ Hlftorical, and Commercial Grammar ; AND PRESEN^T STATE 4>r TRR SEVERAL KINGDOMS OF THE WORLD. CONTAINING I. The Figure*, Motlont, tni Ulftances of the Pkncti, according to the Newtonian Syftem and the latcft Obuirvaliont. II. A genenl View of the Earth confidered is a Hanct I with levcfal «reful Geogmpbical Dcfi- nitiona and Pimblcin*. in. The grand Divifioni of the Globe into Land and Water, Contlneaii and Iflandi. IV. The Situation and Extent of Empirei, King- doaUi States, Provlnqci. and Coloniei. V. Their Climate*, Air, Soil, Vegetable Produc- tion*, Metali,Mincnl*, Natural Curiofitiei, Seas, Riven, Bav*, Capet, Promontoriet, and Lalie*. \L ThcBlrdiandBeaiftipecuUartoeachCountry. VII. ObTenratlon* on the Change* that have been any where obferved upon the Face of Nature fince the moft early Period* of Hiftory. VIII. The Hiftory «i>d Origin of Nation*; their Form* of Government, Religion, Law*, Reve- nues, Taxes, Naval and Military Strength. .IX. The Oeniu*, flianner*, Cuftom*, and Habits of the People. X. Their Language. Learning, Arts, Sciences, ManuhAurcs, and Commerce. XI. The chief Cities, Stniftures, Ruins, and artificial Curiofiiies. XII. The Longitude, Latitude, Bearings, and Diftances of principal Places from London. *■ ■■% m TO WUICH ARE ADDED, I. A GsoanAPHicAL Index, with the Names of Places alphabetically arranged. II. A Table of the Coins of all Nations, and their Value in English Money. HI. A Chronological Table of remarkable Events from the Creation to tlu> prefcnt Time. * By WILLIAM G © T H R I K, Efq. The Astronomical Part by Iames Ferguson, F. U.S. To whidi have bccil added. The late Discoveries of Dr. Herschell, and other eminent Astronomers. The sixth edition. Corrected, and greatly Enlarged. LONDON, rtiMTEO rbm ip. dilly, in the poultry; and g. c. and j. robinsok, pater-noster row. mdccxcv. ^i; ^•.'.'v ^•i^ .«i 4% .Sppit' /. V. Itii l—i il l' ;^: ^ A ■- ^. :^t -,**^ ** ,v ^ J* I i^ #-,' ' Ift^js 1 i 128149 T N B PREFACE. TO a man finccrely interefted in the wel&re of fociety and of his country, it tnuft be particularly agreeable to rcfleA on the rapid progreft and ge> ' neral diffution of learning and civility, which, within the prefent age, have taken place in Great Britain. Whatever may be the cafe in fome other king- doms of Europe, we, in this ifland, may boaft of our fuperiority to thofe il- liberal prejudices, which not only cramp the genius, but four the temper of man, and difturb all the agreeable intercourfe of fociety. Among us, learn- ing is no longer confined within the fchools of the philofophers, or the courts of the great t but, like all the greateft advantages which Heaven has beAowed on mankind, it is become as univerfal as it is ufeful. This general difTufion of knowledge is one effedl of tliat happy conAitution of government, which, towards the clofc of the laA century, was confirmed to us, and which conAitutes the peculiar glory of this nation. In other coun* tries, the great body of the people poffefs little wealth, have little power, and confequently meet with little refpedt ; in Great Britain, the people are opulent, have great influence, and claim, of courfe, a proper Aiare of attention. To their irriprovement, therefore, men of letters have lately dircdled their ftudics j as the great body of the people, no Icfs than the dignified, the learned, or the wealthy few, have an acknowledged title to be amufed and inftrudcd. Books liavc been diverted of the terms of the fchools, reduced from that fize which fuitcd only the purfes of the rich and the avocations of the Audious ; and adapted to perfons of more ordinary fortunes, whole attachment to other pur- fuits admitted of little leifure for thofe of knowledge. It is to books of this kind, more than to the works of our Bacons, our Lockes, and our Xcwtons, that the generality of our countrymen owe that fuj-verior improvement, wliich a diAia- P R F r A C E. diftingui(lie« them frotn the lower mnki of men in all other countriei. Tu promote and advance this impruvctnetit, is the principal defign of our prefent undertaking. No lubjcdt appears nturc intcrc(ling than that which wc have chofen, and none I'ccins capable ot' being treated in a manner that may render it more generally utctUl. The knowledge of the worKI, and of its inhabitants, though not the fub- litncll purluit of mimkitiil, in tliac which mod nearly interciVs them, and to which their abilitiw's arc bclk avlaptcd. And books of Geography, which dc- Icribc the fituatiun, c.vtcnt, foil, and productions of kingdoms i the genius, manner!!, religion, govcnuncnt, commerce, fciences, and arts of all the in- habitants upon the earth, promile the bcfl aOiiUnce for attaining tJiis know- ledge, ^ - . . f The Compendium of Geography, now offered to the public, differs in many p;\rticulars from other books on that fubjeCt. Bcddes exhibiting an eafy, di- ' ilinifl, and fyilematic accoiuU of the theory and practice of what may be called Natural Geography, the Author has attempted to render the following per- formance an inflruftive, though compendious, detail of the general hi(h>ry of the world. The charaftcr of nations depends on a combination of many circumftancc's, which reciprocally affedt each other. There is a nearer connec- tion between the learning, the commerce, tlie government, &c. of a ftate, than moll people fecm to apprehend. In a work of this kind, which pretends to include moral or political, as well as natural get)graphy, no one of thofe ob)e(fts fliould pals unnoticed. The omiflion of any one of them would, in reality, deprive us of a branch of knowledge, not only intcrcfting in itfcif, but ablblutcly necdTary for enabling us to form an adequate and comprehenfive notion of the fubjcdt in gaieral. We have thought it neccHary, therefore, to add a new article to this work, which comprehends tlie hillory and prefent ftatc of learning in the feveral countries we defcribc, with the charoiJlcrs of fuch perfons as have been molt cmii)eiit in the various departments of letters and philofophy. 1 his fubjed will, on a little reflection, appear altogetljer requifitc, when wc confider the powerfid influence of learning upon the manners, govern- ment, and general tijaraifter of nations. Thcfe objefts, indeed, till of late, fel- dom found a place in geographical performances j and, even when occafion- ally introduced, are by no means handled in an entertaining or inllrudive man- ner. PREFACE. .' Her. Neither ii thit to be altogether imputed to the fuitt of gcographicil writcn. The greater part of tr;ivcllcrs, artiiig folely uml< r the inrtkicnce of avarice, the paflion which firll induceil them to quit thcii native land, wero <^ little paini, and were indeed ill qualified to collect fuch materials as are pro- per for gratifying curiofay, or affording inOrudion. Thr geographer, then, who could only employ the materials put into his hands, was not enabled to give us any important information. In the courfc of llic prefcnt century, however, men have begun to travel from different motives. A thirll for knowledge, as well as tor gold, has led many into diflant lands. Thefc they have explored with a philofophic attention ; and by laying open the internal fprings of adlion, by whi*.'' th>- ^iihabitants of different regions are aifluated, exhibit to us a natur.il and (Iriking pictiii'c*v-r hnman manners, under the va- rious llages of barbarity and refiu'-ment. Without mai.ifcll in propriety, we could not but avail ourfelves of their labours, by meant of which, we have been enabled to give a more copious, and a more pcrfcil detail of wlut is called Political Geography, than has hitherto appeared. i In confidcring the prefent rtatc of nations, few circumftanccs arc of more importance than their mutual intcrcourfc. This is chicriy brought abo'.it by convmerce, the prime mover in the tuconotny of modern dates, and of which, therefore, wc have never loll light in the prefent undertaking. We are fenfiblc, that a reader couUl not examine the prefent ft.ite of nations with much entertainment or inllrudtiun, unlcfs he was al!'.) made acquainted with their ancient fituation, and with the various revolr .ms and events, by the operation of which they have allumcd their prefent for: ' and appearance. This conlKtutes the Hirtuiicol part of our Work; .\ department whicli we have endeavoured to execute in a manner entirely new. Inlicad of fui^iiing the readier with a dry detail of news-paper occurrences — occurrences no way conneiled with one another, or with the general plan cf the whole, we have mentioned only fuch fadts as arc intcrLiling, either in ihcmlllves or from their relation to objcds of importance. Inlicad of a meagre index of incoherent incidents, wc have drawn up a regular and conneCKd epitome of tiie hiilcry of each country — Uich An cj'itome as may be read, we hope, with pleaui:e and advantage, and which may be couhdcred ;x& a proper introdu^lion to more ctipious accounts. a 2 ll.-.ving, P R E f A C R. Il.iving, through the whole of the work, inrMtioncI the ancient n^meg of coiintrid, and, in treating of ihcir particuLir liiltory, luinctinic* tuned our refcircheN l)eyor)il the hniiti of modern tintcN, we have ttwxight it nccclliry, for the f.iti«f.u!lion of fiuh rradem m arc unacquainted with ckincal learning, to hcgin our I lillorical IturiKluCtion with the remote ages of antiquity, liy infcrting An account of the ancient world in u hnok of geography, wc afford an opportunity to the reader, of comparing together not only the manners, government, and arts of dirt'crcnt nations, as they now appear, biit a« they fuhlilled in ancient iU'.es ) which, exhibiting a general map, ai it were, of the hidory of mankind, render;! uur work more complete tlun atty geographical treatifc extant. In the execution of our dellgn, wc have all along endeavoured to obA;rve order and perlpicuity. Klegancc wc have I'acrificed to brevity i happy to catch the leading feature, which dillinguilh the characters of mitlons, and by a few (trukcH to hit off, though not completely to tinilh, the pitikure of man- kind in ancient and modern times. What hns enabled us to comprile Co many fubjcfts within the narrow bounds of this work, is the omilHon of many immatcrLU circumflances, which are recorded in other performances of the fame kind, and of all thofe fabulous accounts or dclcriptiwiis, which, to the dilgrace of the hunun undcrflanding, fwcll the works of gcoi^raphcrs ; though the falfity cf them, both from their own nature and the concurring telliniony of the mod enlightened and beft- informed travellers and hillorians, be long fincc detedtcd. As to particular parts of the work, wc have treated them more or Icfs dif- fufcly, in proportion to their importance to us as n\cn, and as fubjedls of Great Britain. Our own country, in both rcfpe(fts, dcferved the greated (hare of our attention. Credit Britain, thougli flic cannot boaft of a more luxuriant foil or happier climate tlun many other countries, has advantages of another and fuperior kind, which have made her the delight and envy of the world ; thefe arc the equity of her laws, the frccflom of her political conflitution, and the moderation of her religious fyfteni. With regard to the Britiih empire, we have therefore been fuigularly toplcub. 3 Next PREFACE. ifeKt to ClrtM Tliltain, wc have cv:imlncil %)it cxtenflvrty tfic other ftatci of F.iironci atul .iU>'.iyH In proportion nt they prclVn' iis with the largeft field for ufJiil rcricdJDM. ily ci)in;>.iriuj togpthcr our anoimt* of the liuropciin fiAtionn, an important fyilcni of pr.K'tical knt^lcilgc is inculciteil i and a lhou«- fand urgunient* will .tppcir in tuvuur of a free guvcrnmcnt, religiuiit toleration, »nd an extended, iinrdlraiucd toinincrcc. Europ^ having occupied fo large a part of our volume, Afia next claima our attention j which, though in fomc rcfpcets the mod famous quarter of the world, offers, when compared to F.uropc, extremely little for our enter- tainment or inOrudtion. In Alia, a llroitg atta«hincnt to ancient cullomsi, and the weight of tyrannical power, hear ilown the adlivc genius of the in- habitants, and prevent that variety in manners and character, which di(tin- guillies the European nationii. In Africa, the human mind fcems degraded below its natural llatc. To dwell long upon the manners of this country, a country immcrfed in rude- nefit and barbarity, iK-lides that it could afford little inltrudion, would be dil. gulling to every lover of ina.ikiiid. Add to this, that the inhabitants of Africa, deprived of all arts and fcicnccs, without which the human mind re- mains torpid and inai^tivc, difcover no great variety in manners or character. A gloomy famcncfs alinoll everywhere prevails i and the triHing dillindions which are difcovcrcd amonj^; them, fcein rather to arifc from an cxccfs of bru- tality on the one hand, than from any perceptible approaches towards refine- ment on the other. Hut though thcfe ijuarters of the globe arc treated Icfs cxtcnfively than luiropc, there is no dulridl of them, however barren or la- vage, entirely omitted. . . America, whether confuiercd as an immcnfe continent inhabited by an endlefs variety of different people, or as a country intimately conncdlcd with Europe by the tics of commerce and government, defervcs very particular attention. The bt)!il dilcovcry and barbarous conqueft of this New World, and the manners and prejudices of the original inhabitants, arc objcdb, which, together with the defcription of tlic country, dcfervcdiy occupy no fmall rtiarc of this performance. la PREFACE. In treating i'lu h a variety of lubjc^lt, fume lei* ubviuui particular*, no doubt, mull cl'capc our notice. Uut if uur general plan Iw ({ood, atui tho nutUnes and chief figurci iketched witK trtitli and judgincDi, the candour of the learn, cd, we hapt, will cxcui'c iinpcrfedioni which are unavoidable in a work of thU cxlcnlivc kind. We cannot, without exceeding the lv)und* of a Preface, Infift upon the other parti uf our plan. The llicnce of natural geography, for want of pro<- pcr ci)i.oura{>cnicMt from thole who arc alone capable of giving it, tlitl remaini in an itnpirlUt llatc ( and the c\.{<.\ divilioni and extent of countries, for w.int of geometrical furvey*, are far from Inring well afcertaincd. Thi« con- ftdcration lu^t induced uk to adopt the mod unexceptionable of Templcman'i Tablcn whiih, if they give not An account flritfUy accurate, afford at leall a gcner.il ilea of thin fubjetlt > wliich ii all indeed that w: can attain, until the gcogra])htc.d fcience arrives at greater perfection. CON. ADVERTISEMENT, CON- >. H E nature and dclign uf ihu work it cxplAincd in the original prciitcc, which immediately fulluwi thi* advertifrment : but it ii proper that our readcri (hould be apprilcd ul' the numeruui impruvemciiti made in thia cnLirgcd edition. The lit'th edition, which immediately preceded thii, wa« much enriched by int'orinatiuii l)orrowcd from the new works of Robertron, RenncI, Coxr, Morfe, and other writing* of acknowledged authenticity. But amidrt the rapid advance*! of geographical fcicncc, and the adventiiroui fpirit of Drilidt navigator* and travellers fo m.uty new publications arc continually coming from the prds, that, within the (hort fjwcc 'csi only two years, a great mufa of grographicjl m.itctiaU has been created, of which wc have cndavourcJ fully to avail ourlclvcs in the ptclcnt volume. By a cominiritbn of thia edition with the lall, it uill be found that there i» no country in Europe, the dcfcription of which ii not much improved i ^ and fcarcely a finglc page, in which there i* not I'omc confidcrablc melioration. Anv)ng the numerous trnvcllen who have enriched our work, Smirnhove, C'oiifctt, Townfcnd, Uourgoannc, Watkini, and Gray, have afforded valuable communications concerning RuHia, bwcdcn» Lapland, Finland, Dcnm.-irk, Spain, Switzerland, and Italy. Crcnt .idditions have been inaile to the dcicnption of India: iti geography, reli[;ioii, laws, literature, arul commerce, have been examined with parti- cular care: and m.iny new articles have been added cotKCrning the man* ncrs of the inhabitants, their languages, allegories, writing materialt, pagodav, funcr.ils, maufolcuins, jcc. drawn chiefly from lieutenant Moor's accurate Narrative, and tlut highly ornamented work, Mr. Hodges' Travels. Major Dirom's account of the campaign, which terminated the \VTir with Tippco flultan in 1792, with other publications equally .luthcntic, have enabled us to bring downthc hiltory of India to the prclcnt time. The Abbti Gro(ier''« llitloryof China, and Mr. Franklin's Travels in Perlia, have affordcA their guidance in travcrfing thofc vjill regions of AlU. As the ftock of our ylfrlcan geography is fmall, great attention ha> been p.iid to the new works on that lubjcilt ; from wliich valuable inl'or- nuiiou lus been derived, T» hi jl To Mr. Morfe vre owe an tnlergtd edition of the geography of Ame- rica. His information is the more to be depended on, as he maintained an extenfive correlpondcnce with men of letters, and viflted in perfun the feveral dates in the Union. From him, we have learned many importaht particulars j among others, the late/l divifion of the feveral flates into di- /Iru^s, counties, towns, tec. together with the a£^ual condition of the new- formed ftates of Vermont, the country N. W. of the Ohio, Kentucky, and the country of the Ohio, or the TenneHce government. It remains to name one gentleman, to whom this edition Is under peculiar obligations,— Bryan Edwards, efq. of the idand of Jamaica, from whofe Hiftory of the Britifh Colonies in the Weft Indies, a new defcription of thefe iflands in general, and a circumftantial account of the Britifh poHeinons, particularly Jamaica, have been extradled ; containing articles of information too various to be diilindtly fpecificd in this fhort addrcfs. In treating this important part of our fubjed, we have borrowed the ac- curate and elegant language of Mr. Edwards, who has furveyed and depidted with an animated eye and an energetic pencil the fublime fcenes dif- played in thoiie tropical regions. ' . . - • ^ The prefent publication comprehending hiftory as well as geography, the variety and magnitude of fume recent tranfadions have rendered nume- rous alterations or additions rcquifite in the hiftorical part of our undertaking. The hiftory of cacli country is brought down to the pr«^nt time j that of Oreat Britain is confidcrably enlarged ; and the calamitous evenft in a neigh- houring nation arc related with fuch circumftances as cannot fail to make every honeft Briton cherifh tlie well-poifed conftitution of government in his own happy Hland ; a conftitution formed and improved by the accumu- lated wifdom of J^cs. To make room for thcfc important infertions, great pains have been employed in abridging diftufivenefs, and lopping oft* redundancy; yet the new materials lately brought to light have unavoidably fwclled this edition far beyond the laft, and much more beyond all preceding editions. OSIober^ ^795- THE \ * I 1^ i! f CONTENTS. been 'i yet |:d thi£ lions. THE % f INTRODUCTION. PAR T I. ' 0/ /jhonomkal Gtography. SOI.AR Syftcm - • I'ape 'I'u'jie of the DiamettTs, Periods, &c. of the leveral Planets in tlit bolar Syftein Comets - - Fixed Stars - • 4» ?• Confteliatintis - - 6, C'opernicaii and other Syftcms Uoiilriiie o( the Spliere - Glol)e I'roblemi ntrformed by the Globe Mc;Sod of finding the' Latitudes and Longi- tudes of I'laces from CeleiJial Obftrvations Geographical Obfervations Natural Divifions of the Earth i 4 6 . 7 ibid. Winds and Tides Map: and Cardinal Points Length of Miles in different Countries PART H. 3'. 34. ibid. 0/ '/(■ Oririn cf Nations, Laws, dvcinmcnl., and Commc'Cf, 36 PART III. Of the Origin and Picgnp »f Re!i?ttn, (>o Of the Natural and Political Parts of EU- ROPE . - 63 Public Revenue of the principal States in Eu- rope - - • 64 Land and Naval Forces of the Europenn States 6^ Urand Divilions of Eumpf, its Situ.ition and Boundaries • - - 66 Denmark - • ■ ''7 E.nft and Weft Greenland • 6S licl.uid - - - "o Norway - - - 74 Denmark Projur - - Eo Lapland - - . . 96 Sweden • - - 102 MuCcovj, or tht RiilTian Empire 121 Scotland, and the Hebrides, CJr'ain ... Portugal Italy ... Turkey in Europe, the ancient Greece Turkihi iriands in the Levant, being part of ancient Greece »,» Other European Iflands are ilefcribed with the Countries to which they refpeiftively be« long. S9» 419 465 476 4H)) 51* '$ati 53« 535 537 56a 578 609 619 6S6 66} ASIA. Its Situation, Boundaries, grand Diviflons, and Hiftory Of Turkey in Afia Tartary in Afia China ... India in general Indis beyond the Ganges India within the C!aiig> s, or the Empire of tlie Great Mogul '-' .e Peninfula within the Ganges Perlia Arabia - . - Indian and Oriental Ifles belonging to Afia AFRICA. Its Sit\iation, Boundarie-, grand Divifion% and Hidoiy ... Of Egypt 'file Stales of Barbary Abyliiiiia . - }'ez7.an, Bornou, and (";illina Sierra Leone and liiil.ini Country of the Ilo'.ttntuls C'atfraria Afiiia from t!ie Trnpi Caj c ot (iDod llupc A!riv;u) llLiuli 667 670 6(ji 699 7'4 7»8 733 7?8 782 794 Hoi 809 K14 «2 + 838 ''45 849 i Cancer to the 8,6 AMERIC.V. ^^' o N T !•: N T S. A M K R I C A. Its Uifcnvery and Iliftory . 86} Original Iiiluthitants - • 8?) Situation, Douiidarics, niul srand Dividons 88z New Britain and other (Jountries towards tlir North Pole • • 889 Canada • • - 89) Nova Scotia - - 901 ^New LriinUick • • ibid. United States of Anur'ci • 90) New t^ngland • • 906 New York • ■ 91; New Jcrfcy • - 919 Pennlylvania ) Delaware J " * " Maryland - • 926 I < Virginia - • 928 » North and South Carolina, with Georgia 93 j New States formed in North Annerica 943 Vermont ... jbij. Territory North Weft of the Ohio . 946 Kentucky - » - 947 Territory South of the Ohio 949 General Defcription of the Weft Indies 9^ Jamaica and otner iflands in the Weft Indies 966, it (rq. Spanift) America ■ • -987 E < o \. Amer. >S. Amer. 'Eaft and Weft Florida LouiGania New Mexico, including California Old Mexico, or New : Spain ' Terra Firms Peru Chili Paraguay, or I.a Plata _, ^ Cuba and HifpanioU, and other Iflands ill America Portiieuefe America, Brafil French America, Cayenne Martinico, Guadaloupe, and other French Klands in the Weft Indies Dutch America, Surinam St. EulUti.1, and other Dutch Illandt in the Weft Indict St. Thomas, and other Danilli Iflands in Ditto New Difcovcries Terra Incognita - - •04J» A New Geographical Table, alphabetically arranged • - A TMe of the Coins of all Nations, and their Value in Enelilli Money A Chronological Table of remarkable Events, &c. 987 V»,, 991 992 ')')^ lOOJ 1004 1007 101 1 1017 1018 1019 loaz 1030 1034 1044 1046 io6» 1077 Direnions for placing the Maps, Page The World The Sphere Europe .... Sweden, Denmark, Not way, and Finland Kuflia .... Scothnd - - - Kngland Irflaiid Frame, divided into Military Govrrnnirnts , as ilividcd into Circles .ind Dcjtattments 430 .Seven United Provinces - - 466 Auftrian and French Netherlands - 476 Gtrinaiiy andawitzrrland • 4b8 I 8 63 131 ■5' iy» 39? 419 Poland . . • • 537 Spain and Portugal 578 Italy 619 Turkey in E\iropc, and Hungary 6 {6 Alia 667 Cliina . . .. 699 Hindoftan 7«4 Africa 809 Britifli Amcric.i 889 United American States 90J Weft Indies 9i' 987 South .'Vmerica C'.nrt of tlic World, containing New Difcovcries, &(. IZ04 INTRO. 9«7 ,^, 99' 902 ')-)■> 1004 luls 1007 1017 icli 1018 1019 the loai In 1010 ioa4 >4J. '044 tlly 1046 tnd io6» Die 1077 5^2 578 619 6;6 667 699 7'4 809 8B9 90 J 987 1234 R O- INTRODUCTION. PARTI. , " ■ Of AstronomicalGeography. ' %' vo •- M ( -■1; I SECT. I ; i :r.:t'*^'r V90?< « »■<» ■< •f TW {J'« i Of the Planets, the Comets, the Fixed Stars, and the different " • . Systems of the Universe. ; ^ Til E fcicnce of Geography cannot be underftood without confidering the earth as a planet, or as a body moving round anotlter at a conliderabic di- ftance from it. The fcicnce wliich treats of the planets, and other heavenly bodies, is called Astronomy : hence the nccellity of beginning this work witn an account of the heavenly bodies. Of thefe, the moft confpicuous is the fun, the fountain of light and heat to the planets that move round it; and which, to- gether with the fun, conipofe what is called the Solar Syftem. The path in which Uie planets move round the fun, is called their Orbit ; and it is now proved by aftronomers, that there are fcven planets which move round the fun, each in its own orbit. The names of thefe, according to the nearncfs to the centre, or mid- dle point of the fun, are Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the Georgium Sidus. The two firft, bccaufe they move within the orbit of the earth (being nearer the fun) are called inferior planets, or, perhaps more properly, interior or inner planets ; the four lad, moving without the orbit of the earth, are called /w^mor, or, perhaps more properly, exterior or outer planets. If we can form n notion of the manner m which any one of thefe planets, fuppofe the earth, moves round the fun, wc can eafdy conceive the manner in which all the reft perform that revolution. We fliall only therefore particularly confider the motion of the earth, leaving that of the others to be collected from a table, which we lliall de- liver, with fuch explanations as may render it intelligible to the meaneft capacity. 'Hie earth was long confidered as one extenfive plane, of no remarkahif ililck- nofs, and the regions below it were fuppofcd to be the habitations of fpiriis. '1 lu" hoavons, in which tlie fun, moon, and liars appeared to move daily from Liift to woll, were conceived to be at no great diiiame fnmi it, and to be only ddij^iu-d for the ule or oniainL'iit of our e.'Mth : foveral rvainns, ll()\^(•\or, occurroil, which rendered this opinion improbable; and we have now a fiitlicient ])ro(if oftho figure of the earth, from the voyages ot many navigators w!io have failed roiu.d it, partieularlv from that of Magelhm'M ihip, vvhieh was tlio firtl that furroimded the globe, lailiiig eall from a port in luirop-- in 151 9. and retiirnin;; to the fame, at'ter a vovage (if iii.vdays, \\itlio\it apparently alteiini; liis direction, anymore tlian a liy Wiiuld appear to do in mt^vin;^ round a i)all ol v.:i\. 'i'he nimichiers of the oailh beinj,; ellablilhed, a \va\ was naturally opened tor the dilloveiy of its motion ; for while it was eonlideredas a plane, mankiml had :tn obfcmv notinji ul its lieinj; fni)])"rted, like a fcnll'njdini;, on pillars, thou;^!i they »-onld not coneeive what fujiported thi le. Hut the Hi^iire ol a globe is much bet- ter ad.ipied lo uioti'jn. 'llii^i is cuiilirnu'd by conlidering, that, if tlie earth did 1) ' not #• 3 INTRODUCTION. not move round the fun, not only the fun, but all the ftars and planets, muft move r<>iind the earth. Now, as pliilnfophiirs, by reckonings founded on the furcft ob* ilrvations, have been able to judge pretty nearly of the diftanccs of the heavenly bodies from the earth, and from each other, jull as every one tliat knows the firll elements of mathematics can meafure the heiglit of a ftccple or any objetl placed on it i it appeared that if We conceived the heavenly bodies to move round the earth, we mud fuppofe them endowed with a motion or velocity fo immenfc at to exceed all conception ; whereas all the appearances in nature may be as well explained by innagining tho «arth to mov« round the fun in the fpace of a year, ancf to turn on its own axis once in the twenty-four hours. To form a conception of thefe^ two motions of the earth, we may imagine a ball moving on a bowlmg-green : the ball proceeds forwards upon the green, not by Aiding along like a plane upon wood, or a flate upon ice, out by turning round its own axis, which is an imaginary line drawn through the centre of the ball, and ending on its furfacc in two points called its poles. Conceiving the matter tben in this way ; and that the earth, in the fpace of 24 hours, moves from well to ea(i, the inhabitants on the furface, like men on the deck of a Ihip, who are infenlible of their own motion, and think that tlte banks ntovu from them in a contrary di> rcd^ion, will conceive that the fun and liars move from eal) tu wed in the fame time, in which they, with the earth, move from weft to eall. This diurnal motion of the earth being once clearly conceived, will aid us in forming a notion of its anviual motion round the fun ; for as that luminary fecms to have a daily motion round our earth, which is really occalioned by the daily motion of the earth round it>; axis, fo, in the courfo of a year, he fecms to have an annual motion in the heavens, and to rife and fit in ditferent points of them, which is really occalioned by the annual tipotiou of the earth iu its orbit or path round the fun, which it com- pletes in a year. Now as tu the lirll of thefe nu)tions we owe the diflference of day and night, fo to the ft.'C4>nd we are indebted for the diti'erence in the length of the days and nights, :i,nd in the fcafons of the year. TuK PLANETS.} I'lius iiuK'h being preinifed with regard to the motion of the earth, which the fmalkll rctk^tion may lead, us to apply to the other pjuuets, we luuit obferve, before exhibiting our t»ble, that, belide the fev<.-n ])lanets already luentiuned, which move round the fun, iLwre are fourteen other bodies whicn move round four of thel'e, in the fanv-* manner as they do rouivd the fun ; and of thefe our earth has one, called tlie moon; Jupiter has four, Saturn has feven* (two of thefe having been lately diifcovered by Dr. Ilerfcl>el), and is alfo encom- jtalled with a broad ringf. Ihe Georgium Sidus has two moons, as that excellent • See the lxx.Yth vol. of the PhilofophicalTranC. f The fpace between the ring and the globe of Saturn is fuppofcil to be ratlicr more than the breadth of the riii^, ar\;l the gre:itc(l diameter of tlie ring to be in (iroporlioii to ihat ot the globe as 7 to 3. It piiti on dilfirciit a;ii)(iir,inti.'> to i,>., ibmctinies bcini> fecn quite oi)rn, at others only as a line upon the equator. It is jiroliablc that it will at times call a fliadow over valt regi'ji\i of Sa- turn's liody. 'I'licre is a paper liy Dr. llcr'chcl in the fhilofophical Tranf.iflions tor i7i>o, (vol. Ixxx.) on the fubjeft of S,ituri, its ring ami litrl- lites, iii'which he hints his fufpit ion that the ring of that planet is compofed of taa ri/tj^s, nearly, if not perfeiftly in the fame plane, and contentrlt to one another, and feparatcd bv a very narrow fpace, whiili appeared to him like a l>laek /.one, or lill, on tlie furface of the riiig. He fufpciideil, how. ever, his opinion, till the planet in its orbit fliould give us a fight of the other edge of the ring, on whiih if the fame appearance Ihould be fctn, it would amount to a pretty clear demonftration that what he .i'urn ha. two con. centric rings, of unequal diiiieJifion> and breadth^ fitualed in one plane, and at a confiderable dif. tance from each other. Pnil, Tranfaiffioiis for 1 792, part I. allro' INTROnUCTION. % afh-onomer has flicwn. lliefc are called mooni, from their Mreeing with our moon, which wai tirll attended to : and fomctimes they are called fecondan pla- nets, bccaufe they feem to be attendants of the l'.arth, Jupiter, .Saturn, and lim Gcorgium Sidun, alx)ut which they move, and which arc called primnrv 'Hiere are but two obfervations more, necefl'ury for underilandin;; tlie followin/j table. We have already faid that the annual motion of the earth (Kcalioiu-d tlic diverlity of feafons. But this would not happen, were the axis of the earth i'X> a6)ly parallel to the axis of its orbit ; becauic then the fame |>arts of the- earth would be turned towards the fun in every diurnal revolution ; wliicli would de- prive maniiind of the grateful vicilhtudes of the feafons. The axis of the earth," therefore, is inclined to the plane of the earth's orbit, which we may contfivc hy fuppoling a fpindle |>ut through a ball, with one end of it touching tlic groiuni ; if we move the ball directly forwards, while one end of the fnindlc contiiun. s to loiiih the ground, and the other points towards fome auartor of tne heavens, we may form n notion of the inclination of the earth's axis to its orbit, from the inclination of the fpindle to the ground, llu' fame obfervation applies to fome of the other planets, as may be feen from the table. It now remains, to conlider what is nieant by the mean di/iaruti of the planets from the fim. In order to undirfland this, we muil learn that the path which a planet defcribes, were it to be marked out, would not be quite round or circular, but in the ihane of a tigure called an eliiplis, which, though refcmbling a circle, is hniger than l>road. 1 lence the fame planet is not always at the fami; diltance from tlie fun, and the mean diltance of it is that which is exa^Uy betwixt its grcatell and leaft dilhince. Here follows the table. A TABLE of the Diameters, Periods, &c. of the feveral Planets in the Solar Svllem. of the we headv fhicK and of fcvcn* Micom- Lcellcnt fetn, it nflration ring.— foutliera to lis i excellent ring to fecn tlic the tilgc nearly as tlie iinr- now ail- two con- breailtli, able tiif- ioiis for Namci If Mean iliftances from the fun as determined Annual peripdi Diurnal rotation Houri in it 2.? Si S5 of the si from obferva- round (he on its - = planets. tions of the fun. axis. 11 si cr p rs- tranfit of Venus in 1761. tion tor. d. h. m. Sun 890,000 y. d. h. 35 6 3.818 8° 0' 0" Mercury 3,000 36,841,468 87 a3 unknown. 109,699 unknown. unknown. Venus 9.3JO 68,891,486 334 17 34 8 80,395 43 75« 0' 0" Earth 7.979 9?, 1 73,000 1 1 68,343 1,04a 33° 29' ' Moon a, 1 80 ditto 1 39 la 44 33,390 9t 3° 10' 0" Mars 5,400 145,014,148 1 3ai .1 314 18 34 40 5?.»87 556 0° 0' 0" Jupiter 94,000 494,990,976 9 56 39,083 35,920 0° 0' 0' Saturn 78,000 907,956,130 89 167 6 unknown. 33,101 unknown. unknown. OeorgUim .Sidus 34.»>7 i,8i5,9iJ,a6oJ83 lai unknown. unknown. unknown. 0' 43' 35" aftro- The Georgian planet (or Georgium Sidus) having greatly excited the attention of the learned world, it would be unpardonable, in a work of tliis nature, to omit giving the readtr a brief account of it. It was difcovered by Dr. Hcrfchel, with his telefcope of great fize and power, forty feet in length and four and a half in diameter, in tlie year 1781. For this dilcovery he obtained from tin- Royal Society the honorary rccompence of fir Godfrey Copley's medal. In fo recent a difcovery of a planet fodiltant, many particulars cannot be cxpet^ed. We have introduced fome account of it into the above table from the firit authority. Though the Georgium Sidus was not known as a planet till the time of Dr. Hcrfchel, yet there are many reafons for fuppofmg it had been fcen before, but had ' B 2 then 4 INTRODUCTION. then been eonfidcretl nt n fixed Ihr i but, from ihe flcadinefH of its liglit, from Iti «liameter being increafcd by lugli mngnifving powers, iiiul front the change which he had obfervcd In it8 lUiiation, he concluded that it was n comet ; but m a little time, he, witlj others, determinu tl that it was a plan, t, from its vicinity to the eclip- tic, the direction of its motion, being Ihitionary in the time, and in fuch circum- llunce is abfi he direction ot its motion, Iteing Itationary in the time, and in Inch circu L's as correfpond with (imilnr appearances in other |)lnnets. When the nu fent it may be feen by the naked eye i and the difcovery of two fatellites When the moon on tlie I Mb January, 1787, nitending it, leems to confer upon it a dignit\, and to raifc- it into a more confpieuous lituation among the great bodies ot our folar fyllem. As the dillanees of the planets, wlien mnrked in miles, are a burden t«) the memory^ alironomers ot'tcn exprefs their mean dillanees in a Ihorter way, l)y fu|)poling the didancc from the cartn to the fun t«i be divided into ten pans. Mercury may then be ehimated at four of fucli parts from the fun, Venus at feven, the l'',arth at ten. Mars at fifteen, Jupiter at fifty-two fuch parts, Saturn at nincty-Hve, and the Geor- gium Sidus at one hundred and ninety parts. The comkts.] The reader having acquired this information refpcfling the planets, mull next turn his attention to the Comets, which, as they revolve round our Sun, make part of the folar fyftem. Thcfe, defeending from tlie far diftant parts of the fyllem with great rapidity, furjuile us with the lingular appearance of a train, or tail, which accompanies them ; become vilii)le to iis in the lower parts ot" their orbits, and, after a ihort liay, go olV again to vail dillanees, anc orbit of our cartli : fo that, in fonu- nvolutions, it mny appioHcIi iKiir enough to havo vorv nmlidcrahlc, if not fatal cffi-tt^ upon it. Sco Niwton, llallry, (iri'gory, Kvill, M'ljiurin, Dcrham, Kcr^iifon, and Wliillon. 'I'mk fixko star* I Having ihuit brii-Hy liirvcyod tlio folar fyftom, which, though great in itfelf, is finull in comparifon with tlio ininu-nlit^' ol liio uniscrli', \vi' next procci'd to iho ninii-inplalion of thofc other vail hiuiics culled thv JixeJ St/in \ winch being of intiiiiif ufe in the prattice of geogrnpliy, claim a particular notice in thin work. 'I'hcfe fixed thirs ure dillin;^uilhed by liie naked eye from the planets, by being left* bright and luminous, and by continually exhibiting that ap« juaranee wl>icl» we cull the twinkling of the rtars. This urifes from their being fo fmall, that the interpolition of the halt body, of which there are many conftantly floating in the air, depriven us of the light of then) i when the inlerpoled body changes its place, we again fee the ftar, and this fuccellion being perpetual, octa- lions the twinkling. But a more remarkable property of the fixed liars, and that fr which they have obtained theii name, is their never changing tluir lituatioii, with regard to each other, as the planets, from what we have already laid, mull evidently be always changing their's. The liars which are neareft to us feein largell, and are therefore called of the lirll magnitude, Thofe of the fecond mugniuidv appear lefs, being at n grratcr dilhmce ; and fu proceeding on to the lixth inugni- tude, which includes nil the fixed liars that are vifible without a telelcope. As to their number, though in a clear winter's ni<;ht, without muonihine, they fcem to be innumerable, which is owing to their llrong fparkling, andthecoiifctpient foiifiilion in our light ; yet when the whole firmament is divided, as was dtme by the ancients, into ligns and conllellations, the number that can at any time be fcen bv the bare c\e, exceeds not a thoufand. Since t'.ie inventiuiiof teleltupes, indeed, the number of the fixed liars may be deemed indetinite ; betaufe the greater i)crfeClion we arrive nt in »)ur glalVes, the more liars always appear to us. Mr Klanillead, late. royaJ alironomer at (Greenwich, has given us a catalogue of about 3000 liars. 'Ihefc sire called telefco|)ic liars, from their being invilihie without the allillance of that in- ftrmncnt. 1>. I lerl'ehel, to whole ingenuity and allidiiity the allronomical world is lo much indebteil, has evinced what great difcoveries may be made by improvements in the inllriiments of obfervalion. in fpeaking here ol his difcoveries, I Ihall ufe the words of \I. de la l/ande. " In palling rapidly over the heavens with his new telelVope, the univerfe increafed uixler his e)e ; 44.000 flars, I'een in the fpace of a f-w decrees, feem to indicate that there were feventv-live millions in the heavens." Hut what are all ihefe, when compared to tlioi'e that fill the t>oiiiullel's tields of ;ether? Who can fay how far the univerfe exteiuls, or pmputed lite dillanee of Siriiisfium \\%- 4 INTRODUCTION. 1(» !)«♦ two billioni and two iuiiKlrotI thntifund niilliotm uf nilc*. Tlic mnlinn of liulit, llii-rcrorc, uliici) ihoueli Co quick bh (ft Ik- coniMionly lliouf;li( iiidiintnncout, taki'H up luori' lime in n. 'I he liars therefore Ihine with their own native and unborroweil hilire, as the fun doeji; and lince each liar, as well iiii the fun, is confined to a particular portion of fpat% it is plain that the liars arc of the fame nature with the fun. It is not credible that the Almighty, who nlwoys a^ls with inHnitc wifdom, fliould create fo many glorious funs nt fuch immenfe dillantcs from each other, without placing proper objetls near enough to be bcnerited by their inHuenccs. Whoever imagines tliat they were ntade only to give u faint glimmering light to the inhabitants of litis globe, mull have a very fuperficial knowledge of allrunomy *, and a mean opinion ot the Divine W ifdom; lince, by an inHnitefy lefs exertion of creating power, the Deity could have given our earth much more light by one lingle adtliliimal moon. Inllead then of one fun and one world only in the univcrfe, as the unlkilful in ndronomy imagine, liat fcience diftovers to us fuch an inconceivable number ot' funs, fyllcms, and worlds, difperfed through boundlefs fpace, that if our fun, with all the planets, moons, and comets belonging to it, were annihilated, they would be no more milled, by an eye that could take in the whole creation, than a grain of fand from the fea-lhore ; the fpacc they poflcfs being com}>aratively fo (mull, that it would fcarcely be a fenlible blank in the univcrfe, although the Georgiuin ^iduR, the outermod of our |)lanets, revolves about the fun in an orbit of 10,830 millionR of miles in circumference, and fome of our comets make excurlions man^r thoufand millions of miles beyond the orbit of the Georgium Sidus ; and yet, at that amazing diflancc, they are incomparably nearer to ihe fun than to any of the liars ; as is evident from their keeping clear of the attratlive power ot all the liars, and returning perimlically by virtue of the fun's attraction. From what we know of our own fyllem, it may be reafonably concluded, that all the rell are with eciual wifdom provided with accommodations for ratiimal in» habitants ; for althougli there is almoll an infinite variety in the parts of the crea- tion which we have opportunities of examining, yet there is a general analogy connecting all the parts into one fehcmo, one delign, one whole ! .SiiiCe the fixed (Jars are prodigious fpheres of lire, like our fun, and at incon- rcivahle dilLince-i fmni each other, as well as from us, it is reafonabic to conclude tlicy are made for the tame pmpdfes that the fun is; to bellow light, heat, and vegetation on inhabited planets, moving around them in their lefpedive orbits. v\ hat an aiigiill, what an amazing conception, if human imagination can con- ceive it, dues tills give of the works of the Creator! Thoufands of thoulands of funs, multiplie world, tlicy can only bi I'ccu by a few aflronunicrt. tlicni ; • moliiin of laiitnnt-imti iiiK « VVfU- ooo yi'iiri I intid vvillj. reach u% in ibiy ri'ceivt fumiii-nt tu before ihiy r i'yc», fu «• • with their lUr, ai well the llnm urc itc wifdoin, each otlier, r intlueiiccs. ini; light to allronomy •, D exertion of light by one un(kilful in Ic number of )ur fun, with , they would than a grain ely fo Imullt \e Georgiuin it of 10,830 urfions manf and yet, at any of the Icr ot all the :ludcd, that rational in* |of the crea- >ral analogy |id at incon- 1 to conclude t, heat, and ivc orbits, ■on can ct)n- llioufands of jlianccs from In rapid niu- Is jMcfcribcd tood tcleftopt; ■unicn. thcni ; INTRODUCTION. 7 Ihcm I and ihefe world* peopled with myriadi of inlelligunt bringi, formed for cndlefs proKretlion in pcrte^liun and felicity. If fo much power, wifdoni, goudnciit, and mMgnl/icencc is difplaycd in the mn- tcrial ereati«Hi, which \% the teull conliderubic part of the univerle, huw great, how wife, how gcvMl mull I IK be, who made and govern* the whole ! 4 Tme conivkll a I ions.) The ^r/i peoftit wlui attentively tibferved \\\c fixe pollible, in any other way, to give a conlillent account of the heavenly motions. This fyllem, called the Pytuaoorean Svstl.m, was not widely diffufed, till many ages after, ihe phiiol'ophers of antiquity, delp.iiring of being able to overcome ignorance by reafon, endeavoureil to adapt the one t-. the other, and to form a recon- ciliation between them. This was the cafe wilii I'tolemy, an Kgyptian philofopher, who Hourilhed 1 3.S years after Clirill ; and the li\pothe(is which he invented is called from him the 1'roi.KMAie System, lie lupi)ofed, with the vulgar, that the earth was fixed innni)veal)ly in llie ceiiire of the univerfe, and that the feven planets, conlldering the nuH)n as one of tlu- primaries, were placed near to it ; above them was the (iiinainent of fixed liars, tlu a the cr\lialline orbs, tlien the primuin niobile, and, lalHy, the cceluin einjiyrium.or hea\en of heavens. All thefe orbs he (upiioli ti to move rouiul tlie earth once in 24 hours ; and to I'xplain the particular motions ot' the planets, fuiipolVil a iiumlier of circles, calleil excentries and epiev( I'S, interfectin;; each oilier. 'Ihi.s fvllem was univerfally maintained by the IVripaleiie philofoplu rs, who t'ornu'd the ir.oll eonliiKrable fed in I'.urope tVum the time of I'tolemy to the revival of le.irning in the lixteenlh century. At length, Copernicus, a iialive of Poland, adopted the Pythagorean, or true fyfiein of the univeil'e, and publillied it lo the world in the year i ^30. This doc- trine had been fo long in obfeurity, that llic rellurer of il was conlidered as the in- 3 veutor i I INTRODUCTION vciitor I mill the f) ftoin ohtiiinrd the tumc of iho Ci>|)cmiian pliilpfijphjr, though ttiily r>'vi\i'ii l)y thnt ^n-nt iimii. l''.iir<)|K- vva* lUII ininicrfi-d in iffniirann> ; and Copornii tii had manv oit^Mincnti. 'I'vcho Hrulic, ill piirliiular, a mmli- Danr, iVnlihli- of the di'lcCtsnt' tnc rhih*inaic )\lK*ni, hut unwilhtig lo luk!!o^vh■(l^l■ the niKtioM ol thf i-urth, t luK-uvotin-d, uhoiit 1586, III iHablilh n lu'w lylU>ni, lallid ihi- TYtiioNic S^iivm, whUh wa» (till ni'iro pcrplfxfd and i-mbarrairi-d than thnt i>( I'toU-tny. It allows a monthly iniH tion to the iniHin round thi- cnrtli, an thr t i-ntro ot' it^ orhii , and it niukc» thr tun to lio thi- centre of thf orbits ot" Men nrv, Vi-nux, Mari», Jupiti-r, andSnturn. I he fun, howL'vor, with uil tlu- planitM, w fiip|tofi-d to be whirled round llu- earth in a vrar, Miul even oiu'c in the twenty -four hnuri. lliiH fytbn), nolwithliandin^ itH anfur- diiy. met with itn adsoeatei. Lon^oniontanu*. and otl)er», fo far refined u|M)n it, HH to admit the diurnal motion of the earth, though they inlilWd that it had no annual motion. About iliis time, after n darknof* of many agei, tlie dawn of learning and tallo appeared in Knrope. Learned nww in dilKrent eoimtrieH began tu cultivate aiiru- noniy. (ialileo, a Florentine, aixmt the year 1610, intriHluied the ufc of tetbfcopeii, uliieh afforded new arguments in fupport of the motion of the earth, and cunrtrnied the old onen. The fury and bigotry of the clorgv had almoll checked thi* Kourilh- ini; bud: (ialilco watt obliged to renounce the (^>pernican tyllem, a% a damnable lierefy. The Keformntion, however, placed a great part of Knrope In-yond the reach of the papal thunder. It taught mankind that tlie fcriptures were not given for explaining fylK-mii of natural philoAiphy, but for a nobler purpofc, to infpire ))ic'ts and charity : that inftead of oppoting the word of (lod, which, in fiicaking of natural things, fuits itfelf to the prejudiccii of weak mortals, we employed our faculties in a manner acceptable to our Maker, in tracing the nature ot his works, which, the iDore they are conlidered, atford us the greater reafon to admire Ids attributes of power, wifdoni, and goodncfs. From this time, therefore, the Copkr- N-iCAN System prevailed againli all oppolition, and has been received by the greatell muthematicians and philofopher.s that have fince lived, as Kkplrr,Gali- 1,1:0, l)i:sc.\R TKs, (jasskndl's, and fir Isaac Nf.vvion ; the lall of whom has tllablilhed this fyliein on luch an everlaliing foundation of mathematical and phy- lical demoiirtration, as can never be ihaken, and none wiio underlfand him can lu'lltiite about it. From this time the moll noble difcoveries were made in nil the braiulus of allronomy. liie inoiiuns of the heavenly bodies were not only clearly t\plaincd, but the general law of natinv, according to which they moved, was dif- tovcredand illulhated by the immortal Nkwton. This law is called (/Vdi/zv, or .hfnift/'oH, and is the fame principle by w hich heavy bodies fall to the ground, when difengaged tron) what fiipported iluin. It has been demonllrated, that this fame law wliiih keeps the fea m its channel, and the various bodies which cover the furtace of this lurih frnin Hying nil" into the air, operates tliroughout the univerfe, tontines the j)lanels in tluir oibiis, and inainluins, uiiin»])aired, the harmony of I'.aiiire. SECT. II. Of the Doctrine of ll'.e Simiirj.. T T.\\'ING, in the forei^ninf^ Se»:tion, irejited of the L'n ivkrsk in tjeneral, in which ■*•♦ the earth hns been eonddeivd iis a planet, we now proceed lo ilie Doctrine of the Sphkkk, which outdit always to be preniiled before that of the CJIobe or earth, i.N we (hall fee in the lu \t Section. In difeullins; this l"ui)iect, we ihall conlider ihe *.arth as at veil, and llie heaveiilv bodies, as pcifuniii'.ijj their revolutions round it. This y, though 'lolctnaic red. nbout I waft (till tnthly mt>- llu* fun to I he lull, I in R vt-ar, ( ill iibfur* ctl upon it, it had no Iff nnd tnflo tivate utlru- f tcHtfcopci, d coiiftrnii'd thi» Hourilh- n danuiabie iH-yund the rrc not given fc, to infpire I r|K-aking nf miloyed our i)f hi» works, o admire hi* , the Co p Ka- le ived by the LF.R.CjALI- ;»t' whom hai cal and phy- linil him ran ,de in ail the only ticnrly Ived, was dil- d (iravity, or round, when liat this fame h cover the Ithe univerfe, liarnuiny ot' I N r R o n u c T I o N. f nii< method innnut |ri\il llie rnnler into error, (It\»e \v.« hav>' pr.-vitnirty e\ plumed the true Ijlliin nMlie imiM-rl'c, inid lli«\vii llml il \^ ilu »,<(/ nuiliuii jit" llu- eiirth which ikcuIhidh the appiirtm motiim of the lieiivenlv hmliei. |( it helido* nl- Il luted with the ndvantnge iit comlponding with the nit'ormntioM of our f> iiAm. The ii)ii)uin:iiiiMi, llu n tore, it not put mi llie ilreti li ; the idea ik e.il\ iind t.iiiiijiar, luul, in delivenug the elcmentH of fcieiue, thi« object cannut be too much iii tiiuled to •. Hie aiu'ientf cii.f, heiaule the fun no ftxmcr arrived there than he turned back. Allronomers obferving tlii* motion of the fun, found its ipiantity, at a mean rate, to be nearly a dej;ree (or iIu* ^ftotlt part) of a great circle in the heavens, every 24 hours. 'Ibis great circle i» called the Elliptic, and it palTes through certain conrtellations, dillinguilhed by the names of animals, in a zone called the ZoJiac It touches the tropic of Cancer on one fide, and that of Capricorn on the other, and cuts the equator oblitpiely at im angle of 23 degrees 29 minutes, the fun's grcatert declination. To exprefs this motion, they funpofed two points in the heavens, ecpiallv diftaitt from, and parallel to, this circle, which they call the /Vcf of the Zodiac, which, Utnting with tne hea- vens, by means of llieir axis, defcribe the t^vo ptiar circlts. In the artificial fplieie, the e(piinn(tial, ihe two tropics, and two polar circles, ore cut at rij^lit anqles, by two other circles calle (iLDNK nnturnlty follow* ihai ol ihc .SrnRKt BY ilu- l>i»flriiii' iif'il'c Cttttur. i» nu-niU ilu" rcnnfuimiiiin of'ilu'ilijfiTi'iU pli ,ini' ri'|tri roiUi'il titr liiiiaitDii ol >hic |i|tiii' wUh n-Kunl i>i iiimilicr, or !>• li- curlli itt ((oniriil, liitt luvn liy trtiii^t'iTriii)f tin' tirik^ n| ilu' Iplurf to tlu' iirlifi- ciiil ^lolvt iiiitl llii« it ihi; only iiti'lltott tlicy loitltl riiiiiltiy, ii% will uppvur tVniii un • Miiiipk'. Atti.r iliiit I'irt'U* in tlu- lu-uoni, wliidi ii mlliil ilir ki|tiiil(>r, \\.\% known to (itlriMiDiiKrt, then* wui nothing nion- lary lluin in lraii>Kr it t<> tlif t uiiti, !•> wliiih iIk' litiiuiion nt' plncf* wih (Icitrniiiuil, nivoriliiij; ii^ they lay on om- liiU* ol llii' t<|ualt>r or aiiotlift, IIk' I'anu' may Ik oltLiM-il ot tlu' oilur liriioi ol'tli^* I'l'lttti'. TIk' riiiiUr luivinij; olitaiiud un nUa ot' iIk' itrincipU- upon uliitli tlie |)octrini* oi' till' (»lol>i' it tomulttl, tnny priMcfil to conliiUr ilii« (UKMriiu' iti'olf i i'r, it oilur \V''iil», til • (Ul'irlpiion of'unr nirtli, as fv pn-l'i nu il l» tlu- tutifiii.tl jf/uli,; Fitit'RK of nil', r Ait I II. I 'Ihoii^lt in Tpiakini^ ot' i!u> i-artlt. aioii^ will) \\\i| ir liii lit i>i'on liiuoviTt kl, thai tliis ii not it t trno li^iiiri*, ami thai tlu- caiili, tlioiiffli III arl\ n tpln w or ImII, i-> not ptilttll) Co. 'Hiti on.iliontd great dilpntf liotwfiii tlu' pliiloroplu'tAot'itu- lall a^k', innoiig whom lir llaat' Niwion, ami Calliiii, a hrom h allronoimr, wiTo tlu- hiinU ot two parliio. Sir It'aar tli'moiiliraiid, trom maihi* niatiiiil prin< ip!i.'t, tliat ttu'i-arili \\\\* an vl'liitc /f/i,)i\ or that it wa% llatti-d at thif poki), niul iiiiit' tlu* i'ipiiit.ii)in>; lllotl^ll llu' poli s wliit h it lalKd a dia- nul.r, uotiM mt Ik (<* l"ti^ ai a line drawn llnmi^l) llif I'lmo ti'niri-. niui |>nlliii;,' ihroiii,li ilio t all ami will point*. Tlu" I'm nth pliiloloplKr aliirh-d thu I'ltiiraiy. iUit I'lc dil'puU' wa> tiiininaicd by tho Inndi Lin^. m >/.)'>• ^^ho finl out a company of p' ilojoplurt towardt ihf north polr, und likiwiK' towartit ihi* rqiiatnr, in ordir to im nt'nro a dif^u'i', or lli/ lliit-c hundn d and li\liiih part ol' :i Lit at ( in U' in llut'o dilli nnt p.irit , iind from llu ir nnon, ihr diiinion o| hr llatic N» wt«»n \vn> (onlirimd luvond tlitpuii . SincL' ih.il linti-, thi-ntorf, the oarih has iilwavs lui II toiilidi red a» niori' Hat towards llu' potrs llian the ttpinior. The rea- fun ot" this figure nia\ he ealilv nnderllood, it" the leader lompreheiids what we nh- frrvid, wiih u^^artl to tli<' earth's notion ; lor it' we (i\ a hall of i lav on a fpindir, and wliirl it r>i,iiul, Wi- lliall liml ili.a it will projeii towards the middle, aud H.itteii toward* the poU*. This is esactK the »al'e with regard to our earth, only that iti A\is. repnluUid hy the fpindle, is imaginary, lint though the earth he not per« fecfiy fplurital. the jlilRreiKe trom that figure is fo fmall, that it may he tepre- fented hv a jrlohe. without am fenhhie error. CiRt rVKKiu Nt 1. \M) niAMi.iKft OF 1 II !•; 1. \ R I M . 1 III iho table wliiih we l.avc eshihited, the diaiiuter of iho globe is given attording to the Im (I olilerva- lions; fo that its tiiiutnfereiue is 2;,o;8 Knglilli miles. '| |\i, » in umti tiik e is I iiiu ivcd, for the con\eniene\ of nu'a("urini;, to be divided into thru- huiuhed and li\ty part', or «li\;^iees, eai h (U i;ri\' eoMtainiiiL; lisiy '^eograpliieal mili's, or ii\t\- iiiiu i'.iu'.li'Ii miles ami an hall. 'I'hek degrees aie in the lame i'.\amu'r eonnivid to bv divid'deiuli into li\ty minutes. Axis AND foi.v.% or tiIk kmmii.] The .\\Is of \h>' Marih is that imaginary I. lie paliin,!.,' tliKiigh its tent re, on whieh it is ("iippofed to turn romul oiiee in t«eiit\- tirnr ho.irs. 1 1;.' < \lreine points of ihis line are lalled the I'oli , of ilu' I'.arlli ; one i.i the nonh, and tip ollwr in the lonth, whieh ate cNavlly under tin- two points of the lK'avcii;i tailed the north and ft)Uth poles. The knowledge of thefe poles is of fjaat life to llu j;eoj;raj)lR'r in ileterniining the dillant'.' and litualiiui of phu vs . for ll lU INTRODUrTION. t» luillicr, «>r i>» 1,1 ihi' i»rlifi' |)l.U It'MII uo t<) till- mi I 111 \y tm i)i»i' li»'^* HI whult ii>y iiK^Jriiu" illoUi lur IxhIv i \»» i-artl), i1i"iik'i pUti* Ili-lWliM illiiii.a I'u'iuli , tVoin lUiithc- (laili-a lU l>m i.i\M» tliroimh . talliil a ilia- 10 i«\iin', Hiut ii " ;(), wli'i tVnt ilk' t<>\N arils thi' tiilli part i>f :i ,1) III hr tluuc llic oartli lias nr. 'llii' r«'a- U ivlrat wo iib- nn a l'l>in'. li.iihil tl.iMi'n h, only tliiit in ih Ih' ni»» jtir- may W- i^yrv il)U- \ihiih \M* !• 1)1 U til)lVr\a- ■i iiiult ri'ui i- in Iniiulii'.l ami uili's, t'r lists - iiuT coiuvisiil lliat iinai;in:iiy Intc ill twiiily- Ihc Ivarlli ; i>iu'_ two points ut^ jii'li' poll"" i;* "^ i)t' pkuvs . li'f llic ll)^ lHiU'« irtAil llii' cntU of ihc tWfl^ Wkkh i« I'liiMlnr » fi» Ihal iho iimrcr ihu> .?pp«»«chr» !♦♦ iVt nole», lh«? larilirr hr r'umiv.* fniui llu' i'i|Uiili>r t iinii. »iliMti^)i the t < t^m)! ilic cNrlli, idmI •livi». or A\^i»7«'<,V/.(/, » ulU'«! by fiiitttrh till' /•'. 'Ili>' p>i|t'« ol' ini- tin- luiiu' \miIi ilu.lt' ol' ilio worlil. It pnl'- I'l'^ tllrllll^ll ilio I'iill antl \sv\\ p<»Jnlinipiillini{ ilio ^ImIk-, ami diviilinif iI into ttu' up|H'r and lower lieinirpliere?*. (ieouraplurt pi'operl) ilitlingiiilli tlu' hori/on into the Jinhbie iiitil iMiuiitl, Ww Hrll i<« that wlinli iHttiiuN tin- nitnoll prol'ptet ol our tigliti when we view- llie heit* wrni iiroiiiiil iit ,tpp,ittmls tout Iiiiik llie earth or leu, riiii eirili lUtertniiu'i tlie riling or letting ol the run ami llitrit, in an) partiiiil.ir plaei' I lor wlun lIu y In i;in to app'-ar alio\e the eallirii »Oi;i', we iiy thiy rili', unit wlun lluy |;o iKiuaili lIu' \m llern, we lay tliey let. it apprai% then that I'liih plar>' liat itt own /r<.A/'V liori/on. Hie otlur hori4oi), ealleil tli^' fiKnui.il, en- i:oiiipalK''« tlu' ^lolie exacllv in the iiiidille. lit polet that it two pointt in iu a\i», eueli iiiiiftv ilei^rit s tliilani Iroin iit plane, at iliol'e ot all i inlet are) are called llie '/.mill and Shin \ the tiill evactly ulxiw our lieudH, and the other directly iin- •ler iiiir leel. 'Ihe hrnail wimkUh cirile, whii li rrprelent'. ii oi\ ihe glolu-, liat feural eirtirt drawn upon it : ot ilui'e ilii' innerinoll it that eshiliilin); tiie luiinlier ol decreet ol iluiweKe liKiit oi' the /.odiae, \i/. ihirly to caeh lii;n. .Next fi» lliit yuii have ih>' names ol" tlu le ligns, witli the dayt ol the inontli, aeioriling |it the old and new llyl '. itelides lliele, there \% a eirele repnUntin^ the thirly-iwti rlniniht, or pointt ot ihe niariiur't compar> Mkkioian I 'ihn uriA' ts reprelented l>y the h,i/i r Dij, on whien ihi- gli )!)»• h:m)(t ami tiiriit. It it divided into three hundred and lixly degrees, and eiitt the eijualor at right anglet t I'o ihat eoiinting liotn llu- i (piator eai li way to tiir polk* ol the world, it eoiUaint lour tiimt niiul* degree-., and diiiilct tlie t arlh into th, laliirn and welUrii hemilplieieN. This einle it « ailed tlie i}unili,i>i, luiaiile wiieii eil tlie Inn t onut to tlu^ lonth part ol ii, it it tlun mid-day, and the Inn has itt great* ell iillitude lor thai day, which it theri tore ealled itt meridian altiluiL- Now ut the Inn it nevi r in itt meridian nltitiide at two plaiet eail or well o|' oiw another Tl u le ar« at tiie lanh' tinu-, e.uh ol' ilul'e plaees mull have itt own meridian. lommonly markeil on the globe twenty-lour ineriiliaiis, one through every lilleer^ tlegrei't ol llie t nnator /om ^e.| I m- /tidiae it a hoitii tirclt, whieli cult the etjuator ob!i(jU(;ly ; in» liiili tlu- iweiie lignt ahoie ineniioited ari' r^ pref'inti il. In the middle oV ihit w einle it ruppoli'd tiie A.////-.. iVoiii wlilih tin- I'un lu \» r »U\i:ii ourli et \\\ liu annual anil III lignt are, I. Aries wluih he advaiitet thirty degrees iveiy month. llie twelve 2. 3 4- 0. V — — Manh 'I'aurns >j — . — April (Jeinini H — — May Canter e» — — Jmitf I.,M» il — — July N irgo 'X — — Aujjull V lo. 1 1. \l. c Libra ^ — — ^^•ptenlb^•r .Seorplo »U — — O.tohei Sagiitarint t -— — .\.i\cni!ur Capricorn b* — — Ueeemlnr A(|iiarius ~ — — Jannaiy I'ilc* H — — l'ibru;iry. Cotunr^ IS INTRODUCTrONT. Co lures] It* you imagine nuo peat circles palling l)()tli through the poles of tlie world, aiul one of tlicni through iho cipiinottial points Ariis ami Libra, and the otlivT through tiic folUitial points Canirr and Capiicnrii, thd'o an* lalli'd the Coliircs, tlio om- thi: Ki|iiinodial, the other tin- Solllitial C'oliirc. IIk'v dividi- tlic ecliptic into four cipial parts or ciiiartrrs. donontinatcd according to the points through which the Coluvcs pafs, viz. the lirll points of Aries, Libra, Cancer, and Capricorn, called the cardinal points: and thefe are all the _fr<,v;/ ciirlcs. Tuoi'ics.] If you fuppotV two circles drawn parallel to the ecpiinoctial. at twentx-three degrees thirty niinntes dillame from it, ineiifured on tlie brazen me- ridian, and one towards the iioriii, liie other towards the fouth, thefe are called Tropics, bv'canfe the fun appears, when in them, to turn backwards from his for- mer courfe. Ihe one is c;illed tlie tropic of Cancer, the otlier Cajjriiorn, becaufi" the\ pafs lliroiigii ihefe poiiHs. I'oi.AK ciRci.i.sl If two other circles are fuppofed \o be drawn at the like dilianee of Iwenty-tiiree degrees thirty minutes, reckoned on the meridian *rom tlie j)oles, tiiefe are called tlie I'olar Circles. 'Ihe twttheni is called the Arctic, be- eauli' the north pole is near the conllellation of the Ikar ; tlie y'Jrt/Z/t'/v/ the Antdrciic, beeiiule oppofite to the former. And thefe are thc*/o«;- lejjcr circles. Helides thefe ten circles now defcribed, which are always drawn on the globe, then- are fe- veial others, wiiich are only fuppofed to be drawn on it. Thclewill be explained as tlic\ become necelfary, left the reader Ihould be difgufted with t(>o many deli- '■.Ilioiis at the fame time, without feeing the purjiofe for which they fervc. The main delign of all thefe circles being to exhibit tiie rcfpetHvc fituation of places on the eartli, ve Ihall pnceed to conlider ir.oie particularly how they elfett this pur- pofe. It was fo.ind eafier to dillinguilli places by the (piarters of tlic earth in which ihev lav, than by tin ir dilianee from any one point. 'Ihus, after it was difcovcred, that the e(piator divided the earth into two parts, called the Northern and Southern hemilpheres, it wa^ eafy to fee that all places on the globe might be dillinguilhcd, according as tluy la; on the north or fouth lide of the eipiator. Zonks. j After liie tour lelfer circles wo have mentioned came to be known, it was found that tlie i .\rth by means of then), might be divided into live portions, aiul eonfeiiiieiitly thai the iiiaces on its furface might be dillinguillied accor, mcliKliiii^ does not rite ■r. 'Ihc two lis to twenl\- liiorthern and lirt that lies in bv a paralKI, ^le, the loiitli frigid INTRODUCTION. ij frigid zone, and the parallel of latitude which bounds it, is called the antarctic, or polar circle. ihe northern /nj/; Str;'.it^ ol D.iricn, Ixtwitii N. and .*>. .Vint rica ; i 'I'ob.igo, the (iranades, St. \ inniit and H.irliailocs in the VV. Illdic^. ' 111 Contains Meria in Arabia; U(»inliv>, iMitnt Honj-al in the luiltl- Indiei; Cantim in China ; .Alexito, Bay t>t (!aiii|vaLh\ . in NorthI Anurita ; Jamaica, lliliianiolj, ,St. Clirilhipjier's, Autijjna, Mar-! tinico, and CiiiadaUipe, in the Well indies. IV. l'-,i;ypti and the Canai V lllands, in Africa; Delhi, capital of tlie Moj;iil Jinipire in Alia ; linlf of Mrvico, and hall 1 lorula, in \orth .\inerita ; the Havanna, in the Well Indies. V. Gibraltar, in Spain ; part ot tlie Meilitfrrancan fea ; t!ie Darbarv ^ toart, in Africa ; Jcriifaleni ; Hp;ilun, capital of Terlii ; Nankin,, in China; Calitornia, Nciv McsIlo, \\'eX f'loriJa, (j.or^i.i, anci ! the Caroluus, in .North .•\iiurii.a. 1 '3 '3 '4 14 J4 A 41 31 7 4i »9 »j 4'J « 9 SI 00 10 54 a; 18 4 .;4 II, ?6 .: ?8 '31 J'J 141 61 I (' (^1 '7 fn ,8 6+ u; f.; ,20 I'l; 12 1 66 ';i 66 |2jl 66 la ;;: 66 31 ' ;;' 67 21 ; 26| 6y 4H I a?' 73 37 ,::8 7" 30 :<» «4 5 S7 39 '7 10 ?» 2() 30 =; > 7 23 " 6 44 4') ^' 31 3* 47 31 6 ■9 20 ■4 ' 18 8 17 18 18 >9 19 20 20 II 2 I 31 31 »3 33 _=J I 3 3 4 ? 6 JO 30 Jf 30 30 30 3" INTRODUCTION. VI. Liftinn in l'ortii;;al ; Nfadriil in Sp.iiii; Mliiorci, S.trdlnii, and p.irt of Cncif, ill flic Mediterranean! Afi.i Minor; part of tlie Cal'iiian Sea i Samarcand, in (ireat Tartary ■, I'ekin in China; Corca and japan; \Viiliamlhur){li, in Virginia; Maryland, and l'hiladel|>liia, in N'ortli America. VII. Noiilicrn provinces of Spain; Sniitliern ditto of France t Turin, (i'cni).i, mid Koine, in Italy ; L'aiiltantinople, nml the Hl.uk Sea, in Turkey; tlic Cafpian Si-i, and part of Tart.iry ; New Vork, Horton in New Kiij^land, North America. jVIII. Palis, Vienna capital of Cifrniany ; New-Scotland, Newfound- I lanil, and Canada, in North America. .IX. l.onilon, Flanders, l'ra(;nc, iJrefdcn ; Cracow in Poland; I fonthcni provinces of Kullia ; part of Tartary ; North part of I Newfutinilljnd, X. I)iil>liii, York, Holhnd, Hanover, and Tartary; Warfaw, in j Poland; I.abrador, and New South-Wales, in North America, |Xl. Kiliiibiirj;!), C()|iciiliaj;'.n ; Mofiow capital of RuHia. XII. South part of Sweden ; Toboliki, capit.il of Siberia. XIII. Orkney Illcs, Stockholm, capit.il of Sweden. .XIV, Hcri;en in Norway ; Peterlhiirgli in Kullia. \V, Hudlon's Straits, North America. XVI. Siluria, and the foiith part of VVcft GreenbnJ, XVII. Drmithcini, in Norway. XVIJI, PmtofHiiland, in Kullia. XIX. .\rrluiii>>cl on tlic \\'hite Sea, Ruflia. XX. Heclain'iccland. XXI. Northern parts of Ruiria and Siberia. XXII. New North Wales, in North .".nicriia, XXIII. Davis's Straits, ill North America, XXIV. Sunoieda. Month XX\'. South partof I.aplaiul, Months XX\'I. Wcll.(;reenland. Months|XXVII. Zemhla Aullralis. M.uilhsXXVIII. Zeinbia liorcali.. Months! XX IX, Spitzberp,cn or Kail Greenland. MonthsiXXX. Unknown. Katiti'dk.] Tlio (lilhtnco of jilncis fnnii the ('(|iiat()r, or wliat is tailed tht'ir l.tifituile, is I'iilily nu-afiirod on tlu" jjlobo In means ol tin* ineiiilian above defcribed. As latitude is reckoned from the eiiiialor towards tlie poles, a plate on the nortli- t rn fide of the ccjuator is faid to be in north latitude, and a place on the foiithern (ule ill foiitii latitude. The nearer tlie poles tlie j^reiiter tlie latitude; and no place < an lia\e more than (;o degrees of latitude, becaufe the poles refpcctively are at that diftaiice from the etpiator. Parali-ki.s of I. .\ tit I'D k.] 'Ilirough every degree of latitude, or more properly through every jiarticular jilaee on tlie eanli, geographers fuppofe a circle to be drawn, wliich tliey call a ])arallel of latitude. The iiiterfection of this (irtie, with flv meridian of any i)lace. thews the true lituation of that place. I.osciii DK.J 'I'he /o;(f//«c/c of a place is its lituation with regard to its firll meridian, and confe(|ueiitly reckoned towards the tall or weft : in reckoning the longitude there is no particular fpot naturally preferable to another; but for the fake of a general rule, tile meridian of Terro, the moll welUrly of the Canary Illands, was conlideied as the lirlt meridian in molt globes and maps, and the lon- gitude of places was reckoned to lie fo many degrees call or well of the meridian of Kerro. The modern globes fix the firll meritiian, from which the degrees of longitude are reckoned, in the capital city of the different kingdoms where they are made, \\/.. the luiglifli giolies date the firll meridian trom London or (jreeii- wich, the Krencli globes from Paris, &c. The degrees of longitude arr marked on the etjiiator. No place can liave more than 180 ilegrees of longitude, becaufe, the circumrcrencc of llie globe being j6o degrees, no place can be remote from another above their ihfd. iiortli- itlicrn pIlKO arc at more circlu if this firll IK ^^^' or the anary |e lon- ricliati t-'Vi of tlicy ircen- L'd on •, thu Uher LboNC INTRODUCTION. i.< above half that diftance ; but many foreign geogranltcrs improperly reckon tlic longitude tpiite round the globe. The degrees of longitude are not etiual like thofe of latitude, but diniiiiilh in proportion as the meridians incline, or their dif- tance contrails in approaching the pole. Hence in 60 degrees of latitude, a de- gree of longitude is but half the quantity of a degree on the equator, and fo of the rell. 'I he number of miles contained in a degree of longitude, in each pa- rallel of latitude, are exhibited in the following table ; A TABLE Ihewing tlie Number of Miles contained in a Degree of Longitude, in each Parallel of Latitude from the Kquator. 1:4iHi i t: C lUH ^1 Parts Mile. 1 -, 7 IP • 8 a ii 5! li'^k 1 «1 =^ li \ • 59 9'> i6 J7 Oo 3' ;5> 43 46 '^i\ 68 47 4' 09 61 39 04 7f> 1'4, 5' 1 4 i5'; 94 '7 57 30 31 50; 88 61 28| r7 77 1'3, 50 3 ;Sy 9» 18 57 0+ 1 33 l50| 32 48 W 1; 6j 27 24 78 ,.»' 48 4 V, H6 19 56 73 , 34 !49 74 49 39 3" 64 26 30 79 ;" 45 a >9' 77 20 56 381 3 5 ;4') "5 50 38 57 6; 25 36 80 |io 4a 6 J9l <'7 31 'iif> 00 , 36 48, 54 5' 37, 73 66 ,i4| 41 8. ,09' 38 I 59 56 3» I55 63 37 47, r- 5» 37i 00 (>7 23 45 81 08 35 59 40 23 lii a3 38 47! 28 53 V>: '8 68 22; 48 83 07 32 9 i9 20 2 4 54 81 3.; 46 6i 54 35 26 69 31' ji K4 06 28 10 ?9 08 a? ;4 38 40 46 00 55 34; 4' 70 20 52 85 ,05; 23 ■ 1 ;8 8.) a6 54 00 4. ;4S|28 s'' 33 55 7' i'9 54 86 04! 18 12 ,8 68 27 ?j 44 4» 44' 95 57 ;3'; 67 7^ i'8 55 87 03 ,4 '3 <;:< 46 28 {i 00 43 43 88 58 13. 7.) 73 '7 54 88 02^ 09 '4 5« " 2<) V- 48 44 43 '6 ' 59 '30. <;o 1 74 ,■" 5? t 89 |oi| 05 M 581 00 30 /i;r i/i ! 4i 42- 43 1 60 30 00 7? '5 >r.. 90 00 00 LoKoircni; and i.atitl'pt-: ov tuv. ARrrriciAL oLoni', found.] To find the l.on^ituile and Latitude nt any jil;ice, we need (Miiy bring that place to the ina/cn meridian, and we lliall find the (K-^rce of longitude marked on the equator, and the degree of latitude on the meridian. So that, to rind the dilVercnce between the latitude or longitude -of tivo place-;, we liave only to compare the degrees of I itlier, thus found, with each other, and the reduction cf thefe degrees into miles, accordinjj to tlic table above j;iven, and, lemembcring that every tiegiee of loTigi- tilde at the equator, aiul every degree of latitude all over the globe, is iqual to Oo geographic miles, or 6.) ; iMigliili, we ihall be able to «letermiiao the diilance be- tween any places on the gl'iln-. DisiANci. OK F I. Aci-.s MK Asi'Ri-n.] 'I'lic dllhinccs of places which lie in an obli((iie diretlion, i. e. neitlier directly foiuli, north, ealK nor well, from each other jiiay be lueafiired in a readier way, by eMeniiin;^ tliec(im|)atVe-i from the one to the other, and then applyitig them to the equator. For inlhmce, extend the compalfes frouj (juinea in .\hiea, 10 I5ra/,il in Ameiica, and then apply them to the etpuiK r. and you will find the ililianc.' to be 25 degrees, which at 60 miles to u degvi.!. , makes the dilhuice 1300 miles. Qu AOKAN r OK AL 1 1 I I DK.] lu orJ. T fo lupply the place (>f the conTpafl'es in tliii operation, ilure is conmiunlv a pliant narrow plate o{ brafs, ferewctl on the bra/en ineriilian, which contains ijo ileiMces, or ()r,e quarter of the circumfueiKc of the i;lwhe, by nutans of which the tlilhi;:cis and bearings cf places are meatured without the trouble ot" tirtl extending the eonipalVes bet\\ eon llicm, and then appK- ing the liiino tu the equator. This plate i;: cai!ed llie (Quadrant of .Mtiiude. Ho in Ill 1 N r R o I) u c r I o n. HiHR riRc-i.!..] 'Iliis is u finall bra fs circle rtxiul on llu* I)ra/oii meridian, di- vidi'd into J4 lioiirH, and haviii){ an index inovcahlc round tliu axis uf the globe. rROBLI'.MS PKRFORMFD BY TlIK GLOliE. p ST"^^ ^' '/"'""''''' '^f "" ^rtificiiil ^lobe ieiiiji giv,:si, lo find its fur fact in * '1 fquare, ami its foliJily in cuhtc, meafuri'. Multiply tbe diameter by the circumference, whicii is a groat r.n !e dividing flic )»lobe into two equal parts, nnd the produtl will give the Hr(l : then multiply tin* laid produd by one lixth of the dianjcter, and the product it ih.a will give llu- I'ccond. After the fame manner we may find the furtace and fcjli !iiy of the natural globe, as alfo the wliole body of the atmofphere furrounding ilir (i.ue, provided it be always and every where at the fame height ; for having found tlu- perpendicular height tliereof, by that common experiment of the afcent of Mnciiry at the foot and top of a mountain, then double the faid height, and add the fame to the di« ameter of the earth; then multiply the whole, as a new diameU r In- its proper circumference, and from the prudua fubtracl the folidity of the ci-rtli, it will leave that of the atmofphere. Prob. 2. To reElify ihf globe. The globe being fet upon a true plane, raifc the pole according to tlie given la- titude, then fix the quadrant of altitude in the i^cnith, and if there be any mariners compafs upon the pedel^al, let the globe be fo fituated, that the bra/en meridian may (land due fouth and north, according to the two extremities of the needle, allowing their variation. I'rob. 3. To find the longitude and latitude of any place. For this fee above. I' R o B . 4. The longitude and latitude of any place being given, to find that place on the ^lobe. Bring the degree of longitude to the brazen meridian ; reckon upon the fame nu ridian the degree of latitude, whether fouth or north, and make a mark with t lialk where the reckoning ends ; the point exa£Uy under the chalk is the place ilelired. Prob. 5. The latitude of any place being giwn, to find .ill thofe places that have the fiime latitude. p ^ The globe being rectified [a) according to the latitude of the given place, and that place being brought to the brazen meridian, make a mark exactly above the fame, and turning the globe round, all thofe places palling under the faid mark have the fame latitude with the given pl.nce. Prob. 6. To find the Swis place in the Ecliptic at anytime. The month and day being given, look for the fame upon the wooden horizon, and over-againll the day you will (iiul the |>articular lign and degree in which the Sun is at that time, which lign and degree being noted in the ecliptic, the fame is the fun's place, or marly, at the time delired. PnoB. 7. The month and day being given, as a/fa the particular time of that dn\, ti fi.id thofe places of the globe to idiich the Sun is in the meriditin at that particular time. The pole being elevated according to the latitude of the place where you are, bring the faid ])l;Ke to tlie braziii meridian, and fetting the inilex of the horary ( irile at the hour ot the day, in the given place, or where you are, turn the globe till the index points at the upper figure \ll. which done, fix the globe at that litii- aiioii, and obferve what places are exadly under the upper heniilpheiv of the br.i- /cii meridian, tor thofe are the places delued. ^ Pkou. IVo. B '"■'■''"» t' f^ T r o N. ''«0B. ,o ^v ,. ""f"^^'^"» hour at ll.at place TLisione ^,f!''P':^''-^"in;r2 mark t ; •-"; 'V^^'^"-'' «l-^ecK.. fun's [)lacc7.r ."••'"■'''' 'f^*-' ^-quator aV ... • u""''"■'■"^"<^^'g'•ecs ^*^ »•"•• «« ai-o tliofe in whi.h n°7'^'"no. and nil the nl-.,-, r """ ■"^'fkoninir ciwk D ""' "'"g'.c the number «i d of days ll INTRODUCTION. (lays tliaf tin* fim conllantly rtiincs above tlic horizon of tlu- given place ; and th«r oiH»olitc iircli of lliat i irclc will nivc the niitnhor of days in which he \» totnllv iioli lit, and ulfu will point out wnich days thul'c are. In the interval he will riUr and fct. I'liojJ. I ^. T/m month and das btin^ ghifii, It find ilmfc (iliica oh the globe, to whUi the fun, tchen on the meridi m, fttitll be vertical on that day. /■i) Pnoi i '""" '^''" *'' P'"*^'" '" '''^' ecliptic being (d) found, brine the fame to the brazen meridian, in which make a liuall mark with chalk, exactly nbovc the fun's place. Which done, turn ibe globe, and tliofe places which have the fun verlical m the meridian will fucceliively pal's under the laid mark. I'u on. 1 4. The nwnth and day being given, to find upon what point of the compafs the fun then rifes and jets in any place. Klevate the pole according to the latitude of the dedred place, anfl, finding the fin's place in tlie ecliptic at the given time, bring the fame to the eallern (ide of the hori/on, and you may there clearlv fee the point of the compafs upon which lie then riles. Hy turning the globe till his i)lace coincide with the wellern lide of the horizon, you may alfo fee upon that circle the exadt point of iiis fetting. Proii. 1 ;;. Tu know by the globe the length of thelongejl and Jhortcfl dayi and ni^hlt in any part of the world. Klevate the pole according to the latitude of the jriven nl,ice, and bring the firft degree of Cancer if in the northern, or Capricorn it in the fouthern hemifphere, to the cart lide of the horizon ; and fetting the index of the horary circle at nuon, turn the globe till the lide of Cancer touch the wellern fide of the horizon, and then obferve upon the horary circle the number of hours between the index and the upper figure of XII. reckoning them according to the motion of the index, for that is the length of the longed day, the complement whereof is the extent of the tliorlell night. The Ihortell lUiy and longed night are only the rcvcrfe of the former. I'ror. 16. The hour of the day being given in any place, to find thofe places of tht earth where it is either noon or midnight, or any other particular hour at the fame lime. Bring the given place to tin; brazen meridian, and fet the index of the hoary circle at the Imur of the ( tiie earth which fails exactly under the aforefaid mark m the brazen meridian ; fur that is the particular place tu which the fun is vertical at that time. Pros. INTRODUCTION. »9 Proh. 1 8. The Jay itiiH kour at any place being grvtH, to fi>iJ a!l thofe places uhert the fun is then rijini^, w (etting, or on lie meridian , lonjequtntiy, all ihoje placa which are enlij^/iteneJ at thai time, and thnj'e which are in the dark. 'HiiH problftu cnnnot lu- tolvfd by nnv kIuIk* fitted up in the common wav, with tl'f hour-circle fixed upon tlic hrnrN-meriuinn i inilcfs the (un boon or near tome ot' the tropicH on the given day, But by n globe fitted ni) according to Mr. JolVph Harris's invention, where the hour-cirrle lies on the uirt'ace »>!' tlie globe, below the meridian, it may be folved lor any day in the year, according to hiii method ; vvliieli is as lollnws : Having tound tlie place to which the fun is vertical nt tl\e given hour, if the place l)e in tlie nttrlliern hemifphere, elevate the north pole as many degrees abovi! the hori/on, as are etiual to the latitude of that place -, it the place be in the fouthern liemifphere, elevate the fouth pole accordingly ; and bring the place lo the brazen meridian. Then all thofe places which are in the wellern femicirele of the hori/eing ^iven, with the place of the moon in the zodiac and hfy true latitude, and to find thereby the exad hour when Jhe Jhall rife and fet together Xf.ith her fouthin;f, or coming to the meiidian of the place. 'I he moon's place in the zodiac may be found readily at any time by an almanac ; niid lur lalituiie, which is her dillance trom the ecliptic, by applying the femicir- cle of potilion to her place in the zodiac. For the folution of the problem (a.) elevate the pole according to the latitiule of the given place and (ji I[r"»- i- the fun's nlace in the ecliptic at that time being (h) found and marked '^' '""""' ''' with chalk, and as all'o the moon's place at the fame, bring the fun's jihice to the brazen iiu'iidian, and fet the index of horary cir'.'le at noon, then turn the globe till the moon's ))laee fuccetiively meet with the eallern and wellern tide ol the horizon, as alio the biazen meridian, and the index will point at thofe limes, the particular hours tif her riling, fetting, and fouthing. Proi;. 20. Two places being givc:i on the g/'^/'e, to fiml the true dij/auce between tliem. Lav the graduated edge of the ([uadrant of altitude over both the places, and tile number of ik ^rees inlerceiitetl bet\\ten them will be their true ililKiiiee tVoin eaih other, reekniiiiig every dei;iee to be bi)\ luiijlilh tniUs: or take the dillaiKe of tlie two places with a pair ut eompalies, and apply it to tiii. eiiuinoctiiil, which will gi*'e the luimber ol degrees between them. 1) ■■ Prob •• INTRODUCTION. Froi. II. Th find uU tke/t atnutrks m vkuk am tthffi 9/ tht fun tr mo«H will h vifikU. 1. Of I hi fun. Find lh«r \Mct to wliich the f\in in vcrticnl at the time of the cclipfo, by problem 17th, and brinj^ it ti) the fcnith or top of the globe \ then to nil tnofc placet above the horicon, it' the cclipre be large, will the tun appear (in part) vilibly obfcured. 2. Of tht moon. Bring the antipcMlm, or rountry, oppolite to the place where the fun it vertical at the time of the ecUpt'e, to the /cniih, or top of the globe, and then the ecliplo will be fecn in all places above the hori/un at that time. Pro a. n. yl place bfinf; given on I he j(Me, an J ill true diftance from a fecond piace, to find thereby all other places of the earth of thej.ime difiance from the pven place. Bring the given plnce to the hrn/on meridian, and elcvutc the |M>le according to the latitude ot that place ; then tix the quadrant ot' altitude in tlie zenith, and reckon upon that quadrant the given dilbiiice between the (irft and fecund place, provided the fame be under 90 degrees, otherwife you nuill ufe the femi- cir( !e of pofition, niul marking where the reckoning ends, and moving the (piadrant round upon the furfacc of the glube, all pluccii pulling under that murk arc thofc dclircd. PnoBLEMs/o/tr, by which meuiisi the con- flellations and remarkable Aars may be culily known. All thofe thirii which ar<* in the eaftern lide of the hori/on, are then riling in the eiilU-rn liiU- of the lua- venH ( all in the weflern, are fctting in the weilerii liUe ; uiul ail tlxifi uiulcr tin* upper part of the frozen meridian, In iwicn the Inulli point «if the horizon and the north pole, are at their grc«ite(l altitude, if the latitude of the place be ncrtli ; but if the latitude be foutn, thofe thirs whiih lie undir the uptur part of the tne- ridian, iKtween the north point of the hori^nii and the fouth ))ole, are at their greateft altitude. Prob. 4. The latiinJi' of the place, itnri day of I he mciiik teiiig given, to find uAen anyjiar will rife, w ke upon I he meridian, nr fet. Having reHificd the cIoIk", turn it alwut until the given ft»r comes to the caftem fide of the horizon, and the index will Ihew the time of the flar's rifmg ; then turn the gtobe weOwant, and when the ftar comes to the brazen meridian, the index will fhcw tlie time of the flar's coming to the meridian of your place ; laftly, tnrti un untH the ftar comes to the weftcrn (Kle of the horizon, and the index will ftiew the time of flu liar's fetting. N. B. In northern latitudes, thofe ftars which are lefs diitant from the north pole than the quantity of its elevation above the north point of the Koriw)n, never fet ; and thofe which are lefs diflarrt from the fouth pole than the number of degrees by which it is (lepreffcd bebw the horizon, never rife : and vice vcrfu \\\ fouthern latitudes. PaoB. 5. To find at what lime of the year a given flar xvill be upon the mtridiun, at a given hour of the ni-'ht. Bring the given ftar to the upper femicircle of the brazen meridian, and fet the index to the {;iven hour -, then turn the globe, until the index points to XII. at noon, and the upper femicircle of the meridian will then cut the fun's place, an- fwering to tlie day of the year fought ; which day may he eafdy found againli the like place of the tun among the figns on the wooden hori^con. Methods for fading the Latitudes and Longitudks of Places from Cklestial Observations. It being a matter of vaft im|)ortance to navigators to know the fituation of any place they may touch at, or in what part of the ocean they are, in other words, to know their longitujecl be in the el>jrfl. Hut it" llii* fun or ilur li.itl) citlicr north or fouth dochnntion, that in, if it* appuriMit itiurniil motion Iw cither to the nuriluvnrd or fonthward of tho r«jiiiiuiflial, the dcthnution mull ciilur 1)1" I'lilttiacli il iVoiii. or a(l(!ir tliod is i)eil acconnnodaled to the ufes ol nasiKatioM, as lu in^ praUicnbIc u( feu i hut for ohfervations at land, another metliod may he pointed out. 2. The altitude of the pole, it has been already Ihewn, is always equal to thi' laliliiili ; for wliich reafon the lutitiiiU- iniglit be bell found by oblervinu the pole's height ; but as tlie pole is only a mathematical point, and iu> wuys to l)e obierved by our fenfes, its hei^ilt cannot be detennined in the fume manner as that of tho fun and (lars, &c. for wliich reafon anoilur manner has been contrived. In order to this, a meridian line is till) drawn. I'Jace a <|ua(!rani (m this line, fo tli.it its plane may be in the plane of the meridian ; then take Time ftar near the |iole, V. gr. the pole-lbir ^wliich iie\er lets), and obferve both its /'rcatell, and leatl altitude; half of ihe ditVereiue dedutted from the ureaielt altitudv-, or added to the lead, will i;i\e the altitude of the pole abu\e tne horizon, which is equal to the latitude of the place. II. (.)k nsniNO riiK lonoiiipkj To find exiftly the /owij/zw,/.- at fea, is a problem that has exinniely perplexed the malhematiciiMis of ihefe two hill cen- turies ; and tor the folulioii ol wliiih, i;real reward, ha\e ln-eii |)nblii ly oll'ered by the |''.nj,'lilh, Kri'iuli, Dutch, and other nations, this bein)^ almoll the only thinj; .•ndir nil mtinm 111 reiuur navl^allon perteet. In the year i i(>S, I'hilip the Third, kinj of Spain, ofl'ered a reward of jooo crowns for the foluiion tif this problem ; this example was followi il by the States (jeneral, who oli'eii'd 10,000 tlorins. In I'l^i, John Morriii, profellor of mathe- malits at I'aris, propofed his dilVwvery of the loni-itudi' to Cardinal Uiihlieii , ilie t immillionei-., who were apjioinied to examine ihis inelhod, ind^ed il infiillieient, on account of the impeifectinii of the lunar tabli-^ ; but Cardinal Ma/arin, in 104;;, prorwred for its author a penlion of 2000 livres. In 1714 an act was pallid b) the Ihiiilh parliinnent, appointin^ and impowerin;^ certain coiinnillioneis to inakv out a bill for a Cum not exteediiij^ 2000I. lowaids niakinj' necilluy expninienl', ; aiul .tMo fjrantiin^ a nwaid of io,oool. to the peifon who llionid iK lermine the /vhj^iimJe ill fea to 0111 degree of a jjreat circle, or 60 i;e(ij^rapliical miles ; 1 ^,oool. it the hm- i.',itude be determined to two-thirds of thai dilhince ; and io.oool. if it be deter- Diiiied to half that diiiaiu e. It lliculd be obferNeil that llie dillerence of luii'^iliide between anv two places, mijjdil be determined, by knowing the dilleieiice between the times thai anv re- mark- INTRODUCTION. miulcnhtc nppcnrnncr in t\\v licavi'm wm (ccn in lliufo plnro*. For finer tlio fim mill tixod ll.irn »|)|K'ar to iinivo romul ihf rurth, or, vvhiili i« ihr ftinu* thing, lh>i cnrlh rcvolvi-it nlxtiii ii« nnii in Iwcnly-tinir Ixuiri i ii tollnMv, ihui in t very hour ihi-ru pnlfrit over thr meridian one Iweiilv fourth ptirt ot' )'>o (le|{icf^, or ot tho whole » ireinnterenre of the e(|uu(or, eipial to 15 tU-grccn i Hhd u pru)x)rtioiiul part in 11 gientir or IclUr linie. Iho heavenly lto»li<-, iiflord frequent opporttinitiri nrmnkin|{ nhfcrviitlontnrihU eoiilill in till' ii|)puU''« h oil UT , am I tht IV utt- |)ulfe« when thev happen, are fien at ihe (unu- inlhuit of ahrolule lime in nil pnrt «)f the eivrth where llii-y are vilihlcj therefore l»y knowing the relnlive linie« of iho duy when fuih appeiiranies nn- fi en in tuo tlill;ii\t piaeet, the (lineret\ee helweeit ihofe times is known, ami c miliipuntly the ditU rencr of lonninnii' hetweeii thofe two pl.ices I always ohfervin;; tliat for every hour of tinu* you mull allow 1 ; de^ree'i of longitude either eall or well, act ordiu); as the time is either loomr or laler ihuu the time marked out for fueh appearances to iiupptn at (JrceiiwiLh, fur iidluiicci from whence the (iril meriilian mmnuMues. Several ephemeridis or almanacs are annunlly nuhlilhecl, in which lh»' times when the ecliples of ihe fun, moon, and Jut)iter's faiellites ; thi- riling, fellinu;, ami fouth* IHft tin) till ,r of the pinnels ; the appulUs of the moon to certain fixed Ihkrs ; and other i elei tin) npj>earances, arc determined with regard to fome meridian, liy the help of oiX! ofihele hooks, and a carctui oblcrvalion of thefc appearances t'*^ longitude may be determined. Kchples of the moon, wlien ihev happen, atford one nwlhod of rinding; llie dill'e- rcnce ol longitude. Kor as thefe eiliples are occalioiu'd hy an inlerpoliiion of llii>. earth hetween her and the fun, and confitpiently the is iuunerled it* llu- fun's iha- dow, the moment any part of her hody is deprived of ihe folar rays, it i-. vilihie to all lh«)fi' people who can fee her, at llu' fame inllant of alifolute time. Hence hy ohferving the beginning, nnddle, or end ot the eclipfe ol ihe moon in any part of th e wor Id IK )ling the apparent lime of thefe phenomena, and comparing it with the calculations of the lame ecli^ife adapted to fome oiher meridian, the didercnct} of lime, and coiifeiiuenlly llic dillcr»;nce of longitude between thofc two places, will be known. .Suppofe for inftance ihe beginning of an eclipf- of ihe moon happened at Lon- don lixtcen mimiles aiier iwo in the morning, and al ihirly-four minules Ivxenly feconds after nine in the ivining at Holhm in Ni \v iMigland ; llien will the ditfer- cnce «)f time be four hours, forty-one niinulus, forty feconds, ecpud lo fe\cnt\ de- f[rces, twenly-five minules, the ditreretue of longitude ; and beeaufe tlie lime in ater at iiolhrn, than at Lomlon ; lot wluti it '\^ palt Iwo in the morning at t.oiuloti, it is only a lillle after in the preeeihng evening at IJollon ; in other words, Holloii i.s about four liours ami lluic quarters later in cotning to tl t lie nu ridian lliun Lon- dtm, the differetue of longitude will be wclf. Conreipienliv if the longitude be reckoiie, are nunh lefs adapted lo lli.Tf purpofe than thole of the moon. Hut as the eclipfes of the fun and moon liap|H'n Imt feldom, anoiher expiilieiii offers, viz. the eci.pfes of Jupiur's faiellites. Thai planet has four moons or fa- tellitcs, moving round him at dilferenl dillances, and at dillercnt inlerv;il» of lime 5 one or more ot which is eclijifed alniotl every night : for they difappear eillivr in ^uing behind Jupiter, or in pullinj; before hiiu: aud the inllant of lucli immcrlions ft m.iy ■4 INTRODUCTION. Ing OM of liiiu- iru'hct Kk-uI ItiiKili nt« ptifiiR'' t4 ilw niDoii, or ik* i'ut>«-ii>)r pUitcl* ov«r iImt tnvridl.iit, al^irtU an- Aihfr nivilttiil III ilil'covcnM|i iIk* l»it||iuikli' k Uui\*y Imviiik llif liiiu in an f|»lK'invrU, \vl>«fri ilu* inii or itny ol ihtf |)l4iuM< |mI* the niciMtuii •>! Untw |>luii-, uml liiulHt|f li\ Dhr-tvutiDii iliv iniu- wli'M) ihi' oliikkl itttiU-i ilu- tiicti>nt(iiit«lf ^vill Ik; iltfii'rniiiu<«i i lor iIk- ilirtirciu >' nl Iihi«> toiivvrivd iiilu ili'ircct, Ski will givt' the (lilK-rvnii- nl IniiKiiniK' nu'tv It Ihll annllur inoi)iHiti liniilinitf lut rvvninlinii In IWi'Mly-lfVcii tluyt, luvt'ii linuM, lnriy>lhu-i* nitiHili'i, llxn* iirf i)UI I'vw i Ivm iii)(liU, wluii llio iiinon (lth'« iini |ittf« iivrr, nr In nciir Innic livi'tl llur, iliul tlic litiii.' nl llif iikJiill .i(t|*rnai.h ui ihc vilittitt (iiii)iiiKlitiii muy ho viilily nlil'irvi-tl. MarkiiiK oxatlly ilio npparvnl liiiu* nl ilicr« nltriTvuiiDti^, initl M)tn|tiirint( lliat with iho linu; ul lliu pitut' lor wliivh nuridiiiii llit-v uri- luUuUu'il, Mill givf yon iho ililliTviac t)l lnii)(i(U(U' ImIwucii ihu two |>l;K'k'* It will l>k' oltvi'MiM In t srry rrHi'Cliittf rmuK r, tlinl at tu;iii> nl tlii. ah--v« ttUhna- liniit iiinik Ih: niiuU- by the telclt'n|ti-, iho vnttllutit nmlion nl i lliip iiiuU-r fnii, wi| riiult'r it iinixillililf In n\» kf Ih irtit IK iiiriiirly at liii. I'n rciMcily thai incuiuiv nifnti' MrC'lniil><)ilifr Irviii invi-iUi'il what In- calU u iturinc tluir. 'I'hit chair will trit'il liy Mr. Mulkrlyni-. iu hi» vn\agi.' In HurltiultHM, who (nund it totally iin> |iriiCtiial>li' to(l> rivi aiiN ;ul\,iMiii^i' In mi it. And luluK^, lino' nil incthniLt, which (it |K'iid npoi) iht- plMiinmiiiu nl thr hcavi'iti, liuvi* alio thi» ulhor ilclteol, ihul ihoy I itnnot 1)1* iiMtrvrd tit .ill iiiiii"«, it U'l aiiu' a Kn-iit di'lideralutii ni iiavigatiuii tn ilil* <<»i'r ry hiiviiiK fncli a clink nr uati h mi Iwiaid, llic longituilc iniKht bv lalily di*< lirniiiU'd , Inr liv tiiidiiiK the liiiH' nl ihi* day ul uiiy nthi-r pliuc, and innipariiiK il vith ihv linu- lluri ihrwn l>y Inch a iiiai him-, tlu' ditKniui' nl' IniiKitiuU* iM-lwi-rii ihofe placcH will Ik- kitnwii. I hi' in)(iniiiu^ \lr. lijriil'nn a li-vv )t-ari liiui- c<>ni« plrlfd fuih u tim''-k«rt-pcr, which wu-. luniid ii|M)n liial tn an(wi-r cvi-ii hryniiil tlio III >li laii^uinc c.\pi i:tatiiin> -, and In ai c^rdlll^ly rci riVvd ti ti iliniiraiid pnuiuU trniii }»oviriifr'Mit, a» u rrwaid Inr hiu tlifcnvcry ; hut for fi>nic ri-alnit:*, not generally kr.own, the tii)io-krc|K>r hai been Inihcrtn kt-pl t'roiii the- public. T^tt diffttftil M AWN I II by xukith fotut Na rioNn auJ FROfLE rtcken 'I'lMi. T'r • I'abylonians, Pcrlians. and Syrian-., and ttw iiihabilantii of' (\i\\\|fi.iiaiiy, lH-j{in thiir d.iy ai run-riliiijj Till' .iiicii'Ml) Jews, Aihiniank, and ltaliun«, rt'(ki>n I'rnm fun-fi-tting, Till' |-',ff\ptiaiis, like thi- l.ii^^lilli. Kk bi uin at iniilnit;ht. '[hi- altii iii>:iii'is aiul franun bigiii tin »l.i\ ,it dd «n. .-md n-ckni) 24 hours tn the rtoxt d.'ty at nt.ori i and aunrdin;; m thi.» luuiif ol' m knnini; air all tJK' calcuia- t cni* ul till.' fuiii iiinnii, and iduncts, mad. in the cnniinnii aliuaiiackt. ."/'; Accoi-vr '/ //v (»rii;()hian cr Nrw SrVi.F.. I'.ipc Gregnry Mil made a rrl'orniatioii ol the Culeiulur. The Julian Calendar, or Old .Style, had, bftore that lime, Ik-«'ii in j^.'iieral uli' all over l-.urnpv'. 'Ilieyt-ar, • ecordiiifj to tin- Julian Call iidar, cmildls ol' jO^ days and 6 hnurs ; whii h 6 hours ben.;; niie t'mrtli pari i>t a day, tlir tuintiuiu yi'ur> vuiililtvd i>l jO.; iUys, and cverv toiDili yi'.-ii- one d.iv was .id.l'd to tin' nioniii nl' IVIirnarv , which nijtlc lacli ut lluil'c yt.ai.i 3(36 liu;^, wliich arc uluuby called Leap vcart. 7 ■ Thi.> INTRODUCTION. «l |o liourk Jul every 'Hus Thii cam|^)«iton minulca, vvi!iii '' \i\ i |l yrur« nnioiint« to n wtioU' lUy In umiKiiimmuv uI i)ii«, iIh- vcrtiiil i't|itirvi' WM until ipittcd irn (Uy* lri>tn ilw ^cnmil < •uitu li al Nk > , li. Iil itt ihtf vt-ar ,{M < f ihi* Clirirtian .f.r», to ihr limo ol |h>|h< Grrgory . wtwi ili i>l.>rtf caiiU'd ten ita\ « to Im- taken out nl ilie nutnlh ol OcioInT, i 5I11, to muki- lite r(|iii. no\ tall on the jil) ot' Miinh, n« it itiil at th<* linie of thai coinuil. Aiul to \»e- vrni the like variation in Inliire, he orilered that three ilav% llioalil lie allied in every tour hnndred year», by redneing the lea|i year at the t lol'e of e.uh i entnry, lor three fucietlive eenliirie«, to romitmn year*, ann retaining ihc leap year nt the dote of each fourth eeninry only. Al ihul rime thi« wa» eimliilerrd a* rxatilv cnnformahir to the true folar yenr^ lull l)r ILtlley niuke« the folnr year !■> he ^65 Anyn, ^ hoiiri, 4H minute*, ^4 f--- (eond*, 41 tliirdi, ij lourtlx, )6 fifth* i niionling to which, in 400 year*, lli>' Ju linn year of \t)(^ day*, 6 hv one hour iind ^\ minuter (lirlide* the three liuvt already aeeimnted for; which i« nearly two lioui*, fo lliul in {o (enturie* it will amount to a day. 1'hough the firemuian Calendar, or New Style, had lonjj Iwen ul'cd ihrniighoiii llie greater part of Kurope, it did not take plaee in (ireat Hrilain and Ameri.it till the irt of jnnimry 175*1 and in .Vplemher ftdlowioK, the eleven day* wen ,0' lulled, liy calling the third day of that mouth the fourteenth, and conlimiiu^; tilii. ret) in their order. (; K o c; R A n 1 1 c A I, o ij s K r v a r i o \ s. I. The latitude of any place ii ccpiul to tlic elevnlion of ilie pii!<' ahove li.e ho- ri/on of that place, and the elevation of the etpialor ii» eiptal to llie lompknicnl of the latitude, that i*. to what the latitude wanl^ of (>o degree*. a. Thofe places which lie on the eipiator, have no latitude, it hiing there that the latilude iu-gin* , aiul ihofe plaie\ which lie in the full meiidi.iii luise no lon- ^itude, it Iking there that the longitude hegin* Conre(|ueii(lv, ///.// pailitulnr place «)f the of time, ami ate e(|ually deprived of it. 4 All places upon the etpiator have tlu ir days nnd ni>;lus eipially long, that i\, 11 hours eaih, at all tiineii of the yeari for though the lun ilecliiiis allernalely, from the eipialor lowariU tlu- norlli and towards tlu fouth, yet, :is the hori/ou of the e(]uatoi cuts all tiie tiaralleU of latitude and declination in halves, the fun mull ahv:i\s lontiinn' alHtve llie liori/on for one half a diurnal revolution aliout the earth, iuhl tor tlu' oilur hall lielow it. 5. In all places of the earth between the eipintor und pole*, the days and iiighti lire . . r lupially ion,;, \i/. 11 iu)ur!i each when the fun is in tlie eipiinoctial -, for, in all the elevations of the pole, lliorl of (;o de;^rees, ^which i^ the gr»atelt', one liilf of til.' e«pial<>r will tie above the hori/on, and tlie otiier hiilf below it. (). Hie day-, and nijjiils are never ol an enual lengili at any place between the equator and |)oliir circles, excepl when the fun enters tlie lij;ns r Aiiesaiul^ IJbra, for, ill every other part of the et liptic, the circle o( the fun s daily inutioii In divid>'d iiitii f.vo iiiie«|ual part-- by llie hori/on. 7. llie nearer any place is lo the ecpiator, the lefs i» the dilVeretu i' belwc'ii !lie leiif^ili of the days and nights in tli.il place ; and the nuire rciuoie, t'le eniitraiy.; tile liiclcs wliiili \\\y fun defi ribes in tlie lieaveii every -'4 lioui-i. lull' en every .'4 lioui 1,1. Illy eiiiial m ilu l.>rnicr uile, and more unet|uul in tlu- lutt.'r. i; cut moiv S In 26 INTRODUCTION. 8. Fn all placcg lying upon any given parallel of latitude, however long or Hiort, the day and night he nt any one ot' thefe places, at any time of the year, it is then ot'the fame length at all tlie reft; for, in turning the globe round its axis (when rctUticd :u cording to the fun'ii declination), all thefe places will keep equally long above or below the horizon. (). The fun is vertical twice a year to every place between the tropics; to thofo under the tropics once a year, but never any where elfe. For, there can be no j)lace between the tropics, but that there will be two points in the ecliptic, whofe declination from the ecpiator is ecpial to the latitude of that place ; and but one point of the ecliptic which has a declination ecjual to the latitude of places on the tropic which that ])<)int of the ecliptic touches, and as thc' fun never goes without the tro- pics, he can never be vertical t»> any place that lies without them. 10. In all places lying exadly under the polar circles, the fun, when he is in the nearefl tropic, continues 24 hours above the horizon, without fetting i becaufe no part of that tropic is below their horizon. And when the fun is in the farthell tropic, he is for the fame length of time without riling; becaufe no part of that tropic is above the hor'zon. At all otlier times of the year he rifes and fets there, as in other places ; becaufe all the circles that can be drawn paralkl to the e(]ua- tor, between the tro|)ics, are more or lefs cut by the horizon, as they are farther from, or nearer to, tliat tropic which is all above the horizon : and when the fun is not in either of the tropics, his diurnal courfe mult be in one or other of thefe circles. : I . To all places in the northern hemifphere, from the equator ^o the polar circle, the longelt day and (horteft night is when the fun is in the northern tropic ; and the Ihortcft day and 'ongeft night is when the fun is in the fouthern tropic ; bccaufo no circle of the fun's daily motion is fo much above the horizon, and fo little below it, as the northern tropic ; and none fo little above it, and fo much below it, as the fouthern. In the fouthern hemifphere, the contrary. 12. In €ill places between the polar circles and poles, the fun appears for fomc number of days (or rather diurnal revolutions) without fetting ; and at the oppofite time of the year without riling ; becaufe fome part of the ecliptic never fets in the former cafe, and as much of the oijpolite part never rifes in the latter. And thu nearer unto, or the mure remote fmin the pole, thefe places are, the longer or Ihorter is 1I J fun's continuing prefenee or abfcnce. 13. If a Ihij) fets out from any port, and fiiils round the earth caftward to the fanie port again, let her perform her voyage in what time Ihe will, the T>eople in that Ihip, in reckoning their time, will count one day more than thofe who rclide at the fame port ; becaufe, by going contrary to the fun's diurnal motion, and be- ing t'orwarder every evening than they were in the morning, the fun will defcend fooner below their horix;/n than if tliey li;ul kept :it any particular place. And thus, by ciitlini; olTa part proportionable to their own motion, froin the length of every d;iy, tlivV will have reckoned a complete d:iy more at their return ; without gaining mie nKiuunt of ahfolute time ; becaufe that com])lete day is onlv gained by the diminution of each day in their ])alj;igi'. If they fail welhvard they will reckon one day lefs than the people do who rellde at the faid port ; becaufe, by gradually fulliiwing the apparent diurnal nuition of llie fun, they will keep him each particular tlay fo nuich longer above their horizon as aiifwers to that day's courfe; and thereby hey cut oil a whole day in reckoning, at llieir return, without loling oae moment of abfolute time. 1 leiice, if two Ihips ihould fet out at the fame time from any port, and fail round the globe, one ealhvard and the other welhvard, fo as to meet at the fame port on f.ny (!:iv whatever, they will dill'er two da\s in reckoning tlieir time, at their 7 ' re- INTRODUCTION 27 return. If they fail twice round the cat th, thty will dilTcr four days; if thrici-, then lix, &c. OF THE NATURAL DIVISIONS OF THE EARTH. THE conftitiiCMt part* of fhr Earth are two, tlie iand and water. Tlie partn of the landamontincnts, illiinds, peninfulas, illhmufts, promontories, tapes, coafts, mountains, &c. I his iand is divided into two great continents (Ix-lides the ilhuids) viz. tlic enjlern and wcjlim continent. The ealKrn is fiihdivided into three parts, viz, Europe, on tlie north well ; Alia, on the nortn-eall ; and Africa (whicjj IS joined to Afia by the itlhmus of Suez, 60 miles o\ er\ on the foutli. The wcilern continent confifts of North and South America, joined by the illhmus of Darien, near 70 miles broad. A coKlinent is a iargjc portion of land, containin;; feveral countries or kingdoms, without any entire leparation of its parts by water, as Europe. An ijland is a fmaller part of land furrounded by water, as Great-Britain. A peninjula is a trail of land furrounded by water, except at one narrow neck, by which it joins the neighbouring continent ; as the Morca in Greece : and that neck of land which fo joins it, is called an ijlhmus : as the iilhnnus of Suez which joins Africa to Afia, and the ifthmus of Darien which joins North and South America. A promontory is a hill, or point of Innd, ftretchmg itfelf into the fea, the end of which is called a cape : as the Cape of Good-hope. A coqft ovjhore is that part of a country which borders on the fea-ddc. Mountains, vallics, womls, deferts, plains, &c. need no defcription. The moll remarkable arc taken notice of in the bcxly of this work. The parts of the water are oceans, feas, lakes, flraits, gulphs, bays, or creeks, rivers, &c. The waters are divided into three extenfive oceans (befides leiTer feas, which are only branches of thefe), viz. the Atlantic, the Pacific, and the Indian Ocean. The Atlantic Ocean divides the caftern and weftern continents, and is 3000 miles wide. The Pacific divides America from Afia, and is 10,000 miles over. The Indian Ocean lies between the Eaft Indies and Africa, being 3000 miles wide. The ocean is a vafl colUflion of water, without any entire feparation of its parts by land ; as the Atlantic Ocean. The fea is a fmaller collcttion of water which communicates with the n( oan, confined by the land ; as the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. A /ake is a hirge coUcttion «if water, entirely furrounded by land ; as the lake of f Jcneva, ami the lakes in Canada. A Jlrait is a narrow part of the f< a, relirained or lyinj^ between two fliores, and opening a paffage out of one fea into another ; as liie Itiisit of Gil)raltar, or that ot Magellan. This is fometimes called a fuiind : as the llrait into the Baltic. A gulf is a part of the lea running up into the land, and furrounded by it, exce|)t at tin- palTage wliereby it coniinu- nieates with tlie fea or ocean. If a gulph be \ery large it is called an inland fea ; as the Mediterranean ; it it do nut go lav into the land, '." is called a luiy, as the liay »)f Bifcay : if it be very I'mall, a creek, hairn, jiatioii, or read tor Ihips, as Mil- ford Haven. Ri\ers, c:iii:il.>, brooks, &:c. need no detiniticm ; tor thefe lefler di- vilions of water, like tlioie of land, are evt ry where to be met with, and every one has a clear idea of what is meant by tlieni. But in order to firengthcn the re- nuinhrance of the great divifuins of land and water, it is pid|)er to obferve, that there i^ a liroiig analog) or releniblance between them. The deli ription ot a con- tinent retenibks tiiat oi an ocean. An illand enconipafl'ed with water refembies a lake enconipalTed with land. A peniiilula of land is like a gult or inland fea. .\ pionion'ory, or cape I'l land, i» like a bay tir creek ot lea. And an K 1 illhmus, t a8 INTRODUCTION irtbmus, whereby two lands arc joined, rcfi'mblcs a flrait which unites one fca to aiidilur. To iliis drfi-riiition of tho divifions of the earth, luther than add an enumeration of the various parts of land and water, which correfpond to them, and which the reader will find in the body of the work, wc Ihall fubjoin a table exhibiting the fiiperticial contents f)f the whole globe in fouare miles, fixt^ to a degree, and alfo of the feas and imknown parts, the habitable earth, the tour quarters or conti- nents ; likewife of the great empires and principal illands, which Ihall be arranged according to their magnitude. Tiie'Clobe ... Sias and unknown I'arts Tlic Habitable World ♦ • Knrope .... Alia .... Africa .... America .... IVrfian Kinpirc under Darius Koiuan Kmpiri- ui its utmoft heigl Kuinan .... Cliinefi' .... rJre.it iMog\il ... Tnrkilh .... Britilli, rxcliifiveof fttilemrnts in Africa and (iibraltar Prefent I'eriian - f Borneo Madagafcar Sumatra Japan C7reaf Britain Celebes IManilla Icelanil Terra del Fiiego Miiulinao - Cuba .Java - Square" jl in i RJile.. il ^"'""'•- _ i48,{io,6i7 HlTpanioIa - 1 1 ;,843,8i I Newfoundland 3o/)66,8o6 Ceylon 2, 74q, 349 Ireland io,2;7,48; jFomioni - 8,506,108 'Anian i/)50,ooo Sicily 1,610,000'iTimor 3,376,48;hSardinia - 1,749,0001 Cypnis 1,1 1 6,ooo[ Jamaica - 960,057 'Florea 809,996 Ceram 800,000 328,000 168,000 129,000 I iBiOoojCorfica 72,9:6 Zealand Breton Socatra Candia Horto Rico 68,400 58,500 46,000 4»i07> 39,200 38,400 Majorca • St. Jago . , Negro pont Teneritt' - (lothland t Madeira • St. Michael Sqtiare Miles^ 36,000! 17.730' a7.457, 1 7.000! 1 '.900| 10,400 9400' 7800' 6600; 6300 6000 6000 Illands Stye T Lewii Funen Yvica Minorca • Rhodes Cephalonia Amboyna Orkney Pomona Scio - Martinico Lenuioi • Corfu 5400J 4000: 36001 3220' 3200, Providenc Man - Borrjhom Wight MaFta 2520'lBarbadoes i935,|/-ant 1 400J Antigua 1400 St. CTiriltopher 1 300' St. Helena i»72| Guernfejr loooijerfey 950; Bermudas 920! Rhodes {Square iMilcs. 900 880 768 625 {10 480 420 400 3»4 I 300 160 220 '94 168 160 160 150 150 140 120 100 80 80 SO 43 40 36 To fhcfe iflands may be added the following, which have Kitely been diftovered, or more fully explored. The exart dimenfinns of them ar» not afcertained ; but they may he arranged in the fol- lowing order, according to their magnitude. In-ginning at the iargeft, which is iuppofed to be nearly equal in fize to the whole continent of Kurope. New Holland, Otaheite, or King George's Ifland, New Guinea, Friendly Iflands, New Zealand, Marquefas, New Caledonia, Barter, or Davis's Ifland. New Hebridci, * The number of inhabitants computed at preffiit to be in the known world at a medium tak'ii from tlie bell calculalioiu, arc about 953 niillioiis. t -J f £1 J I A Europe contains Afia — Africa .^ merica — — 153 Millions. — 500 — i^o — 150 Total 95 J General INTRODUCTION. «9 one fea to umc ration which the ibiting the ;, and alfo or conti- i: arranged Square Miles. , 900 8S0 . - 7O8 • 625 . jao ■ 480 - 410 - 400 lona 314 300 . a 60 • 310 • •94 168 . 160 - 160 - HO - 150 • 140 - 120 • ler 5 100 80 - 80 - SO 43 - 40 •I 36 more fully 1 in the fol- to b e nearly 53 Millions. 00 >° 50 I F. N F. R A I. General Oiskrvations concemng Heat a»J Cold". That the prefenec of the fun is tJie principal fource of heat, as well as of light, and its al)fence of cold, is too obvious ever to have been doubted. 'Jlie next fource of heat is tlie condenfation of vapour. It is well known, that vapour contains a quantity of the matter of heat, which produces no other effect hut that of making it allume an aerial expanded Hate, until the vapour is cnn- dcnfed into a liciuiu ; but during this condenfation a quantity of funllble heat is let loofc, wliich warms the furrounding atmofphere. This condenfation is frequently caufed by the attraction of an electrical cloud, and hence the fultrincfs we fre- quently experience before rain. As the earth is the chief fource of heat, in the atmofphere that furrounds it, dif- tance from the earth is the fource of cold ; or, in other words, the greateft cold mull prevail in the highell regions of the atmofphere, and fo much the greater, as clear unclouded air feems to receive no heat wliatfocvcr from the rays of the fun, whether direbl or rcflctled. Thus if the focus of the moft jiowerful burning glafs be directed on mere air, it does not produce the fmalled degree of heat. Hence the higheft mountains, even under the equator, are, during the whole year, covered, with fnow. Mr. Bouguer found the cold of Pinchinca, one of the Cordeliers, immediately under the line, to extend from fevcn to nine degrees under the freezing point, every morning before fun-rife ; Jind hence at a certain height which varies in almoft every latitude, it conitantly tVcezcs at night, in every feak)n, though in the warm climates it thaws to fome degree the next day : tliis heiglit lu: calls the /ozter Urm of con^^elation : between the tropics he places it at the height of 15,577 f<-'ct. At ftili greater heights it never freezes, not becaufe the cold decreafes, but be- caufe vapecember and January, and alfo June and July differ hut little. In latitudes above 30*, the months of Augult, ikrptember, Odtobcr, and November, differ more from each other, than thofe of February, March, April, and May. In latitudes under 30°, the difference rs not fo great. The temperature of April approaches more, every where to the annual temperature, than that of any otner month ; whence we may infer, that the effetts of natural caufes, that operate gradually over a large extent, do not arrive at their maxmnm, until the activity of the caufes begins to diminifli ; this appears alfo in the operation of the moon on was, which produces tides ; but after thcfc effcfls have arrived at their maxinmm, the de- crements are more rapid than the increments originally were during their prelgrefs to that maximum. — That the differences between the hotteft and eoldcft months, within 20° of the equator, are inconfiderable, except in fome pecul'iar lituations ; but that they incrcafc in proportion as we recede from the equator.— .-ThM in the higheft latitudes we often meet with a heat of 70 or 80 degrees ; and particularly in latitudes 59 and 60, the heiit of July is frequently greater, than in latitude 51*. — Tliat every habitable latitude enjoys a heat of |6o degrees at leaft for two months, which heat fiems neioffary, tor the growth and maturity of corn. The uicknefs of vegetation in the highe- latitudes proceeds from the long duration of the fun over tlie horizon. Rain is little wanted, as the earth is fufficiently moillen- ed by the liquefattion of the fnow, that covers it during the winter ; in all this we can- not fufticicntly admire the wife difpofition of Providence.— It is owing to the fame provident hand, that the globe of the earth is hiterfettcd with feas and mountains, m a manner, that on its hrft appearance fcems altogether irregular and fortuitous ; prefcnting to the eye of ignorance, the view of an immenfe ruin ; hut when the «fte6ts of thcfc feeming irregularities, on the face of the globe, are carefully infpett- ctl, they are found molt beneficial and even neceffary to the welfare of its inhabit- ants ; tor, to fay nothing of the advantages of trade and commerce, which could n<<; exift without thi-fe leas ; it is by their vicinity, that the cold of the fiigher latitudes is moderated, and the heat of the l De|.M. Deg. M^ nual Heat. W*d7o, inUplaml ' " . 7« $ j6»oo Abo a a 60 *1 as 18B. 40 00 Peterlbun 59 J6 30 a4H. ,8 8 Upfal 59 S' 16 ooE. 41 88 Stockholm 59 *o 4* 99 Sol^ncartifti 59 54 ooE. }6 a Edinburgh 55 5; 3 ooW. 47 7 Franc kor $J 5 4»R. Sa 6 Berlin 51 j» 13 31E. 49 48 3 Lyndon, in Rutland 5» io 00 jW. L«yden \* 10 4 J»E. 5* *5 London 5' }> 00 00 5< 9 Dunkirk 5' * a 7E. 54 9 Manheim 49 '7 9 iK. 51 5 Rouen 40 16 48 56 I oW. $1 00 Raiilbon i» lE. 49 35 Pari* 48 5" a s;fi. ja 00 Troyei, in Champaigne • 48 18 4 loE. 53 '7 Vienna 48 la 16 aaE. 5» 8 Dijon 47 «9 4 57E. Nantes 47 'J 1 *8£. 55 S3 I'oitien 46 39 30E. S3 8 Laufanne 46 31 6 $oE. 4887 Padua 45 >3 I a ooE. ja a Rhodez, In Guienne > 45 »' a 39E. 51 9 Bordeaux • 44 50 36W. 57 6 Montpelier 4J J* 3 73E- 60 87 61 8 Marfeillej 43 '9 5 »7E. Mont Louli, in Roufillon 4a 00 a 40E. 44 5 Cambridge, in N. England Phlladelpliia • 4» »5 71 ooW. SO 3 J9 5* 5 9W. 5» 5 Pekin ■ 39 54 116 39E. 55 5 Algiers Grand Cairo 36 49 a 17E. 7» 00 . 30 00 31 13E. 73 00 Canton > 13 00 13 ooE. 75 H Tivoli, in St. Domingo 19 00 18 ij 74 00 Spaniih I'own, in Jamaica Manilla 76 38W. 81 00 * ■ 14 36 130 58H. 8'; Fort St. George . 13 00 87 ooE. Pondicherry - la 00 67 ooE. 8800 S. Lat. Falkland Idands .... J I 00 66 ooW 47 4 Quito . . . . • 13 77 SoVV.] 6a 00 Wc cannot finifh the dodtrinc of the earth, without confulcring Winds and Tides, from which the changes that happen on its furface princi\)aUy arife. Winds.] The earth is every where furrounded by a fine invilible fluid, which extends to fevcral miles above its furface, and is called Air. It is found by experi- ments, that a f|pall quantity of air is capable of being expanded, fo as to till a vi ry large fpace, or to be compreffed into a much fmaller compafs than it occupied be- fore. The general caufe of the expanlion of air is heat, the general caufe of its com- prtfiion is cold. Hence if any part of the air or atmofphcre receive a greater degree of cold or heat than it had before, its parts will be put in motion, and expanded or comprcfied. |« INTRODUCTION, comprclTod. But wl\cu air is put in innlion, we call it tvhiJ in grncriil ; nw\ a l)ri'czc, Kiilc, or ftorni, according to the (jiiickni'f!! «)r vcioiity ot tliat motion. Winds, tliercfore, which arc commonly conlidcrcd as things oxtrcmil^ varinl)U' mul uncertain, depend on a general caufe, and \xk\ with more or iefs unitortnity in pro* portion as the atlion of tnis caiife is more or Iefs conllant. It is found hy oblervations made at fea, that from thirty degrees north latitude to thirty degrees fouth, there '' u conftant call wind throughout the )ear, blowing on the iVtIantic and I'acihc oceans, and called the Trade ll'ind. This is occalioned by the action of the fun, which, in moving from eaft to well, heals, and confeipicnily expands the nir innne- diately under him ; by which means a ftreani or tide of nir, always accompanies him in his courfe, and occnlions a perpetual eat) wind within thefe limits. 'I hii general caufe is modified by a number of particulars, the explication »>f which would be too tedious and complicated for our prefent plan ; which is to mention faf ts rather than theories. it is I ilu.' wife found, that in fome parts of the Indian ocean, which are not more th.m two hu,'<'lrcd leagues from land, there arc periodical winds, called Motifoons, which blow h.i'f the year one way, and half the year another way. At the change of lliefe mimfoons, which always happens at the e(|uinoxes, there aie terrible fiorms oi thunder, lightening, wind, and rain. It is difcovered aifo, that in thu fame latitudes, there is another kind of periodical winds, which blow from thu land in the night and goo ' part of the morning, and from the fea about noon, till midnight i thefe, however, do not extend above two or ihrve leagues fiom Ihore. Near tnc coaft of (Juinea in Africa, the wind blows always from the well, foulh- well, or fouth. On the coalt of Peru in South America, the winds blow conflantly from the fouth-well. Be\ond the latitude of thirty noitb and fouih, the winds, as we daily perceive in Great-Biitain, are more variable, though they blow oflner from the weft than any other point. Between the fourth and tenth degrees of north latitude, and between the longitude of Cape Verd and the callernmolt of the Cape de Verd illands, there is a tratt of fea condemned io perpetual calms, at- tended with terrible thunder and lightning, and fuch tains, that this lea has ac< quired the name oi the Rains. It may be alfo ufeful to ftudents in navigation and geography, to obfer\'c farther, that the courfe of latitude our Ihips generally keep in their paftage from England to America, and the Weft Indies, is. To Bofton in New England, and Halifax in Nova Scotia, from 42 to 43 degrees. To New York by the A/ores or \\ eftern lllai\ds, 39 degrees. To Carolina and Virginia by Madeira, which is called the upper courfe, 32 degrees, but the ufual courfe, to take advantage of the trade winds, is from 16 to 23 degrees; and in this couife they fre nearly vertical, the (ca will be railed, which occiilions the flowing of the tide there. ,\ limilar rc.nfon occalioiis the flowing (»f the tide in thole i)laccs wiiere the moon is in the nadir, and mult be dianielrically oi)|)i)lite to the former; I'M, in the heniilplRie tarthell from the muon, the j)arts in tlie nadir being lei's at ii traded nn<\ a notion. )lo mul in ^)ro- viitions there ■' I'aiific ihc fun. r inimc- upanii'S ;. 'Ihi* t' wliicli mcntiun lot more MoilfoOHS, .• cliangc ; terrible tt in thti from tlic n>on, till )m lliore. n, fouth- .onftantly winds, as ow oflner legrees of )t)lt of the alms, at- a has ac- Ic farther, England degrees. [)iirfe, 32 I frmn 1 6 it is this leos ; and Irding to hu- Tid'-'s licipic , hfiv ininiileN. Ilenn- wc fee the nuion why the time of hi^h-waler is ahout fifty minnleslater every &,iy \ tiiat i-,, if it he hi!;h-water at eleven to day, it will not be hi^h-water till near tiliy minutes alter eleven tomorrow, Ihe tide.i aie liii«her than ordinary, twice everv month, that is, ahoiil the tintcs of new anil lull moon, and are called .S^/vv; 'llh-i ; i'or at ihefe limes the uclioiii ol hoth the fun and moon are united, and draw in ilie fatne ltraii;ht line, and ton* lei|uenlly the lea nntll he more elevated. At the conjnnction, or when ll\e fun and ino(, liie f.inie. 'Ihe tides are let's then ordinary twici; every inoiith, ahoul the tiilt iind lall tpiarters of the moon, anil are called M'',i TUrs : for in the (juarlers the fun raites the waters wl.ere the moon deprelVes them, ;nul deprelfes where the moon raites them ; l"o that the tides are only oceationed by llu* ditlerenee by which the action of the moon, v.hich i:, nearell us, |)reviiils over lint ol the tun. Ihi.fe tliiiis a great way beyond their intended courfe. There is a current betwien Flo- rida and the Bahama Illands, which always runs from nortli to louth. 'I'his is called the Ciulplt-Jlictm, which is |)rol)ahly generated by the great acen- niulation of water on the ealleni coatl of America between the tropics, by the trade winds which conllantly blow there. This vati ipiantity of water runs down in a llrong current through the Well Iiidia Illands into the bay of Mexico, and from thence iliuing through the gulph of l'"loiida, proceeds alopg the eoalis to the banks of Newt'oundland, where it turns otV towards, ami rims down thront;h the welK-rn illands. From the thermonu fer it appears tliat it is always warmer tlian the fea on each tide of it. Nor is it to be wondered at, that fo vail a body of deep warm water, feveral leagues wide, coming from between the troi)ics, and ilfuing thenee into the northern feas, Ihould retain its warmth longer than the twuity or thirty days fpent in palhng the banks of New loundland. The ([uantity of deep water is two great to be fuildcnlv cooled by |)alfmg uiuler a cooler air. The air immediately over it, however, may receive to much warmth trom it as to be rare- fied and rife, being rendered lighter than the air on each tide ol the itrejiin ; hence thofe airs mud How in to fupply th.^ place of the riling warm air, and thus i n- conntering each other, t'orm thofe tornadoes and waier-fpouts tieqiU'ntK met wiili, and 'iKW-w near and over the Ihvam ; and as the va|K)ar from a cup of tea or iln- breath of an aminal is I'carcely \ilihle \\\ avv;irin room, but U'cnies iiiimediately \ilible in the n'kl iiir, to the v.ioour from the c^ulj'h-llreain. in swinu laiiuides. F i> S4 INTRODUCTION. is finrrely prrcrptible, hut whrn it coimi info the cool nir from Ncwfoiiinllnnd, it i« ioiuUiiI'imI into the togs tor whicli llinfo parts arc To rrninrkHliU-. 'Ilio power tit wind to riiil'i- wntcr iihovr its toiiimon livol in the foil, is known In America, by tho hi^h tiil«s ixcnlioni'd in nil their fca-pt)rl», when u Unmg north-enlter blows iif(«in1t the piilph-Ureiiin. The concIurKii tVon\ ili>fi remarks is, ihnt by coiifiiltinij the ihvrmonu'tcr, a Vfllel inny avtii«l (temininx a curn iit that is a),{ainlt her to the vaUie ot' three inilenan hour, nnu thus Ihorten her pall'age iVoni Kiirope to North Ameriea ; and in her return to liuropc. ihc may take advantage of the fame current to aicelernfe hercourfe*. A current runs conllunlly frmn the Atlantic, through the Itraits of (Jibrnltar, into the Mediterranean. A current fets out of tlie Baltic fea, through the S«)uii(l or Strait between Swe cH'enlial property cannot in- obtained unlefs the meridians .ire parallel to one nnotlter, aii'l llie parallels of latitude crcfs them at right-angles, lint as the meridians on the L^lobe meet in the pole, and conleiiurntly the degreis of longiluile become Ufs ami k fs, in advancing from the eipiator to the poles, a vhart delineated in the above manner mull be i-xtri luely inaccurate, unlefs fomc nietlrod can be fovind to balanee the errors flowing from the verv nature of the eon- Itruction. I Ills is i)eiforme(l by iiu realiiiL; the degrns -if latitude as they approaeii the j'oks in the tame propiution. as the degrees of longitude between any two meridians deereafe on the terreliiial glol)(.'. llie priiuipal dilliculty in cmilirutiing a true fea-ch:trt feems to have confiiKd in difcovering a proper method of applying the furface of a globe to a plane, which lb aicompiilhicl by the lollowiii!; ingenious conception. Suppoli a tictangiilai- j)lane was rolkd ai)out a globe till the edges of the plane met, and tormed a kind of concave trs, wlicre he will limi u cluut ot tliK llrcim. viz. INTRODUCTION. "ovuuUand, It 0, ifl known iiM> u Urong ■rmonu'tcr, a hroi' \\uW» an I in luT return hi-rn)uriV*. of (iilirnllar. D-h tlif Soiiiul To tlmt there [he luitUUe of he mouth* ol" it, on a pliiiic re tloes frtiin u 111 :i plane I'ur- II never be e\- ig iilunit tenor It of the globe fj)lKrical eon- lolV where tl\e c laid tlown by »nil parallels of ni (ierartl Mer- ri of ibis kind, illructed. 'Ihi;i l)lilheil a l)o<>k , he lluwed the )Ks on wliiili it rhumbs ihoiild s the nuridians ill righl-ansles. laly the degrees to the poles, a Iti-, unlets foine Iturc of the emi- |s tlu y api)roai ii twten any two have tonfnU'- viz. 35 \ i/. the rc£^nngular plane, beins unrolled, will rcprcfcnt a fea-chart, whofc pnrls bcnr the fame proportion to one anollier, as the correfponding purtn do «»n the globe. I 'or in tins formal ion of ilie nautical chart, every parallel of latitude on the globe will be iiu reafed till it is eipial to the eipiator ; und fo the diHutice of the meridians in thofc parallels will become eiiual to their dillanoe at the cipiatur i (onfeipit'iitl) the meridians on the chart will lie expielfed by right linen. Alfo be i aufi' the nuridiaiH are lenglheiiid as the parallels iiureafe, therefore ihedirtances In tween the parallels of latitude become wider und wider as they ap|)roaeh the poliK: but thefe parallels are alfo right lines, and us the rhumb lines on tlu- globe Mit the meridians at e(|ual angles, they will alfo on the cliart cut the meridi;ms nt Kpial angles, .\\n\ conf. (pieiitly be i Aprclleil by right lines, becaufe none but right Imes can i iit f \ual parallel right lines, at etpial angles. I his (hirl is principally adaptid to tlu' iiractii e ot navi"|ation, and in that par ticular may be jullly •lifioverod as one of the moll ufeful difcoverieii that have been made (iiue the ri.\ivali>f harning in l'.mop>- ; bocanfe the conclulions refulting from it are aci urate, and, ut tlu- fame lime, the reclilinearity of the rhumb linos i« pnfrM d. I he laarings and dillances of places are found on this ch.irt, with the griatcll cafe and espedilion, but the ililfireiit purls of the globe are by no means reprcfeiitiil in their iriii; magnilmUs. An illand in the latitude of fixty digrees, for inllance, will be n prefenled in this ))roii.ctinii, twice as large as it ri>ally is, and for this reafoii, we rarely inci t willi any of llnfe maps in books of ){''ograpliy. 'I'he reader is relVrred, for an ilhiltration of llufe remarks, to Mercalor's chart, at the end of the fit of maps giivn with this fylbni of (Mograpliy. ('ARniNAi, I'oiNis.J 'I'lie north is conlidered as the upper part of the map; the foulh is at the bottom, oppoliu- to the north; ihe ealt is on the right haiul, tli^; f.ue being turned to the north ; and the mil on tlie left liaiid, oppolite to theeail. rom tlie top to the bolt on> are drav.n nuritliau-!, ox liita of Imuiludi ; and from lide to lide, [^iu,i!lcls of /,iii/iiiU\ The oiittrmon of the meriilians ;ind parallels ai>' markeil with degrees t)f latitude or longitude, by means of which, and the fcale of miles commonlv j)laced in the corner of the map, the lituation, dillaiieo, &c. of places may be lound, as on the artificial globe. Thus, to find the dillance of two places, fuppofe London and I'aris, by the maji, we have only to meafure the fpaee l)el\veen them with the compafl'es, or a bit ot thread, and to apply this dillance to the fcale «)f miles, which Ihows that London is 210 miles diltant from I'aris. If the places lie directly north or fouth, call or wel^, from one another, we have only to obferve the degrees on the meridian and parallels, and by turning thefe into miles, we obtain tlu- dillance without meafuring. Rivers aredefcribed 111 maps by black lines, and are widir towards the month than towards the head or fpring. Mountains are flsv tched on maps as on a jjicture. Forells and woods are repre- fented by a kind of ihrub ; bogs and moralVes, by iliades ; funds and Ihallows arc «lefcrilH'd by finall dots; and roads ufually b.y double lines. Near harbours, ilio tlepth of tin w;it(. r is esprelTed In figures repri'fenting fathoms. Li-Ndrii OK Mir.is i.n I'I 1 1 i.hi n i cocn irii.s.J There is fcareely a groiter variety in any thing than in tlii • fort of uh afiuv ; not only thofe of leparato coun- fries (lilliT, as the \ riiu li from the l".ii-Iilli, but ihofe of the fai ne eouutrs' var' till ditlerent [)r(>\iniis. fimn melt otlu r, aiul all fVoin tlie re<'eivvd llaiulard. I' nis the common I'.ni'liili mile «litli rs troin the tiainte mili. am ! the I'Vi'iuh have tln\ forts of 1( agues. We lliall luMV give the niiUs of fevera! countries compared witli the Knglilh by Dr. llalKy The iMiglilh Itatute miK' conlills .)f ^183 tVet, 176.^ yards The Rullian vorll i:. little invne than ' h'-n-'lilli. or S furl MIL Ihe Turkiih, Italiiui. and olil Roman lell^r mile is nearly 1 En^li J Ih' Arabian, aiuuiil ;md ui vlern. is ab >ut i^ Kngliih. , 111" je I N r u () I) u c r i o n. Till' Scotch himI Irilh niiU* in hIwmii i ; Knulllli. 'llu' lixli.iii i» alinntl tlirn- Kiinlilti. 'Ilu l)iit(l), Spnnilli, mill l'i){lill), and 'Vhv. UiiKliih murine k'liguc i* j iMif^lilh iiiilot. I' ir. 0/ tit Orii^lii 0/ 'Sxrmst, Lawi, Govf.rnmkv t, iintrii'!i, ntid even rDiiutiitK-s, in Iprakiti^ ot tlu-fc lountricH, (iiiiii'cl our liitloriiiil reft an lu's hovoiid nio«li,'rn tiiiUN; it wns tlioii;»lit luicHiiry, iiinrdir to pn pari tin ri-ac Ur t i>r I'liiiriiiu tiixit) tlif parliii liar I llllo ry of liuli foimtrv wi- did rilii'. In plan iiilnri- lii^ lyi' a m-iivral \u'\v ot l!ic lillliir\ nt' mankimi, troni tin lirli aj^i-* «>t till' world, to till' rvtoriualioii in rilij;inn duriiif; ilir iMli niitiiry. U\ a liillory ot' till' world, wo do ni)t nK-an a mere lilJ ot' datis, uliii h, wlun taki-n by it- I'lif', is a lliiiij; oxtronulv inlij^iiiliiant ; but an anount o|' tin- moll iutiivlliiifj and inip'M'tant cmiiIi wliiili liavi' liappi'iu'd amoiii; matikiiid i with tlio ( aufi % wliiili liasf jtroduii-d, aiul llic ilRils uliiili liaM.' rujlowrd tVom tluin. 'I'liis wi- Judm' to Ih' a niallir ot' liij^li iinportaiKi' in ill'iH', and iiKlilpiiililily rnpiiiiti- ly tiu- undirliandiiig ot' tlif prtCiiit (late of" cominiTrc, Kovirium-nt, nrt», and niamiiMS, in any particular muntis ; wliiili may l)i' i.iiU'd ronuiuitial and poiiti- ral K''"K> ■'!*''>> '"'d wliiili, niuiouLiicll) , i.unllitiiti-< tin. inoli ul'tt'iil braiu'li ol tliut 1» illlH'. R- >;rrat cvint ot' iho (iialiiin ot" tin- woild, Iicfon- wliiih llun was ncitl-.ir ■11 ma I ili'r nor t'onn of any iliiii},', is placed, according to the lull i'hronolo;;ics, in I'li viar lut'.iri- Clirill 4004; and in llu' iiolli year ot" wlial is lalUd the Julian period, wliii'ii halh lu\n adnptnl h\ I'lme ( hronojnmrs juul liilhuians, Init is ot" little real tvrviee. '! lie i'aiT» ga\e ueialion to a ni'.nioraMe lataliiophe, liy ^^llilll the whole luiuian race, ex- UUi rr t'lirift ei pt Noah iiiid his family, were dellrtiyed. 'I he di hij^e happened in , y ' liie i()-,6lh yi'.ir of the wurhi, and proilueed a \ery great ihanuet)n the f lil and atmot'pliere of this giohe, gi\ ing tlu'iii a form k f ;> friendly to tlie frame and liMme o|" the lnimaii l.ody. Heme 'he .ihridgment of the life of man, and that li)raiiila!)le train of diteafes which hath ever lince made Inch hasoek in till, world. A curious part of Iiilior\ lollows that of the deluge, the repeoplin;' of tlic world, and the riling of a new generation from the ruins of the toriner. 'I he niemnry til ihe liiiee tons of N'o.ih, the (irft founders of nations, was long prcferved among their li.siral dcl'eeiidants. Japhet eontinu •(! famous among the wellem nation.'i, under the celebrated name ot Japetus ; the Hebrews paid an eipiul veiu'- ration to Miem, who was the tomuler of their raie; ami among the I'.gyptian-., iiam wa^ long re\cred as a di\iiut\, under the name of Jupitei-1 iammon. It ap- • Tlif ."•.-iiiinritan (.o|'y (if the Bililf inakts tht copy ftretches it to ai6i yr.Tri, wtiiili U dnb >iari ante ihui.iii I niiiil only l?o;^t•.lr^, 34i;(lioitof i-xicciliiij; it ; but tlif Hci'riiv (hroiiolii>;y i^ );tni.- IJ c Iltbiew bible coiiipiiiatigii ; uiul tin bffmii^iiii fiiily atKiiowlciljjcil to I'v ol iiijivnor .lucliority. iii'Mr •. leats I N r R o n u c T I o s. JT RRCr. )f Ktuntrii'i, iir hitloriiiil I |)r>|)iy it- \\ iutiriHiii;; li the I iiiil'i -i m. 'lliis wo ilily iiiiuilito lU,' nr^^. and ;il !\tul pnliti- jianch <'t tliat li wns nritl'.rr ii;;ios, ill 0)«- iliiin prridd, lit' lillli- if-il II \voil- li'uh is ^o6 vein liiiDlony is ^i'"-- 01 auttiority. ^aat» 0. V •»47 |Kari lliNt liuntiiiu wn^ llit* prinripHt iK'timnrinn fitiiip i-i' ^lulla^>.- ami iKMiiiiy, wui cnaliloil in IhuikI at Hulivlni till' lull iiiiiii.iu lis wlioic Diiifiii u |uirii( iiltuly nx'utiuiu'd ill liillorv, Sot ioji^ iilli't, tliv liiuiulation ol NiiU'M'li w.u luiil li> Alliiri unVi-ri)nu'nt» ol' 'I'liobiN, 'Ihiri, Miniiihit. and 'lani*. lu);tiii to ulUiino foiiu' iippi iirniui* III' till III and ni'iitariiv. 'Ihat ihif't ivcnli thould Iiu\l- liaiipt ncd I'o loot) iilicr till (K lii^i , \\liati-\> r linitrilk' it may liavi* oiv.:tii<)iiv.d to llii' u.iir.<.tl lonu' I I'litiirii > ;ii»o, iiicd not i \i iti- ilu' womltr oi ilu- iircUiit nm*. \N o haw I'li-n, ti'oiii iiiaiiv iiillaiK'cH, till' |io\vi.'itiil Llll'tU ot ilu' prim ipli'it o|' pupulalioii, und how rpt'i'dil^ iiiaiikimt iiuri'iilc \^lll'll the gcnorHtivv liuulty lie* under no rillraini. I lit- Winj^doiiu ot MixiiD and IVni wire iiicomptirahly nion- iNtinlivc tlian tin; tiill l'lllpll^^ot hal'vioii, \iiu'v> li, .iiid !'•;;) pi i atid yi't tlu I'e iNiiif^doiiii are iioi I'tippolid to liiiM' I Allied lour lentiities lulnu ilie dilitiVi ry ot A eritu hv C'oliiiii. \, to dawn ; and we Uatii K'ViTal pailii uhu-i ol' iiiiport;itiie. Mankind had not loii.^ hivn uiiitid into I'oeietieH before they difcoveied an iiicli* nation to npprd'^ and dellroy eaeh ollie>. I'haderlaoim r kiii(( ol the LIuiniteH, «.r IVrlians, loon heeanie a robber and a eoii«|iieror. Ilislorie, howevir, mult not liavi- been \eiy ^ual, lime in oiu- orilu'le ixpeditioii'^, Aliraliaiii, aililKd only by his liouleliold, lit upon him in his retreat, and alter a tierei- eiij;a^;eiiu iit, recovered ail ilie Ipoil that iiad Ik en takiii. .\bi';ihaiii was loon iiltrr obbj^ed, by a taiiiiiie, to leave Canaan, the louiilry where Ciod had eommanded him to leltle, ami lo jjii into |'',i;\ |it. Ihls iourne'' )ri\iv>. oil alioii to Mot'i's lo iiKiitioii lome partieulai^i with regard to tlu l',i;\i laiis, \sliiili plaiiil) dileovirihe i haraeUrs ol an improved iiml piiwertul nation. I he court ol' the l''.L;\piian moiianli is dilerilu'd in brilliant colours. He is hirioumtet'. ,vitli a iroud ol courtiers, I'oiely oceupieil in Kf'"'')'"/? his pallioiis. 'I he partiiular j^overmnent.< into wliii h tliiseoiiiitry was divided, ai\« II41W united iiiiihT OIK.' powerliil piime; ami Mam, wlioKd tlie eolonv into l.t^xjit, is beeoine the loiindcr o|' a threat iiiipire \\ e are not, howe\er, to ima^inr tluit ;iil the laws which pie\ailid in l'.:;\pt. and which have been I'o jullly admired lor lluir wirdom, were the work ot lliis lariy ai;i . Diodorus.Sieiilus, a (iriek writer, nieiitions many lucr-ellive princes, w iio lal "Hired I'or their elhiblilhiiunt and piT- iectioii. hut, in the time ot' Jacob, two imtiiries alter, the liili priiieipK'o ot liul order and ret;iil.ir j^o\iriimeiit leeiii to lia\i- been tolerably iinderlKiiul amoiii; ilic l'.f,'vptians. Ihe country was divided into I'eparale dcpartmeiils ; councils, eom- poled of experienced ami lelect perl'otis, were ellablilhed tor the mauai^^nient ot* public alVairs; i;raiiaries lor preCervini; c( rn were erected; and, in line, the Ki;yp- tiaiis alreaily i.n|oyi d a eoiniiu ne lar Iiomi inconliiKrable. 'Iliele laels, tiiouijli ut' yo ancient ilate, dilerxe parlieular alteiit ion. It IS llOIII the I' ^\ [>tiaii.i that iiiaiiy ot the arts, both of elei^ance and utility, have been handed down, in an uniniei- lupteil chain, to the modern nations of I'.uropc. 'The I'.;;) pti.iiis coiunuuiicatiil tiieir arts to tlu- (ireeks; the (Jreeks taui^hl the Romans all their ri linemeiils ; and to the Romans l!ie pn lent inhabitants ot I'.urope are chielly indi bted tor their ;;i- lili/atioii. 'I he kingdoms of Hai)\ Ion and Nineveh remained lep;uale fir leveiid centuries ; but we know not e\en the nanus of the kin;;s who noverned tlieiu, un- • The Miorr our kiiott Iciluc lin|irovf«, tlu- more the Mofaic xcriiint, of the ilifptrrum of iiuiikitui, Urtiii^ly is the l\ri|iliiri' liilK'i\ cuitiriMttl. Ot ll.r atul |iruplin^', ot the cnrth, ln'iii ili- laii);ii,i^rs aiiil ut liitvc u rtiii.irk.il)lf itodI in tlu t jiitiuua'.iua ol liillcrj (it (lit c.Ut. Jirettic Alia'ii Rcl'carthtj, v, ili. Uf» jl I N T R O I) U C T I O M. Iff* il Ih' Nlnui, the fiic«c(Ti»f of AfTur, who, klrcil wiih Un* fniril oi'mnniKft, e% I>mH« iIic iHi^iiult ol' h\% ktiiKclnm. ndd* ll«l>vli>n In tii* tlominiotu, iitxl Uyi ihki ftniiiilniiy flu* num.' nf ilu- AllvrMit t'liipiri', niU'"! Aliu for rnnnv ajrr^ "f, ?„ Ja^uri, foil i>( Ittpltct, ami ((riuil Ion iit' Noiih, i- known by lilt' ti;iii\i- i>l (iriiku nrc iltfciiKlid j.ivuti < ll.ililitluil liiin(> Il in llu- iilniuU oil ihc Wi'lKrn i mill ol Aliu Minor, Iron) wlutu v fninll « i>loini"« pulU'il ovrr inlD r.nrotif. '\'\u kinifiloin of Sicyoii ntnr Corinilt, luuiuU it l>v ilio IVIafKi, |> tfrncrnlK inppoful i.» hiivo (ommriut >l in llu* y»'«r lulori' C'liiill lOifo To i|i«'fi' lirll inli!il»ilitiif'« Iuic'i'iiIkI a tolony iVoni l''.^>|>t. wlm, ul)oiit ^ooo vinr^ Ix-for. ilu- Clirillinti urn, |>i'nt'triii> il inio (irci-n', uml iimUr llu- nnmf of liitum, i ikK .i.tiif' cct In clliililiih nionnnlty in llml counlry, uml to intriHliu-c into ii ilu- |hw« and ti«il ixility 111' llu' K;{V|>liani, lint llir t-inpin' of' llu 'lilan* fmin piriilud, und llic hi < iLMIt (iii-rki, wlio Ifi'tn at lliii liim- lo luivj* Ik-oh iu indf iitul li.iiliHr iu<« lit any opli in llu- worM, agiiin Till l);u k into ilu-ir hiwlil'i and iaviim nianiit-r o|' |il i\v coloniv^, li'iwi'vir, loon ulti-r (.iili-d Iroin Alia mtoCiriin-, and, by r«iniiiniit^ in that lonntrv, proiluiod a ttuirc cunlidi-rabli- nlt>.'ration in tlio niitnncr* ot' iu in K B. C. Iial>itani% ilu* inotl iini'icnl t-llablilliint.'niii ui-n* niaiK- by Innihtii nnd <)j;\cn; «tl* «li'iivoiir>.il to unii^' tlio dilju-rlod and \vMndtlin^ (iri-ckn t und tluir i'udca>our» lor tlu% )>nri»of»' Wk-ro iu>| nllof^i-thcr iinl'iim l\tnl lint llu- billoiv it" (Jod'\ tlu-ir taluilons nariationt. IaI iis tmilidrr tlu 11 wliat wo tan K-arii Iroin tlu- taircd writings, witli n-lpfil to llu- artt, inuniurs, and iawit ot" aii- I iint nation*. It is a common orror nmon^ writrr* on ibis fiibit-tl, to roqard nil llu* natlonii of iinii(piitv a^ bfin;; tlu'ii on llu' (aim- tootinf^. 'Iluy liiid loim- nalioiiH i-xtri'inclv ruik' aiul barbniniis, and luvui tlu'v toiulndi-, llial ail wiri' I'tpialK I'o. 'I licy tlif- covc-r otiu-rii actpiaintid with intiny arti, and luiut- tlu-y inttr llu' wiltloni ol ilu; firft Bgo«. 'lluTf appears, howi-vcr, to have luon luarly at mm ii tlitHrt-iuo in point of art an > and llu.' almond wire well known in the land of Cnnnnn ; and ihf iiiflrmiunls of bulbandry, lonj; before the diltovery of Uuni in (Jneie, arc often im nlioned in tlu f;icii'd wriiiiii,'s. Il is bardU to Iu- fuppofetl, that the amieiit tiiii-s. both in Alia and l-^)pi, wlioCe fomulaJum, a;< we have al- ready mentioned, reaches tlu- remotcli antiipiity. eouid lia\e been built, imlef^ ihc tiiltnre of the j^rouiul hail been practiUd at tint time. Nations who \\\c b\ hnnt- injr tir pafhirajje only, lead a wandering; life, and feidom fix tlu-ir reddenci- in cities. (■|;iiimcrcc natuially follows agriciiltuis- ; ami tlion^Ii we cannot trace* the lleps bv ' wliiili INTRODUCTIOK. If n;iti(>iiH r land nt l' ihcin ill liipiuilcd, 'iiM' al- iiiili'U ll«' li\ liimt- iii litii'S. lli]is liy wliii It whicli ii wan ininMlocml mnnnf( iIk Mulfitt nationi, wf mav. fmm it. inttud |>iif< |ii4>'« ill liM rt'il wrtli •f«;trUiii lIu- |>r»grriY wluili luul iMtii tiuul>' m n diiriii); ihc IMUwri kial ItnH'*, Wt- kiuiw, tmiii iIk InUory ol iivil IikuI^, ilmi ilu- imniiivi- iiHl iii'trctMjifc bi'twetii iiK'ii imiU Ik' iirvtly «.oiilidiial>U', iKhtrc ilir nivlnli lunu* lu tx' cl iraiMi mul yvl llii* w.t« itu* cafi' cviii in ilm ilnN4 lit Aliniham, It uptK'ar*, lumcvur, from the n-luiioim tltiii klltttilllli ihi» Uit, thiti lh<' III' <ic'n of in uiu ik-iil diMc i tl h.id no nurk to afivr* tain \\\ vvci^hl or titiviicUt iitid in u Kinlru I Inr n li(ir\ii^|il.ui'. in t-ki hiiiigc for wliuh .\br»h«in kiivc hivcr, thv: iiu'al i« vvvi^hkd in lli^ prilLiicc ol' ull ih«. |mo* pic. A* i'lHiinu'rci' iin|>ro\cd, uiid biirKuiiu ot* ihi» fort iMiiiiito nitir* coiiiiuoii, lhivi'i)(hin|f it. Hut thi|itiuti till llu- time ut' Jacob, tlie lemnd from Abraham. llu' (.//Ai^, of tUiiih Ht' rcud III hi« lime, mh* u piece ul money, (luiii|Kd wilh thr tiuure of 4 liiinb, und of a prccife and Ualed vuliie. It u|i|H-ar>, from the hillorv ot Jofeiili, tiiat the (oniinerce between ditlereiii iiaiioii} wa» by thi« time rei^ularlv currud on. 'Ih.- Ithiiiat liU-< iin i Midiuniiei, who boiiglit liim "f bin brvllireii, weru travilliii^ nil rihatiti, v iio lurrird l|Mii"«, |)i'riiniK't. I he laiiie olifervuli I out froin tlmte liiiei of Arabia. If we relle^l, that tho toinmodiiiiii ot thin loiiiitry w.rerulhir llie Inxiiri' » than ilie iieielhiries of life, we (h.nll haw reufon 10 mutlude. thut the eouiilrie* into whiih tiny were fv lit for fide, und |nirli(-iilarly Ki^pt, luid .ilreody mude coniideruble udvuncei in ti\iliia- tion. In f|ieakinK <>f < oninieree, wr ought to dillin^tiilh bctwetvi the f^ivtiei of It wliidi 1). cariud on by land, or iiilunu commerce, and that which in carried on by li-.n : wliiih tail kind of tratiie is both i.'^vr 1:. ita oii^it'. and (lower in its proKrcfs. Mud the di fetiiddiilH of Nouh been left to tiieir own ingenuity, and received no liiikture of the aiilediltuian knowledge from their wife uncittoo, it i» not likely that llu y lliould have viiitiired on iiavij^ntin^ the o|H>n fea:! (0 foon a-, we find they did. I hut brinuh of hi^ |iolKrilv, who ftiiud on the coall of I'alcliine, were the firli people of the world umonu vviiom navigation wait made fubf^rvieiit to coiu- imrce : they were dillinf;iiilhed by a word, wliitli, in th.: I Ubrevv tongue, (ignl- /ien merckrtuis, and are llu fame nation afterwardt known to the (Greeks l») the name of Phu-nieiiii.s Inhaliitin;; a banen and un^rutefiil foil, I hey fit themfilveH to im- prove their litviation by ciillivatiiij; the arts. Commerce wa.t lluii principal pur- iiiit, and, wiili all the writcri of pauan antitpiity, they \y,\(s for the inventors of wluiti ver ferved lo improve it. At the time of Abniliam they were re;{arded nt » powerful nation ; iheir maritime commerce is meniKined by Jaci b in liis lull wonl.-i to his ihildriii : and, lUKirding to Hirodoliis, the Phiniiti.in- IkuI by thi» time na- vijjated tin- n'alU of (ircece, and carried nil' the daiij;hter of ln.uliii«.. The arts of «j;rii iilture, commerce, and navigation, fiippofc the knowledge of feveral otlui>; allronomv, for inllance, or a knowledge ot the lituation and revo- lutions ol the hi aveiily bodies, i.i iicccllary both to agiiviiif.ire and iiavij;ation j thai of vvoiking iiuiaK 10 coiniiierie ; and lo of other arts. In fiict, wi.' liiul ih.u, before the lUalh of Jacob, levual nations were fo well aciiuaiiitcd witli the leVo- lutions of the moon, as lo nuafure by them the diiraiinn of tluir sc;ir. It had been an univerfal ciillom among all the nations of unti»iuiiy, as welf as the Jew*, to divide time into the portion of a week, or fevendavs: this undoubtedb arofi- fiom the liadilinii wilh le^; oil to die (>rif;in of the world. It was natural foV thole uatjonh who led u palloiul life, or who lived uiulei a lercnc Iky, lo ebfeive that the varieui 40 I N T U O D U C T I O N. \ari(iiis nppcnrancrs ot* tho moon wore lomploti-il nearly in tour weeks: hence the divilion ot a month. 'I hole people wlio liveil by iM^rii ultiire, and wlio were ae- ([iiainted wiih the divilion of the month, wonid uiiturally ninavk, tliat twelve ot' ihefe hrouglit haek the fame lemi>eratiire of llu- iiir, or tlie lanie feal'ons : lienee the i)ri};in of wliat is ealled the Itinni- \c,n\ whieli prevailed every where in llie in- tuney of feience. 'This, toj^ether willi the ohfervatinn of \W- fixed tlars, whieli, as we learn from the hook of Job, mull have been very ancient, naturally |)aved the ■way for the difrovery of the folur v.'V/>, which at that linie would he tliou^ht an airiazing improvement in allronomv. IJul wilh reijard to ihofe bramhes of kunw- Iedj;e which we have nu-ntioned, W i-; to he remeiiihered, that thev were peeuliiu' to the l'",i;vptians, and a tew nations of Alia, lunope otTcrs a frfghtful fpetUule (hiring tliis period. \\'hii could bi-lieve that the (5reeks, wh(>, in later ages, be- came the palterns of politenels and everv e!e!;a;it art, were defceiuled from a fa\age race of men, ti averting the woods and \\ilds, inhabiting the mcks and taverns, a wretelied pre) to wild anini; am I t. )nuMmu's to I'ac h oth er : '11 IIS, however, is no more than what was to be expecied. Thole tlefcendants of Noah, who had removed to a great dithiiicc from the idains of Shinar, loll all eonneiMiou with the civilifed part of mankind. Their polteritv became Hill more igii(ear in the ," ^' world for the benefit of the age in which they live, and the admiration of pofterity, to think of fome expedient by which he might unite in one confederacy tlie fevcral independent kingdoms of Greece, and therel)y deliver them from thoU* intetiine divilions, which rendered them a prey to each other, and cxpofed them defencelefs to tlie firft enemy who might cnoofe to invade tliem. 'I hefe reHetlion* he communicated to the kings, or leaders of the different territories ; and by hi« eloc^uence and addrcfs engaged twelve cities to unite together for their eonnnon prelervati(m. I'wo deputies from each of thefe cities allombled twice a year at Ihermopyiie, and formed whnt, after the name of its founder, was called the Am- phidyonic CJouncil. in this ailembly, wliatever related to the general interi-ft of the confederacy was difculfed, and finally determined. Amphictyon hkewile, fenfible that thofe political connettions are the moft lulling which are llrengthened by religion, committed to the Amphitlyons the care of the temple at Del|)hi, and of the rich dediratitms which began to be fent from thofe who confulted the oracle. This allV-mbly, contlituted on fuch folid foundaticms, remained one great fpring of attion in (irecce, while that country preferved its independence -, and, by the uimm which it infpired, encouraged the Greeks to defend their liberties againll all the force of the Perlian empire. Conlidering the circumftanccs of the age in which it was inftituted, the Am- pliictyniiie council is perhaps the moll remarkable political eftablilhnient whith ever took place among mankind. In the year before Chrill 132Z, the liHimiaii ganu s were celebrated at (Corinth, and in 1303, the famous Olympic games by IV- I'ljjs ; which games, together witli the Pytliian and Neniean, have beeii rendered immortal by the genius of I'indar. 