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ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 
 
 EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 t i 
 
 3ulle;tin lxxii 
 
 ROOTS, POTATOES AND FODDER CORN. 
 
 BT THOMAS SHAW, PUOFESSOn OK AORICULTCHE, ANl; 
 0, A. ZAVITZ, B. S. '., KXPKRIME.NTALiaT. 
 
 fVttnauEu nt the DBF.utTMi:\i m- inniccLrcitt. 
 
 Febrt,nry !iO, ISO'J 
 
 \\ 
 
 TORONTO 
 
 PRINTED BY WARWICK ft SONS 
 
MINI8TBB 07 AOttZODLTDBB 
 
 Hon. John Dryden, Toronto. 
 
 Oitario Agrieultural College and Experimental Farm, Guelph, 
 under control of the Minister of Agriculture. 
 
 Jamw MiLM, M.A. Pretident 
 
 Thokas Shaw ProfeMor of Agrieoltore uid F«rm Soperintendent. 
 
 A. B. SHDiTtiwoWH, B.A. So ProfeMor of Ohemutry. 
 
 I. Horn Pantok, M.A., P.Q.S. ProfeMor of N»tar»l Hiitory uid Geology. 
 
 F. a OBwaiDi, V.S Profeasor of VoteriiiAry Saonoe. 
 
 H. H. DiAir, KB. A. Piof«Mor of Dairy Hoabuidiy. 
 
 B. LAWBBfOi Hdmt, B. a. AasUtftnt Roddent lud MAthenwticia Muter. 
 
 OATTAnr Waltu Olabu Inatmctor in DriU and OynuuMttca. 
 
 O. A. Zatim, R8.A EiperimenUlirt. 
 
 H. B. Shabkah, B.S.A. Awirtwit Ohemiel. 
 
 A.MoOAixuir, ..Buiwr. 
 
 0. 0. Jaioh, M. a., Seeretarif 
 John I. Hobion, Chairman 
 
 Depaty MinhAer of Agricoltbre, Tormto. 
 Moeboroogh, County of WeUinfton. 
 
Bulletin lxxii. 
 
 ROOTS. POTATOES AND FODDER CORN. 
 
 Experience haa tought our farmers that there ia a tendency with 
 all kinda of gram to deteriorate when grown for aeveral j6an in the 
 aame looahty, hence the neoesaity for the introduction of new 
 varietiea from time to time. The aame holda true of field roota, 
 potatoea and com, hence the neoesaity wiU alwaya exiat for conduct- 
 ing expenroenta which will enable ua to determine which of theM 
 ^*netiea are worthy of the attention of the agriculturiat. 
 
 The following include aome of the principal objects of thu bulletin, 
 VIZ :— (1) To give the comparative reaulto obUined from growing 
 leading vanetiea of roota, potatoea and fodder corn aide by aide, and 
 under the aame oonditiona, for one year, and in the caae of aome of 
 them for a longer term ; and (2) to give the comparative reaulta 
 rrom growing roota (a) upon ridgea aa againat flat cultivati6n,"and 
 (6) upon rowG at different diatancea apart. 
 
 In 1891, 67 varietiea of turnipa, 36 of mangela and 4 of augar 
 beets were grown at thia atation and upon plota aide by aide. Each 
 piptoonaiated of two drilla 6 roda in length. The aoil was a elay 
 loam of mild texture. It had produced grain oropa for a number of 
 yeaw previoualv, waa manured with a fair dreaaing of atable manure 
 in the apnng of 1890, and produced a crop of rape the aame autumn 
 which waa paatured off on the land. The aeeda of nearly aU the 
 vanetiea of roota teated were obtained from aeedamen in Ontario and 
 the United Statea, but a few were alao obtained from England. 
 
 Swd9 Turnips. 42 varietiea were grown. The drilla were 27.3 
 
 5^ • v*^'*' ^ °°® **"^^ ***® P^^** ^«" thinned to a diatance of 
 12 uchea and in the other to J 6 inchea They were aown June 1 9th. 
 ihe foUowing table givea the comparative reaulta from the S 
 vanetiea which gave the higheat yielda : 
 
 Vnnetiee. 
 
