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MOOCOfY »BOlUTION TBT CMA»T 
 
 lANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2l 
 
GROWING GRAPES FOR HOME USE 
 
 BV 
 
 W. T. MArolN 
 
 DOMIiriON EXPERIMENTAL FARMS 
 
 E. S. ARCHIBALD, B.A., B.S.A., 
 
 Director. 
 
 W T. MACOUN, 
 
 Dominion Horticulturist 
 
 EXFIBIl ■ S CIRCULAR No. 11 
 
 (lit'. ;-.•(! .Niivcii.ber, l\l.:u.) 
 
 01249— A 
 
OSOWINO GRAPES FOR HOKE USE 
 
 In iiiiui.v parts of Canada whero the *umnicrs an" wann cuuukIi t(i riiM-n (frajMJS but | 
 wborc tlii> wintcri iir<' too cold for them linlo's the vims an* |irotc<:t<'rl, jrrni't'* I'uii hr 
 Krown <|uitp sucorssfully for home u-c if the vanitic* l)cst suited for «u'-li •■ondilion> 
 «ro |iliiiitcd and if tlio spcoinl caro which i-i rt'nuircd is ti'iwn them. It is in the Iidih; 
 of inducini: many [MT-ons to (jrow nt least a few vines of tiiis delicious fruit, who have 
 not yet done »o, tiiat this circular is pul)li--he<l. 
 
 Orapes do he^t in warm soil in the colder parts of Canada, and the vines should 
 bo planted where they will m'l full sunliKht and, except in the districts where grapes 
 areKTOwneommercially and where thire is usually ii hint? enoiiBh season to ripen them 
 thoroughly, the vines ahouhl be situated where tlay will have as hijfh a temperature 
 about them as possible, hence the south side of a huildinjt or wall is a uood phi<'e in tht! 
 colilest parts where urowinK srapes is attempted. Vines should be from nine to ten 
 fett apart for best results and they njay be planted in either aprinif or autumn. A two- 
 year-old vine is best unless tlie one-year-old vine is very well rooted. 
 
 Outside the distriet.4 where prapis are ^rown connnercially it is usually necessary 
 to protect the vines in winter from the extreme cold or sudden and great changes of 
 tcmiH-rature, hence they must lie covered ivith .-oil. Becau.se of this a system of 
 training and pruning is riMiiiired which will permit of covering the vines with the 
 least labour, and the following method is that followed at the Central K.xperimenfal 
 Farm with much success for many years, although in some situations the fruit ripens 
 sooner when the vines arc grown under the Fan System. 
 
 WTien a young vine is planted it is cut back to near the ground, otdy two or thrf " 
 buds being left. If the vine is planti>d in the fall, sullicient soil ,hould lie put over it 
 to prevent the cane being exposed during the winter. The vine should bo planted a 
 little deeper than it was in the nursery from which it came. After making the first 
 season's growth it is eut back to one stem, which should bo left only from .si.x to nine 
 inches in length when covered by soil just before winter sets in. It is important not 
 to tak(> the soil otT in the spring until it is almost the time when the last frost is usually 
 expected, as the shoots of grapes are very tender and a light frost will injure them and 
 later on when the vines have reached bearing age the crop for the current season may 
 be ruined by -.mcovering too soon. It is safer to leave the soil on until there begiiLs to 
 Ik? danger of the buds or now growth being broken oil when removing the soil. Tw- 
 canes only are allowed to grow during the second season, and when long enough t . 
 should be tied to the lowest wire, which should be from IS to 2-1 inches fron. 
 ground, and in this system the closer the canes spring from the ground the b i 
 In the autumn these two canes are bent down and covered with soil as before 
 entire vine being protected. 
 
 In the spring of the third season \.ie canes or arms, as they are now 
 called, are spread out in opposite directions and tied to the lower wires and three 
 new wires should now be added each IS inches apart. This .year there will be 
 canes grown upwards from the budi along the outstretched arms and a little fruit 
 may set. The fruit on grape vines is borne near the base of the growing shoot which 
 springs from the wood made in the previous year, hence it is desirable to prune the 
 vine in such i way that strong shoots will be produced. During this third season 
 laterals or si i shoota should be pinched out and mo.^t of the upright shoots tied to 
 the wires with raffia or some other soft material. As the ripening of the fruit will 
 depend greatly on the amount of sunshine which the bunches of grapes receive, it is 
 important to have the shoots well distributed and reduced in number suflSciently so 
 that the fruit will get abundant sunlight. 
 