'I he (Jreek Hates, formerly unconne6ted, except by mutual inroads and hoftili- lies, foon began to ad with concert, and to undertake dillant expeditions tor tiie general interell of the cont'ederacy. The firft of thefe was the celebrated ex- pedition of tlie Argonauts, in which all Greece appears to have been con- |,'g,* cerned. The objett ol the Argonauts was to open the conmierce of the I'.uxine fea, and to eliablilh colonies in the adjacent country of Colchis. The fliip Argo, whicli was the admiral galley, is the only one particularly named ; tlunigli \w learn Umn ancient writers, that feveral others were employed. The Heit of tile .Argonauts was, iVom the ignorance of thofe who conducted it, long toll''d ijuong ditiermt coali-,. The rocks, at fome dillance from the mouth of the luivine fea, nci ationed much dilHcnity to the Argonauts: they fent forward a li_L;ht velVcl. w'lieli iiiuiVd through, but returned with the lofs of her rudder. Tl.is !•> expreiled in the t'ahiilous laiiijnaj^e vC anticiuity, by their femling out a iiird wliieli returneii witli the lofs of its fail, and may give us an idea of tiie alleg'Tieal obfeurit.' in wiiich tile other events of this expedition are involved. The Heel at !iiii;ili arrivi'd at .i'.on, the capital of Colchis, after performing a voyage, which, Minliderin^- llie eoii-liiion of the n:;wil art during liiat age, was not lef» important than ilie eireaiiina\ii;ati 4a INTRODUCTION. not tho uf« of thv faw, an inllrumcnt fo iicccfTary to the carpenter, a modern muit form but a mean notion of the lirenglh or elegance of this neet. llavinc thus conlidurcd the Grecian confederacy, let us cKunine the circum* ftnncis ot its feveral members. This is of great importance to our prefrnt under- taking, becaufe in this country only we can trace the origin and progrefs of go> vernment, arts, .ind manners. In their internal policy, the Grecian kingdom* nearly rcfemblid each other. Tliey were governed each by a king, or rather by a chieftain, who was their leader in time of war, their judge in time of peace, and who prefldcd in the adminiftration of their religious ceremonies. This prince, however, was far from being abfoiutc. In each fociety there were a number of other leaders, whofe influence over their particular clans or tribes was not lcf» conliderable than that of the king over his immediate followers. Thefe captain* were often at war with each other, and fomctimcs with their fovereign ; and each particular Aate was in n.iniaturc what the whole country had been before the time of Amphitryon. They required the hand of another delicate painter to fliadc the oppofite colours, and to enable them to produce one powertul ciTcd. The hiftory of Athens affords us an example of the manner in which thefe Hates, that, for want of union, were weak and inligniHcant, became, by being cemented to- gether, important and powerful, 'ilieleus, king of Attica, about the year B. C. 1234, had acquired great reputation by his generofitv and valour. He faw the inconveniences to which his country, from bcuig divided into twelve diiirids, was rxpofcd ; and conceived, that by means of the influence which his perfonal cha- racter, united to the royal authority with which he was veiled, had univcrfally procured him, he might be enabled to remove them. For this purpofe lie endea- voured to maintain, and even to increafe his popularity among the peafants and artifans : he detached, as much as pofliblc, the different tribes from the leaders who coinmaiuled tlieni : he abolilhcd the courts which had been cflablithcd in dif- ferent parts of Attica, and appointed one council-hall common to all the Athe- nians. Thefeus, lu)wever, did not trxifl folely to the force of political regulations, lie called to his aid all the power of fuporflition ; by eilablilhnig commcm rites to he performi'd in Athens, and by aflbrding protection to all llrangers who fettled thtri-, ho raifcil this city from an inconliderable village to a powerful metropolis. The fplciulor of Athens and of Thefeus now totally eclipfed that of the other vil- lages and their particular leaders. All the power of the ftate was united in one city, and under one fovereign. The turbulent chiefs thus divefled of influence and conlideration, became humble and fubmillive ; and Attica remained under the peaceful government of a monarch. This is a rude Iketch of the origin of the firft monarchy of which we hai- vernineiit of kings. A iicw influence arofe, which in a fhort time proved too powerful botli for the king and the nobles. Thefeus had divided the Athenians into three diflintt tlafl'es ; the nobles, the artifans, and the huibandmen. In order to abridge the exorbitant ^xjwer uf the nobles, he had beflowed many privileges on the interior ranks. This policy was imitated by his fuccefTors ; and the lower ranks of the Athenians, partly from the countenance of their fovereign, and part- ly from the jjfogrcfs of arts and manufadtures, which gave them an opportunity (if accjiiiring property, beciune conliderable and independent. Thefe circumflan- ccs were attended with a remarkable efl'eCt. Upon the death of Codrus, a prince of great merit, in the year B. C. 1070, the Athenians, become weary of the regal authority, under pretence of finding no one worthy of filling the throne of that mo- narch who had devoted himfelf to death for the fafety of his people, aboliflied the regal power, and proclaimed that none but Jupiter lliould be king of Athens. 3 This INTRODUCTION. 43 B.C. «84. This rifvolution in favour of liberty WM fo mudi dw more remarkablo, as it hap- pened foon after that the Jews become unwilling to remain under the go- vornment of the true God, and defired a mortal fovcrdgn, that they might , " ^' be like unto other nations. ITic government of Thcbcn, another of the Grecian dates, much about the fame time aflumcd the republican form. Near a century licforc the Trojan war, Cad- mus, with a colony from Phoenicia, had founded this city, which from that time had been governed by kinps. But the lall fovercign being overcome in fingle combat, by a neighbouring prince, the lliebans aboliihed royalty. Till the days, how- ever, of Pclopidas and Epaminondas, a period of feven hundred years, the Thc- bans performed nothing wortliy of the republican fuirit. Other cities of Greece, after the examj)k* of '1 ncbes and Athens, erected tnemfelves into republics. But the revolutions of Athens and Sparta, two rival Hates, which, by means of the fu- periority they acquired, gave the tone to the manners, genius, and politics of the Greeks, dcferve our principal attention. We have fcen a tender ftioot of liberty fl)ring up in the city of Athens, ujjon the deceafe of Codrus, its laft fovereign. This (hoot gradually improved into a vigorous plant. 1 he Atljenians, by aboliih- ing the name of king, did not at once al)olilh the regal authority : they elta- blilhed a perpetual magiltrate, who, under the name of Archon, was in- ,^^* verted with many royal prerogatives. At length they fancied the archontic ofHce to be too lively nn image of royalty for a free Itatc. After it had continued, therefore, three hundred and thirty-one years in the family of Codrus, they endea- voured to leflen its dignity, not by abridging its power, but by ll\ortening its du- . ^ion. The tiril period alligned for the continuance of the aix-honihip in the fame h Is, was ten y<:ars. But the delirc of the Athenians for a more perfect ■I. of freedom, ftill continued to increafe. Thoy again demanded a re- '" l.^nof the power of their archons ; and it was at length determined, that nine annual magirtrates ihould be aj)pointcd. Ihefc magirtrates were not only chofen by the people, but accountable to thorn for their behaviour in office. Thefe alterations were too violent not to be attended with fomc dangerous confe- quenccs. The Athenians, intoxicated with their freedom, broke out into the moft unruly licentioufncfs. No written laws had been as yet enacted in Athens ; and it was hardly poiTible that the niKient cutloms of the realm, which were na- turally fuppofed to be in part aboliihed by the fuccertivc chajiges in the govern- ment, ihould fufliciently reitrain the tumultuary fpirits of the Athenians, iu the iirft flutter of their independence. This engaged the wifer part of the rtate, who began to prefer any fyftcm of government to tneir prefent anarchy, to call .their eyes on Draco, a man of an aulbere but virtuous dilpofition, as the fittcft perfon fur compofmg a fyltem of law, to bridle tlic furious pallions of the multJtuv the two am liors of the Senate and Aieopaj^'us. The Inll «if thefc courts O'lililled of four hundred perlons, a hundred out of each tribe of the .\llieniitiis, who prepaied all important bulinefs that came before the uilendjly of the jieople ; the fecond, tlunij,di but a court of juliice, gained a prouiuious ai- cend.uuv in tlie republle, by thi' wil(l • and gravity of its members, who were not cliofen, but after the (Irictell fcruliny. Siieh was the f, tieni of government elhdilillied by Solon, wliich, the more we txiiaiine it, will W the more approved. L pon the fame plan molt of the otlur niu ient rei)ul)lie'i were eliablilhetl. To inlilt on all of them, therefore, would lui- tlitr be eiitertainuifi; nor inllructive. liut the government of Sparta, or Lacedav • mon, had fomcthini; in it lo peculiar, that the great lines of it at lead ought not to be omitted. Sparta, like the other Hates of Greece, was originally divided in- to a number of ])etty ()rincipalities, of which each was under the jurifditlion of its own immediate chieftain. Lelex is named as the firft king, about the year B. C. 1516. At leni,'th, the two brothers, liurifthencs and I'rocles, getting I lo-"* P"^*-''"^'" <•' LacediiMion, became conjund in the royalty ; and, what is cm- tremeiy lingular, their potlerily, in the dirett line, continued to rule con- junctly for nine hundred yi;ars ending with Cleomenes, anno 220 before tlie Chriliian aia. I he Spartan govenmient, however, did not take that fingu- ■ gg ■ lar tVrni which rei»ders it fo remarkable, until the time of Lycurgus, the celebrated legiilator. The plan of policv devifeil by Lycurgus agreeil with that already deferibed, in comprehending a lenate and afl'embly of the people, nnd in general in all thofe eftablillnneiits whitli are deemed molt reciuilite for the • fecurity of political independence. It ililfereii from that of Athens, and indeed from ail oUier governments, in having two kings, whofe ollice was hereditary, though their power was circumfcribed b) proper checks and reftraints. But tlie great charatterillic of the Spartan conllitution arofe from its high military fpirit. 'I'o promote this, all forts of luxury, all arts of elegance or entertainment, every thing which had the fmaliell tendency to foflen the minds of the Spartans, was ubfoliitely proleribed. '1 hey were forbidden the ufe of money ; they lived at pul)- lic tables on the coarfefl fare ; the younger were taught to pay the utnuift reve- rence to the more advanced in years, and all ranks, capable of bearing arms, were daiiv accullomed to the moll painful exeicifes. 'I o the Spartans alom; war was a relaxation rather than a hardlliip, and of their prowefs in the held hardly anv but a Spartan couM even form a conception. In order u> fee the ellett of thefe })rinciples, and to connett under one point r»f view the hiftory of the dilVerent quarters of the globe, we mull now call our eves *n\ Alia, and obfcrve the events which happened in thofe great empires, of whicli we have lo long loll light. We have already mentioned in what obfcurity Jgil the hillory of Kgypt is involved, until the reign of Bocchoris. From this period, to the dillblution of their government bv Cai^ibyfes of Perlia, in the )- ar li. C. 524, the Egyj)tians are thielly celebrated for the wifdom of their law.s & and vho were INTRODUCTION. || afid politicul inflitutions. Scvcrnl of thefe feoTii to hine been diitnted by the tnie (pirit of civil wifdum, und were admirably calculated tor maiiitainiii}; good go vermnent in a'l extenlive kingdom. 'Ihe great empire ot" AUVria likewile, wliiih bad to long disappeared, becomes again an objett of attention, and atl'ords llio tirll inlianee we meet witli in liillory, of a kingdom which fell afimder by its own weight, and the etfeminnte weaknefs of its fovereigns. Sardnnapalus, the \uil emperor of Allyria, neglected the adminillration of aftairs, and Ihiitling himfelt Mp in his palace with his women and einuichs, fell into eontenipi with his fubietls. 'Ihc I ivernors of his provinces, t' dern tinns, fulhcient examples of monarchical governments; but how few are oitr republics r Hut the a'ra of Cyrus is in one relneCt extremely remarkai)le, belidu* •lelivering the Jews from their captivity, becauie it terminates the hiltory of th-j ancient em])ircs, which have hitherto engaged our attention. Let us eonlider then the genius of the AlVyrians, Habylonians, and Kgyjitians, in arts and fciences; and, if pollible, difeover what progrefs they had made in thofe ac(piiremeuls which are moll fubfcrvient to the intereUs of ^)ciety. The talle for the great and magnificent, feems to have been the prevailing cha- racter of thofe nations; and they principally difplayed it in their works ot aichi- tetture. There are no veftiges, however, now remaining, which confirm the tef- timony of ancient writers, with regard to the great works which ailorned Babylon and Nineveh ; neither is it clearly determined in what year they were begun or finilhed. There are three pyramids, lhii)endou.-, fabrics, iVill reuiaining in Kgvpr-, at fome leagues dillance from Cairo, and about ni'.ie miles from the iSile, which are fuppofed to have been the burying places of the ancient I'.gvp'ian kings. The largell is five humtred feet in height, and each fide of llic bale lix hundied and ninety-three tVet in length. The apex is thiiteeit feet I'quare. 'llie fetcnd fUuu'.s on as nnidi t^KHind as the firll, but is forty feet lewer. It was a l'u])erllitiun among this people, derived from 'he earlieft limes, that even atlei -.ieath the fnul contiiuied in tile body as long as it remained uncorrupted. IK ikv proceeded tlio euftom of enilnnlming, or of tlirowing into llie dead boily I'ucli vegetables as 1 \- perience had dif' overed to be the greatefl prefervativos againll putrefaction. 'I lie pyramids were eretted with the fame view, in them the bodies of the Kgvptiaii kings were concealed. This expedient, together with embalming, as thefe lupe?- llitious monarchs conceived, would inevitably fecure a f;ife and comfortable re- treat for their fouls after deatli. From what we read of the walls of Babylon, the temple of hcUis, and other works of the tall, and from wluit travellers have re- corded INTRODUCTION. «rtrd«;d of the pyramidii it •n|>cani thnt tlicv were rcully fu|H'rh and magnificent itru^lurcM, but totally vwd of elegance. Tnc orders of untliiicitiirc were not yet known, nor oven the conOriiHing of vnolts. 'I'hc artit, in which iliofc nation*, next to arc-hitc6)ure, principally excelled, were fculpture and embroidery. A« to the fciencei, they had all along continued to bellow their principal attention on iillronomy -, but it does not appear that thcv made great progrefit in explnininv thk! raufes of the phenomena of the univcrle, or in any f|)ecici of rational and found philofophy. Ti) deinonflrate thin to an intelligent reader, it is AitHcieiit to ohferve, that, according to the telliniony o( facred and profane writers, the ubfurd reverie* of magic and altrology, which alwayii decrcafe in proportion to the ad- vancement of true fcicnce, were in high cileem among them, during the Inlcll |m.'- riods of their government. Tlic countries which they occupied were extremely fruitful, and alYorded without much labour all the neceiraries and even luxurieii of Jife. riiey had long inhabited great cities, rhefe circinuDHiueii had tainted their manner* with eHTcminacy, and rendered tiiem nn eafy prey to the Perlian!i, a nation jiift emerging from barbarifm, and of confeuuenco brave and warlike. Such revo- lutions wea* natural in the infancy of the military art : when Drength arid courage were the only circumflanccs which gave the advantage to one nation over another; when, properly fpeaking, there were no fortified places, which in modern time* have been found lb ufeful in (lopping the progrefs ot a vittorioui enemy ; and when the event of a battle commonly decided tne tatc of an empire, iiut we muU now turn our attention to other objeds. The hiftory of Perlia, after the reign of Cyrus, wh<» died in the year B. C. 529, offers little, confidered in itfelf, that merits our rcgiird : but when combined with that of Greece, it becomes particularly interelling. The monarclis wlio fucceeded C'yrus gave an opportunity to the Greeks to exercife thofe virtues which the free- dom of their government had created and confirmed. Sparta remained under the influence of Lvcurgus'< inllitutions : Athens had iutl recovered front the tyranny of the I'ilillratidc, a family who had tram])led on the laws of Solon, and ufurped the fupremc power. Such was their fituation, when the lull of univcrfal empire, which feldom fails to torment the breafl of tyrants, led Darius t« fend forth his numcmus armies into Greece. But the i'erlians were no longer thofe invincible foldiers who, under Cyrus, had conquered Alia. 'ITicir manners has been corrupted by their rich conqueHs, and were debafed by flavcry. Athens, on the contrary, teemed with great men, wliofe minds were animated by the late recovery of their freedom. Miltiades, on the plains of Miuathon, ■ ■ witii ten thouiand Athenians, overcame the Pcrlian army of n hundred thoufand foot, and ten thoufand cavalry. His countrymen, ThemiliocIeK And Ariftides, the firft celebrated for his abilities, the fecond tor his virtue, gained the next honours to the general. It does not fall within our plan to mention the events of this war, which will be for ever read and fludied as the noblcil monu- ments of virtue over force, of courage over inmibers, of liberty over fervitude. Xerxes, the fun of Darius, came in perfon into Greece, with an army, which, according to Herodotus, amounted to two millions and one.hun dred thoufand men. This account is perhaps fonu-whHt exaggerated. The exact truth cannot now i)e afccrlained : but that the army oi Xerxes ■was extremely numerous, is the niore probable from the great extent of his em[)irc, and from the abfunl prattice of the eaftern nations, ot encumber- ing their camp with a fiiperlluous multitude. Whatever the numbers of his army were, he was every where defeated, by fea and land, and efcaped to Afia in a filhing-boat. Such was the fpirit of the Greeks, and fo well did they know that " wanting virtue, life is pain and woe ; that wanting liberty even virtur ** mourns, and looks sunuiid fur happinefs in vaiu." But though the Perlian war concluded B.C 5«4 B.C, 460, INTRODUCTION. 47 ignificcnt L- not yet • nations. Icry. A» tent ion on •xplnininK ional nnu rtkiont t<» ihc ul)fiir«1 to ihc ad- i: Intcrt {K- extrcniclf luxuries of lintcd their IS, u natioa Svich rcvo- nd coiira){': or another ; :>dcrn timofc ; and when e mull now II. C. 5i9. nbined with o fiicccedcd ich the froo- •d under the the tyranny and ufurped of univcrfal d Darius t» ins were no Afia. I'hcir 1(1 by (lavcry. animated by If Marathon, If a hundred IrhemillocleK irtue, gained mention the iblort monu- Ivitude. lith an army, id one .bun xa(;gcrated. c>t Xerxes It extent of cncumber- ibers of his eftaped to rell did they even virtuf Perlian war njneludeJ roncluded glorioufly for the Ureckt, it is. in a great nieifurv, to thiii wnr that the fubfei^uent nn»fortune> of that nation arc to be attributed. It wat not the battlet in which they fuHcred ihu \o(» of fu many brave men, but thofe in whit h they ue< t|uired the fpoila of Perda ; it wat not their enduring i'o many hiirdlhip't iit thr lourfe of the war, but their connection with the I'erliunk alter tlie coDclulion of it, which fubverted the Ctrccian elUbliihmcnls, and ruined the nioti virtuout connc- , lian war, in which the Atlieniant aiul Laceda-'inonians aeted as principals, ' * and drew after them the other Oatet of (Jreccc. 'i hey continued to weaken thenifelves by thefe intelline divifions, till I'hilip king of Macedon (a country till this time little known, but which, by the active and crafty genius of this prince, became important and powerful) rendered himfclf the abfolute mader of Greece, by the battle of Cherona:a. But this conciueil is one of the firft we meet with in liiliory which did not depend on the event of a battle. Philip had ^'^' laid his fchemes fu deeply, and by briU-ry, promifes, and intrigues, gained fuch a number of conliderable pcrfonn in the Uates of (ireece to his mtereil, lliat unollier day would have put in his poflc'liion what Cheronarn had denied him. The Greeks had loii that virtue which was the balia of their confederacy. Their popular governments ferved only to give a fan^lion to their licentioufnefs and cor- ruption. Tlie principal oi...uri in moll of their llatrs, were bribed into the fervice of Philip ; and all the rli>quence of a Demollhenes, alViAed by truth and virtue, was iine(|u«l to the mean, but more fcdudive arts of his opponents, who, by Hattcring the people, ufed the furcll method of gaining their aHc^tions. Philip had pro|M)fed to extend the boundaries of his empire beyond the narrow limits of (ireccc: but he did not long furvive the battle ut Chcronxa. Upon his dcceafe, his fcm Akrxander was clH>fen general againll the Perfiaiis, by all the (Jre- cian dales, except the Athenians, Laceda.>moniaiiK and llicbans. Thefe made a feeble cflbrt tor expiring lil)crty : but tliey were obliged to yield to fuperior force. Secure on the lidc of Greece, Alexander fet out on his Perlian expe- " _ dition, at the head of thirty thoufand foot, and five thoufand horfe. 'Ihc fuccefs of this Mrmy, in conquering the whole force of Darius, in three pitched battles, in overrunning and fubdmng not only the countries then known to the Greeks, but many part* of t'ppcr Afia, the very names of which had never reached an Kuropean ear, has been defcrilK*d by many authors both ancient and modern, and c complicated tor our prefent pur|>ofe. After conlidering, therefore, the Itale of arts and li ieiues in (iieece, we Ihall pal's to the Roman ati'airs, where the hiltorical deduction is mote liniple and mure itn)M>rtant. I he bare names of illullrious men, who Hourillicd in Greece frotn the time nt" Cyrus to that of Ak'xander, would (ill a large volume. During this period, all the arts were carried t«i the higheli pitch of perfection ; and the improvements ue h.ive hillK-rto mentioned were but thedawnings of this glorious day. Thougli the calU crii nations had railed magnilicent and liupenduiis linictuivs, the Greeks were the lirll people in the world, who, in their works of aiclntecture, added Ixauty to niay;- tiiticence, and elegance t*> grandeur. 'Ihe temples i>f Jupiter Olympus, and tlic Kphelian Diana, are the tirtl monuments of good talto. '1 hey were erected l>y the Greiiau colonics, who fettled in Alia Minor, before the reign of Cyrus. Phidias, the B.C. I N r R O I) U C T I O N. tlic Athi'iiiiin, ^vh() ilicti in tlu- voar H. C. 4^1, is tin- firrt (Viilpfor uliofo workt nu-ritcd iniinortiility. /ciixii, l'anli:iliui, und 'iiinaiitlu-us, during the luiiu- age, f\ri\ of pliiloiopiiy wan cultivated an\ong them with the iilinoll fuccefs. Not to mention the divine Socrates, the virtue ot whofo life, and the excelUiK'e of whofe pliiinfuiihy, julHy entitled him to a very high degree of vi neration ; lii* three difciples, I'lato, Arifiotle *, and Xenophon, may, for lben;»th of reafoning, julhiefi of fentimeni, and propriety of ex|)rellion, bo put on a foiMing with the writers of any age or i ountry. I'-xperiencc indeed, in a long lourte oi viars, has taught us many leerets i\\ nature, with whidi tiicfe philofo|)lier>i were unacquainted, and which no llringlh oi' genius could rcaih. But whatever tome ('nu)vrics in learning may pretend, the moll learned aiul ing 'iiious men, ir) all civilifed coui\trie>i ot Kuroire, Itave acknowledged tlio fuueiiority of the(rreek phi- lol'opliers, and liave reckoned themlelves hap|iy in catching their turn of thinkmg, {iiid manner of exprellion. 'Ihe (ireek-, were not liTs dillinguilbed for their atlive than for their fpecnlativ<; .talents. It would be endlefs to recount the names of tluir famous llatifmen and warriors, and it is impollible to mention a few witliout d )ing injultice to a gresiter niimlter. War was fiill reduced into a fcience by the (ireeks. Their foldiers fniij^lit fr«)m an aireftion to liuir country, antl an ardor for glory, and not from a • 111 ad of tlieir fuperiors. V\ e iinvi- feeii the elleit of this military virtue in tln'ir wars a;^ain(l the I'erlians : the caut'e of it was the wife laws which .Amphiftyon, Solon, and !,\curgus, had ellablillicd in (jriece. Hut we mull now leave this na- tion, whofe hilioiy, both civil and philofophical, is as important as their territory was incoiilidtrMble, and turn our alleniion to the Roman allairs, which are more in- terefting, from the relation in whicii they Ibmd to thole of modern JMirope DC. Ihe iluuacter of Romulus, the fountler of tlu- Hoinaii liate, when w»' vi ew liiin as the leiuler of a few lawlel's and wandering baiuliiti, ir. an object of ex- treme inlii^nificance ; but when we conlider him as tiie founder of nn empire asextenlive as tin- world, and whofe proi;rii"s and decline have occalioned the two gri nteft revolutions tliat ever Iia|)pened in I'.urope, we lannol he!]) hriiii; iuti- Tilied in his cfiiulucl. His ilifpoiiiinn was exliemely martial ; and the pohtieal liate nf Italy, divided into a number of linall but independent diliricts, ullinded a noble ("nld for the difpiay of military talents. Romulus was Kiniinually embroiled with h Is ncmliL'oiirs ; ar.tl \var was the only einploynieni l)y wiiu n lie an;iplc vi Soi;ratt> ; l>u!, irom hiiicbiiif, it aj'i lars liut hu bigi'i I. •, Ttjilit:, iiuJer I'.Mo. IlKins .J!/- ' N T R o D U C T r O N. 4f •wirh that v.n'n J^ ^""'a. wh,.<.„n,^ ""'i.Mu..l to fu pi •7.""''! ''^ "'^- '•^■''- "mhorily, il,,, „, .1, ""f"'/!" Iliiv,. f„„„. „»,.?•">""""»"?• <'i|t»it.d »■'•■ l"iw. rut rn ' ;■","'':"' ""■'" •" Ih. vl ,,„ '""'"'''I "ilh luprem? S°»- ^ ■""'atl.'. in ,!,,' , ; ""'' ''":*'' «'-^af'"-rs. ""^" '""''•^•'- "-oumrv, they ii ■ ^ ""' "'il'" ii.'M'.n th-,i,rj. I.urrd 264. 50 INTRODUCTION. Ulli'tl twenty llirce year, and uiiifhl tlv; Kmnatu (h>: art u( Ajfhling on ttt« h», with wliii li liii-y had Ihiii liillu-rn* uiioc(|uaiii(ui. A CturihuKiiiiim vcilcl wM wnxkcd (Ml tlu .t ioalt ; thry ufcd it lot a iiukIrI, in three monlht fitted out • ^'^^1 tli'vi, mill ihi- otnCul Diiiliun, uho louuht thrir fttd nitvhi battU-, woa vitht- rimii*. The IH-Iiaviour (»t' ki*i(tiiki«, tho Koinaii gctirrul, may g'tve u« an idea of the Ipirit wliii h then uiuinnlvd ihiii |hh)|>Ic. \i\-\u^ (nkin^ priloncr in Africa, he - I* fint hack i>n hit paruU-, to lu■^ociatc n chaiigo ut pril'oni'rs. He inaintaiita •<•! '" ''"' '^'"'"''' •'^*' pf'prii'ty «if that law, wliich cut olf froni thofo why fitf* fered thcmfclw -. to be taken, all ho|)ci of beioK f>^v>:ii, and returni to a cer- lain de (ih. Nt'iiluT wa« Cnrthngc, though corrupted, (U-ficienI in great num. Of alt tha enrmiest the Kornano had to contend with, llunnihal wat the moll inflaxiblr and dan|ierou8. liiM father Kaniikar had indiilnrd un extivnic hatred to the Roniani, and having fettled the intetUnc truid)leN >>( hi« country, he embraced an early o\y. Iiortunity tu iiiAiire his fon, though but luiun year* old, with )ii» own feiitiment<. •'or thu purpoU- he ordered a foleinn facrificc tu bo olfercd tu Jupiter, and leading hiii fun to the ultur, niked him whether lie W4» willing to attend him in Ium cxpc- dition ngninf) the Romani -, the cuurageoui boy n«it onfv cunfcnted tu go, but con< jured hia father by the gods iirefent, to form him to vittory, and teach ttim the art of curu|uering. 'Utat I will joyfully do, replied Humilear, and with all the care of a father who loves you, if you will fwear upon the altar tu be an eternal enenif (o the Romani. 1 lannibal readily complied ; and thv folemnit^ of the ceremony, and the facrednefs of the oath, made fuch an iinprclliun upon hii mind, as nothing ^ afterwards could elface. Being appointed general, at twenty-five yean c>f »i8. *8''' ''^' t''^*'^** *''*•• Kbro, the Pyreneei, iind the Alpu, and unexpetkdiy fnlli down upon Italy. The lof« of four battles threaten* the fall of Rome. Sicil/ lidos with the conuucror. Hieronymus, king of Syracufe, declares againll the RoniuuN, and almolt all Italy abandonsi thum. In this extremity Rome owed its prefervation to three great men. Fubius Maximus, defpifmg popular clamour, and the military ardour of his c«)untrymen, declines coming to an erigaf^ement. The llrength ot Rome has time to recover. Man cllus raifes the liege vt Nola, taken Syracufe, and revives the drooping foirits of his troops. The Romans ad- mired the charader of thefe great men, out faw fomething dill fupcriur in the young Scipio. The fuccefs of this young hero cunftrmed the popular upinion, that he was of divine origin, and held cunverfc with the gmU. At the age of four-and-twenty, he Hies into Spain, where both his father and uncle hud lull their lives, attacks New Carthage, and carries it at the firll allanlt. Lpon his arrival in Africa, kings fubmit to him, Carthage trembles in her turn, and fees her armies defeated. Hannibal, li\teen years vitlorious, is in vnin called home to defend his country. Carthage is rendered tributary, gives hullnges, and engages never to make war, but with the confcnt uf the Uo mans. After the conmiell of Carthage, Ronu* had iiiconliderabic w.nrs but great viclo- riebi before this time its wars were great, and its viduries incunlidcrable. At tliis tifne the world was divided, as it were, into two parts -, in the one fought the Ro- mans and Carthaginians ; the other was agitated by thole quarrels which had latUd finee the death ot Alexander the Great. Their fcene of action was (irecce, Kgypt, and the Eall. 'I he Hates of (ireece had once more difengagid tluinlclves from a iortign yoke. '1 hey were divided into three confederacies, the Ktoliaiis, Achean.,, and Beotians; each of thefe was an atlociation of free cities, vvliieh had aliunbiie^ and magillrates in contnion. The kings of Macedon maintained tl at fuperiority, which, in ancient times, when the balance of power was little attended to, a great prince i.atiiralN pi:lelKd over hi» neighbours. I'hilip, the reigning monarch, had / rer.dcied U.C. 3 1 9, B.C. aoi. INTRODUCTION II tfnAttfA himfclf oAktut tA the Cit^kt, hy dim* unpoptitur nwd tyrannical ArMi il)f Ktollan* wrrt nwtrt irriiiitttt > »nA hciirinc ihr fnme of thci Knmiiti arnn, callinl Ow-m Into (;rr*f*, unA nvrname Philip l»y ihcir mMUntrr. Th* tiflory, hnwfvri^ chiefly rrdoutxWd to lh<> advantagr nt iKt Komant, The Mucrdoniaii ^utt\(ttm were obliged to evacuat« (irettf -, th« citka wrrr all declared fret » but Philip became a tributary to the RonwH)*, and the ftaten of Urr^'r^ became their de|N!n«i> «nt«. The Ktoliant, difrovi^rinc ihfir firO vtpit, cmlmvoiircd to remedy it \rf aiHithor Hill mt>re dnntrroiiH to Inemfolvet, anrecte to defend thiritH-(<, who wii< at thit titntf flu* iniHl powrrfol monnrrh in the Knt Hut AtitioilMis difl not follow bit advicn Ai miH h ai that of the Kinliana \ for, inrtead of renewing ilx war in Italy, whrra Hnnnibal, from ex)vrrirni e, judged the Knmani to be nioit vulnerable, \n land^tl iti f jreeee with a fmnll body of troo|M, and being overeome without dlHiculty, Hod over into Alk. In this war the KoiTMnt made u7e of Philip for ooitqueriiig Antii>< cbu», a{r,«< eftn ' ' iruaty. In regulating the conquered countric*, thu Komnni allowed the ancient inhabi- tant! to retain tneir poflellion* ; they did not even change the form of govertunont ; the comiuered natinni beu»me the allien of the Roman people, whicn iiui- tion, under a fi>eciou» nnme, concealed a condition very fervile, and inferred thaf they (liould fubniit tle in Al'ric.i, then carried terror ■ into (iaul. The Harbaiians, lel\ furmiilable than the KiMOiin le^^ion-*, retired '^^' to their wiids and deferfs. Bui wliile Rome coiKmeml ibc world, there fub- lidcd an eternal war within her walls. 'This warivnl liihlilled from the firll perimls of the government. Ilie deftvmlants of the feii.Ttors, who were dillinguillied by the name of Patricians, were inverted with I'o inniiy odious pri\ ilej>es, that the pen- |ple, on the other hand, tli ui^lt J I i ihcy f. |i INTROnUCTIOM. Ihry otilnined taw*, hy ^^)^\^h ih« y mlnhi Uv mtMiiili'tl to «'iijt>y lh<* firrt .ifTiioi of the lliiti-, iind ilmuKd llu-y htul llw powrcr iit iiiHitiiiulHHi, nIvvu)* iiniiUil I'^itii iiiiu. Htir \>tuii ilii K'liiiaiu, hv tdv* i^rrti|iiirc\ i" tti own iliililrcn. Il«'iui- ilu' Ulfiiiily li'tliiton* of \Uv (>rtKilii, nliiih iiuvcil iltr wiiy (or an iiu-xlin* [[iii|IkiI>U' liiitri'tl iKiwfcti ilii- iKiUli^ iiiiti iniiiiituii*, unti iiiitUt' it uafy lor uiiy lur- itilci I (U'iMii((>i^iic, or prouil iidtriviuii, lo iiiHtntu' llntii l>t (>uirn|{i.'. 'Iliv love of lilt ir I iiiiDlry vv.ii imw mi iinirc lliuii u Iptt iou» iiiimc i ilu' liitiir f'lrl wiTo loo wcullhy niul illcminnU' to I'tiliinil lo the ri^ourt ol (lil'ci|>liiic, nnui thiir cuiniiiaiuU r i tuiUirhiH haiiiu r ihcy t'oiighl, i oii(|iu'ri'il, and pliiii- diTi-d. Hi' tiii^hl Kitiiiiiaiid lluni to cimIiuic iIm ir li;iiiiU in the IiIihmI o| iIu ir i'liiintr). 'I'lu's wliK kiU'W no lountrv Imi tin- < .iin|>, .iiid no inillinnty luit tlmi ul' tUvir gi-nctiil. wtfi; t-Nir rtail) !•• olic) liitn jln- nuilti|ilii ity o| ilu- Koiimii loii- qikIN, however, vvhuh rr(|tiired ihrir keriiiiiK on to4>l leveral ariiiie* at the fanie ttnii', returtU'tl the iultveriion ut' tlie re|iut)lK. Thele urinii t were Co iniiii) ilivckn U|M«tl| t'a« h ntli. r. liiul il nut lu-en tor the liildietv ul >}lla, Konie would li.i\e liir rendered it-, lilurty lo the iirniv ut' Maiiii>. Julius ('afar at length apixart, Hy tiiluluin^ the (laiiU, he gained hi» country I. C. Ill I ovirtlu- world; in l.^vpl, in Alia, in Maniiianiu, in Nptiii, in (iiiiil and in Mritaiii : ioiupieror mi all llti>^, he is ;ii kiw \vUil^< kl inaliir.it Koine, und B. C. 44- ig the tiiull iit'i till ioni|iiell il ever iiinde. Pompey, hin only tival, i» overtonio the plain> o| IMunt'alia. C\efar iippearv vicloriouv, alnioll ut the fame t in ime, in thr whole vni|iir(. Itrutus and C'atliiis attempt lo give Uonie her lilitri\. hy l)al>llin^ him in the reiiate-houl'e. lUil lliuu^h they deliver tkie KoiiiiiiiH oni. It from the t)r;mny of Jnliiii, the repuhlii dot^ not olii;iin itii fieedi falU into the luuuN of Mare Anihoiiy ) (.'afar Dclaviaiui^, lu phew to JiiliiiN ('a - far, wnlh it frtmi him Itv ilu- fealiuhl al Ai'iium, iiiid there is no llrutiis l.f iu>r ('ulliu-> to put ill) end to his life. I hofe tikiidt <>( lilieiiy hud killed themfelves in lU fp.iir -, and CXtavin>, under the tuime of An^llUll)i, and title eint -mr, remained the iitulillnthed inallrr of the einpir \) nrini' th< I e t , .. ivil tiiinmotionx, the Romans lUll maintaiiud the k'*»> I'f 'l>^ >' arns unwii.i> diiiani na- lioih nd, while it was unknown wlio llmuld he malii r at Uonu ,1, K omaiis weri , wiihoiit difptite, the malKrs ct the world. I heir miliiaiv tliliipliiu and v lonr iiboliihi (I all the remains of llie l'arlha|;inlan, the I'erlian, the (Jiveian, tl AH'yrian, and Macedoniiiii >;lory ; ihey were now oiiK a name. No I'ooner. lliere- fore. was Octavius eDalililhod on the thione, than uinii.illadois, tioni all ipiarurs of llie known world, crmid to make tluir I'liliioillions. /I.lhiopia Ini s iur peai e , liur I'ailhians, who had heeii a formidable eiu'iii), eonri his fiiendlhip, |i dia lei ks liin alliiiiue ; I'annonin ai know ledges him i (ierman) dreads him ; and tlu' U eler rc- _ ceivis his laws. \ iaunoits hy lea and land, he ihuls the temple ol Janiis. 'J he wliole jarth lives in pi aee under his power ; and JefusChuU comes into tl le world, four \ears In lure ll )>' i.ommon xra. liaviii;; tluis trand ilu projrufs of the Koinaii >;overnmen», while it remained a repuhlie, our plan obliges u» to f.iv a few words with ref;ard to the arts, feienies, and manners of that pmple. In the infamy of the repuhlii, and even loii>{ after the innfular j^oyeiinm nt was i liahlilhed, learnint; and ilie arts madi- litile pioj;iels af lioiiie. Aj;ritnitme, anl the lultr.aiion of arms, priiuipaily i imaged ii , aiten- linii. A iiiemoraMe proof of this is the edia of Mummius, who, liaMiif; dellroyed tile city of Corijith, ordered the pictures painted by the moll einineul urtills ot' b Greeie, S niT\Vtt of I'alrit iitit*. Htl|tlillllli'«l till' 1 ill mi- H |iill uiul II t liililreii. ill) IIK'Xlilt* lor uiiy litr- I lie Utvc of ri were I»m» ilk r», t Dili* lull- rdiivCt , aiul |iliin- ltd ol (III ir liiit thiit of (iiiimit Kill- It till' r.iniL* iiiny t lKck\ III li.i\e I'ur )u* ctnintry Ik iivcrtiiiui; lame lime, ), ill (iaiil, U'liiii', unil luT hlnriy, lie KomaiiN t'lllolU It i Julius I'a-- , till Uriitun ud kiileit . and titlf 111 le eivil ilhmt na- Uoiiians ( and va- k iaii, llu- u r, lliere- iiatliri. Ill' I'.iie , tlio iVi kt« his W i ler re- lit Jaiiii'i. uiiu'> ititu ■luaiiu'd a , U ii'iieeH, 1(111^ atur .• jiii>j;iel;> [[■> alien- Idellroyed lurlills lit' Giccie, rNTROnUCTION. jl Clrteff, to Xtc rnrrii-d in Home, witli iliin remnrkalile (auiinn, iliat If any vrerc lolt, llie llii|>-ituilli'r» ihmild nuke kimmI tlie damage N'ur tvne tlie liieiuet in txuttf m|iM II at Koine. Nnme ol ihe uldell |)liiliiri)|»her« ol (ireeie (oniiiin ihrre in lli« lime III Clio lite Kldii, ht- ordend litem to depuil tlie iiiy, Ullt lite tnimU of llio Viiiilli lliiiiilil Ih- (orrttpted liv |iliilo|'i)|>)i)r. I hey IimI liir tt ImiK feriei ol \viir* iiu \Milirti lu\v^ al Kle« There eonlliluled llie livil law ol' ilic Komaii«, Tiny were uherwiinU i-nlnrKed li) v4iioul° the |K«u|»le,. und edifN ol the ptalort. Alter the dt llrutlimi of C«rthu|{e, and ihe lluie* of (*retfec, when the Komani had no iival to tear, llu y applied tli>'mfelve\ halt ver wa'i« V.liMpirnt » hnd heer lonu liiidied in Konie, hut it did Milt riiuh iis j;reatrll height till (ieero ippvand I ii« rutio . are interior only to thole nl l>eiuollhene%. Ciieri) gave iti ilmpitnte all the grt' i'»of whieh \t I* tiilteitlilile, wiihont klleiiitig it* digtiiiy and gruviiy. i ie uuve t .dence n\i uar* iiioiiy to ihe Koinan language, and eiiriehed it with luaiitiet itelore unknown lit). |HH-try I'l Virgil m eipial to aii\ thing luit the workit ol° lluiiier, whitli lit .. r d ti> rival, iliit il \ irgti led lliort ol llunur, lloraii- extelled all that went Ik I ire him in hi« fatires tind ip, tiles liii odek have not indeed the mujell) . ' Uililimity (if Finditr ; Imi they alxiinid in heaiities -, a delitaty nl' lentinienl, ( (iiio> t|| luirnioni* oils lluw 111' verle, and (he nxil) lively images, loiueveil in the eurr ruit .itnguuge.— « In liilloriaiis, Kome alio ahoiindeil , and till l.ivy apinared, ^aliull w.is phuvtl at their head. Hi* great wmk has iKiillud, htit m the pit tes happily prelcrved, hii (It leriptions, his ihatactem, his huiaiigiKs, arc (i|ually heuul Uil ( he I'lii- iH\'tU alike in alh nothing tan he atlded to tluir lorte, Ipirit, una elmpience. (.ivy \% one of thole lew writers wliti have rendered their namcH imiiiorlal, 'Ihroiighniii his whole hilloiy tlurc reigns iiti eliiipuiite perlect in eviiy kind. Hi:. Ilvie, though varied to iiitiuity, is every wlure eipial i limple without nu.in- iiels i elegant \^ilhoul alie^latiuii i uniting fweetnet's wiih llreiiglh. Tacitus ilitl not Itiiuritli till attirihe reiipi ol' Angiillu:ii nor ha^ hi* llvie tlie purity ot° the wriuri in that ag. ut literary tom|K'titii>n. 'The part id' his hillorv wliith tmi- taiiiH Ihe rei^ii ol' I ilnrius, has alvvavs luxn tonlidered as his nialler-piece. Iherewas no tieielliiy lor the ahililies o( a great wrili r to p.iint llir \iti» of Caligula, tile llupiditv ut Claudius, or the erucltit ut Nero ; hut to write tlu? 'ilt it I ih leriiis ret|Uired the getiuiH ol liuitUH, wl lid unravel ill tl le 111- tiigiies of the eahiiiet, alligii the real taul'es of events, iiid withdraw the veil ol' pt ion. w hieh eniui aliil Imin tliee\»s ot' the piihlie the rtal motives of iit tjon. I'll!' KuMiaiis never applied themleUes greativ to philolnph} l.utielius who dt livete, whul'e writir.f;s are v. .tliy of Itudv. In tragedv, thi. Uoiiums never produced anything that 'at. l)ear the leall eomparil'i'ii witli tin immortal writers of {Jreete, .I'.liliyhis, h'.uripides, and .SophutUM \i ilie lie.ul it tl Kir eoiiiie writers. I'laut us aiit Terenee are juillv plaeeil ; hut lu itlur were pollelled of the r/.( /o«/(,/, or livii) vein ul luuiuiur, wliieh is eH'iiitial to imneiK, mid whiih dillinguilhes the wriliiigs of tlie eoiiuc poets of Greece, and of our .Shakl W leare. e now rt turn to our hilhiry, and are arriveil at .nn lera, whicli pfi feiiLs lis wiili a fit (if iiiiiilK rs, utuler the name of emperors, whole tranf.uii >ns dilijiaie luim.iii iiattre. They did nut indeed abolilli llic forim ot the Koiiian lepuiilK, though thev 5* I N T R u u c r I O N. rficy ^x>fftd|iiitlK»(l it* Hbfrfies ; nml While thdy cnflaved aiid opnreffed their fubjefli, lliey (lu'iilu'Ivci were the* flrtvtfu at their foldiers. Rome, from tnc time of Aiigudut, bciiiine the mod dcfpotic cniph"e that ever fublifted in Europe ; and its aflTairs were generally direft«^d ^ith cnpticc and cruelty. But the lift of the firft Caefart ii adorned by the nnrtle o( n Titus : and a fucceirion of wife and good princes bright- ens the fecond century of t!ie Chriftian iCra. VMu'ii it is faid that the Roman republic conquered the World, It is only meant of the civilized part of it, chieHy in Greece, Carthage, and Alia. A more dithcult talk nil! reinuinod for the cmpcrori, to fubdue the barbarous nations of Europe: the (Jcrnians, the (Jauli*, the Hritons, ahd cTen the remote inhabitants of Scotland. I'hi'le natrons, thougl> rude and igrtorant, were brave and Independent. It Was rnlhcf from the fupcriority of their difcipiine than of their courdgO, that the Romans gained any advantage over them. '1 he Roman wars with tnc Germans are de- Icribed by Tacitus, and from his accounts, though a Roman, it is eafy to difcovcr with what bfavcry they fought, and with what reluctance they fubmitted to a fo- reign yoke. From the obftinate t-eliUance of the Germans, we may judge of the difficulties thtf Romans nut with in fiibduing the other nations of Europe. The lontcfts wcic oh both Ude.'i bloody ; the countries of Europe were fucceflivcly laid %Vafte, the inhabitants perilhcd in the field, many were carried into flavery, and but a feel)Ic remnant fubmitted to the Roman nower. This (ituation of affairs was cx- fromelv luifavourable to the hapjiinefs < lukind. The barbarous nations, indeed, from tficir intercourfe with the Romans, .-iquired fome taile for the arts, fciences, language, and manners of their new matters. Thefe, however, were but mifcrable coniolations for the lofs of liberty, for being deprived of the ufe of their arms, for being o\'er,nwed by mercenary foldiers kept in pay to reftrain them, and for being ilelivercd over to rapacious governors, who plundered them without mercy. 'I'he Roman emj)irc, now Itretched out to fuch an extent, had loft its fpring and force. It contained within itfelf the feeds of diflblution ; and the violent irruption of the Coths, Vandals, 1 luns, and other barbarians, haftened its deftruftion. 'I'hefe fierce tribes, who came to take vengeance on the empire, either inhabited the parts of Germany which had never been fubducd by the Romans, or were fcattered over the vaft countries of the north of Europe, and north-weft of Alia, which are now in- habited l)V the Danes, the Swedes, the Poles, the fubjetts of the Rutfian empire, Hfu! the 'lartars. 'I'hey were drawn Ironi their native country by that reftlcfl'ncfs which aituates the minds of Barbarians, and makes them rove from home in qucfl of plunder, or new fettlements. The tirft invaders met with a powerful reliftance from the fiipciior difcipiine of the Roman legions; but this, inftead of daunting men of a ftrong and impetuous temper, only roufed them to vengeance. 'I'hey re- turned to their companions, ai(|uaint thom with the unknown convenicncies and luxuries that abounded in countries better cultivated, or blcfled with a milder cli- mate than their own ; they accpiaint lliem with the battles they had fought, or tlie friends they had loft, anil warm them with refentnunt agninti their opponents. (Jreat bodies of armed men, with their wivis and children, and flaves and Hocks, iifucd forth like reijuiar colonii s, in qiiclt of new fettlements. New adventurers fol- lowed tliem. The lands which they delerled Were o( tui>ied by more remote tribes of Barbarians. 'I'hefe in tluir turn pulhed forward into more fertile countries, and like a torrent continually increafln;;, rolled on, and (wept every thing before them. V\ liercver the Barbarians marched, their route was marked with blood. They ra- vaged or dcftvoyed nil around tlietu. 'Ihcy made no age, or fex, or rank. If a man Wi\s (ailed to (ix upon the period in the hiftory of the world, diirin!; which the icn- dition of the lunnaii raei; w.ns u\v{\ calamitous and afflicted, he Wdiild, withoiu he- fitation, name that which elajtfed from the death of 1 heodolius the (ireat, A. D. 395- INTRODUCTION. 55 39 j, to the cAabliflimcnt of the Lombarda iq Italy, A. D. nji. Tivc contcmfoxary authors, who beheld that fcenc of dcfolation, labour, and are at alofs for oxprcflioos todefcribe the liorror of it. Tktfcourge of God, tkt d^raytr ofuatious, are the dread- ful epithets by which they diilinguilh the moll noted ot the barbarous leaders. Conftanlinc, wlu) was emperor in the beginning of the fourth century, and who had embraced Cluilliaiuty, changed the feat of umpire from Rome to Coa- ilttntinople. In tonftrquence of this event, the weftern and caftern provinces '^' were feparated fruni each other, and governed by diOcrent fovereigni, as in- dependent empires. The withdrawing the Roman legions from the Rhine and the Danube to the Eail, threw down the wcdern barriers of the empire, aud laid it open to the invaders. Rome, weakened by this divifion, becomes a prey to the barbarous nations. lx% ancient glory, vainly deemed immortal, is cfiaced, and Odoaccr, a Barbarian chief- tain, is U*ated on the throne of the Ca:fars. But the immenfe fabric of the Roman empire was the work of many ages, and feveral centuries were em- ?.',?' ploved in dcmolilhing it. The military difcipline of the ancient Romans, which was not yet totally forgotten or ncgle£tcd, might have rendered them fupci ior to their enemie;., had it not been for the vices of their emperors, and tlic univerfal corruption of manners among the people. Towards the clofe uf the lixth century, the Saxons, a German nation, were maf- tersof the fouthcrn, and more fertile provinces of Britain ; the Franks, another tribe of Germans, of Gaul; the Goths, of Spain; the Goths and Lombards, of Italy. Scarcely any veftige of the Roman policy, jurifpnulence, arts, or literature remained. New forms of government, new laws, new manners, new drefles, new languages, and new names of men and countries, were every w}u:re introduced. From this period, till the 1 5th century, Europe exhibited a pi£ture of mod me- lancholy Gothic barbarity. Literature, fcicnce, tafte, were words fcarcely in ule during thefe ages. Perfons of the highefl rank, and in the motl eminent ilations, could not read or write. Many of the clergy did not underAand the brevity which they were obliged daily to recite : fome of them could Icarccly read it. The hu- man mind neglected, uncultivated and dcprelTed, funk into the molt profound ig- norance. The fuperior judgment of Charlemagne, who, in the beginning of the 9th century, governed trance and Germany, with part of Italy; and Alfred the Great in lijigland, during the latter part of the fame century, endeavoured to dif- pel this darkncfs, and gave their fubjetts a ftiort giimpfe of light. But the igno- rance of the age was too powerful for their efforts and inftitutions. The djirknefs returned, and even increated ; fo that a ftiti greater degree of ignorance aud bar- barifm prevailed throughout Europe. A new divilion of property gradually introduced a new fpecies of government formerly unknown; which lingular ialtitution is now diilinguilhed by the name ot the Ftudai Syjlem. The king, or general, wlio led the Barbarians to coniiuelt, par- celled out the lands ci the vaiuiuilhed among his chief othters, binding thofe on whom they were beS'towed to bear arms in his fervice. The chief ofliccr* imitated the example of the fovereign, and in dillributing portions of their lands among tluir dependents, annexed tlie fame condition to the grant; u fyftem admirablv cal- culated for defence againil the foreign enemy, but which degenerated into a lyllem of domertic opprellion. 'Ihe ufurpation of the nobles became unbounded and intolerable. They reduced the great body of the people inio a rtatc of attual fervitude. All who were. not fol- tliers, were ^leaCants, fixed to the foil which they cultivated, and together with it were tiansferred troni one proprietor to another, by i'ale or by conveyance. Every offend- ed baron, or chieftain. Inickled tm liis armour, and fought redrefs at the head of his vulliilb. His udverfuricb met him in like hufiilc urtuy. The kiadivd ;uh1 de- pvndenis 56 INTRODUCTION. A. D. J301. pendents of the aggri'lTor, ns well as of the defender, were involved in the quarrrf. rhey had not even the liberty of remaining neuter. The monurchs of Europe perceived tli'.- encroachments of their nobles with impa- tience. In order to create fomc power that miglit counterbalance thofe poti-i»t Auifals, who, while the^ cnflaved the peoplr, controlled or gave law to the crown, A plan was adopted ot conferring new pi iviUges on towns. 'Ihefe privileges abo- Jillied all marks of fervitude ; and the inhabitants of towns were formed into cor- porations or bodies politic, to be governed by a council and magiftrales of their own nomination. The acquilition of liberty foon produced a happy change in the condition of m.nn- kiiul, and a fpirit of indultry revived; commerce became an objett of attention, and began to flourifli. Various caufes contributed to revive this fpirit of commerce, and to renew iIk* intercourfe between ditferont nations. Conilantinople, the capital of the eaflern or Greek empire, had efcaped the ravages of tlie (ioths and Vandals, who overthrow that of the Weft. It was llill a learned and a commercial city ; and the crufades, which were begun by the Chrillian powers of Europe with a view to drive 1006 *''^ Saracens from Jerufalem, having opened a communication between liu- rope and the Ealt, Conilantinople became the general place of rendezvous for the Clirirtian armies, in their way to Paleftine, or on their return from thence. Though the objetl of tlKfe expeditions were conqueft, and not commerce, and though the ilTue of them proved unfortunate, their commercial eft'ccts were both benehcial and permanent. Soon at'ter the clofe of the holy war, the mariners compafs was invented, which facilitated the communication between renwte nations, and brought them nearer to each other. The Italian Hates, particularly thofe of Venice tind Genoa, Ix'gan to eflablilh a regular commerce witli Egypt, and to draw from tlience the rich produttions of India. 'Ihefe commodities they difpofed of to great julvantage among the other nations of Europe, who began to acquire fome taue of elegance, unknown to their predecclfors, ordefpifed by them. During the 12th and 13111 centuries, the commerce of Europe was almod entirely in the hands of the Italians, more commonly known in thele ages by the name of Lombards. Com- 1)anies, or focielies of Lombard merchants lettled in every different kingdom ; they )ecame the carriers, the manufadurers, and the bankers of Europe. One of theu' companies fettled in London ; and from hence the name of Lombard-ftrcet wiis ■derived. While the Italians in the fouth of Europe cultivated trade with fuch induftry and fuceefs, the fame purfuit began in the North towards the middle of the thir- teenth century. As the Danes, Swedes, and other nations around the Baltic, were ;it that time extremely barbarous, and infclted that fea with rheir piracies, this ol)- liged the cities of Lubec and Hamburgli, foon alter they had begun to open foiue trade with the Italians, to enter into a league of mutual defence, 'lluy derived fuch advantages ftk)n» this union, that other towns acceded to their contederacv ; and, in a (hort time, eighty of the molt conliderable cities, fc;;ttered through tliofo large countries of Gerniaiix iid Flanders, which llretch from tlie bottom of tiie Baltic, to Cologne on the Kbine, joined in an alliance, called the Umfeatic Lea^uf ; wl)ich bccanie fo formidable, that its alliance was eourtetl, and its enmity w;is .tlieaded by the grcatelt monarchs. TIh: members of thi.s powerful allociation formed the firll r\iiein;itic plan of commerce known in t'ie 'niddle ages, and con- d into cor- itos ot" their tion of man- tent ion, and 1 renew tin: 10 eallern or o overthrew he cruCades, iew to drive jctween liu- " rendezvous Voni thence, mierce, and Is were both as invented, and lirought i'e of Venice ) draw from d of to great foine talte of he 1 2th and ands of the nds. Coni- ijdom ; thiMT -)ne of thefc -ftrcet waa \c]\ indiiftry lot the lliir- haitic, were |es, this ol)- ojien lonie ru V derived |)iite(leracy ; roii^h tiiole Itoni of tiic [til- League ; I'Minity was I allociation I, ami con- mplied the |lt einiiKiit liich their lie produc- tions tions of India, together with th. manufa^lurei of Italy, and exchanged thcni for the more bulky, but not Icfs ufc iii commodities of the Noith. As Bruges became the ceniic of communication between the Ixtmbards and Hanfcatic merchants, the Flemings traded with both in that city to fuch extent as well as advantage, as difTufcd among them a general habit of indudry, which long rendered Flanders and the adjacent provinces the moft opulent, the moft populoui, and bed cultivated in Europe. Struck with the Hourifliing ftate of thefe provinces, of which he difcovered the true caufe, Edward III. of England endeavoured to excite a fpirit of in- duftry among his own fubje^ls, who, blind to the advantages of their rttua- • tion, and ignorant of the iource from which opulence w.i8 dellined to flow '^**** into their country, totally negletlcd commerce, and did not even attempt thofe manufactures, the materials of which they furniflied to foreigners, by alluring FIcmith artifans to fettle in his dominions, as well as by many wife laws for the encouragement and regulation of trade, he gave a beginning to the woollen maiiu- fattures of England j and firft turned the active and entcrpriling genius of his peo- ple towards thofe arts which have raifed the Engliih to tlie firft rank among com- mercial nations. The Chriftian princes, alarmed at the progrefs of their inveterate enemies the Turks, endeavoured to gain the friendlhip and atliftance of the khans of Tartary. The Chriftian embaflies were managed chieHy by monks, who, impelled by zeal and undaunted by difticulties and danger, found their way to the remote courts of thefe infidels. 'I he Englith philoibpher, Roger Bacon, was fo iiiduftrious as to col- lect from their re':;tions, or traditions, many particulars of the Tartars, wliicii a;e to be found in Purchas's Pilgrim. The firft regular traveller, of the monkith kind, who committed his difcoveries to writing, was John du Plant Carpin, who, with fome of his brethren, about the year 124O, carried a letter from pope Innocent to tile great khan of Tartary, in favour of the Chrillian fubjetts in that prmce's exteniiw dommions. Soon after this, a Ipirit of travelling into Tartary and India became general ; and it would be no difficult matter to prove that many Europeans, about the end of the fourteenth century, ferved in the armies of Tamerlane, one of the great- eft princes of Tartary, whofe conqucfts reached to the moft remote corners of In- dia J and that they introduced into Europe the ufe of gunpowder a'nd artillery ; the difeovery made by a German chemift being only partial and accidental. After the death of Tamerlane, who, jealous ot the riling power of the Turks, had checked their progrefs, the Chriftian adventurers, upon their return, magni- fying the vaft riches of the Eaft Indies, infpired their countrymen with a dc- ^' ^' lire of failing thither. The Portuguefe had long been diftinguilhed b^ their ''*°^' application to maritime aftairs; and to their dilcovery of the Cape ot Good Hope, Great Britain is to this day indebted for her Indian commerce. The firft adventurers contented tliemfelves with fliort voyages, creeping along tlie coart of AtVica, dilcovering cape at'ter cape ; but by making a gradual progreft loulhward, \'af([uez de (iama, in the year 1497, firft doubled the extreme cape, which opened a pallhge by lea to the caftern ocean, and all thofe countries known by the name of India, China, and Japan. While the I'ortuguefe were intent upon a paflage to India by the caft, Columbus, a native of Genoa, conceived a project of failing thither by thv- weft. His prt)pofaI being condemned bv his countrymen as chimerical and abfurd, lie laid his fchemes fuccetnvely before tlie courts of France, England, and Portugal, whore he had no better fiicci. fs. Such repeated difappointments would have broken the fpirit of any man but Columbus. The expedition required expeiue, and he had nothing to defray it. Spain was now his only refource, and there, alter eight years attend- ;i;ice, he at lenjjlli I'uctcedcd through the inteiell of queen Ifabella. This princef* I was y gi INTRODUCTION. was prcvaifcd on to natronifc him, by the reptcfbntations of juan Viitt, guardinn of the monalKTy of Kabida. He was a man of conliiU;rnble lenriling, and bf fflm« credit with queen Ifabella ; and bfing warmly attached to C6limibii<), from his per- fonal acquaintance with him, and knowledge of his merit, he had entered into an accurate examination of that great man's proictt, in conjunction with a phyfici&n, fettled in his neighbourhood, who was eminent for his Ikill in nuithematick*. 'ibis inveftigalion completely fatisfied them of the folidity of the principle's im which Columbus founded his opinion. Perez, therefore, fo ftrongiy recom- mended it to queen Ifabella, that (he entered into the fchcme, and even gcneruully offered, to the honour of her fox, to pledge her own jewels, in order to raife as much money as might bo required in making preparations for the voyage. But Santangel, another Iriend and patron of Columbus, immediately engaged to advance the requilitc fum, that the queen might not be reduced to the nccelfity of having recourle to that expedient. Columbus now iet fail the 3d of Auguft, anno 1492, with three (hips, upon one of the mort adventurous attempts ever undertaken by man, and in tile fate of which the Inhabitants of two worlds were intcreftcd. In this voyage he had many dilficul- ties to contend with ; and his failors, who were often difcontcnted, at length began to infift upon h's return, threatening, in cafe of refufal, to throw him overboard : but the firmnefs of the commander, and the flifoovery of land, after a palTage of 33 days, put an end to the commotion. From the appearance of the natives, he joundi to his furprife, that this could • '•' be the Indies he was in queft of, but that he had fortunately difcovercd a nevv world, of which the reader may fee a circumdantial account in that part of the following work which treats of America. Europe now began to emerge out of that darknefj into which fhe had been funk Imce the fubverlion of trie Roman empire. Learning awoke from her flum- j' • bcr of near twelve centuries, and the Inhabitants of Europe became another people. The art of printing, which fnreads with fuch rapidity from country to country the wifdom and follies of mankind, was invented : artillery and engi- neering made a rapid progrefs, and totally changed the operations of war. Every maritime nation fitted out Hccts for making difcoveries, and the whole world be- came conne£ted by commerce. The reformation in religion reftored liberty to genius ; the human mind was rcleafed from the (hackles of fuperftttion, which had long lilenced rcafon. 'ITic arts and fcicnccs began to be cultivated, literature was ellcemcd ; commerce was every day improved, and riches from many diftant fources flowed into Europe. But the powers of the human mind arc unfolded only by (low degrees. Many prejudices wore to be removed, many abufes corrected, and many difhcliies furmounted, belorc the fciences could appear in their genuine lulfre. Truth and beauty feem indeed to furround mankind ; but they are clifregardcd till j)roperly difplayed. The veil murt be withdrawn from the face of nature, before her genuine graces can be difccnu-d. A fuccellion of great geniufes is neced'ary to explore the hidden paths of true philofophy. The firft ftudies that engaged mankind at the revival of learning, were languages and hiftory. Memory was the firft faculty cultivated ; becaufe the molt ealily fa- tistied, and the knowledge it procures the moll calily attained. Hence proceeded that fwarm of fcholars, fo deeply (killed in the learned languages, as to neglect their own ; and who lludicd every thing in the ancients but their graces. An in- ventive genius is always diffatisfied with its own province ; becaule it fees much farther than it reaches; and the molt penetrating minds often find in themlVlves a fecret rigorous judijo ; which the approbation of others may (iiencc for a while, but can never totally corrupt. W'c need not therefore be fiirprifed that thefe fcho- l:iis Ihoiild boaft fo highly of their (lender attainments in a llyle often ridiculous, and fometiTnes barbarous. , 7 ' • But 1 of fnme n his per- A into an >hylician. ematlck*. principles ly rccoiTj- reneroully [o raifc m age. But o advance of Imving , upon one e of wliich ny difficul- igth began overboard : paflTage of nativis, he ueft of, but : may fee u f America, d been funk m her flum- smc another rom country y and cngi- var. Every Ic world be- ll liberty to \, which had [craturc was (ant fourccs mly by flow ,, and many luine luUrc. egardcd till iturc, before is nccclVary |c languages lill cafily fa- procecded Is to neglect Ics. An in- It fees much IhcniiVlvcs a for a while, thefe fcho- ridiculoiis. But INTRODUCTION jf - But tht« fgndnefa for \\\e ancient, and ncglc£l of the modern languages, did' not long continue, llic learned were ftutn convinced that beautiful thoughts lo(l no- thing by being cluathod in a living language ; and hence the]r endeavoured to ox- |)reU in their own tongues, what the ancients had delivered ip tltcirs, 'llius thfi mtagination of the moderns was gradually kindled up by that of the ancients ; and f>roduced all the noble performances in tnc lall and prcfent centuries in eloquence, liAory, and poetry. The arts of elegance «rc fo clofely connef^od with polite learning, that a gcniu/i ic)r cultivating the one, leads to the improvement of the other. The various works of the ancients were no fooner careUilly examined, than judicious artills were liruck with thofe incllimablu models, which had efcaped the fury of Gothic bar- barity. The forms of Grecian fculpture might be imitated, but could not be fur- |>alled. Hence Raphael and Michael Angelo brought the arts of deli^^n to a de- gree of perfection, which has not linve b -. V. I ."^ :.??; •>>. 6o INTRODUCTION. trcfj*. The modern example* arc fo well known, that it is almoft unneceffary to mention them. Who does not know that the houfc of Aulhia f excited the terror of all Europe, before it excited the pity of CJreat Britain! }Ind that family never been the objeft of fear, the empref»-., have too often brought down his perfcdtions to the level of tliei"- own ideas. This is more particularly true with regard to thofe nations whofc religion had no other foundation but the natural feelings, and more often the irregular iiatlions, of the human heart, and who had received no light from heaven relpecling this import- ant ohjcit. In deducing the hiftory of religion, therefore, we mufi make the fame dilliiKtion which we have hitherto obfcrved, in tracing the progrefs of arts, fciences, and of civilization among mankind. We muft feparate what is human from what is divine, what had its origin from particular revelations, from what is the efTctt of general laws, and of the unatlilled operations of the human mind. Agreeably to this dilUn6fion, we find, that in the firft ages of the world, the re- ligion of the cadern nations was pure and luminous. It rofe from a divine fource, ami was not then disfigured by human fi£tioi)s. In time, however, the ray of tra- dition was obfcured, and among thofe tribes which feparated at the greatell dif- tance, and in the fnialleft numbers, from the mure improved focicties of men, it was altogeiher oblitti.ited. ♦ The reader who wo\ilil fee this fiibjert ftilljr illuftrated, may look at Il'ocratcs' Oration on the Peace ; one of the mnll f)niflie- dticrd n totnl nitorntion in their rrii^ioim fcntiinent nnd Iwlicf, But thii i» nut the place for hondling this fublime fiibjctt : it is fiirtkicnt to obfcrvc here, that Chrif- tinnitv tnndi* its wny nmong the civili/cd pnrt of munkind, by the fublitnily of iti dotlrine!! and preccptn ; it rotpiired not the nid of hunuin power; it fuftained itfelf bv the truth and wifdom by whiih it wui charaCU-rifed. Hut in time it betame (orruptcd by the introdu^ion of worldly maximi, of maximR very inconlillunt wild the preiepl* of its divine author, and by the ambhiun of the clergy. T'lic mnnajjempnt «if what related to the churih being naturaJIv conferred on thofe who had ellnblilhetl it, Hrii (H-eofioned the elevation, nnd then tlic domination, of the elcrgy.andrhe exorbitant claim t)f the biihop of Konie.ovcrnll the meiubers of the Chnilian world. It is impothbl.- to defcribc, within our narrow limits, all the concomitant caufcs, ft)mc of whicli were extremely delicate, by which thii fpc- rics of nniverfal monarchy was cllnblilhed. The bilhops of Konie, by being re- moved from the contYX)ul oi' tin* Roman emjwrors, then relidinf; in Conunuliuopie ; by borrowing, with little variation, the religio»s ceremonies and rites cllablilhcd amonp the heatlwii world, nnd otherwife worWiiii; on (lie credulous minds of liar- bariaiis, by whom that empire began to Ix- dirmenil>ered ; nnd by availing them- felves of every circumftance which Fortune threw 'n their way, (lowly erettcd the fabric of their antichrirtian power, at rtrft an oliK^Ct o /mcration, nnd afterwards a terror to all leinporni princes. 'Ihccaufesof i'*; hnpjiy dUloluiion are nu>re pal- pable, and operated with greater attivity. 'Ihe nK)(l ethcncious were the invention of printing, the rapid iniprovement of arts, government, and comnierie, which af- ter many ages of barbarity, made their way into Kuro^w. Ihe fcandaluui lives of thofe who called themfelves the minijlns oj'jcfui Ch\iji\ their ignorance and tyranny; the defire natural to fovereigns of delivering themielves from a foreign yoke; the opportunity of nnplving to national ohjecis, the incrvdible wealth which had been diverted to the lirvice of the church in every kingdom of Kiiropc, conl'pired with thr ardour of the ftrll reformers, and hafteiieil the progrefs of the refurniaticm. 'i'hc sihAirdity of the claims of the church tif Konic was demonlirated ; many of her doctrines were proved to be eciually unfcriptural and irrational ; and many of her nbfurd mummeries and fuperlhtioiis wi-re expofed both by argument and ridicule. The fervices of the reformers in this refpect cannot be too highly extolled ; but in- volved, as they hnd themfelves Inen, in the darknefs of luperllitiun, it was not to be expelled that they Ihould be able wholly to free themfelves from errors. With all their dcfefts, they are entitled to admiration and gratitude; and the Reformation begun by Luther in Germany in the year 1^17, and which took place in Luiglund 7\. D. 15U. was an event highly favourable to the civil, us well as to the religious liberties of mankind. We ihull now proceed to the main jnirt of our work, beginning with MuBorA. L U R O 1» li. I) to live t 63 J Kiuncmf u-n, pro- I not the at Chrif* iiy of its iKtl itfclf I bcinme lent with fcrrcd on minatlon, meiubt-ra limits, all II thi» Ipc- being re- iiuiuopk i .•(tablilhcd id« i>t' Bar- ling tliem- •retted the ierwards a iiu»r« pal- e invention , which af- uui lives of id t yrunnv ; I yoke; the h had been Ipired with ilion. 'llic imny of her |)«ny of her |id ridicule, •d ; but in- is not to be Witif all eformalion it) bjyglund lie religioiw I • I • Ik o V 1:. V R O E. EHROlM'', rhoogh the Icaft cxtenitTc quarter of the ^\(^u:, enntiih ing according ' to >iiinuicrmann * only about a,627,574 fqunre niilcit, wlurcas the habitublu partH of the world in the other quartcrii, are elUmated at ;)6,()66,Mo(), is in tiuiny rcfpcits that which mod defervt-!. our attention, 'there the human mind has nuide the greatcll improvements ; and there the nrt«, whether of utility or orniimint, tlM fiiencos, both military and civil, have reached the hixhell perfecHun, If wc except the carlicMl nges of the world, it is in Kiirope that we tinu the grealvll variety uf character, government, and manners and from whence we draw the gruutcit nunvbcr of tutts and memorials for our entertainment or inHruttion. (jeograpKy difcovcrs to tis two circumllances with regard to l^iirope, whirl) per- haps htivc had a conliderable tendency in giving to it this dilHnguilhed fuiieriurilv. Firll, the happy temprrnture of its climate, no |xirt of it lying within the torrtd zone J and fecondly, the great variety of its fiirface. The cflect of a modetulo climate, both on plants and animals, is well known from exjiirience. 'I lie j^reat number of mountains, rivers, feas, &c. wliiih divide the diflerent conntries of Kurope from each other, is likewife extremely commodious for its inhabitants. Thefe natural boundaries check the progrefs of concpieft or defpotifni, which has always been fo rapid in the extentive plains of Africa and the Eall : the Teas and rivers facilitate the intercourfe and conmterce between ditlerent nations ; and even the barren rocks and mountains are better calculated to lluupen human indullry and invention, than the natural unfolicitcd luxuriancy of more fertile foils. 'I'herc U no part of Kurope fo diverfiHcd in its furface, fo interrupted by natural bounda- ries or divilions, as Greece ; and we have feen that it was there mankind reaped their hi;;hell honours in arts and arms. \\ hat Greece therefore was with regard to Europe, Europe is with regard to the red of the globe. The analogy may even be carried farther, and it is necelfary to attend to it. As ancient Greece (for wc do not fpeak of Greece as it is at prefent, under the dominion of Barbarians) was diftinguiflied above the rell of Europe for the equity of its laws, and the freedom of its governments ; fo has Eurojie in general been remarkable lor fmaller devia- tions, at leaO, from political jullice, than have been admitted in other uuartcrs of the world. Though moil of the European governments arc monarchical, we may difcover, on due examination, that there aie innumerable fprings, wliicii check the ft)rce, and foften the rigour of monnrehie power. , In proportion to the ftrength of thefe checks, Rullla, Spain. Deiunark, I'rullia, and other monarchies, vary in llieir political fabric, till the feries ends in (treat Britain, the happiell conliitution that the hillory of the world has ever exhibited. Belidc.-, mottartkia, in which one man bears the chief fway, there art- ii\ luirope, (injivii.icies or gt>\ernments of the nobles, and (icihonacies or governmenis of the people. V enicc is an example of il.e for- mer ; I lolland, and fonie llato ot" Italy and Switzerland, incline to the latter 'I he Chritlian religi(m is ellablitheil lluoughout every part of Europe, except Turkey; but, iVom the various lapaeitie. of the human mind, and the tiitVerent lights in wliiili fpecuiative oj»inions are apt to ap()ear, when viewed by peifons of • See Zimm«iiiaiin'< Politital Survey of Europe. I'ufiliinj;, Kitihin, Templenian, Bergman, Cronie, j>. 5, « I irc the rt'.idiT uill liinl . acKumt nl tlie ami StiililK IJcbtfrlith; of their UitUient accoiintj eeii);r:ipljic;il I'liiiiirt' iiiilfs coiit.iiiud in l'i.r»|i.-, ns tlic avcruj^c n cxadly the number Itatiii above. Huti-J I'y li^ ol tlieablcll niuderii gcograjilur*, viz. did'ereiU «4 EUROPE. tlifTercnt fducni'iDni and palTiom, ihot ri-ligion ii cliviilcd inio n number of (liflTurfnt icctt, hilt uliiili may be crtniprihrnctk-il under three general detiomination* i ilK '{"he CJr«-ok i hunh ; id, I'hjmtv i niul v'. IVoieftantifm : whii h luU it again divided into l.mliernnilin and Calviniln), (<> tailed from Luther and Calvin, the two dif* linguillicd rotornur!! iil iho i^tli n'nturv, Tho lunguascH n( Ku<"pe arc derived from the Greek, Latin, Teutonic or old German, the ( fUic, SJclmvonic, and (»i>thii'. The grentell nnrt of Kurope heiii)^ fituatrd above the 4rtiig«l — y. .Sicily — 10. Molland — 18,000,000 J ^^,^^,,,j 1 $,000,000 Of old :>juin alone {,800,00a ;, 000,000 3,600,000 1,800,000 1,400,000 meilUint 4,000,000 II. SweiUn — I a. Vcniie — I J. I)(nm.irk — 14. kle^oriiie ot j Sa«oity — I (. klrrri'l ir o» ftnuirv UiV o\ tlwm u* I to to : >f tbo u'.oIk". , anil pliiliiiii and wuvliW*.* one view III le hiunii, no innrr llinn ,', nf ilu- wh«»lc populBiioa ar^' foidicr*. I1tf prcfrnt iniiilurjf tOulilithou'til of cvory kinttdoin. in u rinu (»» /Micrnl |M*«n", ditl'iT* fonic\»l»iU Irttm ilu iil' ao lltUinu-nt. AiiUrid ittui t^ruflia lavc l>y fur ihc iixtl) fDrmidnlilc arniiv*: ii» to Knlliu, tlio ininu'iUc cvumk of iit provim OS (411 never allow an rtrtn^ of ni«»re than lio.ooo, or t }o,ooo i,i»i-. !o aot a)(ninl) an oniMny •• and a* to tlu'ltirkilli forccn, ihoy arc nt prtfc nt mvuh iutenorto any oiIut woII dil* iplincd aiiny, l lie difTi-rrnt pro|^N>rlionH, in 'lirtcri'iu counlrii*, hft\\k\ II llic popiihition, and tlic nunilur of roldiirs, il»' n »- pulnlioii; in li'ily, i>ii the contrary, even fup|>olinf{ the itamlin^ arnii>'» of tit 41 I oiintry to nmount to 1 10,000 mm, thi* niirnher maWe* only . ! , ot the whole popu- liilion, vviiich antountit to 16 millioiiii. How then can Fruiuo esped tu inuiiitaiii ,'« of it» people in urai* and idlenel\ ? • Naval Porch. I. F.iiKtaivl >, frtu\.t $. Si>«ir» 4. Holla\»d y Swrtirn 0. Drii'ntrii Turk*/ Nt/MiiK of SHiri of tlw LiNi, FaioATii, Cuttiii, Sioori, kc 166 7 — »}« — 95 — »>• — bo - so] rommonly rCkkuiicd bo I. Kulta 1^, Sarilinia 10. Vtnlce ii. SUIIy 11. FurtDcAl 61 1» ■i »♦ Tot»l ijjj 'YhU table, taken from the liftst of 178^, will convey foinc idea of the refpccli^e naval tlren^th of i\u- different power* of Kiirope. Denmark, .S\v< ikn, Sicily, I'or- tiif^iil, hasin); bnilt but a fin;ill luiinber of (hips, of late ycark, are i.ipablc of' maiu- tJiiiiio}; a much larger navy than they now have. The proportion of the liirface of the countries lO whicn the Pioteflant religion iNfllablilhid, to thole in whiih ihe Roman Catholic reli)»inii prevail*, is nearly .i« ^ to 4 : the number of Roman Catholics h:i» been calculated at 90,000,000 ; the inimhcr of Protcllants only i4,o 30,000, which is a proportion of u. arly 4 to 1 , luiropc i* not ilel'ormed by tbofo iinin«nfe deferts which cover great piirt of Altn, AfricH, and America, deferts of mnnv thonfand f\' than the inhabitants of regions, «vn whieh nature h;i-, liellowed greater riihes. And lueh is our protii iency in iitlronomy an-^' < nit loii^iliulo Imni l.tiiiiloii ; uitil lulwriii liu- jMli niict 7id lU'grii- lit imrih laiitiulo It !•> Ixntiiiti'd on tin imriM l»y iho Fnt/iii (}ifitn> lilt iho inlt by Alia ^ on tlu' foiilli by tin* Mi'ditfrram .in S< :i, whiih (livid(.'> it frniii /MVUn t unit on thf tvt'l) l)y lh>> Ailuntii Ocean. \\}wU icpnrntii it t'rom Aiiikrlmt lifinc tlirn- tlioufiiiul n\ili'« lom^tVum ('»|u'Si. Vinnnl in thi* w«'f'., lo tin- mutiili of llu- riM't' Olty in lIu* n,I aitti Pit) l.iiiliciJiia l.iithrrtin* I iilhrniiH (Jrrrli Cluii; \\ \i l,iiifi .iiiiU .il% . I. till), unit i\i|v. I'.ip.l iilli.aiidC'alv. rr:imr Orrn, Cutrcj o ') o i; alt. Il'«f. |C'il«ria, ■ntl fiplAii. ( r *\Vi lrinlm()iit.Moiitrcrrn,,Nfll«ii,l'»rm»,M'"'">* Mantua, Vfiiitr,f'«'"»'».'riifinn¥.fcc 1 lni«ll ftjtn i • 1 . • 7. ^■J C'hirl (ilir^ Turin. C fal, Milan. i'4mu,!Vliiil(na,M4nliii,Vciiii.r(!rnn,t.KUirrncr. >2 J I'oprilom ~ »40 | no Konit *ao S, ft. lo ?*~bf?. |t'«pi(l« "~~ vINajilrfi aVo uo X^plci 87J S. T. 1 1 o hef. I'npith IHniiKarv ]0u SOO Hi ^ ( l).iiiillniiii ) . ,^^ i |-)lWimts| *«» <" I S \ l.it.Tjirtarj* •■- ••'-' '''" "** ' (irffic ]0U 600 401 410 340 140 lllU iiiiaJ CuiilUii lliin|ilc fret op AihriK 7»j .s. I-.. i}*3 8. B. i(oo E. H^o 8. E. 1 7jif I 58 tier. 14 >«'• J7b*f. I'ip. iiiiil'rolrllknli M.ili(ini(i»ni, «nil (jrcrli Churih. * This induiies the Crini T.iri&ryt now itJcd to Kulliai for the paniculan of whicti, fee Rviii/i. Exdiifivc • j6lli nnii .n Ocoun t jv.» It from Aim rim » (• m'lulh nl' ), trotn l>>» il fouliti-ni i«,l.iiihAi. U »Mlt Pip ' n K V M A R K Eirluflvt of ihr Hrililh ittr*, hrfitn* mrnlionH. Europe conlain* lh« lotUming principal ilUndi . tn ih« Nnnk*m B«lii( Im. MfdUfrr*nMn AdrUlIc, or UuK of VrnUf. ntl Lev Mm, 1 C 1 lifUnil ■■ ^ /««Un, — — irfrdnm, Wnlhn, ~ Ivim, . mm MlinU, •- «~ SUlly, — _ l.ullfiit, Corfu, CfphalonU, /(ni, l.tUl.llll«, — ^ tndU, Khiii|i>. Natkaw.' 2I ('rnicrtii. 50 •3 8 lorgf. AKVn, ?4 •$ ft !>oiidcrt>orKf. !Mnna, }'» '4 ? Stegf. RoHiomhy, linriibiiliii. 160 lo la (n (lie North Sen, KiIjihI Illand, 4ft.ooo 4J> i»? SkamoU, 1 Nit* .IV, 7 '.400 7<>J 170 Ucr|(rn. Datiini l.ii|>taiiil. iH,40o *B, ■ 71 Wir«lhuvi. \Vf(«pluli.i, Ol.l. iihiirc, 1:60 6» )» Olilriilniti{, Glut kllull. l.uMrr b'votiv, Sfnr.iiar, 1000 (S J» 1 Uiiilllllollliin iftj.o+i , • Miiiona was uknt fr.itn Sj St>nh 'I'l', 17 M, nnd < oiirtrmrd Ik .,.,,,,,,., v ■■> li) the irt4t\ III L'irct.lit, 171J, but wai belir^iil (jcikc, li)'i.cJ at I'jrK, bipicuibcr j, 178). k. i The ill by peiirral and taken by the SpaniirvU, Krbriiary i(, 1781 nnd (Oiirtrmrd Ik (irMt Hritliii and i i>nfinnril to thciii i.v tlir ilclimiive Ircily ii( 6« WEST GREENLAND. Tlic reader may perceive, that in the preceding tabic no calculation is nnadc of the dimcnfions of Ka(l and Weft Greenland ; bccaufu they arc very impcrfeftly known : wc (hall proceed to give the latcd accounts of them, from the bed au- thorities. EAST AND WEST GREENLAND, ICELAND, and the ISLANDS IN THE Atlantic Ocean. EAST GREENLAND, TIIK moft northerly part of his Danilh majcfly's dominions ; or, as others call it. New Greenland, and the loimtry of SpitzlK-rfjen, lies between 1 1 and 21; dog. E. long, and 76 and 80 dcg. N. lat. actordi'ig to Lord Miilgravc's Obfi-rvations in his voyage towards the North Pole, in 1773- Ihougli it is now claimed by Den- mark, it certainly was difcovercd by fir Hugh VVilloughby in 1553 ; and is fuppofed to be a continuation of Old Greenland, it obtained the name of Si)itzlK"rgen from the height and niggedni. Is of it.s rocks. I-Vw animals or vegetables iirc to be found here, and the lilli and fo ,1 are faid to forfake the coall in winter. 'I'he Ruflians of Archangel have formed, within the laft thirty years, fcttlements tor hunting in feveral places of the illand of Spitzbergen. The Aurora boreal is, or northern lights, rt- Hetled from the Ihinv, enable them to purfue the chace during the long winter's night that reigns in thofe gloomy regions, and they take a great number of fea- iions, which ferve then, f n food. There is a whalc-filhery, chiefly profecuted by the Dutch and Ikitilh velTels, on its coall. It likewife contains two harbours j one called South Haven, and the other Maurice Bay ; the inland parts are uninha- bited. WEST G R 1: E N L A N D LIES between the meridian of London, and 50 deg. W. long, and between 60 and 76 deg. N. lat. Inhaditan IS.] \iy tlie latell acccmnts from the milFionaries employed for the (onverlion of the (jrecnlanders, their wholi- number does not exceed 957 (tatetl iv,- habilants : Mr. Cranlz, however, thinks that the roving fouthlanders of Greenland may amount to about 7000. I'here is a great refemblance between the afpett, manners, and drefs of tliufe natives, and the Kfciuimaux Americans, from whom they differ but little, afier all the |)ains which the Danifli and German millionaries li;i\e taken to con\eit and i:i\ilix>' them. 'I"hey are lew in llaturc, few exteeding ti\e teet in heli^'it, and tiie generality not fo tall. The hair of their heads is Ion;;, (irait, and of a l)l;ak tolour ; but tliey have feldom any beards, betaufe it is their roiifiant prattiee to nxit them out. Tliey have high brealls and broad tlionlder.s, «t()ecially tlie wimeri, wiio are ohlii^ed to larrv griat burdens from their )(iiingir \ears. TIkv are ver\ li;4ht and nimble of foot, •.uid can iife their haiuls with Ikill ami de\terit\. Tli' v are not very lively in their tempers, but are good lumunired, friiiuli)', and uiicoiKerned iilxiut tuturity. Their moll agreeable food is the llelii of icin-deer ; but that is n .\v fcaixe an'ong them, and tlieir bed provilions are fill;, fe:ils, and fea-fowl. Tluir drink is clear water, which Hands in the hoiife in a great cojipi r vitlel, or in a wooden t'lb, wliieli is very luatlv niadi.' l>y them, oina- uieiitetl with lilh bones and and iniN I'.ct i with a |)ewter hulie or dipping- diih. The men make their huntiii;; und lilliing im[)leiiienls, and prci)arc the wood-work of llitir boats; and the \\o;nr:i eowr tlu m with lkiii->. The men hunt ai;d filli, but wlieu lliev ha. e I'jwed their IjuoI) to land, they trouble themfelus no faidicr WEST GREENLAND. 69 i between 60 farther about it ; accounting it beneath their dignity even to draw the feal upon the Ihorc. Tlic women arc the butchers and cooks, and alfo the curriers to drcfs the pelts, and make clothes, Ihoes, and boots, out of them ; fo that they are like- wife liuth (hoemakers and tuylors. They alfo a6l as mafuns in building and re- pairing the huufes and tents, the men doing only the carpenters work. Ihey live in nuts ouring their winter, which is incredibly fevere ; but Mr. Crantz, who has given us the latcA and bed accounts of this country, fays, that in their longell fum- mer days it is fo hot, from the long continuance ut the fun's rnys, that the inhabit- ants are obliged to throw off their fummer garments. They have no trade, though they have a mod improveable filhery upon their conft ; but they employ all the year cither in filhing or hunting, in which they are very dexterous, particularly in catching and killing feals. Curiosities.] 'I'he taking of whales in the feas of Greenland, among the fields of ice that nave been increafing for ages, is one of the boldcll entcrprifes of man. Thcfe pieces of ice are frecjuently more than a mile in length, and upwards of 100 feet in thicknefs ; and when they are put in motion by a (form, nothmgcau be more terrible ; the Dutch had 13 Uiips crulhed to pieces by them in one fcafon. There are feveral kinds of whales in Greenland ; fome white, and others black. The black fort, tlic grant'i bay whale, is in mod cfteem, on account of his bulk, and the great uuantiiy of i*;it or blublier he all'ords. His tongue is about 18 feet long, inclofed in long pieces of what we call whalebone, which are covered with a kind of hair like horfe-liair ; and on each iide of his tongue are 250 pieces of this wliak'bone. The bones of iiis body are as liard as an ox's bones, and of no ufe. There are no teeth in his mouth ; and he is ufually between 60 and 80 feet long ; very thick about the head, but grows lefs from thence to the tail. When the feamen fee a whale fpout, the word is immediately given, fa//, fall, when every one haftens from the fliip to his boat; (ix or eight men being appointed to a boat, and tour or five boats ufually belong to one fliip. When they come near the whale, the harpooner llnkcs him with his harpoon (a barbed dart), and the moiifter, finding himl'elf wounded, runs fwiftly down into the deep, and would carry the boat along with him if they did not give him line furt enough; and to prevent the wood of the boat taking fire by the violent rubbing of the id|)e on the liy boiling tlie blubber, txtratt the oil, it tliev luive eonve- nier.eies on ihore ; otheiwife the) barri 1 up the pieies, and briii^ iher.v home : but iiolhirg can fineil llroiiger than theft- ihips do. Kvery hlh is eonipuied to >iild between 60 and 100 barrels of '^il, of the \aUie of ^1. or 4I. a biurel. 'I lumgli the DiiUes ilaiiij the country of !•„ : aiid Well Cjru-nland, where thefe wbiiK-. ;ire l.ik.en, the Dutch ha\e in a i:i;iniier ni(.inoj;uli/ed llin filher) . Ot k.te llie tngliih liave alfo been verv lucei-blui in it. 1 C }• I. A \ D [ 70 ] I L N D THIS idand, wliiih receives its name from llif great malTw* of ice that arc fecn near it. lies between 63 and 67 deg. N. Int. and between 11 anple who were there, when the Norwegians arrived in the illand, originally came '."..., 1. l^ngland ancl Ireli.nd. The inhabitants lonj| retained their freedom ; liut they were at lail obliged to fubmit to tlie kings ot Norway, and afterwards became fubjeit, togellier with Norway, to the kings of Denmark. They were at firii govi-rned bv an ad- miral, who was fent there every year to make the neceliary regulations, but that mode has now been chanf^ed for inany years, and a governor appointed, who is ftyled Sliftfamtmann, and who conllantly relides in the countr\'. The number of the inhabitants of li eland is computed at about 60,000. It was nmeli more populous in former tinus, when ('reat numlu-rs were dellroyed bv con- tai^iuus difeafcs. The ])lague carried otf many thoufands, from 1402 to 1404. Many parts of Iceland have alio been depopulated by famines, chieHy occalioiifd by the Greenland floating ice; which, when it comes in great <|uantities, prevents the grais from growing, and puts an entire Hop to their lilhing. The fmall-pox has likewife been very fatal here; for, in the years 1707 and 1708, that difeafe de- ftroyefl 16,000 perfons. 'ilie Icelanders in general are middle-lized, and well-made, though not very flrong. They are an honeil, well-intentioned people, moderatelv indultrious, and very faithful and 'obliging. Theft is feldom heard of among them. They are nuich inclined to hofpitality, and cxercife it as far as their ])overty will ptTmir. I'heir chiif employments are lilliing, and the care of their cattle. \)n the coalis the men employ their time in filhing both winter and fummer ; and the women l)repare the filh, and few ami fjiin. The men alfo prepare leatlier, work :if feve- ral methanic trades, and ft)me tew work in gold and diver, 'liny likewitc manu- lacture a eoa:fe kind of cloth, which flu v call \'\';Kliii:d. Thev have an uncom- monly liiong attaeliT'-'Mit to their native countrx, and think themtelves no where elfe fo h;ipi)y. An Icelander, there, feldom Cttles in Copenhagen, though the mofi advantageous conditions (hould be ofllred him. 'I heir difpoliiions are I'eri- ous, and they are nuich inclined to religion. They never p.ifs ;i ri\er, or any other dangerous phice, without previoully taking oiV their hats, an'l iin[)lori!ig the (lixine jirotihioii ; and they are always thankful for iheir prefervatlon, when they have efcaped the diuigcr. U hen they meet together, their chief palHme conlilis iii reading their hitlory. The mafterof the hoiife Ingin.s, and the relt contin-e in iheir turns, wh'-n he is tired. 'I l;ey ;ire fainous for p!;i) mg at i hefs ; iind 1 ne of iluir paf- t lines conlilis in re( iting veifes. Svunelir.ies a man and W(.man take one another bv I'.e hand, and In turns ling llanzas, whiili are a kind of d;alogue, and in vvhicli 8 the I I. N 7» t arc fecn 7 dcg. W. il iixty in iihabitants 1 of Grin- wards was .d arc not ■ncc, was, iVuecl from cars tliat a Iceland in and whom thcni Irilh vcrc tlu-ri", ■gland and ore at lall it, together by an ad- s, but that ted, who lit 30. It was yod by ton- i2 to 1404. ' ocealioned ts, prevents I'm all-pox tlil'eafc de- not very rioiis, and 'l"liey arj permit, the coalls le women )rk at feve- .il'e manii- m uncom- no where loiigh the 11-, ;u\' leri- .■r, cr any )!ori:ii!; the rtheii they tiitilills ill •e ill llieir iheir paf- luotliir by ill whiili I he the company occafionally join in chorus. The dn.'fs of the Icelanders is not clo- f>ant or ornamental, but it is neat, cleanly, and fuited to the climate. On their tingers the women wear fevtral gold, lilver, or brafs rings. The poorer women drefs in the coarfe cloth called VVadmal, and always wear black : thofe who are in better circumrtanees wear liroad cloth, with (iiver ornaments gilt. In fome places their houfes »rr built of drill wood, and in others they are raifed of lava, with inofs lliitred between the lava. Their roofs are covered with fods laid over rafters or fometimes over ribs of whales, whicli are both more durable and more oxpcnfive than wood. They have not even a chimney in their kitchens, but only • lay tlu'ir fuel on the earth, between three Aones ; and the fmoke ill'iies from a fquare hole in the root. Their tood conlilis of dried filh, four butter, which they c(m(ider as a dainty, milk mixed with water and whey, and a little meat. IJread is fo fcarce among them, that there is hardly au) peafant who cats it above three or lour months in the year. RtiMv.ioN.J Hie only religion tolerated in Iceland is tlie Lutheran. The churches on the cart, foutli, ancl wert tpiartci . ot the illand, are under the jurifditlioii of tliK* bilhoj) of Skalholl (the capital of the illand), and thofe of the north quarter are fubjett to the bilhop of H(K)lum. The illand is divided into 189 parilhes, of which 127 belong to the fee of Skalholt, and 62 to that of Hoolum. All the mi- nillers are natives of Iceland, and receive a yearly falary of four or five hundred rix- dollars from the king, exclulive of what tlu y have tVom their congregations. Lanoi AoK.] The laiiguJigc in Iceland is the fame forinerly fpoken in Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, and lias been preferved lo pure, that many Icelanders underiiand their molt ancient traditional hillories, Learmnc. ANn LEARNED i.iicN.] It is liiiil that poctrv formerly Houriflied very much in Iceland; and we are informed that Isgil Skallagrimfon, Korniak Ognumd- fon, G'.um Geirfon, and Thorlief Jarlaa, were celebrated as great poei-^. Sut tiie art of writing was not much in ufe till after the )ear 1000; tlniugh the Runic charatters were known in that country before that period, and inoft probably brought thither from Norway, .'\fter the reception of the Chriltian religion, tlie Latin charatters were immediately adopted, as the Runic alphabet, which only conlilis of lixteen letters, was found infutlieient. The firft Icelandic bilhop, Kleif', founded a fchool at Skalholt ; and foon at'ier four otiier Ichools were founded, in which the youth were inflrutted in the Latin tongue, divinity, and fome parts of theoretic pliilofopliy. And from the introduttion of the ("hriltian religion here, till the vear 12(14, when Iceland became fubject to Norway, it was onr of the f»-w countries in Europe, and the only one in the North, wherein the fcicnces were cultivateil and held in cUeem. Hut this period of time fcems to have produced more learned men in Iceland than any other period lince. It appears from tlieir ancient chronicles, that they had conliderable knowledge in n.oralitv, philofnpliy, natural liilliH}, and allri). nomv. Molt of their works were written in the iitli, 1 illi, 1 ;,th, aiul 14th, cen- turies; and fome of them have been j>rinted. Sir Jofeph lianks preknted one hundred and (i\ty-two Icelandic mainikrips to the Hritilh Mufeuni. 'ITiat gentle- man viliied Iceland in 1 jyi, acconip.mied bv Dr. Soinuler, Dr. \ an 'I'roil, a.ul Dr. Linil. Dr. \ :ui Troil, wlio publillied an aciu.intol their voyage, obk r\ vs that he found more knowledge among the lower clatV in Iceland tlnui is to be met with in moll other places ; that 'nany of them eoukl repeat the works ot fome of their poets by heart ; and that a peafant was feldom to be found, who, belides being well iftruCted in the principles of religion, was not alio aequaiiUed with the hillorv uf his own country ; which proceeds trom the frequent ri.mlingol their traditional liiUories, that beiiiii; one of their principal amufenunts. John .\refon, bill'.op cf lloolum, enip!u)cd Jolu' Nhittliien'un, a native of Sweden, m n I E N 1) in eftablilliing a printing-prpfs in Iceland, about the yc«r >530; and tlie firfl book printed by linn ttiere was the Breviariiim Nitlarofienfc. He alfo printed an ercle- (iaflieal Manual, Luther's Catetliirm, and other books of that kind. 'Hie ieelandic iDtle of laws appeared in 1.178, and the Icelandic Bible in 1584. A new privi- leged printing-otlite has lately been eliabliflied at llrappfcy in this illand, where feveral valuable books have been printed. MouNrAiNs, V01.CANOF.S, ANT) NATURAL ci'RiosiTt Rs.] Though this ifland is lituatcd To far to the north, earthcpiakcs and volcanoes are more known than in many countries is much warmer climates. The former have feveral times laid the country almoO defolate, particularly in the years 17.34, '75^. ""d 1755, when fiery eruptions broke out of the earth, and i)roduccd very fatal efFedts. Many of the fnowy mountains have alio gradually become volcanoes. Of thcfe burning mountains Heckia is the bell known to toreigners. This mountain is situated iu till.' foutluTii part of the illand, about tour miles from tlu fea-coaft, and is divided into three points at the top, the higiiert of which is that in ilie middle ; and which is computed to be above 5000 teet higher than the fea. It has frequently fen, forth flames and a torrent of burning matter. Its eruptions were particularly dreadful in 1693, when they occalioned terrible devallations. the afhes being thrown all round the illand to the dillance of 180 Kngliib miles. The laft erup- tion of mount lleckia happened in i](-)(->. It began on the 5th of April, and con- tinued to the 7th of September following. Flames proceeded aim from it in December 1771, and in Sejitember 1772 ; but no eruptions of lava. Amonglt the cmiolities in Iceland, nothing is more worthy of attention than the hot fpouting water fprings with wlii( li this illand abouiids. The hot fprings at A.Ix-la-(;hapelle, Carllbad, Hath, and Switzerland, and feveral others found in Italy, are conlidered as very remarkable : but except in the lalf mentioned country, the water no where becomes boiling hot ; nor is it any where known to be thrown fo high as the hot fpouting water-fprings in Iceland. All thofe water-works that have been contrived with fo much art, and at fo an enormous an expence, can- not bv any means be compared with thefe. The water-works at St. Cloud, which are thought the greatefl amongll all the French water-works, call up a thin column eighty feet into the air: while fome fprings in Iceland fpout cidumns of water, of feveral feet in thicknefs, to the height, as many artirm, of feveral luiiulred feet. Thefe fprings are of unequal degrees of heat. From lonie, the water flows gently as from other fp'^in^s, and it is then called a bath : from others, it fpouts boiling water with a great noife, and it is then called a kettle. Though the degree of heal is une()ual, yet Dr. Van Troil does not remember ever to have obferved it under 188 ol Fahrenheit's thfnnometer. At Geyfer, Ritatiug iilc If tVoin liiijjendous rocks. The water here fpouts feveral times a da), but alwavs by 7 ' itarts, I C F. I, D. 7.? darts, nncl after certain intervals. Some travellers have aflirmcJ tliat ii I'pouts tn the height ot" lixty t'athoins. 'I he water is tiirown up niueh higher at fonie times tlian at otlu-rs : when Dr. Van Troll was there, the utmoll height to wliitli i' inouiiteil was tnnipuletl to he 92 teet. Ikit'altine pillars are lilcewife very common in Iceland, which are fiijipofed t«i hav<- been produced hy fni)terraneous lircs. Ihe lower fort of |)eople imagine tiiefe pillars In havi- Wcw piled upon one another by giants, who made ufe of fiiper- natural force to ctVoft it. Ihey have jjenerally from three to feven fides, and aro from tour to lix feet in tliicknefs, and from twelve to (ixtcen yards in length, with- out any horizontal divilions. In fonie places, they are only feen here and there among liie lava in the mountains ; but, ni fonie other places, they extend two or three miles in length without inli iruption. Kver\ year great damaije is done to this country by immenfe maffes of ice which arrive commonly wnh a N W. or N. N. W. wind from Greenland. 'Ihe field ice is of two or three fathoms thickiiefs, is fcparated by the winds, and Ids dreadi.ll than the rock or niountaini ice, which is often feen more than fifty feet alx)ve water, and is at leall nine times the fame depth below watc'. 'Ihefe pro- digious mailes of ico are frequently lett in Ihoai water, fixed, as it were, to the ground, and in that Hate remain many years undilfolved, chilling all the ambient part of the atmofphere for many miles round. When many fucn lofly and bulky nialies of ice are Hoaiing together, the wood that is often drifted along bi-twcen them is fo nuicii chafed, and prelled with fuch violence togetlier, that it takes lire; which circinntlaiice has occalioncd fabulous accounts of the ice being in Hames. 'liie ice caufed fo violent a cold in i;?5^and 17 54, that many horfes artd Iheep were killed by it, and through want of I'ood : horfes were obferved to feed upon dead cattle, and the (heei> to eat of each other's wool. A number of bears arrive yearly with the ice, which commit great ravages, particularly among the (liccp. Ihe Icelanders attempt to deltroy thcfe intruders as ioon as they get fight of them; and fometimes they alfemble together, and drive them back to the ice, with which tliey often tioat oil again. For want ot fire amis, they are obliged to make ufe of fpears on tlkfe occalions. Tlie government enc(mrages the natives to deftroy thefe animals, by paving a premium ol ten dollars for evi-ry bear that is kilicfl. Their (kins are alio purchafed lor the king, and are not allowed to be fold to any other j)erfon. It is extraordinarv that trees do not tluivo i)i Iceland ; nay, there are vcrv few to be found on the whule iOand, tliougii iheti" are cfitnin prools that wood for- merly gvi w there in great abuiuianie. N'or can corn be cultivated here to am- advanliiL^i ; tlioi:gh cabbages, parlley, turnijis. and |)eas, may be met \\'n\\ in fise or li.\ gaideiis, wlii< h are laid to be'all that are in the iiland. TBAni: J 'ihe c">maiei\e ot this iiland is monopoli/.ed by a naiiilli companv 'I'lie fiiil upon the fea-toalts is toler.ii>ly goml tor palhire ; and though there is not any conliderable town in the whole iiland, the Icelanders have feveral freijuenled ports. '1 heir «-\j)(irts conlill of diied filh, lallcd mutton and lamb, bet-f, butter, tallow, train-oil, coarfe wtuillen-clutli, llo< kin<;i, gloves, raw wool, llieep-lkin-., l.imbfkins, fox-furs of various colours, eider-, tob.ueo, bread, hoife-lhoes, branth, \vine, I'alt, linen, and a little lilk ; exiiul:^e()t fomc necelfaries and fuj)erHuities for the more wealthy. Strencth and Ii ev!:m'k.] As Irclan'l aiTords no bait for avarice or atnbition. liie inhabitants reft iecurelv upon bib Danilli majelly's protection : the revenue he draws from the eounti) amounts to about jOjOOO crowns a ji'ar. TIIF 74 N W Y. Til K FARO OR FERRO ISLANDS: SO called from their lying in a cUiftcr, and the inhabitants ferrying from one idand to another. 'Iney are about twenty-four in number, and lie between 6i and 63 deg. N. L. and 6 deg. 10 min. VV. long, from London. The f|)ace of this tlufler extends about 60 miles in length, and 40 in breadth, ■;o3 miles to the wtfftward of Norwny ; having Shetlantl and the Orkneys on tlie foutb-i-aft, and (Jreenland and Iteliuid upon the north and north-wilL The trade and income of the inhabitants, >vh the Baltie, called the hlcaggernr, or Catcjjate ; on tlu' well mid north, by the northern ocean ; and on the call it is divided trom Sweden by a long ridj^e of r lOiintaiiis, called at diirerviit parts by dilVerent names; as rilU'tii-'id, Dotretiekl, Rvi JdieUl, and Dourlield. The reader may confult the talile ci" dimcnlioni. in Uen- .iVitrk for its cxtetit, which is not, however, well afcertained. C' :.. \iK.] The climate of Norway varies according to its latitude, and its j)( iiiion towarils the fea. At IJcrgeu tlu- winter is modirate, and ilie fea is prac- vicabiu. 'Hu' calicrn parts of Norway are conmionly covered w lib fnow ; and tlu- cold generally prevails from the middle of Ottobcr, with intenfe feverity, to the niiddle of April ; the waters being all the time frozen to a cdiilideraliie tnicknef!}. In 1 7 19, 7000 Swedes, who were on tlieir march to attack Dronlheim, perilhed in the fnow, on tin- mountains which feparatc Swcilen trom Norway; ;md their bodies we-c foumi in different polhires. But even frolt and fnow luive their con- veniences, as tbey taiilitatc the lonvcwmce of goods by land. As lo the more nor- therly parts ol this country called Kinmark, the cold is fo intenfe that they are but little known. At llergen, the longell da\ conlills of about 19 hours, and the Ihort- cft of about five. In fummer, the inlial>itanis can read and write at midnight by the light of the flcy ; and in t'lo moll northfriy parts, about niidfunuucr, the fun is continually in view. In tholV p;tris, iiowt vir, in the middle ot wintiT, there is only a faint glir.micrii'g of light at noon tor about an hour and a half; owing 10 the re- lieclion of tlu- fun's r.iys on the mountains. Natur, , uotwitbllanding, lias been fo kind to the Norweiriaiis tiiat in tin inidll of thtir darknels the lk\ is fo fcrene, and the moon and tlie aurot.i liort aii-. fo bright, that they >.an carry on their filhery, and work at their levcral trades in open air. 'Ihe air is fo pure in fome ( f »ht' iil.'ud parts, that it has been fud tlic inhabi- tants grow liivd of their long iv,s, and i aufe tin inlVlves lo be tranlported to ;i li fs t:ilui>riou\ air. Suddi u thaw--, . nd fnow-falls iiase, however, fonielinus dreadful eiretts, and deflroy whole viila^i,' . iVtoi N TAINS j Norway coniams a chain of uni'(jual mountains running from fouth to north : to pafs that of | Uiidar^er, a man nuill travel about fevenly Lngiillj miles; and to pafs others, up., aids 01 lit'ty. PofrLtieiJ is counted the hit,dKd moun- tain in liurope. 'Ihe'iivers at;d ( ;»t;iracts wluch int.'rriblc anu dan^jaiousj ihuai;h tln-govi-rument is at thj e.xpeace 7 of NORWAY. 75 of providing, at different nascs, houfn accommodated wid> fire, light, and kitchen t'lirniturc. Dctnchcd from win vnll chain, otlicr imnunio mountains prcliiit ihcin- (VIvi'H nil over Norway ; fome of them with rc^ervoir^ of water on the fop, and the wliole forming a molt fiirprifing Inndfcnpo. The attivity of tlic niitivis, in rero- verlng their (iHop and goats, when penned up, through a falfe Ih-p, in one of thofe rocks, in wonderful. 'Ihe owner diretts himfelf to he lowered down froni tlic top of the mountnin, (itting on a crofs IVick, tied to the end of a long rope ; and when he arrives nt thn of houfes, bridges, (hips, and f. inti> an ab) Is a hundred fathom in depth ; and its lite was inllantly filled with w.iter, and formed a lake 300 ells in length, and about half ns broad. Tliis melaneholy acci- d«'nf, by which 14 j)eople and 200 bead o\ laltir perilhed, was occalioned by the louiulation being undirmiued by the waters of a ri\er. Uncommon »iyAi)KC tkos, / .VII the animals that are natives of DcniTiark are FOWLS, .\Ni) FisHKs. $ to be fouiul ill Norway, with an addition of many more. The wild bealts peculiar to Norway, are the elk, the rein-deer, the hare, Li the N O K \V V. tin- rabhit, iho bcnr, tlir wolf, tlio fox. tlir lynx, the uliitton, tl>o lomiiiR, the martin, uihI iIu' boavcr. 'i lu- elk \% n mil, alhailourod UHiinul, il» ^h,^\K^ |)artitL.iMjr n( onco of the hiiifi- imd thi- {hkf^\ it i. h.irinlefs, nml in « inter, fmial ; and ilic tielh of it tallcs like vciiifoti. I'lic htircs are fmull ; ami are faicl ti) iise upiii mice in ilu- winter time, anti to • han;,'e tlkir tuloiir tmni brnwn to N\hiti;. I he Norwej{i.n» biar* arr llronj; ami la^jaoimis; ilnv an- n-murkable for imt luirtiiiq liiiiiiien i l)ul their othir (|iialitieii are in loininon wiih the nil nl llu'ir Ipcu -^ in noilhern conn- tries; nor ia\> we much ereilit the wtraordinatv fpeeimi-n!* uf tluir fajjaeily, re- lorditl bv till' natives. The Norwci^ian wolvi-s, inoii^h furee, ure ihv evon ol a icnv «ir goat, null Is iinpelliil by liim;,'fr ; ilu' naiivi* ari' tUxtiroiis in ^ll^^in^ trap!, for ili'MM. in whiili ilu'v are taken or killiil. 'Ihe Imin, byfonu" ealU'd tlic fjoiipcs, is t'lnallir than a \Milf, but as ilanijorons ; the\ an' ot ilu' eat kind, and liavc daws likf ix^ers; iIk\ dij; undor ^ronntl, and ollen undeinnne llue|)-fi)ld.s, where tlu-v make tbendlid haMie. 'i hi' ikin of the lynx is iKautifid and valuable, ns is that of the bhi' k lo\. While and H'd I'om's arc likewifc foimd in Norway, and partaki- I't till* iialmi' of that uiU animal in iitlicr eonntrir-, ; they haw a particular wae «•! drawim» crabs alhori", b) ilippinj; their tails in the ualcr, whiih the irah la\i hold of. Ihe ;;lnlton, otherwile called the erven, or viellras, refendiles a turnfpit doR ; with n loni; body, tliick le>{s, Iharp claws niid teetit : his fnr, which is va- rii>{atetl, is fo precious, that he is ihot with blunt arrows, to preferve the Ikin mi- hiirt : he is bold, and to raven nis, that it is laid he \\ill devour a caicafe larger than hindelf, and unbnrlhens lii?> domach by lipiee/ini; liinifelt between two clofe- liamlim» tree.^ : when taken, h" has been even known to eat Hone and mortar. The ermine is a little creature, remarkable for it.s Ihynef* ai\d ch aniinefs ; and itsi tur forms a prim ipal part even of roval mai^niliceme. 'I here is little dillerence be- tween the martin and a lar^e brown forelt cat, only its liead and f.iont are (harper ; it is very tierce, and iti bite dan^eious. We Ihall mention the beavers in treating i)t North .America. No fountry produces a jjrcntpr variety of birds than Norway. The alks builil upon rocks ; tlieir nnmbers »)fien darkiii the air, and the noife of their wings re- lientble a liorm ; their hze is that of a lar^^ednck, and their Helh is much elteemed. Many kinds of thrnlhes relide in Norway ; witli various kinds of pigeons, and fe- \eral forts of beautiful wild ducks. The Norwegian cock-of-the-wood is of a black or dark grey colour ; his eye refcmbUs tliat of a pheatant ; and he is faid to be the larj^ell ot all eatable birds. Norwav |)roduces two kinds of ea|^les, the land and the fea ; the lormcr is fo Ifrong, tlial it has been known to carry oil" a child of tw<» years oUl: the fia, or hdi eagle, is larger tlian tlie other ; he nblills on afjuatic tood ; and fomctimes darts on large Hlhes with fuch force, tliat, being unable to tree his talons from their luxlies, he is dragged into the water and drowned. .Nature feems to base ad.ipied thefe aerial iidvahitants for the coalt of Norway ; ami indullry has produced a fpecles of mankind pnuliarly tilled for making them lerviceable t') the human raii- : thete are the bird-men, or climbers, who areaina- zi'igiy dexterous in mounting the lieepell rocks, ami ^ringing away the birds and liien eggs; tlie latter are nutritive b>od, and are lometimes parboiled in vincar; the tielli is eaten by the peafants, who generally relilli it ; while the feathers ami down form a piot;table commodiiv. h.ven the tlogs of the farmers, in the northern dill rids, are iiaiiied up to be allillants to ilufe birdmen in fei/ing tlieir pri-y. ihe .Vandina\ lan lakes and (cas arc altonilhingly tVnittuI in molt kinds of fillies ihaf are found on the fca-coalK of luirope. .Stoek-tiih innumerable, which are diicd iip.'n the rmks without falling. Ihe liaacmoren is a fpecies of liiark, ten talhoms in Ivntjih, and its liver vields three calks of train oil. 'Ihe luella-tlvPiler is an e\c.iii\ely lart;.- turbot, whidi has been known to cover a man who bad t.'ilUn over-board, lo keep him from rllm;.;. The feal'on for herring-fuhini; is an- noui.ccd N O R W 77 nuiincPil to (lilurmrn by llip fpoiitinj; of wnlcr from tlic wlinlc* (of «hiih /••vcn ililii rent r|u-LH'!k iin* iiu-ntioiu-il) in Inllowing llu- licrriiiK I^K'n''*- I li«' liir^f whalu ii I'linMci a coil, with (°nulU'\0!«, « dirk niaibUd llwiii, and wliili- lullv : tlicv f|)oiit oiil the wator, wiiidi ilicy takt- in liy iiil'iiiraliin, tlnoii^li t\\() IwiUs cr tl|)nlin^« Ml till' hiad. I )i> \ i'opiilatt.' Liiiil Hiiiin.ils, llaiulin^ tl|>ll^llt in tlu- I'va. A vninitf lalo. \\\h\\ lit It proiliiik il, i<> lltulll niiK- or til) lilt li mil iIk- t'i'inalc I liliii- n naki-s oini- i>l riis, or r. oini'- iiniliiT I niiill fth IMU rallicr tiiiii-x l)rings loith two at a liirtli. I lif wliali- ilivmirH fiuli an iiurii of fiiiall liili, that his lu-liv in oltin uady to hurl) ; in wjiii.h lafo hi- ironii'iiiloiis Doilo froiii pain. llu- fniulirr Hlh have tlii-ir rcviD^i- ; I hiilrii on hi> baik, ami inctiranllv luat him ; otiurs, with Iharp lio hoiK's, on tlu'ir licak, fwim niuliT his hi-ily, aiul rmiu-timeH rip it up ; fonu' an* pii viikii with loii^ iliavp liiih, and trar his llolh. I'.vi'ii tiu' aipialit. hirds of pny tU'> tlarc war a){ainll liini wIkii Iio comrs ntur the lurhiic of tin- water ; and lu' han l>ci*n known to hi' fn torttin-d, that he has lu-at liiinfvlf to dcalli on tlic roc-kN. '1 hi' toalt of Norway may he laid to he the native loiintry of lurrinjis. Iim UlllC rahie are the llioals thai eoiiie froi n uiK kr ll le lie a t ti Ih le north noK iiid aliout thu latitude of leeland divide ihemlelvis into tiirre lioilies ; one of ihefe fti|iply |hi> V\ elh-rii llles and eoalK of .Votlaiid, another diii\ts in eourfe round tlie eiilleni pait of (ireat ikitaiii ilown tlio Clianiul, and the third enters ihe llaltie tiirou^di the Sound. I hiy Inrm j^uat part of tlie food of tlie loinmon iicople ; the eod, liiur, kaiieiiati, and lorlk-fnhes follow tiiem, and U'^d upon tluu Ipawii ; and aie taki it in piodi^ious numhers in ^o or f)U latlioni!> water: thi le, ilpeiially their roes, ami the oil e\iia(ted Iroiii their livers, are cxportnl and fold to •{rial advantaue ; and ahuve 150,000 ijcople are maintained by the herring and other filliing on the coall of Norway Tlie i'ea-devil is uhoiil fix feet in length, and i* fo called from it* d voraiity. The fca fcorpion is likewife of a hideo us. monllrous appearance an form, its head hein^ larger ilian its whole budy, whicii is about four feet ill length ^ and its bite is laid 10 lie i)i>ifoiious. 1 he mod feetnin>{!y fai)ulous account ii( the am ients, concerning fea-monders art* rendered credible by the |»rotliictionso| the .Norwej^ian leas ; and the fea-fnake, or ferpent of the ocean, is no Innijer counted ailiiiiiira. In 17.V>, one of theiu was lliot by a malier of a ihip ; ii> dead refeinbli d that ol a liorfe ; the mouth was iar^e and black, as were the eves, a while mane hanjjing trom its neik; il tioated «>n the furface of the water, and held its head at leal! two feet out of the fea : be- tween the head and neck were (v\i:i\ or i ijjht folds, which weie very tliick ; ami the length ol this fnake was moie than a hundred \ards, fome fay fathoms. They liave a remarkable averlioii to the fniell ol callor ; lor which rcafon, ihip, biuil,antl bark-maders provide theinlelves with iiuaiiliues ol that druj; to puvent beinjj overfet, the fer[)eiil s olfactory nerves lieiiif; cxipiititely fenlible. Ihe peculiari- ties related of this animal are alterted upon oaih. l-.geile a very lepiiiable au- thor) lavs, tli.i! o'l the oih dav of July, 1714, a larj;e and lrii;htlul lea-moiider railed iifeif fo hi^h out of the waur, tliat lis head leailied al>ove tlie main-top- mali of the lliip , that it had a loi.^ iliai p Inout, broa-.l paws, and fponttd wa- ter like a whale; that the liody feemed to lie lovueil with fcales : the Ikin was uneven ami wrinkled, and the lower part was formed like a fnake. Ihe body of this moiider is f.iid to be as thiek as a hoj^lheail , the Ik in is variej^ated like a torloife-lliell ; and his cxcreuient, which tloals upon the furlace ot the water, is corrolive. 'Ihecxidence of the kraken, or korven, is ftrongly alVertcd. Its bulk is faitl to be a mile and a half in i ircumference ; and wlien part of it appears above the water, refembles a number of hiiall illands and l.n.d-hanks, on which fahes (port, and lia-vveeds f;row : v.yon a farther einerniui;, a nuniher ot pellucid atiteiui;e, each about the height, form, and li/e of a incilcratc nudi, appear ; and by tliir aciiua NOR \V Y ■Hior niul roafiion he gailx-m lii* t'<> luli, tiut tlic iliaiiiu'l \vii> iiii|iMiral)lkv It it iIum^Iii lliui tills tilli n«.iuuntii i pha'n>»- nu'11.1 (it tlt'.iiiiiir illuiidi, und uihcr luiiilitory uppctitiuicc* in llio Iva, inat l.jd tur* ini-rlv Ik'vii hold tal>ul<>ii«. 'Ini' nur-iiu-n und nu t women hold their rcfidonck' in tho Norwcgion feni The ini-r-niiiii i* silioiit fi^lii t|)Mii>t lon^ . und, ux dilirilifd, litiirt m-Hrly an iinuli rrfi-m- hlaiui- as an upc dor^, to llu- hunMn Ipotit'n ; a high torihoad, little cycit, a tiat noil-, and Inrui- nioiiili, without ilim or earsi, cliurutU'rilc its licitd i it« nrnii are tliort, hut wittiout joitilH or I lliows, and they l<-rminate in meniluTi rclVnihIing ii huniaii hand, Init ol' the paw kind, und llu- hngi n (uiiiuclod l>; a inenibrAiie : main in tlio water, urinin.ii. like thot'c ot filhct. 'I'hc t'cinulci nave brealt'., tl the partH of geiierafion iniiieate tluir (exen ; lhou^ll their under part*, whir'i re» main in the water, Urinin.ii.' like I wliiih they fnckle their yuunx ones. CeRiosiriKH J Ihot'eot Norway are only natural. On the conll, latiliide 67, in that dreadful vortex, or whirlpool, called Ir, iiuviKUtor* the navel ut the iVa, ,und by I'oine Malelirotn, or Molkoelliom. 'Die ill nid Molkoe, from whenn ihiit Hreani derives its name, lies lulweeii the mountain Hellemjen in l.<>f'oden, and lli« illaiid \'er, wliieh are alxnit one league dilhint ; und iietween the illand ami eoall on one hde, the llreain makes its way. Between Molki and l.otodeii, it m near 400 talhoms deep : hut between Molkoe and \ er il it lo Ihallow ns not to allorJ ftalFa^e tor a rmall diip. \\ hen il is Mood, the Iheain runs up the eounlry with a loiiterous rapidity; and when il is ibl», riii ms to the lea with a violence and noife unei|ualled by the londell cataracts. It is heard nl the diltance ot' many leagues, and forinii a whirlpool ot ^'reat depth and extent ; To violent that it a Ihip, tonus near, it is immediately vlrawn irreHlliblv into the whirl, and there difa|>pears, being carried dow n to the bottom in a inonient, where it is dallied lo pieces auainll the rocks ; and juli at tlie turn ol ebb and tliMHt, when the water becomes llill tor ulxiiii a (piarter <>t an luur, it rift s a^ain in I'cattereti tia^inents. Wlien 'i.e tor rent is agita cd by a Ihirm, it has reached v« lUU at the diltance of more than a Norway mile, where the crews have thought ihemfelves in perfett I'ecurity. Per- haps it is hardly in t\h' power of j.iiu v ti> conciive a hiuatiun of more horror than that of heinj' vioientiv driven ft)rward to an omiav helming vtirtex, ot which the iioile and turbulence llill increa ing as it is apprtiacheil are an earnel^ >f ipiick ami inevitable deHruttiim Kven wliales are fretniently carried aw.iy ; ami the iim- nient they feel the force of the v\ater, are faiil to llrugi;le againlt it, howling and belldwing in a frii;lilfiil manner. The like li.ipp.ns treipienlly to tiears, wiio ,ii- tempt to fwim to the iliaml to piey n|)on il>' lluep. It was the ojiinion tif Kircher, tiiat ihe MaW Itroin is a fea vortex, which attracln the Hood under ihe ihtire of Norway, and difcharges it again in the gulph ol IJuih- nia : hut this opiiion is now known lo lie erronetms, by the return ot the lliat- tered tragmenis of whalever happens to be (hiked down by it. 'Ihe large lltnin ot hrs and pines rife again fo llii.ered ai'-l rplinli --eil, that the pieces look as it' covered with briltles. Ihe whole pluenonu iia are tlie etfects {>{ tlie violence ol" the daily ebb and How, occalioncd by the contraction t)f the* llrcam in its tourfe bclwccn tlie rocks. Peoi'le, i.ANGi'AOE, RELir.ioN, ? 'I"he Norweirians exhibit an intermediate AND ci'sro.vis OF Norway. J charai-ler, between the liinplicily tif the Creenlanders aiul Icelanders, and tlie more polilhed manners tif the Danes. I heir religion is Lutheran; and they have biihops, as thofe of Uennuuk, wiihuut tem- poral N O R W n but comiivmlv g(». poral jiirifdi/>ii)n. Thp viceroy, lik« \m mi»ilU.r, i* abfuliit Vtrn* withoit 'i|)|>rrlli<>ii. Thp Norwpgiiin* in gcnrml «w ftron^, rolttift, «ntr the prlmi- ti\' iiiHimcrs ojoiir i t.iiinU liipplyiiig lor moll purt n . itM own want < 'llic punrfll tlttfn oli«'u mix with om meal the kvarW of fir, rn«' • intoakiml of Hour t nno nvidilling Norwrgiana Imd that kiitd of lifo wli ^1 wi- may fay h furnilhid wiili pirrtty i out they ure neither fond of luxury, Hi/ ' ihty «1r«-.id p' oury : and tliii nticldlc llutc prolongs their lives fur- prifingly. i lough their drefa ii in m«nv rifpefh u ronuniMlatcd to ihcinliniatc, yet, by villi Ml, inlUad of );unrdiii|( atainll the incUmemy of the weather, thr y outbrave ii ■, for they rxpofe thonifJlvi'* to told without any cover over their breads or tvckit, A Norw> i;ii«n of n hundred years nf ngi' it not lonnird pnii hi« hlhnur niul in I7ji. f'>iir loupleu \m,:tk mnrrittl, and dnnoMl lieforehii Dnniili ma- jcllv at Fridi-ricliiiill, wltufi- unes, when joiiud, cxi coded Koo vfon old. I'hc tuneral cirentonioH o( flie Nofvveg!•^n^ cot.tain wftit^eit of their former pa> giioifin ; ihiv play on the violin nl the hoad of the coHin, nnd while the (orpii it Carried to the chiiril\, which \^ 'Hert done in n bi>at. In foine place* the moiirrt- er« tilk the dead pcrfon why he (' <\ wheihrr lli^ wife and lu•i^nh(lllr« were kind to him, loul olhiT fmli (putHfus ir' ncf.. if evi r lliev ha-ir hillorics. they were no ftrangers to Anurica long before it was difcovcrcd l>v C'lilombuH Many Norv.egiiiii cMlloms are yet difccriMble in Jrelaiid and tin" north ' Seotland, w liere ilu- Nov iiai\s made trecpieni 'Ul'ceiiln, ■lid l>>me fetlli-metit^, which ari* f^encally cunfouiukd with ihnle of the Danes, Trom their being the mutl turl)uleiif, tln\' are becoii\o now ib<- tiioll loyal fubjccl* in I'.uiope ; w)iich may In- partly accotinted for, fVont the barbarity and tyraiuiy of llieir aiuii iit kin;^s. Since the \miiin of Calmar, wliich iiniti-il Norway to l)inmark, ihcir hiltory, .ib well as ialeielU, arc the fame wilh ihuft; of Ueiimaik. fi D E N M A U K IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) -0^.**^^ ^ ^ 1.0 :^i^ Ki 1.1 i.-^Kfi 1-25 i u ij^ I.,, ^ ^% ^ '/ '/ /A Photographic Sdaices Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SS0 (7!6) •73-4503 ■1>^ ^ °<^>^ 8o D E N M .L K K. DENMARK*Pkoper, or JUTLAND, cxclufive of the Islanp* ' . , \,„ in tiic Baltic. Miles. Extent and Situation. Degrees. V. .. Length 240!? b„,,,,„.,,, 5 54 and 5.? North latitude. ? ' •; Breadth 114 J Dctwctn | g and 1 1 Eaftlongitude. S ' ■ ■' Containing 15,744 SoyARE Miles, with 139 Inhabitants to each. <-, UouNDARiEs AND ) TT is divided on the north tVom Norway by the Scaggcrac DIVISIONS. 3 ■*■ fca, and tVoni Sweden on the call by the Sound; on the .fouth by Cjermany and the Baltic ; and the Cierman fea divides it from Great Britain on the wcu. Denmark proper is divided into two parts : the peninfula of Jutland, anciently called Cimbrica CherJonefuSy and the illands at the entrance of the Baltic, mentioned in the table. It is remarkable, that though all thefe together conditute the king- dom of Denmark, yet not any one of them is feparately called by that name. Co- penhagen, the metropolis, is in the illand ot Zealand. Air, CLIMATE, SOIL, STATE OP AGRICULTURE, &c.] One of the laTgcft and moflrt'ertile of all the provinces of this kingdom is Jutland, which produces abun- enmark produces an excellent breed of horfes, both for the fuddle and carriage, about 5000 are fold annually out of the country, and of thi'ir horned cattle 30,000. 'Iliey have alfo iheep, hogs, and game ; and the fea-coa(ts are generally well fupplied with lilh. Poj'ULATiON, MANNERS, AND CUSTOMS.] By a numeration made, In 1739, of his Daiiilh majeft)r's fubjeds in his dominions of Denmark, Norway, iiulllein, the illands in the Baltic, and the counties of Oldenburgh and Delmenhorft, in Well- phalia, they were faid to amount to 2 ,444,000 fouls, excluiive of the Icelanders anil 16,217- i\ ' i ■ o-. Sum Total, .b*,© 17,027 Several of the fmallor idands, included in the diftrift of Fionia arc omitted in thi.s computation, which may contain a few thoufands. However difproportioned this number may fcem to the extent of his Danilh ma* jcfty's domin'.ons ; yet, every thing conlidercd, it is greater than could have been Vxjietled from the uncultivated Itate of his poflellions. But the trade of Denmark liath been fo thackicd, and her merchants fo terrified by the dcfpotifm of lier go- vernment, that this kingdnni is at prefent one of the moll indigent ftatr> in ].- M wav •ft D IT N M R wav, and two in Icelnnd. Thrfo dioceffs nrc govrmcd by biili''ipi, whofii} dut^ it 18 to fupcrintend t)ie other clergy } nor have thty any othrr murk of prc-cmi< neni'y than a diUin6tU>n of thuir eccletiultical drcfn, tor th<:v linve neither cuthc- drnl nor eccldiaOical courtti, nor the fmalleft concern wit!) civil afl'airs. 'I'hey ari; paid by thu tlatc, the church lands having been appropriated to the govern- nieilt at tho Ret'ormation. LAkflUAoK AKO LEARNING. j Tlic language of Denmark !'< a dialetl of the Tcutohic ; but t-ligh Dutch and French aro fpoken at court ; and tho nobility have lately made great udvanceH in the Kngiilh, wliich in now publicly t.tught at Cx>penhagen. A compnny of Englilh comntcdians ocoalionhllly viiit that ca- pital, where they lind tolerable encouragement. Denmark ha* two univerlitics, that of Copenhagen, and that of Kiel ; two ncadcinical colle^jes at Soroe and Odenfee, and thirty-two other |j;rcut fchools in the principal towns. Hierc it at Copenhagen a royal focietv ot fcicnccs, an hiftorical fociety for theiludy of nor- thern hiftory, another of Icelandic hirtory and literature, an academy for painting and architecture, a college of phydcians and furgeons, and another Society of fci- cnccs at Dronthcim *. 'J'hc univcrfity of Copenhagen has funds for the gratuitous fupport of 3x8 An- dents; thefe funds are faid to amount to 300,000 rix-dollara: but the L)ancs in general make no great figure in literature; though allrononiy and medicine arc hijghly indebted to their lycho Brahe, Borichius, and the Barthoiines; the fcicnce- ot botany owes much to the celebrated Chrillian Ocder, to whom, through the liberality of his monarch, we are indebted for the Flora Danica. In fpenkmg of the publications on natural hiftory, it would be unpardonable to omit mentioning the mod fplcndid work of the kind ever produced 111 any nation ; it is a collection of rare llielis, in two volumes folio, engraved and coloured by Francis Michael Re- (jenfufs, at the royal expence. " The firft volume, which is the only one I have leen, cuntaiiift a Ihort account of the colledtions of natural hiltory, and particularly of (hells in Denmark ; a preliminary difcourfe on conchology, with a detail of the I'everal authors who have written on the fubjett, and their different fyllenis, and 78 complete and delicately coloured figures, in 11 plates, accompanied with fei- entific defcriptions in the Latin, French, and German languagesf-" Ihe round tower l« tn»y walk through the city at midnight with Krcat Tafcty. Indeed, it is Ufuuily ns quiet hero at eleven o'clock at uignt at in n country village. It is with much concern we hear, that on the a6th of Febniarv, 1 994, a dread* fill fire broke out in the royal ualace of Chriftianfburg, which, in thie ipaceof feveA or eight hours, reduced the wnole to a heap of alhc*. The ruyal family have hap< nily efcapcd without accident ; but the greater part of their valuable effeeU have tK>en a prey to the Hamrs. This place, one uf the mod commodioua, and mad fumptuouffy fumiihed in Europe, was built in the reign of Chriftian VI. and it laid to have cofl, in building only, confiderably above a million ftcrlinc : and pso- biibly the %vhole lofs niiiy amount tu two millions. It is fome ronfobition, in fd great a difiifter, that the roval library, rnniifting of Ixstwecn two and three hundred ttin'jfand volumes, which miod detached frorii the princioal pile, had been fortu- nately fared. 'Ilie fineft palace belonging to his Daniln niajeAy iiet about %o Englifh miles from Copenhagen, and is called Frcdcriclburg. It it a very large building, moated round with a triple ditch, and calculated^ like moll of the an- cient relidences of princes, for defence againfl an enemy. It waa buih by Chrif- tian the IVth. hikI, according to the architecture of the times, blends the Greek and Gothic ftyles. In the front of the grand quadrangle appear Tufcan and D». ric pillars, and on the fummit of' the building are fpires and turrets. SopM of tlip romns are very fplendid« though fVirnilhed in the antique ttffte. Hie knight't hatt is of great length. The tapeftry reprofentt the wars of D.*.nmark, and the cieling is a moil minute and lal^jured performance in fculpture. The chinuwy-pieco WHS once entirely covered with plates of lilver, richly ornamented ; but the ihwedea, who have often landed here, and even befieged the capital, tore them all away, and riHed the palace, notwithAandjng its triple moat and formidable appearance. 'About two miles from Kldneur is another fmall royal palace, Hat roofied, with it windows in front, faid to be built on the place formerly occupied by the palace of Mtimlet's father. In an adjoining garden is Ihcwn the very fpot where, accoixiing to that tradition, that pi !nce was potfoned. Jagerlbur^ is a park which contains a royal country feat, called the Hermitage, remarkable tor the difpolition of its apnrlmenta, and tne quaintnefs of its furniture » particularly a machine which conveys the C(md (lory. The chief ecclefiaftical building in Denmark it the cathedral of Kofi^hild, where the kings and queens of Denmark were £ormerlT buried, and tboir iDonun.ents (lill remain. Joining to this cathedral, by a coverea paflage, isa royal palace, built in 17^3. Klfineur is well biuilt, contains 5000 inhabitants, and, with refpe£t to commerce, is only exceeded by Copenhagen. It is ftrongly fortified on the land-fide } and to> wards the fea is defended by a ftrong fort, containing fcvcral battcriet of Loog can* noo. ffere all veflels pay a toll, and m pafTing lower their top-failt. CoMMRRcp..] IX'nmark is extremely well ntuated for commerce i her harboort are well calculated tor the reception of fhips of all borthent, and ber marinerg are very expert in the navigation ot the difl'erent parts of the ocean. The dominiont of his Danith majirfly alfo fupply a great variety of timber, and other materials for lltip-biitlding ; and fome of his provinces afford many natural produdiont for ex* |N>rr»ti<)i>. Am, which being the n»- tiiral protluct of the D;uiiih dinniiiions, are confequently ranked under the head of ( \|K>ris. To thefc we may add furs ; but exportati«in of oats are now forbidden. 'I he imports are fait, wine, hrandv, and lilk, from France, Portugal, and Italy. Of late the I>.inek have hud a great inleiccnirfc with England, fi;oni whence thi'V im< Ma . ^t IS D R N M A K port bronil-cloths, clocku, cnbinct, lock-work, and all oOwr innnufacturcfc carried 111) ill the groat trading Iowdn ot' Knulnnd. Nothing Ihews tlic itnnmortinl Tpirit of tlic Danes In a more fi»vourul)lc light ihnn liitir i-ftublilhmcnts in the Kiill and Will Indies. In i6ia ChrilUan IV. of Daunark i Ibblilhctl un Kaft Intlia Company ut Copvnliagin •, and foon uflcr foiw Ihipi (hilid from thence to lite Kail Indies. 'Tlie hint of this trade wa» given to lii» Uanilh ninjefty by Jnme» I. of England, who married a princcfsi of Denmark ; and - in 1617 the Dune* built and fortlHcd a cultle and town at I'ranuuebar.un the coull of C'oromandi I. 'llic fecnrit^ which many of the Indians found under the cannon of this fort invited numbers ot them to fettle herci fo that the Duuilh Kull-India Com* pany were (bon rich enough to pay to their king a yearly tribute of 10,000 rix- tlolktrt. ' 'lite company, however, willing to become rich all of a fuddeu, lu 162a rndeuvoured to poflefH themfelve* of the fpice trade at Ceylon ; but were defeated by the Portuguefe. The truth is, they foon embroiled themiclvcii with the native Indians on all hands ; and had it not U>en for the generous alViilunce given them by Mr. Pitt, nn Knglilh Kall-Iutlin governor, the fettlements at 'I'ranquebar mud have been taken by the rajah of Tanjour. Upon the clofc of the wars in Europe, after the death of Charles XII. of Sweden, the Doniib KsilMndia Com|)nn^ found thcmfelves fo much in debt, that tlu-y puNilhed propoiuls for a new lublcription (or rnlarging their ancient capital llmk, and for iitting out lliips to 'rrunquebar, Bengal, and China. Two years al'ter, hi« Danilli nnjeily granted a new charter to his Kiiil-India company, with vail privileges; and for ibme time its commerce wan tarried on with great vigour. I lliull jull mention, that the Danes likowiiti polRfH the idands of St. Thomas and St. Croix, and the (inall illand of St. John, in the Well Indies, which are free ports, and cilebraled for fmnggling ; alfo the fort of Chriftianburg, on the coiift of Guinea ; and carry on a confidcrable commerce witli the MeditcrruJican. CuKiosrriRs, n.\titral and artificial] Di-nmark Proper affords fewer of thcfe than the other parts of hi»> Danilh niajeliy's dominions, if we except tho contents «)f the royal Mnfeum at Copenhaeen, which confiftsof a numerous collec- tion of both. It contains fcveral goml pamtings and a tiue collection of Roman and other coins. Betides iirliticial ikeletons, ivory carvings models clock-work» and a bcautifitl cabinet of ivory and ebony, made by n Dauilh artill who was blind, here are to be feen two famous antique drinking vctlelsj the one of gold, the other of filver, both in the form of a hiuuing horn ; that of gold feems to be of Paean manufacture ; and from the raifed hieroglyphical figures on its outlide, probauly was made ufe of in religious ceremonios : it is about two feet nine inches long, weighs 102 ounces, contains two Englilh pints and a half, and was found in tiic dioccfe of Kipcn, in the year 1639. The other, of lilvcr, weighs about ftuir pounds, and is termed Comu Oii'dibMrgicum ; which, they fay, was prefcnted to Otho I. duke of Oldenburg, by a gholl. Some, however, are of opinion, that this vcll'cl. was made by order of Chrtflian I. king of Denmark, the hrll of the Oldenburg race, who reigned in 1448. Several velTels of diflerent metals aiid the fame form,| have been found in the North of Kngland, and are probably of Diuiiih original.. 1 his mnfeum is likewife furnillud with a prodigious number of agronomical,, optical, and mathematical inllruments > fon^\; Indian curiofities, and a fet of medals, ancient and modern. Many curious agronomical inllrumcnts are likewife placed in the round tower at Copenhagen, which is fo contrived that a coach may drive to its fop. 'ITie village of Anglen, lying between Elunlburg and Slefwick, is alfo eileemed a curiolity, as giving its name to the Angles, or AnglorSaxon inhabitants of Great Britain. 'ITie groatcft rarities in his Danilh majefty's dominions are omitted, however, by gcographvTS} I mean thofe ancient inkriptions upon rocks, generally thought fa. z bfr >itants vcT, by "' be DENMARK. If be tito old nnd oriKinnl maiuuT of writing, b^-turc tbv uf« of paper of any kind, ui- wiixeii tables, were known. 'Hiofe clii'-raclcrk arc Kiuiic,una To iinpcrtcctly undor* ibxHl by the loarned tbcmi'elvet, that their meaning i» very nnccrtaHi i but thvy are innigincd tu be hilbiriuil. Stvphanus, in hi» note* upon Saxo-Graniniutiou, ha» exhibited rpvciincnii ut' fcvcrul of thufu infcription*. Civil conhtitution, onvKRNMiKT, and laws.] Tlir ancient conAitution of Denmark wus originally upon the fame plan with other (/othic governments. The king came to tlie throne by eledion ; and, in cunjnnttion with the fenatt: when* he prelided, wuh invelled with the executive power, lie Itkewife cum- niunded the arnty, and decided dilpulcH among bin fubje^». 'Hie legillative )><)wer, together with the right ot' election of the king, wu» veiled m the (laleH ; wh<» were €oni|)ofed, firll, of the order c>t° nobility, and fecondly, the order of the citizens and farmc>rH: and after the Chrillinn religion had gained ground in the North, the clergy were alfo admitted, not (Mily to be an order of the ftatcs but to have featii likowifc in the fenalc. 'I'hele orders had their rofpeitive rights and privileges, the crown had alfo its prerogative's, and a certain ti\ed revenue ariling out ot lands, which were appropriated to its fupport. This contUtution hud many evident ad- vantages: but, untortunutcly, its balUuicc was never properly adjulled ; fo that the nobles very l)M)n alTumed a dictatorial power, and greatly uppretfed the people, a* the natiortal alfentblies were not regularly held to redrcls tlicir grievances. And when the Roman Catholic clergy came to have a lliurc in the civil government, lliey far furpalR-d the nobility in prid« mid anil)>tion. The rcprcCi-ntatives of the ])eople had neither power, credit, nor talents, to counteract the efforts of the other two orders, who ^)»ced the crown to give up its prerogatives, and to tyrannize over the (H'oplc. CbrilUaiv the Srcoiul, by endeavouring, in an iutprudoiit manner, tu tiem the torrcMit of their opprelVi«>n, loll his crown and his liberty ; but Chrilli.;n the Third, uniting with the nobles and the fenate, deftroj,ed tlie power of the clergy ; and in the rcign of Frederick the 'I'hird, the people, intiead of exerting ihenifelves to maintain their common liberties, were fo infatuated as to make the king del' potic, in hopes of rendering thcmfelves lefs fuUjetl to tlie tyrannj of the nobles. A feries of unfuccefst'ul wars had brought the nation in general into I'o milvrable a condition, that the public had not money for laying oil" the arn\v. Tiu; difputc t ame to a fliort quellion, which was, that the nobles llu)iUd fubmit to ta\es, troni which they pleaded an exemption. The inferior people, up<»n this, ihriw their eyes towsirds the king for relief. In a meeting of the iiates, it was propoled that tlic nobles Ihould bear their fliarc in the common burden. Upon this Otta Craeg, reinintiod the people that the commons were no moreyAnw to the lords, 'lliis was the watth-word, which had bc-Jii concerted between the leaders of tlie commons, the clergy, and even the court itfelf. Naiifon, fpeaker t)f the commons, exclaimed at the term S/avery, the aflembly broke up in a ferment ; and the commons, with llio clergy, withdrew to a houfe of their own, where they refolvcilto make the king; a folemn tender of their liberties and fervices, and tormally tu elliiblilh in hi» tuinily the hereditary fuccetlion to their crown. This refolution was executed the next \iiy. 'I"hc king accepted of their tender, promiling them prote^iion. Thu gates ot Copenhagen were Ihut v !Uid the nobility, thus lurprifed, were compelled, to reluctant fubmUlion. On the 1 8th of Ockobcr, 1660, the thrcx' orders o( nobility, clergy, and people^ figned each a feparate ati ; by which they confented that the crown ihould be here- ditary in the royal family, as well in the female as in the male line, and by which, they invelh:d the king with abfulute power, and gave him the right to regiUate tha fiiccellion and the regency, in cafe of a minority. This renunciation of their rights, fubfcribed by tiie nrll nobility, is Hill prcfervcd as a precious relic among; thu archives of the ro^ai I'aiuil);.. After B6 D K N M AAer this rxtrnnrdinury rrvolution in the government, the king of Drnmnrk (livrftrd the nohility of nmiiv ofihrir privilfgct i but hu took iin mrihoU to rvlivvu thofi* poor |>ro|>lr who luiil lin-n the inlirumciiiii n( invcAint him with the riivi-rvign |M>wer, hut left ihcm in the fume iUtu of tiavrry in which tney were bulure. and in which they h:ivo n'lniiincd tpi-iw hngrn, nfwhiih tho king is the iMtmiital prclidint. What they cull ihv Gerniiin province* hiiw likrwite their fuprenu- trihuniil ; which, for the duchy uf Hullkiui In holdi'M nt Gliiikliadt i and for the diithy of Slcfwick, in the town uf that name. ,A* to nintters of imjHirtanrc, the king tor the muft part decidct in his couiu il, thi* nieinhf r« of whicli nre named and uifplaced at ht« will. It i* in thin council, that the laws iire «>nnrefore, the kings of Denmark not only nrrfide nonunally In tin? fovcreign court of iutlico, but they have a throne eredcd in it, towards which the lawyers always addiruft their difcuurfes in pleading, und the judges the fame in giving their opinion. Kvery year the king is prefent at the o(>ening of this court, and otten gives the judges fuch inilruttionk as he thinks pro- per, 'rhc decilion of thefe judges is final in all civil adions ; but ito criminal feii- lence of a cnpital naturc> can be curried into execution till it 'm iigned by the king. 'I hciv are many rxcollent rrgulation.s for the ndminilhation of juUice in Den- mark ; but it IS fo far from being dittrihuted in an equal :md impartial inaniK-r, tlutt a poor man can fcarcely ever have juflicc ugainit the nobility, or one wImi is fiuoured by the court. If the laws are fo clearly in favinir of the former, that the judges are aOiamed lo decide againtl them, the latter, through the favour of tho ininilKr, obtains an order fn>m the king to Hop all the law-|MrQCcedings, or a dif- penfation from obferving particular kiws ; and there the matter ends, llie code of laws at prefent etiablilned in Denmark was publilhed by ChritUan V. founded upon the code of Valdenar, and the other codes afterwards publiilied, and is noarly the fame with that publilhed in Nor>vay. Thefe laws are verv juli and clear ; aiM, if they were impartially carried into execution, would be productive of many bene- ficial confequences to the people. But a.s the king can alter the laws, aiMl fup* uort his miniflers and favourites in any »t\i of violcace and iniuflice, the people nave abuiuliint reafim to regret the tamencfs and fervility with which their liberties were in 1660, furrendered into the htmds of tbi.>ir raonarchs. From tliat ptuiod, rhe peafants, till 1787, had been in a htuatinn little bettt-r than tlie brute creatitm ; they fcarce could bi- faid to poilefs any loco-nM)tive power, bifomuch that they hud iH) lil)erty to leave one eftate, and to fettle on anotlicr, witlMHit the purchafed per- million fron? their inafters ; and if they chanced to move without their periuillian, they werv clninied as ftraycd cattle. Such was the Hat* ot" ihofe wretched bviiij(s who, at beO, only might be faki to vc«ctate. Tlicfe cbaiua uf fieutUI llavery were then broken, through tJte inlerefi of hia royal highQcfs, the priiwe, and heir app»- n-nt to ihe crown ; and the prifoners, for fuch 1 think they naight be caiktl, were dei'larcil frv^-. Notwithitauding the rentoiiil ranees wliicb xvefc miule agakift this by the landed gentry were very numerous, yitt, after the uihuite exaniinulHNi of tlh: whole, an edict was ilTucd, which nAott^ the i^eafanta to their king bit liberty, which once contributed fo much lo the glory of tl»e ftale : and luaoy heavy grievanci-s, umler which the pca/antry laboured, were abi>litht*d. Pi'NisHMKNTS.] The coniiiuMi muilu)d uf execution in l>t umaik is by bcbead- i»i{j ur hanging : in fomc cufcs, u^ un uggruvution uf thi: puiuihiiu:ttt, the haivil is 8 chu])pcd 1> E N M «7 nnrk \icvo rvii^n itil III alurts i»j)tn- irniiin Klcii). i»n»c. tuiuil. tuiutl. c king i)t only ig, ami I ut the iIls i>r»H 1 by the in Dcn< inuniHir, L* wIh> i» that th9 f of the OK a ilii- [Tic toJe ouodcd noarlv ur i aiM, ny iKne- UMi fup- p«uplc liberties p^uiud, re4tii>n ; \\\ty had »fed pvr- rittilliWi i b«:iiH(S L-ry wctc ir app*" kin this ft of tlw liberty, hcjAvy bcVii->«l- hatnl i« lchopii»^d rhnpprd off before thu other part of the fcntcnce ia okccuted. For the moO atro- iiout criintui, fuch a« the murder of a father or motlicr, huAiand or wifo, and rol>- U'ry upon the highway, the iiialcfatlor in brokeu upon the wheel. But capital punilhinenti ar« itot common in Denmark: and tho other principal luodci of puniili- nirntii a>c branding in tho face, whipping, coi>damnation to tho rufp^houfo, to huufeH of correction, and to public labour and imprifonincnt ( all which ars varied in durntion and rigour, according to the nature ol thu crime. PoLiTicAi. AND NATURAL ) After tile uccuiliun of hin prcfunt mairfly, hlit INTBRKSTS OF Dknmark, M'ourt fcoined for fomc time to have altered it<) mnxinu. Ili» fath*. r, it i^t true, obfervcd n rnort refpeftable neutrnlity during tin; Lite war I but never could (jet free from French inlluence, notwitlillanding hiHcon- nedionH with (ireat llritiau. The fiiblidieii he reOeived maintained hia arniv t hut hh family-tlifputeii with Kullia concerning Holliein, and the afccndency which the Frenci) had obtained over the Swedes, not to mention other circumliancct, did not futier him to nt\ that deeilive part in the ati'airs of Kuro|H', to which he wai invited by hiM fituntion ; cfpeciiiily about the time when the treaty of Clolior-fcvcn was concluded. Ilin prefent Dunilh majel^y's plan feentrd, fo«)n after hi» accellion, to be that of forming hi* dominions into a Aate of indepciulency, by availing himfelf of their natural advantages. But fundry events which have fmce happened, and the general feeblencfs of his adminillration, have prevented any further ckpcUatitins being formed, that the real welfare of UcAmark will be promoted, at leaft in any great degree, during the prefent reign. With regard to tiu: external intcrefts of Denmark, they arc certainly bctt fccurcd by cultivating a fricndlhip with the maritime powers. The export i of Denmark enable her to carry on a very |)"otltable trade Mrith France, Spain, and the Mediter- ranean j and the has been particularly courted by the Mahometan ftatcs, on account of her naval liores. Hie prefent imperial family of Kuflia has many claims upon Denmark, on account of ilolrtein ; but there is at prefent fmall apjiear.inee of her being engaged in n war on that account. Were the Swedes to regain their military character, and to be again commanded by a Charles XII. they prohably would endeavour to npolfefs themfelves, by arms, of the tine provinces torn iVori them by Deimiark. Kut the greateit danger that can arife to Denmark from a fcreign power is, when the Baltic (as has hap|)ened more than once) is fo frozen over a* >i; bear nut only men but heavy ariillery i in which cafe the Swedes h:ive been kiv ' '. to march over great armies, and to threaten the contpiell of the kingdom. Kkvenvks.] His Danilh maieily's revenues have three fources : the impolitions he lays u|)on his own fnbJcDs i the duties paid by foreigners ; and his own demefnc lands, including UMitifcations. Wine, fait, tobacco, and provifions of all kinds, arc taxed. Mairiages, paper, corporations, land, houfes, aoti (>oll-money, alfo raifc a conlidcrabic fum. Ilie cxpences of fortifications are d*liyayed l>y tin- people: and when the king's daughter is married, they pay al>out locooo nx-dollars towards her portion. The internal taxes of Denmark are uncertain, hecaiile they may be abated or raifed at the king's will. Cuftoms, and tolls upon exut)rtH and imports, are more certain. The lolls paid by Ihangers uril'e chietiy tVum foreign Ihips that pafs through the Sound into the Baltic, through \\w narrow lirait of three mitcti between S« honen and th<.' illand of Zealand. Thefe tolls are in propoiiion to the fi/c of the ihip and the value of thi* cargo, exhibited in bills of lading. This tax, which forms a capital part of his Danilh maielly's revenue, has more than once thrown the northern parts of Europe into a name. It was often difputed by the Englilh and Dutch, being nothing more originally than a voluntary contribution of thu merchants towards the expence of liji^ht-houfcs on the coaft -, and the Swedes -who command the op])ofite fiu«: of the pats, for fonie time refufed to {)av it ; but in tho II D K N Nr A the treaty of 1710, between Sweden and l>nmnrk, iimler the f^unranlee of lii* Hritiiniiii- mnjiftv (Jforoe I. the Swi'dt,-* ngroi-H tt» pay the Innu* mte» ui ure |>i4i(i hf the fuhjefU ot' (irrat luitain and the Nelherlandi. 'Ilu- fitft treaty nhKlvc to it >%a« by the Kntpetor Charlei V. on iM'half n( hi* ftihietlH in the l^rtv (jiiintriei. 'Hie toll it paid ut Kllineur, « town filiialed on the ixniiid, at llic entranie nf thi* Baltic feo, and atH)ut 10 milm ililtant from Copenhagen. The whoK' revenue of Denmark, incliidina what i« received at KHineiir, umounin at prcfenl lu above 5,000,000 of ri\ dofhtrit, or 1,001,000 tlerling yearly, 'Hie following i% a lid uf llie king's revenues eNchifivc uf hi» private eOati-* Tribute of hard corn, «>r land-tax. Small taxes, including poll-tax, |t<>und rents, exeife, ft:c. • Ciiftom-honfe , ..... Duties of the Sound, ..... Duties of Jullund, from falt-pils, .... Tythes and poll-tux of Norwav, .... Tolls of Kergen, Drontheim, i.!hrirtiunfaiKl, ami Clirillianu, Other tolls, ...... Revennes from mines, ..... Kevrniic from .Slefwick, llolfh-in, Oldenburgh, and Delmrnhurll, Taxes on acorns, ntid mulls from beech, ... Tolls on the Wefer, ..... P«.ft.«)ffice, ■ - - - - - . ' Farms of Iceland and Ferro, .... Farms of Dornholin, • - . . . < Oylbr Filhery, • - - . . . Mamp Paper • • • ^ Sum total Hit dollars *t 4). rach. 1 ,000,000 «)< 0,000 154,000 300,000 27,000 770,000 160,000 551,000 300,000 690,000 30,000 75.000 70,000 35,000 14,800 : 1 1,000 40,000 5,011,300 In FngliHi money, 1,001,460 By a liA of the revenue taken in 1730, it then onl; amounted to £. 