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NOTES 
 
 ON 
 
 English Grammar, 
 
 -f- 
 
 BY 
 
 H. M. BRADFORD, M.A 
 
 Head Master of St. Andrew's ScUool, Annapolis, N. S. 
 Late Foundation Scholar of St. John's College, Cambridge, 
 
 2tst \A/rangler, 1886. 
 
 A. & ^A^. NIACKINIvAY, 
 Halifax. N. S. 
 
 i 
 
Peijii 
 
 Entered according to the Act of the Parliament of Canada, in 
 the year 1899, by A. & W. Mackinlav n. tu. m 
 Agriculture. AJackinlay, at the Department of 
 
PREKACK. 
 
 ida, in 
 ent of 
 
 THESE Notes were originally designed for senior pupils pre- 
 paring for University and other entrance examinations, most 
 of whom have come to me equipped with a medley of imperfect 
 definitions and with recollections of some complicated mechanism 
 for analysis, but without any intelligent grasp of the principles of 
 Grammar. Something more is necessary before they can write 
 good English or begin to translate correctly into a foreiirn 
 language ; and there is seldom time to master an exhaustive 
 treatise. To such pupils my .lotes in MS. have proved of service. 
 
 In their present shape fi'e Notes are slightly modified so as to 
 form, in the hands of an intelligent teacher, the basis oi a series 
 of lessons for junior classes. At the sane time they cover the 
 points most generally found difficult. 
 
 I have sometimes made use of terms whose meai s are 
 merely indicated by the context, and defined in the seq - : this 
 may offend some who will not depart from the severely .ogical 
 methods of Euclid and old Grammarians, but I believe it to illus- 
 trate the process by which we actually gain most of our knowledge. 
 In the same spirit I have made no attempt to avoid a difficulty 
 because it occurs before the text has provided for it. 
 
 A pupil who is to be examined on a specified book must take 
 the precaution to master his author's fads, such as distinctions 
 between Verbal Noun and Gerund, F"actitive Objects, the parsing 
 of " what," " but," etc. 
 
 It is hoped that the shortness of these Notes will help pupils to 
 realize how very little knowledge is required for ordinary parsing 
 and analysis. 
 
 With what is contained in the following thirty-two pages, the 
 average student should be able to give, even on knotty questions of 
 English Grammar, an opinion worthy of consideration. 
 
 The Exercises may suffice for senior pupils, and can easily be 
 supplemented to meet the requirements of junior classes. 
 
 I am publishing this little book to facilitate my own work ; but 
 shall be very glad if it prove of wider usefulness. 
 
 My thanks are due to Professor MacMechan, of Dalhousie Col- 
 lege, for his kindness in reading over the first proofs. 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
 Annapolis, N. S., August, iSgg. 
 
19. 
 
 23. I 
 
 I 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Sec. 
 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 4. 
 
 Sentence mid Clause ***"" 
 
 Statement 
 
 Vkhb '"[ 
 
 Phkdicatr [ y^ 
 
 Incomplete Predication. 
 
 Slhjkct. 
 
 Subject to every Predicate 
 
 Transitive ami Intransitive. 
 
 Object 
 
 Analysis -.-Simple Sentences '................, * 
 
 Complex Sentences 
 
 Compound Sentences 
 
 Parts of Speech. 
 
 Vkrb. 
 
 " Voice 
 
 Mood. 
 
 " Tense 
 
 Noi'N 13 
 
 Pronoun '^ 
 
 Note on what 
 
 Note on Definition 
 
 (i) Relative and Demonstrat'ce. 
 (ii) Reflexive and Emphatic. 
 (iii) But. 
 
 Gender am' Nutnber 
 
 NO.MINATIVK Case 
 
 (i) Subject. 
 
 (ii) in Appositioii. 
 
 (iii) of Address (Vocative) 
 
 „,, ^ <^v) in Nominative A bsolute. 
 
 22. Accusative :— 
 
 5. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 10, 
 11. 
 12. 
 13. 
 14. 
 15. 
 16. 
 17. 
 18. 
 
 19. 
 
 (i 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 20. 
 21. 
 
 J5 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 23. 
 
 (i) Object. 
 
 (ii) in Apposition. 
 
 (iii) in Accusative and Infinitive. 
 
 Factitive Object 
 
 (i\) after Suppressed Preposition. 
 (v) Retained Object. 
 
