IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 7 „^^" 4i /. f/. V ^ & %' 1.0 I.I 1.25 111 |28 ■1° 12.5 2.2 It m ^ \& IIIIIM 1.8 1.4 III 1.6 V] <^ A y W (V 4^ V ^\ % s '% I CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian institute for l-iistorical IWicroreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1980 Technical Notes / Notes techniques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Physical features of this copy which may alter any of the images in the reproduction are checked below. n Coloured covers/ Couvertures de couleur Coloured maps/ Cartes gdographiques en couleur L'Institut a microfilmd le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. 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The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol —♦-(meaning CONTINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. The original copy was borrowed from, and filmed with, the kind consent of the following institution: Library of the Public Archives of Canada Maps or plates too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettetd de I'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la der- nidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbolic -♦► signifie "A SUiVRE", le symbole V signifie "FiN". L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grdce d la g4ndrosit6 de I'dtablissement prdteur suivant : La bibliothdque des Archives publiques du Canada Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour dtre reproduites en un seul clichd sont film^es d partir de Tangle sup6rieure gauche, de gauche d droite et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Le diagramme suivant illustra la m^thode : 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 .49^ 4' H '4ff' x-^ Settler^, Miners and T^Qarists Goide / i!» -FROM- ©ccan ta (Dccmi -15Y Tin;- THE GREAT TRANS-CONTINENTAL J T-^i ^ ,{\jill Through a Region of Unsurpassed Attractions -F(JU- SETTLER, MINER AND TOURIST. ®u*ciiUti* 14 -OK 11 IK— " World's Mfle for HoBie, Healll aiii Pleasnre Seekers, » • IIV- NEWTON H. CHITTENDEN. ;iH I ! \\ ivonx ©ccaii to (Dctntn — 1!V THK — GARADIAM PACIFIC RAILWAY. INTRODUCTION. PJCHEN, a little more than ten years ago, the Canadian Government KXJ announced its design of building a railway through the several Provinces and Territories of the Dominion, across the continent to the shores of the Pacific, the world stood amazed at tlie baldness and magnitude of the midertaking. It was true a trans-continental line of railway had been completed, and was in successful operation, by the American people, but they were over fifty million strong, with corres- ponding wealth, and their road followed ihe well-known pathway of twenty years' emigration to California and Oregon. The Canadians, with less than one-tenth of tlieir [jojfulation, with a boldness of concep- tion, and exhibition of enterjjrise auv] energy un])aralleled in the history of human achievements, have girded tlie New World with IJie iron track through the unknown region of the vast North West, successfully sur- mounting the most formidable obstacles ever opjjoscd to railway cons- truction. Since 1875, an army numbering at times not less than thirty thousand men have been engaged summer and winter in preparing this great highway from ocean to ocean. Upwards of three hundred miles have been cut through solid rock : the granite mountains have been i)ierced by fifty tunnels, the total rock displacement exceeding six million cubic yards, hundreds of rivers have been spanned, several by magnificent iron bridges over a thousand feet in length, and one by the highest wooden bridge in America, 286 feet above water ; fifteen streams have been diverted from their original beds by tunnelling through the solid rock. Upon the Nipissing Divi- sion, H. Abbott, Esq., manager of construction, under the immediate supervision of Mr. K. Marapole, assistant manager, six thousand men and Fyo)n Ocean to Ocean seven hundred horses lived in canvas tents on the North Shore of Lake Superior, in the dead of winter, grading and hiving the tr.n k npoii 190 miles of road, lielween the first of November and the 30th or.\|iril over two miles a day on an average, with the iheriiiometcr ranging from 10 ° to 40 ° below zero. On the 28th of January, 1SS5. they ]>erformed the uni)recedented feat of laying nearly three miles of track with the thermometer 40 ° below zero : and on the 2nd of l-'ebruary of the same year, 1 1,700 feet of track were laid in one day vvliile the thermometer was be/oiv registering point. With such astonishing eiicrgy was the most difficult portion of the stupendious work ]).osecuted, that two hundred and fifty miles were graded and the track laid thereon, between the first day of June, 1884, and the 20th of March, 1SS5. Railways are the most potent agencies in the marvellous development of the Western portion of the New World. Stretching from shore to shore they have extinguished frontier lines, and ra])idily created along their track, settlements representing the best civilization of our age, in which the school house and church are among the first buildings erected. By affording cheap and rapid means of communication they have united the most distant communities in bonds of common interest, and removed the strongest objection to old time i)ioneering, the severing of family ties. Line after line of iron rails have been laid across the continent, until Los Angeles and New Orleans, San Francisco and New York, Portland and Minneapolis, and, lastly, Victoria, Montreal, Quebec and Halifiix, formerly separated by a i)erilous journey of months are now brought within a few days ride of each other. The Canadian Pacific and its branches i)cnetrating the heart of Manitoba, and traversing the Great Valleys of the Red, Saskatchewan and Assinaboine Rivers, open uj) to settlement the most extensive area of farming and grazing country in America. From the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, it passes through a region very rich in i)recious minerals coal, lumber, fish and fur-bearing animals, with large bodies of excellent pastoral, agricultural and fruit growing lands. The sublime grandeur, unsurpassed beauty, and great variety of scenery presented, the incomparably rich fields for the hunter and sportsman, rendered accessible, make it the Royal Tourist's Route of the continent. Possessing the healthiest and the most enjoyable climates the year round, Manitoba, the North- West Territory and British Columbia, are destined to be inhabited by millions of the strongest people of the Anglo Saxon race. i Py the Canadian Pacific Rail'LHiy. 5 The Canadian Pacifi(> Railway is the sliovtcst Hne between the navigal)le waters of the Atkintit: and Pacific, and Europe and Asia, and the only transcontinental road owned and operated by one company. For these rcas,)ns it possessjs unrivalled advantages for command- ing tlie through iralfic of the Xorth American c )asts and from Asiatic ]»orts. As a perpeUial h )nd of union hjhveen the several Provinces of the Dominion, and means of defence in time of foreign or civil war, the wisdom of its construction has already been fully demonstrated by the XA\)\(\ transj)ortaiion to the remote \alley of the Saskatchewan of Cana- dian volunteers for the ])rompt overthrow of the recent half-breed rebellion. The conipleti(jn of ihis great enierprise inaugurates a new era of developn'.ent for the Dominion of Canada, and the able minds which conceived it, and the able men who have so rajjidly and successfully engineered and built this great trans-continental highway, have justly earned the admiration of mankind. N. H. C. Ottawa, Ca\., Sept. 5th, 18S5. From Ocean to Ocean THE BUILDING — OF IIIK — ©aiiaMau pacific |laiUum). TTTHK netx'ssity for siicli a road throu^^h the several Provinces of ilie 1 Dominion for ihcir better serurity and more rapid development becoming apparent, in 1S71 surveying parties were sent out to exjjlore the comparatively unknown region through which, if possible, it should pass, and rejjort upon the most favorable route. Over >?3,5oo,ooo has been expended upon these preliminary surveys. The location of the road east of the Rocky Mountains being much the less difficult, the work of construction was commenced on the Eastern section in 1874, and 264 miles completed and in operation in 1880 ; but from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific coast no less than eleven lines, aggregating upwards 10,000 miles, have been surveyed before determining the best terminal i)oint and route thereto. IJurrard Inlet, has finally been select- ed as the Mainland terminus, the road crossing the Mountains through Kicking Horse and Eagle Passes. In 1S80 a contract and agreement was made between the Dominion of Canada and John S. Kennedy of New York, Richard B. Angus and James J. Hill of St. Paul, Minn., Morton, Rose & Co. of London, England, and John Reinach & Co. of Paris, France, forming an incorporated comi)any, known as the Syn- dicate, for the construction, operation, and ownership of the Canadian Pacific Railway. By the terms of this agreement, that i)ortion of the railway to be constructed was divided into three sections, the first extending from Callander Station, near the east end of Lake Nipissing, to a junction with the Lake Superior section then being built by the Government, was called the Eastern section ; the second, extending from Selkirk, on the Red River, to Kamloops, at the Forks of the Thompson River, was called the Central section, and the third, extend- ing from Kamloops to Port Moody on Burrard Inlet, the Western section. The company agreed to lay out, construct, and equip in run- ning order, of a uniform guage of 4 ft. 8}^ in., the Eastern and Central sections by the first day of May, 1891. The company also agreed to fly the Canadian Pdcific Raihiuiy. 7 pay the Govcrnincni llic ro^t, arcnrdin^ to cvisiint; contract, for the 100 miles of road then in course of cjnstruciion from the city of Winni- peg Westward. The Government agreed to complete that portion of the Western section between Kamloo])s and Vale by June 30th, 1SS5, and also b^'twcen \'a!e and iJurrard In'et on or before the first day ot May, 1S91, and tiie Lake Superior sr< tion according to contract. 'I'he railway, as constructed imder the terms of the agreement, becomes the I)roperty of the company, aiul pending the completion ol the l',astern and Central sections the possessi(m and right to work and run the several jjo.-tions of the railway already < onstrucled, or as the same shall be comi)leted, is given by the Government to the company. I'pon the completion of the Eastern and Central >e(:tions the Government agreed to convey to the company (exdusivo of efiuipment) those portions of the railway constructed, or to be constructed by the Government, and n])on completion of the remainder of the jjortion of railway to be con- structed by the (iovernment. to convey the same to the company, and the Canadian Pacific Railway thereafter become the absolute i)roperiy of the company, which agreed to forever efficiently maintain, work, and run the same. Tiie Government further agreed to grant the company a subsidy in money of >?25,ooo.ooc. and in land of ::5.ooo.ooo acres, to be subdivided as follows : — MONM'.V St'lISIDN' — CF.NI'KAI, Sia:'l'IM\. 1.350 miles. — ist 900 miles, at $10,000 per mile $ 9,000.000 2ml 450 •• i:^':->?,^ '• 6.000,000 .^15,000,000 I'.ASTl'.RX SECTION'. 650 miles at $15,384 6r $10,000,000 $25,000,000 L.Wn SUBSIDY — CENTRAL SECTION. 1st 900 miles at 12.500 acres ])cr mile 11.250,000 2nd 450 " 16,666.67 acres " 7,500.000 18,750,000 EASTERN SECTION. 650 miles at 9.615.35 acres per mile 6,250,000 25,000,000 III ? 8 From Ocean fo Ofcan I pon tho ronstnirlion nnd complfiion of, and regular runnint,' of trains iij;on any portion of the railway, such as the traftic should retiuire. not less than twenty miles in lenj^th, the (lovcrnment agreed to jiay and grant to the company the sul)si(h"es a|)ph" dc used in the original construction of the railway and of a telegraph line in connec- tion therewith. The Com])any's T,an(l Grant comprises every alternate section of 640 acres, extending back twenty four miles deep on each side of the railway from Winnipeg to Jnsper House, and where such se('tions (the uneven numbered) are not fairly fit for settlement on account of the ])revalence of lakes and water stretches, the deficiency thereby caused to make u]) the 25.000,000 acres, may be selected by the company from the tract known as the fertile belt lyirg between parallels 49 and 37 degrees of North latitude or elsewhere, at the ojjtion of the company, of alternate sections extending back twenty-four miles deej) on each side of any branch line, or line of railway by them located. The com- pany may also, with tlie consent of the Government, select any lands in the North-West Territory not taken up to su])ply such deficiency. The comi)any have the right, from time to time, to lay out, construct, equip, maintain, and work branch lines of railway from any point or points within the territory of the Dominion. It was further agreed by the Dominion Parliament that for the period of twenty years no railway should be constructed South of the Canadian Pacific Railway, except such line as shall run South-West, or to the Westward of South-West, nor to within fifteen miles of latitude forty-nine degrees, and that all stations, and station grounds, work shops, buildings, yards, and other ])roi)erty. rolling stock, and apjjurtenances required and used for con- struction and working thereof, and the cai)ital stock of the company, shall be forever free from taxation by the Dominion, or by any Pro- vince hereafter to be established, or by any Mimicipal Corjjoration therein, and the lands of the company in the North- West Territory, until they are either sold or occupied, shall also be free from such tax- ation for twenty years after the grant thereof from the Crown. The Canadian Pacific Railway now comprises the following roads, ! By the Canadian Pacific Raihvay. 9 the Pembina Mountain Branch of which is being extended 60 miles the present season : — TRUNK LINE. MlI.ES. AFontreal to Callander 345 Callander to Port Arthur 657 Port Arthur to Red l^Z-l]i The road-bed, bridges, rolling stock, and general equipment are ex- cellent, unsur])assed by any railway on the continent. The total cost of construction is about !?i4o,ooo,ooo of which stun over !!?3o,ooo,ooo is represented by the rolling stock, worksho[)s, steamers, elevators, stations and other terminal facilities of the company. The following table of comparative distance shows the great ad- vantages possesed by the Canadian Pacific Railway, over all competing lines for the trans-continental and Asiatic traffic : 1% ;i 10 From Ocean to Ocean TABLE OF COMPARATIVE DISTANCES. Statuie Milks. Mainline — Montreal to Vancouver. All Rail route 2,898 From New York to Vancouver, via T>.-o;'kvilL' and Canadian Pacific Railway 3-'58 From New York to San I'"rancisco. via Central and Union Pacific Railways, and slv,)!■te^t c.tnne'ti'ig lines through the United States 3.331 From Liverpool to Montreal 3^043 r'rom Liver])Ool to New York 3-43i From Liverpool to \'ancouver. \ia Montreal and Canadia;i Pacific Railway 5<94i From Liverpool to San T'rancisco. '.ia shortest connecting- lines in the United States ''>,7^)2 From Liverpool to Yokohama (Japan), via ^^ontreal and Canadian Pacific Railway ....10.977 From Liverpool to Yokohama (Japan), via New York and San Francisco 11,990 Cl!:mtttMmt |titctttc yrtilutttl^ directors: fiKulUiE WTRPITKN', I'isksidknt, >[i)N i im; \r,. \V.\r. <•. VAN Hi)llXK, Vu'i;-l'itK-;ii)!;.vr. Mdn-tiika i,. RTf'IIATtT) IS. ANOrs, ^[()^•Tl!l;AI.. <'IlAlira:s I). I{()SK, T-uxDKX. llov. l)()XAra> A. SMITH. Mi>Nr!;K \i.. HAIDX .1. dk Ul'.rXACir, I'Aitrs. .JOHN TniXr.ri.L, .M.)NT1!kai.. It. \'. .MAUTIXSKX, A M> ikimia m and ir. STAFFORD NMllTirCi »Ti;, r.oNDoN-. Xi;\v VoKK. PASC'OK DF P. (IHKXFEril,, [.mndmn. W. F,. SColT. I';i!ii:. I\\., F. S. A. CIIAIILFS DUIXKWATKIt. Si:(I!Ktai!v. Mon riti-Ai.. frF<;XKV UKATTV. >F\na;a, aad the North-West Territories, comprising the districts of Kcewati issiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Athabasca. Th nost prominent i)hysicai features of the Dominion are the great cl n of lakes which form the boundarv Hne between Canada and the United States, and which, with the St. Lawrence River, afford more than 2,000 miles of inland water communication, the vast plains of the interior, and the Rocky and Cascade Ranges of Mountains of British Columbia. Compared with the whole, the inhabited part of the Dominion is small, consisting mainly of a stri[) extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and North about a hundred miles from the international boundary line ; its ]jopulation being about 4,324,000. The Dominion of Canada is a Confederation, in which each of the Provinces has its own Legislature, ])resided over by a Lieut. -Governor, appointed by the General Government. There is no established religion, and an excellent system of free schools are liberally supported by the Provincial Government. The yearly exports of the Dominion, consisting chiefly of grain and lumber, amount to about $100,000,000 ; annual revenue upwards of $30,000,000, from which subsidies are "iiade to the several Provinces, as follows : — r Ontario $1,196,873 Quebec 959-252 New Brunswick 427.349 Nova Scotia 405,082 British Columbia 298,019 Prince Edward Island 153,288 Manitoba io5'653 '1?3'455'5i5 Montreal, Toronto, Quebec, Ottawa (the capital), Halifax, St. John's, Winnipeg, and Victoria are the chief cities of the Dominion. ;|| : 13 From Ocean to Ocean HALIFAX ALTHOUGH Quebec is at present the Eastern terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Halifax will be the orcan i)ort of entry for passengers and freight over this great highway, during that portion of the year when ice closes the navigation of the St. Lawrence River. For this reason we shall begin at this Atlantic sea port, and briefly describe the principal cities and towns along the entire 3,600 miles of road to Vancouver, on the Pacific, and dwell sufficiently upon the topography, resources, and climates of the vast region it traverses, to enable the newcomer to form an intelligent opinion concerning this most valuable and interesting portion of the New World. Nova Scotia, of which Halifax is the caintal, contains an area of 20,907 square miles,, a pof .ulation of 440,572, and exports over i^6oo.ooo worth of codfish, mackerel, and salmon coal, gyi)sun, &c., valued at $1,000,000. Halifax, the capital, and next to Quebec, the strongest fortified city in the Dominion, is situated on one of the best harbors m America. It contains many fine ])ublic and private buildings, Her Majesty's Dockyard, and is the Naval Station of the North American and West Indian fleets. I'rom Halifax 10 Liverpool is only 2.480 miles, 500 miles less than from New York. Regular lines of steamships run to the principal European and American ports. 11 By the Caiuuiuvt Pacific Raii^uay. n Cbc 3intmolonial !ilailtoan of Canatia, — AND TlIK — EASTERN EXTENSION, AND P. E. ISLAND SYSTEM, 0\VN1^D and operated by the Dominion Government, comprise i,i8i miles of road, of which 678 miles is embraced in the main line, from Halifax to Quebec. The whole is under the management of Collingwood Schreiber, Esq., Chief Engineer, and Hon. John Pope, Acting Minister of Railways and Canals, Ottawa. The general offices are at Moncton, New Brunswick, and D. Pottinger, Esq., is superin- tendent of the entire system. Those several lines traverse an extensive sea-board, reaching all of the most i)opular watering places and summer resorts of the North Atlantic Coast Game and fish abound in the region traversed. Cariboo, moose, deer, bear, geese, duck, brant, trout, and the choicest shellfish. Bedford, Pictou, New Glasgow, Amherst, Sackville. Dorchester, Shediac, Moncton, Sussex, St. John's, Chatham, New Castle, Bathurst, Dalhousie, Campbelltown, Rivier du Loup, St. Thomas, and Point Levis are the most important cities and towns on this line. The Intercolonial Railway makes close connection with the Royal Mail Steamers of the Allan Line at Halifax (fortnightly), for Newfoimdland, Queenstown, and Liverpool ; with Cunard Line (monthly) for Bermuda and Jamaica ; and at Quebec with Allan and Donaldson Clyde Lines for Glasgow, and Dominion Line to and from Liverpool ; also for Prince Edward and Cape Breton Islands, and all connecting lines of railway. W: I is U 14 J')oiii Ocean to OcCiin CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES ON MAIN LINE, AND DISTANCES EETVJEEN HALIFAX AND QUEBEC. SiArroNs. Mis. Hidifiix •' Four Mill' lltmsf ■"> Hi'dford !' Windsor .Iiiiictioii 1 1 Sliulx'iiiiciidii' 1" Truro. (Din. Iv'iii) (ireein .lie '^~ Thomson 1" I Oxford HIS ]{iver IMdlip HI Halt Springs Ho Spring Hill l-'2 Athol 127 IMaceiin I'U Nappan 1 1'> AniluTst. (Din. K'ni).. i;i!l Aulae 1 l'> Sackville lis Dorchester Hilt Itockland \M !Meinranu'()()k HiS l»ainse(! .lunclion ISd ]\[oncton (Din. K'ln) A ISS St. John ]) II :Muncton A Sli Moncton 1) ISS Berry's Mills lOti Canaan 2l)7 Coal liranch 21i) Stations. Mis. Weldlord i'.') Kent .lunetioH Ho'jfersville IJarnaby Kiver Chatham .lunction ... Derhy Newcastle Heaver Ih'ook liartibojiue lied Tine (Jloucester Hathurst I'etite Uoelie Helledune .Fae(|uet Ftiver New Mills Charlo Dalhousie .lunetion ... Cami>l)elton. (I). 11.)... Motrat's Metapedia Mill Stream Assamct(|Ua<;hau Causapscal Amqui Cedar Hall Sayai)ec SI. ^foise Tarta^ue Little Metis SI. Octave Sle. Flavie Ste. liUce SI..Vnaclet22 .">;5i) ;!.^n ;ms :i.")l :i()4 :17;] ;;7!) .•',S(! ;!!i(i 1117 121 i;m 112 ll!l !.')() l,")!) Kill 47:! ■178 ■ISO nil ■liii) Stations. Ml.- Sacre ('(Cur oHH Hie ">ii7 SI. Faliian •"'li> St. Simon ■">2i) Trois J'istoles (D. 1!)... •■):>') St. Kloie olo Isle Verte 51.') St. Arseiie ')o3 Cac<)una ">'J(1 \i\\\ du Loup "il'2 Notre I), du l'orta-,'e.. oliS St. Alexandre ■)7 1 St. Andri' "'7!» Sle. llelene ^■'^■> St. Pasclial oSil St. Pliiilippe d'Neri... •')!).") Rivere Quelle •')!!!• Sto. Anne I)il'> St. Roche t)li5 KlKin Road 010 SI. .lean Port .h)li 020 Ti'ois Saumons 021 r/Islet li2S L'Anse a (iiie (i:>l Cap SI. Ij^nacc 0;57 St. Tliomas., l>41 St. Pierre *)4IJ St. Francois t)4i) St. ^■alier <''>l SI. .Micliel •'">" SI. ('harles .lunction.. lili-'> llarlaka .lunclion <>72 Levis t)77 Point Levis | ^.-^ (iuehcc (Ferry j WP^ ^<...<>^ [j Jt^ h < '<3 TALBOT & Co., Wholosjile and Kotiill Dealers in ■ MOCCASINS, SKOW-SHOES AND TOBOGGANS. The Most Valuable Collection in Canada of Old Indian Relics, collected during the last North-West Campaign by Capi. Aime Talbot, 9th Bat,, V.Q., is offered at Moderate Prices. Messrs. TALBOT & Co. desiring to retire from business, will give great induce- ments to wliolesale purehasers. Tourists will find it worlh while to visit our Estaljllshment, No. 4 Fabrique Street near the French Basilica, ESTABLISHED 50 YEARS. G. R RENFREW & Co., 35 BTIADE STSEET, UPPEETOWN, nil wmm\ '1% E.xtract from the London Titncs, August i6th, 1884, on the Dominion of Canada, by the Most Hon. the Marquis of Lome, K.G., &c. : "There arc Interesting Institutions, and good shops to be seen in Quebec, notably the Fur Store of Renfrew & Co., where a Souvenir of Canada, In the shape of a ' Robe,' or article of any kind, can be obtained at Reasonable Prices." Strangers are invited to inspect oar Stock of MANUFACTTJEED FUSS, comprising all the Bichest and Most Fashionable Articles in this Line for Ladies and Gents. I ! [!'m •iHfvjCflf o Ik' isii -#^=3 H^/ 'wsis,^ 'w:siKMi"*K:~'.";rifiZi QUEBEC, CANADA. THIS HOTEL WHICH IS UNRIVALLED FOR SIZE, STYLE, AND LOCALITY IN QUEBEC, has just ))('on coinplcttly transfoinicd and modernized throughout, ing refitted with new system nl" drainage and ventilation, passenger elevator, electric bells and Irghts, A-e. In lact, all Unit modern ingenuity and praetieal sclenee ean devise lo promote tlie comt'ort and convenienee of guests, has Ijeen supplied. The WT. LOUIfS is eligibly situated in the immediate vicinity of the most delightful and fashionable promenades, the Governor's (iarden, the Citadel, Place d'Armes, DufTerin Terrace and tin; Esplanade, and contains accommodations for 500 guests. CHATEAU ST. LOUIS HOTEL Co., Proprietors. WILLIS RUSSELL, President. J!\ the Ciiiiaduin I\iiilu Raili.ax 15 QUEBEC. — ,-v- QUEJ>KC, the llicalrc ul" ihc mosi ilirilliiig war c\'(jiUs enacted in the New W(H-kl, ihe stroiige-il fortified city in America, the most antique European and i)ictuies([uc in appearance, occupies a magni- ficent situation on tlie left l)ank (){ the St. Lawrence River. 120 miles from its moutli. Here the great navigator, Jac([ues Cartier, landed three hundred and forty years ago, Cham])]ain taking possessicHi on behalf of the French Government, in 160S. Five times has the city been besieged or threatened by invading armies, twice surrendered; first in 1629 by Cham|jlain to Sir David Kirke, but soon restored to the French, and again to the English on the iSth of September, 1769, after the memorable battle in which both commanders, W'olfe and Montcalm, fell covered with military glory. Six years later, the Americans under General Arnold made an unsuccessful assault \\\)o\\ tins str -^diold, in which Montgomery was killed. But for a round century Quebec has enjoyed an uninterrupted peace, though suffering severely from conflagrations. In 1834. memorable as the cholera year, the Castle of St. Louis was destroyed by fire ; in 1845 ^'^^ whole ol St. R(jch ; in June of the same year the greater part of St. John's. Again, in 18S1. the latter suburbs and also those of ?