4^4,700 Army and navy.] The three lall kings of Denmark, notwilhl)andin;r tlio litiii;iii to trul\ his fecurity in thV hands of thofe he had tricked out of their lilurtv. 'Hiough this army is extremely burdeidonie to the nation, yet it colls little to tlie crown : great part of the infantry lie in Norway, where tliey live upon the l)oors (It free quarter ; and in Denmark the peafantry are obliged to maintain the t a- valrv in vicluaU and lodging, and even to furnilh them with money. 'Ilu' llei t of Denmark is coinnofeu of 36 (hips of the line, and i3 frigates;' but maiiv of them being old, and wanting great repairs, they cannot tit out more than 2^ tiiips upon the greateft emergency. This fleet is generally flatioiud at C'opeiili:igi n, where are tlie dock-yards, llore-houfes, and all the materials necelVarv tor the iife of the marine. 'Hiey have 26,000 regillered feamen, who cannot m without leave, nor ferve on board a nicrchnntinan without permiflion frnni the admiralty; 4000 of thefe are kept in conflant pay, and eni|)loved in the doc k- *ards; their |)av, however, fcarcelv amounts to nine lliillings a iiiontli, hut tlu-n ll,.y F hi* <»»»; to it iriv*. f th.' ■ch. 0C'> ooo ^ ,000 ,000 ,000 ,oo» •,ooo l.OOO ),OOQ 5,000 3 ,000 5.000 0,000 5,000 4,800 ; 1,000 ^0,000 DENMARK. «| thry have k fort of uniform, with fume provifioai ind loUgingt allowed (ot them* fclvc« and familiet. ORDimt or KWIOHTMOOD IN DtNMAaicJ Thefe are two i thai of the EUpMiiHi, and of Dantknr^ : the former waa inftituted by Chriflian I. and ii deem* ed the moA honourable i id badgo i< an elephant furmounted with a caftic, fet in diamondi. and fufurndcd to a Iky-colnurcd watered ribband t worn like ih« (u'urge in EnglanJ : it* membcm, iKfidct the fovcreign, arc thirty, and the knight* of it arc addrcflVd by the title of Kxcellency, .'I'hc bailgc* of the Dancburg order, faid to have been inftituted in the year 1119. ami after it had been long obfolete, revived in 1671, by Chriftian V. confil) of a wliile ribband witi) red edget, worn fcarf-way* over the left ilioulder \ frt' Scotlniui ; both \\hich kingdoms Itill retain proofs of thrir barbarity. Wlien we read the hiAory ot' Denmark aiul that of England under the Danitb princra who reiKiieU over botii, wc tind events recorded very differently iu the two king* tloins. ■ . • Ry Sivili'u may lie mulrrftixid jllihoft iK>rth- rrii l.Illlllt^u'^ i>t Kiirti|ir ntiil A(i.i, now iiili;il)iii'>l liv tlif Danes, Norwrniann, .Swciirs, Kullians anJ 'ranur'i, wUutr iiilial>itai liw I jth «.ciitur^, to iiUic lurtl) in Urj^c bvUict, itnd naval rxpeditioiu, ravaging the more fuuthem siv) fertile kiii)^lomk oi Kurojif ; luiue by fir Wi). liain 'I'l iii|ilr, aud otlicr liilioiiaiit, tlirv are Irrm- ed till- S'liihni lint, lit Mih II iit it« /riiiil) of glory, at (»t «• cxlcitl nt tlitniiiiioti (iiti givi* I'lintliDii in llw i.'X|)rrllit)n. F«'\v iiiicntiinK > vittit prccctKii ilif yt-ar 1)85. wlu-ii Muriiiri'l mmmt«(l tliui ilinMio i mid |mrtly l»y licr addr'fo, ntut |mrllv mni'lii by hcrctUfury flfhl, t'urninl tli>' iinii)n ti|° Cnlmiir, nniio 1397. I'V whirli ibr wot ni'lin»wU'il)(>'>t rovcri'i|(ii ui .>\viil» II, IK'tiiiiark, and Nurwuy. Mu* ncUl her tliKtiily with fiuli ririnnrf* uiut • «iur ligt igi', lliiil iIk- wa» rtv It'll iho StfmiramI* of llio North. Ilcr fuicc' III her great i|iiiil(tiiati<)Mi, the tiiii'm of' Caliiinr, by wliiili llic three kiiigUi)n)« utrc in tuliiri' !<• In* umU-r ww fuvcrcign, wii« dilUiUcdi Nurwuy iciiw tintiing umicKtd m Di-niiiiirk. In 144II, the trowt) ot' Doninurk fell to Chrif' linn, cdtiiit vi ObU'iilnirg, tVum whniik tlic |irufciit ruyal tuntily of Dciuiiark \% tl> It I'tidetl. Ill 151.?. C'lirillinn If o.-c of ilu' wurft ivrunlt thni tinxliin timr« have prey- tlucoii, nttiiintril tlu- tlintiu- o|' IXnmark -, iind having married ihe tiller tif tlir eiiiperitr tli.irii* N. gase a Inoli- t<» liii innate iriielty. Jleing driven mit of" kwedeii. lor the bloixly miiiraeret he loininitled there, the Daticit rebelled againll Mm liktMilei and ho Hed, with hi^ wife ntui children, into the Nrtherliindi. Kiiileriik duke nt' HdllUiii, beint; iinnninioutly ealled to the throne, einiirnced Ui>' o()iiti«>iM ol l.iither; and about the year i.ft't, the prolcDunt religion \\a» tituidilhed III |>. Miliaria by lluil wile and |iolitic- priiiee C'hrilliat) III. CKntdan iV. ot Deitiiinrk, 111 16x9. \v;ii thol'en lor tiie head ot the |ir(itelhint k'P^uo, tornied ag.iiiili the houfe of Antlriii t but, though brave Id hi« ;i\vn |ier- I'oii, WAS \n danger <>( lolmj' hii d^nlillion^ ; when he \va» fiueei ded in that loni- iiiand by (iiil^ivus Adnl|)hii.\H, to luwi r the dutiet of the Souml, hi>i fon, Frederic 111. «.uiilenhd lo ateept of an annuity of 150,000 Horin> for the whole. The Diilih, alter iliK, peifit.i«kd him to declare war uguinll Charlvt (iullavus king of Ssvud^n, wliieti had alinoll lolHiini hit crown in i^.;^. (Miarlei Ibirnied the torttel* of Kredrii liadi ; and in tlie fiiieeeding winter inarihed hit iirniy over rli« lie to the illand of Kuneii, whei^ he fiirpriled the Danllli triM)p>i, took Oden- tie and N)l'iirj;, and 'iiarelud over the tJre.it Belt to believe C'openhiii'eii. t'rijinwell, who tin 11 governed Knglaiid inuUr the title of Protector, interpofld ; iiiid Kridirie d^lt'iuld liii t aitital with great m;i!;iiaiiimin till the peace «if Ruf- diiltl, liv wliieli he ct ded tlie proxitiKN of llalland. Hfckin^, and Sconiu, the illand of n.iniliolin, and Baluis and Dioniheiiti in Norwav, to the .Swedet. t're- deric fought to ijudc thole (evire terms; but ("harlc* t»)(»k Crniunbnrgh, and once uiure beliej;ed Copenhagen by fea and land. The IK ady iiitrepiil eondui-t of Fre« «J« ric, under ihcfe mi^lortmu's, endeared him to his fnbjects -, and tlie i iti/ens of 4.'o|iiidiatr(.n made an adiniralile defence till a Dutch Heet arrived in tin Haitic, and In at ilu* Swedes. Tlu- fortune of war wat now entirely chnni^ed in favour ot*^ iVederic, who ihewed on t very ocealimi great abilities, both tisil and military t and havinj; lorct'd C'hailes to rail'e the liege of ('oi)enhagen, nii>;hl have carried the war iiii" Sv.ediii. had ii'>l the l'',nj;lilb Hiet iiiuler Moiita;{iie appearr eiuiblkd ( li.irK .s to Ih luge Copenhagen a thir, even preferably to his own, greatly nuleared him iu their eyes ; and he at leii)^lli l)etaine .nbfolute, in the manner already related, i'rederic was fuceeeded in t'>70, by his fon C'hiilliaii V. wlio Dblii^ed tlu' duk' of I lelltein Gottorp to renounce ;ill ihi: ad". aiit;ims he had niimd by the ir'.ily nf RoIclitlU, lie tlivn ivc^vci'cil u iiuu^>ci' vf ^)'»cc» in ^cl.unea j l)ut hi>ainis wat defeated mill ' » R V M /\ R ., - -v "•• HM mill*, h,. ,. . ■ "• "» niilitdrv iiita-M. •••••"iririi.iri i lii.d .^;;"'H,Hu.,.,.;;r;i::^:i;rK,t- III I6( 'lly ami tfiiiii* , and. aH » vnri,fy„j-,^, £=SlS52S;§2.? - =^'^- IH,|| (I. "IMf» I •hiT ill.f„vv It), •HiifKr iij ( 'fiif. •r», '«>ri. ": l»a«l. « »(|. ''"V •'••K'K the .Nu,.,| (iiMU\ III. '••niiiii Chiirl '1 •■•'•liric w »rc fu Id I). •''"*•'! at ihf (i '•"<"ic majHiy\"'„;;;i II ii..<( 1. .".• ""<• ''•IUtin(r \l'iC....._ .** .' ""« Kni" I.) rill),, ft |„. „ It «iiii ""K«l ilu- f, :;;'"; "'K\vir„,:,rir,,. ;;^," "'• .« ■-o:-;^;;.Tzir« !::!.^ "-.'::;::::rr:;- ^ '*.'«• ••» I'irdcrinI i,.,,''7' •'''.''''•• '1.0 .!.' '■'"• '■•■I'drrii d tirfl nil of tlinf ic war •nil', liiii. »«.'Mlll» Pf lU c. w h„ ,,, 'iU Hri. two Chril'l rir ^::!.^'''-'^^-. ^v.. Mar. iK.fi.r,., ,;.,.„ |, "•» frcdiTit '••■ic dird ill (| -uwdn,. „,,•;;'; ^',;,'^-."fi "< 111 j)..f. IIVIII li.l "Pl"''"'u- inM*. « "'' I'i'Ppiiul, .„• |,„ f.,,i !; V '^'J »'?^^' ^vi,|, „|, , • "II 'li to H;.'i&;;;;r',f '-""'>"'« » '"'Hi- .)l elu- en, '"»'J^'ts whom I '^' iaii ri"| " '"v.r marks. I, ,"' """"' '^-'"".rk ^■"''"'"llinHKn,al Its. nirn II- trown O'l-'ially l«'i(lll •'ninldii,, I "P "'■ .SitinlinriJ 111 I ' dif| ''" ^I'rr.-nt. and "","""•'' ''nilliu • "liiih li.id I ■■"■ ... ii.Miiiin Lawi-Ml...... . ,"""" '••Ml I ;'"*■ "illi his H III pay liini 'ii'ii imir, "■•tannic 'm m I ii :in*ii«. . : .1 . *' "• I'llltill f'K^dtotiu. la,,;.;, iJKly filannit ni ;.jc-lt>' i>ri'dir i-;i:u<';;;s,:r''«":^"U'';i'"^.; • a iriTitv I" whiv h I It is tl ".'"«lir. ncviT 'grtvd to j,ay nmoiis, who Was his ■'""tte:r;t""-'»'i Chrilliiiji 5A D E N M R K. Chridian a fubfidv of 70,000!. (lorling r ycnr, 011 condition of keepinc In readii* ncfs 7000 troops (or ihv pruto^^ion of Hanover. Two years after, nc icized fomc Dutcn fliips, For trading without hit leave to Iculun'd ( but the difTcrcncu wa» made up by the mediation of Sweden. ChrHlian had fo great a party in that king- dom, tliat It was generally thought he would revive the union of Calniar, byjiro- turiiig liis foil to oe declared futccifor to his then Swedilh inajefiy. .Some (tepa for that purpofe were t ertainly taken : but whatever ChrilUan's views mif,'ht have been, the delign was fruftratcd by tlic jealoufy of other powers. Chriftian died in 1 746, with the charatK-r of being the father of his people. His fon and fuc- ccifor, Frederic V. in 174^, married the princeiH Louifa, daughter to hirf Bvittin- nic majeily CJcorge 11. iJe improved upon his father's plan, for tiie happincfo of his people ; but took no concern, except that of a mediator, in the German war. It was by his intervention that the treaty of Clofter-feven was concluded between the late duke of Cumberland and the trench general Kichlieu. Upon the death of liis firft queen, wlio was mother to his prelent Danilh majcfty, lie married a daughter of the duke of Brunfwic-Wolfenbuttle ; and died in 1 766. His fon, Chrinian VII. was born the zglh of January 1749; and married his . K relent Britannic majcfty*^ youngell lifter, the princefs Curolina-Matilda. This al-' aiice, tliough it wore at lirft a very proniifmg appearance, had a ver)' unfortu- nate termination. This is partly attributed to the intrigues of the queen-dowager, mother-in-law to the urcfent king, who has a fon named Frederic, and whom Ihc is rcprefentcd as defuous of raihng to the throne. When the princefsX^arolina- Matilda came td Copenhagen, (he received her with all the appearance of friend* Ihip and atfedticni, acquainting her with all the king's faults, and at the fame tittifr' telling her, that flic would take every opportunity, as a mother, to alTiil her in reclaiming him. By this conduct, flie became the depofitary of all the young queen's fecrets, whild at the fame 'ime, it is faid, (he placed people about the king, to keep him conftantly engaged in all kinds of riot or debauchery, to which Ihe knew ho was naturally too much inclined : and at length it was fo ordered, that a millrcfs was thrown in the king's way, whom he was perfuaded to keep in his palace. NN'hen the king was upon his travels, the quecn-dowager ufcd fre- quently to vilit the youiig queen Matilda; and, under the malk of triendlliip and alVeilion, told her of the excelTes which the king had fallen into in Holland, Eng- land, and France, and often perfuaded her not to live with him. Hut as foon as the king returned, the queen gently reproaching him with his conduit, his mo- ther-in-law endeavoured to perfuade the king to give no ear to her coiind'ls, as it was prefumntion in a queen of Denmark to direct the king. Queen .Vlatilda now began to dilcover the deligns of the queen-dowager, and afterwards liv^rd upon good terms with the king, who for a time was much reclaimed. The young queen alfo now afTumed to herlelf the part which the queen-dowager had been complimented with in the management of public affairs. This llung the old (luecn ; and her thoughts were now entirely occupied with fchemcs ot revenge. But her vkws of this kind at firll appeared the more ditficult to carry into execu- tion, becaufe tlie king had difplaccd feveral of her friends who were about the court, who had been increaling the national debt in times of the molt profound' peac e, and who were rif)ting on the fpoiis of the public. 1 lowever, iho at length loiMid means to gratify her revenge in a very :unple manner. About the end of the year 1770, it was obferved that Brandt and Struojifee were p:iiiciilarlv re- garded by ine king; the former as a favourite, and the latter as mii. liter, and that Uicy paid great court to queen Matilda, and were funported bv her. This open- ed a new kxne of intrigue at Copenhagen ; all the dncarded placenun paid their Court to the queen-dowager, and the became the head of the part) Old count Molke, an artful difplaccd ilatcfman, and others, who were well verfed in in- uigucfi £) E N M R K. 91' tcigues of this nature, perceiving that they had unexperienced young pcrfuna to contend with, who, though they might mean well, had not fuflic jnt knowledge and capacity to condutt the public amiin, veryfoon predicted their ruin. Struen> fee ana Brandt wanted to make a reform in the admuiiftration of the public affair* at once, >Vhich ihould hare been the work of time \ and thereby made a great number of enemies among thofe whofe infcreft it wa» that thingii fliould continue upon the ancient footing. After this, queen Matilda was delivered of a daugh- ter; but as foon as tlie queen-dowagcr faw her, (he immediately turned l)ack, and, with a malicious fmile, declared tnat the child had all the features of Strucn- fec : on which her friends publiflied it amOng the people, that the queen muft' have had an intrigue with Struenfeci which was corroborated bv the queen's be- haviour to this miniftcr in public, and by the Ubertinifm 6( his principles and character. Many councils were held between the queen-dowager and her friends upon the proper mcafures to be taken for efTeituatmg their dcfigns: and it was at length refolved to furprife the kinc in the middle of the night, and force him imnicdl< atelv to fign an order, which was to be prepared in readincfs, .for committing the perfons before mentioned to feparatc prifons, to accufe them of high treafon in general, and in particular of a dcfign to poifon or dethrone the king ; and if that could not be properly fupportcd, by torture or otherwife, to procure witnefles to • confirm the report of a criminal commerce between the queen and Struenfce. This was an undertaking of fu hazardous a nature, that the wary count Moike and mofl of the queen dowager's friends excufed themfelvcs from taking any a£)ive part in it. However, the queen dowager at laft procured a fufiicient number of inltru- ments for the execution of her dengns. On the 1 6th of January, 1772, a mafked ' ball was given at the court at Denmark. The king had danced at this ball, and afterwards played at quadrille with general Gahler, his lady,' and counfellor Stru- enfce, brother to the count. The queen, after dancing as ufual one country dance with the king, gave her hand to count Struenfec during the remainder of the even- ing. She retired about two in the morning, and was followed by him and count Brandt. About four the fame morning, prince Frederic who had alfo been at the ball, went with the queen dowager to the king's bed-chamber, accompanied by general Eichftcdt and count Rantzau. They ordered his majcfty's valet-de-chambre to awake him, and in the midfl of the furprife that this intrufion excited, they in- formed him, that queen Matilda and the two Strucnfces were at that inf^ant oufy in drawing up an nil of renunciation of the crown, which they would immediately compel him to fign : and that the only means to prevent fo imminent a danger, was to fign the orders which they had brought with them tor arrerting the queen and her accomplices. It is faid that the king was not calily prevailed upon to fign thcfe orders, but at length complied. Count Kant/au, and three oHiceis, haflened al that untimely hour to the queen's apartments, and immediately arretted her. She was put into one of the king's coaches, conveyed to the cafiic of Cro- ncnburgh, together with the infant printefs, attended by lady Moflyn, and cfcorted bv a party of dragoons, In the mean time, Struenfce and Brandt were alfo fei/ed iii their Inds, and imprifoned in the cathedral. Struenfee's brother, and moll of the members of the late adminiftration, were feizcd the fameni>{ht, to the num- ber of about eighteen, and thrown into confinement. 'Jhi' government after this fecmcd to be entirely lodged in the hands of the queen-dowager and her fon ; af- filled by tliofe who had tlie principal Ihare in the revolution ; while the king ap- peared to be little more than a pageant of ftatc. All the officers concerned irt'thc revolution were immediately promoted, and an ahnolt total change took place in' the departments of adminiftration. A new council was appointed, in which prince Frederic prefidcd, and a commiflion of eight members, to examine the papers of . Uie S4 D E N M R K. the prifoncrs, and to commence a proccfs ngninft them. The fon of queen Ma- lil(l:i, th^- prince royal, now entered into (he tifth year of his nge, was put into the I'iirc of a liuiy of quality, who was appointed govcrnefii, under tnc fu]>rrintcndancy of the quccn-dowaf er. Strucnfi-u and Brandt were put in irons, and very rigour* nully treated in prilon ; they both underwent fre(|uent examinations, and at length received fentence of death. They were beheaded on tlu; aSth of April, having their right hands prcvioully cut off. Struenfee at firll abfolutely denied having any criniinul intereourfe with the queen j but this he afterwards tonfeti'ed : and thou^li ho is faid to have been induced to do this only by the tear of torture, t)io proois of his guilt were cdeemed notorious, and his contcirioas full and explicit. During the confinement of queen Matilda in the palace of Croncnburj^h, ihe hihabited the governor's apartment, and had permillion to walk upon the hde-bat- terics, or upon the leads of the tower. She was uncertain of the tate that awaited her ; and had great rcafon to apprehend, that the party which had occafioned her arrell meditated ftill more violent meafures. When the Englilh niinider at Co|)en- hagen brought an order for her enlargement, which he had obtained by his fpirit- ed coiuluch Ihe was fo furprized with the unexpedcd intelligence, that Ihe in- llantly burll into a Hood of tears, embraced him in a tranfport of joy, and called him lur deliverer. After a fliort conference, the minil^cr propofed that her ma- jclly Ihould immediatciv embark on board of a Ihip that was waiting to carry her Vroin a kingdom in which Ihe had experienced fuch a train of mismrtuncs. But hinvcvcr anxious (he was to depart, one circumdance checked the cxcefs of her joy ; a few months before her imprifonment, ihe had been delivered of a princefs, (as lias already been related) whom the fuckled hcrfelf. The rearing of this child had been her only comfort ; and flic had conceived a more than parental attach- ment to it, from its having been the condant companion of her mifery. The in- fant was at that period afllicted with the meafles ; and, having nurfcd it with un- cealing foiicitude, (he was delirous of continuing her attention and care. All tliofe circumrtancrs had fo endeared the child toiler, rendered more fufceptible of tendcrnefs in a prifon than in a court, that when an order tor detaining the young jirlncefs was intimated to her, ihe tedilied the ilrongert emotions or grief, and could not, for Come time, be prevailed upon to bid a hnal iidieu. At length, after beftowing repeated carefTes ujMin this darluigobjed of lier atfedion, ihe retired to llic veflei ill an agony of defpair. She remained upon the deck, her eyes immove- alily directed towards the palace of Cronenburgh, which contained her child, that had been fo long her only cointbrt, until darknel's intercepted the view. The vef- f;'! having made but little way during night, at day-break ihe obferved, with fond fatist'uHiiin, tliat the jialace was (lill vi(ible ; and could not be perfuaded to enter the cai)in as long as (he could difcover the t*ainte(i gliiiipfe of the battlements. It is well known tluil lier majeliy reliiled in the city of i^ell, in the eletloral do- mii-.iniis of his J3riiaiinic majefty, vhere (lie was carried off by a malignant fever, on tlu; loth of May 1775, and in the ii\lecnlh day of her illiieis ; aged 23 years, iiiul 10 months. In 1780, liis Danilli majefiy acceded to tJie armed neutrality propofed by the »mpref:i of Riillia. i le appears to have fuch a ilebility of underllaiuliiig, us to dilquaiify him for the proper nnnageiueiit of public allairs. On the i6tii of April, 1784, another court revolution took place. 'Ihe queen-dowager's friends were removed, a new couiiril formed under the aufpices of the prince royal, fome of the former old members redoied to the cabinet, and no regard is to be paid in ("uture to any inflrument, unlefs ligned by the king, and counterligiied by the ])rince royal. Ihe conduct of this prince is ftamped with that conliftency of behaviour, v\liich »rr.ables him to purfue, with unremitting zeal, the ])rudeiit and benevolent fchinies wliicli H< DENMARK. ^f which he has planned fur the benefit of his ffratcful country. The rcftorntion of the pcafantry to their long-loft liberty, nnd flic abolition of many gricvniKTS un- der which they laboured, have already been di(>in611y mentioned. To this may be added, the exertions he makes for tnc general difruiion of knowledge ; the ])a- tronage he affords to focieties of learning, arts and fcience ; the excellent nua- furesYic has adopted for the fupprefiion of ocggais, with whom the country was oyer-run, and the encouritgcment of induflry, by tlic moft extenfiye enquiries into the Hate of the poor throughout the kingdom ; the wife regulations he has intro- duced into the corn-laws, equally benehcial to the landed intereft, and to the poor ; and the judicious laws which, under his influence, haye been made to en- courage foreigners to fettle in Iceland. If any thing is ^vanting to complete his happincfs, his late matrimonial choice crowns it. '1 he princcis of Ilelfe-Cani'l, whom he has chofen, is faid to puflefs the molt amiable dif]>olitiuns and goodncfs of heart. Count Schimmelman, miniAer of ftate, finances, and commerce, has the merit of accomplidiing the abolition of the flave trade among the fubjeiis of Denmark. His plan was approyed by the king on the 2u\ of February, 1^92, and is to be gradual, and in 180^ all trade in negroes is to ceafe on the part ot Oanilh fubjects. The difintereflednefs of this miniller, who polTcfTes large eflates in the Danilli VVcft-India iflands, recommends his exertions to greater praife. 'Hie above ordi- nance does not feem to have caufed any ftir in Denmark among the Wefl-india merchants, and it is not thought it will caufe any in the illand>. A fciieme tor defraying the national debt has been fuggcfled and followed. One million has already been difcharged. CliriUian VII. reigning king of Denmark and Norway, LL. D. and F. R.S.- was born m 1 749 ; in 1 766 he was married to the ])rincefs Carolina-Matilda of England, and has ifl'ue, i. Frederic, prince-royal of Denmark, born January 28, 1768, and married in 1790, to the princefs Mary-Anne-Fredcrica of HefTe. 2. Louifa-Augurta, princefs-royal, born July 7, 1771, and married May 27, 1786, to Frederic, prince of Slefwick-I luUiein, by \vhom fhe has ill'ue. Brothers and lifters to the king: i. Sophia Magdeleiie, born July 3, 1746, mar- lied to the late king of Sweden, Guftavus III. 2. Wilhclmina, born July 10, 1747 ; married, September i, 1764, William, the prefent prince of Hofle-CalTel. 3. Louifa, born January 30, 1750; married Augult 30, 1766, Charles, brother to the prince of tleffc-Caitel. 4. Frederic, boni.Odober 28, 1753; T "'■ .i\ do- K'cr, lars, I the is to ]i of rnds nnic liaid llhc Inch lutes lucli ms DANISH MAJESTY'S GERMAN DOiMINIONS. H01...STKIN, a duchy of Lower Saxony, about 100 miles long, and 50 brond, and a truilful country, was formerly divided between the emprefs of Kiillia, (termed Ducal Holftein) the king of Denmark, and the imperial cities of Ham- burg and I,ube(.k: but on the 16th of November, 1773, the Ducal Holltein, with all the rights, privileges, and territorial lovereignty, was formally transferred t»i the kiiij; of Denmark. The duke of Holftein Gottorp is joint foveicign of great part of it mnv with the Danilh monarch. Kiel is the capital of Ducal Holftciii, siiid i.^ well-built, has a harbour, and neat public edrflces. The capital of the Danilh Holllein is (Ilucklhult, a well-built town and fortrefs, but in a marlhy li- tuatioii, on the right of the Kibe, and luis fome foreign commerce, Alt»' ua, a large, populous, and handfome town, ui great trathc, is cominodi? «uil^ litu:ited I u tlie Llbe, in the nei^hbuuihiuud uf Huntburg. it was built in i that. 96 LAPLAND.. that (ituation, that it might Hiare in the commerce of the former. Being declared • free port, and the (lapie of tlie Danilh Eaft-India Company, the merchants alfo enjoving liberty of conicienee, great numbers flocked to Altentf from all parts of the North, isnd even rrom Hamburg. The famoiis city of Hamburg lies, in a geographical fenfe, in Holllcin ; but is an imperial, free, and Hanfeatic city, lying on the ver^^e of that part of Holftein called Stormar. It has the fovereignty of a fmall diftrifl round it, of about ten miles circuit : it is one of the mod Hourilhing commercial towns in Europe ; and though the kings of Denmark ftill lay claim to certain privileges within its walls, it may be confidered as a well regulated commonwealth. The number of inhabi' tants ar$ fa'id to amount to 1 80,000 ( and it is furnifhed with a variety of noble edifices, both public and private : it has two fpacious harbours, formed by the river Elbe, which runs through the town, and eighty-four bridges arc thrown over its canals. Hamburg has the good fortune of having been peculiarly favoured in its commerce by Great Britain, with which it dill carries on a great trade. Tlic Hamburghers maintain twelve companies of foot, and one troop of dragoons, oe- fidcs an artillery rompany. Lubec, an imperial city, with a good harbour, and once the capital of the Hans To\vns, and (i\\\ a rich and populous place, is alfo in this duchy, and governed by its own magiftratcs. It has 20 parith churches bcfidcs a large cathedral. Luther- anifm is the cDabliHied religion of the whole duchy. In Westphama, the king of Denmark has the counties of Oldenburg and Dcl- monhurft, about 2000 fquare miles ; they lie on the fouth fide of the Wefer ; their capitals have the fame name ; the firfl has the remains of a fortification, and the lad is an open place. Oldenburg gave a title to the firft royal anceftor of his prefent Danifli majcdy. The country abounds witli marlhcs and heaths, but its hotfes are the bell in Ccrmany. ( -J'. C't LAPLAND. 1 1: .«l(l THE northern fituation of Lapland, and the d^vifiqn of its property, require that I (lioukl treat of it under a diilin^t head, and in the fame method obfcrved in other countries. Situation, extent, nivisioK, and name.] The whole country of Lapland extends, fofar as it is known, from the North Cape in 71. 30. N. lat. to the White Sea, under tlic arttic circle. Part of Lapland belongs to the Danes, and is included in the government of Wardhuys ; part to the Swedes, which is the moft valuable ; and fomc parts in the eaft, to the Rufllans. The part belonging to the Swedes may be ficn in the table of dimenfions given in the account of Sweden : but other accounts fay, that it is about a hundred German miles in length, and ninety in breadth ; it comprehends all the country from the Baltic, to the mountains that feparate Norway from Sweden. The Mufcovite part lies toward the eaft, between the laice Enarak and the White Sea. Thofe parts, notvvithflanding the rudencfs of the country, arc divided into fmaller diftritts ; generally taking their names from rivers : but, unlofs in the Swedilh part, which is fubjctltoa prefect, the Laplanders can l)c f:iid I0 i)i' under no regular government. The Swedilh Laphir.tl, iherefore, is thi' obji'tt iliiefi; conliiiered by autliors in defcribing this tduutry. It has been generally lli<)u;;Iit, that the Laplanders are the defcendants of Kinlanders driven out ot' tlieir own country, and that they take their name from L:ippe5, which fignirtes exiles. The reader, from wliat has been faid in tlie rntrodiittion, may ealily con- 8 teive Lap t. A N 97 ^UMAT«.] In tl,- „.;,., .. '""'^ '"*■'"■ work throucli ''"nil the ninr> n : • """S, and INSFrra 1 Ti """"v.. "otiuces a larrr,. m' i ^"P'-i'id hares grow whit.- in ,'. ^"V"'-'^ Wack or whit,. i« I'nKluces a |ar(),'i Mn "i'"' ^"P'''"d hares crow u "'••'rkable on .^S^'"";'' ^^'' ."'•Kh attends the";ntiv/- T"'^T' and the countr/ raturali,ls,aL.nS;n;e?f'\-^ ''^■"''' «"d 'he ht„f I^' .'''"{'"al rcfe,„bli„^ V'/ions of the hoof Th?. ?. '^'I'^"'""!? and afterwards hX • " '" '"°V'"? 'H "er that the claw of the pf"' '""■' •''* *^"'"-^'' v ^"vcS wid, iS '"^ ^S*-'"^^-'' '^c di! <"' r hircl that can end .re th •'"*^"" '\^^'"' '^'athery b ij e xS-'k '^' ^'""^ '"an- 'jnly thus proteiKd : fh ^. ^/'^ '^"'"atc 'H e hoof '*i'^ '' "''""'* ">« |'K_ noo^ however, is not fnow O ^'''"''' «'''' a kind of bjudgcoa ()S LAPLAND. hliulRfun in the nthor, to k«Tp tlu* cnrriano clear of ice and fnow. The deer, whofi* liarntllinn is viry (implo, Iriioiit, and coiitiimcH the juurncy with prmiigiouit fju-cd ; aiul is g<.'i\t rally Cti fate and traMahIr, that the driver ii at little trouble in it a well tall'.'d food, whi ihcr iVelh or dried : their (kin forms excellent clothing both for the bed nnd liody : their milk andcheefe arc nutritive aud pleafant ; and tneir inteOines and tendons fupply their maders with thread and cordage. When they run about in the fii-ld;!, tliey may be ihot at as other game. But it is faid, that if one ii killed in a Hock, the furvivorn will gore nnd trample him to pieces ; therefore linglr drag- giers are generally pitched upon. Their furpriling fpeed (for they are faid to run jit the rate of 200 * miles a day) feems to l>e owing to their impatience to get rid of their incundirance. None but a Laplander could hear the uncafy pofture in Avhiih he is placed, when he is c(mrineu in one of thofe carriages or pulkhas j or Would believe that, by whil'iKTing the rciii-deer in the ear, tluiy know the place of their deftination. About autumn, when the l.nkes of Lapland begin to freeze, the water-fowl, which are foinul there in great abundance, nngrate towards the fouth ; and upon the firll opening of tlie fprin;;, tiny return in large Hocks to their prior hahitationn, where lliey find a plentiful fublillence from the grubs of the gnats. Thefe grubs too ferve tor the food of ihe tctitmitfs or ixirtridce tribe, thoufauds whcreot, and even myriads, are daily taken, and fent to Ntoekliolm. Thefe birds are caught in ftich large (piantities by the Laplanders, as to fupply them with their ordinary pro- vilion in autumn, as the eg^s of the water-fowl are their fupport in f|>ring f . Their prey is in fuch ])leuty that lliould one of them go out a (hooting for two hours, and not bring home a load of game, he would certainly coiu-ludc that fomc ctuhantcr, wlio bore him a grudge, had, out of mere fpite, fpoiled his fp)rt J. I'koim.k, ci'sroMs, anf* mannkrs.] The language of the Lanlanders isof Fin- iiiili orij;in, and comprehends fo many dialetts, that it is with dithcuJty they under- flan«l each other, 'ihe gnaler part have neither writing nor letters among them, but a uumlx-r of hieroglyphics, which they make ufe ot iu their Rounes, a fort of llieks that they call I'lllave, and which ferve them for an almanack. However harth and unharmonious their language, we have fome fpecimens of Lapland poe- try, which convey no unfavourable imprelVions of tlieir talte and fenlibilitv. In the Spectator we have two elegant odes tranllated from the language ot L.apland, (N*'. ;^66. nnd 406.) VVe Ihall make no apology for adding a third in the note below ^. Hieroglyphics arc the marks they ufe indead of lignatures, even in ♦ Hollicrg fays, the rriii-dccr, " if he \s prefTed, will tr.ivi-l at tht r.ite of ten or twelve Swulilli iiiiics A day (70 or 84 Kiyjilh inili-s), but l)v fiicli lioij cliivinj; he ii gfiui.illx <1( Itroyoil. It, how- ever, lit [lit iitly h:;|)iiins, ih.it he will j)erfevrri' in hib 'oiiinry ;.> inllca,wiilioiil '' t<:rinillinii,.iii'l with- out tiiiiiii' ;iny rclrcllinicnt." i.iiiuu.'i Auiaiiit. A^'T1;iu. Wt\, I. p. 169, 1 Holl):ri;. *, Murtray's Travels, voL ii. p. j^i. § A Lai'lmid Somg. The fiinw' are ilifrolvinir on Torn.io's rude fide, AiiJ i.'ir let.' ot l.ullica llou i down the darli tide : '1 hy I'ai'k Ititam, oh l.iithca, tlowb trcily a»av. And tlic fiiow-drup uiiluld^ hir pule beauties to-day. F.ir off the keen terron of winter retire, And tlie north's djnicin|( ilrcaniarb relinquilll their Hrc ; The fun's ^nv.a,\ beams fwell the htid on the tree. And Knna chaunli turth her wild w4rlbinj;s with glee. The rein deer iiidiarnef^'d in freedom fliall play, And fafcly o'lr l) Ion's ft r p prri ipiie (Uav ; ' The Wolf to the fonrt's re -idei lh:dl lly, And howl CO tlie muuii aj llic glide, thro' the Iky. Then haft, my fair Luah, oh ! haftc to the grove. Aim pafs the ivv.i't frafon in rapture anti love j In youth Kt our IhiI nw in celU( v i>l iw. Fur the winter of lil'e ne'er a tiiuili>or< can know. 3 matteri fcr, c in (ftcn the well r the dines about killed drag- to run {et rid lire in ai •, or ; place :r-fowI, d upon itation*t e grubs :ot, aiul iui;lU in ,ar"y pro- r for two \at fomc is ol Fuv V uiulor- n^ them, a fort of lowcvcr and poe- Ii> rlie L«jpland, I the note even ill L]\\\A\ their 111 the trcf , llbings with hiall l>layt Iftray; »' tlte Iky. I tl»e grove, htl love i can know, malleri I, A P I. A N D. 99 ifiRtlrra of Invr. Mitliontriei, from tho (hiiAiani/ed parlH of Sti.spui|Mife their niusiciuu* make tife of what they call a drum, made of tliu hullowed trunk o( n fir, pine, or l)irch-trce, one end of which ii covered with a (kin i «»ii Hiiii they draw, with « kind of red colour, the Hgures of their own godt, as well a« of Jcfuu Chi ill, ilivr apuAles, the fun, moon, liars, birdi, and rivers ^ on thcfc they |)lai:c one or Ivmi brafti rings, which, when the drunt is beaten with a little haniiner, dance over thu figures i und, according to their prugrefs, the foicercr piogiiolUcalcs. 'J lulu chiUlidi operationH are generally perfitrnu'd for gain ; and the nothern lhi|Mnafler^ are fuch dupes to the arts of thofu impollurs, that they often buy frotn thetn u magic curd, which contains a nundK*r of knots, bv opening of which, according to tltu magician's direttiuns, they ||ain what wind tl)ey want. The Liinlunders lljlj rctaiw tlic wurlhip of many ot'tlie I'ttutonic gods ; and have among tiieni great rcni;iiii)> t)f the Druidical inliitmions. 'ihey (nelicve the tra^ifniigrutiun of the foul } un^ have feftivals fet apart fi»r (he worlhip of certain genii, called Juliles, who thw/ think iidiabit the air, and have great nowvr over liuinun actions ; but, being with- out form or fubliancc, they aflign to them lu-ither images nor (latues. Agriculture is not much attended to among the Laplanders. They arc diiefl/ divided into Laplaud iilhers, and Lnplaivd mountaineers. The former always umke their habitations on the briitk, or in the neighbourhood of fome lake, from whence thev draw their fubfiUence. "I'he olhera feek tlteir fupuort upon the mouutains, and their environs, jjoireding herds of rein-deer mi«e or ieti numerous, which they iife acconling to the feafon, but go geijerallv i>n foot. They are excellent and in- (luftrious herdfmen, and arc rich m companion of the Lapland tilhers. Some pof- i'efs lix hundred or a thoufimd rein-de«rr, aiul have often money and plate l)efidcs. They mark every rein-deer on the cars, and divide them into clulVes ; fo that thejr inftantly perceive whether ikny one is drayed, though they cannot count to fo great a number as that to which their llock often amounts. I'liofo who poiTcfs but ^ fmall Uock, give to every individual a proper name. The Lapland-tillicrs, who arc 4ilfo called Laplanders of the woods, bccaufe in fummer they dwell upon the bor- ders uf the hikos, and in winter in the foruds, live by filhing and huntinjg, an^ choofe their tituation by its convenience for either. The ^rented part ot them, however, have foinc rein-deer. They arc aUlve and expert in the chace : and the introdu6]lion of tire-flrins among them ha«> aJmod entirely aholillied the ufe of the bow and arrow. Bcliiles looking after tiK'ir rein-deer, the Hlliery, and the chace, the men enjploy themfelvcs in the conAruUiun of their canoes, which are fmalJ, light, and compaft. Tliey alfo make Hedges, to which they j;ive the t'orm of a canoe, harnefs for the rein-deer, cups, bowls, ai\d various other utenfils, which arc fometimes neatly carved, and fonietimes ornamented with bones, brafb, or iiorti. 'i'he eniplovment of the wonten ciMitids in mtdLing nets for the lilhery, in drying iilh and meat, m milking the rein-deer, in making cheefe, and in tanning hides : but it is underdood to be tlic butinefs of the men to look after the kitchen ; in which, it is faid, the women never interfere. Ihe Laplanders live in huts in the form of tents. A hut is about twenty-five to thirty feet in diameter, and not much above fix feet in height, 'lliey cover them according to the feafon, and the nwans of the poffcllor ; fome with briars, luirk of bnch, and linen ; others with turf, coarfe cloth, or felt, or the old ikins of rein- O 2 deer. 100 LAPLAND. deer. 'Flic door U of felt, mndc like two curtnim, which open i/mulor. A little pini'c furroundod with llont'n is mndc in the middio of the hut for the lire, over which a chain is fiirj)en(K(l to hiin)( the kettle upon. 'J'hev lire fcarcely nbic to ftnnd upright in their huts, hut conllantly fit upon their hee(« round the fire. At niffht, tney lie down (luite nuked ; nnd, to fcpnrate the npartmcntfi, they place up- right fticks nt fniall dillnncui. They cover tlienifelves with their clolhn, or lie u|»- on them. In winter, they put their naked feet into n fur hug. Their houfehold- furniture confidn of iron or copper kettles, wooden cup«, bowls, fpoonit, and fome- time* tin, or even lilver bafons ; to thefe may be ndd(4 the implements of filhing and hunting. 'Jhat they may not be obliged to carry fuch a number of thing* with them m their excurlions, they build in the torcfts, at certaiu diltunces, little huts, made like pigeon-houfes, and placed upon the trunk of a tree, cut off at about the height of fix toot from the root. In thefe elevated huts they keep their good* nnd provifioni; and though they arc never Ihut, yet ihey are never plundered. The rein-di'or fiinply the l.np!an(lers with the greatell part of their provilionn ; the chacc and the (itlurv alVord the red. Their principal dilhes are ti\e (lelh of the rein-)i-a arc very iliiii, being niuili-, not of tanned leather, but of tbe raw biiU* *," 'I heir dDiiltlet i.i innnu'n wear breeches, Ihoes, doublets, niul clofe coals, in the fame manner u* the men ; but iheir girdle, at whiJi iluy carry likewife the implemeiils for fn\oking tobacco, iHconunonI) embroidered with brafs wire. 'Iheir t lofe coat hatli a collar, which comes up higher than ihiil of the men. Hefides ihefe, they wear liai\dker- cliiefs, and little aprons, made of painted cloth, rings on their lingers, and ear-ringi, to which they fometiines hang chains of lilver, whicn pafs two or three times round the neck. 'I hey arc oflei\ diell'ed in caps folded after the mam\er of turbans, foinetimes in others fitted to the ihape of the head ; and, being tuuch addicted to- finery, they are nil ornamented with the embroidery of brafs wire, or at leall with lili of ditlerent colours. Lapland is but poorly peopled, owing to the general barrenncfs of its foil. The number of its inhabitants may amount to about 60,000. Both men and women are in general coiifuUrably ihorter than more foutlurn l-'uropeans. Maupertuis meaUued a woman, who was fuckling In r child, whole height did not exceed four feet two inches and a half; the^ nuike, however, a much more agreeable appear- ance than the men, who arc ollen ill-lhaped and ugly, and their heads too largo for their bodies. Tin ir women are lomplaifaut, chalie, well-made, and e\trei\iely nervo\is. it fre(iuei\tly happens that a l.apland woman will faint away, or e\en fall into a (il of fren/y, on a fpark of fne Hying towards her, an unexpected noilV, or any tjilier fudden occurrenn', njually trivial. During thefe paroxyfms of terror, they (leal abo\it blows with the full ihiiig that prefents ilfelf ; and, on coming to llunifebes, are utterly ignorant of all that has |)alVed. When a Laplan tomputalioi; ia;i be made ol the public revenue, the grca'.ell part of which is allot- Sillliat"'^'^''^ Tfu;''.;, ji. 137, ij8. ted I«t W p. D R V. ti'arkitl>lc uvirdon tu WKr, aii«i To liir ■• we know, iirr ttrvrr rmplu^cd in iny am 17. K R N. Miloi, F.KTKNT AND SlTtrATIOM. 10 ami 30 lutli lui\gitiulc. Cuntainiiig iio.ooo S) the impalTabIc mountains of Norway, on tno Well ; by Uanilh or NorwcKJun Lap- land, un the North i and by Mufcovv, on the Kaft. It i* divided into (even pro- vincc* : 1. Sweden l'ro|)or. a. Cotnland. 3. Livnniit. 4. Ingria. (Thefe two laft provinces belong now to the KulliaMH, having been cun(|iirred bv Peter the Great, aiid ceded by iMillrrior treaties.) 5. Finland. 6. Swt'dilh l.auiand. And, J. 'Ilie Swedi(h illanas. (Jreat abatrmentK miift be made for the lakes and un- improved parts of Sweden, which art: fo extenlive that the habitable part is con- fined to narrow boutidi. The following arc the dinuMifioni given u« of this king- dom : Sweden, Square Milc^. Sum tottl. aa8,7t( 1 I Cipital Citl«i. bu'cden l'rn|ier Cfothland Srhoneii 47.900 "S.97J •,960 76,000 73,000 l,wiiig ftTc iho fubdiviiioni i l'.:il) Cothlmid, Dnlin, WfA (toihlniid, .Vhrn«a. Oi' Kinlaiid, the followiiiK '"'* *''*' fuL'tliviiiulM: l'.i\\\ Hoihiiia, Nyloiul, 'J I '< C'iiiani«, 'I'ruvuftia, 1 bitvoluxia, Kinlaiul l'ri>f)fr. • The Swedilh i(K» arc Goihlaiuf. Ocland, Aland, and Riigtn. I In Sweden fummor l)nrfts fuddcniy from wintori JnntI vegetation iountain-alh. In fummer, the fields arc verdant, and covered with lowers, and produce llrawberries, rathcrrics, ciirrant.s, and other fmall fruit.s. The common jteople know little of (ilver, copper, lead, and iron. 'I he l;i(l mentioned riieial employs no fewer than 4^0 for^i s hammer-niills, :iiul ('iiu Iting hoiiles. .V Vind of a ii,i>\>\ mine has likewile ken direoveied in Sweden, Imt fo inconliderabK'. that from llie \ear 1741 to 1747, il produced only ly}^ ^oltl dnials, eat li Viilufd at <)v. 4d. iKiling. I he tiill gallery of one lilver miiu' is 100 falhoms ln.'lo-.v tli>' fnrlaee of the earth ; the roof is fupported by prodigious oaken beams; and froin thence the miners defcend about forty fathoms to the loweli seiii. 'Ilii'^ miiic is faid ti> produce 20,000 tiowns a year, 'lliete fiil>terraiiean manlioiis are iiltonilh- ingly Ipaeious. and hichly commodious, forming, as il were, a hidden world. The water-laiis in Sweden allbrd exielient eonveiiieney tor forges ; and in tuim; former yi ars, the iron e\porteil biouglit in 300,0001. lUrling, unliituting iwfi. thirds of the national revenue. It mull be obfcrvcd, that the c.\aCtions of go- uruineiit. lOi \V K l> I'. S. >t'nmKttt, niip«i» stid rutnc ollwr iiiiifV*, huvv KrkMlty UidimuIioiI ihi» iiinniiliii'luri*. ANiitU irikt AND nutittiriK*. { A lew K*«tut,'« fmm noitrnhurK I* n hi N \ I IK Al. A«tt AN I irit'l AL. I iloittu prci'i^ik'tft tlowii whiih « (Iri'mtt'iil iiiiarii«i i>l' %vnii*r riillict with (mh imp-tii'Wiij, iV-mh »Ii«' Ji.inlii iiUit fi» (li't|» a 1>«tl ii|'\%iit> r, llcii luiiils nixl xllt- r IhhIui of limlKr, |irfci|»itHio(l tliwii it, ilil*. ii|»|)(Cnr l'i»r lunr nu hmir, l».Ynf»' ih«*v nri* f«c<)vori'» lliiiiK^ piil iiilo it, I1114 Ihi'ii t'ntiiul in iho r>>iiilK'rii ptirl ol (iDililiiiiil : unci I. mtkI \mtu ot Swi*il« n (unl.iin u itonc, wliidi, li%inn "f" a >«'lltiw lolidir, iiili'rriu\ni with f<'v»'r.tl liroiikiof whilr, lu iri.t)in|K>i.ii it' unjil nnif lil\'tr, nlVonU ftilpluir, viirinl, iilum, inul iiiiniiini. Hu' Swiiliii i)ri* III S C um to hit^i' a tn4nurcri|ii copy <>l m irunllalioit oi' ilio UoCik-Ii hilo (inlhii, (tunc \n II hilhiip I pi )>uii ii(;it. Si.A* I III- ti r> 111 uri- tlu- niiliit', mill iho gull'* of noltinia niul Finlniwl, whiili arc arnu ot' tlu- ilultiv t and mi ihi- w Cati-guti- Itii, iinti the N fi> t'till a^ iIh- oicuii. never niising with it, lu'cnufc u lurroiit liti ittwayi iMit lit' ilk* Ihiitiv into tlu- ociun. (ji Ai>ii('i'Kt>f, mnni, ANt> riMltt] rhrliilitKr llltlc frDiii ihofo nlrrnily ihl'i rilu'tl in \i»i\VHv and Di-Minark i the Swiiliili liurl'it ari- \»Ty firviiAHhli- in war. 'II10 Swidilli haw ki. whtii rairiod In Kr.iiut', liavo liocn known toresilil llu'ir native imintrv ; ax a|i|iiari« rnmi mio that wa<« killed in rinlund, with un iiw ft ription on u finalj ^old plate, li;{nirviii^ that lie l)elon^i'ti to the rremit kiii){, 'lie lillie^ loiiml in ilie rivert and lakesiif SweiK-n are the lame with ilmfe in other ixirtlurn ( Diintriis, and taken in riiili i|iiantiiik.s, that their piki"« (piirtittilarl\ ' arc f.ilted and pickled \\. At prel'ent, their luaCanlt feeiii In he a heavy pinddinu' rail III men, limn;.; and hardy; hutwitliiuit any nlher ainhition tlhiil that ot liihiilUim themlelves ami their t'amilies: the niereaiitile elalhii ure much of llie fame call ', liiit anion^ perl'iniH nf all defciiplionx ^neat a|iplieation and per- f.veraiiie are very conlpiciions. One woiihl not fiippole thai the itiodern S«rd le« lire the (U fcendantH of thofe, wlio undrr (tiilhuiis Adnlplnu and (MiarU% \l|, tarriid termr throiij^h dilhuil cntiutriei, and llmok the I'oimil.iliun i>t tlie ureatel) iiiipiies. 'Ihe inlrifjiu >> ot" ihiir fenatnr-. dra); ;« d them to take jiarl in llie laic Wiir a^ainll I'riillia ; yet their hehavioiir wan Ipiriilels. The nohility and gentry (if Sweden are natmall) l>ra\e, polite and linr|iilaliK ; they liaNe liiuh notions lif hniiiiur, and are ii;ilntiw of their iialional interelK. In Stoikholm. a> in other cold climates, the cullom of «hinkiii>; fpiritj prevails too nun h ; even ladii^ who Uy no im ans jlelerve an imprnprr epiilul, comply wilh ihis pirniuous i iillnm, It Is iifiial in this country, previous to dinner, for the «ompany lo allemlde round the lide-honrd, and to u j^ale ihemfeUes with hread, liuller, iheefe, or am ihinn of tliat nature, which onlaie is ri'milarly followeil in Imlli I'iacs hy u humper of hiandy. Their melluKl of coiiductiiij; tlu infelves at tahle has a very liuf;ular ap- prarani e to a llian^er. Kvcry dilh, alter heiiii^ « ut up, ishniuhd ahoul in rota- tion from one to another j every one helps himfelf and pallis it to tlu' nest. \\ ine .'uid all other liipiors (hind upon the tahle. The rule is to lu Ip yomlVhes without any kind of tenniony ; tliev drink no kind of healths. The cloth is not rcinoveil •IS in Kii>;land, luillier do the j^eiitleinen lit alter the l.idie.s rife, i'.ach j;enlleman toiulucls a lady to anullur fuit of iparlnicnt!) where coli'ee is* ready prcjiared. Tei ubout 111. null.. fu/,i, li "'^,"1'' ,"" """n cumti,., (i d't """' "I'*'! luiur. «■" lie ever .Iciir i„ all ,i' ' *" " ■!" ''l<-- U.v .-..kli, I, 1 7 '"''"'"in f nflcn I. r ^, "•• '"-'•■'MUi^c arrange.. nuiif, io6 W E D E N. nu'iit, or that wonderful cxa^lncfs in difcriininuting, wlu're the minutuft (liadcs of tiilTcrciuc are fcarcely pcrcrpliMe •. Kvon in tlic midrt of the hito cli(lro6tiuns of Swcdi-n, tlio fine arts, particularly drawing, fculjituro. and nrchitcHure, were encnuraged niul proteiK-d, Agricultu- ral learning, both in theory and pratlicc, is nifo carried to a confidcrablc height in that kingdom. UniversitiulJ The princinal is that of Upfal, inAituted near 400 years ago, nnd patronized by feveral fucceliivc nionarchs, particularly bj^ the great Gullavus Adolphus, and his daughter queen Clirillina. The lludents in thU univcrfity arc numerous j but they do not inhabit, ai in our univerfities, any diftin^t colleges, there being no buildings for their accommodation, but lodge in the town ; and repair to the general or public letlurcs, given by the feveral profeflTors, cither at their own houfes, or at the ^)ublic halls a|)propriated to fuch ourpofcs. The poorer iludents are aflilled in their cxpcnces, by being appointed to fcholarlhi])^, tlie higheft of which amount to about thirteen pounds per annum. The profelTors in different branches of literature arc about twenty-two ; of whom the principal arc thofe of divinity, eloquence, botany, anatomy, themillry, natural philofophy, altronomy, and agriculture. Their falaries are from fevcnty to one hundred poundit per annum. This univerfity, juftly called by Stillingflect, " that great and hitherto " unrivalled fchool of natural hiftory," is certainly the firft feminar^ of the North for academical education; and has produced, from the time of its mditution, pcr- fons eminent in moft branches of fcience. The learned publications, which have lately been given to the world by its members, fufficiently prove the flouridiing ftate of literature in thofe parts, particularly the Amcenitales Aiademicr, or a coP Jeition of Thofes upon Natural Hiftorv, held under the celebrated Linna:us, and chiefly feieikd by that able mafter. There is another univcrfity at Abo, in Fin- land, but not fo well endowed, nor fo flourilhing, and a third at Lunden, in Schonen, which is fallen into decay. Every diocefe is provided with a free-fchool, in which boys arc prepared for the univerlitv f . Much credit is due to this nation with refpetl to the education of young pcoi)Ic, particularly among the inferior claflTes, fo as to render them ufeful members of fo- cictv ; for'whicli purpofe they have inftituted feminaries and fchools, which are I arefully infpectcd by the fupcrior and dignified clergy. When a youth attains a certain age, fo as to be capable either of trade or any profellion.il line of life, if lie llicws any particular marks of genius, tr an uncommon alliduit^ in any of the walks of fcience, ihefc ccclcfiallical diretbirs report him to the kmg, who gives orders, as the reward of his merit, ihat lie may receive an education fuitabiy adapted to his temper and the bent of his genius. If he continues his dili- gence and attention his promotion is certain. This truly laudable inliitution, aiul ixeniplary pattern, may well be thought worthy the imitation of more eniiqiitened rations, as it is certainly productive ot much emulation and improvement. To «;ig llic rouf^h diamond from the mine is doubtlefs a commendable labour, but to piililh it and make it fit for ule deferves the higheil praifes. Mani'k \c 1 1 Rhs, TRADK, COM-) Thc Swcdiih commoualty fubfift by agri- MERCE, AND c H 1 K F TOWNS. j culturc, mining, grazing, hunting, and tith- ing. Their materials lor traHic are bulky and ufeful commodities of malls, beams. • The riadfr, «-lio is ilcfiroiiinf further iiifor- f An arademy of arts and fciriucb w:u fdjne »ja;ion coiKiTniii); this great ii^ituralilt, will tiiiU his yrnrj liiire ellabliflied at Stockholm, uml in now in (iiiiolity amply gr.ililinl Irum tlic ptriil.il of Dr. a lloiirifliing tonilitioii. They liavc jmblilhcJ li - I'lilmc)'.' " General \'iew of tlic W rilijigs of I-in- venil volumes .of inemoirs, which have bciu «tU rla•ll^." See alfo Coxc's Travels, 4to. vol. iii. received by the public. \\ 458—448. deal- "K- 1 6ih century: for ,iii .1 • *» "^ ""O" was inn.»^.. '1 •' '"'• "■<"•. <(irfl/ifr,. am broiidit I, K . '" ""♦' f''»e thev inl.\,l '."""""t-vd info Nw-cl.-n /, '^^^ tuia.n tow.<. in Sw?dVn = "•''nping ; and of 1,,^ V'-rnniciu. ^"^' ""vvevcr. blafted bv »h • , . tngJid,. -ju r """ --. tl,c. 'K.rbour\{";, UedT:^'^''^'-'''-.»W t rocks, dilaj)pt-:,rs from jh," r: w "^" ^ "arro.,- Urait .:ni ."'•"''*'« ^om the overfprcad \U fo eft t is ?''V ""'^ ''^ Pr"0 i^ ton!^' """^'"S «n,ong hi^h •'^■''"^"•"^' "^^■'"^- 'i"guh r V ' , '^'^^■>""d »'«e power of wo H "'"^ J'-^ d-'^ant l.iff l'''..k, ll.cca,„„,|„f ;r f'r ".»m,te„res a„J 'l' , """'""" mark .f'"™" *Coxr. vol ii „ ^""rfo, „, I' ceiUuiies io8 W B S. centuries the crown was elective i but after nrious retohitioniK Chdrlv* XIT. m1t& was killed in 1718, hecame dcfpntic. He vrm luccctded hy his tiller Ulrica, who. cunfentedto the abolition of detpotifm, and reftored the ftatc* to their former It* bertic* ; and they, in return, raifed hot huiband, the land^vc of Hoflir-Cafre!, to a Iharc in the government. A new model of the conftitution wa« then drawn up, by which the royal power was broufl^l too low \ for the king of Sweden couid CL-arcely be called hy that name, beingTinut«d in cvcrr exercife ot' government, and even in the education of his children. The diet of the dates apiminted the ^reat officers of the kingdom ; and all employments of any v»lue, ccclctiaftical, civil, or military, were only to be conferred with the approbation of the fenatc. llie cUates were formed of deputies from the four orders, nobility, clergy, burghers, and pcafants. The reprefentatives of the nobility, which included the gentry, amount- ed tn above 1000, thofc of the clergy to aoo, the burghers to about 200, and the peafants to 200. Each order fat in its own houfe, and had its own fpcaker, and each cbofe a fecret committee, ibr the d^wtch of butinefe. The dates were to be convolced once in three years, in the nu>nch of January ; and their collc£live body had greater powers than the padiatnent of Great Britain, becaufe the king';* prcrogaiiive was more bounded. When the dates were not iitting, the aflairs of the public were managed by the king and the fenate^ which were no other than » committee of the Itates, but chofen in a particular manner ; the nobility, or tmper houfe, appointed 24 deputies, the clergy 12, and the burghers ri; tbde choic three peHbns, who were to be prefentcd to the king, that nc might nominate one out of the throe for earh va- cancy. The pcafants had no vote in electing a fcnator. Almod all the executive power was lodged in the fcnate, which conlillcd of 14 members, befidcs the chief imvcrnora of provinces, the prcfident of the chancery, and the grand marlhai. Thofe fenators, during the recefs of the ftatcs, formed the king's privy council ; but he had no more than a eailiag vote in their deliberations. Appeals lay to them firom diflferent courts of judicature ; but each fcnator was accoimtable for his con- du6t to the Hates. The fenate had the power of impoling upon the king » Aih- committee of their number, who were to attend upon his pcrfon, and to br a check upon all his proceedings, down to the very management of his family. It would be endlefs to recount the numerous fubordinate courts, boards, commiflions, and tribunals, which the jcaloufy of the Swinies had introduced into the adminil- tration of civil, military, coiTunercial, and other departments. Their nfliccrs and minifters, under the notion of making them checks upon one another, were mul- tiplied to an inconvenient degree ; and the operations of g<*vernment were greatly retarded^ ii hot rendered inetFeCtual, by the tedious forms through which thoy mud pafs. But in Augud, 177a, the whole fyftem of the Swodifli government was totallv changed by the late king, in the mod imoxpcOcd manner. 'Die ctrcumdaiiccs which attended this revolution will be found in our biftory of tiiis kingdom. By that event, the Swedes, biftead of having the defeat* of their conftitution rc£ti- ficd, found their king inveded with a degree of authority little inferior to that uf the mod defpotic princes of Europe ; with power to a'dcmble and fcparate the liates whenever he pleafes; to have the fole difpufal of the army, the navy, (insinces, and ail employments civil and military ; and though a power of impo- iing taxes on all occafions be not openly claimed^ yet fuch as alrvady fubfid an; tube perpetual; and in cafe of invafion, or prelling necellity, the king naay iinpofe foine taxes till the ftatcs can be aflembled ; of which nccelVity he is tube the judge, and the meeting of the ftatcs to depend upon his pleaftire .• and when they are aflembled, they are to deliberate upon nothing but what tlio king thinks proper to lay before them. It is eafy to difcern, that a government thus con- lUtutcd « \f C n • Ai'tMod, Can bi h'HU . "If. month aifor the trial ^ tk: '^.P/''<"»«r is at liberty rn!^,v' 't*' femence- iAh,^ "-.fcch a cafe doi.?'i;^^irV'?" ^"""P^ »* 7^7/'^,'^"* ^''Sf •ng to the n«tu,,. „f ,j,';'^«^J labo«r. .if^e, f^ JiK,, « fo/^.'i^f, "P«" f>rwed«n wa« forced to comrUu Jibt" 0?"" ^"''"*'>' fr«'" F f„ e* « war with the ki^/of <"cn pcrcc vcd ih.- ».;r 1 • ^'w^nnts to near fiv^ rt^ir^ I confiderjjbfv atip. trndoaVooredto ..ril'^'r'"'' '^"'^'-'''^y -f their ,^^Il^ »>"^'^ of thc^r n?f4 »> co„fe,ue„c: ^»f tt'l'b.Si ^' I"^/'"""-- « ^ t^" -'-'h France."!^! t'om in that kingdn^' Jn ',1""^ '^'S""' h« occafmneH '''T.''''**"^^'^ fovoi«;ot KrcKhWfure ^^h^^ ';"'''* P"^^^'^^»' part vnr^^ fettJed after the dvath ofri ^'^^v''"' "''^ "^'w form of I, ^ '^"""^ '^orn, and wai* to maint.Mn a ! S. ' '''^."''""" Tho Art..,, thm!/?, "^^"'u^."^^'^^' Promotion '■^- '"'■''t- p.irtios Ion;reatly leduceii. Ijvonin, Bremen, Viulm, and other phues ililunited from thut kiiij^dom, contained about 28,000 Iqiiavv mil •;. Her j'.uld and lii>ir fpecie, in tlie ia'e reign, uiofe ehietly trom till kinj,'s('ienn;iM ili-iiniiious. rornieriy the crown-lands, poil-nionev, tithes^ mines, ami oilier arliiUs, are faid to I.ave produi >d a million (lerling. 'ihe pay- ments, tluit a;e made In cupper, wliiih was till iaiiis the chief medium of com- merce, is cxtn nely ineouvcnient, l'i>me ot ihofe pieces being as large as tiles j and u cart or wh> elbarrow is often required to cany home a moderate fum. Ihc 5wed>.s, howe\er, liave tjood ducats, and eij^ht-mark pieces of filvcr, valued each -It 3s. id. l)Ui thefe arc fe.irce, and tlu' iiihahitants of Svvedi'ii have little fpecie in iirculaiioi) ; largi' [jioces v'i copper liain))ed, and fnuill bank notes being almoft their only cireulaiing money. SruuMiTit ANJ) loucHS.) No country in the world has produced greater heroes, or hr.iver troops, than the Swedes; and )t' tbu Itati-, torniod a council called the fenate, which govcrnea all public (U-li. K-rations, This fvllem of government was extremely unfavourable to the niitionni |)rorpcrity ; antl in tin: cTilTi-ntions bi-twcen their prelates and la)r- harons, or InUvi'iii tliod- and thiir fovereign, the Mwcdos were drained of the little riches tliey polVelled, to fiipport the indolent pninp of u few bilhops ; and, what was more fatal, the unlucky lituation of tlieir mternal afiuirs expofed them to the inroads and opprelliun of a foreign enemy. 'Ihefe were the Danes, who, by their neighbourhood and power, were able to avail llienifelves of the diflen- fions in Sweden, and to fitbjc^t, under a foreign yoke, a country weakened and cxhautied by its dumcnic broils, in this depmrable fituation Sweden remained for more than two centuries; fomctimes under tlie nominal fubjcdiion of its own princes, fomctimes united to tiie kingdom of Denmark, and in cither cafe equally (pprclVed and infultcd. Magnus Ladellaus, crowned In 1276, was the firll king of Sweden who purfued u regular fyftcm to increafc liis authority ; for wiiich purpofe, he made tnc aug- mentation of the revenues of the crown liis principal objett. He was one of the ablcll princes who ever fat on the Swedilh tlirone ; by his addrefs he prevailed upon the convention of elhites to make very extraordirary grants to him for the fupport of his royal di}j[iuty. The augmentation of the revenues of the crown was followed by a proportional increafc of the regal power; and, by the Aeady and vigorous exertion he made of it, Magnus humbled the haughty fpirit of his nobles, and by employing his authority in many refpccts for tne public good, reconciled his fubjects to atts of power, which in former monarchs they would have oppofed with violence. The fuccelfors of Magnus did not maintain their authority with equal ability ; and fcveral revolutions followed, which threw the nation into great confufion. In the year 1387, Margaret, daughter of N'aldemar, king of Denmark, and widow of Huguin, king of Norway, reigned in both tliefe kingdoms. That prin» tcfs, to the orJinar) ambition of her fex, atlded a penetration and enlargement of mind, which reiulertd her capable of eondiiding the grcatell and inotl compli- cated deligns. She has been called the Seinerainis of the North, bccaufc like iicmeramis Ihe found means to reduce by arms, or by intrigue, an immenfe extent of territory ; and became queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, being ciettcd to tills latl in 1394. She piojetted the union of Calmar, fo famous in the North, by which thefe kingdoms were for the future to remain under one fovcreign, elect- ed by each kingdnm in its turn, and who ihould divide his relidence between them all. Several revolutions eniued after the death of Margaret ; and at length Chrif- tian {I. the lall king of Denmark, who, by virtue of the treaty of C'alinar, was alio king of Sweden, cngageil in a fiheine to render liimfeltabfolute. The bar- barous jinlicy In which lie atteniived to etl'ect iIiIn delign, proved the del^rutlion of hii. U if, and atlnrded an oporluuiiy tor ilianging the face ot affairs in Sweden. Toellablilli his autboritv in thai kingdom, he laid a plot for nialVacring the prin- cipal nobility. 'I his horrid delign was actually carried into execution, November 8, 1520. Of all tliofe who could oppoi'e llie ilefpotic purpofes of Cbriftian, no one remained in Sweden but Gullavus \ afa, a young prince, delcendcd of the ancient kings of that coiintrj, and who had lignalized his arms againrt the king 'jf Deinnark. A price was laid on hi.s head, 'ihe Danilli fiildiers were fent in purfuit of him ; but by his dexterity he eluded all their atlenipis, and efcapcd, under the difguite of a peafant, lo the mountains of Diilecarlia. This is not the place to relate his dangers and t'aligucs, liis labours iii the laafs-mincs, his being I betrayed isa ' S W E D n !^. Aratravrii hy thofc in whnin he rrpofed hit rurc, nnd to i'«>ni|uor hit tyraiiiiictil opprelP>r. Mwvdcn, Ih^ hit moans, again UL'quin-d indcpeiKlrnctf. C«ulUviii waw at (no lirad v( a vie- (ti)riiiiiN nrmy, who udmirrd Kis valour, ami k>vrd hit iM-rl'on. He was crriitcd tiicretbrt; tirlt adminithator, and afterwardti king ol' Swede ii, by the iinivmrfal confrnt 1)1" the wiiulc nation. His circiimllancc* were much more I'avournbit.' than thol'f 4>t" any former jiriiiio who liad pofloffod this dignity. The mnlVucre v( the nol)lcn iiad freed him trom thofi* pnnid and haughty enemies, who had long been the bane of all reguUir government. The clergy were no lefs powerful and dangerous.^ ■but the opiniiuw of i^utlur, which began at this time to prevail in lh« North, and fthc credit which they liad aequircd among the Swedes, gnvc him an opportunity of changing the religious fyiium of that country ; and. the exercife of tlie Roman catholic religion was pronibited in the vear 1544, under the fevereft (wnalties, V'hich have never been relaxed. Inltcau of a Gothic ariflocracy, the niofl tur- bulent of all governments, and, when empoifoned by religious tyranny, of aH jiovcmments the moll wretched, Sweden, in this manner, iH'tame a regular mon- nrchy. Some favourable efletts of this change were fcmii vilihle : arts and manu- factures were eftabliflied and improved ; navigation nnd commerce began to Hourilh ; letters and civility wen- introduced ; and h kingdom, known only by name to the reft of Kurope, began to be known by its arms, nnd to have weight in all )>ublic treaties or deliberations. Gultavus died in i.^ifQ- Under Kric, who fuccecded his father Guftavus Vafa, the titles of count and baron were introduced into Sweden, and made hereditary Kric's cnufeiefs jca- loufy of his brothers forced them to take up arms ; and tho fenate Tiding with them, he was depcfed in 7566. Mis brother John fuccecded him, and entered into a ruinous war with Kuifia, and a fVuitlefs fchenie for reftoring iIk* Catholic religion in Sweden. John's fon, Sigufiuund, wiu chofen king of Poland in 1367, John died in 1392. Charles, brother to king Jolin, was chofen adminiftrator of Sweden ; and being n ftrenuous proteftant, his nephew Sigifmund endeavoured to drive him from the adminiilratorthip, but without effeii ; till at laft he and his family \%Trc excluded from the fuccellion to the crown, which was conferred upon Charles in 1399. TTie reign of Charles, through tJie practices of Sigifmund, who was a powerful prince, and at the head of a great party both in Sweden and Kulha, was turbu- lent ; which gave t^ic DaiMs encouragement to invade Sweden. Their invalioii was checked by the grcsU Guftavus Adolphus, then a minor, and heir apparent to S\%Tden. L'pon the death of his father, in 1611, he was declared of age by the ftatcs, though then only in his eighteenth year. Guftavus, foon after his m:- celhun, found himfelf, through the intrigues of the Poles, Kufltans, and Danes, engaged in a war with all bis neighbours, under infinite difadvantages ; all which he furmounted. In 161 7 he made a peace, under the mediation of James I. of Kngiand, by which he recovered Livonia, and four towns in the prefecture of JSiovogorod, with a fu.n of money brlides. The ideas of GuUavus began now to extend. He had feen much military fer- vice, and was alhtied by the counfels of L ' Gurdie, one of the belt generals and wifotl ftatefmen of his «.ge. His troops had become the bolt dilViplined and moft warlike in Euroj)c. The princes ot the lioufe of Auftria fupported his ancient )mplacal>le enemv Sigil'mund, whom Gtillavus defeated, hi 1627, he ■';)iini J the iiege of Dantvcick, in which lie was unfuccefsful ; but the attempt w iiich was deteatcd only by the fuddcn rife of tiiC Vithda, added fo much to his military L'liaiacter, that the Proteftant caufe pl.icetl him at the head of the cnntVderacv for reducing the houfc of AuUria. liis life, from that time, was a continued cliaiii of S IV iiiiiipli§i "4 W I) N. men, hut thnt patriot fuwd lilmfi If l)y fliRlif •, nml Clinrli'* brckme fo poworrnl. tliat llu' ctmliriiuin torn f{i mini peace at KvUvitk, i^'vyi were (>|K'ned uiulcriiii liK'diation. Chinks \I. died in if'07, imd WM fnctfciK-d l)y hi* minor fon, tlie t'umoiis ("hnrk* Ml. 'I In- liilloiv >i\ lui priiKV is luiur ki.iwii ih.iii that ol' ihii h>ro. Hit t'lthcr's will hiid (ixrd tlu- iif^o ot" his iii;iii)riiy to <;if;lili.'fiu Imi it was U-t alidc tor iin I'iirlior iliU" i»\ tin' iiiaii;ii;vmnit ot" fount l'i*T, wIid iH-iamv his lirii minitU-r. tSiKin o'.liT his oi'iMlion, the kin^vol Diiun.irk and I'oliui.l. iiiiil iIk- r/ar nf Muf- Ciivy, i'lirnv'd n powfifiil illitik'S. lie opiinrt'd llu ru iilli and hi'lii-^ini; Cuprn- I 'I'riU' iid.ilii to his Daiiiih niiiii-lh, liy wliidi ih«* !ia){cn, lu- (lKi.1t1.1l llir |i<'in r 11 duke III" llolli.'lii was ri'-i'Ikilililh d in his duniiuions. llu- i/.ir iVtt-r was at this tiitie raviij^inn lii^fi-'. "i thi' hisid nl' 80,000 inrn, ami had Iu'Ik^iiI Narva. 'I he iirniy ot' C hark s did not c xroid 20,000 nu-n ; Inn i'luh \va« his iiiu)>natiiinity, that Ik' advaiHid at tlir ht;id of Soot, I'litiiviv roulid ilu' main limU ;h, in tin- name ol ipieen .\nni ;»midd the lull career dl her ImcelVes aijaiiill France. His Mll- placablc dilpolition, however, was (\ich, that lie caniuit he conlidcred in a hettcr li^ht than that of an illuttrious ntadiuaii ; for he lull in the battle of i'liltowa, whiih he l'nu''ht in \'0<), in his inarch to dethrone the c/ar, more than all he had j^aiiui I hv 1 lis \iitorie-i. Ilis brave arniv wa-, iiiiiu'd, and he was forced to take ret'ui^e anionn the Turks at I'ender. Ilis actions there, in attempting to defend himieh with ;oo Swedes a;,Minl"t ;o,ooo I'urks, prove him to have been worfe than frantic. The Turks afterwards found it i onvenient for tlieir allairs to fct him at liberty. After his return lo liis dominions, he profeciitid his revenue againll l)en« mark, till he was killed li\' a lanium llmi, at the lii j^e nl I'redericliiall, in Norway, in I7i8,wiien he \\;.> no n'.nre than ihirty-lix uars of iii;e. li has been fuppol'ed, that Charles was not in reality kilkd hy a ll.ol from tlie walls of Fredcriclhall, but that a pillol *, from one of thofe about him, j^ave the decifive blow, which put an end to his life. 'I hi-, o])inion is laid In be very prevalent in Sweden. And it apjiears, that the Swedes were linil of a princi , under whom they had loll their riclu It proviiui's, their braved troops, and their national riches; ami who yet, imtained ly adverlity, purfued an imluicelsful war, imr would e\er have lillened to the voice o{ peace, or conbiltcd the internal prolperity o( his country. Charlis .\||. was fucc.ediil by his lilbr, the priiuiM's L'Irica I'.leonora, wife to tlie lieri dilar\ prince ol IK'li'e. W e have le1.11 in what mamurihe .S\ve('4.s ri co- vered llieir libertii-s. and have ^^iNeii fonie account ot' the capiliikilion li;^iied by the (pieen and her luilliand. I he Swetles, to present failher lollls by tlii' pro- grefs of the Kullian, thcDanilh, the .Saxon, and other arms, niai' many facrilicej to obtain peace h'nni iliofc powi rs. 'I'Ik' l"riiuh, however, about the \i'ar ly^S, formed lluit dani^erous party in ihe kin-^dom, under the name of the //j/i, which haili been already iii' ntioiud., and wliieh not only broki' tin- iuleriial ipiii t of tin: kingdom, but led it into a ruinous w.ir with Rutlia, '1 heir .Swedilh nuijellies ha\- ing no children, it was neccll'ary to fettle the fucccllion ; cfpei ially as tlie duke of * Tlic render, who is cfifirous of feciii;; the :ir- ii.irrative, will be fiivjilv ('ratified liy coiifultiiij' fiiini nt^ nil bull liilt-- c;l tin . (jiuiiioii, wiiii li im.lil C'dm'. I ravtU ililii I'ol.iii I, kiillii, bHcdtii, ;iiiJ nul ivuii jiioj.iiity be ;jivcii ill i.kt..il ill Uiis (.oiiiiK' lAuiuaik, 410. \ol. ii. j). jji— i'lj. » llolllcilt w r. D V. M. II cr i»iJ imoiii lulKr. Mul- |«ii\ioi\ .''i»- ttt tlii-i . 'Hu: ty, that [ulVians. ut<:<' his , l;uiri'l!<, ,v all tho Ik' name I lis iiu- , a iKlur I'liltowa, x\\ \\v hail i\ to take to tUtVi\d voriV than iVt him at ,iinl\ I )<.•"- I Norway, fii|)|)iilod, LihalUlnit [vhich put And it || Icitl thiir II \vlu) ><.t, I- lillcncii a, witV tt» io('i> ri co- lon li^Hiil |)\ (hi- \>r"- t;Ulitit.iM ■\oii ,ir 1 73S. liiit o ( th . tlics I >a\- ■V fill fultiiT, ■'i^i.ii kil, I luUlciit ITo'ftiin \vn« dofi I'lidi'd I'loni tho «]iirrn\ ililoll lill r, «n' |>u'ruiii| livi- iifir |o the iinpiri'ol Unllia. I'oiir (lllllp('lilor^ iippiiirnl; ilu- ciii^i- o» I loilKiii tfoltorp, print «• I'll 'li'iir of I ll 111 -('nll.l, m phi \v to tin Liii^', till' piiiui- o»' Dcinnark., and Uu- a^ivcd to ; and u jK-nio wa» com lutlid at Aho, tudir ihi' mi'diailon <)riii> llritannic niajilly. 'ITiin tn-aty was I'o liriniy avilu-nd to l)\ lIu' t/aiina. that his Danilli miiiilly llumuht proper to loi^i-l ilii' tiuli^iiilv doiu- to Ins ton. 'Ihr priiuo s liudlliir, Atl>lpiuiH Iridi'rif, marriod ihi- prinurs i liiia, lilhr to th- kini; of Pnillia ; and iiitiri-d into thi- |)oHi.iii a primoofa mild and m'ntic tinipcr, iniuh hanallnl hy thi coiitcnding Mvi dilh fatlious. and found his iitiiati ot the governiniiil, and to fiitle ilu' torm of the coronal ton- oath. .Soinelimc alter liis atrival in .Swede :i the iSlh of Marih, 1773, he (0- lemiily (igned and fwore to ohferve twenty-four artichs, rcliitive to ins fut' lie d ninillialioii of the government. 'I h's was termed a capitulation ; anil anioiig the articles were the loilowi'ig : " The king proiniies hclore (iod to l\ipport the government of tiie kingdom as llien ellahliilicd ; to inaint.'iin llie rights iuii! lihcr- li>'s of the Ihiles, the hherlies and feeurils of all his liilijeC-ts, and to reign with gont!ciK.'fs and equity accordiiu; to the l.iws of the kingdom, the form of thr regency as it was elialniihcd in ilie year 1720, inul contnnnalde to the pii feiit acl of lapitulalioii. In conl'ecpience of the declaration ot the liaies, the king thai! regard anv perfon, who Ihall o|)enly or i laudellinrly iinleavo.ir to intioduce ahfo- lute fovereignty, as an eiienu ot llie kin^i!i>i 1. ;:nil a.s ,1 traitor to \\\> counlrv, and every jKrlon m dl take iui oaili refp.oting tlii< inntter hetore he lan takepiiileliion of any employment. \V iili reuanl to llie atVairs of the cabinet and the fenale, the kii;i,' promifes to hdlow the re;^iilations of ilic\ear 1720 upon that head, which well to lie (1 cted al\v;ns hv a majnritv of voti th d t. ever 10 do anv lliin'r tlieretn withou d tnuiii lei'-, againll. ilieir advice, lotheeiul ihai thecoumil III liatc may he lo nutili the inoie convinced of the inviolable deligns of his n.r.« higiKli dilpKafure, v. lio iludi he lo inconlideraie ;is to ,■ .(). e III 111 n a greater di!;rn' of power and l'pknd>ir liian is marked out in this act of caiHtiila.i 'I. as his inaiell. tK'iiresonl\ t) ^jain :tv>ii ot his f'aithf.I fnl);! .•i!id to he ilien powerlid d.icudcr againll any atUiiipis whicli may be ni;.do . [k >i\ lliiir law ful libit lio: li z Hut Ii6 VV K I) N. But ftarrrly hml iht- kini; taken UuTc foK'niii oath* to rule «rcorilin|{ to iIk; ihrn cOaltliilKMl I'urin i>t' t'oMrumi iii, mul accvplril ihc tniwii ii|miii iIu'I'c ioitili* li()ii\ govern mn Iio ihoti^lii pni^xr, rci(iiriliii^ mnit J'a< ro«l iiinH^euunl* nn niaitcrH of icitiiuitiy. On lun tirll nrris.il .it Siockholiii. h II, lo iiKri'iit'c liiii poptilnrity. I'lirif tiiiuit a VMrk he ri-t(iilurly gave atulioiu'c to hII mIio prvi'i-ntid thi'inri-l\i-ilit^, and entered into ilie niiiiuteU detail* tlial ion«crneil them i he inlornnd liimlelt nl tlieir private afVairs, and leentcd lo inlereit hinifelf In their happineU. I Itit condnCt ntaite him ' onlidercd an iriily ihe Cuther of hit people, and tlie Swedes Ite^nn lo idoli/e him, In ihc \Karm:h of llieir Kriilitiid«> ihry forifoi that mt)tiveM of umbilimt iniKht have lome lliure in forming u t ondntk which to them appeared to proceetl hom priniiplen of the purell hencvolcnce, At the fame time that he lalHuired It) reiuler hiinlelf >{enerully popular, endeavoured to perfuade ihe leading men of llie kingdom, tliai lie wnt lineeri*ly and invioluhly attaehed to the eonlliiution u( hi>i country, that lie wu* perfectly fatibftcd wilh the Ihnre of power the eunllitulion had nllulted to him, (iii(an(s, of rendering them difall'etted (o (he eilahlilhed governmei i ind of exciting them to an infurredion. A( length, when (he king J»)iind his ('.heme ripe for execulion, having taken the proper meafureii tor hringing a conliderahle nuniher of the otti* cers and foldiers * into his inteiell, on the iQth of Augufl, i 771, he totally overturn- ed (he Swedilh conlii(u(iun uf governnieni. In le& (Kan nn hour he made himfelf matter of all (he military force of S(ockholm. lie planted grenadierit, with llieir bayonets tixed, at the door of (he coimcil-chumhor, in whicu (he fcna(e were af- feinhled, and made all (he members of i( prifoners. And (hat no news might be carried to any other par( of Sweden, of (he (ranfaction in which (he king was en- gaged, till the ftheme was completed, cannon were drawn Iroin (he arfenal, and planled a( (he palace, the bridgeii, and other parts uf tlie (own, and partieulurly u( all (he avenues leading (o i(. Soldier;, Hood over (hefe with matches ready lighted ; all communication wi(h (he couiKry was cut oil, no one wi(hou( a pall- por( frt)m (lie king being allowed (o It ave (he ci(y. The fenators were (hen con- Jiiied in feparate aparimen(s in (he palace, and many others, who were fuppofed (o be zealoully atlai hed to the Hberties of Sweden, were put uiiiUr arrell. '1 he re- mainder of the day (he king em[>loyed in viliting dillerent ouaru rs of the (own, in order (o receive oaths of tulelily Irom (he magidra(es, the collegis, and city militia. Oailis were alfo tendered the nest day to the people in general, (o whom he ad- drelftd a fpeech, which he concluded by declaring, (ha( liis only aiteiKion was (o • The fiilrlily wliii li was itMiiifellcd by a private orilcrtd the centinel to ailinit him. Tlie latltr re- IdMicr, III) tliii ii .ire Ipi.ikiiig to r* The night prtctdiii^ the rrvDJiition, the kill.; beinj' l.iiil the kln^, "Vis- rcpheJ the loliliir, " but I Ucltruus ut vililin^ the arlca.il, wcitt thithir, and hkiwilv kiiuw my iluty," 2 rirtoie w r) N. lUittr re- ft. rtoi « »»T rfftnro trnminilliiv to h'^^ nntivi* nmniry, l»v runprrllin^ liccnlii>iirtirri, nvrrliirnin|{ llu' urilliK riitit t'onn nt' ^oviriniu'itl, rcviviMg liu- olil Swttlilli lilMTly, nnil rclloriitjC ^t_ ......;....■ I»>..^ ..l' >^. ....!..■. t'.,.\, «. tli..i. Ui.ir.t l>.>l'..>.. ■/.W.'\ •• I r .......•> fuiil will) hrlt tniM UlllMll Iiiv hv, " Ut )( is 1 all ill ( itU(t) illll rl»r« of* ...... 1. til \v« o r .Sxvi'iU'M, Ikuh n< llic\ wiTo lii'fnrr i^)Hi'> "I r rmmm I" now. I liiiM- iilri'iulv tliinr, nil llu' iiUu i;i(/v, I'lli i niiii>( it now, iti lul'iir*', mv urmtrrt ul"r) lo lie iho tiin^ u truly trot; |)>iiplc." IKriilili tlun wiiit ihrotigli tin- dilKri'ttt (■ town, In |ir»«.lnin) nil ulKMithly iiDlli-llion ol till- l'i|iiitii*, wlun ili>' Ittiiili'nl' niilili'i llundi. llu- puUtv wti* invrlli'd on nil lidoH with troniis, niul t iinnnti wen* |tliiiitt'(l in the court, fiu ing tho lull! whiTi ilw (liilis wen- to III' ttirimlili d Tlufi' \vi n- not tmly « hargcd, hut loj- dur' llatk s vvcio hfrc voni|u'llcii to alli inlilc. Ihc kin^ hciug t'l atcd on hi-t ilirohi', liirrouiid. (1 hy his )(iiartU, uiid a niiincroui hand ol oliitcrs, alter having nddrillnl a l|uvch to the llutcn, he tirdcrcd u Iccrctury to rend the new form ot'oo- virnmenl, which hi (ifliTed to the llatis for lluir iiccoptaiu e. As thev were liir- rounded hy an armed lone, liny llioni;ht proper ti»tonipl\ with what wns re- tiiiired ot llu'in I he inardial ol ihe iliit, and the Ipeiikers ol the other ordeis, limned the t'orni of governnuiit , and the liiiles look ihe oath to the king, which he diclutcd lo them himfeit'. I his extraordinary traid'aclion wa« coiu hidetl in n milliner eipially extraordinarv . 'Ihe king drew a hook of I'lahnu from his pocket, .•nid takin;; oil hi-t crown, lugan to ling Vi- Dciim, in wliich he was joined hy llu- nHeinhlv. Me alierwaids iniornied them, that he intended in li\ )ear.< time again to coinene an all'emhly ol* the ll.ites. rims was this great revolution cmnplctej without any hlooijihed, in which the .Swede* I'urrcndered that conliiltilion, which their loret'alhers had hetpieathed to them. The people oser whom (inllaviis reigned, had loll all political conreiiucnce, nnd all internal harmony, Imce the l.it:d leign ol' Clharies Ml. Ihe imhicillity whit h I'ucceeded upon tin- death ot that (elehrated monarih, had for halt a century ren- derrd them a prey to their nmhitious nnd intriguing rivallilion to the grafping and)iii south, and haron l.illiencrant/ mimller »)f the linances, he li;id n igned with greai traii- «|uillil\ ; hut the diits ot i;;'!. aiul i j8(>, hail eiuililed ihe lii;.;lKr orders ol the Hate to recover a ihare of ihcir authority, while rtie intrigues ot Uutlia were daily hecoining more fovmidablc. .Such were the circumllances that induced (lUlhivus III. to meditate a jiroietl of hollilitit s a'.{ainlt Kuliia. It (.an fiarcely he doubled that he was encouraged in thele viiWs hy the king of I'nillia ; ami he was liimlelf e\< eeilin^l\ anxious to en- ^;:ige the lourt of Demn.irk, wliii h was ii|uallv espoi'ed to the oppreliue txran ol knilia, to make a common laufe witli liim in ihe prelent ciilis, liut th lU' ^' d tit Kullia, as it ihould feem, and the finiller counfeU ot tie corrupt court ier> ot tlu- prince ut Ueiiniurk prcvailvU. i'rcparutiuiu vvcic cuniiucnvcd m Sweden, in the Ill w 1) IC N. rloCi' of ihp vmr 17II7 i nml (l wm «hi ilif yiti ul' Junr 17M. ihnl ik' iltikt' iif NtMi<. ruimuii, itnMhi'r 10 ilu' kiitK. fi-l full with iwilvf i),i|»« of ilu- tniv fri>m ihi> |t<»ri of CarlfiriMin t ni iln* fmiit' IlitU' llitil 11 miiiilK 1 nf iroti|»» ii mtt /vmiftil -ti .MikLIiiiIm), uiiillti'ihvii oiil^^ io Whii liir u Ititourulilt' \tiiiil Ik irtiiif°,Hii| iliviii lu rlif IroDtirr^ of I'inlui li li \\n% ill ilii« liliMiioit iliui totmi Kttfoiinml'lki. nniliall.tilor limit i\x iiiiiritNi lu till* imiri ol .Moi kholm, (U'livi-ml hii otluiui iinic to iliv swkiliili uili> iiuili.iiiNi 011 l)a* iKiliiif Jtnii', tli'niiiiiiliitu; nn k'\|»iUimii<>i) it l|it'.'tiiim iluft' «\tiiliki* |Mt fiiimtioiH. It will mil III' luly to mull III iMtl llic ItiiiifiUlloiM lliul lolluWi'd ii|)<>ii ilii> iiwO', wilhoui ro« iilU'Cliii)( lilt' iiuliirt- of lln- Idilli in iniili.iii.tiltii h liiiiniiiMi, in t\u- loiiti •f (iiiflnvut. ilv uitiv iit »ti,ii lii^ iiiU< iiti|ii)iii'(|, ilm ri>|>rcfi'iilulivc of hi* niillnfn, Iml im iIu' IiviuI of u pariy 111 SwiU'ii, m* ii >ilililo iiriirt' of itiltnl iiiul lnlri(;iii', iiikI ll*i' iinlmiiliti^ fntil nt' a Imiit of iin'ii, h)io, Im' ni^iili'il lis tin- tiiotuirt liy llilit lU l>'y;iiltil liini, liiiil Irt ijin titly lli.ikiii lit. ilir«W« ol .SwtiU II lo ilt l'>)iitincliiiiiili<>iiit Ikv '3' niiit* i\\T\ tinv MKiri' foniuiliiliU'. In tint li(;lil ili>' t'S|irt'llion'< of iiuitit KiiroinoiiflU ill ilif iliiii'.j>!i|HT Wf liiiM' nil nlioiii tl, will ii|i|K;ir iMi'|ilioniilili'. wlit'fi lif " tli • t l.ii> . l' tiilniiiiillriilii>n III ilu' kni}( 111 \Si II iin lo nil |it'iliin< o| ilu Sutdiili ttiiiiin, |i nuilli r>, :iii i ii\i|ii'ilv .nldrih hiinUll ■to ihf nioniin h iili>nc. I'.wry oilier nnilioriiv wiu fort-iifn in hint i i-vvry oilirr \\iiiulit fiipi rtlii"ii^. Siuli \\;uiln l:iu, fmli ilu |>ri itt ilinj; nf fstry toiiri in r.iiropo, uliiili had in no intiiiiKi' lu-in viotaitil, lint lur unliitiidly iniriMtfi t. (miI- l.ivu* t|niiud iIk- piiit of >iin.kliiilin nn ilu' ^4111 nt Jiini- lyS.^, and iiin\i d w iili hi* army in Kinland 'in ilu .mI nl July— >|n out attiunil of Kiiliui, llic iiiidir will liiid a nanalivi* of IntiH* of ihc iirnui|ial lriinfuclil( iiuiiluiij^ahk' cNvrtimis. an ai;ri'iintnt fur 1 lialiliihiiii; an ivfrlalim^ |Ka<.t.'. and ti\in^ ihi' Ironlii It ol Kiillia. as tli> ) utrflKlnrc tin' warlnokt' mil, vvat li^m-d ul ^ \\ t ri la on th>' ri\>'r Ky nit in , l)i.tut.i'n itic pit nipiitk.iiiiarii.i«o| the ciii|)rcNur Uuf> lia and iho king ol .Swvdiii, y\ dii'l, I'limmoiu'd by tin.' kin;; ii> niii I nl (Jftllc, n fnliiarv placi'on the Mothnic (init, lu ar fc\t'nl\ inili'i Imni Stoi kli di maud. '111. dill luin-^ «lillu!vt'd, the kinj; rttnnu'd in Stm Mmlni, where, at a maf (jiifrade in tl.f nj 1 la lim.U', nn ilif ii.;;ln nl tin' mtli nl A.auli, 1 ;yz, he w.i.. llmi villi a ptitnl by an aliallu), iiaiiud Ankeilirnen I ill ,'illnll nt d' I..1; lii){lnrin'|lit tlnntl;;ii lilt- .iit ai:s ot a V l i' alia I. is laid to hnvt ei.hittried tiu' !alt nmn eilMit the kint; . lile, iiiuili luore ihaii e\eii ijie a^ntii/,- it 14 pain i>t his w-ouikIh. He llicwed ihe l.niu iiolile ami hrate fpiia 00 Init oeatli- bed,as.'ie iiaddoiie Ixloie liijeae.nie.>dtirinLj his iil'eiinie. lU: lelainedall Iiin i,.t'i:ial hit aui ftfiiUti 10 thf l«ft, wlti'h cii^iIiIkI tiMii l.t Will |.» urrntiKo the Auiirr ipvrrnim'iit Ml hill vr>u>\try I lilt' W'liMiil* Mi lull MMlitnii>l ili> iddII |)r>»iiiiling it|i|H'iiru'ui'^ lYro* (iowrv. mnA iho iIuk« %vnv all rxiru^lvd, Util rutiitf rully (lUtc* itl iron Ituil ikmu** Imli'ii f" I'ur liitiMho l)4>i|\ n« lo rviiUor u^ty fur^itul itpvrnlion imiiKuliait' tUuiti. 'fbi' |>fi'' iH'i* 1)1* miiitl ilivwii by (iiillitvtu iltirmm lii< illiuU wu* wry liiigkilur. \\ IwU (i H.iilitl |)>r ilu' arrivnl dI' lti« rurKiitiM in iiii iiimrlitieni niljuitiiiitf iTk' \'a- litiii o| llif opvcit-hiair*', ItVi'riil «>l ihc |ilr^i^ll iiiiitiUir^ pn I'l niiil ilivniU'lvin, ii» «lto>n liv luiil, " I huvk n\\%i\ iit(U'r«. Kfiillciiu n, lliai ilu' kuU* <»|' ilif tiiv ihntl l>c •* IIhiI. 1 ihi will, ilitrt>li»rk>, ii>ii u\k\- il ill, tl vott llioiilil l>i uimIiU' to Vfitil c >u< •* riir* III >tiiir iiHtil> iimil nlivr ihr^f cby«. Your uil>it«'« will tluo In- lunrt! t«rr- •• tiiiii, liiuv II «ill |»ri»li;i'its Ih' ktiMwn wluttti-r I »iiti lurvivc or iml." Hi* om. vtrt'uiMHt lluii rtliiivit lo llu ii|t'tt<, Mtiiili ilic lUkukMii lui^hl imHliicc in KnroiK* i Hiul ilic iovi* ol' l.iHK*. wltii'li WiUttU%ii\» lti» prid'tiniiMitl |k«i(Iioii, wu« p«'rii'|iitl>lf h hi* ri'iniirk*. (iwhiriil iltiroM irArmlVltli, one ol' lti» iiuill unti'tintiAU' frii-mU, micrttl the ronni, p;ilr \Mili hurrur, iii\4l tniiit)k' lo iiiur ii wonl. A* lie ii|i|iriiiii lu il, ilu' kiitji llri'it liiiii; out ln« li.niil lo htiu, fitiil, ** uliai't llic iiiulii r, iiiv triviid? U- ru>i *' aUrnu'it oit nit uiAount. \ »u know, l>v cxikriitKi-, wimi ii womiil {%." thut politely ulliitliii^ to II woiiiui uliiili |Ik< )(k-iu-r.il hul rociivi'd in Kiiiluritl. Kiiidinm llitil he wii« iiol likvly lo f'urvivo. he rillUd all hit ulliiirt, .m a wnin doc« who i^ j»r» |);iriiiK I'iir •! i'uiriu'v, w iili .ill tlii' < <)m|>.i('irr imnuiiiahii*. Ik rciil lor hit Ion, iht' priiuf ro>nl, ami atldnllcd a r|iicili lo him on tin- naiiin mi a ^inkI jjowrnnlinl. in a inanmr In irulv allnlin' iluir all llioli- who wiu- |'v..(Vnl, wit ili!lolvk'd in U'art. At t i^hl o'llotk, on llu- nioniin;; o| hii« death, lu niaiviI iIv f. iniur in irnlv alUilin' iluit all lliolf who wiu- |'v..|Vnl, werw' At ( i^hl o'llotk, on till- nioriiin;{ o| hii«tU'uth, lu niaiviI ihc at ramt'iit. I he (tucall tin hi- diid in ureal ajjonic*. 'Ihii<> l> II li\ the li.ii d ot' inikfoti, GiillnviiH III. a ptinee ol' hii{h iindiiiion, hut rnlhtT u man o|' aihlri I', than ot' ahtlilv I lis nimint rs weu' |iii|iiilar and itilimiaiin^, till eloi{'teiu°(' Ihu til .ind hold. Hit eoiutn t w.i\, howevei', leldoiii leiii|ii'i'i(t willi jud.^n»ei'l. 'ir hi* rjieeilu* repKle with wil'tlom. Il' In piivaie ht'c a lurlniUiii dd"- |MiUiiiin iinliiN a in.oi lir I'miely, I'iirrly ilu- t^i! \t iiuiiult.d in an inliniu- propor lioii. \eliere the livt ^ <>■ imiIIioiis, an« I till' irerd'iire'i o| nai loiw are wantonly t'ipian- dtretl. liv ihi- paili'Mi ot (iiillavn* lor w;ir, Sweden was exhaiillnl of iis riloiirns, and ri'duted in il^ pop tialioii. |l in hut jitll, however, to Uild. thaUAcept hi* love ol' uw, whiih certainly alway* imlieate* n want oi't'celi »>; and hiimanilv, ihe erioi* ot' (iiiilavn-i appear to liase heiii lalher errors ot" tin- iind«rilandiM;;, tlian o| the luari. l-.viii III lU'iiriiK^ uiiiiti.iiN piiwef. he d>'.s not I'vi'in to \\iu. Ik.ii prompt>>l U\ aiiv inilinatioii to ali.il'i- il , Mr he wai ivl pra.lieally a tyraiil. lite lali I'cene i.i his Jil'e was I'mh indeid as oiiglit lo 'nol liikin ri'>nciiihtuiici' u loiv^ I'dialo^tieolerim. >. His lall words were n declaration ol' pardon to the eoia'piialors a;;aii)ll hi.s lil'e. 'I lie actual niiird> rer a! nu w.i* eNiepletl ; a.d he w.m ixeeplitl at the liroii;; in* iiaiiie ol' llie lei^ent, aid lliul'e who I'tirroundkd hi- iira'iillv in lii'i 'i .Sndermaiiii, his luu le, aiul lirother to the lalf kinij. in eoinprani ,• with his majell\'H will, was d'elared lole re'^eiil, aii H\ed at the aj;e nl' » l;;hteeii. Ihe mild aiui eipial idiiduct ol" the r^■^ellt has pie- ferved the loimtry Iroiii the hormis ot' inieriud war; while the wil'doin. Ipin', apd IKitiioiil'in ol'hi.s iouihiIh. wid proliahly I'avv- it t"n'in tlie inlldioiis altai.ksol a uTi i'l"s ami dainrerouH iiei^hhoiir. W iTely averfe to holliHi), the duke ot.Siideiinania lias ciilti\aiid riueel'siuliv ihe t'rieiidlhii) ot' all the lellitferent pnvwrs, e\eept Ktiiiiii. In the laeaii itiiK, hia uU«;ntic.) l\d» been Lialal'i} diiwievl to vxeilin'; ihc dcniumt 110 S w K D E N. dornviiit fpirit of iiulurtry in llic nation ; lo tlic rncouragcmfnt of their domcftic niiinufatlures, nnd to the ontorcing of rigid (sconomy among all the dcpondcntM of govTiiimont, in order that the example of the court, co-operating, with his own, may exert a falutary inlluenio over the i)eople in oppoling tlie increafe of luxury, gambinig and dillipation. ft is a pleauire to contemplate fuch difpofitions in fo elevated a llation ; and while the regent perfevercs in this condutt, he will un- doubtedly merit the enviable title of the lather of his prince and his country. Several circumllaiices have occurred in Sweden, which induce us to believe that there cxills a fpirit of freedom in that country, intelligence from Stockolm an- nounces, that very free fentiments are indulged in that city, and that even the government is not difpofed to proceed with much feverity againll the advocates of liberty. In thebeninuing of the year 1793, Mr. Thorild publilhed a pamphlet, in- titled, " The Liberty of Rcafoii laid open to the Regent and to the .Swedilh Na- tion." This pamphlet is addrelled to his highncfs, and fuminons him to grant to the nation the liberty of reaOm, and points out the advantages of a republic. This i)amphlct was mimediately fupprefTed and the author iniprifoned. When Mr. Thorild was tried, however, the citizens infilled that the doors of the court of juftice fliould be open, that they might allift at the trial. This rcqueft was com- ])lied with, and when they heard his defence, they applauded the prifoner, and on his return, arc faid to have accompanied his carriage with Ihouts of approba- tion. The court of Stockholm publilhed a proclamation, in June 1793, in which it was mort folemnly alFerted, that the ill re|>i>rts which were fpread of the bad fituatioii of this country, were without foinulation ; that the lituation of the kingdom is as good as could be expetfled, after a dctlruilive war, and a great revolution ; that it IS in the bert underlhuiding with foreign powers; that public credit increafes i thi* national debts are paid by degrees; that the king's houiebold obfervcs the llridtelt fEconomy ; that the debts ot the late king amounting to one hundred and fifty thoufand rix-dollars, are all liquidated ; and the expences of the court diminilhcJ above thirty-three tlKnifnnd rix-dollars; and that, although it cannot yet repeal the taxes, it is certain that no fielh burdens are nccefl'ary. This proclamation con- cludes with an alfurance, that during the minority of the king, no diet will be con- voked, as being abfolutely contrary to the will of the late mtmarch. The allied powers at war with France have made conliderable exertions to per- fuade this country to rclintiuilh their neutrality. A note was delivered in Augulf lall by .Mr. Kecne, charge d'alTiiirs from his Britannic majefty, to the members of the cabinet of .Sweden, wherein it is alFerted on the |)art of his Hritannic majellv, thai orders have been itTued, in his privy concil, concerning feveral mea'ures rel;i- tive to the trade and navigation of neutral nations, during the prelent war ; and his niajefty therefore expefls on the part of Sweden, that no velTcIs or goods taken by the enemy from Britilh fubjetts, Ihall be permitted to enter the Swedilh ports, or be fold in Sweden ; alfo that all the Britilli failors, prifoners, &c. carried into the ports of Sweden by the enemy, (liall immediately be fet at liberty. To this note the Swedilh government replied that tlie llrictell orders would be given to obferve the articles of the treaties of neutrality. The lall intelligence from Stockholm announces the difcoverv of a conl'piracv to overturn the government. Several confpicuous cliaratlers have been im|)rifuiied upon fiifpicion of being concerned in it ; and by the latell accounts it appears to be tlie relics of the famous plot formed by the arillocrac) for the fubveilioii of the gnvernment, for which .Ankerllroem fullered in the preceding year. Cnidavus Adolphus l\'. of Hollkin-CJotlorp, king of Sweden, was born Xoveni- ber J, 17783 and fuccceJcd iiis lather March 25;, 1792. IJrotliers R U S 1 A. 121 Brothori> nnd (Idcrft to the late king : 1. Chiuios iliiko of Sudcrmania, born Od^obcr 7, 1748. 2. Frederic Adulphus duke of Wefi-Gothland, born July i8, 1750. 3. Sopbiii Albetiiia, abbcfs of Quedlingburgh, born in Oilobcr, 1753. MUSCOVY, OR THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE in EUROPE and ASIA. Situation and extent of thi; Russian cmpirk in Kuropu. Length 1500 Hreadtli iioo. between hey to tfoncd , to he |)t' the liveni- ( 23 and 65 K.aft longitude. 1(47 and 72 North hititiide. RiifTia in Europe contains 1,194,976 Sqj:arI': Miles, with 17 Inliabitants to eaih. Divisions \ A CCOUDING to the moft authentic accounts of tliis mightv em- ANO NAMK.J-^*- pire, it confifts of forty-two proviiici's, or governments, iK'(idcs ])art of Carelia, Krtiionia, Ingria, Livonia, and part of I'inland, con<|uered from Sweden ; the Crimea, or Crim Tartary, anciently tin Tiiurica C'herfonefus, a pe- ninfuia in the luixinc fea, fubictl to the 'lurks formerly, but added, in the year 1 7S ^, to the RulVian empire, together with the ille of 'laman, and part of Cuban. Ilio Rullians are fuppofed to have gained above a mjllion of fubjects by this cellion ; they pofl'efs alfo the duchy of Courhuid, and a great part of Lithuania, in Poland ; togetl)tr with fome large territories, in confequence ot a fecond partition of I'oland, m the \eiir 1793, between the czarina, and the king of I'rulha ; fo that (lie has for ever united to her empire the following tratts {>( land, with all their inhabitants, \iz. a line beginning at the village of Druy, on the left bank of the river Dwina, iVuin ihencc extending to Neroch and Dubrova ; from thence palling Kunilh, near the frontier of Gallicia; from thence to the river Dniefter; and lallly, running along the river till It enters the old border of Rullia and Poland at Jegertic *. The following table will give fome idea of the Rulhan empire, properly fo call- ed, or Kudia in lun-ope, with its aequilitiims from Sweden in the prefent centmy ; ;uul alfo of the Kullian empire in its mort extenfive fenfe, for we mud alfo include all the aetjuilitions in Tartary now known by the name of Siberia : the whole comprehending the northern parts of Europe and Afia, llretihing from the Baltic and Sweden on the U'eft, to Ramtfchalku and the Kafiern Ocean ; and on the North, from the Frozen Ocean to the forty-feventh degree of latitude, where it is bounded by Poland, Little Tartary, Turkey, Georgia, the 'uixiue and Cafpian Seiis, Great Tartary, Chinefe 'lartary, and fome unknown regions in Alia. The country now comprifed mider the name of Ruiha, or the Rullias, is of ar. extent nearly eijual to all the roll of Europe, and greater than the Roman emjiire ill the zenith of its power, or the empire of Darius fubdued by Alexander, or liDth put together, as may be feen by turning to the table, page iS. » Sec tlif L'kaCe (or JIanifcfto) of ihe emprcls relative to the frcoiid |vutuion of Pol.iml, il.itnl Marcli, 1793, R Rullian Ut U « r Urcek Churcli, 1 t Kill'. I'iii Conqiifrcil from 3 l.ivoiiia, Sweden liiicc i;uu j Kiif. i>r AhilL. Belgorod, Don Cnll'.ics, Vk, C\>lHus, l.apl.ind, Kill'. l''iiilaiid, Scizrd from Turks in i 783 CliriflliMS .mid IdoLilcfi, By treaty Emperor .iiid "" ''"^ y Crim. Tartary, Riiiruiii Empire ill .Mia. Mufcovy, Tar- tary, and Siberia Kaliu. Tartary, li 784,6501! 160 10^0 .MiiM i)w . 7i,()0j| 375I iB^AV.ironit/,, 1; 7,0001 4{,ooO| 7-.oi;0| 4'. 3101 31 .5»5| 9,100 400 330 40? 310 '75 the partition ( :y betwri't. the ) Lithuania in jeror, I'niliw J land Rullia, ( Total Po. •03K'J5i 8,200 3,200,000 31 i;o 850,0003100 64,000 300 sHj I'aiuhiiij. 105 Klou'. 470,Kiihi. i8o\Vyburi;. mRi^a. I ( N I It < 90 •'«'««'»••'''»« [i..;Lunt. 60. 30-25 KnfTa. 4j225,6(,5! l50oToboIll;y. 750 Altracliau. 350 Grodno. RiilTia takes its name from the RulTi or BoriifTi, a Slavonic tribe. The word "MuiVovy is derived from the river Mofea, on which the aneicnt eapital Morfcow Hands. According to its fituatitm and climate, the country is divided into the northern, middle, and fmithern regions; and thofe again divided into governments, named after thofe towns in which courts of judicature are eftablillied. The north- ern divilion contains the governments of St. Peterlhurg, Archangel, Olonetz, Vv- bourg, Revel, Riga. Pfcov, Tver Novgorod, Vologda, Varoflavl, Kolhoma Vi- atica, Perme, Toliolfk. The middle divilio 1 contams the governments of Mof- cov, or Mofcow, generally called Mofijua hy the RulFians, Smolenfk, Polotfk, Mooghilev, Tchermigow, Novgorod, and Sieserfko)', Kharkov, Koiirlk, Orel, kalouz, Toola, Riazane, VladimiT, Nczney-Novgorod, Kazane, Sinberfk, Penza, Tamhnv, N'oronez, Saralov, Out'a, Kolkvanc, likoiitlk. The foiithern region lontains tlie governments of Kiev, I'.catheriiiollav, Caucafu^, the province of 'I'au- rida, and the h:il)itations of the Don Kozaks *. Cli.mati:, soil, PRont'crioNS, vece-) In the foiitlicni parts of Rullia, or TABLES, MINES, AND MINERALS. JMufcovy, the loHgell day does not exceed fifteen liours and a half: whereas in tlie mod northern the fun is feen in fummer two months above the horizon. Tlie reader from this will naturally con- < lude, that there is in Mufcovy a great diverlily of foil as well as climate, and tiutt the extremes of both are to be feen and felt in this vart euijiire. The feverity of the climate in Rullia, properly fo called, is very great. Dr. John Cilen King, who relided eleven years in Rullia, obfer\es that the cold in St. Peterfhurgh. by I'ahrenheit's fcale, is, during the months of December, Januar\, and l-'ebruary, ufually from S to 15 or 20 degrees below o ; that is, from 40 to -^i degrees below the treezing |)oint ; though conunonly, in the idurfe of the winter, it i^ for a week or ten days fome degrees lower. " It i.^ diliicult," fays Ur. King, * In this bible, wliii h is topiid from the an- ininciation, by his a< cnrate trandator, Mr. Sniir- thditic work of Captain I'lifchttt, the fpeliiiig of novc, chaplain to tlit Kulliau legation at the court, the Kutfiiiii uanie^ iii adapted to liic Jiii^liili pro- ot Orcat iiiitaiji, " for R U S s I A. 12 riu' word Morfcow lI into the vcmments, rhc north- Diictz, Vy- rtronv.1 Vi- ts ot" Mof- k, l»olot(k, irllv. Orel, riV, l\MV/a, rn rcj',H>n KO ot" 'lau- if UnlVia, or liy (1"0S IV't I,', is loin in [turally n'li- lliiniiti', uikI rroat. Dr. colli in St. .T, Jiinuary, hin 40 t ai tlie tourt. " tut «' for i[\\ iii1»al)it:iiU of our tcmpi-rato iliniali' t(i lia\o any itliaof a toM To iiitinfi- ; vvlu'ii a |iLTliin w.ilks out in that ll'Vi-ri' wiallur, tin.' told nnkis tin- rws \\'ali'r, ami llial water tVi'iv.ini;, lianas in liiili- ieiilis on the i)i--lallu;s. As ilic pealanis ut'iially wiar tlii-ir l)varils, you ni.iy tec; tlietn liaiigin;; at llir diin like a Toll.! liinip ot' ice 1 1)111, e\i.ii in that Itate, llie l)eard is toiiiul very iifi ful in protLCli;ig tli,* Uliinils uf iIk- iliio.ii ; and the rnlilirrs, who do nut wear llk-ir lieards, an- ohli'j.d to tie a l\atidkerehier under tlie iliin to fiipply their [)hiee. All tlie parts ol' the t.u c whith are e.xpol'ed are liable to he frozen: lhotn;li it has often been oi)l'ervoil, that the iKrliii\ hiinfi.if does not know wlten the freezing iv^ins ; hut is <-oinnionlv told ttl it b\ ihoi'e wiio meet him, aiul who call out to him to rub his t'aee wiili fiKUv, tlie ufual way to thaw it. It i.s alio remarked, thar the part whiih ha« onee beiMi fi ,/i.ii, i, ever after nioii liable to be fro/e.n .if^iiiii. In fome ver\ fe- verL' wintcis, fi)iirro\vi., iliuiii;li n hardy fpeeie.. of birds, have beeii feen (pn'u' nupibed by the iiiltnfe cold, nnd unable to tly : and drivers, when litliii.; on their IiiiuU'd carriages, liave fomeiinies been found fro/cn to death in that iiolUne. \> hi'h the thermometer has liood at zf, decrees bciow o, boiling water, thrown uji into tlie air by an i ngine, fo as to fpreail, has fallen down |)erticll\ dry, forn'.eil iiilo iee. A pint bottle ot eoor are very fniall, that as little cold may be admitted as pollible : in the houfes of perfons of diliinction, the windows are caulked u|) aj;aliill winter, and commonly have double glafs frames. 'Ihev i;m ii'^ulale tlie warmth in their apartments by a thermomeUr with great c:\ai:t- licfs, opening or ihutling the Hues to increafe «)r diminilh the heat. Wlun the Kullians go out, they are clolheil lo warmly, that they almoll hid defiance to frolt and fnow ; ami it is obier\able, that the wind ir, foldom violent in the wii.ter; but \\\]vu llieie is nluih wind, the lold is exceedingly piercit\g." One advantage, which the Kullians derive from the llverity of their climate, is, ' the ])ieferving of p.rovilioiis In the troll. Manv families, as fujn as the froll feis in for the winur, about tlie I'lul of October, kill their jHuiiirv, and keep them iu tubs packed up with a laver oi fnow between them, and then tak>' them out lor ul'e as occalion reipiires : by this means the\ f.ivi-ihc nouriihment of the animal forfeveral month-.. \ eal lVo;ien at ,\rchange!. aiul brnu^lu to i^•lerlhllr^h, S',o mile-,, is dleemed the lincii they have ; nor c;\n it be (liliiuguiilud at the table iVom what is frelh killed, b. ing eqiiall) juicy. 'I he m.ukets in I'eterlburgli arc thus fn|)plied in vvintir with aU mauiU'r oi piovilion,. at a the;;]) rate -, anil it is I nrious lo iVv' the vali liaik ; ol vvlioir hogs, iheep. liili, and otlur aniinais, vvliidj are pileil up in tlie maikcis lor fale. The metiuul ol thaw ii.g trozeii [iiovirums in iania is bv immeiu;ln^ ilani in co'd water: tor when the opcjalioa ol thawinj; R : 4hein 1J4 U I A. I them ii cffl-f^cd hy licat, it occafions n violont fermentation, and atmoft a fudderr utrcfattioii ; but when jirodiiccil by told water, the ice is attra6\ed out of the ody, ai\d forms a tranfparcnt incruftation round it. If a cabbage, which is tlioroiighly frozen, be ti\awed by cold water, it is as frcih as if juft gathered out of the garden ; but if it be thawed by fire or hot water, it becomes to rancid and ftrong inat it cannot be eaten. 'I'he (juicknefs of vegetation in Rulfia is pretty much the fame as in .Scandina- via, or Sweden and Denmark. 'I he fnow is the natural manure of the land, where grain grows in plenty, near Poland, and in the warmer provinces. The bulk of thepebple, however, are miferably fed ; the foil produces incredible numbers of niulfirooms for their fublirtence ; and in fome places, befides oaks and firs, Kuflia yields rhubarb, Max, hemp, pallure for cattle, wax, honey, rice, and melons. 'J he boors are particularly careful in the cultivation of honey, which yields them plenty of mclheglin, their ordinary drink ; they likewife cxtrait a fpirit from rye, which they prcflong to the genitals nf the filh : it holds a eonliderable rank, though with little merit, among the domeftic remedies (if the Ruliians, who fcrape it, and mixed with water, give it in difficult labours, in the difeafes of children, and other difordcrs. Population, mannkus, and ci'stoms.J The new regifter in 1764, contains S,;oo,ooo fubjett to the poll-fax ; and a late ingenious writer, relident fome time ii\ Kullia, gives the following ellimate: Lower clafs of pcojde paying capitation tax, Contjuered nrovinees. Noble families, ... Clergy, Military, . . _ Civil, - - Lkraiiie, Siberia, Cuffack'i, 8iC. 18,000,000 1,200,000 60.000 100,000 360,000 ;^ 0,000 3jo,ooo 20,100,000 To nr, K I T.) llu'lV nitil] inw l)v' aiUUd luar a niilliim inou- l»y lla- .u-qiiilitioiis oi ilic C:i.' men, iirul piiii ui' CuWmh I'urtar) ; aiul at l>.ail 1,500,000 in tin.- |)r()vieu'ei dilinaii- l)i.'riil iVom I'dIiiihI. \s Ikt imiuriiil m.-iidv nf nil the Riili't.is pnfllilVs ninny of tlic t'oiintrios from wlunir the rwnrniHol" li:iil)aiiaiis who DVirlhrvw llii' Uoman «.i\i]>irk; illucd, tlu-ro is rialon to Ix'liivi tliai liri tlmninioni tiuili I\iim' Ik-ou lutUr pi-oplcd t'orinoily iliini llii-v aiv at piviVnt. IVrliip* iIk- iiiiriKlmiion ol ilic Iniall-pox and the vene- real dil'valV inav lia\f allilled in llii- di.pcipiilalii)u ; and it iililwily llint ill' 'iMJif,'!- oiis (juaniit) ot' Ipiriiiioux lii|iiiii'^, UMiUiincd by (lie inliahitanta o\ the iNoiih, it uiitViendly to Riiuration. I'lie Unliians, pioperlv fd call 'd, lue pcrfonable, hardy, vii;c)r(ius, and jialient of laliuiir. e'.peeiall) in the tielil, t\ the fiiow, which tor a lon;^ tiiiie of the yi'iir i-- i ontiiuiaijy jirefent to their eyes. '1 heir oiiii'iTs a;id f(p|diers alv.ays polVelFed a larj^e liian- of jiaiiive valour; but in the warwiiii the lati; kin;; of I'ruilla, the\ prov>(l as atiive as any troops in hairope; an-led to drunliemieis ; no lefs than 4000 brandy limps have been !\iit t'lily iliv' lonmion people, but many of they buoyars. n ekt or ivi Mm; lies, lisi'd in a co itinual liate of idlenefs and intosieati on and th e molt ioni|il"te objects of mitVry ami hJirbarity appeared in the llroets, while the court of .\iofeow was the mf)li tph'ndid of any upon the ^lobe. 'I he c/ar and , ■• ;,'raiideei» ilrelled afier the fuperb Alialit. m.inikr. 'I he earl of Carlille, in the at. (uunt of hi-, enibailv, t"a\s, that he couiil (<\' iioihing but i;old iTnd prei ious llone i m 111.' rol \elU'ih wl of llie e/'ir and his eourtieii; and his ateouiit is eoroliorateil In tra 10 lui\i> lati'l-. vilit^d Kui 1.1, 'I lie manufactures, however, of thofe, and ill other luv'.ries. were larried on bv Italians, (iernians, and other forti^ner> litlle le toreid his aiu IVlcr f;iw tin bulk of his fubiects, at his aeiellion to the throne, treated b.'iler than bealis o|" bi.rdiii, to fiij)| I'lt the pomp ot tlie lourt i,real men to l;iv ali'h' their lent; robes, and drels in liie iMiicpian manner Ik' evi'.i (.Mi^'vil li.e laity lo cut off their beards. 1 he Kuliiaus, betore his time, had few ihips mmn their coalls. 'Ihey had no coiueiiieiiei's for travelling, ho pa\emeiits in ll eir lin' 'ts, ik) plates ot public di\erlion; and they eiUeilained :i e.iniempt for all jinproxeim-nts of die miinl. /\t |irel"eiit, a rruuh or lMi'j;lilh !;v'nileiiiaii may li^e as ronifurtablv and loeiabiy in kiillla, as in mofi other parts Urol);' ■ll irir lioillc '.ll'embli.-;, linee the aciedioii of llu; prefeiU eiiiprefs, ■in y\\ mull'," |>rop remain. mwe Iv pll'irsed, li.;;t iictw ilhliaiHliiiir llie ('e\i'rities of I'eler, the prude'ue ot fiuteii! ernmenl>, (h'unki'iiiu f> liil mtiiiues amoiii" and fouK no -pl r are eve.i prleli^ and hulies* ailianud ot it on huliilavs; and the bulk of ti.e I'eopie are uikimu/ciI. I 1. Kuiiiii''s \\ ;■ • ti'imerlv noted tur fo lir loiii; an ailailiment to their native fi.il, ;lat they feMi'u viiiiul foi\ i';n jiarlN. 'ihis was the eor.K (pieiu e of their piic and iunor.i.K e •. lor iiii.uaii nobiiuv, befuKs (hole vvlio are in a |)ublic charaitei anU lunoi'.i.ue arc now totmii ai , V I ■' uiuit in I'.uiope. Her iiujierial majelly e\eii inlerelis her- A fii o: riili". I rir lliP regulation of a Kii'Iiuii alii iiil)ly londmlcs uiili this in ijtic\ioii — N. Li. Lull. 5 ait nut 10 L>c drunk btloic ttu uVloi k. C'ull^n^^ TraviN, — j>. nS. fili' i; I ii: fitr In llip nUiciitioii of yminu; nun of (|uiility in tho kimwh tlj^c of tlu; worlil, and fon'i^n fiTvi< t»s, i)iirtif\iliMly ih^t ot (lie Miililli Hoi-t, It is ("iiicl iliiit llu' UmImiiii liiilit'H were tiniiiorly lis fiilimillivc to tlitir Initbaiuli ill tli''ir tiiinilifs, n. tin- luttcr iiii- to ilicir riiiKriors in tin lii-l*! ; "d tiiat ihrjr lliinij-ltt llu-niri Ivfs ill trcaud il' llu'y wciv in>t ol'tiii icriiiiKlttl ol't' v |)y tlur ilil' ipliiif ofn\vlii|), maiiutiutiirrd l»y lIuMnl'ilvis, whidi thi'y prft<.i.. . i 'heir Inillaiids on tin- ilay <>t lln'ir mniiiam'. I heir niipiial rnomoitics arr pc liar, (t.nlilliiiij of fiiiii.' vcr\' wliinTu al ritt s, miinv of wiiidi aio now dil'iifoil. Vi, hen till- parents ha\i' ai^icd upi>n a man li, llioiii;li tlu; |)aitii'^ piihaps liavc never fii II carli ntliiM, ihr hriiU' is ii'iiirally cvainim'd l)\ a niiniinT of tViniiii's, wiii on- to convtt, if |i()llil)lr, any drficis llicy find in luT pcilon. (hi hrr Wv-ddin^-tlay llif iv ciownod with a j;arlaiul of wonuwood; and iiltiT llio (irivMi has tii'd tlio nuptial knot, his tli-ik or fi'xton throws a haiidtiil of Imps npiiii the head of ihi: bridi!, wilhing that Iho may prove as frniifiii as that plant I! S 1. 11 A I, s I lie Riiiiians oiiti'tiiiiii many fanlaliii. not ons \\iili regard to the ft ite of d* parted fouls. Alter the dead hody is drelVed, a priill is hired ti» pray fur his foul, to purify it with ineenle, and to Iprinkle it with hoix water while it re- •iiains above j^round, whiili, anion^ the heller fort, it geiurally does tor eight or ten days. \\ hen the hodv is earried to the '^rave, which is done with many gel- ticulations of forrow, the priell produces a tii kef, limned l>y tlie hilltop and other clergymen, as the palfport of the deceafed to heaven. When this is put into thii I'othn between the fmj;eis of the eorpfe, tlie eompaijy return to the houfe of their departed t'riend, where they drown their formw in intoxication ; which lath, anionj; the better fort, with a lew intervals, for forty da\s. During that time, a prieli every day fays pra\ers ( long journey to the jiiace of Ins ileliinatirin after this life. ruNisiiMEN I S.J 'ihe Uullians were remarkable for I lie feverity and variety of their pnnilhnunts, wliith wiie both intlicted and endured with a wonderful iiifenlibility. I'l ter the (Jreat ufcd ti> fiilpeiid the robbers u\Mm the Wolga, and other |)arts of his dominions, by iron hooks tixed to tlieir ribs, on gibbets, where they writhed themfelves to death. The lingle and double knoul have been in- llictcd upon ladies *, as well as men of m the ground, wiui thedi'loi ■ lon of botli his Ihoulders. and then his back is in a manner iVaritied by the c\ eutioner, with u hard thong, cut troin a wild als's rtiiii. 'I his punilhinent has been ft) often fatal, that a furgeon gn'.erally attends the |)atient, to pronounce the moment that ii • A pnrticular account ){iuii ii\ n.diif. r.Xblic C'liippe I.>'.\iiUriii!ir'.'. joiiiiity into bluri;!. "Mad. I apoiu Inn \v:is one ol thf Hntft women litlnni^im^ to ihr ,af;al in a lon- fp'Miy. Aniidl! ;i vail tomoiird- rirally upon lur he. il, in ordrrto nuke lier kiepit down ; Ion eliniis, like a buuher going to ll.iy u lamb, he ftcii.cj to luotli* hi r, a-, toon as he had fixed her in the moll favour- alili' altiludi. 'I'hi:. txceutiontr then look a kind of « hip I .>!lid kaonf, made of a longlfraj) of IcaUicr prip.ircil for ihi- purpolc ; he tlitn rolnnlcd .1 t;w ftrp-, nn-afurint; ihc rc(|ui(ite diffancc w ilh a fteady ( ye ; and le.ipinj; bai kwards, j;avea Ifroke with the ind ot the wliip, fo as to carry away a llip of (khi fioni t!io neck to the fxittoni ot the ba» k i then liriliiii;; his fett ,i!'iiiill the ground, he took his aim for apply inn ''"^ letond Idow paralli-l to the former ; to th.il in a tew nioinciits ull the Ikin ot her back was cut aw ay in ini,.ll (lips, niolf of wIiLlIi remained hai j;iiiti to tlu- Ihili. Ilcr tivnf^ne wa^ i\it out ini- i"ediatel\ .nfter. and Ihr w.u lent into tsi'.n-ria. Fu I-'''.:, ihe- wii: recalled froui banillinicnt by Teter ilJ." u)) U s s I A. (lioiiM oi'uff. ft i^ nol ulw.\>w tin* numhiT ui' ilic ilroLci, l>uf tlio mctliod of »p- 111, iii'^ iliviu, wliiili i)i« .ilimii llie tUulh ut' llu- crimiiiiil i tor llu- ixi-iiilioiuT tail kill iiiiu in ihroi' or (our hlows, bv DrikiiiK upon the ribd capital )>iuiiiiuiu iu«, ^.ivo wav to tlic tnppulVil lu-ciliity ot tliolc torlnrt**. AccoiiiinK to tho llrift icttir ot thi- luw, ihvrc arc no lapital pimilhinonts in Kullia, i-Mipt in thf iiilcol lii)(h Inaron : but then- i\ nine li U-I'i luinunity in it than iia-> bun fuppolcil ; tur tlu-ii' arc many tclons who die tiiuK r the knout, and oiIk rs die of t'aii>;ue in their journies to Siberia, and tVom tiic liardlhips tin y I'ull'er in the mines: I'o tiiat tiieie is rcaloii to believe, that not lewer criininaN tulFer death in Kullia th.'m in thot'e countries wherein capiul pui)ilhnieiits urc authorifed by the laws llie prohibition ol torture duck lionuur to liie humanity ut° the prefeiit cniprels. KcKns, after receiving the knout, and lin\ing their clucks and foreheads mark- ed, are fometinies I'entrnied for life to the public works at C'roiilladt, V ilhiiei N ololhok, and other placcM ; but the comnuin practice is to fend them into hiberiti where tliey arc condemned for life to the mines at Nertliink. 'liierc are u|)on an nverage from lOoo to 2000 convitts at thele mines. 'Ilif ^rcatell part are con- lined in barracks, excepting thole w iio are married ; tlic lutlcT arc permiltcd to build huts, near tlie mines, lor themlcKes and tamilies. Tr AVf.LMNcl Among the many convfiiienccs introduced of late into Rutll.n, that of ti;i\illin{; is cxtrenuly ivnuiikal)le, and the expence vi-ry trilling, lake tilt ii S(';uulina\ ian neighbours, the K\iilums travel in Hedges made of ihe bark of tile linden-lree, lined with thick tell, drawn by rein-ileer, when the fnow is tro/iii hard enough to bear them. In the internal parts of Kuliia, horfes draw their fledges; and the tiedgc-way, in Kebruary, becomes fo well beat .11, that thev erect II kieilof comh ii|)on the Hedge, in which they mav lit- at lull length, and lo lleep tind ira. el night iiiul (la\, wr.ipind up in good furs ; thus they often pcrtorm a j.'urney of about 4J0 milev fn>:li is that between I'eierlburgli and Mofcow, in three «l,i\s and three nighis. Il>'r inip.rial majefty, in her journies, is drawn in a lu>nlc which contains a bed, a tabh-, chairs, and other conveniences tor four peoi)le, by ^4 |Viii-horl'es ; and the houle illelf is li\ed on a Hedge. i)ii kI':ri:vi nations | Kuiiia is not a nation but aval) collect On of nations, Sfujr.cr 10 Kussi.v. J dilKring in perfons, language, and religion. 'I'hey have been divided by tlie Kullian geogr.iphiTs, into tin- 1 7 following clafl'cs. I. Ihe Slavonic nations conipnhendiiig the Kullians properly fo called, who arc t'',e jiridi'inin.iiU inlial)il;iiils of tin wlmk- I'uipire; and the i'oles who inhabit the I inks of the river Irlilh, and the governments I'olotik and Moghilcii. 2. I ho fi^Tiiianic nations, conipielieiKling the (Jcrnians, .Swedes, and Danes; the firll inliabiiing I'.lfhonia and Livonia; the fecond, the Kullian iMuland ; the third, the illands in the Baltic ; ami all the three are Lutherans. 3. The Lutloiiian or Li- vonian nation;.; who are intermixed in many p.irtswitb the I'inns. 4. 'Ihe l-'inns or 'rchoude n;ilioiis inhabiting the governments of Vibr)rg and St. IVterlhurgh, Revel, the dilhict of Kiga, and part of Livonia, and cliieHy Lutherans. Not lefs then nine nations are fuppofed from the limilarity of their language, to dcfiend tiom the Kinns. They are the Laplanders or Lopari inhabiting the government of Arcliaiigel, and fublilling by hunting and tilhing. The I'ermians who live in file government u{ l\rnie; and about the northern parts of the river Obe. The i^lierjnne and the \ utiaki who live in the governmeuls kazane and \ iatka, and employ ihenifel\i-,in hulbandrv. Ihe Tchenemhili who inhabit k;iZane Niznev- iSovu^oiod and Oieninirg. 6 J lie i'lluivafchi and the iMordva who live together 111 "^ '■"'■^•'''«^- 7 SW,7'''':- '"" "•^- ;. ■''Si'»IKV,,l ,1 "'^ ','•'• '"•"li- » C,„r,- i ' *""""■> ""» UlMh-- liiue «!• u ll)lrt)-i\ln<' tiuvn^ rtii ImiiIi iii|^ » »( tli.it riviT. fnon rt;4i In d from Rlbna tn Af. jiti. 'Ihcv prul'i llid tlh CtrcU ri ligioii ^ iiiul (Kculionally I'civctI ii((;iiiii( titt- lariiiu itiul TurM I'll llif |•|llll^ M.n.liH, llio ii.tfnuil j;'>\vrmiu 111 nl* tin- CnlT.ut nporniu lut v«ry n»Mr In iIk' iiU-ii wi' rnrm n r ihiil kI'jIh muuiit <.>riiiiiin, m* »U'K ril)i'«l by I'liciliiH. I Ik' liiptiiiiii ;iiiil iillli'i-n ut till' niilioiis k.lini>lv u diiil', \vti ilnil'iii anuinlly. I ln-y tiiAo in war, in miilnU r itimi t' idi- I'tilc-t, tlial, in 1654, tlie C'ollac* nt' tlie C'kraiiu' put lliciu- li'lvis lik'.vvirv.: iinili-r llu pruUclinn nl' Uuila. 'I lu'y luinplaiiuil, l.i'WvVtr. tliat Iluir lilirrliis liail lurii insaiKil; aiul in llu- war Iu-Iwil'ii ( liarirs \li. anil IVtcr, tlu'ir III liiiaii, \ta/>.ppj, juiin il ilic rniiiur ; Inil lie tutiiul liiinlcit' uiial>!c to fitliil till- llla^lli^u'l.■IW proiiiili's liv liad inaiU' lo Ciiarks. 'I'lio mien iinu iliaraclir ot llio I arlars ut' kafan, nml of iluir clcfi etulanfi, avv? very iinif'irm, ami nia> firvi' for llu- iliaractiriliic marks of all tlu Mnlunmlrin 'I'arlars in tlu'ir luinhliDurliotul. \ rry tiw nl tlu in ari' lail ; luit tliov an- niiuT- iillv lhaif;lil anil wvll-iiiadi-, liavc t'inall Tans, wiih l';,!!) iniv,j,|j.v.i,,iis, and :i Iprijjlitiy and aLjiiial'ir air. liny an- lianf;lit\ and jr.iloiis of llu-ir lioiiour, urc (idur and fni;^al, tUAtcrmis at iiuiliaiiiral irados. and tmul of runtncfk. 'I he J'ar- tarcan uiinuii an-fifa wlioli I'limi' loniplcvion ralhir llinii liaiullnnu', and of a goial t(iiiliitiili>>n ; fri'iii tluir larliUi inlanc) ihiv avf ai cudoncd tn lalnair, rillri'iiuiit, nu'iii'liy, and l'iil.niilli< n. llu' 'liulars <>f Cal'an lakv ^rral i jiri' ol'll.i.' idiuatic'ti (if till ir ihildrt 11. i I v \ li:il. It is u'lt iiiitMn.- MOD to fiiul firnll eoiUciioiis of liiliorieal aiuedotes in mamifeript, in ihc huts of the boors; and thiir iiur-. hants are pntty extei lively an;uainti.d with the liilloiv i'f iluir ( wn peop'i . ai'ii ll at of the t in iiinjai iiil lialv -.. Si'i h a>. il.o^ife to malj H picj^refs in tlu oil ( II ler tlKiiifeheb liiiu tlie lilu 1 lioii^liaria, wli.eh .ir«- liiori' eoinpielc than the oilurs. 'ihe Tarrnr eiii/eiis of Kafatt, Oreiiberj;, ami oiher j^oNornnu-nts, earry on eiMii merte, (Mrcife feveral tiailes, and have l'.»nie nianiifacluu s. 'I lu ir manner of lU a!. in>,' is eliielly I y way o! liaiier; coin is veiy rauly (liti amonf,' lli':in, and bills i.t eMlian'.;e luvi r. .Xlauy ot liiem earry 'iii ;: ^'riat deal of biilliu fs,. At Kaf.iii they |ireparu what is ealird in l'Ji;;Iaiul, Morioc. o UutlKr. 'fhe villages of tluli: people compn hend from ten to one hundred tariii>. 'i'ljefe villages were at tirll lon.pijfetl of troojis of wanderinf^ Ihephcrds ; but bcin^ drawn Rradiiallv eloin to;^ilher by fiueeliive popiilalioii, lli.y tor.iid tluiu'elve, imiler lh<. lueellitv ofeiii- tivalini; the earili, and en.vliiii; fixed habitations. 'Iliey never leave their (ieliU fallow, for whiih n.ufnn tli.,y uh- more inatuiu: than the Rullians. 'Ihey are will jieijiiainted with the tnana;;ement of Ixes, from whieh they derive preat prolu. Moft of the ' illa''es eonta'a tanner th oe-nuiki r' la^ lors liver- Iniiil 1S| tarju liters. 'Ihe i.iboriuiis leiiiahs fpin, and iiiake iloili tVom the tieeee of tl lloi. kv, and thread It K'lC A it !• II U lii'iii iieiiip ot llieir own tnllivaii'jii. d 1 or t".so, fdiiu' i a'ptis and piei\ s of telt, mats made of tlu bark of ti wJih V. likh they costir broad l.'aiehes, that they ufc inllead oi beds, with cliuiri IJ I wo nn«l »••♦ »« |« hi» < »Kt- ■\lj'>>- lliciu- r. Oi->t IVur, ;o I'uUil nti. are i)«r, urc I he Jai- i'irt.MiAi'''> •(Uimt'u'U lo n Urict n. l-vi'» ull 'l-.ir- AtlK.ll II. ,: huts lit liilloiy III niiil.i: •Ali'.ch 'n't: (.11 ("'ni- ik\ bill-'' Ai K.;ii.'" ,_(, lit' tlklo liity ofcul- \\w\r in-Ill* Ly art* >vi;U rrat ITt'lii niitlis, mul Vc ot' tluit Irk »•!' ti'.' • l\viU> ii '-^^ I >.V ihaiM nnd tahlri, nro romiitunly it'l llio lurnituro tti hi- foin in ihfir hmif.ii thniigli fi>nu' lit tlic priiuipul |ii' ilii'inli IvfH routiil llii' ilil1u'>i, isu It iKilon liltinif i»i liii liift*, iti> r ilic iiriiMtiil inaiiiur, lluv nuiki atiliiiinnt, and lay piavi'r^. i;l thi- ht ginning nu'liiid ■ >l all Ilu'ir nu-alH, 'll'i* luriar^ nl Kalan, n% well as ntoli oi' ihr Malionvlaii laruri, itre vi-iy |Hilite tnwani^ llraii)(i ii. Old nun, who have niainlaimd good eliamcU'ri, me hi'ld in ;^rt'at vt-neration ainonu ihcnt, and are the arlntiiitoiH in ail dit'pui e«. Ih ' hiiltiiittiotu and niiiinu-r u|' living i>t ilw I'ailar eitl/cn» and >illagei ct' AT- frai.in im pirlefliy liniil.ir to ihole ot llu' iariar'* ot' k;irn>. In the eny ot' AT- triuaii tlu) iiase ii large n)a(;n/ine tor >;ood«, kuiili iii(ks, and iV^cral ihopi upon nri he^. Ihev liirry lui lui iinpotiant ennniuTie villi ih> Arimniaiii, l\ rlian«, liidi.^iu, and HoD^iiariiini i and ihiir nuinnrailnriea ol Mim o levlher, loitoni, lanielolt, und li!ki, iix' in a vi ry ihrivinu Hale. Hie I'ut/iiL.ii rinitiili r:ue, ihieen Itihjectrd lo Unllia, it lias pretVmd tlu ipiiet .mil leiu. liiv, wliiih a;;rieiiltiirc uliord.i, to the uinhululory lili- ol herdfiiKii and ihepherd*. J lie \otiuU, are of a middle llaiiire, ami (generally red haired , llury are lioiu-lt, pi'ai'ea'ile.nnd liolpilahle. I hey are allidnoiit in nn.du eonoiny, neglecting neither llu- iiillure et lues, nor the eliaee ; in the hiller they nle indillcrently the how or tite-arnw. In t4ieir ieiriiie hours many iiultle!i ; tnul oiher> Narnilli all kinds ot' np<« and howl» Ihe wotu'ii are employiJ in Ituiiig, in making linen, coarte .loll IS, ai.il oiiianieiits ot' enil)roidi'r\ . Some ol lilt \ oiiaks are elitiOiuus, but great parr rt tliem are idolaurs ; ihongji even thel'e Itcliese the ductriitc ot'u t'u* ture lUite o|' regards i"ul puiiiihmentk. The 0:ll,ik.u likev de a I'imiiih rm o, are onr of the moll numcrmis nation!, of Sil»eria. Ik lore tlu-y were in Inlii'ction to Uullia. they were governed hy priiues 1(1 their <'\^ n nalion. ami ilieir di ki ndani'. are Hill i .pnied noMe. A i tin fe |)eoplo «li\ier- inteiul '.he payment ot' the ta\e». Iluy are entirely unaeipiainted with the ule of litters, and are extritnely ii;noranl; llu\ ean reikon no tarllKT than ten, as is ihe i.al'e with lome otht r I uiiiiih nalin'is, 'I lui' jieoj.!,' h.ue a liiii;ul.ir eiuiom, that the il.ni^litir-in-law m\er uiuo\ers lur f.ue in tli'* preteiue ol iior I'ath^r-in-law ; i;or i-. llu I'on-in-law allow«d to apj'ear Im r le tin; nuiilier-iii-iau till Ir-. wile hai h:id a eliild. Tlu'V are idolater>; ;'iul ii. ol their opiitioi.ii is, that Hears eii).)v i.iter tieath a happiml's at I.;;ll e'i.ial to iljai wliuli they expicl 'i.,t iheml'kU \\ luiuver tlie\ kill ouv o| llul'e aninials. \\.^-\ ling Unv:^> vu.r lii'n, in whiJi liuy alk hi.', pardon for ttie injery llu-y Iwue dune Inni. Iii.leeil. it appear^ lliu iKai.* are in great eliim.itain among ull the I'agaii nations of the north, and nonh-eall. 'Ihe 't'l'tlioir.v/n'Jus are fnpjii!' d to he I'inns from thrir lanj^nage, tluy dwell the two liVs of the \\o';a, in tin' !;ou'nn.'..iil < o| .Nil'ilu.v I-.Novo-oro^, !i:oiii; Kal'aii. (>r> D'.'r; ii\ lU \er li\i' in towns, hut aiKin'oie in fniall \illa"i And ilioofe ihe loreiis for tlu a' hahitati' '11 uv aie veiA f.uul ol" hunt 111: in J jirociire for that pmpol'e fervw -barrel nuilU ts, which iluy jireler ♦o the bow. (Jne of their nuuria;-," iciemonies is, that on the weiUling night the bride is obliged to p'.itl oil' her hnlK.iiids b< o|s. A late writi r I'.r.s, " Aiiint'^' ihe '1 khoiin al'ehe? '• ihe luiliMiid is ! i:il''T of ilu' l',(uik ; he o.dir» c\ery tiiiiii; himleil j and it is tlikj " UJty \.n the V ile ti. hi villi, at reply. 5 I Tl 10 IS* R C ttiiiru'» iluy mct'l wiilt, iind i uii riiabli' oilu-r* lo Inkc llf (imu' roulc by liah «li.- lrri|ilion. 'Vhvy nlfn «lifii»vcr iIk- trucU of" ilu- nnrtw l»y llir i ••in|»r» ilioii ni iln- i(rnl> or initr«. Thi-y Ifnrn forrixn tnMgiingvi nviiIj cafi-, arc ftlvri oi» horU-lmik, g rin'«', nn* n « iHirHa"""** Irllio, und nnimroiin i |"i)p ilif iii'ilt |iiirt ritw-liiincd Miid iloiil. 'Duir vil'tt^c U hi il;i( llial tin ikitlloi a k»liiiiiu IfMy oilily \w knovvi) iVotn othirv '\\u-\ haw ihitk \\\>%, u I'iimII miff mid a ihurt rhin, their tninph ximt u rcddilh and )ftlir iiiulU-r», but their active (|itrit, niul th> ir iiM|>rii\idence and can Uthutt, nuikf th'-in ihioviih uiid dirty. In their rol»l>eri< s, t\u\ nfe niore llratagint than viu|. ni.>', and ai they believe lit the iioCturniil waiuUrinK ol dcnd men'it t'piiiu, ore leldoin guilty of inur« der. They are rn|)erllitiotif their womein wear ,i lar^e (;olden rin^ in llu-ir nnllril'*. Iheir priiitipal fnoil i\ uniinaK, tame and \yild ; with the root 1 and I I iii-^nix of their lUlerNi in wine I they are very indelitaie i for even their thief^* will feed upon tattle that have diid of dillemperor age ; fo tiiat in every hor
  • cif a l:iy-l>all of earrion. Althou>;h they iniifume a vail i|iiaiitiiy of loud, iluy can tndiire want for a long time without loniplaint. lioih lexct fmoke toininually ; during the fuminer they keip lo the north, and in winter to the fouthern dtlerln. They iliep upon felt or tarpelin^, nnd eover ihemfelven with the fume. Tlie Kiiinlfl,iitLi'i:s fublill by hunliiij» ami filhing The thate furnilhes them wtih fables, foxes, and other game. I'heir nets are made if the llamina of net- tles. They foinelimes employ themfelves in building lints, forming dillerenl wooden uttnlils, cutting wood for fuel and building, ami making bows and ar- row* : but muth of iheir time is palled in abf.ilute idleiu Is, ami indoleni e, wliii h are cMrtiut IViverty giM s them no toiuern ; and iiuthing but the i.ilK of hiin- H' r tan ilrive them to the thate. They live in villagis, tonlilling ttf a I. vv fmall hoiifts, and lituated in general near foiiic river. VN'lien a village betoiiHs too po- pulou.s, they feparate and form a new one. They cat and drink nimi, ; but as their food is always oild, their teeth are very fine. Uogs are their onlv donitllii animals, upon which lluv put a high value. Some of ihiin tra\< I in Iniall tar nages drawn by ihele animals; uimI a toinpleti- KLaintfi liailaiian ttpnpage. dogs, hariufs, ;uid all. tolls in that toiiniry 4I. los. or near Iweniv rublis. 'I lie K.nut- r» hadales believed the imnuirtality of the foul, bi fort they embrntttl the (ihriltian religion. The manners of the Sibcriduf were formerlv fo barbarous, that I'l ler the (jn at rtioiiglit he tould not inllitt a greater puniiliment upon his lapiial eiKniies, the Swedes, than by banilhing them tu Siberia, The etfeCt was, thai the Swedjih oiH. ters u I A. »JJ rmt It)).: l.Hi- rcr« and Milm lnir»i|iii/i| I'.iir'tnritn ufaftri and nunul'aflurf « Into the mnntry, Mnd thcfflMr flCi)uir« (I » (ttiiiiorivlik- living In ilii« torhrn rvKion, lu long ui»< kni>wn to r.uro|H', l<)nu- new mine* hnvi' Uicly brrn ilifutvcrrd, whit.h, upim llu'ir iirft Dpcntnit. have yivUliHl 4^,000 |><>un«U nl tine hlvcr, faid lo hnvit bvtn nbiuitt' vil Mill) lillTi- tlilluiill) or i'h|>eiuv kBniir(,liaikM U now conAdvrwd •• llic mod Itorriil |>lai'i* ot cmIc hi ihtt vtill tMnpirc o|' Kullia, umt hiiltcr fonu* of the gmiiclt iriininult arc IvMit. Kklioion I Ihi* cflnhlillu-d rrligion of Ktilliu it that of tht* (>rrck «.hurih, iho lom-l* of wliich urc too nnnicroni unil loniplKaiitl to U* difiullnl lu-ro, Ihf |iii|)«'« fupromtu V ihfv iIiCinow ; mwl thonuli tluy difi luini iniuKt' worlhip, ihi'v ntuiii ittany idoliiirniii und fup<*rUiti<»if inilonit. Ilivir clmnlui iiri- lull ol pit', lure* uf faints wlxmi ihi'y tonlular u» nudiiiiot*. '|li> y olitcrvt' 11 nnnilior ot tiill* and lent*, fulhat ihcv livi'hull ihfyfiir vfiy til)l>niu<»iilly ; aw intliiiition whiili ioi'ii* Itomcly I'onvfnicnl lor lluir foil und iliniuio. IhfV have niany pki uliiir notion* Mill) ri'Kard to tin- f.urunicntH and Trinity. 'I'hrir i)ilhopi uiul oilur cit Uliiillii*, iliou)(li not lluir ft I iilar priclU, ur>- ol)ti^('d to olilfrvt- ulih.uy. |'oii>r the (iriMi llu'wi'd liii proloinul kti'twlodgc of Kovcrnnunt in nothing niorc tli.ni in the n lor- million of hi* church. I Iv doi Urod himltlt ilu- luud of lli< i hnrch ; and proforvcd tlu' fnhordiiuitioiii of inkiropoliliinH, uri.hlnlhopt, ami l)ilhop«. lluir prulU have no lixcd income, hut deprnd for fiililillrncc upon the Itcncvolc-nco ot llirir Hot kit and hi-ari-r'«. Hcler, nlli-r cllahlilhing lhii« great political roformalion, left lii« clergy in full pollellioti ot nil their idle* ceremonies ; nnr did he cut otf ihe heard* t)( his clergy ; that iripuliiic aliempt was referved for the lute emperor, und gieatly conlrilniled to his fatal > alallrophe. Hetore his time, an iiu rediltic niinuKT of hull) lexen were Ihul up in convents; nor has it heen found prudent enlirelv In iiholiih tluife fotiili.'s. Ihi-iiluiris of them, h>iv\e\tr, are now in a great nieafiire renuivctl ; lot no male can hecoine a iiu'ik till he is tuined <>t tliir(\ 1 and no teninle a nun, till llie is tiliv t and even then not without periniliioii ot the fiipc- riom, Ihe prcfent emprefs has anneved ••;< tliurvh landi to the crown, und, in ritiirn, grants penlions to the higher ileigy and lIu' monks. The contjuefcd provinces, as alnads olilerved, ntain the r\.ii:ifc of their rcli- cion 1 hut luch is the extent of the Kiillian empire, that many of its fiii)ie(ts are Niahonietans, and more of tliem no heller than I'agaiis, governed liy Miamans, or wi/ards who pretend to cure ilifeafes, to a\erl mistorUmes, and to lore-lull or con- Iroul llie events of fulurilv. Many ill-judged atlempis have heen made to conveii them h\ force, whuh ha\e only lendeii to conlirni them in llieir iiiti(klii\. On tin; banks of the river .Sarpa is a lUinnlhmi; colony of .Moravian liiithren, |o \shieli the founders have given the name of Sarepta: ihe heginning of (he fcttlcinent was in i;6j;, with di'hnguilhed privileges from the impirial court. I.AM.e Aout fix miles every way ; and contains every Itructure tor maj^nifieenee, the improvement of the arts, reveiuie, navigation, war, and commerce, that tan be found in the moll cilebrated cities in l-airojie. 'J'here is a convent which deferves particul'ir notice, in which 440 young latlies arc educated at tlie emprefs'sexpenee; 200 of them of fuperiorrank, and the others, slaughters of citizens and Iradefmen, who, after a certain tini': allotted to tlieir education, le ot the lower clafs are prefented with a fum of money as a dowrv if ihoy niarrv, or to prvicure to thenifehes a proper livelihood. Near to this convert is a fouiidiing holpital, aiiilhmt to that noble one eUablilh'd at Mofcow, where the moilur may con.e to be deli\ered prixauK-, anil then, after the utn;oll attention to her, Ihe lea\es the child to the liate, n^ a parent more capable of proiai;iiiiir ji< we i Tare. As relorlbutgh is th-' emporium of KuHla, the number of foreign Ihips tiadiii-r to li in the fummev-iime is ftirpriiing. in winter, 3000 one-horfe llcdgis are iin- j).i),i'il lor p:a]jng.-rs in liie liie.ts. it is fujipolVd that there are alnisi' i ?o,coo i:iliabiia:;is in tins city ; and it is ornamented with tliuiv-live griat (.luinlus ; t"(,r in it almoU ever, fee! of tne C'l.riltiaii religion i:, lol' laied. It alio contains hve I'.liaes, t'jine of wiiich ar.- fup..ib, particularl) that which is calh'd the New .'1 ni.n -r I ;dace, riear the . 11 impiial Port, wliieh is an elegant piece of aichiiecture. i l'i:j mag-iinCi'iit cy is d^teiiil d o;> liial tide iie\t the lea In the lortiels of C'ron- 'iadt ; v.iiich, t nliderin.f ilu' d:;i"h ully and danger (if navigaliiig a i;ii;.;e iiii\;:| I ifcf lliioL^h the gult ol i'iii!.i:',d, is litliieient to g;.nrj it on li;ai l.oe lidm the :;[- .niyts oi ..'inv. ^',■,erll)ur^'!l. is ihe capital oi liie ] .I'viine 1 f Jngria, one o lie tJiew, s c 'ii.)'.ieli> ;i ; 11 .li,' Swedes. Co.;. ir^ -h . .Ics >iud b" .'liS. in the neiyhbouihood vi lli b tiiv 'ih. u A. ^35 The city of Mofcow was forniorly the glory of this groat empire. It (lands on the rivor from whciui' it takes its name in lat. 55-45, and aljout 1414. miles north- onft of London ; and tliougli its itrtots arc not rfg(dar, it prcfcnts a very picturcfque ;iplK'aranio ; containing a number of jjardens, groves, lawns, and ftreams. Nei- tlur Voltaire nor Bufchin give us any latisfa6iory account of this capital ; and. lit-- tie credit is to be given to the authors who divide it into regular quarters, and' each quarter inhabited by a ditVerent order or profeilion. Bufcnin fpcaks of it as tlie largert city in liurope ; but tliat can be only meant as to the ground it (lands on, computed to be near 26 miles in circumference. It is generally agreed that Mofcow contains t6oo churches and convents, and forty-three places or fquares. niie merchants' cxchan;;e according to the iaft writer, contirins. aboui 6000 (ine (hops, wliich difplay a vail parade of commerce, efpecially to and from China. No city exhibits a greater contrail than Mofcow of magnificcnoe and mcanncfs in buiidinjj. The houles of the inhabitants in general arc mifcrabic timbor booths i but their palaces, cliurches, convents, and otiier nublic edifices, arc fpacious and lofty. 'I'he Kremlin, or grand imperial palace, is mentioned as one of the mod fuperb flruMures in the world ; it Ihuuls in the interior circle of the city, and at- tains the old imperial palaces, pleafurc-houfes, and Uables, a vithialling-Houfc, tHc jialace which formerly belonged to the patriarclr, nine cathedrals, five convents, four parilh churches, the arfeiial, \\ itli tile public coile.jcs, and other offices. All. the churches in the Kremlin hiac be.uitiful fpires, molt of thorn guilt, or covered' with fdver: the architecture is ii the (iothic talle ; !)ut the inlidcs of the churche*. are richly ornamented ; and the pifliircs of the f.ints are decorated with gold, Hlvor, and precious Hones. Mention is made of the cathedral, which has no fewer lliaii nine towers, covered with copper double gilt, and contains a (ilver branch with forty-eight lights, faid tvi weii^h 2800 pounds. A volume would fcarccly fuflice to recount I he other particulars of the nuignilicence of this great city. Its fumptuous monuments of the ;^rcat dukes and czars, the magazine, the patriar- chal palace, the exchequer, and chancery, are noble llructures. 'I he jewels and ornaments of an im;;ge of the Virgin Mary, in llie Kremlin church, and its other furnilu'c, can be ()n'\ e(jualled \Tlbu:;.;h j tor he caufed it to be- paved, adorned it '.vith iiohji.- uli'icis, and einielud it with manuluctures. 'I"he foundlinj^ !:■ fjiital at MolVow appears to be under very judicious regula- tions. It was toum.ed by the prelent emprels, and is fupportcd by voluntary contrihtitions, legacii ■, and other elutri'.able endowments. It is an immcnfc pile of building, of a (|uadvaugular lhai)e, and contains i;ooo foundlinj^s : when the cliahlilhment is completed, it is intended to contain 8000. 'I'he grcalelt care is taken of tlie chi!die!i, who, at the ; ^c of fourteen, have the liberty of ehoufing any particular branch of trade ; and tor this purjioic. llrere are dill'ercnt tpecies of manufactures elialilllhed in the hoi'pilal. W hci\ they have gone through a cer- tain ajiprenticelhi]), or about the ai^e of twenty, they are allowed the liberty of fetting up for themfeives: a fiun of money is bellowed upon each foundling for that purpofv, and they are permitted U) carry (»n trade in any part of the Rudiaii empire. This is a very contideral)!e piivilege in Rulila, where the pealants are (laves, and cannot leave their villages without the permiiiion of their mafters. Nothing van be faid with certainty as to the i)op'.d-.ition of Mofcow. \\ lord riirlide was aniball'ador there, in the reign of Charles 11. this city was tw> miles in comjiafs, ami the mnn'oer of lunifes w^vs.- cou.p.ititi Voliairc wrote, Mofcow was twei.t) miks in ci'Ci.nil'i ici et, Aiid to ! ii'.nnt to 500,00c. ;\;r. Coxe ci iiliritiS ih'.s .icc.'. fcteiice of ihi.. eii . , I'Ut ti inks 'ho ila'.eiiioiU ul its [)opui ■. lien ive tl Ao.on-j. V\ luii ml . , iiil.al)itar.ts. Ill ol '.. .' eircuin i )i. m'.;;Ji i ■■■^e- iu.,d J «3.« U s I rated i according to an account which was given to him by an Enslini gentleman, wjiich he received froni the lieutenant of the police, and which nc fays may be relied on, Mofcow contains within the ramparts 230,000 fouls, and in the adja« cent villages 50,000. CuRiosiTiKs.'] This aiticle affords no great entertainment, as RufTia has but lately been admitted into the rank of civilized nations. She can, however, pro- duce many ftupendous monuments of the public fpirit of her fovcrcigns ; parti- cularly the canals made by Peter the Great, for the benefit of commerce. Sibe- ria is full of old fepulchrcs nf an unknown nation, whofc indrumcnts and arms were all made of copper. In the cabinet of natural hiilory at Petcriburgh is a rhinoceros dug up on the banks of the river Valui, with his Ikin, and the hair upon it perfect. The RulFians have a great palfion for the rineing of bells, which nro always tinkling in every quarter. The great bell of MoTcow, the largell in the world, weighs, according to Mr. Coxc, " 432,000 nounds. Its bulk is fo enormous, that our traveller could fcarcely have given creuit to the account of it, if ho had not examined it himfclf, and afcertaineu its dinienlions with great cxad- iiefs. Its height is nineteen feet, its circumference at tlie bottom twenty-one yards eleven mchcs, its greateft thicknefs twenty-three inches." It was cart in the reign of the cmprefs Anne ; but the beam on wliich it hung being burnt, it fell, and a large piece is broken out of it ; fo that it lately lay in a manner ufe- lefs. Mr. Bruce, in his late Memoirs, mentions a bell at Mofcow, founded in czar Boris's time, nineteen feet high, twenty-three in diameter, and two in thick- nefs, that weighed 336,000 pounds. The building of Peterlburgh, and railing it from a few filhing huts to be a populous and rich city, is an enterprifc hardly to be paralleled lince the erettion of Alexandria in ligypt. 'Hie fortrefs of Cron- ftadt employed, for fomc years, 300,000 men, in laymj; its foundations, and driv- ing piles night and day ; a work which no monarch in Europe (Peter excepted) could have executed. The plan, with a very little afllrtance from fome German engineers, was drawn by his own hand. Equally wonderlul was the navy which he raifed to his people, at the time when they could hardly be faid to have pof- felTcd a lliip in any part of the globe. What is more woiulorful than all, he often wrought in pcrfon at all thofc amazing works, with the lame alliduity as if he had been a common labourer. CoMMERci:.] By the furell information, the annual exports of Ruilia at pre- fcnt amount to about 2,400,0001. and her imports do not exceed i,6oo,oool, fo that the balance of trade is yearly Soo.oool. Iterling in her favour *. The productions and exports of Ruilia, in general, arc many, and vcrv valuable, viz. furs and peltry of various kinds, red leather, linen and thread, iron, copper, fiiil-cloth, hciii}) and flax, pitch and tar, wax, honey, tallow, iling-glafs, liii-lnd oil, pot-aih, foaj), feathers, train-oil, hogs briftles, mulk, ilniharb, and oilier drufjs ; tiniber, ami alio raw lilk from China and Perlia. Her foreign conuiierce is much increafed liiice her coiujuerts from Sweden, efpei ially of Livonia and In- gria ; and (ince the eflablifliing of her new emporium of Peterlburgli, vvherebv In r naval intercoiuTe with Europe is nuide much more (liort and ealV. 'Hie L k- mine may be called the granary of the empire ; the bed corn, hemp, Ha\, hoiiev, and wax, come from this fertile province, and 10,000 lujrned cattle are annually feiit from its ualhires into Silelia and Saxony. Ruilia carries on a commerce over land, by caravans, to China, chiefly in furs : and tlii'V bring back from thence, tea, filk, cotton, i^old, &:e. To Boi liaria, iieiir the river Oxus, in Tartary, Ruilia fends her own nuTchaiulize, in return tor In- ♦ btc C'oxt'i TraveU, vol. il. p. 247. di.'in Armv.] TI,om„ • "'"' ""■•acr on the p, - ' '/^''4, amounted to 368,901, Vi/^' "^"''"" 6°°.' /"• 1 400 to 450,000 lOOO. Guards, Cavalry, Infantry, Artilli-ry. GiirriTons, CofFacs, &c 149.8S6 29.062 87,000 36,000 -^elrSt;;- 1^ ^'^3 armed t,,, ., <1^T;"'^'- , "'^' ^'"^ "^^'"Stl. of the Rulli , ' ,1 f '"'^'n 'I>o liLi^ ''^' ^hwf harLonrs (or ,J,. ■ '^ '""^•'' '^^^ -«„„•. ""1"'"- »"•• 'Ik- ,n„ii ,,iHi • i :'■-''",^r „a- wdlarc of tl e r , ■' *"" '""^vo tliufon •ii^ '38 U S I A. chofen by the fovcrcign, had the lives and fortunes of all families at thcfr mercy { but tliis court was fupprelVctl by Potor III. '1 lie fyftvin of civil laws at prefent cftablirticd in Ruflla is vcrv imperfeft, and in many inllanci-s barbarous and unjufl ; being an aHembiage of faws and rcgula< tions drawn from muft of tin- (hues of Kurupc, ill digefted, and in many relpeHs n.it ndapti'd to the genius of the Rullian nation. The coiuts of jullire were in general very corrupt, and tlutfeby whom it was adniiniftered extremely ignorant ; but the emprofs hatli lately made fome judicious regulations, and fixed a certain falary to the office of judge, which before depended on the contributions of the unhappy clients, and thus the poor were without hope or remedy. It is hoped that the new code of laws, for which the hath given mflrutlions, will foon be pro- duced, to incroafe the people's liberty, fecurily, and felicity. 'I he dirtinttions of rank form a conliderable part of tlie RufHan conilitution. The late em|)rc(Tcs look the litlo of Autocratrix, which implies that they owed their dignity to no earthly power. Their ancient nobility were divided into kne/cs or knazevs, bo\ars, and vaivods. The kr>c;?es were fovercigns uj)()n their own tdatcs, till they were reduced by the czar ; but they ftill retain the name. The boyars were nobility under the knezes, and the vaivods were governors of pro- vinces. Th wiicnte his appellation ot Ncwlki ; he died in 1262. r i Ruu:i {J I A. 140 n RiilTia \Vh> nfrionti; iTic lart nVrvMYi]Vti rt^ach- by iVir fornuT i'iii|)ii\', wliiili ivni li iio lii.;lur tli;irt thi' ()\h iriitiiry, (hv ihiit Kio'.ia and Novnijorod wv'i'i- touivlid In Kii in tlic M-xr 4^(5. 'Iliis Kii is bv fniiu" ci',i(iili.''rril as fin arttrciit jji^'iUo, \\W\}v oiIuts iYr ft Inrvj; timi* til.' iViiif (rr I'lhlvV lifif'l \\w' fi'ilc ioirin\"i, willi rcjiftrd fn tho liirtory of Riitiia, liijjIuT tliau t!u' iiiiiodiictinn of C"liriiHanii\ , whicli liftpprtv'd nl^oitt thi' ti'iiih ciMititr Svlirn n piitu'i'fs (if this'iiiiint'r\ , cnllod Ollia, is faid 10 ha'.'f I i('«-ii livptlz.'d at C'diiftanlinopli'. hrtd fi'fiifi-d tfn'hand of fhi-Ciri'i-k rmpocc*!-, Jolui /imif I'l >, in marrta'ji*. This haVirtrtts 'fur the 'Riitliaus adrtptinir llio fircrk i'i-J!,';ioii nn-(is f.) haptixi- tin- Riilliaiis, wlio \VvMV fur foi^r timi fiil)ii.'ct to tlic foi' of Cniiftarrrinopli ; i)iit fhe Criik patiiarc-Iis afti-nvards rcli^tii'd all tin ir aiilliority over liif Uiiilian I'liunli ; ii'id its billicins iTi'iU'd iluTnTi-lvis into patriJin'tis, who \\vre In n iTitinni-r itvU-- pv'nd.Mit (if tm- rivil pnwor. I'nfd tho yctir 14511, th<' princes of'Kiiflia were hut wry liltic conlidcrcd, h,-if)"; ilijcr'ly I'lihicit and trihiitary to the 'l'ait;iiN. It was idioiit thi. llnu', that John, or Iwaii I'alilides, t oncjiKTcd th • 'I'artars, and, anfofiir others, the duke of (Jreat Ndvu^nrod, from whoKi he is fiiid to have carried 500 cart-load-; of ^'ild and liKer. His proipernus reii,'n, of above 40 years, gave a new afp^'it to Riilila 11 IS irraiK if 11, the famous John 'Rafdowitz 11. h :nMi|l clettnM his coiinfrv of fh intriuliii;; 'I'.irlnrs, fiibdiied the kiinjdoins of ktifan !nid Alhaean 'I'arfary, in Alia, and anncNi'd theni to the Kulhan dominions. He jjavetoliis fnbjeels the tirll code of laws, introduced prinfiu:;, and promoted commerce. I?y his cruelty, however, lie nl)li;;ed the inhabitants of fonn- of his lined provinces, particularly l.ivoiiia and I'.llliiuiia. to iiirow themtelves under the protection of the I'oles niul Swedes. Hc- f ire the time of this John II. the foverei!»n of Kiitiia took the title of NN'elike KnoX, " ,!^reat prinei-," qreat lord, or ;^reat ihii't'; whieli tlie C'hrifiian nations afterwards reiiderec 1)^ tl la t ot q; rea t-dnk Tlie title of Tzar, or, as We call it, Czar, (tin e\|);ellliMi which in t!;e .Silasoniaii !:in;;iiaf;i-, (ij^nilies hw^), was ailded to that of the Kiililan fovereii^ns. I pon the death of John Halilowitz, in i v'>4. the Rullian territories were laid walle bv civil wars. The lali monarch left two ) ons. Ih en- dure and Denutrius. Theodore fiieeeeded his father on the throne; and at the inlti;;ation of Moris, his |>rinie minilKr, ordered his brother Demetrius to be iiiiir- dered. lie himfelf died foon after; and l^iris, thoiij^h fufpeoted of |)oilbiiin!^ his mall. •r, w; iiroclamu' d k 111' Meanv.liiii' a \ounu m;in i'P ean-d in l.itlman la. tind^T the name and character of the prince Demetrius, pii'tendin:.^ that he had cleaped out of the hands of the aHaliins. Aliilied by a Polilh army, he entered Miifeow in i^'o;, and was jtroelaimed czar without ojipofition ; the mother and Tin of IJoris, who was now dead, heinj^ diM!^<;ed to prifon by tlie poiv,t!;u e. 'I he ra;^e of til, it po])ulai r was loon turned a';ai;ilt Drinetrius. fie \\;is liain 0:1 his marriage day, together wiili mod of his I'tdiih attendants, who had rendered him oImionIo 1:; to the Kiilli;iiis. .\ body, faid to be his, was cxpofed to puhlii- view, and Zuiki, a nobleman who had fomented the inbirrection, was (kelared his I'ln.- celliir. lint fearce was ZuIki ffateil nn the throne, when a liiond Demelri made his app.aranc' us rt d alter lis death, a third. Poland and .Sweden took pa ill the cpip.rrel. Zulki was delivered up to the i'oles, and Demetrius was niafia- tred by the Tartars. Mnt a fo\nih, and cvni a tilth Demetrius ajijiearul ; and Kiiiiia, dming tht'le ftn!;^i!;lis, was rej)eatcdly ravaged by opp'.lite tatii.r,, and fi'rei..;n tro'ip,. At len^^ili .Mieiiael Tl;e(n!orow it/, fo IMl on ot Koiiianuw hilli(i[) ol li,.r, w, a'li rwanls paniardi, rv lated b. females to ihe czar John Ikililowiiz, w.is r.il, 1 t I ihe ihron. , a, id -.jovi-rneil w.tli griat j idl I anilliiccc 1^. I ie deflated (it II ilt of w {\v mur- U r 141 the Polo*, aud fuc-cifufully rclillocl tin- lUiimx wlikli n hroilur of (juflavus ; 11I1UH ot SiyoiU'ii 4nud 11 *'iir lx-l\viiii lliolV luo poupic, wliiili ^^wr Miili;u| ;i ImMili- iivi;-iiiiK' ; flnil In- hwkIi' iilV t*! \t li»r live IxiidU of Iuk fuim-cis. Siiiui afti 1 ilic iliviion of Miil*H(l, JiiiMKs 1. ol J',inf;liin(J d-nt, :ii Jiis invitiUKiii, lir John Mc)iick, its hik aml>:illad*,n' to Uutlia, upon foiui.- coiiinacrLid ui]'aiis, uiid to iviluim u icr- tiiin fuiii of nuMU-y which Jarao h:ul a(lviUK.i-d u coiunurcial trialv vsilh I'lHi^liind, whitli lluwh liini to have ln'on not only well aci|nainit:d with llu- inionllb ol his own Uil)ji.!tlh, l>ul wiili iIk' huv and ufamos of natiyns. I h- n i);ni'«l thill) -ihii'i- yviiiti ; und, Ivv Ills wifdoin ami ihw' milchul's of hi> eiiaracUr, 111' ri'lh)rcd onl'i- and trunquiUiiy to hix ('iil>ii.cts. Miihad's uittntiun to luarrv !)-•- iiij; Ivitowu, the moll ci'libratvd liciuui>s of his doniinions wcro Wnt for to toui'l, jind Ukiv iiiliTtuiiu'd, 'Ihi-y wcro siliicd by tho izar, and the moll luatjnilicvnt nup- tial pri'pnitioiis \MTi' niiidc, before the happv ladv wns declared, l)y lci)dia|[; to her inuxiiiliuent j'wels, and a wedding lobe. i he rcil ot tin. landiil.ites v\freth,n dlf- niilled to their tevoial htinies, witli I'uilabk prefents. 'I'lie name of liie iaily'.sf.uher, \\h»i pleafed Miehaoi as StrelVhiieii ; and lu- was ploui;liii\g his imn t'arni when it as anno\n\eed lo him, that he was fallier-in-iaw to \\k c.'