 (vi) Cognate 
 
 Note .-—Each other. 
 
 I>ATIVE :— 
 
 Indirect Object. 
 nie.sceins, niothinfeis. 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
^' CONTKNTS. 
 
 Hec. , 
 
 '■ii. PO88KHHIVE :— I'AOE 
 
 Vn,. .11, ''*'''^f'/''''<' "'"' iihicctive Genitive .„, 
 
 ^ote : A book of .lolin'x. " 
 
 2i». AiUKcriVKH . 
 
 2«. Parfirijilvs. 21 
 
 27. AiUrctivcs and Particif,les .... 
 
 '2H. IhvnvH of Coviparimn. 25 
 
 '-'!». Advekkh 
 
 3(). i'kki'ositions ' \ 26 
 
 ('ON.n'NCTioNa ! ' ^ ' ! ! ! '^ 
 
 C'oiyuncfinn ami Relative. ^ 
 
 (^'oiKJunrtire Atlrcrh. 
 
 31. Intkiukctions 
 
 ;«. iNKiNi'iK Parts OK THE VkuiV... ...!.'.' . " 'f 
 
 (i» Hiniplv Ttilinitivr f* 
 
 (ii> ^erbnl Noun or Ihruml. ^ 
 
 (iii) Present I'nrticif)!,: 
 • (iv) Past Partieiph: 
 (V) Adject i ml Infinitive. 
 
 OQ , . ^^''* ''*''"'''''"■"/ <"* (hrnndiul Infinitive. 
 6i. (a) Componnd nonnN 
 
 <b) Nouniiin inynot Oerundn. ^^ 
 
 (c) Prolafivr Infinitive. 
 
 (dj AccnNdfive and Infinitive. 
 
 (e) Adjectives with Infinitives 
 
 32 
 
I'AOIC 
 
 ■ 23 
 21 
 
 . 2/5 
 
 ■ 2tt 
 
 27 
 
 . 28 
 
 29 
 29 
 
 ;w 
 
 31 
 32 
 
 Sentence and Clause, 
 1. A SENTr;xcK is 11 j,'r.)U|) (.f words expressinj,' a complete 
 tlioiigl.t. It consists of ..M., nmiu stutcinont, coinman.l, question, 
 or exclamation, with any number of subordinate ones (called 
 Clauses) in some way exi.l.ining or completing its sense, or the 
 sense of some part of it. 
 
 Statement. 
 2. A Statement is generally to the eflect that some person 
 or thing is the performer of some action, or is in some state ; 
 for instance : 
 
 The ass ate the thistles, (action.) 
 
 The rain fell and the wind blew, (action.) 
 
 The hearts of the people are merry, (state.) 
 
 Verb. 
 3. The word expressing the fact of the sentence, whether 
 that hei be the performance of an action or the being in a con- 
 diti( ,1 or state, is called a verb : it is really the '^tellinq" word 
 of the sentence,— the vital part, without which there can be no 
 sentence. Thus in paragraph 2 the words 
 
 ate, fell, blew, are 
 are verbs, 
 
 Ex. I.— The words italicized in the following extract are 
 verbs : 
 
 And they that loere foolish took their lamps and toolc no oil 
 with them : but the wise took oil in their lamps Avith their 
 vessels. While the bridegroom tarried thev all slnmhered and 
 slept, and at midnight a cry was made, - Behold the bridegroom 
 Cometh : go ye out to meet him." 
 
ORAMMAH. 
 
 Predicof^, 
 •». r„ ,o,„„ cn«.s ll,„ v,.r „„o ,lo„s „„t e„„v.v „„v 
 
 as»c,.t,o„, l,„„„,.r 1,,,,..., i, onllM tl,„ J.,,,,.,,,/, ti „ „ 
 rt«„., , ,,,,,,, ,ve, ,,.,,li._.„,„,. „.,„„,.., I,,,. ,„.o ,,,, 
 