^Iontcahn were more than half burned over. In 1846, a theatre and forty-live peojjle were burned ; in 1853, the Parlia- ment House ; its aggregate losses by fire amounting to over four million dollars. Quebec was never laid out ; it evidenll}- grew up by natural selection, along tiie original trails, having the most charmmgly irregular and labyrinthian streets in America. It presents the best study of European architecture and manners to be found in this country. The business ])ortion, and nuich of the residence, is built in massive style of stone and brick, generally without any attempt at ornamentation, though there are many fine ini|)osing structures. Most of the objects of greatest interest in Quebec are within easy walking distance for those ordinarily strong of limb and lung. The magnificent Dufferin-Durham Terrace commanding one of the grandest views on the globe, is reached r i6 From Ocean to Ocean by an incline elevator, two hundred feet in height. Here stands the Wolfe-Muntcalm monument, the ruins of the Castle of Si. Lv)uis, aiul near at hand the Englisli Cathedral, which occui)ies the ground where Cartier assembled his followers on their first visit, in 1635. The Citadel of Cape Diamond, the strongest fortification on the continent, oi>en to visitc^rs after half-past twelve each day, may next be visited ; then the Plains of Abraham, the Towers, La Maison du Chien d'Or. Market S(iuare, the Basilica, the Battery, St. John's G.ae, the Ur-rline Convent. The Hotel Dieu Convent and Hospital, Government JJuild- ings and churches are all within a radius of one mile sfjua'-e. The environs of the city embrace glorious landscapes and many points of great interest. The magnificent falls of Montmorency, over 200 feet in height, are six miles distant, the village of L'Ange Cardien (10 miles), Chateau Richer (15 miles), the Shrine and Fall of St. Anne (20 miles), Charlesbourg (4 miles). Chateau Bigot (7 miles). Lake Beaufort (8 miles), the Indian village of Lorette (9 miles), Lake St. Charles (12 miles). Lake Calvaire (12 miles), Point Levis and the forts opposite Quebec, the Chaudiere Falls near South Quebec, and many other places of mterest lie within a day's ride of Quebec. '€^U^\ J>y the Canadian Pacific Railway. 17 MONTREAL MOXTRKAL, tlic chief commercial metropolis, ind most populous city in the Dominion of Canada, is situated on MonLreal Island, at the conHuence of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers, about 300 miles from the ocean. It is the principal entrepot, manufacturing and distributing centre in Canada. Seven lines of railway — t'x- Canadian Pacific, (Irand Trunk. North Shore, Montreal, Portland ^^w^X Uosion, \'ermont Central, S juth- Kastern, Central and ChampUiin— radiate with their connections through all jjarts of the continent. From May until Xovembe;-, the largest ocean steamcs sail thence for London, Liverpool, Glasgow, Antwerp, Ilalitax, Boston and ]>NO. 117 SPARKS STREET.^? '".'"k.-i^^.^*. People say that our Photographs are un-excelled by any in the Dominion. PITTA WAY & JARVIS. — ~ i t Yievfs of Ottawa and Vicinity for Sale. 3. SZ XI- IBOIEeiBIESIIDO-El, Wholosalo and Retail Dcalors in LEATHER, SADDLERY. HARDWARE, HARNESS, TRUNKS Valises, Bags, Satchels, Horse Blankets, Beef Skin and Oil-Tanned Moccasins, &c. rarties going to tlie Nortli-We«t can get a Complete Outfit at Lowest Prices. HO. 88 TO 92 RIDEAU STREET, AP 186 SPARKS ST, . OTTAWA. By the Canadian Pacijic Railway. 19 Court House, Russell House, (Irand Union, Stadacona Hall, French- Canadian Institute arc all t,ne massive blocks of brick and stone. Its churches, several of which are very hne, have cost over half a niilhon dollars. The city has a good water supply, excellent drainage, and electric lights. 'J'he Canadian Pacific, the Canada Atlantic, the St. Lawrence and Ottawa, (he Toronto and Quebec Railways, and the Ottawa River Navigation Company afford direct, easy and rajjid transit to and from all i)arts of the continent. ''^S^-^ lu-oiii Ocean to Ocean TORONTO. TTTORONTO, the capital of the IVovince of On.tariu, and tlic second 1 largest city in the Dominion, is finely situated on a sheltered har- bor on the shore of Lake Ontario, 2,Zc> niiles from Montreal and 228 miles from Ottawa. The city was founded by General Simcoe in 1795, and incorporated with 9,000 souls in 1834. The last census shows a population of 127,000, or an increase of 1,270 jjer cent, during a period of fifty years, and an asf:essed valuation of 870,000,000. Commanding the trade ot an extensive area of the richest part of the Dominion, already a great railway centre, with superior advantages for exportation and nianulacture, there is every reason to expect that Toronto will continue to augment in population and business for many }'cars to come. The city is regularly laid out, well built, and distinguished for the number and excellence of its churches and educational institutions. Ascending to the top of St. James Cathedral spire, I was not much sur- prised when the janitor told me that it was 19 feet higher than any in America, and overtop])ed 70 feet, the next tallest churcli in the Dominion being 319 feet above the pavement. This church contains also the largest clock in the -;ountry, including a chime of magnificent bells. Its enterprising citii:ens are about building a million dollar City Hall and Court House, and the Provincial (iovernmei^t contemplate spending an eciual sum in the erection of Parliament Buildings. The city is pro\ided with all the concomitants of tlie most progressive city of our times; a free public library with 35,000 volumes, Grand Opera House and Music Hall, Museum, Public Parks, thirteen general Hanking Houses, five daily and 22 weekly newspapers. 'I'he manufiicture of agricultural im])lements is one of its most im])ortant industries. The Canadian I'acific Railway, Grand 'I'rnnk, North and North-Western, the Credit Valley and the 1. G. and B. line, and lake ^:f;amers meet every possible re(iuirement for direct and rapid com- munication M'ith all parts of America and the world. J>y the Canadian Pacific Rai/^cny. 21 iXKmx ^U\\\vxk\\ to yart ^vtljur, NINE HUNDRED AND NINETY MILES. .<.- — ^URINC; the summer months the traveller 1)y the Canadian Pacific Railway has the choice of two routes lietween l\[ontreal and Port Arthur. One l)y rail via Toronto, 450 miles to Owen Sound, and thence l)y the splendid Clyde built steel steamshijjs of the com])any, the Algoma, Alberta, and Athai)asca, 500 miles throui;h Lakes Huron and Superior to Thunder Bay ; and the other, an all rail line 7"'»-'^ lluc'lu'Siiiiy .')42.:! Kainsoy -jjij.;' Ijai'cli\s-0()d .■).')(!..'{ "Woman lUvcr .lUl." ^Vinnoba•.io •">72.:! Kidont •^>^1-| Ki no^a ma ."iiid. :» Ncmogosomla r)09.;5 I.ac Poulin '''J'>-H Chaplcau, Division Yard (iU.8 I'^sthcr <>'^1-*^ Pardee ^'^-^ Brunei <\'.\'^A Windermere {\\:^.-\ Bolelvow '>")--^ Dalton ''i'i'-5 ('.l,-,.y mi.'A MissamU)ie (iT.").:! Turnliiill •i'^"'-"! Otter i)!M..") AVilliams 7iii.'..'> (JrassiMt Till.;! (iirdwood "IH.S Amyot 72".") (J'Krion ";{".. "> Wliite River, l>ivi.sion Yard 717.0 Denison 7."il.r) Bremner 7(i2.tl Mila I'eninsuia •'^l'--" Stewart '^•^^•^ Middieton •'^•^''•■' Steel Lal BlaolMliver: «'>>^-5 Selirieljer, Divisional Yard 8(1.'). 8 Rossport ^^"•*' Pav's Plat f^'^'^-" (Jravel River «!'•'>••» Norris !iii'">-" ^ra/,okama !"*•'• Fire Hill t»^-'-<» Xepij,n.n !'ii".<) Red Rock f"'!-!-" Stiirireon River ii|:!.() Wolf River "•■>l-'» I'earl Sidinir !''>^-" .MeViear's '"il-O Roon Lake !»<»».() McKenzio's '•«-'.(» MeLean'^^ "f>«t-0 Port Arthur !"'"•" :Mta'!!l,J/ ..";:'i-^- .i.',.tri.;!i f*. ,; ^1,,;*,,. I* '■;!:. 1/ --«,;*'-,. 'ill -I o •X -1 — > / 'X '/ ;;: y. ^ i ^ ■r ' / o , X - o .•III I'll /A. ''mm mm ,'!'•■'"*/'' ill' !i ■il'.l.'Pi'll l,ii .''■.;!.;f|! i|A''''''''i i*,''lil,-»!i;'l!;:' I hi X ^ Hi 24 From Ocean to Ocean PORT ARTHUR. TT7HE Lake Sui)erior terminus nf the Canadian l\icific Railway 1 occupies a magnificent situation upon the \\'est shore of Tliundcr Bay, 996 miles from Montreal, 429 from Winnipeg, and iSo miles North of Duluth. Thunder Bay is a fine harbor, eighteen miles in length and thirteen miles wide, well protected from storms by the off-lying Pic, Welcome, Royal Islands, Thunder Cape, and a Government break- water. The town rises gradually from the lake shore, over smooth rolling hills lightly wooded with pine, poplar and birch, their summits at elevation from two to three hundred feet, commanding grand views of the harbor islands and the bold face of Mount McKay, which rises almost per- pendicular twelve hundred feet above the picturesque Kaministiquia River. The drainage is excellent, and water good and abundant. The site was first occupied in 1869, forming the base of supplies for the opening of the Dawson Red River trail, over which, by many numerous and difficult portages, General Wolseley led his victorious army, for the suppression of the Red River rebellion, in 1870. Here, in 1875, was also commenced the construction of the Port Arthur and Winnipeg Division of the Canadian Pacific Railway, thus inaugurating the most stujjendous undertaking in railway building the world has ever seen. In 1882, the place contained a population of about 1600, which aug- mented so raj)idly that, two years later, Port Arthur became an iiuor- corporated city of 5,000 souls, Thomas Marks. Esq., being its first Mayor. Besides the extensive railway. Government and private docks and wharves, the Northern Hotel, City Hall, Anglican and Presbyterian Churches, C. P. R. Railway depot and elevator, and Marks & Go's trading house, are the most conspicuous improvements. The Canailian Pacific Railway have just con\pleted a new elevator, on the Kaministi- ([uia River, near the old Hudson Bay Post, Fort W^illiam, having a capacity of one million bushels. The Northern is a magnificent hotel establishment of palatial proportions, and accommodations throughout, fronting immediately on the Bay, and central to the incomparable health and pleasure resorts of this region. A fleet mm-^^. ' ' ■iiiiiiiii ii M, '«■! V y i4, ''UfJ u 25 From Ocean to Ocean of over twenty steam vessels run regularly Ijetween Port Arthur, Owen Sound, Collingwood, Sarnia, Duluth, and the numerous intermediate points. The new steel steamshijjs Arthabasca, Alberta, and Algoma, each 263 fejt long, 38 feet wide, with a tonage of 1780 tons, built on the Clyde in 1S83 expressly for the C. P. R. lake service, rank with the finest shi])s afloat, being strong, powerful, and first-class in all their ajjpointnients. 'I'hj Collingwood and Lake Superior line comprising the fine iron steamers Cami)ana, the City of Owen Sound, and Francis Smith, run between Duluth. Port Arthur, and Collingwood. touching at Nepigon, McKay Harbor. Jack Fish Bay, Peninsula Harbor, Herroii Bay, Michipacoten Island, and River Sault St. Marie, Cordon River, Bruce Mines, Little Current, Kilkarnie, Owen Sound, and Meaford, making the round trip in about ten days; the fares being !? 17.50 and .^11. The Marks line comi>rising the passenger steamer E. M. P'oster, runs between Port Arthur, Herron Bay, and intermediate points. The City of Montreal, a freight boat, runs according to consignmints ; the steam tug Sligo and Midland River, and the fine new ferry and ex- cursion steamer Kakabeka, which plies several times daily between Port Aithur, Fort William, and Point Meuron, all on the Kaministi([uia River, from six to twelve miles distant. Smith & Mitchel, contracting butchers for the C. P. R., own the steamboat Butcher Boy, which runs from Port Arthu. to Owen Sound and Meaford, and the liutcher IVLaid, used for irregular service, excursion parties, etc. Graham Piorn (S: Co. own the freight and passenger steamers Ocean and Prussia, and the steam barge Kincardine, with varying routes. The Western Express Line Co., of four steamers — the Myles, St. Magnus, Arcadia, and Canada — carrying passengers and freight, make regular trips between Montreal and Duluth, connecting with Port Arthur boats. The steamer R. (i. Stewart makes regular trijjs every Tuesday and Friday between Port Arthur and Duluth, touching at Susie Island (40 miles), Pidgeon River (40 miles), (irand Portage (45 miles), Grand Mary's (70 miles), Beacon Bay(i46 miles), and Agate Bay (156 miles). Fare, .f6 and 83. I am indebted to Captain Tripp, of Port Arthur, one of the pioneer ship masters of this greatest of inland seas, for much informa- tion concerning steamer service thereon. Port Arthur is the most attractive and central point for tourists, health seekers, and si)ortsmen visiting this region. Fre(iuent excursions are made u}) the charming Kaministiquia River, twelve miles to Point Meuron, to Kakabeka Falls, twelve miles beyond, through the Victoria Island Channel to Pigeon River and Falls, at the international boundary 7?,r the Canadian Pacific Raihcay. 27 line, Ji round \r\\) of 80 miles ; to Washington Harbor, around Isle Royal, about 150 miles, and to Nepigon River, the flimous trout stream? 95 miles by water and 67 by rail. Here a party recently caught 18 red si)eckled trout, weighing res])ectively as follows:— ist 3 lbs., 2nd 4, 3rd 2'.{, 4th 3, 5th 434;, 6th T,ii, 7th 4l{, 8th 2'.:. 9th 3':(, 10th 3, nth 3i_.. 12th T,],{,, 13th 3>:(. 14th 2l{, i5tli 334, 16th 2, 17th 214;, i8th 2. '4. On the 4th July, 1883, T. H. Rockwell, Esq., with W. C. Egan and party, caught in 40 minutes 5 speckled trout, weighing 5 lbs., 6 lbs., 5 lbs., 5 14 lbs., and 41-^ lbs. respectively. Carp and McKenzie Rivers, 12 miles from Port Arthur, and Blind River on Thunder Bay, 25 miles distant, are also excellent trout streams. Mr. F. S. Wiley, Manager of the Northern, and party, recently caught 50 speckled trout in three to four hours, on the latter stream, weighing from three to four pounds each. Grouse arc numerous in the vicinity, and Cariboo found within twelve to fifteen miles. The climate of Port Arthur is one of its greatest attractions, gener- ally deliciously cool and invigorating during the summer months, with a magnifi.eiit fall, ])rolonged to the middle of November, the winters being cold but temi^erature uniform, dry and enjoyable. 28 From Ocean to Ocean THE SILVER, GOLD, — AM). ©tljcv |*liitc$ i^f Cithc ^tupcvic^v\ TJTHIS region abounds in dejiosits of precious minerals, now made 1 accessahle by the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. In jjroportion to the pros])ecting done, and the develojiments made no field offers greater inducements for the mining cai)italist and prospector. Silver Islet, 20 miles from Port Arthur, has yielded .^^3, 000, 000 since its discovery, in 1869. A vein, at first just visible above water, in a low ledge, 95 feet in lengHi, a shaft has been sunk, 1260 feet beneath the Lake Superior. The Huronian gold and silver mine, 100 miles West of Port Arthur, discovered in 1883, is working 50 men and a ten-stamj) mill. The vein is five feet wide, and the shaft now down 150 feet. This mine ])ro(luces sylvanite, the rarest of known minerals, composed of gold, silver and tellurium, essays from which have yielded .*j6,ooo j)er ton. The Rabbit Mountain silver mine, 25 miles from Port Arthur, dis- covered in 1882, is working a vein from five to ten feet in width, from which $2,500 worth of high grade ore has been shii)i)ed to Newark, New Jersey. A shaft has been sunk 140 feet, and there is now 2,000 tons of ore on the dumj). Nuggets of silver weighing ten pounds have been found in this mine. The Silver Mountain mine, discovered in 1 884, and developments commenced in 1885, contains a three feet vein of very rich native and black silver. It is situated 17 miles West of Port Arthur. The Reaver Mine, discovered in 1883, is situated about two miles from the Rabl:);t Mountain. The vein, a strong, true fissure cut in a l)lufT3oo feet high, has been tunnelled 250 feet, yielding a large quantity of botu high and low grade ores, easily worked. Three miles from Rabbit Mountain, the Twin city silver mine has been opened, exposing a high grade of smelting and white vein stone stamp rock. Adjoining Twin city, the Silver Creek mine, upon which work was first commenced Hx tii(- Canuiiian Pacific J\iiiih'iiv -9 in 1 8S5. is already producing both native and hlaek silver in paying ([Uantitics. The Zenith Zinc mine, situated Norlh-East of Nepigon J5ay, contains a very extensive and solid massive deposit of zinc blende, yielding 50 per cent, of mctalic zinc. Work was commenced upon the mine in 10S4, and large quantities of zinc are now in the dump. Port Arthur will be the principal out-titting i)oint and base of su])plies for all this extensive and rich mineral region, and may reasonably ex[)ect to derive a large trade therefrom in the near future. I am under obligation to Mr. Keefer, Barrister, M.A., LL.B., of Port Arthur, for the valuable data respecting the important mineral discoveries herein noted. I 30 From Ocean to Ocean MANITOBA. LEAVING Lake Superior, wc enter Manitoba, the fifth in the great tier of Provinces, from the Atlantic Westward, comprising the Dominion of Canada. It comprises an area of 123,200 square miles, being five hundred miles from East to West, and 280 miles from North to South. IJefore becoming a Province in 1870, it was occupied almost exclusively by Indians, French and luiglish half-breeds, but since the Confederation white settlers have poured in, until now its population exceeds 65,000. It embraces the greatest extent of fertile [)rairie lands in one body, adapted to both agricultural and grazing, on the face of the globe. It is well watered by the great rivers of the North-West, the Saskatchewan, Assinaboine, Ked, and their tributaries, and numerous Lakes, of which Manitoba Lake, the largest, is over 100 miles in length. The Saskatchewan is navigable a thousand miles to Edmonton, the Assinaboine 600 miles to Fort Ellis, and the Red River 400 miles to Fargo. These distances follow the course of the streams. Lake Winnipeg, over 300 miles in length and about 80 miles wide, lies jiartly in Manitoba. The great natural products of this region are wheat, cattle, butter and cheese. The average yield of wheat is greater than in any other part of America. It is the best pasture land in North America. The climate is the most healthful in the Dominion, the winter severe but dry, uniform, sunny and enjoyable ; snowfall light ; and rainfall sufficient. Spring oi)ens earl)-, and crops are as sure as in any portion of the country. All vegetable and small fruits commonly grown in the North temperate zone flourish here. Winnipeg is the capital of Manitoba, the residence of the Lieut.-Governor, seat of learning, and centre of all her most iniportant interests. I CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES ON THE WESTERN DIVISION I'KciM I'liiM \i:i(Mi; HP I - 1 ( 'i:"-sn i; m Cih.i \i m \, lUi WITH DISTANCES BETWEEN STATIONS MII.KS, Kr.VTIONH. I'url .\rllmr.... iM.n William.. .Miirijjo Mis. 17 2S • 1 i II 0.'. 70 . SO; . !M' . 101 . 110 . 12 1 . l:!l . 11.-. . I.-.2 . 100 . 170 . ISO . 100 .. 202 200 .' 221 .. 2:il . 211 . 210 . 2.-.(i . 20.'. .. 272 . 2S0 .. 207 .. :!oo .. .'"OS . :!2(i .•i2S . AM . :',:',S . .-uo .. ■'<:,'.> . :{00 Sr.VTIONM, ^hi'll.v M<.niMonlli ... Itiaiiscjoiii' . , r.vn.lall .■^i'lkirk ( Jonor Mis. .. :;7.'. .. ;!s;i .. .'lo;; .. 100 .. |0S ., Ill mt.\th»nm. Mn.advli'w niik>liela (irenl'ell Snnun rlierr.v Wolselcy Slntalnta Inilian Head... (.iu'.\ppellc McFican Haltronie Mis. . oo:{ . 700 . 70S . 71.". . 72:i . 7.:i . 711 . 7."..i . 701 . 770 . ' ' ' . 7S.'> . 70.-. . S02 .. sio . Silt . S27 . s,;.') . S|:{ , S.'(2 . SOI . S72 . SSI .. soil .. 000 HrAITON.S. NV.dsli Irvine !>innnore Medicine Mat. Stair Mis. . I0.-.7 . 1(107 . lo^O Kiiiiiliiisti(|iiiti. I''i iiiiiark . loso , 1O07 Itiitlii |{(.We' . 1 III 1 Ni.r'lliiiul Iiiiiki>o|iiiii.' SllVilllMi' Mir.fs Hill ... Winnip 'U MiTiriii Kos'.^cr .. 121 .. 120 .. I'lO . . in Sudle I,ani,'evin Kininvii' Tilley IJantrv . 1110 . 1121 .. 1 l:i:t I'pSitlil 1 1 12 Ciirlstail' .Mi'adows .Mar(|iii'tt(' .... lii'al.nrn .. I'.i .. i.-.s .. 10 1 Pilot Mnttc .... Ueulna , 11.". 2 lirid'.'c HiviT . Cassils . 1 102 Kurdish Itivcr. (irand Coiilci'. PcMSC .Soutliesk Latin. In . 1 170 Martin I'oplar I'oint Iliuli Mliiir ... Portaiir la I'r Murnsidc ... 170 ... I7S e. IS.'. ... lo;! .. 1 170 lioiilii'iir Melle I'lalne... I'as(|ua Massaiif. . 1 ISO Falcon Crowfoot Clunv .. 1 1!»'> lifnaci' Moose ,Iaw . .. Moliarni ( 'aron .. 1200 Hutl.T l!;i'.^ot ... .'.oo (Jleicllen Nainaka Stratliinore... Choadle LauKdou Siiopard < 'alsrarv . 1211 KaliU'li Mac* Ji'riior ... Austin Sidni'v ... ".OS ... .'.11 ... .')22 . 122:'. Tucho Bruk' .Mc.rtlacli Parkbe^; .. 12;i0 .. i2;w Wajrllioun Harclav Mt'H.ournc ... ("arlxTi'v Scwcll Doiiirlas Cliatcr Mrand(.n ... .")2S ... ."):{.'. ... .".i:! ... r..-.! ... .".-.7 ... .".02 Secrctan Cliaplin .. 124S .. 12.">i» ( t.xdrill Krnlbid Morse .. 120S KiiiiU- Kiver ... Keith C<.i'iirane Hadiior .. 127S X'ciiuiiinii 1?M,\ (ijIbiTt ! Herbert Uusli Lake .... IWaldeck ■ \ikins .. 000 .. OlS .. 02.'. .. u-x\ .. !U0 .. OlS .. O.'.S .. 007 .. it7.". .. OS I . 0^,1 . loot . 101.-. . 1020 . lo;!o . loll .. 12!ll .. l:i02 t'arrvwt.od .... Kcnuiav ... .'.70 .Morlev .. i;iii i^uiiiiiiit .Mcxandcr lo .. l.'HS Ostcrsimil Kalnuu'.. !(iull I-ake ( 'ypress Sidewood ^('rane Lake ... Collcv Castle .Mount Silver City.... Kld<.ii r.a^';;aii Stephen (Sum niit K. .Mts. First ('ross\f ColumbiaH n 1. •!.').-. .. i:!00 Iniroir ('r(..ss I.aki' .... Telford Moo.somin ... Ki'd .Jacket .. Wai.eiJa lUiri'ows ... OlS ... O.'.O ... 001 ... 072 .. l:!7t ... l:!Sl 1 '-■'"' ] 1 102 JicMiiii' 1 Mapie Creek .. Kiueartli Forrt's Darwin W'hiti'inouth . Whitewood.. I'lM'ccval ... ii7S ... OS.-) WINNIPEG TO ST. VINCENT. (intfnialinnal Mi)iindary.) Winnipeff Hufrost .\riiaud 4 Stonewall 20 WINNIPEG TO MARYLAND. Winnipey; Murray I'ark 7 Ploadingley 14 Slarbuck 27 EiniL-rook 45 Mar viand 47 3-^ From Ocean to Ocean LAKE OF THE WOODS — AND — IT is an outrage upon nature and the [)eo[)l(j wliu dwell in, and resort to this charming place, to call it hy such a name, for there is no situation between Lake Superioi' and the Rocky Mountains which pos- sesses half the glorious beauties of landscape, or advantages of a per- fect climate, excellence of water, and purity of atmosphere combined, as does Rat Portage. It is picturescjuely situated on the Lake of the Woods, a wonderfully interesting body of water, over So miles long, with an average width of 30 miles, containing thousands of green clad islands and islets, and abounding with pike, wliite fish, pickerel, and water-fowl, affording the most delightful resort for tourists, health seek- ers, and sportsmen in this whole region. All through the summer months, when the heat of the interior towns and cites frequently becomes oppressively hot, here it is deliciously cool and invigorating, and free from dust or other annoyance. Rainy River, a broad stream rising in Rainy Lake, both forming 200 miles of the international boundary between Canada and the United States, Hows into the South-Eastern portion of Lake of the Woods. Together they are navigal^le for steam- ers a distance of 160 miles, to Fort Francis, on Rainy River, the route being one of exceeding interest. This region was once inhabited by that mysterious race known as the Mound Builders, whose great earth mounds are still visible on these waters. Mr. Geo. Creighton, who has resided seven years in the Rainy River Valley, says it contains a considerable quantity of good agricult- ural and grazing lands still open to settlement. An agent of the Hud- son Bay Company recently discovered, buried in a cave, a large quantity of Indian relics, medicine charms, and pieces of birch bark covered with figures of men, animals, and strange hyeroglyphics. The Lake of the Woods discharges into Lake Winnipeg through Winnipeg river, rushing in a tremendous volume and loud roar over two /'"r the Ciiiiadiiin Pacific RailKHiy. 33 falls, calk'il the Fir.sl ami Second, both within halt a mile of Rat Tort- age. 'J"he two (Mitlets upon whicli they occur arc spanned hy fine iron railway l)ridi,'es. the second affording a perfect view of the princijud cataract, which plun^^vs, boils and roars directly underneath. Rat Portage, now containing a p()i)ulali()n of about 500, is an impc^rtant lumbering point, and central to a promising mineral district, in which are located, Keewatin. Argyle, Manitol)a, Consolidated, and Pine Port- age gold mines, and the Falcon Island mica mine. Health seekers, tourists, and sportsmen will find g(Jod accommoda- tions at the Rideoul House, and pleasure l)oals opposite. #*^'* 34 From Ocean to Ocean THE- Ijblomtb i^xiilbcvit iif ©mta^a. ^Y^ANl'l'OFiA coniaiiis. so I'ar as known, ihu cxiroinc Xorlhcrn le- ^11 mains of iliat jjiv-liisloric race which once inhabited the great valleys of North America, and concf^rning whose origin we iiave so little knowledge, that they are called the Mound Builders, t'rom the numerous earth monuments, sujiposed to have been erected both for purposes of burial and observation, which mark the coiu'se of their settlement and semi-civilization. Occui tying \ alleys subject to overflow, these great mounds, many of which were over fifty feet in height, and from one to eight hundred feet in diameter, may also have served as places of safe rendezvous in times of tlood. They would, likewise, have .n'forded protection from prairie fires and attacks from their enemies. 'I'he traditions among the Indians of the 0'.'(:ui)ation of their country, in former ages, by a superior race; the abandoned copjjcr mines, with implements for working, discovered in the Lake Superior region ; the evidences of mechanical skill shown by the articles of pottery and coi)per found in their mounds, supjjort the conclusion that these jjcople were the last survivors of the Toltec race, whom the Aztecs of Mexico, when con([uered by the Spaniards in the sixteenth century, said they had exterminated and driven out of that region in the latter jjart of the twelfth centur}'. I'he princii)al "Mounds'" discovered in Manitoba are situated along the lower Red River, between Winnipeg and its mouth, and on Rainy River. Prof. Geo. Bryce, President of Winnijjcg Historical Society, reports over twenty on the latter stream, one of which is 45 feet in height and 325 feet in circumference. 'I'he Professor's excava- tions thereon were rewarded by finding very interesting specimens of pottery, inii)lements of copper, stone, bone, and shell ornaments, &c., fiilly described in his valuable contributions, entitled. " The Mound Builders," published in pamphlet form in 1885. f t L_ FARMING, GRAZING, COAL AND MINERAL ^O^ Si i^ ^i^ lo'a f In the Province of Manitoba and the North-West Territories of Canada. The Company are entitled to 7,000,000 Acres in the 1 FiailM Biai Extending from the International Boundary Northward to the North Branch of the Great Saskatchewan River, and fnuii the Eastern Boundary of Manitoba to the Summit of the Rocky Mountains. All these lands are being carefully examined by competent inspectors — each quarte" section being separately reported upon. The whole of these Lands are now offered for sale on ^ASY TEEMS OF PAYMENT and without any conditions of Settlement or Cultivation. In the following flourishing and rising centres of trade : Winnipeg, Colvile, Elphinstone, Portage la Prairie, Prince Albert, Rat Portage, West Lynne, Edmonton, Fort Qu'Appelle, Rosemount. BfifMaps and Plans with full information in regard to these Lands can be obtained either personally or by letter at riie COMPAHY'S OFFICE, 208 MAIN STREET, C. J. BRYDGES, - Land Commissioner. PiTor T'f ^ ii| ^ JLLIA .