.ar Alesins fnei ■did liis lather Mii hael, and wa.i mat ri.,d in tlic f: line manner. ow, He appeals lo ii.ivi' In en a prime of (^Teat Renins, lie recoM.reil Snuninlko, ki and the I kniine ; bnt was nntortnnate in his war.-, with tlie Swede.^. \\ h^n tlie f^rand l):;nior, Mahomet IV. hanj^htiU dumanded fonu poilefliuns from liint in the I kr:>iiie, his anfwer was, " thni he lenneil to fid)mii lo a Mahomeian ;ers, moll of whom were .Seoleli. lie cnlii- \aled a |)nliie eoi refpondeneo wilh the o'.lier |)owers ol l^nrope ; and even will) I lli> Ins anu)allailurs n lot to kits liu' pope's t( ilu' eonrt ol Konie, tiioiij>h he ori'.ei III' fnbdued a ehief of the Don Coll'acs, named htenko Ralin, who eiidcavonrcd to make iiinifelf king of Allracan ; ami the rebel, with i.'..oco of his adllerelU.^, was liaiii^ed on llie liif;li rojid. lie introduced linen and hlk i<;;nnilavluri s int'> his doininiifns : and inlti'ad ol pntlin;.; loilealh, or enilaviii;; his l.itluiai.ian, roli:!i, ami 'lariarian prifonoii, he feiil tliein to people the banks of the V\ oI^m a.ul tlie Kama. 'Ilieodoie fiueeeded his lallur Alexins in iO()7. lie was of a gentle dil- polition, .Tiul weak cnntiilniion ; lond of pomp and maj;nilieenee ; and. in {^ratif nr.; this |)ropenliiv, contribntnl to polilli his fniiiecl.-, I)\ the inlrudnciiun oi 1 rei_t;n manutacinres, ami anieles ot i'ler iitulirrtaiiding." Uiit thii wife ddliimtion extremely otrt-iuk'd the priiuef* Sopliiii.who Wi\H H wonmnofgrciit nml»itio», and who, »fter the drnlh of I hemiorc t'ouiul moam to cxiitc ii horrible fcdition among the Stn-lit/eH, who then formed llie llanding nrmy of Kulliu. 'Ihcir excefl'e» furnnll'ed all defeription. 'I he city tif Mofcow iiiulerweiit a general pillage and maltaire for three days. At laft, by tt compromifc between the two partiest, Iwan and Peter were declared joini-fove- rcigni, May i8, 1682 -, but as one wan judged incapable of governing, and Peter was oiily ten years old, the adminillration was veiled in their liDer, wno was of popular manners ..nd great abilities. However Voltaire and other aulhort may have blackened Sophia's character, it is now evident, from Muller and other good authorities •, that Ihe was a |)rincefs of great merit, and by no means deferving of the reproaches call upon her: her adminillration was wife and vigilant, nnd nuich totlie advantage of her country. She re|H)fed much confidence in prince Halil (ia- litzin, a conluinmate politician. Piter, as he advanced in years, being encouraged by his mother and her adherents, claimed a Ihare in the adminillration, and took bin feat in the privy council, Jan. 25, 1688. Krom this period dillenlions arofe be- tween them, and the afi)iring genius of Peter nc(|uired the afcendency. Under the |)retence of a confpiracy agnini) his life, he arrelled his filler, and imprifoned lier fur life in the nunnery of iJeviiz. (iaiit/in's life was fparcd, but his great cdate wiis confilcated ; and the following curious fentence pronounced as his punilhinent : " Thou art commanded by tlu; moll clenjent czar to repair to Kar- gn, a town uiuler the pole, and there to continue the renuiinder of thy days. His niajelly, out of his extreme goodnefs, allows thee three pence |)cr day for thy full- filKnce." He died in prilon at Poollork in 171.1. This left Peter with no other competitor, in the year 1689, than tlie mild and eafy Iwan, and upim his death, \vliicli happened in 1696, Peter reigned alone, and cruelly provided tor his own future fecurity by the execution of above 3000 Strelitzcs, and at the fame time broke the whole body, and aboliilied their name. Peter, though he had been but very inditferently educated, aflociated himfelfwitit the Germans and I3vitch ;with the former for the fiike of their manufa6lures, which he early introduced into his dominions; and with the latter for their Ikill in navigation, which he pratlifedhimfelf I lis inclination for the arts was encouraged by his favourite Ix I'ort, a Piedmontefe ; and general Gordon, a Scotchman, difciphned the czar's own regiment, conlilling of 5000 foreigners; while Le Tort raifed a regiment of 12,000, among wliom he introduced the Kreiichand German excrcifes of arms, with a view of cmj)loying them in curbing the infolence of the Strelitzes. Peter, after this, be- gan his travels ; leaving his military affairs in the hands of (iordon. Me fet out us an atteiulant upon liis own ambaifadors ; and his adventures in Holland and Knglaiul, and oilier courts, are too numerous and too well known to be inferted lure. Hy working as a common Ihip-carpenter at Deplford and Saardam, he com- pleted hiinfelf ill lliip-huilding and navigation ; and through the excellent difcipline introduced among his troops by the foreigners, he not only over-iiwed or crullied all civil iiiliirretlioiis, but all his i iiemies on this (ide of Alia ; and at Kill he extermi- nated, except two feeble regiments, the whole of the Strelit/cs. He rofe gradually through every rank and fervice both by fea and land ; and the many defeats which he received, cfpecially that from C'harli s \ll. at Narva, feemcd onlv to enlarge liis ambition. The battles he loll added experience to his couraj^e ; and the generous fViendlhip lie lliewed to Aui^iilhis, king of Poland, both Intore and after iiv w»ib dethroned by the kin^ of Sweden, redounds greatly to his honour. Having * Co.u'b Travel-, 410. vol. i.^, 395 to 418. no u I »4J IllKil all l\ttrini- ladiiallv which .•niar^o \m\ the \{\ aftrr llavii)g r.u no rcffnrtl (i>r rank whon fcparnfc fmm merit, he, in 1711, mnrricil riiihorinc, n yoiiD^ l.ithuaniun wuiiian, wiio hud boiii lH-triiih>.«l to a Swi-dilh (lrii^;iK>n at Ma* ricnhur/; (icncrnl Bnui-r, talcitiu iliat place in 1701, wni I'niittcn with her, and look hor to hi'i iioufi*. Nhc wni Um»\ removed nilo the family ot the prince Men- /ikiitr, with whom Ihc lived till 1 704, when in the 1 7th year of her a^o ilie hecaniu (lie millrcfit of Peter, and then hin w ifc ; becaufe, utter 1. long cohuhittlioii, he found her polfeired of a foul formed to execute hin plans, am' lo allili hit counciit. Cu- tlittinie wast fo much a fltaii^^er 10 her own country, that her hulhand aftirwnrdi difcovered her brother, who ferv>d us a common loldier in his armiei. liul mili- tary and naval triumphi, which fucceeded one another after the battlo of Fulto- wfl, in 1709, with ChitrlcH XII, wire not the chief glories of Peter's reign. He npplied himfclf with e(|ual alliduily to the cultivation of commerce, arts, and fciences ( and upon the whole, he made fuch acouilitiuns of dominion, even in Kurope itfelf, that he mav be faid, at the time of nil death, which happened itu Januat-y, 17151 to have beeit the greatcA prir.ce of bin age, but mure feared than beloved by his fubjeds. Peter the CIreat was unfortunate in his elded fon, who was called the Czarowitz, and who, marrying without hisconfent, entered, u» his father alledged, into fomc dangerous practices againii his perfon and government ; for which he \viie\ , jewels, and pronnfes, and tin: two regiments of guards by a largefs, Catharine mounted the Kullian throne. She was in lur perlon under the middle li/e, and pollelled abilities not above mediocrity, llie could neither read nor v rite ; her daugliter IJi/abeth ufually ligned her name for her, and particularly that atlised t<» her lall will and tellament. During her lliort reign, ot two years, wliich inav rather be conlidered as the reign of MenzikolF, her life was verv irregular. An intemperate ufe of tokay wine, joined to a cancer and dropfy, hallcncd lier end i.n the 17111 of May, 1727. Mie was fucceeded b\ Peter 11. a minor, Ion to the C"/arowit/. Many dontellic revolutions happened in Rullia diui.ig the ihert reign of this prince ; but none was more remarkable than the dilgriicc and- c.\L!c of. l)rincc Men^ikotl. Peter lUed of the fin.ill-pox in 17.1O. Notvvithllandii.g the defpotifin of Peter and his wile, the i\uHian fenate and no- bility, u|)on the death of i'eter II. ventured to fet alide the order of fucceliion. which they had cllablilhed. The male illue of Peter was now extinguilhed ; and' the duke of Hohlcin, fon to his eldell daughter, was, by the dctlination of the 4 lute «4+ W U r lute emprs'^, entWtml to ihf crown i lint ihr RuH'mii*. lor poHiiral reof<»ni», (ill •)ti r to Iwuir IVtcr't i'l>> trpli ikot iIk- trown iiotlt'r liiiiilntidiH |l,iit I'oiiK- llutu^lit dk-rik^niiiry tn lur «li^r y, yci, \>y llic .illilinitci* ot |(k' gitnrdt. l)u' l>roki- tlirnt aW. nml ullrrtiil tlw pn'rugtitivc ul'hor luicrllorii. Sho r;i!f»-il \wr fiiMturiti- Hirun lo ilio dmhy «'> Conrlaml, uii«l >{.ivi \v:iy l'» »nniiy fiin« g»iiinry intMltiri-i niul i'im n- oNiVtMiotu mi tiit un oditt, I pnn Iut doaifi, ro 1740, J'lliit, iIk* lull ol lv»r iilni', the priiMcri ol \U( klnil)iirgh, l)y iVnthon. I'lru nt' liriitit'M it. VVoirciibiittc'l, v^'iM, by hrr y^t\\, nititltil to tin liuicliioni hut Ikidk ho iHoro ihnn l^vn ycnrt old, Hirott wut np|iN>irtird lo l>c adniioiHiniiH* ol' titi- • mpiri* dtirini; Ills iiitiini;«v Tlti^ di'lliiiafion \\if\ ililiiKn'rablc lo live prinnTn ol' Vli'i \li'n- hiirifli mill lur hiill>:iiT(l, iiitd unpo|iiilur :iini)i)f{ tin* KiiiliniiK lotmi Miiiiit b whh i;i,»pl(ivi*(l \>\ llu- priiu\'l"» ol' Mi'iklrnhiir^h lo iirrcH Uiron, who wa . liud, aiul vniuU-mncU to ilir, but was \\t\t into txilc to Siln-ria, wIh-iv br contiiuifd till |\ti'r III. riTitlK'il hint, niul CulliariiK* rillon-il him to thi' dm by or (!oorl;ii)d. 'Ihf luliiiinlfnitifHi nMh.- priiui-u Annr ol' Mi « klcnburj^h iiiMl her liiilbio\d \v;u upon mans Jiicouiits, but partiivilnrly that ol iicr (Inmaii » oimcc lions, ibl'iij^n'i- lihlc, not only to the Kiiliiiin-<, but to nllK-r po\ti-r>i ot l''.iitop>' , and nnt\>itbliand- ih^ \wr prol'iH-roiit war \\itli ;l',r Sv.viti s, iIk- piincffs l.li/abitli, daii'^hti-r, by C'a^ lliaiJiK', to IVtvr the (»r«.at, I'ormcd Imb n pnrty, thnt iti one ni(;ht\ ti:n.- Ihc whh r.ic!ui*ni'd ftnpnt* ol' all tlu* Knlliat; and the princcli ol MctkKnbiirijb, her nil limn aiu 1 I m, wiTi* niadi- prilomis. l'.li/ab^'tli'> rfij,'n may bf I'uid to Jia\i- hi on ninrr j^lorion* thin that ol .my ol \wr pri'ilccolll)rs, hiT I'aUur c\ii'pti' ; and hiirodia't.-(l into rII ci\il and niilitnry priKi-cdin^'* a niodiratinn, till lu-r time im- known in Riitlia. Count Mnnicb w.i- ronliiud at IVIin in Siluria, in a |>rir<'n, \vlii>.h !)\ liis iiiiUr was oncted lur Ibruii ; \n- bad a daily alluyyancc ol 1 is. t'ur Ivnili ii wit'v, and a Kw I'lTyants. Atli-r 21 \eais iiupriiiinn I n t h I' was ro- ll ah'd and iiliun-d to hit aniimt rank by IVti-r til. in 1702, .ind tliid in 176;, ii;;hly-thrcc yoars old. Thi- « hiof dil'i^rat v- ol" Kli/Mbcth'H n-ij^n, was tlu' pnnilb- m.nt ol' iho coiinttii'is IJilhii licit •ind l.apiichin ; oaih rvcciviil ^o llrokis nl tin" k'luil In tlu- open bpiarr ot' IVtnlbiir^;li, ilirir lonnni-s yyoro cut out, and tlu-y wrn- banillkd inlu Siluria. I bo rral t rinu' ut' tin.' I;ill \* as Ikt commfntiiifj too Iri-ilv on thi" omprol's's amours. Ilayini; ^Inrionlls tiiiillud llu' war with .Swi'di'ii, Kli/aiji'ih n-placid tlu- natural ortiir ot i'm-celliou in lu-r own I'amilv, by declaring lur hi-ir tbc duki' ot I lollKiii (idtturp, who \va. di iViMuU'd t'roin her cidi il liltir. .She fjaye iiiin til'- litio ot j;rand-dul.< ot Ruliin : ami I'uon alur lur .uirllili(lv ; but niiiu poli- tical and I'omc prisate n-.it'ons, it is laid, deterniiiied lur to take part uiih tlie Jioul'e ot" Aullria a;;ainll the kins; ol I'ruliia in 17^6. Her arm-. f;.ive a luin to tlic I'ueiefs of the war, noi\yilh!t;miling that monarch's amaxin'; abiliiies b.,ih in the Ik 111 and cabinet. Hi r inMipult-. were fuch porii did ih le eiilire deltriiclion of llu rnillian power, which y\.iN, jierhups, fayed only by her criiieal death, on Ja- nuary ^, i7()i. Klizabclhwas fuceeed.il by Peter III. Kraiul-dnke of Riillia. and duke ol' Hol- em, a Dnnre wli euiidii. t has In en N;irii>tdlv r. .•tinted I le n\f)untrd tli tli.uiic policlfcd y] an i .ahulialtic admirutioii toe lii» I'rulliaii m;«ji li\ 's yirlues; to whom u 1 Ui Mhi>tn ]\f ({onrfmifly unvf ju'iicc, nnd whofc |trim iplcs ninl prn^ici*^ l«r f. cmnl id li.iw uiiopti-d lu llu* oirr*tn, mid hi' ;dH)lil1ud luutiy itrcrouutiu^ ihut wvtv rippri llivt' and lyrnnimiil. hut lu' r<>oti iniintnl llu- ginrrid (mIiiiiu l)y liii» pulilie ciinii-m|>t (it the Knllinti nnuuxri* Mnd rcliifinn. Ho luixltl Imvi' riirtniiunUd llii- ci- ftftt <>l' mnM) |H'tidi«rili«s, un|M>pulnr iiin> n> llii d hlim-d Id i ul oil tin- l>«-iird« i>t hit i Icr^'y. ii is alio alliilmid, ihtit \w had |i>rtiii>tl a rdohitiiMi to dcllrny both lii% onipn-r* and h< r Um, and iho advoi iitr» i>| IViir ilti' 'third atki)>mlc(i|ir, (hut h>- had nfidvcd to Ihni iiplii» wilo in amnviiit, or raiiic-r in tho torlrol. ot'.VhlulUII tir^, unlo dm Iwan, fun to iho piintoU n (iuno inlD iho world wax d 1)1 Kullin, at'tor tho doath ot' I ruivaniomont oMiu I'lnpril!! in tho oalllo ol Si hhiiroiUnri; iodic mil » Mo< kloii limned, th ■ lit >{r< ill Ul i'.li/a lulh iindor a llr rrvnio oi hor i> inn it tho di.nh ot priiui.? Iiiirj{h. I his yoiiiin primo, a» (nun a« in- ouj;h illi;;ali\, In \M.tr iho iniporial oru-.vii int, iho otuprofi \niia Iwaiiona; hut iiy tho , ho was loiuloiniiod to had an ohiVnro Jit'o ron^ ^l1ard, who had pariioular orders, tiiai it am porton, or ans arnu d torto, was i niplosid in alioinplin^ to ikliMT him, tin y llioiiid kill him imnu'dialoly. Ho livod ipiioily in I. is prilon wlu n tlio onipr' Is, Catharino II. moinitod tlio throne i nnd us tho rovidiition which dopolod hor luil- liand IVtor III. had oicallonod n lining tcmu-nt in tin- minds ot tho ponDJi-, C'ailia- riiio was upprolientivo that luinc atlompts ini;;ht ho mado in t.uour i>l i\^an, iho tturotoro ilouhiod iho guards of tliis unliappk prim o, and |»artictilaily onlrnlLd limi to the caro ot" two otHcors, who woro divotod tu hor intorcil. A lionlonunt (it infantry, who was horn in tho I'kraiiu-, undertook to dolivor Iwan hy t'orcc of nuns from tho tortivfs of Schhiirollnn|{, whiih fiirnilhod a piotouio for puilm^; tho priiuo to iloalh, tho idih of .Inly, 1 71)4, allor an imprifunmont ot z ; yoars. llu; ntonant who atlompiod lo dolivor iiim was arrolloil, and Htiorwanls holu adotl. and his hody burnt with tho Ivallold; but, notwilhllaiidin^ this, it has boon 1 piofontod that ho was a inoro tool of the court, though he iutlorod for c.xccutiii); tho in lUuct ions no Mad roooiVK V\ liilo this ovont o\citod tho attoniion of tho Kiillian nation, the HnniOH of civil war broke out willi groat violence in Poland, which has gonorall) boon llu • ale will 11 tlio throne was vacant. And as the internal traiupiillily of I'otand is a capital objod with Kullia, tho oniprofs Catharine font a botly of lro»ipk into I'd- Jand, and by her intluonee count I'oniaiowiki was raifi d lo lIu' tlnouo. .She alio iiitorpofod in order to loeuio tiio riglits which the treaty ot Olivia had i,'i\on to the (ireek and l'rot\iiieh n ndored I'olaiul a feoiie of blood and lonfulion. The v.onduk.t of Uiiliia, with ngard to I'oland, c.;ive fo niUi Kuil h oil iMue to the Ottoman cnirt, that the (Jrand Si'-nior font Obielkoil' th lan iminller, to the pnlon i ifll: .V'Voii TowiTs, deelaiod war a '.uiili Kiillia, and marehed a very numerous arin^ to the contines of Kiilha and I'oland. Ilolti- lilies foon coinnunei'd botwoon llufo rival and mighty empires. In the niniuhs of I'obruarv and .March, i-j(u), ("rim (Jneray, khan ol tho Tartars, at the JKjd of it f;rcal bod\ of I'artars, tujipotted by 10,000 Spaliis, luniiig broken the Uuiiian IKS Iln«« of fAttimuniratiitii, prii<'rr4iiil iitio ili# iirnviitfi' t>f Sam iWrvln, wWr* W i4uiiiniiir(l ttr«»t rukMgi*, liiiniinit iiiAiiv i>>Mrit« iiittl villd|(i'«, itiut t nrryinn utt I Ik HI lit lit! I iif C4|)liv« « III A|tril liill)i«Miii(, lh> (•ntiul \ i4ir, itl llt« hfiitl ul « frral Nriny, brKUii In* nuiri It Ikmii (:«Milkaiiliiit>|ik', iiml |iiititDilt'd lnwHriU lliti )uiuila'. Ill llif inmn liinr, uriiuv (inltliiin, wlio iri)|Hr liiiu! lit ■lti>iii|il liuiirtliing Ji'< iiljvo, Itrlori- llir arrivul nt' ilm Knui lurkilli inriv in ihkil i|iiarlfr lU' udvuiuvit to Chuc/iiii, wlirrr he vn« uMi|K'tl in ii^lil i>l » iNxly ul jo.oou Turk*, coiiintaiulvd by C'Mruinaii Pacha, uiul iiitriMit liiii iniiU-r the laiiiioii nt ilu' Inwn. lUc |iriiu'tt Bllackv'd ihi! Turk* in ilu-ir iiilit lu lifii«!iil» varly in llic nioniiiiK ol' iho toth of April, anil nntwilhllaiiiliiiK iin iilil(iii4U tU'lcmv, nii'l a tircudtiil tire troin t1ii< lor' InU, ul IciiKlli biMt ili> in mil ol iluir Iriiiilici Ilu* lurki cntleavnurfd totiivrr llu'ir nirviit, by (U'luibiiiK .i l.iri(i- ImkIv ul iUMtlry In .illut k the riitht wing ot ili« Kullinn army \ bul lhr> bud lutb u wurin rriciiiKin Imin the urtiilcry, that iliry ftNMi ri'lircd in |^r<-at dilordrr. (A-iu-ral SttiHvIn, and piiiiic l)i*l|{orui;ki were ihi-n ordtrt'd in pitrluc tin* ru|tiliv», at tlif luiid ut ligbt li.iilulioiH ( which llu*y > the Kalmuct gave no i|uurter On ilie other hiiiid, till' I'.uropean rurtarH p^iu Irated into the Kulliun Ckruinu ua the lide of Ibukinutli, where they made great devallulioiti. On iIk' I ;tli ot July, a very olillinalc battle wan fought between a confideruble lurkilh arinv, and tlu' Kuliiumt under prince (iulit/in in the neighbourhood of Choc/im, in whicli the I'urLs were detealed. the Ktilliaiik imineuiutelv invelied Choc/im, but the garrilon, being niiinerous, inadi' fre(|uent iullien, uiul received great reinforcements from the grand vi/ir's cnmp, who wan now conliderablv ad valued on this lide of tlie Danube. .Vviral actioiiH eiilued, and prince (iaiit/in *%;.•> again obliged to retreat and rei>als the Nciller. It was compute( the comuils that pic- vaileil in the terai^lio, lie at Uiigtii became u lai ritice, and Nlolduvaiii Ali I'acha, a man of more eouram- than conduct, was appoinleil his lueeellor. During llieli traiii:n:li'iiis, giiieral Uoman/ow (.ommitud great ili'Viill.iiioiis on the lurks on the horders cf iJender and Oi xakow, when- hi- plundered and burnt teveral towii!> and Nillu;^es, dcfcaicd u 'lurLuli dciuclnnvut, uiut ciuried uli'a great booty n V n ' I A. IkMrty orcmil^ '11 T ' • A. •»H»i*on .TK ... ,h" l,rni „ .' ;• ' "?'''. '•'"" - V/„' ,'. ,' "['^'"' "'"'r' »''H''m ":'r«- Nouvif hih„.,,„„ t; "' ;»"''"i or »;,„„ ih..,, ,,.iv, 7 ., '•' •;"" V-- ^ h.K,f,. 'xrk, ,,.,(U ihc L, V^ «'••'" '"'■» I H«, . ' 'i .""■ '"^"i* Wen. fi^rtrovH eheit: r.^twkS" '"'""'' *'•••" r/w-^XTr''' ••"-•' Prifonrr.. .nj .'g' J ' ^;'y°«<> '"'" killed u,l,n .f*. ,''•';'•,"" '"" '»"• iwu f mi from rn.«,^ing i„ „„o , ' 1 ' * "'''*"»' '"'^'-rt,.,,... .,., £"; ''"^ t ..! ||,.. cannon, over wind, h. i 1 Kf "'V l'rrc«urio„ ,., u^ J^^' / "'^1 (.u. „„. o» »»if Otronian forcci n«?i . "'"' '"'" «h' uli.n.l re -,.1 ^^' ' 7'^ " /)- •""king ..fc of thi, L ' \ ''"*''">*•'' 'he hr.d^... irL ,. ""7 '^"♦" "^" 'he «rong Inrtr.l, of V}! A ."'"'••••''"tdv broke u,, "heir "'"'y '■'^^ «"'"nr* "-f- within li,;;. 3 'hn . I'T :'"' .'""'^ ''•»'« -0 o ";,; r'^f "'■ "■«• 'i'-in PI.X...I a iar /. , V "'*' """"I>'.o„h .v,rn,t''X° """'•, "''""<'""««l 'ho '•■urn,.., .n, , l;,,:.:^^,:":^a,-k-w^•v.l .h;'t::t^^^ Kon.anzuvv deli.-,t,,| ., r.„l ,i ■ '" ''^T- On ilu- ,s 1, „,• , '^""'" «"* ihnr •;- ao.ooo nun. an,| . „ „ , ''/'/'"V "'■'^ "'«• -Ivor I.ar,!n f .1 " ." ' ^^"* «'"'"'^''" -^ "«'"». H..- fan,.. I^M ' ' •■ ,""•>'""> "'tlK- CVin^. ; '" '' 'V •"""""ad J, ^ ^ri covered with dead budi.-s. but .48 U I Rut it \va<) not onlv by land, that the RulTians carried on the war rucccfsfully rii^aind tlic Turk:., 'rhc cniprcfs fcnt a conlidcrablc Hoct of men of war, KulVian built, into llu- Moditerranoan, to att a^'ainil the Turks on that lidc; and, by means «it iliis liict, under ct)unt Oriof, the Kullians fpread ruin and defolalion tliruugh the (>|Hii iliands of tlie \rchii)ela){o, and the neighbouring defencelefs coafls of (Greece and Alia; the particulars of whiilj will appear in the liillory of 'I'urkcy. It is obfervable, that in their naval enternrizes, tlie Kullians were much indebted to l'',ni,'Iilh ollicers. A peace was concluded on the 2 ill of July 1774, highly lionourahle and beneficial to the Ruliians, by which they obtained the liberty of a free navigation over the Black fea, and a free trade with all parts of the Ottoman empire. Uefore the conclufion of the war with the Turks, a rebellion broke nut in RulTia, whicli f^ave much alarm to the court of I'eleriburgh. A Coll'ac, wliofe name was- I'lii^atlihetV, alVumed the name and charatlcr ot the late unfortunate emperor IVur the Tiiird. He appeared in the province of Kafan, and pretended, that he uKule his el'cape, through an extraordinary interpolition of I'rovidencc, from the murderers vvh" were emploved to allatlinale him ; and that the report of his death n as only a hction of the court. I lis perfon is faid to have had a llriking refemblance to tliat of tlie iale emperor, a ciicumlhuice whicli rirll induced him to engage iiv tliis enterpri/e. As he polVelled ai)ilities and addrefs, Ins followers foon became ^^.rv numerous; and he at lengib nd himfelf fo powerful, that he ftood fevcral tiigagemcnts with the ablell 1 lan generals, at the head of large bodies of troops, and committed great ravages in the country. But being totally defeated, ;md then betrajed by two of his confidants, he was brought to Mofcow in an iroiv cage, and there beheaded and ([uartered on the 21ft of January, 1775. 'Ihe peace of 1774, was tiiei» indif|)enlably neceflary to the immediate prefer- vation of the Turkilh empire; but, within I'o fmall a ipace of time as live years, a new war was jull upon tlie point of breaking out between the two empires ; and was only prevented by a new tre;itv of pacification, which took place on the 2 ill of Marcli, 1779. But the great lource of difcord was Itill left open. The pre- tended independency of the Crimea, alForded fuch an opening to Kullia, into the very heart of tlie Turkilh empire, and fuch opportunities ot interference, that it was fcarceiy polllble tliat any laliing tranquillity could fubfill between the two tinpires. A claim made and infilled on by RuUia, of eilablilhing confuls in the three provinces of Moldavia, W'allachia, and BelTar;d)ia, was exceedingly grievous to tlie I'orte. .After long difputes, the 'I'urkilh minillers, more from a fenfe of the liirahiiitv of tlie llale for war, than from pacific difpolilions, found it necelFarv, lo\v;iranic&. R U S I A. 149 .-for- It 'I'aiiT lul I lie UiUiai\ nnmes, are rifing faft in the deferts, and are peopled moftly by colonics of Greeks and Arinonians. 'ITio yi-ar 1787 opened with tlic extraordinary fpcftacli; of the journey of the cmprefs of Ruliia to Cherfon, wiurc it feenis to hn\e been her original intention to liave been crowned with all pollil)lc magnificence, and under the fpiendid titles of cmprefs of the Kail, liberator of Greece, and reviver of the feries of Roman emperors, wlio formerly fwayed the fci'ptre over that divilion of the globe ; but this coronation, for reafons we arc unable to allign, was laid afide. The fpiendor of the rout of the c/arina exceedid whatever the imagination would fpontaneoullv fuggtft. She WHS efcotled by an army. Pioneers preceded her march, whofe bulinefs it was to render the road as even and pKai'ant as it could pollibiy h(* made. At the end of each day's journey, (he foiunl a temporary palace erecktl for her reception, together witli all the accommodations and luxurii.s that IVtiif- burgh could have atlorded. In the lill of her lollowcis were the ambad'adors of London, Verfaillos and Vienna ; and her own amballador as well as tlie envov of the emperor to tlie court of Conllantinople, were appointed to meet her at Cherfon. 'ihc king of Poland met her on her journey; and the einperor, not fatisHed with fwelling her triumph at ( lieifon, appeared in that c.ipital eight d,\\^ before her, and proceeded to a cunfiderable dithuice uj) the Dnii jk r, to iiitercejit her progrefs. Her route wa.s through Kiow, where Ihe remained thne months, and was received under triumplud arches; and upon her arrival at Cherfon, having thought proper to extend the walls of the city, Ihc infcribed over one of the gates, ** 'I'hrough this gate lies the road to Byzantium." Tlic czarina returned to Peterl- burgh, by the way of Mofcow. Scarcely had the cmprefs returned to her capital, before (lie was followed by the Turkilh declaration of lioftilities. The emperor of (iermany joined her in de- claring war againft the Porte, who, inflead of being dilheartened at the formi- dablenefs of tnis confederacy, applied themfelves with redoubled ardour to pre- pare for reliibuicc. The operations of the Uullian forces were directed Jigainll Choc/im and Oczakow. In the tormer of tliefe undertakings they acted rather as auxiliaries to tlic emperor's general, the prince of Saxe Cobourg, who from the lall day of June to the twenty-ninth of September 1788, continued a very power- ful attack on this city, when it furrendered to the arms of the im|>erial forces. Oczakow, after an obllinate contert, in which the Rulllans at length became ex- pofed to all the rigours of a winter's campaign, was taken by ftorm on tlie feven- teenth of December t'oUowing. Jt was during the progrefs of thefe hoftilities witlj the Porte, that Ruflla found heifelf fuddcniy involved in a new and unexpected war. As a nation, Sweden had the greateU caufes of refentiuent againit Kullia lor part injury and lol's, at llu: fame lime that ihe had every thing to dread trom her prefent overgrown jiowi r and buundlefs ambition, uliich was as little ipiaiitied in tise wanton dilphu, ■,t^ it was ungoverned in the actual exertion. Riuiia ha.-> cunllantly IijuikI means to maintain a thdn,;^ and numerous party in Sued.n. All ihel'e canfes operatii;g tu^a-tlier, indueed Gullavus the liiird, to meditate a project of holtililiis aj^ainii Riillia, wiiidi were conuneiuvd in I'iuland ; a tew da;..', alter the king's arrival in that pro\inee. IJut the i)rincipal aciion of the campaign wii'; the n;i\al l>a;i!e 1 if lleugLuid, in the (»ui])h of Finland. 'I'he engagement, which l.-ilted live lioers, was t(aij;ht with eonlideia't'e (kill and oliliinaey on both lides. 'Ihe forces were nearlv e(|nal. 'ihe Kr.ii.an (liet, conmianded by Admiral Greig, coiililled of feventeeit lliijis of the line; and the .Svvediil), under the command of the duke of Siidermania, the king's brother, coidilted ol lit'teen, of an interior weight ( t luvtal, but reinforced h\ live liiu,ali s, one of forty-lour, and the reft of forty guns eaeli, \\liic;h Gccalioually langed tin ;.i.'el\eo in luder ot batti«. 'ihc Ruliians pollell'ed, upon . »s« u upon the whole, a fupcriority of 294 piece* of cannon j while that In the weif^ht ot metal was perhaps of greater moment. The victory, as is iifiially the cafe in nations not apparently and abfolutcly decifive, wa« claimed by both hdes. But, it fccms uj)on the whole, that the Swedes in the higheO period of their glory, had never difniaycd greater gallantry by fea, or land, than they did upon this occation. Their prmcely commander merited a very conlidernbic Inare ot the glory of this engagement. At laft, after many other engagenients attended with various fuc- cels, on the 14th of Augurt 1790, a convention for a peace was fignid between the courts of KutVia and Sweden, and was ratiiicd in lix days after. At the dofe of the year 1790, the einprefs had the lutisfattion to fee her con- quells no longer bounded by the courlV of the Lhtnuhe. The capture of ll'mail was the laft important ailion. Kiglit dilTerent times were the Mufcovites ropulled with the (laughter of many of their bravell foldiers. At the ninth, general Suvar- row put himu'lf at their head, and fnatihing a Handard out of an othcer's hand, he ran direttly towards the town, palVed the trenches, and clambering up the wall, t)lanted it himfelf upon the ramparts. "Thee," cried he, "my tellow foldiers, >ehold there your l>andard in the jiower of your enemy, unlefs you will i)rcfervc it ; but, 1 know you are brave, and will not fufTer it to remain in their hands." 'I'his fpeech had the dofired effett. It was taken by Uorm on the iid of Decem- ber, 1 790, and it is faid that the fu'ge and capture did not colt the Kulhans lef* than 10,000 men. 'Ilie molt fluKking part of the tranfaition is, that the garrifon (whofe bravery merited, and would have received from a generous foe, the higheft honours) were ma(T;H:red in cold blood, by the mercilefs Riitlians, to the amount of upwards of 30,000 men, by their own account ; and the place was given up to the unreltrained fury of the brutal foldiery. 'I"he molt horri(i outrages were perpetra- ted on the defencelefs inhabitants, and the condutt of the conquerors, was more that of a horde of cannibals, than of a civilized people. Kngland and Frullia, after a long and cxpenlive armed negotiation, at length aflonted to the demand of the emprefs, which was Itrengtheneil by the interference of Spain and Denmark, that Oczakow, and the territory between the rivers Bog and Nicfter, Ihall in full fovereignty belong to Kullia, that the river Nietter Ihall for the future determine the frontiers of Rullin and the Forte ; that the two powers may erett on the Ihores of that river what fortrdles they think proper ; and Ruf- lia engages to grant a free navigation on the river Nieltcr. 'Ibis was concluded »)n the 1 ith of Auguft, 1791. Thus has the Porte entered into a war, for the purpofe of rog;iiiiiiig the Crimea, and alter reducing the Ottimian empire to ex- treme weakiufs, and internal fynijitoms of ruin, irretrievable by a government in a regular pvogrcfr, of deterioration, loll an important territory, and left the exill- a-.ice of the empire, at the mercy of another Uullian war. Hy fome advantages ollereil to Kullia and Poland, and a fi w intrigues, Rullia mav change the fluttu- ating Itream of Kuropean politics, and bs one powerful campaign, overturn the Turkilh monarchy. The tinal treaty with the Turks, concluded at Jailv the 9th ot Jainiary, \]qz. 'File emprefs is improving Oczakow, and rendering it a place of ^reat Itrengtli, i, |i(irl;uu'e, and connneice. — At tlie fame time, Catharine is not n(■^ligent ot her llinre in Kurnpenn polities. .She h;is allured the pope that Ihe will hip])ort liiin in the retiiniptinn of Avii^ticii ; and has |)ublilhed a ^v.nin inaiii- lelio againit the Fren( li revolution. lUit Poland, ;uiA\\ for bulinels and iiirioiilv, ^vilil eaeh other, and with the continent : the rell of the year, tliey arc alniull inaceeliible, tiirough fo;;s, darknefs, and llornis. C'iMKK ISLANDS AMI I o \v N s ] 'Ilu' laigeft (if the Shetland Klauds, which ar? forty-fix in niimher i^tliinigli many of them are uninhahited) i-i Mainland, which is 00 miles in lengih, and 20 in hreadth. Its piincipal town is l.arwiek, which contains ^00 tamilies ; the whole number of families in the illand not exceeding 500. Skalloway is anotlier town, wliere the remains of a caftle are llili to he feen, and it is tlie feat of a jiivlhyterv. On tliis illand the Dutch begin to filh for hcr- riiif^s at Midl'iimiiKT, and their lilhin;; *'eaton lads lix nioiitlis. 'I!i<- larged of the Orkiuy illands, which are about thirty in number (thougii f-veral of them are unpeojiled ' . called I'omona. lis length is thirty-three miles; and its breadth, in foiue |)lace.s, nine. It contains nine parilh churches, and four excellent harbours. The ille of Mull, in the Hebrides, is twenty-four miles long, and, in fomc jilaces, . Imoll as broad. It contains two paridies, and a caiHe, called Dciart, whiili ii the chief j)!ace in the illand. Ihe other principal wedern illands are, Lewis or I ferries (tor tluy both form but one ifland), which belongs to the lliire of Hols, and is 100 miles in length, and thirteen or fourteen in breadth; its chief town is .Sturiivay. Sky. belonging to tlu- iliire of Invemcls, is forty miles long, and, in fomc places, thirty broad ; fruitful, and well peopled. Bute, which is alxuit ten miles long, and three or four broad, is famous for containing the caiHe (if Koilifay, wJiicli gave the title of duke to the eldeff foiis of the kings of Scot- land ; as it now dcies to the jirinee of \\ ales. Rothlay is likewile a royal bmgh ; and the illands of Bute and Arian form the lliirc of liute. The illes of Ila and Jura are part of Argylelliire, and contain together about 370 fi|uare miles ; but they liave no towns worthy of notice. North Uill contains an excellent harbour, call- nl l.ocliniaddy, tamous tor he'-ring-lilhing. lona, once the feat and fanctuary of weliein learning, and the biir\ ing-piace of many kings ot Scotlaiul, Ireland, and Norway, is llili famous for its reiiijues of fanctimonious anticpiity. .Some authors have been at great ])ains to detcribe the illand of St. Kilda, or llirt, for no other renfon, that I can dilVover, but becaiife it is the remotell of all the north-weft illands, and very ditlieult of accelV ; for it does not contain above tiiirly-five fa- milies. Inhaiu r AN IS, rrsTOMs, ropri. A-'J It is not to be imagined that the inlia- TioN, I. ANor AOK, AND RK L KJ I o N . $ bitaiit^ of tile illes belonging to Scotland can he In iiiiniiicly deferibed here, as tln'y have been by fome titlur authors; not I'u niuili on aiiiumt ol' tluir im]iortance, as their curiollty. 'Ilii>fe of Shetland ;md Orkney wire toinierlN lubiect to the Normans, who coiupiered them in ioi)t), a tew \ears alter they landed in luigland under W iiiiam tlie C'on(|ueror. In the ye.ir I. '.(13 they were in pollellion of Niagnus of Norway, who fold them to Alcx- ;inder king ol Scots, ai.d he ga\c tin 111 ;is liets to a nobleman ol the inmie rt .S|ii ire. .\tter this, they became fuhject to the crewn of Denmark, (,'hriliian j. in the reii;n of Janus III. coineyed them in ])roperIy to the crown ot Scotland, as a marria;.;e ])(.it;'iii w iiii hih daiigiiter Margaret, and all liiture pictenlions were 5 eiiliiilv «^tiivly<>o'» Ion,. ' l„ J """""iiivisar.r,; ' "'"lint preiiitrim , 7. '."'"™lw a "no '""?. c<>nfli„„i„,„ en,, ,,""■■ ■^""'1' "isM»m°°« -ft" P™!* •'' ll,c iX: '•''^'^ I'nd bcrt autlu.r. ': : ."^.^' «"<"""t "n..?os of „,. r^ ... . . 1 'K rc.ulcT n-.)u d not „•„ I ,„ . ""Cn- to tlici,- la- ; ■• ^^" ■ • Sec Pen,, R,w, „,,.... _• ^^ '" «"-""Pt t. du: J)ro\-e •54 ISLES or SCOTLAND. prove the reality of fomc iiiAanccs of this iiind that arc brought by rcputtble aiw thors, un'tl to admit nil that lias been fuid upon the fubjcil. The aclept* of the fccoiul-lif^hl pretend that they have certain revelationi, or rather prclentationif eitlier really or typically, which fwim before their eyes, of certain event* that are to hiippcn in the conipafit of 24 or 48 hours. Hut trom the bed iiifurniation, no two of tluife adepts agree as to the manner and forms of thefe revelations, or have any fixed iiietluid for interpreting their typical appearances. 'I'he truth feems to he, iliat thole illaiulers, by indulging themfelves in lazy habits, actpiiro vilionury ideas, and overheat lluir imaginations, till they arc prefented with thofe phau- tafiiis, which' they inilhikc fur fatidical or prophetic inanifetlations. They in- lluntlv begin to prophefy ; and it would be abfiird to fuppofe, that amidft many thoiilaiuU (if predii^tions, fonie did not happen to be fultilled ; and thefe, being well altered, give a fanttion to the whole. Many learned men have been of opinion, that the Hebrides, being the moft wcf- terly illands planted by the Celts, their language innll remain there in its greatell purity. This opinion, though plaiiiible, is not jullified by experience. Many Celtic words, as well as cuilonis, are there ft)uiid ; but the intercourfe wliich the Hebrides liad with tlie Danes, Norwegians, and other northern nations, whofe lan- guage is niixid with tlie Selavoiiian and Teutonic, which lall has no athnity with , the Ceilie, has n ncKivd their language a compound; fo that it approaches in no (iegric to the purity of llie Celtic, conunDiily called Krfc, which was fpoken by their iieii;hbours in I^ociiaber and llie coafts of Scotland, the undoubted dcfcenu- aiits of the Celts, among wliom their language remains more unmixed. 'ihe nligion protelled in the Hebrides is chietly prelbylcrian, as elhiblilhed in the cliurdi of Scotland; but popery and ignorance are (lill pretty prevalent. Soil, minics, and ^"dy.tna /rrauentl f '• ^ " ^ I^ A N D. '^^'"r.r., AND cuRioMT.p ""-'"^"crs. and olhc, nor.h- J^'lUTccI e,,ual labour wS,^;C^ '" '\"''^"^='' '^■'"Pl^^ f .m '..rl'^'K''''' ''^- ^"'l- '■""tains fhe bodies .rr . ''"'" '" ''"-ni ..f;, c-,tl i.d • ."' ''"' P'-"v. 'H « '■"- "nven t'^^^:t5t""' '7 ^''''--a t^^b ;WH"''r' --^''itJ^ p.- - •'lieu for. I- •,ilw„. "f'I'oK'd, from tbe \\\.n i,„i; ,' ,'^ ''''<''i »i>und in th,- ot '^'■'^y dap i„ the Hf^ ISLES or SCOTLAND. the cnttli, liy (he inhnhilants, who wore ttigifing for marl ; and cortain bituminour cllliivia produce rurpriliii^ pliuLiioitR-im, which the nativct l>elicvc tu be fupcr* natural. Hut fiinu- of till.- nioft nftonifliiiiR njipcaraiRi's in natiiro havr rrmnincd undc- f< rilii'd. aiul, till latoly, iinohf-rvfil, oVni by tin- nativi-s, A ilifcovcry rvfcrvod for the iiuiuilitivc giuius of lir JotVph Uunkfi, uli'.), in iflntiiig his voyage ihrough th(« llibritk'i, anno i/TJi fay*, " V\'o wore no fooner nrrivcfl than we were (Iruck with a ficne of magnilieencc which exceeded our expcclatiuns, the whole of that enil nf the iil:iiiil (vi/.. .StrH.i, a iiiili- in leii^ih, and hilf a nule in breadth) fupport- td bv raagei of natural pilliirs, niolllv above fifty feet liiiih, Handing in colonnadesi ii|)on a firn\ balis of rock ; above lliufe the llratuin which reuehe* to the fur- face of the illand, varied in ihlcknefs as the illand itlelf formed into hilli or vallics'i eacii hill, which hung over the columns below, compol'ed an ample pediment} fonietimci h\ty feet in tliicknefs from the bafe to the point, and lormcd, by th« Hoping of the hill un each tide, almoll into the lliapc of thofc ufcd in architec- ture. " I'l^'teeding farther to the N. VV^ you meet with the hii^hcrt range* of pillar!), (he* inagniliient appearance of which furp.iires defcription : here tliey are bare to their very bafes, and the lUatum below them is alio vilible." Sir Joicph particularife* fiindry other appearances in this, and a neighbouring illand, which is wholly com- piled of pillars without any liratum. In fome parts of Stulfa, inllead ot being ^iliiced upright, the pillars were obfcrvcd to lie on their fides, each forming a iegment of a circle ; but the moll flriking objctl in this pitlurw-fijc fccnc is Fingnl's Cave, which he defcribes in the following manner :— " With our miiuls full of luch relledions, we proceeded alon^ the Ihorc, treading upon anotlter Giant's Cauftwasi every llonc being regularly h)rmed into a certain luunber ot (ides and angles j till, in a fliort time, we arrived at the mouth of a cave, the moil inagniHcent, 1 fuppofe, that has ever been defcribed by travellers * ; fupportcd on each (itic by raiii^es of colunuii, and roofed by the bottoms of thofe winch have been broken otV in order to torni it i between the angles of which, a yellow llalagtitic matter has. exuded, wliich ferves to deline the angles prccifely, and at the fame time to vary the colour, witii a great deal of elegance ; and to render it llill more agreeable, the- whole is lighted from without ; fo that the farthell extremity is very plainly feen from w ithout ; and the air within being agitated by the tiux and reliux of the tide, i.-. perfectly dry and wnoUfome, free entirely from the damp of vapours with which natural caverns in general abound." Mr. I'ennant, who alio made a voyage to thefe iflands in the fame year, liad a- glance of Slalfa, in his paiVage fro;n fona to Mull, but was prevented by llormv weather from appnuuhing it. " On llic well," fays he, " appears the iK-autiful groupe of the 'IVeailiunilh illes. Nearefl lies Stalfa, a new Giant's Caufewav, riling amidil tlie waves, but with columns of double the height of that in Ireland ; gloHy and n. fplendent, from the beams of die eatiern fun." — And in the ille of Skv, a conliilerablf way northward, he refumes the fubjeet : " We had in view a line fcries of g< nuiiii' bafallie i-olumns, ri'femblin^ the (iiant's C'aufi-way ; the |)illars weri' alxive twenty teet high, conlitling of tour, hve, and lix angles, but niolliv of iVt a hnall diftante from thefe, on the Hope of a hill, is a trad of fome roads hve. lxM;;t!i of the cave from tlie arth uitliout Iroin till' pitili i>t Hit' :ir(li I'rra'lth >.t ilitto ut the iMiiiilli /.t Ihi- l.irrhcr eml .... Ili-ii':.! of the arch at (ho iiiuutii ■ rhc iliiiicuiioiii of the cive are thuk jjiveii lij fir J. Daiiks. left 371 At the riid a^o Height of an outfidr pillir ^3 (H i«iie at the N. W. corner io Dt [ith iif Hater at tlic inoutli i\j At the bjitjin • Feet • 70 • 54 • lU entirely SCOTLAND. »57 fntfrrly formcrt of the tops fif fi-vernl fcric* of coliimiit, ivcn nnd rlnft Tot, forming n n-ticiilutcd (iirrncc <>>' ttinn/ing boniity ontl curiolity. 'Vhh is tho moll nortlic-rii l)ar:ilti'« 1 am ai'(|uiiiitrc(l \vit!i -, the Ixfl of Tour in thi' Hrililh dominions, all runnin)^ from fotiili to nurih, nearly in a njcridiim ; the Giant's Ciiuleway appeiiri tirft t .Stiiiiii, &c. ('iiiccf oriny :avitifiil feway, land i )f Sky, a line pillars )lUy of roads Fict 70 y> 5+ L'ulirely Extent AND SiTU^TioK. tcngth 300 ) i,.,^-,.,, ( 54 "'«» 59 North latitude. Breadth lyoj "'^•wc*-" { , and 6 Well longitude. i» I'T^IIF. CeltK ot Cauls are fuppofed to have been the original- '-' *■ inhabitants of Uuh loiintry. iheiieots, a Scythian tribe, inv.nded It nhout the beginning of the fourtli cenlurv, and having con«piered tlie I'icls, the territories of both wire called Scotland. 1 he word Scot being no othir than a corruption of Scuyth, or Scythian, being originally from that imnienfe country, called Scythia by tlie ancIentH. It is leinud by the Italians, Scotia ; by the Spaniards, Lfcotia j by tlie French, Klcofle ; and Scotland by the Scots, Germans, and Knglilh. Hoi ndakies.] Scotland, whicli contains an area of 27,704 Aiuare miles, it bounded on the fouth by Kuj;iaiul ; and on the north, eaft, and welt, by the Deu- caledDiiian, (jirnian, and Irilh fens, or more proiH-rly the Atlantic Ocean. Divisions \nh sriinn isions.] Scotland is divided into tlie countries fouth «*f the Friihrjf Torlli, tin- capital of which, and of all the kingdom, is Kdinburgh , and thole to tlic ixTihof the lame river, where the cliief town is Aberdeen. 'Uii« was the ancient nalimial divilion ; but fo«n'" modern writers, with lefs accuracy, have dividrd it into lli;^l.laiids and Lowl4nds, on accouiu of the dilVerent habits, njanners, and cullonis of the inliabilaiit";. I'jghteen counlirs, or lliires, arr ail'itictl to the foutliern diviilons, and 15 to tl.c 1101 them ; and thofc loimtiis are fiib»!i\iilid into lliiriirdoms, llewartrirs, and baili wicks, according to tlie aiicieiU teiuires and privileijes of the landholders. Shirei. ShcrilTtlitn? and ulher tulidisilioiis. Chief Towns. r 1 f F.i'.Inbur^h, \\ . loiiq. ^. I.Edinburgh (4:./' ] MidLoil.i.m ... [\ N.liit.'5^. Mutull.'nuii, I 3 ( Leitli.aiid Dalkei h. ,1 , ,. ^ .(,. ,11 ,. y j l")unl)ar, lladtliiiLlou.aiul 2. Haddington 1121 Ljilt-Lothiin ... M . , ,, . p • Tlir niimfxr. (In w tlir prrponion nf nilUll.i as jiojofiJ to b. r.iliViJ !n oili lliiif, v.h.-ii tlut fi.l.cmc was bid L-./orc pirli.mn iit i:\ i;7j. ' ; .NJei'.V. Ijl SCO I LAND bhircf. Slu'ririilonii and olhvr Chief Towm. t'libdiviliori*. .1 ^^•^fv^ .nclcnlly Bcr-cThc McrdK,, .nd Uu-j [ p,,,,^ ^,„, , , wuk * (' '4 J derdftli' .... J i / f. i jTiviotiluIr. I.itllulf, I'.lk- ) ( Ji-» 9. \\ i^towii 10. Kiriudbrljjht (100) Galloway, luift Part 1 1. Diimliartun Si' Ik irk. IVcbli'*. GiaCgow.W . Iiiiig. 4-5, \, (i88j Nithtdalo. Annatidulc (i9o)|(;iilloway, NVfll Part HUlalgow.W. long. 4-^, \. lat. $i-(ti llaiiiiltitii, I aiuTK, tk Kuihtrglcn. 13. lluto (j^) Olid 14. Caithiiclii 15. Renfrew 16. Stirling 17. Linlithgow numrriet, Annan. 7 I Witttouii, Stranraer, and J \ « hiirliurii. KiniKliirijjIit. (%/ \ r^ ■ I t r> 1 ( '^"■. Kihnarn . 1 ) ( Koilifav. ' jHme, Amn, and v nitli-f ) w • . 'vr 1 . o 1 iS. Argyle (10 \' lb) I Renfrew - • ^;6) .Stirling • • (80) [ Weft Lothian Argvie.Cowal, Knapdiile, "j Kinliu', and l.orn, will) ' Tart of the Well, in illi' to Stoiluml, and p.ivc nanir lii a ililliiirt from Kiiglaiiil and Siotlaiiil, havinv its rouiiiv in thul kingUoni i hut it u nuw luiiiicd into onn |'rivilt^'<^, .ij. Nairuc SCOTLAND. f^lret. SherifTiJomi ond olher Chief Tiiwni. riilMtivifioni. »5» aj. Nalrne (a?) ftnd fWrftrrn Part (»»' Murr«y i ( ^. ,, aj. Crom.rtV (.4)1 .nd Crom.rtio - . '^ j J N.irnr. CroM.rn,. t •6. Forfw 11 St. Andrew*, Cnwr|>rr, Kalklnml, Kirkulciv, |||. iur(Hini, Luihcuitcti, (20t)-, Ardmcanai it, KciUiif- > tlo, KcrriiitDlh. Mtrath pcflVr, and Fcrrindo nald (145) Murray and Strathfpcy Baniti'and Cullcn. }{ Culrofk, Clacmnniinn, A!- \ lua, and Kinruls. Taino, Dingwall, For- tnifV, Kofaniurkic, and Nvw Kcl/u. ('83) Ifli't of Orkney and She' land Elgin and Forres. Kiikwall, VV. Ion. 3, \. '•"• 59-45- Skiviluway, near the Mc< I ridian ut° London, N. I lat. 61. In all thirty-three fl>irc», which choofo thirty rcprcfontBiives to lit ui the parlia' iDi-nt of Great Britain; Bute and Caiihnefs iliooling alternately, as do Naime and Cromartic, and Clui nmnnan and kinrofs. Tho royul Boroughs whii h choofi- riprcfcntniivcH are. Kdiiihurgh kirkwall, Wick, Dornoek, Ding- 1 w ill, and Taync Fort roll , Invcrncli, Naimo, and For- ri't i l.lgin, Cullcn, Bansir, Invorary, anil ) Ivintorc .... J Ahcrdcon, Bcrvic, Mimtrofc, Al>cr-) brotho, ami Bniliin - - J Fortar, IVrili, Dundee, ('owpcr, and ) Si. .Vndrcws - - - J Crail, kilrcnny, Anllruthcr Fall and » Well, and I'itlenweeni - J DjI'ert, Kirkaldy, kinghornc, and) Burnt Illand ' - • - i Innerkyihen, Dunitcrmliiie, Queens- 1 h'rr\ , Culriilii, and Stirling > Glnl'gow, Renl'rew, Rulhergkn, and ) Dnuibarion - - - 3 Haddington, Dunbar, North-Bcr- ) wivk, l.audcr, ai>d Jedburgh ) Selkirk, iVeblcsi. Linlithgow, and) I,;;.ierk - - . . i Dun\t'rie!>, Sanquchar, Annan, Loch- ^ luaban, and Kircudbright • ) \\ ijjtown. New Cialloway, Stran-J raer, and Wiutehorn - J Air. Irwin, Rothlav, Campbeltown,) and Invcrary Climatl* »'!• f C O T I. C'tlMATr, I'm, AK, ASP w*ritt ] ill iho ii..llurn pnrf*. (lav.tljjht, •! M!^. tiiiiliiur, lj|t« iK iMtur^ niul live MMiiiiu«k Mfhiili |>rii|Niriiti>i itl' tttiy lo iUkI'I l» rcvcrUil ill *!iUi»r, 'Ihv tiir ol .VuiUml i» iimm* lititiNruu- ikaii t->iiiU >h' cv»>#f>« #H ill I't iii)ith«rl> n ciiitttMt- 'Hii* nrlfci |).ii'»l» r»«mi ilw vittiyiv ••(' inliilU, >»\\l I'JiuIiiihI. ftom llic tlriniit i>l tli' f« -i, vliitti ?, nvv'i*, itiid laL'*i (ml lliil mort , n* mi .in'>>ril t>t ih>' nir i»it, l») kci{)iMf; il ill |K-rpi I 1(1 nitiMitoti, Fi'tiiU'r it pun' »iiiil hinlilit'iil, iiiul priVi'iil lhiif^k> iiiiiti'iiili tlilU'iitiKm iImI ))K\i*il in mtni) nilur cituiilricii. In ihc ii<-l|(bliaur* 7 I hiMulitf r«nu' Itiijli iii>)iiiilniii», liowi'vvr, \vlii>li nri- ((c, 'iiliy t'ovi-rvtl villi fiinw iho mr ik kck'ii uutl ptrniii^ l<«r niHuii imu- iniMitlii in lliv u'lir, Ilic I- il in a^'no- ral ik iiiil tw t'ittWv NK llial nf Kii|;Uii(l i miil in iii.niy pluii'k liUHii> >l Ux a^rtt iniuro limn for jiiiUiiro At llii- runii- ttnu-, iIkio iiti.- jmrtii ulur plain* tuul vm ik'i» i>l' /. 1 1 ilii' mnntnin«, anil (tt-pollinl in llii'ft.' \alli> i, ull'tril llinn • Dron^f w^tiaiivit I'linillinn III ; llmiifh i'\pi-ri<'tui' Imi pitx^rl ihul liuMtilnu' priiiliK'iin!i> iln nut iiiiiu' !•> liMin Id niuluritv in III. I iiry III in Knut-iiid r>' lurtf m, intU.il, n urkM \i\t'wly nt i'oiU ill .Sxitliiiiil, lilt r.iii' i>( \\Wn.\\ in uaivcilily itiviiniKil by un iiiivr< mixture «>t' htiiuriil iili|icU. 'i'lii' inv^'ipiiililiit •>!' iTu- groniul, il' tinrav uirulilt' lo tlu- lulHuirM of till- tiulbiintttnnn, nn- pnrliiiiliirl) pliailn^ In tin- ir;iv.'ller, uiul uirord lliiill' (li'li^liltul tilnatioiik lor (imnirx lif wlinli i> iiny nf ili>' Nudiili nolii' litv nrid ^ti^'nlry liavt avAJlttI tlit-mlvlvi*. It i^ iluir hi i'tci' palliii); ilinin^li a lu'avy foil it tnrhiu and n>>\i Intter tliaii that of more /lUillu-rn clinintci in proportion ut tlu- land \s worfe. MoiNiAiNij I Ilk' principal mountains in xoilniul nrr> lIu' (!rampian liilN, v^bitli ion from >'afl to welt, troin mar .\li< idrm In i'nw.tl in Ar^vUlliin-, Annolt the wli lie brvaiMi of lIu' kiiiKilom Amnliir t li.nn of inomiiaint, t iljid the I't nl- l.iiut-liillH, runs through Lotliian and joint llioft- of Iwndalc. A llnid, talktl l.BmmiT-Muir, rilm nrar tlu- inlUrn tuall, and rnim wilhvard lliron^li ihv MtrlV, Hi'lidi*'* ihofe lontinui'd iliaiiiH. ainon^ \v|o> Il we mas ri'tL>>n llicCluviol or li- viot-tjills, on ilie liordi's of l'ni;lai.d, Ntotland cotilainN tunny iU:atli> llie Ctllie iipi).llation of Litti's. Mnny of lluin arc liopendonlly iiigli. niid dil'jiiav n grandeur in llicir turin, but too uutiicnnu to be partuulurixeil lerc, Ki\ CRs, LAKi ^ ANn rnnr.trs] The largift river in Scoiltmd is tlic F< rlli, wliii II rilVs in Monlii.lt m-ar lallendii. and p. tiling Slirli.iL;, after a nntilier «if iHauiilnl imandeis, diuliargeit itUlf iti.ir l-.dinburgli into that arm of the Cirrinati lea, lo which it ^^\\■^s the name of firth or Knrih. . etond to the l-orth in the lay, which iliiir^ iMii nl l/HliTity, in Mo'iidalliin, and riitmin^ foiiih-eal), palles the town of iVrili, and fall-, ini.) the lea at Duiidee. lie •"*l'iv. the mull rapid river •n >M.i'ii;ii(d, ifiius fioin a liil.r of ilie faitii' name in I'.aih'tioch, and running from luaili-weli lo north ealt, lallt into ilie (Va near l.)^:: ; as tlo the risers I Ac acd |)i>!i, wiiiih run from v, ill to i al), antl ihremho^ite iliemfe'vcs nl Abcrtleen. II. l* 'I'weid riles en ihf honlert of l.nii'vklhite, atti .oiei t.v Icrpeiitme tnriiiugs dif ; liiirt;> ., iik'lt into the lea at IKrwiek, where il I'erves a<» .1 l)i'Hiidary hetwei., .Vof i Old and fai^Iand, on ihe eariie.ii lide. 'Ilie CKili' it a ia!;;e tiver on the \v. It < f .Sn'tl.nid, iias i;t rife in Annatidale, nuts niTih-welJ tltriitt''h the valley of that ;j.un<', uiuI, alter palling by Lanerk, llamiium, (j]aljjo« . Kenfiew, Dumbarton, and mmmmmn V' '''''"• its loiii;,,,., I • .■^^■""•"T (. rm,.rK. ., r > . •'»' ^ iTil) 162 () r L N D. Si'V\raI liindlKjUl rs in Smtlaiid (U-rivi- a largf profit iVoin llicir Icadmiacs, which nrc riili, aid contain lar};i' «|iiaiililiis i>t lilwr ; biil no liivor mini's aiv worlicd ui [) 1 ffiit. Sonic i(>j)i)cr mini s liasc hiin t'omul near lulinUiir^ii ; and many parlH ol' Scotland, in the callcrn, wcllcrn, anus kinds ot I'alubrious and pit al.mt-tatted licrries ; while many ex- tenli\e iK'.cts aie covered wiih a lirong luaih. I he iea-coatl produces the .ilgu- m.'i'in.'i, dulle or dulilii. in gnat ipiantitiis, and other marine [ilants, which ure tateii for noi.iiiluneni or [iK ifure. '1 he hihe; the coall of Seollaiul are mutli tin- faiui- with tiiofe ot' the illan am I ci'imiries already delcribed ; but the Stou h have improved in their tilheries as much as they have in their i.ianut'atlures and agriculture ; and the bill wliiui p;;(led in i;iS^, bids lair to enable them lo emnlalc the Lhiti h, in (iiring, as well Ulh tiieir hill. In ii riiu r times, ttie Scutih lildoin ventured to lilh abovi a Iea,^ue's ci'l'tance liom tlu iaml ; but thev now ply in the deep waters as boldlv as voiingc ''> narni was t'ori An in '^' perhaj tutioiK V efpeciall ■he iijoij tains, virtues. Aal liiriK coal ucnl I \.\\c nutli loon found h atl- I, IV ;i- c cull X prij- Stots. I, llum A ihciv w low lu>U' ol" R- inthi- ,»!, Uitily ■vs, ^>^«' c lo thi-" I) moors, iMly "f i:- ir which the l.«)- rcll as in ,vcll feci, fcrvi'd ol r Vial in- rovc ihe a fcantv ic houk's ^K)Vcrty liay, ami la\)rici)ts, ami till.- Ili^hlamls luany t.\- jllu- .il^;u- |vlni.l» are [K' illamU tillurivs l,-,\l whiili as Will liih above 1 ab bokllv U!i s o LAN n. ,63 .IS any of lliclr niigliboiirs, 'llicir nilmons, which they can A-nJ more early, when l>ii|)!iri'inion, that a fullicit nt ftock, by proiier nielliods, may be raifed to fnpply both markets, to the great cmohinunt ot the nation. Formerly tiie kings of Sidflaml were at infinite pains to mend the breed of the Scotch horfes, by imporfing a larger and more generous kind from the continent : but, notwithllanding ail tlu- can' that was taken, it was found that the climate and foil of Scotland were unfavourable to that noble animal, for they diminillicd both in fize aiul fpirit ; fo that about the time of the union, few horfes, nativeg of Scot- land, were of much value. Great clforts have been made of htc to introduce the Knglidi and foreign breeds, and fuch pains have been taken for providing them witli propir food and management, that fuecels hm anfwered the moll fanguine expetlations. l^oFi'LA riON, INHABITANTS,) Thc population of.Scotland is generally fixed MANNKUs, AM) ci'sioMS. ) at about a million and a half i but this is only a vague lonjectiire, as no attempt luis been made lo lupport its probability. It is to be regretted thai fome public encouragement has not been given to bring this matter nearer to a certainty, which might be d< no country in the world, ex- clulive of the army, fends abroad more of its hdud)itants. The people of Scotland are generally i.iw-bomd or lean, but ( U an limbed, and can endure incredible fatigues. 'Hieir adventuring fpirit was ciiieHy owmg t.i their laws of luccelhon, which invilL-d the elder brother, as tlu' head of the fa- niilv, with the inheritance, and left but a fcanty portion for the other foil."?. riiis obliged thc latter to feek their fortunes abroad, though no people have more alT'cition for their nativi foil. It is true, this difparity of fortune among tin- fons of one family prevails in Kugland likevvifc ; but the refiuries which \oimger brothers have in l-'.ngland are nuim us, compared t » thole ot a country Id narrow, and fo little improved, either by t jmmerco or agriculture, as Scotland was tonnerly. An intelligent reader mav eilily perceive, that the ridiculous family prid.', which is perhaps not vet eiilirelv exunguilhed in Scotland, was owing to liu- teudal infti- tiitioii^ which prevailed longer there than in I'lngland. Tlieir family ditfercnces, efpecially ihofe of the Highlanders, tamiliarized ihem to i)1oikI and Daughter; and ilie moll ferociou- palhons were authnriied and cherillied by tiicir thiet- i.iins. Their l-in;'s except fonie who were- er.Jowcd with extraordinary virtues, were conluiercd in no other light than conuiwmders of their army Y J. iu 1^4 o I, J# N D. in tliiu* of war ; for in i)eacf tlu-ir civil ait'lioritv was fo little felt, that cvvrs clan, nr family, even in the moil civilized purt ot Scotland, lool^cd upon u* invn chieftain as the fovercifjn. Tiiefe prejudices were confirmed even by the laws, wliicli fravc tluifi- peltv tyr.inls a power or life and death ujion their own clt;ites ; and iliey ^fenerallv ixccuted ilieir luiliy fcniences ia fuin-aiid-iwcnly Iidui-i alter the jjarties were .ippivl'.eiKl.'d. 'llie pridi.' whii li thufe chieltain- luid in luriiiid'- inji each ()th<-r, created perpetual animolities, wliich feldom or never ended wiili- out hlnodllied ; fo tliat the common jjcople, whofe bell qualitication was a hlintl devotion to tli>' will of tlieir mnfiers, lived in a (Itite of continual hollility. 'The late All hihald, duk'- of Argvic, was the firll « 'nicfliiin wlio had the patriotii'.n to attnupt to reform his deix'iulenis, and to hanilli ihofe barbarous enoruiiiics. I lis example has been followed by ollieis; and tlure can fcarcely be a doubt, but llinl a very tew )ear> will reconcile the Highlanders to all the milder habits of loeiety. Scotch gentlemen, who formerly piqued theinfelves upon their family, or the iinliiiliity of tluir defeent, were very , in open defiance of law and government, and in the miilll of 20,000 i;eoj)le ; ami, though the agents were well known, and foine of them tried, with a reward oi" 5001. amu'xed to their conviction, \et no evidence could be found fuflicient to bring them to punilhment. The fidelity of ihi' Highlanders of liotli fixes, under a fiiil greater temptation, to the >oung Pretender, after his defeat at Culloden, could fcarcely be b.elieved, Wiie it not well altelied. 'I'hey affeM a fbndnLl.^ I^r llu' ineniory and language of their forefathers bev'oiul perhaps an\ jieople in the world ; but this attaelmu ut is feldom or never carried into any thing that is indecent or high and the low, the entertainment is as decent as it is jovial. The giielts pay aeeording to iheir inclination or ability, for which they have a wedding diiuier and dancing. VN'hen the parties happei\ to be fervants in refpei-table fnnilies, the contributions arc fo liberal that they often ellablilh the young c()iii)K' in the world. ihe inhabitants of thofe parts of Scotland, who live chiefly by paflure, have a nai.iral vein of poetry ; and the beautiful (implicity of tlie Scotch tunes is reliihed by all the tnir indgcs of niiilie. ]. his ball upon an open licaih, and he who drikes it in t'ewelt llrokes into a hole, wins the game. The iliverlion of Curling is. pcrhap>, peculiar to the Scots. It is performed upon ice, with large liat Hones, often from iwent\ to two hundred ])ounds weiglit each, which ihev hurl tro.n a cnini:' n Itand to a mark at a certain dillance ; and whoever is ncarelt the mark. ii liie victor. I'hefc iO() C O T I. N D. tlu" pliilibcg hung fjciuTiilly their knives, and a dagger, which thoy called a ilirk, iind an iron pirtol, foniednivS of line workniantiiip, and ciirioully inlaid with (ilver. ITirfo two may be called the Handing fununer and winter dlverfions of Scotland 'I'lie natives are expert at all the other diverlion;. tonuiion in L'.ngland, cricket ex- lepted. l.vNorAOE Asn nuRis.] Thefe Isvo articles are placed under the fame head, hecanfe tl\ey had t'omierlv an iiitininte relation lo e;u li ollu-r ; both of iheni being esideiitiv C'ehie. ilie Hii^hLyul pliid is coni|)oled of a woollen Ihilf, fonietinies \erv line, called f,ii-/jii. iViis iiiiir is ot'a various colour, forming llripes which crols eacli other at right angles; and the natives vulne thenifelves upt)n tlie judicious ar- langeinent, or what lliey call fetn, of thole Itripes and colours. /\l)ove the Ihirt, the Highlander w<-ars a wailUoat of the i'ame compolition with the plaid, which mnunonly conlills of twelve yard-i in width, and which thev throw over the ihoulder mto ver\ near the f )ru) of a Koinan toga, as reprefenled in ancient Ua- I Ill's : f)ni'.'times it is taliened round the middle with a leathern belt, fo that part of the pliiid hangs down before and behind like a |>etticoat. Ibis they call being I'.ieii'ed in a phcli;^, wliicli tlie l.o'.vla'uL'is call a /(///, aiul which is, probably the finii" word witli Celt. Sometimes tliey wear a kind of petticoat of the fame varie- gated liull", buckled round the waiil, and this they tern» the p/ii/'il>i[^, which feems to be of Milelian extradion. The lloekings are likewife of tartan, tied below the knee with tartan garters formed into talirls. Hie jx>orer jwople wear upon their feet brogues ntade of untamied or undrelfed leather ; for their heads a blue Hat ca|) is ufed, called a bonnet, of a particular woollen nianulacture. From the belt of hung generally tl ' pirtol, fomelinivS The introdutlioti of the bri)ad fu ()rd of Andrea Ferrara, feems to be no earlier than the reign of James 111. who invited that excellent workiuan to Scotland. A large leatlicrn purfe, richly aiiorned with lilver, hanging before them, was always part of a Highland chiel'lai)i's drefs. The drefs of the Highland women conllfted of a pettii-oat and jerkin, with ftrait flecves, trimmed or not irinnned, according to the cpialits of tb.e wearer; over this tliey Wi)re a plaid, which they either held clofe under their chins with the hand, or faltened with a buckle of a particular faihion. CJn the head they wore a kerchief of tine linen v)f dillerent forms. I'he woman's plaid h;is been but latelv difufed in Scotland 1)\ the hidies, who wore it in a graceful manner, the drapery falling to- wards the feet in large folds. Ihere is a lirong relemblance between the Scottith plaids and the \arii'g:itid and liinbri;iti>d draperies of the ;incients, efpecially the Turt ans, as they are to be feen in the monuments of ;mti()uit\'. The attachment ot the I liglilanders to this drcf^> rendered it a bond of imion, vvliich olten ))r()ved dangirous to government. Many etior'.s were made by the legillature, attiT the rebellion in 171,, to oblige them to conform to the Low- countiy drelfes. 'I he onvenieney, however, for ill'.' i)urpofes of the field, is to great, that the Higliland lei^iinent. Itill retain it. h'.ven the common people have of late refumed the ufe of ii ; and numy of the Highland gentlemen wear it in tlie fumini r tune. The drefs ut ihe higher and middling ranks in the J .ow-country, ditfers little tiom th.' Iviglilh ; b'.it many of the puil'antr} liill retain the boiuiet, for the cheap- lufs and ligiitncfs ot the wear. 'Hie Karfe, <,r Celt c, is fti!l fpoken in the Highlands; but the lan;.;uage of the I,"w c'uiiiiries, whith !.•. of the lame origin wi;h the Kngliih, i> confinuallv extend- Ki'j; :^.^ Mrovii.ce. I lie Knjiliih and Jjcutch are written in the fame manner; ami o [. n. '7 tho promimialion of the Inttor ii fcarcfly more diHercnt from that of I/mdoii. lluiii arc iliofc of till! norlhorn and wc-ncni I'ji^lilh cuuntics. l*u N isHMEN I S.J 'I lirfi: arc itiiith the I'uiiU' in Scotland as in iMvijlaiul, onlv tliat ()f bchi iuliiig is |H'rfi)rnii.tl by nii inlirumcnt called the Maidin : the luodel of wliii Ii was broiiglit from Halifax hi hngland to Scotland by the recent carl of Morton, where it was lirfl ufeil tor the execution of iiimfelf. Uklkjion] Ancient Scollilh hittorians, vrith Hcde, and other writers, Kcnerallv ai^ree that Clniliiaiiity was firtl taufjlil in Scotland by funu- of the difeiples of ,Si. John the AjH)tUe, who Ikd to this northern country to avoid the perteeulion of \)n- niilian, the Konian emperor ; thoui^h it was not publieiv |)rofelle(l till the be^imun^ uf the third century, when u prince, wliomScottilh hillorian,s call iJonald the hirll, his t|iieen, and fcveral of his iwbles, were tolemnly baptized. It was farther con- firmed by emij^ration from .South Britain, during the perfecutions of Aun'lius and Uioclefian, wlien it became the ellahlillicd religion of Scotland, under ilie ma- nagement »if certain Karu'-d ami pious men, named Culdees, who feein to have been the tirll regular clergy in Scotland. Chriilianlty feenis to liavr been tlms tii'.ii;ht, planted, and cnnfire.ied in Scot- land, wliere it Hourilhed in its native limplieity, till the arrival of I'alladius, a priell lent bv the bilhop ol Kome, in the fifth century, who found means to intro- duce the ceiemoiiiks ot the Komilh church. The Culdees retained their original manners, notwilhlhmding the opprellion of the Romilh clergy, till the age of Uohert Bruce, in the 14th century, when they difappeared. 'ihe oppolition to popery in this illiuul, though it ceafed in Scollai\d upon the ixtiuvMion of the Culdees, was in till' fame age re\ ived in Englanil by John Uieklifle, a man of parts and k'.irning, who wa.s the forerunner in the work of ret'ormation to John Huts and Jerome of Trague. as the hitler weie to Martin Luther anil John Calvin. I>nt tliough the doctrines of VVicklitle were nearly the fame with thofe propagated bv the reform- ers in the iftth century, and the age feemed (frongly dilpofed to receive them, af- fairs were not lully ripe tor thi.i great revolution •, and the fmilhing blow to popery in England was relerved tor the reign of I lenry V'lll. Soon after that important event took place in England, when learning, arts, and fcienccs began to revive in Europe, the unlcrii>tural ilottrines of the church of Rome, as well as the ]ivollig;ite lives ot her clergy, rmer ot Scotland. It was natural for his brethren to imagine, that upon the abolition of the Roman ('alholic religion, they were to fuc- cced to the revenues of that clergy. The great nobility, whole imaginations had already ingroHed thefe iJoU'eliions, did not ;it firll difcourage this notion ; but no fuoner had Knox fucceeded in his defigns, which, througli the fur\ of the mob, diftroM'd foini of llie tineft ctclelialfical buildings in the world, than the parlia- ment, or rather the nobility, appropriated tlie church-livings, and molt fcanda- loudy left tlie reformed cliri^y tu live almoll in a liale of Inggary. Ihe great landliolders left the doctrine and ilifeipline of the church to be nu.dellid by tin* j»rcachers, :H\d they weie ionf>rnied by parliament. Succeeding events rendered the prclhyterian clergy of great importance to the flate ; and their revenues have been fo much mended, that though few ttipends exceed 1 50I. a year, few tall iliort of Col. and none ol ^ol. It the prefent expenlive mode of living continues in Scotland, the elhd)lilhed i lergy will have many unanfwerable reafons to urge for the increale ot tlieir revemies. The bounds of this work admit not of entering upon the doctrinal and (rco- nomi(,al puri ef the church uf Scoil;uu!. it is I'utiiciiut to fay, that its firtl princi- j ciple i6S O I' n. cipK' U n parity of ccdorialHrnl nutlioriiy amoiij; all its pri'fbytors ; thnt it agroci in It-. tiiiUiii's with tlu" rctornu'd cliurilios iibroail in tlic cliiit lu';i(ls ot' ()|>|)()liti<)ii u> popery ; but that it iN nuxUlli'd principally nftcr the Calvinillicul pluii eliabliihcd at (ji'nova. Thi Kr ati-r and Icfli-r cxionununication, whitli wlmx' aiU'iidi-d l»v a toirciiurc ot'cllati', and fninotimos ot* lit'o, has been abolilluvl. That relic ot pope. \, till' oblij^ing tornicaliiis ot" both fexes to lit upon wliat is called n repentiufj I}. el i>i)|, in the church, and in full view < t' the e coni^rej^ation, bej^ins to wear out. The power of tlie SeoH h clercy is at prefent very inod^rate, or at leall very niode- liitely exercifed. Iluy have been, ever lince ihc Revolution, lirni adherents to civil liberty, and the houle of Hanover ; and they acted with reniarkahle intrepi- i them ;i;.' i-ar in tlu: jjulpit in "^owns and bands, alter the (Jeiuva form. 'I'lu'y make no u(e of fet forms in worlliip. The rents of the bilhops, lince the aboliiiun of epifci'pacy, are paid to the kiiii;, who commonly a|)propriales tlicm to pious p'U'pofes. A tliouland pounds a year is always fent by his inajelh' fjr the iil'e of ilie protcliant Iclmols erected by act of parliament in Norlh-lJritain and the \\ eliern llle.s ; and fiituU have been lately etlablilhed lor the fu|»port of the aUows and oiplians of the clergy. The numl>er of parillies in Scotland an* ei^ht lunulred and iiinclv, whereof tliirt) -one are colleqiate churches, thai is, where the V me is ferved by more ib.an one miniller. i he hi^hell eccleliafiit-al authority in Scotland is the gem'ral aflTembly. conlilHnjT of f oinmiiiioners, jfome of whom are laymen, under the title of rulinj; elders) from prelbyteries, royal bur!;hs, and univerlities. A pivll)ytery, conliltinjr of under iv.clve minilK-rs, fond-, two minilUrs and one rulinj^ eldir ; if it <-ontaiiis between rvelve and eij;liteeii niinillers, it lends three, and one rulinj^ elder : il it contains lutween eif^hteen and twenty-tour miniiiers, it fends four mmillers and two ruling elders; but if the jireihytery has twenty-four minilters, it fends livi niinilters and two rulinn; elders, i'lvery royal buri;h femls one ruliiii^ eliler, and l''dinburgh two ; wliofe election mull be atlelled b) the relpective kirk-iellions of their own burgh-.. I'ivery univerlitv femls one cominillioner. i'he connniliioners are chofeii vearlv, lix weeks befoie tlie meeting of the allembly The luling elders an- often pcrfons ot" the firft tpialiiy <'f the country. Tlie king preiuKs by liis commillioner who is al- ways a nobleman in this all"eini>ly, whiili im els aniiuall\ , in Ma\' : but he has no \iiice in their ih'lil'cialioMs. This allembly thoolesa clirgvinan tor its modeiator or fpeaker. Appv als are brought from all the other eccleliallieal courts in Scot- land to the general allembly ; and i.o appeal lies from its determinations in reli- j^iiius ir.atteis. l'ro\incial l'\ nr(ib!^' by the general alliinbh . Sid'ordinate to the I'vnods are |)relbyleri<'s, (ixty-nine in nunilu |-, each eonliiling .irt if their budrefs is tlu Ji\ .ngs, in whic!> tliey are regular and folemn. i he patron "la li\ing is bountl to oniinatc *>r prel'cnt in lix months after a vacancy, otherwife the prelbstery (ills the place jrire iL-vJuto -, bi't that privilege does not liold in roi.'d l)urgl A kirk-fellion is the lowctt cccleliaftieal iiidicatorv in .Scotlaiul, and lis an n< t vAlend bevond its .,wn pariih. 'I he members conlill of the minil} ihoritv Id- er, c lis, aatl deacons. The deacons are lajmen, atul att much as church-wardens d> ju Lugland, by having ihc U1peri11l.-4id1.nc;. ot' ilie poor, uiid taking care of other paio(.iua nt r- ■r O T I. N I). I^^l) pnrorliial iifTuirK. 'Hh- i Idir, or riilinfi^-olJcr, i< n plad; of j{rc;il panxhinl triiit ind lie iat Rciu'rally a lay iiorfdu of ronlulcration in tlic |)i«rilli. Tliu olJiTs arc I'up- nolVd to att in a kind ot io-ordianm y with the iiiiniltrr, and to In- allil(in|{ to liiiD ii\ many ot liii (.Icriial duties, particularly in catLxInling, vilitin); the lit I;, and at thi' i()inniuiii<)n-tal)lo, I he ortice ot niinillers, or preaching prcfl)yti'rM, includes tlic ofiiccg of «leaconi and ruiinj{-elders ; they alone can preach, adininilKr th»' facranients, citechilv', pronoiuKc church cinrures, ordain deacons and ruling-elders, aihft at the iniiioli- tion of hands upon oilier niinilk-rs, and niodeiale or prclide in all ecclehanii >il judicatories. riic clhiblillu'd relijjion in Scotliind formfrly partook of the nufferities of (';il- vinifm, and of the intolerance of popery: at ])rerent is is mild and gentle; and the iVrmons and otlu r theological writings of many of the modern Scotch divines, are equally dillinguilhcd by good fenic and g is the caK in ntany places in Kn^'laud. A difl'erent let of tlillenters in Scotland t.oiili(ls vif tiu i pifccjialiatis, a few <|uakors, many papills, and other feCtaries, who are denominated from their prcaeliurs. Ki)if- topaiy, tronithe time of the Relloraliun, in i60o,to that ot the UcNuluiion, in i»)ti.S, \\a^ the eltabliliied thurch of Scotland ; and Wnuld probably have loiHinueil Ui, had nut the billiops, who wiii' in general vi r\ we^u nu n, and ii\atmes ot the linkc ' le. VS illianrs government \>as rendired fo \nipopolar in Scotland, that in <]i:'.en of York, afterwards James \ ll. and II, retufed to rtcoj;inl"e king \\ illiam s lit The jnirtifans of that nnlia|)py prince retained tlie ipifcopal religion} and Ann 's time, the i pilco]'a!iaiis wi're \m.\\ nuiiieroiis in fume jiartN thar ih. 'Ml f- l)\ terians ; and their mr.tiiij;>, \s hi' h lli«\ heiil untk r the act ot tolci iiiion, a^ well ; tMided, 'I lull- niii tings tiill fublil't, but iliinl) ; the decline of tlie nui\iuror.s not having lu;)[>reiled cpifcopacy in Scotland : the l.ngiiih biihops fnpply clergy- men c|u;iliru(l according to law, whofe chapels are chietiy filkd by the l'j;giith, and Uicli Scotch hearers of tliat jierfuulion as have places under the go\ 4.111- in"nt. I he tlcfet-lion of fome great families frcnn tiie canfe of po]H'V\ . and ll-.e eMine- t:on oi others, have rendered its votaries inconfiderable in .Scoilai.d. Ihey are I hietly confuiid fo the northern j-arts, and tin- illands : and though a vioKiit oj)- iliiioi IS liiieU bien tailed inll them, thev anocar tt» be as iiiuv'l and ii.oi fnlive as pruu liant ful'icobs. 'I'l .Sioilanit. during the time ot epifcoiKit v, contained I'.vo arclibiih.ojiricks, St. Ai . w'h and (ilalguvv ; and twelve bi(liopri( ks, Kdiniiurgh, Dunkeld, Alnideci Miirra\, lirethin, DiimbUiin, Kefs, Caiihnefs, Orknev, (iailowav, Ar^^l^ n.nrts iuid illes of Scotlanil J rodiiced St. I'atrick, the celebrated ajuMlle ui Ireland, and many others linci , v. hofe bare nanu'.s wctuld make a lonu articl Ih'" wiiii')^s of Adatiinniis. I'll! txtant. iM.d o! lunie otlu. is, who lived bi ton , and at the time of \\w Nor.vifn in- \, 1,i>n, aliord Ipeeimeiis of llieir learning. Ch.irh s the Great, or C.'harlemai;i •■. iiu It mi»[iu I'tit.nably held a cerrtfpond<-;:ie bv letteis with the kings ot Siolh.'i'i, with whom lie cMteied Into league ; and employed Siofcl.nien In pianttinc, tettliirj, *a.\l tuiiii^ "Uib favcuritc Uhivc'rliuts, and orher fcniuiirics of Ic-arning, in liMnee, '/, huiv. »7« GOTLAND. Italy, nnd Goiinanv. It is an mulouhtod truth, though n recmint; paracToxIcnl hO, that liHrlN)ur, » Soiith pegan his literary career of glory with the hillory i)\ his own iduntry. 1 his was followed by that of all iMimpe, in the reign of the emperor Charles V' The i nptl\ating account of the difcovery of .America was nc.\t prefei\led to the world, and an nilloriial dif ut ihe fnil refpettability, he has collected a great nials of knowledge, and lias corKentreil thcle I' ttered ra_\s into one tot us, fo as to rentier his work both inllructive antl entertainuig. Nt)r have iIk Scots been uidiiceefsful in cultivating the lU lies Lettres. Fo- rt igners who inhabit warmer climates, antl conceive the noriiiern nations inca- pable ot tendiriulA and feeling, mull acknowledge the |)oelie j^eiiius and delitati* (enlibility of I homlon. liut of ail literary purliiils, that oi tendering mankind mure virtuoU!i antl happy, which is the proi)er object Wj, ought Ui be regardtd with peculiar lionour and lefpecl. The philofopliy vt Dr. Ilntche- (iim, not lo inention other works more fublile aiuleligant, but ler> convincing ami kls iiillruitive, defervcs tu be read by all who wjuuld know their duty, or who woultl O T L N D. *n brity. illory )f' the WilS Will ' ami •vv, ill )t" th.: arts, >in ail lals ot who hvould wmiltl wirti to prurtifo it. Next to Locke'* Kflhv on the Mumnn Undcrftonding, it i". pcrltiip* thr hell (lilfrtlioii of the luiinan iniiid tlint liutli np|>cnri-(l in modtf n tiim-!. i aiul it is likcwil'i* a moll ufot'ul lupplcnuMit to thut oiliiy. It would be end- liTi to nuM)tioii all the iiulividuaU who hnM- di1lin){uilhi>d thonilVlvoH in the varioin bramlu's ot" litvraliiri' ; partiiiilarly hh thliur;»h §, 1 ^H;. Cm IKS, TOWNI, ANn oruKR kdific-ki, > Kdinbur^h, the capital nt Scotland, PUBLIC ANP I'RiVATR. J naturally cinims on' lii it attention ill this divilion. Its cadle, l)efore the ufc of artillery, >^as deemed impregnable ; and was probably built by the .Saxon kinj^ Kdwin, wliofc territoios reached to the I'rith of Forth, and who ^ave liis name to Kdinbur^h, as it c rtainly did not tall into tiie hands of the Scots till the reij;n of Indulpbus, who lis d in the year 953. The town was built for the benefit of prote^iion from the caiHe, and a more incim- veiiieiit fitualioii for a capital can fcarcely be conceived i the lii^h-llreet, which i» on the rid^e of a hill, iyiiiff eat) ami wetl ; and the lanes running down its fideii, north and fouth. In former times the town was furrounded by water, except to- wards the call i fo that when tlic French landed in Scotland, during the regency of Mary of Guife, they gave it the name of IJllcbourg. 'ihis tituation fuggeOed the idea of building very lofty houfes, divided info (Tories, eech of which contains a fuite of rooms, generally large and commodious, tor the ufe of a family ; fo that the high-ftrect of Kdinburgh, which is chieHy of hewn (lone, broad, and well- lavrd, makes a moft nugull a|>pcarance, efpecmlly as it rifes a full mile in a direct ine, and gradual afccnt from the palace ot Holyrood-iioufe on the eatl, und i« ter« * St. Andrtwi hu « Cliinccllnr, two Princi|inl>, and eleven Prorrfliirt in Cirrck, i-onic, M.illirmaticj, Divinity. Ilimiaiiitjr, Moral I'liilofopliy, Civil IliAorv, Medicine. Ilelirew, Nadirnl Pliil()fin»hy, C'liurLti llillor)', \ (ihifgnw liai a CJKUuilIor, Kn'lor, Dean of Faculty, Principal, and fniirtren Profeflbn in Greek, l'"K''"» Practical Allrunomy, Mediiiiie, Hiniunily, Moral Philofoithy, llillory. Anatomy. Iirl)rcw, N:uiiril Philolo|ilty, Divinity, Drirntai l.angmgrs, Mailiiiiiatics, Civil and Scotch Law, J Aberdeen lu< |>rop«riy two Collcne*, viz. KingN College, ;uid M.irifihal College [ Kini't College lia^ a Chancellor, Keiftnr, Princi|ial, anil leven Proti lliirb in Creek, ()rieiii.il Languages, Divinity, Medicine. Iltnnanilv, Philofoiiliy, Civil law, MnrifchoJ C'ollege has a Chancellor, Kertor, Principl, and fcven Profrirors in (irerk. Moral I'lnlolnphy, and Natural l'liilol»|>hy, Divinity, Oriental L.anguaf^cs, i.ogit, Mathematics Mcjiiinc. ^ The old t)iiililing» in ihr iiniverfily of F.ilinbiirgh. ...iving fallen into decay, li.ive been partly taken don 11, and a nru' Tniililing is now ererting, ttic touni) all liilco, cHcopt wtivn* it join* to ilio city. 1 he iiiconvcnuuck** •lidiif; fi 111 ihij crowd -ij uopulition lu-in^j I'o very Af< nut, ilic uiitdcru hour';* an. generally built itt the Lngltih t«lK<, >>t a ntodcrutc iKi(,'kit, and u«.t>ij,iiv(t to the ufo Di'u iiii|j(tc Uniily. Thii iitinrovcincnt pitrticuiurty tireviiiK in tlw ikw town. Till.' caOii- ttot nrtly overlooks tlic city, its ciiviroiti. garuciu, the ii«w town, and M ri« h tu iKhlmurini^ routitry, \»\\ cmMinaiKlt a iiiuO c\toiitlvc biul'pvct ol ilii> rivtr Forth, llu lliijij in^, llio nppolito coail of File, and cviii Joiiio liill* al tin' i|it- t.inco ot !• iiy or htiy miles, wnitli bonk-r upon tin- I li^^hlaiult. '1 lio callii l»:t» fuiii • ){'*">l •iparrinctit}, a toleriblc ir.iiii tit ttrlillcry, a tai);<' nui^a/ine '>! arm i ami ainiiiiimtioi), aiul coiuuini i^ie rot^.tlia, which wcto d<*pii|itcd iH-rc unJci t)\v ' u>lt fi'livnn legal tnrtramciU'i of" tlkir ni'v«r liciiiR f inovi I from iIkiko. All that i» known .It prol'rni ol ilmti' rijjalia is loiiiaiiu-d in iIk- inllrununl v\hlth v is taken at the I i>u- >)t" ilii ir bcin;; ilepitliteil, wiure ili.'v ar.- till!) delerihul, l'aciii>{ liiv callle, at a inile'* dill.iiui', llaiuU th^' .iblny, oi ralli r pujav . of Mo- lyrood-hoiile. 'I'lie inner quadrangle ot'thiit paluic bei^iiii by Jaiix-s V. aud tiiiilh* id by t'larlei I. ij of mnj;nifuent niDiUrn an Iiiieclurf, imilt ;iee.>rdinu to ilic |'^an, and iiiuUi i.'io ilirection ii\ lir \\ illi.. ii Hrine. u •hhUi li jjinileui n\ -ii family, .lud i.iif »)f ilu' ^roatell auliitects nf lliat a;{e. Kt.imil the tjiiadranglc iuni ttn inade, ulorned with pilallers . and the intidc contain'* grxid apartmciii.s. |ti loiij; ^.allery i'oataiiH fi^uu'i, fume of which are front pxitraitu, painted b> iiuidiru handj, ot the kill)}' "t .Votla-id, dnw n to the time of tne Ki vnhiiion. J inie* \ II. wlen dnkr ct Vutk, iiiten adorned the nei^hil>llnholld of (hit palace, wliidi ii fituated at tli' Ixittoin of hli tk f'^H^ >»hI h;re niDiiutaiiis. 'I h>' ihaiK'l helong- iag to ill.' pahuo, as it llood wlien npaiied and ornani'iiti d by that priiiee, is thoiJ,i;ht to have been a mull eK'n iiit piece of Ciothic architeolure. it had a very lofiy ra.»r, and two ioji'' (bme ^alU-riei fiipj) irteil bv cmioui pillar . It wa^t the conveni'ial church ot the old abbey, (is inlid- was deiiudilhed a:id rilKd of nil its rich urn iiiv.'nls by llutury of the ntoli ;it the Kivululiiii, whiili e\eii biukt" Lto il!C lepolitoiici uf the d( ad, and (iifco\ere(l a vinll, till licit tinu' uiikiinwii, >''!iich coiUdin-.'d (lie bodic . of Jan.es V. his liill tjnei'ii, and Henry Uariiley. 'I he Vall* jiiJ roof of this ancient ch.ipel fell d >wii on thi' id and 3d of Di-eeinber, J768, Oct.. limed b. ilie enunnuii'. vvii^hl of a m w lloiie root, laid over it lomu J'lOrs .1^1), wlilili the w.ill, WvTe n:\alile to fnppntt. 'I lie noipilai, f^niuhil by lJeorj!> llerriot, j;.)ldfmith to James VI (lands to tho f^'.ilh-weil of the cnllle, in a fjiiod (itiiation. It is the fined and moil regulnr fpe- ( men Vvhii.h Iiiifjo Joiiei who wint to Scutland as architect to ipieen >\iiiu', vul'c of ki.;;; James Vlihaskit u- "f his (iuihii manner It was built 1 ihe miiinte- jnnce and ed'.u ;if!«.n uf ponr » Inldun b.|(iiij;ing to tlu' i i'i/en-. of l'.ilii)biirj;li, and U iind-T ill.' diiiiti '11 t.f the city in;'i;llliates. '1 hi* coilegv' at Itl'.iibnrjjh i lainis tlie privilej^e* of an uni\erlity, founded by klii!; James \ I. and by Iiim i»iit u uUr the ihrection of the ma^jiftratcs, wlm have the puwer of ci.aiiCellor and v:ce-cliaiicell'ir. It-, orif^in.d buildiiii;-, were (Jiily cal< Irited for the (ober literary manners of thole davs. We have already iDintiou^il the new unlvirhty wliuh is imw eretling ; but what is of more importaiue, it is fiipplied with e\cellenl proleirors in the feveral branches of learnings and its fihuols for every part ot the iurdii;d art are ri'ikoned eijiial to any in luirope. 'Ibis (•olIed;^e is pmvltled With a library, foundi-d by Clement Little, and of late greatly auijniented. Ihe I'arliameiil-liiu.Te, or, a;; it is there called, Ciofe, was formerly the moll or- nnmeiital part of the city , it is formeil into a frii>r. It ^ now i'mii- Vi*rtrd into u ''itutt ol'ltiw, wlici>- it lingli* |U''i;r, • alliti the lortJ oriliiuiry, imi'IuUh bi rni«lini ni'iir it, lit (he ulhor iikIk' « i II r m\ji OIlilDi; ;i|i piihl lU oificci ol ih>' h\\\ , cxchoi<|iicr, chancery, tiiruvuliy. aiiil. i, ituitlracy ot .duiluirgli » niu! ihr v:iliuhlr lihrnrv ot the hiwyrrn- 'lhi« iM|kiuli any tlMiig of lli kind tr [)<'ihn|>» in any tmn ul iMirope, uiid \«!u ut fiiit rnuiuKd ufid f'iri'.illi'*d l)y iHwvori. it conlaini uw mot) vnluahU inuuutiri^ii rciiiitin* lih «iitl>>ry, cliiirtulnrii.*, inul orlur |iit)i( m <tiildinf(, arid it* Ocr|tl ih, I'luli ut iht* \vl S CKchnniji . public •lriicc^ 'uifpitnl*, biitli^cx, nnd llie hkc, dniHuilhuU' tlic iinprt the .'v «)ti in their |)ul)lic work*- I'linillel to tlic lity ut Kdiiw hiuf^h, on th - tt( riti, the iioliility, genti\ , iiiid othert, li.ive nliii<>ll (otupltted (i new town. 'I he lluetii and fipiures uit* hud uut wiili rrgnlurity, and ilie hinilet urtf built of ny n linking iih awlii. nui^niiiceiiie 'III ea lieri'. cstreiuity m fait, a Iwt'ty bridge *, the inidtiie arch being ninety feet liigh, which joinn the i ew buildiii){e reader tuny toirn foino ideu of iis niagmficent litnnMon, ihmding on an eminence, with a gentle dei lisiiy on ea< h lide, in tlie iicart of a rich ennntrv ; tin- viiw I'uutlnviird, that of It ro:nantie city, its more roinimtii iMJile, and dittant hilU riling to an aina/ing height; while the prolptct aeroli ibe Frith, give* lull Icope to ihe e)e, pleates the imagination, and expands the inind. I his t iiy may be conlidered, nolwilhllandlng its laftle, and a wall .shiih rni li'hs it on t'e fonth lide. .is :in open town ; I'o that it would li.ive been iinprac ticiible for hs inhaliitants to i,;i\e defended it againi) the rebels, who took pollcf- lion of it 1745 I'dinbnrgh i> mains n plav-lw>nt'e, wliidi has now the laiK'tion of an .11^1 of pariianunt i and coiiccrts, jiHeniblie«i, balls, nnilic lueetings. afid oilier pnlite ainnfinunts, are a» tre(|nent and brilliant here, as in anv part nf li|.j ninitlly's dominions, l.undon and liaili e\cei)t*ii In tlu new town ar«- fc\er;d h.ni(l(om( and convenient houls, and the cotiec honfes and tuverno in the old town are nnidi improved. {'■.(iinbiirgh is governed by a hird provoft, four baillies, a dean of gnild, and n tre;i('urer, aunually thofen from the common-ci'iimil. Mverv conip;inv, or iiuor- pi ilitl tradi, clioniVs lis own diamn, and here aie 14; vi/.. I'lirgeons, goMlijiiihs, Ikiiiner!., fiirriern, hammer-men, wrights or carpenters, niat'on*, tavlois, bakers; butchers, eordwainers, weavers, fiiller>. and bonnet -makers. I lu lortl pro\olt is lolonel of the town-guard, a militau inliitulion lu be f ' iiind m no part of his • A l)riilKe h»« Iwrn laiily rrtfivl towinh the l>viililing» on mcIi fide, «nd i« illrcrtly o(ipontr to (biilh, wliich iiol only loiii.i^lt Ihe t)iiililiiigs ii\ timl ovrr the Nortli l.iiih, .nitl will lie | nxluoiirc that ijiiartir u iih llu <>M .iml ium iuu ii«, l>ul .id- of iiunv advjiir.i^t'K, .in.l ,itli>r>i ;i Ltr.it iiurcate of niitH i)( an raf) anrf« tu ihr imiiiii\. 'I'hi* (ruth revciuit vu the iii) o( I'tliiiblirjjii, lrid);r furiiis I mult ilrg^ul itrcci, VH;lh inagiutiiciit tn.ijerty's IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /> ^ <^ ;\ «74 SCOTLAND. majefty'i dominions, but at Edinburgh : this guard fcrvcs for the city watch, and patroles the ilrccts, is ufeful in fupprclling rmall commotions, and attends the pu- niflimcnt or execution of criminals. The (oldicrs are divided into three companies, and wear an uniform ; thev an- commanded by three orticers, under the names of cap- tains. Befides this guard, Kdinburgh raifes i6 comiianies of trained bands, which ferve as militia. I'hc revenues of the city confill chicHy of that tax which is now com- mon in moil of the bmlics corporate of Scotland, of two Scotch pennies, amounting in the whole to two thirds of a farthing, laid upon every Scotch pint of ale (contain- ing two Englilh quarts) confumed within the precin^ls of the city. Its produ£t has been fufticicnt to defray the expcncc of fupplying the city with excellent water, brought in leaden pipes ut the dillance of tour miles ; of eretting refcrvoirs, enlarging the harbour of Leith, and completing other public works, of great ex- pence and utility. Leith, though near two miles diftant, may be properly called the harbour of Edinburgh, l)eing under the fame jurifdidion. It contains the remains of two citadels (if they arc not the fame), which were fortified and bravely defended by the French, under Mary of Guifc, againd the Englilh, and afterwards repaired by Cromwell. The neighbourhood of Edinburgh is adorned with noble feats, which are increafing ; particularly, the earl of Abercorn's, a fliort way from the city, the duke of Buccleugh's lioufc at Dalkeith, that of the marquis of Lothian at Newbottle, and Hopctoun-Jioufe, -fo called from the earl its owner. About four miles from Edinburgiiis Koflin, noted for a (lately Gothic Chapel, counted one of the mod curious pieces of workmaniliip in Europe -, founded in the year 1440 bjr .William St. CJair, prince of Orkney, and duke of' Oldenburgh. Glafgow, in the ihire of "Lancrk, iituatcd on a gentle declivity floping towards the river Clyde, 44 miles wed of Edinburgh, is, for population, commerce, and riches, the fecond city of Scotland, and coiiiidering its lize, the firil perhaps in Europe, as to elegance, regularity, and the materials of its buildings. The ftreets crofs each other at right angles, and are broad, draight, and well paved. The houfes make a grand appearance, and are in general fouror five dories high, and many of them, towards the centre of the city, are fupported by arcades, which form piazzas, and give the whole an air of magnificence. Some of the modern built churches are in a good dyle of architedlure ; and the Gothic cathedral con- tains three churches, one of which dands «bove another, and is furniflied with a fine fpire Cpringing from a tower ; the whole being reckoned a maftcrly fabric. It was dedicated to St. Mungo or iCcnti^ern, who was bifliop of Glalgow in the 6th century. 'I'he cathedral is upwards ot 600 years old, and was prclerved from the fury of the rigid reformers by the refoliition of the citizens. The town-houfe is a lofty buildine, and has noble apartments for the magidrates. The univertity is edeemcd the oed l>uilt of any in Scotland. In this city arc fcveral well-endowed hofpitals ; it is well fupplied with inns ; and, near the mod populous part of the town, wliere the traders airenible, is a hotel, tavern, and fpacious cotfee-houfe, named the Tontine, fupported by fiibfcription. In Glafgow are feven churches, and eight or ten meeting-houfcs for fettarics of various denominations. Its inlia- bitants have been edimatcd at 50,000. Aberdeen is the third town in Scotland for improvement and population. It is the capital of a Ihire, to which it gives name, and contains two towns. New and Old Aberdeen ; the former is the lliire-town, and evidently built for the purpufe of coiumercc. It is a large well-built city, and has a good quay, or tide-harbour ; in it arc three churches, and fcvi-ral cpifcopal mecting-houfes, a conliderable de- gree of foreign commerce and much (hipping, a well-frequented univerlity, and above 20,0B0 inhabitants. Old Aberdeen, near a mile didant, though almod joined to tlic New, by means of a long village, has no dependence on liie other : it 8 C T L N D. '75 It is and lirpofe Ibour ; lie de- and tther : it }t ts a moderately large market-town, but has no haven. In each of thefo placet there is a well-endowed college, both together being termed the univertity of J^bcrdeen, though independent ot'c^ch other. IVrili, the capital town of I'erthdiire, lying on the river Tay, trade* to Norwoy and the Baltic, is finely lituatcd, has an improving linen manufactory, and lie* in the neighbourhood of one of the mod fertile fpots in Great Britain, called tho Carfe ut Gowry. Dundee, by the general computation, contains about 16,000 in- habitants ; it lies near the mouth of the river Tay ; i* a town of confidcrable trade, exporting much linen, grain, herrings, and peltry, to foreign parts j and has t'lrec churches. Montrufe, Aberbruthiclc, and Brechin, lie in the (ame county of Angus ; the foreign trade of the firft begins to revive, and the manufacture* of the other two are in an improving (late. It may be necelTary again to mention, that the population of Scotland is fpoken of with great uncertainty, as it makes very cunliderable improvement. The num- ber of inhabitants in the towns already mentioned, has been rather under than over-rated. Edinburgh certainly contains more than 60,000 fouls, which is the conmion computation ; but the influx of people, and the increafe of matrimony in proportion to that of property, muft create great alterations for the better, and few tor the worfe, becaufe the inhabitants who are difpofed to induftry may always find employment. This uncertainty is the reafon why a particular dcfcription of Dumfries, Air, Greenock, Paiiley, Stirling, and about 50 other burghs and tow^;* of very confidcrable trade in Scotland, is omitted. But great allowances are to be made on the other hand, for numerous emigrations to England, America, the Weil and Eaft Indies, for new fettlements. The ancient Scots valued themfelves upon trufling to their own valour, and not to fortifications, for the defence of their country. This was a maxim more hcroical than prudent, as they have often experienced. The cailles of Edin- burgh, Stirling, and Dumbarton, formerly thought places of great (Irength, could not hold out 48 hours, if belieged by 6000 regular troops, with proper artillery. Fort William, which lies in the Well Highlands, is fuflicient to bridle the inhabi- tants of the neighbourhood, as far as Fort George and Fort Auguftus, in the nortb and north-weft -, but none of them can be conlidcrcd as defences againd a foreign. . enemy. AntiqjJ'ties and curiosities,") The Roman and other antiquities found NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. } in Scotland, havc fumiihcd matter for large volumes. We can dill trace the Roman Wall (or, as it is called by the country people, Graham's dyke, from a tradition that a Scottifh warrior of that name firil broke over it) between the Clyde and P'orth, which was firft marked out by Agri- cola, and completed by Antoninus Pius. The Roman camps in Scotland have been recently defcribed, in a fplendid work, publithed from the manufcript of the late General Roy, by the Society of Antiquaries: they are diftinguilhed into three claflcs ; I. tbofc between the wall of Antoninus, and the borders of England; 2. thofe between the fame wall, and the river Tay ; 3. the camps to the north- eaft of that river, ending in the camp at Kiethick, near Brechin. The three Sta- tions at Grafly walls and Ardoch, in Perthfhire, and Battle. Dykes, between Killy- moor and Brechin, are the only camps hitherto difcovered, that could, contain near the caflern extremity of the Grampians, and not at Strathern, as had formerljr been fuppofed. General Roy adopted his friend's opinion, and profecuted his difcovenes ; ai d both thefe gentlemen think, that between Battle-Dykes and the caftern exucinity of the Grampians, one at leaft, if not two large camps,.muft have I exifted. 176 O N D. cxiflcci, nnil will prol)al)Iy fomclimi' bo difiovcrcd. The c»inp at Ardoch is riie IkII |ni-rorvfnunients of the .Scots have been dil'eovered ; and the obfcurity of their lcul])lures has encouraged a field of boundkl's and frivolous conjectures. It would be un|)aidoiiable not to mention the Hone near the town of Koric.':, or Koilrofe, in Miina), uliieh far fnrpalles sill the others in nia.;;iiitnii'.'. " and is (fays Mr. (iordon; pnhaps one of the moll irately inonunienis ofiiiat kind in Kurope. It riles alxjul ^^, feet in height, above ground, and i.s, I am credibly jr.formed, no kfs than iz or 15 feet below ; fo that the whole height » If tlirfe coluimi-i, \ilikh ft.iml in tlic ancient flUiu'ii them to aiiy, Init tfif V'lPls m they ftami hi doiiiiiunns nf t!it I'ioti,, he rully thf «(irk ot th.it llu-.icioiiiinions i ami l'o;iie (i iiljitiire* upon th.it at natir.ii. their architects ii.ult liiivi- ttcii l.ir rii|»rrior JJrtcliiii, lieiiotc it to he tit t'hritli.iii dngiii. li li t(. thoCf ot any coeval niol.itauii"'. to he found in not indeed inipoifihle tli.it thric Icniptiirts mav he KiM'ipe. «s t:iey haveall the nppf jranccs of an or- of later date. UUu'ts tlule tuo pillurt, many other f the weatlier bas oblcurM thofi? towards the upper part." 'I'liouj^li this moiuuneiit has been generally lookoil up-Mi o^ Dunilh, vet I have little iloiiltt of its being Seotch. and that it was orcHed in commenio- iatioii of the final exjiullion of the Danes out of Murray, where thov hold tlu'ir lafl rcttlenteiit in S<()tland, after the det'eat they received from Maicoim a few voan before the Norman invalion. At Sandwit k, in Rnfs-lhire, is a fplemlid ancient obeliik, furrounded af th-* bafe with larjfe, well cut Hag ftones, formed like fieps. Both lidi's of the column are covered witli various enibellillnnents. in welMinilhed carved work. The omt face prcfenls a fuinptnous crofs, with n figure of St. Andrew on each hand, and fMne iniconth animals and Howerin^js lUHUrnealb. 'I he central divilion, on the reverfe, exhibits a variety of curious fijjures, birds, and animals. The remainn of the cathedral of l',l;;in difpl.iy much grandeur and dienity. Tlic weft door is orna- mented with much elegance in the carvings, and tlie wholn edifice exhibits very elaborate worknnnlhip. Among the remains of ancient calUcs may be mentioned Kildrumy caftle in titc north of Scotland, formerly a place of great ftrenglh and nuignificence, and often cifed as an afyhnn to noble t'amilies in periods ot civil war, Inverurie caiUe, the ancient feat of the earl-marefchals of Scotland, is alfo a large and lofty pile, fitu- ;itcd on the fteep bank of the river ; two liigh towers adorn the extremities of the front, which, even in their decaying Hate, give the c;'llle an air of grandeur and antiquity. Rows of venerable trees, incltJiing the ailjoining garden, add to the cfl'e6t of the decayed buildings. Near the town ot llui tley are the ruins of the caftic, of that name. On the avenue that leads to it, are two large fquare towers wliich had defended the gatewav. The greatetl part of tliis ancient caftle is dc- molilhed ; but there is a malTy building of a more modern date, in wh'ch foiije vf the apartments, and their curious cielings, are Hill in tolerable prcfervation. 'I hey arc painted v 'ih a great variety ot ful)jects, in fmall divilions, id which are contained many emblematical figures. Belides thefe remains of Roman, I'ittilh, Danilh, and Scottifli antiquities, many Druidical monuments and temples are difcernible in the northern parts of Scot- land, as well as in the illes, where we may fuiipole that paganifin took its laft re- fuge, lluy are dillinguilhable by their circular forms ; but tliough equally regular, yet none of them are fo fhipendous as the Druidical monuments in South Britain. There is in IVrthlhire a barrow which feems to be Britilli ; it c\artlv refemblcs the figure of a Ihip with the keel uppermolL The common people call il 'I'ernav, which fomc interpret to be /<■)>,«• iiavrs, the Ihip of the earth, it ap- pears to be of tlic moll remote anticpiity, and perhaps was erected to the memory (iffome Britilh prince, who aclcd as auxiliary to the Romans. The traces of ancient volcanos are not uiilVe(|uenl \n .Scotland. The hill of I'iiuhaven is one inltance ; and tlio hill of Bcr^oniimi, near Dunrtallago t.idlc, is .".nother, yielding (juantitics of pummices or leoria ot dilVereiit kinds, .\mong nther natural curit>hties, mention is made of a lieap ot while Hones, moH of ihem clear like cr)lial, together witli great i)lenty of cot- lilh eonimcrce, and many other misfortunes which that country lulluincd, by the dilgull the iniiabitants conceived on that account, and fbme invalions of their rights afterwards, which they tlioiiglit inconliflent with the articles of union. The entails, and narrow I'ettlcments of fainily-cllatcs, and fome remains of the feudal iiilHtutions, might contribute to the fame caufe. Mr. Pelham, when at the head of the adminilhation in Kngland, after the extindion of the rebellion in 1745, was the firll miiiiller who difeovercd the true value of Scotland, which then became a jnore eonliderable objetf of the attention of government than ever. All the bene- fits received by that country, for the relief of the people from their feudal tyranny, Wert eiredted by that great man. Tlie bounties and encouragement granted to the Septs, for the beaetit of trade and manufactures, during his adminllration, made them fenlible of their own importance. Mr. Pitt, a (ucceeding minider, Eurfued Mr. Pelhain's wife plan; and juAly boalled in parliament, that lie availed imfelf of the courage, good fenfe, and fpirit of the Scots, in carrying on the moll cxtenflve war that (Jreat Britain was ever engaged in. Let it be remarked, to the honour of the IJritilh govermnent, that the Scots have been fufTcrcd to avail tl)emlelves of all the benelits of commerce and manufatturies they can claim, either in right of their former independency, the treaty of union, or poAerior adls of parliament. 'hiis is manifeft from the cxtenlivc trade they liitcly carried on with the Britilh fettlements in America and tlu- Well Indies, and with all the nations to which the Knglilli themfelves trade ; to that the increafe of their fliipping within thefe 40 years' part has been very conliderable. Tlie exports of thofe lliii)sare compofed cliietiy ot Scotch manufatfures. labricated from the produce of the foil, and the indullry of its inhabitants. In exchange they import rice, cotton, fugar, and rum, from the Britilh plantations ; and from other countries, their products, to the ini- menfe faving of their nation. The profperity of Glafgow and its neighlKiurhood hath been greatly owing to the connection and trade with Virginia and the Well Indies. The filherics of Scotland are not confined to their own coafls, for they have a great concern in the whale filhery carried on upon the coafl of Spitlbergen ; and their returns are valuable, as the government allows them a bounty of 40s. for ivery ton of fhipping employed in that article. The late iinproveineiit of their filherics, which h:is been already mentioned, will, it is to be hoped, open inex- haulUblc funds of wealth ; their cured filh being preferred by foreigners, and the Eiigiilh planters in America, to ihoie of Newfoundland. 'the bufles or vefTels employed in the great herring filhery on the wefleni coafls of Scotland, are fitted out from the north-well parts of Kngland, the north oi' Ire- land, as well as the numerous ports of the Clyde and neighbouring illands. 'Hie grand rendezvous is at Camp!)elti)vvn, a commodious jiort in Argylelhire, facing the north of Ireland, where fometimes po veflels have been allembled. They flarout the 12th of September, and nnill return to tlieir dilTcreiU ports by the 13th s LAN I). nt Britilli which in thtfu InnMifiid liavo :i |n ; ami ps. lor k)t" thoir \\ \w\- uul tho |i coarts ui Iic- , 'Ihc tacing rhcy by the 13th i^lh of Jamnry. They nrc nlfo tinder certain rp)(ulalii>ni rdpi'ding tho nuiuhu'r III' tons, nuMi, noti, &ii-. h'lt although tlic poliliial cxiftcnro ot" (in-ut Urilaiii tli*- )nii(ls upon ll)c niirnhi-r ind bravery ot' owr fcanion, tiiiii noble undertaking liill l:tl)i)iirs undor many liithi uitio^. I'd rnri)urap;c tlii* fiilicry, n bounty of' 5011. per ton wan gmnted by parlinniont, but whether tVoni the infuliiiiency of the fund appropriated lor this purpolV, or any otlier amW-, the bounty was wilhlu'ld from year to year, while in the mean tinif ihe adventurers were not only (inking thilr fortime*, but alfo borniwinj; to the utmolt limits of their credit. 'I'he bounty lias linco bivn reduced from ^o, Id 30s. Willi tlie rtrongill alliirances of its being regularly paid when due. L'p mi t'le Ure.i'^ih ot tlicfe iMoinifi-s adventurers have again embarked in the tilhory ; and it is to be willu'd that no conlideration whatever may tend to withdraw an in- «Uicenient f > r<'i|ui!ile to piaie this tilhery on a permanent looting. lanufadi at land ■ |>artieularly that uf iron at Carron, in Stirlinglhin I he benefits of thefe tilheries are {icrhapt equalled by ma ures cprrying on The linen nianufuctury, notwithllunding a llrong rivallhip from Ireland, ir> in a Houridiing dale. 'J'he thread manul'acture of Scotland is e^' fpnii-. I low lar paptr lan fupply that «ltf»ct, iKprmii upon an altnitiuii to tin- Imlaiuo of trntU- ; and llu- i-vil may, pirliaps, In- fonu' >\liat picMiit(d, l)v inoiii) ntnittkil from Kn^^lunil, lor llu- fiipport of^ovirimiciit, ami tor larryiiif^ on tlio inimut.u liirrs anil worLs now fi-t on foot in N* otiaml. 'I'lu' ^{ontU'incn who rili(.lc in Niolland Ikim', in fonu- int.';ifiirc, ahandoiuil the uAr ut Iri'mli br.iiidy and tlant, for port, and rum |)roduci'd in tin- Hriiidi plaiitationii ; thiir own nialt-lii|iiors arr now comr nrarly to a^ ({nat pcrfitlion as thofc in I'.n^iand ; and it is laid, lliat th> a ha\o lately exported largo (^uantitie^ of their all' to l,ontl()t\, IJublin, and the l^lantations. KtVENfhs.J See l'',n}^l;nid. Coins.] In tlie rti^n of Kdward II. of Kngland, the value and denominations of eiiiiis Wire tlie f.nne in Scotland as in Kngland. Towards the reign of James II. a SVoteii lliillinj; anfwercd to about an I'Jidilh lix-|)enie ; and about the reijjn of (jueen M.ny of Scollaiul, it was not more tiian an I'ln^^lilh groat. It coiuinuid diuiinilhiag in tliis manner till after llie iniion of the two ei'o\Mii imdcr lier Ton James N I. wlien the retort of the Seotih nobility and gentry to the Knglilli court, ocealioned Inch a drain of fpei ie from Scotland, that by degree", a Scotch liiilling tell lu tiie valiu' of one twelfili of an luiglilli liiilling, and tlieir pennies in propor- tion. A Scotch |)eimy is now very rarely to be fouiul ; and they were fncceeded by bodies, wliieli were double tlie v;ilne of Scotch pennies, and are Hill current, but daily wearing t)Ut, A Scotch halfpenny was called a babie; fome fay, becaufi; it was full llampeil with llie hi-ad of James 111. wluii he was n babe or babs ; but |HM]>a|)s ;i is only the coriiipti as very few people now reckon by the Scotch compulation. OiuiKU OK TUK mis r 1.1 . 1 'I his is a military order, inlUtuted, ns the Scotch wnlirs allert, ll leir kmc: \ch.iiMs, in the ninth cenlury, upon his making a ka!;i!e with C'liailemagne, kiiii; of l''iance. It has been frecpieiuly nrgkcicd, and as < tun refnnud. It conlilis o| i!k' fnveri-ign and 12 companions, who are calkd Knights of the 'ihillle. and lia\e on ih'ir enlign this lignificant nu)tto, I^anv me V\pUKl t,.\w IcU^h't. None Ihall fat'elv i)rovok S .\N'r) CONS I I TV I ION. 'II pro me. le ancient conltitulion ot government in Scot- land h.is been applauded, as excellentiv ada|)ted to the prefervation of liberty . ;.nd it is certain, that the power of the king was greatly limited, and that there \v( re m.nny checks in the conflilulion, whiili were well calculated to prevent his iifTumi ij^ v\- CM rciling a defpniic authority; but the .Scotlith coiillitntioii of g()- vt rii'nent was tiw» mm h of tlie arilbicratic kind, to atl'ord the common |)eopk tcjual liberty. 'I he king's authority was fnilicieiitiy rellrained ; but the noble 1, fhicf.ains, and ,^rcat hmdlioiders, had it loo much in tlieir jjower to opprefsi the Ur ants };'id tlv common tutiiiie. ir . iMl l;/ine infiaiices th> r^' is nnw a dilTerence between the laws and conftitution of i;id, and thf.fe of l\n;;i.;i;d, which wa.s not tlu' cafe formerly ; though botli I Mintri'.s have long been under one fovereign, and, (iiu:e kin'-di in. liy ilie law of Kr.gland, the fiibfeciiient th e union, lorm < me in irriage ot the parents doth I. it ItgitlmMi i!,e children 01 the fame parents, born before that marriage. 'Ibis \vi:s alio the I..w (,f SiKthnui in the ekventli century; but the contrary rule of c ;•,•:! and canon law hath been k)ng lince adopted in ISorlh Britain. 'I he trial vi « .\:' caiifc by a inrv nf iwel\c n.eii, is coulideied as one of the molt excellent proj >erU'. SCO I. N Dx III h Scot- jbcrty i lint his ot' i;'i- IjiioiiK' liolii*.' ', Is lluir lllon ol \\ \x<\\\ lin I "Ik" Is (loth 'lliis hill' »>t_ (rial vi filcr.t Brnprrllcn of Engliili jurifurudcncc, ami murt vuluublc privilcgoit of Kni^IKIi fiih« ytt't: tliiii alfo wuh oiiif tnc piivilcgc uf Mi otiniid, but a in wtll known that thd ufi' i>i jttrii-it in civil caufo, cxtcpt in the tonrt of cXLhc(|iii-r, has been lung (inco titfcuuiiniu-d in Scuihind *. 'llu* uncicnt kingy the kinj;. The king of Scotland had no neg;iti\e \olce m parliament ; nor could he declare war, make peacf, or coii- cliaie any other piilil'e bnlinel;, of i^uporlance, without itsailviceanJ amnohation. So late as the niinorily of Janus l\ . who wa.s contemporary with, aau lun-in-law to, lieiiry \ II. tif I'.ngland, the parliament pointed out to him his dut}. 1 ho ahiife of arilhiualical powers, by the chieftains and great landholders, gave tho king a very conliderahle interell among the lower ranks; and a prince, who had I'enfe and addrefs to retain theii atVections, was generally able to humble the moll arro;;aiit of his fuhjecls. 'The kings of Scotland, notwithllanding this paramount |iower in the parliament, found means to weaken and elude its loice ; and in this tliey were allilied bj tluir clergy, whole nvenues wi-re inunenfe, ami who had \eiy little depeiideiue upon the pope, and were always jialoiis t>l the powerful nobility. 'Ihis was done by ellabliihing a felett body of members, who wrrc called //;c /oxli 0/ l/ic tiiU\. 'l"hev were chofi n from the clcij^y, nobility, knights, and biirgi'iK's. Ihe bilhops, for mlhince, iliole ei^ht pee . md the peers ei;;ht |iilho|)s ; and ihefe lixteeii chofe eight barons (or knights «a I'lC Ihire), and ei;^ht ( ommillioiiers for burghs ; to whoin were addetl eight great o iicers of Hale, tti„- ihancellor being prelident of the whole. Their bulincfs was to prepare all (piellions and bills, and other matters broiiglit. into parliament ; fo that, thoui^h the king eo.ild give no neijative, )el beiiiji; by liis cleigy, and the plact s he hail to belbiw, always lure ot the lords of articles, nothing could come into parliament that could call faltli ; nor was it «ver brought into any regular fyllein; even its n\odes varied; and the jj'Mt.ll lawyers aii' ignorant when it toi^k phee. The Scots, however, never loll light of tli»ir original principles ; and when C'harles I. endeavo.ired to t"orin thelV- lords 51. 8vo, tilit. Tin; i8> O T I, N n. TliM fplrit of rifitlnnr.* wat ttir more rcmaikalile, m the poot»I.' Iiad groancU HH'IkT i' i' nii»rt inl'iipiMriihK' niiniOerial tyranny ever limo iho Ki-() prpfcrvi* thi'tr iniK-p ■i)il>-iu V, \\lii< li Croitiwcll inul lilt parliuiiiiiit n\(l(*avoiin d lo ilt|lr>tv, by \inilin;' llu-m with l-.n^land ; tlu'v tluTilon- ihol'i* tn fuhmit t>) a liMupor.iry mil i h'li ilioy took llic »irl< iipiiorlimlty to gil riil nt llitir oppnll'irs S« oiliiivl, nhi'ii it was n ri'pHralv kiiij^ilon), raiimil Ik- l.»ii| lo hiiv." Ii«il itny p<'rr» in the l',ii);lilli f'onlV ot' tho word. '\1k- nohility, who wor<' dukit, tti;trrr' iiialtiT«.. And a haroii, tlmtinh iioi a hnroii «>t jiarli.iinrnt, ini);l\t lit u|)on a lord'H alli/c in innttcri ot litV nttd d>'atti (jri'nt iirucrtaiiilv on urs in the Sidtih hillory, hv ii'iiloinidinfj parliainont> with » oiwiMiiioMs ; tlio dilViTcmo wnt, that n parliattuMii > oidd rnntt law i h< wJI im lay • in tnxcii a lonvontion, or im-i'tinf; ol" tin- llatcs Hlli-mldrd lor llu* piirpolis o| tax- ntion ow oth- i\rs of ll.iic fal olliilally in the Scotch parliaimnt. Thi- olliiiTs of tlu- iiiiwn were, tlu- liinli-t hnndn'rlain, tcinnablf, ndniiral, and iiiarltial. 'IIk- ollicis of conlhihU- and innrlhal wcrt- hi-nditarv. A nol>l(inan ha. IMII a ponliim a» ndniiral ; and the otiiie of tnarlhal \* t-xerciied by u kniglit mar thai. I Ik- oIVhc of * haniilior in Scotlnnd diffind littK* from that in Kn^Iand ; tlie fa nil- may hi- fail! of ilir lords treafiiri-r, jirivy-fial, and fecrctary. I Ik- l. a . ^^ l '":"';"""^ "'«' •"•■"■k ; lo that .i„t|,i„„ "''"v'('lf r.vrrs, |,oI.,w thr rin > *"' "* '''^' «'anu- • ";' !•" ''PiH«i lies (r.:^ ' ' , ' , "':"":'"y: "•"> u. Lu ''hr,'r- ^^'^^^n.,. " '' """ '''^" n..iMm.-,l. f,u, ,1,,. f r ; : ' \ i''-'^'- "f lord admiral of' w V""' Jcci/,o.is 'he- adnnralry is cou 1„ ^^ ! '•^■^^""^;'' worth ,C a 1^"""'"' '' "«»'^ m.Tc 'he- adn.iralty is co,^ u.t : 1 '■^■^^""^■.'' ^^'"'li iooo i v-fr "T' ',' "•"^' '""'-• "^'•iW;^r., or.Uonicvs, who. arc «n C O T I n. nrt nantirU writer* !>> ih« A|n<'t> b«c«tifi; thry alimc c«n ritbCi'rilK* ihc wiii* itiat ItHl'^ ih.' llnnrt k ih.'v llk*wlli' have »hyc nKVi-rnmriii for their tmn rrKulnlUm llu' g>t\>!riiiiiriil <>|' ilv* rotiiiiiet ol Skoiloiul w,i» lormrrlv v»(lnl in ilurifh wtul ih'Utirii*, court* ot rfgnlity, hsrutt nmrl*, (otitittillarift, )iimi'(*« oi lliv ik'hcc, uiiJ c'>riiti«'r». Formerly Jhi-rilUI.Jnu wfr* genomlly lnTi'«litalili \ hut, Itv u^ t i»» {iMili.i»»i> nt, iIh'v urc ii»w alt wlh'il in ilio cruwii t ii lu'ttti^ i-Mtirliit, iliiii ull liiglt-llu-ritU, or lli'^vuriU, itiall, ill luturo, \u' iuHiui)!ilt.-il niul ii|i|Hiiiiti(l iiniiiinlly l>y hit innji'ily hi* heir* ;inil liuiillorv, In tt'garil to ilio llu'ritlil<|iiiti t tiiul lU >Miril «lt|tiilii, it in cnaCU' i>' lli.ili only hi* oik' ill I'litli ruuni) nr tl.wiinlry, who tittill Ik* an nJviH'ttto, nl ihrii' yourn O.imliiim ti» U'HtK Tor ilu- ((mio ol" fi-Vi-n vi-iu^, tlu fc (iv|nilii'<« iin* to Ik' nnttiiiititkil l>y tlu- lkiiiK< ^vitll Ctith « oiitiiiiinmi- tt nKiji'lly ihlill ihiiik tit 1 tlu' (lurill iuul in hi^ (iiuiil> ('iiiirit <)(' ii'i{;tlifv (il iilit wiri' hi hi l>> virtui- «>f n r<)\t\l jiiriftliflion \illnl in thi* hird, with |iartii iil;ir ininiunitif» untl |>riviU'){i'H i hut thiff win* fo (lilll^t'rou<<, iiimI lo lAiruviigunI, thul all thv hcotih n^ulitic* arc now tlillolvi-d by un ii(l of |mi> liaiiii'iit, ll.iMn liUirU l)^lllM^ to I very pcifon who hoUN a Imrunf nf the Lin^. In civil niiitlers, lluy I'Mmd ic vauli'i not r\« ••iJing fi>rty ihilhngs lli-rling j ami in triml- tial iul'is, to iH'tiv aclioiH iif ull'aiilt himI hatlorv ; htil tlii |iuiiilhnu'nl it not to cx> » «kI IWk'iily lliilliii;;". IhTJiiij;. or fvltiiii; tlic liiiiiKjiiiiit in tl\i' dm ks (ur tlinc hour*, in till' tla\-tiin»'. 'ihiU' lourii wtr».', in former tiays, iiivillid with tin- puwcr of life and ihath, whiili tlu-y have now lod. The loiirli of iniiimilhirii t in Sidtland anfwcr lo thofe of iju- l''.iif»hih diociTnn thaiKilloi*. till' lii>,'lull of wiiiili is kept at l''.«linl»ur(;ti ; wheriiii, lufnrr four jiid^t s, actioii!* are pleaded loiui niiii;; iii itierK relating to wills and l< llainciiti i the ii>;lit of patronai;' to en leliatiieiii l>cnrli«.k'»t lytlies, di\ortii>, and (aiifes of that nature ; htit in other parts of tlic kingdoini there liti but one judge on thcle eatifes. Aieonling to llu- nrefeul inlHliition, iufliccii of the peuce in Seolland cxereife the fanu' power-, as tnol'e in l',n;;land. In former limes their oflice, ihougii of old llinidiiii;, was inli^nitieaiit, hiinj; ttan.ped hy ilie pcvweis of tlie great fendal ly- ranis, who id)tatiied an act of parliament that lliey were not lo take eogni/ance o( riots till lifieen tlavs after the fact. 'I he inltittitinn of eoroiurs is i\% oh! n* the reign of Malcolm II. the gr«'at legit", lator of SiDiiaiul. wiio lived hefore tlie Norman iiuali'in ot I'.ujjl.iinl. I l.i y took to^iii/amc ol all hi. .lehes ot the king's peace ; ami they were uipiived to have ckrks to rt-gilier tiie depolitions and matter, of fuel, iu well un veroiitx of jururR : the otlice is now but U Idom i \ert iled. I'roiii the ali.uv' !!iat view of ilie Scotch laws and inrtitutionn, it is plant that \\ t : w< !e riiiUi .ills lie lame with lll^l'^• nf ih.' I''.ii,i;lilh The latter allege, indeed, that lite Slots l.orinwe*! the contenis of their Riyjam Muhlhitfui, their oldelt law- book, from the work of (il.uuiilc, who was a jmli^e muUr Henry II. I he .Scots, on the other haml, l.iy, that (jlanville's work was copieil fium their Rtiiam A/.;- jtll.itfin, evi II w itli the peeuliaiities ol the latt«"r, whiih do not now, uud never did. exilt in the laws ot l''.tii;l;ni(l. 'llie royal biirg'.is in .Sioiland torm, as it were, a commrnial nariiainent, whitli meets once a year, conlilling of a reprefeiitalive from each burgh, to toufuit upon the common ^ood of llie who! Their I lowers are ixtenhve an U i)eft)re the .'iiiun ihey luude law<> relutin,^ to liiippiii;^, to mailers .and owucis of ihips, to ma- nners < C o n nn.i „.1„, ,;., r,.«", '••"'-. • «■ nnr miuiiiinn,, , th.. i.i., "' "Y iMIvmn i>..,.„r . •'. , '"'•' >'i • ni,... .b..vc f„„rf,„„ ,...;.'t, ;';r:;' '"""^ '■"™ « «„ 'ir ';"'••;'•"""'"-'■.. "' hiscumtry. appear » '""'""• '^^'"'^vrni,,/, .';' V'*'"r <,» U,.h „a,i„ ' ij o "H. I,., more cortai,,, />,*, SCOTLAND. the Roman hiftorie^ than that the Caledonian*, or Scott, wrrc gOTerned by a Aic« celHon of brave and wife prtncei during the abode of theRoman« in Britain. Their refiilance obliged Agricola, and after him the emperors Adrian and Sevcrui, to (mild two famous pretcnturct or walls, one between the Frith o( Clyde and Forth ; and the other between Tinraouth and the ISoIway Frith, to defend the Koiiians from the Caledonians and Scots. Chriftianity was introduced into Scotland about the year aoi of the ChriAian a-rn, by Donald I. The Ticts, wlio were the delleudants of the fouthcrn Uritons, h:id nt that time gained a fuolin|; in Scotland ; ami being often defeated by the an« cieiit inhabitants, they joined with the Romans againll the Scots and Caledonians, who were of the fame original, and confidcred thcmfelvcs as one people ; fo that tlie Scotch monarchy fuflercd a ihort eclipfe : but it broke nut with more luilro than ever under Fergus II. who recovered his crown; and liis fucceflfors gave many fevcre overthows to the Romans and Britons. When the Romans left Britain in 448, the Scots, as appears by Gildas, a Britilh hillorian, were a powerful nation, and, in conjunti^ion with the Picls, invaded the Itritons ; and having forced the Rornan walls, drove them to thu very fea ; fo that the Britons applied to the Romans for relief: and, in the famous letter, which they called I heir groans, they tell them, that they hud no choice left, but that of being fwallowcd up by the lea, or periih by the fwords of the barbarians ; for fo all na- tions were called who were not Roman, or under the Roman protection. Dongard was then king of Scotland , and it appears from the oldell hidories, . even thofe the lead favourable to monarchy, that the fucceflion to the crown of Scotland ftill continued in the family of Fergus, but generally devolved on colla- terals ; till the inconveniences of that mode ot fucceUion were fo much felt, that it fell into difufe, and was at 'ail fettled in the defcending line. About the year 796, the Scots were governed by Achaius, a prince fo much rc- fpefted, that his fricndihip was courted by Charlemagne, and a league was con- cluded between them, which long continued inviolate. No fa£t of equal antiquity is better atteited than this league, together with the great fervice performed by the learned men of Scotland, in civilizing the dominions of that great conqueror, as has been rlrcady obferved under the article of learning. The Pi6ts itill remained in Scotland, as a feparate nation, and were powerful enough to make war upon the Scots ; who, about the year 843, when Kenneth Mac Alpin was king of Scut- land, finally fubdued them ; but not in the favage manner mentioned by foine hiAo- rians, by extermination ; for he obliged them to incorporate thcmfelvcs with their conquerors, by taking their name, and adopting their laws. The fucceffors of Kenneth Mac Alpin maintained ainiod perpetual wars whh the Saxons on the fouthward, and tne Danes and other barbarous nations towards the Eall ; who, being mailers of the fea, haralFed the Scots by powerful invalions. The latter, however, were more fortunate than the Englifh ; for while the Danes were erect- ing a monarchy in Kngland, they were every where overthown in Scotland, and at lall driven out of the kingdom. 'i1ie Saxon and Danilh monarchs, who then governed England, were not more fuccefsful againd the Scots, who afferled their treedom and independency againd foreign invaders and domcdic ufurpers. The feudal law was introduced among them by Malcolm II. Malcolm 111. commonly called Malcolm Canmore, from two Gaelic words, which (ignify a /ar^e head, but mod probably from his great capacity, was the cighty-lixth king ot Scotland, from Fergus I. the fuppofed founder of the monar- chy ; the forty-feventh from its redorer, Fergus II. and the twcnty-fecond tVoin Kenneth III. who conquered the kingdom of the Pi6ts. Every reader who is ac- quainted with the tragedy of Macbeth, as written by the inimitable Shakfpcarc, 9 whj O T A N 1). »«7 ifuc* Iheir II, to "orlh i >aan* ridian viton*, ibe an- iinians, fo that £ \uftro c many I Britirti idcd the i fo that iich they of being fo all na- hiftorics,^ crown ol J on collu- cU, that it ) much rc- c was con- kl antiquity ucd by the (lucror, as remained war upoi\ iig of Scot- jfomc hifto- with their cccffors of ,ns on the afti who, [The latter, ,vcrc crect- ,nd, and at who then ferted their crs. 'Hie :lic words, jy, was the [the monar- licond from who is at- Shakfpcarc, whJ who keeps clofe to the Tafts delivered by hiftoriani, can be no Aranger to the Rite . of Malcolm's father, and his own hiftory previous to hi« moLnting the throne in , 1057. He was a wife and magnanimous princo, not infcrbr to his contemporary the Norman conqueror, with whom he waH often at war. He married Margaret, daughter to Edward, fumamed the Outlaw, fon to Edmund Ironfidc, king ot Eng- . ]ana. By the death of her brother Edgar Atheling, the Saxon right to the crown of England devolved upon the pofterity of that princefs. who was one of the wifed and worthied women of the age i and ner daughter Maud was n\arried to Henry I. of England. Malcolm, after a glorious rcien, was killed, with his fon, treadn-r- oufly. It is faid, at the fiegc of AInwic, by the befirged. Malcolm III. was fucceeded by his brother Donald VII. who was dethroned bv Duncan II. whofc legitimacy was difputed. Edgar, the fon of Malcolm III. a wile and vcliant prince, afTumed the government ( and was fucceeded by Alexander 1. upon whofe death, David I. mounted the throne. Notwithftanding the endeavours of fome hiftorians to conceal what they cannot deny, viz. the glories of this reign, it appears, that David was one of the grc'iiteft princes of his age, whether we regard nim as a man, a warrior, or a legillator. riie adlions he performed in the lervice of his niece, the emprcfs Maud, in her competition with king Stephen for the Englilh crown, give us the highcd idea of liis virtues, ns they could be the refult only of duty and principle. To him Henry II. the mightieft prince of his age, owed h's crown ; and his poflcflions in England, joinci to the kingdom of Scotland, placed David's power nearly on an equality with that of England, when confined to this ifland. His actions, and the refourccs he found in his own courage, prove him to have been a real hero If he appeared to be too lavifli to churchmen, we are to confidcr, that by them only he could hope to civilize his kingdom : and the code of laws drawn up by him do his memory immortal honour. They arc faid to have been compiled under his infpedlion by learned men, whom he aflembled froiHall parts of Europe in his magnificent ahlicy of Meirofs. He was fucceeded by his grandfon MaliolmlV. and he, by VVillinm, furnamcd from his valour, the Lion. VVilliam's fon, Alexander II. was fucceeded in 1249 by Alexander III. who was a good king. He married, firft, Margaret, daughter to Henry III. of England, by whom he bad Alexander, the prince .vho married the earl of Flanders' daughter ; David; and Margaret who married Han- gowan, or, as fome call him, Kric, fon to Magnus IV. king of Norway, who bore to him a daughter named Margaret, commonly called the Slaidcn of Norway: in whom king ^^ illiam's pofteritv failed, and the crown of Scotland returned to the defxendants of David, carl of Huntingdon, brother tv. king Malcolm IV. and king \\ illiam. 'ihis detail has been given, bccaufe it is connected with great events. L'pon the death of Alexander 111. John Baliol, wjio was j.niat-grar, uipply it with proviiions. With 40,000 men, under his immediate command, he attacked the Scotch army under W allace at Falkirk, at the fiiiue time that the brave regent was deferted by Cumming, the moll powerful nobleman in Scotland, and at tne head of the belt divilion of his countrymen. Wallace, whofe troops did not exceed 30,000, was defeated with great lofs, but made an orderly retreat ; during which he found means to have a conference with Bruce, and to convince him of his error in joining with Edward. ^V allace Hill ccmtinued in arms, and performed many gallant a6tions againfl thc Englilli, but he was betrayed by his countryman Monteith, and ungeneroully put to death at Jvondon as a traitor. Edward died, as he was preparing to renew hjs invalion of Scotland with a Hill more defolating fpirt of ambition, after having def- lroyed, according to the bell liillorians, 100,000 of her inabitants. Bruce died foon after the battle of Falkirk ; but not betore he had infpircd his fon, who was a priloner at large about the Engiilh court, with the glorious refolu- tion of vindicating his country's independency. He efcaped from London, and with his own hand killed the treacherous Cumming; and after colietting a few i patriots, among whonj were his four brothers, he alTumed the crown ; but was de- eated by the Engiilh (who had a great army in Sct)tland)at the battle of Methven. After this defeat, he lied with one or two friends to the Wellern Illes of Scotland, where his fatigues and fisHerings were as inexprellible as the courage with whicli he and his few friends bore tfjeni (the lord Douglas efpeciallv) was incredible. Ihtmgh his wife and dniighter weri' fent prifoners to England, where his bell friends, and two of liis brothers, were put to death, yet fueh was his perfevcriiig Ipirit, that he recovered all hcolland, except the callle of Stirling, and improved 3 every O T L N 189 nOtVc ■able their thufc kncCii lOl, to loblc- ncar hlni i iftory, ical or Mr fla- re not :£V8, by ttwcen n, and pel the cxccut- his po- Bruce, n, cfpc- 1, in the gh, and engaged invaded land had ned, and h 40,000 Wallace ping, the jnot his itcd with o have a Edward, ainft the [oully put icnew his ving dcf- [pircd his lis refolu- [lon, and |i ry VM. upon the death of queen Kliznl)erh, to thcKnglilh crown, after flicwing con ■ hderable abilities in the government of Scotland. 'Ihis union of the two crowns, deftroyed the independency, as it impovcrilhcd the people of Scotland ; for thu feat of government being removed to Fngland, thetr trade was checked, their agriculture negletted, and their gentry obliged to feek for lituations in other coun- tries. James, after a fplendid, but troublefome reign over his three kingdoms, left them, in 1635, to his fon, the unfortunate Charles I. 'l"hat prince, bv his un- wife condu6t, ftirred both his Scottilh and his Flnglifli fubjefts to arms. It was hi Scotland that the fword was firll drawn againft Charles. But when the royal party was totally defeated in England, the king put himfelf into the power of the Scottifl) army ; they at firft treated him with rcTpetl, but afterwards delivered him up to the Fnglifli parliament, on condition of their paying 400,000 pounds to the Scot.";, which was faid to be due to them for arrears. The Scots afterwards made feveral unfuccefsful attempts to reftorc his fon, Charles II. That prince was finally defeated by Cromwell, at the battle of Worcefter, 1651, after which, to the time of his reftoration, the commonwealth of England, and the proledtor, gjave law to Scotland. 'I'hc ftate of parties ill England, at the acccflron of queen Anne, wa.s fuch, that the VMiigs once more had recourfe to the Scots, and offered them their own terms, if they would agree to the Union as it now rtands. It was long before the majority of the Scotch parliament would lilkn to the propofals ; but at laft, partly from conviction, and partly through the force of money dillributed among the; needy nobility, it was agreed to ; lincc which event, the hirtory of Scotland bc- t<^mcs the fame with that of England. F.NG- > ■ • >«r r 101 ] ■• A » r ' ■ . ' { ■ . K N (; LAN D. , • » KXTKNT Ann Situation. > I Mill's. o nnd j6 2 Eall am Creat Britain contains 79.712 sqJ)Are milks, with 119 inhubitants to each lA-nj;ih j8oi . f^o nnd j6 North latitude. Breadth 300 1 oc'wccn j ^ j..jj,j ^^^^ ^^^ yy^j^ longitude. Climate anoiT^HE longed day, in the northern parts, contains 17 hours BOUNDARIES, j *■ ^o tninutcs } nnd the lliortcft, in the fouthem, ncar 8 hourft. It is bounded, on the North, by that part of the ifland called Scotland ; on the Eaft, by the German Ocean ; on the Weft, by St. George's Channel ; and on tho South, by tiic Knglilh Channel, which parts it from France, and contains 49,450 fquare miles, 'I^he ihuation, by the fea walliing it on three fides, renders England liable to a ^reat uncertainty of weather ; fo that the inhabitants on part of the fea-coufts are often vifited by agues and fevers. On the other han.\/i>id . ''>'iitfi)rd . i>,""'"«Jiinn . Chief TowiM. I J Canterbury. I jChichcftcr 3 f^uufhwark. ) (NorwicI, ) ^Ca^^nbridge r/;aiincerton Oorc.,K„„ ''''a'i/bury ' • • ■> , J^''.''chefter J Abingdon. > /P"r'inin , Carli/li; Mj'lWcb^ y ^ '-ondon. ^'crtford ?' -V , "••ro/ord V Mcuia n, . I'idcd ill S74. ' ^^••'kf..wi, V /'"'toll, "muMi-jdo,, "I'd/ord ;|^'o'bur>' O.v/ord '*>'iiflurd c h >»4 B iN N D It In the more necclTiiry lu prcfcrve thefe dividon!!, as they account for (lifTorrnt local cuftoma, iind many very eflential rnoden of inheritance, which to thin day prevail in Kngland, and which took their rife from diirc(^-nt Saxon inHitution*. since the Norman Invufum, England has been divided into countiet, a certain num- ber of which, except Middlcfcx and Chclhirc, are comprehended in fix circuit!, or annual proerefles of the judge*, for adimniflering jullice to the fubjetts who arc at a didancc from the capital. Thcfc circuits are : Circuiti. Couniici. ElTcx • - Hertford • 1. Home Circuit. 2. Norfolk Circuit. 3. Oxtord Circuit. Kent Surry . • SufTc'x . - Bucks - - Bedford . liuiitingdon Cnmbridgc Suflfuik Norfolk Oxon I'crks Glouccftor Woiccflcr Chief Towns, ' ♦ Chelmsford, Colchcftcr, I larwich, Maiden, Saffron Wuldcn, Bocking, Braintrcc, and Stratford. Hertford, St. Alhan'ii, Ware, llitchin, Baidoik, Bilhop's-Stortford, Berkhamftcd, llcmftod, and Burnet. Mnidllone, Canterbury, Chatham, Rochi'rtiT, Greenwich, Woolwich, Dover, Deal, Dcptford, Feverlham, Dartford, Ronmcy, Sandwich, .Shccr- ncf»«, Tunbridgc, Margate, (Jravcfcnd.and MiU ton. Southwnrk, KingAon, Guildford, Croydon, Epfom, Richmond, W'andfwortli, Bat tcrfea, Putney, l-'arn- hnm, Godalmin, Bnglhot, Kghain.aiid Darking. Cliicheftcr, Lewes, Rye, Knll-Grinllead, liafling!>, llorlhani, Midhurit, Shorcham, Arundel, VVui- thelfe. Battel, Brighthclmdone, and Fetworih. Aylclbury, Buckingham, Iligh-VVickham, Grcat- Marlow,Stoncy Stratford, and Newport Pagiiel. Bedford, Amntbill, Wooburn, Dunlluble, Luton, Biggiefwade. Huntingdon, St. Ives, Kimbolton, Godmancheftcr, St. Neot's, Ranifey, and Yaxley, Cambridge, Ely, Newmarket, Royfton, and Wif- bich. Bury, Ipfwitb, Sudbury, LcoftofT, part of Ncw- nuirket, Aldborougli, Bungay, Southwold, Bran- don, llaltfwortli, Mildennall, Beccles, Frani- lingliam, Slowmarket, VVoodbridge, Lavcnham, lladley, Long-.Melford, Stratford, and Eafter- bergholt. Norwieii, 'I'lu'tford, Lynn, and Yarmouth. (Oxford, Banbury, Cbipping-Norton, Henley, Biir- ford, Whitney, IXirthcllcr, Woodllock, and Tame. Abingdon, W'indfor, Readinj^, W'iillingford, New- bury, lliingerford, Maidenhead, Karringdoii, W'antnge, and Oakinghani. (iiouceller, Tewklbury, t.'irencerter, part of Brll- tol, (Hampden, Stow, IkrkeUy, Durlley, Lee< h- dale, Telbury, Sudbury, Wottuii, anil Marlli- field. VVorceiler, Eveiliain, Droitwieb, Bewdky, Stour- bridgif, K.iddcrn»iullcr, and Perlhore. Monmouth Circuit*. S- Oxford Circuit (ontinui'd Countin. Monmouth Hereford Salop . 4- Midland Circuit, ''liinls . ; \\ ill rii Of \ oil r:orii\vaIl And * •mf Newport. ""*^""'^''. Ofwcftry. Wc,„. ptafTortl. iJtchfifid, jvewc.ftl. -• . ,^Vil.on.(;|.' '3,,;^/'y,''«-«"«l!. Main,!] n, Sal hriH.V'jV (''""•''''• ^ ''Inc. CVi.k "'and-ord.BrS'op;''^'^''''^''.-)-, Ponlo. th.-in,,,t„n. All.burr.m ( 'r.?^^' V'^'^''"""' ••'"^^•. "'Hi Kcdriul, ^'"'^"'"^•'. Hellion, Va,. York i> II M ■"..\i'i ton Ok T. lit -a line St . Circuit*. N N D. 6. NorlJuTiJ Circuit •. Coiintii-t. fYorlc • • Durham - Nortliiiinb, LuiK'udcr VVcllmorcl. Cuml)i.Tlai)(l 'Yiirtc, l,ivd», Wtikkfiold, Iliilit'aXi Rippun, Pan Cliiif T«iwni, ~ ppon, Mri(f't,ilull,Kic)uii>iti(l,Si Arl)<>rt)uuli,lliiriiu(;h* bitdgr, Miltnn, Slicniclcl, DoiiculK r, VVIiiil>)'i 13c\crly, Niu-lhalUriun, Uurlin|t> roiigti, Harm fly, Shi'rbnrn, nrndford, Tadcaflrr, Skintoii, W friiorhy, Kiitk-y, Hvyilon, Howdcn, 'Diirlkc, Gill)orOii){li, I'likcriiig, and Yiirutn. Dtirliani, Stixkton, Siiiuli-rliiiiil, St:itih()|H>, Har- iiard-CufUc, Duriiiigtoii, llartic|MH>l, «ud Auk- laiiil. Ncwcufllo, Tliinmiitli, Norlh-Sliii'UU, Morpolh, Alinvick, and Hcxli.itn. LatKultcr, NlinuliMhT, I'nllon, l,ivcrpoke CnrHignti Cacnnarlh. O N Chief Town*, 1 ["St. D»vld'«, ll»v»rlor«l\v.H, Pembroke, Tei\hr, Kifiard, and Miltorilbuvrn. ('■rdigni), AlKriliwiili, and l.Uhudarn-vawrr. C*r>riMnriyKii, KidwilK, I.HDiiiulovcry, Ll«Midili>> bawr, LiuighuN), unU Laitcllhy. In i: n o l a n d. 40 Counlit't, whiih fi'iul up li> parliament • • 80 knighti. 15 ('itifk (I'.ly noiif, Lunditii tour) .... ^q litj/cnt. if)'/ HorotiKlit, two racli 3J4 bur)(rirci. 5 Horotiglu (AltitiKdon, n«iil)iiry, lU-wdlcy, Higliain-) , _ l\ rrar«, and Moiiiu...ilh), one luch . . J 3 i»urKc(lci. a Uiiivorlitirn 8 Ciiu|ur poriK (lUftiiiKi. Hover, Saiidwiili, Romiicv.t Hythi'l.nnd their throe di-(H.'iidc!>l»,Kyr, W'iiKluili a, v and S«afv>rd, two cath 3 4 reprL-Ccniativci. 16 barun*. the Af llguitUc>t WALES. 11 Counlica it knij{htii. 14 Uorough* (Pcinbruke two, Merioneth none), one cat.li it burgeirvi. SCOTLAND. 33 Sliires 67 Citieii and Borouglis 30 knighti*. I <; burgcfl'cs. Total 558 Uefides the 51 counties into whieh Knglund and Wales arc divided, there arc counties corporate, cunlilUng of certain ilillridH. to which the liberties and jurif- diMions peculiar to a « ouiitry have l>een granted by roval charter. 'I hus the city ot London ii a county dilHnft iVoin MitUllefex \ the cities ot York,('hetler, Hrillol, Norwich, \Vt)rcelU'r, and the towns tit' Kin^lhm upon liuii, anti Newcullle upt)ii Tyne, are ctiunties ot thenifelvts, dillincl Iront thole in wliich tiiey lie. The tame may be faiil of Berwick upon Tweed, wiiich lies in Scotland, and hath within its jurildiition a Iniall territory of twt) miles on the north fide t)l the river. L'nder the name t)f a fr)wn, Iwirtiughs aiul cities are contained : for every borough or city is a town, thouj>li every tt)wn is not a bt)ruugh t>r city. A borough is ib called, becaufe it feiuU up burj^eires to parliament ; and this makes the dilTerence lu twecn a villajje or town, and a borough. .Some boroughs are corporate, and feme not corporate ; antI thmij^h detavetl, as Olil .Sarum, they Hill fend burgefl'es to parlianient. A lity is a mrporate horough, that hath had, t)r at pretent hath, u liilhop ; for if the bithoprick be dillulved, yet the city remains. 'To have fuburbs l»rtuc!> it tt) be a city. .*«t>n., AIR, SKAsoss, AND WATER.] The foil of Knghmd and Wales differs in cull ctiunty, not to nuich tVoni the nature of the ground, tliougli that mull be ad- iniltetl to occalion a very conlidcrable alteration, as tVoni the various degrees of firoticiency whieh the inhabitants have made in the cultivation t)f lands and gar- tleiis, draining of marlhes, and many otlier local improvements, which are here tallied to a much gieatcr dejjrcc of peifctliou than they aie perhaps in any other pan. •9l N N pari rtf lit* *»orl«l, il' w« rxiti»l Clilnn Wi- Kitnoi riiKr »|>.m pitrlUuUr pi lit' lIu'K Miiprovt'mriii* All llml t mi !••• Uitl i* in ({riii'inl, ihiil il no iinkiiitlly I'ltiii lia|i|)«iii biigluiiU |irrii, imiI only UtMuiiiii lit iiiMinLiin lur imnliiha- hlisiilv, but to nt*k(' (i>iilitlt'riil>U' i-k|Hirl4. iiu' tiritrHl* (rum iIk (•' i'\|i(iiu h»\>f foiiit'linif* Iciiipictl Iht' iiiliMlnlanU lo tarry out nl llu- kinKtttMii mori' %xaM lliuit i-Diilil Ih' imivfim-nlly i\MtiA , lor whiih rmfon tHiMtriunoii* Imvc Ikaii |iri)|Krl^ r«|(iitiiitil No iiniiiiit cxtniU l'.iii;Untl in l^ic |iriMlii«Miiiii« o|' ihc K.iriUn Loif don iinil 111 nt i^llllolltll•Mttl, ihoiiuli |i«'o|iU'il by i.ouu.ooo ol iiiliiilMlunl^. i« |)lriili« full) lnii|)liU'* I'roiii groiiiiiU uiiliiii it bw niili^ ilUliinic 'I lie iilmiltilioiii liirrotindiiiii uliiiolt rvrry (oitiilry liuiiU', uiul iti^ lu'iiii'iiiiil lu-tl^i'-rowt in ilii' lit-lil* aL tiiiibcr mIiuIi aii(i>'iilly birnu'tl llif iUcli dial KiiKliml pill lo b'4 i bill il i» ritppolVti, Willi ((rial pmliability, lliul grwal Iturv* iiu llill m rwl'iTvc, A« lo air, liiili' cm Ih> uiUIciI |o wliul ban Im rii ulrcndy fiiid innirrniiig llio cli* rill- M\-lb-rly brt'iVf*, whidi moll lommouly prevail, lonwy Immii iIic iiiuiilitv ol vapour, wliiili i^ vinliUud by wiiiUn uixl llorm '.nitlaiiil )i lo loriiLtiu'rn, ami pt-opli' ol tit liuili- tonltiiiiiion mnu Allaiitii ()t run a vail « lo thai in lliin ri <'|» 1 1 I'.nf^ riilhiT ililagri'iablc llian iiiilalubrioiit. Il « nimoi, bowivi-r, b* tli niiil, lliai ilu- Wi'Utlii'r il t'X«.t'liiVi-ly i .ipriiioiii, ami lo iniluvourabli' to trrtuiii ioiilliuilioim, ili.n many ol ihc iiiliabilanli arc imliiitil lo n-pair lo Ion ign louiilrit*, in liopin ui Hb- luiniitq a ntiovulion ot llu ir litajili. AlliT what wi- li.iw' oliKrvi-d ol' llu- Knglilh nir, iho n-iidfr ninv form foim- idt-u ol ill liaroiK, wliiili aik lo im«>'tlain, llial lluy admit ot no dil'i riplion. .Spring, fiini tiur, aiiliinin, am ri'iil appoaramrN liil>> I wihlvr, Imiiid tadi oilur, btil in ubal inunih ijuir dill plan- IN very muli ti rniiiiri I lluli piiii){ lll'^ill^ roimiiinci ill I't'brtiarv, ami loMUimus in April In M.iv tlif l.u i' ol ilic (otmliy ih oruti lo. Vi'kI uitli lioai-tVi>ll inlltad ot liiiilloin" I lir lK^illnin^ ol Jiiiu' ii lormiiini i iit Id ai« in llu- middlr ol Den nilicr, >i'l ut oilur liiiu-i iIk llu'niionu-lir rili'si in lliai I II inoti ih .'IS lil^li '*'• il diH H in llalv I'Aiii Aii^ull ban iu vu illiimli i of lu-ul ami <'i>l(i i and iipnii an aM lagtScplrndiir, and lu \t lo it Octobi r, an- two ol' llu moil '•« looablr iiuiiiiliH ill llu- \i-nr. llu- nalivis rmiu iiiiu 1 1 aoi tuiui' allllu' Imii' Ira loiiH uitliin till' lompali ol oiu- da\ ; ri> III, Il I'Miprrali', il, aiid mild MialliiT, 'lliit iiK'oiUl.it't y, ImwiMT, is not alUndrd \\iili llic t iKcU llial mi^lit In- tia- tiirallv appii'lii'mliil. A lurlni^bt. or at moll llint' wciki, ^ltu■riilly make up tlu' (lit)i rnui uiili ri 1,'ard lo ilu' maliirilv ot ibr triiit-i o| tlu* t artb : and it \s bardly I'Vi r ol iM(l iliat llu iiib.ibilaiii-. rtillir by a bot itmmu r. I'.Non llu- ^it-ali-ll ir- rcgiilaiih , and ilu- moll iiiilavomablr appiarum i s ol llu- iValoiiN, an- tuit, an in fttlur lountrii'*., atti'tulcd wilb lamiiu, .md vi-ry bldiim wilb Uanity. l'«-rluips lbi>. in a ^rmt nualuii-, muy Ih owitif; lo ilu' \ail iiiipii)\riiu-tilt, it ^riuially, it r.ol al\\a\>, prniridi-d * Tlvr liili- jut, wliiili 11 I ik'riil>r.itril by that of (ir Willi.im Triiiplr ; aiiil il n >v tir otidivril, llt.il liny urn- Intli lr.i>rlli-r>. • I mild iitiK .iilil one lliiiij; * (Uyt lir WiiJiani, in hit Mi/til/inifn, (inrt ii. * )'. 114. r III. Hv'i. iriuo.) ill l.iMiiir III I'lir t li> ' m,iU', wliii II f hraril ih'- kin^ f ,lii, mill liiilv like a kiii^ •>! EiiLikiiiil, * tliiil liivtil ami illri'iiiril hu own imiiilry, b w at • in rr|'l) III foim i " 1 |i:in> that ulcjhwr, or .il jr.il) with, "mil tniiit'lr or liui nw nit lur, llir inoll ^h^>, m ** thr tt,ir, iiiiii ihr moll lioiin In thr ihiv ; aiul " lliu lir llioiigl.t hr loliM hr 111 Kiijjl.inii, mnrr •* th.iii ill aii\ iiiiiiiirv III- kiiriv in l.uiii|)r," .Vml ' I Iclicvr ^.iilil. fir \Villi.iiti) il is iriir, iml oiily ' ol Ihr dot anil llic told, Iml rvrii .inicinn it.ir * nri)(hlioiirt in Fraiiit- ,1 ml llir i.ott' Coiintrir^ ' tlirniltlvrt, whrir tin- hr.iit or the lulus, ami ' ilian^rt ol Irahiin .itc lifi licaUl'Ic (01 uiuilrrali) ' thanlhry arc tvitli us.' iViMll K N N D. •W Aaiii ihi* rxridlw ck^)ortiiiUiftt u/fr'^in on account of ilir drkwbMk, tnU iIm |iro Itl iif the r«'ii/'ii», III fiM-ukih); " Ati-r. I . r <^^xtk«, or l«kr«, are not lii« liitlrti i Inil only w«li*r« fiHT ihf lomtiXM) t . Til, lu.'A .,1 \Hi\ H'Hi thiifr lh4l liavr minrral <|uall>|{l»t) « hy irrn^hfi, or •liKKHia ilrrp \vc liiiion« of ihv Kiigtiili, MtuI ilu" tlifoafi 4 lo which 'I'-'Y ii»rl|iiK|». , liayr rcniUrt'il ilu n nc vt'r> ni|(h InixU. ihr iiihuiM 4nU urr (lillnillii iiifi lv«* hy »rfnihf<«. or •iJKginir ilrrp wclU Ihf loiilli. rxiri'inrly ii <|iiili'ivi' allrr mim'rni wairr». Thofc uf it'riaiii rAii^iy arc lliv hot bnth« 1)1' Unili i> il I rillul lit .Hi)mrrfri()iirr, ami oi' ||iikl<r nitduitiul |iurpo|'k« , imd fodi'liiaic nrt' ilic lom-i of' itu' i.iiKliilt iilif' <, iliiii tlio pi4ii> iil« tun p>rviiw, Ixtili In drinking luid liniliiiiK, u dilii'rt-iiic Ik iMctii tlif fiu-wuli-r ol iHti* t«»alt und lliai vl aiioihi r. Kack or iMf rni'Nrav 7 'llii' indtilUy of ilu- l-*ti|(lid) rnppliri thofc fnvoiin ANt) Moi NiAiN* 'Mtiiili ni'iurc hat Ai liiviihly InlluvvkMl npoti (i>nyi' forriipi (liiiui. No Kiiiilry in ili>' tNoiid livnU tin- 1 tiliivuh-d parlo "I I'.n^lniid jti ht'iiiitiliil rionit, I III' viitiilv ot lllull•|iltlll^ iitul low-lumU, ilu' rnriiicr tpntl) fwvIN iti^, iiiiij I'oili tortiiiiig prolpirU r' I'lit rtiiiNhiir^ ot nu ii>)\ir« s uiid |>linitniion«, llif nohU' dafn, iluvrlul villtiKii, mid Ut'll-lliKk> >i Iiuiiin, oIud rilm;; in iho i)i'i(;lil)iuirli'N. ditoi.iii'd with ihf moll Mvid toloini ol' nuttirc, tin- i>li< H<-N o|' whiih Hit ;ul< (|iiiili' idi a (iitinot li>' lonvrtrd l*y «Ult riptioii 'I he molt' VarrL-n IjioM tiri- tioi wiilioui ilnir ^trdur^' ; init llolhil•^ tun hilli-r provi' iht- vx- It'iil III i'.iighlh iiuhillr\, til. II) oiirtrviii^ llml lonio o| ihc p.i iiLiiiti II lounlici in llir kingdom an nuliirally lh> iiioll tinlitnilnl. l.ni;I.Mid toiii.iiiiN K w iiiouniaiii-> ol (;ir>il tillilnili*. 'Mir iiioll itoii-d nrc ihi; I'l.ik ill Dfilivlliiic, tlif I'.rdU' in l.ai.callnu , the \\ oldi in Voiklliut', tlif ('tuviol' liillii on lh< liuidcrN ol .Sioiland, Middaw in (iiiiilu-iiand, MaUcrn in V\ ore rlirr* lliiri', ('«)il\\old in (iloiiii lit illiMt, till- \\ i< kin in Shtoplliirk t with thoi't' <<\ Plin* hiniuon Hnd .Snoudoii, in \\ .il> ». In Kiiur.il, lioWiWi. \\ ulis and tin* iiortlicrn pars, may Iv u mud inoiiiiiuiiioni. KlVKRi \Ni> tAKKi I I hi- tivcis in l''.tI^lutul tilid ^r(atl^ lo itn lu-nnty, ii» \%it| n% iln opuli-iui-. I hi- 'I li»nu-> rilt-n on ilu i oi lines ol (iloinclU'ilhin . a htilc S. W (i| ('irt-nii'llt r, and alter lit living nianv Imaiki IhtaniH, it piilUs to Oxiord, ihi-ii liv Ahin^tloii, W ailiiif;t'ord, Kiadiii^;, ,Ni.ii>m\n, aiul \\ iiidlor I'loin iluiucto Kiii>;llon, whirr torinirly il ml thi- Itdi-, wIikI), lini t- llit- llll^llin^ ol Willinin. Ihrdiridgo, ii faiil to How no hii;h<-r tlian Kithniond . llu-n il inovck on to I.omIuh, and, nltiT di\idinf( tht* muniu s of Kt-nl ai>d I.IKa, it widens in iis proKn Is, till it t.ilK into till- fi-a at tlu- Nort', tVom wlurt i- ii is llavl^al>ll' lor laiKi- Ihnis to lAmilon- Irid;;!'. Il was lornt>il\ u nproatli r i.n^laiid, ain<>n^ lon-i^ri is, tlial lo(i>|iita| !i MMT liii'iild |ia\t' lo II w Inid^v's; ihi I- o| London and Kin^lion l)t.'iii^ llu' otilv two il had, Iroin llu- Nort to tie lall nuir.ioiud place, lia- iiu rcnft- ot ridus, nnd iiilaiiil tiadi,-, has ol' lali- qrt'atly inidtipliid tritlni >. 'I hofc o| \N iilma.lli r and r.larkliiars ihind unri\allfd lor it.n ;^ili and j(iaiidinr. liaiti-rft-a, I'liliuv, ki-v,, Kii hinoiid, Waiton.and llainptto l'ii'l!;t's omt iht.- i haim <, :tiid iilhtrs an- pioji-fliii}; !>> iiiiiilii |'|>iriit-d piopriitors ol iho jjroinuls on holh lick ■- 'llu' riM-r Mctlwav, uhiih lil'iii iitar I iiiil>ridf;o, laiLs into the IhuincHUt Shrtt- iicfs, and is na\ ij;.d)l«- lor tin- lai!;tll ihips as l.ir hh I liatlia;n. Hw Meviiii, ntkoii'.-d ih" I'lttind lisi-r lor iinpoitann- in l'.n);iand, and ti.c liitl lor tapidity, ri'A'> at I'iiuliiniiiun-liill in Nuttli \N tiU-.*, bccouicit tiaviga'oii.- at \> cUli-lVvd, rviit i-atl 196 R N G I. N D. call to ShuwlLury, tbisn turning foutb, vilits Bri(tgonorth, Worccftor, and Tewkef- biiry, wlicic it roi oiws thi- Ujipor Avon ; after having pafTcd Glouccftor, It fukcB u lontli-wclt ilirothon, ii near its mouth incicafcd by the Wye and Ullrc, and dif- thargis itlcll:' inlti the Biillol-channel, noar king-road ; where the great i\\\^» an- ch«jr which cannot get up to lirillol. The Trent rifes in the Moorlandsi ot Staf- t'urdlliire, and running lituth-call by Newcallle under Line, divides that country into two parti; then turning norlh-eaft on the confines of Dcrbylhire, vilits Not- tingham, running the whole Icngtii of tlial county to Lincolnlhire, and being joined l)y the Oul'e, and It viral other rivers towards the mouth, obtains the namu of the lIuiilKr, talhng into tlie lea Ibuth-eall of Hull. The otlur |Miiicit)al rivers in England arc the Oufe (a Gaelic word Signifying ivn/cr in general), wniih falls into the I lumber, after receiving the water of niariy ether rivers. Another Oufe rifes in Bucks, and falls into tlie fea near Lynn iu Norfolk. I'he Tine runs tVont well to eall through Northumberland, and faliii into the fJermnn Sea at Tinmouth, below Newcallle. The Tees runs from well to e;ill, dividing Durham from Yorklhire, and falls into the (jerman Sea belc w Stock- ton, 'llie 'I weed runs from well to eall on the borders of St-oiland, and falls into the German Sea at Berwick. The lulen runs from fouth to north through Wcll- moreland and Cumberland, and palling by Carlille, falls into Solway Fiiih below that city. The Lower Avon runs well through Wiltlhire to Bath, and then divid- ing Somerfetlhire from Gloucefterlhire, runs to Brillol, falling into the mouth of the Severn below that city. 'Ihe Derwent, which runsfr.)m eall to well through Cum- berland, and palling by Ccckermouth, falls into the Irilh Sea a little below. The l\ild)le, which runs from e;ill to well through I.,ancalhire, and pading by I'relloa difcharges itfelf into the Irilh fea. The Merfey, which runs from the A)Uth-eaft to the nortii well through Chelhire, and llieii dividing Chelhire from Lancalhirc, j>afles by Liverpool, and falls into the Irilh Sea a little below that town ; and the Dee rifes in Wales, and divides Flintlhire from Chelhire, falling into the Irilh channel below Cheller. The lakes of lingland are now few ; though meres and fens were iVeciucnt in r.iigland, till drained and converted into arable land. 'J'lie chief lakes remaining, are Soham mere, Wittlefea mere, and Uamfay mere, in the ille of L'ily, in ,Cain- bridgelliire. Thefe meres in a rainy feafon unite, and form a lake of 40 01 30 miles in circumference. 'Ihe northern counties of ('umberland, Wellmoieland, and Lancalhire, contain feveral fmall lake;,, which are remarkable for their beauty. Winander mere lies in Wellmoieland, and lome fmall lakes in Lancalhire go by tlie name of Derwent waters. The various difpofition of their banks, fometimes cultivated, often covered with wood, or eiilisened by herds, the intermixture of liill and dale, rude rocks and green mountains, rentier the iVeni'ry of this jian of Lnglaiul fcarcely inlerinr to that of Sw it/erlaiul and Italy, Koiuisrs.J 'i'he tirll Norman kings of Kiigland, that they mii;ht tlie iiiore ef- fechially enllave their new fubjetts, converted iuiiuenfe tratts of grounds into forells, for hunting, governed by pariicular laws : fo tiiat i; was necelVarv, aliout the linie of i)'>!]mg the Magna Charta. to form a code of the I'orell laws ; the juf- tices in e\ re, fo called horn their littir.g in the open air, were appointed to lee them obferved. By c!cL,rees thofe tracts were disforetted ; and the chief forells, pro|)er- ly fo called, remaining out of no fewer titan 6q,are ihofeof U iiidfor, New Koiell, Dean, and Sherw(.)od. Thefe forells produced formerly great tpianlities c f excel- lent oak, eim,alh, and beech, belides walnut-trees, poplar, maple, ;ind other kinds of wood. In ancient times iMigland containeil large torelts nfclurnut trees, whii ii exceeded all other kinds of timber tor liie purpefes of building, as appears from jiiany great houfes ftill Handing, in which tlie ehefiiut beair.s and roofs remain Irelh niid uudecayed, though fome of them are above Ooo years old. Mrtals , Metam ANnMiNRHAf.i A • Ni. D.J ^_ ""■■J ll"" li„ i„l„ „lal,. „„,;,, '!f" ."■"*■ »Wl li.ic,. Il,r r;^nr '"' '■""•■• •■11)0. -'»/'ck.ral,le. '| I ^W, !'';,'"'' '*;^' exportation o/coa « o.lf " ''' "'4^-^ "t '"• '^-f' f" ^' anontiun of the n.. r ? "^^''''^Iture art- well kn" ^^ P"''''^-;'tir.