 "l.m OK 1X0,.»,.,,F.TE I>«Kn,CAT,ON : tl„. V,.,l, .' ,„ I,,." ,1,^ 
 
 ™n,„,„,,,.t v,.,.|, i„ ,„„ ,„„„„„«,, i. a ,.,.,.), „f i„..„;„,,,, 
 
 :i e'Lr' '' "■'""■" "'^' """ '» "'^'' '" "» «'-iu';:;.,:e 
 
 Kx. a- Pick out IVodicatos in the fnllowii,.-— 
 
 i'.x. II (A).— Pick out tlio rpTiiainirif! Proilicitcs in Kx. I. 
 8 A, it i, i,„,,,,.SMl,l„ to' „,„l<e a rt»t..,„e„t tlu.t i, „„t 
 
 iiOK „,„st 1,0, oxpres«.,l ,„■ i,„|.li<.,l, „ „.„,,1 ,Ie„„ti„.. tho 
 per.o„ o,. tlung a.,„„t ,vl,icl, tl„. ^tat.,,,,,,. i, ,„a,le, Tl./wo, 
 .x calloci the bf,«., T of the verh, a,„l it ,.„„ always ho fo,,,,! b 
 
 &i:jr""" '■"'■'"^' '* '""""■" ""■''»" "'• "«■'""» 
 
 Ex, III.-Tlius i„ Ex. II, to liri.l the suhjoct we ask •_ 
 'vho chscoursci ? Ans.; rt.y, suhjoct of discoursed." 
 
 "w ono™','T"'"' ' ^"'■'- """■ ""^'^'^' °f " ''-• -".mitted." 
 «/,.(, v,-,s Peace ! Ans, : name, subject of " was " 
 
 I an III '" "'" "'""' ""'"^ "" '"''■'""' °'' "" °"'" "'■''= "' 
 
 I 
 
; convoy any 
 any dcfitiito 
 L'ys no nioan- 
 tcllint,' word, 
 to form an 
 Tims most 
 y niv callpd 
 'fo 1)0," the 
 f iM('()m|il(>to 
 lie b('^'iniiinj( 
 bsolutc sense 
 
 ml aftiM- tlu'v 
 . tliey lu'took 
 >per rliamher 
 name of the 
 ay, and then 
 
 in Kx. I, 
 
 that is not 
 a sentence 
 
 Mioting the 
 The Word 
 
 JO found hy 
 
 ask : — 
 LU'sed." 
 3mmitted." 
 •ened." 
 
 !r verbs in 
 
 (lltAM.MAU. g 
 
 Kx. I v.- Find the suhjeetH of all the verbs in the fol- 
 lowing : — 
 
 An ass w.-is lo.idocl with i^ood provisions of sever.tl sorts, which 
 m time o. harvest he was . rryin^ into the Held (or his n.aster and 
 the reap,,, t„ ,,.„, ..,,3„_ ,3,, ,,,^. ^^..^^. ,^^, _^^^^^ a line lar^e this,!., 
 and honj; hm ,,ry he^an to mmnble it : whieh, while he was doine, 
 h. en 0. , .,.,0 thi. relleetion : •• How many .^reedy .pi.ires would 
 ^^ thn k themselves happy amidst such a variety of delieate viands 
 ^^as I now e.-u-ry. h„l ,0 me this bitter priekly thi.tle is more 
 
 savoury and relishinK than .he most exquisite and sumptuous 
 
 Danquet. 
 
 Enhjccf to ev>'i'ii Pr.'ilicati'. 
 
 ^ 6. TlfKllE CANNOT MK PltKOIGATK WITHOUT .SUUJKCI or sub- 
 ject wtthout pre.licat,. : tlio„.|, i„ „.nny exclamations and 
 every day expressions either stil.ject or predicate is understood 
 and not spoken : 
 
 <•. .^'., Thank you 
 Bless you 
 Please 
 Nonsense 
 
 = (/) thank you. 
 
 = (May r,W) bless you. 
 
 = (""'/') please (you). 
 
 = (That is) nonsense. 
 
 /. 
 
 There are two classes of verby, 
 
 Tranxlfivv and Infransifive : 
 
 (1) Those denoting state of the subject, as 
 
 I ■zi'cis wearj- ; 
 
 or actions performed by the Subject without reference to any- 
 thing else, as 
 
 The children (/h-c/. They slept. 
 
 (2) Those denoting actions directly performed on some 
 person or thing, as 
 
 The hunter killed a moose. I have built a house. 
 
 Verbs are called Intransitive or Transitive as they 
 belong to the first or second of these classes. To find whether 
 a verb 13 Transitive or Intransitive ask the question formed by 
 placing «' whom " or - what" after the verb. If any reasonable 
 
/ 
 
 II 
 
 ORAM MAR. 
 