 Description 
 of roots. 
 
 Average 
 weight per 
 root of two 
 
 seedings. 
 
 Average 
 
 yield per 
 
 acre. 
 
 
 Shape. 
 
 Firmness 
 :of flefch. 
 
 
 Hartley's Bronte top 
 
 M»rgh Jl»« pn»p!a toB .., , 
 
 Sutton's Champion .'. 
 
 Haaard's Swede tnmip 
 
 Our selacted Purple top ... . 
 Skirving'a Swede ......... 
 
 long , . 
 glc^... 
 globe... 
 long., 
 long .. 
 globe... 
 
 good.... 
 good.... 
 medium., 
 good .... 
 poor.... 
 good.... 
 
 lb. 
 2.91 
 2.Si 
 3.96 
 S.91 
 2.89 
 2.7« 
 
 tons. 
 28.98 
 23.77 
 28.64 
 28.12 
 22.96 
 32.78 
 
 
 
 
,' t 
 
 Tlie foUowiog varieUei have gt^«n jthe best yields for two yean, 
 Tfs. : Royal Iforfolk Pnrple Top, 21.15 toni psr acre, Hasard'a 
 Swede 20.92, and Garter's Elephant 19.87 tons. The average yield 
 of all the Swedish varieties grown in 1891 was 19.7 tons. 
 
 TF%ito Flethtd and Yellow Fluked TurtUpe. 15 varieties were 
 grown. The drills were 27.2 inches apart In one drill the plants 
 were thinned to 16 inches and in the other to 13 inches in the row. 
 They were sown Jane 19th. These varieties are all white fleshed. 
 The comparative results from the six varieties which gave the 
 highest yields are shown below. 
 
 Vari«tiet. 
 
 Shape of roota. 
 
 Owv Stone Improved . 
 Ited Globe Norfolk..., 
 
 Jnteiy N»Tet , 
 
 GhrafStone 
 
 Pnrple Top M«in 
 
 Red Top Strap Leaf... 
 
 8^9^ 
 
 ■lightly flat., 
 flat. . 
 
 Average 
 
 Avoage 
 
 weight per 
 
 yield per 
 
 root of two 
 
 acre. 
 
 ■eediagi. 
 
 
 lb. 
 
 tone. 
 
 4.S9 
 
 29.88 
 
 S.87 
 
 28.68 
 
 8.74 
 
 28.28 
 
 8.66 
 
 28.06 
 
 8.48 
 
 26.09 
 
 8.16 
 
 26.97 
 
 [: 
 
 The following varieties have given the best yields for two years, 
 vis : Bed Globe Norfolk, 27.6 tons per acre. Red Top Strap Leaf, 
 23.3 tons, and Pomeranian White Globe, 22 tons. These also are 
 all white fleshed varieties. The 11 white fleshed varieties averaged 
 25.6 tons per acre, and the four yellow fleshed 20.22 tons. 
 
 Mangele. 36 varieties wisre grown. Tbedrills were 22^ inches 
 apart. In one drill the plants were thinned to 7 inches and in the 
 other to U inches. They were sown May 23rd. The next table 
 gives the comparative results from the six varieties which gave Uie 
 highest yields. 
 
 Yarietiea. 
 
 Improved Mammoth Prize, long red long 
 
 Pjarter's Champion 
 
 iiammotb Bawlog 
 
 Steele Broa. Long Red Selected. 
 
 NorUtan Giant 
 
 Siffel Tower 
 
 Shape. 
 
 hiM long, 
 long 
 
 half long, 
 
 Uniform. 
 
 even 
 « 
 
 medium.. 
 
 Average 
 weight per 
 root of two 
 
 ■eedinge. 
 
 lb. 
 