„^ ''•■■^^ l'^'^'" I>l''aKd. A „ ,, '? ''"^ ''"P>"'ant ol 1 ^ i ?''" ' ""^ '"'^'f' »'••"' '"""">■ •" '•■"r. that t H • I ' ■■'" "''^^-t <" Pocuh'i 1 . '^' '"'P>"^v,nent. "-' '^^t^S o.uoiKs, and ihallui,. ' '^'- ' ^"^''^■^•' tunuj.s, cam,.' Dd aox N N Woad for dyine is cultivated in Rucks and Bedfbrdfhire, as hemp and flax arc in other counties. In nothing have the English been more fuccefiiful than in the cul- tivation of grafles for meliorating the foil. It belongs to a botaaid to recount the various kinds of ufrful and falutary hcrba, (hrubs, and roots, that grow in diiTcrent parts of England. The foil of Kent, EShxt Surry, and Hamplhire, is moil favour- able to the difficult and tender culture of hops, which now form a confiderablc ar- ticle of trade. With regard to animal raoDvcTiONS, quadrupeds, being of the fird import- ance, dcfurvc the mod particular notice. The Englilh oxen are large and fat, but fome prefer fur the tabic the finaller breed of the Scotch and Welch cattle, after 5 razing in Knglilh pudures. The Knglilh horfes are the bed in the world. Incrc- ible have been the pains taken, by all ranks, for improving the breed of this fa- vourite and noble animal, and the fucccfs has been anfwerable } fur they now unite all the qualities and beauties of Indian, Ferlian, Arabian, Spanilh, and other foreign horfes. The irieliliible fpirit and weight of the Englilh cavalry render them fupcrior to all others in war : an Engliih hunter will perforin incredible things in a fox or dag-chace ; and the Englilh dray-horfcs are unrivalled for drength and docility. The exportation of horfes nas become a confiderable article of commerce. The breed of afles and mules begin likewifc to be improved and encouraged in England. The Englifli Iheep are generally divided into two kinds ; thofe that arc valuable for their fleece, and thofe that arc proper for the table. The former are very large, and their fleeces conditutc the original daple commodity of England. In fomc counties the inhabitants are as curious in their breed of rams, as m thofe of their horfes and dogs ; and in Lincolnlhire particularly, it is not uncommon for one of thofe animals to fell for jol. and there are indances, that a fmgle ram of extraor- dinary beauty and drength has been purchafed for loo guineas. It was thought at the beginning of this century (fince which the number mud have been greatly in- creafed) that in England, twelve millions of fleeces are diorn annually, which, at a medium of zs. a fleece, makes i,zoo,oool. The other kind of flieep which are t\\\ upon the downs, fuch as thofe of HanOead, Baglhot-hcnth, and Devondiire, where they have what the farmers call a fliort bite, is little, if at all, inferior in fla- vour and fweetnefs to venifon. The Englilh madiflfs and bull-dogs are faid to be the drongcd and fierced of the canine fpccies in the world ; but, either from the change of foil, or feeding, they de- generate in foreign climates. James I. of England, by way of experiment, turned out two Englilh bull-dogs upon one of the fierced lions in the Tower, and they foon conquered him. The mallid'has all the courage of the bull-dog, without its ferocity, niul is particularly didinguilhed fur his fidelity and docility. All the difl'erent fpc- cies of dogs that abound in other countries, for the field as well as domcftic ufes, an- to 1)0 found in England. What is obfervid of the degeneracy of the Eiighlh dogs in foreign countries is applicable to the Engliih game cocks, which afford much barbarous diverlion to our fporlfmen. The courage of thefc birds is adunilhing, and uiie of the true breed itever leaves the pit alive, without vi6h»ry. The pn.- prictors and feeders of this animal are extremely curious as tu his blood and pe- iligree. Tame fowls are much the fame in England as in other countries ; turkies, pea- cocks, common poultry, fueii as coc ks, pullets and canons, geele. fwans, due k^ and lame pigeons. 'Hie wild fort are billiards, wild geeil, wild ducks, teal, \vij;eoii, plover, pheafants, parlridj^es, woodioeks, growfe, quail, landrail, Inipe, wood- pigeons, hawks of dillereaf kind, kites, owls, herons, crows, rooks, ravens, mai^- )ies, jackdaws and jays, binekbirds, llirnilies, nightingales, goldiinclies, linnets, arks, and a great variety of i'niall birds j Canary birds alio breed in England. I be wheal- K N aoj . ^l■<>• TOiimric, are hot ?, i?,„„ r j ,. ' "' "'■'"' ""J «•- «"' »'■■ '>-. H"d I>rc.bably K ii ti?' P^'"*"'^"^' "''S a'nv v1„S"" «"«'" thai f'K-y mult be vorv /,t:\i , ^^"^^ P'ace. With r^™ ^J ^ violation of public li- »''^' ffrcat nii.,,|,e.r ofLj -* '"'' *" *''^ colon «' tl, ' '"'"'I'g'ous influx of fo ;;ul.uion cxtrctVpSlr'^'r ^'^•'^^'"r"- " -tr^Jr ^"- and '"S'and IS more poi uhlus h^ .i P"." "'*-' ^^ hoTe. it mav Si J '^"*^^'' ""Y ca|. '""■ ihe war vvitl Frl? *''"" '^c e(li„,ators of iJr r»k% '-'' '"-" '^^'PPofed that 200.000 Englhhn^en JS ""I- J>«'"' before he UanfT "^•-' ^•"'"? »« a, carried off, by varS ^''*='"''^*^ «^ Scots and Irifl, bv ?•!' *T."""^ •■'"'P'oycd abonf indeed fenm;^;7e7'Z' not r*"^ "T '^'^ """^be" '^'Th\?i '''"^ ^ ?"d its prog^^ though not halfof the numh '"""'' '■•'^"'•'"^ the wis ,^. "^ ^'^P^P^'-'ionwas 'he- great quantit e of S^"r*^r« then em^Joyed hT he fl"''?, ^"»^'« ^<^i«n manutadures and induftr! ?^^". '"to tillage, and the nrL!i-- *"'' '^nd fcrvi?e «;xx-ds the fcven mfcarwh? \' -'''''^ ^'-t th^'^p'oSrcr '^T^^*-" "^*-r -'„ the continual ace, L of 1'' "'='^ '""§ crtiniaW *'"'^™^'^* "'^ ^"g'^nd far -n.':,:!^^;-;^'-- W^^^^^^ it is i.,, "'•'t lM'"land n.al |J\' \'"''-"'' ^"'l co,n„!ev,"„ . ^"^'^'^^'^ '5° }vars ago T)' JJ d ?. • ' "* •"' '"(^ virtHios of' 'lunuih<; 204 N L N ilomoflic life. Of all European nations, the luiglilli kiop thi'mfoives the mod cleanly. Their nerves are fo (lelicuie, that ihc iHojiJe of both feM-s are foinetinic* forcibly, nay niortniiy, atlettetl bv iiuii^inatioM ; inlonmch, tliat before the prattiee of inoeulatinn for the final! po\ tonk pluee, it was thought iniproiu'r to niriilion that ioathf )nie dil'eafi' by its trne iianu- in any jjoiite eoinpany. I tiis over-fi'nli- hility has been ecjiiliiK-red as one of the fmries of thofe linj^iilarities, whieh fo th-on^iy tharacterife the l',ii'.;li!li nation. 'I'liey funielimes magnify the llightell ap- j)earanees into realities, and i)iiiij]; tlic ntoU i»l)i'|| «<» fnidc" and ■"■yoilurfiK-cifsof '".'" oi j,i„j,;.,,y. P"P'i>r part ,.f i| ii?;S'r.'"i-r-'y iiiat'ilirat f'fili'fs, whi. think ttKiii; nor <'I"'r"Us in I . . K'^vcrnincnt, lionours/a'^ia par- fiii/i\e c'oni- ic-ir loj^iC- •■tiv liic ll -U:^-o.;i:-4S£-='- l::^'-'^'''-|-o,;;^;„,::;;:^:r'!'H^ 'i-cuinef .'i-"i!itcli.s. (;,.,„! I. iH-dlli awa,.,.oii..r.d,;;,;;:i,:;^^:;; '')'"^' b..t,s wiih biif^.j, faiiHu 'Wcr ",' '^' a 'I about ,:«';'"-!. ei.iin- by, i;;i;'2 '^•""■nandm..,v|,anr.o» "■I's and iu!)( iNubl "''^•i,snt h,„i;.. .^■"if 11 ol" tl)t t'Hcn ili„u,.|,t a ,| ^^■"K'l- l.as I in r 'vli orconviiCiit Krcatpr„;K.,iva,vf ii^'«'s and ii'i'ivc- arminuiit dy •-•luly n,(ti "'>!*.';■ 'in (( '"". t-vcii from tl 'Jiiiciinies not t "1 p .oiic C-: I pri! 'iiipan/ ho \v.,rl,l . I...: '••'"t-ilion and bivt-din., ;.. .i. ' K'is ant '"■"• fiTvaiit )iit ll 'K'"ii(b has I ill Iho World : | "^" i>i adieu of I. iii'.d !'Ocn :iyiii:r •Tiff li litcrat of "",!:, IS t CIS. It "re, if tl :!!!;:':ir^^\^y ^b- ^n^ uf^^^^ "* ""I iiiiulual lor 1 inc ■'■"""■e, if tl.ev aiv ,„.. . "".'•"S"i/inicn ^■'> to throw al ,'"* t'oiiuniiiiifat '.'i^'.'^'I'^'H l.r.ul, li'nian ' i"ns with illy by di'nt a t<'inpi-t,,it k ''^*-" 'i-arncd "^^"■wii;;;r:i'™;^™'?""e;;^;,ru::^:\i;!'?.?'i-.yc,^.v,;^ l"> "Ht with puf s m oil hcc 2™;v'.-?'^:^':s,rr^ ^ ho nu.iuy, to aVl,ii |. was oilfini. but did '•"^^'^•tlgc- (./• hufinc-fs Hit Vi ,!,Mit liavc t-ariu'd tl y "loci.. in to, and K'-;-,iyp,,a. Mr: Aisr; ,.?:;"M''-^i'ity wi "" 'II his travels '^l''<'n liad ab lout Ac rilary „/• n^t^ .'ind '"• '''^""l" ' f. Iho lik liioh "•■'ll nior flio d V" c'a- L'poii- '•i.''''>-"i''-.>i>'S:iz:f:!j^.''-^ ,■ ■•■ iitin.- ; and II VI -ic r I ■ i'*-iiiio ' '^•'^-' ''='i'i'i. int^"!:":!'::.';/''^'''''^''i"s . i t'lnos it is dolio-,f - (• •"'■".'''""' "f(hih in 1 1 ill Iiifl rnin ">, but bowail I ^"injianion tl oi V. Iq' "is jirofont "s misfortu 10 lie "iK'iis, and ar J I many of iJuir ■^'iiiiioiuativi' ; '{ i\ ■pi, i^'ir oonvoiV '"ajolty has dif. Iftc >^>'ik- tiu- louddl aro tl '•on.i.nnios; but •in f,,,,,, < "luvrlation, and ton VI via I nuvi moll "iiiotinios it )'-i!h irui- wit; ( :".!';? '^y^V ^ominknhi. '"■■'IIIL'S ill IS fOi' oiiiotini '7;i:v n..ifv, ;,nd d '"' Phlo-niatio '«roi.al)K> f or and n •■'I'!'1;h:iK(|. -ji uiw '-""';'^Ol..a.,uahlv,hat| *•'"' <|H"ik. difoovor -•rm ll ..I 1* ' . 1 "ni-'v, aro c >-i'ins to bo ( fokct ll.S IS parfiiul '^■"' wit is oft, "■'Sit is folid in Iho cxti lonio- '"CO- P;":'H7:'.!I ihoplcal ■'!■'> Iho taf, '•< olR-n/i 'onio. ivo, '•-' in larsrc ^'"^V^'i'i'^ndandi .3ri'>!''-;''i-'al '" ••» vory high d i'';:roo, ::nn iliat ow (jil )S is ,"■"/ '» all battlos tl- hi'ir |)aii.v loi poopic can l"'^""'"- "• Iho I,,,' |i,j ';■'''- «-=rds in Cinr:^:;v,':^''''-^''''y oxort Ih I, and ;":'-"'i-,iooidodbv;if '^g'vt-i Ihoir fold . o with th ';- h'conckd by a (h-, "-"s an infi inito 1 '^■'1- (ills , I'llgtll of «iua,,t,.l oiktl i.d. ll, tl Oil- wlii "-■ nicclia 'il"'n Ihoir 'ii'iith of d 't"ir activ, "-•'>"'! iMiglKlnn,,,, iiioal ai ononiii' I'^.'^'S^'-. but whon tl 111; and 111 iijivai •y oNool all nat ci'vvs Id a favourite llud on-ra ions. I'OV dol 'Ihoir f, '^'"Kt^ni..nts thcv ^^•'■it, it 1 tot, iors las a >Jd 's iiitrodibj 11 'o nuoiit ^'c unooiial- l'-";'! abf)rb ■'F>l-Iu-; '■' 'ill hi-, (,,| lOil lor iiioas. zo6 K \ X D. iiliai. Tliix creates tlio nuineroui iiiltancot of mental abfcncos that are to be fifiiiKl In tlu' iiuti'in. 'Ilif culloiiis iif till* Enj^lilli have, fmcc the beginning of thU century, undergone n ruiiliilcrabli' chnngo. I'lu ^roat fortiinci made in the Kail and Well Indies, at \\\'\\ as In (.'ontrads uiul otlicis at honu*, iiave introduced n clafs of men who havi* bcionu' (ipulciit without iiuliillry, and who arc expcnfive without talle. From the I'ontagioi) of (uch i-xaiiiplis, u fpirit of luxury and gambling has been two widely ilitfufcd uniong the middle runkN. Their ancient hofpitaiity has decayed j many of their favourite diverlions are difufed. Thofe remaining are, operas, uramatic exhi« ))iti()n.s, ridottos, and foiin'timos mafquerades in or near London ; but concerts of mulic, and card and dancing afl'cinblies, are common all over the kingdom. I have already meiilionod flag and fox-hunting and horfe races, of wliich manv Knglilhinen are fond even to infatuation. Somewhat, Itowevcr, may be olTereu, by way of apology, for thofe diverlions : the intenfe npplicaticm which tlie Knglilh give to butinefii, the fedentary iivcsi, and luxurious diet, require excrcife ; and fome think that their excellent urccd of horfcai ii increafed and improved by tliofe amulemcnts. Next to horfe-racing and hunting, cock-fighting, to the re- proach of the nation, is a favourite diverlion among the great as well as the vulgar. Multitudes of both clafTes alfeinble round the pit at one of thofe matches, and enjoy the pangs and death of the generous animal, every fpe£tator bein|{ concerned in a bet, fometiincii of high fums. 'I'he athletic diverfion of cricket is liill kept up in many parts of England, and is fometimes pr.t£tifed by people of the higliell rank. Many other paltimes are common in England, fome of them of a very robull nature, fuch as cudgelling, wreAling, bowls, Ikittlcs, quoits, and pri- fon-hafe ; not to mention duck-hunting, foot and afs-races, dancing, puppet- Oiews, May garlands, and, above all, ringing of bells, a fpecics of inufic which the Knglilli boaft t)f having carried to pertedion. 'Hie barbarous divcrfions of boxing and prize-fighting, which wore as frequent in England as the thews of gladiators of Rome, are now prohibited, though often practifed ; and all places of public diverliuns, except the royal theatres, arc under regulations by act of par- liament. Othir diverlions, which are common to other countries, fuch as tennis, fives, billiards, cards, fwiuiining, angling, fowling, couiling, and the like, are fair.iiiar to the Enfjlilli. Two kinds, and thofe highly laudable, arc perhaps pe- culiar to them, ai'd thefe are rowing and failing. I he latter, if not introduced, was iir'.ti;)r!i/.t 'i ;.nd encouraged by his prefont inajelly's father, the late prince of VVi.,> . and 'a.iv be ( onlidt red as a national improvement. 1 he game aits have take:, froii. tt.e lominor. people a great tiind of diverlion, though without anfwer*. 4:tg the pjrpoKs nj \\\v rich : tor the farmers and country people deftroy the C.tinc in th.'ir nelt;.. which they dare not kill with the gun. This monopoly of f a :.e, iiniong i\» fr.-e a people as the Englilh, has been often attacked, and •.IS I'tteu UefciiJ.d. Did ss-l The Englilh, at prefent, hid fair to be the dictators of drefs to the '.u'..o.,9 o; F.uiop:', at Kaft with regard to elegance, neatiiefs, and riclmcfs of attire. I'tope of iiuality and lortune. of both fexes, appear on high occalions, in cloth ' ." "w.l and idvcr, the richeil brocades, latins, (ilks, and velvets, both flowered and yla.r., i'.ll which are now nianufa^lu'ed at home. 'I'lie (juantities of their jewels ate Iticrediblc, efj/ceially fince the vafl ac«|uilitions in tlie Ealt Indies. Ferlons of diftinftion, on ordinary occalions, drefs like i reditableciti/.ens, that is, neat, clean, .i;ni plain, in the fineft cloth, and the bell of linen. 'Ilie full dref' f a cleigyinan loiiliils ot his gown, cadock, fcarf, beaver-hat and role, all of .: < !-. : his undrcfs tl-.c TcA :i'iiunl vilnt- ol t!ie lei', )it it nlliltt in forming a coiiipar.atve tlUiii.ile laHvii'ii tlic icVcnuLj ol caili fee witli ilmfc ot nr other Cintcrhiiry, I.on-lt.n, Willi In ficr, A R f II H I S n () I' RICK S. /■ sfiSj 12 1 I Voik, U I S II » P R I C K S. sooo : o : o : St. ACaph, v 1H21 : 1:3. PiM '■ iiry, J 114 : la : H I liaiiB.ir,' Til' IjiMi ij'S of ilitfo tlirif take prcirdiiv-v of Ndrwiili, nlli.tdns in K.ii,lanl. inil the i>tli r<. aciunl- {iliiii'illcr in;' III the kiiioriiy i I likir toiifc ruion*. 1 lil ulii I-iv, - - ■ :it4 : i« : 6 1 Jatr liith aiul Wills, - <;!( : I • } ilrill.>l, llrr(fi)r(l, ■ 71'iS ; 1 1 . C.iihllc, K'uhcfifr, 3,H : 4 livitrr. 1 it(.hHtlilniid Coven try, <;i'j •• "/- 1 I'll rliKroiii'li, t.lirllrr, 4^0; 1 S Ovior.l, Wori'-ftfr, •>:.> : 13 3 bt. D.iviil's, C!iiihen«;r, 0;; : i 3 ; /1610 o .8; : 1 1 8 lUi ■ <: b I 3 r . : <(> 3 Hi4 ■■ 1 1 7 "$ = 7 J H'H : iH 1 i?4 : '4 a a.)4 I 1 1 s?' ; 4 '> s a •• u 4'V = '7 3H, : • 1 4:6 : £ ' iiiiVitutlotK K N C, I, A N n tOQ biftltution* «o living* \ to «ltfrml tlic lilu'rlic* «>t" ihc ctturih i uiid to villi lluirowii iliiK i-li'i* i»nri' in thnt- yciiin. Knuliitid contniiiH nhout (ixty iirchdiiuims, wliolr tilliii- is to vifit llu* iliiirclio* twici' or tliriti- ivory yiur, hut tin ir otiiios an- k-ls liu rativi- lliiin tlu-v iiro iKnionr- ul>l«', SiilM)uiiiiiiti' III Iht-m an- llu" rural dfiiiii, liTiiiorly llyl<.«l an li-|iri"ll)yl<.i'i, vlio lifl;i\it'y ilif lM:lia|»\ pUaliirc to his clergy, tlie lower tlulu ot ulmli conliUa ot j»rit'd> ami di'a< "Iih. The rnlclialHcal Rovirnmciit ot" ICnx'^nd is, propiTly final. in^;, li)d;;id in tlio (•(invoiation, \%l\i<.h is u national riprrrinliilivo or lynod, torrdixnidni)/ piitiy niarly to the idf.is we have ot' a oariiamont. 'Iluy are lonvnki-d at ilu' lame liiMf wiili evil) parhanu'iil, and lluir Iniliiu'l's i^ lo i-onlidiT ot' tiu- liau> ot ihe ( liurch, and to i all iholV to an actoitnt who have ad\an(od lu \v opinintis, iiuni,- liltiMt with ilu' <|octrint s ot tin- < honli ol l'.n};laiul. .S«)im> tioi i;vmu ii i>t an intnU niuit and pi i U'l nlin^; Ipiiit, diiriti/; the roij^n ol'tpicon Amu-, and in tlio lu-^inninj^ nl that ot' (•corj^f I. raiU-d llu- powers cif the cdnvotalion to a h^•i^ht that was jiuiinlillent with tin- prim iples ot rili^jioiis toleration, and indi\d oteivil liherty ; 1(1 that till' crown was ohlij^eil to exert ils preroj^ative ot ealliii:; ilu' nh-nihers to- •p liter, and oi' dilloiving them i liiicc that time they have not heun permitted to tit lon^; enou(;h to do hnlinels. The eoiirt of arches is the moll anrient conliftory of the province of Canterbury, find all appeals in tluirch-inalters, iVuni the jiid ;inent of the inferior courts, ari- (liretted to this. 'I he prot'olles run in the name ot the jud^e, wlio is called dean ni the arches ; and the ailvocates. who plead in this cmrt. mull In- doctors of the I ivil law. The court of audience has the fame autlioriiy with this, to which the anhhilhnp's chancery was formerly joined. 1 he preroj;aiive court is that wherein wills are proved, and adminllrations taken out. I he court of peeuliius, relatiiii^ lo certain parilhes, have a jurildiclion amon); themlelves, for the prohate of wiilji, and are therefore «>xempt froni the hilltop's courts. Tiie fee of Canterbury ha.s no lefs than fifteen of thefe peculiars. 1 he court of delegates rceeive^ its name from ils conlilUng of connnillioners delegated or appointed by the ro\al tonmiillion ; but it is no Ihmdinj^ court. I'ivery liilhop has alio a court of his own, called the conlillory court. Kvery archdeacon has likewife his court, as well as the dean ami chapter of every cathedral. 'I he church of I'.nt^land is now beyond any oilier national diurcli, tolerant in its principles. Moderation is its governing character, and in I'.ngl.'md, no religious lict is presented from wurlhippin^ (jod in that manner wliiih tluir lonfcietues apiMove. Some fevere laws were, indeed, lalciv in force aj;ainll ihofe protelbint diU'enters who rejected the doctrinal articles of tlie church of l'ji<;land ; hut thefe l;iws were feldoin eseciited; and, in i/jg, religious liberty received a conliderabio ,Hi<;mentalion, b\ an act which w;is then palled fur urantint; a le!;:\l toleration to flllfenlinv^ miniiiers and l'elioolin:iller<.. Not to enter u|)on tlic iiiuiiscs of the re- iDrnuitioii under llemy \ ill. it is ceruiin, ihal epilcupal government, exeeptiiii; ilie few years from the civil war under Charles I. to the leUoration of his Ion, h.i, i'\er liiice prevailed in f.ngiaiul. 'I he wiuloin of acknowU'dgIng the kin>> i!k- head of the chureh, is Cdiifpieuous in diUduraging all religions perlVemioii and intolerani v, ami if rtiiiji(ai> fectaries ha\e multiplied in I'.ngland, it is iVoui i!k- lame principle that civil liccntioulnet'. has jirevaiieil ; 1 mean a tciHlernefs in mat- ters that alkcl either cunfcience or liberty, 'I he bin-, which the clergv had towards popery in the leigii of lietirv \ 111. and his fon, and even fo late as that of l',li/.ai)elh, occaluiiied an iiiteipolilion ot thi- livil power, \o\ a fai titer reform;i- tiiin. 'Ilnine arote life piiiir C< m < -■/.J fiimf chnrfti^tff, iillimugh ihrir ihfulonicnl fi-nlimcnti have unttrrgono a confidiT- iihti- ihaii;'.-. 'I'luir l' doctrine, the prelbvlc- tinn« are ^iiiernliv \rniinii>i)>.. Mnitv of lluir ininillerH have ){reutly dillitiuuiinud theiufcUci It) tli>-ir leaniiiu^ am! iiliililies, niul loiiie ot' tlieir writiii);i« are iield in high ( iliination hs the ilerKy and oilur ineniln I'* of the ellahlilhed ilunt h. Ihc Cunie may he faid ot' I'onu- ot llie independent and haptill-ininillerH. 1 he indepen- dentf> are ffenerally CalvinilU. 'I he hnptilU do not believe that intanli nre pro|>fr nhjeMi orbaplifni, any him, near l.oml'n, are Itill heipieiiled by perfmis of the fame prii eiplis, and ihey pro- lels a great lebiect ti.r hii incnioiv. .Some of the C'al\iiii:ii' di'ttrii.es wcie op- pofed by Ml', \\tlley and his followers, |)articuliirly that of prcdellinalion ; but they appear liill lo retain fonie of the'ii. lie erefletl a v.ry iar;;e pluce of public worlhip near .MoDrfi.-ld ., and had undi r him a iDululerabir number of pre.uhtrs, who fnltmitted to i!ieir K :ider impliei;l\, propagating hisopiniin^, and inakintr pro- fclytes with ;.;reat iiuhuiry. After a very long life, fpent in the u.i'll llnauous endeavours lo di g.uxl, and having had the I'llicity tif rdurming ilii morals of ihoid'ands of tlie lower ra.jlis in fui^ietv, and in [iroiuolinj; their bell intcielU, he diid in 1791. Tic Tlu' Qiinl # N • I'liriir llu- fill 'I Af, «T« nrr II n iirii unary "gioill fvi), y,-hkU took "«'«<>!intiit thr »«'"K •* "l.lhnft..J »ro„ 'Nrifcft!,,,,,, ill 'llli-y iHli II It •'■i';i^'f»"n;nr;i;;":i,rv,''"' ''•*■'•.•< ^"-;^«^X::::;;i,!!i;;:i'tl';.;i.u'.. ' '"'"^•1 !•> IlK-mM,";, r.r. «s;^: 'i:.i;i; -■;,,:>•:; M.*i. ImV;:^:™:,^^-' "' -^ '••<•««• lilt divinity. ' " ■''" < I'fid iilono il "; •iiiiiiuilonH ''Hir.Stt\i,)iir, III ..hi If nrw t'MVi imi.t. •"•I'fpfi.m. hirili li»- ^!^i.f!:!:;w^!}^^^^^ Ili.-vl),! .1.^ .™ii :::;:';::: ■:,' -^o :r R"»'ii ("irffi •'. 1^ lIMlll.d Willi •uHicu-nl to ovcrrnnL '^"""'» <'' ''I* nutur, lUHf. «'»''■''> man con'ini? h.u, "K-'-irMiritorUuifl. or i» o( U( 'vorconic. ' ''9 Hiink the iii/i Wl.il II "K""1>K.M„| II UK n- rcafnii j^ „i, t["iu v\U, und >gctbcr !'» Ill' '«• nttfiitiun of III, 9"V; '1 luy think in lilc '•" «' lo hnvi II* niind i' iiuiinil)(.Mi n t 'I fVom tlu. ,,,,,, i„I .^,:^ /' !• "II fnr„H which .liJi nftvfr.,ry f„ ,|„. p,.,,.„ > «<> tXlTcifc II KX, a i I'lil as iiial. ticMir to '•• »rv riKiiK-d will, :"'«l foinal, "^''«">..w„;:.;-„is:j!;' piifm with w ,:;:;:.,v ,'•:"'."■." 'i;-'-"i'.s„ ami I V ilh H'fnvh to th "•< chiinf, in „„f If oih IT iiiainiaiiiid i rjh; Ihry bclifv,. ih iiiiinlmoraiidd. at iccn-aC- 'if Kimniuiii ''"y^zxiS^'y-:!^^^^^^ iH'tWCCM Clllill /iiiiHi(in, '• Sw I'l.' of fi^l our I "Kaiiill oaths and ■^•ar not at all war ; ahidine i a real "g IlUTally |,y Chrlti' --• ■.". .11 ai . Kruni >>. . . " ".iLiin dv t hr lr« n. .^l.t.np ar.. rc„„„„„„ „. „ 'fl .'V ill I Aid- til .,,- ,, , • '"» 'Of II.' IT ,li.- l;<'rtK'.sotfali;.C 'ly nanuvs .ifii K"«i>il. ifHris, tlu V M liiintaiii thai w '•(ilivf i,). 'f i\ani- f'tlori in the '^'1^ "t lUc hrall '"■ "K'lith.s and ,1 •uui ns. '"'lis ; and ll'i whii I I w.rc (.ivi-i, in I mnoiir ' .'" 'oe niiira iiuml.,.r .. i ■ ' '""* ""' «uiinni . l' i, ^ . " '" '"">o»r •I'u-riing iIh. atu-ni ^-•"•■•'"s of tlu- wnrl.l. ,1 ! ri'. t 'I''""' I'lial.liilii d 11 lid Vy I'oiuK nil ■""I I'lililic iliv.rl iiiiH, '"• .'iH'on.i.atibl I as '><■ ivliil ,,f il ' ■•' (iiCcioIi ''^•1 l^ t "'l'*. gillliin^r "I"', aiul H- poor — tl '"""""•^ wliic:, tlu-y i„.| 'Vt.ivcry offiul ^ "' ""iintonai "•Vf it i.s (h '> "■ ' '•"J"iii all tjuid ll .^"Hut that it i, t,„„. ll!pt>fl-S of \vl '^•!'i!i;d ■^•"' tlililiviucsl ai\ t.i (1; li >v »>• I Jjic K"lj"-'l to fii ■^•^'.> aii'i ii;i|.:!niai >■ i'::ili i:i! arl'iliati, iiCl'i'l'd iir •II SOI s tCionltng to niK-i Itu.l il«iwn It' nny rrfa(« to adopt ihU mcMlc, nr hn\inf mi Ml ii. lu fubiMii lu the awnril, ii m the nik of the fuvlcty tl»i fuvti b« owncdr •» ll U wtll known ihal Witllnm t*rnn, me n( thk (bckty. fnundnl (he |)n»viiu-i* of IVnnfylviinlii, iino wtm li lie inimtliu >'>! u ulnti oftiivljand rt lisiiKit hluriy Ih Kovcriiiiicnt of llu> provimi' wii^ iit tiill, iiiul lor mnny \i-nr«, ilii<'ll> in ilif li.iinl, of the ( jiiAki-rt t lull ai (irrl'otio Dt' oilur |H-rf'uuliiMU imrculVtl, and Ix-i nine par* iMkiTt )>l' |H»wfr, llu V intvw uiU'iify al llio ^>Ui iltc jilan of llu* Quaker*, unil nl tviiKtli fucci-i'ilini; to rlhihluli fmh niodc^ of dcUni-o tor iluir nKintry u« did no| Niittnl will) llu' prim ipK^ "f tilt' lattir, iluU' Krudiially vsiilidtiM iliiiiifdwn frnii) nttivc i'liiploy lilt nl* lit till' tlul>'. I'lir r<)iiu' lime prrMoiK In ihr laU' rkvuhilion, ffw tif llu'iii wen' louiul ill uiiy ollu-r llatidii ihnti lliut ut privaic i iii/cn* t mid during lU prosref*, ttiiir rt>fiilin(( to urm cxpofi-d lliviii to iiikuli rtillcring, liy dillruinl* levied on tluni, ill outer lt itu- wur. Many luinilit » in l■.ll^lllnd Dill proUU ilit- Koiii.tii ealliolii reliuion, and il» cxer* life \» under very iiiilil and uentle rellrictiiUH. Ilion^li ilif niiial luw x«heinent iiiitery wan after- ward'* raifol a^uiiill the nKiilaie !>) i^ll. .; « }i a fmilier 1 nlargiineiit nl'tluir lilKr- tii^ WtU granted, I'o iliat u|ion taking and fuliUrihinu an oaili, and diilaiHliun therein exprilU'kl, they are not liahle to any profecution 011 necounl of their rell- ^ioii I ilirir niinilhr'* are exeniptvil from ferNin^ on jurie'* i lluy ire i)rotiCtid in iIk piililie iAvnitt of tlieir worlhip, hy fivorc piualliei ii;{aii)lt tlioli' who diall dlituili llui.it and pirl'iiis proleliiu); tliiN reliuion au' autliori/ed to ait as i LOI|ll> filli>i>, liairillem, foliiitorsf, 6n. 'lluy now Uitn to he uld hurt their liiiialion, heeuufe it woulil increufe the j> aloufy of the l< tfillature, wl.ieh nuill undonhtedly t xp< fe theiii diiilv to greater huriK n> and luaMei |)i'naltu'K. 'ill s i«inlidv'r;ifi(iii iuis t t lal i' ni; (l> ilii K iiinan ta tlint i« h a-. (Uilitiil iitid /ealoii> fui'ieci;. us auy his najelly Lis. ."^iamly any l''.ii|;liili ^apill^, I'Xieptiiii; thofe who uerc hred, or luul rLr\id uhicad. Wire rii^a;;v.d ni the relit.!- lion of tlic yiar 17451 i\i\(\ fhon}*!! tliofo at home weiv earefull\ ohfiivetl, few of tliini were l<'''y oi ilitloyal praClieei. As I'aijjiiiinl lin> lietii it niarkulile It the variety of its reIiv{ioii» fLtt-., To il has heen faim us fir itb fn\'l/tiiii.ir.i : hut that tirm has hni, apjilied in very tiillireiit fk.l:fis. It hiib fnitKtiim'K l>ten ulVd to den>itc ojiportis of ri'li;;ioii in general, and ill paitieiihir cf revealed leligiuii ; htit it hai« alio |ui.n iipplieil to ititiio v\ho have bet. 11 far from il^lLetii \it)g C'hridianily, imd who ha^t' only 1 ppofcd loim' of tlude tioclriites vvlii<.h :ae lu Ik' louiiil in |>ulilit. treids and foriiiulaiii s, hut wMJi ihi.'v 40iKeivi.d to ln' no part of ihi- onj^inal Clititiian fvllein. .\^ to ihofe ul.o ure truly Vi'hh, «'r ln/iJi'.s, l!u re is ahiitidant realuii to l.ilitve, thai this el;il\ 01' nu'ji U ti.ueh more nutoeuius in fume P'lpilh eonntrits than in l''.ni(!;>n«i. ( liriitianilv ii I'd till th ol ft 111 I'll and disli^niid uy (lie t'opp^iies and fii|ii.'illiiioiisof the Koiiiilji kliuicli, thai men win) iMnk IreeK arc nalutuliy apt I'l t. j^, »ii;tlu:i vl 1 71; J. f Lkirn, vul, iv, ji. i'^j. will 11 t N N •^^Bij^^-'^^i::^^^ ^,»r ,|, •ft' m.iri nu,| ;»"• M i.|.|u,„ ih„ ,f,^ wrii On II * •" vuut ini ling '• 111) .A, ' ••» llu- IX iK, nil III -ir.«ri lo iH, very mi ;r ;'|»l»..ru,„i,y ^ 4j ic to In i,,..i..-ii. ," '"I •'H-'t'itt ( hriH ,"." "' •'' .livlo, l«' Dri 'K'". i>\*>uujiuk.\ 11, , I, ', *.,.,.. ...I. . "'i '"«' I'.llt II "iiBiiiWi-rnl ,; ?"■' ' ,.;:::i.i«;'r',',r'::;'.':!'. """-w.;.,"; »l<' nr. m* lit 'I uiiabli ^^.^ .i.:;.™« ;:;?' r:li,"i:" '•» "virlhrinv • "' '•'! iht •>^'x .••».«r i«^;iu.:: i„'Kj'? '-"«""«'• i> 1:.^;^; :z'. rn„, ^''■'•K ^««li. . > Vr ' L":'""*"""' "'*• H'.riuX.u' I ' I' ^ ■■•;"•''• '••"» "-. .■, "'^' l««li«.u. T , * 1 : •"""""" ''» "'f^''' i.iui. „, L ""r:*' !"•"» 'lu- Kr. uh •MillJ !»• (V|. I'ri'n«h '•' ''"• Inilu, fi '■' IM Itf ilHf '" 'III' «•! Iir tiuilh.ri. . . • "'" '« "i"u h .liiK-ri '""'•ver, ji,hj,.f, , '•; 'i::"i;u;"ii;: S'::;';'-;-™! i'f"i "« "VKkT(l,M„| IHfl, inu ilXitln v,\\ ;"«i i:..;u::i;:^;ri:.'i;;;:r;':r'-« •"-.-;.? 'll' llllll'v M _ '1'^' i nor luiH fluTi. (i,,;, , I ^'l^'", I'.trl.ariC,,, a„.| tr Kf' 'It Alfr.il '/""I »■* nii..rli Her '"» fimo |(, •«"«'nmiv nvn,.fnur,i "VHK'tl l,„th. i„ :«"^;;::i.N":;:;;::ri:r::i"-:':''-^';..^-:;i:inr'.::! lI'Vll '•"■;■ '•""'"Ki'i' "('fl: "••"•"K^ nr (h„|i. ,. -,, ^''•'n,fK.r„r,|„ir), '?''"'!"JS;„.,i;;-,;;;r;^:,;l:'";"'"'.;:. I.r/ If (I •.'"•'. »ll>' (III Variiii r.'di '«• J I '••"';:• luiufi, ,„',i;„, V' M.Mii.i j;„. I'driutl 111 It '"^.w-it/uC, (hi. t ;-r^".-r;;;^, ■:;::;: ^^^'""■''^^'(•;'-^«.:r::L!rS':,"^ .i''''"f\. 1111,1 ill, '/»^ "I uwl uar. 'II,.. :,,,, fi'i inil.i;(l,..i .. ,. "*• ''"' r,i w ll'ii ^y>rUl, luul M l'"''lillii(l a (I, ., •' """ II Ut'ii- ri 111.. ( I ■ '""'11 pr-'Mtlc r.iriln itt pro. "lat fin- «'•. inllilntioti.H tl f H'lli'C-li.iii of"!!,,. I iinC.'lJ ;"-! fvviral ..f,lu- l,| |. ^'', ' ' ^ '•'•■•"'■'- I '"uy V||| ;•'•-;..« Iihn,r^.„,;„ Klrni 'IM '''',;'"«lih..r.„t.r,ViC il ih iri'ius, fui, «••«,» .Mt,,,|. |.:.|,„,,, ,1 "•'•rowil ..(Initl, ( i"h' I. 'iirii. I. lii.il Ulllll "'^' "I « llOlll U '••■ tlUll'll !>(' "'""."« Wllu.ll ho I pir- ''■'!^va;.|,|H. (•,,;,:•''.;'"'' 'l:'";;lM.r 01 'rralll'is '"'."''«.\ "» li'an.m^ ar..?,,. , r- ^ ""i'"'r.!nr,al,h. to 111 lii »U|o||. ^\„ ici. lljXill "•« t a- Dil ""•it flu- nil' 'M, nh (111 ■ntioii of' ^'I'limiar, matl "•■'■iiiricii, work -i^-uia-n^a.r ;:;;;:■';::"-•>- .or. '»'"'^;. «"'«ra,.lu. all "wnii.,, I.y ihisilhiil ;;"p-'"^'lic.no."tlU "'■ ''U'll uiuUrll, iiaspivfinul il ""IllMI- to I liii<.| '"K>. thomiilrv, |, ■ "U'liiiir* (iff, >iii>' ii.il>!, " '" '" loain :i.. an. I tli,. Mr '"b''ai.U ivruubi. » gala.sv (,f I ' fcc tlic B, '''Old, ahiiiit ill aiK !.• il "«■«■ ,1'Ktaplni 111'*. ""^•"''* "I" kn.nvli.,1 !•> w.irk I iiiiiil 's, who I lU-rnliiii "'Hi it i» hut d loifi »"g'-»f h!a Kriua 'yjiiii I' (li)iu' or- Uf to *i.ci. tft* 114 K N C, l. N D. llio memory of cardinal ^^'()Ifl.•v, tlioiijjh olliorwlfi; a (liui;;crous nnd prolligafo minilKM-, t<» acknowlcdj;;-, that IiHcxaiuplc ami cMuouragiMm-iit laid the taumlation y the grc»t proficiency to which it carried natural knowledge, efprtially by the inrtitution of the Uoyal Society. The king was a good judge of tliofe Undies, and ihongh irreligious himfelf, England never abounded more with learned ai;d able disines than in his reign. He loved painting and poetry, but wiu fur nine injiiificent to the former than the latter. Ihe incomparable I'aradife J^ull, l.y Miiton, was pubiilhed in his reign, but its glory was rcferved for pofterily. I be reij^n of v..'h.ir!es I', notwithdanding the bad tafte of his own court in feveral of thr polite liits, by fome is reckoned the Augudan age ofKngland, and is di^jnilied wrJi the na.nes of Uoyle, Halley, Hooke, Sydenham, Harvey, Temple, 'rillotfnn, liiirmw, IJutkr, Cowley, Waller, Dryden, Wychcr- ley, and Otwny. 'Ihe pulpit allumed more majelty, a better ftyle, and truer energy, than it had ever known before. Clallic literature recovered many of it> native graces. Sir ChriUoplK-r Wren * introduced a more general regularity in architecture than had before prevailed, while his diftoveries in philofophy, mecha- nics, &c. contributed much to the reputation of the Royal Society. Some excellent Englilh painters ^fur Lcly and Knclier were foreigners) alfo Houriflied i.i this reign. That uf James II. though he likewife had a tafte for the fine arts, is chiefly diftin- guilhed in the province of literature by thofe compofitions that were pablidied bv the Englilh divines aguiiid popery, and which, for drcngth of reafoning and dcptfi of erudition, never were equalled in any age or country. The names of Newton and Locke adorned the reign of William III. and he had a particular efteeni for the latter, as he had alfo for Tillotfon and Burnet, though he was far from being liberal to men of genius. Learning llourilhed, however, in his reign merely by the excellency of the foil in which it had been planted. T!te moft uninformed readers are not unacquainted with the iniproveiTiciits which learning, and all the polite arts, received under the aufpiccs of queen Anne, and which put her court at lead on a footing with that of Lewis XIV. in its moll fplendid days. Many of the great men who had figured in the reigns of the Stuarts and William were dill alive, and in the full excrcile of their faculties, when a new race fprung up, in the republic of letters. Addifon, Prior, Pope, Swift, lord Uolingbroke, lord Shaftelhury, Arbuthnot, Congreve, Steele, Rowe, and many other excellent writers, both in verfe and profe, need but to be mentioned to be admired ; and the Engliih were as triumpnant in literature as in war. Natural and moral philofophy kept pace with the polite arts. The miniders of (Jeorge 1. were the patrons of erudition, and fomc of them were no mean proficients theinfelves. George II. was himfelf no Ma;cenas, yet his reign yielded to none of the preceding in the numbers of learned and ingenious men it produced, ihe bencii of bilhops was never known to be ft) well provided with able prelates, as it was in the early ye:ir^ of his reign ; z proof that his nobility and miniders were judges of literary (luaiifK ations. In other departments of erudition, the favour of tne public generally fiipplied the coidnefs ot tliv court. After tlie rebellion in the year 1745, when Mr. Pelham was conlidered as fird minider, this fereen between govenniient and literature was in a great meafure removed, and men of {genius be;^an then to talle the royal bounty- Since that period, a great progrefs has been made in tlie polite arts in England. '1 he Royal Academy has been inUituted, fome very able aitidshavc arifen, and the annual public e.\hibitious * Mr. Horace Walpolc, now Lord Orforil, lays, tliiit a v:iiifty of kiDwlcili.c proi. laliiu tlu' uiiivcrt.i- !ity, a imiltiplii ity ot worki thr .itnimiancc, iiul St. r.iiil's t.hc gri'.itiicfs. ot lir Clirittoplicr's j;tnius. So iraiv great ari,hitc\-ls ;.. wire empli)ycU on St. I'l- la's liavc not Icit, upon :lic wljolc, a more pcrftift edifire than this work of a fingte mind. Thenoblelt temple, one of the larcell palaics, and the moft li^mpt\ioii!> liofpital iu Britain, are all the works of the Tunc liaiul. He rcftorcd London, and r»v.jrJtd it.s lall. He built above fifty parifli thiMvlui, and dcliijiKd the monunuiit. uf. (TJ I n6 E N N n". of painting and fciilpturo have lu'cn extremely favniirable to tlio arts, hy promot- ing a fpirit ot'eniulalion, and exciting u (greater attention to works ot' merit of tliis kind ainonij the public in general. Notwilhilanding thefe lavourahlc eir( inn- (lances, the fine arts (except mulic, the encouragement of which becomes daily more extriivagant) have been far from meeting with that public palronnge to whieii lliey have fo jull a claim. Few of our jiiibiic edifices are adorned with paintings or with llatuis. '1 he fculptors meet with little emplovinent, nor is the iiiflorieal painter nuich patronized ; tliough the llritilh artifts of tlie prefent age have proved their genius not inferior to that of any nation whatever, and the Rnglilh is now the firft fcnool in the world. The I'.nglilh excel in wbat we call tlie leiirned profelVions. Their courts of juf- tice arc adorned with greater abilities and virtues, than thofe which any other country can l)oalt. A remarkable Inllance of which occurs in the appointments, for the lall 200 years, of their lord chancellors, who hold the highelt and the nioft uncontrolable judicial feat in the kingdom. The few inftances that are alledged iif their injullif e fix no imputation of wilful guilt u])on the parties. The great lord chancellor Hacnn was cenfured indeed for corrupt practices, but malevolence itfeif does not fay that he was guilty any farther than in too much indulgence to his fervants The ( afe of one of his fuccedors is Hill more favourable to his memo- ry, as his cenfure reflects difgiace only upon his enemies ; and his lordlhip was, in the jutlgmeitt of every man of canclour and confcicnce, fully accjuitted. fiven Jelferies, infernal as hi' was in his politics, was never accufed of partiality in the caufes that came before him as chancellor. It nuid be acknowledged, that the elorpiencc neither of the pulpit nor the bar has b«en fuflicimlly lludied in Kngland ; but this is owing to the genius and the laws of the peoijle. The fermons of their divines are often learned, and always found as to the practical and dotfrinal part ; tor tbe many religious fetts in Kng- land re(|uire to be -ipixifcd rather by reafoning than eloquence. An unaccount- able ntilii)-.) has, however, prevailed, even among fo'MC of the clergy thenifelves, that the latter is incompatible with ihi- fi ner, as if the arguinents of Cicero and Demodhenes wen' weakened by thi)fe ^.owers of language with which they are adorned. A lliort lime, perhaps, may remove this nrepollelFion, and convince the ckrgy, as uril as the laity, that true i lorpiencc is the tirll and tairell handmaid of argumentalion. It is not intended to inlnuiate that the preachers of the Knglilb church are diliitute ol' tlie graies of elocmion : no clergy in the world can etpial them in purity and pcifpicuUy of language, though if they liudied more than they do the j.DWtrs of elocution, they would i)reach with more effett. If the femblance ot tliofe powers coming iVom the moutlis of ignorant enthuliafts, is attended with the ama/ing elllcls v.f daily oi)fi'rvc, what mult not be tile confecpience if they were exirti (1 and fnpported willi fpirit and learning? I he laws of l".n;;land are of I'o peculiar a call that the pleadings at the bar do not admit, or but \iiy fparingly, of tbe llo\ver» of fpeech : and there is reafon to think that a pk;:'.ling in the C'iccroiiiaii manner would not fucceed in Weltminiter- luill. 'I !k' l''n!^:i!h l;iv, mis, however, thoinjh they deal little in eloquence, are well verfed in rlietorje and reafoning. J'arliamenliiiy fpeaking, not being bound doun to that precedent reipiired in the courts irt>opc)f VVinubcHcr, but hnilliiid by i'iiuniUB dc Kutiicniiii, archbilhop of Yurk, uiidluidhigjigliuiiucllur, i{t the year 1^75. All Souls, hmiided bv Henry Cliicliwly, arclibilhop of Canterbury, in 143,7. Mugduicn, t'uundod bv VVilliuni Putteii, aliu» WainHcct, Uilhop uf Wiiivnttl)«r, aild lord chaneellui-, in tlic year 14^8. Bra/.cti Nufc, founded in 1516, by VVilliiui> Smith, bilhop of Lin(;oln' Corpus ChrilU, founded in 1516, by Uicluud b"u.\, bilbop of Winchcller. Chrirt Church, founded by cardinal VVoifey, in 1515, but completed by others^ and is now the cathedral of the diocife. , 'trinity, founded by lir 'Ihonias, Ifope, foon after the Reformation. St. John Baptilt v/w founded, in 1555, by fir Thoma* White, lorU mayor, pf London, Jcfus was begun by Dr. Hugh Price, pruboudury of KochcAcr, and appr0pri(ii«Kl chicHy to the Welch. Wadham, fo called from its founder Nicholas Wadham, of S()mer.fe.t(1uuu cfq, It,wa$ begun by him in the year 1609, but finilhod after, hi» deuth, by his Iiuly, in 1613. Pembroke, fo called in honour of the earl of Ponibroke, then lord high chaii- rialtor, was founded by Thomas Tefdal, ef([. and Kichard Wbitwicke, Ui D. in 1624, Worcoftcr was ereflcd into a college by (ir Thomas Cooke, of Allley, iu Wor- ceftcrlhire. Lincoln college, wl»ich was founded by twq bilhc>ps of Lincoln. To thefe 19 Mtay be added Mertforil college, formerly IJartrNnU; but a patent having palFed the great feal in the year 17^0 for eroding it into a college, that de- sign is now carried into execution. Tho ftve halls are thefe following ; Alban-hall, Edmund-hall, St. Mury's-hall, Ncw-Inn-hall, and St. Mary Magdalen-hall. The Univerfity of Cambridge conlilts of twelve colleges, and four halls ; but though they arc dilUnguilhed by ditferent names, the privileges of the colkges and halls are. in every refpcd the fame. They are the following : Poter-houfe, founded by Hugh Ballham, prior of lily, in 1257, who was after- wards bifhop of that fee. Clafc-huli founded in i J40 by Richard Badcw and lady Ulizubuth Clare, countefs cfUlftcr. Pembroke-hall, founded fcvcn years after by a countefs of INambroke. ,. .-rt ;'! St. Bennet's or Corpus Chriiii, founded about the fame time by tlie united guilds, or fraternities, of Corpus Chrifti and the biellld Virgin. Trinity-hall, founded by William Bateman, bilhop of Norwich, about the year Gonvil and Caius, founded by Kdmund de Gonvil, in 144S, comi)leted by bi- fltop Baieman, and additionally endowed, 200 years after, by John Caius, a phy- fician. King's college, founded by Henry VI. and completed by liis fuccelTors. Queen's college was founded by the fame king's confort, but linilhed by Eliza- beth, wife to Edward IV. Catluuine-hall, founded by Richard Woodlark, in 1475. Jcfus college, founded by John Alcock, bilhop of Eiy, in thv reign of Hen- ry VII. , • Chrift V. N (J I; N l> cto ( liriH roilr^' was foiindfil about the fnmc time, by lluit king's iuoUkt, Mnrga- n t, 1 oiiwiefs c*J Hidimoml. , iSl. Jolin'i o)Jli*};o ^vns t\)Uii(loHl In the fume ladv. Mii,:;(UiJt-ncolkf;f nan foiindfd hy Thonins Audlcy, baron of Wnldi-n, aiul lord liif;li tl)anci'ii«)r, in the rii^rii of Urnry \ III. J'linin colk'fic Wiis loumlid l\v Hinry \ III. • j'.miimirl tolkpi-, In lir VVjilter Mildmay, in 1584. iSiilni'v ct'jk'gi* w;m fniiiidixl by 'riuHiius HiidvlUV, carl of SulTov, fn i_;S3, ;ind liad il» iininc ♦rom his witi- Krancrs Sidin y. Hk- whole nunihcr ork-ilDWs in tht* I nivcrlity of Canibridgo nro four Imndrcd, ;ind (i\ liundrid Hnd (ixty-lix fi holwrs, with aljoiit two hundred and thirty-lix otlicor* iiiid UrvnnH of vaiions kinds, who nrc maintaimd upon iho fiumdution. 'I'hcfc, li(iwi*v«.'r. an* not all the (hidrnis < if the univirfity ; there are nlfo two forts of ftudonts, (allod |Hiilioncrs, the greater and the lefs ; the (»reater penltoners are fons of the n()i>ilily, antl of i^entlcnxen of liirgc fo'tunes, and are cidled R'llmv-eonunoncrs, be- eaufe, tiiongh tiicy nre (iliolars, they dine witli the fellows ; the leH'er penlioncrs dine with tlie fehoiurs that are on the t'onndation, but live at their own expence. I here are alfo a tonliderahlc number of poor feholars, called (izars, who wait up- on tite fellows and lehoiiirs autl the penlioners of both ranks, by whom they arc m u great decree maintained ; but the number of penlioners r.nd lizars cannot be afcertuined, a» it is in a itate of perpetual Huctuation. The fenatc-hoiife at Cambridpc is an elegant editiee, executed in the Corinthian (uder, and is fjiid to "inve eoft lixtecn thoufand pounds. Trinity college library is ulfo a very mn-gnificent l^rutture, and in Corpus C'hrilli college library is a valii- ;i1)Il' c'oiledion of ancient njanid'cripts, which were preferved at the ditlblution of the nuMiallcries, and given to this college bv nrchbilhop Parker. ANTmjJiTiES ANO ciRiosrriKS, > 'ihe ai\tiquitics of Kngland are either N.VTi RAL AND ARTi IMC I A L. j Uritilh, Roman, Saxon, Danilli, or Anglo- Normanic ; hut thcfe, excepting the Roman, throw no great light upon iuicient hillory, 1 he uhief Kritilh antiquities are thole circles of llones, particularly that c;illcil Stonehenge, in Wiltlhire, which probably were places of worlhip in the times of the Druids. Stoneheni^c is, by Inigo Jones, 13r. Stukeley, and others, delcribed as a regular circular Ibucture. 'Ibe bixly of the work conliils of two circles and two ovals, which are thus compofed : the upright ftones are placed at three feet and u liaU dilhuue Ironi each other, and joined at the top by over-thwart ftones, with tenons fitted to the niortifes in the uprights, for keeping them in their due po- lition. ^iome of thefe ttones are valtly large, meafuring two yjirds in breadth, one ill liiieknefs, aiul alx)ve i'cvcn in height ; others are lefs in proportion. 'I'he up- li^liis are wrought a little with a chiU'el, and fometimes tapered ; but the tranfoms, or over-thwart llones, are quite plain. The outfide ciicle is near one hundred and I ighty feet in dianuUrr : between which and the next circle there is a walk of three humlred feet in circumference, which has a furpriling and awful eflttl u|)on the be- holders. After all the detcriptions of this celebrated antiquity and the diflertations r.pon it, bv ingenious writers, it has given rife to many extravagant ridiculous con- iectnrcs, from the lime of licland, who has been very particular on the fubjetl, (li.wn to Slukely, who, on a favourite point of antiquity, fometimes formed the molt Mithtiliallic conclulions. 'I'he Ikutows that are near this monument were certainly graves of jH-rfons of both fexes, eminent in peace or war ; fonie of them having been opened, and bones, arms, and ancient trinkets, tound within them. .Monuments of the lame kind as that of Stonehenge are to be met with In Cum- hi'vland, Oxfordlhire, Cornwall, Devonthire, and many other parts of England, ;.h well as in Scotland and the illes, which have been already mentioned. F f 2 The 220 N D. The Roman antiquities in England cnnfid chieHy of altars and monumental in- fcriptiuns, which inllru^l us as to the legionary Nations of the Romans in Britain, nnd the names of fome uf their commanders. 'I'hc Roman military ways give us the highi'll idea of the civil as well as military policy of thofe conquerors. 'I'hcir vediges are numerous ; one is mentioned hy Leiand, as beginning at Dover, and palling through Kent to London, from thence to St. Albans, Dunllable, Siratfurd, fowceller, Littlcburn, St. (Jillurt's Mill near Shrcwfbury, then \ Stratton, and fo througli the middle of Wales to Cardigan. 1 he great via militaris, called Hcr- men-llrcct, paflid froni London througli Lincoln, where a branch of it from Pontcfratl to Doncallor Uriki s out to the weftward, palling through I'adcaller to York, and from thence to Aidby, wbi-re it again joined Mermcn-ftrcet. Many velliges of the Roman roads in luigland fcrve as foundations to our prefent high- ways. The great earl of Arundel, the telcbratid Knglilh antiquary, had formed a Clun tor deftribing thofe which pals through SulVcx and Surry towards London ; ut the civil war oreaking out put an end to the undertaking. 'Hie remains oi many Roman camps arc difccrnibic all over England ; one particularly very little Hefaced, near Dorchetter, in Dorlotlhire, where alfo is a Roman amphitheatre. 'Iheir lituations arc generally fo well chofen, and their fortifications appear to have been fo complete, that there is fome reafon to believe, that they were the conllant habitations of the Roman foldiers in England ; though it is certain, from the baths ami telTelated pavements that have been found in diflferent parts, that their chief i^ificers or magillrates lived in towns or villas. Roman walls have like- wife been found in England; and, perhaps, upon the borders of Wales, many re- mains of their fortifications and caftles arc blended with thofe of a later date. The private cabinets of noblemen and gentlemen, as well as the pubi. repofito- rics, contain a vail number of Roman arms, coins, fibuls, and trinkela, which have been found in England ; but the mod amazing monument of the Roman ]>owcr in England is the pra:tenture, or wall of Severus, commonly called the Pitts Wall, running through Northumberland and Cumberland \ beginning at Tinmouth, and cndmg at Solway Frith, being about eighty miles in length. Fhe wall at firil conlifted only of flakes and turf, with a ditch ; but Severus built it with Hone forts, and turrets at proper didances, fo that each might have a fpcedy communication with the other ; and it was attended all along by a deep ditch, or vallum, on the north, and a military high-way on the fouth. This prodigious work, however, was better calculated to ftrike the Scots and Piils with terror than to give any real fccurity to the Roman poflclTions. In fome places, the wall, the vallum, and the road, arc plainly difccrnibic. A critical account of the Ro- man antiquities in England is among the deliderata * of hirtory. The Saxon antiquities in England confiH chieHy in cccleliadical cditkcs and places of (Irength. At Winchcltcr is rtiewn the round table of king Arthur, witii the names of his knights ; which table, if it be not Uritith, i» certainly Saxon. The cathedral of Winchofter fcrved as the burying place of feveral Saxon kings, whofi' bones wore colictiod by bilhop Fox, in hx large wooden chefts. Many monimients of the .Saxons prefent thenifclves in ditferent parts of the kingdom, thouj^li they are often not to be dillinguiihcd from the Normanic ; and the brifilli Mufcum contains feveral llriking original fpecimens of tlicir learning. Manv Saxon charters, lif;ned by tlie king and his nobles, with a plain crofs inftcad of their nanii-s, are (till to be met with. The writing is neat and legible, and was always perfornud by a c!er;>yman, who affixed the name and quality of every » Until ,1 work of this ti.iturc appear, wc refer Dr. Henry's excfllcnt Hiftory of (.Jreat Brit;.iii . «>i:r leiiilirs to a very inv;i"iii(nis uiui IpliiiJiil work, to whiih wc mav adJ, (iciicrai Roy's Military Ais " Tlic .AiUiii'.iititb of I'.iigLiiul, Willi's, and Siot- tii|uitii» of tin Roinaii: in Northliiit-iji, printed Laid," by the l.ite iTautis Grofe, Efij. !•'. A. t'. and in 1793. donor, N N %n ntal tn- Britain, give ui Ihcir rcr, and iratford, ton, and led Hcr- it from Icaftcr to Many cnt high- formed a London ; LMuains of very littli: >hithcatrc. appear to ' were the tuin, from parts, that have liWe- 1, many re- later date. . Tcpofito- .ci„ which the Roman called the Eginnin^ at ngth. rhe rus built it ve a fpcedy p ditch, or prodigious jwlth terror [s, the wall, of the Ro- kliftccs and Irthur, witli [inly Saxon. Ixon kings, Ifts. Many > kingdom, ihe britilh ig. Many inlteail ol , and was [y of every lireat Uriu.in . Military Ai' I'.tiuii, ptiiitet; '^ in England arc round, and donor, or witnefi, to his rerpe£livc crofs. The Danilh crc£li' hardly diOinguilhablc from the Saxon. The form of their c; thi'y arc gcticrRlly built upon eminences, but their forts arc fquki llngland is full of Anglu-Normauic monuments, which 1 chufe to c I fo, be- eaufe, though the princes under whom they were raifed were of Norman origi- nal, the expence was defrayed by Knglilhinen. Y ork-minfter and Weftminfter- hull and abbey are perhaps tlio finuft fpecimens to be found in Europe of the Go- thic architecture. It is uncertain, whether the artificial excavations, found in fomc parts of Kngland, are Britilh, Saxon, or Norman, 'i'hat under the old callie of Ryegatc in Surry is very remarkable, and feems to have been deligned for con- cealing the cattle and effects of the natives, in time of war and invalion. It con- tains an oblong fquare hall, round which runs a bench, cut out of the fame rock, for fitting u|>on ; and tradition fays, thai this was the room in which the harons of Kngland met during their wars with king John. '1 he rock is foft, and very pradicahle ; but it is difhcult to fay where the excavation, which is continued in a fquare paflage, about lix feet hign, and four wide, terminates, becaufc the work has in fomc places given way, and filled the palTagc with ruins. The natural curioiities of England are fo various, that a general account can only be given. The medicinal waters and fprings which arc found in many parts (it the country, have been analyfed with great accuracy by feveral learncil naturalirts, who, as their interefls or inclinations led them, have not been fparing in rtcom mending their falubrious qualities. The mofl remarkable of thefe wclU have been divided mto thofc for bathing, and thofe for drinking. '1 he chief of the former l\: in Somerfetfhirc and Derbymire ; and the Bath and Buxton waters are famous, both for drinking and bathing. Spaws of the fame kind are found at Scarborough, and other parts of Yorklhire; at Tunbridge, in Kent; Epfom and Dulwich, in Surry ; anci at AC\on and Iflington, in Middlefcx. There arc nlfo many remark- able fprinrs, whereof fome are impregnated v/ith fait, a» that of Droitwich in Worcellerfnirc ; or fulpiiur, as the famous well of VVigan in Lancalhirc ; or bitu« mino-;s matter, as that at Pitchford in Shropthire. Others hav.* a petrifying qua- lity, as that near Lutterworth in Leiceflerlhire -, and a dropping well ire is celebrated for many natural curiofities. The Mam -Tor, or Mo- th r Tower, is faid to be continually niouldering away, but never diminilhcs. The Elden Hole, about four miles from the fame place, is a chafm in the fide of a mountain, near feven yards wide, and fourteen long, diminilhmg in extent within, the ruck, but of what depth is not known. A plummet once drew 884 yards of line after it, whereof the luwell eighty weie wet, without finding a holtom. The entrance of Pool's Hole near Buxton, for feveral paces, is very low, but foon opens ♦ Tliii cxfraonlinnry hrat has been found to proiccU from, .i vein of coils, which liis Ken fince dug troin iwucr thi^ will ; at which time the uiicoimnon warmth ccafed. 7. into donor, itz li N C; i. A N D. ii>t9 ■ very Mty vault, like lh( Hilici' of a CJutUic tuiliedrsiJ. l'k« l>f iKht «a cer* ttiiily v«*ry Kfi-ut, ) it« louitUin^ lirfiuiu rr-ccliucd on all li(k-ii, vt-ry tiuuli (o tin- Htloiiilhmcnt ot till hIui vifit lliiit val) unkuvo. 1 iw (lro|xt ol' welter which hnng from the root' miuI on (hv li(U> liuvi- uii aniuUii^ rilVit ; lor llii'V not only rcltci't numhcrlclt ray* iVom tin* candlf* iurriinl l>) (In- ((tiidi't. but H-, tlu-y air ot' h ix'trityinj; (umlity, llvoy l\wJt'ii in fcviral |>lau-fi ihto Viiijoirs i>>rnis, wliidi, with Ini- lulj) ot' u (Iron); iiuagitiaiion, niu) )iui» tor Jituis, loiitti, or- ^Mhs, iukI iho liki-, '11k- ^iiinuKi' into the llu|u*U(ious cavojn ut CaiiJoliHi, \* widi- .It (irji, and u(>w;udH ot ihirly tci I pcrpnidl^uLir. Si'vorul eoltagcrM dwill uildcJ* II, who I'uhlili by topo-niakiii;;, and by guiding llran^c-m. It is crollird by loiir IlitaiiK ot water, and terniiiuititi, nl tho ditiaiKc oi halt n mile tVoin the niuiitli, in u Inbti rraman lake. 'I'h ' vault, in foviMul plun's ii clici,|vicrtd wilii vuriou;. rolourt'd rio!u-> ; and the liDguhir efl'ect ut linking into deep rataioiubii, uf itciiu; watli.tl ovi-r (ubtcnaiK-an ri^ir*. of' croiitiiirx uinicr |i low niol ot' rock, iiud Ciiu ik'iily cnur^iiif; into lutly callK'drals, CHiiiiot bo conimiiiicateU by del'ciiption. Some fpotii ot' I'.ngland are laid to liave u pelrityinf;«|uulity. V\'e are told, that near VVhilby, in \orklhire, are lonnd eertain llonj.-., iclenil>linj; the fold k and wreaths ol a lerpeiit ; alto otiier tiones ot I'everal liies, and lb exat'lly roiinil, us il' artilii iaily made lor i aniion balls, wiiieh beiiij; broken, eomuionly contain tin- likenef^ of I'erpenis, wreathed in circles, but jjenerally without l)eiidK. In fume parts of (ildtuelterlhire lfone>. aie t'nund, refenibliuj; cockles, oylleu, and other teliaceous marine animals. 'J hole ciiriolitiei>, liowever, arc often nuignilied by ig- norance and credulily. Ci Pits, row Ns, i-oars, aki> oihkr ) 'Hiiiilicad k fo very cxtcnKve, iliat I KD.iKicKs, pcHLic jifn* I'RiVATK. icanoiily toucli ii|>on olijccbi Oiat muy ailill ill giving the reader fome idea of its imp<)rtance, grandeur, or utility. London *, the meliopolis of the Urililli empire, is tiie tirll in this diviliun. |t appears to liave Ikvu founded between the reigin* of Julius Ca-far and iNero, Intt by wiiom is uncertain ; for we are told by 'J'acitun, that it wys u place of grcil trade in Nero'.s time, and foon after became the ca^>itiil of the illand. LoQidon u-ac firll walled about with hewn Hones ajid Ikitilii bricks by Cunlbintiiie l\u; Great, and the walls tornied an obkmg I'tjuare, in coinpat's about tiiree miles, w ilh dtwa principal gates. 'Iho fame cm|Kior made it a billiop's tec ; I'yr it apin-arti tl»/ the l>ilhup« gt London and York, and another I'.nglilh biiliop, were at tlw caiuicil ut Arlct) in the year J14: lie alio fettled a mint in itj as is plain truij) t'lnm* of iii« coins. I..ondun, iii its large fenfe, including WeHniinltcr, .Suuthwark, and unrt of \liddlefe,\, is a city, of furpriling extent, of prodigious wealth, and of t\i/! nuAi cxtenlive trade. Tbi- city, wheti confulired witlt all ii» advantages, is ninv wliat ancient Rome once was ; the feat of liberty, the eiuourager of arts, and ihe adf niiralion of llie world. London is the centri' of trade; it lias an iiitimnte conmi- tion with all the counties in tlie kingdom ; it is tlie grand mart of the nation, t<* which all pans fend their commodities, from whicli thet'e commodities are iigain returned, i-'roni lience imnimerable carriages by land and water are conliantiv cr.iployed : and from hence arifes that circulation in the naiinnal bodv, whicii * London is rnuatccl in ;i'' 31' norlli latitude, 400 niijps foiith of Kilinliui;',!i, anil 170 foutli-tall 111 Diililin ; ] So miles H,!i nl .Anifti rilain, 210 iiortli-wcfl o( I'aris, 500 fiiiitti-wcrt of ('o|K'ntia- gfM, 600 mutli-wfll ot \ itiina, 7(;o fuutli-wrll ot Stockholm, Roo noitli-caft of MuUrid, Sio north* wtll of Koiiif, fi;o norlli cilt of I.ilfion, \%()o north utitiit C'Dnlt.mliiuij'lc, ami 14 14 fov.tli.vkcli of Mof'.ow. niaintains P N (; i:li'''^'-«nm,c,.';,;v;::r:!'!'^''rcov.,ed """"."""«. "TOO lar... J.!:".*;'^*^""' «'""•« o;k. con"':!.':''. •"»' "• '^"k.. cxK.„Ji,;" '!'-!. cauJe . -• . . ' ';'• '^''-,„« articles of ';'-'^ 1^ cattle . ••.''^•n' Juid Jiuiihs. •'ivviiio * • ■•J^'lgati' 98,244 7^ Mi} '94.70^ 52,000 '4.740,000 a»4 K O N D. OyftrM, budirl* ...... Small l)outi« with cnA, huMnck, whitinjf, &c. brfidri ihofoi l>roii|{ht t)y Innd-curringc, and great qunnlitie* of river and/ full-hlh ...... J lUilter, pnnnd* weight, about . . . - l-'hi'cfc, dittn, iduiut ..•••• CinlloiiH of ntilk .....* Hiirrcli of ftrong bcrr . . . . - l)iirri-U of finnirbcrr ...... 'rout of forlwnuT,. king-, bo S,'""'""""' l-'J(l. ... „j, ■'"ven on by « high «," I ""Wnijjht • vhich . T /"d Idt eight ofh,,, K^rl J ";'? '''«">ve. llii* K)t)Nl Kki Itttiigr, It tikr|« and rumnuxtluiM buiUliiig, it f.titt la lt«v« roO aIniU' V0.000I. riif iirrHio In ih«' Aililphi U 11 v«ry (iiw |)i«i« uf itrcMutkure* tnU Im« laid op«it ofir ol' till' iiiu'tk |>riir|>fi(» in ihv wcHrltl. \\r nii^lii hllon of ihc Tower f. Rank i^f Knuland, lltv Nvw Irtitiurv, iliv Atkiiiiral()-wtliitf, lUHt iIm llurtw'gUMriU ul VVl;iuliull. lh« M4Illi'>IV f In t<«miiilii|| iIm iiirliiliUt of ili* Towf uf * itti tl will Iw |irit|Mr lit Ihgi.i Willi ihuCn >iii IIm MilA)!* iIm prlitillMl ^V* » itir Itr I ihliw • UraXMr uru«ll)r iim« lo vMii •• ili# wiUI t»-4ffi| whkR, fram llk'i* KiimiUmi, Ari) |k'I^«)ii i <*in(rU tt 1 fnr h4vlnK tiiiirni ih« umrr unit, •• »l (Milrl wh4i I) t il'*i| ihr f|i'a htiitU' (itr' r«nl« llfrll itlot* yinl, ivliiiht* kiiuwn hy 4 pitiiil l trinMirr owr (If iKii'r Whil'll lf«it< to |l tr itriiv ll)r rlllKili^ * hrll, «||()t(h«n>,- l< nl)- fcrv.ilnrv, In rhi lirll Onrv *'* 'w >»il>'r riHimi, onr (if wliiili Id a I1114II uriiioiiry lur Ihr UM-fcr- tii ' print Ijially h.lrti vt'illi aiMi>, llir ntlur will jriii> •iiiil iithi-r tiarlikt iiiilriini< Ills *i r)t»(lr«, llmvrl-, |iti k axri, mill ihcv«u« lie Irllr in ijir \i|'|ii\, »rt llr|il ninli h, f)irr|i-lkin%, Uiinrtl hi>lr«, &i. utiii ill I lilllr rii<»li, i.illr'l Jiiliii l'«l.ir'i ( liip<'l, arr Ui|i«iittd fiiiiir mortis iniirtinJiiK prrlid^ii ttie am it tit i\(jtfmi> «ikI 1 iiitonu of llic |il;ur. In lliii hiillilmn arc alio prrlrrvnl ihr iii'Klil»iit the ntw- invrnlril rn)(inrt ol tlcllni^lioti, that h.ivr Irom iitni- III tlim- fwfti (irrfciiUil fil% ot tili.1t u.ik vjiiily tnllcil llir Inviiti ililr Ariiiiiil 1 ! in orilrr 10 fr|ii.ilt', to latrll pollrritv, •lie mrinnrv III ili.il livnal vii'tury, olituinril liv lli« hnKlilli iivrr llir whole na%al )>nwcr of Spain, In III rii|;n ol I'liiliji II. You Mi'ki tl ,tr to the ^raiul Oorr-hoiifr, a no- I'll liiiililm,' III ihr iioithuanl !■• ilie VV'hitr I'liwrr, ili.il oil mis i4;ltrl in lcii)(t!i, .mil 6u in Itrcitllh. It tt.K lH)(nii liy kinK lanns II. wliii IhiiIi it toihe rnll inior; Inil it wus tinillinl lit kiriK William III. who crrt'liil lli.it iiia|;iiiliii'nt irMiin, 1 .iljiil the New, or I'lnjll Arinourv, in uhuh I'l.ii |.itntr, will) ipiKii Mm, lili (tinlort, ilinrd in f(rrnl form. li:ivinR all tlie wjrraiit-worknirn ami la- lKMlrrl^ In .-itluitl tlirin, ilnlliil in ulnti ,>lovt"i«iii| aprons, tlic ulnal liatl)(t!< ol tlit ortkr (it inulnn'ry Tn till* itolilf riMim voii irt Inl ^>v a fnltlltin )l(i>if, a III .1 ijr ii«l Il4ir.ia(<' <tnll«nll^ »ni|il'i\ni On lh<' lilt It'lr III iIm uiifttriTiMrt lantllHn nUc* alitiiil 14 llltliilli. M, In ilriiiiln^;, irp.tltiiiK« anil nrw |iU> liig iha itriiM. On •iilrini|| iIm arinniiry, vnii III' H I'll III! «r tall • wiltUrinfi nl iim<. In arl< liilly tlllj iilttl, liiM M on* *i»w you hvlinW irm* lar iiriir Ho,aoom>ni all briKhi, *n4 Hi fnr frrviiti ami I. ..tUt lliiilti tapofiij to view, ItMr* wrre, lif. ftirv the war with Amrrlia, talrtn I'lwlU ffiul up, rat li thil) hoMiiitt almiii igoo miilVrH. The armi wrrt oil||initllv i|[l|Nifn| hv Mr. Ilarrli, whit ni». IrltV'l In iilair llxm In llm Iwaulilnl onlir Imili litr* anil In tlirvuiril itiaintifrol l|tiiii|iion • niiii. Ilr W.11 a tiiniiniin Kinifinllht Inn allrr h« hail (irrliiriilcil ihit ttork, wliith It lh« ariiiiii.l lliHir, iniiirr llir finall armoury, It a l.irKt' rooin of tipi.il illiMrnlinnt willi llial, fiip'. jiArlrtl in 10 pillir<, all Imimk rniinti with imiilr- mrnit lit war. Tlil^ moin, wliith It 14 trri hlj(li, hat a piiltaKf in the niiiltllt- 16 Irri witlr. Till' hoilr armoury it a plain hrii khuiltliitg, a lilllf 10 llif r.iOtiaril ol lli^ \Miilr.'f*iiwfr I anil i% an rillAtc ratlirr tiinvfniml ilnn rlrj^ani, tvlirrr tlir fpr.'tulor it rntrrtainnl \tilli a irprririitalimi ol iliol'e kiti)(t aiitl lierort ol our own naiutii, w iili w liiil't' gallant a/tinni it it to Itr riipitcifril hr it \t ell aii|uaiillril', fnnir nl llirm rqiilpptd ami lilting; mi horfrhatk, in ihr fanir liri^.lii anil lliiniK arnionr lliey wrrr iiltti to wrar wlirn ihr) prrlitrinrti thnlf gloriuut ai'linnt wliiih gave llirtn a tli'linguillir.l pliiir in till llritilli iiinaTt. Voii nil" ' luiir 10 the lin- of kin)(<, wMih )t)ut i«>ndtii')lo)(y 1 III lliiit in lollowini; ihrin wr imili plair llir laiHirll, In a ilark, llrnni; (Innr room, alioiit 10 y irijt to the ( illu ini nl the ((raiul Hnrchoufr, or iiitt. aiiiii>r\, ihr 1 niMrn jcwfli are tlepolitnl. I. Ihr im|icrial iroMii, with wl*it.h it 11 iirrttnilrtl thjt all the kin){i nf KnjIantI Itinvr been tmwnnl fimc lulw-nnl thr Ciinfrwir, ill 1040. It ii ol j/. M, m- rithril u iih iliamnnilt, iut>irt, rincralilt, I tpphirci ami prailti iKr 1 .ip ttithiii it ol putplt vrlvd, liiinl with \thit( lalfrty, tiirnril up tv ith Ihrrr rows of tTnnnr 'I'liey are, however, miliaki n ni f1irwin)i[ this at titc uiiiirnt imperial tliailrin ol M. KtlwariJ; lur that, with the u'hrr mull atmrnt rc')rnlia nf thii kiliKiliain, uat kept in the ar> lird rniiiii in the i loiltiT' in Wcltniinllt;r.AI>liry, till llir (ivil war; wht-n, in i'i4}, llarrv Martin, liy oidc- nl ihr parlianirnt, limkr open ihe iron clitll in wIikIi It wai ft<.urcil, tuuk it thciuc anil lnlil n, loj;(tlicr N (i I. N 1>. cod )p«ll aitti «'? , I ' «»«• M I'm* f»r»>»t| Itiul «I|<| I'h* »rni» till) i»i»- ,|, r »«''>> ml .mill, r Ik hn'l Imiioii III « |if iilioii Urmnury, itlirt, f»M>' iih Imiil*- liniUlKIti * t(r I '»») '^ «nt, wWrrf rill»«>"" aiKiKt «"'' a l\r i«»«ll I lilliiil', "'I llil^ .irm'i"f m.irJili.i'.i IniKililUrl IwliUh )»>m ]rr of '''"'■ miirt 1>1»' ' J,( 10 ) n.l' 111, or 111W 1.1, I. I'lr ^Mii> .t'<'l ^*nr>l III" ^ ,1 )i; 111. 'II- ,, l'i|i|iliitt< ■ii.k vilv'l. *ith thrrt |«»»n«Wii ill iilrm "t ^' |m>U aiHunt thr •nlii^ Vm.'tiy ooli: Inlt llltlt III 1 »nd li'UI "' tojjrlli" Mnwiwiltimfr of iht ldrU>mA>ur. itir ('tirtom lunirki, |<'Atir«t>tfli-e, Intlm liiHtft*! bittl niitny tiihrr mibliv buiM»ii|(» i U-liilc» itu' hi«Kiiiliiriit rtlilUoi raikul by our iiolMlilv t N* lotd n|i#ni'vr't liiMili-, NUrlhonmKli liuiili', niiil Itiulkihgliiim-luuiff In ^l, Jdiiiv*'* |>iik I the riirl ul I lu'lU-rhiUI'* Imuli.' ii> nr ||)tlt' |iiirk \ lite iluko i>l' Ttiff* «rt two ii|««m i>f grf«i •utlfiiiliy, T''* kiililrii <'i«|»lr, Iti VkIi •* thf |»«I.-|IjI, \\ iIhhH nhm 1111 h*« t^jlltS '***■' lii'* ^^'kR* ''P^imI itlMMit l»»rii liii hr<, Tli* lirmlof ihrmtli' lirrtv> olt *Uiiit iK* inKMIrfil l^» unit, whiih M iiMili' holtott, hir hnUlliii; llif Itnly oil) «ntl whrii Itif klnii l« inoliiifil by \\\t liiiliuii, lh» nil h jHHiriil Inin ih# f)'Oi)ii mil ol lh» Wnl't lilll, Xlll. A riti) lulr Ulltr «i ll.itr, iii »'N>i« Wht iht fiiuiir Whil* TiiMir, *Ntl («» t'ki)uli«itly Hriiiiglii, ih«i lilt MurkitMiiiliiMof matWrn tlin*> i« III III! ilritrrr riju*! i<» It. |i |« of (i>M, tml iilvJ only nn int Klfi|V^ tdilr il ihr i»riiM..i)'»i. Xl\', A nnlilf dlvfr frnil, iluiiUo ullt, tiiti ilr|»iitly wrmighi, III will' Il ihriitynl Uiiiily i«rr i litilVciiri,, XN'. A Urar IIIot lvn, llirrr tit III ihr t«wrl nlliti-, ill tlii' iruwit ji'wtU Horn b) till |iriiur> mill tiriiii nli'i ai inrniMliimi, mill II griiit viirli'tviil iiirloui iillll<«l ihrrr roinm, onr Kbovr aiiiMlicr. mil i likr^i' riniiil rooni, vttirrr lliv mil. mi' kc|'l. I liclr iiv .ill liaiulliimrU u jiiili i>i> i|, the Hiinlint |ifJM|| fr^iiiid liita |irrllri ruuiiil riili nxiin, » itliiii w lui II urr tlirlvn witi rrputilorin lur ' t'l* rdMfili. \ mill lur liir r^illrr Aailliit nf ilu'iii, ll>r S *«r III KU. Il rriKii I > ml' i ill on llic uilitlr <>l ti..'ie > SCir'-, Hill I lie rrmriK jj.4»cji\niiii»iin;lv, W llliiii Ihrl'r jiriirc, h Mi li an otiiK lo ^ in iiiimt«r, iiri< ilr|iolili<| ill ihi' rull'-, 'iMiii tlir ritll «i jrul l!ir rr';;ii III kinu [iiliii III the Ik ^ihiiiiiH ul tlic 11 11(11 III Ki> li< nnl III. lint lliiilr ullir thli bit iiiimil ar« kf|>t lit the riilK C'lu| , till' III i)'.iiial nl Iih « ami lljtiilt't', priurril- inai ol ilir iKiiriv nl lOMiitinn l.tw ami r<|iiilv ; the riKnt% nl I'.iikI.imiI In tlir iliiiiiininii nf the Uritilli Uiu; IcaKiio inil iriuiut with tnrritfn prinict; the ati hii'vrnii-nl< I'l hiiKlaml in li ; the Ittilr iirni ol Inlaml, at to Uw aniKloininioii | the (nnii^ III l>iliiiiilltiMi i |iriviU'Kr« aiiU iinmuiiiliri Kr:iiiti'il to iitie> aiiil inrporjiloiio during the period aluivt' nirnliiinrd; cunilln enl> ulthartcrtaiid I'eeda ni.idi' lieliirr llu- Ci)iii|iirfl ; the ImiiiuN nl all the tiirrlli in Knul.iiid, » illi llir fevrrjl reliiertive ri({ht» III llie iiihit)it:iiit\ III inniinoii iMlliire, and iiuny oilier important rnoidt, all rr)>,tilarK ilitJMilVd, and reft rrrd to in mur a ihoiiland lolio inili-xc*. Thii nliii r \\ ki pi open and aliendaiii e lonliantlv |;ivrn, Irnm IVven o'l lii< k, till one, emepl in llic inonlht III Di'ieinlier, January, and KiliriLtr), m lien it i* o|ieiioiily Iroiii tij^ht In one, Sunilas> and holidays fxiipttd. A lean li here i< halt a guinea, tor which you nwv |ierulc »iiy one fuhje.-l ,i year. G g a DcvDiilhircN, (■i(«ih*r »|ihlh« rotiti, fworrf, ii>«l f,rplrt nf tl. K.Tvtttil. However, al>tr lh« |rO'Mi«d>M, king i'hArWi II. hitol itiii' ri«d« In linliMloti of II, whit K U thai now |ti>>»it. II I'lt* gitld*ii urtt, or glnU, |>ur Inlii llw kln^'* ''kh* Im'oI >k l"rf li« '• trow n< • ll and tuirii in hit Irll h«iid Mlililhr lirpire In h.t righl, iip«n M« rilnrit into Wi'llminitrr.llatI afl»r ne li tiowurd It ii alitiul tU l.uhr« In dl' aiMirr, rilgvd with p, and iireilmi, Dnhri. The whnh' height of • ! « liall and mp l« ii Intliei. III. The golden Kepcri', with lit • lol't. Ill uiHitia Urgr ain«lnylliil «ri«l value, gaiiiilhrd rn'.nti with laMe diamuid*. Tht handle nl the d r| re It plain, but the puin- Ml»l l« (el roimd with riiiiiel, fineraldi, and fip'ill iaiii'indi. I !<* toil rill I Into « A<«> •/' /" rf i hiti> lloiir,, Iruin i»henit llHitt • mound ur ImII, inidr ii| the ante, thyrt atrtady iMntlnned. The irnl. Itijiillein- vertti wllh pr«iiiin« IIoiih. IV. The firplrr, wllh rht liutrfi ilie riiibli'i ol (n'tie, (icrtlicd on ih* t ip of « Illicit jeuil >l< III I ml ', liiiely nrnamenlrd «i nil table diamonds Mid lew It nl great > alue. ritii (inliUni H«i lirll ufiif Iiv l-.dviard t!i" Inn- t'Tor, 4* ii|'b«arii III hli lead tint tlic unticiit r cptre and dnvc wm^ fold with llie rid ol l)ic rC|!a> lij,«ml tlii« nnw In the Tvuer wai nude niter iImi H«ftoi»tign. V. Si, Kdward'^ Halt, fuuf feri A vcn luvl<«t^ and an h^ilt in Irngili, aid ihrre iiii hei ihrv 'luarMi in •. irkuinliuiu e, all nl Inateni^old, HJiieli iiiariitil Ik lore llie kiii)( at lii« i nroiialiiui. VI. Tlir ri'h tiiiwaot ll.ite, worn by hit niai<|1y U tifrHami'iii \ in wliiih i« a large (iiui.ild levm nil Illi rniiiid : a (leail rdrcintd the hurl) in the Mi plaicd lielnre litiii, to lliew tliul hi- il not yet ( oiiu ID it. \'lll. The l.ite ijuecn ^ln-\'^ ir«wn, ^IoIh-, and ficplre, Hith the ilia- di'-ii llie More at lur iiirnnalinn with her miil'irt kinx William III. IX. An i\ory |ic|iii-, with a iliiiv on the lop, niadi- lor kin.; janir^ II, -i ijiiien, whiili' y.arnii'irr is );iiM, .imi ilu- dove on tlie lop I olil, eiiaim lli'd with u lute. X. Thi- ...i/.<*,i i or twiiril ot men y, uliiili hak a biad^- ol thirty luo inihtt Iviiv, and mar two bro>d, \\ Milhoiit a faiiiil, .mil i. Uiriie naked lietore the kiii); at hi. iiiriiii.ition, between the two f» l . ol jiitiit e, fpi- iitiial and ti-inporil, XI. The goMi ii lJ>ur^, and tlie aniiilliis wliiih arc hraielel-. lor the urilN. Thi'lr, thoiii'.h very antiuur, urr worn at the loro imi'iiU.4, or ragi rii{;ra\rd, wbiih huhU iJie hoi) od the kiiiy; naliiin. XII. The amhktl,!, nt eagle ol j^old, Hmly id i^ueeiit of hii^iand uie anointrd willi: and llie J ildrn fjKXjti th«t liic biihej) j>ouT» tUc oil into 228 N G L N D. Dcvonfliirc's, and \\w Into cnri of Batli's, in Piccnililly ; lord Shflbiirnc\, in Berk- ley S(|uaro ; Noi ihiimberland-houfc in the Strand ; the 'Uikc of Uc-dford's, and Mon tagiio houfc *, in Hioonilbury ; with many otlicr fplcndid manfions, whufu names wnultl fill a lar^'o volume. 'llils groat city is fuppliod with alnnulancp of frolli water from the Thames and the New River ; which is not only of inconceivable fervice to every family, but by nieans of lire-plugs, the keys of which are depofited with the parilh-officcrs, the city is ill agieat niiafine fecured from the fpreading of fire. Ihis pkiily of water has been attended with another advantage. It has given rife to feveral companies, who infurehonfesand goods from fire ; an advantage that is not to be met wiih in any other nation : the premium is fmall f, and tne re- covery, in cafe of lofs, cafy and certain. Every one of thcfe offices keep a fet of men in pay, who are ready at all hours to give their alliftance ; and are extremely bold, dexterous, and diligent : but though their labours Ihouid prove unfuccefsful, the jicrfon who fullers by this devouring element, has the comfort that mud arifc fruin a certainty of being paid the value (upon oath) of what he has infured. before liie contla^ration in 1666, London was inelegant, inconvenient, and unlu-nlthy, of which latter misfortune many malancholy proofs arc authenticated ill hiilory, and which, wiiliout doubt, proceeded from the narrownefs of the ftreets, and the unaccountable projedions ot the buildings, that confined the putrid air, and joined with other circumftances, fuch as the want of water, rendered the city feldom free from pellilential dcvaftation. Tlie fire which confumed the greateft part of the city, dreadful as it was to the inhabitants at that time, was productive of confequer.ces, which made ample amends for the loflcs fuAaincd by individuals ; • The Britifli Miifeum Is depofited in Montague houff. Sir Hans Slri;mc, twrt. (who died in 1753) may not improprrly be lallcd tlie fotinder of the Britifh Miiftriim ; lor its being rdabliflied by par- liamint, was 01 ly in cnnfcqucncc of his leaving hy will his noble coUfi'tion of n.-xtural hiftory j his brgc library, and his numerous curioritics, whicb lolt hi:n 50,000!. to the wfc of the jmhlic, on con- dition that the pnilhnieiit would pay 20,oool. to his executors. To this ciillcrtion were added the Cottonian library, the H:'rleian m.iniifcriiits col- lected by the Ovford fanvlv, and purcliafcd like- wife by the parhamrrr, ami a tolleftion of book upon his plea- tiircs. The reign of his biDtlter was too lliori for fuch an undertaking. Perpetual mars, during the reigns «)f king \\ illiam and queen Anne, loft the parliament no woney to Ipare, and the two fucceeding monaiclis were net admirers of architec- tural nuignificence. Wind- tjo i: N I. N D. Windfor cnftle is diHinf^uillicd by its magnitude, and unrivalled in its bcnutitul and conimandinu iituation ; which, with the form uf its cuiillrudiuh, rendered it, bfforo the intrucludion oi artillery, impregnable, llunipton Court was the t'uvo- rite relidcnce ot" ki.ig William. It is built in the Dutch tafte, has fonu; good apartments, and, like VVindfor, lies luar the Thames. Both tliefe palaces contain good pirtures, but nothing ei)iial to the magnificent collettior. made by Chiirles I. and dillipated in the tinie »>t the civil wars. 'Ihe cartoons of Raphael, wliicli for delign and exprellion are recktmed the malUr-pieccs of painting, have by his prel'ent majerty been removed trom the gallerv built tor them at Hampton Court, to the queens palace, formerly Bu( kingham-noufe, in St. James's Park. 'J he palace of St. James's is commodious, bul has the air of a convent ; and that of Kenlington, which was purchafed from the Finch family by king \Mlliam, is remarkable only for its extenlive and beautiful gardens. Not inferior to thefe and oilur royal houfes, are many private feats in the neigh- bourhood of London, and all over the kingdom, \\ herein the opulence of th« Isnglilh nation is fully difjilayed and often made fubfervient to the fined clallical tafte ; witnefsthe feats of the martinis of Huckingluun, and earl Pembroke. .At the feat of tlie latter more remains of antiquity are to be found than are in tlie poirelFiou of perhaps any other fidnect. lUit thofe capital houk-s of the Knglifli nobility and gentry arc peculiarly diftin- guillied by the nice adaptati(m of their jiaris, the richnefs and elegance of their hirniture, and the admirable prefervation in which the whole is kept; as well as by their hortulane and rural tlecorations, villas, opening laiulfeapes, temples, all the refult of lliat enchanting art of imitating nature, and uniting beauty with niajj- nilicence. Of fuch feats the following are the molt dillinguillicd, viz. nie carl of Pembroke's, at Wilton, in Wiltlliiie. J.ord Clitlord's. King's-Wefton, (iloucellerlliire. Duke of Heaufort's, Hadmington-Magna, ditto. I'.arl Spenfer's, Wimbledon, Surry. . ^^ 'ihe late fir (Jregory I'age's, Hlackheath, Kent. . Sir James 'lylney Long's, l*;|)ping I'oreft, lillex. ' , , Duke of Grafton's, Kullon-llall, Suflolk. ,■ Karl of Orford's, Houghton, Norfolk. ' Duke of Marlborough's, Blenheim, Oxfordlliire. Earl of Litchfield's, Ditchley, ditto. Marquis of Buckingham's, Stowe, Buckingliamfliire. Earl of Bute's, Luton Hoo, Bedfordlhire. Earl of Winchelfea's, Okeham, Rutlandlliire. Earl of Stadbrd's, Bronghton, Norlhampionlhirc. Earl of PonnVt's, EalUin, ditto. Earl Spenfer's, Althorp, ditto. Earl of Exeter's, Slanilord, ditlo. Duke of Norfolk's, Wdrkfop, N'ottinghamlliire. Duke of Devoinhire's, ("hatlvvortb, Derbylhire. J.ord Scarfdale's, near Derby, Mr. Aillabie's, Studiey-I'ark, Yorkfliire. I'.arl of Carlille's, at ("altle-Howard, ditto. Duke of Northumberland's, at Alnwick, Northumberland, and S!on Houie, Middlefex. Lord Clive's, ('laremont, Surry. J'iarl of Inchiquin's, Clielden-houfe, Buckinghamfliire Earl of Harrington's, at Peterlham, Surrv. - "Mr. i>/ am e was courted by the pmudtll, and wnofe |)ower was dreaded by the tierccil na- tions. l)y the ellablillinicnl of thi» iiate there urofo tu England a new ally, and a new rival. When ([uccn Klizabcth entered tipon the government, the cuftoms produced only a6,oooI. a-year ; at the Keliorallon they were let to farm for 400,0001. and pro- duced confiderably above double that fum before the Kcvulutiun. The inhabitants of London, before we had any plantations, and when our trade was inconfiderable, were ctMiiputed at about 100,000 ; at the death of queen Elizabeth, they were in- creafcd to 150,000, and are now above lix times that nuitlbcr. In thofe days we had not only naval llores, but Ihips fioin our neighbours. Germany furnilhed us with nil things made of metals, even to nails ; wine, paper, linen, and a thoufand other things, tame from France. Portugal fupplied us with fugars ; all the produce of America was poured on us from Spain ; and the Venetians and Genoefe retailed to us the commodities of the I'-aft Indies at their own price. The legal interell of money was 12 per cent, and the common price of our land 10 or 1 2 years purthafe. We may add, tliatour manufatlures were few, and thofe but indifferent ; the num- ber of Eiigiilh merchants veiy fmall, and our (hipping inferior to what belonged in the late war to the iingle county of Lancaller. For exportation lM\i;land fuinilhes many of the mod fubftantial and ncccffary commodities ; as butter, theefe, corn, cattle, wool, iron, lead, tin, copper, leather, copperas, pit-coal, alum, faffion, &c. Our corn fometimes preferves other coun- tries from Ihirving. Our liorfes are the moll ferviceable in the world, and highly valued by all nations for their hardinefs, beauty, and llrength. We vi6tual not only our own fleets, but many foreign velVels. Our iron we export manufactured in great guns, carcalfes, bombs, Sic. Prodigious, and almoft incredible, is the value likewife of other goods from hence exported ; viz. hops, flax, hemp, hats, Ihocs, houfehoId-lUil], ;ik', beer, red-herrings, pilchards, falnion, oyilers, liquorice, watches, ribbands, toys, &:c. There is fcarcely a manufacture in Europe but what is brought to great perfec- tion in England. Our woollen manufatturc exceeds that of any other nation. Hardware is another capital article ; locks, edge-tools, guns, fwords, and other arms, are of fuperlor excellence; houfehold utenlils of brafs, iron, and pewter, are alfovcry great articles ; and our clocks and watches arc in the higheft cfteem. The furprizing pcrfedtion, to which the manufactures of England have been brought, arifcs from many circumftances which nowhere coincide fo happily to pro- mote their nrogrefs as they do in this illand. To this the national cnarafter, the lituation 01 the country, and the excellence of its conftitution all contributi-. Nothing could be more favourable to the progrcfs of the mechanical arts, than the Englilh reHeclion, and perfeverjioce, and the excludve attention they are able to bellow on lavDuriie purfuits, often with the neglcd of every other concern ; tlkir cntcrprizinp fpirit ; and the certainty of enjoying the glory and fruits of their la- bours. The infular fituation of Britain taught its inhabitants to tonfider the fur- rounding ocean as the bulwark of their fafely, the theatre of their power, and tlie fource ot their wealth. Navigation with its appendages, diflant acquifitions and colonization, gave an aftonilhing extent to commerce, an air of grandeur and ini- fjortance to the occupations of the merchant, and flattered ambition as well as the ove of gain. Ihe mere natural productions of the country were mfuflicient for fo large a market, cfpecially as it was deficient in articles of luxury and the pre- cious metals. Manufacturing indultry was therefore called fortb, to fupply nuiic- rials E N C 1. N D. •35 riaU for commerco, and cvcr)r new invention of moclianical genius found lihoral f'upport and rncotiragotncnt t'rom the great nnnibcr of |H-oplc who had ucnuircd woaltl). Ilic Knglifli government, favtturahic to liberty, and to every exertion of genius, lia^ provided liy wife and ecjuitable laws for the fecure enjoyment of pro- perty acquired hy ingenuity and iulxiur, and has removed ohlUclrs to indut^ry, by prohibiting the importation of fuch articles from abroad, ai lould be manufactured at home. In the years 1769, 1770, and 1771, the value of the woollens exported from Kngland amounted to upwards of 10,500.000!. fterling, exclulivc of the woollens of Yt)rJilhire, the value ot which, in the fame period ot lime, amounted to upwards of jj.oco.oool. llcrliiig. Next to the woollen manufactory, that of cotton is the moll conliderable, as it is reckoned to cmnluy in the northern and middle counties not lefs than 500,000 perfons, women anu children included. Among the advantages the Britilh illands are nofl'efl'ed of, with ref[>ed to navi- j^ation, the following are worthy of attention 1 tlie great extent of the coatis, the lea-line of which, including both (Jreat l»ritain and Ireland, extends near 3800 miles, whereas the fea-coall of France is but 1000 miles ; the neighbourhood to the continent ; the lumiber of ixcellenl harbours ; the numerous navigable canals, which form a connnunication between the lea-ports on the ealtern and welleru coafts of Kngland. 'I'he contlant incrcafe of this immenfe commerce is aftonilliing. In the years 178J and 178.J., I. - Ibips cleared outwards, anitnuiting to 950,000, exceeded the number of tons of the Ihips employed twenty-four years before, by upwards of 400,000 tons. The value of the cargoes exported in 1784, amounted to up- wards of 15,000,0001. fterling ; and the net culloms paid for them into the cx- cheijuer were upwards of j,ooo,oool. ilerling ; and even this fum was exceeded the following year, 1785, by upwards of i.ooo.oool. The balance of trade in favour of I'.ngland is eftimated by fome writers at ■;,ooo,oool. Ilerling. Far more conliderable is the inland trade, valued at upwards of 42,000,000!. rterling. As the quantity of circulating fpecie may in fome mea- fure indicate the extent of connnerce, we mav judge of the inereafe of the latter, by comparing the fums which the three lal\ monarehs found necellary to coin. By George I. 8,725,921!. Ilerling were coined. In the long reign of Georpe II. 11,966.5761. rterling, and in the firft twenty-tour years ot his prefent majelly's reign, the fums coined ammmted to 33,089,2741. Ilerling. The coafting trade is faid to give employment to about 100,000 people; but this number feems to be exaggerated ; yet fome branches of the filheries require a great nuniber of hands. About 10,000 people are employed in the o\ ller-fnhery along the coails of Isngland. Ot the Britilh commerce, that branch which we enjoyed cxeluiively, viz. the commerce with our colonies, was long regarded as the moll advantageous, ^'ct linee the feparation of the American .States t'rom Great Britain, the trade, the in- Htc biluicc ii fuppolcd t«> be in favour o| Kiij(- liind. 1,11^ I r, ft C'rt'U to til*" crtjill of* Guinea, fiirdry (> rl» «)t"i()ar(o wixillcti and liiu-n, ir»n, pcAur. \»*i^, aud liiixlwaiv nunuradurei, Irnd-lliot, I'wurd*, knivc*. fin*- urm»i giiiWjiwwdcr, iind glul't munul'achirci. (luinca latirly lii|i|ili('d tlic Aincriian I'olonii'H \v ;b lugpt Itavci, iintotinriuq in iinnib^r lo uhovi- 100,000 4nniintly. The ollii-r rk.-tiirti- arc in jjoM-dul). gum, dyiiij; and utiivr drngi, rfd-vvDod, (luincu griiini, iinil iviv. 'l'-> Aral)in, Icrlia, Chiiiii, and oihor parti of Alia, Kngland fcndi nuith forrign lilvcr t'lMii, and bullion, iiiul liuKby Knglilh miinufatturoi of woollen gixxit, and or lend, iroM. and bralH i .md UiingH home from thofe remote regions, nuillinit and i'olt ^reat a <|uanfity of tnole \arioUH niei\lian
  • 's are i< -» x|ioited to foreign Kuropeun nations, u» more than idinpcnrutc-* for the tilver bullion wliicb Kngland earrie^i out. During the infumy of eonuneri with fonign part^, it wuh judged cxordient to Ijrant e\clulive i barters to j»artii idar bodien «»r corporationn of mei\ ; liencc the |-.all India, South Sea, tiudlon's bay, 'I'urkey, Kullia, and Koyal Afrienn compa- nies; but ihc trade to Turkey, Kullia, and Africa, is now laid open, lliougl. tlie mereliant who propofcs {o trade thither muft become a member of tlic company, be fubject l» their lawsi and regulationw, and advance a bnall fum at admillion, fur the purpofes of fupporiing confuN, forts, flic. Tlie foreign trade of Kngland is fupporlcd by great rational indurtry, the pro. dnce of the land, and labour it tlu country, being calculated at more than 4Z,ooo,oool. annually. Cornwall and Devonlbire fi. ))ly tin and Icod, and woollen manufaHure!i aro common to almolf all llie wetlern counties. Dorfctlliire makes cordage for the navy, feeds an incredible number of (beep, and has larjje lace manufatlurcs. .Simierfetlliire, beltdei furnidiing lead, copper, and lapis calaminaris, has largo inanula^Uircs of bone-lace, tbrcko'.gt, (md capx. Urillol is faid by fome to cm- ploy 2000 vcdels of all (i/es, coafters as well as Ihip!!, employed in foreign \oyages: it has many very important manufatlurcs; its glafs-bottic and drinking- jIafsOccupying fifteen large houfes : its brafs-wire manufactures are alto very con- liderablt. Miinufattures of all kinds (glafs, jewellery, clocks, watches, and cut- lery, in particular), are carried on in London and its neighbourhood ; the gold and lilver mnnu;;u'lures of l.ondral^ wares ; it is luie, and in .ShefHeld, which is famiiuj for culkry, where it is fuppofed upwards of 40,000 workmen arc employ- ed by about 600 owners and matmfaclurers, that the true genius of Kngliln art and iiuluflry is to be feen ; tor ("uch are their ex« client inventions t\)r fabricating hardwares, that they can allxrd ilieni for a fourth part ol the price at which other nations can furiuili the ("anie ot' an inferior kind : the choapnefs of coals, all necef- fares, and tlie eonveniencv ot lituation contribute greatly to this. One company of iion manutacturers in Shrtiftlhirt ufe every day <;oo I 'Us of coals in their works. In Cinat Hritain there is made every y^ar from 50 lo Oo.ooo Ions of pig-irun, and fiuiu ij to jo, joo tons ot bur-iron. The N N D. «J» Th* nArihfm counikt nf Rngtand carry on > prrxlli^iou* irkclc in lh« rotrfir and (li^))lc•r woolirn niantifdcKitc* , wiinrft thole of ll^liluii, i^cul(itta plute, though onlv a village, and it* highel) niagiUrat« a conllnhle Hcuulihil |)>irv(luiii and carmen \N.tii' have of late year« hocn manufatltirrd in \ViircolU-r< (hire niul Stnffotdiliire. I lie Knglilh mrpeli, cfpeiially ihufe of AxminlKr, V\ iU It'll, iiiul Kiiler, llKuiith lint a Into ni;«iiut'<4aiiie. greatly v\n\ in luttuty uwt iiii|)orti-(l from lurkt y, uml ate eMrcniely diirulile l*N|ier, whiih (ill vi'r/ l.iioly \\A* imporiod in vuik (]uantitici> lioin I'tunte uiul llollund, i« now made in (\iiy |i.irt ol the kiii)( toni. Ihc parlmmcnt, t>f luie, h;i till) attempted to I'.uglaiid |i> lir Walter Uuieigh, .)uv wai dropt altcrwuid* in luvour ol'the bull India Cum* pany. After all thnt hut been faid, the feati of nianutuduret, 4nd c(>nfi.-«pieiitl) uf tradr, in tnglaiid, are lliittuttiing , they will alwayt follow tluife pit** e« wlure liv- ing ix ihrap, and tavct ure ealy ; lor thin reafon, lluy have been obdrvid of lata III ii-niovc touardi llic northern niuiitics, wlu j. prnvilions ure in pliiity, and UtO laiid-lHX Viiy low ; and, probably, in a lew )ears, the inland navigation* wiiiih arc completed in many parts of hnt^laiid, will make great improvements in itt nal " . Ihr immenfe accuniulalmn of the public debti, and the dcpreired Hate of pub- lic credit, of the revenue, and of the lundu, nt the cinfe of the lall war, ttigether with the lofs of fcveral exi'-nlive and popuKiu?. colonies in North Ameriia, led fome of the ableft and moll expericiued men in the kingdvmt, not in geiiernl in- vlincd to defpondency, to me, or inHuence abroad, Ihi' events, however, whici " ive lince nappeiiril, ib'W as well (lie elVctl which m.iy be produced by a refolnlii to eneounler tlie ditiii ultie* of the moU embarrallfd lituation, as the exieni of the refources to be derived from ii rpirit of national iixlullry and cnter|)ri/c. Among other caufes which have contrilniied to the profperity of ihc iiatinn lince the peace of 178?, the wrili r ot a pamphlet, ei.iillid, A brief Kxamiii.uion hito the Increnfe of the Revenue, C(«nmerce, and Navigation of (Jreat Britain, pub- lilh'd 1793, mentions mi ail for muliiin^ puhlii luiounts. l.ofles to an immenfe amount had been fnllained by the public, from perlbns to whom larj;e funis of money iuid been illued, Jnul who bad not rendered anv account : a very large proportion of them had iu\er been called upon, the few who were with tliofc who voluntarily tendered themfelves, palTed their nccountb for millions before a deputy or clerk, appointed bv an auditor, who al\v;i\s coiilulered his own ollui as a linecure. To renuily this evil, an \\t\ was piilied in i7{'i3, for belter e\aiiiiii- iiig and auditing the public accounts i^i the kingdom ; liiue which, lliev have been examin'-il with attention ai, aud the elli cts of iliislaw will be felt in its \\\\\ extent, in tlie preftnt > 171)4) war witli Frame Sums, be- voiid all belief to perfoiv* iii>t expcrienied in fin.li iniilters, would have been laved, if fiich an inl\ilution hud been provided previous to the two lali wars. It mull be in the recollection of every t»ne, how univofala pcrfiialion prevailed, that the feparation of the American C\>loiiies bom (ircai biiuiin, would be felt as a great and levere wound, iiijurinp «>ur n ("ources ar.d lelfcninji our navigatien. We cannot, therefore, but coiMemplatc with the hiuliell pUafuie the etliCts pro- duced by the meafures betorc blinded lo, ui.d b\ vaiious other laules wliJi li.ne contributed to the general profperity of the country. 'I y compare the itvcmie at 3 ditVufiii 140 K N I. N 1). nviore aiiviupiiiti, inc grhau«i tiiu crritiii rrnuciiim m iri« a«i>(. more diraU ■r|ummi will, hitwcvvr. arif* f'rum mi inuutrx lnt«i \he rtaic of Avigation amloHnnirrtc durint the y«*ar» i)f uur Kroarcll prDCjirriiv, a(i«r ll»# i«>l Iff)!, and ai thi* limr.— In ini* inquiry llu rciHt iiritl'i)nu> (lirtiiiilly 4« loih** (ll(f«rtnt p4>riiMli, b«fur« an«l liiica \\t* frparaiunt, wutild imM alntM b>' atlmiiicil aa a t ril«ri(iii, hrtaufr naw laia* havf< li<*<-n linrr adiU ilali<)n ol' ilrlii and ia«r», il ha« l>«en aide lo t'lft'^t niol) Tmi I'i-Utullyr what wa« iM*\er hvfore atl«iup<«tl, the gritdual and crriaiii rrducliim ii( the d«l>t. A mo»« our navl^ l«rar« (dl 763, and ai thi* iimr— in Ihi* in(|uiry navicalion ;— ii ii to be bnicnlrd, llml |iri-vi4iui In 17M6, no dii|Ni were ti'xilL'ri-d in Grrat Btitain, rx<«p( tK al lonnagr, to fnvr the tia\in<-nl <>l IikHi diili<'« imd oiltcr ihar|(r* . iioiwilli lliiuliiifr wliali, a tnlirulilc |ii(igni<'iil iii.iv Ik- liMinid ol iho ini r( .il< ol our iinvt* j;nliiin, Dy comparinK ihf tinnilHT **( lln* |Iii|hi i-U'iri-d out at iht' dillicrsni ihthkIs having in view that, |trrviou« to the frjiaralion ol' il)i< roUtiiict of «r of Mrllilh flil|H «ntcrr4 mtvmJi In (•real Hi lulu. * Mlf«. TMMg*. I »|—<4M—T (»,••! • »?♦— 1||«T— »!•,• . • '•It t.M:— Mlie*' I7(f—)i, «><—•. 4"i# • !•««— Il,lt4— l.44i." 'I »»|I — I»i4f« -•.♦.'• • • l,»«— •Jii'-lijl>in'<» Nuintx-r uf ItrUllli l)ii|ii ilrartJ t>.t-u4t,lt li»in llrrui Uilulii tM|)*. I'lNlUg*. I7?l— )»«««-jil«ii I •?»i-»»ni -*?♦.«♦• 1 • rri-f.i •»•-««,< 14 I Ml f». T"M(g« i'i«-ii.'>4i -i,,n. I I ;>>'>-it,?4t^l,4l4 III I'll -IM l-l,(ll,M* • ;*•— W-''«-i,j-«,iw; Taul V«Im of Imparit liua Great Btiutai fn mmm £•4. •»).••« 1 •'«« •a. XoJu.>«i ini MMW H/7(..<>| • t' ■ -■ U.l| iT"! • '•4 ■«■• ll.HVa" •Tl" aMH !«,*• ■,<<»• •»l — l4.l» — lt,«l4,JA« An Account of Vrffrti bf lon|(lii| lo (irtti Briinlii I in the tujlo^'lng Yran i i-ri • '»! •••4» l'l» iTfo l?.i l?»l l:»4 • ' »i"«4 '7?i • • • ».i«» Tof»l View iif v.»\>t>ti% from (Jrfit Oril^iit 1 • 11.4 .^ • i»/>l» • n.lp • III II r«r*i|iii Minub'1. Iriiik ManuUtt. Tul*!. •:t« — i.*.;**!"*' — — /ii'>,9-i,oo«-^£'7i"''i»''«o ir-j — ^ 7,114, <>o- - .i.4i7,»<»« i*,ni'*»'^ Ip4 — i.'ifl,^ c r ,(t*^j -■ IM<|,e|a i;7j — ■ »,H )ijoo— — iO|ii;i,of> itijl ,o>« • »•»— il, »!.•- !■♦ <•' ■• • I ,w I MII.0-O-— I f i ' ■■ », )' HiouO — BiiiiSi MMiiirut. T'lul. ■/.Ml' •;."•—- i'l'.U".' n — l4,illuo — -— ti,|i.i,t«ii — l'l,l(l«OO.i — — »l,"|l, wl — It,)! ,<(*J IJ.SJitf.n • Thr firnporlinn nf ihrfr rtii|n, in ihr Uft plti^ hf|(iM(;in|{ In llir whole Hrlli(h F.mpirr n| |M"l(r li<-liiii(,lri(' In Ihr I'roviiuri (now ihrUiiitrtl Ihr illffcmil |>rriiHl<, liriuiifr, prrviniK in ihr Ule Kia'fi) uai very l.inM- ; hiil il i> iiniMilDblr to KcKiDer 4i'l, ii>> 41 1 iiuiil a.i< kr|i| ut llioir h. I.)n)(. •firrtiin tlir numlirr uf llirm willi Jiiy ilrnrrr injt lo lril.iii 411 miy of itiiiimiy, « f Krnin (hi'i yrar ihry roMiiiiiiitl dimininiiiig wrrr nni nn iiralrly mrnfiiri'il brlorr ihr lulHiiif r II i;lj, whrti tlirrr wrrr only 4.6{i. of iNr f.il act. ; A «.on)p«rifjii iaiiaot lie nude ot tin- lliip- In » N ""» A *i0OO,O0O, ^•'"« o* Import, ,y -. , V. . ''JiOjO. /'/•I'-ll. Hi. Pi It 7ih Ke. ' « «. afforded «4» N N D. aflTordrd by the bank for converting the paper Into fpceie. The notes of (he bank of England arc of the fame value «• the current coin, a* thty may be turned int» it whenever the poT^'flbr plcafe*. From hence, aa notes are a kind of money, the counterfeiting them is puni(hcd with death, ai well aa coining. 'Vhii method of dcpofiting monry in the bank, and exchanging it ftr notea. (though they bear no intcrcft), is attended with manv convftnieiicics ( as ibcy are not only fafer than money in the hands of the owner himfelf, but a» the notes are more portable, and capable of a much more cafv conveyance : lincc a bank note fur a very large fum may be fcnt by the jpofl, and to prevent theft, may, without damage, be cut in two, and fcnt at two leveral timcb. Or bills, called Bank poft- bills, may be had by application at the bank, which arc particularly calculated t tlcavour, acconUiig a» tl>eir coiUratt is, tiihor to raiie or lower futh flock, by Spreading' riimouri, and H^4ilioua tlorici, in order to induce people either to fell out in a nurry, and confeqnentiy cheap, it* llivy are to deliver flock j or to bccoins unwilling to fell it, and confeqnentiy tu make il dearer, iftliey arc to receive flock. The perfons who make thefe lontrads are not in general poflellod of any real flock I and when the time comes that they are to receive or deliver the quantity they have o»ntratlcd for, they only pay fuch a fum of money us makes thd diflercnce between the price the flock was at, when they made the contra^^, and the price it happens to be at when the contra£^ is fulfilled ; and it is no uncommon thing for perfons not worth tool, to make contra£l9 for the buying or felling ioo,oool. flock. In the language of Exchange-Alley, the buyer in thiK cafe is called the Bull, and the feller the Bear } one ii for railing or tolling up, and the other for lowering or trampling upon the Stock. Befidcs thefe, there is another fet of men, who, though of a higher rank, may properly come under the fame denomination. Thefe are the great nK>nied men, who arc dealers in flock, and contraftors with the government whenever any new money it to be borrowed. Thefe indeed are not fictitious, but real buyers and fellers of flock ; but by raifmg falfe hopes, or creating groundlefs fears, by pre- tending to buy or fell large (luantities of flock on a fudden, by uling the foremen- tioned fet of men as their inltruments, and other like pratliccs, they are enabled to raife or lower the flocks one or two per cent, at pleafurc. However, the real value of one flock above another, on account of its bring more profitable to the proprietors, or any thing that will really, or only in imagi- oation, tfktA the credit ot a company, or endanger the government by which that credit is fecured, mufl naturally nave a conliderable effect on the flocks, 'llius, with rcfpe£i to the intereft of the proprietors, a fliarc in the flock of a trading company which produces 5I. or 61. per cent, per ann. mufl be more valuable than an annuity with government fecunty, that produces no more than 3I. or 4I. per cent. p«r annum } and confeqnentiy fuch flock mufl fell at a higher price than fuch an annuity. Though it mufl be obferved, that a Ihare in the flock of a trad- ing company producing 5I. or 61. per cent, per annum, will not fetch fo much money at market as 1 government annuity producing the fame fum, becaufe the £;cunty of the company is not reckoned equal to that of government ; and the continuance of their paymg So much per annum, is more precarious, as their divi< ^nd is, or ought to be, always in proportion to the protits of their trade. As the ftocks of the Eaft India, the Bank, and the South Sea companies, are ^iflinguithed by different doiominations, and arc of a very dilVerent nature, wc ihall give a liiort biAory of each of them, together with an account of the differ- ent flocki each ia poSeffcd of, beginning with the Eafl india company, as the iirft aftablifhcd. East India comvamt.] The Arft idea of it was formed In queen Elizabetli's time, but it has lince undergone great alterations. Its iliares, or lubfcriptions, were originally only 50!. ftcrling } and its capital only 369,8911. 5!i. but the directors having a confidcrable dividend to make in 1676, it was agreed to join the profits to the capital, by which the iharcs were doubled, and confcqucntly, each became of lool. value, and the capital, 739,7821. los. to which capital, if 963,6391. the profits of tho company to the year 168 «, be added, the whole flock amounted to 1,703,402!. Though the cftablilhment of this company was vindicated in the clcarefl manner by lir Joliah Child, and other able advocates, yet the par- tiality which the duke of York, afterwards James il. had for his favourite African trade, the loiies it fuflamed in wars with the DuK'h, and tho revolutions which i i 2 had a44 N N D. had happened in the affairi of Indoflan, damped the ardour of the public to fup" {)ort it i (o that nt the time of the Revolution, when the war broke out with 'Vance, it wag in a very bad filuation. This was in a great meafurc owing to its having no parliamentary fanilion, whereby its (lock often fold for one half lefs than It was really worth ■, and it was refolved that a new company fliould be ere£kd, under the authority of parliament. The oppo/ition given to all the public-fpirited meafurcs of king William, by faction, rendered tnis propofal a matter of difficulty ; but at lad, after many par- liamentary enquiries, the new fubfcription prevailed ; and the fubfcribers, upon udvancing two millions to the public at 8 per cent, obtained an a(t of parliament in their favour. '1 he old company, however, retained a great interefl both in the {>arii!nnent and nntion ; and tlie a^l being found in fonie rcfpc£ts defe£tivc, fo violent a ftriiggle between the two companies arofe, that in the year 1702, they were united by an indenture tripartite. In 1708, the yearly fund of 8 per cent. for two millions, was reduced to ^ per cent, by a loan of i, 200,000!. to the pub- lic, without any additional interrA ; for which coniidcration the company obtamed n proiong.ntion of its exclufive privileges ; nnd a new charter was granted to them, under the title of " 'I'he United Company of Merchants trading to the Eaft Indies." Its exclufive right of trade was prolonged from time to time; and a farther fum was lent by the company in 1730, by which, though their privileges were extended for thirty-three years, yet tlie interefl of their capital, wnich then amounted to 3,190,0001. was reduced to three per cent, and called the India 3 per cent, annuities. 'Ihofe annuities arc different from the trading ftock of the company, the pro- prietors of which, inflead of receiving a regular annuity, have, accordmg to tneir different lliares, a dividend of the profits arifmg from the company's trade ; and that dividend rifes or falls according to the circumflances of the company, either real, or as is too often the cafe, pretended. A proprietor of ftock to the amount fice. Accordingly, fix perform were nominated by the king as commiflioncrs for the affairs of India, of whom i^ie of the focretaries of Jate and the chancellor of the exchequer for the time being fliall be two, and the prefident is to have a cail- ing vote. New commillioners are to be appointed at the pleafure of the crown. This board is to fuperintcnd and control all operations refpe£ting the civil or military sovernment or revenue of the BritiQi territorial pofll-lhons in the Eaft Indies. The court of directors of the company are to deliver to this board ^11 minutes and refolutions of tliemfelves and of the courts of proprietors, and copies of all letters and inilru£tions propofed to be fent abroad, for tneir approba- tion or alteration. The direQors arc (till to appoint the fervants abroad, but the king hath a power by his fecretary of ftate to recall the governors and members of ;he councils, and all inferior magiflratcs. By this bill there is given to the gover* nur and council of Bengal a control over the other prelidencies in all public tran^ actions ; but the council of Bengal are fubje£ted to the direction of tne company at home, and except in cafes of immediate danger and ncccHity, retrained from acting without orders received from hence. Another obj^'Ct of the bill is the redrefs of the grievances of the natives of India j to provide for the payment of the juft debts of the nabob of Arcot, which are a burthen on his country j to afccrtain the indeterminate right and prrtenhous on which fo many differences have arifen between him and the rajah of Tanjorc, fo- mented by Europeans, and to deliver the zemindars, and other native landholders of India, from opprellion. A material part of this bill is directed alfo againll the abufes faid to have prevail- ed in the civil and military departments, enjoining a thorough rcvifal of their efta- biilhment ; together with a fupprelfion of fuch places as are found to be ulclefs, and of fuch expences as may be conveniently avoided. And, in order to prevent ;iny dclulive (liew of retrenchment in the prefcnt motion, or any deviation from the wife fyrtem of oeccmomy at a future period, this reform is direaed to be conllantly fubmitted, in its whole flate and progrefs, to parliament. Cadets and writers had hitherto been lent to India in fuch number."!, as to remain a burthen upon the eflabiilhments of the coiuiiaiiy. No more of thcfe are now 3 N a M D. «47 •ow to be ient oot, till their number i« reduced within the proper complement, which it not to be exceeded in future. The rccomtnendatitint alfo o( the dire£lors to oflicet abroad are now rendered laeffcdtual ; and a fyttem i* cftahlilhcd, of fucccllion by feniority. From this regulation neccflariljr Hows a limitation of the a|i;c of perfons entering upon the line of Eaft India Icrvicc from fiftut-n to twenty-two years ; for, if no provifioa was made to prevent children being enrolled on the cflablifhment, they misht be broMght by fucrclfion to many im]>ortant cmplorments before they arrived at manhood : or, on the other hand, pcrfona adrancrd in years might be appointed to tilt.* nations of young nu-n, for tlte folc purpofe of repairing dillipated tortnnes » and that without the profpctt of being able to do it in the cuiirfe of years by re- gular advancement anu legal profit. On the fame ground, and on that of prevent- ing, as far at polhbie, the mifchicf of tainting the government of that continent, by introducing into it the pailit.ii of Great Britain, all perfons who have refided ive years ia Luro|)c, iince their return from India, are precluded from any farthisr re-appointment to ofNces in that country. The Jalt body of regulations for the company's fervants in India applies to of- finices committed in that country. Security had been derived to Indian delinquents, from the circumftance of their •ffcnces being committed within the territories of Indian princes, fu as not to comi; within the cognisance of the Britilh government. This a£tprovtdes againft further evaiions of this inifchicvous nature, by declaring the offence ^ually pu- ailhable in whatever territory of India it is committed. Under the fpccious name of Prefetits, the groped extortion had frequently been pni£tifed ; and all attempts to draw a line having proved nugatory, nothing remained but to put an entire (lop to the pra£tice. The afct, theretore, of receiving prefents, is declared to be in itfelf extortion, and punilhable by law accordingly. Of the fame kind with thefe are the regulations againd difobedience of orders ; and alfo againft the bargaining for offices. Both of thefe offences are pronounced mifdemeanours: and provifion is made, that the guilty perfons (hall not compound for them with the company, nor ever be reftored to appointments in their fervice. To prevent, or more cafily punilh, the mifcondutl of the fervants of the com- pany, every pcrfon returning from India is, within the fpace of two calendar months after his return, lo deliver in upon oath, before the barons of the exchequer, an inventory of all lands, tenements, goods, debts, monies, fecurities for money, &c. 8cc. fpecifying what part thereof was not acquired or purchafed by pro- perty acquired in confequencc of his relidence in the Eaft Indies. A duplicate is to be given to the court of directors, for the infpcition of the 'proprietors of the com- pany ; and in cafe of a complaint within three years after the delivery of the inven- tory, that it isevalive, infufhcient, or falfe, then the perfon is to be examined upon oath, in the exchequer, to fuch interrogatories as the court (hall think, (it, or be im- prifoned ; and if he hath been guilty of any omiilion or concealment to the value of 20ool. all his real and perfonal eltate ihall be forfeited, one moiety to the king, and the other to the united company. Any perfoi; who (hall within the fpace ot three years make difcovcry, on oath, of any part of the eftate or property, real or perfonal, of any perfon delivering fuch an inventory, which (htll have been con- cealed, (hall, upon conviction of the perfon, be allowed ten per cent, of the value of the eftate or effetts fo difcoverod. It is alfo, by this bill, lawful for the attorney- general, or court of diredors, to exhibit an information againft any pcrfon guilty of the crime of extortion or other niifdenieanors committed in the Eaft Indies, which information is to be tried by commiflioners. Jroviliun for that event ; whicii was clfettualiy done by Mr. Dundus'i bill, pro* ))ofcd the 25th February 1 79; j which meeting the approbation of parliament, lud the lingular good fortune uf giving equal 7ati»futti(m to the public, and to llie company ; to the pul)lic, becaufe mllead of 400,0001. they were to receive 500,000!. per ann. from the revenues of India ; and to the company, bccaufc they were Aiil to prefervc their power and privilege*, in ai far as thefu contributed to j)romotc the intererts of their commerce. This falatury regulation proceeded on the principle, that the concerns of go- vernment and trade were fo intimately blended in our Indian provinces, (it being by trade only that the revenues of Inoia can be realized in Kurope) that the two oujo^h could not be fepnrated witliout putting both to hazard, nor in any event without incurring great inconvenience and certaiit lofs. Both the political and thi; commercial afl'airs of the company were to remain, therefore, for the term of twenty years under the management of the court of diredors, fubjcit to the con- troul of the executive power, itfelf rcfponfible to parliament : the governor-gene- ral of Hengal was to appear in India, under the charader of an abfolute prince, to prefide nut only in the council of Calcutta, but in the councils of Madrafs and Bombay, when aHairs called him thither, and his commands were to be obeyed over the whole of our Indian dominions, fpreading over an extent of territory, lit- tle inferior to that of Europe. But while the governor-general thus difplayed in Alia, a character analogous to the feelings and habits of thinking of the natives, and therefore elfential to the erticiency ot his government, he was Hill rcfponlilde for every ad of his adminillration, from which he might be removed at pleafure, by the executive power at home; while he remained m Alia, he wis to obey in>- {ilicitly tlie orders lent to him from Britain 1 the inferior governors, with all the joards and tribunals, refpetting the concerns of juftice, police, revenue, and trade, were accountable in the tirii inllance to the governor-general, and amenable in the next place to the laws *)f Great Britain. '1 ne magilirates who fuperintended the police, and the otRccrs who colletled the revenues, were no longer to be cntrufted with tlie diftribution of jullice, and the judging and punilhing of crimes ; powers whiih in their hands, might have been employed as engines of opprellion. The Mahominedans and Hindoos were to prefervc their own religion and laws; and without offering violence to their feelings or prejudices by fudden iimovutions, means were to be employed for engrafting ilowly, but firmly, on an Aliatic Hock, thu etjuity and liberality which diltinguilh the Knglilh laws, and the enlightened domeliic policy wliiih hj\s raifed this illand to unrivalled profperity. llie inldjination which preceded or accompanied this falutary bill, gave the moil favourable view of the company's alfairs, and of the great national betietits which have already at i rued, and which might be cxpedetl in future to How in Hill greater abuiidancc from the Indian trade and territory. 'I he revenues of the countries ceiled to the company by Tij)poo Sultan, were Hated at 390,0001. and the future rivtiuics of tlie Diitiln jjoirehmns in India, were eHimatcd at nearly 7,000,000!. Iea\ing a net Airplus, after deducting the intereH on the debts in India and the tivil, military, and commerciai charges of 1,059,0001. per ami. The annual fales of India ^oods in Kurope, are eHimatvd at nearly 5,000,0001. which exceeds the prime cuH and changes by 74';.f)ool. au iltiuiated ut 1,2 ^9, .141 1, per aan. Bams N N D. M9 IUnk op r.Nfi r AND ] Tin- company of the Bank was incorpornfcd by pnrlin- tiu'i (, III tlu- sti) and dtli yiarii of king VV'illinin nnd <|ii(rn Miirv, l)\ the name of tlic (lovcrnorH auil (lonipai.y of tlic Itaiik of l',n;;land ; in conlidi. ration of tlio loan of i,200,oool. ({rantfii lo (Ik- Kovornnu-nt i for wiiiih llu' fiibfirilK-rs nccivi-d jil- nioll 8 per cent, hy this cliuricr the company an.* not to borrow under their common foal, imUf> by i\H of parliament ; thoy aro not to trade, or fiililr any ni'rfitn in tmll lor llu-ni to tiado, ni any goods or inrrchimdi/c ; bnt tlir) may deal in bdU of cxihango, in buying or felling bullion, and in foreign gold and lilver coin. by an ao\ of parlianvMit, paffed in the 8lh and 9th year of Will. III. they were im|)oweied to eidivrge their eapital fiotk to 2,201,1711 10s. It was then alfo enacted that the Hank Dock Ihould In* a perfonul, and not a real elhitc ; that no contr.icl, either in word or writing, for buying or felling Hank Ihak, Ihoidd be good in law, unlefs regiflered in the books of the Hank within feveii days, and the tlock transferred in fourteen days, and that it lliould be felony, without the benefit ofcleigy, I counterfeit the common fcalofthe Bank, orai\y Hank note, or to alter or erafe fuc;i notes. By anyther att, palTed in tlie 7th of ipiccn Anne, the company were impowered to augment their capital to 4,402,3431. and they then advanced 400,0001. more to the government ; and in 1714 they advanced anothern loan of 1,500,0001. in the third year of the reign tjfking George I. the intercll of their capital tlock v\ .IS reduced to 5 per cent, when (he Hank agreed to deliver up as many exchequer hills as amounted to 2,000,000!. and to accent an annuity of ioo,oool. and it was declared lawful for the Bank to call from tncir members, in proportion to their intcrcfls in their capital ftock, fuch funis of money as in a general court iliould be found neceflTary. If any member fliould neglect to pay his (hare of the monies fo called for, at the time appointed, by notice in the London Gazette, and fixed upon the Koyal Exchange, it Ihould be lawful for the Bank, not oidy to Aop the dividend of fuch member, and to apply it toward payment of the money iu queliion ; but alfo to flop the transfers of the (hare of fuch defaulter, and to charge nini with the intereft of five per cent, per annum, for the nu)ney fo omitted to be paid : and if the principal and intereft Ihould be three months unpaid, the Bank fliould then, have power to fell fu much of the (luck belonging to the defaulter as would fatisfy the lame. After this, the Bank reduced the intcrcfl of the 2,000,000!. lent to the govern- ment, from 5 to 4 per cent, and purchafcd feveral otlier annuities, which were afterwards redeemeu by the government, and the national debt due to the Bank reduced to i,6oo,oool. But in 1742, the cojnpany engaged to fupply the govern- ment with i,6oo,oool. at 3 per cent, which is now called the 3 per cent, annuities; fo that the government was now indebted to the company 3,00,000!. the one half carrying 4, and the other 3 per cent. In the year 1746, tlie company agreed that the fum of 986,800!. due to them in the Excheuucr bills unlatisfied, on the duties for licences lo fell fpirituous liquors by retail, (itould be cancelled, and in I'u 11 thereof to aicept of an annuity of 39,442!. the intercll of tliat fum at 4 per cent. 'l"he company alfo agreed to ad- vance the fartlier fimi of i,ooo,oool. at 4 per cent, into the exchequer, for exclic- 'luer bills iflucd upon the credit of the duties ariling from tlie malt and land-tax ; in eonfideration ot which, tlie company were enabled to augment their capital with 986,8001. the intercll of which, as well as tliat of the other annuities, was re- duced to three and a half ])er cent, till Uie 25th gf December, 1757, and from that lime to carry only 3 per cciK. In order to enable them to circulate the faid exchequer bills, tlicy cdabliilicd ^iiat is now called Bank circulation : tlic nature of which may be explained iIuir: K k The 150 )Z N N The Crtrnpatiy of ihc Hank an- obligt'd to keep carti fufficifiit to BnfWtr ^ot only the ciitninon, hut iilfo any oxtiaordinar) iIimiiuikI thftt may ho niadi.* upon (hem i nn«l whattvor moncv they liavc by thiiu, over nnd above the fiim fuppofed niccf- lay for ihife purpofes, ihev employ in what may be called the tmde of the lom- pnny ; tlint is to fav, in uifeoiinting hiiln of cxihange, in buying gold and iilver, Jiiid in government feturifieH, Ikv. Hut when the Hank entered into the above men- tioned contract as they (lid not keej) unemployed a larger fiim of numey than what they deemed neceflary to niifwer tlieir ordmary and extraordinary demands, they couM not (onvenientiy take out of their current calh fo large a iutn as a million, with wliieh they were obliged to furnilli the government, without either leireniii^ the fnm employed in difciumting, hitying gold and iilver, See. (which would have been very di^acivanla^ea||, to them), or inventing Tome method that Utould anfwcr all the purpofei of keeping the million in calh. The method which they chofe, sind which fully anfwers their end, was as follows : 'ITiey o^)encd a fubfcriptiim, which they renew annually, for a million of money i the ftibfcribers advance to per cent, and enter into a contrail to pay the remainder, or any parbthereof, whenever the Bank Ihall call upon them, under the penalty of forfeiting tlie lo per cent, fo advanced ; in confideration of which, the Bank pays the fublVriber 4 per cent, intcreft for the money naid in, and one fourth per cent, for the whole Aim tney agree to t'urnifli ; and in cale a call fliould be made upon them for the whole, or any part thereof, the Bank farther agrees to pay them at the rate of ^ per cent, per annum for fuch fum, till they repay it. wii'eh they arc under an obligation to do at the end of the year. By this means the Hank i btalns all the pur- pofes of keeping a million of money by them; and thougn the fnbfcribcrs, if no call is made upon them (which is in general the cafe), receive fix and a half per cent, for the money they advance, yet the company gains the fum of 23,500!. per annum by the contract ; as will appear by the following account : The Hank receives from the tovTrnment, for the advance of a), million. __''«-.«. ]£ 30.000 ^lie Hank pays to the fnbfcribcrs who advance, ioo,oool. and engage \ , to j)ay (when called for) 900,0001. more j '^°° The clear gain to the Hank therefore is 13,500 This is the Hate of the cafe, provided the company (hould make no call nn the fubferibers, which they will be very unwilling to do, becaufe it would not only lelFen their profit, but alTedl the public credit m general. Hank (totk may not improperly be called a trading lb)ck, ,ns with this they deni very largely in foreign gold and lilver, in difcounting bills of exchange, at four percent, until 1773, when it was advanced to five. Helidcs which they are nl lowed by govemnuiit very coiiliderable fums annually f )r the management of the annuities paid al their ollice. All which advantages render a Ihare in their liock very valuable ; thouj^h it is not ei]iial in value to tne Kail India ifock. The com- pany make dividends of the profits half-yearly, of which notice is publicly gir^n ; when thofe who have occalion for their money may readily receive it; but private pcrfoii";, if they ';ud<;e convenient, are permitted to continue their funds, and to have their interell added to tiie principal *. This company is under the direclion of a governor, depuiy-goveriior, and twen- four directors, who are aiuuially eletted by the general court, m the fame manner • The Bank company h fuppofcJ to have twelve milliorii of circuliiiiig ra]>tr. SS H N N D. •J« a% in lb* Uaft I»<)lc a court of lUn-.Mi ri lor |llHUilgil)^ the ttiluiri ot'tlic tunipany. Sou I II -Ska COMPANY.] Duriiijt tlu- lougwnr with France, iiulioroijjnof qn'cii Aniu', iIh' p;»\innil of the fiiilor* of tho roval n;ivv lu iii;^ ncfjli'ilid, tlicy ivicivi-d liiki'i* iiilli'ud ot' luoiioy, ami were liecjikiitly «>l)lnjc(l, li) their iiecellitiM to fell thefc liekelH to uvuricious men at u dileoiiot ot 40I. and ruiiu-tiiiieit ^ot. |>i>r rent. Ily ihii aiui other iiicunt the deht» ot the lutlioit iio|)rnvi(l>.il lor I'/ |iar|inii»-ni,aiut wiiieli aiitouiitvd to (;,47t,)iil. fell into the limuliof tlu-fe ufurer.. 0\\ whit h Mr. Il.uley, Ht ihnt thuc ehiuicellor of the L'.xclie(|ii('r, ;iiul ut'le wanlt cot of Oxt'util, |»i()jio(eil « fehcine to all«»w tlie imiprietorsi of ihi iV tkhti .aid de lit lent ios ftl. per i.ent. |H'r aiimmi, and Xo incorporate llioni lor llie pnrptife ot'earryinj; on a trade to the J>outh Meu i and tltcy were atcoidinjjly incorporuied muler the title of " (he (iovernor ui)d Company of Mcrchutits o| (Jreat lUitain trading to the South Sea», and other part^of Ameriea, and for ini for purchnfmg nnnut< tits, exi hanging for ready money new Kxchequer bills, carrving on their trade, 8tc. tluy iniglvt, by lucli means as lliey lUould think proper, raife fuch fums of money as in a general court of the compiuiy ihould be judged neceffary. 'Hie company were alto empowered to raife money on tjhe cyntratts, bynds, or obligations, under their coinnum feal, on the credit of their capital ftock- JJul if the fub-governor, deputy-governor, or other mentbersof the convpany, ihould purchafe lands or reve- nues of the crown upon account of the corporation, or lend money by loan or anti- cipation on any branch of the reveuue, oilier tluui fuch part only on which a credit ot loan was granted by |uirliument, fuch fub-governor, or other member of the com- pany, Ihould forfeit treble the value of the money fo lent. 'i he fatal South Sea fchemc, tranfa^ted In the year 1 720, was execiaed upon the lad mentioned Hatute. 'Ihe company had at fiill fet out with good fuccefs.and the value of their ttock, for the tive years, had rifen fafter than that of any other company; and his iiiajelly, after purchaling lo.oool. tluck, had ctmdefeended to be llu ir go\eriior. Things were in this llluation, when, taking advantage of the above ftatiite, the South Sea bubble was projecU'd. The pretence was, to raife a fund for carrying on a trade to tlie South Sea, and purchalint; ai\nuities,&c. paid to the other companies; and propofals were printed and diliributed,ihewin5 the advantages of this delign. The l\un necelVary t'l.r carrying it on, together with the profits that were to arife from it, were divided into a certain number of ihares. or fubfcriptions, to b<- pun hal'id by perfuns difpofed to adventure therein. And the better to carry nil ilu' ileceplion, the directors engaged to niaUe very large dividends; and actually deeared, il.al e\ery lool. original lloek would \ ield 50I. per annum: which oeca- (iuiied Co gieal a rife of their llgck, that a Ihurc of luol. was fold for upwards of k k i ScjI. •5* N C, N n Sool. Thii wii in ihc month of July t but before th^ «nil of S(>|:»tomb«r it M\ to 150I. by which muhitudct were ruirird Mot) of the dir< ^tnrt wrrr frvcrrly Atird, becaufe even thufe whu had no (hare in the dcccptiott, ought ti» h«vo forrfrrn and prevented it. By a Oaiute of the ^th of (ientfe II it wa« matl>'(l, thiit from and aft'-r the 14th t)t June« I7.1j> the capital lloik or this comtutriy, which nrnotinted to 14,651,10)1. 81. id. »nd the Iharei of the refucdivt; proprietor*, Ihould Im* divided into four etpiai parti I three-foiirlht o^' which liiould Ik- tonverleil into a joint liockiattrndrd with iinnuitic4, after the rai . of 4 per cent, until redcni|>tion, hy pjirliumcnl, and Ihould bo 1 'led the New .S* tinnititiet or fuiidi payable ui the Exchequer lo the company for llieir v.'hoU* capilut, till redemp- tion ; niid uttenklcd with the fume fumt allowi'd for th( churgc of tnnnii^t'riient, with ull elTetl^, profit! of tmdo, dil)f'., privilogci, mid advanlii^cii, beloii){mn to the Soutli Sea company, 'lliai the acrimiptant of 1I10 company Ihould, twice every vcur, lit Clirillniax, unu Midliimnui. or wiihin imc month after, llato nn account of »hc company's uti'uirs, whicli (hoiild be laid before iho ip \t };enerul court, in order to thoir docf.iTinc it dividend, and all divile to all the debtit and iiu'umlirancenny ; and that the corr^ iny ibould caufe to be kept, within the city of L(m all transfers of the new annuities ihould (»e entered, and limned by the larly making fiu h trantfer, or his attorney; and the perfon lo wliom fuch transfer dioiild In made, or hijt nttoriiey, ihould underwrite hisacce|#ance , and no other metliod of tranniferring tlie annuities Ihould l)e good in law. The annuities of this coiii])any, as well an the other arc now reduced to jl. pe' cent. This company is under the direction of a governor, fub-govcrnor, deputy.j^ok vernrir, and twenty-one diredors j l)ul no permn i"» (pialififd to Ik- govern' ii, lii« majefty excepted, uii'ef* fmli govcrii>)r has, in his own name and riglit, 5070I. in the fniding ftock ; the fuh governor is to have 40001. the deputy-governor 3000I. und a lireClor 2000I in the f.mte ftock. In every general court, every memlKr having m his own ikimic ami right j;ooI in trading Ihxk, has one vote; if zoool. two votes i if ;oool. three votes, and if 5000I. four votes. Th • l-'.ad India company, the Bank of I'.ngland, and the South Sea company, arc the only iniorporited bodies to which the governinent is indebted, extept the Million Ihink, whole capital is only one million, cunliitdlcd to purchafe the revcr- lion of the long Kxchcijiier orders. Tlie inlerellof all ihed -liti owing by the government was lately reduced (03 p^ r cent. cxce|)ting only the annuities tor the year 1758, the life iiiiiniities, and the I-a- clictjuer orders: but the .Souih-.Sea < ompany Hill continues lo diviii i\u thoy loaid a( |l\f pro- boll )\v rcndv i, India |)t' liiofc In fomiMiring he price* of the diflrrrnJ ftocki on^ wilh another, it muA b* re- moiubrrt'J, ihitt the inlvrcA litir on thctu I'rotii tho tinio (»(' the Utl |>«yiiM-nt, i* rriki'ti int'>lhc nirrvnl (iritc, and the (eWvr nover recrivvi mxy fi'|i»ra(< riwilitlctoliou fuf it, rxii p( III {^i<: calc of liulm Imnd*, where (ho inlcrelt due it v.aki>lftli'd to the dny ot" lh«' i',iU', ami paid liy ihc puM'htl'cr, over niiil Kbove the premium iiKrccd for. Hut »% the inicrcl) on tho Oiilereiil (IikIc i« p«id at dif^erc-iit limra, ihii, if not riuliily iindtrrftxtd, wotild Icutl t prrf<>i), not well acqunlntcd with them, into 4-onlile niiDakt-i in hi« loinpiiiatinn ot their vfilue i fotnv alway* having ■ (|ii)iri('r'H intoreil diir i i iheiii innic ilmii iithrr<<, which make* an appearance of a conluU I .'ililc tliirt'ii'tue ill iho pine, wIm'ii in nuliiy then* i« luitu ut all I lni», for iiilhoue, »ppr«'h>"iHUd that wIumu ver tlw novcrnnieiil payH oil the na- tional d-l)t, it vN'ii hc^in with ihul particular fpccics of unnuii!>, the capital of. which i» tito finallfd A ft«>( k ii'ay likrwilc W' airitled l>v the court of Chancery ; for if that court ihiuiid ordir ilie I'loney whi;h i« under its diroflion to he laid out in anv parlicu- lar (loik, tlmi (loik, l>y haviof; more purchafcr>, will he riiifi d to a higher price than any othi r ol ihe like value. My wliut ha^ lu-cn laid, tiie loader will prrreivc how much the credit and the in- tereli of the nation depoiul on the funport ot ilu' pnWIic funds, of whit h more par- ticulars will he Biv>n under the ariicle Rkvkncis. While the aiuuiilics are regu- larly [laid, and tlie |)riiu ipal intured by the i icdit of hoili pi nee and people, loreif^n- ers will lend us iIm ir piooerty, and all I'.iiropc bo interdu-d in oor welt.ire ; the Iiaper of the eoinpauies will be converted into ni' ncy and iiierchandifc, and («nat Iritainian never want cadi tixarrv her fcli ines iniu execution. In other nations, «redit is founded on lh<' word of ifu> prince, if u nuumri hy . or that 'if the people, if a republic ; hut lu-re it is cIlablillHd on the united innrelU of both, uud to hoick men by their intoreOs, is di inied the Uifcll tenure. Cons 1 1 ri'TiON and laws I Tacitus, in defcribing fiich u conftitutiona* that of l'.nf{land, feems 10 think, that however luautiful it may be in theory, it would be found impracticable in the execution. Kxp^ rience hau proved his millakc . lor by conlrivances unknown to nnlitpiity, the Knglilb conllitution has exillcd for abuvu ^no years. It mull be admitted, that it has received, duriu); that time, manv .imoiulinents, antl fiillircd foine inUriuntions ; but its principles arc the fame with till IV defcribed by ihe above mentioned hiliorian.as belonginf; to the Cicrmans, and the olhrr tiorlliern aueftor^ of the Knglidi nation, and which are very improperly hiemlcil umliT tin naiiK: of Gothic. On the tirll iiivalion of Knuland by the .Saxons, who came from Cjermany and thu neighbouring countries, their lawsi and rniiuiurs were, pretty much tlu fame as thole celebrated by lacilu> The peo- ple had a leas they had conquered. This vbungc of appollution made thciu more refpcttable among the Brituus, ;uid their ncij^li- •u N (; I. N II. nrlKHHmiN ihe Urnit ami hiU, Uit dkl imi incrcafc ihcif ptmtr. whwb wai Hill riiriAn«> il maiicrt wt ><• p rupoCnl b a ■fiM>rtit a(&mbfv n( lh« miliiary ofRci^rt anj ihr |t«'>|>lf, till, l>y dcufoon, llirriH» 411*1 o'lirr itvil ulhn-rt »».r»- n|i|ki»iiiU-U- I't AllVi-d wc owe ll)«l MiHd rpii'ti- dI )U(tu'tiil |M)liiy, ihir (iiUltviliiin ot btKJititii iiiiu wu|M>n(nk>'4 iitui luimlrrflt. and (lie fubUivilioii <>| hunJictU iiit>» iv(liiiij(«, n^iiwa that Hill fiiMiit tit Knihmd t uttd ovstfcffri Merit thufi-it lu dirvtl ttti:iii lt»r ili« g-wU «»f ih« wli >li* llir Uiiiili WH» llii? jt'dK** *>f all v''«" <**i*i criiiiiitai iiiaiu>r» witliiu till' tuuiHv, a'Ki to liiiii, ullcr llu' iittroila^ioii ul LlirtOijiiily, W4» aiUUii llio billiop In |)r|ti>intcil , hul 'ly tl)c curlull ritord^, il ■(t()i-4r« iliul «ll iivil iiudcrt v»uiu decidi-u by i< or i6 iiirn. liviiiK iii lite nciuiilioutliutxi ul' tlu? plutc where the dil> putr lay /and ht*rr wo have ihc oriititial of KiiglilH |urit« Il i» tcriuiit th4t thvy wrr« ill iiU- Bulling lh< i-arlirlt .Saion iolunif«, llie iiiUi(uli>iii li< iiig aririlKti l»y hiihop Nii'hiill'on loUotUn hinilell, ilmr grtut l«Kiiliii>ir iiixl t.«|»iitiii liuicc wo find trace* uf juri>-« in iIh' Iuw» iI all tliod' (utinlrit t wlmli ttdo^iud ilu- tt-Mdal fytiem, at in Cicrnianv, Krancf. and Ital^ ( whiilt litd a (ribunul cli-d ul' li fjiHid mm arul true, ctpiaU or (inrt vt lh<- parly lilif^uni In KcgUiiiJ mu lind mention inudc ot thciii lu larly a» the lawi ol king ImIu litd, tiiid that imt u» m now invriiiiuti. Kct«>rc tin- inlMilwf f ii'M of (.'hrilUanity, wi* know not wIh-iIut il>« S«Kiin» ikdi»itttd of iurici in iriminal mailers \ Imt we are icrtuin ihui llu-rc \\h»ijo action lo crimi- nal ai not to Ih' coiniH-nfalcd by nionry *. A mulct Wii* inipulcd in pru|Mirtiun to the giiill, I vt-n il It wii» the murder vi' the kin^, u|«>i'. tlu' maU-taUur, and by pnyiiig it ho |iiir(lMlVtl liii |iariion I hol't- bailiuroun uligiii lit in to have ci iil'cd i'n utliT till' Siixmiit wi-rr uMivirtrd to Clirilliamly ; and calct ul mordcr uiid fe- lony were ihcn tried, even in the kin){'i court, by a Jury. Koyally, umoll^ the .Siixonii, wii» imt, lliictly l'|K'akiii((, hereditary, tUounh in fadi It cnnie to Ik' rendered lo throuah tlie utieclion whiili llie |ieo|ile bore lur llie blood of till ir kinf;%, and for prelerviiiu the n^uUirity ul i^uvdiimeiit i^veii ellateii und hoiiuurt were not liriclly hereuitary, till th«y were luAde I'o by \\ illium the Norman. That prince, thouf^li he made conlldrrabk- innovatiooa in the FjigUtli conftitu- tion, and i>> i^enerally ilvlid the Cunqueror, in cunli*i| lie iter ui the vktory wUidi lie olilaiiK'd ou r llaroUl at the Imtllc of iiulliii^H, yet Ulore afi eliding the throne hi- made a compact wiili hi* new fubjedU, by Ins coronuiioii uotli, tla lame wilJi ikiat uf the Saxon kin^h. l^iii adminiliralion wan, huwevcr, tvrannical in a very areat degree; but tluMxiiiAiltiii^ni eltablilhed mider him in tin* Lingdom w at nut abluUitc nMinarehy, but rather anm^ruftnieiit of the Icudal tenureniuiduliiercuiluiui ufiNur- mandy upon the aiuient .Saxon laws of I'aI ward the C)ualelior. lie more than once fwucr to mamiaiii thofe law* ; and in the luurth year of bin reign cunlirmcd dieui in parliament ; yet not without great alteratioui, tu which the whule legiliulure aereed, by n more coinpU-te introduction vf the tbict feudal law, a* it Nsaii puc- tiled in Normaiid\ , wliuli puxluiud .1 dilK rent political f) Hem, uiid chaii:,ed both power and properly in iiiuiiy iripectN ; liumgli ihc lirit principles of that law, and general nolioiiit of it, bad been m ufe utiiong the l'iti^',iiili lome iii;es bcfute. 1( mull, indeed, be iidmiile.d, that \\ illiaiii divided uiany ot the i.iij;lith cllatvk anion^ bis Norniiiii tulloweri., under pretence lliiit their tuiiiier i.\viiei:> had fought a'.'ainit him at the iiattie ol llultiii{;M : und he portioned out the laiid» iniu kiii^nU IccH, itii ii.dcii itninid lunnber ol whii h lornicd a baroii) , uiid lliofe baroiiich wcie given lo tile f;reai noblemen who cunipulcd what is cubed llic King » Court, ur * I'jUciI l>> ilic bjxuiis Civbcr, and llkcnce iht wuril .v*"'/» ii> triiiuMil tiuii. 7 Cvuit ilai »n4 I > iiita lllliU , uUif- •a l»y Ut' I A tt tiiui )t U» H il»tlt>J I ifiini- ttiid l>y ough itt f lor iIk- VN illiiuit KlfOLAND «9| Cmirt nr fn^. frnoi (Mvry Won btlM ■ pctr, »r vr^mtl In ftmntier. In thtt rniiR •II I'ivil, •« wrt! M fniliinry m4tt«r», »>i4 th« pnipnvtinn nf kni||liu amlmnn, wittcli rnch baron wl»^ tf» mil • for ilip king* furviOA, ««rf fvitlrd. hvm hiitMtprii k« wrn» Ci>nvrri«*<1 iti'ii I IV l»Hroiiii<^.«t«n|i[c', Imd iharr romplfllnt* ii((;atiif( ihc «-rkui.'har> trrni Kii)(lilh li)>>'rtir«, lo woll known l>y tho natn«- ot Mai^iiii CkMriu, wih foruihty obtained tMin kii)>{ Jolm, utui lonHriiwil l>y hli f«H) Munry Ul. who rutceadcd to this ('rv)wn In 1116 It dniu nirt appoar, that till thi^ reign, and after niiu;h hlcxxi had hivii rplll, ihc* loniinoiiii of Kn|(land wore reprclcMtrd in iHirlianiL'nl, or iliu great (Miintii ut tin iMiion ; fo cntin-ly h:ul the iMron* iitfiriitHd the dif|Ktf4l u( proiNTty. 'I he prvH'Ifo )«ir wh« n the hwifo of rommoiM w^^ l>>rmrd t» not known ; hut wc •re certain there wa«i nnv in ihr reign « being transferred tronitlio hoiilV ef ludor to thai uf Stuart, it may In- proper to infnini him, that on the deaih of qiicm l.li/alirth, without iirtic, it bei aine m i iflary to recur to the «ilher ilUie of h«r graiidfatlirr Henry VII. b\ I'.li/nbelh of York his (pieeii : whofe cideO iktwghlcr Marruut, liaving luairied James IV. kin|^ ofStotlaiid; king James the ^i\lh of Scoilaiul.and of Kngland ihe FirlJ, was the lineal dcfceudant t'loni that alliance So dial in liis perfon, anCloariy iiH in liiiiry VIII « entered all the claims nl the diflennl competitois from the Nuriiuni iiivalioii downward ; he iiein^; iiidilpiitably the lineal heir of \Vitlian\ I. And what i% Hill more reni.iikable, in his perfon alfo t entered the right of the Saxon monarihs, which had been fufpeiuled from the Norman invxhon till his futcellion ; hir Mnrgarel the lilUr of M_i»;ir Atheliiig, ihc t«ot mui,l fymii, or i;ri.ll iiMiru 11 , 111 V/ i,i"ro/,, iir Hl««l II1«tliii)( ; anil iiiiiii' (rri|iiriiilv unm.! f'K'ir, it the ti.rit- in^ III M ilr iiicii. it wan alto liylvil in I ;itiii <»>>«■ «t«r .iHiilitiit 'i^iii, aiul loiiittliiits I'tmmimitmi rtj^ii Anfliir. Wr Knvr inllaiiio ot iti meeting ta iiidi'i' itia alTilrH ni' the kinfn (i| Ilia king 1 t llw \\fi\ N.miii«, A. I). 7a?,t)ir.i, kinn Iff ihr iNli ri'i.iii^, aiul KtluilK'rt kiii^ ul Kriil, in ihtir I'oti. 1 realms et (..r hr^iwriliy. The Mii. ■ oei iiiftirnu iii, tlint inuK ^Vlliol 4>r(|iiii(il I'tir « |irr|H'iual iit.if;i', tti it ihrfc oiiiiuils tlmultl iiicct iwicr a ynr ur ullciirr if itMti hr. Our tiiiirrtl< iiiK baaon wiil l>iiiilh iiinnar< h* V\M (rrrjitrf t loiiiuili nt thi« fort, at a|>|)car% troin their rclpci • tlvr io(l« ot law . 'I'hrtc it alfii no tioiitu hut itii'le Kre«t euuiuil> were lirU rtgiilarlv iindrr iIm* till) pomct ot tUc Niiinuil line; liir in I'llw.inl Itic Thirtl'a tinir, *n ti\ rf |inrli«iiicnl mailr in ihi* r^l^ll ol Wkliiam the I'luciirrtir, ujn picjilcti in tlirt.ilr ol the Attbfy <>l M. lAliiiimUluurv, auj juvlicioll) ulUiwiiI tiy thr cvuit. Outlaw, 85* N N D. Outlaw, and grand-dauehter of king Edmund Ironfidc, was the perfon !n whom the hereditary right of the Saxon kings, fum^uling it not abolilhcd by the ('onqueil, refided. She married Malcolm Hi. king of Scotland ; and Henry li. by a defcciu from Matilda tflbir daughter, is srenerally tailed the reftorer of the ^axon line. But it mutl be remembered, that Malcoinf by his Saxon queen, had fons as well as daughters ; and that the royal family of Scotland, from that time downward, were the otfspring of Malcolm and Margaret, Of this royal family king James 1. was the lineal delcendant ; and therefore united in liii, ncrfon every poUible claim by hereditary right, to the Kngiilh as well as Scottifh throne, being the heir both of Egbert and William the Norman- At the Revolution in 1688, the convention of ellates or rcprcfontativc body of the nation, declared, that the mifcondui^t of James II. amounted to an abdication of the government, and that the throne was thereby vacant. In confequence of this vacancy, and from a regard to tlitt ancient line, the con- vention appointed the next Proteilant heirs of the blood royal of king Charles I. to fill the vacant throne, in tlie old order of fucccflion ; with a temporary excep- tion, or preference to the perfon. of king William III. On the impending failure of the Protcftant line of king Chark"i I. (whereby tlie throne might again have become vacant) the king and parliament extended the fet- tlement of the crown to the Proteftant line of king James I. v'l/.. to the princefs Sophia of Hanover, and the heirs of h.>r body, being protedantij ; and Ihe is now the common ftock, from w'hom the heirs of the crown dufcend *. The * A Chronology, ot Engli(h Kinoi, from the time that this country t>ecMne united under one rio> narch, in the perfon ot Ejgbert, who fubdued the other princes of the Saxon heptarchy, and gave tiK name of Angle-land to thii part of the illand, the Saxons and Angles having, about four ccnturict be- fore, fubdued the ancient Britons, whom they drove isto Wales tad Cornwall. ll<^ to rcign. 800 Egbert 838 Ethelwolf 8;; Ethelbald 860 Ethelbert 866 Ethelred 871 Alfred the Great 901 Edward the Elder 92; Athelftan ^ Saxon Princei. 941 Edmu ,d 946 Edred 95J Edwy 959 £''»«■ 975 Edward the Martyr 978 Ethelred H. I0t6 Edmund II. or Ironfide J t ic 1 7 Canute, king of Denmark ) , . 10} 5 Harld [■ Danilh. J039 Harditanute } 1041 tdward the Confcflbr ^ g^yj^jj 1065 Harold J A/, vvir » J {C<""'"°"'> '•'*"*** ''^•^""l"*""")^"''-*'''^ ^'<"niandy, sproviiKe lacing the tettthol 1066 V% iiuam 1. ^ England, now annexed to the French monarchy. ,087 William II. ) s^,„j ^f ,^^ Conqueror. 1100 Henry 1. J ^ II3J Strphen, graufifon to the Conqueror, by his fourth daughter Adela. J, ,T J (Plantagenet) grandfon of Henry I by his daugliter the emprels Maud, and hef 54 nenry ii. ^ frtcnd hulband Ueaffry PlanUgcnet, the cldclt foo of the count of Anjou. .,89 Richard I. >g„„^^fH„ 1199 John J ' ( 1 1 16 Henry III. fon of John. -. 1 , . , ,,i.>,: ,, ■. tiji Edward I. fon of Henry ill. ., 1307 Ed. N •'/ the k'„^ and both houfcs fc • "''""'°"' '"^ a new n *V0"]° th^reupo'n. It on a convi?lion that there was „f I '""^"5= " '^"s the aS ^Tl^'"'" 9^ ^h, crown, and common,, met in convin il '* '? ^"^'"^ ' for. in a fulj Iff " uV°" «'»"«. "P- canie to thi, rcfoIutionT"^ IrkiT r '^'^ '■"A«''on"f tS vJI?'''^^^ '»'« '«^d^ conftitution of the Icini^dom . . "« •'«'"«-"s H. havinir .■„ ^"'■ancy. both houfes peopk ; and by thcalvt " A?:r''"«."^'^u°^Sf n rTa^'f '° '""tr^^'^: the fundamental laws • a„H k J.^'"""- and other ivickeH^ r "^^'^ecn k nc and d-cated the govcrnmVnt andTaf 7^'^i"'^'' ''''"^effoutSrttV''":;'"^ ^'°^»'"d once by this fudden and u")exDS..H' '''?"" '* thereby vacJ.^'^'%^"'"> has ab- from the Norman invafion Sad'^T^ h 7"'"»'«". the olj Hnc f f... ^1-"" ^"^^'^ at worthy of obfcrvation. thTlhe cl '^ "ther period of "he Sn'^l^ explicitly reign. 'icin, '37; Kich.rd JI. grwdfon of £d«.aVd III l,v u- ,. HJi Henry y.ri. offil'lV ^•"^•«»Mourth fo,. ,„ lid-) .509 Henry VIIl.L'^/'^.ty VII 'Sj8 K/izabeth j '^"Shtcrs of Henry Vril. s-"^. uniuwarii IV. '603 /anicsl. j^'''«Xrandfonof fanie, JV I "' r • ^ CJaWe, J^n,;S K« .^"^ ''•-" -^■nlK.S""'' ">• ^^"'«-'. >i-.hter of „.„,^. vn '<'8j James if. { Sons of Charles I, ■ /,ua I William TM «....! . . 16B8 ^ ^'i'liain in. nephew ind «.>„ • i , J wd Mary ) DanUi^rs oM "; '"■ "^ '^"'« n. 1714 George I. " >7i7 Georgelf.lbnofCJeorfer '76oOeorgeI|J.grandfonorGeorj sffJeorrel. ( ,, ^ "^""f «>i nii mother. -^- ^- rgell.}"''"^'^°^"'"'°ver. LI Tljfv 25« E N L IT D. Thtn* held that the niifcondufl of king James innoiintrti to an endeavour t(* fu5- vcrt the conllitutioii, aiul not tu an actual lubvrlion, or total diiroluliuii ut it>e jjoverniiu'nt. llu-y, tlicri'foro, very prudi-ntly vuicd it to amount to no more than iiti abdieation ot the >,'ovi'rnn>fnt, and a confcqucnt vacancy of the throne-; where- by the government w:is allowed to (ubiill, tliough the exfcutivo magiftrate was ^one : and the kin^dy oilu c to reuiuin, though James was no longer km^. Fhuc th«; eonlHtiition was kept entire j which, upon every found principle oT govern- ment, niu(t otiierwil'e have fallen to pieces, hud fo principal and coulUtuent a part as the royal authority been abolilhcd, or even fufpended Hence it h eafy to collect, that the title tu the crown is at prcfent hereditary, though not quite fo aUfoiutely hereditary as formerly ; and the common llock or uncellor, from whom the delcent inull be derived, is alfo different. Formerly the common Hock was king t,gt)ert ; then William the Contjueror ; afterward, in Jameii 1 's time, the two common (lockn united, and fo c(mtinued till the vacancy of tlie throne in 1688 : now it is the princtfs Sophia, in whom the inheritance was veiled by the new king and parliament. Former 'y the defcent was abfolute, and tiie crown went to rlie next heir without any rellrittion ; but now, upon the new fettlement, the inheritance is conditional ; being limited to fuch heirs only, of the body of the princefs Sophia, as are Pr4)tellant members of tlie church of England, and are married to ikhic but I'rotellants. In this due medium loniills the true conliitutional notion of right of fucceflion to the imperial croun ot lliefe kingdoms. The extiemes, between which it (teers, have been found deftru^live to lliofe ends lor which focieties were formed, and continued. Where the lirlt magilliate, upon every fucceliion, is eletled by the Iieople, and may by the cspief- providon of the laws be depofed, (if not punilhed) )y his falijei:ls, this may found like the ()erfeC-tioM ol liberty, and look well enough wlirn drlineatcd on paper; but in });aCtice will be found always dangerous, often ruinous. On the other hand, divine indefealibic hereditary right, when jomed with the dottrine of unlimited paliive obedience, is of all conllitutions the moft thoroughly llavilh and intolerable. I5ut when fuch an hereditary ri<{ht, as our laws have created and velle 1 in the royal Itack, iH interwoven with thofe liberties which are etjually the inh'rilince of the lubject, tliis union will form a coniiitutioii, in theory tlie mod beauiitd of .iny, in pia-ii;e the moU I'pproved, and, thetc is every rea- l")n to lioi)e, ill duration the moll permanent, ihis conftitution it 13 the duty ol every Uriton to underfland, to revere, and to dcfeiul. The priiuipal duties of liie kinij are cxmelle.l in his oath at the coronation, which is adiniuilieied by one of ;he arehbilhop.s, or bnhops of the realm, in the prefence ot all the people; who, on iheir parts, do reciprocally take the oath of allegiance l(t the crown. Ibis coronation oath is conceived in the following terms : " '/'.' ti>i/ii;j//nf<, or bijhnp, JIuill jay. Will you folemnly promife and fwear. tu. govern the peopn of \\\,s kingdom of lin^Iaiul, and the dominions thereunto be- longing, according !•> ilu-llaiutes in parliament aijived on, and the laws and cuf- tonis of ilu' lainc' — Ihc hi'n^ or qni'CHj/'ul.'fiv, \ i'olemnly promife fo to do. " /hchbtjlwp or btjimp. \\ ill you 10 your power eaufe law and jufticc, in mercy, to be exec. lied in a'l your jndgnienlu ^ — /C/;/t; or Queen. 1 wil'. " ArchhiJ/iop or bifhop. Will vou to ihe utinoil of your power maintain the laws of Cod, ihe .rue profedion of the gofpel, and the Poteftant reformed religion ella bliftied by the law t* Ami will you prefervc unto the bilhops and clergy of tliis realm, and to the ehurehew committed 10 ttu t. charge, all fuch rights and privileges a-, by ill. jaw do or iliall appertain linto ihein^ or any of thcin ?—Kiii^ or qiuiii. All this 1 ptoniifc tu do. •' J/lo N G A N D. 259 " A/ttr tills the king or queen, laying hti or her /uinrl upon tke hokf gofptls, flinU firf, Vho things uliich I )invi' lu-re Itcfurc proniiitd, I will )>«>rt'orni and Lei-p : fo help ni«" (ioil. yhtl ihfii ieih the i/ook." riiis is the toini ot the rcnoiiution Diith, as il is now prcfc rilicd by our laws: and we may ohlirvc, dial in tho king s part, in (iiis original contrati, arc cxprelTid all the duties that a monarch can owe to his people ; vi/. to govern according to law ; to execute judgment in mercy ; and to maintain the cllahlilhcd religion. With rcfpctt to the latter ot tlici'e three branches, we may farther remark, tlial by the att of union, 5 Anne c. 8 rwo preceding ilatutes are recited and confirmed; tlio one 'if the parliament of Scotland, the other of the parliament of Lngland, which ena^t, the former, thai every king at his fucceliion Ihall take and fubfcribc an oath, to preferve the I'roiellant religion, and Frelbyterian church-government in Scot- land : the latter that, at his corcmation, he Ihall lake and fublcribe a fmiilar oath, 10 prelVrve the feltlement of the church of lingland within England, Ireland. Wales, and Berwick, and the territories thereunto belonging. The king of Great Britain, notwithilanding the limitations of the power of the crown, is the greatolt monarch reigning over a free people. His pcrlon is facred in the rye of the law, which makes it high treafon to imagine or intend his death; neither can he. in hinili If, he deemed guilty of any crime, the law taking no cogr nizance of his attions, but only in the perfons of his minifters, if they infringe tho laws of the land. /\s to bis power, it is very great, though he has no right 10 ex- tend his prerogative beyond the ancient limits, or the boundaries prefcribed by tlw: conllitution ; he can niakt no new laws, nor raife any new taxes, nor att in oppo- lition to any of the laws ; but he can make war or peace ; fend and receive am- ballador:* ; make treaties of league and conunerce ; levy armies, and fit out fleets; for the defence of his kingdom, the annoyance of his enemies, or the fuppreiiion of reln-llions ; grant connnillions to his otticers both by fea and land, or revoke them at ])]i-ai'iire ; difpole nf ail magazines, caliles, &c. fumtnon the parliament to meet, anuld relido in the whole botly ot the peo- ple. In fo L.ige a (late as ours, it is very wiiVly contrived, that the people ihould tlo that l)y tht-ir repreU lUatives, whicli it is impracticaole to perforin in perfon : reprefentaliws, cholVn by a number of minute ami feparale diiliicts, wherein all thi voters are, or calily may be, ditlinguiiheil. 'Ihe counties are theretore repre- fentcd by knigiits, eiecteil by tlie prupiietors of liuids : the cities and boroughs are reiircl'ented by ciii/ens ami burgelics, cliol'en by the nienantile part, or fuppofid trading ii.terLll of the nation f. '1 he number ot Englilh rcprefentatives is 513, and et * Thi.> muft be iindcrftood « ilii fome limitation. Tliofe who are pollt-litil of laiui-tli.ito'., tlioii:;fi to the value c'f only 4'.s. per aiaiiini, luivr a right (o voi.. tor nienibcrs of j)arliamt:it ; a>> have nioft of the nu-ml)er> ot 1 orpoiatinns, boroiigns, &.i . Hut thcic arc very lirj;e iradiri; town , and ( opuloiis jhiei, u'lii. Ii fi nd no ine'-ih. r.s to parliament ; aid . Indeed, the Inetjiiali. ty ol tlic reprelcntatinn h.n bcciijiilily confidcrcil as one ot tlie ^^reaieli im[H-rfc^^ii)i» in the Enghlli conltitiitiuii. f l.oj)y of the hrilitry oath, whitli is .rJini- nil'er' d to all | erfons bitoie the\ poll ; " J do fwcar (or, he i:.g one of ll.epeojle lallcti Qiuk.'rs, Ut) I'llornnly a'liiiii) N" N D. 86 1 of Scotdi 45 } in all 558. And every member, though chofcn by one particular di(tri6^, when cictlcd and returned, fcrves for the whole realm. t\,v ihc end of hia comine thhher is not particular, but general \ not merely to fcrvo his cotiftituents, hut alio the commonwealtli, and to advife hid majeliy, us appeuH from the writ olf funimons, 'Ihefe arc the conftitiicnt parts of a pjirliiiment, the king, the lords fpirituni and temporal, and the commons. Farts, ot wliich each is fo ncccniuy, that thcconfeiit of all three is required to make any new law that fliould bind the fubjett. What- ever is eiiadlcd for law by one, or by two only, of the three, is no (latuto } and to it no regard is due, unlcfs in what relates to their own privilecrs^ 'Ihe power and jurifdittion of parliament, fays lir Kdward C okc, is fo tranfecn- dent and abfuliite, that it caimot bo confined, either for caufes or pcrfons, wiihin any bounds. It hath fovereign and uncontrollable authority in making, conhrm- iiig, enlarging, rellraining, abrogating, repealing, reviving, and expounding ot laws, concerning matters ff all pollible denominations, eccleliallical or temporal, civil, military, maritime, or crnninal : this being the piaco where that abl'olutc defpotic power, which inuift in all governments rclid.' fomewliero, is entrutled by the conftitution of tlicfo kingdoms. All mifchiefs and grievances, operations and. remedies, tliat tranfcend the ordinary courfc of the laws, are wiihin the rc.ich of this extraordinary tribunal. It can regulate or new-model the fuccellion to the crown; as was done in the reign of Henry VIII. and Willijim 111. It can alter the edablilhed religion of the land ; as was done in a variety of inrtanccs, in the reign of king Henry Vlll. and his three children, lidward VI. Mary, and Eliza- beth. It can change and create afrelh even the conftitution of the kingdom, and of pariianu'nts ihemfelvts ; as was done b) llie att of union, and the leveral fta- tutes for triennial and feptennial elittions. It can do every thing that is not natu- rally inipolhble ; and iheiefore fome have not fcru[)led to call its power by a ftgure rather too bold, \.