 In the autumn of the third year, just before winter sets in, the canes which have ( 
 grown upright from the two arms should be cut back to near the arms, leaving only 
 one bud on each cane in addition to the bud at the base of the cane. The two arms 
 should, at the aame time, be cut back so that there will be little more than forty buds 
 
Ml ullii(ti<tli.T fr.)iii which l"ruitiii({ h.mmI will irmw tlir fmirlli -rii.nii, l.iii tin" ii unt 
 
 of wodcl l.-ft will viiry with the oariinc*", pr.»lii.-tivin«**, uml vijrrmr of the vurit-ty. 
 A tmxlium .Top o^ -i-U riju'tu'd irrain .s is h.ttiT thiiii n Inrtfc rr.'\> of uiiri|K> nii(>s. It "i,. 
 ' hi'st to iiof coy. ,• th.. vine until llirrc is (liiiitfir of tli,. ^nminl fr«.'/iinr iiji. a* it i- 
 dci\r:\\>\,' to linvc the wood rilx'ti »\, a^ wrll ih i>o^sihl.'. Tli,. vitic i* now in full 
 bearini; and rac-h yrar is trrafid |)r.tl,v tnii.-h as in tli.. lonilli M^ison. >.uf it i I'oiind 
 that if til., arms arc lift |»'rinnncntl.v tli.y will cl .^tilT and arc hanl to l,.'iid .1 .un f. r 
 cov.rins;. >.o that tlif b.'st n-sults arc ol.tain.'.i by luivirif fho arms at l,,i-t lu . v.nr- 
 old but not ni.ir.- tl.an four. In nr.l r to not nm any .lander ..f 1..miu' tic .h.p, tli.' 
 urms tnay b.. nii. ■«•<■.] in alt.rtinfi' nonsons by Lavintr ii ^Iroiiir • .m.' from iji.' amiijid 
 or n-ar it ca.'li ycjr for th.- pnr|i.)Sc .)f r.'n.nval. Tli.. Hiifli K.n.ual Sy.t. ni provid, - 
 for rinfwinjr the nrnis mch yfar by Ifavinir tuo id.liii..n,il -ml- on th,. main m. oi 
 
 from which new canes fgvAv to r.^placo the arm-. I.iit i,i th, M.r p.irt- ..f ('..mada 
 
 the ono-yt.ar-old wood alone is not saf.' as th..re i^ jrr.at.r .lanu.r from winter killing 
 an.l also, in ..overinir. tin ^.. one-y..ar-old .•.■in..- nrr inoT lial.l. |.. I.r ik. In 
 ev.nt the ..rop WouM he lost 
 
 Tt is n.'eessary to ,<r<> .>vi.r the \ini.> -..v. ral times in di.. .■ nly p:ii 
 to pinch out laterals, nnjiei...ssary shooi- ami -Mi'k.Ts ami lo ti.. np tl 
 are left. 
 
 By this system of tiriininir the .Top will }„■ (,.\uu\ h..-uv ;il,.m.' 
 the vin... The main obji^.-t of tin. -vst, iri is to li;,.,. the tuo .iiins 
 thp eronn.l so that there will bi. .-i miiiimnm .•mionnt oi' labour in < 
 
 The system just deserib..,! ri.<piin-; ■•oiisi,|,rabl,. bilnmr, bii! m 
 (n-iii"'-_ in the eold.'r n.^irts of Caiial.i imi-f l,e pr.'pand to yiv, tin m il,,. ,,( 
 nttoiitinn. 
 
 ■Vs there are many who wo'ihl like to u 
 
 •itliiT 
 
 nf llir -eP-oM 
 ^1 t- wllieh 
 
 louiT part of 
 
 ^prinL' from near 
 
 v.riiijj. 
 
 who trii - to t'fow 
 
 irv 
 
 th. 
 
 where it 
 
 uiovv yrapes f,,,- home n-,. i,, p,irls of ('jinii.bi 
 
 IS n.it neei-ssiiry to ..ov.r them, a f.>w wor.Is in reir.,r,l to ,,tl„ ,• -vsiem, is 
 
 I rf''"'"'''- ,The syst.-m by which irrap.s are prown in tl a-i.st wav i.< known as th.. 
 