 2.66 
 
 2.77 
 
 2.68 
 
 2.61 
 
 2.69 
 
 2.46 
 
 Average 
 
 yield per 
 
 acre. 
 
 tons. 
 86.66 
 84.00 
 84.00 
 88.88 
 82.07 
 82.04 
 
.' t 
 
 i :■ 
 
 It will be observed that these do not comprise any of the gtobe 
 ▼anetie& The highest yielding globe variety oame l3^bh in thelisk 
 The U distinctively long varieties yielded an average of 28.67 tons 
 per acre and the six globe varieties an average of 22.42 tons. The 
 following varieties have given the best yields per acre for two years, 
 vis: Norbitan Giant 22.9 tons, Long Red 19.3 tons and Oarter'a 
 Warden Orange 18.3 tons. 
 
 Sugar Beeta. 4 varieties were grown. The drills were 22^ inches 
 apart. In one drill the plants were thinned to 6 inches in the 
 row, and in the other to 12 inohea They were sown May 23rd. 
 
 Vwietiet. 
 
 Average weight 
 per root 
 
 Yield per aore. 
 
 Yilmorin't IminroTed White. . 
 
 Gemwn White 
 
 Silenian 
 
 lb. 
 2.02 
 1.64 
 1.63 
 1.42 
 
 tone. 
 21.S0 
 20.71 
 20.60 
 16.87 
 
 French White 
 
 
 It will be observed that the Oerman White, the kind which has 
 been grown most extensively over the province, comes second on the 
 Ust in point of yield. The average yield of the four varieties is 
 19.86 tons per acre. 
 
 PotatoM. 74 varieties were grown in 1891, and 26 varieties Ut 
 tte two years past. The seed was obtained from the United States, 
 the maritime provincea and Ontario. The soil was a cUy loam con- 
 taining a Urge amount of vegetable matter. It lay in sod for five 
 years, was turned over last autumn and was thoroughly cultivated 
 m the spring. One peck of the tubers of each variety was cut into 
 180 sets and planted in drills 28J inches apart The rows were 181* 
 It. long. ■ 
 
 Besults from the six varieties which gave the highest yields : 
 
 Varietiae. 
 
 Empire SUte 
 Smnmit . 
 
 Maturity. 
 1891. 
 
 Barly Maine. 
 Obrk No. 1 . 
 Pootahidc . . . 
 Thorburn ... 
 
 mediom, 
 
 ei^v. . . . 
 meoium. 
 mediam , 
 
 Uniformity of 
 tnben. 
 
 1891. 
 
 good ,.. 
 
 good . . . 
 
 mediom . 
 good ..., 
 good ..., 
 
 Average yield 
 peraore. 
 
 1890-9L 
 
 mediam Igood 
 
 buah. 
 192.9 
 147.5 
 140.9 
 138.0 
 
 lao.s 
 
 129.2 
 
 • 
 
6 
 
 By Mtaal toit we have foand all thew varietiM to poMeaa good 
 •dible qaalitiM with the exoeptiou of the Pootelaok, which probably 
 •honld not be olaaeed higher than medium. 
 
 Fodit' Com. 84 varietiee were grown in 1891. The seed was 
 obtained ohieflf ftom the northern Statea, bat some of it came from 
 the aoathem Statea and some waa obtained from Ontario. All these 
 varietiea were grown in duplioate in the firat inatanoe upon scd 
 whioh had not been plowed for six years, and in the second on 
 land which had grown different kinds of grain for four years pre- 
 ▼iously. The sod waa turned under in the autumn of 1890. No 
 manure waa applied nor had it received any since 1886. The stubble 
 la.nd was also plowed the previous autumn, and had received a fair 
 application of farmyard manure in the spring of 1890. The soil waa 
 • mild clay loam and rather low lying, 'nte com was planted in 
 hills, 5 links or 39.6 inches apart each way. But one row of each 
 variety was planted on each kind of 'soil. The rows were 166 ft. 
 long on the sod, and 99 ft. long on the stubble ground. But four 
 plants were left in each hill. Thorough shallow cultivation waa 
 given the rows both ways. Following are the results : 
 
 Vftrieties. 
 
 Sheed'B Tooth 
 
 Qlien«r Oounty Miumnoth. 
 
 OklieoDent 
 
 Leuning Deot 
 
 OMnbeny White Dent 
 
 Oompton'a Eulj 
 
 Wiaoonain Yellow Dent ... 
 BlMnmoth Southern Sweet. 
 