\w oninipoleme of piDliamcnt. Hut then its power, however great, was given to it in trull, and theretore ought to be employed according to the rules of jultice, and for the pnmiulion of tic general weilare of the people. And it is moll ellcntial to the liberties of the kingdom, that fuch members be delegated to this im|)ortant trull, as are moll eaiinent tor their probity, their fortitude, and their knowledge ; for it was a known apophthegm of the great lord treafurer Burleigh, " that I'.nglanrl coukl never be ruineil but by a parliiuncnt :" and, as lir Atat- thew Male i>bfcrves, this being the higlud and greatell court, over which none other can liave jiirifdiiilion in the kingdom, if hy any means a mifgoxcrnment fliould any way tall upon it, the fubjetts of iliLi kingdom are left wiiliout all man- ner of Kgal remedy. In order to prevent the mifchiefs that might arife, by placing this exteniive au- thority in Ikiiids that are i-illier imapable, or eil'o in piuper, to manage it, pn vi- /ion is made, tl.at no one lliall lit or vote in eitlier houle ot parliament unlefs lie bo twenty-one yeais of age. To prevent innovations in religion aid government, it is enacted that no nieinher IImII Note or tit in either houle, till he l.aih, in ihe pro- fciue of the lioufe, taken the oaths of i'llegiance, fupiemacy, ami abjinatien ; and fui)feril^(l and repeateil t!ie d. i laration .igaii.lt tranfuhliantiaiion, the in\oeation of faints, ami the facrifue of tlie niafs. lo pve\ent dau[;ers that may at lie to the kiiigdoin from foreign attachment.^, connexions, or depeiiileneies, it is enacted, that no alien, horn out oi the di)minioiis of the cruwn of Great Lritain, even alllrni) I Invf net rcvclvcil 'it li.li'. li/ cn\fc If, or ipwani, or any pron'ifo or frcur ty for .'iiy money, any |>tifoii wh.il;i( % cr in triilt tor inr, or fir .iiy ollire, or ciiifl i)mti.:, or jjilt, mi orvlcr t;> y/ivc uiy ufc ,i,mI lo'iiffii, iiirn^tly or indiri"' y, aiu furn or M>tf at tlii-. t liv'tion ; a.id tli.it I liavf not IvJort fuiits ot ino.-.'"/, oliuf, 1 l.i'.cor em; l< ymciit, giftcr Itea polloJ ut tiiis iit\'^ieii. t^j lulp mo <.;oJ." lllu.t^h t6i E N I. N D. tlioiigh he be nalurnlizctl, lliull W tai>al)lc of being a mcnibiT of ciihcr houfc of j>ailiaiiu'nt. fiioiuc of llu' moll important orivili'jjos of tlic mciulHTs of cillicr lioufo arc, pri- vilege of fpivtli, ofpi'ifoii, of tlitii •lunK'llics, aiul of their lands and j{ood». Ai to the fnil, privil>-gi' of fpooch, it h do*. land by the Ihilnte of i W. &: M. U, 1. 1. 2, as one of tne lilKiliis of iIk- pi'opK*, " that the freedom of fpccch, and debates, and proceedingii in parliuineiU^, ought not to be impeached orquellioned in any court or place out of parliament." And this freedom of fpeech is particularly demanded of the king in pcrfon, by the fpcaker of tlie houfe of commons, at the opening of every new parliament. So are the other privileges, of perfun, fei'vni, 1, iunds, and goods. I his includes not only privilege from illegal violence, but alfo from legal arrerts, and feizures by proccfs I'rom tlie courts of law. To af< fault by violence a member of either houfe, or his menial fervants, is a high con- tempt of parliament, and as fueh puniilud with the utmoll feverity. Neither can any meml)er of either lioufe be arretted and taken into collody, iu>r ferved with any procefs of the courts of law ; nor can his menial fervants be arreted ; nor can any entry be made on liis lands ; nor can his goods be deltrained or feizcd, without a breach tif the privilege of parliament *. The houfe (.f lords have a right to be attended, and confequcntly are, by the judges of the court of king's bench and common pleas, and lueh of the l^arons of the exchequer as arc of the degree of the coif, or nave been made ferjeants at law; as likewife by the mailers ol the court of chancery ; for iheir ailvicc in point of law, and for llie greater dignity of their proceedings. The fpeaker of the houfe of lords is generally the lord chancellor, or lord-keeper of the great feal, which dignities are commonly veiled in the fame perfon. taeh peer has a right, when a vote pafles contrary to his lentiments, to enter his dilfenl on the journals of the houfe, with the reafons tor fuch dilicMii ; which is ufually Ifyled his proteft. Upon particular occalions tliefc protells have been fo bold as t(» u;ive offence to the majority of tlie lioufe, and have therefore been expunged from the journals; but this is conlidered a violent meafure. 'Ihe houfe of commons may be properly (lyled the grand inquell of Grea>t Bri- tain, impowcrcd to enquire into all national grievances. The peculiar lawn and cuftoms of the houfe ot commons relate prim ipallv to the raiting of taxes, and the 4-le£\ions of n^embers to ferve in parlianunt. \\ ith regard to taxes, it is the an- cient indifputable privilege, anc the right of tlie lunife of commons, that all grants nf fublidies, or parliamentary aids, do begin in ilieir lioule, and be lirll bdlowed by them , alihougli tlieir grants arc not ettectual until tliey have the allent of the other two branches cf the iegiliafure. 'ihe general ivafon given for this exclulive privilege of the houfe of cupinioiiN is, tinit the f;ipj)lies are railed upon the bodv of the p<.(>ple, atid tlieret'.:e it is proper that lliey alone ihouid have the right of taxing themfclves. And f 1 reafonably jealous are the commons of this privilege, that herein they wi!l not fHtl't-r tlie other houfe to exeit any power but that ot rejedtins; ; they wi'l not fiermit the kart alteration or ameiidiiient to be made by »ne lords to the ,n ''e oi taxing the people by a money-bill. L iider this appella- tion are im luded a. I bills by which money is diiectcd to be railed upon the fub- je6t, tor any pur| ofe, or in any fliajpe vvhatfoever; either tor the exigencies of go- vcniinent. and eilh Cted tivim tlu kmgdom in general, as the land-ta.\ ; or tor pri- vate benefit, and collected in any particular diilri'-l, as by turnpikes, parilh-ratcs, and the like. • T'l^ cxfmpfidn frnr^ arrefts for lawful licbf^, linqnilhrd their privilege 1)V att of jjarliamrnt in wai always confidcrrd by the piiblii ;;; a grirvance. '770; and nicnihfrs ot both iioules may now tie 'J lie lords aiid common'), therefore, geiicroully re- fiicd like ether debtors. ; The ^"''■"'''•'' ''.v '•^•vcral .no . "7 '-l '" ^'^^ '-<{s. an , ,' l''- "^f^^-'' ^^^^^^ one of f'"- >i'rou.h if:.-;- ,;;t -r" t""- '-- !^ w ooii^.^ r''- '"' ^'-^^^ ".i»Kts 111 cliancorv ,'or r " '* ••'Troed to ,|,.. ,' ''"' V'"*y"W/o. to prcvfnV • twtca th R N I. N D. twivn mcwihkTs dcputrd from each hoiifc ; wlio, for tlic moll ^)art, futtic and ad- jiili tlic (III)' 'iicu : but if both hniifet remain inflexible, the bill iit dropped. If the comiiioi agroe to ihr nmcndmcnti, the bill in fcnt back to the lord* by one of the mcitiUi-m, uith a meiragc to acquaint them therewith. The fame fornm are obferved, niii/ntit mutandis, when the bill beginit in the houfo of lord*. But when nn ad of j;r.\i c or pardon is pad'cd, it ii firll (igned by hi* majcfty, and then rca«l once only in each of the houfe!!, without any new engroilin^ or amendment. And wluMi both houC's have done with nny bill, it is depolitrd m the houfe of peer*, to wail the royal aficnt ; except in the cafe of a money-bill, which, after reccivin/{ the concurrence of the lords, is fent back to the houfe of common*. No ex- prcllion can In- inferted, nor the flighted alteration take place, till tlic fpcaker, or the chairman, puts the queftion •, which, in tlic houfc of commoni, it anfwcr- /•d bv (TVv', or no ; and, in the houfe of peer*, by eonKnt, or not content. The Rivinu; the royal afli-nt to bills is a matter of great form. When the king is to pal's bills in perfon, ho appcarii on his throne in the houfe of peers, in his royal robes, wiih the crown on his head, and attended by his great officers of ihite, and heralds. .\ feat on the right hand of the throne, where the princes of .Scotland, when pfcrs of Knpiand, fornuily fat, is rcfervcd for the prince of \N'ales. 1 he other princes of the blootl (it on the left hand of the king ; and tlie rliancelior on a clofe bench removed a little backwards. The vifcounts and tem- p(ir;il b;irons, or lords, face the tI»rone. on benches or wool-packs, covered with red (loth or baize The beneli of billiopi runs along the houfe to the bar on the ri;;ht hand of the tinone ; a^ thi- dukes and earls do on the left. The chancellor find iudj;es, on ordinary ilay?., lit upon wool-packs between the barons and the tliione. The common opinion in, tliat the houfe fitting on wool is fymbolical of wool being formerly the llaple commodity of the kingdom. Many of the pcetk, (n^ fiilemn occalions, ajipear in their parliamentary robes. None of the coinmori& Jiave any r')l>es, excepting the fpeaker, who wears a long black lilk gown ; and when he ap|)eiir«. before the king, it is trimmed with gold. 'I he royal allent may be given two ways : i. in perfon. When the king fends for the houfe of c-immojis to the houfe of peers, the fpeaker carries up the nioni-y- hill or hills in his hand ; and, in delivering them, he addrelles his majelly in a (o- It nin f|)eech, in which he feldom fails to extol the generolity and loyally of the r«>mmons, and to tell iii% majelly h>)w iuk lliiry it is to be frugal ot the public money. It i>, upon this occalion, that tlie connnonii of Great Britain a|>|)ear in their hij»hell luflre. The titles of all bills that .lave palled both houfes are readj and the king's anfwer ik declared by the clerk of the narliament in Norman-Krench, If tlie kiiij; confents to a public hill, tlie clerk ufually declares, h toy U v^tt, " the kin<; wills it fo to he ;" il to a pri/ate hill, Juit fait comme il fjl tli'/ii), " be it as it i-. delired." If the kin^ refufrs his afient, it is in the gentle language of ic roi ^'avij'irii, " the kin;; will advil'i' u|)t"i it." When a money-bill is palled, it is car- rii-d up and |)rcieiite(l to the kitig i the fpeaker of the houfc of commons, and the royal alknt is thus exprilVed, .V roy re'iiercic fa ioya/i fnj/ls, acreptc Itur hiicio- h'tcc, €t iwjfi le vdit, "the king thanks his lo\aI fubjects, accepts their henevo- ieiue, ui>d wills it fo to he." Iti taf<' of an ait of grace, whleh originally proceeds from tlie crown, ;iiid iias the royal aliint in the fiill flam "' ■'• '''"■' ch'^k of tlir jMr. lament thus juonouiices the gratitude of the fubjeot ; Ui pre.'ats, fdj^muis, tl io»i>.:0HS, tn c< prefatt ])atiuime n afjembitts, au iwm ile louti ■voiis ^nitres fjcs, i e/in-ii .rut ties hu.nl>'i)te>i' votre niyefU, ct pri<'nt a Dlcu voUi Junner en fanti bonne vie et iongui; " the [)rclali.s, lortls, and commons, in this pn-fent j)arliainent an'cnd)led, in the n.niiie of all yinir other fubjec-fs, moll humbly thank your uiajcfly, and pray to Col to grant )oti ii lualih and wealth l'>ng to live." 2. By the llatute v> Ih"- jy Vlll. c. 11. the king may give his afient by letters paten under his jjreat fea!, bgmd ?s™^ «^-"^"!^ i«:?;j.sHf; -sat t5 From the above «n..r«l • . ' "' *"'"'''''* «^"''^r of th^ Mrlicj of ih{ Dconi, .l ""ybwomc fo lortuulcj .. . S' " " """"I'l be oh. *. .;= fupfl.ffi,";,*,''. , :;::■;:.". •^»^I•»"t;«t ,"„«';;;,:{'«','«.", Xt his natura fife Ifn nV.lr "'^"' P«»li» tal tviften,/. ' ^'^^ "'''«^'" '»ody ,w,i|. «rc great rcfou/c-s■« "« ':;L"""i'";. '>a''-?-l-f office. ..h,VK „... . •".V, „H„,, f)ut tub ea tn rrt„, ^ .'*•""" durnir 111,. it\e V '^'"8 ' 'c tretion. ;^;;"y through ancS, To c .b ^.''"r"^ »"* 8-d onh/pSl-r"'"? «"d dif! -hat than b^h.:/ '^'•, -7"PJ'"n, 5. 'I'o het >"„' d fe.I° ^nM'^' ^'"«"» '^iinfi'llor -, im li i\* Ki^"'K ('^''''i^x '"r f^'^rcl cxpoltliixit, (<>rrrrp<>i»U;nc« witli lori i,i;ii ogctiti*, r> curing Iraiinii, iirul tlu- like l'\" iVt rcmrylhip o| llatu it now hvltl i)y two luiijkiru-ii d gciiili'iiun i liiinirrly tt)i k.ng noinii)atcil thrfe, but the olfiie wai not tlittn ol'thal i'oiirc<|iK-ii('i' wliich it i. now SiiKc tho ticcf* lion i>r tli>- raniily i>l' llai\ovfr, woliavi- I i will' known three prini ipal (I'lrrtAriei of lliiti- ; liut 4)iu- <>l' th«'in wai ru|)|)'>ri(l (• irunlHn the utliiir» ot .V()ilnnon tlu- inereulV of the Uiil ih colouici, a new luiunt ot triide \va« ireftvtl, am) the tirtl ioiiiniilhoner uded »% K t ivtuiy tor the Americiin nlFairH, hut without thnt title. A third fecretiiry of lluie wa» udnf' wards ii|>t>oiiited for iaiiyiiin; on the Amcricun wur, whofv otne« tetitcd with th9 pciii'c i the l)().ird of (rude alio haili Ixen lll)ohl^ d a . uihcrn and a nnrth- cm department. I he ioulhern tmitained France, Spain, l'orlii',;ii , Itulv . ' Swifx CMtonit, CotUluntinople, and, in lliort, ull the llali s in tlie (onil) -rn pi> (ha northern comprehended tlie dillorent Jbtes t)f (icrniany, I'ruil.a, I'oiai ■. I' illia, Sweden, Denmark, liollanj{ mimjiet , a term unknown to the I .nglidi conftiiution, lliou>;Ii the ofliie, in etle.l, i«t perhaps necellary. Ihe conllilutinn points out tin lord liij^li an oHicc very ancient inr lord knper ; whole e()niniiiru)n, as high lleward, endi wita the trial, by breaking his wliile ri il, the badge of ollice. 'I lie lord high chancellor pruides in the court of chancery, lo moderate the fe verities ol tlie law, in all caies where the properly of the fubjecl is conct rned, ana he is to determine according to the dictates of ttpiily and reul.m. He is an orticcr of the ^reatell weight and power of any now fnbliliiiii^ in the kingdom, ;nid is fu- perior in preceileacy to e\ery lemp,)ral lord, lie i» a privy-cuiinlellor by hia olhee, and, according to fume, piolocutor of tlie houfe of lords by prefcription. 'Jo him belongs the i.ppoinlnu'iil;; of all jnftices of the peace ; I e is vinior in right of tlie king ot all hulpilals and colleges of the king's Irundaiiun, anil p.iUun of ull liie king's livings iindei the value of 20I. (ler {innuin in the king's books. Ho ik the general guarUiuu of uU ii.faittb, idiott/und lunatics ^ and haih the fuperin- tendatico fr ifl fni t.o l/ll lllfl bin iin V '"^ lutli became f iec| Hired "I (var hi tlie c/» il I foiinl tori iiHtit of < M|^ulaf»s . •'"ice, wh • oronation ''■'ic o/fi, floii, and i iiicie.'ife of ns Well ;is , "ills Uf)on liMliion iniit «leaih warr; • Tl.e Ui IV G '"'-ri, ri. ,p,.;T;;^ ,7;-■"'^^♦l lord. of;r,r"-';":r';;" -""•-<.«. "/•/cmcnf «„| .Urtv\7n\ I '"'^"'" '»'' lord hiiil I/ " ''''' '"« t' ».!,«, if, i- ;« «r,i. Ic. "»'"«"« oi then, would cxiS „• l>/'."". ' "^ '"^''""^i . I'- lord prc-rtdo,„ or tho r «. M ''^ "*■" *"'" »'> « fi ^-: ™. ^^ ''-4^-r i--i;: «^^^^^ tzz :i ■'^«-- office- of lord r., vv f I ■ •"''' ''^ *" "f^'*-' Tc ^ ii... , ,i j„f wj; .a .i;«,'f '"'' ""■ 1.1W ..r ; ; . / '""« " >» ««."id ." »-;• I'n. like vv7 harj. .r.?''j "'^; '''"g'« pS n h. 7"^'*'''^ '" '''« ''"^c of ='7: "- ^-■> --^'«s:£d''iSr;F'' ^^ ' I"- clukc of Norforlk i. f..r . r. """ ^'" '" "«• 'io '';.;dt.:;:,.:r^^' '''^''^''';;=^^;i- K;;«;;;:;;f:v*^^^ "'^f' ^"'^'"" '^^"^""^"^•' "luUahlc IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) f/ # 1^ 1.0 I.I Uilll 12.5 ^ ^ 12.2 u lift «b I 40 1^ lii i^ i^ ^ 6" » Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 ^^^5. y:<^ h \\ O^ •M N N a inoYcablcat plcafure, the/ do nothing that can interfere with the prerogative of the ciown, and conform themfclvcs to the direftions they receive trom ni* majeftjr. 'J he board of admiralty regulates the naval force of the realm, and names ail its otVicers, or confirms them when named i fo that its jurifdiftion is very extenfive. 'Ihey appoint vice-admirals indcr them ', but an appeal from them lies to the high court of admiralty, which is of a civil nature : London is the place where it is hcld( and all its proccllcs and proceedings run in the lord high admiral's name, or thofe of the comniillioiiers, and not in that of the king. The judge of this court is com- monly a dodurof the civil law, and its proceedings are according to the method of tlu- civil law ; but nil criminal nvitters, relating to piracies, and other cajpital of- fences committed at fea, are tried and determined according to the laws of England, by witncfTes and a jury, ever fince the reign of Henry VIII. It now remains to treat of the courts of law in England. Courts oh law.] 'Ihe court of chancery, which is a court of equity, is next ii\ dignity to the high court of parliament, and is dcfigncd to relieve the fubje£l ngainll frauds, breaches of truft, and other oppreilions i and to mitigate the ri- gour of the law. The lord high chancellor fits as folc judge, and in his abfence the maftcr of the rolls. The form of proceeding is oy bills, anfwers, and de- crees ; the witnefles being examined in private : however, the decrees of this court are only binding to the perfons of thofe concerned in them, for they do not atTed their lands and goods ; and confequcntly, if a man rcfufcd to comply with the terms, they can do nothing more than fend him to the prifon of the Fleet. This court is always open ; and if a man be fcnt to prifon, the lord chancellor, in any vacation, can, if he fees reafon for it, grant a Meat corpus. The clerk of the crown likewife belongs to this court, he, or his deputy, being obliged always to attend on the lord chancellor as often as he fits for the difpatcn of bufinefs } through his hands pafs all writs for fummoning the parliament, or choofing of members; commillions of the peace, pardons, &c. The King's Bench, fo called cither from the kings of England fometimes fitting there in perfon, or becaufe all matters determinable by common law between the king and his fubje£ts arc here tried, except fuch affairs as properly belong to the court of Exchequer. This court is likewife a kind of checquc upon all the inferior courts, their judges, and juftices of the peace. Here prcfidc four judges, the firft of whom is fly lea lord chief juftice of the king's bench, or, by way of eminence, lord chief juftice of England, toexprefs the great extent of hisjurifdiftionover the kingdom ; for this court can grant prohibitions in any caufe depending either in fpiritual or temporal courts ; and the houfe of peers does often direft the lord chief juftice to iflTue out his warrant for apprehending perfons under fufpicion of high crimes. The other three judges arc called jufticcs or judges of the king's bench. The court of Common Pleas take cognizance of all pleas debateable, and civil anions depending between fubje£t and fubieft ; and in it, befides all real aftions, fines and recoveries are tranfafted, and prohibitions are likewife iffued out of it, as well as from the King's Bench. The firfl judge of this court is ftyled lord chief juftice of the Common Pleas, or common bench ; befide whom there are likewife three other judges or juftices of this court. None but ferjeants at law are al- lowed to plead here. The court of Exchequer was inftituted for managing the revenues of the crown, and has a power of judging both according to law and according to equity. In proceedings according to law, the lord chief baron of the Exchequer and three other barons prefide as judges. They are ftyled barons, becaufe formerly none but barons of the realm were allowed to he judges in this court. Befide thefe, there is a fifth, called curlitor baron, who has not a judicial capacity, but is only em- ployed ia adminiitcring the oath to iherifisi and their officers, and alfu to feveral of • the N N 169 are crown, ity. In ec other one but e, there [)nly cm- L-veral of the the ofliceri of the cuftom-houfe. But when this court proceeds according to equi- ty, then the lord treafarcr and the chancellor of the Exchequer prefide, allifted by the other barons. All matters touching the kil'tg's treafury, revenue, cuftoins, and fines, are here tried and determined. Bcfides the officers already mentioned, there belong to the Exchequer the king's remembrancer, who takes and ftatcs all ac- counts of the revenue, cuftoms, excife, parliamentary aids and fublidics, &cc. ex- cept the accounts of the (heriffs and their officers. The lord trcafurer's remem- brancer, whofe bufmefs is to make vut procefles againft (heriflTs, receivers of the revenue, and other officers. For putting the laws effe£tually in execution, a high-flieriflT is annually appointed for every countjr (except Weftmoreland and Middlefex) by the king * } whole office is both mintfterial and judicial. He is to execute the king's mandate, and all writs diro£led to him out or the king's court of juftice -, to impannel juries, to bring caufca and malefactors to trial, to fee fentenccs, both in civil and criminal atfairs, executed ; and at the allize to attend the judges, and guard them while they are in his county. He is likewife to decide in the firft inttance, the ele£)ions of knights of the (hire, or coroners, and of verdcrcrs ; to judge, of the qualification^ of votirs, and to return fuch as he Ihall determine to be duly elected. It is alfo part of his office to collect all public fines, di(lrc(Tes and amerciaments into the Ex- chequer, or where the king (hall appoint, and to make fuch payments out of them as his majelly fliall think proper. As his oflice is judicial, he keeps a court, called the county-court, to hear anc^ determine all civil caufes in the county, under forty (hillings : this, however, is not now a court of record. As the keeper of the king's peace, both by comniua law and fpccial commilfion, he is the fird man in the county, and fuperior in rank to any nobleman therein, during his office. He may command all the peo- ple of his county to attend him, which is called the poji comilatiu, or power ot the county. Under the (heriflP are various officers ; as the under-iherilT, clerks, ftewards of courts, bailifls (in London called fericants), condables, gaolers, beadles, &c. The next officer to the fheriffis the jiijliee of the ptact, feveral of whom are com miffioned for each county : and to them is cntruded the power of putting great part of the flatute law in execution, in relation to the highways, the poor, va- grants, treafons, felonies, riots, the prefcrvation of the game, &c. &c. They exa- mine and commit 10 prifon all who break or didurb the peace, and difqutet the king's fubje£is. In order to puni(h the offenders, they meet every quarter at the county-town, when a jury of twelve men, called the grant inquefc of the county, is fummoned to appear. This jury, upon oath, is to enquire into the cafes of all delinquents, and to prcfent them by bill guilty of the indictment, or not guilty : the judices commit the guilty to gaol for their trial at the next aflizes. This is called the quarter-fcffions for the county. The juftice of peace ought to be a perfon of fagacity, and integrity, and not without fome knowledge of the law ; otherwife he will be apt to make midakes, and to dep beyond his authority, for which he is amenable to the court of king's bench. Each county contains two (oroners, who are to. enquire by a jury of neighbours,, how and by whom any perfon came by a violent death, and to enter it on record as a plea of the crown. Aixothcr branch of his office is to enquire concerning ihip- wrecks, and certify whether wreck or not, and who is in podellion of the goods.. Id his niiniHerial office thg coroner is the llieriU's fubdituto. ♦ Sheriffs were formerly chofen by the inhaHt- county of Weftmoreland. The city of London hath' ants of the feveral counties. In fome counties tiie alfo the inheritance ot the flirievalty of Middlefe.x Ihertfi'a were hereditary, and fiill continue in the veiled in tluir hjdy by charter. JJO U N N D. The » i\il f4.i\rrmni lit ol'viiios \i a kiiul of fmnll iiidopcndant polity of itfolf; for ^vtry city ImiIi, 1)v charter trom the kinij. a jurifdidioii within Itfcif, to jud^e in i;iuliors civil and iriiniuid : with tliis rellraint only, that all civil caufes rhay be rc- Mioved Iroiii their courts to the higher courts »t Wcilminllcr ; and nil capital of- teace.'i ;ire committed to the judjje of lite alli/c. The governtDcntot' cities dillers aeeordinjj to ilieir difleroMt charters, iinnumitie*, niid conftitutions. 'iltcy arc con- itiiuted with a mayor, iilderniea, and hurgelFcs, who together make the corpora- tion ol' (he city, and hidd a court of iudicaturf^ where the mayor prelides i\» judge. Some cities are comities, and chufe tneir own flieriffs j and all of them have a power of milking bye-laws for their own government. Some have thought the governmcMit ofciiiis, hy mayor, aldermen, and common-council, is an epitoine of the Englidi governnteni, by king, lords, and commons, • The government o( incorporated boroughs is nearly limilar: in fimie there is a mayor, and in others two baililTs; who, tluiing their mayoralty or magillracy, arc julUces of the peace within their liberties, and confeqiicnlly efquircs. 'l^hc cimiue-ports are live havens, formerly ellecmcd moil important ones, that lie on the eaft part of Kngland toward France, as Dover, Sandwich, Romney, llaliings, and llythe, to which \\ inchelfca and Rye, have been lince added, with dmilar franchifes in many refpeds. Thefe cin(|ue-norts were endowed with parti- cular privileges by our ancient kings, upon condition that they provide a certain number of Ihips at their own charge, to fervc in the wars for forty days, as often as (hey were wanted. For the belter government of villages, the lords of the foil, or manor (who were formerly called barons), have generally a power to hold courts, called courts-leet :md courts baron, where their tenants are obliged to attend and receive jurtice. The bufuiefs of courts-leet is ciiieily toprefeiu and punilh nuifanccs ; and at courts- baron the conveyances and alienations of the copyhold tenants are enrolled, and they are admitted to their ellates on a defccnt or purchafe. A conjiiibk is a very ancient and refpeChible officer of the peace, under the Eng- liili conllitution. Every hundred has a high conftable, and every parilh in that hundred a conftable ; and they are to attend the high-conftabic upon proper oc- cafions. They are allifted by anotlier ancient officer, called the tything-man, who foriyjcrly fuperintended the tenth part of an hundred, or ten free burghs, as they were called in the time of the Saxons, and each free burgh conlilling of ten families. The bufmefs of contlable is to keep the peace in all cafes of quarrels and riots, lie can prifon olVenders till they are brought before a juftice of peace ; and it is his duty to execute, within his dillrict, every warrant directed to him from that magiftrnte, or a bench of juftices. I'he neglei^ of the old Saxon courts, both for the prcfervation of the peace, and the more eafy recovery of fmall debts, has been regretted by many eminent lawyers; and it has of late been found ncceflfary to revive fome of them, and to inftitutc others of a (imilar nature. Belides thefe, there are courts of confcience in many parts of England for the relief of the poor, in the recovery or payment of fmall debts, not exceeding forty iliillings. 'Ihere neither is, nor ever was, any conllitution provided with fo many fences as that of England, for the fei urity of pcrfoual liberty. Every man imprifooed has a right to bring a writ before a iiidge in Weftminller-hall, called his Habe;is Cor- j)us. If ilv.it jud^e, alter conlidering the caufe of commitment, (hall find tliat the offence is bailable, the party is iniinediately admitted to bail, till he is condemned or accjuitted in a proper court of juftice. The rights of individuals are fo attentively guarded, that the fubje^i may, wiih- o!it the leaft danger, fiie his fovereign, or tliofe wlio act in his nnaie, and under \\\i authority : he may do this in upcii court, where the king may be obliged to pay* 7 damages N N D. 171 per oc- lan, who as they of ten quarrels " peace ; to him courts, II debts, 1 found for the Iccediug fences us liied has iis Cor- Hiat the lemued wiih- lidcr hii _ tu pay laina^'.es damages to his fubjc^t. The kini; cannot take awny the liberty of the lead indi- viiluni, utili'fs he has, by foine illegal aft, forfeited his ri.;ht to liberty ; or exeept >\ hen the ftate is in danger, and the reprefentatives of tlie people think the public f.ilety makes it neecQarv to confine pcrfons fiifpcdted, and aceufed on oath. Thtf kins has a right to pardon ; but neither he nor the iudces, to whom he delegates liis authority, ean condemn a man as a criminal, except ne be firit found guilty by twelve men, who mull be his e(]ua!s. That the judges may not be inlKienced by ilie king, or his minifters, to milrenrefent the cafe to the jirv, they have now their (■;■ ■ ■•■'='■ »■'='' ... \.: -, :, ., ,-.. .. 1 II* r«lltf^, w> ••• • ••■■.■■■■■w I ti, .^-r ■■■■■■«. 1^1 V ■* •■> %tf^ «.m..iw »«r VIIVJ ItT, % M MX J illlf,. IIW,> |||l-|| '.'.iai ie» r«)r life. Neither can the iting take away, nor endanger the life of any ubject without trial, and th<' perfons being tiiit charged with a capiial crime, as iieafoii, m.irder, felony, or Ojiue other at\ injurious to fociely ; nor can iiny fubject be deprived of his liberty, for the higheft crime, till fome proof of his guilt be gisen iipnn oath before a maginrute ; and lie has then a right to iiilili u|)on his bt iiig bn light, the Ihrt oportunity, to a fair trial, or to be reUored to li!)erty on giving bail tor his appearance If a man is charged with a capital offence, he niuli not undi rgo the ignominy of being tried for his life till llic evidences of his guilt are laid before the grand jury of the town or county in wliieh the Inti is al- ledged to be co.mnitied, and not unlefs twelve of tliem agree to a bill of indi<-t- nicnt againll him. If they do this, he is to (land a fecond trial before twelve other men, whofo opinion is definitive. By the 28 Kdward III. it is enacted that where cither party is an alien born, the jury Ihall be one half aliens, and the other denizens, if required, for the more impartial trial. \ privilege indulged to ftiangers in no other country, but which is as ancient witlt us as the time of king Kthelrcd *. In fome cafes, tlio man (who is alwavs fuppofed imiocent till there bo fiiflicient proof of his guilt) is allowed a copy of his iitdittment, in order to help him to make his defence. He is alfo furnilhed with the pannel, or li(l of the jury, who are his true and proper judges, that he may learn their characters and dif- covcr whether they want abilities, or whether they are prejudiced againll him. I le may in open court percmptorllv objett to twenty of the number f, and to as many more as he can give reafon foi their not being admitted as his judges; till at lall twelve unexceptionable men, tin- luighlhuirs of the party accufed, or living near the place whcic the fiqipoled fact was committed, are approved of, who take the following oath, that \\\i.-y jlutll well and rruiy try, uiui triij dclh'erancc nude, hettueen tin king uiid the prifoners xchom t/iev jhall have in eharjre, aciordin? to the c%'ideiice. Hy challenging the jury, the prifoner prevents all ptliibility of bribery, or the iniluence of any fuperior powir : by their living near the place where the fatl was tomniitted, they are lnp[)()fed to be men who knew the prifoners courfe of life, and the credit of the eviaence. Upon their integrity and nnderftanding the lives (if all thai are brought in danger ultimately , fays he, let all ways be tried to juftify him ; if that be impollibie, let him be challifed with greater noifc than damage. If it be a fubjed that has aflaulted a nobleman, let him be punitlied with the utmoft feve- rity, that the fubiefts may not get too great a cuflom of laying their hands on the Patrician order. But by our happv aonftitution, which breathes nothing but liberty and cnuity, all imaginary inaulgence is allowed to the mcaned as well as the greatelt. When a prifoner is brought to take his trial, he is freed from all bonds ; and though the Judges arc fuppofed to be his counfel, yet, as he may be incapable of vindicating his own caufe, other counfel are allowed him ; he may try the validity and legality of the indictment, and may fct it alidc, if it be contrary to law. Nothing is wanting to clear up the caufe of innocence, and to prevent the fuflercr from hnking under the power of corrupt judges, and the opprelTion of the great. The racks and tortures that arc cruelly employed iti other parts of Europe, to make a man accufc hintfcif, arc here unknown, and none punifhed without conviction, but he who refufes to plead in his own defence. As the trial of malefactors in England is very difTcrcnt from that of other nations, the following account may be ufcful to foreigners and others, who have not feen thofe proceedings. The court being met, and the prifoner called to the bar, the clerk commands him to hold up his hand, then charges him with the crime of which he is accufed, and alks him whether he Is ^uUiy or noi gui/ty. If the prifoner anfwers gui/ty, his trial is at an end : but if he anfwers not guilty, the court proceeds on the trial, even though he may before have confefled the fa£t ; for the law of England takes no notice of fuch confelFion ; and unlefs the witncfles, who are upon oath, prove him guilty of the crime, the jury inuft acquit him : for they are directed to bring in their verdict according to the evidence given in court. When the witnell'cs have given their evidence, and the prifoner has, by hiinfolf or liis counfel, crofs-examincd them, the judge recites to tlie jury the fubdance of the evidence given againd the prifoner, and bids them difcharge their confcicncc; when, if the matter be very clear, they commonly give their verditt without going out of the court ; and the foreman, for himfelf and the reft, declares the prifoner guilty or not guilty. But if any doubt arifes among the jury, and the matter requires debate, they all withdraw into a room witli a copy ot the indi£lment, where they are locked up till they are unanimoully agreed on the verditt ; and if any one of the jury fliould die during this their conhnement, the prifoner will be acquitted. When the jury have agreed on the verditt, they inform the court thereof by an officer who waits without, and the prifoner is again fet to the baj to hear his ver- dict. Tliis is unalterable, except in doubtful cafes, when the verdiil-t is brought in fpeaal, and is therefore to be determined by the t\vclve judges of England. M N L N I). '73 It" ilic pilfiincr bofiuintl guilty, lip in llicn alkod whnt rcnftm he can give wliy ffiilrt'.n- lit (ktilli llxmlil DAt h»- pafli'd iipnn liiin? 'liuri' is now properly iio Ikiic- fit (■>l"fltrj,'y— it is tlii\ng»'il to trjmlporiatioii, or huniiiif; in \\\v hinul. Upon tt cpiiiil fonvivtioii tlic i'l-iitfiuc ot nm xv/u'Uff tlnu iiuufjl, and from I hence he rarried to lie flare of exerutioii, Lre /'.on Jl.ii't he hav.^ed /-v ll^ luuk il'.l ihs Lch li lUiid, mid the Lord fitirc mn. »irr,v OH thy foul! wluii'iipon tho Ilii-rilV is cliargi'il willi tin- i-m (iil All the priloncps toiind not ruilty hy tlio jury an' iinimdiali'ly ai(|uittLcl and dii- rliiir;»ed ; and, in Imni' calVs, ohlain a lopy ot' their inditlnient from the court, to proui-ed at law ii){aiiilt their profeeutors. Oi' I'lMsiiMKN is] 'IJKPiiijh llie laws of |',n:;laiid an- efleemed more morcitiil to olVeiulers than tli';fe wliiih at preieiit |)revail iiuiny other part of the world, yet the .punilhnient of fiieli ^,\^ at ilii ir trial refiile to pieail }?"'''>' '»■ ""J' g"i''y ^^'•'■'' runiurly \iry cruel. In this eate the prifoner was laid upon his back upon the hare floor, naked, and his arms and lej-s being llretthed out with cords, and a con- liderable wi ii;ht of iron laid upon his breall, he was allowed only three niorfels ol barley bread the firll day, the nixt day he was allow id iiothii'g but three draughts of foul watrr that lliall be lu areti to the inilou door ; and, in tiiis lltuation, this was to be alternately his daily diet till he expired. I his punilhr.ient, how- ever, there was feldt)m ocealion to infiicf, and by a late atl of parlianunt the, prifoncr's ret'ul'al to ])lead is to be conlidercd as a conviction, and he is to fuller llu' lame punillmenl as it he had been tried, and found gniltv. And formerly, in cafe of hij^h trealiu, thou!.;h the criminal flood mute, judgment was given againll iiim, as if he liad been co'.nicled, and his ellate \^as conliicated. 'I he law of Ijigland iiu hides all capital crimes under /li^fi henfou, pelly heafou, \\m\ jc'oiis. I he firll contifis in plotting, cunfpiring, or riling up in arms againll the fovereign, or in counterteitin'; the coin. Ihe traitor is punilhed by bein^ diawn o;i a liei!;;e to the place of' eMculion, when, after being hanged U[)on a galii.ws for loine mimiies, the body is cut down alive, th.e heart taken out and expofed to public \iew, and the entrails burnt: the head is then cut olV, and the bi)d\ (juarteied, al"ter whiih the head is ul'ua'ly fixed on tome confpicuous place .Ml the criminal's lands ami I'oods are forfeited, his wife lofes lier duwrv, d hi elJIdren both their eliates ami iiol)iliiy. Ihit though coining of money is adjudged hi';h liiafon, the ciiminal is only drawn upon a liedge to the place of execution, and there hanged. '1 hough the fentence palled u^)on all traitors is tlie fame, yet wi.li rel'pect to prrfoiis ot (|uality. the pumihn.ent is gener;',lly altered to behead ing : a I'eailolil rted t u^on a block, it is llruck oli Willi an a\t or thai purpofe, on which the criminal placing his head riie puiiillmuiit for milpriiion of high treafon, tlii.l is tor negletiting or conceal- ing it, is imprilonment for lite, the forfeiture of all tlie ollender's goods, and the profits ariling trom his lands. yV'/v Irccfon is wl.en a eliild kills his father, a\vil'e her hufljand, a clergyman his liifhop, or a fervant his matter or niilhef's. Ihis crime is puniiiied by the otleiHler's hiing drawn in a iled.:',e to llie place of execution, and there hanged upon a gal- lows till dead. Wo lien iruiitv either of this crime iir of high-treaf'on, are tei leiieetl to be l>unit alive ; but this law has been \eiv lately repealed, aiul they are now ha!)geil, witliout beir.g burnt. h'eiany includes murders, robberies, forging notes, bonds, deetls, &:e. 'lliefe are all puni'.lied by hanging, only f murderer:, are to 1/e executed loon after lenience ri.i.-- i-, not to bf lonliilortil ns a (lillViTi^t i)ii- in tweiitytdiir h.nwr^ affr A"itfiicf i- proriomutif ■iHiUK'nt, lnit:isa rcnrnioii ot.ilt t!'.- parts ottlu'l Init as Siiiul.nv is nnt m kn;i ,1 ;i ilav, t>i-v arc t'O- Ifiii c mt'iilKiiH-, lifid ^til•4', tlif btl\taiiim',. I'crally tticd on a Satiiril.i) ; li> that ti'.i-y olitain a 1- Uv alaicadjimirdcriis are tol)c t\c(.uicil«iUi- ril'iMUtill Moiul.iv. .N IS «74 Ni (i N' H nnflToil, nnd ihen clclivcreil to fiirgpoin in order to b« publicly di(r«£ted. iriiilty of niblwrv, when iIutc witc fume alleviating circiimlbnci*«, ufnl fi> Pfcrfimt guilty of nililwry, when iIutc witc fume alleviating circiimltanci>«, ufnl rDinctime* to Im! tranfportiul for a tenn of ycwrs to hi» m«jctly*» plantHtioiu i Imt liiicc the American war, ihcy arc now gcnerully condemned to hard labour in worki of ' nublli- utility, upon the river, 8cc. for a certain number of yenra •„ lately fomu have Ik'en A'nt to Africa, Nova Scocin, nnd Botany-Buy. , Other crime* punilhed by the laws are, Milcit)r arifea from want nf cnnfont of guaidiani. Bylhr cnmmon tnw, if the partiri thrmfelvn werr of age to confont. iherr wanted no oihfr cnn< (iirrrncc to make the marringe valid ( and this wnn agreeable to the (-«nnnn kw. Hilt by foveral ftatutei, pcnaltiei of lool. are laid on every clergyman, .who mar- rii*( a couple without cither publication of banni (which may give noiivr t» parents or giiordiani). or without a licence t to obtain which, the confunt (ff pnrnit!« or guardian* mull be fworn to. And it has been lately thought proper to cnai), that all manriagci celebrated by licence (for banni fuppofe notice), whore either of the nartiea is under twenty-one (not being a widow, or widower, who are fuppofcd free) without the confent of the fiuhcr, or if he be not living, of the mother or gtiardiani, fhall br abfolutely void. A provilion it made, aa in the civil liiw, when the mother or guardian is moh fomtos, t)eyond the fca, or unreafonabtjr froward, to difprnfe with fuch confent at tiie difcretion of the lord clumccllor ( but no provifion ia made in cafe the lather ihould lab ill temper, or adultery, in cither of the parties. In this cafe the law allows alimony to the wife (except when for adultery, the parliament grants a total divorce, as ha* hiippcncd frequently of late years), which is that allowance which is made to a woman, for her fupport, out of the huiband's eftate ; bcin^ fettled at the difcretion {, and i^llKTolnn- iHlkd in our l^iw I rviKjIi, n Jtmt-iovtrl, under tlu- gniilaiuc of tu r liullntnd, lior ^ii< diti'in during h^-r niarriago, ii cnllid licr lovtiimt. U|Hin ihin prin^ ipl< ol' an unioii <)t° pi rloti in linlliiuid and wiU* di'|Knd^ ainioit tiU lit'. Icj{.il ri;^lit'«, diitic*, and dil'ahiliiii'K, tliiit citlior ot ilu-ni uttiuirf l>y \\w niarriH^c, I (peak nut ul prilcnt «)J'th'' rinht* ot' proporly. I'ut ot" I'utit u» arc nieridy ptyfo.iM. Tor thin rcnfon u man ininiot grant an\ iliin^ to liis will-, «)r i-nli-r inio ii rovtnaiit witli Iut i tor tin- jjrunt winUI Ik- to I'nppolV licr fi parate i-xillrrKc ; and tin- covenant wiili lu r would I)!.- onlv io covi'iiant witli liiintVII; and tluit'lou- It i^ gincially trtie, tiiat all coinpuclt niadf iKtwocn luiiband and wilir, wlun Ini^l' , aic voided hv th- iritif maiiiagi*. A wonntn indivd may l)c un utlornoy tor hei Inilbund ; lor that iniplii-« no fiparntion tVoni, l)Ut is ratlier n rcprcfcntuii'i i of, livr lord. And u Inilhand niiiy alio beipuaili any tbin!{ to hi. wik- by will ; lor ibat » aniiot lake elleft till llie to. verture is dclirmiiu'd by bis d^alb. I be bnlband is bomi I to piosiil.' bis wife with neeell'aries by law, as mneb as biinleHi aid it llie (nmiacls debts lor him, he is - be I'ned, wi;iiout making; tbe liulli.uid a de* reiubint ; e\eept when llie bnlband basalijnreil ibe realm, or i, baiiiilied ; U.\ tlieii he i< dead in law. In criminal pr it'ecution-,, it is true, tbe wile nii) be indirled, nnd piinilhed I'eparutely : for t'le union i« only it civil union. Hut, in tiiaU ot' any fort, tbey uie iiut allowed to be i vidence* I'or, or anamll, ckIi oib r ; partlyr becaid'e it i« iinpoiliile their tellininnv ;boiild be impartial \ l)>n priniipally bciaul'o of the uiion ot perl".!!. \',n\ win n- ll'.e olltiice isdireeU; a'^.iitill the peit'iii ot lli.; wile, ibis ml ha s Ik en m'tially liirpeiil' d uilb ; and ihertiore, in lul'e a w oinaii be torcibty taken away, and married, Ihe may be u witnel's ai^ainll fucli her hiilliand, in onler to consiet him ot" felonv. In the civil l;iw, ilie biilbaad and (be wile lire conlldered as two dililtiil pcrfi and inav have kparale t Hates, contiacts, dois, ai jiiiuiereci as two (intitin pcrlonj ; d injuries 1 and tlieii fore, in our cceleliallicul courts, :i woman may fu-, and be I'ueil, wiiboul her liull>aiid. Ilii;.i;r!i our law in general conliders man nnd wile as one perlon, yet there arc funic inftancei in which ihe is f.paratcly conlidered, ns inferior to hint, ami aclini' bv his c iinpnllioii. I Iieri'lore all dii .1 I'xecuUil, ami act-, done, by lur, lluli^^ her covenure, are void ; except ii be a tine, or lIu; like inatu r of record, in which cafe' flu miifl be folely :iiid Uerelly i\:iiiiined, to learn it ber act be volunlaiy. hhc cinnot by will devife land to her bnlband, uiihl's under fpecial circumllaiices; for, at llie lime of nii.ki;ii; ii, llie is fuppofed to be muhr bis cuciei fel ■ ...... (Ul. And 111 li.nn: onies, uiu I otl ler intiiior crimes cominilled by her thron^h conlbiiiiil of her hulband, lb'- l.iw exciifes her ; but ibis eslends iu>i to treaf mi or inuuhr. I he hulband Jilfo (bv the old, ami likewile by the civil law) might give his wif: moderate correction ; lor, .ns he is to anfwer for her milbehaviour, ihe law lluui^'it it reafonahle to eiilrull him wiib tliis |)ower (if relbainiiii; her, by do.ncllic ch.il'- tifemeiit, in the fame moderation lliat a mail is allowed to correal bis fivantsor I'lilii* ;vgc, llio , lur cif' , llio t:ii) is naat'', uid a il> t't.r ill': I iaJikU'il, lis t)t' ;my r ; \iarllv u ot th.; woiu.iii ach licr per foil 3; ', ill mir llio.l^ll live fv)lllC ;u-iiii'.; t»y lllin^ lur Lii.il cai: iiy. Mi: r.tci; tur, .1 111 I'i'iii'.' Ill ot IkT his wif': iliiiii^iit hlic cluil- •ivauls or I) ai.Uvir. \w ihml't- lUiuli cr. iu •77 In rrtiirn, • huiVnntl miinrt liu \>ifoj yet iho l»Wk'r rank nl' people clnirn and exert lluir uiivient privilcue i mid the (OurK ot' liiw w>ll periiiil ti hulhaixl (u rc> Hruiii a wiK* ol her liberi), in cure ol any Kfol'* ntilhehiivioiir. iliefu no iho chici' le^al etltclH ot' itiiiirru);e iluiiiig ilie coverture \ u{v>n vthlch we in:iy oblVrvc, th.it vvcii lii>- thr^l)ililie», Mhivl) (he wile iii.-« unrutilill in, i. Tlio ciilhtdv ot ill ' iein|M>r.iliiii!> nt' vacant liiihii|)riclkH ( til iin iii> mid hi K'v or iiMiiallery, and wliiih he )(fiierally heltuwed iiiioii t'avoiii.te fcrvaiitii » ri-iidini; one ot liii «.ha|ilaitH to lie niaiiitaiiied hv the hiiliop, or to have a lenlioii hcllowed upon him till the hilhup promoted him to n li iiefiec xlia-parociii:d tiilu 1" Ihe liill iVniiH i>nd liiilhs of bctielict I'.ut f> t: . has heen the Imunty ot the crown to the churcli, that thule branched now atiuid liille or no resi'iiiie. Ihe kill;;'* ordinary temporal revenue, iiiilil the rei,;ii of hi» prefent majefly, roiililt in, 1. I he ihMierne landn ol the irown, uliiih at prefeiit tie in a narrow tomjiafi 2. Ihe JKredilury cxcile; In iii>; part of the toiilideratimi I'cr the piir- ( hale ot hit U'lilal piolii^, and tie pri'ro|{aii\e.'i of purveianec and pre einption. ;. An oiiiiual fniii iihiin^ Iroin the duty on wine lieiinet; bein^ the rt.lidiie of ili^; fane conlideiation. 4. tlin forells. 5. Itis conits of j.. dice, iLc. In lieu of all wliiili ()o-),ooj\. pel ami im is now planted lor tlu' f ipport of his civil lill. 'Ihe eviiaiirdinaiy ;;iaiiu are ul'iially called by the f\ii.d the (fHiiu/ii >: III thai fupply, ufnally relolve tlieiiifcives into what is called a coin- iiiiitic ol wais and iiieiiis, to conhder of the W'a\i> a. id inear.s of railiii..; the Cipply to \oted. And in tliiii connuittee, every ineml-er \lhoi'i^li il is lo )k.cd up );i as tl peiMJiar pioviiice of the iiiaii(.\ilor of ihe e\cheniier) .nay projiof.- facli fiheii of la.saiiuii as he thinl.s will be Ui.lt deir lucliial lo the pubiie. 'Ihe nfoiuiioiw (f th;s committee (when apjirovcd by a vote of the hmife) are in jjeneral dee.ikd filial and coik hilive i lor, tliom^h the fupply (.ainiot bj actually railed ujion tl 10 leiiio lie filiject till diiecled by an atl of the wiioie parliament, yet no nionicd maij will feruple lo adsaiae to the ^.lvelnlllelll any (|iiantity of ready ca.h. if th Xl feil I I rni>> be ad \auta' is, o;i the credit of the bare W'tc of the hoiil'i. proj ot comiiioiis. The annual taxes an*, 1. 'li.e lar.d-la\ or the iiiuient fiiblidy railed upon a new airelliiient. i. Ilie mall-ta.\, beii.s^ an amuial excite on malt, mum, cyder, and perry. The perpitiial taxes are, i. 'ihe cuftoms, or tonnnp;c and poundaj^e of all mcr (haiidile expoiletl or imporled. 2. 'Ihe cxcife duty, or inland inipoliiiun on a };reat \atleiy of commodities. ^. 'Ihe fait duty. 4. Ihe pollutlice *, or duty I'lr the cariia.;o of leiuii. 5. 'ihe tlamii-d ty on paper, parchment, &c. 6. 'Iho dul y oir houh IS ami win dow! 7- The d uiv on neciues for hack lie y eoaclies aiu chairs. 8. Ihe duty on oilicx's and peiilioi)^wilh a variety ut i)e>v luxes imputed ill ihe year 1784. \' » From tlie year 1644 (o 1741, ilie nnniinl amount of the rrvenufs of the Poft-oflice for ttwt ^miiint of this rrviMUif }',i,nlu:illy imii'uftcl liom y .ir w .i» 43:,'.4Sl. whiih, liy the .irt paireil hi the ;.uoL (i> K/ri, ii()\. Iiiit il lhuiihU)r ohUrval, th.it iiatoiH ol i7tJ4, iiKirafliiK the « of tbrir (rvrrtl bninchri of thr nrtniie, ntd nnH n«w tii«r«, «ftrt ill cflarjtci *4 cotletiling «iMt mMMffiinmii imhI, i« fllinMlctJ si ckrvrn mllliiint rtcrlingi wlin two milliont •nd a qusfter raifuu m «ti «ver«|f, by lh« land nnd umll-l»x. How ihrf* Immrnfr furm »rt ■itproprinU'cl, ii n«>iil lo he loti- lidrrrtt. And ihii ii, hrft ami pririiiiMiilj, tu ilii; payment ul the imi^f/l of ih« iiatinnal drbt. Lt order Id lake a clear and comprchcnfivc view uf ilie nature ttfthit MATiowAfc PKiT, h muft he firft prenufed, that after the Krvulution, wtien our lu-w c-onncc- tioni with Kuropc introduced a new fyOem of foreign politic*, and ilir cH|K*ncet of the nation, not only in frilling the new rftabliihnirni, but in maintaining long wan, ao principal!, on the continent, for the fecurity of the Dutch iMrricr, reducint the French monarchy, frilling the Kpanifh fiiccHFKm, fup|>«)rling the houfe 01 Auitria, maintainitig trie biwrtiei of iIk' (irrmanic IttHly, ann other pur- pofri, itKreafed to an umifual degree » it waa not thought advifrablo to raifr ull the exprncri of any one year t>y taxe* to Ih* levii-d within that yi-nr, Wd the unacrtiOomrd weight of them (hoiild crentc murmiirit among the people, it wan theref«ire the poii« y of the limei, to antieipale the nviMiiie* of iheir pollerily, by borrowing immenfc fum» for the current fervicc of the ftute, and to Iny no more Inxex upon the fubje^k than would fufhcc to pay the annual interel) of tl\e funu fn borrowed: by thi% riraiii converting the prinnpnl «lel>t into a new fpccie* of pnn pertv, tranM'erahlr fn>tn nttc man to nnother, nl the Hate nf the national debt in the year 1783, exiraded from tlie ele\eiitn rc|iot't of the cuinmilliuncra uf public atcuunU : 21 £■ ,1. 4: i8,8_56,54i 11 4; 730.219,796 6 9; Tuiided d'lit liilerert tlureon ... L iifundetl ill of Ofbiber, 1783: fifteen millions of ihiit bears inivr- cft now. Intcreft thcrcun Charges at tite Hank for mana^iii;; the bufiiK is Fees nt the audi^r's otFicr of im- prcft Some other Ices of oflice £■ 7.95 '-Ojo J 612,741 •34.a9i »3 'V.874 2 12 9 8 A I • In thf courfe of ttif Utt war from t}jf>, to fhcr m rapltnl of 7^,400,0001. forwhtch the nionfy 171)2, 46.;^j,oool. wa« .vlilnl to ihr f /<■> rrnfi, Mlviuicca ww only 4D millium. uui, sO,7iO,uU)l. tu the 4/>r einii. miking togc- Since »^ N .*t,i •>*.**».J4* •7f The fvft accrtunt wmf,. .kj . . ■^Z Mi>.'<-V » f o ^ RtVIMv*. Cullamt l.iiy.M, ' *• ■•«H»w itiii Si'"*""*' *'•!„. r f nin tnnlol '141 >«• 'I r.^-,.f,,,,,,;,C.l';-;'™ if ii ',7;, '<• ..' carrinl ,o,X ''"^^ "P-' tl.cn,. :.,, ^IrX^ ^'t.^'^ «"•' '^L-^o 286 N G N n. tivo credits, ii charf^cd <>n, ami payable out of, tin- pnuliico of tlic finking fund 11 owcvi-r I he neat liirpliili'es aiul faviii'.^s, a ftor all (li'(liiflii)ns ])aid, anU)iinl atimi- •■ itilv Id a very coiilidorablo fuiii -, for, as llu- intiTcIl oii llu" national dclit has Invii jit fovorai tiiiu's ivdiued ^hy the tonfent of the proprietors, who had their option liilier to lower llieir intereil, or be paid their principal), the favinj,'s from the ap- propriated revenut's iniiH be extreniely large. 'I his linking fund is the liilt refdri ot the nation ; its oidy donuflie n fouree, on whieh mull eiiielly depend all llio lio|)es we can entertain of e\er iliiiiiarging or nioderatin;; our ineuuibraneis, Uetwien ihe \ears 17^7 and i7;,2, feveral encroaehnients were made upon the (inking t'nnd ; and in the \e;ir 17.?.?, halt" a million was taken from it, uniUr j)iv- lence of ealin;; ihe landtd inlerell. The piiutiee of alienating liie linking iniid Hill ennliiuied; and in 17,?'', it was aniii ipaled and morlgagiil, and fuhfetpu'iit adn\iniili;Uions repeatedl) broke in upon it, thus eonverting an excellent expedient lor Casing tlie kingdom, into a fnpply for the worll innp>ji'es. In fonie years, the linking fund haili proiluced from two to three millions; and,- if 1,21 2,oool. ol it had been inxioli.bly applied to tlu' tedeniption ct' the pnhlic ilebls fron\ the year 173; to the pn fent lime, one hundred and liMy millions would have been paid olT, anil the nation much relieved. Dill'env.t fchemes ha\e been. formed tor [ )a\ni' the public delits, but no method can In- fo e.spedilious and eflectual, as an unaiiinaMe linking tniul, as this nu:ne_\ is improwd al (O'tpowul in/cri/l, and therefore in the moli perfetl manner ; but money procured bv a loan bears onlv limple interclh " A nation iherefure wlu luver it ajiplles the income «)f fuch a fund to current ex])ences, rather than the redenipiion ot its debts, choofis to loofe the benefit of conii)ound interell, in order to avoiil paying limple interell, nnd the lofs in this cafe is ecpial to the iliflerenee between the increafe of money al com])ound and limple inlerell'. " Pso permanent provilmn had ever been made for the progrelllve and permanent payment of ibis imnunfe delit, uniil 17IJ6; wlien parliament had the wifdom and ihe lirnniefs to pafs an act for veiling unalienahly, in commillioners, ihe funi of one million aminall) ; in wlii(li act every jiofnlili- pi\i .uilion was taken that could he (ie\Ill(l lor presenting tlie fnrplus Ironi beint; diw iled at any future time, anil for carrying to ihe aecounl of ihe commiiiioners for llie i)ur|)ofes of tlu' acl, the intcr- cll of fucli (lock as iLould be puichafed, and fuch lempurary amuiiiies as lliould iail in. L'nder the pru\ilions of this att, Ei^/il Aliifions Tvjo Utiin/rcii 'D'luifcni'i Puuuils of the capital of llie debt lias been p^ni baled f ; and ihe amount ol ilic annual fum, now ajiplicable lor ilie iiduclii/ii of il is i,;(>g,oocI. * Dr. I'll.t's c.ikiilatidii plaiiilv (litivs lliat, •' A iiiilliini l)Oiroui(l ai\ir.;.illy fur twiiir-- vfars, \y\\\ pay elf, in tlii t'li'c, ;; millhiiib 3 per it.it. (:o(.k, i! i'irili.:'j;i',l at 6il. in 11101. ..v lor cvt'ry 10^1. ft. Ilk, ami ill forty .cars incirc, witl^out ai.v fiiitluT i.iii from l((.iii>-, J j ; inlUiiins (th.it is, 3S8 ni'll'.i'i" ill ;ill) M'mi.i! lif ; .'.i.l I'lf. " 'I'l'.e lul ilioii lit 1 i'HU .'ii )i'ars to this period woiiki p.i\ 1 If 1000 iiillii'.'. " \ fiii|.liib ol h 1; a la lliim per aiiiuiiii. mule up to aiuiliioii, iiy liorwn. in.; hill a iiilU'on t-vtry yrir for twii'ty yi.ar-, would l IIIR" couUl lie ■.\\n\ lor the iiiUr- ,IS lllDUUl 'I'mjifd'i'l limi ut ii\o ill, an ailili- tr in nv(Ur tcr i.!\;\iue ,ilV nt' t.ixfS Iwoiill be lo be IVaiCfly (i.il.l lu.mi- nil- ri.lif- '0 vi\ inl'.i:- l.ovili ,;vc Utn Wwh miy I ot tl-.c di.bt riNDS In 282 E N G N D, In lieu of their lioreditary rcveniin, oiir late kings received the produce of cer- tnin brandies of thi* cxcifc ami cullonis, &c. but bis prefent niajelly is pleafcd to •iccopt llu- iinnual lam of 900,000!. chargeable on the aggregate fund, which is called bis Civil Lill, The expences defrayed i)y the civil lilt, are thofe that in any Ihape relate to civil government j as the expences of the boulhold, ail fala- ries to otlicers of llate, to the jndges, and (very one of the king's fervants; the appointments to tunign ambalfador.s, the maintenance of the queen and royal fii- mily, the king's private expences, or privy purfe, and other very numerous out- goings ; as fecret fervice-money, peiilions, and other bounties. Thefe fometinies have lo far exceeded the revenues apiujinled for that purpofe, that application hns been made to parliament, to difcharge the debts contracted on the civil lilt, whicl\ is properly the whole of the king's revenue in his own ditlintt capacity ; the lell being rather the revenue of the public, or its creditors, tliough colletted and dil- tributed again in the name, and by the ofllcers of the crown. MiLiT.\RY ANi> MARiNK sruusorii J The wW/jrv //<;/(? includes the whole of OF CJrk.vt liui TAIN'. j llic f(jldicry ; or, fuch perfons as are pe- culiarly a|)pointed among the relt of the people, for the fafeguard and defence of the realm. In a land of liberty (fays judge IJIacklhme), it is extremely dangerous to make a dil'tinct order of the piot'eliion of arms, in fuch, no man iliould take up arms, but with a view to defend his country aiul its laws: he puts not oft' the citi/en when he enters the camji ; but it is becaiife he is a citizen, and would wilh to continue fo, that he makes himfelf for a wliile a fokiier. The laws and conftitu- tion of thefe kingdoms fornu riy knew no fuch ftate, as that of a perpetual ftand- ing loldier, hied up to no other profellion tiian that of war ; and it was not till the reign of Henry \'ll. that the kings of Ein;land had fo much as a guard about their perfons. It feeiiis univerfally agreed by all hillorians, that kint'^ Alfred firft fettled a na- tional mililia in this kingdom, and by his prudent dilcipline made all the fubjctts ill his dominions (oldiers. In the mean lime we art not to imiigine that the king- dun w:;s left wholly without defence, in cal'o uf domeUic i;;l'arrections, or th'j p'ofpict of I'meign invalions. liclides thofe, who by their miliiary tenures were bound to perform forty days ferviee in the field, the (tatute of VVincheller obliged c. cry man, according to his eftate and degree, to proviile a determinate quantiiv of facli arms as were then in ufe, in cr.\Ur tt) keep the jieace ; and conftables were i I'pc.iiite 1 in all hundred-,, to lee ihat fuili arms v.ere prnvid. d. '1 Ik:",- weai.'ii.-i were changed by the I'latute 4 and 5 Ph. a:,d M. c. 2. into ( th-Ts of nv'iv modern ferviee. It was ufnal iVoni time to time, for our princes lo iiiiie commillions of Sirray, and fend into every county oftieers in whom th.ey coulil con'ide, to nnilUr r. ■(! array or fet in military orden the inltaSiiaiits of ever', ('..ftricl ; a.id the fori:! ef tl.e C'.:!i;uiiiion of airav was leltled in ptnliament in the 5 Henry IV. Hut at the fame linie it was provided, ilial no man Ihould be compelled to go out of tl.e kiiiSjdoni ;i[ any rate ; nor out of bis (hire, but in cafes of ingent neeellity ; tuT ;i;ou'd himl'elf ferve, or provide A)ldiers, unlefs by confent of piu-liatneut. About the le'.gn of Ling Henry V'ill. lord lieutenants began to be iiiirou.'.eed, ;;s Hand- ing repi -fcntati\es of the ciown, to keep the cou:Uies in military order; for we fiud the.. I mentioned as known ollicers in the llatute 4 and 5 i'h. and i\!. e. ^ though they had not been then loiig in ufe; fir Ctnnden fpcaks of them in the time of queen iilizabeth as extraordinary magiltrates, conllituted only in times of dilHcuUy and danger. Soon after the Rt ltoratio;i of king Charles II. when the miiiiary tenures w -re abolilhed, it was thoiig.it proper to nevv-m.id.d ih- miliiia; the general fehe.ne i)f which, as it now iLmd,--, i-; 10 difei|)liiK; a c •riain number of tb.- in! ;d),iant. of every coiintv, cliolVn b.- lot tor three vcars, aid oilicen.d by t'..e l^uJ lieuteutut, 5 ' llw i!ic <1( th til 'I'll 'P"ty-i;ei,io„n„f.s. n.id ntl G N 1>. f crovvii. •)•) Cc of inva/i '^'.v .•ii-i- not c •y; Pn'ncipal I„nua| protcttiiur th •!i..a^n,„;,S.5^|»-'';..,»in,.,™-:.n v^r all Kuroof f, >r a 11 K Ilk- (fi'.piir.,, ..I .1. Ill, CV -ritniii, and tl !>«' prcforvfUi c crown ; wh ;^»''> time .,•,„,;,,,„•;; :i:?!'c:;'oi- H,e p;;n: '"" of the l)al Duro, 1 ;' "^11 or cvoiy vi.ar ,,,,j,.r ' "."«ri', li and 'ifr I «aiTifon s "> Ireland, C "le of pe:,c,., amoun laiice of jH,\,t.,. pailiani 'I'-'-e liav. t;,ni !S; J' ''"^^t !'>': l^afl I„d J IIU •^ regulate ti.is I ■ly '{.to about 40,000 ^•"f- '/lie /and f winded at ll 'eon jii JJrifid, men, iucJud >"ily of trooj pay, iiativ "•s. and Anurica- 1 es and f "■^''ifiLTs, a bo ""I'lt padi-s. '>-■ expir. .'■^•es ♦ of tlii-C,. .'Of. "'oops and ^val•, ! 'Hit in time of tlieir Si??iS?5iH3SS! ^■'■" '50,000. *<» piMii/h and foldier /hall to tl le ei iJitiU-, or imong oi|,,.r tl,in.r> 1 anv 1.,!..:.. **.' -.-N;s::it2,T^"^"'^- '> 't 's cnactid, th i^'T (piaitc lie feveral i.., [es a law martial f, 'VS. inn- "|>on his po/f. or • «"at if anv oH [or icer Of e ni zj^\^^:^::^S72:'l?^"'?-^iZ^ ■■• ••■» iJoir, or li-avi- if i, .*• ■ "'•■m, or it m on., . fi ft'*'- "o ' ^'"emy or friko or of • ?"■' '"' '' ''^''''■^'^' or ho d corr ' ''' ''S'^cnt, or /) thoufjh it extend to d ' "''''' """''* ,""-'^'^' o' oilobey his Inw-r, O'Hcors and fold ■a til it felf. 'utlj j)unifli ^^^i'-rr;to:;i;:'r::.:!:r^.^-'-''''nh ""^"t «s a court marri;;! 7 jiis lawful t. fliall infi dom ^2:-;i--:-:s^^^?;?'i:"'»«.H,.ve., eep a rc!)i-| im- (lorn (cxLVnt flip f.. oicui)ation flu- /tatu tes. j'y. ;"i -Oii, ami ,;,8. 4 H.itra mn, of roval artillfrv '11 time of ptMre inoft • ""• Amihtiaofaboiit Oo J "r»iiy a84 E N G N D. Daily Pay of each Rank in hit Majefty't Land-Forcet on the Dritifli Eftablilhinfnt. I'ol'incl and C>|>i)'n • RT.yal Tit.'oi Htirff-fflMrilt, ~ DragrKilii. FiHil UuaiiU I'ocit. V. 1 Hny. nublill 10 1 lit r. I I'.y. 'Mlbllll 1" 1 Tu r 1 ii.na I'. Hay.^SuliliK 1 6 ( •T < 10 , 4 OjO IX I.ii'iiti'iuiit Cnliiiiel an>l Captain 1 9 «! 1 1 A 1 4 '' u 18 A 1 ( 1 1 (, J l-o|„ 1 \ i. \tujni mill C'.ipuin 1 701 1 * 1 « >S « 1 4 t H 6 l< o.> il 6 Cipiain ... 1 1 i>!a 16 r ) I.» <> II ( ^ 1(1 r ) 11 6 ,» 10 I'O 7 <■ ripiiin Lii'Uttnint ur t.idiiiiiaiii 1 < oU 1 1 .1 ']■> 4 '' K Ao 6 » > J f .1 4 1 4 u 1 ) I) 400 ! " iiii.iriirM.illfr o >J ?^ 4 ' J 4 ' 3 i 4«,' 3 A ^iirgtnii ... (1 00 4 i d 4 '■ J 4 ) i u 4 'J, ' J '- ■iiirginirj IVfaie o,r> 00 a c ) i 6 1 1 ojo J » J " nrunilMuJor ... 00 c ojo i 1 6 .-> 1 00 c oS il u Ornuty Murflial . o 0) c ' 1 90 00 (. V rjcant . . - o|o o'e 1 y » 1 1 l<. 1 " ' 1 A], 1 . Ciirpnr.il ... ] c 1 «|o » .1 J I 1 * lo'ii 1 00 i Drumnirr ... .t CO > 6,n t I •> I ■; 3 1 1 n go 1 f D rriinipcifr . . - o a 8.0 t o'o 3 r (' 00 000 I) I'liv.uc Mjn . . • o 1 <.|n 1 > 1 9 n 1 5 J to '' '10 080 Ailij\v,iiice r Colnnrl -x m tho } Dn. f.ir hjutlmit f Jitr f 4 C ) J . 1 6,0 1 1 1 1 60 1 4', t irnrp or 3 >:> » r I 6 00 00 e Kll.JtliDi* \ I'upuiii . /' company. o 4 uo 400 t 4 > 4 I 10 I 00 I inrnt ro ( Aj;iitt • 3 o 1 o'--) 1 • ■' 1 1 a 1 1 a 6.> a!. a' , s New Kftablilliincnt of the Covps of Engineer*, October ift, 1784 Pit Day. Rank. I. ,. ,1. Mailer Ucnrral • - 000 Lieutenant Cmcral • 003 Chief Engineer . . 143 live C( Iniii'it, each . o H o Five Licutf n.int Culuncit - o 1 ^ » Ten Captaiiil • - ij o Fer Ann. /.. I. J. Koj o l'>4i lo I.V>f 15 • Sl5 o R.in1i, Ten t?aptaina I'winty l.ieutcranti Tin Siccnid I ieutcn.inis Cuipi ut IiivalitU - Per Dar. Per Am J.. 1. d. I. ,. J A UtfS 7 8 17-J 6 8 040 730 a 17 8 l>34 10 Total L. 10,40a IS The royal n to ,^0 So to 64 do to {o 44 to j2 30 to 20 Bombs, Fircdiips, &c. ~ , Total, 'n commiirion 5 20 130 102 50 3J4 '43 "i Aicri. •*/> 10 850 "53 to 700 ^iO to 500 4-!o to jSo 300 to ;jo 300 to 160 42 ii ^4 iS 9 iWctal' »4 12 Aictal. i3 12 9 4 6 U 6 i) 6 tJ&: 18 6& 12 — 135 to 110 '■'■'^' ''--". cannot be ch.nXS^;*^- 3- VVith •M N G I, N D. 3. With regard to the privilogcs conferred on failori, they arc nrcll fame with thofe conferred on i()ltler!t ; with regard lo relief, wlu-n •Ity much the .'jjaru 10 reiier, wiu-n ni:»iiiud ir wounded, or fupcrannuated, it is ulVorded them cither by ciiunly rules, or tVoiii the royal hofpital at (Jreenwich ; they are nlfo allowed thcextTcifc of trades in ioi])i>- rntions, and the power of nuikinn verbal teftaments ; and, farther, no feam.in ■board his maielly s Ihips can be urrellod for any debt, unlefs the fame l)e fworn i<> ■mount to at lealr twenty pounds ; though by the ainmal mutiny atl, a foidier may be arrelled for a debt which extends to half that value. I thall cU)fe this account o>' the military and maritime llreii^lh of fireat Ihilaiii, b) obferving, that though fca-otficers f and failors are fubjecl to a jjerpelual ucl of f The I'ay of the Oftitcn of the Roy.il Navy in eacli R«te. 1'i.sa OrrifKin, am\ Ailmirals and Conim.tiulcr» ill Chict of tlie I'lect • • • /,' Am Aihiiir;il - - . . . . ViLr-AJiiiirnl ........ Koar-AJmiral ....,...« I'irlt C'upt.iin to the Coinmnnilcr ill Chief .... St'coiiil tiitio, anil Ca|itaiii tn otiiir AiliiiiiitlH I to V. Ailmirah ) it (lilt or Icmnd Kates, to \ -■■ to R. Ailinir:iis ( iiave the pay of I'lich Rates j . - !•• F IC !■; K S. /•'■/,'?. .v,.-W. T/iii,/. tllC C'm"! AIM ti) per day. Captain fn J.iy l.iciiti'iiailt /i7 ri ly Maflcr er; mart'i id ii'alter and pilots of Yachts, raih jh los, IM.illcr's mate JMi(llhi|iniaii Pchnolmaftfr C:iptain's Clfrk tiuarti-r-iiiatltr Qiiarter-n.allcr's mate Boatf'.v, i.i Doatfwain's mate -j YLonian ot the bhects I'oxfwain MaHcr (ail maker .*>.iil-makiT's ni»te Sail-maker's crew CJuiiiicr tiuiiner's mate Vco. of powder room 'Quarter [!;\inni'r* Armourer Armoiirrr's mate (iiiiirinith Carpi liter Carji .iier's mate Carpenter's crew I'lirlVr .Sttw.'.rd Steward's mate Cook Surj;con + Siiri^ion'!! (irll mate — — — Iccond nutc — — — tliird mate — — — lourtli and fil'ih Cha|)lain { 1. I o 9 S. (I o o S o 3 o 6 5 o S '5 10 o '.? 13 11 I? 8 5 o >? >? 6 5 10 5 o o I) o > o ? o o • o 10 '9 o 3 O 2 O O 1 O I O I 03 o I O I o! I I. ». d. I. 8. d o 16 00 I J (> o f, 0|0 4 o H 8 oS 60 o o o o «-5 10 10 '? 10 10 'i 8 ? 10 ' ? i.> 6 o 10 10 o ft 10 .? o <; o o 10 o 10 »9 °7 o o 16 '7 '7 '7 11 8 o 12 H 8 8 5 o II 12 5 17 8 o 16 5 o S o 5 o o 10 o 10 '9 Ttkrtl. F.jih. s. d.'i. b. d. I, t;, d. to 00 8oj Uo 4 0,0 4 0J3 4 o o 10 10 '5 'i o 16 >3 SixiL la WU •3 '3 '3 10 8 10 10 8 8 8 5 10 10 10 5 >3 b 10 '4 5 10 3 o 5 o o 10 10. X 9 ' 9! °l' O 1 O' I o!. O 2 O I I O I 03 4i' 8 o I o ? o 3 O 2 19 3 2 10 O I 10 O 8 6 ? 8 6 6 12 8 5 t, 8 8 5 10 6 1 o, I O I O 2 O I o!i 0| I O 1 o!i 0,1 O I 2 2 O I s o;. $03 O 81 O I O o' c o o'j 10 O o 3 o 10 o 6 5 o 6 6 6 10 8 S o 6 6 ! 10 S o o 10 o o o o o 4 o o o O ♦ One to f very fur gum. t li.liJi.1 iJ. a niomli lor eaih man. BclJJc! 4>l. a munth from each ma:i> parliaiTicnt itl !•: N G I. N 1). It wa» altirwarvh revived by KiUvanl III. xvIumi he I.iid claim lu ilic crown of France. Aliiioll i-vcry king o»' Ku^land had a particular l)adj;« "' _'''»K",'|'""'^' : fometimes n wliilc hart ; fomiMitn.'i a t'l-tlotk with a lalcou, hy whicint ii l.iid l'',d. ward IV. iilludcd to tho iiilid -lily «it inio ot' liis luhinlltM ; and foiiuiinKS a port- udlis, which was that of the hoiiic ot' I,aiiialU-r, many i>(' tin* priiuen of wlikdi \vi;rc born in the callK- of IKaiit'ort. 'I lie while rule wni the ln'aiin); <:[;'s cldert fon, me, prince of Wales, duke of Coi.nvall and Uothfay, earl of C"helUr, electoral prime of IJrunfwick and l.uiu'iilnirj^, carl of t'arrick, baion nf KentVew, lurd of the Kles, groat lUvvardof Scolluud, and captain [;i'iUTal of ilie artillery company. I lie order of the (Jar tir, iIu- nmn honoaralile in l'',ni;Iaiid, was inlliluted by Kdward III. January H), i.?44- '' cunlillsof the I'owreij^n \.ho is a!\va;,s the kin;; nr (lueeii of l'',nj;land, of 25 conipaiiiuiis called iMii'j;iits of the Ciarter, who wear a medal nf St. tjemne killim; the ;ii princes have been com|)anions ol it. It lias a prelate, who is the hlfluip of Wincheller, and a chancellor, who is the bilhop ot Salilbury for the tin\e bein;;. It has likewile a re,'»iner, who is dean uf VVindfor, and a principal kini^ at arms, called darter, whofe otiice it is to marllral and manage ihi- Iblemnities at the indallalion, and feallsol theknij^hti. The place ('t' indallalion is Ivluaril lll.'s cha|)el at W'imli'or, on which occalion the knights fcpp^ar in ma3;nilieeiit robes, appropriated to tlieir order, and in their collars of SS. 'I he collar and lap ami fetithirs were introiluced by I leiiry VIII. and to the crofs (if the order enconipalled with the j^arler worn on the letl lide of their coat, Charles II. iuhU il w liUcr liar of elj^ht points. Knights of the I5.\ 1 11, fo called tioin their bathing; at the time of their creation, are fupp')fed to have been inliituted by Henry l\'. about the year i.;09> but the order feems to be more ancient. For many reigns they wen- creatcil at the corotiation of a king or tpiecn, or other folemn occiilions, and they wear a fciirlet ribband han;.;;n;i; from the hit ihoulder, with an enamelled medal the badge of the order, !i rofe ili'uing from the liexier lide of rs Icrjjtre, and a thilile tVom lite linilier, be- tween three imperial cn;'.vns placetl within the nmtio, Tiiii jtini'la in unum, " Three joined in one." 'I hi-i order being tlifiDii'.inued, was revived by king George I. on the luili of May, lyiv and liie month following eighteen noblemen and as iiK'.nv coimn ;ners wi.re inttalled knights of the ord-'r, with great ceremony, at \\ eliminlier, where the place of inrtallinent is Henry Nil's chapel. Their robes nre fpltiulid and thewy, and the number of kiughts is undeternuned. The biiiutp of Rocheltcr is perjJCiua! dean of the order, which has likewife a regiller and oilu r elliecrs. The order of the Thistle, as belonging to Scotland, is mentioned in l!ie aecoinii cl' is tlif iloan l)illlO|) ■d (iihi I' |lOCl)\llll Hi' e N c r. A N D. tif Af iliat couniry ■< ns it nifo tin- onlcr uf Sr. PArRiCK, ni'wiy inlHtuted for Ireland, m niir uci-diint >' tlio Knglilli pccrnm', or nubility, lias hci'n already mentioned. 'Huir titli'H, iiiul ordor ot dignity, uro dukes, nur<|uires, varU, vil'counti, and loril^ or bari)ns. HanmiMs tan fcarccly !>«• faid ti» lu'lonj; to an nrdor, liaviiif^no other bnd|(c than II l)li)i)(ly liniid ill a Holil, arj^iMit, in tluii arm*. 'Iln-y an- tlio only hcroditury ho- nour under tlio |)i'oriip;i', and would take place even of the kniahlM of the Garter, were it n«>t tlint the latter are always piivy counfollurH; there lieing no intermcdiato honour between them and tlie parliamentary hurons of Knglnnd. They were infti- luted hy James I. about the \ear toi^. Iluir number wasthen two hundred, and eat h paid about loool on prcteneeot reducing and planting the province of UHUt ill Ireland : hut at prefent their number amounts to 700. A knij;ht is n term ufed alinoll in every nation in I'.urope, and in general fignifi'M a foldier ferving on horl'eback i a rank ot no mean ellimation in ancient armies, and entitling llie paitv liimfeU to the appellation n( Sir. In the common laws they are called milites or loldieri ; and they arc made, by the king laying a fword upon tlieir Ihoulders, and deliring them to rife by the title of Sir. it is a murk of pcrfonal regard from the crown, and therefore the title does not defcend to pofterity. Other kmghtlioods formerly took nlace in Knuland; fuch as thofe oi imoifrfls, bachelors, knights of the carpet, and tne like, but they are now difufed. Indeed in the year 177;, at a review of the royal navy at I'ortfmoutb, the king conferred the honour of Knights Dannerets on two admiraU and three captains. I'hey have no particular badge on their garments, but their arms are painted on u banner placed in iho frames of the fupporters.^ It is fomewhat dithcult to account for the origin of the word f/quire, which former were tlureiore called arnugcri. or property, was entitled to bear arms ; but is at prefent applied promii'cuoufly to any man who can alVord to live in the character ot a gentleman without trade, and «.ven a tradefman, if he is a jutlice of peace, demands the appellation. This de- gree, fo late as in the reign of Henry IV'. was an order, and confirmed by the king, by putting about the party's neck a collar of S.S. and giving him a pair of lilver fpurs. (itiwer the poet appears from his etiigies on liis tomb in Southwark, to have been an efquire hv cieation. Serjeants-at-law, and other ferjeants belong- ing to the king's houfehold, jiilHces of the peace, doctors in divinity, law, and phy- lic, take place of other efipiiics ; and it is remarkable, that all tlie fons of dukes, inartpiifes, earls, vil'counts, and barons, are in the eye of the law no more than efipiires, though connnonly deligned by noble titles. The appellation of gentle- man, though now bdtowed fo proinifcuouily, is the root of all linglilh honour; for every nobleman is prefumed to be a gentleman, though every gentleman is not a nobl'.inan. HisioKV.] It is gviurally agreed, that the firll inhabitants of Britain were a tiiiie of the CJaiiis, or Celta-, that fetlied on llie oppofite ihore : a fuppolition found- ed upon their evident couloiinity in language, manners, goveinmeni, religion, and toniplexiiiii. When Julius Ca'far, about fifty-two years before the birth of Chrift, meditated the compicll of IJritain, the natives were much connected with the Gauls, and other people of the continent. (";efar wrote the hiltory of his two expeditions, which were atcompanied with great dilficulties. It plainly appears, from the fubfeiiuent hillor\ of Hritain, that his victories were indicilive ; nor did the Ro- ni.ins derive tlie leall advantage from the tribute which he impofedon tl'.e iflandcrs. 'J lie Britons al tiuit period were go\erned in the lime of war by a political con- nerly lignified a perfon bearing the arms ot a nobleman or knight, and they e therefore called arnuKcri. I liis title denoted any perfon, who, by his birtn r i» federacv. V- t^n N G N D. ffilcracv, «(f wliiih rullilvlan, «hnfo tiTrimrioi Iny in lliTllortlllilrf, «nH finno of llu- iiiljiu't'iit coiiittirs, Wiw llic lii'ud; utul tliia turiit ut govcuttiictil l()l)^ (.oiiliiiuid u'lirnitf llirni. In ilioir luuniicr ol lili'. an tKfcribfJ hy Ccftir RncI ihc bcft •ulhori, \)t«y tlifTcn d litlli' t'roni till- riiilo it)l);il)iliiiit» <>( the norllicrii t liiniitct that have hrcn Klrmrlr iiMitiiiiifcl ; thiv rii\vil tin Ir ciiuiiuU i ami llcv Intiglit wiili luiKOt, ilaru, niul I'wiird!!. NNonun lonuiinii^ kd th« ir urniiostn tlic >u'ld,«rul «rru rt'ctigiiili'd as losv-ivi^iu ttf |iailikiilur dilliiils. 'llu v tuvoiircd a prinio^rniturc or («'nii)rit\, in tluir riuiilli m to rnjaliy, hut dt it alidi- on tin- fmulk It intunvctncm y attcndin({ it. 'Iluy paiiitid tluir Ixtdici with woud, wliiili ^avv■ tiu-in a bhiilh or Srfrnilh i.dt ; and tin y an- laid to have had lif^nrcii ul' aniniaK nnd heavenly ho* ii'» un lluir Ikins. In lluir inarriagi-n tiny wirc not very dtlitate. Twi Ivr or f°oiirt('i*ii nun niarrird a« many wiM's, aiwl each wile wm in cominun to thoni all, hut her ehildren heli)ii){fd to the ori^iiiul hulliaii«l. The hrilons lived, dmiiij; the Imij,' reii^n nA' llu- lot'ilu-rii |>iirtin)( U-rri)r and ilcfoluiion itli u )(o<)d giiui', tlu'v nllilli'd itu- Hriloni in reliuiiding wiili lloni' the wall ol'Mcveru*. U'twet'ii N'lwcililr nndC'iirlilL', whiehthiv lined with I'ottt uii4*v<>teii< towem ; niul hiiviiiK (tune thin gnixi ofliie, took their lall tnrewell ol llritiiin iihout the \iiir 44K, ulitr inuin^ lu en nuifhrM of ilie moll Icrlile partu ot it, it' we reckon ItoMi (hi inNalion <>l Inline (ufur, ni;ii ^00 x-nri. I he Siotn and Vit\^ tinding the illaiid finally deferted Ity the Kutiinn legiotiH, now regarded the whole u taniily ileprived ol their patent and |)roleclor, already iuhdued h\ their own K,ir>, hntl n;(ain recnurle to Koine, und fent over ihetr nnferuhle eiiilllc lor rcliet' iliill upon record 1, which wan nddrelled in thd'e wordi : 'Jo /liiiuj, ihue 1011/11/ .- 'ilif r^roii<'\ nf ilw H>h'oii\ -, and, alter other laiiientali|i< com- pliiinrii, faid, 'Ji,il ihfl'iirh.nwiif ilrnh' them to the /«■ ins to have bien lonteiuporaiy with (iildas, nien- tii'hs indeed a tew taets, but notliintr tliat tan be relied « 11, or that can form a coiiiK-xli (1 iiltorv, W e can therefore oii!y in 'iiliiverned by their own iiibutarv kings; an iiiieimixtine tliat has created much coiilulion in hiili>i\ I' i> i \ Iketch n* B N N I). A (Vf ich of ih« rnnftilulion and govcmmrni which thr Hannni imporlfd into Englatiit. uiut whiih form bv far the mull vnliubW pnri tif ihcir ■ntirni hidory, )i4> ulrrutly bven given U r nnve no aiioiinl «>f ihcir lonvrrlion lo C^hrirtianily h giMicrnlty rtktlonvour in inagniiy ihe mcriit ol ihi-ir fiipc. riur*. Acinrtlihg lo llii'iii, Kihclbrri kittff of Kml, who ilaimril prr-niiiarni r hi the hcptarLhy, n» Ixini^ lirfi riiiird Iroin llcngill, one of the firit invailrrt, niitrricj the knit of l-rutui^ dukiKhtcr, utul Ou' Im mt; • ChrilMnn, po|H! Oregor^r ihc (ircal llijl o|i|M)rtuniiy lo cntonc ilu- loiukrluni of her nnlhiii or rHtllir in ('opcry. For ihul ptirpoli-, uluitii ihr yi ar 596, he (ftit civrr lo Kng- ftixid iiul lu (lirilhanilf, \nt\i\ iIk' luiiiout AoOiii, lilt' monk, v\lii» itroltiilily fotiiul iin gri-ul *iih iliat nt Konii", puriuiilarly 111 lo ihi* trh-hrtiiion of l',n(K-r t Imi fiiiditif; it tl'iui ri'lilliiiiif on the part of lli>- Inlhop^ and iKrgy, hf pciUiudcd hii ( liriltiuii iiiiiserin lo niallin n- llirin, whiili tluy did I'l thr inimhcr of 1100 prii-lU and inonklii d l-'.ii); Iniid with ulioul 400 inonk'i, and that the |M>pilh clergy trN)k care to keep ilieir kin^t (ind l.iiiy under the molt deplorable ignorance, but cloi- •IwaNii in;ignit\in^ the power and fanctily of hi<< holinefi. Hence it wu< that the Aiiulo-SaxonH, during llieir heptarchy, \%ere governed by pri> II tliey fuw convenient, |)erluaded iheir kingi 1 ilher to ihut liiemielveii up in ftei-Sa\on kings, during ihe heptirchy, commonly chofe one who wa» to be the he.id of their politival confederacy, for regulating their concerns, hut wiihout any jurifdiction in the dominion of other*. 'Ihe ( lergy, we may ealilv fupi'dfe, had gnat iuHuence on ihofe occafiou'i ; and the hilh»rv of the Saxoii liei'iarchy is liitle more than that of crimes, treafons, nnd murcfer*, committed nt ilie inilii;alinn of prii IK nnd monks. K\en their criminal law, as hath lu'in alii.idv ol)l\.r\id, ailmitlcd ol a pecuniary lumpeufation fnr iiuirder, and rei{iei(li ilk if' L'lult r all thotV diladvantages of liigolry an a tribute iluc to St. I'ctcr aiiJ youth, fouuiti'il ti) Im, Ww^ ul WelTcx, uii'Ur llic lii . fmi^llari. in il I, ;i lull! time tli'i ll'ctcr ai>J in F W L N D. •W In filvcr rqu«l !« 9C'/>'o' ftrr]irt| i« the ve«r 6^4 Kn|{lan«t, tlicrcfitrc, we muy l'iip|><>ri- lo h*ve Iwri If aij It I hit time 1 r>ni|r Tor the |)c«i|tli< >i| ili«> cantliu'nl. 'Ih« vrnrmhlr hut rntH*rltiliii)i, He>«Nun« tl<»wn l«i the' U'«r yjii. Ihi- .S«ki)n Citroiiii If i« one ot the oltlcl) Mnd mnf) aiilhcniii ntoiiiinu-ni* of lillory lliai M\y DaliiHi iitit priulucc. Arthiictlurr, fuch di il wm, with Ihtttf and glaf«-%vurking, was inlriMlut rd inin Kiigland ( and ¥fc rrad, in 709, ot' n Norlhuinhrian |tr«,;laitf who wa» fcrvrd in lilvcr-|ilalc, Il nitilt lii)Wi*vt'r ix> owned, tliiil ih<- Siuoii loins wliiih nrr gcnrrally ol io|i|H*r, arc tunny ot tlu'in illcgiMf, and all <>( ihciii iiu-aii. Air aiiSnxuni, lircd out with ihf tyranny ol' ilu-ir pi'iiy king*, uiilttd in call- ing to ihf govcrnmt'iit ot' the likptarthy l',gl>i-rt, who wn« thu cidcl) rcinuitiing brunch of the rmc ot (Vnlic, ont* ol' ihf Sahon thiitt who Itrlt nrriv.-tl in Urilaiii. On the fiihniillion ol' llic Norlhiiinlirian*, in the year 817, he Innnntc king ol' all luisland C;harli'» the Cirrat, oiht-rwlfi' Churlrinagit(>, w:it then king ol' Krame and em- prror of (icrmany. In a forim-r iiarf of thi* work hai luon nifiiliont-d thr lom- inert iul treaty iH-twi'tit hiin and (ilia, king of Mm ia, to wlioin lu> font a^ a ptflViit a Hungarian fword, a lull, and two lilktii mIIi l<'.i;litrt had lu-i-n oWlif^cd liy Itutc jinlotiticH to ll\ to the I'oiirt of Charle% for protiction Iroin thi- perlccutiont of Kuillnirga. daiiglitir of OHa, wife to Hirthrie, king of the Well Saxon*. At the (iiiirt of ( hnrleit he ncijiiired the art* l)oth of war and government. Hit pro- fperilv exi iied the i-nsy o| the nortliern nations, who, uinUr llie name of Danei, tnen infelKd the leas, and were no llrangers to ihe loalU of I'.nglaiid ; for ahoiit the year ^\\ they made deUentn ii|ioii keiit and Dorfeliliire, where ihev defeated {, Kghert in perl'on, and tarried oil' ahiiiulatue of hooty lo their ihipi. Al)out two earit aftrr they landed in Cornwall, :nid, though tliey were joined by the Cornilli Jritonn, they were tiriven out i>f Kngland by l*.gl)ert, who died in the year 8j8 at Winihertcr, hit i nief reltdenee, I'.gberl was fiieeeeded by his foti Kihejwolf, who divided hii power with his eldell fon Atluilbin. Hv this time Knglaiut had bccontc u fcenu of del'olntioni through the renewal o| the Dnnilh invali time, lie leeeiveil iVoiii one Oclher, about the year 890, a full difeovery of the eoails of Norway and I ,aplaiul, as far as Kullia -, and he tells the king, in his nu-mo.ial printed by jlakluvt, " that he l.iiled along- the Norway coall fo tar nortli as toiuinouly the whale hunters ufe to travel." Alfrid invited numbers of learned men into his dciminii'iis, and foiiiul failhud and ufeful allies ajjainil the Danes, in the twoSeoteh kings hiseontempoiaries, (Jregory and Donald. He is fiiid to have tbuglit in» lefs than lifi\-!(x pitehed battles. He was inexorable iii;;iiiili his eorrnpl judges, wlmin he ufed to hang up in the pidilie us, as a terror to e\il doers. He died in the \ear 'joi, and his dtar-nter !■. ighw: fo completely (he (Jreal. iiniia l)!e and hemie, lliat he is julUy digiiiiied with the epiihet of Allied was fucceeded by his fnn Kdward the Islder, uiidc-r wlioni, though a bra prince, the Danes renewed tlieir invalions. I le dii d in the year 97.5, and was \ .Hied i)v Ins el( lell ton Ailiellian. This prince, t v»- tic- encouraiie t oniinerei', enacted. that every mereliant w ho made tliree \o\ ages 011 his own account to tin- Mediu rra- iiean, lliould be put u\it)n a footing with a //unii.', or itobk'Uiin of the firll rank. He caufed llie Scriptures to be tranllated into the Sa\on tongue. He I'lieouragedc "'•e. and we liiul hv his 1; that irihliilhops, l)itliops, and even a )bot> :ld ll otll- 1(-11 tlie prisile^e of coining nioiu y. His dominions \\eie conlinetl towards the iioril bv the Danes, although his vallals llill kejjt a fooling in thol^ counties. He was Jueeefsful in his wars wilh the .Scots, and died in <)4i. The reigns of his fiucel- |or; I'd r.uind, luired, and l'.i!w\', weic weak and iiu'loiious, tliev b, ing eitl ler engaged in wars \vilh tlie Dai.is, or difgraced by the iniluence oi jirieli s. ivl';u', nlio luoiinted !i:e iliruiie about the year <)j;9, revived the ni!\al glors- of luiglaiid, and is faid to iiave in. in rowed down the river Dee bv eight kin^s, his vallals, he llttlll!. at th e helm but, like his prec .'liors. e was the (lave of piielts, partieu larly St. Dunltan. I lis reign, however, was p;;eiiic and liappv, th lim'd to cede to the Scots all ilie territnrv to the north of the Tine. oU"h III' was ob- I le was l"iie- ,<.''.-e( V;.-!' ;\ Ills ilil Ion Icll liepmol that time hai railed bv the D; I'. V. 1 10 was ubaroullv murd.'re;l hv h her, wliol'e fon luhelrrd nujuiileil tiie lino,:!.' in 11 le nan. in was at To net rid ol iheni, rjlielied igreed to j>av .tlieni 30,000!. which was levied by way of ta\, and lalleil Dmuyc/J, and \v;is tl tii ;} land-tax in l-Jigland. In the year 1002 they had made I"ik h leiilements in Imi"-- land, tliat iMiielred eonleiited to a geiiiia! mallacre of ihvni In the iv.iglilli. but tills atrocious delign fervid (nlv to eiira;,<- the Dar.iih kinj; Swein, w'l >, in 101 :, drove I'.thclred, his ipieen, and two Ions, out of I'', id into .\oiniaiiii jf Fr.uice, laei; the fo tlh-e.itt eoaft ot Kngiand, at that t niie iil\ , a proMiiee o\i, rin'd hv its own jninces, (tvKdtlie dukes ot Nonuandy. Swein lieing kilKd, was I'ucceeded •1)\- his fin Canute ;h.' (Ir^at; but I'.ilnirtd leturniiig tn I'.ughuiil, t'oieed Canute to i\ lav 10 Deriiiaik, from wheiue lu iu\ ded \i \\ iin a \,i!t .irmv. aiK li. ''ff;:'I K.ImiiiKi rro„/id N CllVK rci-i ''""^'""i.hot;!;,-!"",^'"- N 0. ■;i-,^;H.;:t^ti«;'°":::'vna-;,^^-fc«;^M,.,, tlid noli !llll'' I '"•S ;'(ia(Ji„atc.d, ( '!^'''-'-'cl'i fon. Tlic f ••"'d Kdward. com 'I'lcciulfd tr '^'■. iiioiintfd '^, ",»vv calloci to fi; "(' tlk- \ good ■"'» n;! cld.T I Matured pniu 'laiu it. rli li.id 111 'ffli I' d>;, throni! iimirc fut Harcf, « prirui to X)t ;n-l C 'noil ood "iiiaiis, uidi . and Ills ( '■' />'i~at l>.>iU'fao'l 'r^' •'S''^ Kr w :i< Was ,'(^:ir 1066, II it is till" nci-hi) l"'"iiii(r.s to I "IMInrr pri •^.''^'lit to tji ""-■«. as Wfll as I :::"^::'""7'"'"'':";i'aj ■'•■(1. puflMR.d tl '"■"'d, foji to '■'or t Iiat mill :s'^:.':£::':i'---^^^::^^^ great diul.y. and 11 L'llcctiiall '■'■'^'iilar troops in \ "f I he I> .uro Hy thff, '»; purpofo, ) ''•'"11 tlic Nuril, now ftand ^:^■^^^'ili-/h;nd:;d ';■ '''^;'"s l,c colloctcd ';!m ;"^ !" '•■"«'""d 'inn. 1^' invited ''.'"' ">a(ie libera] :/-.J!"'!whi,e,,,,:^';;;-40.oooot-|,,e| to induce || s, in S V'li-ounlered \\'\\\ ::!.':^");'and uiiiun,;';: :::''?''^^^' "'i"- 'Von "■ave(^ and 'L'ln to moll '"'t ilarold Leint. kill .U'ar 1066. ^ f-W improv,,,H,„,s, ,.|,i "'' ''V'n;,Mhe Oani 1 '''i-in aliiu.li •« l^illal. tl„. ,..;''''''^. ':''''•■• was t;„n.l,. .... . ."I'P"" "■"'•• i/aroid "'^ -<•"'. Of Ji I^;'!::"'^'" '--cm ,1 ^' t"\v'i of]ia/t I' iii\a/i()ns liiiif ft' fun 'y'an'd deufi'i'd the C '■(•■at left ail thi li in\a '^'■.in arts „r ujioii WiJl le tvv uarniii ings arm hull 101 I' re tio more to | \''''''roadvm, .:' ;" .'''r'-l^a .r^''>.'"' "'^' An.l. '■■<.■ car "•"". in tht t^nns In p; Tied ()!}■ will, f'n, of ,l,e n , . '"^'"■" «!a„^|,t,; •/; , "^l ^'^»f?l"-Saxons; tor Al^ I) y had c, !'IH'S. re "■nVd ofj-; j; :ained ■or "'^"/^ht l.aek ris HI ";v m,l.v,l v.rv p,,,,!. -■"'■■■".i:;tafs;;r/";!'' .^''i^li liad bi 1:1 i;t tiiere thofe d his Ch :avs I'h treaf 'ar aec'o ;"y as_ ,\ve|vv |„„ 11 • "^ money and b "■'^'" gained M«diK.w:;;;iT:;"'r'^'"!j-'"'-.-^ y nu-n could Vli '•"nicon IVel'fnn 's ^'rcaf (1 "III IS 's. an a iriv 'f" land ri!'?^="^' "^"'..nia '-^^''-."oth ;;.'^'!r'''';-'-"g.i "^'^;:;-SS:£!!'!''"W'i.;. prefi ent -, u I lion tory over the ■'"y oft; We ures ■twuod. ^^■" wruten on that head Ih •'• lovv at 4s. a t^^'P^^'^":^:S^.:i^^^y^'^l;:x. 'e Icnan (K'n.s. •^ of M,;,^.| '."*■'" «" :X The I ■^ ^-7> was -[h, 2 !-'">• i"g-^innst fail. ^ilk and ■'.y<"i times, land Hiinc lotion Were 'oard w iiiialed 11 'f 's. an ox was — ■■S' "E::l»'-|""i"-fi at IJieirch 'irll >> w was divided ;/'!''-"'^''«-". Uiet:?!!.f^'^-lhe^6d ■■c'aiifes havi. computed at y<^ar was 8s. n-;;^^; r;;:!'r i"-i«- fhikir y^"' ""t.and dif<„,l If Iter; • ■'una V and kindred into ft) ^■•"'^>'wr;i;e's-:::7''Tr'"''^'i^^ ;"t that they ""'liilful in the SiasSFSH5«,£ • "•■ '■ci.^'ii of c tltia to in- '"Hite, they fold icn th( ow ti T iiU'iit '"^' V*" !''^' ''"-t^ in tl V condui-l. £.; 'fy was their mil the N 'It ary r^^-^^"^^:si^tk ornian of ut. aQ6 t N N of Normandy. Conqucft put the people in a fituation of receiving flowly from Hhroacl tiic riiilimL'ntH of fcicncc and cultivation, and of corrcfcling tljcir rough and licentious ninnners. The \oh which both fides fuffcred at the battle of IlaQingsis uncertain. Anglo- Saxon authors fay, that Harold was fo impatient to fight, he attacked William with half of his armv, fo that tl>c advantage of numbers was on the lide of the Norman ; and, indeed, tlie death of Harold feems to l\ave decided the day; and William, with little farther difficulty, took poflellion of the throne, and made a contidcr- able alteration in the conrtitution of Ivngland, by converting lands into knight's fees *, which arc faid to have amounted to 62,000, held by the tenure of allilling hin> in his wars. 'I'o one of his favourites he gave the wliole couiU) of Cheftor, which he eretled into a palatinate, and rendered by his grant almoll independent of the crown. Williani found it no cafy matter to keep polfellion of his crown. Julgar Atheling, and his filler, the next Anglo-Saxon heirs, were afl'etlionately re- ceived in Scotland, and many of the .Saxon lords took arms, and formed conlpira- jacies in England. William got the better of all difficulties, efi)ecially after he had made a peace with Malcolm king of Scotland, who married Alheling's litter; but r.ot without cxerciling horrible cruelties upon the Anglo-Saxons. He intro- duced the Norman laws and language. He built the ftone fquare tower at Lon- don, commonly called the White I'ower ; bridled the country with forts, and dif- armed the old inhabitants ; in Ihort, he attempted every thing poliible to oblite- rate every trace of the Anglo-Saxon conrtitiilion ; though, at his coronation, he took tile fame oath that ufed to be taken by the ancient Saxon kings. He canted a general Airvey of all the lands of luigland to be made, or rather to be cniiipieled (tor it w;is begun in Kdward the (Jont'efl'or's time), and an account to 1)1' t;ikeii of the villains. Haves, and live thick upon each dlate ; all which were recorded in a book called Doomfdav-book, which is now kept in the Kxchequer. J'ut the lepofe of this fortunate and victorious king, was diilurbed in his old age, by liie rebillioii of his ildell fon Robert, who had been apj)ointed /;overnor ot Noi- maiuly, but now iilViinud the government as fovereign of that province, in which Jie w:is tavniiu'd by the king of Franco. In this tranfattion we have the rife of the wars iietween l.iiglaiul ;iiKi France; wliich have continued longer, and been at- teiuLd with move nuinorable atchievenuiits, than any other natioiiid (pnirrel wi- read of in nncieiit nr modern hillory. William feeing a war inevitable, entered upon it with his uf.ial vi;^oiir, and wllli incredible celerity, tnmfporting a l)ra\c I'.ngliih ;u;iiy, iin.uled France, where he was every where victorious, but died before he had tiiiiihed the war, in the year 10S7, the (ixty-tirtl of his age, and twenty-tiili of his reign in Fngfand, and was buried in his own abbey at Caen in .Ndrniandy. I5y the .N'onnan C()n(|iu fl, I'ngland not only lofl tlie true line of her aneieiit ^;i\()ii kings, but alio lu r prinei|Kil iiohilit) ; wlio either tell in battle in diteiue \'\ their country and lii)eMies, or lied to torcign countries, parlicuiarly Scotlaiid, where, being kindly iveeivcd b\ kiim Malcolm, they eftabiilhed ihemfelves ; aiul, x'.liat is \-eiy remarkable, iiitrodiuxil ilie S;im)ii or F.nglilh, whiih has been the pre- vailing langi;;ige in the l.nwiaiids ( t Scotland to tins tla\. On the otiier hand, l'".n;^'iaiKl, by \irtne ot the coiuiueft, became much greater, both in dominion and power, li\ the aecellion of l"o much territory upon tiie eon- linenl. For thongli the Nonuans gained much of ihe h'.uglilh land and riches, vet jMigl;iiul gained the lari^e and t'ertile diiLedom of Normandy, which became an iiii- pendage ioitscre pvc- leii sveatiT, Ion me eoii- |l riches, \et .anie an iil'- Lle ol" naval Ijs framed, tlie ^o 700. power, power, and multitude of ihips, wherein Normandy then abounded. Thi.s, with llic perpetual intcrcourfe between England and the continent, gave us an increafo yf trade and commerce, and of treafure to the crown and kingdom, bclides n na- tural right to the dominion of the Ciiannel, which had been luforc maintained only by the greater naval power of Kdgar, and other Saxon kings. For the dominion pf' the narrow feas feems naturally to belong, like tluit of rivers, to thofe who pof- fefs the banks or coallson boti> tides; and thus the former title was confirmed, l>y fo long a coall as that oi Normandy un one tide, and of England on the other tide vi the Channel. 'I'he fucceflion of the crown of England was difputed between the Conqueror's fons, Robert and William (conunonly called Rnlus, from his being red-haired), and was carried in favour of the latter, lie was a brave and intrepid prince, but no friend to the clergy, who have therefore been unfavourable to his memory. Hu %vas likcwife hated by the Normans, who loved his elder brother, and confetpiently he was engaged in perpetual wars with his brothers and rebellious fubjetls. About this time the crufades to the 1 loly Land began, and Robert, who was anicmg the rirtt toengage, accommodated matters with V\ illiam fora fum of money, which he levied from the clergy. W illiam behaved with great generolity towards Kdgar Atheling and the court of Scotland, notwithftanding all the provocations he had received from that quarter, but was accidentally killed by an arrow ihot byTyrrelat a tlaq, as he was hunting in New I'orell in llamplliire, in the year 1100, and the forty- fourth year of his age. He is chieHy accufed of rapacity and onprellion ; but the circumllances of his reign required money, which he had no other means of raif- ing but from a luxurious, over-grown clergy, who had engrolTed all the riches of the kingdom. This prince built \\'eftminfter-hall as it now ftands, and ndded fcvcral works to the Tower, which he furrounded with a wall and ditch. In the year 1 100 happened that inundation of the fea which overflowed great part of ear! Goodwin's ellate iu Kent, and formed thofc thallows in the Downs, now called the Goodwin Sands. \\ illiam Rufus was fucceeded by his brother Henry I. furnamcd Bcauclerc, oil account of his learning, though his brother Robert was then returning from the Holy Land. Henry may be laid to have purchafed the throne; firft by his bro- ther's treafures, which he feized at \\incheller ; fecondly, by a charter, in whicli he rellored his fubjects to the rights and privileges they luid enjoyed under tJie Anfjlo-Saxon kings; and tliirdiy, by his marriage with \iatilda, daughter of Mal- colm IIL king of Scotland, and niece to Kdgar Atheling, of the ancient Saxon line. His reign rellored the clergy to their iniluence in the llate, and they formed a iVpa- rate body dependent upon the pope, which afterwards created great convullioiis in England. Henry, partly by force and partly by flratagcm, made himfelf mailer of his brother Robert's perfon, and duchy of Normandy ; and, with a moft unge- nerous meannefs, detained him a pril'oner for twenty-eight years, till the time of his death; meanwhile quieting his confcience by founding an abbey. He was af- terwards engaged in a bloody but fuceefstul w ar with France ; and before his death he fettled the fuccelhon upon his daughter the cmprefo Matilda, w idow to Henry IV. iinpcror of Germany, and her fon Henry, by her fecond imlhand Geoffrey Planta- <,'enet, earl of Anjou. 1 luniy died of a furteit of lampreys in the feventy-eighth \ ear of his age, in 1 13^. Nothwithftandmg the late fettlement of the fucceffion, the crown of England was claimed, and feized by Stephen earl of Hlois, the fon of Adela, fourth daughter to U illiam the Ctniqueror. Matilda and her fon were then abroad; and Steplien was atlillcd in his ufurpation by his brother the bilhop of U inchetler, and the other j;riat prelates, that he might hold the crown dependent upon them. Matilda, how- « vei. tound a geiictous protcttor in her uncle, David, king of Scotland ; and a Q q worthy N N D. worthy fuhjc^t in hor n:itural brothor Robert, carl of Dloucefter, who hndvd H«» party until hi-r liui j;rew up. A lon^ and blowiy war cnfuod, the clergy huvinff nbfolved Sti-phen and all liis frioiuh from their guilt of breaking theai> of fuctcl- fion; but at k'lijjtb, the barons, who dn-adird the powi-r of the clergy, inclined to- wards MaiiUia ; and Sri-plu-n, liaving bci-n abandoned by his partiznn.s, was dtrfeat- cd and takrii piifoinT in 1 1 ^i. Bring carried before Matilda, the inipotently upw braided him, and ordcnd liiin to bo put in chains. Matild.i was proud and weak, thi" c!iT;j;y were bold and ambitious; and when joini', divided Ungland into (ix |)art«, called liraiit's, fipi)oii,tint; judfjcs to f;o at certain times of the year and hold iijfiws, to adminiller JLiliice to thv people, as is pra6tifed to this dav. I ioiiry fo tar iiboliihed the barbarous nnn abfurd praiiicc of forfeiting fliiiis which liad been wrecked on the coalt, that it' one man or animal were alive in the Ihip, the velR'l and goods were rcftored to the owner'!. This prince was alfo the hill who levied a tax on the moveable or perfonni etlates of his fubjedts, nobles as well as people, nieir zeal tor the holy war made them fubmit to this innovation; unil a precedent being onci- obtained, diis taxation became in following reigns an iiliial nil thud of fupplyimr the neccllities of the crown. It was the pratticc ot fomc kings (if Knglanlletling Come i thofe ages, it may not be imnropcr to mention the (piarrel between Roger archbilli(ip of York and l iif Canterbury. W'c may judgi- of tne violence of military men and laymen, when ecclellallics would jiroceed to fuchextrcmitii*t>. 'I he pope's legate having fummoned ;m alTembly of the clergy at London, and as both the archbidiops pretended to fit on his right hand, thisquellion of precedency begot a controverly between them. The monks and retainers of archbitltop Richard fell upon Roger in the i)refence of the cardinal and of the fynod, threw him on the ground, trampled him under foot, and to bruited him with blows, that he was taken up half dead, and his life was with difhenlty t'aved trom their violence. Richard I. furnamed Ca'ur de Lion, from his great courage, was the third, but cldel^ furviving iM\ of Henry II. The clergy had tound means to gain him over, and for tlieir own ends they jierfuaded him to make a mod magnificent, but ruinous trufade to the Holy Land, where he took Afealon, and performed fuch attions of valour as give Countenance even to the fables of antin, it is evident, from tlie fame relations, that he had great provo- cations trom tlie clergy and the barons, who in their turns attempted to anni- hilate the regal prerogative. It is undeniable at tlie fame time that, under John, the conmions ot Fngland laid the foundatii>n of all the wealth and privileges they now enjoy ; and the commerce of F,nu;lan(l received a moll furpriliiig in- creale. He mav be called the father of tlie privileges of free boixjughs, which he eliablilhed aiid endowed all over liis kingdom. The city of London owes fome of her privcleges to hJm. The office of nia\or, before his reign, was for lite ; but he gave them a charter to chufc a mayor out o\ their own boiiy annually, and la elect their- Iherifl's and common council annually, as at prefent. » It npp«rs linuTvcr, th.nt William I. f^injr of tlint thry did homage for the kingdom of Scotland Stollaml, .•>nd his I'ulijirt'i, lontVnted to.n.kiiow'- ni iordiiii;ly ; tmt tt\i.-. advanta^'.e w;is giv^n up I'V lulj^r till- liiiig I't Kiij'Jaiid aiui h;s luirs, to ail per- Rii hard f . I'u/r Lord l.\ ttiltor\"s llillnry of Henry. (r!uit\, to be their lovcriign> and liege lord», and II. vol. v. p, ijo, ajj, S25. 8vo. tdit. • Fn!,liiidi 304 N C L N I>. linfflHud was in ii dcpIor«blcfitii«tionwlu*n her t-rown dcrolvcil upon Ifonry IIF. tlu' late king's fon, who wan Uiit nine yours old. The curl of IVnibrokr wnsihofin hi^ ^jmirdmu ; llic pope toking part with the young i)rina-, the French wore tlckated and driven tuit ot' the kingdom, and tlieir kinf; oldiued to renounce all liiiiw-i upon the crown of Kngiand. 'I'hi- regent, carl of IVuitwoke, who had thu* retrieved the independency of his country, died in 1219, and tlie regency de- vuKcd upon the hilhnp of Winchcfter. The Krrnrh king all thi» time went |)of- f'thm of Normnnrly ; but at liomc tli;* power of il>e pope bee.nne eKorliitant ; and !"• fent no fewer than 300 of his rapaciout clergy, in the year 1240, to tiike polTellioii of the bed Knglilh benefices, and to lo.id the people with taxes. 'I'his «'vil was incieafed by tlie marriage of I lenry with the daughter of the earl of Pro- vi:iice, a needy prince, whole poor relation* engrolTed the bell clbites and places in the king'lotn. 'I'he king w;is of a foft, pliable difpolition, and hud been peifiiiulrd to violate the Cireat ('barter. Indeed he feemed always endeavouring to evade the privileges whieh he had been eonipelled to grant and confirm. vVn alfieiation of the bannis was lornied againll hnn, and a civil war bteakijig out, I li'nry feemed to be abiindou'-d bv all but his (iafeons and fon.'ign mercenaries. His ])rofufum brought him into mcNprellible dithculties; and the famous Ste- phen .VIontfort, who had married his lider, and was nnuie earl of l..eici Ihr, beiiij; chofiMi general of the alloeiKticm, the king and his two fons were detealed, anil taken prifoners at the battle of Lewes. A dilference happening between Mont- fort and the carl of GloueeOer, a nobleman of great autnority, princi; Kdward, Henry's eldell fon, obtained his liberty, and alTembling as many as he could of liis t'atlier's fub'tecls, who were jealmu of IVIontford, and weary of the tyranny of tlie barons, he gave battle to tlie rebels, whom he defeated at Kvelhani, /Vugud 4, I id:;, and kiil'd Montfort. The rcprefentatives of the commons of IJiglaiid, b'tli knight and burgelTes, now tormetl part of the Knglillt legiflature, in a fe* paratehoufe; and before this reign hillorians are not agreed as ti> the oflice or jioweis of this branch of the parliament. I'rince lulward being engaged in a crulade, Henry, during his abfence, died in 127Z, the 64th year of Ins age, and 56tli of his reign, wliich was uncomfortable and inglorious; and yet to the Ibuggles lit that time the people in great ineafure owe the liberties of the prefent day. Dur- ing his reign, the principal eulloms arofe from the importation of French and Khenitli wines, the Knglilh being as yet Ihangers to thofe of Sjiain, Portugal, and Italy. Iiitered had in that age amounted to an enormous height : there are in- llances ot jol. per cent, being paid for money, whieh tempted llie Jews to remain in lyigland, notwitlillanding the grievous opprelhons they laboured under, from the bigotry «)f the age and Henry's extortions. In 12;^ Henry made a frelli demand of 8000 murks from the Jews, and threatened to hang them if they refiif- cd compliance. 'Jhey now loll all patience, and delired leave to ri'movi- with their efletts from the kingdom. JJut the king replied, " Hosv can I remedy tiie opprellion you complain of? I am inyfelf a i)eggar ; 1 am delpoiied ; 1 am drip- ped of ail my revemi. s ; I owe above 200,000 marks; and if I had laid 300,000, 1 lliould not exceetl i;ie truth ; 1 am obliged to pay niv fon, prince l'",dward, i ^,000 marks a year ; I have not a tarthing, and I inurt {lave money tVom any hand, trom any «|uarter, or by any means." King Jolui his lather onee deinandul 10,000 marks from a Jew at Briftol ; and, on his refufal, ordered one of his teeth to be drawn every day till he lliould confent : the Jew loft feveii teeth, and then paid the fum required. Trial by ov/tw/ was now entirely difufed, and that by due/ difcouraged. Bracton's famous law treatife was publiflied in this reijjn. Ldward returning to England, on the ncw.s of his father's death, invited a^l who held of h.is crown in t:a[gi, 440 oxen, 4^0 Ihecp, 12,600 hem and caponi, and ij lar ||imt!i (leu Hymcr's Ftrdt-ra). Alexander 111. kinc of ikutliuid wa« ut the folemtiity, and on th^* occalioii 500 horfei were let ti>o(e,.ftic thofu that could cutcb thcav tu keep them. Edward w*a a lirnvr and politic princr, and being perfeHly welt acqunintcd with the liiwit, ii)tere(l.H, iind conlUttuitiii ( the bnglilh Julliniuii. lie pal)- fed lilt* tunuxii mortninin nti, wherel)y all perfons " were rullruined (mm nivux^, by will or oi/i/rxoijt, their cllates tt» (thole fo ealltd) reli)|^uii!i iiurpofcs, luid the I'o- cietius that never die, without a licence from the cruwn." I le granted ccrtuin pri- vileges to the cinipie-porti, which, though now wry incoiiliderahic, werclhen ed him once more to banilh his favourite, and to confirm the great char- ter, while king Robert liriice recovered all Scotland, except thecaillc of Stirling ; near to which, at Bannock burn, EiKvaul in perfon received the greatcft defeat that Kngland ever futiered, in 1^14. (Javellon being beheaded by the barons, thev fixed upon young Hugh Spencer as a fpy upon the king, bul he foon became his favourite. Through his pride, avarice, and ambition, he was banilhed, togethiT with his father, who had been created earl of Wincheller. The queen, an ambi- tious and worthlels wom.m, perfu;uled her lui(Land to rec;dl the Spencers, while the (omiiion penpir, from tluir hatr'-d to the baroii.s, joined the king's ilandacd, .^lid alter defeating them, n :;<>ic'.l him to the exercifc of all his prerogatives. A cruel life was made of ilmle fucc.iles, and many iioble patriots, with their efhitcs, fell victims to the (jueen's revi nge ; but at lull Ihe became enamoured with Roger Mor- tiiiier, who was her prifo.Kr, and had been oueand ineai i U) ivxm fuch a party iii Kngiaiid, that, re. turning with ioww Frepeli tr. lops, the put tlie eUleit Spencer to an ignominious death, made her hulba.ui prifoiicr, and forced him to abdicate his crown in favour ut his fon lulwiini 111. tluii llfieen years of age. Nothing now but the death of Kd- wurd 11. was waiiUiijj tu complete her guilt ; and he was mull barbaroully luuidcred ia 304 N N In Ik'rkclry-cuftli' Ity riiflmnn, fuppofal to be cmployod by bcr oiul licr pnmniotir Mortimer, in ll\i' )car t}ij- I pcm (III jivirago, \\w dirtonnuf of living tlicn nml now, A-onu lo bo nearly »% j or b ii« lo I, iilwitvii n-nKinlM-rin); tliiil ihnr nioiuy mntuiiu'il tliriio ni niiuli lilvir us our nioni'y or k mn ol the ('uii\o (U'i)oiiiiiiation ilncn. 'I'litu, tot ixiunplf, il a ffoofe then toll a;,/, iluit i* 7',//. of our nmmy, aciorjling to tin- proportion of 6 to 1, it woulil n»>vv t'oll }f. <)i{. 'Ilii' Knighlit IVniplun wen- fupprolR«l mi tliin ivijjn, ■owing to tln'ir iMiorinou* \Wc% Kdwurd III. mounted ihr tlininc in 1.^17 IK' was tlicn under tlic tuition oflu'i niolluT, wliocol)al>iliws at 'In burn, and ilk* queen herfelf wai Ihut up in eonlinement twenty-eight years, to her «leaih It was not long before I'.dward found means to ipiarrel with David king of Siolland, thougJi be had married his filler. David was driven to l-'ranee bv Edward nalioi, wlin l\\, i_;4'>. almve 100,000 l'"rein h were deleaiid by ^0,000 I'.nglilh, ihieliy l»y llie valour of the prince of Wales, wlio was but lix- tien year.s of age (his tatlier being no more than thirty-four'. 'I he lofs of the l'riii(h lar evceedi (I the niiuilu r of ilie JMigliih ami), wlinfe lofs conlilled df no more than three knti.;hls, (iiu- efijuire, ami about lili\ pri\ati' nu:ii.« I he bat- tle of Toicfiers was toiiglil in i;,y'. between the jniiue nt \\ iile.s and the Fiench king John, but with griatiy lupeiior advantages nt numbers on the part of the French, who were lotail\ delealed, and their king ai;d his favourile Ion I'liilip tak en •was (In(ii)ie pril ) h<>AldierH were eniilied only for h lliort time; they lived idle all the rell of the yrnr, and commonly all the rert of ilieir lives ; one fuccefsful cam))nign, by pay and plunder, nnd the ranfom of pri- foiuTs, was fiippofed to be a finnll fortune ; wliith was a great allurement to enter into the fervice. The waj^is of a niallv.r car|)enter was limited liirough the whole year to •iircc |x>nce a-da\, a common carpenter to two pence, money ol' that a^e. Dr. John WicklilTe, a fecular priell, " 1 lul of tliiij reign, to fpread the doctrines iiiffs ; and he made many dilcipies of all piety; aiul has the honour of being the hi 111 (luellioii lluiff iloclriiiis whidi had trilled for certain during fo many as;>'s riie doctrines of \\ icklitfe being ''■•ri\eil from bis lean ti into the fcripturcs, and into ecclelialtical antii|nity, were ik..,* the fame with iliole propag.ited b\ thi- rv I'ormiTS in the lixleenth cenlurx. Hut, thoiigli many ffi. iiud llroni^ly diljioled to reieive lliem, ail'airs were not yet fully ripe for this great rcvoliitioii, rel'i\*tl tor a more five and iiupiirini; age. lie had many tricnds in the univerlitv of OstMil and at court, and was powertully protected againll the evil deligns of the pope and tiitlui]is, by John uf Gaunt duke of LaiuatK-r, one ot the king's fms, und other • !!'• u-i-. .illii tlir firft In Knuliimi ili.it litil ilir Conucill; nn,! ever fimf, flici-Mclt fun nf tlir kiiif, tiilc ul Dkhf bciiij; ircaicU by t)i> lather ilukc ul ol iaii^l.titJ ti by binh r iho IHntk rimn, wb> only rltvcn yenr* irf n|» whrn hr ni.umt«i| ihi- ihriMU', 'IV I'ltgllili itrttu wm- ilicii iirfuCivUhil tnttn in Frmuc ihkI .VoltHiiii ; hul Oil' itoclriiK* i>t' U uklitt'o liHik riMtl intdtr llu' iiirtu«>itir i»| \\u< itkiko of |,Hiu:i(K-r, lilt' (ki^K* ttiulc iili'l iiiitf ul till giuiiiliiiiiii, niul giivc tftiliir||icl iti»liiiiM III lilnriv In iho \ill.iiiii, llu- loUk-r mnk* ot |i>'itpU' llu- irtiih U, liml RKriiiilturc wu» llu it iit fu llouriililuK u llair, lliut ioni, uiitl oilur \itliiiili, wcrt* rilT'i.'ri-«l li»l)i' Iruiil'iiorKil. niulllu' KukIiiIi IumI tiitlon ti|>>|K-. Julin <>! (ititiiir<« lortiKii ("iUH'^lioti* miiIiiIu- irouiuoi |*iir iti)(iiliiiitl .Stuiiii wiTi- ot prt jiului' I'l tii^iuitrtirv i uikIIo tniiiiy iiicn were iiii|ilu)id in ktiiUu'i'clnt'iii wHr>«, iliui iliv iiimiiioh* ul' Kn|{ltnul, like iHiwdcr, revi-iviitg « l'|>Hrk ot' lire, (ill III unco llnineil mil iiitu reliellion, tiiuler the iniuluct ot' Hull, r privll, Will IMer, Jiiek Mruw, mid nllieri, llu* lowelt ot tlie |iii|iiiliiee. I lie mndnd iit' lliel'i? iiil'iir^'iili wtfi \iolciii :iiwl tminllili.ilik- , liiit it luniml l>e deiiii>l, lliiii llu t oiiiiituii people ul bjiglaiiit ihcii iuboiired under iiuiny upprclliuiu, purtaulurly a Kit liurd wns not then idxive llxteen, Init he noird with (jreat Tpirit nnd wiCdoni. He lined llie itoriit ot llio inriir)(enliitioi)eii, uiiile V\ al- W.irili, lli<- iii.i\or, and I'liilpoi, an alderiiiiit), had llu* t our^r to put lyler, tlu> leniKr o| llu iiwiUoiiteiits lo de.iih, iti the tnidll ot hit .ulheretitn. Ihis, willi ihc reafonahlf iH-huviotir ol' Kiehard, i|iielled the iiirurret:lioit lor ihnt tiiiii; ; but it broke out w Itli tlu' nu>ll IiIimxU i il>\ ti in other part>i ol I'liiKland : and, though It v\a ni.ikini; n\auv txanipiit o|' levi-rity .-inionjf the illlul^^rlts<, >it llu' I'oniniKii peii|ile ni ver alu r ahandniu'd llu (aiiU.lill liv degieiit llicv ul>. allied lli'ili' privilt^eN whiih ihev now fiii Iran- i|uitlily ol' hi-> di>n)ini< mi a rnii' tonndation ; init he lUlivned hinil'v It up to 1 iiM- Kortlilert t'ii\oniili >, parlienlailv Mieli.ul di' la I'nle, I'lii lo a iiKrchaiit nl | doll, \Nliiini lu i'leateil larlot .Snllulk and lord i liaiu i llor, jndi;)' I ri.lihMii, and, ulitae all, Kolurt de \ ere, earl ot Ostord, nvIioiii Iu' iieahd inariiui^ * ul Dublin nnd duke ol' Irelarul. 'Ihoy were (diituxioiit Ixith to the parliuiiu nl tiitd peopU', atluiiileil, and ii\|ure I'u') ilie>l ill iililuiiiu. Kit haul then .illni iatcd to hinili ll a new let nt t'asour- iie'<. I (i'l people and ^reat lonU ni^ain look up arnu, and iniii^ heart'rtin|{ lilm, >»>• wn% matif |>fil*»n*^r wlrh nul ttviiig t.*rrivil 1)1 LokJoii, In wn* il<'|»ar> tniiiHiil, H\i')\ n tMrmtil ihni);>' i>( lvr.iiitt)r umi itiiK oikIikI , uinl luoii Hllir lie i« lti|>|)i)|kii (' |m>i* Ui'it llartctl In cii .tili iit |tiii<>ii, in ilu )<-.ir i ',91^, ih<- |ail of hii rhiMiifN ihi' niiliiliiv lit I'jiKlttK'l Wfri' |»<>ll«-(lt'«i ol ((ri-at |Ni\vrr iii llii* time ot ilim ri voUilioi), \«l mc «Iu nui linil ilml il atiiilrii llu- tiilliiciuk' of tlir t itiiitiM>iii. |luy hnil lh<' ii'iirtig) (<> rtiiKinllrali' ItolUly in niirlinnuni iiutnurt tlic nliiry, uhuh III ;iuM ifli >\ki« l«iil lixt mm It |>rkuli(ktl iti I'.ngLiiui, unit nllu r ulMifi'* iiriMilli ilcr^y iiiii) hiity ^ iiiiil ilif ilt'tlrui'tion III llii' Ictii'dl |Ht\si'r'« Iimmi IoIIuvmhI, lliniv llii' l-'f>urlli *, l>>i) 1)1 Jiilin i>l (latinl, cliili- ■»( hnmuftor, foiirlli fun of Rd* k^tlr•l III lH'nl^ tiiiU'doM ihi; ilirunc ot' I.ukIiiikI. liiiirkjniliiclolhr rlilcr liiUM'hci i>t I'.tlwiirtI III ■• tiiiiiil\, llu' ^r>■Hl iiubililv wiii' in lii)|)t'i« lluil 1)11* ^larin)( itititl nl' lii«lilU' MiMilil r^iuUr )iiiii tU<|ifii«U'ni upon ihiin Al tirl) ronu owWiiituiioi wtrr loniu-il ii^tiinll liMii liv iIh- iliiWc* ol' Nurrv unci Kx«'l> r, tlic rarU oi (iloiH tlkr und of ^^>rk4 ImiI lir tiulluil llinn \>y Iim atlivity ami ^>llill IK lit itllV. Illli lllli u- il liiul< I ll I litiil lilli • Il lop A pi •III lor illlU u. llu lluir OViTttfOVMI POWIT ril 11 IM N\U» IIIKU'I- ri'utii iiiK ItiMul liv till' IVri ) liiiiuU, llu ^niilctl in lliv n >rili ul Kiii^loiil, wlio ciiniiLniK i| ol lli'iiiy liiiviK;; tlipiivdl llifiii o( funu* Svouli prifoiuTil, wlioni ilu'v It i tout rolu'llioii l«roki' oiil inulcr lli" oKI tiirl ot' North un'ilii'r 1. 111(1, mill lii% Ton llu- r.iiii'iuo iltiirv IVrcy, riirii.iin«*il I loifpur i Uiil il « nMt-il in >\iili llic tldi'iit ol llic ttluU, iliu'lly liy tiic \.tlili yi'iirof lii« .igc, niiii I pli ol lii>i ni^ii, III- liad tlii' luti>t'ii(tion to tci' IiIn foii and fiuivllor, tlu' priiuc of U all's, diri'n};a^i' liiinli It tiotu inxny \oiitlitul lollii-.N, wliiili li.id till tlicn uilgruccd Ills I'oni liid I III' I'.n^liili niiirim' was now fo gr^-ally ini roiifrd. Unit wi' find iin Knulitli vt-ITil of 200 toi) iiiui'iti) I I'liii lilt' ii.iim cil V liiilt, lir I iiiMiiiiunl il.tU- tunii-i; '>'»( //. ii.lt Utr ///><■► ii,>;le rti>./ tliia r ul'' Il I lli'ill Ki^i' >a tlif oi'^^iiial l„iiv,un^e, llnti n^l.i I'mil (!!», xit'i ft »'» Jninda, It ruiiwi il ; f5# (/' i>Mili,>, ScH, ntJ thh Cij/^, I riil/i* rrivmt 'j,;ii "i f*,nt lo lit ci./uir ii ,1, 11,1 1 <•/ l.'lll.,l/l,-r, Aaltl'Hl ik I)i^t tf l>.f« ^t',.>tillll(, ,IMJ $Hjt/,H^ tf' tif i;uj( l^:itt U r i 'J-'"" J 3o8 N N crcafc of the Wlckliffitcs or Lollards i and immediately after, one Sawtrcc, parilli. pricft of St. Ofithc, in London, was burnt alive by llic king's writ, direfted to the mavor and flierifTs nf London. 'fhc bhlancc of trade with foreign parts was againft England at the accefTicm of Henry V. in 1413, fo greatly had luxury increafid. 'I'hc Lollards, or the followers of Wickliffe, were cxccflivcly numerous, and fir John Oldcaftlc, lord Cohham, having joined them, it was pretended that he had agreed to put Itimfelf at their head, with a dcfign to overturn the government ; but this appears to have been a groundlefs accufation, from the bloody zeal of the clergy, tiiough ho was put to death in confequcnce of it. His only real crime fcems to have been the fpirit with which he oppofed the fuperftition of the age, and he was the fir(l of the nobi- lity who fuffercd on account of religion. Henry was about this time engaged in a couteft with France, which he had many incitements for invading. He demanded a rellitution of Normandy, and other provinces, that had been ravaged from Eng- land in the preceding reigns ; alfo the payment of certaiji arrears due tor king John's ranfom lincc the reign of Edward ill. and availing himfcif of the diftra£ied ftatc of that kingdom by the Orleans and Burgundy factions, he invaded it, took Har- tieur, and then defeated the French in the battle of Agincourt, which equalled the glory of^Crcffy and Poittiers, but exceeded them in its confequcnccs, on account of the vaft number of French princes of the blood, and other great noblemen, who were flain. Henry, who was as great a politician as a warrior, made fuch alliances, and divided the French among themfelves fo effeftually, that he forced the queen of France, whofe hulband Charles VI. was a lunatic, to agree to his marrying her daughter, the princels Catherine, to ditinherit the dauphin, and to declare Henry regent of France during her huiband's life, and him and his ilTuc fucceflbrs to the French monarchy, which muft at this time have been deftroyed, had not the Scots (though their king dill continued Henry's captive) furnifhed the dauphin with effeftual fupplies, and preferved the French crown for his head, Henry, liowever, made a triumphal entry into Paris, where the dauphin was pro- fcribcd ; and after receiving the fealty of the French nobility, he returned to England to levy a force that might crufli the dauphin and his Scotch auxiliaries. He probably would have been Ajccefsful, had he not died of a pleuritic diforder 1422, the 34th year of his age, and the loth of his reign. By an authentic and cxaft account of the ordinary revenues of the crown durinir ibis reign, it appears that they amuuntcd only to 55,714!. a year, which is nearly the fame with the revenues in Henry ill.'s time, and the kmgs of England h;i(l niitlier become much richer nor poorer in the courfe of 200 years. 'I'he ordinary exj)cnccs of tho govcrnmint amounted to 52,5071. fo that the king had of furplus only 3207I. for the fupport of his houfchold, for his wardrobe, for tlic expence of embaliies, and other articles. '1 his fum, though money of the fame denomi- nation then contained thrice as much (ilver as it does at prefent, was not nearly fufticient eviii in time of peace ; and to carry on his v\ar:^ tliis great conqueror was reduced to many miferabie Ihifts : lie borrowed from all quarters.; he pawned liis jewels and fumetinus the crown itfeif ; he ran in arrears to his army ; and he was olten obliged to flop in the niidll of his career of vi»:t(iry, and to grant a truce to the enemy. From thefe particulars the nadir may jiulge of the finiplicitv and tcnipcrame of our j)rL'd(.celiors near four cL-iituries ago, when the expenccs of the greaull king in Europe were little better than the emolument of a fuperannuated courtier ' f tlje prefent age. It required a prince cijually able with Henry IV^. and V. to confirm the title of the Lancailer hoiife to the throne of England. Henry \l. ttirnajned of Windfur, was no more than nine montls old, when, in confeqiience of tlie treaty of '^r(^)e.s, ciiiicluded. by his father with the French court, he was protl«imcd king of France N N D. 309 llitlo of ] inclfor, iFrancc M well as England. He was under the tuition of his (wo uncles the dukes of Bed- ford and Gluuceftcr, both of them princes of great accnrnplifltmcnts, virtues, and courage, but unable to prcferve tneir brother's conquelU. Upon the deatli of Charles VI. the affet\ion» of the French for his family revived in the perfon of hi:! fon and fucceffor Charles YII. The duke of Bedford, who was regent of France, performed many glorious adUons, and at lail laid liege to Orleans, which, if taken, would have completed the conqueil of France. The fu ge was raifed by the valour and good condua of the Maid of Orleans, a phenomenon i.ardly to be paralled in hiftory, (he being born of the lowed extraction, and bred a cow-keeper, and fomc- times a helper in (tablet at public inns. She mult, notwithUanding, ha\ c polTelTed an amazing fund of fagacity as well as valour. After an unparalled train of he- roic a£tions, and placing the crown upon her fuvercign's head, (he was taken pri- foner by the Englilh in making a iully during the liego of Compiegne, and burnt alive for a witch at Koan, May 30, 143 1. 'ITie death of the duke of Bedford, and the agreement of the duke of Burgundy, the great ally of the Englilh, with Charles VII. contributed to the entire ruin of the Enf lifli mtereft in France, and the lofs of all their (inc provinces in that king- dom, notwithdandjiig the heroic refiftancc of Talbot, the firft carl of Shrewfbury, and their other officers. The capital misfortune of England, at this time, was its difunion at home. The duke of Gloucelter lolt his authority in the government, and the king married Margaret of Anjou, daughter to the needy king of Sicily ; a woman of a high fpirit, but an implacable dif|)ofition ; while the cardinal of \Vin- ehefter, who was the richeft fubjett in England, if not in Europe, prelidcd at tlic head of the trcafury, and by his avarice rumcd the intercft of his country, both at home and abroad. Next to the cardinal, the duke of York, who was lord lieutenant of Ireland, was the mod powerful fubje£l in England. He was defcended by the mother's fide from Lionel, an elder (on of Edward IK. and prior in claim to the reigning king, who was defcended from John of Gaunt, Edward's youngeft fon j and he affected to keep up the diHinftion of a white rofe.thatof the houfe of Lan- cafter being red. It is certain that he paid no regard to the parliamentary entail of llic crown upon the reigning family, and he loft no opportunity of forming a party to affert his right, but a6tcd at firft with profound difTimulation. The duke of Suffolk was a favourite of the queen, and a profeffed enemy to the duke of York ; but, being impeached in parliament, he was banifhcd for five years, and had his head ftruck oti on board a fliip, by a common failor. This was. followed by an infurreftion of ao,ooo Kcntifh men, headed by one Jack Cade, a man of low con dition, who fent to the court a lift of grievances; but he was defeated by the va- lour of the citizens of London. The inglorious management of the Englilh af- fairs in France proved advantageous to the duke of York, and, upon his arrival in England from Ireland, he found a ftrong party of the nobility his friends; but be- ing confidered as the fomenter of Cade's rebellion, he profeflc'l the moft profound reverence to Henry. The pcrfons in li'gh power and reputation in England, next to the duke of York, were the earl (jf Salilbiiry, and hi.s fon the earl of \^"arwick. 'I he latter had the /jrcateft land eftate of any fubjedt in England, ard his vaft abilities, joined to fomc virtues, reiuleied him equally popular. Eoth father and fon were fecretly on the fide of York ; and during a fit of illnefs of the king that duke was made pro- tector of the realm. Both luies now prei)ared ior arms, and ihe king recovering, the queen, with wonderful attivity aflembled an army ; but the royalills were de- feated in the tirft I attic of St Alban's, and the kini; hinifelf was taken prifoner. The duke of York wus once more declared pri>tetfor of the kingdom ; but it was not long before the queen rcfumed ail her inHuence in the government, and tlie 7 kin n> JtO E N N king, ilioiigh his wcakncfs bccnin* every day more und more vjfiblo, recovered a)I liis iiiithoriiy. Tlio ilukc of York up«)n this, thnw olFthc miilk, and, m 14^9, openly claimed tlic Liimn, and the queen was again dcfoatud hy the earl of VV'arwick, who was now (iiIIlJ the K.r.ig-inaker. A parliament heinc alFcmhlcd, it was ennfclod, that I linf]iiity to tho hivii'e of York. He was the firft who inlfituted that guard cailid Yt-on:/}!:. wliich Oiil fuWills, and, in imitation of his predeceflbr, he gave an irrecoverable blow to tiie dangerous privileges alTumcd by the barons, in aboiilliing liviricsand reti.i(\er}», by which every malefactor could Ihelter himfelffrom the law, on alVtiniing a nobleman's livery, and attending his perfon. Some rebellions hap- pined ill the beginning ot his reign, but they were ealily fupprefl'ed ; as was the, impollui'. of l.,ainbert .Sliuncl, who pretended to be tlie imprifoned earl of War- wii k : Simnel was taken prifoncr, iiiid after being employed in the king's kitchen, was made one oi his falconers. The defpotic court of uar-chamber owed its ori- t^iniil to Henry ; but, at the fame time, it mull be acknowledged, that he palTcU iiiiiny iitU, elpeciaiiy for trade and navigation, that were highly for the bcneht ot his fiibjefcls. I'hey e-xpreJed tiuir gratitude by the great fupplies and benevokiKt> t'ley afVorded him ; and, as a tiiiiriiiug llroke to the feudal tenures, an ait palled In which the i)aront> and gentlein''n ot iaiuied interetl were iit liberty to fell and niort- s;:ige th.-ir lands, without Hues or licences for the alienation. Ihis. if we regard its confe(|iu-nces, is peilnips the moll important »i\ that ever piilVed in uii Knj^lilh parliament, though its tendency feems only to have been know 11 to the politic king- Luxury, by the increafe of trade, and the difcovery ot America, had broken with irreliliible force into England, and money being chietiv in the hands ot ;he conimons, ta.^ ellates of the barons became theirs, but without any il- I 7s. od E N (; N D. Vi Ithut ever JVC been Icoveiy 01 lig diietiv wilhiiUt any ony (if their iluiigerous privilcgos i niid thus the baronial powers wore foon cx- tiiifjuilhcil. Ik'iiry, after oncounterinB and ftiriiiountin^ many difllcultios both in France and Ireland, was attacked in the poflellion of his throne by a y(»utig man, one Pcr- I'm Warbetk, wlio pretended to be the duke of York, fecond fon to Kdward IV. and was acknowledged as fuch b^ the diiclicfs of iUir^undy, Kdward's hller. We fliall pot follow tlic adventures ot this young man, wliit h were various and uncoin- nion ; but it is certain that many of the Knglilh, with the courts of France nnd S«()tland, believed him to be wliat lie pretended. Henry endeavoured to prove ih« death of Kdward V. and his brother, but never did it to the public fatisfaibtion ; and thougli James IV. of Scotland banilhed Ferkiii his dominions, being engaged in a treaty of iviarriage with Henry's eldell daughter, yet, by the kind nianmr in which he entertained and difmilfed liim, it is plain that he believed him to be the real duke »)f York, efpecialiy as he refuted to deliver up his perfon, which he miglit have done with honour, had he tliought him an impoHor. Perkin, after various misfortunes, fell into Henry's hands, and wasihut up in the Tower of London, from whence he endeavoured to efcape along with the innocent earl of Warvick, for which Perkin was hanged, and the earl beheaded. It is faid, tliat Perkin made a confellion of his impoftures before his death; but if he did, it might have been ex- torted from him, either by the hope of pardtm, or the fear of tort. ire. In 1499, Henry's eldeft fon, Arthur prince ot Wales, was married to the princefs Catharine of Arragon, daughter to the king and queen of Spain, and he dying foon after, fuch was Henry's reluctance to refund her great dowry, 200,000 crowns of gold, that lie confented to her being married again to his fecond fon, then prince of Wales, on pretence that tlie Jirrt match had not been confunmiated. Soon after, Henry's eldeft daughter, tlie princefs Margaret, was fent with a magnificent train to Scot- land, where flie was married to Jaim'S IV. Henry, at the time of his death, which happened in 1509, the czd year of his age, and 24th of his reign, was pollelTcd of i,Soo,oooI. tk-rling, which is equivalent to five millions at prefent ; fo that he mav be fuppofed to have been matter of more ready nioney than all the kings in Kurope belidcs poirelfed, the mines of Peru and Mexico being then only betjin- ning to be worked. He was immoderately fond of replenilhing liis coflers, and often tricked his parliament into fubfidies for foreign alliances, which he intended not to purfue. 'Ihe vail alteration wliich happened in the conftitution of England durinij Henry Vll's reign, has been mentiotied. His excellive love of money and avaiice \v:is the prolnihie reafon why he did not become mailer of the Weft Indies, he liaving the llift olTer of 'he difcovery from Columbus, whofe propofals being re- jected by Henry, that great man applied to the court of .Spain. Henry, however, made fome amends by encouraging Cabot a Venetian, wiio difcovered the mtiiri land of North-America, in 1498 ; and we may obferve, to the praife of this king, that fometimes, in order to promote commerce, he lent to merchants Aims of money without intereli. From the propivrtional prices of living, produced by Maddox, l'"l(<;\v(tiland, who had invaded Kngland ; and Henry became a candidate for the (>erinan empire, during its vacancy, but foon refigned his prctenfions to Francis I. of France, and Charles of Auftria, king of Spain, who was elected in Jjio. Henry's condudt, in the long and bloody wars between thofe princes, was dirett- cd by Wolfey's "lews upon the popedom, which he hoped to gain by the iuterell of cfharles ; but finding liimfelf twice deceived, he perfuaded his mafter to de- clare himfelf for Francis, who had been taken prifoncr at the battle of Pavia. Henry, howercr, continued to be the dupe of lM)th parties, and to pay '^reat })art of their expences, till at laft he was forced to lay vail burthens upon his t.b- je£h. Henry continued all this time the great enemy of the Reformation, and the champion of the popes and the Komilh church. He wrote a book againfl Luther, " of the Sften Sacramtitts," about the year 1511, for which the pope gave him the title of Defender of the Failh, which hn fuccefl'ors retain to this day ; but about the year 1527, he began to have fome fcruples with regard to the validity of his marriage with his brother's widow. I fliall not fay how far, on this occaiion, he might be inHucnccd by fcruples of confcience, or avcrlion to the queen, or the charms of the tamous Anne lJ()leyn, maid of honour to the queen, whom he mar- ried, before he had obtained a divorce from Rome. The dinicultics he met with ill this proccfs ruined W'olfey, who died heart-broken, at being ftript of his im- inenfc power and polFellions. A variety of circumlbnccs, it is well known, induced Henry at laft to throw off all relation to, or dependence upon, the church of Rome, and to bring about a Reformation ; in which, however, many of the Romifli errors and fuperftitions were retained. Henry never could have elTi'ilcd this mighty mcafuie, had it not been for liis defpotic difpotition, which broke out on every occaiion. Upon a flight fufpicion ot his queen's Lnconllancy, and after a Iham trial, he cut olf licr head in the Tower, and put to death foine of her nearelt relations ; and in many rcfpeits he arted in the moft arbitrary manner, his wifties, however unrea(bnable, being too rapidly complied with, in coufecjuence of the ihamcful fervility of his parliaments. The dilToliition of the religious houfes, and immenfe wealth that came to Henry, by feizing all the ecclefialUeal properly in the kingdom, enabled him to give full fcope to his fanquinary difpolition ; (b that the heft and moll inno- tent blood of England was (hed on llafl'ulds. Among others, was (he aged coun- lefs of Saliibury, defcended immediately from Kdvvard IV. and mother to cardinal Pole ; the marquis of lixeter, the lord Montague, and others of the blood royal, iy>x holding a corrcfpondcnce with that cardinal. His N N D. .1^1 Hit third wife wm Jane Scyoiour, dauKhtcr to a gciitloman of fnrtvnf and fn- mWy i but (he died in brin^injz Edward VI. into the world. Hin ruiiril- '' wm Anne, filler to the duke ot CTcvcii ; he diUiLod her fo much, that he fca. ' • ded with her, and obtaining a divorce, fufTcrcd her tu relidc in Kngltuid, on a pet tion of joooi, a year. Hi* Ht'th wife was Catharine Howard, nieco to the duke ol Norfolk, whofc head hi* cut ofT tor anti-nuptial incontiiiency. Ilislnlt wife waa C?nthorinc Pur, in whole |)oircnioii he died, after Iho had narrowly «Tcaped being brought to the llukc for her rclieiuu* opinion*, which favoured tne Kuformation. Henry'* cruelty incrcafcd with iiis yenrs, niid was now exorcifed uromifcunully on I'roteAants and Catholics. He put the brave earl of Surrey to death withoot a crime being proved againft him; and hk father, the duke of Norfolk, miiit have fuffered the next day, had he not been faved by Henry's own death, in tlie year 1347, in the 56th year of his age. nnd the ^8th year ol liis rtign. By the help of printing, tlie reign of Henry Vlll. is bctlcr known than that of his predeceflbrs. His attention to the nuvai fecurity of Knglaiid is liiglilv com- mendable } and he fometimes employed his unjuil and arbitrnry power for tnc glo> ry and interelt of his fubjedU. Without enquiring into his religious motives, it nmft be candidly confeflcd, that had the Reformation gone through ail the forms prefcribed by the laws, and the courts of juAice, it probably could never have taken place, or at lead not for many years -, and whatever Henry's perfonal crimi-s or failings might have l)ecn, the partition he made of the churcli's property among his courtiers and favourites, and thereby refcuing it from dead hands, undoubted- ly promoted the prefent greatnefs and future prolperily of Kngland. With regard to learning and the arts, Henry was a generous encourager of both. He gave u ])L*nlion to Erafmus, the greateft fcholar of his age. He brought to iMigland, en- couraged, and proteibk'd rlans Holbein, that excellent painter and auhitccti and in his reign noblemen's houfes began to have the air ot Italian magniftcence and regularity. He was a conftant and generous friend to Crann^er: and though, upon the whole, rather whimflcal than fettled in his own principli^s of religion, he ad- vanced and encouraged many who became afterwards the inilruments of a more pure reformation. In his reign the Bible was ordered to be printed in ICnglidi. Wales was ur'ted and incorporated with England. Ireland was credcd into u kingdom, 9'id ' vnry took the title of king inllead of lord of Ireland. Edward VI. was but nine years old at the time of his father's death -, and after fome difputes were over, the regency was fettled in the j)erf()n of his uncle the carl of Hertford, afterwards the protestor and duke of Somerfet, a declared friend of the Reformation, and a bitter enemy to the fee of Rome. Much of the popilli kaven, however, ftiU remained in the council, which was embroiled at once with France and Scotland. The prote61ot marched with an arrn^ into Scotland, to force that people to give their yt)iiiig , and the 7th of his reign. Kdward, on his death-bed, from his ^e:u for religion, had made a very uncon- ftitutional will, for he fct alide his filler Mary from the fuccelfion, which wiw claimed by lady Jane Grey, daughter to the duchefs of Suflblk, youn^jcr filler to Henry VIII. i'his lady, though Ihc had fcarcely reached her 17th year, was a prodigy of learning and virtue ; but the bulk of the Englilh nation recognized the claim of the princefs Mary, who cut off lady Jane's head. Her hufband lord Guildtbrd Dudley, and his father, the duke of Northumberland, Ihared the fame fate. Mary being thus fettled on a bloody throne, fupprcflcd an infiirrc£lion under VVyat, and proceeded, like a female fury, to re-c(tabliili popery over Engkind. She recalled carilinal I'ole from banilhment, made him inftrumental in her cruel- ties, and lighted up the flames of perfecution, in which archbilhop Cranmer, the hilhops Ridley, Cooper, and Latimer, and many other illuftrious confelTors of the I'-nglilh reformed church, were confumed ; not to mention a vaft number of other fiicrifices of both fexes and all ranks. Bonner, billiop of London, and Gardiner. hilhop of VVinchelKr, were tlie chief executioners of her fanguinary mandates; and had flic lived, flic would have endcivoured to exterminate all her Protellant fubji'cls. Mary now married Philip II. king of Spain, who, likehcrfelf, was an unfeeling bigot ; and the chief j)raife of lier reign is, that, by the marriage articles, provi- lion was made ft)r the independencv of the Knglilh crown. By the alhllance of troops, which ihc furnilhetl to her fiulhand, he gained the important battle of St. t^uintin ; hut that victory was f(» ill improved, that the Frentli, under the duke of Guife, fonn alter took Calais, the only place then reniaining to the Englith in i'rance, and wliich had been held ever liiice tlie reign of Kdward HI. 'I'his lofs, which was chiellv owing to cardinal Pole's fecret^ioiineilions with tl'.c FrciKii tourt, is laid to have bioki'n Mary's heart, wlio died in i5<;3, in the 42d ye;ii of It life, and 6lh of lier riign. *' In the heat of her perlecuting flames (favs a iMiit' mpnrary wiitir of civdit). wc.v burnt to alius, one arch'oilhop, 4 bi!ho]!s, •» t divines, 8 gentlemen, S4 artificers, aud 103 hulhanduen, fervants, and ia- liiiirer-.. 26 wives 20 widows, 9 virgins, 2 bins, and 2 infants; one of tliJMi \'. liippid to di ath by Honner, and tlie otliei-, finiii^ing out of the mother's worn'.i (inr\ the Itake as ihe burnetl, thrown again into the fire." Several alio died p.-jhii), ainl nianv were n'ii-iw a'o (.'ruelly treated. i'Ji/.abeth, daughter to Henry N'iil. by Anne Boleyn, moiir.tcd the throne uii C r the nioii (!ifc()-.ir:iglng cir^-iinillances, both at home and abroad. Poperv w' III t:.-' e!ta'M;i k'lii'.iliriv.i c- i;:eiu; rrli';i-)ii (,t l'.i:g'a::d ; lier till lei' in Jllier :> iiia;M:ij..- to tlie erow.i, vn and d-'Utli, v i; aceount of the eir- difpii'e.l by ^]■„•:r f,uc phi Spa Ihik inai rior ■ill R N G N D. iau- g.of r|iietfn of Scot*, grandcliild to Mcnry VII. 's cidcft daughter, and tvifc to tlic ci phin of France i niul tin- only ally llic had on tlic c<)iituu thia- profcllion of friendflun, and that the detained the unhappy pri- foner eighteen, years in Kngland, then bmught her to a iham trial, prctrnding that Alary aimed at the crown, and, with unfeelmg cruelty, cut off her bead. 'riie fimie Philip, wlto had been the hulband of her late (iller, ujHjn Klizaheth's nccellion to the throne, oftered to marry her, but Ihe dcxteroully avoided his aJ- drefles i and by a train of Ikilful negociations between her court and that of France, Ihc kept the balance of luirope fo undetermined, that ihe had leifure to unite her jieople at home, and to ellablilh an excellent internal policy. t)lic fome- times fupported the Proteflanis of France ugainft their perfecuiing princes; and fometimes gave the dukes of Anjim and .VIen(jon, brothers of tlic French king, the ftrongeft alTuranees that one or other of them Ihould bo her Imtliand ; by which Ihe kept that court, who dreaded Spain, in fuch good humour with her go- vernment, that it Ihewed no r«fentment when ihe cut olt tpiecn Mary's head. When Philin was no longer to be impofed upon,by l^,li^abcth's arts, which hnd' f ) long amufed and baffled him, it is well known that he made ufe of the imiiienfv- liinis he drew from Peru and .Mexico, in equipping the moll formidable armament that perhaps had ever been put to fea, and a numerous army of veterans, under the prince of Parma, the bell captain of that age ; and that he procured a papal bull for abfolving Elizabeth's fubjettsfrom their allegiance. No reader can be fo uninformed as to be ignorant of the confcqueiices.-r-that the largcneG* of theSp;- nilh Ihips proved difadvantageous to tbeiu on the feas where they engaged ; tnat the lord admiral Howard, and the brave lea oHicers under him engaged, beat, ami •. (hafed the Spanilh licit for I'everal days; and tlial the feas and tempefis Hnilluil ' llie dellruclioii v.liii.h tl'.e lui'ililh arms had begun, and that tew of the enemy rc- mveivd lluir jinils. Ne.\t tn liie iidiniial lord il'iuard of KlHnghani, lir Francis Drake, captain llaukins, and captain' Frobllher, dillinguilheil tlieinfelves iigainll ll;is torMiidable iiualioii, in which tiie .Spaniards are laid to have loll 81 Ihips i>f v,;ir, larj;e and fniall, and 1. 1,500 men. ICIizabeih liivl lor fonio lime I'upported the revolt of the Hollanders from I'hilip, ainl hail le::i thiMi her lavourite, liie earl of Leieelier, who acted as her viiercv aiul general in the Low Couiuiics. 1 houi^h l.eiceller behaved ill, yet her niea- fir.'s were lo wife, that thj Dutch ellaMiliicd their inde[)endein. y ; and tlien Ihe I'Mit tortii lur lleets umkr Diake, K.ilv.i.;!i, the earl ot C'n'cberland, and other gallaju naval liliirers, into the Kail and \Velt Indio. tioni whence thev broiiiiht pi'odigioU' irealiires, lake.i hoin tl.e j5jK.:;iai(.'i-.. After . 7 3'« N N D. Aftor the death of the carl cJi I^iccrter, th< voiing carl of Eff«x Iwcnmo CUst- brth'!« chief favourito, niiU comituiulcil the laud force* in a joint ox^cUiluui with the lord udmiral Howard, in whirh tUvy took uitd plundered the city of ('Mdii, dcltrnyrd the Ihipn in the harbour, und did other damage t» the S|»iiiitArd»i to Uio . anrtount of twenty million» of ducat*. tiizahoth, ill her old une, grc^y dirtruftful, peevKh, and jealout. Tljougli tlit iind9 an advantage to bim at thv hrKinning of )ii« rrign. thai lh« rourtt of Rome and fi\*%\n were ihotight tu l)c hi* cnrmK*« i nnd thi* n|)iniun wai incrrafrd by the ilif- c«inTy nmt dcft-nt of ihr f(tin|)(tw(lrr irrufon •. I ho obli^atiiinii whiili i oiiiincrc c iidiI t-oliniixarion nwrd to thi< prince, have niri'udv bt-cii ohl'crvcd i, uikI it mull ht ncknowlrdgrd, that hr laid (he fuiindii- tions (if gri-at naliimiil adviiittni^ro. Hut hi* iH'darilry wa« ridiruloui > and with the ullilliinir of hit miniflrri, h<- wtit continunlly cr. e ; madi- a itiinibrr <>f kniahti* of Nova .Si'oii:t, rat h to pav fiich a fmn -, uiid iiiliittiied ii nt-w order of knighti baroncti, which \vn» to ho hi'ri-ditary, for which ouii» |H'rfon paid 1095I. Mi-i paiirti rci^n \m\% a fcrii** of ilicoloniptfd to ' proiecdi-d, it wn cvoofiially pri»« duclive of iiiniiy lilellin:;* to KnqjiaiicU and though his piTpotiinl tiogoi iatioi\U- than any wars ho could have entered into. lie reilored to the Dutch their cautionar) towiii, upon their difehar^ine part of llie film for which they had heen mort^ai^ed ; hut he procured from Spurn at thu (unu* time an acknowledgment of their independency, JaoK's nave his daughter, the nrincefs I'ili/aheth, in marrisj»e to the eleflor pn- latinr, the nwft powerful prote».int prince in Ciernuiny, who foon after alfumi'd th. crown ot' HoJKinin. The ntcmoryof Jamos ha* heen ituicli abufed for his tame bri.aviiuir, after that prince had loft hi* kingdom and ele^'torAttf bv the imperial arniN hut it Ihtiuid Imt obfrrved, that he Drongly oppofedliiii fon-induw'sairuinin); the crown of Huhemia : '.hat had he kindled a war to reinUate him in that and his clei^torate, lie prolwlil^ would have Itood tingle in tlu> contet), except the feoblir and uncertain allillance ho mif^ht have received from the elector's dependents nnd friends in Germany. It is certain, that James furnidied the elector with larqp funiK of money; nnd that he nttually raifed a rcf^iment of izoo men, under lir lloraci: Vere, who carried them o\er to (ierniany, wliere the (lormans, under the niar«|uis c^t'tl llial tlie qiicni ami priiicr of W.ilrs woiilii he prcl'i'iit, riie iiuiiiier of rnlilliii); any new con- fpir.ilor wa* by o;illl, in I uluiii'.lleriiig t!ic ficra- nienti .iriil lliit ilrpailliil feutt, :ificr btiiii» rcli- glnulty kr))t neir 18 inonrbi, w.u li.tpiiiiy (lifci- frreil in llir fojlnwiri^ mannci : tb rit Im tl.iy» bffore tlie l.>nn-*ilbe(i-for inrnini; of ;-irliiiineii(, t RoiiLin C4tli()lic peiT rc^ ei^ fl j letter, wliicli luii l)rei\ ilclive rd t>> hi^ ferv.int by au u<\kn 1 ly it '>rf'nre the kini;, who liiiilving thecontentj wirh m.ro at- tention, begin to iufpci't I'oin^' tianxerous o tiiv. ante by gnn-powdrr ; .indiit wai jihif; d »d\ i < able to infpcrt .ill tlic vaulu below die hou'.n o! p.ir- lunwati tut the fearch wa» |)ur|)ofely deb^ei liU the iii){ht inlnicdiately precedinK the meeting, when a jutiiie ol |>f)ce wa» I'ciU willt |Kiip(r |MiiidtMti, iind bcf.'ie the door of the va ill under the \ipi>er luuitr, Andlii); one Kuwkci, wSo had ju(t ftiiltllril all hii pie|viiatiuni, he unmediatety feued him, ami .11 the lame ti ' e difcovered in thr v.iidt j|6 liarri-U of powdrr, w.iiii Iv.id liccrt i.-ucfiilly iun< icaUvl iind'.r 1 1.', ',<'''' -n'd P''-"' "' wood. The iiulch. with t".\iy iiiinj', proper lor fi-ltin); fire to thetriiii, were Imiiid m KawKrs's pockrt, whofe cour.tinan^e bii'po..i' \w t'.iva);c dif|Miliiion, and who, iift'.T rrj>riltin^ that be li.id lolt ihc op|>ortu- nity ul ihllroyiiu^ lo Mian\ lirreiiit, made a lull Jifloviry. The i.inl]iii.ir)r*, who never exceed- ed bT in iiUiiilier, b. iiiji; Ici/.f I by the country (i«o- pic, conleiTed tlit-ir K"i''< ■""' ^^''^ cxrcutrd in ililfi-retit pat'i >>l kiigland. Noiwiliiilandin^ this horrid irliiir^ the bigntcj tathulics wrrr to devoted CCi.irnrt, .1 (efuit, o;io ot the confpiritors, llwt Ih^y Liuvictl miriklct to t>e wrought by his bluud, awl ilk b^-aii» tc waj coulwkrcd a* a iiwrtyr. &r{| v il9 V. u N !■). it\\ wj> RobctI Cwrr, • privnti* ScoUh gt'ittlvmnit, wltowm < rcAirtI furl oi' .S<)tri«>r* fft. Ill' niarrii-tl lh<' (>uint>l\ of V.^t'\, >«))<> \\m\ ottiiiitioil n ilivorn' Intiu hor li>iO)An>l, t»M«l wm with her t«>im«i guilty ••• |»««iriinin|{ hr I'horM.M ()v.r>»iir\ u» iIm 'I'owrt t txil Jainr*, conlriry, ki U mkI, io .i lok-iiin utiilt lio in>»l>-, luntoitol iKnu 1>'>ib, Hit nrxl luvoiiriU' WM (tcoruo \ illion, u |tri«uti' Kiiglilli gfitilrnian, who. ii|)<)n Sitmrrftr* (liftfrAcc, wiu adiniilctl ti» un tiniiltial ili.tro i>M'ii\iiur iitnl laniili- urity with lii^ I'nvcriMgn. Jitiiu-i liail at tliur liiiu- turnn'il u tyfikiii i)t |H>li(y litr HrimhinK )iiiiiU-ll IiiiiiiihicIn lo the nuirt ol hpiiiii, iliui it iniKlit iiililt litiii in rct'ovcring the pulaiinoio i and to lliU fylU'in litf hud fucriHccd tlic hruw tir ^\nltvr Kalrigli, on ii thur^c ol' linviiig (-i)mmitt<.-d hutiiliiioi ngaiiid tlir .S|iituiili fi'ttli-tiu'iit^ itt ilio \\\ \\ JMiliii. Jttnu'* hitNiiig lull lii a |>rop«r wito lor liii loii t'ltMrlt-^. >\li<> luid IvKAi-cdctl ti) iliul print ipulilv. IliiikiiiKhuiit, who \\a% ^-tpiiilly u luviuiriu* wiili ihc ftin •• with ll.o tuihi'r, K-ll 111 with ihi- printc't roniiiniic hiinioiir, nttd ngaiiill On- l^iiiff'^ ^vill tlitv triivi'lli'd itt difKiiifi' to .Spuiit, whin- a tiun) I'oli-inii l.iuc ot coiirllliip vvn^ pliiu-tl ; |)iit ihf priiuo r>liirti((l witliont liii In idi', nml li.id ii imi liciii tor tlm ro}al p;irtittliiv in his t.n<»ir, llu' lari ol lirilhd, XNliowai ilioti uinl)Uirudiir in 2>p:iiii, would piullv havi* l)ri)ii|;hl the dukf ot Duckinuhuin to tho bloik. J.uiiiH Wilt all tliit uhili- pi rpviiiully iariing wlili liii parli;nni-nt, whom hf ronid not prniiiidi' to turiiilh nii>tu-\ iiinal lo lii> diinaiuU ; and at iatk hi' a^n-fd lo hi^ roii'> lUHrryin^ the priiui'l* lirnrutla Maria, lilKr to l,i-wi^ Mil. nnd daugliirr to llinrv till (ircat o| Krann . Jhhu« n"W I a III (I ihi' .\f!v H nil* IS, A!';" llu' diaili of till- duke of Hm kin>;ham, ihr king's tavoviriti-, who was airalhna. ivd !))■ oni- Fillon, a fuhaltcrn otHior, in lUxS, did not dit>riiy ot |>arli.-iiiu-nt, iiti I urhiirary inipolifimis upon tr;iilc, wliiili win- rtfiiUd to In* pai wur draw- inn \ip, Ihould hi- fiivillud. This ("rrvid only to wiili'n tlu" hiraili, and tho kiin{ riiliulvi'd the- pailiaini'iit ; aftir\\hiih Ik cxlidiiud inforination^ ugaiiiK nine of tlic mod cmiiu-nt inoniluis, umou^ wlioin was the );ri-at Mr. Scldi-ii, who wait tut nuiih dillini'uillu'd l)\ hin Iom- of lihert',' a.s hv hik unit minion irti dition. 'Ihi'v ohii-fli I to till' jiirifdiilion of till' foiirl, hnt lluir pUa was ivi-r-iulid, a.id tlioy wuc Iriii to i)rifon ilnrinj; ihi* kinn\ pli'alnn' vi-ry thiiij; now opi'iaiid towards tin.' dilhnction of (harlis. 