 .-3 forthc„,„i„„ the verb U IntrlLe """"'"' '""'" 
 
 Ex. V._To apply t|,i, method to the extract in Ex. 11 „sk 
 lata whom? Ans. Pilrrrlm nh- . m 
 
 Find Objects of the other verbs in Ex. I a„d ri. 
 
 Ohjeet. 
 
 "'^'"Jt'^t^Jt"^^;^^^^ forced b, plaein, 
 verb only. Tlii, ivoidf « ,. ' ""'' """ ''^^' "'« 
 
 PredicatiLftl) r„ ^^^ "'"' "'"'' "' I"™"!'''*" 
 
 objeet to " was " Lt if '''■ . ^°" '"'s'" '"'"' " "eary " as 
 
 P<e.ePreaie„::\.e,' :r::;^:V':;^ 
 
 ask the question 1,. ! ^ complete its sense; and 
 
 »..d " wr "t • .tZs^:" """"' ' '"' *" ">-^ '^ - »--. 
 
 In They made ready the chamber, 
 
 They appointed him ruler over them. 
 They called him John, 
 You may take 
 
 made ready, appointed ruler, called John, 
 
 tTr^s ;. !;::'" t* '"i ',? -' ■-»' '^ *= •■-h better to 
 
 .hecha„ber(.o b.) .eady, hi™ (,„ be) ruler. [See S..(„i„, 
 the M„I|;^,!i"' "^ ""J'"'^'""' ""J-'' of a" the verbs in 
 
 tear. The second time he took co„n,ge aad 
 
fb is Transitive, 
 isonable answer 
 
 :t in Ex. II ask 
 
 3 verb " laid." 
 '. to Transitive 
 
 II. 
 
 aed by i)lacing 
 
 not after the 
 
 of Inconii)Jeto 
 
 ry," if you ask 
 
 e " weary " as 
 
 is an Incom^ 
 
 ts sense ; and 
 
 is no answer, 
 
 ich better to 
 'verning tlie 
 
 §22(iii)J. 
 
 he verbs in 
 
 his feet and 
 courage and 
 
 GRAMMAR. g 
 
 ened him ^kn h / .7' """^''"^ '^''^ °^^"'^'-' •''^ ^v""Icl have fright- 
 P ese. ktwhin" H "^"f '"^"' ^'^"""'^ ''^ '°"^' ^^^^ ^^'^^^ out, 
 
 Now while Peter doubted i„ l,im,elf what this vision which • he 
 had seen should „ea„, behold the men which were sent fro ° 
 
 fir.ter: td" het''^;;;;,:tt"T' ",''^' -'- '"™™''' 
 
 Spirit said nnto^hi., ■• B^hoidVllrre^reVs^'X: " '"' ''"""• "' 
 
 So,m verbs are not predimte, mid have no suhjeets 
 
 <,nJI^'~^7"'''°f '"'"'"' "'"^"'" "-k" " g"n.malioal 
 queshot, a„.l the verb " finding" |,a, „„ ,„,,jeet, tl,o,„.h it 
 
 h .an object. This „„e„ ,.ot cla»l, with tlte Lt;„,e„t t^ 
 ™172 '--'■"'« h-^ a subject, but sitnply c,,„w. that 
 
 some pat, a verb catinot be use.l as pretlicatcs ; e. «., 
 flndths ' could „ct pcsibly be the ,„ai„ verb in a .e, ten/e 
 «ther ■„ statentent, question, co,„,„a„,:l, or exolan.atio,,. 
 
 Pronouns n» StJiject and Object. 
 *iVote-H»re the object of "ha,l seen" is "which" ™1 
 -' "vision," This is a little confusing: you ,k t 
 
 ,„„';„/""■"■" " " ^''^^ "'"' "'-" '•» «<''>.i=.^t to " should 
 inean, and a word cannot be subject atid object at the sa.ne 
 
!; i 
 
 III 
 
 n I, 
 
 I; 
 
 6 
 
 GRAMMAR. 
 
 time. "Which" is i„p,, ., 
 
 «^--J« in its place, and is ^0^- T'''"^ " ^'■^"°"'" «-^ 
 ''vision" vvouM be if til v, ^ I'^u '"^ *'"' ^^^'' ^^^ - 
 the ..Wo.." You will unders Kl tr X "'' " "^ ^^«^' -«« 
 talk of Pronouns. ""^"'^^'-^'"^ th,« better when we conie to 
 
 ^'^'^^o/Coinmrnuf. 
 I ^ote.—ThQ subject of " behoM " ;. r , 
 
 Analysis. 
 