 Knifhn. I'or this system two wires ot,ly are r.^piind. th.' fir..t l.,.inir ab.ait •>; f,..f 
 from the j.'roiind and the second .". f.. t from the irronml. 
 
 rtiirinp the first y.-ar of irr.nvth ami wh.n the shoots ar.. from 11' t i 1<.i in..|ies i,, 
 lenorth they are nil removed ex.'ept the str..nir.st on... B..f..re tiie next s..ason'.s jn-owth 
 thi.s shoiil.l be cut ba.'k t.) tw.. or thr..e bn.l- aii.l as s,„,n as the new jrn.wtli "s h.mr 
 enoiiph two nf the strongest shoots arc tied to the wir... .me of th.s.' b.imr trained 
 nlonir the lower wire and the other carrif.d up to tiie u| rxT one. From these tw.. can. s 
 there will ho trained two arms for the h.wer wire and tw., for the npi,.r. on.-h pair 
 heincr trained in opposite dinn-tions al.,nir th,. wir.'s. these f,,„r arm- l,..inp r.-n.w.d 
 each year. 
 
 The system thus cnisists in havintr tw,, main .-anes or st.'ms sprim.'lmr from near 
 the ground and four arms, two from ca,.h stem. The arms arc usiiallv ..iit ba<.k so 
 that th.'rc will r.>main fr.,m seven to ei.jht bmis on ea<.}i arm or from 2- I,, .^-^ hw]- 
 I^r vine. The advantage of this system is that very little summer prnnin>r is re,|i,ir,^d. 
 the new jrrowth fallinp over and little tieinjr beinp necessary. 
 
 The Fan System is also popular wh.-re prapes do not have to be cov.re.i From 
 four to SIX arms come nut more or less fan-«liap..d fr..m a main stem, and the canes 
 which prow from them are pruned back to st,it,s each y.^ar. Kv..n wh.r.^ prapes liave 
 to be covered this is n pood system, nrnvi.linp the arms are fn.mentlv r-iiewe,! -o as 
 to make eoverinp fairly eas.v, as if the arms ar.. very old it, is .liffieult to .'ov.r them 
 without much lalioiir. 
 
 There are several m,,difi(Mtions of the .systems mentioniNl. but tlw facts n.-..e=sarv 
 to keep in mind are, first, that the fruit is borne on new slioots from the previous 
 I year s wood, and, second, that vines .shoul.l be ricrorously prune.1 and the fniitinp 
 wood reduced to a moderate number of buds both to encourape devel,>pm.nt of pood 
 wood apain and to ensure fine bunches of well matured fruit. Where there arc late 
 spring frosts the importance of delayinp uncoverinp the vines is apain emphasized. 
 
Tho fullowiriff liifil "f varictijv* nrp rri-otnim-ndwi for home u*p for iliflfrent 
 climatic conditions r.nd, in addition In thcaf-. some of the enriy riiifning Kuroiwan 
 Turiotiet shoulil be trit>d m tho warnifr wrtioii*. 
 
 Or>pei for Home Ute 
 
 %AIIIKrlKS HKI oM.MKNDI-.n 
 
 For diitricti wh'-re papog are irrown rommorpinlly, wuriufHt districtg: — 
 Hlick- — Mooro Kiirly, ("itmplifll Kiirly, Wiinh'ii, CiMH'oril, WildtT. 
 I'eil—lMnwarr, ItriKliton, LitidU'v, ARawam, Vcr(ffii"t'M. 
 While — Wint'hell (Orccii Mountain). Niairaru, Moore Diamond. 
 
 For districtc where p'apes uoually ri|M'n, but iiave to be cdvcrtd in winter: — 
 Itlack- — Karly Dainy, .Miinito, .M^ >• Karly, Atcrritnac. 
 l{f(i- -^oyvr, Dflnwarp. nriittilnii, Lindliy. 
 W'k'lc — Winchell ((5rct'n Mountain), Moore Diamond. 
 
 For coldest di»tript« wliere riponinf? !■< uneertain: — 
 
 Black — Beta, Early Daisy, Manito, Moore Fiirly, J.'wel, TealKHly, Urant, 
 
 Canada. 
 /?<>/ — 'Moyor. 
 White — Wineliell (Green Mountain). 
 
 Publithad by authority of Hon. 8. F. TOLMU Minister of ARriculturc, Ottawa, Ont