^' ^- ':lf '* % -OF- WINNIPEG, MANITOBA i O'CONNOR & BROAVN, Proprietoks. THE PALACE HOTEL OF THE NORTH-WEST. First-Class in all its Appointments. we LEAD. WE LEAD. ^^^^^^^°^^, p# IBM II e*3:^ ^•srl ^Lsfl [ wMiii nl .'&ii ^•^ ^^•i^'v* s^«mM;l ^«^« '5»^ ^|JipiiJll||^'^i|| 0^ *•♦ 5 Doors from Imperial Bank. WINNIPEG. LANDSCAPE PHOTOGRAPHS A SPECIALTY. ^^N.B.-VIEWS FROM PORT ARTHUR TO QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS, B.C. By the Canadian Pacific A'ai/7C'aj. .5 WINNIPEG, TT7HK Capital of Manituba, and commercial metropolis of the Great ''I North West, is situated at the junction of the Red and Assinaboine Rivers, 429 miles West of Port Arthur. 839 miles Jvist of Calgary, at tlic base of the Rocky Mountains, and 868 miles Nortli from the international boundary line. The site was selected by the Hudson Bay Com])any for a trading ]K)st — Fort (larry, built and continuously occupied by it and a small seillement of Jialf-breeds down to 1870. This first landmark of civilization in the New North-West, and also of additit)nal historical interest as having been the head ([uariers of Riel during the Red River Rebellion of 1870, is now in ruins ; but the Hudson Bay Company have erected near by a large, splendid block of brick and stone, now filled with the largest and best stock of general goods AW^st of the Mississipi)i River, a tlttiiig monument to their enterjjrise, and the dawn of a new era of de\elopment. Upon the approach of the Canadian Pacific Railway, the place suddenly entered upon a career of growth unparalleled in the Dominion of Canada. In 1874. Winnipeg was incorporated as a city, with a ])upulation of about 4.000, and an assessed valuation of ."<2,o76,oi8. Six years later her census showed an increase of over 400 per cent., or 20,000 ])eoi)le, and real estate valued at over .^25,000.000. Jler im- provements are of a substantial character, comprising fme Ci(jvernment Buildings, the Governor's residence. Parliament House, Post Office, three large and elegant Educational Institutions, several Churches, and numerous wholesale and retail houses, all well buill with handsome brick and stone. The hotel accommodations are ample and good. The Princess Opera House is a very creditable structure, with a seating capacity for 1300. The city is provided with gas, electric lights, telegraph, telephone, fire alarms, excellent livery, and all the concomitants of our best civiliza- tion. Main Street, the principal thoroughfare, a winding avenue 130 feet in widtii and two miles long, is now being well paved wiUi wood. Two iron bridges, each about a thousand feet in length, s[)aii the Red River, and one the Assinaboine. 'J'he manufacturing industries of the city embrace l\ m^^Mm,^,,, '^tm'-^mi ■"-■■■■ m. ,1 1*1' ..''»,;.',;, r "» WINNIPEG BUSINESS FIRMS. IMPORTERS OF DRY GOODS, Br- CO o T3-I 1^3 tn OPPOSITE POST OFFICE, "V^INNIPEG, MANN. T-A-nx/d:: iJK H- -^SH:IDOT:?;7■I^T, HARDWARE IMPORTER AND MANUFACTURER, The following Specialties constantly kept in stock : PORTLAND CEMENT, WATER LIME, PLASTER OF PARIS, PLASTERING HAIR, — FIRE BRICK AND CLAY. — Cor. Main & (Bannatyne Sts., WIjNJ^IfPEG, Man, \- ! I 1 I Winnipeg business riRMS. W. J. MITCHELL, B ^. ^>350 MAIN ST., WIN1TIPEGX< A Full Assortment of the following classes of Goods always on hand: Patent Medicines, Perfumery, Drags and Chemicals, Toilet Soaps, Druggists* Sundries, Essences, Brushes and Combs, Trusses. Get Quotations before buying elsewhere. The Retail Department contains the Largest Stock of Drug Requisites in the North-West. .2£©-0RDERS BY MAIL PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO."^ TB-^ — bOmV^BESeBONOBMQS 30b.l!0BTE£0. — !H Samples and Prices sent on A.pplication, /\v tit,' Canadian racifu- h'au'r^uiy .•) / tlirce llniirinu inills. with ;i daih' (-a]tnrity of i.^oo l)arrcls : three saw mills, capahk; u\ culling 30.000,000 feet nf lumber annually; three foundries, two steam furniture factories, and several printing estab- lishments. There are several daily and weekly papers, conducted with ability and enterprise, an Historical .Society, and the usual orders and enterlaintiients for insiriK lion and amusement. WiiinipeL; is not only the centre of fi\e lines of railroad, radiating in all (hreclions oxer 100.000 s<|u:ire miles of tenit'M-w but alsf) the head- quarters of a system (»f over 3,000 miles of ri\er and lake navigation, during the siunmer months. Considering the vast habitable region, for which it is the most natural entrepot of wholesale su]ipl\-. there is no doubt in my mind but that \Vinnipeg i> onl\' in ihe infanc}' of her growth, and that she will eventualU- become one ( f the largest cities of the New World. ^0\ n 38 From 0cm >i to Ocfatn ®lrc Hlmiitoba t1rai)cl)co — OF 11 IF.- C. p. R. WINNIPEG is the central point on the line of the Canadian Pacific Raihvay, from which aiready diverge ^\\\i l)ranch roads, extending from twenty to one hundred miles, as follows : The P^merson di\ ision, running South along the East bank of the Red River, 66 miles to Ernerson, at the international boundary line, where it connects with the Manitoba Railway, through to St. Paul. St. Eonifiice. the flourishing French settlement opposite Winnijjeg ; Dominion City, (56 miles), and I'Jiierson are the princiiiai towns U])on tliis branch. 'Die lY'mbina Mountain section runs South on tlie \Vest side of the Red River. 56 miles to Rosenfeld Junction, and then a Westerly course, 66 miles to Manitou. This line is being built 70 miles farther the present season. It passes through a magnificent farming and grazing region, already well settled, and producing large crops of wheat, the fields of which looked very promising. l-'rom Rosenfeld Junction a branch runs 14 miles to Gretna, near the boundary, where connection is made with St. P. M. and M. R. R., and all points in the United States. Morris, 43 miles, population 500; Morden, 81 miles, population 300, and Manitou, 102 miles, population 250, are the most important places upon this section. South and West from Rosenfeld Junction are large and flourishing Menonite settlements, whose thatched roofed villages, and quaint customs and manners are of much interest. At the Morden House, Morden, W. McKay, i)ro])rietor, where the trains stop for meals, I ate a dinner so much superior to any previously fur- nished me for fifty cents, that I was not a little surprised to receive back from the landlord fifteen cents, when I tendered him the former sum, which is the uniform charge throughout this region. The South-Western branch runs at present 50 miles through a very rich country, M'u-ray Park, Headingly, Starbuck, and Maryland being the largest settlements upon it. Jiy f/ir CnnihfidN Pacific Rai/uuiy. 39 The Wcsi Selkirk division runs North 23 miles, on the West side of the Red River, to the town of that name. Kildonan (six miles), Parkdale (twelve miles), Victoria Park (sixteei miles), Lower Fort Ciarry (nineteen miles), are plea.a-it and nourishing t.)wns on this line. The Ston 'Wall seciion, now operated nin-jtecn miles North-Wesi, to the town of tliJt mimu. orij^dnally formed a portion of tlie main line of the C. P. Railway W'esiwai'd from WiimipcLi:, l>iit- which was abandoned for the present more direct route. It traverses a rich and beautiful country, excellenth' adapted for wheat growing, grazing, and dairying. At .Stoney Mountain (13 miles), and also at Stonewall, there are extensive de[)osits of limestone of sui)erior (|ualit)-, thousands of tons of whicli ha\e been used for bridge building by the Tl. P. R. Company. Stonewall is one of the cleanest, handsomest villages in the Dominion, with the best water in t!ie Province. Aboiu sixteen miles beyond lies Shoal Lake, Robinson's charming summer resort. Parties en route will find good hotel accommodation at the Canada Pacific Hotel, Isaac Riley, pro- prietor, and livery nc Joseph Tottle's stables o])po9ite. 40 From Ocean to Ocean PORTAGE LA PRAIRIE, FIF'r\'-SI.\ niik's West of ^\'inni|lCi,^ on the left bank of the Assina- hoinc Ri\er. is ;i promisiiij^ town ornliniii j;.ooo inlinbiiaius. P'roin Malcnnil) Ciiiniuing. I'.si].. who was born near the tdwii site in iSjj, and who lias resided there continiioiisK since 1S5S, I obtained an interesting description of its early settlement and subse'iuent growth. It derives its name from being situated on the prairie. o\er which, in former times, freight was jjortaged by men, from the Assinaboine River, twelve miles to Portage Creek, en route Northward. Trior to 1850, the native Indian tribes were the sole occupants of this region. In the two succeeding years, about thirty English and other half-breeds removed from St. Andrews. In 1S54, .Archdeacon Cochrane purchased lands from the Salteaux Indians, and established a Catholic mission, building a residence and windmill in the fjllowing year, when he was joined by the first white settler, Mr. John (iarioch. Six years later, the Hudson Bay Company, the pioneer traders of the New World, established a depot of supplies for the new settlement. In 1875, the North-West Navigation Com])any succeeded the hitherto slow and ex])ensive flat-boat and ox-cart transportation by running the steamer Prince Rupert up the Assinaboine River, to the Portage, giving quite an im])etus to immigration, the poi)ulation more than doubling during the succeeding five years, being about 800 in i88r. The Cana- dian Pacific Railway reached the place in 18S2. when it rajjidly grew to its present ])roportions ; and, situated in the heart of one of the richest sections of the entire North-West, must always remain an important centre of trade and manufacture. Its broad a\enues, streets, and walks, substantial public buildings, and commodious hotels, speak well for the enterprise and enlightened liberality of its citizens. The rich, black soil was returning a ])ountiful harvest at the time of my visit. Flour, oatmeal and paper mills, and a biscuit manufactory are its principal industries. ;1 />')' the Canadian Pacific RailKHiy. 41 ©lie Mlauitolnt — AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY. RORTADI'; La Prairie is the Eastern terminus and head-quarters of the Manitoba and North-Western Railway, now operated 78 miles to Minnedosa, and being extended 50 miles beyond the present season, through Basswood, Newdale, Strathlea, Shoal Lake, Keeloe to Allan- dale. Its ol)jective point is Prince Albert, on the Saskatchewan, 430 miles from Portage La Prairie, through a magnificent stretch of wheat growing and grazing country. Gladstone (34 miles from the Junction), Neeimva (61 miles), and Minnedosa (78 miles) are each flourishing villages of from 300 to 500 inhabitants on this line. Neepawa occupies a magnificent site overlooking the IJeauliful Plains, and commanding a fine view of the Riding Mountain Range on the North. Minnedosa also is beautifully situated in the i;icturesc|ue valley of the Little Saskatchewan, a clear stream from 50 to too feet in width which flows through the place. The country traversed by this road is of a very inviting character, generally a rich level prairie, but relieved of monotony by hill and dale, and numerous groves of i-oj^lar, oak, and soft maple, bordering the streams and lakes, and intersjjersed between. 'I'he Company has a land grant from the Dominion Government of :>,7oo,ooo acres, over 500,000 acres of which are now offered for sale, with the privilege of selection from the entire grant. There is no more desirable field for settlement in the North-West. 42 From OcMu to Ocean BUFFALO HUNTING I I — IN THK — Croat Ihllcn of t|3c c^outj) ^ashatcl)cl\);m; AT Moose jaw I visiletl an encampment of half-breeds en route to their liomes, about 70 miles to the Southward. The deej), worn trails (jf the buffalo, rnnninj; from North to South every few rods, indicating that vast herds of these animals had grazed and roamed over that region, I thought it a good oi^jjortunity to get information concerning them from a native hunter. I was soon fortunate in not only finding one of their most distinguished, but also an intelligent man who spoke English quite readily. Referring to the immense numbers which formerly ranged through tlu- great valh.-ys of the Norrh-We>,t, lie fully corroborated the statement of those travellers who have represented them as sometimes thickl}- covering the plains with their dark formidable bodies, as far as the eye could reach. My informant, a middle-aged man, had hunt^nl them from boyhood, and only last }-ear IKirsued them into the valle- *" the Liitle Missouri in the L'niied States, where his party killi" d bulls. Formerly they slaughtered them by the thousand ' ..c hunting expedition, chiefly for their skins, which they sold j Hudson Bay Company for from 75c. to i*i each. 'I'hey are now rarely seen in the North -West Territories, a comi)aratively few survi\ing in the valleys of the T-iltle Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers, remote from settlements and railways, '{'he hunter should spare these remnant bands of the red man's cattle. Near Stoney Mountain, on the Stonewall branch of the C. P. R.. 13 miles North-West of Winnipeg. I saw quietly grazing, a short distance from the passing train, a herd of over 40 domesticated buffalo, owned by Mr. Jknson, the superintendent of the Provincial Penitentiary located there. On the return tri]j, we waited nearly an hour at that station for an excursion party, and expressing a desire to see the buffalos at closer range, the conductor, S. D. Somes, Esq., kindly in\ited me al)oard the I^y the Canadian Pacific Rail'vay, 43 engine, when we ran down opposite tlic herd and wenl out on foot among them. They were ot'al! sizes, from an enormous hull, weighing not less th.TU 2,000 jiounds — twice as large as any previously seen in pubh'c parks and museums — to calves a few months old, and all rolling fat, The;, were (|uitr lame, only one, a hull, manifesting any ugliness, wlio U|)on our near approach, within ahoni i\\rnt\- feet, lowered and shook his great shaggy head. On one occasion he charged a partv of \'o^nl'^sters who \\-ere Irvinu his tcmi)er, and who harely escaped hy climbing ujjon the roof of a shed fortunately near hy. They are ordinarily slow in their movements, hiU it was at once evident when we started them out of a walk, that they are ca]>ahle of great s])eed. 44 From Ocean 1o Occau (lIjc (Svcat pasture i'auD of llortb ^mcvica. MANITOBA, and tlie Xorth-Wcst 'IVrritorifs. eml)ra(c the j^Tcatcst and best ])asture land on the Nor' Anu'rican Continent, i ha\e traversed a'l of the most e\ten^i\-e ,ura/ni;j; re-ions v,{ \\\: ("nited Stales, Texas. Colorado. Montana, Calitornia. and \\'a>hin,uion. and haw ne\er ])efore seen sneh a \ast unbroken stretch ot' countr)-, so unilbrmh' cov- ered with a thick luxuriant growth of fattening grasses, as lies between Winni|)eg and the Rocky Mountaiiis. At Majjle (^"eek I was informed that o\er six thousand head of Montana cattle were shipped from that ])Ia('e over the Canadian Pacific last year. 'I'he reason given for such an invasion, was not only lower rates of transportation than could be obtained over American lines, but the excellent grazing all the way from the international boundary Northward. ui)on which the stock while en route became rolling fat. The warm Chinook winds sweej) over all that country lying along the Eastern base of the Rocky Moimtains, and for two hundred miles Eastward, so modifying the climate that cattle and liorses frequently winter out without shelter, supported exclusi\el\' 1)}' the native grasses, of which there are 96 varieties. 'I'he snow fall is light, seldom exceeding fifteen inches u])on the plaiiis. The grass upon millions of a<'res. as I saw it in juh' last, would cut from one and a-half to two tons jier acre, affording unlimited '(\::^(\ for winur. The Canaih'an peo]Me ])0ssess also THE I.ARi;KSr ir.oWKR OAkOF.N 0\ THI", I'l.AXKr. spreading over not only a thousand miles of ])lain and \ ille\-. but cover- ing all the lower slopes of the mouiilaiiis beyond ! IJetween Kicking Horse Lake and the first crossing of the Columbia Ri\er, I rode in companv with the distinguished botam'st and explorer. I'rof. Macoun, who told me that he had found 650 different species of llowering plants and shrul)S in the Rockv Moimtain region alone, large numbers of which are unknown in other countries. In the wild fastnesses of the Selkirk Range, I saw tiowers in full radiant bloom within a few feet of aval- anches 600 feet wide and fifty feet deep, and great bocjuets of them stood in the windows of the rough log cabins of the Canada Pacific Railway construction army. BRANDON BUSINESS FIRMS. mi m BRANDON, MAN. Only First-Ciass House in City. $2.00 ^-Eis o.A.-sr. J. SHUPE, - - - - Proprietor. JAMES A. SMART, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PA^RRISH Sd son, — WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN — Flour, Oatmeal, Bran, Shorts, Bacon, Pressed Hay, General Office : Siitl St., BranJon. Branclies : Meilcine Hat & Calary. -^VBRANDON, MAN.<<-- ^^I^Orcat pare is taken in purchasing Seed, but nothing is guaranteed. "VTMUm^U aai Rifiil Buldl^ets, DEALERS IN CHOICE BEEF, MUTTON, P01|K, VEyiL, ETC. .^Zar-LIVE STOCK BOUGHT AND SOLD. BRANDON, MAN. ALEXANDER, KELLY & Co., —MANUFACTURERS HV THE — Also, • Fancy ■ Branis • of • all • EnJs • of- Family • Flonr • always • on • lanl OATMEAL, CHOP, FEED, ETC. QU'AFFELLE STATION, AND FO&T QU'AFFELLE BUSINESS TlMl HUDSOIT BAY COMPANY. ARCHIBALD McDONALD, Chief Factor, FORT QU'APPELLE. SMITH'S HOTEL, PORT QU'APPELLE, ASSINIBOIA, KW.T., JOYNER BROS. & ATHERTON, Proprietors. IDONALD'S LIVERY, SALE *ND FEED STABLE, FORT QU'APPELLE, N.W.T., D. McDONELL, Prop. jAKGESt Stabt.e IX THE Nouth-West. Siicclalty made of taking Tourists througli all parts of N.W.T. , including Battle Grounds of Rattoclic, Fish Creek, &c. JACKSON & MORPHy7 BAHRISTEES and solicitors, - - fort QU'APPELLE, N.W.T. QU'APPEI^LE STATION, N.W.T., - .TOHNSTON A DAVIDSON, Prop's. A. S. EMPEY, — DEALER IN — QU'APPELLE STATION. COMMEEOIi^L • HOUSE, Tlic Best AccoMMonATioxs for Farmers and the Travelling Public generally, at the most reasonable rates. GOOD STABLING AND LIVERY IN CONNECTION. GIF£ US A CALL. ROBERT A. SHORE, PROP. L. ¥. fflULHOLLAND, I lweri -feed 4ND - sale stables, : '..^ ^ Q'APPELLE STATION, N.W.T. Daily Stage carrying H. M. M. to and from Qu'Appelle. -^LELAND E[OU8E,i«- QfAp^de Station, N.f .T, LOVE & BAYMOND, Props. />V the Canadian Pacific Railicay BRANDON. TT7HIS beautiful aiul flourishing city is situated on the South bank of 1 the Assinaboia River, in Manitoba, 132 miles West of Winnipeg. It lies midway between the Sourris River on the South, and Little Sas- katchewan on the North, in the heart of a great scope of the best farm- ing and grazing country in the Province. The situation commands a delightful \iew of the Blue Hills of Brandon, and the picturescjue wooded valley of the Assinaboia. The growth of this place affords a striking illustration of the marvellous de\elopment of the North- West. In 1 88 1, l]"ie town site was an unbroken, uninhabited i)ortion of the " howling wilderness." Three years later Brandon was incorporated, with a popukition of .2,500 .souls, with g(j(j(l churches and schools, handsome residences, substantial business blocks, a fine coiu't house, excellent hotels, grain elevators, and flouring mills. It is also the terminus of the first di\ision of the Canadian Pacific Railway from ^Vilu■liI)eg, and ciMitains the usual round-house and workshojjs. The Brandon Roller Mills, Alexander Kelly & Company, jjroprietors, man- ufacture from the No. i wher.t grown in this section a \ery supLrior brand of flour, in extensive demand for exportation. A railwa}- is pro- jected from Brandon, in a South-Westerly direction, through the fertile valley of the Sourris. to intersect the proposed extension of the Winnipeg and Manitou, near the international boundary line. Brandon is twenty- four miles from Minnedosa, on the Manitoba and North- Western Rail- way, thirty miles from Sourris City, twenty-four miles from Fairview, and eighteen miles from Rapid City, to all of which points there is commun- ication bv sialic. 46 In'om Ocean to Ocean ©ij^ |l0ttl)-|^e0t ©i^tantotnj* AT Fleming, a station on tlie Canadian Pacific Railway, 211 miles AVest of Winnijjeg, we enter the North- West Territory of the Dominion. It comprises the districts of Assinaboia (95,000 square miles), Alberta (100,000 sciuare miles), Saskatchewan (1 14,000 s(|uare miles), and Athabasca (122,000 square miles), an aggregate area of 431,000 square miles, a country alone larger than England, Wales, Ireland, Scot- land and France combined. It embraces the Great Saskatchewan and Peace River Valleys, famous for their extent and fertility, and as the battle field of the recent Riel half-breed rebellion. It is well watered b)- the Saskatchewan, Peace, Athabasca, and Q'Appelle Rivers and tributaries, which {[ ord over 2,000 miles of steamer navigation. Timber in considerable quanti- ties grows upon the borders of the streams, and numerous groves are scattered throughout the vast prairies. Coal of good ([uality imderlies liundreds of thousands of acres, and extensive deposits have been dis- covered near the line of the railway. The climate is very healthful ; winters cold, but snow fall light ; spring early, and fiills long and very pleasant. For wheat growing, cattle raising, and dairying, this region is unsurpassed in America. Within this terribn-y lie the great Bell and Sykes farms, and the most extensive stock ranches in the Dominion. Regina is the Caintal of the Territory, the residence of Lieut.-Governor Dewdney, and the head quarters of the Mounted Police. MOOSOMIN BUSINESS FIRMS. CAHHOLL, MAULSON & Co., — UENEIIAL DEAI.ERS IX— Groceries, On Goofls Tinware, Hardware, Flour, Grain, — ,iXD— MOOSOMIN, N.W.T. im IJTen, Feed id Sale Mt MOOSOMIN, N.'W.T. IMUliES & SMl^ff f —WHOLESALE AND RETAIL- MOOSOMIN, N.W.T, ,1 Moose Jaw and Swift Current Business Firms. T. B. Baker. C. S. Lee. BAKER & LEE, EAST SIDE MAIN ST., MOOSE JAW, Whole.sale and Retail Dealers in TINWARE, P.\INTS, OH. GL.\SS, k, GROCERIES & PROVISIONS. Branflon Livery & Feed Ms, MOOSE JAW, N.W.T., M. TEBO, Proprietor, — DEALER IN — Contractors for Grading and Fi'piiflilinff. Billiard Hall, (OlM*. C. I'. I!. 1{.) MOOSE JAW, N.W.T. FINEST ROO.M AND TABLES WEST OF WINNIPEG. CHOICE HRAN'DS OF CKi.VHS. O. FIELD, Prop. J. J. McLEAN, Wholesale and Retail Dealer in — AND — COR. MAIN AND RIVER STS., MOOSE JAW, N W.T. -INTERESTING TO FARMERS ! ALWAYS BUY THE BRANTFORD MACHINERY -MANUFACTURED BV- A. HARRIS, SON & Co., (Limited), AND SOLD ALL OVER THE WORLD. 1st — They are Best In the Market ! 2d — We always keep a Full Stock of Repairs! t M — They will never fall to give you satisfaction ! ! ! Give i's a Call. CHAS. A. GASS, Agent., Moose Jaw, Assinaboia. MOOSE JAW ibcru, Jfctb aub Sale STABLES. WI¥). W^LSp, fpop. Cars Unloaded and Freight Delivered. All Orders pt-omptly attended to. Wholesale and Retail Dealer in SWIFT CURRENT, ASSA. Proprietor of Farry at Sa.skatche\van Landing .ind Forwarder of Freight to Battl^ford- B\' tht Canadian Pacific Raiiiuay. 47 MOOSOMIN PROCEEDING WesUvard eighty-six miles, throi^. Kemnay, Alex- ander, Griswold, Oak Lake, Virden, Hargrave, Elkhorn, and Flem- ing, and we reach the flourishing town of Moosomin, in the North- West Territory. The rapid settlement of the lands in this settlement is the best evidence of their superior excellence. In 1882, only three years ago, there were only fifty settlers within a radius of forty miles of the place. At the time of my visit, 625 (320 acre) claims had been entered, cUid the greater proportion were occupied by families. The country lying along the Southern slope of the Moose Mountain Range is considered the choicest for purjjoses of general farming. Moosomin ])ossesses not only the advantage of a central situation in an exceptionally rich district, being ra])idly developed, but is a point of distribution and shipment for Fort Ellicc, and other settlements to the Northward. I). H. McCallum. of Moosomin, will transport freight and pas- sengers to all points in this region. 4S From Ocean to Ocean Gl'3lWcUc; oi% ®;ro;j ^ttatictu. TTTHK Q'A])pclle \'alle}- is the Garden of the North-\V'est, both in 1 fertility and l)jauly. The Q'Appelle River rises in Long Lake, about twenty-two miles North-\\'est of Regina, and flowing in a South- Easterly direction, about 2co miles, discharges into the Assinaboia. The immediate valley-bed is from one to two miles in width, bounded by high rolling hills or bluffs, in many places thickly covered with a small growth of poplar and bushes. I-'rom their sununit, from one to two hundred feet above the river, the country extends on every hand as far as the eye can reach, in magnificent stretches of rich rolling prairie, dotted here and there with lakes, and groves of poplar and willow. Q'A])pelle. situated in the centre of this s[jlendid agricultural dis- trict, and already a flourishing town of several hundred inhabitants, is a place of great i)romise. The superior advantages of soil and climace possessed by the Q'Appelle Valley has led to the location in the neighl)orhood of the largest agricultural estates in the Dominion. The great IJell farm of Indian Head comj^rises 64.000 acres in one l)od}', \\\>ox\ 3.400 acres of which 90,000 bushels of wheat was raised in one season, the }ield being from thirty to forty bushels per acre. The Sykes farm of 20,000 acres i> onl_\ a few miles distant. Stages, carrying Her ^Lijesty's mails, run weekly from Q'Appelle station to Prince Albert. Leeson & .Scott, the projjrietors and mail contractors, also run stages from Swift (.lurrent to Ealtleford and J'ori Pitt, and fron Calgary to iMlmonton, carrying passengers and freight at lowest rales. J>y the Cdnadiaii Paaju Railway. 