 South Western 
 
 Wieoontin White Flint .... 
 
 Olasa of corn. 
 
 White dent . 
 Yellow dent 
 Mixed dent . 
 Yellow dent 
 White dent . 
 Yellow flint. 
 Yellow dent 
 White dent . 
 White dent . 
 White flint.. 
 
 Maturity. 
 
 Late 
 
 Late 
 
 Medium .... 
 Medium late. 
 
 Late 
 
 Earl7 
 
 Medium late. 
 
 Late 
 
 Late 
 
 Medium 
 
 lb. 
 1,966 
 1,800 
 4.888 
 8,866 
 
 900 
 6,000 
 8^166 
 1,060 
 1,700 
 6,786 
 
 
 tons. 
 16.62 
 16.41 
 16.35 
 16.88 
 16.10 
 16.08 
 14.94 
 14.86 
 14.63 
 14.66 
 
 It should be remembered that these varieties were grown for 
 fodder purpoaea whether in the green or dried stete or cured in the 
 silo. Eight of the ten varieties were dent and two were flint It 
 haabeen found somewhat diflicult hitherto to get flint varietiea 
 ,whi(A produce sufficient weights per acre, but this experiment shows 
 lUiat the two flint varieties named in the table weigh well and also 
 
 nrodnflM a. larom n ii«»< f<t» n# okmC^ r\$ fj.« ^«u«. ^^s^*.: i.i j. 
 
 s- a— -J— —-»'•; -"J^ g»»?iiji -w-i ■Btra \nixut rssst^vs.'CS VSiS IZSUS6- 
 
 suitable probably fbr the silo in temperatures the same as at thia 
 stotion are Compton's Early, Wisconsin White Flint, Leaminft 
 Tello^, and Wiscoonn TellowDent. 
 
 #• i 
 
 \ 
 
 ' 
 
 
 ' 
 
 ».'i^ 
 
 ' * 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 
 ■' t 
 
 i 
 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 t 
 
 ■ * 
 
 t 
 
 , 
 
 * 
 
 
 
1 
 
 4 
 J 
 C" 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 
 f 
 
 •ramge of tripli^^ J^rtT^"^ '**"^* mentioned in the Ubie i. the 
 
 Averaga yield per acre (tons). 
 
 >»rk«l in th. «*, rf S,*^"^" '^« '•'•■ ■"*". wi it i. m«t 
 
 
 inohee in 
 
 the turnips on Jum 22nd. ^''^ ***" ^"^ 20th. and 
 
 DI.Uno.betw«.nrow.. " :?^!!!:?p^!!^^ 
 
 Swede turnipa. | Mugeb. 
 
 16 inohee. 
 34 inohee. 
 88 inohee. 
 
 37.89 
 28.66 
 28.78 
 
 the'J.^ive'*thet4;t*^^^^^ 
 
 ''eith wfetj. **" '^ **'»^'» ^bich can be followed 
 
 Conclusiom. 
 
8 
 
 2. That while the average yield of the 14 dietinotively 
 lopg varietiee of mangels waa 062 bushels per acre, that of 
 the 6 globe varieties was but 747 bushels. 
 
 *vf • '^} **i? ^^ yielding varieties of potatoes tested at 
 tus station for the past two years are also possessed of Kood 
 edible qualities. * 
 
 4. That for quMitity and quaUty of fodder and earliness 
 m maturiM the Oompton's Barly, Wisconsin White Flint. 
 LeanuMf Yellow and Wisconsin Yellow Dent are probably 
 the most suitable for the silo among the 36 varieties tested 
 here for the past three years. 
 
 t /?•>. '^^* *" **^ **'** *^® mangels grown on the level gave 
 
 10.4 per cent, more of an increase than when grown on 
 
 If' t^ii h <""®r®nce with the turnips and sugar beets 
 
 Distribution of Seed. Partieg deairous of obtaining seed of any 
 of the leading varieties of field roots and corn grown at this station, 
 for purposes of testing, should apply for circular, which contains all 
 necessary information in reference to this department of the work 
 of our Station.