'I he lonimoi.^ t would voU' no Inpjilifs wiihoiit Ioitu' ikIioIs ol tl'.e iialional {jiii'saiui'S ; upon w liitli CharKs, pri Inniinn oti what had hioii practiud in rcif^iis w Tkii the prim ipK-s of JihiTtj wrri' inipi'iti'Cllv muUiltood, Ii'\ iid nio:iey upon monopi liisul fall, Uap, and fiR'li iii'i'cirarirs, and othi r ohfolitc i laiii'.x, partiiularly for knighihood, and II'' riiifcd \arioiis ta\is w itiioiit authority ol parlianii'iit. His govi'rnnu'nt biroini i\iTy day mori' aiid nioro nr.popuhir, lUirton, a divini', I'rynnca lawyer, and H'ali- VIvIm :' jihylician, men of '.o great eiuiiu'iiie or abilities, but waiin and refolulc, puMillied N I. N D I" Ir.iii. • |i|)U"i lli'uil- ituMtrtx'il frvcral piece* wliit.lt Knv(< oIKiik io ihc rnurl, •ml vvhiih ronuiiii'd omr fcvcrv ItrkUtik'* niniiill ihc ruliiiK iU-ig). 'Miry wrrr priifitulril lor lltcfti pircrt In ihc lUr-i-hiiimHr in a viry MiUitrary and tnirl iiiann<*r t nml |ttinilhcil wild f<> miith rigour, n« rM-ilcilan Nimoll utiivcrtui imli^imiion iigjinll iltf uuiliort of ihrir fullrriitu* lliui vnu llt<- )i;ii%( rnnu-nt ri'iultrctl llill more oilntii^, iiixi iiii. lorlunalelv ior C'liarUt, li«- pui In* lonriicntc inlD ihc ImmU o|' I it ml, ttn liliiiluip ol Canlrrmitv, who wu» itt Rroul n l)i^o| hi liinifk It', tioih in iKiinli ah«l lialr, l.utui a(lviff(( him (o jMrUi iili- iho |iiirttiiii<, uiul tit the vfur ttt\j \n intriMlitcd I'liiliop;!! y irtio S«.-nly luriicndid by the houlV of i>)inmiiii«, obliged tho knitf lo t oin|ilv willi ihrir driniiiidi (jinrUi hud iiiudc W' niworth, i-url of Striitrord, a man of great ahiiitie*, prcli* dent of iho lomuil of iho North, and lord lionli'itunl of litland ; and In- wa« gt!< norally Itrlicvi-d to he tlu- htO ininitlcr of Italr. Strall'ord had been a Uadnig nu-nibt-r oli the o|)|)ohlion it> the court, but he afterwnrdu, in tonjunttion with Laud, exerted hinif«lf fo vigoroiilly in carrying the king'* def|H>tie feheine* into execution, thiit he lu-iuinc an ob|Ui of public delcllution. An lord prclulent of the North, 111 lord lieutentml of Ireland, and at a ininiiler and privy -counfeilor in Knglnnd, he behaved in a very arbitrary manner, and wa« guilty ol inuiiy .1. Ii.)ii'< of great injullice and oppreliion. He \va», in confL(|uence, at length, on liie jiid of \1ay, 1641, brought to the block, though much aguinli the iiiilination-< of the Icing, who wat in a manner forced by the |i.)rliumrnt and people lo lign the war- rant for hni execution. Archbilhop l.aud ^ a^i ulfo luluaded , but hii execu- tion did not take place till a cunlideraM-. :l.oe afiei th'it of Slraliord, the toth uf January, 1645. In the fourth year of hi« reign, Charlen ha»l paflTed the />c///«fl« v <'/*' '"•'* * '*w, wliiih wait intended by the parliament for the lutiire fecuriiy uf the fubjetl. It i» enaded, " That n«» man hereafter Ik* compelled lo make or yield any gift, loan, benevolence, tax, or fuch like charge without common confent by act of parlia- ment ," but he afrorwardt violated it in numerousi inllanccx, fo that an almoin univerfal difiontent at his adminillration prevailed thnnighuut the nation. A re- belli' >n ulfo broke out in Ireland, on October 13, 1641, where the protcAunts, without diliinrtion of age, fex, or condition, to the amount of many thuufundii, were mallacnd by the papilU; and great pains were taken to pcrfuude tlie public that Charleh fccretly favoured them, out of hatred to hii Englilli fubjedt. 'Ilic bilhops were expelled the houfe of peers, on uccuunt of their conHnntlv nppoling the deligns and bills of the other h«)ufe ; and the leaders of the Knglilh houfe of connnuiiii liill kept up n correfpondence with the difcontented Scott. Chtrlts went in perfon to the houfe of commons, January 4, 1042, and demanded that loid kiinbulion, Mr. I'ym, Mr. Ilampdrn, Mr. ilolliii, lir Arthur Hafulrig, and Mr. Stroud, Ihould be apprehended ; but tliey had pre\ii>ully made their efcapc. 1 his act of Charles wa!> relented a.s high trcaton againii his people. Notwiilillaiuliiig the many atls of tyranny and oppreliion ol which the king and his mimlhis liad been guilty, yet, when the civil war broke out, there were gnat uumbeis who repaired to the regal liaiulard. Many of the nobility and gentry, and the greatell [lart i>f the landed interell, were much attached to the trown. The parliament, however, look upon thend'elves the executive power, und were favoured by moll of the trading towns and corporations; but their great rcl'i.uree lay in I, uidon. Ilu- king's j^eneial wa-i the cailot I.iiulfey, a bravc, but not an enleiprilinij couuuunder ; but lie had great dependence on his nephews, T I the S" E N L N D. the princes Rupert niul Maurice, fons to tlic cleflor Palatini', by liis fifter the princifs I'lliziilu'ili. In the beginning of the wiir, the royal army had the afcend- iincy, but in t!io piogrefM ot" it, atl'airs look a ditK rent turn. 'I he earl of Ell'ex wa* made general under the parliament, and the lird battle was touglit at Ldge-hill, in Warwicklhire, the 2 ;d ct' Ottober, 164: ; both parties claimed the vit^ory, but the parli;inient was fi) niiiih dilhelVed, that tlu-y invited the Seots tu come to their alliilnnce, and they accordingly entered England anew with about 20,000 horfe and tout. Charles allcmiited to remove the jiariiament to Oxford, where nia|iy members of both houfes met; but his enemies were ftilllittingat VVelhniiiltcr, and continued to carry on the war againtl him with great atiimolity. The independent party, which hud I'carci ly 1,'etore been thought of, began now to dillinguilii thcm- i'elvcs at Wediniiillcr. 'I'hey were averfe to the preihyterians, who till then liad conducted tlie war againil the king, nearly as much as to the royalirts; and fuch was their management, under the direction of the famous Oliver Cromwell, that a plan was iormed for difmilling the earls of KlFex and Manchelter, and the heads of iIk preihyterians, from tlie parliament's ll-rvice, on a fiippolitlon that they wore not for bringing the war to a Ipeedy end, nor for reducing the king too low j and for j)romoting I'airfax, who was an excellent olheer, but more manageable, though a pretbyterian, and fome independent officers. In the mean wliile, the war went on with refenlnunt 'ind lofs on both tides. 'I wo battles were fought at Newbury j one on September 20, ifi43> '"'^^ 'be other October 27, 1644, in which the advan- tage inclined to the king, lie had likewife many oilier fuccelles ; and having defeated fir William Waller, he purfued the earl of l.tR-x, who remained ftill in command, into Cornwall, from whence he was obliged to efcape by fca -, but his infantry furrendered prifoners to tlie rciyalirts, though his cavalry delivered ihem- felves by tlieir valour. The tirll fatal blow tlie king's army rtxeived, was at Marlton-moor, July 2d, 1644, where, through the imjirudence of prince iiuport, the earl of Manchefter defeated the royal army, of which 4000 were killed, and 1300 taken j)rifoners. This vidory was owing chicHy to the courage and conduclt of Cromwell ; and though it might have been balanced by the <'uccefl'es of Charles in the Weft, yet his whole coiidutf was a thing of millakes, till at laft his afl'airs became irretrieva- ble. It is true, many treaties of peace, particularly one at Uxliriuge, were fet on foot, and the heads of the prelhyterian party would have agreed to terms th.it would have little hounded the king's ])rerogative. They were outwitted aiid over- ruled by the independents, who were auilted by the ftitliiefs, iiilinceiiiv, and unamiable behaviour of Cluirles himfelf In fhort, the 'ndependents at laft fuc- ceeded, in perfuading the members at W cttminfter, that Cli:n-lcb was not to be trufted, whatever his concelVions might be. from l/ui/ moment the ailairs nf the royalifts became defperate. Sir Thomas Fairfax, whole father, lord Fairfax, re- mained in the North, was at the tiead of the army, which was now new-modelled; fo that Charles fucceliively loft all his towns and torts, and was defeated by Fair- fax and Cromwell, at the decihve battle of Nafeby, June 14, 1645, "^^'ng partlv, as uftial, to the milconduCt of prince Rupcit. 'I his battle was followed ly Ireih misfortunis to (^h.arles, v\ho retired to Oxiord, the only place where he thou "It himfelf fafe. 'I he .^cot.s were then befieging Newark ; and no good uiiderftanding fubf ftcd between them and the Knglilh parlia:ncntarians. In this fituatic n of his alhiirs, Charles elcr.ped in difguife from CAfoul and came to the .^c^ 1. h army bcf re Newark, on May 6, 1640, up«on a |)roinile of jiroicttion. The Scots, however. were fo intimidated, by the refolutioiis o( tin- parliament at V\ iltminlicr, that put tlie pe Ion of Charles >*. confiUeration of receiving 400,0001. of their arrears, ih'. F- N C. \. N D. 3*3 Cliarlcs into tlic liands of the parliamcnt'i cominiilloncrs, not fufpcfling tho confaiiicncos. The pnlhytcriniis \v> re now more inclined than ever to make peace with the king, hut they wen- no longer malters, being forced to receive laws from the army and the independ(;nt8. 'Ihe army now avowed their intentions. '1 hey tiift by force took Cliavles out of the hands of the conmiilhoners, Jijn(; 4, 1647, aild then dreading that a treaty might Hill take place with th^; king, ihcy impri- fcfned 41 of the prelhyterian members, voted tlic hoiife of peers to be ufelefs, and that of the commons was ndiiced lo 1 ,0, nu)(l of them ofliccrs of (he army, Jii the mean while Charles, \\li() unliapi)ily promifed himfelf relief from ihofe dilfiii- lions, was carried from prifon lo prlfon, and fometimcs cajoled by ihc indepen- dents with hopes of deliverance, but always nairowly watched, heveral treatius were fet on toot, but all mifcarried ; and he had been impiudent enough, after etiecling his cfcnpe, to put himfelf into colonel .Manimonds hands, the parlia- ment's governor nt' ihe llji' of \\ ight. A frelh negociation was begun, and almoff (iuilhed, when the inciependenls, tlreading the general difpolition of the people tor peace, and ftrongly pi rluaded of tlie inlincerity of the king, oixe more Icizcd upon his perfon, brought him a prifoner to London, carried him before a court of juHice of their own eri tting, and, after an e.\tiaordinary trial, his head was cut off, before his own palace at VVhiteliall, on the ^otii of January, 1648-9, being the 4<;th year of his iige, and 24th of his reign. Charles is allowed to have had nuiny virtues, and fome have fuppofed that af- flitlion had taught him fo much wildom and moderatio.:, that had he been reftored to his throne, lie wouM have become an excellent prince; but there is abundant rcafon to conclude, from his private letters, that he retained his arbitrary prin- ciples to the la(t, ai.d that he would again have regulated liis condutt by them, if he had been reinllated in power. It is however certain, that, notwithflanding the tyrannical nature of his government, his death was exceedingly lamented by great numbers ; and many, in lire courfe of the civil war, who had been l.is great oppo- nents in parliament, became converts to his caufe, in which they lot! theii'lives and fortunes. We cannot reHcit unon the great lofs of lives, to the amount of at haft 100.000 fighting men, during the fix years of the civil war, without admiring the popidoufnefs of Knglaiid at that period. '1 hough the hiflory has been minutely related, by writers of all parties, who had the beft opportunities to know the truth, yet we do not find that the lofs of men had any influence upon agriculture orcom- im rce, or the exercife of the conunon arts of lite, and provifions rather funk than rofe in their value. 'Ihe furviving children of Charles, were Charles and James, who were fucceilively kings of Lngland ; Henry, duke of (iloiiceficr, wl.o died loon after his brother's nltoratlon; the princefs Mary, married lo the prince of Orange, and nioiher to William j)rince ol Grange, who w;.-, ulterwards kini; of Kngland ; and the princefs Henrietta Maria, who was married to Victor Ainadeus, iluke of Savoy and king of Sardinia. They who brought C harles to the block, omitted no meafure that tould j^ive a perpetual excluli'.);i to I:ingly power in lingland ; they erected tliemfelves into a eoinnionwealtli, and fuctLislully exerted thenifeivcs lor retrieving liie g'oiy oi luiglai'.d by fea. I hey weie joir.ed by many of the prefbyterians, and I'oili par- lie,-, halt d t'runr.vell and Ircton, though ihey were forced to employ them in tl;e ic- dudtion of Ir/land, and afterwards againll ihe Scots, who had icceived Charles il. .!b their king. l»y cutting dov.n the tmd)er upon the royal domains, they produced a fleet fuperior to any thai had ever been feen in turope. 'Iheir general, Crom- well, invaded Scotland, and though he was there reduced to great difticulties, he totally defeated the Scots at the battles of Dunbar and Worceikr. 'I he fame vunuuonweulth palled uii adt of aavigalioiii and declaring war againft th.e Dutch, T t 2 wh • S«4 N N D. Jt who were tliought till then invincible at fca, they eflfeftually humbled thofe rcpub« licans. By this time Cromwell, who hated fubordination to a parliament, had the ad- drcfs to get himfelf declared commander in thief of the Lnglilh army. Admiral Blake, and the other Knglilh admirals, carried the terror ofthe Englifli name by lea to all quarters of the globe ; and Cromwell, having now but little employment, began to be afraid that his lervices would be forgotten, for which reafon he went, April 20, 1653, without any ceremony, with about 300 mufqueteers, anddilTolved the parlianjent, opprobrioully driving the members from the houfe. JHe next an- nihilated the council of (late, with whom the executive power was lodged, and transftrrcd the adminillration of government to about 1^0 perfons, whom he fum- moncd to Whitehall, on the 4th of July, 1653. The war with Holland, in which the Englifli were again viftorious, ftill conti- nued. Seven bloody engagements by fea were fought in little more than the compafs of one year; and in the lall, which was decilive in favour of England, the Dutch loll their brave admiral Van Tromp. Cromwell all this time wanted to be declared king; but he perceived that he mull encounter unfurmountable diffi- culties from Fleetwood, and his other friends, if he Ihould perfiil in that refolution. He was, however, declared lord proteilor of the commonwealth of England ; a title under which he excrcifed greater power than had ever been annexed to the regal dignity. No king ever aded, cither in England or Scotland, more defpotically than he did, yet no tyrant ever had fewer real friends, and even thofe few threatened to oppofe him, if he Ihould take upon him the title of king. HiQo- rians, in drawing the charadter of Cromwell, have been impofed upon by his amaz- ing fuccefs, and daz/led by the luftre of his fortune ; but when we confult his fecretary Thurlo's, and other llate papers, the impolition in a great meafure vanilhes. After a moft uncomfortable ufurpation of four years, eight months, and thirteen days, he died on the 3d of September, 1658, in the 60th year of his age. It is not to be denied that England received much more refpeft from foreign powers, between the death of Charles I. and that of Cromwell, than flic had been treated with fmcc the death of Elizabeth. This was owing to the abilities of thofe who formed the republic, which Cromwell abolithcd, and who, as it were, inAantaneoiilly called forth the naval lirenglh ofthe kingdom. In the year i6';6, the public expenditure amounted to one million three hundred thoufand pounds; of which a million went to the fupport ofthe navy and army, and the remainder to that of the civil government. In tlie fame year, Cromwell abolilhed all tenures in capi/e, by knij^lit's fervice, and fuecage in chief, and likewife the courts of wards and liveries. Several other grievances, that had been complained of during the late reigns, were likewife removed. Next year the public cxpence of England aniouiiied to two millions three hundred twenty-lix thoufand nine hundred and eij;hi\-nine pounds. The collectiims by alleliiiients, excife, andculloms, paid intu the l'.\chec(iuer, amounted to two millions three hundred and lixty-tv/o thoufand pounds, tour lliillinj^s. L [Kin the whole it appears, that England, from the year 1648, to the year i6;8, iiicreakd greatly in riches and in power. The legal interell t>f money was redu- ced horn 'o to 6 per cent, a fore fymptom of increaling commerce. Iht taiuous navijjatiou-acl was now planned and ellablilhed, and afterwards confirmed um(Kt (Cluiric s il. Monopolies of all kinds were abolilhed, anil libgUy of cimfcfegce ti) :ill fecta was grained, to the vali advantage of population .-TIu'l manutaetures, wliitl'i lad I'ullered irrc- ■' ■ ' ■ ' '• :•■'■> - ■ -i- . .1. . .. . .• t^rations, |;cop!v' we niav ly by l.uui aiiil llu: s intolerant meafure^i. To the above national nici- introdueed amous the coniinon niodelly and iVugalitv a.nd llie clti/Aus in purlitular, by which l^lcy were enabled to augniv nt " thiir N N 3*5 their capitals. It appears, however, that Cromwell, had he lived, and been firmly fettled in the government, wonid have broken through the fober maxims of the republicans ; for a Ihort time before ills death, he affected ercat maKnificence in his pcrfon, court, anil attendants. He maintained firmly the nonour of the nation, and in many inllances interpofcd cfi'c^lually in favour of the Proteftants abroad. Arts and fcicnces were not much patronized ; but he had the aood fortune to find in Cooper an excellent miniature painter, and his coins done by Simon exceed in beauty and workmanthip any of that age. lie certainly did many things worthy of praife ; and as his genius and capacity led him to the choice of fit pcr- fons ror the fcveral parts of adminillration, fo he paid fome regard to men of learning, and particularly to thofo cntrullcd with the care of youth at the univerfities. No friend to the Hritlih conftitution, confifling in the proper equilibrium of the three cftates of the kingdom, can ever fpeak ot Cromwell or his ufin pation with rcfpeft. Under the name of a republic, there was all the tyrannical fpirit ofdefpotifm. The people had no Ihare in legillation. Cromwell, with the title of Protcdtor, exercifed all the powers of an arbitrary monarch. His parliaments were but a name. He made what laws he plcafed ; and, by the help of his army, which fupported them, he carried them into execution, and forced all to fubmit to his will. In comparifon of Cromwell, Henry the VIII. revered the Englilh ro'iftitution. '?'fhard Cromwell, a weak unambitious man, fuccccded his father in the pro- ' • ip. He was placed in his di'^nity by thofe who wanted to make him the ■ (., ' i their own government ; and he was foon after driven, without the Icaft ni.icigle or oppofitlon, into obfcurity. It is in vain tor hillorians of any party to al'cribc the reltoration of Charles it. (who, with his mother and brothers, during tiie.ufurpation, had lived abroad on a very precarious fnblillence) to the merits of any particular perfons. The prelhyu-rians were very zealous in promoting it, but it was efletted by a general concurrence of the people, who feem to have thought that neither peace nor protection were to be obtained, but by reftoring the ancient conftitution of monarchy. General Monk, a man of military abilities, but devoid of probity, had the fagacity to obferve this ; and after temporizing in various fliapes, being at the head of the army, he had the principal fliare in reftoring Charles II. for which fervice he was created duke of Albemarle, confirmed in the command of the army, and loaded with honours and riches. Charles II. being rcftored in 1660, in the tiift year of his reign feemcd to have a real dcfire to pro. note his people's happinefs. Upon his confirming the abolition of the feudal tenures, he received from the parliament a gift of the excife for life ; and in this a£t colTee and tea are firll nientimud. Hy his long relidence, and that of his friends, abroad, he imported into Kngland the culture of many ufeful vege- tables; fueh as that of afparagus, artichokes, cauliilowers, and feveral kinds of beans, peas, and fallads. Under him, Jamaica, which had been conquered by the Knglilh under the {^jvernnient of Croniuvil, was greatly improved, and made a fui;iir coliMiy. 'I he U( yal Soeieiy was initituteJ, I'.nil many popular atls refpcC:t- ing tratle and coluiu/.atin;! were p.iifed. In lliort, Charles knew and c\ilti\aU'd the true intcrelL'. of liis kingdom, till lie was warped by pleafiuv, and funk in in- «lolenee ; failiiic;s that hail tl;e fame confetjuences as defpoiifni ilfcif. I Ic iippearcd to intcreil liimiVlf in ihi.' fuilerin^s o( his i"al.'iv'v-ts wlion London was b'n'nt il iwn in n't 66 ; and its being rdiuilt wiih greater luthe and ci R N G I, N D. ? ;o,o">d1. floilitiq. I'ut ovimi in tlils, liis coiulwfl was num- dofonfiMo tlmn in his I'oiivt ci>niK'c*ioiis wiili I'ranii', wliiih wi'iv of iIk- moll iViuidaloii!! nature, iittorl/ r^-j) ijjiiaiit to tile wclfnro of tlic kingdom, and fiith as nmll fur ever roliict infamy on liii* meinnry. Arnonj? the <»vidcnc"'s nflii) dem'ntracy as a kinp, may \)c. mentioned iiis q[iviii,r w.iy to the poj)nliir claMioir ;i;^aiiilt tlie lord (Clarendon, as the chief advifer of ili • f,i!"e of Duhkiil; ; a man of extenlive knowledge and greai abilities, ami more iid. iKil in liis iiitentioiis than moll of liis other minillers, hut whom he facrificed t.) tlic fyeojihanl^ of his |)Ieafin-alile iiours. 'Jlie full Dutch war, which began in 1665, was carried on with great refohition and fjjirit imd,-r the duke of York ; liut. Iliriv,ii;h ( liailis's mifap|)iicatic)n of the public money, which had been granted fur tiie war. ih'' Dutch, whik' a treaty of peace «a,s depending at Ureda, found means to iii''uM ihi" io\nl navy of Imi"'-:;k1, by failing up the Medway as tar aa C'halhaiu, and di'lliMU'd le\eral ihips of the line. Soon after this, a peace was ci)ncluded at Jireda between (Jreat liritain and the States (General, for the prcfervation of the Sfiauiih iN'elherlnndii ; and Sweden liaving acceded to the treaty, i;i 1668, it wa,. calleii the /li/^.'c aliidncc In I ^'7 1, Charles was fo ill advifed as to feize upon the money of the bankers, wliich had bi'en lent him at 8 per cent, and to Ihut up the exchequer. 'I his wu', an indet'entible Hep; but Clharies |)retcnded to juftify it by tiic nccellity of his af- 'airs, being th mi on llie eve of a frelh war with Holland. 'I'his was declared 1,1 16;?., and had alim^ll proved fatal to that republic, for the Kngiith fioff and army aHed in conjuiiftiou with thofe of Krancc. 'I he duke of York coin manded ilie luigliih Heel, and difplayed great gallantry in that (lation. 'i he duke of Monmouth, the eldelt and favourite natural fon ot Charles, commanded 6030 l''nglilh forces, wlio joined the Ijench in the l,ow Countries ; and all Holland mult have t'allen into the hands of the French, had it not been for the vanity ai thiir monarch Lewis \IV. who was in a hurry to enjoy his triumph in his capnal. Ail coiiridenee was now loll brtween C'harles and his parliament, notwithilandiiig the ghu'v which the I'aigiilh tleet obtained by fea agaiiill thelJulch. 'I'He popular clamour at lalt obliged C'hailes to give peace to tiiat people, in confideration of 200,oool. which was paid him. In fome things (liarhs acted very defpotically. He complained of the freedoni taken with lii> prerogative in coli'ee-houfes, and ordered them to be Ihut up, bjt ill a few (la\s atter they were opened again. Great Kigour and feveritv were ex- ercifed ag.u'ull the jjietb) terians, and all other noncouformins to ej)ifcopacy, which was again illablilhed with a high haiul in Scotland as well as in linglanil. His parliament addrcliul liim, but in vain, tt) make war with France m the vear 1677, ''"' '^'■" ^^''"' '^■'"''■ely devol(.(l to that crown, and regularly received its money as a ponlioner, and lioped through its influence and power to be abfolute. It is not. luiwe\er, to be dvnied, that the trade of iMigland was now incredibly increafed, and Charles entered into many vigorous meafures for its protection anil f ij)port. C;harles's connections with France gave him no incrit in the eyes of his parliament, wltii h grew every ilis, were publicly exeiiited; on evidences fiipp(,fcd now to iiave In en perjured by thole who will have the whole plot (o be a tittion. 'I'lie cjiieen lurfeit elcaped with ditTiculty ; the duke of York was ol>ligcd to retire nito foreijjn parts ; and Charles, tliough convinced, it is faid, that the wluilc was ap impofture, yielded to the torrent. At lall it fpent its foi\e. 'I he earl of Jjhal; .1)ury, who was at the liead of the oppoliiion, pulhed on ihi.' total txclii- (ion of the diikc of York from the throne, lie was t'ccoiided by the ill-advilid duke of Monmouth ; and the bill, after palhng the conunons, mifcarried in the houfe of peers. All I'.iifihmd was a}{ain in a Hame ; but the king, by a Will-timed adjournment of the parliament to Oxford, fcemed to recover tliu :itl'ettions of iiis people. 'I'iie duke of ^ t)rk and his party made a feandalous ufe of their viuory. 'Ihey trumped up on their lide a plot of the proteftants for killing or fei^'ing (he kin;;, and altering the government. This plot was as falfe as that which had been laid agaiuft tlie Papills. Lord KuflTel, who had been remarkable in liis oppofition to tlie popilh fuceellion, Algernon Sidney, and feveral other dillinguilhed proteftants were tried, condemned, anft all the corporations in (lie kingdom. The duke of Moimuuith and (he earl of Shatufhury wete obliged to tly, and the duke (if \ ork returned in triumpli to W hitehall. It was (luniglit, however, tliat Charles repented of fonie of Iiis arbitrary iKps, and intended to have recalled' (lie duke of Monmouth, and have executed fonie nieafures for (he future (|uie( of his reign; \#cn ho died February (>ih, K)f>4-5, in (he 55th year of his age, and 2j(h of his reiiMi. He had married Catharine, infanta of Portugal, by whom };e had received a large fortune in ready money, belides the town and forlrefs of iiint^ier in At'rica ; but he left behind him no lawful itl'ue. 'I lie defcendants ( r his natural fons and daughters are now amongll tl.,' moll dillinguilhed of tip- Biiiilh nobility. Ihe principles, both of the king and of (lie o|n)orition to his government, liave hieii ahead) delir.cated. 'Ihe heads of the latter were pielbyterians and mode- rate ehui'.hiuen, who had been railed and prekried by Cliaiies, in Impes of tiieir I'uny ufeful in bringing their j:.aity into his nieafures; and he would jirobably have t'ucceeded, had lux the lemains t)f (lie old royalilis, and the dill paled part of the court, fallen in witli tl;e king's foible for jileafuie. 'Ihe prefbyierians, however, .'.vailed then.felves of their credit, in the early part of liis reiijii, wlien the fervor el" lovaltv was abated, to brinj{ into parlianuiu Inch a nuiiiber of tlieir friends as rendered tlie reign of Charles very unealy, and it was owin^^, perhaps, to them, that livil liberty and proteftai.tifm now exill in the Lr.glilh government. On the oth'T hand, they feeined to luive carried their jealoufy I't a popilh I'uccenbr too far; ai;(l irany of the peop'e wiihout doois < ertaini) iho'jLjht that tlie parliament ought tohi'.ve been fatistied wiih t!,e leg;-! reitrainls a.id difa'jiliiies which Cliarles olfeVed /- 1 ,•. , r 1)- .. -I I.:. r . 1 ... .1 ii. ,i: r .1 i:i.p.)fe upon his fuccdlor I his to 1:1. p. lie upon ms lucccMiir. 1 ins gave f.uh a turn to the iillections of tlie peo- I L- as left (.'harle.s, and his brother, at the time of his death, aumft mafters ol the law,^ and liberties of Kngland ; and they {;nMr!,ed in an ab.folute and arbitrary iiiai.iKT. fippoilcd by the cleigv s pieaciii' ^^ iip the old doctrines of pail:\e olndl- oiice and iion-relillence, and ihe liailering audielics prelenUii troni many perl'ons advancii'.g the piciogaiive of tlie crown ii; he m< It e\ira\;'gai.i luight. 'Ihe reign ot Cliailes has been eelebtainl tor wit and gaiianuy, but both were coarlV and indelicate. 'Ihe court wa.^ ilie iiuileiv ot \ iee, and ihe llage e\l.ii.ited I'tri'.es ct" inipuiity. tiunic leaders were tuund wlio could adniite Millon ; s x.e'' iiS E N C. I. N D. its Drvdcn, and never perhaps wore the pulpits of F.nglaiul fi> woll fuppliod with ]irt-aciiers ni in tlu!i reign. Our language waHinudi iniprived in harmony and lo. mu'inent i and the days of Ch;irle» may be called the Augutlaii age of llic malhe- inaties and natural philofophy. Charles loved, pntroni/ed, and inuUrllood the arts, ninre than he encouraged or rewarded them, efpecially thofe of iMiglilh growth : Inn this ne'^lecl proceeded not fromnarrow-miudednefs, hut indolence and want of retlictifu. If the memory of CI arKs II. has heen traduced tor his being the fui\ Lngliih prince who formed a body of ftanding forties, a.s guards lo his perfiin, it ought U) be remembered, at the (an»e time, that he carried the art of Ihipbuilcl- iiijT to the highell perfection ; and that the royal navy of Kngland, at liiis «i;iy, owes its (ill! li improvements to his and his brother's attention to naval allairs. As to h).s uligion, James, foon alter his death, publilhed to the world, that his bro- ther, iiotwithllanding ha repeated profellions of regard to the j)n)teliant faith, was a i)apill, and died fuch, of which there are now incontertible proofs. I'lie tippolition which, during the late reign, had ihaken Mie throne, ftcnis to have vaiiiihed at the accelTion of James II. 'ITie popular alleition towards him was increafi-d by the early declaration he made in favour of the church of England, which, during the late reign, had formally pronounced all relillancc to the reign- ing king to be unlawful. This dotlrine proved fatal to James, and almofl ruined protellantifm The army and people fupported him in crulhing an ill-concertul rebellion of the duke at' .Monmouth, wno pretended to be the lawful fon of Charles II. and, as fuch, had alfumed the title of king. The duke's head being cut i>f}', July 15, 16S5, and fome hundreds of his followers hanged, drawn, and quartered, in the well of England, exhibiting a fcene of barbarity, fcarcelv ever known in this country, by the inftrumentality of JeflTerics and colonel Kirke, James defpi -^ately refolved lo try how far the practice of the chuiih of England would agree with her do£trine of non-refillancc. The experiment failed him. He pretended lo a power of difj)cniing with the known laws, he inllituled an illei^al cccleliailical court, openly received and admitted into his privy-council tin- j)tipe's emilliiries, and treated them with uncommon refpcft. He fent an einbally to Kome, and riceived at court the po|)e's nuncio, f lis imprifoning feven bilhops for prcfenling a petliio)i againll reading his declaration for liberty of confcience, gieatly alarmed his proleltant friends ; and his incroachments upon the civil and religious rights of his fubjetts, are almoll beyond defcription, and were difuii. proved, it is faid, by the pope himfeif. and all fober Roman catholics. In this extremity, many great men in England and Scotland, though they willied Well to James, ajiplied for relief to William prince of Orange, a prince of gnat abilities, and the inveterate enemy of Louis XIV. who then threatened Europe with chains. The prince of Orange was the nephew and fon-in-law of James, having married the princefs Mary; he embarked with a Heet of 500 fail for England, avowing it to be his delign to rellore the church and ftate to their due rigiiis. Upon his arrival, he was joined not only by the Whigs, but by many whom James had confidered as his bell friends; anii even his daughter the I'rin- ci !> Aime, and lier huihaiul, (Jeorge i)rince of Denmark, left him and joined tlie- prince of Orange. James might iUll have reigned ; but he was furnniniled wiiii rie.ich emili'aries, and ignorant Jefuits, who wilhed him not to reign ratlur than not reftore popery. They fecretly perfuaded him to fend his (|iieen and fon, real or pretended, then bift lix months old, lo Kraiue, and to follow them in i)erloii, which he did; and thus, in 168S, ended his reign in England; which event in Englifh hiiiory is termed i/w Revn'ut'wn. it i. well known thai king William's chief object was to humble the power of France, and his reign was fpent in an almoft uninterrupted courfe of holliiiiies vviih thai power, which were maintained by England, at an e.xpeuce never belure known, N N D. 3>!) ^ willii'd i grtat Europe f JaiiUii, fail for ht-ir duir )y many ic Prui- iiicil ilic I'll with ur thuii Ion, roal _)irloi), event in Ixiwi'r ot loHiliilt'i [•r lu-tiiri- known. known. The nation hnd grown rautious, through the experience of the two lad riignst, and ho gnvo his confcnt to tljo ii// of rirht$, by whirh the libcrtica of the people were confirmed and frcurcd. llic two lad kings had made a very had ufe of tnc national revenue, which was put into tlieir hands, and which was found Airticient to raife and maintain a Ituncling army. 'I1ic rcveiuie whs therefore now divided \ part was allotted for the current national fervice of the year, and was to be accounted for to parliament ; and part, which '\% Hill called the civil iiil money, was given to the king for the funport of his houfe and digiiilv. It was tile jull fente the people of England had of their civil and religious rights alone, that could provoke them to agree to the late revolution) for they never in other refpeds had occn at fo high a pitch of wealth and profperity, us in the year 1 638. The tonnage of their merchant Hiips, according to Dr. Davenant, was that ye.ir nearly double to what it hud been in 1666 ; and the tonnage of tlie royal navy, vbich in 1660, was only 62,594 tons, was in 1688 incrcaled to 101,012 tons. 'Hie increafe of the cullonis, and the annual rental of England, grew in the fame proportion. It was therefore no wonder, that a ftrong party, both in the parlia- nuMit and nation, Ihould be formed aj'ainll the government, which was iiourly iiureafed by the king's predilet\i()n for tfie Dutclt. The war with France, which »m the king's part was far from being fucccfsl'ul, required an enormous cxpence, uiid the Iruh continued, in general, faithful to king James. Hut many hjiglidi, who wilhed well to the Stuart family, dreaded its reftoration by conqucll ; and the parliament enabled t' king to reduce Ireland, and to gain the battle of the Hoyne againll James, who there loll all the military honour he had aciiuired be- fiv borrowing money upon parliamentary fecuritios, which form what arc now called the puhlic funds. 'Ihe chief projector ot this fchenie is laid to have l\'cn Charles Montague, afterwards lord Halifax. His chief argument tor fueh a ;.r('ie»:t was, that it would obli|;e tlie luonied part of the nation to befriend the Hevolution intereit ; bccaufo, alter lending their luoiu y, tlu y coiiUl have no hopes «r being repaid but by fupporting that interell, and the weight of taxes WMuld i.l lige the comnuTcial people to be iiiore iiidiillriuus. V\ illiam, notwithllunding the vail fervice lie had done to the nation, and tlie public benefits which took place iiiuler his aufpices, particularly in the ellabliili- ment of the bank of England, and the lecoining tlie liKor iiioiK y, met with fo many mortifications from his parliament, tliat he actually refulved upon an abdi- tatioii, and had drawn up a fpcech for that pnvpofe, which he was jiievailed \\\Min to I'upprefs. He long bore the a'lVonts he met with, in liopes of beiiin Aipitorted in liis war with France; but at lull, in 1697, '"-' was forced to conclude the peace «)f Ryfwick with the French king, who acknowledged his title to tlie crown of Kngland. By this time William had loll his queen*, l)ut the government w;.s coii- tunied in his perfon. After peace was rellored, the commons obliged him to dif- baiul his arinv, all but an iiiconliderable number, and to difniil;, his favouiite Dutch guards. Towards the end of his reign, his fears ot feeing the wiiole bpauiih • S.hc died of the fmall-pox, Dec. 38, 1694, in the tliirty-tliirJ ycsr of lier j*j'r. U II iiionarchy 9f K N D. luiinarrhy In pnfTiirion of Krancc at the di-nih of iho cnihulii' king Clinrlci ![■ wlii.h will cvrry day oxin-ctocl, ltd liitii iiitu a vtry impuliiic iiicui'iirc, which was flu- |).>rli»ii)H Irfuiv with r'ramf, bv whlilj that inonnriliy wai Id he divided b«. twri'ii Ihi- houlc* iit" lloiirhoii and Aullria. 'I his In-aiy was highly rclonted by tho liarlianirnt, and fome ol hit minilliv were impeached tor advilin^ it. It is thought ()'.it \\ illinni law h\s error when it wui too late. Hit minirtem were uci|uittcd frum tlieir im|H'achnieiit, and tlic death ot' king Jaineii dilVovered the inlineerity (;n. The reccnery of religion and public liiierty were glorious to Uilliani i but I'jigland mider hnn fuft'ered feverely both by fea and land, and tlie public debt, at the time of his deatii, amounted to 14,000,000. Anne, princefs of Deinnark, by virtue of the acl of f>.ttlen\ent, and being the next nrotellant heir to her fallier James II. fuceeded to the throne. As Ihe had been ill treated by llie late king, it was tliought the would have deviated trom Iiis nuat'iires; but the beliaviour of the Kieiuh in acknowledging the title of her bro- ther, who lias lince bi-in well known bv llie name of tlie Pretender, left her 110 choice, and 111-.- riTnlved to I'ultil all VXilliam's enga^enn nts with his allies, and to em|)loy the earl of Marlborough, who had been iin))rifoiied in the late reign on a fufpieiun of Jacobitifm, and whofe wife was her tavourite, as her general. Mie could not have made a better choice of a general and a llatefman, for that carl cx- celliil in butli eapacities. No fooner was he placed at the head of the linglilh army abroad, tlian his genius and activity gave a new turn to the war, and he be- taiiie as much the lavourite of the Dutch as his wife was of the queen, Charles II. ot .Spain, in confei|uence of the intrigues of France, and at the fame time refenting the jjartitiiiii treaty, to which his confent had not been alked, left his whole (liiiiiinions by will to J'hilip, duke of Anjou, graiuUoii of Louis Xl\^ and IMiilip was immediately proclaimed king of Spain, whicli laid the t'oundation of the family-alliance between France and lluit nation. Philip's fuccellion was difputed by the fecond foil of the emperor of Germany, whrt took upon himfelf the title of C'liarles ill. and his taufe was favoured by the Empire, England, Hol- land, and other powers, wl.o Joined in a confederacy againll the houfe of JBourbon. 'Ihe capital meafure of continuing the war ngainll France being fixed, the queen found no gnat difficulty in forming her niiniltry, who were tor the moll part torics; and the earl of (iotlolpliin, wlio (though afterwards a leading wliig) was thou|jht all hiS life to have u pr;.dikctiuu for the lale king James and liis queen, N N D. J3I jro- •r no iiul ID on a Slii: cx- glilh be- fame left XIV. lation II was imfclt Hol- fc of queen jiart |) was was wai placed at the hcnd of the trcafuty. Hit Ton had married the earl of Marl< horuugh'a cldcfl daughter, and the carl could trud no other with that important depart mcnt. In the cuurfc uf the war fevcral glorioui viftorlei were obtained by the earl, who wai foon made diil(c of Marlburouuh. Thofv' of Ulenlieim nnd Kuiiiiilici gave th« fird efTeduul checks to the French Power. Uv iliat of HIenheim in 1704, the em- pire of (jermany wun faved from iniineiiiato tiertrudion. Though prince Kugrne was that day joined in command will) the duke, yet the glory oflhe day waa con- lelVedly owing (o tlic latter. The frencli general Tailard wai taken pnfoner, and fiiit to Knglandi and 20,000 French and liavarianit were killed, wounded, or drowned in the Danube, helides about 1 ;),ooo who were taken, and a proportion- able numi>cr of cninum, artillery, and trophies of war. About the fume time, the I'.nulilh admiral, lir (Jeorj^e Kook, reduced Gibraltar, which ftill remains in our polYellion. The l)atlle ut Kumilli > in ijo6, was fought and gained under the duke of Marlborough alone. The lofst ot the enemy tnere has been variuully re- ported i it iit generally fuppofed to liave been 8000 killed or wounded, and 6000 taken prifoners; but the confequences (hewed its importance. Afti r tile battle of Ramillies, the ftates of FlaiuUrs alfembled at Ghent, and recognized Charles for their fovercign, wliile the confederates took poITelliim of I.ouvain, BrulTels, Mechlin, (Jhent, Oudenarde, Bruges, and Antwerp; and fevera! other conllderable places in Flanders and Brabant acknowledged tlie title of king Charles. The next great battle gained over the French was at Oudenarde, 1708, where they \u(i 3000 on the field, and about 7000 were taken prifoners; and the year after, St4)teniber i 1, 1709, the allies forced the French lines at Malplaouet, near Mons, after a very bloouy a6lion, in which the French loft 1 5,000 men. '1 nefe Mattering fuccelVes of the Knglilh were balanced by great misfortunes. The tjueen had fent a very hue army to allift Charles 111. in Spain, under the command of lord Galway; but in 1707, utter he had been joined by the Portu- guefe, the Knglith were defeated in the plains o( Almanza, chiefly through the cowardice of their allies. Prince George ot Denmark, hutband to the queen, was then lord high admiral : and though fome advantages were gained at fea, yet great complaints were made againft the general management of the naval department; and Kngland felt feverely the fcarcity of hands in carrying on her trade and manufactures. As Lewis XIV. profefl'ed a rcadincfs for peace, the whigs at laft confented to a negociation, and conferences were held at Gertruydenburg, 1710. llicy were managed, on the part of Kngland, by the duke of Marlborough and the lord 'I'ownlhend, and by the marquis de Torcy tor the French. The Trench king waa j;raduallv brought to comply witli all the demands of the allies, except that of em- ploying ins own troops agamil the duke of Anjou, in Spain, where the fortune of war continued Hill duubttul. But all his ofl'ers were rejecled by ti.c duke and his alinciate, as only deligncd to amufo nnd divide the allies, and the war wns con- liniud. The unreafj)nable liaughtinefs of the Fnglilh plenipotentiaries at Gertruydcn- burq, (as fome term it) and the then expetted change of the miniftry in England, f;i\ed France, and atVairs from that day took a turn in i's favour. Means were foinul io convince the queen, who was t'aithfully attached to the church of Eng- l.i!ul, that the war in the end, if continued, muft prove ruinous to her and her peo- ple, and that the whios were no friends to the national religion. The general cry i't the deluded people was, " that the church was in danger," which, though l^roundlefs, had great effciits. One Sachevercl, an ignorant, worthlefs preacher, li.iil cfpoulVd this clamour in one of his fermons, witli the flavilh doctrines of paf- /ive obedience and non-rclilhmce. It was agreed by both (>arties to try their lirength in this man's caufe. He was impeached by the commons, and found L' 41 z giiihy S5« !•: N (; I. N D. guilty by tho I »riU, who vonfuri-d to pnl't upon him only a vcr) fmnll cenfiiro AtUT thii iriil flu* <|ik\n' court intrigues, iiinnntjed by Mrs. Malhoni, a relation of the »ftither» ot Miirlboroiigh, who hud fupplantcd her benefatlrefs, niul by Mr. Hariey. I'onferinte* wviv opened tor p> ne at Utrei ht, in lanviary 1712, to whick the iiuii II and the Kiench kin^ fent plenipotentiaries; and the allies being defeated lit Denaiii, they j»rew fonlible ihnt they were no nuiteh lor the Krench, now that they were abandoni-d by the Knijlilh. In Ihort, the term* were agreed upon l>c. twoen France and Kn^land, 'I lie reader ncd not be informul ot the p.irfieulur cellions nia»!e by the Kreaeh, efpeiially that ot |)ui\kirk : but, .itter nil, the peace would havo bmi (lilt more indefcniible and Ihameful than it was, had it not bn n for file death of the einii^Tor Ji'te])!!, by wIki h his brother Charles ill. for whom the war was ehielly unil rtaken, beiame emperor of Gerntunyi ni\d thcdilutorinef*. If not h.id faith of tlic allies, in not fultillin^ their eimram'nuiits, and throwing upon the Hrliilb parliament almotl tlie wh"K' weight of tlie war. The whig'? cnndemneil the iie.ice as injurious to tlie honour and intcreft of the nation. 'I he ma'iority of the lioule of lords was of that party, but the honfv of commons fa\ourcd tlie court. The (jueen was afraid that the peem would rcjctt the peace, and by an unprecedented exercife of her nreroj;ativ<', Ihe created twelve peers at one time, wliich feeured the ap,irobation ot her tncafures. Such w.is thv; thite of affairs :it this ciilicnl peund; fVnuj ti.e complexion of whidi, it ha* been loniechncd, tliat the (lueeii had, by lome (eeret iniluencc, which was even cuti- tealcd from foinc of lur minillers, inclined to call her brother to the fucceilion. The rell of the «|ueen's life was rendered uneafy by the jarriiij; of parties, and the contentions among her minillers. 'I he whigs demanded a writ tor the electoral firiiue of Hanover, as duke of Cambridge, to come to I'.npland, and Ihe w;h nh- igcd h; llily to difmifs her lord-treafurer ; when the fell into a Ictharf^ic diforder, •wnich carried her off the firll of Auguft, 1714, in the fiftieth year of her aj^e, atid (he thirteenth ot her reign •. I have nothing to add to what I have already faiil of her charaf^cr, but that though Ihe was a favourite with neither party in her parlia- ment till towards the end of her reign, when the tories affefted to idolize ht-r, yet her people dii!;iiilied her with the name of the good cpiecn Anne. The public credit was little or nothing afletted by her death, though the national debt then • With hfr rnJcd thf line ot thr Stuirh, who, fiom tht accellioii o( J.inics I. anno 1603, had fwaycd ihc IVcptrc ol iMif^l.tnd 1 11 )i-nrs, and tliat of Scotl.iiiJ 343 \iMi, liDiii tiir ai'icllinii iif Ko- hirt II. .TiUH) n7i. Janii., 'lie lati- iircUiulcr, known!))' thr niiiir nl tlir C'H^ v ai irp di^Smni CiiuKiK, fuM lit I'liiKl II. und lirothcr to ()iiri'ii Annr, u| on his brhrr't di-ccalt, anni) 1701, ujs proclaimed kinj; of liii(;''iiil, liy Lrwi% \l\ . at St. Germains, and for iotnc tinn trrated as fuch by the i'o\irts of Ronir, Framr, Spain, and 'I'urin. lie relJdtU ut Kuoie, Mhcre hv kcj)t up the appciU'- inre of a roiirt, and rnntintird firm in the Rnmiflt l.iilh till hii death, whit h happrnrd in 1 ;6{. ||r litt two foiii, v'li. Chaili", I'.diviird, kniiwnby iht iiunic of the VovNi. C'liivalirr, born in 17:0, wlu) was ddr.itrd at t'llllodrn in ty^6, and iipDii hi% (.ithrrN death rcpairrd t<^ Konir, where lie co:i- tiniicd fevcial yrar'., and atlrrwardj ri lidtd at I In- rtiui-, uiiiliT tlic litlf of lonnt .Alli.tiiy, but .lirj lately. Ilrnry, hii (1 ind f'oi, « ho triiovi a ilij;- niticd place in the thnnh of Rome, and i> known by the iiaaic ot cvdiaal York. amounted I. N N n. m Miiotintcit toubout Mty millionit f>i firm wu the cirpctidv-iice uf itic people u[KAt the Iccurily of iiurliniiintt. In tirink o(' the nt\ oi' retlleinciil Above menlionrd, (n'prgc I. cIcOor of llanovfr, fori of ihr |)rini't'f» Sooliia, gmnd-clauihtrr uf Junu* 1. «viu {troclnimrti kinv of (lu-at hrituiii i liii iixillior, who wouluhave Imc-o ik'HI in fiioollion, haviii^ .n)(lnnd with ilroiiu |>re|Hi(K'lliiin« agtiinll the lor)-niniilhy, moll of whom h^ (lifptat i><| ; hut lhi« dio not niak<- nny gnat alterntion to hii preiiidiko hi EnKluiid. Many of the ScoIh, hy the inlluemu of the carl of Mar, aixl otnercoiii'i, were driven into rchelhuii in 17151 whiih wai happily I'lipprelKd (lie l)e>;iniiin,i[ of the next year. After all, the n:itiiin \%ai in fiicli a difpolition that the niinitlry durrt not venture to call a new parhunienl, and the nienilu rs of that whidi wa» iittin^ voted u CMt- tiniuiice (»f their duration I'loni three to fe\en years, which i* thought to hav • l)ec«» the greitell (Iretch of parliaineiitary power ever kii«»wn. SeVi^rnl other extraordi. nary nieafure* took place about the fame time. Mr. Shippi n, an exi client fpe.iker, ami member of parl..iincnt, was fent to the Tower for layn\i; that the kiiij;\ fpeet li Wiu calculated tor the meridian <>f ilanosir ratlur than ol l.otidoti , tiid •im- Mat* tliesvH, a young journi) man piinter, was handed fur mmpdinjr .1 (illy pamplilri, that in later timeti would not have been thought worthy of utiimadverlinn. 'Iha truth i'', the whi>; miiiillry were excellivvly jiaious <>f eviry thing that feenud to iillect their maller\ title ; and (Jeorge t. though a )";i^;.ici(ui», nidderii'" pniue, uii« ilDubti'dK teiideri'd I'.u/'land too riibf.rvirMt to hii mntiiieiital toiiiucti'in.^, whiifi \\ere vannus niul complicated, lie had a difputc with t\w c/ar of Mufcovy about their (ierman concerns, und hud not C'hurlen \ll. king of Sweden been killed fk> ititieally a^ he wan, (Jreat Ihitaiii probably would huve been invaded liv that iiorliieni eoiu|uernr, Kr^'*'* prepiiratiou.s being nuule lor tliat purpofe, he beiu)' ii\. ioiifed at (leorge », elector ol Hanover, lor puiclu:l;ig H'euieii und N'crdeu ut ihu Danes, which had been a part of his dominiun^. In 1718, (ieor^e tpiarrelled with. Spain on account of thetiiiadruple alliance that liiul been formed by (iuat Britain, rrance, tJcrmaii), and the Stales-general ; ;u\d his admiral, lir (icorge Hjni", by hi* or
  • (1. One Layer, a law\er, was tried and executed for high tveafon. Several per- Iciis of j;r< at ([iiality at.d dilUiutlon were apprelionded tm Uilpiiion, but the rtoriu fell ihietly on Francis ,\iMbiM), lord bilhopof KoclulUr, who wa> deprived of hi* fee and feat in parliament, and banilhid for lite. So llutluating was the Hate of I'.ur.ipi iit this time, that in Septi-inber, I7i^, a frelh tieaty was conchideil at llaiiiivcr Ixtween the kings of (Jreat Ibitain, I'rance, and I'rullia, toco.mterbalaiico an iilli.uii.e that had been formed In tween the courts ef Vienna and Madrid. A li|uadron was fent to the Haltie, to hii\(l' v the Uull.atis tVom attacking Svve>len, an« oiher to the Mediti'rraii'an, and a third, .iiiiler admiral Holier, to the Well Indies, to u;iiih the Spaiiilh plale-lleet. 'Miis lall was a fatal ;r< well as an inploriou* ex* |ieilitii 11. I he admiral and moll Ol bis men perilhed by epidemical dil'eales, and ilic hulks of hiii liiips rotted fo as to render tlicm unlit for fetvicc. I'lic luanage- nicnt 3.14 M G I. N m^nl nf ihc Spaniard* wns lllll** better, The)r lort nmr 10,000 mfn in the (Itf* of Gibraltar, wliuti thry wrre uliliKrd to rniftf. A ouarrri niiK ihr cinin'ror wa* (hi* mort (|anKrr»ii« in Huriovrr of any ihur coulii na|)|)«ii t ami tbouKli an oppoiiuitn in ihr houlV <>i tomrnon* v»»% lornird by fir William Wymlham and Mr Pullrnry, lh« |»arllanu'nl rtew more lavilh in ■ranting m»nrv and (■ncirmoiK fublidiri for the protr^tion »l' that rlcf loralc, lo lhi< kingi III Driniurk and Swrdrn, and tho liindf^rnM' of IMIo Callrl Sn* h wui thf Date of alFaira ni K.uropc, whrn (irorgc I liiddcniy died on ihi* 1 1 ill of June 1717, Ml Ofnnburgh, in ihc iihiyrijrhlh year olbu ugr, and ihf 1 iih of hi«ri'iffn, I be reisn ot'Grurgc I. it rrmurkanic tor tin iturrdmlk' ntimlur of biibbk-* and ibrnlinK project I and for ibr gri*al i'lnirrn wbi« b ibi- I'.nglilli l-l)i, i afe, could another peMnii have been found hjimII) lapubleol managing the houfe of ininnioiii, and eijuailv willing lo gt.itily lint predilection for llaiiovcr which (leorge II. inheritc-d I'loiii hi'i father. No minider ever undcrllood better the temper of tlie people of Kngland, und none, perha()i, ever tried it more, lie tillel( the houfe of commotiH iilVlf, with bin own cieatureH; hut peaie wnt his darling olijirl, bt^caufe he thought that war mult be fatal to bit power. During hi'i long admiiultration he never loll a (piellion that be wa'< in earnelt |a tarry. The vxcife I'lheme was thi- liilt meafiire that gave a lliock t<» his power^ nnd even tlial Ik- could have carried, had hi- not been nliaiil of the f|iiiil o| i^r p opie without doiiiH, whiili might have either pnidiu id an inlurrection, or endan- gered hi-. ii\t»ri(t at the next giniial ileHion. Ilis pacilit lylleni brought him into iiu onveniencos both nt borne and uhrond. It rncourag< d the Spaniards to continue their depredaiions upon the Hritidi Oiiu- I ling in the .Xmeri' an (ea-., and the French to treat the l''.n;{hdi couri with inlo- eUK and negletl. .\t home, nuiiiy of the great pi e's thought themfelves llight- ed, and tluy interelled tluinrives more than evi r tin v had ) tlie incicjil'e ui her trade and the imprnvc- iiu'iit of her manulacturck. W iih ,uu..,„. ^""-' «»l. the court C.I J' Uulf«. 11,,. I,,,,,., ""\"" I'.iJl,,.,, I •" "''^ h l..r.l Cant;.?'', ■ "^'« !'^'^' '" » -'"tincn.a tu ;;"''••'"' ^''"'■^•^- '- '"» «^-"^ral. tlu- ,,,r .• s^ "' ^^""'K' June .6 iVl\ '" '"/"I ''f his nrinv. 1 "Kland , a,ul a da. . ''r'T''''"''^- '' »'i^ P"rfia lu .^c ' , '^'" '" '"■'^•^•'•'' '">"» "". .-ind uih.r iMini '"V""""''- '""I il'ancdiol- II , U i ''''V""'''^""''-^' ''> the '■-' 'i-uid ^S' :":,)::''"/^"«-j. - ^^t^:,:' r^;::^^- «'- iurd i,a,4,^ 3.»^ i; N N D. uiiii coiifiiK red as firft miniftcr ; or rather the power of the premicrfliip was divided bctui'iMi liiin and his brother the duke of Ncwcaftle. f»ri.:it Britain was then encaged in a very cxpcniivc war both againft the French nnd Spaniards, and hor ciU'iines fought to avail themfelves of the general d fcon- icnt that prevailed in England on account of the king's prediie£lion for Hanover. This naturally fuggeftcd to them the idea of applying to the Pretender, who refidcd at Rome ; aiid he agreed that his fon Charles, who was a fprightly young man, Ihould repair to France, from whence he fet fail, and narrowly ekaped, with a few t'njlowers, in a frigate, to the welleni coalls of Scotland, between the iflandsof Mull iuul Sky, where he difovend himfelf, alVenibled his followers, and publillieda ma- iiiKllo exciting the nation to rebellion. It is necelTary, before wc relate the true ( anfe of this entcrjirize, to make a fhort retrofpetl to foreign parts. The war of 1741 proved unfortiniate in the Weft Indies, through the fatal divi lions betveen admiral Vernon and general Wentworth, who cinnmanded the land troops ; and it was thought tliat above 20,000 Britilh foldiers and feamen perilhed in the impracticable attempt on Carlhajjena. and the inclemency of the air and cli- mate dnrmg other idle exjjeditions. Tne year 1742, had been fpent in negocia- tions will) tne courts of IVterfburgh and Berlin, which, though expenlive, proved of little or no fervice to Great Britain; fo that the viftory of IXttingen left tlie French troops in much the fame fuuation as before. A dinerence between the ad- mirals Matthews and Leilock had fuffered the Spanilli and French fleets to efcape out of Toulon with but little lofs ; and foon after, the French, who had before acted only as allies to the Spaniards, declared war againft Great Britain, who, in her turn, declared war againft the French. The Dutch, the natural allies of Fng- land, during this war, carried on a nioft lucrative trade ; nor could they be brought to act againft the French, till tlie people entered into aflociations and infurrettions jigainrt the government. Their marine was in a miferable condition, and when they at laft lent a body of troops to join the Britifli and Auftrian armies, which had been wretchedly commanded for one or two campaigns, they did it with fo bad a grace, that it was plain they intended nottoatf in earneft. When the duke of Cuniberland took upon himfelt the command of the army, the French, to the great reproach of the allies, were almoft mafters of the barrier in the Netherlands, and were bejieging Tournay. The duke attempted to raife the liege, but hv the coldnefs of the Auftrians, and the cowardice ot the Dutch, whofe government all along held a fccret correfpondenec with France, he loft the battle of Foineno\, and 7000 of his beft men ; though it is generally allowed that his difpolitions weir excellent, and both he and his troops behaved with unexampled intrepidity. To counterbalance fuch a train of misfortunes, admiral Anion returned this year to iMigland, with an immenf- treafure jabont a million fterling) whicli he had taken from the Spaniards in his vcn age round the world ; and commodore \\ arnn, with colonel Pepperel, took from the French the important town and fortrcfs of Luuif- bourg, in the illand of Cape Breton. Such was the ftate of atfairs abroad in Auguft 1745, when the Pretender's ih\c([ fon, at the head of fome Highland followers, furprifed and difarmed a party ot the king's troops in the weftern Highlands, and advanced with great rapidity to IVrth. The government never fo thoroughly experienced, as it did at that time, the beiulit of the public debt for the fup[)ort of the Revolution. The French and the Jacobite party, (for fuch there was at that time in England) had laid a fcheme tor diftrciiing the Bank ; but common danger abolilhed all diftinttions, and united the nation in th(-' defence of one interell, which was private property. 'Ilie mercliants und'-r- took, in their addrefs to the king, to fupport it, by receiving bank-notes in pavniciit. This feafonable meal'ure f.ived the public credit ; but tlie defeat of the rebels by th' duke of Cumberland ar Culloden, m the year 1746, did not reftore trar.",n;Tl;ih ileet, under the eomnuuid of the ad.nirals Anfmi, Warren, Uavvke, and ntiier gallant olRcers : but llie b.nglilli arms were not f) fuccefsfnl as could b.ave been wilhed, under rear-admiral IJufeawen in the Kail Indies. In this llateorart'air,<, l!i • fuceelTes of ihe Kreneh and l.'.nglilli, dming ihe war, may be faid to have been balanced, and both mlnidries turned their tlioughls to peace, 'Ihe ciueflion is not yet deeided which party liad grcatell reafon to delire it ; the Frencli iunl .Spani.nds for the imnicnre loli'es they had fuliained by f>. a, or ihe allies for tlie difgraees they hud fuifered by land. Ihe preliminaries tor peace Wire figned In .April 1748, and a definitive treaty v.-ris coiuinded at Aix-la-L'liapelle in Oclober, the balls of which was, the reftitn- tion on both fides of all places taken during the war. 'I ho number of prizes laken by the Englilli in this war, from its commer.cenicnt to the (i^'dng the prelimina- ries, was 34,^; namely, 1249 from ihe Spaniards, and 2185110111 tlie French : ihey loll during the fume time, 3238; 1360 being taken by the Spaniards, and 1870 by the French. Several of ilie lliips taken iVom the Spaniards were inimcnfely rich ; f; that the balance, upon the whole, amounted to nlinoft tsvo millions in fa- vour of England. Such is the jjrofs calculation on botlj fides ; but the confequcn- ces plainly proved that the lolles of the French an.d Spaniards niiifl have been much greater. Ihe vad fortunis made by private perfons in England all of a fud- den, lutlicienlly (hewed that immenfe funis had not been bnniglit to the public ai. count ; but the j,realeft proof was, the next year the inleiell of ilic nalio:'.;.! debt was reduceil ironi four to three and a halt per cent, for feven years. a;':er which the whole was to lland reduced to lliree per cei-.t. 'Ihis was the boldeft flroke of tinaneiiu; iv^r aiienipti.d perhaps in any count.v, cnnllflenlly with public faith ; fur the erediluis of tlie governnieut', after an iivf- f(.'6Uial oppofition, continued their money in llio fur.ds, and a few wlio fold out even iiiadi- interefl to have il replaced on the fame fLCUvily, or were paid oli'ilu-ir principal funis out of the linking fund. This wr.s an .era of imt'roveiiients ; Mr. Eellitun's ea:i(l>iir tind rectitude of adniinKlratioii leaving hini lew or no enemies in parliament, he omitted no opportunity of carrying into e> eculion every fchene for li.e improveinent of lommeree, manuiaclure;, a;;d the tiiheries ; Uie bimhis of which weie felt dtuiiii; the fiuc ceding war, ;ind are to this day. l".ver\ intel- ligent i)erfiiii, lu w'.ver, conlidered the p.-.iee of Ai.\-l;'('biapeile ;> no better than a uiere ceifaaon of lioUili.i>"-;. 'Ihe Fieiuli empKvid tlKinfeIve> In recruiting and repaiiing tlieir marine, and had formed the delign of fei.'.ing the Ihitilii back f;.t- llei-.ients in America, and for cutting off all eonimunication betv^een the Lngliih iuid the n.i!l\i' Indians; in which lafe oiu" colnaies m':il have been iiducid lo a narrow Hip on ibe eoafis, without the means of giUliii; fuhlllur.ee but from the n:otIier country. In tin; mean while, a new treaty ot commerce was ligiied at Ahuh'd, between (Jreat liritaln r.iul Sp;'ia, by wliii.h, in conlld.ia'ioii of ico.osol. the South-Sea minpany gave up :dl th.eir f ituie claimslollu all'entoconirafl, by virtue (f wl,:'.!i, that company had fupp'.icd the Spanhh W'efllidies w'.ili negroes. In Marili, 1/50, died uuivLil.illy laav.ited, hi>; ro}aI hii'.hnefs Frederick prince of W ak > X ^ Tn 3:.s E N G L N D. Ill M.-y. 1751, an aS\ pafTcd tor regulating the commencement of the year, by \\liicli tlic olil li\ Ic was aboliilii'cl, ami the mw one crtablilhcd. This was done by linking eleven days in September ly-ii, and from that time beginning the year on the firll ot' January. In 175; the famous act palled for preventing clandefiinc nuirrii\;»es ; but wlutlur it is tor the benefit of the fiibjetl, is a point that is ftill very quellinnable. 'i he j)e(i|)le of Kufjland about this time fuflnmed an immcnfe Idf; In- the death of Mr. relhani, who was one of the moll honeft, wife, and able niii'ilK'rs I'ji^land had ever feen. '1 \'x barelaced eneroaehments of the French, who had built forts on our back fettleiiients in Anieiica, and the dilpolitions they made for fending over vaft bodies 'if veteran troops to fiipi)ort ihofe encroachments, produced a wonderful fpirit iir l"nglni.d, efpeeially iU'ter admiral Hol'eawcn was ordered with eleven fliips of the line to fail to the Banks of Newfoundland, where he took two French men of war^ I'le rell of their lieet cfcaping up the river St. Lawrence, by the ftraights of liell(^ iile. No fooner was it known that hoflilities; were l)egun, than the people of rM''.c''imd poured their money into the government's loan, and orders were ilfued tir miikii/;; general repiifals in Europe as well as in America; and that all the French tliii.s, whether outward or homeward bound, Ihould be flopped and br(iuj,ht into Ijiitilh ports. 'I hefe orders were fi> efl'etUuil, that before the end of the \ear i/i;^, above j^oo of the rieliell French merchant Ihips, and above 8,ooci t/f tfn'ir bell Vailors, were brought info tl\e kingdom. This vigorous nieafurc was follov .d in kirther fneeefs, lor about two years after, near 30,000 French fea;nen V ere f.iunci to bj prifoners in h'-ngland. In .hily, 1755, general Hiaddock, who had been fent from England to attack the Fivn'tli, a.nl reduce the torts on the Ohio, was defeated and killed, by falling into ail amhufeade of the French and Indians near Fort du Quefne -, hut niajor- gi lu ral Johnfon defeated a body of French near Crown Point, of whom he killed al)out 1 000. '1 he Fnglilh navy, in 1755, confuled of one fliip of 1 10 guns, five of 100 guns each, thirteen of 90, ei|:lit of 80, live of 74, tweuty-nine of 70, four of 66, one of 64. ihirtv-tliree of 00, three of 54, twenty-eigl.t of 50, four of 44, thirty-five of 4?, and forty-two of 20 ; four Hoops of war of 18 guns each, two of 16, eleven <;f 14, thirteen of 12, and one of 10 ; belides a great number of bomb-ketehes, firc-fliii)S, and tenders ; a force fuHicieiit to o]>pofe the maritime ftrcngth of alt the powers of I-'intipi'. \\ liilli that of the French, even at the end of this year, ami including the ihi^s then up(-n the Itocks, amounted to no more than ii\ fliips of 80 guns, twent\-one of 74, one of 72, four of 70, thirty-une of 64, two of 60, (i\ cf jo, and thirty-two frigates In proportion as the fpiriis of the public were clevnfed by thofe invincible ar- maments, they were funk with an account that the French had landed 11,000 men in Minorca, to atta( k Fort St. Fhilip there ; that adinirnl Byng, who had been fent out with a fquadr' . at leafl ccpud to that of the French, had been hafried, if not defeated, by their admiral Galitiionere, and that at hift Minorca was furrendered by ger.cral Blakcr.cy. 'I he public outcry was fieh, that the king gave up Byng to puNic juflice, and he was Ihot to death at I'oitfniouth for not doing all that was in his power againtl the enetny. It was about this time ihat Mr. Pitt was placed, .is fecretary of flatc, at the head cf the achniiiiflration. I le hatl been long known as a Iwld, energetic f[)eaker, and he foon proved himfelf to be a fpiriieii niinilter. '1 he mifcarriai;es in tiie Me- jiitirranean had no cculeciuenee Inn the It Is ot Fort St. Philip, which was n.ore than repaired by the vaft fiiccefs of the Fnglilh privateers, both in Europe and America. 'Ihe fuccefies of the Knglidi in tl'.e Fall Indies, under colonel Clive, were extraordinary, lie defeated Suraja Uowia, nabob of Bengal, Bahar and Orixa, Oi vii de •Jh noi ,ii thai niei cxp was man this ( Iiroii iierai Ti, tie K to;aI ( nriiiy found Kiclie border Ilaiiov llie Fn a Ireafj Pruliia' inajefly a year, ^'otha, fo I)urd( iiKinv. Orixa, and placed Jafficr 'Vllv-n • . ^ D. . »I>i'* expedition ' r;ii.T"''"';S ^"""'d "'e more , r „iii"? '' i'"'"' '^ '''« '« '-•'•m- ''ro..«I.t back he 4 id ,r ^^ »"' <'*' ^^Tron.r' ' ''V'''":" Z''^" <''0'"«"<"..s for Kiclu,.|ieu.took X^^ «n„s; a ,,'■;.; '^^'/"■•"or army. t|,at h" ulted tl.e French carts I v..;) ''"■","«''' ''"^■'- ^I"-" l^i ''li 1 , , i '■"'"^^' '"^t ^ 'l;- '<•>..•«, n,arcl,ed in o ^ie^ "-.'"^ "j^'r "<»-^'^ and Hum . ' 's^'^r'!""^ '^" '^niilli troops, which u-,.r .♦•!' ' ""'' l""i^'i IVinc c |.' ■ - p'- '^J-'iI'Hvs and "1 which ahont 7oon • "V ,'":''^'"- ""^' '^f the n,, i I' • '''V'-^V^-'' "" J^'ci/ia- ef- ♦ The ,;( S4» K N C L A N D. The r.nglifli alTairs in iVil- Kafl Iiulics tliis year proved oqiially forHinate j and thi* lord, ot' ilii- admiralty roci'iv.'d letters from thciue, with an «< count that admi- ral I'oeockc had engaged the I'Veaeh fleet near Fort J^t. David s on the 29th of Mareh, in which enf^agcment a Kietit h man ot" war, called the liien Aime, ot" 7^ g'.ms, was fo nnuh da iia;;ed that they run heron lliore. 'I he l-'rench had 600 men killed and wonnded on this occalio'n, and the I'inglilh only 29 killed, andUfi^ wounded. 'I'hat ou the ;,d of Auf^iift follovr int;, he engaged the Krencli ileet a fecoiid time near-Pondieherry ; wlien, afterahiiik tiring of ten minutes, the French bore away with all the fail they could make, and got fafe into the road of I'ondi- clierry; and that, on the 14th of l)ecend)er following, general l.allv, commander of the French army in thofe parf^, marched to heliegc Madras, which was defend- ed bv the Iviglilh cdIimuI.s Laurence and Draper; and after a hrilk cannonade, which lafted till tlie i6t!i v( February following, tlie luiglilh having received a re- inforcement of 600 men, general l.allv thought profier to rait'e the liege, and re- tire with precipitation, leaving beliiiul him forty pieces of camion. The yeati759 was introduced by tlie taking of the iliand of CJorcc, on the coafl of Africa, by commodore Keppel. 'I'hree capital expeditions had been planned for this vear in America, which were all fuceefst'ul. One of them was againft the Froiich illands m the \\ eft indies, where Guadaloupe was reduced. I he fccond expedition was againlt Quebec, the capital of French Canada. The command was given, by the ininifter's ad' ice, fo general W olte, a young oflicer of a truly military genius. WD If'.- was oj.pofed witii far fuperiov l"(iree by Montcalm, the belt and moft fticcefsi'ul general the I'Vti.di had. 'Ilunigh the lituation of the country whieh Wolfe was to attack, and the works the French tlirew up to pre- vent a'defeent of tlif Fnglifli, were deemed i,iipregnable, yet iMontcalm never re- laxed in (lis vigilance. U'oll'e's courage and j>erfe\erance, however, furmountcd incredible diliiculli -, ; her;a!ned the heights of .\braham, near Quebec, where In.- t"ought and d I'ealed the Fiviieh army, but was killed himfelf, as was Moiitealin ; •;enera! Moiiktim, wlio was next in ronvnand, being wounded, the completion of the Freneh defeat, and the glory of retlueing (Quebec, was referved for briga- (liei'-general (now lord vifeountl i'ownlliend. Cieiieral Amherli, who was tlie firlf Fnglilh general on command in America, ■ onduded the third exi'edition. His orders were to reduce all ('aiiacia, and tu i)in tlie army under general \\ Dlte on the banks of tlie river St. Lawrence. It is 10 the honour of the minilfer, ih.r.t .Mr. Amherlf, in this exi)edition, was fo well irrovided with everv thing tliat could make it f'uecefstui, that there fcarcelv ajipeari. (1 an_\ chance for its iiiirian iage ; and thus tile French empire in North AjIIi rien becanir fubjeel to CJreat Ihiiain. 'I he jiiVairs of tlie Fieneii being now det'perate, and their credit ruined, tlicy re- f lived upon an allempt to retrieve all by an iinafion of (ireat Britain: but, on tlie i8!h of .\ugull', i75i>, admiral BoUawen attncketl the Toulon louadron, coiii- ir.anded In .\L de la Clue, near the ftraits of Cibraliar, took ],e Centaur, of jj. I.e 'I'emeraire of 74, and Le .Modellc ot 74 guns; aiul burnt L'Oeean of 80, and Le Redoutable ot 74 guns. '! he rell of the fleet, confilling of feven ihips of the line, n!nl tlire-j frigates, math- their efeape in the night ; and on November 20, fir luiward llawke de!e;ited tlu- Breft fleet, commanded by admiral ConHans, ofi" the iliand of Duniet, in the Bay of Bifeay. '1 hv Formidable, a l''i\nch man of \\-A,- i;{ 80 guns, was taken ; the Thefee of 74, ;uul the Snperbe of 70 guns, were Inu'r. ; and the .S>Ieil Kosal of Hi, iind the J [eros ol 74 guns, were burnt and ;ifterv.-ards tfie Juff/ of 70, periilicd in the mouth of the J^oire. Stiven or ei'dn Friiuh men of war of ihe line got up the river N'ilaine, by ihrov.dng their guns over board; and the r^ fi of the fleet, conlilli.-g of five fhips of the line, and throe frigates, efeaped in the night. 'I he Kngliih lolf on this cccafion, the l'"lfex (if * E N (; I. N D. 34 « of 64, and the Rcfoliition of 74 giiiri, which rnn on fliore in the chacc. Afti-r this i"iij;iij;c.miit, the French gave over all thoughts of their iiitemled invalion ot (irent Ijrituin. In February 1760, cnptain 'Ihiirot, a Freneh marine adventurer, who had willi three (loops of war alarmed ihi toafts (if .Stotland. and actually made a defeent at Carrickfergiis in Ireland, was, on his return tVoni thenee, met, dekated, and tvilled by captain Ulliot, tlie conmodore of tliree flii|>s, interior in fnrce to the I'lenehman s Apiadron. Kvery day's ga '.ette added to the aeeoimts of iln- fuccelfes of the linglifli, and the utter niiu of tin: rreneh finances, wliicli tl.al ^;overnment did not blulli publicly to avow. In Ihort, (iieat liritainnow reigned as lole nnllrefi of the main. 'I he war in Germany, however, continued ftill as undecifive as it was expenflve, and many in Fngland began to conlider it now as foreign to the internal interiftsof (ireat Britain. Tlu; French again and again fliewed difpoluioiis for treating, and the charges of the war, which began now to amount to little lei's than eighteen mil- lions fterling yearly, inclined tlie Brililh miniftry to liften to their propofals. A negociation was accordingly entered upon, whicli proved abortive, as did many other projech for accommodation; but on the 25th of Otloher 1760, GcH)rgc II. died fudJenly (from a rupture in the ri<^ht ventricle of the heart), fidl of yeais and glory, in tlic 77111 yiar ot his age, and 34th of his reign, and was fucceeded by his grandfon, now (ieorge III. elded fon to the late prince of Wales. 'Hie memory of (ieorge 11. is reprelioidiblc on no head but his prediledlion for his elettoral dominions. I le ne\er could feparate an idea that there was any dill'e- vence between them and his rei^al dominions ; and he was fiimetiines ill enough .idvilVd to declare fo much in his f|)eei.hes to parliament. We are, however, to ;e- liieniber, that his people gratified him in this p;utiality,and that he never acted by power or prerogalivi-. llf was ju(l, rather than generou.s ; and in matters of ohc- noiny, either in his fiate or his huufehold, he was willing to connive at abuies, if they had the far.ction of law and cuihini. lie was not very aeeetlible in converl':i- tion, ;nid then Ime it i-. no wonder that, having lett Germany, alter he had attained to •nan's eliate, lir Hill retained tonign notions both of men and things. In govern- ment he had im favouiile, lor h ■ parted with lir Koliort W alpole with great indit- tirence, and lliewed vciy little concern at the lulifecpient revolutions among hisfer- \ants. 'I his (piali. y iiiay be di 1. imd a virtue, as it contributed greatly to the inter- n.il (piiet of his nil;!!, aiul prevented thr peopio tVom loading the king with the laiilis of his minilK'is. In his p..'ilui.al dilpolnion he was pallionate, but placable, fearlel's ol ilanger, fond (4" niililai} parade, and iiiio\cd the memory of the cam- p.iigns in wliieh he fencJ whenvouuL;. King G'eorge III. afeenl.d the ilirone with great advantages. His being a nat;\e of Fngland prejiiilii fd t'., pi.o[ile in-his fa\our: lie was in the bloom of •.outli, in his pcrfon tall and comely ; at the time of his aceetlioii (jreat Britain was in the liighell defoce of reputation .uul prof[ivnity, and the moll falutarv unanimity aiid iiarmouy prevailed anion;; tlu' pi 'pie. 1 hv full aits of his uiga feeined alio laleulated to eonvinee the public liuit tlic death of liis predeeefTor Ihould not relax the ojierations ot the war. Accoidi;;g'.-, in'iyoi, tlil' illaiid of Dellcille, on the coall ot' i'rance, fuireiulered to his majeti'. s lliijis and forces under commodori.- Keppel and general llodgfon; as did the impof.ant fortrefs of Pondic'lierry. in llic I. alt Indies, to colonel (^ootc and aihv.iial &te\ens\ Tin? operations agaie.ll ilie I'reneh \\ e(f Indies Hill con;iauvd und'-r f,eneral Monkton, Icrd Rollo, a:ul lir .lames Douglas; and in 17^2, the illand of Mai tinieo, hitherto dei'med imp.iigp;!- ble, with the iilar.ds of Grenada, St. Kueia, Clivnadillas, St. Vincent, and others it lets note, were fubdued by tlie iMitiili anus with inconceivable rajiidin . As his maivdy could Kotelpeiife a Koinan catholic, lie was pixeluded iVominter- marrviu" 34* E N G I, N marryiiie into any of tlic j^roat fumilios ot' Eiiropo; lie lliori'fi)rc tl\ofc n wife Aoni the liDuU" of Mecklenburg Strclit/, the hi-iid of a fmall hut fovon-igii (late hi the north-welt of Germany ; anil the condutl ofliisexcelleiit eonfort has hitherto been fuel) as niol) highly to jullify his choice. She was conveyed to LCn|;tand in great i)on)|i, and the nuptials were celebrated on the very night ot' her arrival, viz. Sept, I, 1^61 : and on the 22d of the fame month, the ceremony »tf the coronation was perlormed with great niagniticeiue in VVelhninlKr-abbey. In the mean time, Mr. I'ilt, who h;:d condutkd ihe war agalnft France with finh eniinent ability, and who had recei\ed tiie bil) information of tlu' Imllile inteiitioiis and private intrigues of the court of S|>ain, propufed in council an immediate dc- daralinn of war againtl that kingdom, lie urged his reafon.s tor this meafure with his iifual energy; averting that " this was the time tor humbling the wlioli; liDufeof liourbon ; that Spain was in daily expectation of a rich Heel from the Welt huliesi that if we could mtercept tliut, it would give a dilheartening blow to tiieir power and priile; and tliat, ihould this opportunity efcape, it mijjht never l)e recovvr- »'d." IJiit lie was over-ruled in the council. Mr. Tilt now found the decline uf liis inrtueiiee; and it was fuppofed tliat the earl of Hate, who had a confiderable (hare in directing (he education of the king, had acquired an afeendeiuy in tlio royal favour *. .\Ir. I'itt, however, laid, that " as he was called to the miiiillry by the voice of the ))eop!e, to whom lie conlidered himfelf as accountable for his conduct, he would no longer remain in a lituation wliieh made hiin rel'ponlible for nieafuivs that he was not allowed to guiile." lie, theieiore, religned the feals, and lonrrempli' his brother-in-law alfo gave up the poll which he held in the adini- niltiatiiiii. Hut the next day, the king fettled a peiilion of three thouland poands n year upon Mr. I'itt, and at the fame a title was conferred upon his lady and her ill'ue ; and the penlion was to be conthuied for three lives. 1 liefe advaniii'Vij and honours had un(|ueliionably been well deferved by his public fervices ; but his acceptanci' of them greatly lelVenedhis popularity. A very conliderable degree of tlifcontent notwithlhmding prevailed in the nation, on aecomit of hi> lein )\,il Ikhh power; and it was extremely natural, that the people ihoulil b.hold, uith the ui- inoll regret, the removal of a miniller, of whole abilitie-. and inteLjrIty llu'y had tlic higheft opinion, and in the midrt of a war which he had conducted with I'o niueli hor.our to himfelf and to hir. count ry. This great mnn had not rJi^iird the f ;ils many weeks, wlien the Spanilh fleet arii\id fate in their ports, riehlv laden. After this, the court of Spain fo'iii threw oil' the nialk, and gave the moii imenuivncal marks of their hollile intentions. 'I'he war Hill continued to be earri»'(! on with vii^our after the rclign.ition of M;-. I'ltt, and the |)!ans were purfued that he liad invvioully eoiueited. I.oid l\mi-niont was appointed to fucceed him, as fe( ret.iry for the fonthein departuK nt. it wasnt lengtli alfo found indifi)eiifably necellaiy to engage in a war with Spain, the faniou-i family compact among all the ditTerent branches of the Bourbon familv being now generally knnwn; and accordingly war was dechire(l a;.;ainll that kiii<;dnin, on ilic 4th of Januiuy i;(>i. A refpectable armament was fitted oat under aimiral l\i- cocke, having tiie earl of Albemarle on board to command the land t'urces ; iiv.d the vitals of tneSpanilli monarchy were (Iruek at, by the reduHion of the llavaniuih, the flronged and moll important fort which his catholic majell_\ held in the \\ it Indies, after u liege of two months and eight days. The capture of the llerniione, a large .Spanilh regilKr lliip, bound from Lima to Ca
  • l, that tlie fcirdarirs of ftatf ; ,iiul on thr ^thof Ocflob»r tol- earl ot Dutc v,u ;;|<;'uiiileil uuc ol the j riiiiijal luwiiit;, Mr. I'it: rcligiicii t!ic fcak, . • born. A-- F. N L N 34.1 „t M/. was ;it lUllllDU'i on tl\c |r:il \\>- ; av..l :annah, lib was nil I ho \\\C Wi'S Itob-r t'ol- born. born. The lofs of the Mavannah, with the fliins ami trcofurcs tlu-re taken from the Spaniarils, was fuccccdod by the rcdutlion of Manilla and the I'liilippim; illandsiii till' Kafl Indies, under general Dra|ur andadmiral Cornilh.witb the captiiro of the Trinitlad, reckoned worth three millions of dollarn. To counteract thofo dreadful blows given to the family coinpatk, the Trench and Spaniards emplfjved iluir \a\\ refoiirce, whi'.li was to miarrcl willi and invade Portugal, the faithful but feeble ally of Great Hritain. Whether this (luarrel was real or pretended, is not cafy to di'cide. It certainly embarralTed his Britannic majelly, who was obliged to fend thither arinanienls uoih by fea and land. Tiie negociations for peace were now refumcd ; and tlie enemy at laft offered fuch terms as llie llrililh minilliy thought adniillible. The detedion of tlie Kulliaiis from the confederacy againft the king of I'rullia, and his confequent fuccifTe^, pro- duced a ceffation ot arms in (lemiany, and in all other (juarters; and on the loth of Kebruarj ly^i^. the definitive treaty of peace between his Uritannic majelly, the kin;; or Fram i-, and the king of .Spain, was concluded at I'aiis, and acceded to by the king of .'ortugal. March lo, the ratifications were exchanged at I'aris. The 22d, the peace was fulemniy proclaimed at Welbnintfer and Ln ; and the treaty having on the iSlh been laid before th.- parliament, it met the approUatioii of a majority of botli houfes. i'.y this treaty, the exleiilive jirdvince of Canada, willi the illands of \cwfound- 1,11(1, Cane lUeton, and St. John, were conliriiied to Cireat Britain ; alfo the two rioridas, containing the whole of the contiiiMit of North Ainerica, on tliis lide the Miliillippi, (except the town of New Orleans, with a finall ditliict round it,) was lurieiulered to us by Trance and Spain, in conlideration of reltoring to Spain the ilhuid of Cuba; and to the French the illands of Martiniio, Guadaloupe, Marie- galaiite, and iJeiirade -, and in conlideiation of our granting' to the French the two fniall illands of St. Fierre and Micpielon, on the coall of Newfoundland; and quit- ting our pretcniions to the neutral illandof St. I,ucia, they yielded to us the illandi (f (Jrenada .nul the (Jrenadilles, and (piitted their pretenlions to the neutral illands rfSt. \ incent, Dominica, and Tobago. In AtViea we retained the fettlement ofSe iiegal, by which we nearly engrofl'ed the whole gum trade of that country ; but we rertored (ioree, n fmall illand of little value. I he article that relates to the Knft Indies, reflores to the French all the places they had at the beginning of llie war, (111 condition tliat they Ihall maintain neither fort nor forces in the province of llen;^al. And the city of Manilla \va> relhired to the Sj)aniards ; but thev con- firmed to us the liliertv of cutting logwood in the bay ot Honduras in America. Ill I'.nropc, likew'ife, tfie I'rench rellcred to us the illaiul of JSlinoiva, and we re- floied to them the illand of Belleille. In (Jerniany, after (ix years fpent in marches .111(1 countermarches, numerous fkirmilhes and bloody battles, Great IJritain ac- c|uired much military fame, but at the exjieiice ot 30 millions fterling ! As to the rh'i v;ts of that war, it was agreed that a mutual reftitution and oblivion Ihould take plate, and each party fit down at the end of the war, in the fame lituation in which tluv began it. And peace was reflored between Portugal and Spain, both (ides to be upon the fame tooting as before the war. The war, to which a period was now put, was the mof\ brilliant in the Britith .iii'.ials. No national prejudices nor party difi)utes then cxilted. The fame truly lliitiih fpiiit by which the miiiiller was animated, fired the breall of the foldier and ftainan. The nation had then arrived at a pitch of wcaltli unknoyvn to former a^i^s ; and the monied man, pleated with the afpe.'t ot the times, confiding in the .Vhiliiies of the miniUer, and comuge of the people, cheerfully opened his jmrfe. 'ihe incredible funis of 1 3, 19, and iz millions, raifed by a tew citizens of London, upon a Ihort notice, for the fcrvice of the years 1 759, 1 760, and 1 761, were no lefs 6 allonilhing ■<44 •'■' N r, 1. A N I). nfiojiilliiiii; to r.iir«>|)i', ilian the fiju'ifti which attiMidoii tlio Biitlfli ll».«'l»nn«.larin!is ill r\V]\' l[ll.lllLT ot ihc ulidn*. But thi* iKMif, ihiiti'^i ii r«Ti ivrd ilii' I'liiuViDii of a I1U pailiiiiiv'iif, was far rrmii >;iviii'; iiiiiviTl.il f.uiji.iiUoii Id ilir pv'i»|)Ic. lit- ni.iiitKr III uiiiili it wa.s lii-ifiin, aiul thi' iirvcipitati <\\ wiili w'.iicli it wuh co )iul>. <1. •yjoiity i>\' l)o;h lioiiTi"! ot' 1 If ni.iiitKr jirftnnuii lii Willi w;iicii it wuh coiu'Iu wvi\' Ci' ifurcd by in.ii y, u« lAtioiiU'ly inailonaaic^ to 'y have \k\i\ K\\n:Wi\ tVutn th. intiiK'nuin vi(t«iii':i and a(lvaninj;i.>i ny. AikI troiU this period vaiiuut caut'ei umcK iiiKii. 'I'l wlint tiii;4tu jiift'y Have Dorn \.\\) wliiili li.id I) 'I'H ()l)taiiK-!' parliaiUk-nt |i>r AyU-lhiiry, and iVi/cd lii.i p*. rCDri, by virriicufa i;i;iKTal warrant (Vniii lli'' fi'iTctary ufUalr, whiili dircUd tliciii to fci/ii- " flu- anlhurs, piiiil^TS, and piil)!illui>, ol a iVd.li r.w and lv>arina!di' paprr, in- liilod, 'I 111' .Niirtli Hriton. No. 4;." Tin- pjpiT.> pnldiiii.'d ti.idi'r llii-. tilii., Uvori'l) :irvai^'i)C(l ih.' conduCl ot' tin.- adininiiiration, and ri'piclL'iiUd llic carl of lliito lis tlir lavoiiriic of tlic kiiij;, and tiir pi rfon from wlioni iivafurii of ^nvirniiuiit of u \i ry pernicious t^'iidiMifv (»ii:;inali'd. 'I'lv 451!! nu;ub>.'r foiitaiiud (liiidnns 011 ilii' kin^j's fii.'.'ch. Ml. VV ilkc* w;is fiifp(.\lod to hf llu amlior, bin ln> nanij wnji ii'it nii'iiliom d in tlu- warrant by wl.ii.li hi.' was :ippri-luii(K(l. lie obiiitcd to bo- inij; takiii into ciillody bv full a warraiU, alk-giiu thai it was illi';;al. IIowovit 111' \\n» f>i\ilily carried lu'lon.' tho fcviitarics of Itatf tor I'sa.uination, and ilicy <;i>ni:iiilt'il liiin iluf,' prifoncr to tin' low^r, his moll focri:t and lonfidiiitiai pn('ir> l.u'in,', silTi) iVi/fd, Hi' was I kiwifj d'.']>ii,','d at hi-, (.oiinni.iion as i-nloiikl ot the .'■Mic''ii;i|.;lKinuhirc militia. ,\ot lo mention ilio privilctjc of parlianu'iit, whii'li v.ai llatjrarlly \iolntfd, the Warrant'^, though conformable to pieccdviit, were in- coiitifti'i'.t with tlie fpirit of tin* Ihi'.ilh tonilitntion, lubftiintiim difuvlion in tlu; |daio f'i" law, v.hi.lt knows no dili itiion, nor le.ivcs the conilriK lion to be put oti v,.niani'; to ilu.re low cn-ntures v. !io mntl lie ciilrulK.'d with iluir execution. A v.iii of liaberis coipus biiii'.; pro nivd by hi.s fiieuds, he was brou;;ht ii[) to the > oiin of ( ointnon J'leas, aad ;he matter being there arp,ued,he was ordered lobe ditioiis and d.mf^erons lil'.-l, ind tlir ircaforis that li.ui 'oein taken thereupon. I he next d.i) a duel was fmi '1: m ll/de Paik betwee.i .Mr. Wilkes imd Mr. .Martin, aiiotlr.r member of pu.'. iiameiif, and fetretary .if the freafury, in which .Mr. Wilkes re. eived a danjcmu.s wound in the belly with a pilbil-bnlK t. Doth In iit'es of parliament toon coiean^'l i ; voti ;i:j the North-lirit*..!, .\o. 4^, to be a f.ll'c, fiai.'il.d.Jiis, and fediiions 111).!. and o;\ler(ti ii lo be Ir.iri.t by the c.im non hang nan. 'I hi, order wa.s aecordi ij^'Iy executed, thoii;^li not v/iilioiit grr.it oppoliii.in from the p(ipi»l.ii.e ; and Air Harlcy, one of tlie l.'ieritls wlio attended, w.is wo'.tii(k"d, and obn^'i-il to take lluii. : .in the Man.ioi.-f loufe. Ai'.oiher profenilion wa . coinuuMtcd a^aiidl Mi. Wilkc!. for b.iving canfi ! an obfi erw ;i;;rl profane ponn [ , \y prinied, intitled, "An l.ii.iv on Woman." Ot thi;, only f.velve copies haii been pi.valely printed ; and it li,. Xiut appear to i,a\e Licn ii.tei.d.U for pablii i.t.'o.i. I'iuciiig, however, tl';;t Ic I ' flieii!.! »E N N D. 345 (hnuld contimie to he profi'cutcd with the utmolt rigour, when hi* wound wa» in fiimr drsrcc hralod, he thought proper to quit th>- kiiiKdoin. lU' wai fooii ttltor rxp«tlou the houfr of lonunoiiH ; vcrdicU wen* alCo givon ngaiitd hiiu, l»>th oil account of the North Hriton and the bfliiv' on Woman, and tow.irdi the end o( the year 1764 he ■won outlawed. Sundry oOut p'-rfoim lind hccu liikcn up (or heiiia t'oneemcd in printing nnd pultlilhing th^ North Uritoii; hut fomcof t uin ohtainrd verdielt againi) the kuig'i nielTengern for fulfe imprironmenl. In the mean wliile, the earl ot Bute, who hud heeu made firll lord of lli<- ireafury, religned that oHiic, and wa* fucceeded by Mr. (ieorgo Circnville. And under thin genllemnu's adniiniOralion, an att waH pnlfed, faid to have been frani<.-d by him, entitled, " An A^t for laying n Jinmp-duly in the llritilh Coloniei of North- America," which received the royal aflent on the 2id of March 1 76^. Some other riguhitious wore previondy made, under pretence of preventing finu;{glii)g in Aiuericji ; but wliich in elKd (o cramped the trade of the colonies, ns U) be pre- judicial both to them and to the mother-iountry. As foon aM it wait known in North America tliat \\\v Jiamp (Wl was pafl'ed, the whole continent was kindled in to a linme. As the Americans had iulherli> been tased by tlieir own re|)iefenta- tives in their provincial alVeinblies, they loudlv atVerlcd, that the Britilh parliament, in wliich they were not reprefented, had no rik;lit to tax theiu. Indeed, the fa ne do<:trine had been maintained in the Uriiiih parliament, when the Oamp-afci wai under conlideration. On the otlier hand, it was contended, that the colonics, wliu had beiu protetted by fireat Britain, ought, in reafon and jullice, to contribute towards the expence of the motiier-country. " Thefe children of our own plant- ing," faid Mr. tJeorpe (Jrenville, fpeakiiifi; of the Americans, " nouriilied by our indulgence, until they are grown to a good degree of Itrength and opulence, and protected by our arms, will they grudge to contribute their mite to relieve us from the heavy load of national expence which we lie uiiderf " VVlien the Ihiinp-ad, as printed by royal authority, reached the colonics, it was treated with every mark t>f indignation and contempt Several acts of violence were likewife committed, with a view of preventing its operation; and alfociations w re alfo formed in the relpective Hates, wherel)y the people bound themfelvcs not to import or purchafe any Ihitilli manufactures, till that ack lliould be repealed. The inhabiianu of the dilVerent cohmies alfo elhiblillied committees to correfpond with each other, t oiicerning the general aH'airs of the whole, and even appointed deputies from thofe committees to meet in ('oncsress at New-Vork. I hev af- fembied in that city, in OQober 1765, and this was the rirft congrefs held on \\\k j\merican continent. 'Ihefe commotions in America occafioned fo great an alarm in Kngland, that the king thought proper to difmifs his minillers. The mar(piis of Rockingham was appointed hrll loril of the treafury ; and fomc of his lordlhip's friends fucceed- id to the vacant |)hues. in March 1766, an act was palled for repealing the American (lamp-aCt. I'his was countenanced and fupported by the newminilirv; and Mr. i'itt, though not cimnerted with them, \et fpoke with great force in ta- voiir of the repeal. He faid of the late minillry, that "every capital meafiire they liad taken was entirely wrong." lie contended that the parliament of Great jhiiain had no rii^ht to tax the colonies. " For the commcms of America, rcnrc- )\iiletl in thiir feveral allemblics, havo evor been in pofl'eliion of the cxcrcife of iluir conftitutional right, of giving and granting their own money. Tliey would li.ive been (laves if they had not enjoytd it. At the fame time, this kingdom, as tin- fnpreme governing and legiliative power, has always l)ound the colonies by In r laws, b\ her regulations, and reltrictions in trade, in navigation, in inanufac- lures — In everv thing except tluil of taking their money out ol tlicir pockets with- out iheir coufeut. Y) At S4« N 1. N O. At t\\t lime ihni ilie flnmiHoH \vn« r»'|K'iiIc«l. nn net win hH'o palTi-tl lor ('. fitri»ij{ the (U'licnUt'iu ot' the Anu'runn iotoiiU'i on ((rint Hritttin. Ilni ihit ttooii iit>t.i|h |>i'ttr llu II Id liavi* (;Uvii iiuuli uinhriif^o to the inltmilU, unci llu' r(-|i( ul ol the tliiiiip itc' »('( tiliiDiu'ii gnat r>'iuuiilg« ixilh in Aiiiciiui anil (»rcitl Hritiiiti Tin ni.uiiHh t' liati', in ihf room ot" tin- iluki; ul Kiilinintul t Cliuiii-* 'lownilicnd, tl\;»uvllii <>(■ tin- «'\ilntjiit'r I an;l Mr, Pitt, nxu < roaud inrl ot'C'liiitliioii, wm» Hppoiiitwl |i>i'(l'|)ii\v-ri' i| ( hut (li;it I'liiinctil lliitiTinun's ttd'ijxnnci.- ol u pct^r- ti^e, u» il ivniovvd liiin trout llic houlr (it'foinnutns greatly Iflli-iicd liin inHiiiMiio, I pon tlu' <1< atlt ot" Mr. CliarlcH I'ownllu ocl, who li;ul I'xorti'd j'riat wbility both in the (iif>iiKl and in p;irllain»'nt, lord North was mado eliant i lli>r ot tlio ix<.hc«|iitT, und nluTwardi tint lord ot" tin- en-al'iir), nnd ht ad ut thv . dniiniltrution, whii li Ik-- j;an ilii' AiiKiii «n war wiiiimil iii-tiilifv, conducted it williout ("pirit or priidciito, inul at I all coni'lutU'd il with intinilr dillionnnr iind dil°a(lvanlai{i-. In the year 1768, Mr. \\ likes, who had I'oruionlidcratdot inn- rolidid in Franco, I'anii' over to Kn^land, and «f,Min iK'tanto no olijoft ot pidilir attontion. 'llu' nt had juli htt'oM' Ik. n dilinlvid ; and on his arrival in London, though itriiar Ihll lav uniUr the (Vuli'iui' ot oiillawr\, hi- ulKrcd hinil'i'lt' u larulidate t I-' . pivfcnt that lily in the cniuiii;; parliament. I fc was roctivi-d wnii loud ai\la lions, und tin- gcm-ralilv appoarid j^natly nitcrcllcd in his t'nvour, but ho loit his cl'.'ttion i onl) 1^47 iiv nun voliil t'or him. His want of Tuinfs tlid luit diC- o ro- iia- fouraiji' him, '■>r he nnniv i liatvlv olll H'd liimfilt" a lamlidafc for the 1 ouil ty ot MiddliU'X. ill was alit'iujid h\ an aniii/inj{ luiudHr of peopio to Hrcnti'ord, th p'a.c of »;lv.Hi(ni. 'iho two other tandiduics luul larj;*' fortums, jind (jrcat loii- nci'tions in the county ; tlu'\ had reprclented it for levc-ral yearn, und were fup- porfed \n the whole i'ntcrell of llie lourt. .Mr. \\ ilkes, however, beini^ eonlideivd tu a mail uIioIkmI been imjulUy and muonlUlulioiiallv |u rfecuied 1)\ the govern- nu-nt. uas rIeiUd by a great majoriiy, on the itith ot Manh. The extreme joy of the populaei" ut this e\i'nt, pnnUucd fomc irregularities in the city of Lundon', nn the evening of tlic day of election; und, on the lollowinj; day, orders were given to |!ie ^uard*. on duty at St. Janus's to be in reacbnefs at the beat of drum, til niareh to uippret;. any riot that might happen. In Ma\ loijuwing. .Mr. Wilkis having \(- \\ iiliam Alim. who was Inglid Olll, (JUrfued bv cti.c Mr. W ilkes's oiitlawry was reverl'ed, and on tie uSlh < f liie fame month fenuine was palled on lion , tliat, for the re- pui)iicati()n of 'I 111' North HriiMU, No. 4^;, he tliould p.iy a tine of five hundred pouiids. and he iinprifoiud leii months; and t'or publiihini; the l'".llay on V\ omai,, that he lliould pay tlie fame fine and be imprifoned twelvemonths, to be eoniputeii from ill'' expiraiioii of thi' term ot the former imprifoiuneiit lie afierwanis pitj. ' "' ' ' f ( ommoiis, lomplaining of the iujultiee and illi'galii\ ot ijn tlOIH( i ti.e I loule o jnoteedings againli him ; but the lioul'e voteil, that his lomplaints were lri\(iloii,s and groundlel's. I ie was alio again expelled, for publiihing fome prel'atory remarks on a l.'tter writlen by one of the fecretaiies lA Ihite to tlii' thairman of the ijuarter- fcflioiis at Lambeth, previoui to the uiiliappy alFair of St. George's Field-, and a new r. N N 1). W a nrw writ w*« ordt'rrd to W iffuctl for the clcttiim nf u tncukbcr I'wr lln n/uniy .>t MitlilU-fcx. Ilii- ri^mtrx^ilh whiih Mr. Wilk'i \v;is prufi* i|fi.il only iittrcafv-J hit |K>|iiiltt ri'y. Ili'toio hit ( \|uilli(Mi he luul Ihtii thufi'ii oil ttltUnstun of |,i'»)(lon( hu«I (Wi Uio lOih ul Ki'l»rii.iry, ly'iy, lie wai ro-vli ctod ut llrontronl hu-ihIht fof (ho county lit' Miihllcrvx. Ihi' ri'tiirn huviiig Ihtm mndv to ih< hnvil--, il wnt rrfotvcU, that .\ir Wilki'i, huviiiK hccii i \|kIU«I lluii Ullioii, was iiua|i4blo iinKriii|{ i livtcil a iiKiiilM'r o« lliaj nurliaiiiciH. Hu' Lite t'litiiin, iluiit'-ro, wu> tlfclnrcd \<>n.l, hikI II now writ illu«-«i fur uiiofhir. IK' wn» oiu o iimri' imimiiii'Hillv n- «li'civ d by ihr friihoUlcrH, utui t\w I'lcflioii \\u% ii^iiii «lc( larod voi«l hv ihr honrc ut riiinMioiK. Aftor thii a lu-w clottion lii'in>; DrcUrcd, coloiul l.iitlnl, in ord^r to riHDiiiiiioikd hiiulVlf to thi" ioiirt, \aiat«*tl ilu- fint whith ho ain iid) Itinl in parhmuiit, hy ih'' m'tH'|iliiiu V of a noiiiiiial jilaor, mid dorlariil liiinfoll'a laiididuto foi dio coitnty of Middlofox. 'Ihi'ii^li iho whole w i>;ht of lourt inton ll \^ at tlirown into lli' fcalo ill t!ii« conrlonuin't favour, yot a lunjority of noar toiir to uiu' U|>|u-ari(l a^niiid liiiii oil the utiy of okHion -, tho niiinlur^ for NViikoi boiii({ 1 14^, and for I.ultnl only M)6. N'^Mvithllandiiif; ifiis, two dnvi aftor tho •Kction, il w;ii rvfolvod in tho liouf- of iiimn\()n>(, that Mr. Liitrrrl mii^iii to havo hoon rrturnod a kni^lit of tlu' lliiro for tho loniily of MiiUUofix ; and th' do|nit\ -otork of iho i luwn v;i, ordoivd to anicnul tho return, hy orafiiijj; iho nam nf Mr. \\ ilko.i, and iniortini{ (hat of 10- I'liul l.urtrol. Iho luttor accnr(ljn)(lv tuok hin loat in pariianiciit ; hut thiiwat ll)iiico'», lomitiaiiiinj; ot this and othor national ijnovanc'o* tlu ri If ci'uiity «'t Middicfox, as iho moll iinim diatoly atlVftoil, took tho load on this oocali.rti, and profontod a piiiii'ii, in whiih thvy ooinplainod, " that thoir K ;>! and froo ohoiooof a roprofontativo had loon ropoatodly roji-clo !, and tho ri.;;-. of ilortion tinally l.ikon from thoiii, hy the nnproiodont d foutinj; ol ,1 laiulid ito who wus lu Mr « hofon hy tho county." 'Ihoy alio faid, that '* inili-ad of tlio ancient and loj^ul livil police, the military were introduced at ovor\ oppodunitj , iinnecollirily and imlawfiillv i that tho civil maj^ilhacy was rendorod loiitoniptiblo, hv ilio appoinl- iiKiit of improper and iiuapaliU porfoiis , and that tho iivil n»milh.itos, luint; taiii|Hrod with oy adminiltratioii, nogloi'lod and rofufed to difchurgo thoir ilnty." Thefo potitioners likewifo addrellcd his inajolly in the fodowing tonus: "Willi jjroat grii t and formw Wi. havo lon>{ hiln Id the «ndoavours of coriain tv il-miiidoil petfoiiN to intufo into your ro\al mind notions and '>piniiins ol tlu* molt pornicionn loiideiicy, and who promoto and coiinfol fuch nuarnros as cannot fail to dodroy thu» harmony and contidoiuo which llmuld over hilifill hotwoon a jull and virtuous prince, and a free and li ;il jiooplo." Petitions of a limilar nature were piefentcd from the livorv of I.cm '.m, the electors of Wollminllor, from I'ovoral otlior cilus liiiii orouj;lis, and .Soiit K Miitoon counties. 'Ihi lu'titioiis \MTo fiiti to he ed hy upwards of 60,000 eliifors. Some of them wore principally conlinod to tlu violated rii'jii ol oK\tion, but other., were ni' re ditfufo ; and iorklliiro, W'ollr miuller, and tome others, prayed, in o.\j»refs terms, fur a liilVolution of parliament, under ll' ■ idi .1 of its lu in^^ \.'iial and inrrnpt. .\ddie|los weio, however, pr ih >ei' d li.iin fi'iulry oilier places, ol a very liilleront tondojuy. and hreathinjj noiliiiin Uut loyalty iiiul attachment to the government ; iiouvithllandiiijr which, it was ex« Il I'll Iv nriiuloll that a meat Ipirit of difcontent pievailoil 'ttmu^hont the nation. In tiio coiirfo of this year a very important act w.is palled for re^Mlatin^ the con- diiit ol tin. houfe of commons in controverted eleftions. 'lliofe ul'ed foriiierlv to I'e ileUrmiiivd hy the houfe at Lirjje, and hy a majority of votes, fo that the- were iouiidcrcd meri,'ly as party-matters ; and the llroiij^cll party, which was always that Y> ot J4« N N O. ol'lhc n)\n\(\ry, «»■« Turc to tarry lh« |N)itit, withnut iMvinK tha letf) rri^iird to (ht iiK-rii« ot' iIk' iiiu'ltiuit oil < ittu-r li(|>-. Iliii li' ili>' mil, wliuh wui iiow )*tiiU-J, it)mmi>nly tullitl (he (*ri*U|{hl in by Mr, (irm^illtft lli«'y were ordered (or llut i'uluru to Im drcid' iI hy n ioiiiDiilliv ni' llilrli'vn miMnlK'ri, ihofcn ity lot, and uiidor lh<' fiiirrd ol>li|rutiiin ot'uii oiilh , :itid Imcc ilitf •.'iiatliun ui litii law, iiu wull-gruuiulcvl (.oiiipL' '( na» been niudc u^umft ihi ir dt'oltoiti. Afii'r the irrm of Mr. VVIIkc»'» imprir»inniMii wa» oxitircd, in tho y»'«r 1771, ho wa* iliulVn t)iit (it iIk' ihcrilT* lor Londttnund Mid«IU'U'H , and ilu* fuinr yi-ur n rv* markublv cunicll li:i|)|M-ncd iK-twcctt the city of Loiuloii and iho houfe ot roni- inon^. Si'viTuI fuinlir* hud been ordered to lUtend ihut liotife, Ining ihutf^ed with having itili-rli 4 ni i^ieir nesv»pu|ier», ttteutintu ol' the riK-vihen ot' nuinbtn olpar' li.iint.nt, eoniiury ti>a lIundiiiK order ot' ilie hoiife. Une ot ihef. |)rinler («r' ut (irni-t nll'o ntiendi vl, ai\d denunded, in tli<- name ot the fiK-aker. t X iMit) l«r) lliat' boti eant ihc inelU*ni;.T and the (irinivr ih mid l>e delivered ti|) to him. 'I In* wni refufed by the lord-in.iyor, wlio alked, t-r wiint < rime, and njion wh.it antlioriiy, the ineilotiger lukd ari'elled tiie |>nnter ? 'I lie niel1en;{er uiifwi uil, h>- h.id d coinmitinent to priion was made out, and tigned l>y the h)rcl-m:iyor and tlie two aiiUrmen ; but the ferjeant then tiU'ered bail, which was acci pleil. 'Hie I nii('eipiin«.e of ihi» tranfiitlion was, that a tew days after, tlie lord in;t)or Crolby, and uliUrinan Oliver, nieinl)t.r» ut ilie houfe of i >innions, were lonimitted prilonerii to the lower lor ilieir ihare in thit bufmeU, by the authority of the houfe ; but they avuidetl, ai much as pollible, any new contell with ,\fr \\ ilkes. That ^;entlel?u\n wa'» chofen member for Middlefex in the fnbl'i ijueiil parliament, and in the viar 178;, after llie diange tif lord N'nrlh\ adininillralidn, all llie declarations, orders, and refolntions of tlu- houfe of cminnons refpetting his tleCtiun tor ihe count) of Middlel'cx, were ordered to be expunged from the journal* of that houfe, " an being fubverlivo of the right, of the wTiole body of «lcf lorn of this kingrUmi " Aiul it ihouhl be remcMibereil, thai in confe<|uence o| bis iiiaiil) and Ipirited coiiti iK with llie ^o\erllnlent, general warrants were declared to be illegal, and an end was put to Inch warrantM, and to the unlawt'ul fvi/uie of an l"'nj.;lilbni!Mri» papers b) liate mellengers. lileilive kingdom* are fiibieCt Id file h violent lliock* and ccmvulllons upon every v.icaiicv of tlie throne, llial it has been thought proper in moll of the mo<|( im Dates of I'.urope, to ilhiblilh hereditary monan hu s i and even in ihele la(i a tlifpuled title is nlvvjiyi atl.ndid with fuch civil wars and bloodihed, that il has been iourrd rxpedient to ki'ep |):>- line ol luccellion as clear and diliinct as poiiible This is (he rcafon why to m.iuli ailentiou is given in tliiti kingdom to the marriages of the royul fainiiv. Ihe king's iwo brothers, the dukes ol OloucelKr and ('mnbtiland, having married privaiely, the t'ormer the countcls dowager of \N aldegra\i', ihc latter a widow hidy of the name ot Norton, daughter to lord Irnliam -, a bill wai now palled, in th> )ear 1772, enadirg, That all tbedefcendanisof liis late inajelly (uther lluin the iiTuc of piiucciie^, wiic Itavc u^arricd, or may hcrcalicr marry into loreij:n N N D. S4» ^1 rvi-ry |i I'uiiiul 'lliis is i)t" the L'll.iiul, |\i-, tiic liill wai |iiujotiy iiv into 1 J f.irciKn fBmUlfi) Dtatl b« inripahie of coiilraOIng marrtdKc wlihoul iho confcnl of llitf iliitKi w ''** f^Kt'«''II*»> oil >)>ti of ihai t>-rm, cnlrr into inartijK>- Milhuiii the royal ioiilcni, uiiNr* Ixah hoitU* uf (laiUutitciil Ihall williiii (hut dini' rxprcl'ily declare their UiU(>|*robttUuit of it. After the repeal »f the rtam|vaM, whu h wa» received with great jov in America, •II thingt heraiue tjuiel there : hut iiit)i4|)|Mlv itcw tiiiv nipu weic iiuidc to tax itu iii ill tlu- lUillrti pttrliaiiinit, tlloll^h, lhl»l» » the eHpent'iici' «jf the ill fucctl* of tin? lUin|>-att, govtTiior l'o\Mi.tll, u i^kMllt'inuit will k«ii|iiiiiiiU'd with ilif dirpoiiti.in of the (oloiiilK. ('.till n> lh<- lioiire ol ioniii\oi\« iit 1767, " It ii u lu^i ulukh ihi> houfo otight to l> nny internal lux iuipoi'cj upon th«Mi l>y uny l» gilli.turc, in which tht y hu\o i\o» :t ilmrc U repnlVntutivc^ of llicir own cIrMioit " i If luliUil, " llii^ i liiiin mull uoi Ih' untlcrUood, lu tin ujfU (1 were only ihi* pri'lcn«»» o|" purly KinKu ;u\d diiiiMmi){u»'» , «■» tliou^h it were only the virtiin% ol (pii ulaiiNc cnihuliulU i a» though it were the mero I'liullition of II litttion whii h mull I'uhlide \ at though it were only tcnijtornry, und iiartinl — it it the cool, delihcrato, priiuiiilid muxnii of every man ul Imluivrit in till- country " Ihe event verified ine jullue of ihele nbUrvation* i yet the funic year .til n^i wiit {uilleil, hiving lertain iltiiiex on paper, glufi, tea, iLc, intptirted into America, to be pnid hy tlu- colonies for the purpole of railing u revenue to tho Dovernment. About two yeur» after, it wuh thought proper torepi.il thefe duties, cxiepl that on lea \ hut ai it vva* not the amount of the duties, hut the w^/*/ of iho piuliameni of (ireat Ihilain to impofe la\e>> in Atuerita, vvliiili \va^ liu fuhject ut* •lifpute, the repealing the other iluties aiilvvered no purpnfe, while that on tea re- niaineil, wliich accordingly hciame a Irelh fuhjeCl ol conlell belvveen the iuoiIkt- country «n«l the colonieit. In order to induce the Knil India company to hecimu- inlUuinentul in cnloriin){ (lie lea-duty in America, un a^t wa!i palled, bv wliieli they were enul'led to cNpmt their teal, duty-free, to all places vvhatfocvcr. Several lliips were accordingly freighted with teas for the diliereiit cuh)nie», hv ilie conipuii), who alio appointed iiceiitH there for the difpofal of that commodity, Ihis was conlidereu by tho Americans a» a fcheme calculated to pave the way lo an unlimited taxation, l-^r it was ealily comprehended, that if the tea was om e landed, and in tlie culiotlv of the conlignecfi, no alhuialions nor other meafures would heluliicieiit lu prevent it* Tale and confumption ; und it was not to be fuppnfed, that .vheii taxation wu> idablilhed in one inllanie, it would he rellrained ii\ others. 'Ihefe idea> being |^e- nerallv prevalent in .Xmerica, it was rel'ohed by the colniiill* to prevent the laud- ing of the ti a-iargois ainougll them, at wliatever ha/aid. Accordingly, three ihms laden with lea having arrived in the port of Bollon in December, 177J, a number t)f armed men, under the difi;uife of Molu.vvk Indians, boanled thefe Ihips, and in a few hours «lifchari;ed thi ir whole cargoes into the lea, without doing any other damage, or otlering aiiv injury to the t aptuins or crews. Some fmallerquan- litiis of tea met alierward> with a limilar tate ut lludon, and a few other places ; hut in general, the commillioneis h)r the fale uf that comnuiclily wore obliged tp relinuHilh their employments, and the malhr* ol the tca-vell'els, irum anappnhen- fion iif danger, returiud again to Kngland with tliclr cargoes. At New i oik, in- deed, the tea was hmded under the cannon t)f a man «>l war. But the perfons in the lervice of goveriimenl there, were obliged to loufent to itu leiiig loiked np from life. And in South Carolina fome was thrown into tlve river, ai at Uullou, aiul the rcll put into dami> wLichuufcs, v.heie it peiilhed. Tlicfe w 350 E N G I. N I). Thcfo pmcccditics in Anirriia excited fo miicli in(iif»ii:itioii in ilic Englilli g<>- vcinmeiit, lliut on tiK- 3ilt i)t Marcli, 1774. an ait was palled tor removing tlii> tuftnni-liniife ollieers from th« town o( nollnii, and llnitting up the port. Anotiier act was foon -.iFter iialVed " tor In-tter regulating tlie government in the pruvinco of MaiVnchulets' Bay.", 'ihedelign ot'this avH wasto alter the conlHtution ot'thut pro- vinee as it tlood iipnn the charter of king William ; to take the whole executive power out ot'llie hands dttiie people, and to veft tlie nomination ot the counlellors, judges, and magilhates of all kinds, iiuluding llierill's, in the crown, and in Ionic cafes in the king's governor, ami all to he removeahle at the pleafurcof the crown. Another att was alio palfed, empowering the governor of Mallachufets' Bay to fend perfcms accufed of crimes there, to be tried in Kngland for fuch ofl'enccs. Some lime after an i\<:\ was likewife palled •' tor making more eli'ettual provilion tor the government of the province .jf Quebec," enabling the king toellablilli a lc- gillativc coimcil for that province, in which his nuijeHy's Canadian Roman catho- lic fubjefh were entitled to a place. I he French laws, and a trial witliout jury, were alfo ertablilhed in civil cat'es, and the linglilh law;*, with a trial by jury, ni iiiniinal-, and the po])i(h clergy were invelied with a legal right to their tithes tVoin all wlu) were of their own religion. No alfembly ot the peoi)le, as in other I'ritilh coloin'cs, was appointed, it being faid in the act, that it was then inexpe dient : but the king was to erett fuch courts of criminal, civil, and ecclelialiical jmifdiction, as he lliuuld ihink proix'r. The boundaries of the province of (Quebec were likewife extended l)y tlio att, thoufands of miles at the back of the other colo- nies, whereby, it w:'s laid, a govermncnt little better than defpotie was clJablilhed throughout an cxtei.nve country. It was alto tliuught extremely injurious to tln' Britilh fettlers in Canada, that they Ihould be com[)clled to fubmit to French laws, and be deprived of thole privileges which they would have enjoyed in other parts <'t his majelly's dominions. 'I he nuadires of gosermnent had fo nnivcrfally exafperated Anu-rica, that .ngreements were entered into in the different colonies, whereby the fubfcrihers bound themfelves in tlie moll foiemn manner, and in the prefence of God, to ful- jieud all commercial infercourfe with (Jreat Britain, from the lali: day of the month of Augull, 1774, until the Bollon-port bill, and the other late obnoxious laws, Avere rej^'aled, and the colony of MafiiiL-hufets' Bay fully rellored to its chartered rights. The Hamc continued to increafe and extend in America, till at length twelve of the coU)nics, including that whole extent of country which reaches from Nova Scotia to (leor^ia, had appointed deputies to attend a Ccneral Congrefs, wliieli was opened at J'hilatlelpiiia, the 5tl; of Si ptember, 1774. 'I'hcy met ac- cordingly, and the number of delegates amounted to lifty-oiie ; who leprefented ihe feveral colonies of New Kamplhire (z delegates), Malfachulets' Bay (4), Rhode Illand and Providence Plantations (2), Connecticut (3), New ^ ork {7), New Jerfey (4^ Pennfylvania yj), the lower counties on Delaware (5,', Maryland (4), Virginia (7), North Carolina 13), and Smith Carolina ^j) ; Georgia afterwards ac- ceded to the confederacy, and fent deputies to the Congrefs. They entered into an nlliiciation, in which they bounil ihemfelves and their conllituents, not to im- ])ort into IJritilh Amvrica, from (ireat Britain or Ireland, any goods, wares, or nier- chaiidile whatfoever, from llie lit day of I>. ember following; nor to import any I'.all India te»trom an\ jiart ot the world; nor to exjiort any merchandilV or cuin- nuKlity whatfoever to Gieat Britain, Ireland, or the Well Indies, from the loth of September 1773, unlefs the act tor lt.ipj)ing the port and blocking up the harbour of Bofton, thai for altering the charter and governineiu of the province of Malla- chifets' Bay, llie Quebec att, the acts by which duties were impoled on any com jnodities imported into America, and tome other acts, which they ■numiiaied, were repealed. 'Ihey avowed their allegiance to his majelly, and their allettion E N N D. 35» niicl regard for thcTr fellow fubjcfts in Great Uritnin, but afllrted the ncccOity of their adopting fuih incafuiis as were calculated to ubtalu a redrefs nf thnfc griev- ances which they lal)L>ured under ; iuid which, they I'.nd, " threatened deliructiou to the lives, liberty, and |)ro|)erty of tiie initabitauts of the colonies." 'Ihey alio i nwl I ^••".^"•'IJIMrill ■nt of a „i.^y Kovorimienr, Illtlurt,, l,.,.n 1... , V'^"' «'»"'ll IS i.-|);.r:,. ..I .-.. •'"■«'cl,ng to ,|,e p^,^. 'crs ■/liev work «' l> I'M IK' '^'ll'f'fCNl |,v |,ot| :!'::z,-'"- ':o£r':;;:;':£^-„;'j'-A.. i'S "':.^> •^- l-wincinh, •i'/;;-'-"^-'l t'„„, Bofinn'on] 'V a ri\eT. accordiiui •* "(>"n Hiii.'k ly niadt .1.: 11 <'ihunl that joins ||„ , vithMrh or\K.r..,„(|yi', war, ilicy u'iT( y '''"••'.'",i(h ground rl ms.an,) r, , , "". '"^" "'^onlnc or ,1... l)ri,I '"' it body of '• or dctl'n/ 'lis pod i^'iii'i-, that tl llKUIfdl th,. ,„...:../• ■ 1'-"^'; '-"■ncd,.Mtllr,r,..,..I. var, iin-y wore not Im-ir,! i • ' " "R" "H-' Pfhinfid-, « ., / '"""'■;' "" "u iruorks ifd a iinplei ''ri'all-vvork, \vhic-i lOI), firf! not ICf called the tow !)>' til lliat al, •'' 'iiiall |)iit ft ' ^^'-'is ill Ionic l>feak of (lav, J '■""« '-cdoubr. c„„„d iiured >hk' dif] part ^ cannon I'laljli- I'nt :if< ll in tlio j.^Kl.,^7. Upon this d "lie I 7 th, ,77.. -J ■pi-.<'(it". far advanced "Viithnirnt' '"' camp, and fl irt. )variarlv in || lie (j.'ht ni tl ."""•tars, wascarii.-d "'■"^ '•'•>'. a lioa wand /iiKhalferie.s, andfion.tl (eveiv tile witl Iiad lieen near, ""1''"'""'^: work's of th " "'"''' (<'^"""'fl iitlie lefs th '■■ominnaKireof '• S''^at (irninef^ and ''••;>P-fCop'sj,i„i„',5 P'ovnufals, from the ll 'unards 'c ^\"^ks was the ftins ail a ■rs, and nnon,ii()wit2( >l( '": I'uttheA 1 cinharked under tl ')init noon l>P^;a.vdto,nnluetlK.i;i general Can- f)ii(iiu iiirri 'gof. to drive tii 'c command of ^■^■i'utedaeonlidaahlel ""Ps, Irnin Hoat- caiis bore th "!< if' 110 tnc eiiiforceiiieiu whici P'"vineialsfroiiitl iiiajor-gcncral J | ll.S 'my ""■e, and I ";.''}• of troo,)s to -00 .m.;r"-ii::'" !,:l^^'!---"^ receive :";.-"-^^- ''■i.i-i.';aH '".'£'^r^->-i 'K^k-r wiiich the 'ii'ics, loallbrd rieans into eoiitu/ "ual fireof fiuall tn attack was Ih'!-- '"Ps advaiuTd gu" l>y a nio/1 f "ounted in the who! inent, together with; Vl c\ ere fire of '^' '<■ more thai /"•"PP<.ni.ni,yio!hc.;,riil| ^/'bv'>->-:^i..;K':r:'!:;;:'i'i''---rs 11)1) 'Die .A "■"i^^andariill "lerieans, on t] 'cry to ruin tl ^•"cpiy,andhaltrdf, '^''r part, fntf "• w (irks, and t I ""' '■'""" ••' """. until [•'"■'''■' '^■''''"•^^'''''^•< ^'V' ••' "">'icl.v;,d(n| lire ''''^'"'^^ '"■•■■• '••■' ';;d"'anyuftJ..-iro)/i,vrs. "lied a flv ■veral •'piinheAme- re took 'allied, and igaiti 1 iron ,'ht 'Jh '^ loiees had i'laee. In whleh "■""His and refolut ere and eonti- •■'Pprcaehed alniolf ion. g'lt toll y "'ere there e! tipoii ih """''"■'■'"'^" "■^' i^rirld 'ihi to the works ■-'! ''•''>-"' 'S ami for.; ll cmf ,', '''''^ "'''''■'^^•^' erali --■>.«l-rtcn Manvoi-'Z;^"!?^;^ '» is faid to Jia'vc i with the provincials iHeii cxj>t.nded ; veral oln-.„. ...,,■ ^ '';"•^^s l..wn iif, If „.,.:..- , '^".^.''' retreat- ,; flowlv ... eial ph '"•liny, and w ■'ces, and burnt to ih "'■K'elf",. taring th as contidvTed as tl '^'ground. 11 liev •it-fion.was fei .",'; "-'s t'le /irif fott! '11 fin '""""■^' '" ^'"igrants fn.nitt !?"""""■ "^■''""<>". tl iiri"it I ,.'7 ""iJI Illc r<>riTii>r* .1- .. . * y over in fe- li'vat tra 'Jl ic former : it lenient made in t] he '"t ^Milled, and '•^"f the king's tr »''cr this ai^fion, the A com allied ig s troops in the ac aiioui ">;;re than foo woun.L d 'ippoliio to it '•••"''•ly invefled m "t"h inerieaiis im ■^ '-V" owing its bi . r;,^ aniountccr '10" at l)ui;ker'sllill '"eluding niaiiv oil iccrs. the ( \ ^?;r:;;;!!i'^,-^.^i»e;K;r^Tr*^"i». »,,,,,„, "iigrefs J)en ImI "■g'liia, who had ='!'P'>'"ted (;eorg. Wall a as tluy had be cck ; fu that ll "-' troops Were les of prov 'e(niiivd ' in/idcral ""■'■'lis .luring ilie Jail ,!m-'""' ^'f^l- a genti " "1 Bolion. About tl liJI, .as "c cxpiTienc v.ar, to b Z c in the email of large fort I's time command of diii -Sener.1, and commander iiicK une in "rent lief of 354 K N D. of iill the American forces. ThfV nlfo publilhal a ({ccluration, in which they (lyled thi iiifcIvoR " llic Ri-pr(.-ri.'iitativfs of tlu' United Colonics o( North America," and allifjiad their reafons Tot UikinR up arms. It was 'vritten in a very animated llrain, inul contained the- f'ollowinj; paira;;e : " In our own native land, in defence of the fivedom tliat is ovir l)irlli-rij;ht, and whidi wc ever enjoyed till the late violation rovii\ce, (igned by general VValhington, in which they were invited to join with the other lolonies ii^ an indilTolubk- union, and to range them- fclves under the (landard of general liberty. A (imilar publication had before been iffucd by Montgomery. .Arnold appeared before (Quebec on the yth of No- vember, and foon at'ter joined Mont'^uinery, on whom the chief command of Gourfe devolved (General Carleton, ilie governor, employed every ctVort to rept'l the affailants. On the 31(1 ot Uei ember, Montgomery attem[)led to gain pollct'- fion of the place by tlorm, but was killed in the lirll lire from a battery, as -.kI- viincing in the front of his men: Arnold was alfo dangeroully wounded, about 60 of llieir men were likewlfe killed ami wounded, and 300 taken prifoners. The bcfifgers immediately quitted their cani|), aiul retired about three miles fion Uic Ci.^ , and the liege was for fom<' months converted into a blockade. On gene- ral Cajlton's receiving conlideraiile reintoicements and fupplics of proviliotis fronv England; May 1776, Arnold wiis o!)liged to make a piecipitate retreat ; Montreal, Chamblee, aiid.M. John's were ictaken, and all Canad.'. recovered by the king's Uoops. During V. N I, N I). 3rs During thcfc traiifattions thi" rovsil nrmy nt Hofton was (linnni-*! for want of pniviHon:; ; the town whs l)()ml):irc[t-(l In tlic An.vTicnns, ami geiK-ral Howi*, wli<» now conunantkd the king's trDops, whith anioimtctl to nnwards of fcvcn thoufanJ men, was obliged to quit I'olton, and enil)ark tor Ifniitax, leaving liii artillery and (lores behind. '1 he Iowa was evaenated on ihe i7lh of March, 1776, and general Walhington inuiudiately took pofli-nion ot" it. ()n llie 4tli of July follow- in;,', the coiifjrt Is declared the colonies, tor reafons alTigm-d in the aH, nhfolveJ troin all allegiance to the llritilh crown, and that all poliiiial ciuietlion between tluni and the kingdom ot' Great IJritain was totally didolved ; and alfo that, as free and independent Hales, they had t'ull power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, ellablilh eonunerce, and do all other atls and things, which in- dependent Hates may of right do. Ihey likewife puhiitlied articles of (onfede- ration and perpetual union among themfelves, in wliicli fluy aHiimed the title of " the United States of 'Vmerica." In the fame n\onth, an attempt was made by eoiimiodore lir I'eter Parker, iund lieutenant-general Clinton, upon Charles-town in South Carolina. But this place was fo ably defended by the Ani< licans under general Lee, that the Hritilh commodore and general were obliged to retire, tlur king's Ihips having lullained lonliderable lofs, and u twenty-eight gun (hip, which ran a-groiind, was obliged to be burnt. Ho'^ever, a more fu( cefsful attack agair.ft the Americans was loon alter made uiuUr the command of general Howe, tl»eii joined with a large body of JJellians, and a conliderable nimd)er of 1 iighlanders. 'I he Heet was commandi.'d by his brother vice-admiral lord Howe ; and both the general and admiral were invelled with a jxtwer, under the title »)f " Commillion- ers for granting I'eai e to the Colonies," of granting pardons to thofe who would lay down their arms. Hut their oilers of this kind were contemptuoully rejcttcd. An attack upon the town o! New-^'oik feenis to have been cxpetled by the pro- vincials, and therefore they had fortified it in the bell maimer they were able. On Long llland, near New-York, the Amerirans had alfo a large body of troops en- camped, and feveral works thrown up. (Icneial Howe tirft landed on Slatea llland, where he met with no oppofition ; but early in the morning of tlic zzd of Augull, a defcent was made by the Hritiili troops upon Long llland, and towards noon about fifteen thoufand were landed. I hey had greatly the advantage of the Americans, by their fu])erior Ikdl and difcipline, and being better provided with artillery, and every kind of military accommodation ; and the American palles were far from being properly fecured. Some flcirmilhes happened during feveral fuccellive days ; in which the IJritith troops engaged their enemies with great ar- dour, and the Ameri' ans fullered exceedingly, finding tliemfelves fo much over- powered, tliey at length refolwd to (|iiit the ilhind, aiul general W'alhiiigton camo oviT from New-York to conduct their retreat, in which he dilplayed great ability. Id the night of the 29th of July, the American troops were withdrawn from tlio camp and their diflerent works, and with their Iwggage, llores, and part of their artillery, were conveyed to the water-dde, endiaiked, and palled over a long ferry lo New-York, with fudi extraordinary liUiue and order, that the Britilh army did not perceive the lead motion, and were furprifed in the morning at finding th.e American lines abandoned, and feeing the lalt of their rear-guard in their boats, ;in(l out of danger In the diH'cruit actions previous to their retreat, ti.e lofs of the Americans had been very contiderable, Upwards ol a thoufand of th( m were tiikcn prifoners, including three generals, three colonels, and many inferior otli- cers ; their mimbt the rielllaiis, and dipoliting iheiii in fatetv, \\ alhiiigton reeroli'ed the riM r, mui re/amed his former poll at Trenton. The IJritilh iroojis collected in force 10 attack. him, and only waited for the mi)rning. WalhingiMU ordered a line of tires in front of his camp, and then moving in the niglit, with his baggage and artillery, b\ a cireuitdUs march of eighteen miles, reached J'rince-.own early in the nuirniiig, tarried the Hritilh pi>tt at that jjlact'. and fet olf with near ){oo prifoners on lii.s return to the IXMaware, jnii ns the Hriiiiii troops at Trenton were uniler arms and proeeedinj; lo attack him, fupnoling him in his former poliiion. ily the tkiifiil emplnynitnt of a comparatively fmall foree, Waihingtim thu.s deranged nil tlu nie;ifures of the Britilh general ; made him draw in his troop-, to a cloli-r coinpai'>, to.protict his n>aga'!\ne. at liniiifwick ; and elofed the campaign which had fiir'n an unpromiling l«c^ginning, with lignal glory to himf.if, and lignal ailvaniage lo his country. i'he Americans had alto titie»l out a great nund)er of pri\ateers, which look many pri \ ■. ; ai' 1. on the other hand, not ii few of the Ameiieim ncI'- fels fell into ti e haiio,. i the iingl.di, but they were generally of little value. In the month ot .Vpn.-mO'jr 1777, t-.vo iittions of fome im[)ortanee happened between the armie» of g'ntral llowe and general V\ alliinglon, in both ol whicl- the former had the advantage ; and foon alter, the city of rhiladelpl.ia airrenil.T- ed to the king's troop,. H;it an e.\p dilion, thai luul for fome lime been conceri- ed, of invading the noith''n colonies by the way of Canada, proved exUenielv tmfuccelblul. llie command of this exj)c(lition had been given to lieulenant-'c- nerol Hurgoyne. He fet out fruia (Quebec with an armv of near 10,000 men, rind a fine train of artillery, and w.ts joined by a eenlideiaiile boiU of the Indians. I'or lome time he drove the Americans before him, and made hinifelf nialier of 'i icomlcragoj but at length he cucuuntcred fuch dilHculties, and wai fo vi'^orouf- 1 " h- ^ R N D. iSJ ly oppofi'«l by the Amcric.nnj under Gnfe» and Arnold, thnt oftcr two fi-vorc ac- tions, in wliicli prcut niiinhiis tell, gomial lliirg<»)iic und liis army of 5,600 men were ol)li);i'd to lay down tlu-ir arms, Oitohcr 17, 1777 : llu-y wtrc. however, pcr- niiiU(l to m;in li tint ot tlieif i.Tiiip with all tlir iiDiujurs ot war, and were to be iillowrallanl otliciT, was killed ; and nt the time of their tnrreiuier, tiie Hiitlihnrniy was (•\cfe(li!\,';ly retUieed in numbers; aid their lloek of provi- liuiis was not more than fiitlielent for tliree days liibiilleiiee ; wliilll on the otiier liaiul. tin .AiiuMiiaii army liad been joined by nnmerons ijiidivsot the militia, wiio were exafperated at fume late eriieltiei eommilltd by liie Imlums in the feiviceof Great Hriiain. /\l)(uit the fame time, fir Henry Clinton and cciuTai Vaiifjhan made a fuecefs- iiil eNpeditiim a^ainli the Amei ieans up tl-.c North Uivv r ; but the Amerieaus ttan- plaiiie fleet conlifled of ;o ihips of the line, and the French of ^1, belides frigates: iliey eiig;iged tor about three hours ; but the attioa was not dccilive, lao ihip lieing takux Il5t N N D tiikni on I'iihcr Cu^'', and the Frciuh flcol at li-iigilj r.-lroatcil iiUi» tlu* Ii.ir1)i>nr o( liii'ft. Of tin- Ki'i>liil>, I ^^ wore Wilk'tl in tlio aMioii. iml ^7^ wdiuUmI , :uul tli« loin ofilu- l-'rom li is l'u|)))olWl to have lu'cn vcrv ijreat. AUer iliu <'n>j;ij{i'mi'nl, tlii:u \\ji iniK'li niiiniiiMin^ tliroiiqliout llu- l''.ni^lil)i lK\'t, lucnii'L' » clci ilivu vi^turv li:\(l iwt l)i-i-ii olitaiiR'cl ovrr tlic 1'roiii.li; at lull tiic lil.iin ■ \va-< I'mowii upon lir li\if([i I'.illit'ci, vin'-iuliiiiial ot tljo l)iuc, who \va*thal^ccl in u ncwljjnjtcr with uiiriini- tl.ict iinil clifulu'di'-iico nford' is. 'J'lioiiifli i\i) regular ai cufalioii wa^ l)riiii|rlit ai^ainll liim, 111' iv(|iiiic(l ot" a'iiniral Koppcl jmUiicI) to viiulicati- hi:^ coiulutl fVotii tin- iiiitavoiiralik r«.-|M)rts tliat wore [ii'o))a^;it<.-(l H^aihll liini. I'liis tlic a()iiti uii*d to act under liini. A mode ot' conduct fo I'Ntraordinary was very m'nernlly and feverelv cenlnred ; hut the lords of the udniiralu ordered a coiirt-tnartial t>) !><' Iield for the trial >n of an in- ferior »itlicer, " after forty years ol nieritorions (ervice, and a viirielv of actions in " whiili lie had exerted eminent courage and conduct, hy which li\e honour and •' power of this nation, and the glory ol the Ikililh Hag, had heen maintained and *' nurealVd in various parN of llie world." When the lonrt-manial was hild, iidmiral Ki i)pel was honouiahly aecputted ; and lir Hugh I'aliifer's charge againll Jiiin was declari d hy the court io he " malicious and ill-founded." Sir Hugh I'al- lifer heing afterwards tried hv another court-martial, partly compofi-d from foine of the cantains of liis own diviiion, he likewile was acipiit.ed ; and ins dilohcdi- cnce to the admiral'!, orders was alcrihed to the dilahled tlate of hii diij). In the luill hidies an engagement happened heiween fome KngliJi Ihips of war under the connnand of lir tdward \ ernon, and fome l-'reneh lliips under the loni- jnand of .Moid", de Tronjolly, on the loth of Augull, in which tlic former obliged t'le hitler to retire; and (jii the i^th of Ottoher tullowing, I'ondicherry furrciulcr- cd to the arms of (Jreat Hritain. In the murfe of the fame year the illand ni .St. I.ucia, in the Weft Imlics, was taken from the French; w!io iu return nuide themfeives nialler.s of Dominica, and the toHowing year they ohtained pollellion of St. Vincent's ;md (Grenada. In .Septeiuher, 1771J, the coui\t D'Klhiing arrived at the inout!) of the river .Savannah, with a large lleet, and a conliderahle hody (I IVcikIi troo|)s, to the alhlhince ol' the .Ameriians. An united attack was made up'ii the liriliih ironps at Sinannaii, under the ccjuimand of giiural I'revolt. But tiie latter defended ihemlelvi.-s to wi-ll, that the Freuehand -Americans were driven nrt' with great lols, a!\d D'lUlaing A>on after totally ;ihantloned the coall of Auie- rlca; and at the clolV of the year i;79. I \eral I'lench lliips (jt war and mercliaiu Jhips were taken in llie Well Indies, hy a fleet under the command of lir Hyde Pa.ker. By the intrijjues of the Frt nch court, Spain was at length hrouglit to engage 111 tile w.u' ngamit I'jiglaiul, and to alVemhle forces to heliege (Jihrallar, whieii was defeiideil hy the gaiiifon wiih great vigi'Ur. 'llu' naval force of .Sp;iin wa^ alfo added Ui that of France, now become extremely furmidahle, and their comhiiied fleets feemed fur a lime to riile triumphant in ihe Britilh Channel. So great wen- iheir armaments, th.t the nation was under no inccnddcrahle apprehenlions of an invalioji ; but they did not venture to make an exjn riinent of liiat kind, and after parading tor fome ti.i'.e in the Channel, thought prDjier to retire to their own ports. On the bth of January, 1780, lir George Brydges Kodiuy, who 'lad a large Heet Uiider his command, caj)tured fcven Spanidi ihips and vefl'eis of war hclonj,in'.; to N O L S \). 359 )t war eiuk'r- iml u\ ion i)t I at )dy (it made Uut Irivcn Auu'- cliaiu II) do Ih \\:\>> L alf'. [liincd wori.- lot ail after [ports. tlfCt to lo the royal company of CarrncciH, witl» n nuiiilur of trnilinj; vifT-I* iiivlrr their lonvoy ; ami in ii ti-w dnys al'tir the fiinu" sidniiml {i"!.'!, lunr Capr St. Vincent, n S|innill) liett, cunli(tinf{ of eleven lltips nt" llie liiv ;iiul two lrin;atts, mukr lion Jiinn , bound tor tli«! Well Indies, which was a very fi vire Itroke to the coininrree of (iri .a lliilain. On the 4lh of May, 17S0, lir Henry Clinton made himfelf mailer if C'harlc*- towii, South Caroliiui ; and on the iftth of Aujjuli, earl ('ornwallis olitaiiiv d a viry li^nal viiMory over general (".atcs in that province, in \\hii.li about a thoufand AiiKrican prifoners were taken, belides levcn I>ie^(•^ lA br.ilh cannon, a uMml)'T of colours, and their ainnnmition-wa|,'^ons. iiut on the loth of July, Mo:i(. Tciniiv, witli a licet conMiin^ of feven ihip-. of the line, belides lri;;ates, and a lar^e body of Krenih troops, commanded by llie count dc Uochanibeau, arii\nl at Uhodc lliand, and lainled t»ooo men there. 'Ihe Aunrican iidiabitanis civu^ratnlaietl the Krenih (general uiion his arrival, and he iilFured them, that llie kinj;, hi; n.iilier, had lent him to the alliliauce tif l>i:. good and t'ailhful allies, the Lnited Slate- vt America; and that the I'rcnch troops were to atl under the urilcis of {jiiieial \\ alhinf^ton, and would live with the Americans as their brethren. Soon after, major-geiieial i\rnoI«.l diferteil the fervice ol the ci.n'^ref,, made lus ifeape to New Ytnk, and was appointed a brii^adier-general in the ro\al teivice. His behaviour in the govi rnmenl of I'hiladelph.a had incurred the dh|)leafure of the Americans. He was reprimanded by a ciini-martial, but afteiwaids taken into fervice in the princi] :il armv, with conllderable rank and trull. Hisalleclions however were totally iliranmii trt)ui the iVnieriean caul'e. Accordiuj.^ly, when the ilionc; aiul inipoMiiut poll of Well Point, with its depeiidencieb, ai.d a wini»or ( oi.lilerai)lc liixihon of tiie army wite ei.trulied to hiui, a nejjociation was liifco- vered between him and general Clinton fur the purpofc t-t dcliveiing up the poll which he commanded. I his would have enaliled Clinton to furprile the other pulls ami batteiies, and final ruin to the /vmericans nuili have been the re- fult. Major Andre, adjulani-gei.eial of the Hrililh army, was eirplo}cd in this elaiidelline neg(>ci.\tion. After an interview with Arnold, and linvin^^ in his tent a whole night and day, on his return to New ^ ork he was taken, Vlilguiled, within the American lines, and in his boot were found, in Arnolds ha, id-writing, exatl returns of the llate of the lorces, oidu...ice, and ('..lence.s at \\ eli Point and its tle- peiiilencies, the aitilh-rv orders, critnai remarks on the works, ellimates of the number of men on ilnty to man ttiem, and a copv of very intertliiii;.; matters, which had been laid before a council of war by the commander in cliief. 1 hcfo papers that were fomul upon him fubjected him to iullant exeeiition, in the fum- niary way nfually prattifed with fpies ; but geiieiiil \\ athington a|>pointed a board (jf fourteen general oHieeis to examine into iiis lale, who reported, lliat he ought to be conlideied as a fpy, and as fuch to fuller death, which was iiitlided on him at Tappan, in the iirovince of iS'ew York. 'Ihe great expences of the American war, and the burthens which were thereby laid upon the people, naturally oecalioiud much difcontent, and feemed to con- vince perfons of all ranks of the ncceility of public (Economy. Nlectings were S therefore. 3«9 N O r I). tluvi't'orf lu'M In v.irIi»iH cDiintii'inr iln- Win;; l'>!i», ut tho cIijI'i' of i1i« ycsf I77«y, iitid llic l)r^ii\iiirig nt" ilu- M-iir i 7H0, ul wlii( ii ({nut lutmlHTt i»t rri'tltxltivri wcrg pnfv'ut, wli lacri'i-d lit |>r«foitl iK-tilioiiK to llw lioufc itt'crtit'iioiH t in whUhllify I'lirncllly rcijiifltid, •• th.it Ix'fctif imy lu-w Imrtlifus won,' Un' upon iM* tinmtry, •• rrt'echial im-atiir.'. ii(ic;lii In* lukoii l)v tli'- lionl'f to in|ii;u' ini-i mul currvtl ilio *• »;ror% »hiilV> in tin ixn.ntlitiiri' of piif)!!' ni-tncv ; Id rodiu-f all oMirbituiil imim. " liiiK'iitH ; t(» ri'lclntl mul iiltolilh all lino* mo pliu i-. mul uniiurii.d jiindiMi'* ; aiid " I > nppropriati- llio jtrodiuo to ilu- lu-ii'liiti ■< of llu- ll.ito, in fmli miiruur .m t>) *' the wifilom of parli.iiMi-nt thonltl fooni nt v-t." I lu' lirll jx-iiiion of iliin kind will ii);rc(.''l lo in tlu» I'ouiity of York ; mul lliv lAiimplt.' wan tollowi-il by tlio conn. liri of (lulKr, lli'itfonl. S\i(ri*\, Surry, I'lK-v. Sotovrftl, Will;*, (ilowcvlli ••, lliinlin;;Jvin, Dorfot, C'nmbirland, Norfolk, Dtw n, I', i\k, Noitini;hiii'i, lliuk*, ('a'nl)rid|;c, Hiilfor«l, Nnirilk, .Norllmnilifrl iiid, I l>Ti lord, Hiul l>iiil)i^h 'll,o t itiiM of l/Midon and \N \lliiiiiifttr, mul fk-viral otlur limns aiul torsniriiuoi;^, c >ii« ciurrd in (imilar potiiioits, S(»nic trivial altonipls wcio luado lo ii hiody lln jjricv- .nuA's Ihitfd, liiit iu)iliin;; in.port.itil was i'f1i\-lid i i1k> niinillry fion fount! nv iii iki'm iir no pipiilnr liTTriiiiMt nti]uiofti'nL\' in llu* nualuir . of adroinilkraiion. ilio n\idd!i' of the uar 17H0 wa^ diliinKuidud by om- of tin* mid siiil)ilioiis of ri'tit;io\is lvii»otrv llial bad i'mt .ijiprarid in iIiIh couinry ; I'fiKii illy if it l)c i(tii(itIiM\ il :'» liapiHiiini^ in an a.'i", in uliiili ilu- piinriiilis of loL-ratiiin wiT.' well undiTlloiiil. aiul vcrv provaUnf. An act of parliain* n( lind Ik tii lad ly palK'd " for ri'lii'vinir liis niaiclh ■^ fiil>)iTts prolVllinj; ilu- Koniilh rolii^ion, iVo.n t\T- " lain pi'tiallio and dilinhilitii-s impofcd u^on lluin in the 1 itli ami 1 iih yoarH of *' till' roi'^M of kinj; \\ illiani III." Iliii act was i^i-mrally approved by uuii ;ainll papul'. wi i> iillly dionu'd loo li'voic. 'Ilu- i\H at lirtl fionu'il to jr'wv lililc olliiuc lo pcrl'oos of any clafs in I'.n'^'ird. but in Siotlaiul it t.'\( iu'd tiuuli indignation, tliotii;li it did not cMi-nd to that Kinsdoni, Ki'foliiiioiis wfr«' t'ornu-d to oppofo any law I'or f;rantinj» im'id^^MUis li> '.'apilK in Sooiland . and a Knniidi tliap*.'! was burni'd. iiul the Iionfos of fi VkT;I I'a;tills (K'nioiillu'd, in tlic iii\ of l.diubiiri^li. 'I lu' lonlaijion ut" b';.,Mtry at Il'1|),'!i narlu d l'',ni{laiul ; a luuiibir of porl'ons allt nd)!i'd tlunif Ivc-s togi'. tliir, with a \ it \v of pronmtnij; a piiitiin to parlianuiit, for a lopoal of ilu- lati- act in favour of tlu- l*a]).".s, and tlicy alVuimd the tillf of tli' I'lotolhuit AlVonation. 'i'lu-y well- "liii'liy M^•tllodili^, and blijoli'd CalvinilU, in lln- lowi-r ranks of lil'i j manv of iluiii woli-intrrlioncd i)>if>i)s, and li;i\iii'^ a jull dilliki- to |)op.T)' ; but not fnlVu'iiMilly «'nli;^ht«MU'il to jonlidrr, tliai a fpirit of pvrfi'cutiiut wa . oni' of the wnill iluiraiiiTiliiis of ihal fytKin of fnpirlHiion. I hoy lontiinii'd toliild tVi'(|ui'Mt inectings f.rd ( icor^o (ioiili>!i,a youll^ man, (liU'onti'Uti'd at not hv'ini; pioni lU'd from :i 'iontiMinnt to a laptain in ilu- navy, ln'tanif lluir |)rilidfnt, ami 'luy iiuroaf- fd in na nln'is. At a linn.' v>t;,'ii thi' nation was I'unouiulrd wiili nal ilanj^iMs, ih'.» hi-iids of tiii-fi' wiak nicn woro til'i'd with notliiui; but tho kar of pitpcry ; and they fvcn focnud to fancy tliat tlivV vwtc contLndini; for ndi^ions libirtv, wlun lluv were labouriMj; to c\cito iIa' h ■•idalMro to pri\i iit fomr of tlu-ir li!low-ftil>ircK from worliippiiiK (•>'(! ariordin:; to ilu- dii-talis ol tlvir lonfi-'irnrcs. 'Ilio I'lutdl- aiit AflTocialioa at h-nglh a^nvd to a | ciii on, wl.iih wa-. faid to liavr Ikom fuh- fcrilu'd by moiv tlian one bundnil thmiland pi-ifniis. It was then refolvod, in or- der to give the more weight to their petition, tlial it Ibould be attended b, -frreat in iinber* lh> petitioiUT> ni perfoii d a pulilie ailvenileniciit was ilUied lor that pnrpofe, limned by lord (leorge (Jnidon. I'lUy ihoul'.ind jiertons aie l'iip])i.fi'(| to hi JVC allenibletl wi ill] III IS view, « m l"'ridav tlie ;d ol June, in M. (ieorte's I'lelti .from whence they proceeded, with blue cockades in their hats, to llie lioufe of hi loninions, m- N I>. fnmm<^ni, whrrc their petition wan prcrontcd bv ihdr prorulrrit. In ih« c'o.iHieo/ the dii) iVvrral ini*mli> >( >Mttli lioiid v .>(' pin linincnt wtrrc grviftlv infuli' l and illircii'>'il l>y the poituUii' , iiiul u mnl:, alltiiililco iho I nu* ''xniiig, Uy wit vhlhtf iinrdinlun rha|N*l in I lunlnVitin KUUU, atidimuthcr Roniiil ' htpd iti Wjirwick* llr^l, (ioIclcn-f«innr»\ wi fi' entirely dcmoliihcd. A pwrtyul i.'i«' |riinr(l lh«H r< ni fur, ti> pill M Itiij) ri) ihi- I'iirtlu'r progirfit of tltcfc vinloiuvs, nuA tliirfi'ii, n( ihi* H..(f*rii wiri' tukrn, fivo (it'>>hoin wort-ntii i\v,irdi comniitv wgiiio, ofnulnl by 111 niilii try. On i'h' Sundiiv t'i>llii\vin); another m»b ulloniUlcd, and ficdrnml (I'i'ti) h chapel ill Kop.niiikcr'vAIU-y, MiKirticIdi. ihi Moiu'.iy ihoy dcm >liliit«l • fWic ' houli', ami titter '(wvliinK-huufcii, in llic fuiin* pliuc, Ik-Iiui Koniii'i urii-ll'*, with a vulnalilc lilirury ur' '.xuiki, and a n\u(Vlioiirv.' i flirrt, l'h< ) alfi) drl^ruyrd till the h«iiilh(>|il inrnitiirc ut' )ir (iiMr^o Shv lir lind linviifflit in llu' lill in i \.mr ot' iIk- Pii|mii .. On TiifUlii) great nninlKTM H>;ain afTinibk-d iilxnit the |i laincnt-lKuili', .mil Ixltived To tunnilini>nlly, that Imih houfcn tluMight pii)|H'r tondjourn. In the evening', u moll diuiii^ and violent uri> inpt was ni;iil<; to force op«n the gnton ot' Newgale, in order to r -leaU! the rioTi'fH who were ii>nfincd there; and the kicner hnvinj; retulKl Ut ({(iiver iheni, hi% hiiufe was fet on Hre, i'le priAm was loon m HiiMien, and ^Tcjit piirt of it ron- liiined, ihongli a new (lone cditietf of inuomnion ltll•n^^h ; and nioro than ihree hundred prifoncri made rlu . > i..n|u% niati) of whom joined the mol>. '\fn.- I'ro- |i llant AHoi lation, n:* tht y i onjjht prop* r to H\le tlundelxes, had lui-n iliietly iictiiati'd hv ifjnoranee and I "tiv and llv ir new t onftcK rales were animated hv |K- of pli ndir. Iwonihtr prifuns, the houfvi »"'n to tl i\ V rgini lie, I )tean llio I '\e ol nnfthict, niu oflod Manstield, and lirJulm / IdiiiK, and fi-veral otlur ,>rivaii' lionfes, were d ))r<>\e(liln' fame evciiinj;. 'I he i diowinj; day, ihv jvini;'* Meni.li prifon, tin' New I ulewvil, in St. (ieorgc's Fields, fomr I'uvilh chapels, (e\irul private Imnfcs oi' I'.ipids, anti other l)nil>e«l in the rioters; fmne w.'k- pulled down, ami olhern let mi tire ; mid every part of ; c metropolis cshibiled viulriuf ;iii(l diforder, tumults and innllagralions, Duiiii'.,' llufe extraordinarv fccnes, thrie was a ihamefiil inacUvily in tlk loid- nv iivor ot London, and in moll of the otlur ma- llrates of the meiropulis, aiK d >H niiglihoniliodd; and even tin niinillry appi-aivi' lo be panit -Ihiiek, and to ho only iiiiiMitive to llu- prrfervation ot tlieir own hotil" ^, und of the royal paluie. 'II I' act il)rat( at llie <>ei;mnini .f th e riots, di.\ lined Kivinii orileis t > the nil lilaii lo tire; hut at lenj^tii, as all prop> rt\ begun to be inteeure, there was an evident i.«(ellitv tor miikinj; vif^oroiis oppoliiion to tlio rioters ; l.iifje bodies I't triMipsvwrc Iriui^lii to the nn'tioiiijis tVom many miles round it ; and an oijii w.is illueil, by the antlmiity of llu- King in t ouneil, " lor the military to act without waiting; tor dirtctiuiis from the civil inagillrates, and to ule forte tor difperling the ill j; al and luimiltiioiis alii ntblus of the |)enplc." 'Il^- troops e.seriiil themfolv with diligenie in the fiipjirellioii of thefe alarmiii ^ fmnnlts, great niimbcr* aiul Tl^- troops e.seriiil themfolvis rmiii " fmnnlts, great niimbcr* f the rioter* wcc kilKd, many were apprihi-n.Ld, who were atterwards lii ■daiid cNieiited tor loUuiy *, iind the metrupulis was at length lellored to order I trnnqiiiiliiy. It is pivti nded, that ni) member of ilic I'rotclhnit allix-iutio i e\i.iit((l, or tried, for anv ihnre in thefe riois. IJut however this maybe. aiu wa>i r it was manititily the biijotry of a tew had rs of i)ii» pntendid I'rotertant AHocia- lioii, to wliii h tlufo riots owed their orij^in. 'i'he manner in whith ihcfe Ivimults Wire fuppiellid by the operations of the niilitaiy, without any authority from the ( ivil magithate, however neeeiraiy from the piv uliar cirtumUances ot tin: caf>', was thought to be a very dangerous preyed til ; and that an atl of indemnity ought > l.iiril George Gorilnii vfai liiiiifi'll trcalbn, but ac- ■ jllittCll. 3 A t* ^ J^^ *^v IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^/ 'ks r A 1.0 I.I 11.25 I^IM 12.5 lij ■■■ ■■■ «* U2 122 £! US 12.0 1.4 mil 1.6 PI? ■^-j^ 0% % /. Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716)S72-4S03 36a E N N D. to have been paflcd, not only with rcjjard to inferior perfuns who had a£^cd in the fiij)proflion ot thefe riots, but olfo with rcfpcft to the miniflry thcnifcivcs, for the part thoy had taken in this trnnHidUon. While the internal peace of the kingdom was diHurbed by thefe commotiong, there appeared reafon to apprehend an increafo of its foreign enemies. The Ame- rican war had occafioncd various difputes between Great Britain and Huliaiui. Complaints were made by the Dutch, that their thips were feized by the Enj^liih cruizers, without juft caulc. On the other hand, l«)ud renionnranccs were made by the Britilli miniAer to the States-cencral, complaining that an unlawful coni- luerre was carried on between their fubjec\« and the Americans ; that this was particularly the cafe at St. I^udatia, which was nothing better than one great magazine of military and naval florcs. Thefe difputes continued to increafe ; and in roprobiitir;, the ni-aci* as making too gri-nt concitlions to llu* cnoniy, that Ihi-y might rtorni ilio labnu-t, drive lord Shi>ll)urnennd hiu friends from it, and feat lluiufi-lves aiul the men they had di'fj)ir.'d, in tlieir plac es. By the treaty of peace between (Jrent Britain nnd t'Vancc*, Great Britain re- ftored to France the illnnd of 'lobago, in the Weft Indies, and the river Senegal in Africa, with its dependencies and the forts on the river ; and gave up a fewJif- trirtsin the Kaft Indies, ns dependencies on I'ondicherry j it renoredaifothe iflands of St. Lucin, St. Pierre, nnd Miquelon, and the illand of (loree, with Pondi- cherry, Karical, Mahe. Chandernajjore, and the fa^lory of Surat. 'I'o prevent difputes alxHit boundaries in the Newfoundland fllhery, it was agreed, that the French line for filhing lliould begin from Cape St. John on the eatlem (ide, iind lliould have for its boundary Cape Ray on the weflern .•nounced every claim refpeMmg tne demolition of Dun- kirk. France on the other hand was to reltore to (Jreat Britain the iOandsof Gre- ra la, and the (Jrenadines, St. Chridopher's, .St. Vincent, Dominica, Nevis, and Montferrat ; and guarantied Fort James in tlie river (jand)ia, agreeing that the gim trade ihould remain in the fame condition as before tiie war, 1755. The allies of each ftale in ihe Kaft Indies were to be invited to accede to the pacifica- tion, but if they were avcrfe to peace, no alliliancc on cither fide was to be given to them. By the treaty with Spain, Great Britain gave up to that power Kaft Florida, and ceded Weft Florida and Minorca, which .Spain had taken during the war. 'I'o pre- vent all caufes of complaint and niifunderftanding in future, it was agned that Britifli fubjctts Ihould have the right of cutting and carrying away logwood in the dirtritt King between the rivers U'allis or Bellize, and Kio Hondo, taking the courfe of the faid rivers for unalterable boundaries. Si)ain agreed to reltore the idands of Providence, and the Bahamas, to Great Britain, but they had been re- taken before 'he peace was (igned. In the treaty with the L'niied States of America, the king of Great Britain ac- knowledges New llamplliire, MaiVaehufets' Bay, Rhode Illand and Providence Plantations, Connei^Hcut, New York, New Jerfey, Pennfylvania, Deia.varc, Mnry- laiul, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and (Jeorgia, tobe/^^^/o•^r^l?/^«, and iii,/i-pii:i/ciit J!ti/cs ; and tor himfelf, his hc'rs and fuceelVors, relinquilhes all claims to the government, propriety, and territorial rights of the fame, and every j)arl thereof To prevent difputes in future on the fubjett of boundaries between tliefe flales and the Britilh provinces, lines were very minutely drawn, which will be noticed in the proper place, as well ns delineated on the inap of the United States of America; and lome favourable claufes were obtained for the lovaiitls. The navigation of the Mitlilliijpi to remain open to both parties, as alio the New- foundland filheries. In the treaty with the Dutch, great dilTicultics nrofe, but nt length it w.ls ftipu- lated, that Great Britain lliould relloro Trincomale in the ii'iard of Ceylon, but the French had already taken it, and that the Dutch lliould yield to us the' town of Ne- gapatnam, with its dependencies, in the liaft Indies. rhusa period was put to a molt calamitous war, in which Great Britain loft the bed part of her American colonies, and many thoufands of valuable lives, and ex- pended or fquandcrcJ nearly 150 millions of money. The terms of the peace were, * Preliminary articles fettled Jaiiu.iry so, 1783. to N N sh to many, a ful)jc£) of grent regret i but had the war continued, it would have been iicccn°nry to borrow annually 17 millioni and a half, by which a million per annum wotild have iKcn added to the laxei, and 25 millionii at lead to the capital of the public debt, according to thcufual modes of funding. The addrcfsi of thanks for the pence was carried in the houfc of lordiiby n majority of 72 to 59, but lo(l in the houfe of commons by a majorityof 224 to 208. The majority of the commons, thus enlilled under the banner of the/i»/>»o«i coa/i- lion leaders, Mr. Fox and lord North, plainly indicated aminiflerinl revolution, unlefH the cabinet Ihould call anew parliament. As they did not, the peucc-makcrswere obliged to withdraw from power. The t^o gentlemen juft mentioned werf made fecretarics of ftatc, and the duke of Portland, firft lord of the Treafury, on April 2, 1783. All plans of reformation in public othces, and for preferving the nation, which lord Shelburne propofed, feenied now to be laid afide. Mr. Pitt's motion for correfting the dcfcth in the rcprefentation of parliament, was loft by a majo- rity of 293 to 149 J and Mr. Sawbridge's motion, that leave be given to bring in a bill for Ihortcning the duration of parliaments, was rejetled by 123 to 5ft. Mr. Pitt alio propofitl a bill for reforming the boards of the Treafury, Admiralty, Ord- nnnec, lixcife, Stamps, nnd other offices, which was oppolVd by Mr. liurke and other members of adminirtratiim, who had molt ftrenuoudy contended lor tlial mca- I'ure bi'tbre they themlllveshad attained lucrative places. This bill was lutlenil to {)afs the commons to amufe the public, but was rejected by the lords, 40 to 24. ivery thing went on jiill at the coalition adniiniilration pleafed,tillMr. Fox brought into parliament his famous bill for new regulatinjj the government of the Knft India txMiipany, and their conuncrcial affairs and territories ; a plan of which bill, its prdgrefsand fate, are already given in our account of that trading company. This i)iJl being rejected it) the houfc of lords, on December 17, by a majorii. of 19, oc- iHlie rcfpettive departmeuts, which formed the tenth udminitirution lince his majef- ty's accelhon. Some independent grntlemcn (as they ftyled themfelves) interpofed to unite the et)iiteiKling parties, which luid tilled parliament and the country with dilirattions ; but their eiideavourh to form what they called a firm, clhcient, extended, and united adminirtration, proved unfucct fsful. Pcifonsof the moll dillim-uillied and independent character in the houfe of com- iiu>iK., and in the kingdom, now wilhed that a dillolutiou had taken place weeks kxtort', even at the firll forming of the coalition. At lad, alter llrong and repeated conti-fts between the two parties, on the 25th of March 1784, a proclamation' was illlied for dilVolving the parlinment and calling a new one, agreeably to the deliies and addrelies of a gnat iniri of the kingrlom. At that juntture, the great feal was ftolen from the houfe of the lord ihancelKir, v.hi'.h oeealioned many fulpiciuiis as if done by more tlian ordinary l\ Ions ; but net! ir.g farther apjuaied, ami a new feal was prefently iiuide. On the ib'ih of May tlk- new parliament alRnibled, and the commons ehole Mr. Cornwall, the fpeakcr ' of the l-ife houfe, for iheir prefent fpeaker. 