49 FORT Q'APPELLE. JPHI-: Hudson May Post of Fort (TAppcllc. Arcliil.ald McDonald, 1 chict fciciof, was establi-licd t\veniy-ninc years ago, on one of a chain of jiiiic lakes — altogether thirty niiks in length— formed by the widening of the river in its course through tin's beautiful valley. It is about twenty miles Xorth of (J'Aj.peile .Station on the Canadian Pacific Railway, from which point there is daily communication by stage. En route we saw the smoke from the steam plow upon the great Sykes larm, which raises from six to ten thousand acres of wheat annu- ally. The country is gently rolling, well watered, and intenspcrsed with groves of poplar and willow. Descending the thickly wooded hills which bound the valley on the South, we were sm-prised to find such a hand.somc village at their base, comprising not only stores and shops, but a good hotel, livery, and flour mill. A more charming spot I have not seen in this region, and there is none affording greater advantages for settler, tourist, and sportsman. The lakes abound with whitefish. pike and jjickerel, and geese, dtick and grouse are numerous. Fort Q'Ai>pelIe obtained prominence during the recent Kiel rebellion as the point of depaituie and base of opera- tions ot the Volunteer army, sent out i;*]- its >uppression. About four miles l)elow J?sed in a REGINA BUSINESS TIRMS. ■yes, nan- hole in a LAFERTY & SMITH, Baniers and Financial Apts, REGINA AND CALGARY. 'I'ransjict a general Banking Business. Issue Drafts on and make Collcctiuns at all available points. Buy ami Sell Sh'rliiijf an.iasni upon political and religious (luestions atTecting the lialf-breeds. together with great hardships, has dethroned his reason. His whole course, acts, writings and s])eeches lead to this conclusiun. The i)risons. two loivj; wooden buildinus, 1 found models of cleanliness and good management thi'oughout. Corporal Pigott, not attached tn his leg, e.\(e[)l when he goes out for exercise, generall\ t\\ ice a da\ . Kiel spends most of his time writing concerning his tiial. Chief Poundmaker is one of the noblest appearing Indians 1 have ever seen : tall, commanding, and graceful, with an intelligent, frank, pleasant face. He greated me with a courteous nod and smile, and evidently wished to speak. His bnjther, who occupied the cell wiUi him, sat upcn the lloor, with his head bowed down with grief. Big Bear, an old man of 70, short, thick-sett and vigorous, naked to the waist, stood erect, looked u}) boldly and gave us a friendly recognition. His young son, '' H(jrse Colt," was running at large in the corridors. In succession we visited the cells of Chiefs White Dog, Red Bear, Dog Tail, their followers. Biting I'-agle, Sounding Earth, Red Blanket, Tittle Crow, rnder-Cround Child. The ()uiel Man, The Lean Man, " The Man The}' \\'hoo]ied At," and many others. All were clean, well fed, newly clothed, and most humanely treated in every respect. Only one Indian, chargetl with murder, was in irons. Kvery Indian upon rece])tion is stripped and washed, and his clothing burned or boiled and fumigated. y. s, 52 From Ocean to Ocean MOOSE JAW. 1(1 ^N Ueccml)er, 18S2, the Canadian J^acific Railway crossed the small 1 stream, called, frcjm the English translation of the Indian name. Moose Jaw, a tributary of the (^'Appellc, and near its left hank estab- lished the town of that name. Being the end of a railway division, with roundhouse, depot and eating station, and surrounded Ijy an extensive scope of country, well adapted to both grazing and agriculture, it grew rapidly, and now contains about 200 houses and 500 inhabitants. Lawyer Gordon showed me a list of over 300 names of persons who have settled upon claims, within a radius of twenty miles, during the past two years and a-half. The prevailing soil is a deep loam with clay sub-soil, which jjroduces abundant crops of grains and roots. Spring opens early, usually admitting of plowing and seeding before the end of March. Mr. Gass informed me that he started a reaper in a field of ripe wheat on the day previous to my arrival, the 25th of July, though this is probably from one to two weeks sooner than their liarvest ordinarily ommences. 'I'he owner, Mr. Young, occu[)ying Sections 16, Township eighteen, Range twenty-four, says that, during twenty-one year's farming in Ontario, that he never raised so good a crop. 'I'his Section is fairly well watered by streams and lakes, and furnishes a good sujjply by digging from fifteen to sixty feet, according to location. Tiie net-work of buffalo trails visible everywhere, and vast numbers of their car- casses covering the plains, attests the excellence of the pasturage of this country. Over twenty car loads of buffalo bones — about 300 tons — have bee.i shipped from Moose Jaw alone, and great piles are now awaiting shipment all along the line. They are collected by the half- breeds, who receive §5 a ton for them, delivered near a railway station. I saw several heaped-up Red River carts being weighed, which brought $1.50 per load. These bones are shipped to Philadelphia, and used chiefly for refining and fertilizing purposes. There is a belt of ash and maple timber on the Moose Jaw River, about nine miles from town. Veins of (~oal and iron are said to have been discovered tf) the Southward. A trail leads to Prince Albert, about 200 miles North, on the Saskatchewan. Moose Jaw is jirovided with a school and churches, and is settled with an enterprising and law-abiding people. J>\ i/tc Canadian Pacifu- Railwas S^ SWIFT CURRENT, SWIFT ClURRENT is the most iniportant of the twenty stations between Moose Jaw and Maple Creek, on the South Saskatcht .an, 198 miles distant. It is situated near a small stream of that name, which flows into the Saskatchewan, and contains the usual railway build- ings at the end of every division, roundhouse, eating station, and depot, also several stores. The horizon bounds the vast rolling jilains on every hand, inters] ersed with numerous lakes, bounded by green meadows. A trail leads thirty miles North to Saskatchewan Landing, and also to Battleford and P'.dmonton. .Swif*: Current is 1 12 miles ^Vest of Moose Jaw, l)a^t the following stations : — Boharm, Caron, Mortlach, Parkbeg, Secretan. Chaplin, Emfold, Morse, Herbert. Rush Lake, Waldee, and Aikins. ^^^>--^vt'?<-^<' 1..;: 54 From Ocean to Oceafi i^aple ®veek. r' lOHTY-SIX miles furihcr, ];;i^l ihc stalions of I,c\cn. (loose Lake, Li Anteloi)e, Gull Lake, Cypress. Sidewood. Crane Lake, and Colley, brings us to Ma])Ie Creek, so named from a small stream near the town, which, rising in the Cyi)ress Hills, flows into Big Stick Lake, about eighteen miles to the North. A species of soft maple grows upon its banks, from which the Indians are said to have made sugar. Ma})le Creek, now but a small, two-year-old village, lies in the heart of one of the best grazing and agricultural portions of this region. The country to the South and Westward especially, extending all the way to the Boundary Line, is one unbroken stretch of magnificent grazing and farming land. The elevated timbered belt seen to the South, is known as the Cypress Hills, rnd contains large quantities of valuable pine, which is being manufactured into lumber by two saw mills, from twenty to forty miles distant, and sold on the line of the railway at from twenty to thirty-five dollars per thousand. This section is well watered by streams ajid lakes. Coley, Crane, Lake of the Narrows, Big Stick, Gull, Hay, Fresh Water and Island Lakes, all within twenty miles, being the most important of the latter. Good well water is generally obtained within twenty feet of the surface. Besides the abundant (jiiantity of fuel furnished by the Cypress Hills, there are veins of good coal within ten miles of this place. Tiiis is the place where Montana stockmen have shipped such large numbers of cattle by the Canadian Pacific Railway for the Eastern market, over 6,000 head dur- ing last season. Low rates of transportation, and the excellence of the grazing en route from their ranges, are the inducements offered. Mr. J. M. Dixon, merchant, and Mr. English, formerly Indian agent of the Crec Tribes, informed me that grain yields from twenty to thirty-five bushels, the quality being good. Si)ring ojjcns early ; plowing usually commencing by the middle of March. There is considerable hay land in the vicinity, which yields from one and a-half to two and a-half tons per acre. There are about fift)-five settlers within ten miles of the station, By the Canadian Pacific Railway 55 wlio have entered upon their lands withni the ];ast few months, and room for thousands more. Hunters will fmd bear, both black and grizly, deer and ai.telope in the Cypress Hills, and numerous prairie chickens. Maple Creek is 596 miles West of Winnipeg, 426 miles P^ast of Donald, the first crossing of the Columbia ; 70 miles South of the Sas- katchewan River, and 60 miles North of the boundary Line. It affords comfortable hotel accommodations, and contains large stocks of general merchandise. 0^\ 56 From Ocean to Ocean ptcbtciitc ijat .-i,-^ — ■ I M MDICINl'". HAT is siiiKitcd on ihe rip;lit hniik of the South Saskatclicwan, 1,089 i^i'l'-'^ West iVoni Port Ailhui\ and 36 j inilcs oluniltia Riwr. East of Donald, at the first crossini;- of the C The Saskatchewan, here s])aiined by a magnificent iron luidge iibotit a thousand feet in length, is navigable for steanibonts duiing the summer montlis. from over one hundred and liftv miles above, contimi- ly ii]i to Kdnionton on the North Saskatchewan, more than 1.500 oils m a reirion emhracini miles distant. Medicine Hat lies central grand scoj.e of excellent pastoral country, extensive dejiosits of superior coal, and large bodies of \aluable limber. I'^rom the Eoundar\ Line Xorlh to the (!\'pres, Hills. wwkX \\'z>\ \c> Fort McLeod. exiends an unbroken stretch of the tine-t glaring iii America. The Gait coal mines, to wliich a biancii railway has been buill. situated about sixty miles to the South, although but i-ecenlly opened are alreath' vielding uiiwards of 200 ions < lail}' iif excellent coal. There are also other large deposits within se\en miles of the place, from which considerable quantities have beeii taken. The Cypress Hills, containing many thousand acres of merchantable pine timber, are only thirty miles to the South-J'.a 'i-ard. A Michigan ii^w ha\e purchased a timber limit of 20.000 acres in these Hi and :k.c ted a saw mill, iuav pro duc-.in 40,000 feel a day, Medicine Hat is the head-quarters of a division of the Canadian Pacific Railwa}', a station of the Mounted Police, and trading point of the whole country lying ])etween Ma])le Creek and Calgar)-. The situation much reseml)les that of Calgary, lesiing cozily in an arm ol' the great river, sheltered by its high banks and hills on the South. A few Indians of the Plain Crees we'-c (:am])ing round about at the time of \\\\ vi.^it. MEDICINE HAT BUSINESS FIRMS BRUNS^V^IOK HOTEL, Txr. J. MEDICINE HAT, N. W. T ^ L_ I , - ^roprietor. CKNTRALLY I-OCATED DIKECTLY OPPOSITE THE STATION. Excellent Accommodation for Travellers. Stabling in connection with Hotel. al MEDICINE HAT, N. W. T., NEABIiY OPP. C. P. R. R. DEPOT. Frivate Farlor for Ladies. Sample Boom for Commercial Men. MEDICINE HAT AND LETHBRIDGE, N. W. T., — DEALER IN — Pnre Drugs, Chefflicals, Boots, Stalionery, Paints, Oils, Glass, k, HEAD-QUARTERS FOR SPORTING GOODS. Agent For Sewing Machines. Orders by Maiij Promptly Attended to. JAMES P. MITCHELL, Barrister, Conveyancer, Notary Pnbllc, Ac, Medicine Hat, N. W. T. HARORAVE & SISSONS, Wholesale and Retail Dry Goods and Groceries, Medicine Hat, N. W. T. THOMAS BOTTERILL, Wholesale and Retail Hardware Merchant, Medicine Hat & Lethbridge. EXCHANGE BILLIARD HALL, Mkdicine Hat, N. W. T., Ed. F. Raucii, Prop. S. B. YUILL, Fine Watches, Clocks and Jewelry, Medicine Hat, N. W. T, MEDICINE HAT BUSINESS FIRMS. SAVE TIME & MOITEY BY PURCHASING FROM GEORGE McCUAIG Where you can depend on your orders being Filled Promptly and at the Lowest Price. Customers ordering by Mail can rely on Goods l)eing carefully packed and shipped without delay. GOODS DT-nJVEKEI) IN ANY PART OF THE TOWN. TtON'T KnR(!KT TlIK IT-ACK : OPP.THE C. P. R. DEPOT, MEDICINE HAT, N. W. T. The Medicine Hat Lumber Co'y, W. T. FINLAY, - Manager, — DEALER IX — MOULDINGS, BUILDING PAPER, &c., TAATEED & EWART, Et mm ^ iflsKv W^, !^_ %^ mi. Post OfB.ce and Dominion Express Agents. MEmClJ^IE HAT, J^. W. T, AV. Corsixs. IT. 8. Sc.MTirKin). COUSINS & SCATCHERD, —WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN— 1 ^i\-=^ ^IW I f) Quotations given for goods dolivcrod at Saskatoon, Prince Albert, Mcljcod and otlicr points. Wo buy direct from tlie producer througli our Agent and can quote best prices. Opp. C.RR. Station, MEDICINE HAT, N. W. T. © ^S'T^'?' 4 „ . ' ■>. o o 7. .1 ItiiiJil'M Wt :Miy ■ ■i mn ii x will NiJiiiiil!: .iiiii: iililliill 58 From Ocean to Ocean CALGARY. GATXIARV. the most prDminent place in th ■ \o;ih-\\'c-;i Torritori^s orciijjics a licautifiil situation at tlu; <:()nl]ucn(:e of the How and ]'',Il)Ow Rivers, in the district of Alberta, 120 miles from the summit of the Rocky Mountains. It commands the tra:le of an imnuiise scope of country, very rich in pastoral, mineral, and agricultural resources. All the great trails leadinij; to the Deer River country, F^dmonton, and the far North, settlenunts u|)0:-i t';ij Peacj and Athabasca Rivers, start from Calgary as the nearest and best jjoint on the Canadian Pacific Railway from which to obtain Uieir sui)])lies. From a tracbng ])Ost of the Hudson Bay Comi)an\- it has become in a few months' time an incorporated town of a thousand souls, with the largest commercial houses in the Territories. It is also die per- manent head-(|uarters of the Mounted Police of Alberta, and an important lumber manufacturing point, logs basing been successfully run down from the mountains over the 1} )W River falls. 1 arrived here most oi)|jortunely to see this rising city of the new North-West. Lieut. Steele and a long cavalcade of Riel rebellion volunteers were crossing the Bow River within sight, returning from their three months' march of over a thousand miles through the vast region to the Northward. Weather-tanned faces, worn and tattered clothing and accoutrements showed hard service. Arches of evergreen spanned the streets, bearing the inscriptions. •• Welcome home again," •* All honor to Steele and his l)rave .scouts." All the towns people and settlers from the surrounding country assembled to receive them, and rejoice together over their victories and the restoration of peace. Ciroups of IiKbans dressed in their groles(|ue fanciful costumes, with their painted faces, witnessed the trium[)hal entry of their conijuerors. CALGAR? LEADma bushtess n&MS. ;n id ul e. ROYAL HOTEL. ISeill37' Sz Is/Ca^rtian, Proprietors. Tlu' KOVAFi slill contlmics to lie tlic Leading Hotel In Calvary, ami no cxjx'iist' or pains on th<' part of the proprictoi-s Avill Im' spared to keep it so. --VTABLE FIRST-CLASS.^^— ;^£rPT'BTiir PATRONAGE KESPEC'TFULLY SOIJCITED. C. G. BAKER &, CO. Dry Goods, Clothing, Boots, Shoes, H.A.TS ..A-IbTID C.^X'S, Wholesale and Retail, CALGARY, McTAVISH AND FORT McLEOD. GRAND CENTRAL HOTEL H. S. MacLEOD, Proprietor. Escellent Accommodation for Commercial Men. CHABQES MODEBATE. LAFFERTY & SMITH, -^an^ev^ anb financial gl^^ut^, REGINA AND CALGARY. JAMES C. LINTON, :Boo3sseller a.3n.d. Sta^tioner, Dealer in Fancy Goods, "Wall Paper, Toys, &c., &c., (Linton Bros., Eat Portage.) STEFHEN AVENUE, CALGAB7. McNEILLE BROS., Prop's, — CALGARY, — ONE BLOCK FUOM THE DEPOT. Good Accommodation and Reasonable Charges. PARISH & Co., CALGARY. — DEALERS IN — FLOUR AND FEED i^'if SEED GRAIN AND GENERAL PROVISIONS- PEAD OFFICE, BRANDON, MAN, CAiaAiiT leadhtq Bvsmsss fibms. S. ^W. TROTT, Largest Assortment of FISHING TACK £ In N. W. T. CRICKET GOODS, ETC., ^^SB^Ordors 1),y Mall Promptly attciulcd to. THOMSON BEOS.. Wholesale and Retail CALGARY AND PORTAGE LA PRAIRIE. ATHLETIC ' HOTEL — AND — OPPOSITE TIIK C. P. U. DEPOT. Specl.ll .ntteinion 10 guests on incoming trains, Hiiaril l)y the day or week. J. DONOHUE, - Proprietor. JAMES BANNERMAN, Book.s and Stationery, Calgary, N. W. T. MARTIN BROS., . , • IJardwarc, Stoves and General Merchandise, Cnlgr ry, N. W. T. MEDICAL HALL, Calgary, N. \V. T., Kenneth Campbell & Co., Proprietors. FRONTIER LIVERY Sale and Feed Stable, J. H. Cunningham, Proprietor, Calgary, N. W. T. KING & Co., Calgary, N. W. T., General Merchandl.se. GEORGE MURDOCK, Calgary, N. W. T., Stock Saddler and Harness Manufacturer. A. FERLAND & Co., Calgary and Laggan, General Merchants. FRANK DICK, Calgary, N. W. T., Dealer In Lumber, Lath, Shingles, Sash, Doors, &c. THE QUEEN'S HOTEL. Mrs. James Qoss, Proprietress. CONRAD HOUSE, Conrad Nleberga'.l, Proprietor. CITY BARBER SHOP, Calgary, N. W. T., M. Cuzner, Proprietor. PACIFIC LIVERY, SALE AND FEED STABLE, Stephen Avenue, A. G. McDonald, Proprietor, By the Canadian Pacific Railway. 59 THE ROCKY, SELKIRK, — AND — ®4^lb |lmuu^$ of pioiiutam^. OI.ORIOUS SCF.NKRY. yninC (Canadian PacilM; Railway, esijecially from the hase of iIk- l** Rocky Mountains, near Calgary, all the u'a\- to ilic Oulf y^i Georgia, a tlistanco of 644 miles, i)resents one continuous panorama of the grandest and most beautiful views imaginable. First comes the Bow Ri\cr Valley, green as a well watered lawn in summer, and l)rilliant with flowers, and sparkling with clear streams, walled in by the loftiest summits of the Rockies, which nowhere rise in more striking grandeur, so bold and clean cut, in jilaces thousands of feet almost jjerpendicular, with cataracts plunging down from the melting snowfields and glaciers, which lie among the highest peaks. Then you ride through the fiimous Kicking Horse I'ass and Canyon, along the roaring river of that name, across the Columbia River, up the Beaver, ()\er the highest wooden bridge on ihe continent, at Stone\' Creek (285 feet above water) ; scale the summit of the Selkirk's, and then descend to Farwell along the mad Illicilewait River, amidst a succession of mountain, canyon, forest, glacier, and avalanche scenes, without parallel for grandeur and interest upon any other Trans- Continental Railway. From Eagle Pass Landing to Savona's Ferry, a distance of about 130 miles, the road follows the left bank of the North Thompsc n, one of the finest of streams uf transparent clearness, and the shore of a chain of beautiful lakes, the Big and Little Shuswaj), and then Karnloop Lake, through an o[)en nMling and mountainous country abounding in most charming landsca])es. A little beyond Lytton yf)u cross the great steel Cantile\er bridge, built at a cost of $400,000. and plimge into the terrible canyons of the I''razer River, cut more than a thousand feet deep by its mighty and imjietuous rush for ages, over 50 miles through the Cascade Mountains. Not less by the grandeur of the scenery along this royal road across the New World is the traveller imj)ressed than by the marvellous achievement of overcoming so successfully, in such a brief [)eriod of time, the seemingly unsurmountable obstacles opposed l)y nature to its construction.. r (n From Ocean to Ocrafi CANMORE. — ■^^- -^ -,-s.<.- rni!l', IvisUTii terminus of ihc mciminiu division. \.}^S '^^'''^ '''''"" ^V Port Arthur. ( omprising a round housi« and eating station, is situated in a levc! bt-autitiil valk-y. covered in summer with a hivuriant LTOwth of red lop and timothy grasses, hrilhant with flowers in great variety. A grand amphitheatre of rocky mountains, from three to seven thousand feet in height, bDld, bare and l)roNvn, ex(;ei)t their snow-topped summits, surround the place, 'riiree monument" of conglomerate formation, from 30 to 40 feet in height, stanchng at the foot-hills, about a-nuarter of a mile f.-om the depot are objects of interest to the traveller. They are evidenilv the remains of the high bluffs which bounded the vallev in former ages, their more enduring composition longer resistmg the wearing forces of the elements. Th.e Hudson Hay formerly occui)ied a j.ost here known as Padmore. from whi( h a trail led Southward into the Kootenay Country iM-om Cann^ore voti pass in review the grandest scenery of the Ror^kies ; Cascade and Castle Mountains towering among the clouds, widi sibe:- cascade leaping a thousand feet ritish Columbia, in com- mon with the wl: ^le Pacific Coast, possesses two distinct climates. Along the West coast, even as far North as latitude fifty-thre* degrees, the mean winter temi)erature is about forty-two degrees ; the annual rainfrll averaging from forty-five inches at Mctoria to sf'enty-five in- ches at Fort Simpson, 630 miles No»-th. In the interioi the climate is much d ier, the entire precipitation ra.nging from ten to twenty inches ; the mean summer temperature being about seventy fixe deg. and the winter ten deg. above. North of latitude I'l -one the winters are severe, but the snowfall moderate except in die higher altitudes. This section is not subject to the terrible blizzards which prevail East of the J^v t/ic Caiuuiiaii Pacifw RailK'iW. (>:, Rocky Mountains, the c oldest weather usually being ])crrc(tly calm and clear. Though niounUiins and forests cover a considerable portion of its su'face, there are \er\- e\lensi\e 'areas excellently adapted to stock- raising and agriculture. 'I"he great natin*al resources of the Province are minerals, coal, fish, timber, grazing and furs. Although th.ere are millions of acres as yet untouched by human fool, the discoveries of valuable mineral deposits already made are immense. Her gold fields are among the most extensive and richest in the woild ; coal underlies hundreds of thousands of acres ; there are mountain masses and islands of iron, and rich mines of silver, cop])er imd other precious metals. THE GREAT GOLD FIELDS 01 BRITISH COLUMBIA Embrace in area more than 100,000 square miles, extending from Rock Creek, near the 49th jjarallel, to Liard River on the 60th. On the Similkameen and Kootenay. at Hoi)e, Yale, Boston Bar, Lillooet, and Bridge Rivers ; in the Big Bend of the Columbia, at Quesnelle, Keith- ley, Harvey, Cariboo, and Omineca ; on the Peace, Skeena, Naas, and Stickeen Rivers ; and, lastly, at Cassiar. gold has been found not only in i)aying (juantities, but in many places by the millions, their aggregate products amounting to about fifty million dollars. THE CAUinOO GOLD DISTRICT. Lying between 52 and 54 degrees of North latitude, embraces an area of upwards of 700 square miles. The Quesnelle Lake aiul River form its South and South-Western boundary, and the I*'raser North-Eastern, ^Vestern iv i Northern. Here 'villiams. Lightning, and Antler creei;s and gulches startled 'l.e world by their amazing richness, the Wake-up- Jack claim yielding 150 ounces in a single day, the Caledonia 300 ounces. Butcher 350, Steele's 409, the Chittenden claim on Lowhee 432, the Ericsson 500 ounces, when the Diller claim cleaned up with the astonishing amount of 102 jjounds of gold I These wonderful deposit ; have been found in the beds of the water courses, from 60 to So feet below the surface. Tiiere are also extensive lodes of rich gold-bearing (liiartz awaiting develop.rent. Though the mines of Cariboo reached their maximum product, 63,735,850 in 1864, it is the opinion of most old miners who have had experience iliere, that still greater wealth lies hidden in her mountain; and water courses. 'J'he annual yield of tin- district now ranges Irom !'<7oo,ooo to .*< 1,000,000. Mr. |ohn Bowron, the Gold Commissioner, informed me on my recent visit to Bjrkerville, that prospectors sent out by the Government had just returned, and 64 Iroin LKt'iUi to Ocean rcjioricd havinjj; tbiiml gocjd Miilai '• diL:ging> and cxlcn-'.c icdL,^cs ul" rich (jiuirt/ ro( k. The compkaioii (;!" the Caiuuhctn racil'ic. Raihvay will greatly reduce the hitherto enormous cost (jf couduciiii:^- mining operations here, and greatly I'aciiilate the development of tlu vast gold deposits K)i this legion. int: GOLD FlKl.DS (JF CASSIAR, Next in importance, extend over more th.tn 250 stpuire miles of country lying between the 54tli and 6odi degrees of North latitude, along the North-Eastern watershed of the gokl range. Gold was llrst found in this section in 1872-3. near the confluence of the Liard with the Mac. kenzie River, the most [n-odu( live mines being on Dease, Thibert, and McDames Creeks, tributaries of the Dease River. Several milions were taken out along these streams during the two or three succeeding years. Their product for the year 1881 is estimated at one lumdred and ninety- eight thousand dollars, and the number of miners engaged at 300, most of whom go South to wii i. THE OMIXF-'.CA GOLD MINES Are also situated t)n the Nortli-lvistern slope of the gokl lange of the Province, near the 53rd parallel of latitude, u[)on the tributaries of the Omineca, a branch of the Peace River. There are about twenty men working claims here upon Vitell's, Manson, and Germansjn creeks, tak- ing out .'ibotu S35.000 annually. OTHER GOLD 1 IKLDS. Gold is found in ])aying (paaiiMties u[)on many ol' the streams of the South-Eastern portion of the Province, especially in the Big Bend of the Columbia, and in the Koijlenay counir\-, the c:laims on C'herry and Wild Horse creeks being the mo^t produ>ti\c. In 1852 the Hudson Bay Com])any discovered gold-bearing cjuart/ of remarkable richness on the West shore of Queen Charlotte Island. Gold has also been found on the head waters of the Leech River and other streams along the West coast of Vancouver. SILVER, COPPER AND IRON, Are known to l)e wideh- distributed throughout the Pro\ ince. Pieces of pure silver have been lound tium lime to lime in nuiny of the mining camps along the Eraser, also on Cherry Creek in the Okanagan district, and at Omineca. In 1871a rich vein ef silver was discovered near J>y the Caiia.iuin Pacijic RailKHiy. (y. lof hd U \\\ bd he Hope, on ihe I'lascr Ri\cr and traces fcjr ncaii)' half a mile. There arc deposits orco])per ore ui)on Mowc Sound, Knights and Jarvis Inlets, the Queen Charlotte Islands, and at other points, the former said to be quite extensive. 