 -' r-ut :: tr o^j^rs' :r ^^r "'^' "'-' «"<• ■■'» -■«ect 
 
 object). , J""-' (■' *« ""b >.. tl,o predicate ha, „„ 
 
 structure of tl,e sentence.' , " .7 " "°''' P'"^'" '" "« 
 8<'i«l> or qualify either ,uhl T'" ™^ ''<'>'"»'c, distin. 
 
 «N..noeM.„ /. ,„: ™Lt , „: :'^"'' ^"''^» •' « »"«' »« 
 
 «™se be attached to the prXle , "' °' " ""^ ''^ ''^ 
 "% .(-, the action is p' ™ ' "" "■»'"•»:''-.'*,, „.;,.„, 
 
 Subject, Predicate or e"c L "'"' ''"'"'^ ™""-'«' -itil 
 guide. ■'"•'• *"" '»'"mon sense is an infallible 
 
 -t'': ir;:t:„:r'i;i;:,r'"""", '-» «- ^-y^^s of » 
 
 lively : "S" " '" "'™« ''oLnnns containing respec 
 
 • 3 Tt^^;n:;''"-f'-«..ae.uensi„„s. 
 ^oject uith Its enlargements. 
 
ig "vision," and 
 'le verb, just as 
 itl '• He had seen 
 wlien we come to 
 
 nd always a verb 
 1/ou]. 
 
 find its subject 
 redicate lias an 
 
 Then take the 
 a' groups, and 
 P plays in the 
 escribe, distin- 
 it is called an 
 it may by its 
 , when, tv/iere, 
 ed an Exten- 
 
 ind reasoning 
 nnected with 
 an infallibJe 
 
 nalysis of a 
 ning respec- 
 
 ns. 
 
 GRAMMAR. » 
 
 Examples : • 
 r«; The Pilg:rim thev laid in a hr..« 
 
 wndow opened towards the sun r"sin J ""'" ""'"' "'°'^ 
 
 Subject. 
 
 They 
 
 Predicate. 
 
 Object. 
 
 laid 
 
 fil^rim. 
 
 Extension : \ i.- / 
 
 «n a lar^^e upper chamber- ^"^"r'fen^enL- 
 rising-. ' ^' 
 
 Here " the " defines " Pilgrim " wl.ilo fi, T " 
 
 upper chamber, etc.," show X' t^^J^Z ^ T. ' ''7'' 
 fo.m an extension of the Predicate ' '"'^ '^''''^"'' 
 
 cry^n^ r^'r^ '"''' ''^' ^^-^ ^'^ --' without, trembling and 
 
 Subject. 
 
 Mercy 
 
 £n/. : 
 
 ( 1 ) poor. 
 
 (2) trembling- and 
 
 ^Tying- for fear. 
 
 Prcdicutc. 
 
 Object. 
 
 did stand. 
 
 (0 all this while. 
 (2) without. 
 
 
 Subject. 
 
 Predicate. 
 
 will give 
 unto thee 
 
 Object. 
 
 keys. 
 
 En/..- 
 (i) the. 
 
 (2) of the kingdom 
 of heaven. 
 
!! I 
 
 I 
 
 O GRAMMAR. 
 
 (d) Oiir knowledge of any man is always inadequate. 
 
 Subject. 
 
 knowledge 
 
 Enl. : 
 (i) our. 
 (2) of any man. 
 
 Predicate. 
 
 is inadequate. 
 
 Ext. : 
 always, 
 
 Object. 
 
 Kote.—T\\(t words there and it are often used as Intro- 
 DUCTOUY WORDS, and do not come into the sclieme of Analysis : 
 as in 
 
 There is no money in my purse (" money " is subj. to " is.") 
 It is a fine day (" day" is subj. to " is.") 
 
 Ex. VII.— Analyze :— 
 
 (e) In the House of Commons itself every question is decided by 
 voting. ^ 
 
 (f) Education does not consist merely in studying languages 
 and learning a number of facts. 
 
 (g) Close by grew a large bush covered with beautiful nuts. 
 (h) As a boy I wanted to know about the clouds. 
 
 (i) I have elsewhere given the views of one high authority. 
 Ex. VIII._ Analyze :— 
 
 (i) To work for others consecrates even the humblest labor. 
 
 (2) Do nothing in a hurry. 
 