'I he next day, his niajelly addrclled tin Ml fioni the ihiime. A \ery t"nn!e tippolltion wa.-> mado to ihe addrtfs of tli;inks in the houfe of lords, and it foon appeared that the appeal to the people had turned out greatly in Mr. Piu's favour, for on May 24th, on a divilioii of the lioiife for an addrefs to the king's fpeech, the numbers for it, wiJiout any altera^ • tiun or amendment, were 282 agaii.tl 1 14. ^ Mr..-. s^» N N Mr. Pitt hr()uv;l)t in hit Kail India hill the 5th of July, the leading particulart of 'whitli wi' liavi' ^ivoii in uur uccount of tliut compnny *. t)ii ilu- ai;th III' Jitniiiiry 1785, tl>c jiurliamcnt alKMnhltd. Amongft a variety of matter whiih jirclK'tt on thi-ir atti-iition, none focmcd of more confcquence than the Ihitc tif parliamcntury rcprofcntution, the fyllem of fortilkntions propofed hy the diiWo of UiihmotuI, the ulFuirs of Indin, and tlu* propolitioni for a trading in* tiriouile with Ireland. 'll>c bulinefH of narlianu'ntnry reform having ))ccn taken up I)) Mr. Pitt, he nccordinKly introduced n fpccitic plan for that pur|)ofe on tha 1 8th i)f April, which he prefaced hy a hiliory of parliamentary rc|irefentalion from H very remote period. The plan was to give one hundred memlK*ri to tho jxiptilar iiiterell of tne kingdom, and to extend the right of election to above one hundred thoufund peifons, who, by the exiliini; urovitioni of law, were rx- ikuled from it. I his accolllon to tlie popular interelt was to bo princi|>ally ob« tained by the fupprellion of decayed boroiighs, and the trnuifer of their reprefen- tutivcH to the countiesi fo that the number of the houfe of conunons would remain tlie fame. After a debate of confiderable length, it was rejetied by a majority of 74; the noes licinz 448, and the ayes 174. From the apprehenlions of the nation, tlurinc the late war, for tlie fufcty of the .di>ck-)ards, whiiil the combined fleets were in liic cha.mel,and no adeijuatc naval J'oice toonpofe them, the duke of Richmond conceived the idea of fortifying them, as the belt protcdion from future infult or danger. Confiderable funis had been nnmuiliy granted for this purpofe, but the greatnefs of the expencc nt length at- traded the attention of a reljietlable part ot the houfe of commons, and after a full difculTion of the utility of the plan, it was determined ^fuially iu the following fellion) to difcontinuc the works as ufelcfs, and, in fomc ref|)c<:U, as dangerous. 'Ilic Irilli propoiitions were another fubjedl which engaged the attention of par- linment. This new (\rtem of intercowfc between Great Britain and Ireland was fir(¥%itroduccd into the parliament of the latter kingdom by Mr. Orde on the 7tli of February, in the form of ten propoiitions j thele, by a fniall alteration, and the diftribution of the fubjecl of one of them into two heads, were increafed to eleven. They received the aflent of both houfes in that kingdom, and on the zzd ol the fame month, were communicated to the parliament of Great Britain by Mr. Fitt, chancellor of the exchequer, 'i'he leading principle in this plan was the e(|ualizing the duties on the produce and manufadurcs of both countries; and fur the beiiehts communicated thereby to the lirter kingdom, flie was in return to give a certain portion of her hereditary revenue towards the maintenanccof thenavy of the empire.— The fubjed had received but little difcullion, when the fears and pre- judices of the nianufatturers were roiifed in every |)art of the kingdom ; innumer- able petitions were prefented, and evidences heard ; committees were formed from Tilfemblies of thefe manufadurers.who were directed to oppofe the pafllng the pro- poiitions into a law. 'Ihefe ciicumllances, together with tiie llrengfh of oppolition in the houfe of comnKms, ])ro(luced fuch an alteration in the propoiitions that they VI re extendid to twenty. After having paflTed througli both houfes, when they ar- rived in Ireland thus multiplied and thus altered, they met with the moft violent oppolition, and though there appeared in their favour, in the Irilh houfe of commons, .127 againft 108, yet the majority being fo fmall, adminillration thought it prudent to avoid the riAjue of a defeat in the progrefs of the bill, and therefore withdrew it in two days after. Ill confecjuence of fevere prohibitions having been laid on the importation of Britidi manufadures into the Auiirian dominions, and fevcral reftriitions on their iiitrodudion into France, the niiniiler opened a negotiation with tlie latter king- Page n6. don», K N I. N n. i^9 di>in, for n more lilvnil tommorcial inliTCDiiifo Ijftwrrn the two cmintrii-tt, wul iij>- jiointi'd Mr, I'.iloti envoy f \triu»rilin;irv «iul iiiiniikT filuilpotcntiiiry (or thu( |mr- j>oU'. A tn aly wan at roidin^ly i-oiicluili-t! iuul riitifiitl t'y both hoiili-s ot parliu- lUi'Ht. 'I lii-i \vu!* n iKiifiiri- or great pul.iital roMlotjiioni o, ni it tiMxk-d lo bnak afuiulcr tlic national pri-jiuliirs, which hat! cxilKd for many ugi'»lKl\vicn the two launlrii'H. Parlianu-nt alTcmhlod on llu' 24th of Jatniary 178'S, ami :i!noni.'(l ihc v.irloiu nK:ifuris ajfitatid, tlio |)l.in tor (.•itaMilliin^ a linkinjj fund, ami iini>loying n n>il- limi Hi\nually for ri'diitini; iho national dilit, i-ngiimd thiir iiuilt iinmcdinti' utftn- lion. This n>iilii>n is prodnnil by llii' yearly inioim- v\ llu' llati* ixtcidiij^ the licrinaiunl Icvil of it-, i ApiMidituro by u fiini of i;oo,oool. wliiili nnu bo imreafcd Id a mil linn b) means in nuwiU' biirllienrMnu' i" liie p^'ople. Hii-. nii'al'ure, wliit Ii bad iIk' eum iirrenee of «m r) man who dtlircd the i luancipaiinn nf ihe kinjjdom from the aceunudaied Inadnl debt andlaxest. wiienaOted into a law.wliieh trcwled ».,iminillioiter.i for carrjinjj tlr.' pnrpi'i'es of this \aluable att into e\ei.iilii)n. We come now to a very extraordinary tranl'-ution t>f the prefeiit tinii's, tlii' ini- piaelmuiii otMr, V\'arr«'n HalHiv^s, late fjovernor-jreneral of lien;;al; a tianfatbon wliieli derive.^ Iplendour iiom tile dii;nily of t!w parly aieiiled.u ntan of an indetali- jjablo and ardent mind, of bomullefs fpitit anil enteriuilV, atid wlio, in die opiniim of his employer* at home, and ol tlmfe who witneli'cd his ailminilhation ai>rond, jriivernedonrlmliaitempire for njiwaidsol ailozcn vears, with ineompurable ability j and thai in the |)eeuliarly tr\iiijj times, wlien Kngland rtood idone againft the wi'ild in arms. On the 17th ol" February, Mr. Ibnko, who took llie lead in this ledio'is and expenlive bulinefs, explained the mode of proceeding he was deiirou* u< adopt; and, in the cmirfe of the feliion, moved for a mnltitndc of papers to ground and I'uhllantiate liis charges upon. 'I'liefe were produced, ar.d \lr. I lad- ings heard at the bar of the houl'e of commotis in his defeme. 'Ihc debutes which arofe tm tlie I'lilycl lonninated in refolutions. That certain nf tlie charges contain- 1(1 matter ol' impeachment againll the bite governor general of Uenjjal. Mr. HatS ings was tl.erifore impeached by the commons at the bar ot the lioul'e of pei'rs. Ili^ tiial has oceiij)ietl a conliilcrable portion of ilie f'ven feliions of par lianuMit, wliiili have lince elapfedi and it in but recently that ihe loids have h. lu'd ;ill the fpeeclus aitil evidenies deemeil recpiilile to their palling fenteace j wniii tliev will do next feliion. The t'ei'l)le atiempt of an obfcure ami contemptible maniac, of tl)e name of Moigaret Nieholfon, agahill the life of the fovereign, i;-, tlie face of day, an ("ubjects. The general exultation which prevailed atter that event, retledcd honour on the 1 1 >pie as well as the king. I he coiifojidation ol the cutb)ms and exi it'e was the moH important circumrtance ilir;r\ini^ ot attention in the vear 1787. I hi-, was a imat'oe of im leilible labour and detail, as well as of intinile luhantage lo commerce, by tacilil;iiing and lim- plitMng the intricacies attendant on mercantile tranfactions. and the payment of duiien; a regulation w hidi wasdnlv and pernumeml\ elleoled. 'ihe trade carrieil on by this ('lunlrx, and other luiropean nations, upon tlie 10. lit of Africa, tor the purjxd'e of pun haling ne^ro-ilaves, to be empiojed in the t ul'.i\aliwn of the W elt-lndia iliands, and certain parts of the continent of 4\nn.«- lica, does not appear til! of late years to have been conlldercd with that general aiiiMition which bich a jjraClice might have been expei^tcd to excite; a praciice to ahli'ineiit in its nature to the mild princii)les of modern p(dicy and manners. The livli public attempt, we believe, that was made to put a Uop to this trallic, was by tile ^^uakers of the foutiieni pio\iaces of America, who, loon after the cftal^lilh- 3 B mcnt 370 V. N N D. MUTil ofihoir inilfpriulcnrr, not only prcfrntpcl lor \Wf\ piirpofi' n Oronennd pn *)\4 ill iuldrffi to tliw-ir rfViTiil lri(illiitisc iilli'iiil>li<'i, Imt ailii.illv pr >i ccili tl, a% \s riiiil, in muiiy inllaiiivt to iinatKipati' tlii' ll.iMit thai wire in llivir pnilcilion Du- nu4. fiir>'. lukiM by iIk' AnuTicnii U>)(illutin«-*, i:i t'oiirci|Ui-iic-i' ot" iliii npp'icntion, Hra 1 hi lulo'i' ilu' piinlii . liiCnal Itritaiii llir lanif fniK h appc-nriiiirn to navf tnki-n ih k'iid, aiit ttii^ kiti;;i|iiiit. thi- ijiiIV Inun nlur iH'tanu- vMiiiiii-ly pi), pular. Many pu iiphlft-. who piililiduil upon llu- fnliictt ; fvViTal i',niiKi,i i|i. vhu'H ri'comnH-iidi'il ii lV>iiii the pulpit and in piintid iliriuiirA'it \ Hnd petitions Will- pivfiiiti'l to till" li>;iilainu' tiiiin ilio twt» inii\ rliii'it, uiid iVotn fiviral ttf liio iivil) conliiU'rul)lf town:, and coipmatioii^ in llic kingdom. Mil nia'|il\\\ niinilliT". ili(iiij;lii tit to ihlliiuti' an iiic|iiirv, lut'oti- n coin- milU\' of' tlu' pti\y iimncil, iiU.i iIk* lacU unil alU i,ali>iiis ionlaini'd in T >' rcpii.% fiDtaiiont ol Uotli parlii't upon tlu* l'iil>joct. I lie tiil) puhlii' nolict thai v\.is i.ikin nl' this Ituriiiols \\^,\^ in an ininniaiion loitirnnnicau'd li) Mr. \\ ilhcrtorcc, fnnn nt'tir till- nuiiinj; of |iailianKiil,ot hi^ init nlion lo l)rint; forward a nuafurt." ulpi-ft. lit iiulilpiif(.il. Aii.l'iil I nnii- fiir- liig llii' Ihi •lr.i(K That LriMit'i'iuan hi. in \\n rd on llu' i;ih of Ma\ , i j.i.i, in lli ' iiain>' of iii . fiiiiui, and iiium d the loll own ii? w me n-foUition, " I liat this honfo will rarly ni llu' niM fillion of parlianu iit pronvd taki into iftnlidiratimi th'- i ircuinlhinri-* of ihr lla\c-lra«li' mniplaim ,1 of in t| pi'litions pi'i'l\n!i d to till- houfi', and wliat may hi' fit Jo hi' doni' ihi u-npon ;" wliiih as nnaniini'ulls carriid. Atur thi>, on tlu- i\{) of Miiy, (ir W ii.iun Dojluti )vi'd till' houfc for !i'a\c to hrinj; in a l)ill l\al lii- ml!v Oil l!ic ihr )ni' of ihcU' nal nis. VlUT ihi- U'vei'. his I'Xci'iUnt v, aili-nded ♦ Tlint tliiTC wsi* a nciidlty for ailopti'ij; ^lli^ itiatrs of Imman li(r, wai fiveatien timcj tliciif., I inllt'^oM V. ill niof^ I I-'tIv m'|K;ir (roiti tin- f;i i rnti- of innn.ility. It w ■, iniltril, 11 llU II lll();v, wiiiili H( H |)iovci( ill t I' loiirli' el llii- ilili.iti'. It l)fi aiilr, iji the illiiiialt'ol iiiortal iv, ptiCiiii rl' 3ii]xari-i| tli;it llvt- l.i t li » iiu lif< in liiii til, :^n.liiiU(l, aiul Ku inrjiiin aitrai r lo r.u :i liavr. •II I lii»i r il. tllC Ml- \.i II' ai.iini till. lI. »ai II e mi Ills ttic- ti'tinly I nvirrd « iili liiiilii's, ami till I'liaii; llu- Irailc in tin Il l.iMinallt' I lUlllI ll.ll'.llf ii( iriini'.Uai l-ctwcen the Hunr ot ili:ii iln k ami ll.r root alnivi, tmi, in ilif vo\a};r Ironi tl.t 1 re il Itiiit | iti i conipiiiaiioii, in a vn»aj;r nt (i\ weeks 1 'ii linii- have tlitil lu tlic comic il iiutuic, uuc, wlucli, accoritiiig to tiic mull «ii urate ciii> I\ iiuirc k \v:w al fii- ■ill voy- 1 ia^mii* Itiirc ot' |:.iniL'k ; Its (it II i: a* I! WUIllll F. o f, N ir 37» n mimi?rrnu»rnln of ilirfull pcrfunnff.-n in the kli>ml.>ni, imd vfmricil I'v \\\r piinnl 'S tirmil or IikIi otiuliotin, wini iVimm ihc (.:ilUc lo (!ollc{(vUri-ni, iiiid iiltor t'nliilinu t\u' ii|iH'tlri;iii llutiii- ot° kint^ W iliitirii, iiriti-tiMtcil tii1iina (ircill. 'lllCUt<|KMriltUC (III lIllMU't illUHl \Mtll]fl"l I^K'utor tlmn liuil tH-cii ki)>i\ wnt tihurvi d IIS n dii) «>|" roliMiiii lllllhk^^ivillJ,^ m ilitv .fill l»y vf^ sul «it llio ^jiikmiiI iiininU!/ if llii' il.tiivli 1)1' , Sii.il.ii.il p..iK(l li(.;ili«Mi lit iliis tioi lU'Hrly (ix ninmlis bft'ori- lite iinuuiil Kliirn nl' tlio ilu, tliut tillvinMy l).ul \hv honour lo'tnkc tlic Ittid, in itti-ir nToltiiion to liloliraio tlii^ glo. rioii* c\4.iit ; niul ii o n'l.t l<» l^' nii i(lo;u'il, to lln' honour ot' ilmt hi ,Ii-t'j)iririlulioii lUv' uoll iinilcilhuut iukI warniK niiluiitil ! s ihi m. — At \\ lillliiii'lon, liciwvn Mu ilti'Iil ami I'lulU-r- liclil, ii|»«'r lliiry of whUli, ii>>lifid li\ a viryltiiall .vindow.in Ihiwii nn tlio iipnrtiunt called hy till- tititiiovnhitionilK, " iIk- plottinj; parloir," in wliiih tho i;lori( is huliiufi uun itiniiiid. To iliu pliui' tlu' illiillrioiis IuuUts, iho larls otlA-vmiihiiv and Uanhy, oul I )flaiuoti-, iii.il \lr .l( hn Dart), «:iiiu' diri;uiud. inid comi-rri d tl,*' nu'ii("iiri'i I li liajipiiv produiid III inudi g lod in tlii^ lotintrv i mid, in ;mi oakiMi ihell. Willi ',7 liiil pfirirvi'd in a lorin'rut tin- loom, the ininnlcH ol idi- nui-lin;; wore dipoliti'd luro iH ullo to Ik- loi-n tlir old arnnd iliair in wliiih the rarl ot IK vonlhiro ii ("aid to U'Vl' fat. 'Ilii' ili-rii'iiilants Kit' ilir llluliiiMiiH hoiifis of t'awmlilli, Olboriu-, lioiidu', and lJ.iri\ itor tJir viiuTahli- iliilsr of l.ri-iU, wliol'i- would luit allow liini to attnul, iiad lint his two ^ranilton'<, it' wiioin tin- blood of Ollionic and Dariy is uniti'd)i a minuToini and powirtul gi-ntry ; ti wealthy and rifpi'ctal)lc yco- ni: mu ; a haiiK, Mt drti'iit and attiMilivi- in'iilintrN ; wlioCo inlilli;;i'iit conntonanci') till Will that tliry undi illood, and would ho tiim to prif.r\»' that hlrlini};, for whiih till) wiTf alliinhlid to rrtnrn thanks to AlMiij;lit\ (ioil, priliuitid a ttuly fokunn l|irit;Kl(.', and lo ihi' cxi'iif a philofoplur, tlu- niol( interidnij; that ran lu' imiij;inod. ii wuii not tlu* K-ali pIcalin^iinunillaiKi' atti'iuiin^ this t'olunnity, tliat nil party dif- liuctior.s wiTo forf{oiii.Mi. IVrliinsof all ranks and di-nominaiions wore oranm' and hliH', in nu-niory of luir glorious dilisirir. .\nd llu' ninil n.f|)i>.tal)le Uonian- iiilliojii' t'ainilii', lati^tii'd with ihe niilil loli-ration of j;ii\irnnunt in llu- I'Ni-n il'o of llu ir iilij;ioii, vied in their endeavours to llievv how jull u lenfe they had of the value of livil liherty. In the fjiaee of only four years whiih had i lapfed lince the eoniplcte trlumpli of ll;r fovinijiu and the nation hmt tlie " I'oalition," (Jnal llrilain, under tlu' ec )n- diKi of a niinilier, who had not yet alt.iiued his thirlii ih w ar, had lilVn lioin .i (l.ile of uiiexaiupled ikprellioii to hi.r aneieiU fuperioiitv anion;; the I'.uropean kii.^doiiis. In this llate of puhlie felieitv, the nation was fuddenly alarmed hy tiie ri'i'oris of his niajelly beini; attacked with an nm speiMed ami dangerous illi.ef^. 'I lie preiiie iiatuie of it was \\ r lV\er:il ilavs uiUAphinid and iinarev i taiuetl, even 1 V iIioIl' will fe reliiler.ee near llie couit fliould have ii,,ililril them to ohlam larly aud auiluMuie iuforr.iaiion. Mianvvlii'e tame augmented the evil, and the ihatli tii the foverciqii was bilicved to hi.ve eilhvr alieaiiy lakeii pi.ue, or to be iiuiiiiuent unit inev ital ) :e. ■|ii..e. however, ^raduallv divulged the truth, and ehan^ed thr ripprehcni'ons of the i.aiion for the litnation of ilu kiiif;. I hi dlloiiKr waii uicleilh'od to have fallen n;)i)i I il.e hail), and to liavi ii'dueeil nil -hi I )e exiii ,t. d, a temporurv jinva- tion ol real'on. .V (peeies ol interrcj;iiuni, intact, looK. pince ; though unni.toin- panied bv any of thofe eiri uiullaiKi s whieli ulually ihaiacfiri/e and aeeiMiipany t!i;ii iii.lwriuna:e liaie. Il.e ki..mloni, anxioi.;., and wiiii evis directi d towards il'iir fovereign, betrayed no Ivmptunis of tonfuiion, auaul.y, or eivil teniniotion 3li llic la ii.i- IT* N t N D. Tfke (IrA mtnilltr cotiliniMd to ekmiiV, t>y • ti*n«ril fubrntiliHt ind ifi« |>owrr» dti^'(jMr<| to him bsfurt thv kilts'* irulTi'iMtiiiioiu ami rlt.' |>'tltiirtlnMchintf, wt'll coiilLtuJv'il nml proinirly or|{«nliiirtr fulblnoil no ilcrutiK'-iniiit ur injury what* ^KM^cr friwt) iliii ihiKk, vhwitii ihiife iti(i'|>itrul>l)r vonncCU-ii Miilt Uvia/ in Um tranf* •iliitnt (»r iik'p»(iuiii)ii« pciulltij; with fitrfi^n cniirt*. 'iV* two li'Mifc* ot' |uirli.iiiu-iti, lit iiinU''|Ui'iii'it uf iHtf prit cdiitij pronigniiiiti, mcl in u K'w tU.i i'liUfviim m to ilurv? f\irit(>rilii)tiry rvrni«, 'I'lu- )(i iivi>tl ugaunon Hud iuriolity, ovi n ll tli v huil iti' unti Uixt, ut itiitbiliiMi, tiiid <»!' putMii tliily, woiiltl uloni* mws iiriHlia.vl u tiuiik'i>>ii« ultviut* •nc«. Mr. i'iit niivncU tl)« fuUiitl n( ilulr niccting hi ii very iDiicito uiul |iitilu>iii mauMcr ) laniiiucci ilto iKtnllon, tvprctroil hU Iiojk' itui ito' «iiiil> s^miM t|)>i'(litv Ik ri'tiiDwd, Ml ' nMhiil iitctl, mlviU'd iiii iiiuiKitiulc fuljoiiiiiiiu-hl uV It loiiiiiulit lliv |ti'i',> iliii'in w II riiiiviil in liiip liU'ntv l>y ilic ii|»|><>iiU' IkL' ui' ilk- lioiile, iimt .illciitvil Id in imitc iKi[iiielVk,iii'i>. At lotin ai llu' uil|i)iiiiinii-i)t wm fit ait I'lttl, Mr. Fox luhl vhini lo tlio vm itiit Ti ('litre, in llu- nitmcuiiu uii l\w Uliult i)( th ' heir iiti|mr«.Mit, m licli Wi'll .it luljwiii.i' ni' tlic Unuro III) wliiili n kiii^ o|' iCiiKlaud luul iiti;;iiiali> ificivitl liis crown; iiml p:nlianK'tit, roiifv-d to u TonK- ol'llti' uiivllily uf lUt'larin;; iUVIl' fult-ly conitu'Mn in iiil tlu' vaia:it lliroiu', |iriit\ i tUil to thai ^ri'at nit wiilioul tin innloi uiinn oi (Kliiv( mill liuviiiL; |)r<)iioiiiKt.'il upon iliin iiii|ioriaiil prt'liniinary, llii-n (Uudiil iluu the ^iiiiu'i* ot' \V alv't lliould [k' invited nnd rci|tK'lU'd to ucci-pt lite rvgcmy, uiidir ccr- tiin liinitationi. 'lite inot\ili ot" Di'ientlii-r elupfvil in lit* fi- conurt*. nnd ihc ycnr 17B0 conimvniiil undir llic moll ijlooniy pul'meti. MuMal arpority and ripromli iMnhith tjd ivcry iirl)ato. No appcarunii'i til tonvaI> U aiho or ri'eoviTy, lo aidiMiliy aniiupai.il by tliL' nation, had yet inanil'i Tu-d lhi.ntl'..'l\iv4 in lli<' ni d.idy o» the kinj^. /\ foeunil f\aniiniilio!t ot' tlu* phvliciant who had aitfiidrd his niajrliy during the courl'i' ut' hit dilorder, \>hiih look place lu-t'ore u coinntittee ot' tho hoiifo nl ioninioitH, ai.d \v!iit:h wuii cci'laiiilv no! loiuluvl^'d, on llu' part (it°op|)n|iilon, willi fitlwr diiicuv r judj;'iu 111, ll lid. d It llu'ovv wrv liiil.' iij^ht 011 llu' ^nat objiit ol' puliiie in(|iiirv, tl ll' pniiiai (liir.Uio:) a i.d per 101: I ot' tl ilUict ini ma ladv. Mr, I'ilt eondaiUf (I'ld vvasinly inaiiitaini.d tlie piolialiiliiy ot'its ha^ipy teniiinalion i aid, re)(ardiii^ litis a» iicitlier diihiitl nor hopeUft, made llu- rvUimpiion ot" llu* royal power liv the foverci^jn witli I'.uilily and celiriu, as Toon at he Ihoiild lie tiialilid to wiild the feeptrc, tlu: liili .'ind leading prim iple ot all hit nuat'iire-, ami propohtioiis. I lu' uillicriitts ot'lhe prliif of \\ aleh I'aw the iirol'prct ot his lather's retoviTy tltroii;^li very dillLreiit iiio.liiiin, and conc'.ixud ol it not only as inipiotialtle, htil asi huarlv iiit^;iiK.ntiii;L( in that impro'i luliilitv 'Ih ley were lultainetl in tliisopin Kill bv U , .rreii, ,.s the n'inillir was toiiiaiued in hit oj pollio loittimeiit by W illit ; the JDrimT an ti.'iii'.etit London pra^iliiii/iK r, liiv laiur bioumdii trout a tlid.mt piusime to aiiei d the I'overeign intder his I'evi re diftinU r, and who beini,' pfinliarly tonverl'ant in that fpvii.s ut'Uileafe, boldly i.ml early allerttd, th.it he eiileitainetl i'ean i ly any doiil.ts tl the k.iii^'t> perfect ru-eilablithment at no remote period. 'I'hc event t'nlly Julli< lied liii. pri.diw:lii.in, A vety thoM period, probably not exceeding llirec days, mnft have eompletid the hill, which was to lie* lare the incapacity ol" the foveiei^n to conihikl the na- tional iillaiis, and to tratiMer the t'l eptre, though with diininilhed inthience, to lii:i Ion. 'I he me, niters ot';!d,niiuiiiv.lion were on the point ot' ielij;iiinjf their char'jes, and ihe new luinilirv, already leltled, i;i.|ian d l<> enter on nllice ; while the Imii;- iiih [Kki[ile, till idly allai liiil iiy e^iry knle ot lo\all\ and aliection to their nionareii, ai> wcU uk Uoiu j^iatLtadc uad cllccm to the tlrll niinitler, in dejection and 111 enee lujked N N $7% ttMikftl on, ■ncl f«w thv (^■>%rrnm>•nt tr»r)»f>'rrril »o o»|irr«. who, ivhatevir nhi'llJw ihty lutght itillvflivi-ly (miIFi t«, ikrlmnly mlllifr nicriti-U imr uijowil \)w gtrnrril n|i|>ri* iir|)ri t'iitttl iiikI tln-uii' tl iliiiti tlioli' trutn \\liifiii|t«'(| in ITH4, Wii« riuiilonly Hint iiMi'X|H-ci(ill> ililli|iit<'>| '(hi- ilirnril'r, iiikUt which thi' Illii(( hiul fuftirK* (luring ihrit- inoiith^, uiul ultot'i' vii>l>r)(i* liinl hitlurio up|tciiri'il lo ImtHr nil mi*ili< al tkill mihI (Xtrliun, (rranoilly, hut riii)i«tly, lulitidfil, .Vuttjiv %,( .s ihi i»ti itiiiicl niul ri*»f<>ii ri-fiiiin'il ihi-tr fi-al, nnci h ii iioimcrul'iVir li'in|H»rrry riihvi-rlii»i 'liiiii' iiiiifirinul ihr 1 uri-, iiiul rvlhtriil In hi« (iihif'S n prinn, n ii'lirvd fnnrcnifly mill |ii'iiiliurU ili.ir in iIhdi hy lIu' riniit |iri)||uct iinti a|i[iri liitilintt nt liii iol*. ■||i«' Mlion of a rrg) tu v laiUtl ami «lit,i|)|)iN»ti(!, 111 lIu' fovcrt lijn innio lorwivril to |jtihlK' sii\«, ii'iil wiU iiiiully fMitii^tiilliiil h) hit nluinptioii o| nil iho rt-gul liinc- lioiit. 'I hi' lU'tiinnllrniioiiH of nntimial ity I'tir i'Hir«.'«h't| any rcvordcti in the Kiijfliih tiiiiuiU. niicl Win- iirnhahly muri- nni nr.cl iinrvi^itrd tlun cvtr wvu- oirort.tl or Imiilar ti« t alioiit. Il wnt not only ilmt a l>iii|(, ln'lo'id and rl all liKcitinni nitiilonl to Itiiniaitiiy, aiul nuililol to ii--»riiiui ihf lliMiiu', Si.niiim't»li of ililajiprohritiuM anil nr'^jciurul lomlnnnatiiin, artixi'd to tho nunluiiH uiul lani;iM^v ot tlu' |Kirl) in o|)|h'litii n, hcii'hlvru'il iho fmotiotu of |i!t:il\ii(*, hv p t'oin|< irit'on wiih iliat ihiti- rrmit \\liiJ) iho kin^doiii luitt hti'rt fo I'tiriimMii l> tli'livoritl. No I'lliirt* i>(" ililpolil'in, or tiMndaii'i of" iiiliitrar/ (lower (otilil h:ivi' |iiiiIikmI iIk' illiiiuiii.iiiotio wliUi nut ooly llic i'a|iii.il but idiiioli I'ViTv town iiixl >ill.i ;>' llironi{lioiit iIa- kin^dnm, cshihilod in liltiMiiny u|' il» loyalty i ntui llut'c priMitiot'nttiuhnuiil wcro rviuwcd, nnd • \iti nn';nKitt(.d.uii iho o((nlion of' hii itiiijillN't firit n|ipinr:iiKo iit |iul)li(, nnd tiii lulniiii proici* fii>n to St. ruul'H ^iiti ilio i jd of April 1 'Hi)], to rotuiii (liatik) to 1 Icwon lor hii iv lovcry. W iiilll tlio nnrii'nt government of rrnnoo wn* ontirolv overthrown, nnd n rovo- liition tho ntoll osirnotdinarv w.ii oflcwMod lhi-''o ; it it dillU idt to inia»(!no n piwlur«t if wuiTC cdniploio forcnitv tfiau I. upland profi ntid. Al poato wi(h all tho woriil, in tin' h'lf'ini of ia( > If, Ilio law hor mnimiii'c and inainilailuros osft nd, h-.-r indil iiu^'nunl, :niil IxftHMiu' cmIio rcfpi cI anloIl^ lli'' tnolt dillant natioiii ; \shtlr niatiV t'f iho n'tal fiuinnnflinjj Kiiropcm kiii'.;donis win- ntlur involM-d in toroi,;n \%ai, or dol'olali'il In clonnllic trouhloii. In this happy lituaiiou, a lloini unrxpci^tcdly and liiddonlv arofo from a cpiartor, wluro, it w»iiiUI h oni, ihnt no forrlight or pro* canliiins conlil i :no jnlii ipiiti d llic dani^ir. \nionj; tlio new and tuioxplMid ualh*' "f (.iinniK uo, uhitli tin' Ipiril nl n dillcrnin^ and adscntunuts pt^nplo hiul HiiiMipud lo opin Inno iho po;uo of i;"?. uoro I'.irtiouhirly two, wltiih appcnud to pr.>inili' tlio im II lunofiiial returns. 'I'ho firll \\;i. b whak-Sthory, limilar it» that WUH M had on lairiiil on for a';os nc .»r ilio coalfs of Groonl.nid ; hut iran>,loriod to ill'' fonlhorn In inil'plu ro, nonr lito cxiroinin of I'.ila^onia, and it", iho iK'rniv luis wl.iih fnrroiind Cap' Uurn ; hn sv ill as in tho l*;uifii. On in. the oi'jrlo I'f a U laid on itiai to liwvoars, this hiaiali of irado hid anxnu'iitid rapi'lv, and allord very important advantat^os ; nor hrd it rocoivod any inipedinionts from tic \aj;no prolt nlioiis of tlii- Spanlili oiown to iho fo'.oroii^nty ol l!tc Ihoroh walhcU by that oioan, whioh was iho Unu- of ihoir o\ortion«. Ihi' ficnid of iholo onUrpritos, orij^inal in its own nalnrt'. able in its concop- tiiin, bold in il> oNoiiition, ;!nd h.r.inj; no ptooodoi.t for its };iiid.inco. Was diroctod lo tonnlries ami lo tjh'ioMs ainioll as* nicili ir.kni wn to ^oo;^iaphic;d, i'S to com- 11 1 roiiit knii\\ Itdjfo or oN|);rii IHO. 'Ilu norih-wi.t tiall ol Amorloa, iho rnrt of ll,o larlh to whiih this '.ndtaikatinn Vii-- «!i ttii'od, oxtor.dint,' r.oiihuaid fu in talilornia and Now Albion tu the iiozcn 5ry to ncioinplirii, In'foio tl.is difcovi-iy rmilil l>o cunvi rti'd to aiiv puiimt" of puijiio UiilitN. Ill' h:ul, lu.wcMr, id'crilaiiK'il llu' ixilli'iuo of iho lomiiuiil ; and Ik- had n-crivi'd fioi.i the l>arbaroiis natives, Nvitli whom lie cUahlilhcd a fpei ics of liavliT, fiiim- v;du;d)lc fpcciiiuusi of furs, in I'xchangi.' tor liuropcaii touunodiiii-s of u far inforior nature. 'llu- liop* (if procinin^ a roMliik-raMe «|uantity of thi'fc rare and eofily (kins, fir the fall- (if whiili a vt i y ail\ania;;eoii . nuiikel pielVtited illVlf at OaiUou in (Jiina, >vas llic liiidinj; inducement to ihe adventureis, who erga-^'cd in tiie e\pe('ition, Aniiiiated liy llkle views, aiitl havinj; leeeived tiio moll alhimaiive marks uf il.o protection uf government previous to tlioir departure, five Ihips Avere fitted out tiMm I-oudon ni 17H5, and llu- two fueee^din;^ years. I'our ot llielV vefil'Is, after doubliuf^ Cape I lorn, anived fateiy «)n the uouh-welt coall of America The fan- f;uine expectaliins which liad been entertained, of elteclinp; a hicrativc exchan'^'eof »'omii;odilijb willi tlie r.aiives, were lidly and fpcediiy reaii/ed. Cargoes ot tlio finell t'urs were proemvd, and fold to ilie Chinele, even under preal commercial dilV'Uiraj;emenl.s, and pecuniary impoliiidiis, at fo hii,di a price, as amply to rein- l)iu'fe, and enricli tlie atlveuturers. Oilier aliempis ot a liniilar nalme were made from Jien^ai ; and two vell'els were fuccellively dilpatcheil trum the {janj^esto the fame eoait in the \ear lySO. A factory was elUiblillied at Nootka Sjuud, a port liuiated in the liflielli de;^ree of northern latitude, on the lliorc of America. I'of- fellion of il was foltniniv laWen in the name of the fovereijjn and cnrtiii/,'ht nfuT I M M 'ff< tluit lu- had I: S75 «•>'» proceeded to ereft »'«-'n. fonic of the IS OWJI «Ct'>r8'"^;rJ^ iiiul 1 1:. "f. 'e W.is ^li-;iflv afterward -■^/■iii-n.K';:::/'™"^.;:"; I. .. ...""'<-". ne was ,..,.,M .1 y '^J>"" ftiipt „f I irnc •iinefs Kovai ;''r .:-»«" ;*i.l was enablid t "PP'y of (fore 'lis i:iV;L"':;'"'-.'''«'i-t.,;, Nonw, ;'';";•;«"">.« una. ''out a '"■'"•s Wit ">n thecrowof tl '*-' inadr |)ii( ,"■"■ ti-ndin lUT: tl icir crews weiv f - . I i II ; '^' Aorth-wo(} \ ? *<'va.ri.s. iind ih "itTiea w ■ir car- calo having hi II' 'iirival of thi' t ofliiyrs giving f, lawhd prices) and || Il'I'nri.., » -• . ' ""I '"■'I. no auihi ">' "ur p,.„p|, ^''V font 'i'\ic(), Were "•'» vi'OMs at St lir 'Mile ■'^■t'>iint has h n Icciiritv t iiKl eitlillly ih K-y-'runr. thv 'L" l^}!!':^'::'''^^]^ ^>f ih toeiialile iheni t, Of ihcff traid "t" t'rews wore 'f 'Vliiino liifir V kiKiwn l)y ) J)rofoiitod his ni '"•* majkifv '."-'""lis only a Piiriial, urniili govor ^'^i with ips w ".'"". (iioiild it I '^' re(],)io(| 'een re- eir P'-oviiionsi, (lor Pr-'UHl ihov (on the •■'s and Wi •* '""•'■'Kts till tl vngiK intell i^'i'iorial to the ( ;■''"' "ncirctinflnnti,, money. VI ^ij'jnooofa v.-ry dl:\ I. Will ''■'■rotary of (};i '°'""f"^\i'ni 1700 ;,' •"'•"""t wa nil iahic "n one wi ll: pri'parati i^^^;TS ■/:::" '''^''^<''":v7z::;t:^ 1 ta|)!ain .M rediliition wa-i (_., to avongo the piihl' |'"ns w, TO itiad Was 'iiimui out '"•••Uod, ll ">.v "1.1(10, a Dill III , I -•■•-"mi,i "• ^'a'' ''O'-vIi '■" previoiij) ll- mod ;n,( '•ai'es >'>nvou-d an Iv roc :eu-- 'V.' and f,j,-. niajVlh 's m.'d le Avrii;)ir.j ^i";'^';;'i-;i;„ni;;:':;r;z'™^'»<^«:;:; 'Mio fi,({ piiMlcati ti and wore callod T' -,:""'■">' '" p.-iilianiont OM . l'"""-.'tinn of his h, ; V "'" "P'^a An atton.K.n to th!- |,.,„„; ' .;" ' ^' 5'l. -t A/ay. """ '^""»^'f^ Has Uy ',„.^ '<• tall ujjon tl lonotir of th conimittod hv an „fH Its protonlioji of an t If was nocoHlirv for I -•'■-' «'rs.>ah;M-,-r''^.'"-!-M,o-' vindic.it P'-.^-^ating indeed rlie d' "s ot the court of ,s '"■ig.nalin. V loo .vl;i-r f '•".' of our ri'd Us ; ■rmination I'adful ;;| of ll U'rii; ilV, pain, witti i.i tl .'■,' forward to ;',., | >'■' latisfied of tl tie V ;-^asroed np.>n l,.t,,,-'; -:"^:' -h. agreeal,! :olen • .--i:r:;:';r:!:';""iT lie (klub, 'cr, I oor. ■' '790; whiel now [;;;'"nicn,aj.,handti;;i: I'o defrav tl ' '''^' 'i-aily nuiticd'i;: I ^ anived that unit .'otii ot Pain.th ■' convent pinpofod ]y t'xj)enco attend P'""'^S i'u the zzd •iiiguilh t) th. live i: fo raife, ;,„( ''' principal nfe.f. "'f "'f "aval and ,„i| ot .\ .'I'/ ioii >f lU ro(hif hod ht ;'''''> ='^'''-'--'^^. .(e.t. M. ,1,.. .-. . .""• "i^W rocen.,y incurred ; (, ig- '111 in ih fpac »■' ^''''tCt ot: to t >'ot tour years; tl judic '^iisaiui piusKlcnt a' a,i:o;iiUin r t ut to ual l-'itt ejv ve mult 576 ENGLAND. inuft cvi. cc the rifourccs of the country which adopted it, will be felt through every kingdom nf Europe. hilt ih'Higl\ (ireat IJrilain was thus happily riTcuod from war in this e peculiarly jiialeful to tlie lVieiiIi. liiall exieiul over the minds i)t' men, we liave little doubt but all parties will lee tlie ai)furdity of facrilicing the cardinal virtue diariiy, at the (brine of vain fptculaiion; and as the fears and jealoulies of m.nikiml Ihall fnbliile, in the courfe of a few years, every trace of pir- fecution will fade aw ay. As the Romilli church was the uraiid object of terror in the lirll a^'es of ret'onnation, it wiis fcarcely matter of I'urprife that our Ihitute-book lliould be loaded wi'.li the moll ri;;orous and fangulnary edicts, directed agaiull the profeliors of that obnoxious taitb ; and thoui^h in the year 1780, fome of thcl'e Averc removed, )et in 1791, in a well-known book. Hum's liccleliaftical Law, not lefslhan feventy pa;^es\\eie to be tour.d, entirely occupied with the bare enumeratioii of the penal (iatntes, in force againll the Roman (.'alholics. Ann)ng tl'.efc were fome of the mt'll fan;,'uinary nature. It was h\<^\\ treafon and deaili to nuike a convert to tlie Kon.an C'aiholic faiili. .Severe penalties were enacted on Papilis fir luarin;^ mafs, by fnme (iatuies ; and by others they were compelletl to alteiul the eflabiiilied worlliip, however contrary to their coiifcienccs. Ihat fucli laws lliould have been framed in times of dilHcuIty and danger, in times when the tluirth of Rome Kourilhed in all the vigour of temporal power, and urged Ikt au- thority by all the rigours of ])erfeciitinn, and all tlu" aililiccs of bigolrv, is ii(,t ftirpriliiig ; it is only l'.lrpI•ilin^' iliat t'luv ihould have been falfered to re:iKiiu iu force lor cei.t'iries ol peace and traiupiiility, wlu'ii tiie ]U)wer of the pojjc is anni- hilated even in countries prtiteiling his religion, and wiien all the obnoxious priii- ci])les of that religion arc difavowed by its profelVors. A reform in the jieiiaf li.itutes became the more nei'cllarv, fmce, in lin- cuurl'e of tlie u'ar 17)0, a laiL';' btjdv of ("atii.)lic diHenleis li.'.d torinally proti lied a^aiiilJ the H'iip(..al power of the J 'pe, againll his an'uined antlu'viiy of relcaling men trom their ci\ il oblij^.uioiis, or difpenllng with the facredncfs of oaths. Jt was upon thel'e ]ir!nciples, ;,iul i'lipjiortcd by thefe argniiunts, that .Mr. Muiuril ino\ed, on tlie nW of fVbruary i/^i, for a committee ol' ilie wliole lioufe tu enable him to bring in a bill " tu relieve, upon conditions and lUitler reiiritlioi,-,, perfons called protelti.ig catholic dill'enters, iVinn ecrtain penalties and tlinildluics, 10 which papilts, or perfons proleliiiig the popilh religion, are by law fiibject, ' 'I'liis bill, .Mr. Mitford added, would be limil.'tr to that which bad palled in ireiaiul Ivjiiie yeais lince ; and as no i:l eoiix-cpu ne.--. had rel'ulii d in a louutiy where ilic 'vonian Catholics were i"o niiu li i.ioie numerous than in tbi.i, he ihonid hope the ho. lie W'luM fic no iinpropriely in the piopolition. 'Ihe houfe entered n|)oii iliv- fuhjeCt with a liberality whieli does tliem infinite lionour, and the bill piueeeJed through its feveral llagcs wiiliuut ('ppuliiiun. E N G L N n. 37; Tlic rights of jiirios luul long bciii in ;iu iiidilinilo and iiuli'torniinate flatc, piirticulariv in llio tafi- tjflilK'U; and dil'itutcs dilgiiiC(.rnl in tltcnilVlvcs, and iMJurions to ilie adn\inillialiou ot' jiiliici;, iiad tiv(|ucnily aiifcn Ih-Iwccii the cDurl und till' jury, lu'twci-n tiio judgi.s and tin' iDimlVl ; tvi'n among tlie piotuirors ot till' law, u dilVi'iTuif ot" opinion liad loni; c.xilK'd. While tlu' h(.rd of iiUTc tfilniical practitioners carmllly fiipportcd tin' indvlV.ir.ldi' aulliority of liic hendi, tliat oraiic of lonlUliilional juiil"prudon(e, lord CanuLii, Mr. Krlkine, and many oliiers of the- grcatcll i-nrnunii-, ludd the ri^li!>. of an Mnglifh jury in loo facnd a li>;ht to fuller thi- givat conliitutional principle, on \vl\ich that inlHtutioii was fiiuntkd, to be undeimincd by the fallaiious dottrim- of precedents. On the 25th of May in this year Mr. lux pref.iitcd iiis bill t'or removing doubts with refpect to the rigiils of juries in criminal cafes. The bill fets forth that juries in cafes of libels Ihould have a power of judging of the whole matter, and of lliiding a general verdict of guilty or not guilty. V\ ith a ili"ht oppodiion iVoni tlu- legal protelhon, it completed its progrefs through the houfe of commons. In the hdufe of lords, where the influenti: ot the law is more predoniinaat, it experienced a very ditferen; reception, and was (Irongly oppolVd. However, in tlic following year, thi.s great conliitutional point was at lart decided by the lords and commons, that Jl'RlKS ARK Jl'DGI'S OK nOTll Tilli LAW AND TIIK FACT. Karly in the fellions of 1791, Mr. Wilberfoice made a motion, in a committee of the houfe of commons, appcjinted for receiving and examining evidence on tlie ilave-trade, " that the chairman be inllrutted to move for leave to bring in a bill to ))revei\t the further importation of African negroes into the liritilh colonies." Although this cjucQion was fupported with great ability and eloquence ly Mr. I'rancis, Mr. W. Smith, the chancellor of the exchequer, and Mr. I'ox.yet it was negatived by a majority of 75. One immediate conlequence of this was the ella- blilliment of a company for the exprefs purpofe of cultivating Weft India and other tropical produtlions at Sierra Leone, on tiie coaft of Africa, the bill for chartering whom was introduced on the 28th of .\lareh by Mr. 'I hornton. In purluance of a melVage from his majelly, a bill was brought into parliament for fettling the conlHlution of Canada, a matter of great importance, and long hi agitation. By this bill the province was divided into two governments, called L |ipn- and Lower Canada ; and it is hoped that this divilion will put an end to the debates between the old I'rench inhabitants, and the liritilh fettlers, as each will liave a majority in their own tlepartment. A council and a houfe of aflendily arc intended tor each govern. nent; the members of tlie council to be fuch for lite, and power leferved to the Ihilidi fovereign of annexing t») certain honours an he- reditary right of fitting in tiie council. The taxes to be levied and difpoled of by tlie legiliatui'e of eacii divilion; and the prefent laws and ordinances to remain, till altered b) the new legidature. On the ziitli of .Marcli ijyi, a meffage was delivered I'rom his maj-.-fty, import- in;; lliat the endeavoms wlneh he had uted in conjunction with his allies, to elfec^ a |)acihealioii between Kuliia and the I'orte, not having proved fuccefsfid, his iiiajeftv indm'il it requiilte, in order to add weigltt to his reprefenij'.tiDns, to niake foine iunlicr augnwiitatioa o{ Iiis naval toree. In conlequence of a niajoiity- in fupport of this meal\;re, a very large naval armament was prepr.red. ()ur Heet, collected to fupporl the caufe of tiie 'I'urks aL:,diiill Ruliia, anunniied in A])ril to iliirty-three fliips of the line; arid alter luaintaining this large equipment h>r tour inoullis, at an enormous e.\|)eiKe, it was at lall dlliniired. I he pr«.j5otld Rullian war was certainly molt unpopular, and the reception which the pvopulititut of it nut with in the houl'e of commons, ought perhaps to !ia\i' indtteid li^e in\mediate dereliction of a meafure, which, iiowcvcr meritorious its intentions r.iiglu be, was not erowiied by the public favour. C ^oon 97t ENGLAND. Soon after the rifnifj of the parlinmcnf, the nation was difgraced by a fcrios of outrages and violcncos, which, for tlic fpacc of four davs, fprcad terror and alarm through the large, otmlcnt town of liirmingham, and tfio acljaccnt country. Concerning the I'rench revolutinn, much difference of fentinunt prevailed in this country, and much heat and ill temner the difculfion of that fiihjict aj)])iiirod juinecelTarily to provoke. A confiderabfe body of the whig narty in (iieat hritain rejuin.'d In the einanviputinn of a neiglibouring nation, ana Hattered tlKinll.u-* thai tile faw, in the eltal)lilhment of Uw Jirjl French conftitution, not only tlic an- iiihiiau n nf defpotifui in that country, but the commencement of a new iVlKin of politics in I'.urope, the balis of which was peace, happinefs, and nuiuial cv)ncord. In niort of the larger towns in Great Britain, alTociations were formed for the ce!''!)ra'ion of that event, bv anniverfary dinners on the 14th of July; but the oppulite partv were not indifferent fpetbtors of thefe proceedings. 'The populace were inllamed hy injurious inlinuaiions conveyed in newfpapcrs and pamphlets: the tViei.ds of the Trench revolution were (certainly falfely as to the majority) lligmati/ed as detcrinined republicans; and the atl of joining in a convivial meet- ing, on the odious 1 4th of July, was rcprcfented as an attempt to overturn the Britidi conlHtation in church and ftale. The meeting in London, howerer, confided of not lei's than i ^00 nerfims, many of them of refpectable characters and abilities, wiio, as the populace appeared to collect in a tumultuous manner, round the Crown and Anchor tavern, where the meeting was lield, difperfed at an early hour. At Hirniingham the caufes of difcord were more numerous than in London. A violent a!.imo(ity had fublilkd i'or years between the high church party and the diffenters <>t that place, and the religious controverfies, which fubflllc-d between Dr. Priellley and feme of the clergy of Birmntgham, greatly contributed to increafe this animolitv. In fuch ciicumftances, it is not furprifing that the ignorant part of the in- liabitants Ihould confound the caufe of the French revolution, with that of tlie diirenters, cfpecially (iiice the majority of that perfualion have, fnice the revo- huion in 16H8, been firmly attached to the whig fyllem, and fmce Dr. Prielliev, •whom the populace conlidcrcd as at the head of the dilVentcrs there, had diV- tinguiihed hiinlelf by oppoling the then falhionahle pamphlet of .Mr. Hurke. A f.'tVive meeiing. in conimenit^ration of the i-'rench revolution, was projecK-d at Birmingltam, on Tliuil'day the i4tli of July ; and on the i)reeeding Mon(lav lix copies of a moil intlammatory and feditious hand-bill, propolmg the French n:\o- liition as a model to the Knglilh, and exciting them to rebellion, were left hy fome perfon unknown, in a puhlic-houfe. As the contents of this hand-bill were pretty generally circulated, they caulVd fome ferment in the town ; the magiliraies thought it proper to olllr a reward of 100 guineas, for difeovering the author, printer, or publilher oi' the obnoxious pajjcr ; and the iViends of the nieetiu':;, in- tended for the 14th, thoutjln it neiieffary at the fame time to publiih an advenilV. incut, cxpliciiiy denving ihe fentinwnts and doctrines of th.c feditioui hand-biil, and difavowing all coiuicxion with its author or publilhers. 'i'lie views and intentions of the meeting having, however, been much niifrc- prefenled. the majority of the gentlemen who projected it, thought it advil'able to relinquiih the felKiue ; accordingly, notice was given to that etfec^ ; bat the intention was revived, and the company met at the appointed tisne, to the amount of between eighty and ninety. 'I he ingenious Mr. Keir, well known for his great attainments in ciicniiftry, and other branches of philofophy, and a member ut the fflablilhed church, was placed in the chair. The genilcinen hal;ue on the 2i)th of September, this year, at Berlin ; and on the zjtli of October iluy arrived in I'.ngland, and were received with public joy and applaufe. '1 lie I'lull an monarch gave to the princefs a portion of 100,000 crowi;s. A t'ormal renunciation is made, in favour of the male fuccellion, of all rij;ht of inheriiaiicc ariling from the houfe of Prullia and Brandenburgh, as ufually done on tiie mar riams of the I'rullian princeiles. '|he fum of 4000I. fterling is annually :ill;;^ned for pin-money, and other cxpenccs ; and 8000I. annually ot joinuire, in calc ot the death of her liulhand. In confeiuience of ihi.s union, and to enable his royal hisliiivfs to live in a Uylc fuitable to bis exalted flat ion, and to the hij;h rank of the illuftrions pcrfonage to whom he was allied, paili;in\ent have voted the fum of i8,oool. per annum to his royal hijjhnefs. liis niajelly has alio lettKd an ad- ditional 7000I. per annum upim him out of his Irilh revenue, wliieh, with i2,oool. per aiunim which he before enjoyed, make the funi of 37,000). per annum. 1 ho Mvenues arifing from the bilhoprie of Ofnaburj^h are faid to amount to about 17.000!. per annum. On the 2d of April, 1792, the houfe of commons, in a committee of the whole linurc oil till- African Have tratle, came to a refohitinn, 2_^;o agiuiill Si;, tor ti;e gradual abolition. Mr. V\ ilberforce, Mr. l*ux, and Mr. I'itt, contended for the immediate abolition. Mr. Dmulas took a middle conrle between limn and lliofc who totally oppofed new meafures, and argued tor the gradual reiii.quilliuient of a tiathc which every good man mull abhor, as degrading and debaling i;ur t'el- 1 C 2 low- 38o N I, N D. low-crcatiircs to a level with bcafh. This bill, h()\vo\rr, mot with n dilTiTcut re- ception in tliohoulV ot' Iniils. ^*l| Ihe royal nrociamation, on tin- i ift ot" Mav, I70i, ajjninl) iVdilioiis writings. ?,; which was t'ollowed hv orili-T-. lor the einlxuh nij; the militia ot' the kinRm, en gaceii a i oiilidiral'ji i)i:iri' of the pid)lie attention. It had the intenditl eflltts, anfl e\eited niinn roiis addrclles, tillityin^ the loyally ot llie people. In the iK'jjinninf; of the year 171;;, luinierons iiiroeialiuns were fornu d ihrongh- out the kin^d'iMi iij.;aiiill repiil)IIean principles and theories. To fay that there was not a I'pirit of reiiubiieanifni jjmu' forth in this eoiinlry, \vonlanii>hU'ts, and partieularly thi- writinj^s of Mr. I'aine, writin';-. well adapted to vui;,Mr eoniprehenfion and malignity, [jregnant with pointid remarks on fome exilling ahnfcs, but with nothing of found |)()li{y nr prineiple to reeoiunu'iul iliem, had inulouhtidly eontrilnitetl to niiderthc i-xampk' of ihe Freneli revolution in ft'ine d 'jree eontagious. .After all, the difalVected part\- was neitli-r numerous nor refpev(.d>le. 'I'he ehureh, ihe arilloerai y, and all the niolf npuient of the comnuiiiiiy, were aserfe toeverv change or innovation whuU-ver. It was among llie lower part of the middle i hit's of foeiety that demoeratieal opi- nions were tliiefly entertained, and ammig tin in more probably as a matter of tonverfation, than as a j)rojei-t to be redueed to practice. We are far from willimg to inlinuate tliat it was not laudable to check that fpl- ril of innovation which prot'efTed to undermine the fundamental principles of ;i rovernment which, though it partakes i)f human imperfection, yet alFords it* lubjeiMs a larger portion of liberty and happinefs than ever was enjoyed bv any fitlier peoi)le: we would only be uiidcrllood to fay, that the allbciations in favour of the IJntilh eonllitution would neither have been entered into with fo much nnaniinity nor fervour, had not the ill conduct of the French terrified the well dii'pofed ])art of the nation, and difgufted tliein with every thing that bears the name of ri'form. rroni the period of ihe fatal lolh of Angiill, the convi'its from llie I'Veiu li fy Hem were numerons, the proferiptinn and perfecuiion of the einigraiits vilibly inercafed the mnnher, and the premeditated ill-triatiiieiit and unjull death of ihe kiui; aliiioli eiilireiy annihilated the fpirii of republicanifm in this country, 'ihe public wanted only to be esciled, to give the moll forcible proiif, of iis aftaehineiil to a coiillilution which had fo wifely |)r(n idcd againll die luloK'rable perf.eiitioiis of ivraiii u', am I tl le 111) •fs (U eplorable mifiliiefs of tact IDII, llie tiift difpoliiion iiKiiiitelied liy (ireat Hrilain to break with I'Vance, regarded the iiivvigation of tiie .Siheldt, which the ImcikIi had dett rmined to open tor die benefit of .\ntwer|) and the Nelherlaiid). This impediment, however, midit perhaps Irive been removed, tVoin the little difpofition which was evinced bv Hd!- ia'id !<• air-rt its li'dit to ihe e\clu(i\i' na\i;^atii>!i ; and lV( I'leiich to refer the wiiole alVair to a ne'j;oeiation. Tiie m 11 ; and iVoin the readiiiefs of il Nt exception which w.i,« l.ikeii I)y ilie I'.ngliih miniliry, was lo the decree of I'raKrnily which was dVeied b;, ihe l''rencii ci.iiiventioii, to llie revolting fubjetts of any monarchical (or, as tii.'v laid, txraiHiieal' ,^MVe;ii;iieiit, and which was conltrued into a direct afVroi.r to this coimlry, and a pic.t againll her peace. Tin; alien bill, whitli the Freiuh complained was an infraclion of the con> mercial tr.-aly, wai the next caufe of difpute ; and this otier.ce was augmented hy the pi'jhibiiii.ii to e.vport corn to I'rance, while it was freelv allowed to the powers at war wiih thai country. .\t len;.;ili, towards the eiiil of Jaiuiarv , ,M. t.;lia!iveliii was oiiiually informed by ilie iMiglilh court, that his character and fiinclions, fo long fuf]euded, had entirely Iciniinaled by the fatal death (if tiie kin;.j; of France j that !-.■- had nu liiore any public character here, where his fur- Ih IT E N G N D. 3R' lat fjii- «s <>t a )rcls its bv any I favour ) much ii-(l thr It iK-ars OlUiTtS I ot" the lU and nilm ii\ ltoriil)l(.' Iiinll the tactiiHi. tor the mii^lit l)y Ih.!- \)( lb..' lifh \v;i,< (>tVi'i\il (or, as roi.t to ■0 coll^ lilted by to till' l.ry, M. Iter and ct the Ihis fur- ther ther rc'fuloncc wns forbiflden. Ki^ht days wore allowed for his di-pnrtiiro ; and this notification was nuhlillii'd in the (iazette. M. Marct had lu'cn font l)y tho iMcutivo ct)uncil of" rraiicc with enlarged powers, nnd, it was laid, with very advantageous propol*als to (ireat liriiaiii ; hut arriving in l''.ngland exactly at tho period of" M. Ohauvelin.'i dilinillion, ho tlioughl it prudent iinuiidiati ly to n turn lionio. Mr. fecrotary Dniulas, on tho 28th of" Jai\uary, prefented to the houfe of* coni- ntons a nu'llage from the king, in whicli his niaji'lly esprell'ed the luci llily ol' making a further augnuntation of his f'orces by lea and land, for maintaining (lie I'ecurity and rights ot his own dominions, for f'upporli.i.; liis al'ies, and f'or op- puling views ot agnjaiidi/einent ai\d aml)ition on ilie pait of" Franco. Iho (pief- lion in relation to tiiis ("ubjeCt wan carried by u great majority in favour uf mi- \ulh'rs. Soon after tho declaration of war, a bill was introduced into the Iioufo, to jiiv- venl traitorous correfpondenco with France, 'Ihis bill was read a third time Apiil 9, and. Inning oecalioiioil umicIi altercation, it |)at1'ed the lowv. r houl'e, by I ;4 ugainll c,}. Alter inmunerable amendments in tho houi'e of lords, adopted from tiie hints of oppolition, the bill was returned to the commons, and then pallid into a law. On the 25th of March, \on\ (Jrenvillo and S. Comte Woronzow limned a con- vention at l.onthm, on behalf of his Britannic m.njelly and tlio en)prols of Kullla, in which tltoir majeHies agree to on\ploy their refpectivo forces in canving on tljc " jull and necelliiry" war in which they were engaged againll I'rance ; and they rcci|)rocally promifo not id A/v i/oioi their nynis but by common confent. Notwith- Uanding this lolemn treaty, Catharine has taken no active jiart whatever in tho war. 'i ho next treaty is betweon his liritannic niajelly aiul the king ol Sanlinia, ligned at London tho 25th of April; by whii h (Jreat iJritain fubiecU lurl"elf to till' payment of 200,000!. per annum to the king ol Sardinia, ami throe months ill ad\anco. A treat\ has alfo boon concluiled between his highnefs the prince of Ihii'e C'alVel and his I5ritauni>; majeliy ; the loriner i\ to furnidi Sooo men for the v.ar, during ihi'e yi-ars, in return for which tlto i'jigiilh nation are to pay loo.oool. K\\-nione\, and 30,0001. iKrling per annum, tv>r li \ years. in this treaty, (Jreat Mritain engages to pay to tho i.audgravo a fum of money fir each Ilellian that is llain ; I'o that tlio more of liis men are killed, he will got thv- more money. For the military opi rations of tho war we mull refer onr readers tiMuir accouttt of France, under which article they will more naturalU f.iil. The proreculicns wliieh have taken place in Ivi vjand and .Seoil.ind, for I'edi- tious words, and tor IiIkIIous and dangerous public, itions, ma\ poinMv be lonli- (l. red by fonio readers as a trait in tho picture of the times; for their gralilic.ilion, tliereforo, we Ihall exhibit a Ihoit out-line of the princijjal ot tlieU inals. .\t l''.dinl)ingh, 'I'homas Muir if<|. was tried belore li.e hij^h court of julliciarv, for feditious practices In the incbcliUent, tlu priU);iei' was c'.i;u!;-l with wlckedlv and feloniouliy lAiiiing, by means of feilitious Ipeeclies and harangues, ;i I'pirit uf ililloyalty and difall'ection t to the (Joldfinitlib'-hall al],)- ciation, and had olVered a rewaril for difcovering iliot'e who liad eireulaled what they c;dled feditious wiitings, they had already pre',iulged him, and were therefore iinjjropor pcrfons to pal"b upon his allize ; but this ul)jection wab repelled bv the court. The 38» F, N O N D. 'Vhc mnrt niBti'rinl wiinofM nsniiiA tin? •ccufi-d wnn Anne KifliiT, n forvant to hit fiitlu-r ; llu' Ciiiil tlint ilu' ciirrii-u tVom liiin Id iIu- piintrr a Dit liiiatiim ; liiul lu-anl Mr. Miiir talk In llu- counirymcn ivy couiuil. iball judpe proper, for the fpace of fourteen years. On the 17th of Septcnd)er, the reverend Mr. I'abuer, an Unitarian clerj^ynian, relulinn at Dundee, was tried by the circuit court of julliciary, before lords i'.ljijrove and Alu-rcrunibie. The indittntent charged him with bein^ prefent at a nu-iting belli at Duiulee, denominating itfelf " A Society of the l-'riends of the IVopK- ;" that he did there put into the luiuU of (joorgc Mcalmaker n writing of a fediiious import, in the form of an addiefs to their triends und fellow cili/.ens, containing, among other feditious exprcllions, the following words: " You are pliniged intu a war by a wicked miniller, and a compliant parliament, who feem carelels and un- concernetl for your interell ; the end and delign of which is almoin too horrid to re- Lite— the dellruvrlion of a whole people, merely becuufc they will be free." When the court proceeded to the examination of witiu-lFes, (jeorgc Mealniakcr, weaver in Duiulee, acknowledged himfelf to be the author of the paper in (|uef- tion ; it appeared, however, that Mr. I'alnier had corrected it, ordered it to be printed, ai\d circulated it. The verditt was returned the fame day, finding the prifoner miiltv, in confeciuence of which he was fentenced to tranfportation for foiiiteen years. 'I'liis gentleman was lent to the hulks with Mr. Muir; lince which they have both failed for Botany Bay. Ihe next iriiil which we Ihall notice was that of Lambert, and the editors and proprietors of tht- Morning Chronicle. The parties were indicted for publiihing in llioir pap^r, of the i^tli of December lall, an advertifenu-nt purporting to be the luldref-., ili laralory of the principlesof a fociely for political information, held at the 'I'alboi Inn in D^rby, and ligned S. l-"yre, chairman. 'Ihe alti>iney-;^eiK-ral contended, that the fubilance of that addrefs was calcu- lated to create diironlent in the miiuls df the people with tlu- prefent governnu-nt of lhi> country ; and concluded tliat tlu- publication of it was a criminal, and therefore a punilhahle act. Ihe defendaut's couidVt, Mr. Krlkine, in an able fpeech, re futed the charge of criminality in his clients, and while he admitted the pid)lica- tion, forcibly contended that it was without any criminal intention. Lord Keiuon fumnu'd up the evidence, and at two o'clock the jury withdrew: about ei^lu o'clock llu- fame evening they agreed upon a fpecial verdict, " (Juilty of publiih- ing, but with iu» malicious intent." Loril Kenyon infornud llu-m that he could not receive ihat verdict, becaufe it was no verdict at all. Ihe jury then conlulied together in a room in his Lorddiip's houfe till nine o'clock: wiu-nce the retumrd to V\'ethuinller-hall, and at about live o'clock in the mornin-; they agreed in their \erdicl of not v^uilty. On the 2 111 of January, 1794, the two luiufes nu-t. The f|)eech from the throne enumerated, with fome degree of minutenefs, the advantages obtained by the allies, and exhorlcd to a fpiritcd profecution of the war, and to a reliance on thcrcfources S of B S S D. 3«J Is calcu- Ina-nt <>t |)iil)IU'ii- lit oij^ht II- ciivild Lnfultod Luiiiud \u\ tlK-ir ihronc |o allies, ut i»f \he country, nnd to the ftrcngth of our nilic* for ultimate fucci'fi. The «d(lr» (« III U't% inujclty, in which ParliaiiK'nt aurrcd to fiipport him in the cuntinuuiice of tho war, vviiii currivd in t'uvour nrininiliry hy an imnuiirc mnjifrity, 'Mil* (lifpurify of nnmbtrn ili-l not, however, diftouragc ihc oppofiiion in hoth hxiifoN «)m cnibraiing cvt-ry DupDrluniiy ination formed againll that fvllem t>f liberty, which they would in ail probability defend to the lad extremity. The landing of the I leliian tr«)op«, w ithout the previous confent of parllatneni, wai reprefented by the oppolition-pariv as an inlringement upon the free prim ipKs of tlieconOitution, and m fupport of this allertion reierenie was maile to the act of fet- tlement. which esprefsly lays, " that no olhce of trutt, civil or military, lliatl on anv account whatever Ih" held b) any but natural fubjetts of his majell\, born wiihin the realm;" and to prefervc the nriiuiples of the conllitution, an act of in- denmitv was projx)fed to ntinillers ; but the propofal was njei'ted. An invalion of the i'"rench having excite«l ferious aliirm in the public mind, the flf|)s purfued by adminillration to repel it were, an augmentation of the militia, and the railing volunteer companies, as well as takinj^ meafures tor having a num- ber of veomanry and others in various parts o( the kmgdoin, to luar arms and to he readv to take the field in ( afe i f an emergency. To aid thefe me.ifiires, the fecret;irv of llite addivlVed circular letters to the lord-lieuteiiniits of tlie feveral cotiiilies, t>rdering tliem to take the feiife of tlie iiihabitai.ts, upon the bell mode t^ K- purfued in order to infure the internal defence of the kingdom, either in cull" ot i;iv;;ti('ii b\ a t'oreign enemy, or in cafe of riots and dilhnbaiue.'i at home. In c.;iire(iuc!Ue of thefe letleis to the lord-lieutenants, nuetiiii;s have been lield in molt iit'tlie cities and confiderable towns in the kingdom, and large fums of iiicMie\ h;\\e bn II alreadv fub!crilH-d tor railing troops to he ready at ihe call of iniiiilLis. The fecellion of the king of I'rullia from the great caufe of the allies »;;itafed tie political world for feveral weeks, wl.en it was anuour.ced tliat l)ie who!e prc- C(\(led from hi^ inability tofiipply his troojis from the utources (>t Iun ov,n comitry, and llierefore that he imilt be t'ubiidizod. to enable lii.n to eiiploy his forces for the great i)urpofe of leiloiing regular govennne:it to l'"raiKe. 'lie I'ai- liiiiieiit, ir.tluenced by the arguments wliicli were advanced by the miiMlKr, Vi 'I'd die fimi of i,v)o,qoo1. to be grantetl to his majelly, to enable liim to fulfil tlx- Uiimialions of the treaty lately coiicir.ded with I'rullia, for the luoio vigo- rous profeeution of tlie war, and for fiich e\i^ei.iies as n,ight arife in llie year 1794. Nc,\viililbuiding this fVelh treaty, it i^ e> m avowcilly tlirrcKd ti ilk' ()l)jcd lit ali> inhliii); a |ir('tct\(U'(l Kcmral roiiNtniiDD oiilu' |ii'ii|il><, in r>ii)u-iii|M Diul lU liancc ot l)i>' antlioiiiy ot pariiiinunl i tliui lIu* Ixioki und |>.t[)i'rH ol'ilu- l.n t fiH'ictii-s ill buuiiin ha\o lurit I'l-i/fd, wliiih aiipiaring to contiiin matd-r ot° tho (^fiaii ll iniportaiKi' to llio pnl)!ic iiitircll, uvri- now laid Ik fori- tin- lioufo." An addii iV to In^ niaiiily in i i.dVipu iu«' ot' llic* null.iiji' \va< lluii vnifd, «iw. ,oh. and tlio papiTu wore ri'lVrrcd lou loinniittrc olTccrciy, toiililling ot* twiiiiy-oiio incm- JCI». In confami nco of thi- fiill riport of ilic lomnnitii- of fvtrccy, witli rcfpcti to l)u* plaiiN Willi li had lu'i-n lornu il hs tlirlV foiirlifs lor holding a m'niral lonvi-iilioii ol tli>' pixpk, iuid iiuiMiatin;^ tixir liilpii ioif. th.il l.ir^t llauiU <>t ainw had \n\i\ ndU'Clod l>) till !'«• loi iiiii'. in ouU r to (hlliilnilf ll\»ni anion;; iho iowti ordii, iii't is illlcti J, whiiii was iariicd, on tlic ininitU'r's iiiouon, hy a II iijniiiN nt 1(12. On iho ill of Juiu- 1704. 'hf llriiilli licit nndiT the coinnuind of admiral carl Howi' olttaiiu-d 11 moll liffiial victory over tliat of tin- h'n-ni h ; in whicli two lliipi wori- funk, oiu" hiirnt, and li\ lirnii^lit itilo I'ortrinoutli li;nl)onr. 'I'o this imi. •pull \\i' iiia\ iiild ilu- priNions ri-dnclioii of thi' principal IvitlcnuMli of tlic I'niuh in iIh' I'.all lii(li("<, nnrl tlu' capture of llicir Well India illaiuU, l>y wliich the iiioll valualile C'lmmcr iai adNanla};vs ha\e liccn gained, tlie coinnuice of ilic ciiciiiv dcllroNcd in ihofe purts, and ihefe lilellintjs enhanced by llie aiinuiiijj rapidity luid little (iloodilied wiili uliii li tin \ were aicomplilhed, V cry ilillrrenl has l)cen llu' fnrluiie of the allied powers in the Aiillrian N'e- till rlaiids ; iiKil't ol liie principal towns having furreiulered to tin' I'Vi'iu li, \i/. pres, li rut;es, (iheiit, OiKiid, C'harieroi, (Aideiiarde, Marchicnncs, and Mdu-, ^ ct, wliatevcr niny be the fuccefs of I'rcncli arms, or the afceiideiuv of Irciuli ]irinci|)k's on the continent, this happy illaml will ever let both at detiance, wliile Ijie lieholils, with mnli ious iVcuriiv , Ironi lur fea-^irt ihores, that pmpiiioiu I'lc- lueiit on w'liiih, willimit the f^rollill iiiiliiiiuia^cinent, a cniuliiaaiion ot phviical smd nmrai advantages innll always ir.alile her lo trinmplt over her lonign eneinies. An iiivalioii of I'.iif^laiul caiuiot be fuciefsful, unltfs llie French cither obtain a fiiperiorily nt lea (b^caule, wiiliont this l\iperiorit\, the (Jallic torrent, however iMipiluous, inutl loon be cNliaiilied, fur want of coniinnnii ation with iis I'ource), or luiicfs they ure ahe u'd in llieir li.iliilily by the liriinus themfelsis; a fuppcili- lioii as ii crj|i' U'illi.im Fii«lirlf III, honi Jiiiu- 4, 17.181 pnn Inimnl king of Crrnt nritiiiti, KriiDic niul Irilnriil, and cUdiir of lliimiviT, O^lotirr 16, 17601 nnil niarrini, .SrptiinlH'r H, 17O1, lo ilio printi-r* .Sii|ilii;i Clmrloiti', ol' NKcklrn- l)iir((li Sirvliti, Ixiin May 16, 1744, crowmil Sputnlur xi, 1761, und now liuv« iiluc ; I. (Joornf Aii; Hhil k, T. l-'iO. 4. Lliarluttc Augiillu Matikla, |>ritK'cf» royal of Knglaiid, bom September 29, i{. PrintT I'AUvard, born Novcnibi-r 1, I7''»7. 6. I'riiui-rH Aii;;iilla Sniiliia, Uirn Novembir 8, 1768. I'riiui'l''. I'.li/iil>i ill, (lorn May aa, 1770 I'rinii' Imui ll Aiifjtithis, horn Jime 5, 1771 i' . . - 9. I'rinii- I r»»l\ncfs AiiRulla, I)orn Au!;iift it, 17371 married llic hereditary prime of hnmlwiik Lunenburg, January id, 1 704. I, His (trefiiil miiiilly. \. I'liiite \\ illiani Henry, duke of Clloueeller, born November 25, 174.;, niar- rioil, Siptenibrr 6, 1776, Maria eountel\ dowager of W'aide^^rave, by whutn he lius Sopliiu Matilda, burn 1773 i and Uilliam tuderie, burn 177^, w E S. T HOI (ill thi.s princiiialiiy is politically iiuhuUd in Fnglnnd, yet as it has (liltin^'tidii in lan);ii• North latitude. Hreadth i/) J "^'t^^'^"^" T 2.41 ami 4.5r, Well longitude. • • Area in fipiare miles 7011. Nami: and t. ANci'AOF..] 'Hie \\ elth, accordinj; to the bell anticpiarios,. arc (lifcenda:Ub of ilie 15el^it Gauls, who made a leiilemenl in Kngland, about tour- \ j D • /loie % |M WALES fcnrr y<>iir« bflorr itir Tirlt lii'fcrnl of Jiilitii Cvfar, and llicrrliiv ohiainril ihtf nninc of (iailr* or \VaIIc« (ihr ii nml W iMine promlfLUouny ufrct l)v ihtf KiHk'nl lUiion*^ that i», SimHj^iri 'I'hcir lun^itagf iia< a (tront allitiiiy wiili if),* Cflric or ilikxnicmn, ami i« liighly coiiiitic tided for lit pulhclic and dcfcriptivo powcrt. UouNnARiRi] \Vnli'« WB« formerly of trcatcr exfrni rimn || it at pri-fcni, Ijc. inK Iviiindc'd only l>y iIk- .Vvcrn and the l)i'c i ittil iii'tt'r tlic Sakon« hud niudtf lhrinri'l\i-i'(l griiduiillv to retreat wcdwurd. Il dori not, Itowcvt-r, a|t|H'ur, thai iho Suxoiin ever ninik' tin) fnrtlu-r (iilhlliirc im] llcrcfordthiri'. whiili I'ornicrly Ix'longod to NViili'%, luit now lorm purl ol' KnjjUniJ. Thit I'uuntry it divided into /our circuiti, cuniprt In nding twelve counties sic^ I'.NOtAND. Cmmatr. ioiL, Ann water ] 'Hi'- fiMfom are prcnv nnich the funic ai in Ihr n<>rlhc*rn part* of Kn};l:ui(l, nnd llio uir i% Iharp, l>ul wlioltronu* The foil ||^' WnU ^, irpcciully tuvvurdt tin- North, u niountiiinout, Wtit conluitx rirh vallici wliicli produce crop« of wlii-iu, ry^', and oilior torn. W .ili^ conluin* many tiuai- ricK u> tree Hone uiid Hate, I'tvcral inini-i of lead, Hiid aliinulance of coal-pirt. 'J hit counlry it well (upjfliitl with wliolefomo f^iringi i nn«l il-i chief rivert nre tin- Cl^wd, til.- Whfclir, tin- Die. the Severn, the tlwy, and the Allen, which furiiiih Fiinllliirc will) grmt (|iiaiilitii"t of iiili. Moi Ni AiNs j It \voulJ W' cndKI'* to narficulari/e the mountains of this coun- try. Snowdon, m C'arrnarvonlliire, im Wall sdillrr'i little from Piciiovt HV II.A AM) I AND. j l'.n(.;lanil. Iluir ImrlV, arc (inalkr, Init lan rndure vafi lalimio, and thiir Mack cattle are fiiiull likrwife, but exu'llinf hecf, ikiid tlieii i.iw. are n'liuitLahli* lur yielding large <|uantitie^ v its being (lamped willi the nlhich featliers, the biulj5e of Uie priiat. of Willed. ' I'oini ATio!.-, IMIARI r AN r«,} llie inl.abitanti of Wall* are fuppolVd tf MWNr.R-i, ANOcisioMn. j aiudunt L > iibout ; -jo.ooo, and tlix.i'li nni n. general weaitliv, t'nv are |)r>r,iili'd with all the neeeliiiricii, and m.iny t-t I'li kiji viiiieiui's of lit'-. 'I lie Inn'lt.is ot \\ ales brought in, lome years ago, about f«jri\- tl.icc thoufand feven hundred and fifty-twu pounds a year. Hie W eUh are, if |io(. (ibie, more jeidous of their lilier(ie> than the F.iiglilh, and far more irafeilile, jijt tlieir at^^er lunn ab.ites i and they aie remarkalile fur ilicir lincerity .-\iul liil lin 'HieV aro very fond if carrying' back their pe(li|{rees to the incll remote aiili.^ui'v, but uc have no criterion for tiie nutheiiti* ity of their maimfcripts, fome of wliiili tliey preteiul to be coeval with llie iiieariialion. It is however certain, tt'it tnwl purt ( f t!i'. .f lillb'fv, efpeiially the ei<.leliiiftii al, is more jiiuient, and liiier ar- t 'fted, than tl at of ih,' .\inTl"-Sa\ons, U ales \» a:i formerly famous tor its li.nril* und ptcl ., pailieidarly 'I'halieH'in, wli-i lived about tlie )ear 4j;o, and whole works were K.rtaiiil) eiitaiit at the time ot lla* Ketonuation, anil clearly eviac, th:it (/eoflrey ot .Miniinoiuh was ii' t the Uiveiitor of llie hillory which makes ihi.- pre- fi nt \' el'.h till lielc* iidanis i.i" the ancient 'IVoiaiis. 'I bis p.n.tieal genii;s feeni') to bavi iiilpired tile aiiciiiit Welch \\ith lai eiithutiaiin for independencv, on wliiih aMouiit I'.tiwatil I, is faid In have made a general tnairacie of the Lards. The V»t.ch May b"' lalkd ai; unmlM.'d pci pie, and are iciiiaikublc for kcepiug i:j» llic W A L K ^ ||^ i1\i' aiulcnt hof|>iulity, tmi ili<*ir (it\t\ a'thoronctf fs Mcwnx ruftofSf mmI m^iim-r*. Ilii* ii|>|ii*iir« rviii ■nxmg ariiilr^tirt) ol' L "une, whti (n *bvr (-iMmlfii»4 irtrnmor' Iv lolliiw ihi* firiiuu t>( talnnm. Wc «».• i\<>i, *i'>\vrvfr, ii, inriSgiiu- thni in.inv nf' .4. i.ii:... _...! _ «• »l'_t-. .1 ,.1, .1. f ., 1 »• llu- nobility rntd g^mry nl" ^Vntr« «li» not iiiit\jiiy w iih tho luixft-s rfi.il mamu'r rt' liwiiK in I'.nslanu. All tho bvili-r fi)ri «»f ilii- XSrUl, i, ak llti>iii(li rutnint rl ilio Wctcti. Iha l-Jiglilh langUalge U> t.i(ii<»N.] I Im\o iilrniily nunliiiiK-tt llif nitirairi- r,( tJi** WcUh tWr%y hy \i\^u\\hw tlu' |tciiiiili iipi)lHw> til' r.ii)(lunil, iK-vaiil't lli' ) \s mid i.nt loiitbfm to ihi- KiHiiilti riltiul. \Vali-«, ut'tor lliul, I'tll inuli'r llu- iloniitiinn ol' |u'iiy |»rinrr>, ^li• ulirnlvinn I'mtn triitin i nnd t\w WrUh, wlu-n ihcir nniioni t I'lgy u. ri' «xlincl, iDnf'ornutI ilu rnfvlvrH in iliv ftlijjiim nt K'liiit'. 'I ho Well It tlvr^), in ^ini'rul, an' l)ui jxmrlv piioidnl I'.ir , Hnd In nianv III' ilu nuinlry longn-^ulioni ilu-y |)r>:uli Ixiili \n \\ i U It und Knglilli 'llu-ir |Hi< \i'rly \vit> iDrtiurly n (^ri'tii diriii(ira;;i-nK'nt to rvligion und ImrninK, Imi ilic iiioa* fnrt't Inkiii l>v l1u> rocnly I'or propnifming Clirilliun kiuiwlic^.' \\u^ in n ^rc!lt (lr< Rri'i' rcnioM'u till- Mi'roaih o| ijjiioi ante from llio noonr lor' nl' lIu* Wilili, in lIu- \iMr 174'), II liuiidrcd mid lorly-two f».lillilii'«, tli.in tlu- \Vi l< li Imnc done Ity iif U ul' national nuini* iicciH'i'. 'Ihi'v print, nt n vnil i'\piiu'c, Hildo*, C'onunon I'mvcfii, nnd ttthcr n-ll* gioiu liiMiit>' tlii-ni ({latit to tin; puuror fort, few oi their town* wro nnproMilod with a tin'-l'ihiMil. Ilii; eft.dditlud re!i.{i«,n in W alen !■» that i>( tlu* ilninh t>( !'.ii(;Iand i Init the CoiuuKiu people in iniiiiy phuei nie I'o (cnueioiiH nl their niuicnt ciilloniN, thai tliey retuin I'cvcra! ol° the Koniidi rupirltitionH, und I'onie uneient lainilie^ niiioi)^ them rre Hill Konuin C'athulics. lii the priticipulity ilieie are ult'o great miinbcrtul' IVu« leHaiit l)illenter>t. I'ur MitMoi'Rii'Kt, fee F.nj;l.mdV In fmincr times, WaU"* eonLiimd more litihoprii.', than it doei now ; an piiiicipulity. Lkarnino and i.rA«Nrn mfs] \\'nle» \vn« n f.-nt of lenrniiig at u verycnrly iieriod; lint it fullered an eilii»l'e hylh- np.-ated inalUiv re^ot' the hardi and thru)'. Uiiklithfin took, llieller in U.iiis when it was peifetiited in I'.iiflaiid 'llie Wriili ami Stoteh difpute ahont the nativity of ceilain Unrned men, purtieiilnrly liiur ol the nanu- of (Jiidas. Giraldll^ CamhreiifiN, wlmfe hidoiy wan pililithed l>y Caimlen, was certainly n WeUhman ; and I. eland meiilioni leveral learned nun of the fame comitrv, who llourilhed heture the Kelurniaiion, llie tiil'tovery nf the famous kine Arthur's and his wite's luirjinj; [ilaee was o\\in)» to fonK* lini * •.flhaliellin, whii h were repeated liefore Henry II. of Knulinid, liy a Welch hard. Since tin Heformalioti, Wales has pnxI'U'ed feveiul i\e>'l1enl amitjiiaiies nnd di- wnes. Amoni^ ilie lattiT were Ihii^h Mroii;^liton, aiul llii);li llnlland, who wai a Kdiiian Calhoiie, and i> mentioned liy I'lilhr in hi-. Worlhii^. .•\m"iif' the former Were feveial gi iillemen of the name of I.llund, pariitularly tlie author «if that iiivaliiahle work tlu* Arehii'oIo;;ia. Uowhmd, the learned author nf the Moua .Aniii|ua, was likewife a U'eli liinan ; u^ was that ^reat llatefman and prelate, the lord keeper Williams, archbitlmp of Y, notwilhllanding all that Dr. ilii ks, and other anti«|uarie.s, have laid to ilit contrary, furiiilhcd the Anglo-baxons with an alphaLct. 'lhi» is clearly de- 3 D 2 muidl.uicd 388 w s. t* inonftratcd by Mr. Llhiiyd, in his Welch preface to his Archsologla, md \s con- firmed by various njoiumitutal infcriptions of undoubted authority (Mec Rowland's Mona Anti'jua). Aiiotlier indaucc of Welch erudition we have in the exctUeut liidoiy of Henry Vlli. written by lord Herbert of Chcrbury. With regard to the preleiit ftato of literature among the Welch, it is fufKcient to fay, that fonie of tl.cm make a conlidcrable figure in the republic of letters, and that many of their clergy are excellent fdioiars The Welch I'aturnoQer is as follows : £t>i TaJ, \r /nvii wyt yit y nefocdd, fanlleiJdier dy enw ; deiied dy dcyrnas ; bydded dy tivyHys ar y ddtiear, vievis y nine yii y ntfotd: dyro in i heddyiv (in barn beimyddiQl; a madden i ni ein dylcdion, fel y maddcuivn iii ;"« dy/edwyr ; ac nuc aiwaifi hi i brojedi^aei/i, tithr \:'Martd ni rhag drivg : canys eiddut li yzv'r dcyriim, ar gallUy a'r go^oiiiant, yn eos eofoi'Jd. Amen. CiriKS, TOWNS, roRTS, AND OTHER! VValcs coHtains no cities or town* LDiKjcEs, PuuLir AKD I'ltivAir.. J that are remarkable eilhet ior pupii- loufnefs or magnificence. Beaumaris is the chief town of Anglefey ♦, and luis a good harbour. Urecknock trad<'s in eloathing. Cardigan is a large p<:^pulous town, and lies in the iieigIibourlnK)d of kj\d and lilver mines. Caenuarthen h;is a large bridge, and is govorncii by a mayor, two llurilfs, and aldenuen, who wear Icarlct gowns, and oihcr endgns of (late. Pembroke is well inhabited by gentlemen and tradel'iren ; and part of the; country is fo fertile and pleafant, that It is called l.itile l-'.nglaiul. 'Ihe other towns of VVales have nothiug particular. \\. is proper, huwever, to obferve, that W ales, in anciv.'nt times, was a lar more populous and wealthy country thaii it is at prefent ; and though it contains no re- gular foriificaiions, yet many of its old callles are fo llnmgly built, and fo well li- tuated, tiiat they might be turned into Ihcng torts at a fmall expence : witiicfsthe vigorous defence which many of them made in the civil wars, between Charles \. and his parli.tmi:nt. An nqj-'i I ir.s and crniosniES,i Wales abounds in remains of juitiijuitv. NATURAL AND ARiuiciAL. 3 Scvcial of its caftles are lUnK'iHlouiiy lar'fe ; and in fome, the le.iiaiiis of Roman arehitetture are |)lainly difceriiible. llic ar- chitecture of otliers is doubtful ; and fome appear to be partly liriiilb, and |)art!y Roman. In Hivcknocklhire are fome rude Iculjjtures, upon a Ihine fix feet hifii, called the N».iiden-Mone -, but the remains of t!ie Uruidical iiiUituiioiu^, and places v\ worlhip, ;ue cIiieHy difcernible in the iile of .Vnglefey, the ancient Mona, men- tioned by Tacitus, wiio defcril)cs it as being the cliief feminary of the Uruidical rites ami religion. Many Koman altiirs, uteiidls and other antiquities, aj'e difco- vered in Wales. King Offa s tlyke is fiiid to have been a boundary between ihe Saxons, and the Wekli or liritons. Clierphilly-c#le, in Clamorgaiiihire, is laid to have been the largill in Crtat IJritain, excepting \\ indtor ; and the remains of it llicw it fo have been a mod beaufir'ul fabric. Une half of a rouiui tower has fallen (juite df)wn, but ti.e other ovei-l.angs its balis more than nine ket, and is as great a curiollty as the leaning tower of I'ifa in Italy. iNear the town of I'llnt are the remains of a large caftle, in which Richard 11. was confined, fome time belbre his de[)o(it;cn ; and a variety of Roman aiiti- ([uities have been found in this town, which is fuppofed to have been a Roman ilation. Siomc coins of Welch princes arc faid to be found in the cabinets of the curious; » Ttii; Ifls of Anglet y, which is tlic mod weft- calicJ Meiieu, which in fojne |Iaces may bf pnlTttl «rii county ot Nortii Wjjts, is fiirromuicj on ;.ll on luot at low water : t(^e ifiaiiJ is about 24 mUi lilies liy tlif Irilfi l.a, txccjit on the (inith-ralt, long, and iBliro.nl, ami tontjiiiis 74 parilhcs. It wiitic it is divulei tiom JJiitaiu by a narrow ftrait, was the ancient teat ol ific Biitilh Druuls. but w s8r but It does not fcc'tn that they have been fervictabla in afcertaining the ancient hiftory of the country. Among the natural curiofities of this country, arc the following. At a fmall villaKC called "Ncwttxn, in Gliunorganlhirc, is 4 remarkable f[)rin}{ nieh titc fca, which ebbs and tiowti contrary to tlie tide, kador tdris, a mountain in Aicrionctli- lliiie, rcniurlcablu for itsi height, affords variety of Alpine plants. In Flintlhire isi a famous well, known by the name of St. Wenefreds well, at wliich, according ti) the legendary tales of the common people, miraculous cures have been per- formed. 1 he ipring boils with vaft inuK'tuofity out of a rock, and is formed into a Ix-aiitiful polygonal well, covered with a rich arth fupportcd by pillars, and the roof is cxquifitely caived in ftone. Over the fpring is alio a chapel, a neat piece ot° Gothic arthitei^tuic, but in a very ruinous (late. King James li. paid a vilit to the well of St. \\ enifred in 1686, -and was rewarded for his pivty by a prefenl of ttie (hift in wl.Ieh his great-grandmother, Mary Stuart, loll her head. 'Ihe fpring. is fuppi'fed to be one of the (iiifft in the Britilli ilominions ; and by two dillerent triuls and caUiila.ti()n8 lately made, is found to throw out about twenly-one tousof water in a minute. It iievi-r freezes, and variL's but little in its (juar.tity of water, eiihcr in dry or lainy foafuns ; but in c(>iifi.(|uencc of the latter, it alllwuea a wheyilh tinj^n. 'Ihe I'nia'l town adjoining to the well is known by tlie name of i!i)lywoll. in ('at-rnarvonlhirr is the high mountain of I'eiimanniawr, aerols ihu c'h^e of which the public road lies, and oitalions no fmall terror to travellers; liDni one hand llie impending roek feenis ready every minute to erulh them to pieces, and the gi eat precipice IkIow, which hangs over the fea, is fo hideous, iihd, till very latily, when a wall was railed on tlie lide of the road, fo full ol dan- ger, that one faifc ftep was of difmal confcviuence. Snowdou bill is by triangu- lar meafureuient 1240 yards i)crpeiidieular height. iheie are a great maiiy plealiug profpects and pi£turef(|ne views in\A'ale3; and this co'intry is highly worthy the attention of the curious tiavelk-r. Co.MMkKcii ASi> MANi' i-ACTuaEs.] 'I ln' Wekh are on a footing, as to their eouuneree and manulactures, with man;' uf ihe weltern and northern counties of ti gland. Iheir trade Is mulliy inland, or with Knglaiid, into which they ftnd nunih«ys of black cattle. Miliord-haven, wliieii is reckoned the Hnell in h.urope,. lies in rembroivelhire ; but the \\ eleh have hitherto reaped no great benefit from it, though of late eonliderable fums ha\e been granted by parliament for its fortili- tatioii. Ihe inakin;; it the principal harbour t)f the kingdom would meet with Ifior.g tippolition fiom the nunienius Cornilh and Well-country members, whofc (.itates would be lelVened in \;ilue by the difufe of Plymouth and Portfmouth, and (;thi'r h.n-biHirs. '1 he town (;i Pembroke employs iiear 200 merchant liiips, and i;s ihlwbilanls carry on an extenlive trade. In breeknocklhire the woollen manu- f;;cture iliiuriihes , and \\ ales in general carries on a great coal trade with Kng- li.i.d and Ireland. CoNsriTHTioN AND GOV K. RN M liNT.] Walcs wa5 United, and incorporated uiih Kngiand, in the 27th of Henry \'lll. when, by acf of parliament, the govern- ment of it was modellid aecoidiiig to the Knglilli form; all laws, cnftoms, and tiiiures, conliury to tbofe of iingiand, being abrogated, and the inhabitants admitted to a participation of all the Lnglilh liberties and jirivileges, particularly that of ieiHl'i>g niember.^ to parliament, viz. a knight lur every lliire, and a burgel's for every lliire-town, except Meriouetii. By the 34'''' ""^^ 35ih of ilio fame reign, there wee ordaii^ed lour feveral circuits for the adiuiniltralion of JKilice in the faid fliircs, each of wlii.-h was to include three (hires; fo that the chief julliee of Cheiler has luuier his jurifdietion the tliree feveral ll-.ires of Flint, Denbigh, and Montgomery. 'I lie ihires of Caernarvon, Merioneth, and Anglefey, are under the juftices ui No; th Wales, 'ihofe of Cacrmarlhen, Pembrokelliire, and Cardigan, have alfo their juf- tieesj as have likcwil'e thofe of Radnor, Breckiiock, and Glamorgan, by the 18th a of --ui. ■ 5!>9 W I, E n( nucen F.lizabcth, one other jufticc-adilbnt was ordained to the former jiillU-es ; j)eais liuni the I'.n^lilli hillory. It was tornuily inhabited l)y the lliiee ditl'eient tribes of i>ritons; the Silures, the Diniet.e, and the Ordovices. 'ihcle people v.eie never entirely I'ubdiied by the Uonians ; lluuigli part of their comitiy, as up- ])ears from the ruins of calUes, was bridled by ganil'oi.s. h hath been aluaily uIj- lerved, thai the .Saxons conquered the coimties of Mumnoutli ami Hereford, \\-t tney never penetrated farther, and the \\ eleh remained an independent peopL', governed by their own princes and llieir own laws. About the year 870, Koderie, king of W ales, dividt.'d his domiiiions among liis tiiree fons ; and the ii.nines of thefe «liv:lions were, Dimetia, or South \\ ales ; I'livelia, or I'liwis-laiul ; and V enedotia, or North Wales. This divillon gave a mortal l)iuwtotl:e iniie]ieiulency of Wales, About tlie year 11 12, Henry I. of Kngland planted a colony of Flemings on the frontiers of Wales, to ferve as a barrier to lingland. 'Hie ^\'elch madi. many brave attempts to maintain their liberties againii the Norman kings of linglai;d. In I;: ^7, the crown of Kngland was firfl fupplied with a pretext for the total fubjura- tion of Wales ; their old and infirm ))rince Llewellin, in order to be fate from The perfecuiions of liis iindutiful fon Grilfyn, having put himfe If ..under the protectiun of king Henry HI. to whom he did homage. , Hut no capitulation could fafist'y the ambition of Kdward I. whorefolved to annex V\'ales to the crown of luiglaiid ; and I.,levvcllin, prince of Wales, difilalning the fiibjectton to wliich old l.lewellin had I'ubmitted, Kdward raifcd an army at great oxpence, with wliich lie penetrated as far as Klint, and taking polleliion of the illc of Anglefey, he drove tlie Uekli to the mountains of Snowdon, and obliged them to fi.bmit to jiay tribute. '1 he Welch, liowevcr, made feveral elliirts under vouii"- L'ewellin : but, at lalt, in 1 285, that brave prince was killed in battle. I le was fuc- cecc'ed by his broi her David, the lad inde[)endent prince of Wales, who, failing into i'.dv.ard's hands through treachery, was by him moil l>arbaroully and unjuftly hanged; av.d Kd\\a''l, from that time, pretended that V\ ales was annexeii ti marble. Hate, and Hone. The file of Man contains feventoen pariilies, and four towns on the fca-coafts. Caftle-town is the metropolis of the illand, and the feat of its government ; I'ecl-.', of Inle years, be;^i:is to tiourilh ; Douglas is the iargelt and licheft town and bell market, in confequencc of its excellent harbour, and itb' line mole, extending into the fea; Ramfe;. has likewife a conliderable conuuercc, being lituate on afpacious bay, in whicii ihips may ride fafe froui all winds except the north-calt. 'Ihe read- er, by ihniwing his eyes on the map, may fee how conveniently this ifland lies tor being the (lorehoufe of fmugglers, which it was till within theie few years, to the iiiexprelhble prejudice of his majelty's revenue; and this nccell'arily leadi us to toucli upon the hillory of the illand. During tiie lime o'i the Scandinavian rovers on the fens, who have been befute me!itio:uil, t!ii< illand v.-as their rendezvous, and their chief force wa,-; here fil- letted ; fioiu whence they annoyed tlie Hebrides, CJreat Uritaiu, and Ireland. 'Ibj kings of Mini are otten mentioned in- hillory ; and thou<;li we have r.o regular ;ie- count iji their fuecellicn, and know but a few of their names, yet they undoublcd/y were for fomf aqes mailers of tlioftf fcas. About tlrJ \ear 1^63, Alexander ll. kiiii; of .Si. ot land, a fpirited prince, having defeated the Danes, laid claim to ttie fupciiority oi Man, and obliged Owen, or John, its ki:;g, to acknowledge him .is lord paramount. It leems to ha\e tontinued tributary to the kings of .Scotland till it wa.s reduced by Kdward I. and the kings of hngiaiid, from that time, t\er- » ifed the fup.viority over the illand ; thiuii^h we tind its immediate govcrn!i;ent llill held ! e ihj pollerily of ils Daniih princes in the reign of Edward 111. who dil-' jioll'elled tiio la'i cpiceu of the illar.d, and bellowed it on his favourite, MoutaiT le,. eaiL I 61j^' rf-yrijkic^ ^1 391 I S r, K OF WIGHT. c«rl of SnlilTiury, Tlu' furl's fainily-Iionouri nnd ollnrc l>ciin< t'orfcitcd, Ilonrv IV. K'tlowcd Mail, and ilic pjitnmiujcor ilu- hiilioidiok, liil) upuii ilie NortlunnlKMlaiid taiiiily ; and lliiit Ik lii>' lorKiti'ii, upuii lii- JdIih .^tiiiiiov, wIidI'o [lolk-rity, tin- cnrU of DltIin, cniovi-d it till, l)v failure of 1 icirs n lalo, it ilosolwd iipo 11 llu 4 Atixtl, who marrie'd tlic lilk-r of ilic lall lord IX'rl)y. Ki-alous of iLito roiuk-ipd it iK'Ckir.iiy for tin.' trowii of Ch\at Uritain to pmchalV tin- iMtJomn and iho illand from llic Atlio! l"amil\ ; and tlu* bargain was c'o.npltMi.'d l)v 70,000!. h.-inj^ paid to llir diiki' ill I 76 ^. 'llu- duki\ li(iu\vor, retains iii^ toiriiorial iiroporty in tlu' iilaiid, 11 ;lit.^ h till' foiin of its ;'o\t'mini'nt is allcrod, ti:id ilic kiii;; has now lli- (' inu« powiTS, and pivro^Mtivos, as iho diikc t'or-ii/ily I'.ijoycd. 'I'lic iiihabitaiits aif) retain many of tluir nnciont I'oilllitiltioiis nnd cultonis. 'I'lir citahliiliod rrlif^ion in Man is tliat ol' tlu- iluirvh of Knvjlmid. TJu' hiiliop of Sodor and Man enjoys nil tlio{j)iritiial rif,dusni\(l piv-oniini.'c.s of other Uilliops, but doi's not lit in the lii ililli liouU- of peers ; his fco never having l)e>'n erected into an l".M;,'li;li barony. One of the moll extellont prelates wlioever a l'>rnert thecpif- eopal ( harai^ler, was Dr. 'I'homns V\ ilfoii, biilmp of Man, wiio pivlided over lliHt dioiefe upwards of littvfeven years, and (bed in tlu- year 1755, a;;ed ninety-lliree. He was emiiu'tiily difiin^uiilud for piety, benevolence', a'ld hot'p; ality, and lii^ unremitting atlemion to ih.- li:ippinefs of ihe ])c'ip'e enrrntl -d I > In. lare. lie I'li- *'ouraj;ed aj;rienllin'e, efiablilii.'d Mio>)ls lor the inliructiun ufehildren, traiiilated fome of his di'Vtitional pieees into tlu' Manks languai^e, to render ilieni inoief^ene- r:',ll\' niVliil, and founded parochial liliraries in every pari h of lii.s dioiefe. ('ardi- jial I'leiiry hiid f> mueli veneration tor tliis f^ood biihop, ihai.ovu oi re-.u'd to him, lie obt;inu(l an order Ironi the eouit ol I'raiue, that nu privateer oi that nation Iho'.ild lavaii^e ilie llle of .Man. ■|he eeeleli.diieal j^overnmwit is well maintained in this illand, nnd the livint,M are eonifnrlalile. Ihe lanijuai^'e, whieh is called the Manks, and is fpoken bv tlie c'')mm'le, is ra liially l-lrfe, or Iriili, but wi'h a mixture of other lanj^nages. 'Ihe New 'IVfiament and Common Prayer liook have been iranllated into this dialect. i !ie natives, who amount to above 20,000, are inollenlive, charit- jiblci and liol'i'.iti'.ble. 'Ihe lietter fort live in lione houfes, eovired with Hale, uiid the poorer in tliatclied ; and their ordinaiy bread is made of oai'iieal. Their pro- imeciiri('ruies,conl"ifiin"; cli Runic fepulchral infcrij)! 1011S ;inil mi>iiume;.rs nf aiKient brafr. daggers, and o'l.er wea]).i:isof ihat melai, adorn ed will) puie gold, which indicates the fplei;dor m its ancient potl'eirors. I S, L E OF WIGHT. TIMS idand is oppolite to tlic coafi of llampfliire, from wliiili it is fepa- rated by a ciiannel, \ar\ing in breadth Irom two to I'vvvn miles: it ision- fiderod as part of t)ie couiHy of Souiliampton, and is within the didctfc of W in- theficr. lis greatell length, extending from cart to wert, meafuies nearly tWentv- three miles; its breaibii from 1. .>••]. i > fiiiiii a'.xiut thirteen. The air is in geni - ral heultiiy, ]>urticularly the fo'Jtlicrii parts i the foil is \ariou-', but Ih great is hi KUtFrv ^> 'a;^;^^ I ISI.KS OF JF.RSF.Y, GUERNSEY, AI.DERNjiy. &c. ^<)3 itt tcrtililv, tlint more wltcat grows hire in one year, tliaii t:an be confumcd by the iii)iRbitant!i in eight : and it it liipixjfi'd that its prefcnt produce, un- (Ut the great improvements of agriculture, and the additionvl qtiantlly of lai\d l.iloly br«)ught into tillaj^e, has more than kept pace witli the inereafe of po- pulation. \ range of hills, which alTords fine pallure for Iheep, extends from i'i\)l to well, througii the middle of the ilhind. Jlie interior parts of the ifland, iis well us its extremities, alFord n great number of hesiutifu! and pi6turefque |)H)fpetb, not only in tl>e |)aftoral, but alio in the great and romantic llyle. Of iliofe beauties, the gentlemen of the illand havi' availed ihemfelves, as well in the lituation of their h«)ufes, us in their other inii»rovcnients. DomelUc fowls and poultry are bred here in great numbers ; the outward-bound Ihips and velVels ill Spithead, the Mother-bank, and Cowes, comuionly furniihing thcmfelvcs from tills ilhind. Such is the |)urity of the air, the fertility of the f)il, and the beauty and variety of the landfcajK's ot this illand, that it has been callid ihi- garden of lingland; it has fome very line gentlemen's feats ; and it is often * ilited by |)arties of pleafuie on account of its delightful fcenes. The illand is divided into thirty parilhes: and, according to a very accurate cal-* (ulation made in the year iTij, the inhabitants then amounled to eighteen thoufnnd .111(1 twenty-four, rxclulive of the troops cpiarteivd there. Moll of the farm-houfcs arc built with Hone, and even the cottages appear neat and comfortable, having lach its little garden. 'I'he town of Newport ftands nearly in the centre of the illand, of which it may 1)0 lonlidercd as the capital. The river Medina empties itfelf into the channel at (\)\ves harbour, dillant about five tniles, and, being navigable uj) totlie quav, is viTV commodious tor trade. The three iiriiKi|ial llieets of Newport exteiul from mil to well, and are crolFcd at right angles by three others, all which are Ipacious, tienn, and well paved. Carilbrooke callle, in the Ille of V\ ight, is remarkable for tlic conlinenie:it of king Charles I. who, taking refuge here, was detained a pril'oner tVoiii NoNemlur i'i47, to September 1648 After the murder of the king, this callle was coiuerted into a place of contincnient for his children ; and his daughter, iho priiiciiV I'.li/ii- Iv.th, died in it. There are feveral other forts in this illand, which were all eavteil ahout the 3Mh year of the reiii^n of Henry \ 111. when many other toils and bltn k- lioufes were built in dillcrent parts of the coalls of England. The islands OF JER^KV, GUERNSEY, l.l'NDY, &c. ALDERNEV, iiARK, I\ ilie Ijiglidi Cliamul loiir nt' il\o(e are fituated, and are fubjeiJl to England; tliefe are Jirl'ey, (Juenifey, Alderiiey, and Sark -, which, though much nearer to ilie eoaft of N'liniiamlv than to tiiat of England, are within thv diocefe of \\ in- ilieller. 'I hey lie in a eUilter in Mmir.t St. Michael's Bay, between Cape la I loj;ue. in Norinaniiv, and Capr Frobelle in Ikitany. The computed dillanee between Jiil'ey and .Sark is four lea^ue> ; between that and Guernfey, fevcn leagues v and between the fame and AkKriiey, nine leagues. ,II''.RS1'',Y, anciently C/ES.AR1''.V, was kiTown to the Romans; and lies favtlielK wiiliin the bav, in tony-nine iligrei.s feveii minutes north latitude, and in thc-f - i.uul (Iit^ree twenty-li\ minutes well longitude, eighteen miles welt of Norma. '.d.. iiiul eii^hty-fuur miles fouth of J'ortland. The north lide is inaccclVible th!oug'.> ■; E • Ji'ti.- *■ 394 ISLKS OF JERSEY, GUERNSEY, ALDERNEY, kc. lofty clifTi, the fouth it almoft Irvcl with the water i the higher laud, in itf mid* land unrt, it well planted, and abound* with ori hard*, from which it made an in- credible quantity of rxcciient cyder. The vullies arc fruitful and well cultivated, and contain plenty of cattle and flieep. The inhabitant! nrj^lctt tillage too much, bcin^ intent upon the culture of cyder, the improvement ofcommerce, and parti, culany the manufiitturr of (lockings. Hie honey in Jerfey is remarkably Hne : and the illand in well fupplittl will) filh and wild-fowl of many kinds, fome of ihcnt pc> culiar to the ifland, and very delicious. The idand is not above twelve miicH in length ; but the air is fo falubrious, that, in Camden's time, it was faid there was here no bulinefs for a phylician. 'Ihc in- habitants in number are about 20,000, and are divided into twelve (larilhcs. 'I'lic capital town h St. Mclier, or Hilary, which contains above 400 houfet, has a got)d hiirbour and callle, and makes a hanilfonie appearance. The pro|Krty of this ifland belonged formerly to the Cartercts, a Norman family, who have been always at- tachen to the royal intercfl, and gave protection to Charles II. both when king and prince of Wales, at a time when no part of the Britifli dominions darc*d to counte- nance him. The language of the innabilants is French, with which nioft of them intermingle Englilh words; yet French is moft generally the language of the pulpit and the bar. Knit Dockings and caps form their llaple commodity ; but they carry on a conliderable trade in filh with Newfoundland, and difpofe of their car- goes in the Mediterranean. The governor is appointed by the crown of England, but the civil adminiltration refis with a bailill, alfifted bv twelve jurats. As this ifland is the principal remain of the duchy of Normandy aepcnding on the kings uf J'^ngland, it preferves the old feudal forms, and particularly the aHembly of ftates, which forms a miniature of the Britifh parliament, as fettled in the time of Ed- ward I. GUERNSEY is thirteen miles and a half from fouth-wefl to north-eall, and twelve and a Ttalf where broadcll, caft and weft ; has only ten parilhcs, to which there are but eight miniflers: four being united parilhes; and Alderney andSark, though appendages of Guernfev, forming each a feparate parilh with its appro- priate miniller. Though this is naturally a finer ifland than that of Jerfey, yet it IS far lofs valuable, being poorly cultivated and thinly inhabited. It abounds in cyder; the inhiibitants fpealc Frcncli: want of firing is the greateft inconveniency that both illaiuls labour under. The only harbour here is at St. Pcler la Port, which is guarded by two forts; one called the Old-Caftle, and the other Caillc Cornet. Guernfey is likcwife part (»f the ar.cicnt Norman patrimony. ALDKRNKY i* about eij^lit miles in comi)afs, and is by much the nearcft of all thefe idands to Norinandv, trom which it is feparated by a narrow ftrait, tailed the Race of Alderney, which is a dangerous pairage in ftormy weather, when the two currents meet ; otherwife it is fafe, and has depth of water for the largell fliips. 'I'o the weft lie a range of rocks tor near three leagues together, called tlie Calkets; among which are feveral \vhirlpo.)!s or eddies, very dreadful to mariners. The fons of King Henry I. were caft away and drowned here, palling to Norman- dy ; and it is frelh in memory how fatal this ftrait proved 10 the \ii-lory man of war, commanded by admiial Blachcii. 'Ihis illand is heait..y, and the foil is re- markable for a fine breed of cows. S.ARK is a fmall ifland depending upon Gucnifcy; the inhabitants are lon;;- kvcd, and enjoy from nature all the conveniences of life; tlieir miinber is about •^00. '1 he inhabitants of the three laft-mentioned illands together are thought to Le about 20,000. The religion of all the four iflands is that of the church of England. SCILLY ISLANDS and ROCKS, anciently called the SILURES, are a cliif- tcr of dangerous rocks, to the number of 140, I) ing about 30 miles from the Land's o £ud ^ I R K N I>. Sfl Knd in Cornwall, u( which county they nro rocknnrd a part, and to which thry lire fupnofcd to have bceit formerly idined, hut frparati-cl fri)m it and from racn other, liy fumr violent (»'U|>tiun of the fea, which is here between 40 and 60 fa* thoms deep. StiJ/y, wliich givet name to all the rcll, was once the chief i but St. Mary'i llland, though only nine miles in circumference, is the largcl), as well Ht the mud fruitful, contains more inhabitants than all the red together, and has n very good harbour, fortified with n cnftic, which was built by queen Kli/nbeth. Id thm, and in two or throe others of the largcfl illands, there are various antiqui- lifH, nnrticularly the remains of a temple of the Druids, and ancient fepulchres. But the greatell ornament of this ifland is the light-houfe, in height 51 leet. ItH faflj lights are eleven feet three inches high, by three feet two inches broad 1 it (lands on high land, and makes a very tine appearnnce. By their (ituation, between the Knglilh Channel and St. (ieorge's Channel, tliefe rocks have been the deiiru6tion of ntany Ihips and lives, ef|>ecially in the night time. This was the fate of the brave fir Cloudellev SliDvel's kiuadron, azd October 1707, as it was returning home front Toulon. This, and limilar difallers, have been afcribed to a midaktt of recknning, bvit arc found by the moll excellent gengrapiicr, Mr. Kennel, to be owing to a current which often jirevailii to the weiiward o( Scilly, and to which feamen ought to be particularly attentive, after hard and continued gales from the wcllern quarter. (See the I'hiiofophieal Tranfackions for the year '79.V) LUNDY ISLAND, though fifty miles in the fea, ofT the north-well coaft of i).-- vonlhire, has fprings of t'relh water. It is five miles l«ing, and two broad, but fo cncompafled with maccellible rocks, lliat it has but one entrance to it, fo narrow that two men can fcarcely go abreall : it had tmce a fort and chapil. On tho north part is a high pyrnmidical rock, called the Con(lal)Ie. I hre are liorf^-s, kine. hogs, and goats, with great llore of theep and rabbits ; but thiir cliief conmiodi- tv IS fowl, with which they abound, in the reign of I lenry VIM. one U illiain Nlnrifco, who had confpifed to murder him at Woodlloi k, lied to this illand, which Ik- fortified, turned pirate, and did much damage to tliis coall, till he wai at Unj^ih taken by furnrife, with fixteen of his accomplices, and put to death. IIOI.Y ISLAND is lituatid ten nules fouth-call of Hiiwirk-upon- Tweed ; and called by the monks, who lived in it retired from the world, by the name of l,aii- (livfern, by reafoii of its litnation over againll the river Landis. It was anciently a jiilliop's fee, and had twenty-two bilhops fucccHively. It has plenty of tilh and fowl, but the air and foil are bad. It is three miles in compafs, and lias a town, :i iluirch, and caille, under which is a commodious harbour, it is enconipaU'ed will) water at every Hood, but fan(' at el)b It lies not above a mile and a half iroMi the land; from whence, at low water, people ride over to it. R N D. SlTl'ATlON, BOUNDARIKS, AND EXTENT. Till'", illand of Ireland is fitualed on the weft fide of Kngland, betwien 6 nnd 10 degrees well longitude, and httween 51 and 53 degrees 20 luiniites north l;itiui(le, or between the middle parallel of the eighth climate, where the longiti (lay is i6; hours, and the 24th parallel, or the end of the lotb clime, where the lonijill day is 17I hours. i E 4 1 he .1')6 I H K L N I). The extent u'r (Viperficial content of tliia kingdom, i«, from the nearell compu- tntiun uml furvcy, found to be in length a8f niileii, from t'airhcad north to N|ii°. ft-nhend fouth ; and frDOi the Hall part «)f Down to the Well part of Mayu, it in tiic province of Lcioftcr Down Arnjagh , Monnghan Antrim Uofcominon Leitrim - Sligo Mayo .Gaivvay. Dublin counly, and the county of the i ity of Dublin, are two feparate jurif- dittions, and the laws in both are adininiftered under I'peeial commillions, or at (|iiarter fellioiis ; the former at Kihiiainliani, and the latter in the court of king'« bench in the faid city. Cmmate, seasons, and soil] The climate of Ireland differs not much from that of Knglialit\ iii}^ the rigour of the northern air, are yet hurtful in the extreme. Meeting with no lands on this fide of America to break their force, and proving in tlie ge- neral too powerful for the cnunteradlon of the Ihifting winds, \xo\w the eallorn anil Al'rican continents, they watt hitlu-r the vapnurs »(f an iinnienfe ocean. By this taufe, the iky in Ireland is mucli obftiurcd ; and, iVoin ilic luiuuc of reft ami i on- dentation. ■Wi .w* I E I. N D. ddiirtititw, ihrfe vapour* tlrfcritil in (mU conftMiil rniti*. «■ lhr«*lcn dcl^riRiiofl t,t the* Iriiiin III ilw iMfili in t'oinr ffnlutiH. '\'h\* unnvuidahlc evil I'rorii iiatur*! ciiuf«« it iim-iaviiiiil hy I 111- incrcafo of' it I'rom olhcrit, which an' cither iDitrul ot poliijial 'Iho haiul nf' imliillry liiiilj iui-n l.)t»n t'oohly cMrrlnl in n icmntry, when- iilninil rvcrv ailvaninno nniil he ohtainrd tVi)m ill Ubour, snil whrrc (iir((iurii;;cni('nti on tlip (iilM)iircr niiirt nfrolliirily ))ro«hui- n ttnte of languor, liver (iiitc the noglcttnl' ii^riiiiliiiri' ill llu- oinlh ccntiirv, tlio rain* ot'fo many agr«, fiihiitling on thr lowr Ki'oiiiuU, haN>> ciiiucrlctl mull ul' ihc cMciilivc pininit into molly Mi(>riilli>, iiiiij lunr a iiiiih part iil'tlii* hrniilil'iil iilo ii liotonic u rcpolitory lor llajjnaiid walcrt, NNliiili, in llio i-ourl'o ot' rvnporatiun, imprr^^nntc thi- air with n.ixiouit txhalu. tiniiN*." Hut, ill other rcfpctU, tho iliiiutc o| Ireland i« more ti^iiouliU' than tliu o| I'ji^Iantl ; tliv ('uinmor* lu-liig roolor, nnrf tlu' winter* lei's iVvcii'. 'jhc pion inj, IkiIIs, ihe deep fiiow.t, iind the dreadt'ul efTetU (i|° ihimdrr and lif(hlning, Nvliieh are In Ireipieiilly ohlerved in tlic latter kingdom, aie never t xpcrieiuij here. The dumpiiefn above nihidrd to, heiiij; peeulinrly favouraliie to ilu* growili of ^ral's, has heoii iil'rd as an argunirni why the iiiliahitaiiiH ihoiild cixiliMe i|ii>ir altiiition to the rearing ot eatlie, to tlie total defertion nl lillai»''. and t onri(|iiiiit injurv to the growth ot population ; hut i he foil in To iiilinile!v varioiiN, a» to he (apni)le ot' almoU every Ipetien of' cultivation fuilahie to luih latiiudiH, vsjij, n teriiliiv eipial to its variety. 'I his is fo eonfpieuous, that it ha, been uofeived l)y ill) l''.iii{lilh traveller, that " natural I'erlilily, aire tor aere, over tlie two kin^doiin, " is iirlaini) in lavour of Ireland; uf lliii* I believe there ean { anely be a doujit " entertniniil, when it is ronlidered that fome of the more beautihil, and even bell " (iillivated eoiinlies in Knglnnd owe ainioll every thing to thecipitul art und in- " dulhy of ilH inhabitants." We ihall (onelude this arliele with the furtlier fentiinentti of the fame nu'lioi, (Mr. ^ oung) whofe knowledge of the fubjc6l, and eandour in this refpctt, !.,c imimpeathabte. " 'Hie cireiimftance whiih llrikes me as the grealeft lingularity of Ireland, is the rtiikiiu'fs of the foil, \vhi( h ihould fi-em at lird light agaiiilt that degrre of fertiliu ) but llie contrary is the fail. Slmie is fo geiural, that I have great reafon to believL' the wlnile illaiul is one vail roek of dilferent llrata and kinds riling out of (he I'^a. I have rarely heard "f any great depths being funk without meeting with it. In general it appears on the furfacc in every part t)f the kingdom; the llalletl and mofl fertile parts, as Limerick, Tipperary, and Meath, have it at no great depili, "' '» • ■• ' May we not reeojjnife in this the hand )(l .'ilmoil as much ;u the more barren ones. of bounteous orovidence, which has given, j)erhaj>s, the mofl llony fi)il in Kuiniii' lo ihe moilielt climate in it.' If as mudi rain tell upon the clays in I'li'Liiul, (a foil very rarely met with in Ireland, and never without much lloiie) as falls iiiion the rocks of her lifler illaiid, thofe lands could not he cultivated. But the rocks lure are clmhcd with verdure; thofe ot lime-flone, with only a thin covering ot mould, have the fnftcll and moll beautiful turf imaginable. " 'I he rockinclsof the foil in Ireland is fo univerlal, that it predominates in every fi.rt. One cannot ufe with propriety tlu- terms, clay, loam, land, tLc. it niull he a Ihiny cliiy, a llony loam, a gravelly faml. Clay, eAiecialiy the yellow, is much talked of in lieland, but it is for want of proper difcrimination. I have once (jr twite fcen almoll a pure cJay upon the furface, but it is extrcniely rare. The true yellow clay is ul'iially fmiiid in a thin llratum, uiuler the furface mould, and over a rock ; hiirlh, tenacious, ftony, llrong h)ams, diflicult to work, are uot uncom- mon, but they are cpiite different from Knglilli cla\s. O'Coniioi 's Diircrt.itiuii*, Friahle I N n 399 Ikmi tvi t'uufc* tliliml IlllUOtl I'Hti on glltt 01" r |o\vr i'l) uiul i'xhiilu< inn tlvii |»'kti inn Rrowih nil- tlii'ir iirviiui'iu U« to hr cH, w'uh riTVoil by ' a itoulx even bell It und in- ic fiu'boi, Ipctt, i.,C ul, istlu' iVrtililj ; lu lil'VL- tin- iVa. ) il. Ill lUll ami •al (Ifjitli, the b.uul in Kiimin' '.nf^l.iiul. alls ii|<'ii\ the niiks ivi ring ot -. in every inull be il i^ much • (iiite or The true ^aml over It uiK'uin- Friable •• Frl«bl« fnndf ln»mi, dry, but fertile, arc very runimiin, aiirary and Kofcontiiion ulKuntd particularly in tltcm. iV' molt fertile ol all are the bulliKkpnlhirei of Limerick. iind the baiikt of the Shannon in Clare, called the Corcall'v*. 'Ihefe are a mellow, putrid, triable loam. " Nand, which ii fo common in Knsland, ortd yet n\orc eoninmn through France, (tertnuny, and Poland, ipiitc from (librallar to IVtcrlhurgh, it no where nut with in Ireland, except in narrow ilipi of hilltK'ki, upon the ica-ioaO Nor did I ever meet with, or hear of, a chalky foil. " lUiidek the great fertility of the foil, there are other cirriimftnncrv, whith lome within my Iphere to mention. Few countrien (an lie Iwlttr watered by large and beautiful rivere, they are not in fuch number ai to confer the ulual character on «)r very near the moft cnnlideialile in the kingdom Mangerton and the Keck*, in Kerry; the (.jultie* in Cork, thole of Mournc in Downi Crow Patrick nnd Ncphin, in Mayoi thefe are the principal in Ireland, and they are of a iliaraHer in height and fublimity, which lliould render theni the object oi every travellcr't attention." I'iillurage, tillage, nnd nuadow Kronnd alvmnd in this kingdom ; but of late tillage wa» too much difcounteiiaiuitl, ihnii^li tlie ground is excellent fur the culture of all grain* ; and in foiue ol the tioriliern parts of the kin!*dom abund- .ince of hemp und flax are raifed, a culiivation of infinite advantage to the linen nianutaclurc. Ireland rear* valt nuiiibeis of black cattle and Mieep, and the Wtml is excellent IVinligious fupplie* of butter and (alt ppivilion* (filh ex- cepted) are ihipped nt Cork, and carried to all p.iri, of the \m.iIic Ocean, lietween Kerry-point and l,oo|)-bead, where it is nine miles broad. The naviga- tion ry oi Ircl.it.d, und tender ll.at couiKry peeuliarly well h((ed foi luiciga <«• I R N D. Dithilrtiiit. ( irtiiiKt'oril, Dnixlalk, DuMiri, Wutrrlonl, DiitigHrvan, Cork, kinliilc, tinliMiiDrc, l#lt»n, l>«iii(t(ull, kilU'lH|(«. LuiiKlKSuilly, oiul l.ou^li l■l>)lt■ ^l•tllMll ioi)i.iiii> ti Villi iitiiiilHr ot lt)k«'«. or, lit ilifv wrrv loriiicrly viilli'cl, tiiu||h«, IHkiUiiii.trU iti iIm' |tr<»vitii'r» nl t'lltrr utid ('iMiiiMUKhr Many o(' lliciii |>riM|iiri< tir^c i|tKiiiiilK'* III liiif Hill t iinil llu' ((nul Uko NiiiKli, Uiwii-ii iho iiuinlir* oi \iiiMin, Down, iiiiil AriiiuKli, i* rmiarkiililr (or ir« |uirihiiiK t)iialit)' Soiiif ot ilii' liiili l.ikk t iilh'nl till' iiitilt iKMiiliUil iiiul roniiiiiiii |)ri»l|)ttU, |>arluiilurly ilial • •( Ktll'iriit'v. vxliiili liikf* iu tinnu' I'toni u rniull luwii in ihiMoiiiily ul' Kerry. Thii l.ikc. wlii li iiiuy Iv iliviiU'il iiiliilliri'c, i«i'nriri-ly furriiiinili.-(i with tnoiinMin' ininifnCt' lUcliviiif* ot wliuli iiif tourkil y\itU wihxU, iniiT- iiiiNt'il \viili i*vt'r|{ri'rii'<, lioiii Mi'iir lluir \i<\u lo llu- lukc* llK-iiifcUt • . among wlmli iiv It nuiiilK'r ot'rivuku tunililing over iIk- prci Ipitci, I'oiiu- Iriiin luigliu nl liiiju Ivl* lliiiti ,{00 I'tTt. On llu- lop lit' lUK* lit' till' fiirroiMxIiiiK inoiniluin« ii n r<'Uiul luki' oi iilioul u (|tiurur nl a iiiilv iit iliuiiit ii-r, culUil ilie Dtvil* 1'iiikIi Howl I'inni ihi* ItiiliUi' lit tlu' lake to llu tiip ot llic (.iivilv, or liriin nl llu- luiwl, niiiy iir ulhiiii ;oo viiiiU, anil vvlu'it vik Will tioni llu* lirmlar lop, ili.- Iiroait i-xpaiilt' ot' wali-r li> low I xliiliiu a vory roniuntic aiipoar.nui. I li<* ilipili oi ii it gti-at, Iml hill iinliitliiinialilc a-i llu- iuiiivi-i prilcml, llu- ilil'iiian;!- ui llic i'upt-rtluoiiv vvator« iirtliii liiivvl, llir- ot'wliiili it al lirll luiiu-ndoiis, luit wliiili gradnallv dift nwiiy atnoii^' tjic diliaiil tnoiintaint. 1 lin- alfo intiliial inllrniiu titt, i-lpci iailv llu- Kri-iu It liorn and iMiMipil. allord tlu' iiuill iKIi^liilid i nicrlainiiunl, and raiTe a oiiuirl lii|iiiinr ti llial ol a liiindird pritoniurt. Anion;; t)u- \al( and ii i^l;v Iu'I|(IiU lliat iiinnuiuj llu- liiki, it oni' llupcndout iind triKliitiil rui k, llu- truiil ol v% liich lovvardt llu- waiir ix n moll liorrid prii ipico, lalU-d llu- lii^/f's iie/t, Iroiu the luiinlur ol' lliod- liirdt vvliiih liavi' t'u'ir ncllt in llial place. '|lion|{li lliefe louf^lit, in llu- main, have but Ik w propiilir-. llial ai( nol in i oinnion wiili die like limiiit ol \\at< r in oilur iniintrii t, yel liuy liaw ^iven rile In many tradilionary labli-t ainoni{ llu- nalivet, vvliiili ditli^'iire and ilil'i'raM- lluir Irne liiltory ; and even modern geo^iuplu-rt havi- lx en more t opioiit on llial head llian |lu- nature of llicir fulijecl reipiired. jlu- Iriili are fo loiul nf |inij;Iis, thai, like the Si oit, ihey often give that term to inlet* I r the lea. Inland n wiiiAi ion.] The inlaml navi^jaliou ot' Ireland is \er\- improviihie, It appears tVom llie eaiialt that liavi- latoK been eiit tliriiiiirli ditlerent pant nt th kingdom; one in piriitiilar naehini; an eMent ot oo miles, belvve^ii ilie Miaiiium unit llie l.illey al l)ul>lin, whiili opeiit a lonunimiealion troin the I'liaiiiK I iiii;ha bo/ ^4 mile;} ovir, vvliiib, tVom the linmnv natiiie of tiiai ioil, lieeame a v.ork ol' im r.ilible labour and espenti-, in llren^jihenini; the liile , ami other wiiiks, to prevent lallini' in. Moi N 1 /.I N-i J 'Hie lilili ianmia;;e has been more Iiappv in iliitiiimiiiirm;; ilie (i/e 111 nuiimtiint lluui peiliap* any oiiier. A k't'Ai lif;ni|ii-s a low hill, mieoiinect- i-d with any other eniineiue ; /Inc innrki a erai;i,'y hi^h mountain, gradiialK {ifeeiHliii;^ :ind eonliniicd in I'l-veral rid^jet ; a /'/>)/«, or binn, li^^iiitie* a pinniu le, nr iiioimtain ot ihe liill maj;niuide, endiir.; m a lliarp or abrupt preei|)iee. llie two bill are ol'len teen and loiiipmindrd ln;;ither in one and ihe laiiie range. Ireland liov\ever, when compared willi lonu' mlier coimiriet, it far liom beinj; muiintam- ous. Ihe inoimlaius ot" Muuriic and Ivcagli, in the vouiity ot' Dywn, arc reikoneJ anuiiir •mon* f„me nf ihr Ui.u a . '* ^ I). confairi lilv.T bimI |,.u,i „. 1 .'1 I"* '"•"*'* of In Ihm.i «,. 1 . .., ''"""I •" '"^ '•" ' ' '" M.: : I i S' "'"' '^'" ' --I w :i;'i'^7"''«- ^-v^,, •roil, to wliuli „ I,,,,,, ,1/ .. '''V '" '"'•ni..M. |,.„ i, ,,||;'^"V'" '""""; 'ViH,., P'-"*' •;' '"I'lHT i, |.„ ,?.,'';.,''•"; ""d Kr...lu„llv |..-,u.rr;,, ','";'''' "i'P''''-' m ••"I i' •••>vi(il.l... .,„|v „";,,^" "'^' '"'"T. .l.-priv.cl ufi n I •'';•' ,''r"*'''y '"HJ ' Jii">n . I h,.f,. 1,! L ' •. '""I '' '"m.«m . , , ,1,,, i , "'' """ "- ''-' ■'-l-lin • . 1^ ^^ "!'' ""'"- 401 I N D. world) Nfr. Young in fome parts found the average 6 and 6i ; others have found it in different places to be 7; and Dr. Hamilton, in hisi aceount of the ifland of Raghti y, iniinieratcs the houffs, and difcovcred the average therein to be 8. In the lilies and principal towns, the houfcs, partiiularly in the nianufattiiring parts, generally contain fcveral faniilies ; and iVoni dillerent auounts, the numbers in fuch art' from ten, up fo hij^h as feventy*. The averages, however, of ditferent writers on the populntion «)f cities, vary between 10 and 13. From fuch dula then, it will not perhaps be erroneous, if we fix the average for the wliole illaiid, at eight perfons to each houfe; which, multiplied by the number of houfes, makes the population of Ireland amount to four millions. . As to the nKuiiurs o( the aiu lent Irilh, Dr. Lcland obferves, that if we make our in(|uiries on this fub'K'il from Knglilh writers, we find their reprefentations odious aiul (lifgulViii!; : if from writers ot their own race, they frequently break out into the moll aniniiitcJ encniniu;ns v( tlu-ir great aiiccltors. 'I he one can fcarcely allow • them any virl i>j: the otlur, in their enthuliallic ardour, can fcarcely difcover the Icali impertcetioii in tlieir laws, guvcrnment, or manners. The hillorian of Kng- • land foinctimes regards them as the moll dctcllable and contemptible of the human race. 'Ihe antiipiary of Ireland raifcs them to an illnllrious eminence, above all • otlur liuiopcan countries. Y et, when we examine their records, without regard . to legendary tales or poetic fitticm, we find them, even in their molt brilliant periods, . advanced only to an iniperfett civilizati:,. - . . huldeis % t,j^ R E L N D. 40? I'.dldcr, fqiicczc tlic poor without mercy. Tlie common Iriili, in their mannor of living, fccm to rcfcmbic the ancient Hiitonii, ns deferihcd by Koman authors, or the j)rcfent Indian iniiabitants of Anu-rica. Mean huts or cabins built of clay and Itraw, partilinned in the middle by a wall of tlu- fame materials, fervc double i)uri)ofes, one part accontmodatiu}' the laiuiiy, who live and (lecp promifcuoully, liavinff their fires of turf in the middle of tlie Hour, with an openm({ through the Ik /me roof tor a chinmey ; the other being occupied by a cow, or fucli pieces of furniture as are tiot in immediate ufe. llieir wealth conlills of a cow, fometimes a horfe, fomc poultry, and a fpot for otatoes. Coarfe bread, potatoes, eggs, milk, and filh, conllitutc their food ; for lowevcr plentifully the fields may be Hocked with cattle, thcfe pour natives feldum t;ille butcher's meat of any kind. Their children, plump, robull, and hardy, I'carcely know the ufe of cloaths, and are not alhamed to appear naked on the roads, and ga/e upon (Irangers. In this idle and deplorable Hate many thoufands have been loft to the commu- iiitv and themfelves, who, f they had but an equal chance with their neighbours, of iioing inftrutted in the real principles of Chrillianity, and had been enured and encouraged to induftry and labour, would have added conliderable ftrenglh to the empire. 'I'hc Spaniards and French, particularly the latter, have not failed to avail them- felves of the uncomfortable fituation in which the Irilh were at home, by alluring iliont to enter their fervice ; but we have now the plealing profpeCt of a happy re- formation among thefe people, in confetjuence of the late laws pafled by the iiarliament of Great Britain in favour of Ireland, as well as from the numerous Knglilh proteftant working fchools lately cllablilheil over the kingdom ; which iiiliitutions will undoubteclly ftrike deep at the root of popery, and ot that lazinefs and ignorance by which it is attended. l he defcendants of the Englilh and Scots, fince the conqucft of Ireland by Henrv II. though not the moft numerous, lorm the wcalthieft part of the nation. Of ihcfc are mull of the nobility, gentry, and principal traders, who inhabit the callern and northern coafts, where nwH of the trade of Ireland is carried on ; elpc- ciiiilv I'elfall, Londonderry, and other parts of the province of Ulller, which, th>)u'^li ''h- poorcll foil, is. next to Dublin and its neighbourhood, the bell culti- vated ami moft ilourilhinj; |)art of the kingdom. Here a colony of Scots, in the reign of James I. and iilher prelbyterians, who fled from nerfecutiun in that coimtrv. in t!ie fiuceeding reigns, ])!aiited tlumlelves, and eltiiblillied thai great lia;'- iif Irilli woalih, the linen manufactory, whicli they have lince carried on and huii -lit to ihe iiuooll pertetlicm. Kiom this Ihort review it aj)pears, that the preleiit iiijiabitauts are coinpoled of three dillintt daiVesot peojjle; the old Irilh, poor, ignorant, :ii;(l formerly deprell'ed, who inhabit, or rather exill, ujxjn the interior or weftern piuls; the derceiidaiUs of the Knglilh, wlio inhabit Oublin, W'aterford, and Cork, :iii(! \\!m» <'i\w a new appearance to the whole coalt facing Kngland, by the intro- iliiction ot ari^, icmnierce, fcience, and more liberal and cultivated ideas of the true (iod and primitive Cliiillianitv ; tliirdly, emi'jrants from Scotland in the northern ppninces, who, like the others, are fo zealoully attached to their own religion and ni;i!iner of li\iiig, th.ii it will rciiuire I'ouu' ages bel'ore the inhabitants ot Ireland ;ire 111 ihoroughl}' cidolidated and blended as to become one people. 'Hie gentry, iiiid lieiter foit of tlie liilli nation, in general diller little in language, drefs, man- Tais, :iiu1 ciilUiins, tVoni thole of the I'anie rank in (Jreat Britain, whom they imitate. il.eir 1 ofjiiialiiN is well known, but in this they are fometimes fufpeCled of more ol'Kntiilion \V.\n\ real kiiulnefs. Ki.i.K.ioN.l 'Ihe elhibiilhed relii^ion and ecclefiaftical difcipline of Ireland is the (iw.w with tliat of luigliuid. Among the bulk of the people, in the moft un- 3 !•" z cultivated 4C4 I L N D. I laltivafcd parJs, pojicry, ot' the moft abfurd and illiberal kind, is prevalent. Ttx? liilli I'apilis lUll rolain iheir nominal bilhops and dignitaries, who liiblift on the voluntaiy cunliibutions of their vutarii-s. Hiit t-vcn the blind fubinilbon ot' the latter to their clergy does not prevent Proteftantifni from making a very rapid pro- {rcfs in the towns. How far it may be the intend of luigland, tli.it fomc kind of L>a!ance between the two religious Ihoiiid be kf the feventh centurv, many nobles, and other orders of tlic Anglo-Saxons, retired Irom their own country into Ireland, cither lor iullrucliun, ' Ft I as lipiii .nil.riTi.'d, tlip.t ?t. Patriik was a fays tkit " it appears from the moft autlicmic re- SLOicliiiian i but Mr. O ilitilovan denies tills, and •' cords, tliat I'atritk was from Walts."' or t R E N 405 • or for an opportiinitv of living in moimflcrics of ftrictcr dirciplir.e: antj that the Scots (as he ll)ic'.s the Irilh) maintained thcni, taiiglit thiin, :uul funiilhcd iIumu with books, without fee or reward: "a moU liononruble icftimo " ''- '— ' Lyttleton, " not only to the learning, bnt likewife to tiie hofpiiali "uf that nation." Dr. Leiarul remarks, that a confhix of foreig ord V ■d Ireland In modern times, tlie Irilh liavo alfo diftlnwuinKd tlicmfe'lvcs in tlic republic of litters. Artlibilhop Ullier does honour to his country. Dean Swift, wlio was a native of Ireland, has perhaps never been excelled in the walks of wit, humour, and fatire. 'I lie fprifrlitliiuls of Farquhar's wit is well known to all lovers of the drama. And ainoii'j the men of diftinguilhed genius whom Ireland has lately pro- duced, may alfo be particularly mentioned, iir Richard Steele, bilhop Berkeley, I'arnel, Sterne, and Uoldfmith. Two of the ablell divines pf this country were dilTenters from the eftablilhcd church, Mr. Aberncthy, and Dr. Lcland. The fLiiuons of the former upon the attributes are held to be one of the bell f)llems of natural theology, lie was deputed by the diflentcrs of L'lftcr to addrefs the duke ofOrmond, in a tour he made when lord Lieutenant, and his Grace was after- wards heard to fay, that of all the young men who ever approached him on like Dccalions, he was mod pleafed with *' the young man of Antrim." Dr. Lcland'si View of Deifticnl Writers, and other works, are equally known and admired. University.] Ireland contains but one univerfity, which is denominated Trinity-college. It confifts of two fijuaros, in the whole of which arc thirty-thrc« buildings, ot eight rooms each. Three lides of vi\c of the f([nares are of brick, and the fourth is a very funcrb library, but being built of bad flone, it is unfortunately mouldering away. Tin.' infule is beautiful aiKi commodious, and embellilhed witl» liie buds of feveral ancient and inoilern worthies. A great part of the books on, otie Ikle were colleiled by archbilhop Ulher, who was one of the oiij^iiial members (if this body. The new fciuare, three lides of which have been lately built by par- liamentary bounty, and from thence t;i!led Parliament Square, is of hewn done; and the front of it, next the city of J_)ubHn, Is ornamented with piiadcrs, t'eftoons, &c. The provod's houfe has an elegant little front, enlirelv of I'ortland done. The cliapel is a very mean dructure, as is alfo the old hall, wherein college exercifes are performed : but the r.ew hall, in which the members of the college dine, is a. fair and large room. In their nmfeum, is a let of Hgures in wax, reprefenting leinales in every date of [iregnancy. 1 t;ey are done upon real Ikelerons, and arc the labours' of almod the whole life of a French artld. 'I'his fcminarv was fouiuhd and ei;ili3wed by queen I'^li/abetli ; but the original (ountlation conlided only of a provoll, three fellows, and three fcholars -, which ha.s fioin time to time, been an^nnonted to twenty-two tcllows, feventy feholars, and thirtv li/.ars. However, the whule luimber of Ihidents is at p'.elent about foui' hundred; who are of three clalRs, feilow-eoninuincrs, peniioiiers, and lizars, or (Vrvilors. The neceiTary aimual cxp^'iue of a fellow commouer, cloaliiing and books ineluded, is about lool ; of a peulioner about 70I. A lizar receives his com- iiKMis and indrui^ion gratis ; tlie luimiier of thefe lad is coninionly about thiitv. Of the fellows, feven are caliv'd leniiis, and the annual ineonu' ot eaeli of thete ,-, ; bout feven hundred pountis. 'ihe provolUhip is l\ippot",\l to be worth three thoufand pounds a year. Trinity-college has a power of conferring degrees of bachelors, maders, and dodors, in all the arts and taculties. 'iho vititurs are tlia ihunccUor or vicc-clumcellor, a.ul the arclibilhop of Dublin An I IQJJITIKS 4o6 I N! D. As riqj'TTiES ANDct'niosiTiES,) I liavc already mentioned the wolf-dojr^ NAiTRAi. AND ARinuiAi.. ) in Ireland. 'I'lio Irilli ^^os-liawks ami jji-r- falcons are celei)rated tor llii-ir lliano and l)i."iiity. The nioofe-deer is (iiought to have hi'en formerly a native of tliis illand, their iiorns beiny fometinies duj; up of fo j»reat a li/e, that one pair has heen found near eleven teet from liie tip of the rif^ht horn to tlie tip of the h-ft ; hut the greatell natural euriolity in Irehnul is ilu; Giants' C'aufevvay in the eounty of Antrim, about ei);lit niiles I'lonj Coleniin, which is tiius defcribed by Dr. I'oeocke, late billiop o( Oil'orv, a ccleluated traveller and antitiuary. lie fays, " that he meafured lite moll welterly point :it high water, tu the (lillance of 360 feet tVom the clitF; but was told, that at low water it extended 60 feet t'arther upon a defcent, till it was loll in the Tea. L'pon nieat'uring lite ealiern noint, he found it 540 feet from the tlitV; and law as much more of ii as of the otfier, where it winds to the call, and is, like that, loll in the water. " The caufeway is eompofed of pillars, all of angidar lha|)es, from three lides to cigltt. The ealiern point, where it joins the rock, terminates in a perpendicular ditr, formed by the upright lides of the pillars, fome of which are tliirty-three Icel four inches high. I'.ach pillar conlills of feveral joints or Hones, l>ing oiu- uj)on another, trom iix inches to about one foot in thicknefs; anil what is very furpriling, fome of thefe joints are fo ccmvex, that their |)ronn'nences are nearly i|uarters of fpheres, round each of whivl; is a ledge, which holds them together with thegreat- cll llrmnefs, every Hone being ctMicave on the other lide, fitting in the exactell manner the convexity of the upper part of that beneath it. The pillars are iVoni «ine to two feet in diameter, and generally conlill of about t'orty joints, moll of wliicli Separate very ealily, anil one ma\ walk along upon the tops of the [)iliars as tar as to the edge of the water. " Hut this is not the moll lingular part of this extraordinary euriolity, the elills theml'.Kes being Hill more I'urpriling. I'Vom the bottom, which i,s of blai k llone, to the height of about lixty feet, they are divided at eipial dilhmces by Ihipes uf a veddilli (lone, that lefembk s a cement, about toin* inches in thicl. ano IvUcls ; upon ther llrat;nn of the fame black (lone, with a Ihalum five i this there is thick of the red. Over lliis i-. another llratum ten feet tliick, divided in the f; nclii.' line manner ; then a llratum of the red Hone twenty feet tleep, and above that Hratum of u|)rig]it pillars; above thefe ])illars lies another Hratum of black Hone, twenty feet liigli ; and, above this again, another Hratum of upright |)illars, riling in fome places to the to])s of the clilVs, in others not fo high, and in others again above lluin, where they are called the chimneys. The face of thefe tlitl's extends nbuiit three I'lnglilh miles." The cavities, the romantic profpetls, cataracts, am' other pleallng and uncom- mon natural objects to be met with in Ireland, are too numerous to be called rarities, and feveral pain])hlels liave been employed in deferibing them. As to the ariilicial luriollties in Ireland, the chief are the round Pharos, or Hone towers, found upon the coalis, and fuppofeil to be built by the Danes and Norwegians in tluir piratical excurlions, who made ufe of them as fpy-towers or barbicans, liglu-houfes or aeons. CniKs, TOWNS, louTs, AM' oriiKRf Dubliii, the caiiilal of Ireland, IS, in i:i)l I- ICl.S, I'llM.Il' ANO I'KlVAll ) magnitude and pij])iili>iiriiefs, the fecoiul city in the liritiiii dominions, containing near 200,000 inlialiilants. It is litnated 270 miles ninth-well of London, and near lixty miles well from I lolyhead in Nurtli \\ales, the ufiial ihilion of paHiige velfels lietween (Jreat Ihiiain and Irilar.d. Di u!)liii Hands ai>out feven miles Imm the fea, at the bottom ota a\ , o wliicli It y:i\'es nan arije anil luaeiniis le, upon the riverl,iHe\, which divides it alinoH inn 1 is biinkid ill through the whole length 01 the citv, . aiH I N D. 407 load and unload before the merchants' doors and warc-houfe«. A ftranger, upon entering the bay of Dublin, which is about fevcn miles brond, and m llormy wciither extremely dangerous, is agreeably furprifed with the beautiful profpect on eaeh (ide, and the diltant view of Wicklow mountains; but Dublin, iVoni its low lituation, makes no great appearance. Dublin has greatly increafcd within twenty years lall part, and it is generally fuppofcd that 7000 houfes have been added to the city and fuburbs (ince the reign of «iuecn Anne. 'I'he lunnber of hiinfes, in the year 17771 was 17,151, and there have been many new buildings cretled (ince. in its apjiearanee, this city bears a near refemblance to London. The houfes arc of brick ; the olil llreets are narrow and mean, but the new llreets are nearly as elegnnt as iliofe of the metropolis of (Jreat IJritain. Saekvillellreet, wliiih is fomelimes called the Mall, is particularly noble. The honfes are loity, ;nul uniformly built, and a gravel walk runs through the whole at an equal dillanic from the lldes. The rivi r LiflTcy, though navigable as far as the cudom-lioufe, or centre of the titv, is but fmall, when conijiared with the Thames at London. Over it are two hiUiilfome (lone-bridges, lately built in imitation of that at Wcllminller, and there :ire four others that have little to recommend them. Tormerly the centre of Dul)- lin, towards the cullom-houfe, was crowded and incoiwenient for commercial pur- piifes; but of late a new llreet has been oi)ened, leading from KlVex-bridge to the ealile, where the lord-lieutenant refides. A new exchange has likewife been eiett- ed, an elegant Ihutture of white Hone, richly cmbellilhed with fcmi-columusof thu Corinthian order, a cupola, and other ornaments. The barracks are pleafantly (ituated on an eminence near the river. They con- flloffour large courts, in which are generally (piartered four batallions (f foot, and one regiment of horfe; frtm) hence the e:illle and city guards are relieved daily. Tliey are faid to be the largeft and completely building of the kind in Kurope, be- ing capable of containing 3000 toot and 1000 horfe. Hie linen hall was ereCted at the public e.\peiice, and opened in the year 1728, for the reception of fuch linen cloths as were brought to i)id)lin for fale, for wliicli there are cimvenient apartments. It is entirely under the direction of llie tnillvcs. for the encouragement of the linen maiutfaCtory of Ireland, who are compofed of the lord chancellor, the primate, the archbiihoj) of Dublin, and the principal part of the nobility and gentry. 'l"his national inllitution is productive of great ad- vantages, by preventing many frauds which otherwife would be committed in a capital branch of trade, by which many thoufapds are employed, and the kingdonv greatly enriched. Siejilien's (Ireen is a moll extenlive fipiare, round wliich is a gravel walk of near a mile. Here genteel company walk in the evenings, and on Sundays after two o'eloek ; and itt tine wiatlier make a viry gav aj)peiiiaiue. Many of the houfes round the green are very liately, but a want oi uuilv)nnity is oUurvablc ihrouj^lmut tlie whole. .Ample ameiuK will be made lor this defect by another tpacious f piuic near Sie|)hen's Cireen, called Merrion-lquare, now laid out and partly built. The front of Triuily-college, extending above 300 feet, is built of Portland llonc ill the tineli talle. The parliament lioufe was begun in 1729. and liuidied in 1731), at the expenio of 40,0001. 'i'his fuperb pile was, in general, of the Ionic oicK r, and was julily aeeounted one ot the molt eflebrated areliitei.tui.il biauties. The portico, iu par- tieuLu\ was jxTliap-. without iKuallei ; tlie iutrrnal parrs had alfo inanv beatiti.'s; ii'ul the iir.mner in which the building was lighted, dias been much admired. This. fiperi) buililing, 011 tlie 27th of'i'eoniary 179-, w.e. obfeivvd to Ik- in liaine., ah:) it ■:, 'I'cloek in the afternoon, whenthe hoiife of Lord- , r> well ;;;. the Common^, was lining, a. id in f.ill debate. Whrn-the alarm •^^ as sjiveii, one of Uic members inado 49% 1 R R N D. liis way to the roof, and Inokinj; down into the houfc t'ron\ one of ihe vcnliUtors^ "onrirnioil thi- appri'lKMifiDnH tif tliofo witliin, by fayiiif; the dome was fnrioiindod In- firo, nnd would twinl)lo into the houfc in five niiniitv's. 'I lie volume of tire, by V hich the dome was cniompalTcd, foon made apertures on all (iilci, by nielting th(? cooper from the wood work, and thus exhibiting the cavity of the dome filled with lum(*s like a large furnace, which, at about half pall li\, tumbled into the I'.oufe with one great cralh. 'Ihe valuable library, and all the papers of iniport- inue were fa\eir But one of the greateA and moll laudable undertakings that this age can bonll of, is the buildini^ a ftonc wall about the breadth of a moderate llreel, ;ind of a pi'oportio'iate hci^lit, and three nii'es in length, to conline the channel ol the bay, and to theltcr vcflels in llorniy weather. The civil governnu-nt of Dublin is by a lord-mayor, &c. the fame 3« in London. Every third year, ti.e lord-mayor, and the twenty-four companies, by virtue of an o'd charter, are obliged to pi ••ambulate the city, and its liberties, which they call rilling tiie franchifes. L'pon this occaliou the citizens vie with each other in Ihow iirid ollentation. In Dublin there are two large theatres, that are generally well filled, and which ferve as a kind of nurfery to thole in London. In this city are i3 piuith churches, 8 cliapels, 3 churches for Krencli, and i for IJutch |)rotclUnts, 7 pKfljjterian meeting houlVs, i for nu ihodills, 2 for (piakers, and 16 Koman ( ntliolic iha|)els. A royal hof|)ital, at fome dillance from the city, like that at Clicitlu, for invalids; a lying-in hofpital, with gardens, built and laid out in the finell talle; an hofpital fur lun.itics, touiuled by the famous Dean Swift, who himfelf r Ity the long, and fometimes dangerous palfage from C'hefter and Holyhead to Ireland, which prevents the gentry of I'-ngland, with their families, from vifiting that illand ; but us it is now propofcd to make turnpike roads to I'ort- patrick in Scotland, from whence the paiiage is ihort and fafe, the roads of Ireland may i)y this nuans b.eionie more frc(]uented. Cork is defervedly reckoned the fe( oud city in Ireland, in magnitude, riches, and commerce. It lies 129 miles fouth-well of Dul)lin, and contains above 8500 boufes. Its haven is deep, and Ihcltercd from all winds; but fmall vellcLs only can come up to the city, which (lands about fcven miles up the river l,ce. This is the chief port of merchants in the kingdom ; and there is, perhap^, more beef, tallow, and butter, Ihipped wif here, than in all the otiier ports of Ireland togetlur. 1 leiue there is a great refort of Ihips to this port, particularly of thofe bomul tVoni (jreat I'ritain to Jamaica, Harbadoes, and all the Carild'ce il!;mils, which put in here to viitual and complete their lading. It apju ars, that in the reign of Kdwar.i IV'. there were eleven churches in Cork, though there are now only feven, and vet it has ever (ince that time been cfteemed a thriving city ; but it nuiil be obferved, that betide the churches, there are at this time (ix inafs-houfes, two dill'enting mecting-houfes, another for tpiakcrs, and a chapel for French protellants. K.inl';;le is a poj)uIous and (Irong town, with an excellent harbtmr, and conliderable com- merce and ihippingr and it is, moreover, an excellent (lation for the royal navy; for which end this port is furnilhed with proper naval officers and ftorekeepers. 8 NNatertuid ■♦■ i^ ca„not be pretended. t\nt U., , P^^-umary provi/io,u llrutturc of ilieir I „„f," .5'", '" >■"• "ill, ihofc "? l"", ■^. '"'l' nol.iliiy, ,„i Krcaily incroafed by L.'l,. , " Prolwble Ilia ih,. ., . ' "".'' '<"■ wter-fkin, ' >«■ l.ilh ha,,. „,,1, ' ''■ ' ;"' ('""■'■'I i" lavoi, of ,Z>'""' "' '"--tad „ ill r ""'"'•^ i«gh,, a,'™ ,t r,;' t';,-^ "'"'""■«""«: ".o^Jf i" "'"• k-si-v: .< "M.vMCMt IMS, T ,:'■■"""" !'»"■ of late m=,i,. ^"'>' '" » tonli- "1 ".a.,..f,tl„r„, a 'd ™,""'" J "'« Uobli,, Lck-lv f ";™'"»8<^'l th™. "' "'.bli... h «J", a"' 2""'', "°'' i"'"'!'ora,,d ,'.'.• ' 'i ' "',': "■'■•"rage.,,,™, 't;-,- „„ ,; "" •■■■" ■■■" ''-'"■- ^^'a.. i^.:;;::;^!:;" b^s^'- 3 U '^"'S''^'"^. and y^t i„ general agree 410 K N D. oarre in their Iaw«. For after the conqiicft of Ireland hy king Henry II. the laws of Kngland were reccivi-tl and fwoiii ti> by the Irilh niitinn, a(li.inl)li'd nt the council of Lifmoru ; nnd ah Ircliiiid, thus ctiniiacrid, plaiitijii, and governed, ennti- nucd in a flate of depemlente, it was thoui^lit necelliuy, that it Ihmild ronforni to, and be obliged by, fiuli hiw* ns ihe fiiperinr llate thmi^lit p.oper li) prefi ribe. I!tit this ihite of (iepi'iulence bein); idimMl tm'^otten, and ready to be difputed hy the Irilh nation, it wa-, tliciiglit neci'liary, loM\e yea. > ii^o, to tletlaiv- how that matter liood ; and theretuie, b\ llatiite 6th of (icor^e I. it is dv-elared, *' tiiat tiic kingdom of Ireland oiiglit to be fubordinaie to, nnd ileiiendent upon, liie imperial irown of (ireat Britain, as being infeparably united tliereto; and tliat tlii; king's inaielh', witii th«' content c/l the lords and eonimons oi' (Jreat Uritain, in parliament, li.uii power to make laws to bind the peooje of Ireland," This ileterminalion of tiie hritilh parliament oi eulioned much uiirati^faclioii among the Iriiii, who at length, feeling their own llrengih by means of their volunteer alioeialions, and en- eouraged and tavomed by the U'\eral parties eontendiiig for tlie adminillration in lingland. obl.iih d in tin. year 178^, a lormal repeal of the a!)ove otlenlive llatute, whieh was tonluhred as a renunelation, on the part of the patliantent of Great Britain, of every claim of legillatiun over Ireland. 'ihe tonllitiition of tlie Irilh government, as it (land; at prefent, with regnrd to dirtributive julVice, is nearly the fame with that of Kngiand. A chief governor, who generally goes by tlie name of lord-lieutenant, is lent over from Kngland bv the king, whom he reprefeiits ; but Itis power is in fome meafurc rellraincd, anil in others enlarged, according to the king's pleafure,or the exigency of the times. On his entering upon this honourable olliee, his letters patent are publicly read iti the council-chamber ; and having taken the ufual oaths before the lord-chancellorj the fvvord, whieh is to be carried before him, is delivered into his hands, and he is feated in the chair of llate, attended by the lord chancellor, the members of the privy-couneil, the peers and nobles, the king at arms, a ferjeant at mace, and other officersof llate ; and he never appears publickly without being attended bv a body of horfe-gnards. Hence, with refpect to his autlxtrity, hjs train, and fplendor, there is no viceroy in Chrillendom that comes nearer to the grandeur and majelly of a king. I le has a council compofed of the great othcers oi the crown ; namely, the chancellor, treafurer, and fuch of the archbilhops, earls, billiops, barons, judges, and gentlemen, as his majelly is pleafed to appoint. The parliament here, as well as in Kngland, is the fupreme court, which is convened by the king's writ, and generally lits once every year. It conlills, as in Kngland, of a houfe of lords, and commons, Of the former, many are I'.iiglilh or liritilli i)eers, oj- commons of CJreat Britain; a lew are papiits, who cannot lit without being properly qualified; and the number of commt)ns amounts to about tliree hundred, Since the accellion of his prefent majelly, Irilh parliaments have been raideied octennial. The re- prefentation of the peo|)le, in the fenate of Ireland, is, in many inllances, like that of Kngland, partial, and imperfect. The aC:ts palled by the houfe of lords and commons are fent to Kngland h)r the approbation of his majefly and council, wliicli liaving ol)tained, they pals the great feal of iMigland, and are returned. For the regular diihibution of juiliee, tluie are in Ireland four terms in. Id ai;. nually for ilie deciliuu of eaufes ; and lour courts of jiiltici;, the ehancerv, king's- beiK li, common-pleas, and exchecpier. The higli Iherifls of the feveral' counties were formerly chofeu by the people, but are now nominated by the lord-lieutenant. Krom this general \iew it appi'ars, tliat the civil and eeclelialiieal iiUiitutions at'.* alm:)ll the lann- in Irehnid ;i.i in l,nL;iand. ki:vKNUi-.s.j in Ireland the i)ul)lic revenue arifes from iiereilitary and temiw- rary duties, ot which the king i^ ilie trullee, for ap|>lyiiig it to public |)urpofes ; but lliere i^, belides thi-, a private revenue ariling from the aueieut denu fno lands, tluiU T U !• I, N 1). 411 from forffitiiron for tronfoii nnd filoiiy, prifnge of wiiion, light-houfc diitici, and a firiHll part of tin* (ufiial ri'vinui*, nut giMntid l)y ]>urlianu-nt i und in tliin the crown \\i\H tilt I'anif militniti'd proporiy that u fitlij(.'(.-t hiii in liiit own trrchold. The riVi'niK' <>t Ireland aniounti nearly to t,ooo,oool. nnd the public etpcndi- tnro exceeds that ftim. 'I he liilh cutnplnin greatly, that, of thin revenue, about 70,000!. is grniited in penlioiis, nnd a great part to nbt'entees. Very large funis are alfo granted by (heir own parliament for more valuable purpofcs, the improve- ment of their i oui\try, and civilizing the people ; fni h :ih the inland navigation, hridgeit, high-ways, churelut, premiums, and protellant fihooli. in 1787 tiie na- tional debt w:is 2,302,14^1. rhieHy contracted tor national in\provcments, Co INI. I 'I he coins of Ireland are nt prefent uf the fame denotitinations and the like fabric with thofe of Kngland, mdy an Knglilh thilling palVes in Ireland fm thirteen pence. What tlie ancient coins uf the irifh were, i» at prcfcnt a matter of mere curiolity and great uncertainty. MiLiiARV sTRBN«irH.) Ireland now maintains nnd pays an nrmy of ij;,ooo men i and the military force of Ireland has l)een greatly increafed by the many vo- limtcer allociated companies, which have been lately formed in that kingdom. 'Ihule parts ot Ireland that are mofl cultivated, ccmtain nund)crs of inhabitants that have very tittle fenfe either of divine or human laws; and regular forces are nbfolutcly necelTary for Icecpinj^ them in order ; witnefs tlic late n\furrettions of tlic Whiteboys, and otlier l)anditti, inOigated, it is laid, by their priells. Yet it does not appear that llic bulk of the Irilh Catholics are fond of a revolution in government, ns few or none of them joined I'hurot in his defcent upon Carrickfergus, ur tuok any part with the Pretender in the lall rebellion. Order of St. Patrick.] This order was inftitutcd February 5, and the in- dallation of the firll knights was performed on the 17th of March 1783. It con- tills of the fovc-reign ami tifteen knights companions. The lord-lieutenants of Ire- land for the time being otiiciate as grand matters of the order, and the archbilliop of Armagh is the prelate, the archbilliop of Dublin the chancellor, and tlie dean of St. Patrick, the regiller of the order, 'i'he knights are inllalled in the cathedral of St. Patrick, Dublin. Their robes are fplendid, and the badge is three crowns united together on a crofs, with the motto round, Quit feparabit ? 1783, fattened by Jin Irilh harp to the crown imperial. A ftar of eight points encircles it on the coat. History.] The hiftory of Ireland has been carried to a very remote antiquity, and may, with greater jultice than that of almoll any other country, be dillinguilhed into the le^eiidiiry and aulhcniie. In the reign liit,<>r in ii* iirighliourhoud, which, by thr old Irilh, wnt lallitl l-iii^.i), or thi* Land ot' 5lrunK«'ri. The naiivci, uhout the yi-ar oOiificm ii hnvr c.illi-d to their alliliaiico the AtmliKSaxmi kiii|{ K;lit have i^ivrn dccaIi tit tor hit clergv to tali him kiii;^ ol Ireland. l)ul)lin >\ai uImku that tune a tlourilh* ing city, and the native Irilh ^iwc the Kaflorling* Icveral deiVau, thon^h fiipportcj by iheircountrvnien from the continent, the life of Man, and the Hebrides. In the twelttli lenlury, Henry the Sceond oJ Kndaiul lornied a deiinn ot* annex- ing Ireland to his dotninioni. Id' is laid to have oeeri itichued to this by the pro* vocations received troni I'onie ni the Irilh cliiettnins, w)io liad adorded conhder- nbic* Hlhllance to hii enemies. Hi« delimit wan patroniled by the pnne, and a fair pretext ol° attacking Ireland oOered ai)oul thr year ii63. Uerinot Mac Mtir- rongn, king ot I.einlter, and an opprellive tyrant, (uiarrelled with all hi* neigh* boiirs, and carried otF the wile o\ a petty prince, O'Roiik. A contideiaty being tunned againll him, under Koderie O'Connor (who, it feenis, was the t)«ramounl king of Ireland) he wax driven iVom his country, and took refuge ut the court ol' Henry II, who proiniled to reltore hini, upon taking an oath ot tealty tu the crown ot" Kiigland, tor himlelt, and ail the petty kings depending on hin>, who were very numerous. Henry, who was tlien in France, rccommen»(ed Mac Dermot'N caule to the Knglilh barons, and particularly tu Strongbow, earl oi IVnd>roke, Kol)rrt Fitz Stephen, and Maurice Kit/ (lerald. 'I hofe noblemen undertook the expedi* tioii upon much the lame j)rinciples an tlie Norman and Breton lords did the con* tjuel) of I'.ngland under \\ illiam I. and Strongbow was tr) marry Mac DermotV tiaughter Kva. In i 169, tlie adveiiiurers reduced the towns of Wextord and Wa- tertord ; and the next year Strongbow arriving with u rcint'orcement, his marriage was celebrated. The delcendints of the Hanes continued rtill pofTc fTed of Dublin, which, after foir.e iiullii.'tnal o|ipoliii(iii made bv Ling O'Connor, was taken and pluntlered by ihe I'.iiglilh loldiers; but Mae lurkil, ilie Daiiilh king, efiaptd to his Ihippin;;. Upon tiie death ot Dermot, I 'i-iiry II. Incatue jealous ot cm I Strongbow, feizid upon his ellate in England and W ales, and recalled his fubjeits from Ireland. The Irilh, about the fame time, to tin amount of above 60,000, beliegcd Dublin, under king O'Connor; but thoiigli a!' Strongbow's Irilh frieiMs and allies had now lel't him, and the tity was reiiuied to ^reat extremity, h' lnrce I'.iigl.ind. to his l'.ii!;lilh nobiliiy. He then fetthd a livil aduiiiiilbation at Diih- liii, as liunlar a:, pullible to tlial of I'.nglaiid, to \\liiili he ri'liitneil in i 17;, has ing lirll letiled an I'.ni^lilh colony fif>in I'rHt'd in Dublin, with all the liberiiis, iVec ii.ltonis, and cliailers, «liieh the cili/cii'* of Ihiliul enjoud. I'Vom that time Dut)h"u began lo tliuirilh. 'I'lius the cnntjui li 'if Iriuunl was elicited bv the Kng- l;i]i,. ahiiiili with a,, miah cafe as thai of .Me.\ic() was l>y the Spaniards ; ami for 7 uuiib I N D. 4»J v\m\\ ih(* fnmp rrarun*. the riidr and iinarmcU Oatr of ih« native*, and the differ* i'iii'«"' ihnt pn-vaili'd aniDiiu tlx-ir priiuo or U-adi n liciiry ifuve ilic liili- ol lord «>! Iri land l» lii» fon John, who, Ju Ii8j, went nvrr ill pt-rriiii to Irclund ; hut John and hi* giddv Norman tourlii-rt made a very ill ufi- ol tlu-ir powir, itiid ri-iidt-ri'(|lhciiirtlvi-« odioiii l" tin- liiih. Kiihard I wag liiii iiuu li luki'ti tip with ihi- < ruiadiM to pny much rcguiil lo iliu atliiir* ot In-land } l)iit kini(Joht),alti-r hit »■ < i-llion,niitd(* ainciuU lorhitiorinir niifi ondii^l. ilcciilarg- cd hilt fathi-r'n plan oi inlrodiicing iiiro Inland Kiwliili l.iwt and udiicrt, and he t'lirini'd that pari ol' the proviniin ot Liinltir and MuniK r, wliiili wan within the Kngliih pall', into iwei>c (ounlict ; hut tin difii-iidanls ul tliv uncicnl prince* in itniT I paul Ih in ni ) more ili.'Mi a nominal I'lilijiCtion. 'I lioy ^ovirin'd hy tin ir ul| vigorous, brave gnvrrnorN, at lal) «|iiieti d tlic infurgents i and about the year ij'ii, prime Lionel, lun to Kdward III. having inairitd the heirefs ol" Uiller, was feiit over t<» govern Ireland, and, it polliblv, III reduce its inhabitants to an iiilire conformity with the laws ol I'.ngland. In this he made a gre.it pnign(>., but did not i ni rely acioniplilh it. It ap|K'ars, that at ll is tiint tlie Irilh were in a very lloinilliiiig cot\>iilii>n, and tlial one o| the freatell grievances tliey complained of was, that the Inglilh fent over men of mean lirth to govern them. In i ,?94, Richard II. tliuling that the execution tif iiix tUfpotic tchemes in Kngland mull be abortive v\ithi ul farther fiipport, palRil ovei to Ireland with an army of 54,000 men, well armed and appointid. As lie mjuh' nil ufe of fon e, llie Irilh ngarded his prcfeiice as a higli loinolimeni to their niition, and admired the niagnificence of his cuuit. Richard, on thu oiiier hand, courted them by all the arts he could ntiplov, and bellowed the honour of kiii 'hlhood on their cb In lliort. lie beluived fo as entirely to win their iiHec- tioiis. Hut in i]i)<), after I a\iiig actrd in a \i.ry defpolie manner in iMigl.ind, he ui-.dertook a frelh espedilion iiilo Ireland, to revenge the de.i'li of his loi«l-licut«' rant the earl of Match, wl.' had been killed liy the wild hiili. I lib army ai;ain Itiuck the nafivis with ci^i tternaiion, and ih>v threw thenil'elvv> upon his iiieicv. It was during this e\piditiiMi, that the duke ot l.a'.iialler iMuled in I'.iiglaiid ; and Uichaii', upon his n turn, finding l/nnfeh defeilcd bv his Kngliili fubjicts cm ac- count of his tyranny, and that he could not depend upon the Iri'.h, furrciulered liiti III wn to his riv:d. 'Ihc Iriili, alt^r Richard's death, Hill retained a warm alTeiuou fur the houfe of \i'rk , 414 I K I N l> Vitik i •«t(l uprn thf tr\i«til n\ ih.ii t'tiiiiilv'* t laim litlhi* tr>>wii. rnibrM^tt ilarauf*. I il\\.ktil IV. mi.mI ' till' I'lirl '*! |)> iiii>itirilliiuili*ii(iiii ••!' In hml |'i»r hi* ftfrvltv* ai{4littl llii- Oriri'Mil p.irl). >>ii>l ••iIh r aillt. miti •>! llti' lii>iil>- »t Ijiiuitllrr, hikI lit- ««iik iht* Jfi/i Ink •ki*fi>tni ihiti ii)ii.iiit< I iliU hiNiDiir Kvi-n llu* iiiu**iioii o|' ||tnr« VII lit ilu> iriivMi III' |>',ii|;l.i