'I'liere are inexhausiihlc quantities of iron on Texa la Island, situated in the (iail' of (reorgia. ali )ut loo miles North of the City of Victoria, amidst the great coal 1)jl1s, limber su[)[)lies, and lime- stone (fiiarries of the Province. THE COAL FIELDS OF HRIl'lSH COLU.MBL^, On Vancouver Island alone, comprise many hundred thousand acres, lying mainly along the East coast of the Island between Nanaimo and Fort Rupert. The Nanaimo coal laud-^ embrace about ninety square miles, and those of Comox upwards of 300. There are al^o extensive bodies of coal on ()uat-ino S *ind 0:1 th'. Norih-West c )ast of \\v\- couver, about 250 miles XorlhW'esi of X'lctoria. and large veins are reported to have been discovered on t!ie (^ueen Charlotte Islands. These coals are chietly l)ituminous. of the cretaceous era and superior for general and domestic purposes to any other found on the Pacific Coast. THI-; TIMHER RESOURCES OF THE PROVIN'CE, Are very extensive, embracing many hundred thousand acres of Douglas fir lying in the West Cascade region, the choicest bodies ui)on Burrard and Jarvis Inlets. Mud IJay, Hc>\ve Sound, and the East coast of Van- couver Island. It attains an enormous growth, and being straight and exceedingly tough and durable is in great demand ilie world over for ship spars and timbers. ()\er thirty million feet are manufactured into lumber annually, chiclly for exportation lo Asiatic, Australian, and South American ports. Tiie ])ine and s[)ruce of the interior, though much inferior in si/e and ([ualiiy to the lir of the coast, is suliicient in both and also in (luantity for all Icical i)ur[)Oieh. FISH The w.'ters of j'.ritisli (,'olumbia teem with couiuless millions of the choicest salmon, halii)ut. cod, herring. >mek. sturgeon, whiting, (S:c., &c. The canning of salmon for e\i)orl ition is already a very important in- dustry, the product for the present season amounting to about 1177,000 cases. 'I'hey also constitute the ( hief food dependence of the Indian jKjpulation. Oil is manufactured from dog fish, herrings, and oolachaus, but the other fish mentioned are as yet. except to a limited extent, only caught for home consumption. 5 66 From Ocean to Ocean FUR-BEARING ANIMALS Are more numerous in this Province than in any otlier part of America, excepting, perhajjs, portions of Alaska, having for nearly forty years through the Hudson Eay Company supplied the world with most of their fmest furs. They comprise bears, beaver, badgers, coyotes, foxes, fish- ers, martens, minks, lynxes, otters, i)anthers, raccoons, wolves, wolver- ines, and other small kinds. The ]H-oduct of the fisheries and furs of the Province amounts to nearly a million and a-half dollars amnially. STOCK RAISING IN HRITISH COLUMBIA. British Columbia contains a very extensive area of grazing lands of unsurpassed excellence. The whole inter-Rocky Mountain Cascade Region is specially adapted for pastoral purposes. During my recent travels through the interior of the Province, I traversed hundreds of thousands of acres in the Nicola, Kamloops and Okanagan Valleys and Lake La Hache country, covered with a luxuriant growth of the nutri- cious bunch grass, and saw bands of thousands of cattle rolling fat; and way to the Northward in the Chilcotin, Nechaco, Wastonquah and Peace River Valleys, are vast ranges, hundreds of miles in extent, as yet untouched. Interviews with all the i)rincipal stock-raisers and dealers in British Columbia confirms my own observations that cattle raised upon the bunch grass of this region are among the finest in the world, very large and fot, and the choicest of beeves. Mr. B. Van Volkenburgh, the leading butcher in the Province, meat purveyor to Her Majesty's Navy, the owner of 7,000 acres of grazing lands, and several thousand head of cattle and sheej) ; Mr. 'i'haddeus Harper whose 3,000 or 4,000 head of cattle and horses range upon his own estate of 25,000 acres \ Mr. J. B. Graves at ])resent the largest owner of fat cattle, 8,000 head, including 6,000 steers ; Mr. C. M. Beak, of the Nicola Valley, who has just sold 1,300 for ij^sS.ooo and been offered $27,000 for the balance of his herd ; Antoine Menaberriet, of Cache Creek, Victor Guillaunie, W. J. Rojjcr, Hugh Morton, M. Sullivan, Wm. Jones, John Pringle, John I'eterson and W. J. Howe, of Kam- loops, Wm. Fortune, of Tranquiile, A. L. Fortune, James C. Steele, Cornelius O'Keefe, Greenhow, Postiil :Mid Eli Lequime, of Okanagnn, and John Clap] crton. Alexander Toutlie. A. Van Volkenburgh. John Gilmour, John Hamilton, and Guiclion, of Ni* ola, Patrick Killroy, of Lytton, and others, together the owners of three-ciuarters of the sixty or sixty-live thousand head of cattle in the Province, agree that stock Jiy t/tc Canailian Pacijic Railway. 67 in docs exceedingly well in this region, increases at the rale of thirty per cent, by the herd, or ninety per cent, for those breeding ; is free froni disease, and subject to less loss from occasional severe winters, tlian from drought on the Soiitliern coast. Fat cattle are now in active de- mand, at from twenty to twenty-five dollars for two-year old, and from twenty-five to thirty-five dollars for three-yciir old steers, herds selling at from fifteen to twenty dollars per head. The average weight of cattle upon the ranges is 550 for two-year old, 675 for three-year old, and 800 for four-year old cattle. They feed in the elevated valleys during the summer, and in winter on the sheltered sunny slopes and bottoms, keeping in good condition upon a sjiecies of while sage, called worm- wood, which succeeds the launch grass, wlicre the latter is too closely grazed. Mr. Van Volkenburgh has had o\er 1000 tons of hay stacked up for over three years, having had ikj occasion to teed it. Three winters in twenty, cattle have died from starvation and exposure occasioned by deep snows covering the feed. Such losses are confined mainly to breeding cows, in the spring of the year, for which most prudent stock-raisers now provide a reserve of hay. The steers seldom succumb, except in extraordinary winters, such as that of 1879- 80, many of them keei)ing fat in the mountains the year round. The winter ranges throughout the Province are generally fully stocked, but hay for the winter feeding required in the Northern part may be cut in unlimited quantities. THE AGRICULTUR.VL LANDS QV BRITISH COLUMlilA Comprise in the nggregate several million acres, only a small jjortion of which are at present occupied. Vancouver Island alone is estimated to contain over 300,000 acres, — 100.000 in the vicinity of Victoria. 64,000 in North and South Saanich. 100. coo in the Cowichan district, 45,000 near Nanaimo, 5,000 in Salt Spring Island, 50.000 in tliC Comox district, and 3.500 acres near Sooke. Along the lower P>aser, including tin. Delta, tlierc arc about 175.000 acres of unsurpassed fertility. In die Lillooel. Cache Creek, Kamloops, Spallumcheen, Salmon River, Okanagan, (Jrand Prairie sections there are large amounts of excellent f.irming lands ; and in the Lake La Hache, upi)er Fraser, Chilicotin, and Peace River countries, vast Ixjdies. hundreds of miles in extent, awaiting sef 'ement. They afford the greatest choice of situation with refereiii e to climate .md producticjns. Heretofore, there has been but little enrniragement for ngricultiirists in the interior, but the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway, will 68 From Ocean to Ocean give lliein an excellent market, on the seaboard lor all lhi.ir MUplus grain, i)Otatoes, &:c. The greatness, character, and diversit}- uf the natural resources of the Province, will ultimately emiiloy a large i)0[)iila- tion in tlieir development and u'tili/aiion, creating a great de:nand at good i)riccs for all kind-^ of larm produce. I HE I'ROVIXCIAI, LAND LAWS or single Pro\"ide that any [Person being the head (jf a family, a widuw man over the age of i8 years and a J3ritish subject, or any alien upun declaring his intention to become a Brldsh subject, may record any tract of unoccupied, unsurveyed and un'-eserved Crown Lands, not exceeding 3:20 acres, North and East of the Cascade or Coast Range of Mountains, and 160 acres in the rest of the Prcnince, and " i)re-empt " or ''homestead" the same, and obtain a title therefor upon paying the sum of $1 i)er acre in four e(pial annual instalments, the first one year from the date of record. Persons desiring to accjuire land under this law must observe the following requirements : ist. The land applied for must be staked off with jjosts at each corner not less than four inches square, aiid five feet above the ground, and marked in form as follows : (A B's) Land, NT*1 post. (A ]]'s) Land, N.W; post, &c. 2nd. Applicadons must be made in writing to the Land Commis- sioner, giving a full description of the land, and also a sketch plan thereof, ])oth in diii)licate. and a declaration under oath, made and tiled in duplicate, that the land in (juestion is properly subject to settlwiieiit by the ai)plicant, and that he or she is duly ([iialificd to record the same, and a recording fee of .~*^2 paid. 3rd. Such homestead settler must within 30 days after record enter into actual occu[)ation of the land s2.50 per year. P^very free miner may hold at the same time any number of claims by purchase, but only two claims by pre-emi)tion in the same locality, one mineral claim and one other claim, and sell, mortgage, or dispose of the sanv, The si/.e of claims are as follows : — The bar diggings, a strip of land, loo feet wide at high water mark and thence extending into the river to the lowest water level. J"'or dry diggings, loo feel square. Creek claims shall be loo leer long measured in the direction of the general course of tlu' stream and thall extend in width from base to base of the hill, or bench on each side, but when the hills or benches are less than lOo feel ai)art, the claim shall be loo feet s(|uare. Bench ( laims shall lie too feet square. Mineral claims, that is claims containing, or sui)))Osed to contain minerals (other than coal) in lodes or veins, shall be 1.5C0 feet long by 600 feet wide. 70 From Ocean to Ocean Discoverers of new mines are allowed 300 feel in length for one discoverer, 600 feel for two. Soo for three, and 1,000 in length for a party of four. Creek discovery claims extend 1,000 feet on each side of the centre of the creek or as far as the summit. Coal lands West of the Cascade Range in tracts not less than 160 acres, may be purchased at not less than t(*n (U)Ilars ])er acre, and similar lands T'ast of the Cascade Range, at not less than five dollars ])er acre. THE OOVERNMENT AND THE PEOPIJ-,. British Columbia is governed by a T/jgislative Assembly of twenty- five memljcrs elected by the ])eople every four }ears. The Lieut. - (Jovernor and a council of three Ministers constitute the l'"Aecutive body, Hon. William Smithe, Premier, Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works, Hon. Minister of Finance and Agricultiu-e, Hon. Theodore Davie, Attorney-General, Hon. John Robson, Provincial Secretary and Minister of Mines, being its present olticers. Political and Religious freedom, free public schools, liberal homestead pre-emption and mining privileges, are guaranteed and secured by the laws. Justice is firmly administered, good order prevails, and life and property are secure throughout the Province. So far as the Government is conaerned. there has been nothing to remind me that I ha\e crossed the line into the Queen's Dominions, excepting the glad demonstrations (rf" welcome accorded the Governor-General, the Marquis of Lome and the Queen's daughter. Princess Louise. There is the same freedom of opinion, and outspoken criticism of i)ublic men and measures : elections are conducted with the same partisan zeal, and the Press is just as al)usive as in the United States. The peoi)le generally entertain a very friendly feeling toward the United States. The jjortraits of George and Martha Washington, Lincoln, Grant, Sheridan, Garfield, and other distinguished Americans, are often seen hanging upon the walls of both jjublic and private houses in all parts of the Province, together with those of members of the Royal Family. The jjopulation is quite cosmopolitan and liberal in their views. Stopping at an inn in the Interior recendy, it was found that eacli of the seven white persons present, rejjresented a different nation- ality. The popular feeling is strongly opposed to Chinese immigration, the present Provincial Government refusing to em()loy any Chinamen upon the public works. hy the CiViihiitVi Pacijic Raihiig Bend Country, Is about So miles in extent from Mast to \Vest. and 200 miles from North to South, embracing the rugged Selkirk range of mountains, which rise from five to nine thousand feet above the sea. From its richness in mineral deposits, extensive bodies of valuable timber, and wonderful scenery, this is the most interesting portion of country trarersed by the Canadian Pacific Railway. OOLD. Twenty years ago the richness of the gold places of McCuUoch's Creek, a tribtitary of the Columbia and its branches, attracted gold hunters from all ])arts of the world, and gold has since been iound in every stream llowing from these mountains. A'er)' rirh (luart/, veins have been discovered on McCulloch Creek the piesenl season, and there are also encouraging develo]>mcnts oii the Illicilliwait River aiul Jlea\er Creek. About thirty claims had been taken in this promising gold field at the time of my visit in July last. It is now easily accessible from various points on the line of the C. P. R. R.. TIMBER AND FUEL RESOURCES. There is timber enough in the Rocky Mountains, Selkirk, and Gold Ranges of Mountains,, accessible from the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, notwithstanding the enormous quantities destroyed by forest fires, to build a house on every quarter section of land in the North-West Territories, and supply every occupant with fuel for a thousand years. These great forests are composed mainly of cedar, Py the Canadian Pacific Raihvay. 73 spruce, fir. and pine. thnuolMlierc are considerable .growths of j poplar, birch, and cotlonwood along the streams, especially in iheir lower courses. 'I'lie largest cedars, several of \\hi(:h I measured being from 25 to 30 feet in circumference, are generally defective from 10 to 15 feet at the base, but being quite tall will usually
    t facihiv'h. anv rcjinred length, and will be especially valuable for shakes, shingles.'.Vc '|'lu' soundest trees are found on the foot-hills, and the best timber on the entire line grows on the Western slope of the Swikirk Range. MOUNTAIN FLOWERS. I had eiUered the mountains in this Northern latitude prei)ared to find the statements of previous travellers tof) rose coloured upon the subject of (lowers. ]]ut there has been no exaggeration in this respect for I saw them growing in great \ariety e\erywhere. e\en within a {^\s fe«t of a\alanches and glaciers. >ii IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // y. 1.0 I.I •^ 1^ 111112 2 £^ lis iio 1.8 IL25 III 1.4 ill 1.6 v. ^ ^;; A s/9 V/ -^ # 7 /A .. 74 From Ocean to Ocean DONALD. AT the first crossing of the Cohimbia is a small village of about thirty houses, situated on a level 0})ening surrounded by mountains from three to five thousand feet in height, covered with a thick growth of pine and tamarack. The bridge over the Columbia is 430 feet in length, the river Ijeing about one hundred feet less in width. From thence the railway follows down the Columbia 1 2 miles to the mouth of the Beaver, up the Beaver 14 miles, Bear Creek, 7 miles to the summit of the Selkirk, and thence down the Illiciliwait to the second crossing of the Columbia. Between Donald and the summit of the Selkirks occur the highest bridges on the line: First Mountain Creek bridge, 1,056 feet long and 153 feet high ; Cedar Creek, 270 feet long and 117 feet high ; Raspbery, 120 feet long and 67 feet high; Surprise, 430 feet long and 164 feet high : Cut Bank, 195 feet long and 71 feet high ; Snow Bank, 146 feet long and 51 feet high: Stoney Creek, 490 feet long and 2S6 feet high ; and Cascade Creek, 350 feet long and 67 feet high. DOWN THE ILLICILIWAIT. For 46 miles from its source the railway follows down this impetuous roaring stream, crossing it no less than 13 times. It is from one to two hundred feet in width in its lower course, with rocky bottom and banks, and not navigable except for logs, which it will carry of any size into the Columbia, where it empties 6 miles below Farwell. It receives several small streams which dash down the steep mountains, often jumping precipices hundreds of feet. Walking over the Selkirk Range of Mountains along this stream and the line of the C. P. R. in July last, I found it the most interesting country ever visited. It not only embraced the steepest mountains, biggest avalanches and glaciers, highest railway bridges in America, and the most whisky saloons and hard drinkers in proportion to 'population, but presented the most remarkable scene of ra[)id railway construction I had ever wit- nessed. The mountains swarmed with men and teams levelling the great forest trees, preparing the way with axe, pick, shovel, and powder, By the Canadian Pacific Raihvay. . - by tunnels under mountains and avalanches, and ])ridges over roaring rivers, for the steam engine, the greatest developing and civilizinc^ agency of the age. Fully ten thousand men were thus engaged, rushing the great work to completion. Men who had wintered in the Selkirks told me that snow falls from ten to twenty feet in depth, and remains until June. I walked over several avalanches, one of which was over 600 feet wide and 60 feet in depth. They level the forests in their pathway, as if the giant cedars were only dry stubble, not more by the mighty force of the mountains of packed snow moving a mile a minute, than by the velocity of the wind currents they produce ^5^» '(' From Ocean U> Ocran FARWELL. m A'V tlu' Sl'coikI Crossing; of \\\v Coiilnihia W'wvv in its sudden crea- tion, cliaracirr of con^irnclioii. l)U>:iiu>s wuCx jiopiilaiion. is a t\'i)ic;il Xcw World Western railroad ti;u'n. It is situated un a level timbered plateati. ininiediately on the left bank of \\\c river, and contains abotit 60 l)iiildings and ,300 people. Mounts iiigby and Cunningliani raise their snow .apjied lieads from seven to eight thousand feetal)0\e. The Columbia River, naxigable to Death Rapids aliout 20 miles higher up. and ujjun which steamers now run regularly to Washington Territory, it crossed here by the railway on a fine fi\e ])ier Howe truss l)ridge a thousand feet in length. From Farwell the railway ascends the Gold Range, and thence down the Kagle River to F-agle Pass LancHng, al)out 43 miles, A cliain of beautiful lakes, extending altogether 10 miles, the largest l)eing about two and a-half miles in lengtli, compose the head waters of Kagle River. These, in ravelling Westward, are named respectively, Lakes Sumnut, Victor, TJiree \'alleys, and (Iriffui. They ar;- from 20 to 250 feet in depth, and contain s])lendid si)e( imen of trout whicli, liowever. are not easily caught. Over these lakes we were ferried u])on Hat J)oats pro])elIed with great oars, before the completion of the rail- way. There is considerable good cedar and spruce along the upper waters of the Fagle Ri\er. but a dense growth of small c\ press, birch and alder ])i'e\ail in the lower \alle_\'. EAC.LK J'A.SS I.AXDINd Eagle Pass Landing looks as though it had tumbled down the mountain on a dark iiight in a state of intoxication, and had not yet sufficiently recoscred to resume an upright and respectable position. Sixty wooden and lent enclosures face a narrow street, about half of whii:h are li(iuor hells. The situation commands a charming view of mountain, lake, and river, and being the Western terminus of the wagon road, will probably not altogether thsappear upon the opening of tjie railway for through traffic. KAMLOOPS, B. C. LEADING BUSINESS FIRMS. J. T. EDWARDS. Prop.— V7a\3TX7^ ItkiCvA >: Jly the Canadian J\ic':fu Railway. 77 KAM LOOPS. f From Chittenden' i Travels in British Columbia and Alaska. in 1882.; KAMLOOPS situated at the forks (^f the North and South 'i'hompson is one of the most important ])laccs in the East Cascade region. It commands the trade of a considerable portion of the richest gra/in;^^ and agricultural sections of the Province, the Nicola, Kamltjop:^, Spal- hmicheen and Okanagan country. The Kamloops district, which lies between the Gold Range of mountains on the East and Savona's Ferry on the West, the North end of Shuswap Lake on the North and Okanagan Lake on the S:juth, contained by the returns of 1881, 8,136 horned cattle, ',ioS horses, and 2,000 sheep. About 3,000 acres of land were under cultivation, the average yield per acre being as follows : \Vheat, 1,300 lbs., barley, 1,800 lbs., oats, 1,500 lbs., peas, 2,000 lbs., potatoes, i,8oc lbs., turnips, 18,000 lbs., and hay, 2,000 lbs. The largest stock raisers and farmers are J. JJ. Graves, Thaddeus LLirper, Bennett & Lumby, Victor Guillaume, W. J. Roi)er, Duck Cv: Pringle, Wm. Jones, Hugh Morton. John Peterson. L. Campbell. 'J'hos. Sullivan, Thomas Rojjer, Ed. Roberts, \\'m. l"\>rtune, W. J. Howe, A. J. Kirkpatrick, Peter Frazer, James Steele, Herman Wichers, Alexander Fortune, Mathew Hutcliison, George I^y nn and John lOdwards. Kam- loops was first occupied b\- the Hudson Bay Com])any, their old fort still standing on the right bank of the river o])posite. In those days the Indian tribes were fre< [uently at war with each other, and the serv- ants of the comjjany had to keep a sharp look out f(jr their scalps. Rosana Shubcrt, daughter of Augustus and Rosana Shubert, who crossed the mountains from \\'inni})eg in 1862, was the first white child born in the place.* The flour and sawmill of the Shuswaj) Milling Company is located here, James Mcintosh, manager. It lias a caijacity of fifty * SiiH'<' tlic !nlv('iit of tile ('. r. I{. Kiimlnops liM.M more tlum doiililt'd in sizo ami j)()])iilali>l iiiiporLiiU 'Tiitic oi traili' in the In- terior of thr" Provinc-i.', ,:^i 1: 7S From Ocean to Ocean barrels of lluur daily and manufiicturcs the various grades of rough and dressed lumber. I am indebted to Mr. Tunstall, Government Agent at Kamloops, for much valuable iniurmation concerning that section. i THE OKANAGAN SPALLUMCHEEN COUNTRY, I! ! From Kamloops to Okanagan Mission, via Duck (£■ Pringle's Grand Prairie, and Okanagan ; returning through the Spallntncheen, Salmon River, Round and Pleasant Valleys. On the 4th of October I resumed my journey through the South- easterik portion of the Province. For eighteen miles to Duck & Prin- gles ranch we followed up the South Thompson, passing through a fine pastoral and wheat growing country. M. Jacob Duck having purchased the interest of his partner, is now the sole owner of this splendid estate, comprising 3,000 acres of the best grazing and farming land of this region, well watered, yielding five hundred tons of hay, and now stocked with a thousand head of cattle. The valley proper is from one to one and a-half miles in width, flanked by mountains, with gradual receding foot- hills covered with bunch grass. From thence we rode eighteen miles South-eastward, over smooth, rolling mountains from 1,550 to 2,600 feet in height, to GRAND PRAIRIE. These mountains are thinly wooded with fir and pine, and interspersed with lakes, bordered by meadows and marshes. Grand Prairie is a rich and pleasant opening, about four miles long and two miles wide, occupied by four settlers, Kirkpatrick, J. Pringle, Jones, and the Ingram heirs. There is room in the light pine lands bordering it, for a dozen more families. Proceeding early on the morning of the 5th, we soon crossed, and then followed down the Salmon River for upwards of twenty miles, through a rolling, pine timbered section. This stream then flows North into the Shuswap Lake, its lower valley containing several thousand acres of oi)en, fertile farming land. Continuing South-Easterly, ten miles brings us to O'Keefe's and (ireenhow's ranches, at the head of Okanagan Lake. They came here fourteen years ago with limited means, and are now '- jwners, each, of 2^00-acre ranches, and seven of Kt of, Toi By the Canadian Pacific Railway. 79 h Id ill of or eight hundred head of < uttle, worth twenty-five or thirty thousand dollars. ^Ve are now in the OKANAGAN COUNTRY, \Vhieh, together with tlie near lying valleys of Spallumchecn and Salmon River, embraces the largest scope of pastoral and arable lands in one body, in South-Eastern British Columbia. Okanagan Lake, the source of the Okanagan River, a tributary of the Columbia, is about eighty miles in length, and t'rom two to three miles in width. A survey has just been completed for a canal connecting the lake with the navigable waters of the Spallumcheen, only about twenty miles from its head. Its construction would extend steamboat navigation to within thirty miles of the Boundary Line or 49th parallel, and greatly promote the rajjid settlement and development of naturally the richest part of the interior of the Province. Reaching O'Keefe's at noon and lunching hastily, I walked four miles, and then mounting a powerful horse, galloped thirty-eight miles South on the East side of Okanagan Lake and took supper at seven o'clock with Eli Lequime at THE OKANAGAN MISSION. I rode through the most magnificent pastoral and farming region I have seen since visiting the Walla Walla Valley of Washington. On the right a low range of mountains about four miles in width reaching to the Eastern shore of the Lake extends most of the way. They are covered with bunch grass from foot-hill to summit, and though lightly pine timbered afford excellent summer grazing. Im- mediately on the left lie a chain of beautiful lakes, extending Southward over twenty miles. First Swan Lake, surrounded by extensive meadows, and splendid wheat lands with a grand stretch of rolling foot- hill grazing lands, lying to the South-Eastward. Over this section under charge of Mr. Vance, range the six hundred horses of Hon. F. J. Barnard, M.P., the most extensive breeder of tine horses in the Province. Here are also . ranches of Lawson, Andrew, and Lyons. Next comes Long Lake, eight or ten miles in length, and about a mile in width, with a large scope of good grazing country surrounding its Northern shores. To the East lies the Cherry Creek settlement, the home of Hon. G. Forbes Vernon, and Girouard, Deloir, Ellison, Walker, Reefer, Duer, P. Bissctt, Louis Christian and Williams. A narrow strip of land known as the Railway, separates Long Lake from Wood Lake. Tom Wood has a ranch and six hundred head of cattle on its South side. i I! 80 From Ocean to Ocean Now wc reach tlic head ot" the Mission or OKANAdAN VALLKY, Which is iil)(jul fifiecn miles long, and Ironi three to lour miles in width. It was hrsl 0( ( u])ied by Peter Le<|uime and wile, who i:ame into the valley almost dead broke Iihmii Roi:k Creek, twenty-two years ag(^, and are now the owners of a thousand-acre ranch, 1000 head of cattle, a store, good houses and barns, and thousands of cash besides. The soil is a rich sedimentary deposit growing enormous crops of cereals and roots. Mr. Lequime says his wheat averages from twenty-five to thirty bushels per acre. He showed me a potato which turned the scale at four pounds. Fruit, melons, and tomatoes grow linely, and Indian corn usually reaches maturity. The climate is healthy, water good, and fuel abundant. The lakes abound with fish, wild geese and duck. There are about twenty white settlers ni the valley, engaged princijially in stock raising, though farming several hundred acres. First below Woods' is the Postill ranch of 800 acres, beautifully situated upon Postill Lake. They have 400 head of cattle, 100 horses, and cultivate 150 acres. Their neighbor, Fulton, was digging potatoes, which he esti- mated would yield over 500 bushels to the acre. He had farmed in the East and in California and never saw such a crop. Then follow the ranches of Jones, Wheelan, Fulton, McGinnis, Simpson, Lacerte, Bucherie, Brant, Moore, Simpson, Ortolan, Jos. Christian, Eli Ixquime, McDougal, and Hayward in the order named. Two settlers, Fronson and Brewer, live in Priest Valley, and three white men. Major Squires, Copp, and Hermann, are gold mining on Mission Creek, about seven miles above the Mission. There are about 4,000 head of cattle in the Okanagan Valley, and 6,000 in the seventy miles of country between the Mission and the Boundary Line. The Government wagon road terminates at Leciuime's, from whence i)ack trails lead over the mountains to the Custom House, and 160 miles to Hope on the Fraser River. On the morning of the 6th, I rode forty-two nn'Ies to O'Keefe's, horseback, then five miles by wagon, when a walk of seven miles brought me to the Lambly ranch in the SPALLUMCHEEN VALLEY^ The choicest body of farming lands in this whole region. The Spallumchcen or Shuswap River rises in the Gold Range of mountains, and flows into Shuswap Lake, and from thence into the South Thomp- tij frl ml 'vl in W Hi By the Canadian Pacific Railway. 