 (3) He that is surety for a stranger shall smart for it. 
 
 (4) Friends will protect you from many dangers. 
 
 (5) Give them no cause of complaint, however slight. 
 
 (6) To do something, however small, to make' others happier 
 and better is the highest ambition. 
 
 (7) He prayeth best who loveth best 
 
 All things both great and small. 
 (3) England has produced some of the greatest poets and 
 philosophers. 
 
 Complex Sentences. 
 10. Complex Sentexces. Very often the extensions and 
 enlargements are quite long exi)ressions involving verbs, and 
 forming in themselves Subordinate Sentences or Clauses. 
 
 Pn 
 
 cal 
 
 ne( 
 
 tre 
 
 eai 
 
 am 
 all 
 
 wa 
 
 doi 
 
GRAMMAR. 
 
 ite. 
 
 )bjeet. 
 
 id as Intro- 
 )f Analysis : 
 
 to "is.") 
 
 is decided by 
 g languages 
 iful nuts, 
 uthority. 
 
 St labor. 
 
 ers happier 
 
 poets and 
 
 nsions and 
 I'erbs, and 
 
 .AUSES. 
 
 [Notice that a Phrase is a group of words not including a 
 Predicate.] 
 
 The main sentence with its subordinate^? forms what is 
 called a Complex Sentence, and for a com|tIete undysis it is 
 necessary to dissect the subordinates separately in detail. 
 
 This involves no new principle. 
 
 Ex.: Always remember that men are more easily led than driven. 
 
 Subject. 
 
 (Thou) 
 
 Predicate. 
 
 remember 
 
 Ext.: 
 always. 
 
 Object. 
 
 chat men . . . 
 .... driven. 
 
 Object Clause ; — 
 
 (That) men 
 
 are led 
 
 Ext. : more easily 
 than s P 
 
 they 
 
 are 
 driven. 
 
 Ex. IX. — Complex Sentences. Analyze : — 
 
 (a) Some learned men think that the worship of serpents and 
 trees was the earliest faith of mankind. 
 
 (b) It * had at first seemed to him as if in heaven above and 
 earth beneath naught but confusion reigned. 
 
 ( c) You will one day learn from the beautiful story, which rocks 
 and rivers are ever telling, what vast changes have happened over 
 all the earth. 
 
 (d) Before the Crimean War was ended, the Aberdeen ministry 
 was driven from oftice, because it wiis thought that they had not 
 done enough to save the lives of the soldiers in the hard vvinter. 
 
 ( e) No mercy was shown to any Englishman who was taken. 
 
;ii i 
 
 \V 
 
 I'l! 
 
 !lif 
 
 f 
 
 10 
 
 GRAMMAR. 
 
 country. reputation of a witch all over the 
 
 'MfLllTj:"" '^'" """'■' •""" »- "-. able .„ „a,i.e how 
 
 .He H'ojitrt''::':'^: '"'" '"'- "-^"""^ '^<'""' -=-- » -il^ ^n 
 
 iWe.-_* See note § 9 (d). 
 
 Compound Seyitence 
 
 joining w'ztij:::;::" """■; ""'™"' »" ™"'"^'' ••>■ -- 
 
 Ex. X. — Analyze : — 
 
 (Here but simply jo„,s the . wo sentences ) 
 wi" ::.' deTa^ZTt."" "^-^ ^° '"''""' «•" -" -hen he is old He 
 
 ^'«r^s of Speech. 
 cJhe claliJl "°'' r ' '""■^^^'^" '° understand that all words 
 
 cuss in detail. ' ^^' '''*" P'"^^^^'^ ^o 'iis- 
 
 have seen th.i ,•/ % ^'"'^ ''^ ^^'' Predicate, and we 
 
 .: 
 
g-ht told me that 
 tch all over the 
 
 e to realize how 
 
 ixcite a smile in 
 
 GKAMMAR. 
 
 Voice. 
 
 11 
 
 ipled by sonio 
 to (he rest, in 
 Sentence. 
 
 a home, 
 es.) 
 
 n he is old he 
 intry, and for 
 the principles 
 
 at all words 
 in speaking, 
 )ceed to dis- 
 
 )een distin- 
 te, and we 
 Jrding as it 
 
 14. Again, a Timisit k-eYerh can always be used in two ways 
 
 for while the subject is usually spoken of as performing the 
 
 action on the object, the object can also be spoken of as liaving 
 
 the action performed upon it by the subject ; e. ;/., you can say 
 
 The man ki'I/ed a bear. 
 
 or, A bear 7fas killed by the man. 
 