8i son. Ii is navigable for steamboats to Fortune's Ranrli, al)f)ut 25 miles from its mouth. Undulating liLjhtly timbered pine lands, several miles in width, extend nearly the whole distance. There are occasional .small openings, the largest, occupietl by Mr. Dunbar, containing upwards of three hundred acres. He is the only settler upon this large tract, which will furnish farms for at least one hundred families. The soil is a deep clay loam, and the rainfall sufficient to secure go id cro])s without irriga- tion. But the most beautiful portion of the Valley of the Spallumcheen does not lie along the river, but beginning at Si)allumcheen Landing extends South for fifteen miles, with 'AW average width of 2^ j miles. It contains about 3,000 acres of level prairie ojiening, exclusive of Pleasant A'alley and Round Prairie, comprised within the same valley but separated by narrow belts of pine. The soil is a deep t;layey loam, producing on an average one ton of wheat pjr acre and abundant crops of all the i;ereals and roots grown in this latitude, and without irrigation. The climate is salubrious, water good, winters of moderate severity, the snow full usually about two fejt in depth. Mr. A. L. Fortune and Mark Wallis, its first settlers, in 1866 took possession of the fine farm of 320 acres now owned by the former. Hj cultivates 200 acres, and has 200 head of cattle, 30 horses, &c. There are about 1,500 acies improved in the valley, Hermann VVichers, E. M. Furstcnau, Frank Young, G. W. Wallace, A. Shubert, H. Swanson, W. Murray, D. (iraham, J. W. Powell, and the Lambly brothers being its other occupants. A Ride Through the Salmon River Valley, Okanagan Indian Reserva- tion, and Round Prairie. An Interview loith His Excellency the Governor-General, the Marquis of Lome. The Salmon River, rising in the mountains South-East of Kam- loops, in its lower course runs parallel with and about ten miles from the Shuswap River, emjitying into the lake of that name. It embraces from three to four thousand acres of prairie and rolling foot-hil's, and a much larger body of open pine land easily cleared for farming purposes. The soil is a deep dark sandy loam, jiroducing large crops without irrigation. It is occupied by the Steel Brothers (James, Thomas, and \V. B.), Matthew Hutchinson, Geo. Lynn, Donald Matthews, A. C, Wilkie, and Thomas James, 330 acres each. They cultivate altogether 82 From Ocean to Ocean about 400 acres, and raise a few cattle, horses and hogs. Mr. James Steele has the best inii)roved farm in the valley, and twenty-eight thorough-bred shorthorns. Mr. A. Pcistill is building a saw-mill on Deep Creek, where there is a considerable body of good pine timber, (ralloping through it on the morning of October yth. I ()Vcrto;)k Wm. Richardson who was blazing the trees from his ranch to the main road. He tliuugln it was the best country in the world for a poor m. Landing at J>urrard Inlet four years ago with one dollar and a-nalf, he had since earned by his own labor one farm of t6o acres, jxirtly paid for 320 acres more, has a small band of horses, and is entirely out of debt. A little further on my horse suddenly sjirang forward, and a small shepherd dog ran by at full sjjced. Looking back expecting that his owner was following, great was my surprise to see a coyote wolf in full pursuit. He stopped when about three rods off, sat down on his haunches, as if knowing that I was unarmed and perfectly harmless. When I advanced he retreated delib- erately, sitting down again when in climbing a very steep hill I halted to dismount. Reaching the summit I gave chase at full speed, but the cunning animal by choosing the roughest ground, escaped. I have seen a shepherd dog and wolf in company once before standing to- gether upon the banks of the Rio Grande in Mexico. Riding on 14 miles to the head of the valley and turning Eastward, I followed a good trail seven miles across the Okanagan Indian Reservation, a rich bunch grass ruige capable of supporting 500 or 600 head of cattle, but un- occupied except by a few Lidian ponies. Descending the foot-hills toward Lake Okanagan, THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL, THE MARQUIS OF LORNE, And party, ex-Lieut.-Governor Trutch and Col. DeVVinton, were seen shooting in the distance. The Marquis is very popular with the people who came flocking in from the remotest settlements to see him. His P^xcellency expressed himself to me as highly pleased with what he had seen in the Province, and seemed to take a deep interest in its further development and prosperity. Mr. Campbell, of the Governor-General's staff, who accompanied the Earl of Dufferin on his visit to the Province, was busy taking notes upon the resources of the country. He thinks the scenery of British Columbia is the grandest and most beautiful he has ever seen. I returned through Round Prairie, a very beautiful opening of 500 acres, between the Salmon River and Spallumcheen liy the Cauiiiiian Pacific /uii/h'tiy. ."^3 \';illfys. Messrs Jones. Kirkiiatrick. Priiulk-. Clciiicn->loii aiul Sliuhcii. Iki\l secured this < hoii c location. From the Spcilliitiichccn Valley to Mesas. JJarnar,/ and I'cnio/i's A'a/ic/u's, via J'lcasa/it Valley. I''roin Messrs. l>enneil ami Liiml»y'.-> farm lo Mr N'crnon's is ahoul Iwciuy-rivc miles. En route 1 passed through I'leasunt X'alley. ;i fme level prairie opening of 800 or 900 acres, lying a mile and a-half to the Eastward of the main road. J 11 reaciiing it by a short c:ut across a hvvamjj my horse suddenly sank belly deep, wh';n, dismounting, we both floundered out covered with mud and water. I found the settlers, Clinton ^: Murray, Kdward Thorne, Hermann Wichers, Donald Graham, and the Croziers in the midst of threshing. Mr. Murray gave mc the yearly j)roduct of his cereals for a term of six years, which shows a!i average yield of twenty-eight bushels per acre. 13eing tpiite wet, to avoid taking cold, 1 left my horse at O'Keefe's, and i)roceeded from thence on foot. Four miles South-East of the nead of Lake Ukanagan, I took a trail leading along the East side of Swan Lake. At least A THUUS.AND WILD GEESE Were standing together on the shore. Two or three miles beyond, darkness overtook me. and after two lunirs' unsuccessiul search among the foot-hills for Vance's, wet to my waist, I found shelter in the cabin of a neighboring settler. It contained a single room already occuj)ied by two white men, two Indian women and their babes; but after ring- ing and drying out for an hour before a roaring fire I laid down ujjon a mattress on the floor until daylight. Early in the morning I reached HON. V. J. DARNARD's ranch, And saw upwards of 400 of his 700 horses now on the range. Sired by Belmont, Morgan, and Norman, stallions, they are the finest animals I have seen in the Province. Mr. Vance, for 14 years manager of the ranch, says diat they subsist throughout the year upon the native grasses and have suffered from cold and scarcity of feed only one winter during that period. Five miles further over a rich rolling country, compris- ing several thousand acres of excellent wheal land, brought me S4 From Ocean to Ocean to Hon. G. Forbes \'cnioii's Ranch. It contains 2,500 acres, beaiui- fully situated, between the mountains upon Coldstream, which Hows into Long Lake. Near here two coyotes came leisurely down from the foot- hills and circling round me within a short distance, returned u]^ the mountains. They arc quite numerous, and catch large numl)ers of small pigs and occasionally a )oung calf. From Spallumclicen to Kamloops by Steamer, tlirougk the Little and B'l Shusioap Lakes and down the South Thompson. ^ f !•; ' From the present head of navigation on the Spall umcheen River to Kamloops is about 125 miles. As previously stated, the building of a canal twenty miles in length from Spallumcheen to the head of Lake Okanagan would extend navigation over eighty miles further through the heart of the richest portion of the interior of the Province. The surface and soil of the country through which it would i)ass is very favorable for its construction. On the i6th of October, having exhausted the time at my disposal for examining the Okanagan and Spalhmicheen country, I took the steamer Spallumcheen for Kamloops. The smallest of the three running upon the upper waters, she is not of oceanic dimensions and being built exclusively for carrying freight, her passenger accommodations are very limited. But her deficiencies in this respect were the source of amusement rather than discomfort. Captain Meananteu, who was also engineer, mate and pilot, kindly shared his bunk with me, and when duties on deck called away the Indian boy cook and interfered with the regular service of meals, I officiated as assistant, and so we got along splendidly. F'or two days we slowly steamed through a magnificent stretch of lakes and rivers, amidst scenery of exceeding grandeur and beauty. For a distance of twenty-five miles down the Spallumcheen, both banks are lightly wooded with fir, cedar, white pine, poplar and birch. Hazel bushes and highbush cranberries are seen growing near the river. The valley is from one to three and a-half miles in width, surface generally level, soil a rich clay loam and alluvial, and will afford homes foi more than one hundred families. Some portions will require dyking to the height of about i .rec feet for protection against overflow. Should the Canadian Pacific Railway adopt the South Thompson and Kicking By the Canadian Pacific Railway. 85 Horse Pasis route these lands will soon become quite valuable. When about halfway down the Spallumcheen A DEER WAS SEEN SWIMMING ACROSS AHEAD OF US. Giving chase, the frightened animal instead of turning back to the shore and escaping, i)lunge(l on directly in our course, until standing in the bow of the boat, armed with a long i)ole, I was able to strike it a fa'^al l)low on the head. Our two Indian helpers sprang into a canoe, seized and threw it on deck, an acceptal)le addition to our larder. Swan, wild geese, and duck were seen at almost every turn, but there were no firearms, not even a pistol on board. We tied up for the night on the shore of the lake, o])posite a logging caini). The best timber found in this ])art of the iVovince grows upon the borders of these lakes and of the streams flowing into them. A party of Indians were catching fish by torch light near us. Salmon and trout were so niunerous that I could count them by the dozens from the boat as we advanced in the morning. Reaching the Thomi)son River, the moun- tains recede more gradually, the bare rolling foot-hills affording considerable grazing, and occasional benches of arable land, chiefly occupied by Indians. From Kamioops to Cook's Ferry. tJirough the Nicola Comitry. The Nicola River, a tributary of the Thompson, is the i)rincipal stream draining the mountainous region lying Ix'tween the latter, and Lake Okanagan on the East. The valley is narrow and disappointing for the first twenty miles, Init then si)reads out over the rolling foot-hills and mountains, embracing one of the finest bodies of grazing country in the Province. It contains a population of about six hvmdred, four hundred of which are Indians, the former being engaged chiefly in stock-raising, owning at present about 8,500 cattle, 1,500 horses, and 1,200 sheep. The climate and soil are also well adapted to the growth of grain and root crops, upwards of a thousand acres being under culti- vation by irrigation. A fair wagon road trail extends all the way from Kamioops to Cook's Ferry, the distance being a little over one hundred miles. With the exception of John Gilmore's ex])ress, which runs up the valley about half way from the Ferry with H. M.'s mails, it is not 86 Fjoih Ocean to OiCan traversed by any regular conveyance. Starting out early on the morn- ing of October i8th, for nearly twenty miles I gradually ascended the summit of the Thomj)son-Nicola divide through rich, rolling bunch grass ranges, occupied by Messrs. McConnell, McLeod, Jones, New man, and others. Then descending Lake Riser, the head waters of the Nicola, through Fraser's and Scott's ranches, 1 stoi)ped a few moments at Mr. William Palmer's dairy farm. He milks ihirty-five cows, churns by water-power, and makes an excellent (luality of butter and very good cheese, the former selling readily for 40 and the latter for 20 cents per pound. From thence I took a trail several miles o\'er a spur of the mountains leaving the fine ranches of the Moore llrothers- on the right. Soon I reach the head of Nicola Lake, a beautiful body of water extending down the valley for fourteen miles, with an average width of about one mile. The little village of Quilchanna, consisting of Joseph Blackbourne's Hotel, Edward O'Rourke's store, Richard O'Rourke's blacksmith shop, and P. L, Anderson's store, is situated on the East side. A. Van A'olkenburg owns a splendid 2,000 acre ranch here, stocked with 900 head of cattle? and IJlackbourne, John Plamilton, Oeorge C. JJeiit, John Clilmore- Samuel Wasley, Byron Ivirnsiiaw. and Patrick Ivillroy, other excellent ranges in this neighborhood. The Douglas Lake country, lying to the Eastward, contains a con- siderable extent of choice pastoral lands, owned by P. AL Jieak, Hugh Murray, L. CJuichon, 'i'. Richardson, McRae brothers and others. It is said that one of its most prosperous stock-raisers recently wedded a lady from the Golden Slate, and started with her for his ranch. The fair bride had been led either by the overdrawn statements of her anxious lover, or the natural fmcies of a youthful, inexperienced maiden to expect to be ushered into a mansion house becoming the possessor of such large bands of fir cattle and wide areas of rich pasturage. Now it is well known that some of these cattle Lords dwell in habitations which would not be considered first-class for any i)ur[)Ose — single room, dirt floor, dirt roof, one window, l(jw, small, dirty log cabins, where, in the dim light of a tallow candle, they make their slap-jacks, as I have seen them, on the top of a dirty stove. I'hc happy couple, after a splendid ride through the beautiful country, halt belbre a rcnigh jjile of logs havmg the api)earance of a stable. "What is this?" the bride asked. "This is my home — our home," replied the bridegroom. ''Home! Home I You — you cruel deceiver, you call that miserable hovel our By the Can ad i an Pacific Ral/n'ay, 87 /torn e It may do for your honie, but it will never be mine.'" she exclaimed with dramatic emphasis, and in spite of all entreaties, left him then and there and returned to the Sunny South. Xiiie miles further down the now narrowing valley brings me to NICOLA, Its princi|)al town, ft is pleasantly situated near the foot of the lake and comprises a neat little church and school-house, Pettit & Co.'s store, George Fenson's Hour and saw-mill, and several private residences. Leaving Nicola, the valley broadens again for several miles, stretching across the river bottoms and over the ^V■estward slope of the mountains. John Clajjpcrton, A. D. (1. Armitage, Paul Gillie, Edwin Dalley, John Chartres. W'm. Chartres, \Vm. \'()ght and Alexander Coutlie are the jirincipal settlers of this section. 'I'he latter has one of the liest ])laces in the interior. From thence the \allcy rai)idly narrows, and below the Woodward farms and mills, to less than a mile in width, tlanked by precipitous, thinly pine wooded mountains. There are small tracts of arable and irrigable lands, chiefly occupied by Indians, James Phair, proprietor of the 22-mile house — a very comfortable, home-like inn — being the only white settler for the last twenty-five miles. I am informed by Mr. Thaddeus Harjier and others, that there is a six-foot vein of good bituminous coal in the central portion o*" the valley, easily accessible. A ride from Kamloops through the North Thompson Settlement. The Thompson River, the principal tril)utary of the Fraser, forks at Kvamloo])S, the North branch heading near latitude 53 l)etween the Canoe River and the North Fork of the Quesnelle. It is navigable for light draught steamers to Pea Vine, a distance of about 125 miles from Kamloops. One of the most favored routes of the Canadian Pacific Railroad followed up this stream by an easy grade crossing the Rocky Mountains through the Yellow Head or Leather Pass. It flows between mountains from three thousand to six thousand feet in height, generally sparsely wooded with fir, pine and cedar, though containing excellent bunch grass ranges of considerable extent. The rolling foot-hills are also covered with bunch grass and sage, a fine quality known here as wormwood prevailing on the lower slopes and benches. Cottonwood, alder and birch grows along the immediate river banks. The valley is 88 From Ocean to Ocean .lii from one to two-and-a-half miles in width, and though specially adapted for grazing purposes contains several thousand acres of rich farming lands. The soil is variable — gravelly \\\)0X\ the benches, with a fine deep alluvial on the bottom. The Kamloops Indian Reservation of about 23,000 acres at the Forks of the 'J'liomjjson comprises about 2,500 acres of its best arable lands. 'I'hc valle\ Ik.s been occupied by whites since 1865 and contains at [)resent ten settlers — Mclvors, Edwards, Sullivan, and Kanouff on the left bank, and Fetch, McQueen, Oordon, McAuley, and Jamieson on the right bank. They are engaged princii)ally in raising cattle, horses and hogs, their aggregate stock amounHng to about 1,100 head. Sullivan and Edwards have between four and tive hundred each. Mr. Edwards farms upwards of 200 acres of rich bottom land. His wheat yields on an average twenty-five bushels per acre. There is room for a few more settlers in this valley. Mr. Sullivan says there are good cattle ranges in the mountain valleys as yet almost untouched. The stock-sui)porting capacity of this region must, however, be based upon the extent of the winter feed. This is greater than I had sui)posed, and sufficient by the cultivation of the tame grasses in the meadows, to carry a large number of cattle through the severest winters. On the 30th of September, furnished with a good horse by Mr. Tait, of the Hudson Bay CorniJany, I rode rapidly over a pretty good trail to Jamieson's ranch, 17 miles from Kamloops on the right bank. Mr. Jamieson kindly ferried me over the river here which is three hundred yards in width, my horse swimming behind the boat. 1 was hospitably entertained for the night at Sullivan's, returning to the Forks the following morning, crossing the South Thompson upon an Indian flat boat. Since writing the foregoing Ij have been informed that gold has been found in McAuley's, Jamieson's, and Lewis' creeks, and a four foot vein of lignite coal upon the North Thompson Indian Reserva- tion, 70 miles from Kamloops. FROM KAMLOOPS TO TRANQUILLE. On the 3rd of October I crossed the Thompson River opposite the Hudson Bay Co.'s store, and rode eight miles Westward along the North shore of Kamloops to Tranquille. Low lands and green meadows from one to one-and-a-half miles in width, producing thousands of tons of hay, extend the whole distance on the left. These were alive with ducks and wild geese. A low range of mountains sparsely wooded with pine upon the summits, with gradually sloping foot-hills stretch away on the right. There is a band of over 200 native horses living in By the Canadian Pacific Railway. 89 these mountains belonging to the Hudson Bay Co.. said to be wilder than deer. They fly like the wind ujion the approach of horsemen, but arc sometimes captured by parties of Indians mounted U]Jon their fleetest horses, and also in the winter \\\)0\\ snow-shoes, when the snows are deej). 'rran([uille is the home of \Vm. Fortune and liis excellent wife, the former crossing the Rocky Mountains in 1862 and settling here 14 years ago. Togetlier they have acquired a magnificent jjroperty, con- sisting of a splendid ranch of 400 acres (stocked with 250 head of cattle, IOC horses, too hogs, and a choice band of sheep), a gristmill grinding eighty sacks of excellent flour a day. and a ste.i.' . vit. The Lady Dufferin. The Tranqiiille River flows through the place affording an excellent water i)ower, and abundant water for irrigation. Mr, Fortune's garden is one of the best I have seen in the Province, growing in great abundance and perfection a long list of fruits, berries, and vegetables, including melons and tomatoes. Learning that there were i)lacer GOLD DIGGING.S ON THE TRANQUILLE, Accomi)anied by Mr. Fortune I went three or four miles up the stream, and was much surprised at their extent and i)roduction. From twenty to thirty Chinamen have mined here for several years and are evidently doing very well. The first one whom we asked to show us some gold, brought out several packages containing an oimce or more in each. They build log cabins, cultivate gardens, raise chickens and live here the year round on the best the country affords. An oven was shown me made of rocks and mud, where they occasionally roast a whole hog, usually on their national holidays. Mr. Fortune says that they fre- quently go home to China and bring back their relatives with them. Returning, Mrs. Fortune spread an excellent lunch of home productions, — meat, bread, butter, jams, jellies, tarts, fruits, etc. t)n tiie wall of the sitting room I noticed a first premium diploma awarded Mr. P'ortune by the North and .South Saanich Annual Exhibition of 1879 ^''^ flour of his manufacture. John Johnson, an employee of ihe Hudson Bay Co., who has been in British Columbia for thirty years, took charge of my horse at the Forks and paddled me across to K.am- loops in a dug-out. He remembers but four severe winters during his loner residence in the Province. 90 From Ocean to Ocean giitt^mtiVi^ 4-cvxui aub l^^m. Jjotni. -<- MKAR the hank of" the 'I'honipson, wiicrc it Hows from Ramloops Lake, may be seen the cabin of an Itahan named ")avona, who U})\vards of twenty years ago ran a ferry here, kept a small store, and flourished until his cattle and horses covered the neii^diboring hills. He married an Indian woman, and their tair daughter was won by a handsome half- breed. Now, this son-in-law who of course came home to live with the old folks, was gay and festive, and betwixt potlaches, horse-racing, and gambling, most industriously engaged in while the stock held out, soon so completely used up the jjarental estate, that Savona, dying, left noth- ing behind but his name. While fishing for trout in the Thompson River, a short distance below the lake, a young Indian woman, accompanying a party of them, lingered behind until her friends had passed out of sight over the hills, and then ])roposed to assist me in catching trout. Knowing that the native women are ([uite as skilful as the men in fish- ing, I handed her the rod and line ; but after angling unsuccessfully for a little while, the true inwardness of the desire of this artful child of the forest was made manifest — and it was not to catch trout. Travelling alone among the Indians is still attended with great danger for those susceptible to the charms of these wild passionate girls of nature. I have known a ])ious young missionary to resign his post to escape from their temptations, though such examples of virtuous resistance are exceedingly rare. The ordinary frontiersman oftener i)rays to be led into such temi)tation as soon as possible than otherwise. The village of Van Horn is beautifully situated on the South shore of the lake, about a mile from the old ferry. This is a delightful i)lace of summer resort, with all the advantages of a perfect climate, hunting, fishing, and boating. SFEITCE'S BUZDGT, VAN HORIT AND SAVONA'S FfiBB7 BUSIN£:;S FIBMS. SPENCE'S BRIDGE, B. C. I ^^W^ QaWMMMB, The Favorite Tourists and Health Seeker's Resort of the Interior. GOOD ACCOMMODATIONS AND RKASONABLB: CHARGR.S. .It t. d r^ Spexice's ^ricigre, B- O. i>0> o< ^Si^Q^y ^2fap3rl@tar@@@. The Best Accommodations for Man and Beast. JOHN MURRAY'S SPENCE'S BRIDGE, B. C, Native Flower Seeds, and English Gooseberries, a Specialty. I.AKE VIE^\^ HOUSE, FERGUSON & NEWLAND, Proprietors. (»oor> Accommodation at Reasonable Rates. H. F. KEEFKR, tJenornl Merchandisp, Spence's Bridge, Savona's Ferry and Eagle Pass. W. H. HOLMES, Ijivery, Pleasure Boats and Bath House, Van Horn. VAN HORN HOTEL, F. Grotty, Proprietor, Van Horn, B. C. JOHN JANE, General Merchandise, Savona. Shuswap Lake« Eagle Pass and Farwell, B. C, Leading Business Firms. LITTLE SHUHWAP LAKE HOTEL, STORE AND BUTCHER, Chase & Co., Proprietors. URI NELSON, Eagle Pass Landing, arnernl MeroliandlHO. SULPHUR SPRING HOTEL, Eagle Pass Landing, P. George, Proprietor. MCGREGOR & SMITH, Eagle Pass Landing, dealers In General Merchandise. CAMPBELL & LEMON, Eagle Pass Landing, dealers In General Merch^.uJlse. KWONG FAT, Eagle Pass Landing, dealer In General Mt -chandlsc. KWONG TAI LONG, Eagle Pass Landing, dealer In General Merchandise. KWONG MOW SANG, Eagle Pass Landing, dealer In General Merchandise. THIRTEEN MILE HOUSE, Hunter & Chlshtlm, Proprietors, On Eagle Pass Wagon Road. (Fine hunting and fishing.) GRIFFIN LAKE HOTEL, Thirty miles from Landing on Grlffln Lake. I' ->>THE GRAND HOTEL,^ 1— NEAR Cook's Ferry tlie road crosses f'le great mud slide, or nio\ iiii; mountain, which a railroad engineer said was sliding toward the river at the rate of eight feet a year. I am well ar([uainted with Moriinier Cook, wl 1 immortalized himself, and made a fjrtune here, in the days when Cehiboo n'as rolling out her fabulous wealth, by ferrying over the armies of gold hunters rushing Northwaid. A man of remark- able energy and excei)tional ability, he rode into this country i)0()r, on a mule, and out of it in good style a few years later, worth his thousands, added to them by successful operations in the \W'st, invested all in Califoinia, flourished, became banker and Mayor of the most beautiful city on the Southern coast, and then, in the general financial crash of 1877, tii>''ied every thing over to his creditors, like a man. 'J'he place is now (luitc a little village, and being situated at the entrance lo the Nicola counlry. will always prosper. A[r. John Murray.''' an old lime resident, owns a fine projierty and ranch here, u])on which, in adchtion to excellent grains, vegetables, aj)ples, cherries, ])huns, and berries, lie has grown this season, grapes, which, he says, the Marquis of Lome pronoimced equal to any raised in the Dominion. Crossing the Thomp- son Ri\er, on Silence's Bridge, I jfroceeded thirty miles to Cache Creek, past Oregon Jack's, and through ASHCROFT, Ivieutenant-Governor Cornwall's s[)lendid estate. The mountain valleys to the Westward contain excellent summer stock ranges, and the rolling river slo])es, considerable tracts of arable land, producing large crops by irrigation. The manager of the Governor's place told me that they raised 19,500 p.junds of wheat ^'•om six acres, or over fifty bushels per acre, and that thirty-three l)us'..^i> is their average yield. A few miles beyond, Antoine Minaberriet owns a fine ranch of 2,030 acres, with ♦Since the torcnoiiitr wns written. Mr. >riirriiy has oxponded .several tbousantl dollars, in tlio suecessl'iU eslal)lisliintn! (if tlie most extensive and reliable fruit nursery ot the Iiiferinr, and in ))rinL;in.ii an ahundant supply of exoellent water from the mountain. The ^Jorton House, situated hei'e, will he fi)und a very eom- I'ortahle home-like iilaoe. There is excellent hunlini; anil ti'out tishing in the near neis'hborhood. 9» From Ocean to Ocean 400 improved, fourteen miles of irrigating ditches, where he has made a fortune by stock-raising. He sold 84,000 worth of cattle last year, and has now 900 on the range. Between his place and CACHE CRKEK T came near step])ing on a rattlesnake, which gave the alarm just in time to enal)]e me to jumi) out of reach of its poisonous fangs. Procur- ing n sharp stone, and apj)roa(hing as near as prudent, by a lucky throw I nearly severed its vemonous head. It was about three feet in length, with six rattles. They are not numerous, being seldom seen in the course of ordinary travel. Cache Creek is situated on the J^uona- ])arte, about six miles from the Thomjjson River. 1 rode through this rich, ])leasant valley with Mr. Thaddeus Harper, who owns 25,000 acres of land, large bands of cattle and blooded horses, imjjroved farms, gold mines, flour and saw-mills, town sites, &c. It contains about 2,500 acres of very rich soil, principally owned by Harper, Wilson, Van Volkenburgh, and Sanford. Stopping a moment where wheat threshing was in progress, I found the berry to be excx'jjtionally large and white. Returning to Cache Creek, I rode 275 miles further North to Barkerville uj)on the excellent stages of the BRITISH COLUMBIA EXPRESS CO., Their lint uining the entire length of the great Vale-Cariboo Wagon Road, first established as Barnard's Express in i860, was incorporated as the Britisli Columbia Express Company in 1S78, Mr. Erank J. Bar- nard, of Victoria, being its managing agent. Horses and men were used at first for its traffic over the rough and difficult mountain trails. At Boston Bar, I was told about two Indians who once sought refuge at an inn near the Suspension Bridge, after having been covered up and roughly handled by an avalanche. As they were leaving, it was noticed that they shouldered heavily weighted sacks. U])on enquiry, it was found that they were each carrying eighty pounds of gold dust for the com- pany, which they safely delivered to Mr. Dodd, its agent at Vale. But stages were substituted in 1865, and for eighteen years it has been one of the best equipped and managed stage lines upon the Pacific coast. It is stocked with splendid horses raised by Hon. F. J. Barnard, M.P., the largest owner in the company, upon his extensive horse ranch in the Okanagan country. These spirited animals are frequently hitched up, wild from the range, ahead of trained ones, and though dashing away at By the Canadian Pacific Railway. 93 full gallop, up and down hills for miles, over the most frightful mounlain roads, are so skilfully managed by careful and experienced drivers, thai accidents seldom occur. A ride of twcntv->ix miles in a North-Westerlv direction, fourteen up the valley of the JUioiiaparle Creek, lightly wooded with Cottonwood and poplar, and containing about a thousand acres of rich arable bottoms, exclusive of meadows, and thence across Hat Creek along the shores of beautiful lakes, golden bordered with the autumn foliage of the poplar and vine maple, brings us to CLINTON. re it in Id Id IS jut lof lit Ihe at It is a pleasant village of about one himdred inhabitants, two good inns, several stores and shops, situated at the j miction of the old Harrison River, Lillooet, with the Vale-Cariboo road. Within a radius of thirty miles there are summer stock ranges of considerable extent, especially in the Green Lake country and Cut-off Valley, and arable lands producing annually about 30,000 bushels of wheat and other grains. Late and early frosts frequently cut short the root and vegetable crops, though this season's yield was most abundant. Mr. Foster, the leading merchant of this section, showed me a potato grown near town which weighed two and three-quarter pounds. From twenty-five to thirty thousand dollars' worth of gold dust is sluiced out yearly by Chinamen and Indians along the Fraser and trilnitary streams within sixty miles. The Big Slide (quartz lode, owned by Mr. F. W. P'oster, is rei)orted immensely rich, assaying from %\o to .$100 per ten. About $20,000 worth of furs are purchased here annually, principally beaver. A small rapid mountain stream flows through the village into the Buonaparte. A few years ago it was stocked with trout, and so rapidly have they increased that a fellow passenger, Mr. Andrew Gray o Victoria, bi ought in forty splendid specimens after an absence not exceeding two hours. For fifty miles beyond Clinton we pursued a North-Easterly course over a rocky surfaced mountain divide between the Fraser and the Thompson, lightly wooded with black pine, spruce, and tamarack, known as the Green Timber. Near the summit, at an elevation of 3,660 feet, we pass within sight of the Great Chasm, a remarkable rent in the mountain nearly a thousand feet in depth, perpendicular walled, with two lakelets gleaming through the pines at the bottom. At Bridge Creek there is a pleasant prairie opening of six or seven hundred acres with meadows bordering, owned by Mr. Hamil- 94 From Ocean to Ocean ton. and iisid for (l.iirying purposes. .Si;on wc .uc lollDwing down tlu' Salmon and San Jose Rivers through WW. nKAUIII UL I.AKI. I-A HACHK COLNTKV. It (.nihraci's an extensive scoja- of exiellenl siinuner stock ranges only partly occupied, 'i'he winters are very severe hut dry, and the snow-fall moderate. At I/ake La Ilache, a charming sheet of water, scores of trout were seen jumping out their full length. A son of Mr. Archibald McKinley, a former factor of the Hudson Day Company, who owns a large stock ranch here, ? "d that they lould be caught by the boat load. On we whir!, at a se\ jn mile trot, through jjoplar openings interspersed with small lakes, bordered by hay mead(nvs. At the head of Williams Lake we leave two of (Uir passengers, Sister Mary Clement and her companit)n, of the St. Joseph Mission En route 'ixoxw Kam- loops with a settler of that section, his horses took fright, threw him out, and dashed away at full run with the Sisters for over three miles at the imminent peril of their lives. With remarkable presence of mind they sei/.ed the reins, sat down on the bottom of the wagon and held on for dear life. At length, but not until the horses had begun to slacken their speed from exhaustion, a horseman, who had witnessed the runaway from a distance, dashed up to the rescue. At the 1 50-mile House we sto])ped for a late supper, fresh horses, and a few hours' rest. A fire broke out in the kitchen of the hotel just as we had got fairly stowed away in a far off corner of the second story, and sound asleep, I awoke first and arousing my bed-fellow, Mr. Gray, we jumped into our clothes double-quick and explored our way through a narrow, smoky passage down stairs. By hard work the flames were extinguished, but there was no more sleep that night. Mr. Ga\in ILunilton, for a long time an agent of the Hudson Bay Company at their extreme North- ^Vestcrn posts, owns in comjiany with Mr. Griffins, besides the hotel, a large ranch, a store, flour mill, &c. They estimate that 500,000 pounds of grain are raised in the neighborhood. A trail leads sixty miles North- East to the Fork.s of (^uesnelle and from thence to the neighboring mining camps. A rapid ride of twenty-eight miles the following morning brought us to SODA CREEK, A small town situated on the left bank of the Fraser at the mouth of the creek of that name. Mr. Robert McLcese, ^LP.P., and Mr. P. C. Jiy the Caniuiian Pacific RailnHiy. 95 niinlcvy. nrc ihc piiiK i|);il tradi-T^. The latter i)rcscntt'cl nic with a potato grown near Mud Lake, which weighed three pounds nine ounces. Here we made tonniriion with the steanur Victoria, owned by Mr. McLeese, which during the summer mon'hs runs to Quesnelle, about sixty miles above, at |»resent the extreme North Western steam- boating upon the Continent. Cai)t. F-ane. commanding, is a grandson of Gen. Jo. Lane, of Oregon, and well-known in connection with daring steamboat exploits. The navigable stretch of the Fraser abounds in subjects of interest. Numerous parties of Chinamen were seen placer mining on the bars and benches. Twenty miles out we pass Alexandria, an old fort of the LIudson Bay Com|)any. but now abandoned, and a few miles beyond, the well-known Australian and Hohanan Ranches, the most extensive grain farms in Northern British Columbia, raising upwards of 400,000 jiounds of wheat and oats yearly, and considerable ([uantities of ajiples. plums, and other fruits. Away to the Westward over the terraced inne and i)Oplar wooded bluffs lies the ClIILICOTIN COUNTRY, Which embraces several hundfpd thousand acres of rolling prairie, undulating, lightly timbered fore,,, plateaus, as yet unoccMi)ied except by a few Indians, and by bands of cattle in summer. Steaming slowly up the rapid stream, ])ast Castle Rock, Cottonwood Canyon, and the pyramids, at five o'clock, p. m., the 22nd, we arrive at gUESNELLE. The town is very pleasantly situated on the left bank of the Fraser, at the mouth of the Quesnelle, and contains about fifty white inhabitants, fifty buildings, two hotels, several stores, shops, &c. The Hudson Bay Co., J. R. Skinner, J. C. F., and the firm of Reed and Hudson, carry large stocks of mercl: .ndise and do an extensive trade. The Occidental Hotel, M)-. John McLean, proprietor, is one of the best in the upper country. Here we resume our journey by stage, and before daylight, the , -^rd, are on the home stretch for THE GOLD FIELDS OF CARIBOO. Twenty-two years ag^ .le advance of the bold and hardy prospectors, following up the rich digging of the lower Phraser, penetrated as far North as the Forks of the Quesnelle. Here Keithley struck it rich upon the creek of that name, and then followed in rapid succession those !f 96 From Ocean to Ocean remarkable discoveries which made Cariboo so famous in the liistory of gold mining. Antler Creek in i860, and Williams, Lightning, Lowhee, Grouse, Mosquito, Sugar, Harvey, Cunningham, Nelson, Burns, and Jack of Clubs, in 1861, and then Stouts Conklings, McColloms, Beigs, Stevensons, Chisholm, Van-Winkle, Last Chance, and Davis Gulches in 1862, lioured out their long hidden treasures by the million. The reports of their wonderful wealth spread like wild-fire, and miners rushed in by the thousands from all parts of the world. Victoria was like the encampment of an army of 20,000 men, and Yale of 5,000 more. At that time the whole of this immense interior region was an almost unknown wilderness, without roads, and untrodden excei)t by the native Indian tribes and the yearly pack trains of the Hudson Bay Company. Over the 400 miles from Yale to Cariboo, over the steep and perilous Cascades flocked the great eager throng, thousands on foot, packing their l)lankets and provisions, fording rivers, wading deep snows, sleeping on the ground, enduring untold hardships by cold and heat, hunger and fatigue, to reach the shining goal. The rugged mountains of Cariboo became a beehive of miners exploring its rivers and creeks. Never were gold-seekers more liberally rewarded. Gold was found in unprecedented quantities. Three hundred and forty ounces were taken out in one day by drifting from one set about eight feet by three and a half-feet square in the Sawmill claim, originally taken uj) Hon. R. Beaven, the present Premier of the Province, and his associates, Messrs. R, J. Kennedy and Silas James, and a big, broad-shouldered German named Diller cleaned up one night with 102 lbs. of gold as the restilt of his day's work! The aggregate yield of these wonderful deposits can never be known. Men who reached the diggings penniless, hungry and ragged, left them again in a short time with a mule load of gold dust. For several years from 1861 to 1876, their annual product is estimated to have ranged from two to five million dollars, maintaining since 1872 a yearly average of about one and a-half million. But t)f the millions realized immense sums Avere absorbed by the enormous exjjcnse of living and conducting mining operations. The costs of transportation alone were so great that strong men earned from $25 and upwards a day packing in supplies upon their backs. Provisions sold at almost incredible prices; flour from $1.50 to $2 per lb., meats from %\ to lT.50, and salt, %\ per lb. I have met an editor, Mr. Holloway, wl;o published a paper in Barkerville in those days, who received % i per copy for a five-column sheet. The postage on a letter from Victoria to the mines was %\, Building materials were I Jiy the Canadian Pacific Railway 97 \ correspondingly liigli, lumber, $250 ])cr iliousand feet, ndils, .-^i per 11)., &c. As in all great mining cam[)s coniparalively few carried their riches away with them. Hundreds made their tens of thousands, and sank them again in unsuccessful efforts to find a real honanzi. Others, bewildered by their suddenly acquired wealth, spent it as freely as if they were in possessioi of the philosopher's stone which converts everything it touches into gold. I have heard of such a miner who went into a public-house in Victoria, and without provocation, out of a spirit of reckless extravagance, merely to show his contempt for money, dashed a handful of twenty dollar gold pieces through a costly mirror, and then cooly piled them up before the astonished landlord and walked away. Crossing the Cottonwood and ascending the mountains along Lightning Creek, through the villages of Stanley and Richfield, by ten o'clock we were rattling down the famous Williams Creek into I3AUK.ERV1LLE. It is one of the most interesting collections (;f human habitations ever I)iled together by the accidents of Hood and the fortunes and mis- fortunes of a great mining camp. Built in the narrow bed of Williams Creek it has been so frecjuently submerged by the tailings swept down from the hydraulic mines above, that it now stands upon cribs of logs from fifteen to twenty feet above the original foundation. When the floods break loose, the inhabitants man their jack-screws and raise their resi)eclive buildings, each according to his views (jf the impending danger. As a result the sidewalks of the town are a succession of U]) and down stairs from one end to the other, with occasional cross walks elevated like suspension bridges. <>s Fioin Ocean to Ocean LYTTON, SITUATED on the left bank of the Fraser, just below the mouth of tJie 'J'hompson, lifty-seven miles from Vale, is the hrst place reached after crossing the divide, and the second largest in the interior to Earkervilk\ Looking at the bare, brown, rocky foot-hills surrounding, one wonders what can support its scores of business houses, hotels and sho])s, and two hundred residents. It comes from various sources, the rich Lillooet country on the river above, railway construction, through travel and traffic, and the neighboring Indians. Mr. Seward and Thos. Earl have the most extensive and valuable improved ranches in this neighbor- hood, each containing line orchards of apples, pears, cherries, plums, etc. Mr. Earl says he gathered $ioo worth of apples from one tree this season, and one apple which weighed one pound and a-quarter. Here Mr. Patrick Killroy, the oldest and most extensive resident butcher in the interior, told me that he had killed two, five, and six-year-old bunch grass fed steers, which weighed, dressed, respectively, 915, 1,336, and 1,400 pounds, and showed me the kindney of an ox weighing 69 pounds. imp THE YALE-CAKIBOO WAGON ROAD, Another great highway, runs |)aral!el with the Canatlian Pacific Rail- way through the Cascade Mountains on the oi)[)osite, or South side of the Eraser. It was built by the Colonial Government, in 1862^ at a cost of .5300,000 to accommodate the great rush to the wonderfully rich gold fields of Cariboo, and the travel and traffic resulting therefrom. Beginning at Yale it crosses the Eraser twelve miles above, over the Alexander wire suspension bridge, a fine structure erected by Hon. Josei)h W. Trutch, in 1863, at a cost of ^^42,000. From thence it follows up the left bank of the river to Lytton, then along the 'i aomp- son to Cook's Eerry, which it crosses on Spence's bridge up the Buona- parte, through the Green Timber forest, down the San Jose, through the beautiful Lake La Hache country ; again along the Eraser, across the Quesnelle, then up the famous Lightning Creek into the heart of the mountains and of the richest mining camp 400 miles from Yale, 5,000 feet above the level of the sea. Over the steep mountain spins, and across the wild canyons — 62 bridges in 25 miles — along the brink of frowning precipices thousands of feet above the river, and 3,000 feet below the buumiits, it wmds through the Cascade Range, By the Canadian Pacific RailiVay. 99 le le po id )f it Slides, avalanches, and floods frequently destroy portions ol" it, $39,000 having been expended for repairs upon the first no miles in 1882. During the great flood of last June the water rose within four feet of the Suspension Bridge, which stands 88 feet above low water mark. Mr. IJlack, who has charge of the flrst section of the road, once saw an avalanche sweep entirely across the river, above Hell Gate, on to the mountain on the opposite side. He expended, one year, $2,500 in clearing the snow from the first twenty-five miles of the road. I walked over it by day and rode over it be night, and what, with the grandeur of the mountains and canyons, the two great highways which traverse them — only separated by the roaring river — the Indian villages and burying grounds, the old placer diggings, the tents of an army of Chinese railway laborers, the long jirocessions of great freight wagons drawn by from twelve to sixteen cattle or mules, and hundreds of i)ack animals filing by, driven by Indians, carrying supplies into the interior, it was a journey of exceeding interest. At several points there were wayside inns, orchards, gardens, and meadows. Mr. H. E. Dart, of Boston Bar, and Thos. Benton, of Kanaka Bar, showed me apple, pear, and plum trees bending under their burdens of handsome fruit. THE GREAT WORK OF liUILDING THE RAILWAY THROUGH THE CASCADE MOUNTAINS. Soon after the consumation of the agreement between the Dominian Government and the Syndicate, ^[r. A. Ondcrdonk, an exi)erienced railroad builder, became the managing contractor for the construction of that portion of the Western division extending from Port Moody to Savona's Ferry, a distance of two hundred and twelve miles, ably assisted by E. G. Tilton, Superintendent and Chief Engineer, John P. Bacon, Chief Commissary, Geo. E. Kyle, Assistant-Superin- tendent, and other gentlemen. It presented greater diftlculties than have ever been overcome in railway building. The Union and Central Pacific and other lines have gone over the mountains by gradual ascents, but no such way of climbing the Cascades was possible, and the won- derful undertaking of running through them parallel with the great canyon of the Frazer, was determined upon. Eor nearly sixty miles from Yale to Lytton, the river has cut through this lofty range, thous- ands of feet below the summits. Mountain spurs of granite rock, with perpendicular faces hundreds of feet in height, project at short intervals along the entire passage. Between them are deep lateral gorges, can- yons and plunging cataracts. On this sixty miles of tunnels, reck work " 100 From Ocean to Ocean and bridges, tlic greater portion of Mr. Onderdonk's construction army of 7,000 men have been engaged >ince iSSo. The Iniil roar o'i enormous discharges of giant jmwder has almost constantly reverberated among the mountains. Fifteen tunnels have bjen bored, one 1.600 f,-et in length, and millions of tons of rock blasted and rolled with the noise of an avalanche into the rushing boiling l^'raser ; workmen ha\e b:en suspended by ropes hundreds of feet down the perpendicular sides of the mountains to blast a foot hold ; su])plies have been packed in \\\)0\\ the l)acks of mules and horses, over trails wlicre the Indians were accustomed to use ladders, and building material landed upon the opposite bank of the river at an enormous expense and crossed in Indian canoes. As the work progre:>sed the cost of transportation by such means increased until Mr. Ond(.'rdonk determined to try and run a steamer through the Grand Car.yon of the Fraser to the navigable waters above to supply the advance camps. For this purpose he built the steamer Skuzzy. Then came the difficulty of finding a captain able and willing to take her through. One after another went up and looked at the little boat, then at the awful canyon, the rushing river and the swift foaming rai)ids, and turned back, either })ronouncing the ascent impossible or refusing to undertake it. Finally Capt. S. R. and David Smith, brothers, were sent for, both well known for their remarkabiC feats of steamboating on the up])er waters of the Columbia. The former ran the steamer Shoshone 1,000 miles down the Snake River through the Blue Mountains — the only boat, which ever did, or i)robabIy ever will, make the perilous passage. He also ran a steamer safely over the fliUs of Williamette at Oregon City. He said he could take the Skuzzy up, and provided with a crew of seventeen men, including J. W. Burse, a skilful engineer, with a steam winch and capstain and several great hawsers, began the ascent. At the end of seven days I found 'lem just below Hell Gate, having lined safely through the roaring Black Canyon, through which the pent up waters rush like a mill-race at 20 miles an hour. Returning from my journey in the interior, I had the pleasure of congratulating the captains upon the successful accomplishment of the undertaking, and of seeing the Skuzzy start from Boston Bar with her first load of freight. Capt. Smith said the hardest tug of war was at China Riffle, where, in addition to the engines, the steam winch, and fifteen men at the capstain, a force of 150 Chinamen upon a third line was required to pull her over! The captains received $2,250 for their work. It would fill (juite a volume to describe in detail even the more iliipartant portions of Mr. Onderdonk's great work. B)' the Canadian Pacific Raikoav. loi YALE. YATjE, a town of several hundred inhal)itants, is sitiinled at the liead of navigation on the !"'ra/,er River. 90 miles from Jiurrard Inlet, surrounded hy a grand amphitheatre of precipitous mountains. In the early days of the gold discoveries in this region, Yale presented those scenes of wild dissipation and reckless extrava- gance only witnessed in great and rich mining camps. An old miner, who was stopped from working his claim when paying from six- teen to twenty dollars per day, because encroaching upon the city front, told me that he seldom cleaned u]) without finding gold pieces which had been dropped from the overflowing pockets of men intoxicated with liquor, and excitement. It was nothing uncommon in those times to spend fift}' dollars in a single treat around at the bar. It is now an orderl)- i)lace, su[)porting churches and schools. There is still paying ])lacer mining on the river bench op])osite, though the place derives its main suj)i)ort from the construction of the C. P. R. R., traffic with the interior, and through travel. S.