 The object in the first sentence has become in the second a 
 Passive {i. e., suffering or undergoing the action) Subject : for 
 if you ask the Suhjerf. Quest urn '^IVho teas killed ?" the answer 
 is " bear " (subject to " was killed.") 
 
 These two manners of using a Transitive verb are called 
 the Active and Passive Voices. Onl>i Tnmsitive verhs can h« 
 used Passivehj, and every Tramitive verb can he so used. 
 When in doubt, then, whether a verb is Transitive or not, you 
 can make sure by trying to turn it into the Passive. 
 
 Ex. XL— Pick out the verbs in the following, and state 
 whether Transitive or Intransitive, Active or Passive ; also 
 change the Voices of the Transitive verbs : 
 
 A person once brought clothes to a pirate who had been cast 
 ashore and almost killed by the severity of the weather ; then 
 earned him to his house and furnished him with all necessaries. 
 Bemg reproached by someone for doing good to the evil, " I have 
 paid this regard," answered he, " not to the man, but to humanity.', 
 
 Men are disturbed not by things, but by the views which they 
 take of things. Thus death is nothing terrible, else it would have 
 appeared so to Socrates. But the terror consisS in our notion of 
 death, that it is terrible. When therefore we are hindered, or dis- 
 turbed or grieved, let us never impute it to others, but to ourselves ; 
 that is, to our own views. 
 
 Mood. 
 
 15. Whether in the Active or Passive Voice, a verb can be 
 used in several distinct manners or Moods, viz.:— 
 
lili! 
 
 'il!| 
 
 I ''■' 
 
 i m 
 
 I !l 
 
 12 
 
 OIUMMAR. 
 f7i(lirafire. 
 
 They had been sivimmimr. 
 It 7t'/7/ rain to-d.iy. 
 The boat is be in^r broken up. 
 His leg: was hurt. 
 
 Siihjutirfivp. 
 clesi.. etc., calle., the 8..^;:^^;:;! TT '' '"''""' 
 
 n I «.... you. I should be happier. 
 
 1 hough I walk throutrh the v-ill^,- ,r .. , . 
 
 fear no evil. ' ''^ ""^ ■^'^^'''^'^^- ^^^ ^'eath, I will 
 
 I would I «... the pilot of the darkness and the drean.. 
 
 GoiKlitiona}. 
 
 If I were you, I should be hap,,ier. 
 Imperative. 
 
 Moo'? Jj:: "'"""" °' '■""•"«■'"'■ -"«'• ti- iMP.«„v. 
 
 ^/rt-^t- up 3^our mind. 
 
 Be assured that this is true. 
 
 InHnitive. 
 
 , . ^^ ' ^^'^^•' t''e Infinitive Mood • e o- 
 
 It .s a beautiful thing /. die for one', country. 
 Hehkes/od.;i.„/^^^. "^^ • 
 
 -1 i 
 
GRAMMAR. 
 
 strnij^rhtforward 
 
 oubt, purpose, 
 r than snow. 
 
 '»■ death, r will 
 earn. 
 
 ei'tain condi- 
 
 Imperative 
 
 liout regard 
 Mood; e.g.: 
 
 r oliject to 
 ler part of 
 
 13 
 
 spe...ch : it can havo an object but it cannot have a subjoct. 
 Ihis, and tbe reniainitig parts of the verb, will be discussed 
 later on (^ 32). 
 
 Tcme. 
 16. Since an action is always spoken of as in the Pr>'sent 
 Pa.^'f, or Fufnre, so the verb must have a Time or Tense! 
 Again, in the Presetit time an action may be— 
 (i) still going on {Imperfect) ; 
 (ii) mentioned indefinitely {Shnple) ; 
 (iii) finished {Perfect), 
 and so in the Past and Future. 
 
 Taking the verb " to love " as an example, we have nim 
 tenses, as follows : — 
 
 The verb " to love." Indicatioe Mood. 
 
 Simple 
 
 Present. 
 
 Past. 
 
 Imperfect . 
 
 I love, 
 j'aime. 
 amo. 
 
 I loved, 
 jaimai. 
 amavi. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Perfect . . . 
 
 I am loving-. 
 
 j'aime. 
 
 amo. 
 