^LMOX RUNNING AND CATCHINCi EXTRAORDINARY. r I have read, with much allowance, accounts of the multitudes of salmon sometimes seen in the smaller tributaries of the Umpqua, Columbia, and Fraser Rivers, but, after what I have witnessed to-day, am i)repared to believe any fish story within the limits of possibilities. Arriving at Emory, five miles below Yale, two young men from San Francisco, reported immense numbers of salmon at the mouth of P^mory Creek, a small, rapid mountain stream flowing into the Fraser just above. Going there I found it i)acked so full in i)laces that I counted, while standing in one position on the railway bridge, over four hundred different salmon. Mentioning the matter to a resident, he remarked, "Oh! that's nothing. If you want to see salmon go to the next creek beyond." Reaching it, after a walk of about four miles, I counted, without moving from the R. R. bridge, f'ver 800 salmon. This stream j)lunges down the mountain side with a 17 "n .- 102 From Ocean to Ocean fall of, probably, one hundred and fifty feet within a mile and-a-half, being from five to fifteen yards in width. For a distance of several rods up from its mouth, the salmon were crowding in from the muddy Fraser, now again rapidly rising, almost as thick as they could swim, and in their desjjerate efforts to ascend the successive falls above, jire- sented a s])ectacle never before witnessed by the oldest native settler. Mr. John Woodworth who has lived here for twenty-four years, says he never heard of the like. The salmon is a fish of extraordinary strength and agility, and are said to jum[) and swim up jjerpendicular falls from ten to twenty feet in height. I stood ujjon the bank an hour and watched them in their desi)erate struggles to make the ascent of several of lesser si/e within sight. Of hundreds which made the attempt, only a few, comparatively, succeeded, Init fell back exhausted, splashing and whirling among the boulders. Many were covered with great bruises, some had lost their eyes, a few lay dead ui)on the shore, others were dying, and all seemed nearly worn out. Stepping close to a pool filled with them, I easily caught two in my hands, which offered but little resistance. Before leaving, a photographer, Mr. D. R. Judkins, of New Westminister, arrived and took views of the remarkable scene. Mr. Daniel Ashworth, wife and family were also present. Reaching Yale I told a hotel-keeper about it, estimating the salmon at thousands. " Thousands I" he exclaimed, almost with indignation, " Why, there are millions of them now running up the Fraser within a few miles of town." Getting aboard Mr. Onderdonk's construction train I rode along the river to the end of the track. Millions was probably not much of an exaggeration, for although the river was quite muddy, schools of salmon, numbering thousands each, could be seen from the platform of the cars, at short intervals, the entire distance. The Indians were catching and drying them in great quantities. Standing upon the edge of per- pendicular ledges, they cai)ture the largest and finest si:»ecimens, either by means of hooks or scoop nets, dress them uj^on the spot and hang them up on long i)oles to dry in the wind and sun. When sufficiently cured they are j^acked in caches made from cedar shakes, and suspended for safe keeping among the branches of trees from twenty to fitiy feet above the ground. It is the opinion of those familiar with the habits of the salmon, that not one in a thousand succeeds in depositing their spawn, and that if hatching places were provided upon these streams, and protected that they could scarcely be exhausted, under proi)er restrictions as to catching them. By the Canadian Pacific Raihniy. THE GRAND SCENERY OF THE CASCADE REGION. 103 The grandest scenery on the Western slope of the Continent is formed by the passage of its great rivers through the Cascade Range. \V'hen I looked with wonder and admiration upon the stuj^endous architecture of the mountains through which the Columhia has worn her way b)- the tlow of unknown ages, I though surely this scene can have no parallel ; bui ascending the l''raser. above Vale, mountains just as rugged, lofty, and ])recipitous. present their rocky, furrowed sides; a stream as deep, swift, and turbulent, rushes headlong to the sea, between granite walls hundreds of feet in height, above which rise, l)y every form of rocky embattlement, tower and castle, and terraced slope which the imagination can conceive, the snow-covered peaks of the Cascades. Great broad, deei) paths, have i)een worn down the mountain sides by the winter avalanches : crystal streams come bounding over their narrow rocky beds, sometimes leajjing hundreds of feet, as if impatient to join the impetuous river below, enormous rocks stand out threateningly in the channel, over and around which, the waters boil and foam w\i\\ an angry roar : and thus above, and below, and on every hand for more than fifty miles, extends this sublime exhibition f)f nature. THE ERASER RIVER, The third largest stream flowing into the Pacific upon the Continent of North America, rising in the Rocky jMountains, drains, with its tributaries an area estimated at 125.000 s(iuare miles, reaching from the hundred and eighteenth to the hundred and twenty-fifth degree of longitude. The intervening country embraces the greatest diversity of physical features, climates, soils, natural resources, and adaptations. Kast of the Cascade Range, mountains, rolling foot-hills, and elevated i)lateaus, covered with bunch grass, sage brush, jjlains, forest and table lands, with occasional prairie openings, are its prevailing characteristics. It is rich in gold and other valuable minerals, contains extensive stock ranges of unsur- passed excellence, and large arrears of arable lands excellently adapted to the growth of cereals, roots, and fruits generally, Irrigation is necessary over a consideral)le portion of this region. 'I'he summers are hot, the nights cool and sometimes frosty in the valleys and in the ele- vated plateaus ; the winters dry and not unfrequently severe, though the snow fidl, except in the mountains, seldom exceeds two feet in depth. Crossing the Cascades its AVestern slopes and river valleys embrace the greatest variety of climates and range of productions, \arying according : 104 From Occait to Ocean to altitude and local surface configurations. Forests of Douglas pine, cedar, spruce, and hemlock cover a considerable portion of this region, though there are extensive bodies of excellent grazing and agricultural land. But no general description can convey correct impressions con- cerning or do justice to this region. 'I ne cliiiatic conditions existing in the same latitudes on the Atlantic coast affords no guide in judging of those found here. The warm Asiatic ocean currents sweeping along the Western coast and thnaigh the Gulf of Cl^orgia modiiies the tem- l)erature in a marked degree. It is one of the healthiest portions of the gIol)e. F.ven the river bottoms and deltas are :free from all malarial fevers. The delta lands of the Fraser are more extensive than those of any other river flowing into the Pacific. Advancing uj) the South Arm, a broad, rapid, muddy stream, the tide lands stretch away for many miles on either hand, extending from Boundary ]5ay on the Fast to Point Gray on the West, a distance of thirteen miles, embracing over 1 00,000 acres susceptible of cultivation. Fiiriched by the silt and alluvial de- posits of ages, brought down from the plains and mountain slojies of the interior, they are famous for their inexhaustible fertility. They generally recjuire diking to the height of three or four feet, for i)rotec- tion against high tides, though escaping, almost altogether, any damaging effects from the spring floods. Messrs. Turner & Wood, civil engineers and surveyors, at New \\'estminster, who have recently examined a tract of 4,500 acres near Mud Bay, estimated that it can be reclaimed in a body for ,^8,000, and that from two to four dollars per acre will securely dyke the average Fraser delta lands. Every one bears testi- mony to their exceeding fertility and durability. Hon. W. J. Arm- strong, M.P.P., informs me that he saw a field which, after growing timothy ten or eleven years in succession, produced three tons per acre. He estimated the cost of cutting, curing, and bailing at not exceeding four dollars per ton. These delta lands are also well adajjted to oats, barley, and roots generally. They are offered in tracts to suit at from ten to twenty dollars i)er acre, and arc being rapidly reclaimed and improved. THE .SALMON FISHERIES AND CANNERIES. Although salmon fishing and canning has been an important industry on the Pacific coast since 1S66, and during the last twelve years has grown to immense proportions — a single firm on the Columbia River (Kinney's) canning fifty thousand cases during the season of 1S81 — it By the Canadian racijic Railway. 105 is only a few years since the estal)lishment, by Ewcn & Co., of the first cannery on tlic Fraser. Now there are tliirtcen — the Phienix, English & Co., JJritish American Packing Co., IJritish Union, Adair dJs: Co., Delta, iMntllay, Durham & P)rodiL'. Ihitish Columbia Packing Co., Kwen tlic Co., I.aidlaw iSc Co.. Standard Co., Haigh «S: Son, and the Richmond Packing Co., their aggregate product during the present season amount- ing to not less than 230,000 cases. The tHJi of Northern waters are of a sujierior ([uality, and their ranges for hatching and feeding so exten- sive and excellent that the salmon, especially if protected by the (1(jv- ernment, will constitute one of the great permanent resources of this region. Pefore proceeding far up the Fraser we meet the advance of the numerous tleet of salmon fishing boats which throng the river for a distance of fifteen miles from its mouth. They are from twenty-two to twenty-four feet in length, and from five to six feet wide, each fiirnished with a gill net, made of strong linen, from one hundred and fifty to two hundred fathoms long, and about forty half-inch meshes deep, and manned by two Indians. The daily catch jjer boat ranges from fifty to three hundred solmon, the fieet sometimes bringing in twelve or fifteen thousand. This season the run has been so extraordinary that the Delta Cannery put U]) 1,280 cases in a single day, and 6,600 cases in six days. Messrs. Page tS: Ladner, tlie managing jiartners of the firm, showed me their i)roduct for the last month, amounting to the enormous ([uantity of 25,000 cases or 1,152,000 cans, covering every available space of the immense lower fioor to the height of over five feet, the largest number ever i)acked by any one establishment during the same period of time. Two hundred and fifty barrels of salmon, or about 13,000, were also salted within the month. fF io6 From Ocean t4 it! 18 20 ;u ;{H 4.'. 44 •-'(•. 0.61 .So 2.10 :! (is 7.6.-) loS From Ocean to Ocean PORT MOODY. (From C/iitic/i(/t'n\s 7'rarr/s in /h-/fis/i Columbia and Alaska. in iS.Sj.^ I ^MMKDIATELV bordering the shore of Burrard Inlet are the largest 1 bodies of valuable fir timber in the Province. Here great saw-mills have been in operation since 1S65, exporting immense (piantities of timber, direct to all tlie principal Eastern ])orts of the world. Steam tugs have been employed towing l^ack and forth the numerous fleet of vessels engaged in this trade; of these the Alexander, Captain Donald Urcjuhart, commanding, is the largest, finest, and mosc powerful on the Pacific coast. She was built at Port Essington, near the mouth of the Skeena, in 1876, and is 180 feet in length, twenty-seven feet wide, with two 400-horse power engine,->. Eea\ing the fine harbor of Esquimalt on the evening of the Qtli. with two shii)s in tow, she steamed along easily through the Straits and crossed the wu'.f at the rate of eight miles an hour. At daybreak the following morning we were headed directl)' for a lofty snow-capped jjeak of the mainland, beneath which flashed the brilliant light of Point Atkinson. The dark outlines of the grand old moimtains were clearly defined against the cloudless starlit sky. Just before rounding Point (Iray the rising sun gilded the snow covered summit of Mount IJaker, and of the Cascade Range. A large black whale is rolling and spouting within riile range on the right. Entering the inlet, Indian villages are seen on the shores, and two Indians paddle by, making the woods ring with their salutations. A dense forest of Douglas i)ine reaches down t" the water's edge, except where leveled by the axe of the lumberman. We leave the shijjs a little beyond English Bay, and run alongside the wharf of MOODVVILLE .SAW-MILL COMPANY, The most extensive manufiicturers and exporters of lumber on the coast, North of Puget Sound. Their great mill, furnished with ten electric light; for night work, completely equipped with double circular and gang saws, edgers, scantling, planing, and lath machinery, and employ- I Fort Moody, Tale, and Lytton leading Buineu Finns. J^ewly Furnished Throughout and First'Class in Every (Particular, "^^r. .A.- xa^TSUBTT, Froprletor- ORIENTAL HOTEL, Yale, B. C, Darling <& Kearns, Proprietors. ^ CALIFORNIA HOUSE, Yale, B. C, G. Tuttle, Proprietor. D. McQUARRIE. Boot and Shoe Maker, Yale, B. C. J. E. SAUCIER, Watohmaker andJeweller, Yale, B. C. JAMES FRASER, Watchmaker, Yale, B. C. W. E. MCCARTNEY & BRO., DlBpenslng Chemist, Yale, B. C. DOUGLASS & DBIGHTON, Importers, Manufacturers and Dealers In Harness and Saddlery, Yale, B. C. F. V. BOSSI, Dealer in General Merchandise, Yale, B. C. RAILROAD HOTEL, O. P. R, Depot, Yale, B. C, A. H. Revshbech, Proprietor. E. TIE A Co., Dealers In General Merchandise, Yale, B. C. JOHN MCINTYRE, General Merchandise and Post Office, Lytton, B. C. PATRICK QILLROY, Butcher, ; jytton, B. 0. LOUIS CUVREAU, Dealer in General Ik. rchandlse, Lytton, B. 0. HANG WOO, General Merchandise and Laundry, Lytton, B. C. POO SONG, General Merchandise and Laundry, Lytton, B. Ci VANCOUVER, B. C. LEADING BUSINESS FIRMS. f GRANVILLE (VANCOUVER), B. C. Rebuilt, Enlarged, Renovated, Everything New, and First-Class throughout. SUITS FOR FAMILIES. TERMS MODERATE. "In Medicine, Quality is of the First Importance." w. E. McCartney & bro., Dmists mmmi coal h&bbob, tale am kahloofs, b. c. HVSICIAN8' PKBSCBII'TIONS ACCURATBLY COMPOUNDED. -^^ D. L. BECKINGSALE, M.D., Vancouver, B. C. ARTHUR W. SULLIVAN, General Merebant. DEIGHTON HOTEL, Alex. Johncitond, Proprietor. A. R CXJUGHTREY, Vmoouver Market, Wholesale and Retail Butcher, Termluaa C. Bi B YUN OHUKG, Qeneri^ MerohandlBe and Laundry. WAa (SmJNQ, Qeneraii Merobandlae and lamtOxy* Jyy the Canaiiian Pacific Railway. 109 ing ii hundred men, were cuttini; up luigh logs at the rate of from 75 to 100 thousand feet daily, or from :?o to 25 million feet a year, (^uite a lleet of shii)s lay waiting for their cargoes for China, Jai)an, Australia, and the West Coast of South America. The town with its mill, machine shop, store, hotel, l)oarding house, and numerous dwellings, and the shijiping in front, presented the most interesting scene of activity on the Inlet. The company own large bodies of the best timber in this region, and have ab;)ut 100 men logging in their several camps. 'J'hey obtain the largest and finest specimens of fir on Owen Sound, Mud Bay and Jarvis Inlet, fiirnishing almost any size retjuired. Mr. Hickey, chief engineer of the steamer Alexander, measured one of them which was seven feet six inches through at the butt and six feet and six inches fifty feet therefrom, five feet and four inches 100 feet up, and five feet in diameter 130 feet from its base. These mills are owned by Welch & Co. of San Francisco, Mr. George B. Si)ringer being their manager at Moodyville, and Welch, Rithet & Co. their agents at Victoria. VANCOUVER. BL'RRARD INLET, an arm of the Gulf of Georgia, extends about twelve miles inland from the entrance, between Points Grey and Atkinson. Vancouver, situated upon the neck of land lying between English Bay and Coal Harbor, and commanding all the commercial advantages of both waters for shipping, and avoiding all the disadvantages of strong currents and tide rijjs, incident to the navigation of the upper arm of the Inlet, has been selected as the Pacific Terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Everyone familiar with the topography of the North- West Coast and the character of its sea approaches, will recognize the wisdom of the choice. The Inlet is a perfect land locked harbor with excellent anchorage, and easily accessible in all kinds of weather for the largest ships afloat. It is situated about 75 miles from Victoria and 35 miles from Vancouver Island at Nanaimo. Immediately bordering its shores are the largest bodies of valuable fir timber in the Province. no From Ocean to Ocean High mouiUains rise abruptly on the Nortli, the Southern sliorc receding gradually over rolling timber lands. Mountains and forests shelter the beautiful harbor so perfectly that it may be safely navigated in stormy weather by the smallest craft. This is the favorite abode of the mountain sheep, and bears are so numerous that they were frequently caught stealing from the mess tents of the railway construction camps. It requires no prophetic foresight to jjredict, with reasonable certainty, regarding the future of the terminus of such a great railway, stretching from ocean to ocean, across over 2,500 miles of country, embracing hundreds of millions of acres of the choicest pastoral and wheat growing lands in America. Fleets of ships will soon be sailing between Vancouver and Eastern Ports laden with the exports and imports of a great commerce. Lines of steamers will run regularly from thence to Victoria and the cities of Puget Sound and of the South Pacific ; and machine shops, can works, ship yards and other manufacturing industries will doubtless be estab- lished at an early date. Itanaimc anb t^e |skn!D §lailh)ag» M?i OANAIMO is the principal mining city and centre of population and trade of the great coal fields of Vancouver Island, of which Robert Dunsmuir, M.P.P., is the chief owner. It is beautifully situated upon a fine harbor, about sixty-eight miles North-East of the city of Victoria. The building of the Island railway from Victoria to Nanaimo, sug- gests the possibility of the establishment of a great ferry, thirty-five miles across the Gulf of Georgia, and sixty-five from Vancouver, and thus making Victoria the practical shipping terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The following are among the principal Business Firms of Nanaimo : — M. Manson & Co., importers and dealers in Furniture, Carpets, Oil-cloths, Crockery, Glassware, cSrc, &c. John Swift, Plain, Ornamental, and Fresco Pa.'nter, and dealer in Paints, Oils, Brushes, Wall-paper, &c. Pichard Hilbert, prop, ""he Lion Boot, Shoe, and Leather Factory. Alex. Meyer, Red House, Nanaimo, General Me'rhandisc. VICTORIA BUSINESS FIRMS. B. WILLIAMS, Men's, Youth's & Boys' Clothing, Hats, Caps, and Furnishings. CHILDREN'S CLOTHING A SPECIALTY. Give us a call and be convinced that our Goods are equally as good and cheaper than any in the city. Johnston Street, "between Fort and Douglas, IF YOU WANT THE VERY BEST PHOTOGRAPHS, GO TO — THE — 03t>«v tJj^ ^ictitrirt gotten, — ©ii^tJ^f nm^nt $t», Uictariit* ^^©"Strangers visiting the City will do well to make a note of the Address. INSTANTANEOUS PHOTOGRAPHING A SPECIALTY. ENLARGEMENTS IN COLOR OR INDIA INK. VIEWS OF VICTORIA AND VICINITY. iZ^ort 3treet, "^7"ictoria, L O. DKAI.EK.S in PlIOTOGKAl'irrC MATKIUAf.. Am. Neiiativks Pkehekved. HENRY SHORT, ^GUN AND RIFLE MAKER,^ — AND IMl'OKTEK OK- Guns, Rifles and Pistols, Fishing Tackle, Powder, Shot, Caps, Cartridges, Pocket, Sporting and Table Cutlery, Electro J Mate, Opera Glasses, Gun Tackle, Etc., Etc. FO(kT STfREET, = « - VICTO'RIJ, m Tl i iU (( VICTORIA BUSINESS FIRMS. CCINTAL" 1 S» Qt TF. Largest and Most Convenient House in the City, Fire-Prooi' Building, Everything New, Fine Billiard Rooms attached. RATE. $1 TO $1.50 PER DAY ACCORDINd TO ROOM. ft LUKE PITHER, - Proprietor. — GO TO — A. GILMORE'S m \M^ 1^ \t;;;^- '\vv.Nv* "^^a*' ■^»k''^ ^ - .; ..cs.,^^i;■^;*^v'«JX JOHNSON STREET, WilKUK YOU (AX rrUCILVSE BOYS' AND MEN'S CLOTHIN& OF ALL KINDS. Also, Garments of all kinds Made to Order, and a Perfect Fit Guaranteed. ^ r iP'iWp mi ii^ illiBlll I li^-cS^N^ ^'^.^^'^^^ '4 VICTORIA, BRITISH COLUMBIA. Ivd:. I^T. T=^T^OXU"RT I., IProprietor. Board and Lodging Per Week, $5 and $6. Board per Week, $4.50. Meals at all hours, 25o. Beds, 25c. KIKE i'KUUi' SAFE IN THE IIULSE. VICTORIA BUSINESS FIRMS. B. WILLIAMS, Men's, Youth's S. Boys' Clothing, Hats, Caps, and Furnishings. CHILDREN'S CLOTHING A SPECIALTY. Give us a call and be convinced t/iat our Goods are equally as i^ood and cheaper than any in the city. Johnston Street, tetween Fort and Douglas, IF YOU WANT THE VERY BEST PHOTOGRAPHS, — TIIK — IiE71DlRC.p[-l0fQGRJl PITERS -(Oax»cx*nmintt ^t^ Ittctcrvna* ^^"Slranyorw visiiiiij; llu' City will do wi-ll Id iiuikc a noli' ul dii' AiKlrt'ss. 3lvt §tttMa* INHTANTANEOrs I'HoTocJH.Vl'IIIN'Ct A sl'KCIAI/rV. ENLARGEMENTS IN COLOR OK INDIA INK. VIKWS OF VICTolHA ANIi VICINITV DPort Street, "Victoria-, DB. O. Dkai,i;i{s in I'lioToiiKAi'im .\L\rj;i;iAi,. Am, Nkhatin ks 1'i!i;skhvkd. HENRY SHORT, ^GUN AND RIFLE MAKER, — \M> I ■*! I'liiii i:i: di' Guns, Rifles and Pistols, Fishing Tackle, Powder, Shot, Caps, Cartridges, Pocket, Si)orting and Table Cutlery, P^lectro JMatc, Opera Glasses, Gun Tackle, Etc., Etc. FQfRT STREET, VlCTO'klJ. VICTORIA BUSINESS FIRMS. « inOTOBUk, 8. 0. Largest and Most Convenient House in the City, Fire-Proof Building, Everything Ne'w, Fine Billiard Rooms attached. BATE. $1 TO $1.50 FEB DAY ACCOBDM TO BOOH. LUKE PITHER, - Proprietor. — GO TO — A. GILMORE'S JOHNSON STREET, ^WHERE YOU CAN PURCHASE B07S' m HEFS CLOTHIE OF ALL EIKllS. , Also, Garments of all kinds Made to Order, and a Perfect Pit Guaranteed. 2s4:. 3Sr. BEOXI'i,' h {T I, Fxopxietor. Bo«rd and IiQilgiBff Per Weelc, $5 and . Board per Week, |4.5d. Meals at all hours, 29o. Beds, 25o. rXfiS PBOOF »M?S IK THS HOUiJS. By the Canadian Pacific Railway, 1X1 VICTORIA. VICTORIA, the chief city and capital of British Cokimbia, occupies a magnificent situation on the Sjuth shore of Vancouver Island, about 60 miles from the Pacific, and 750 North of San Francisco. Its immediate surroundings are charmingly picturesque, embracing a beau- tiful harbor and inlet, pine and oak covered shores and rolling hills, with green forests of fir and pine clad mountains in the near back ground. The distant view is one of exceeding grandeur, comprising the loftiest peaks of the Olympic and Cascade Mountains. A person unfamiliar with the marvelous progress of civilization in the New World surveying its busy marts of trade, ships of commerce laden with exports for the most distant ports, numerous manufacturing industries, well graded streets, and good public and private buildings, would scarcely believe that all these things are the creation of a litde more the twenty years, and that only a generation has passed since the Huds . n Bay Company first planted the English flag on these shores. But this is only the beginning as compared with the brilliant future which awaits Vic- toria. The resources of the vast region to which she holds the com- mercial key are only in the bud of their development. That she has reached her present status while laboring under the great disadvantages of extreme remoteness from the centres of population and demands for her products, excessively costly transportation, shows not only their enormous extent and richness, but what may reasonably be expected when all railway communication shall be established with the East and the country opened to imigration and capital. Victoria is provided with all the concomitants of the progressive cities of our times — good religious and educational advantages, four news- papers, the Colonist, Times, Standard and Evening Fost, a puhWcMhraxy, and the usual benevolent orders, an able and active Board of Trade, gas .-'.nd water works, efficient police and fire departments, a beautiful public park, and a well ordered government. Nature has awarded to Victoria the most attractive and interesting situation and surroundings of any city on the North Pacific Coast Possessing a most enjoyable, invigorating and healthful climate, she lies 112 From Ocean to Ocean central amidst the suhlimcst scenery in the Now World. The waters of I'uget Sound and of the inside passage to Alaska, between Vancouver and the Mainland, embrace more than is uniciue and wonderful in nature, than can be ft)und on any ec[ual area of the earth's surface. 1 can scarcely conceive of a grander panorama of mountains and inland waters, forests and islands, than that afforded from the summit of Beacon Hill, her favorite Park resort. Her drives are unsurpassed, both in resjject to the excellence of the roads and the beauty of the scenery through which they pass. The three miles from Victoria to the fmc harbor of Es([uimalt, with its pretty village, off-lying lleet of ships. Graving Dock, &c., is a delightful drive or walk; so is the one to the Gorge, a picturesque romantic spot, situated about the same distance from the City. It may also be \ isited by a small boat through a charm- ing inlet extending from Victoria almost to Esquimalt. To Cadboro J3ay, returning by the Government House, Race Course, and Beacon Hill, a distance of about eight miles, affords a splendid excursion. Excellent macadamized roads lead from three to twenty miles into the country in all directions. Victoria is central in one of the best fields for hunting and fishing of which I have any knowledge. Deer and other large game abound on Vancouver Island, and within a short distance of the city. All kinds of tvater fowl are numerous, and the streams and lakes are full of trout. It is only a few hours' ride l)y steamer amidst magnificent scenery to the most important places in the Province, New Westminister, Vancouver and Nnnaimo — and to the principal towns of Puget Sound — Port Townsend, Seattle, Tacoma and Olympia. Steamers also run among the beautifid islands of the Archipelago De Haro, and of the San Juan grouj), touching at their c'lief points of interest. i . -:>S;^»»^5*^- Mr. and Mrs. R. Maynard, of Victoria, the leading photographic artists of the North-West coast, have the most complete collection of British Columbia and Alaska views extant. They have been taken by Mr. Maynard, i)ersonally, for which purpose he has travelled extensively through the interior, and along the coast as far North as Portage Bay, within thirty-two miles of the Yukon. JAMCs Hope s, Co., Printers, Ottawa, Canada. i .