 I was loving-. 
 
 j'aimais. 
 
 amabam. 
 
 I have loved, 
 j'ai aim^. 
 amavi. 
 
 I had loved, 
 j'avais aim^. 
 amaveram. 
 
 I shall love. 
 
 j'aimerai. 
 
 amabo. 
 
 I shall be loving-, 
 
 j'aimerai. 
 
 amabo. 
 
 I shall have loved , 
 j'aurai aime. 
 amavero. 
 
 As It ,s most instructive for those beginning Latin and 
 J^rench to compare these languages with English, and to have 
 the same methods and terms in parsing, the tenses of the 
 corresponding verbs » aimer » and " amare " are given in the 
 above scheme. 
 
14 
 
 GRAMMAR 
 
 '•r:i 
 
 I 
 
 or I.ar„,„itIvo ; Voic . li^'^^T ^i^ T""'"" '^'™" '"'- 
 j'^et ; (vi) Object. ' ' ' '"'"' ' <'"> ''•■"'« i (') Sub. 
 
 yo- od,K,ui„„, , h„, „: t V ™ i' :r' *'" '° ■•' ''^"-- 1"--" for 
 
 ">at you will have ,l,e same. Tam f ?'""'"" '"■ ''• ■'"'' ' l'"l>« 
 
 ated from me, b„. y„„ Z,.' "^ """ ^"" "'""•" be .,pL 
 
 -^ -VII (A).— Parse fully the verb, in fj, ^ n • 
 , One spring- when the trees had h ^''"^''"^^ — 
 
 the count was hunting in the': e r^n!. f^ ''^'"'"' ^'^'-^ ^'"^ "^' 
 -»■ d .t had disappeared among- the bush" f ''" ^'''^^'"^ ^ ^^^er, 
 ho"ovv tree. The kin^ sprai f^om . ^' ^^-ounded the old 
 
 -P-t, cutting a path with'h L:r J W, ""'^' ."^^ ^"'"^ '^''^ ''-- 
 ^way, he saw. sitting under Ttrt ^^^'" ^' '^^^ ^e had cleared 
 f-m head to foot in he^ own Void nL' "» '"' '"^"^^"' '-''^thed 
 -t her in astonishment. Then he s'.' "' ''"°' ■•^"'''"*' ^-'"^ 
 and why are you sitting here !n this wM ' ''^'"^' " '^''^° ^''^ youf 
 -wer. ror .he couid L opr h^nirrr:: " Ik '"' "^' "^^^^ "^ 
 Ex. XII (B).-Analyze the above extract. 
 
 N'oun. 
 In this definition the wnvA ti ■ 
 
 po33iMe.„3,„e.,„,;:;x.rz:;:f '- "^ ^™^- 
 
 So John, London table t 
 
 carpenter, heaven, ^e^^.aphV.fndt'pcaran"''' '°''"' P"'"''"^' 
 
 - '^PPcarane.e, are all Nouns. 
 
liowing, and parse 
 
 'hether Transitive 
 
 Tense ; (v) Sub- 
 
 e I not convinced 
 
 -> a better place for 
 o'" it. and I hope 
 should be separ- 
 should part for a 
 «very stop i„ the 
 tnd never do any- 
 lug" of sorrow for 
 
 have :~Ve,-h^ 
 ^hi' ''Opinion." 
 
 oUowin" • 
 
 rain, the king- of 
 chasing- a deer, 
 rounded the old 
 I tore the briars 
 he had cleared 
 maiden, clothed 
 d silent, g-azing- 
 Who are you ? 
 •Jt she made no 
 
 GRAMMAH, 
 
 Propor awl Common Nouuti. 
 
 15 
 
 r, is called a 
 its broadest 
 
 e, painting-, 
 Nouns. 
 
 A Proper Xoun is a name applied to anything to distin- 
 gmsh it from otiier things of the same cksa ; while a Common 
 iVouN is a name given to each of the things that can be included 
 in a certain definition : — 
 
 Thus, " man " is Co„n>wn ; "John," "Victoria," "Jones," etc., are 
 Pro/ier, 
 
 " house " is Common ; " Tudor Lodge," " Tlie Grange," etc., 
 are Proper. 
 
 . "town" and "country" are Common; "London," " Eng- 
 land," "Canada," "Annapolis," are yw/ie/-. 
 
 Xote.—A Proper Noun should begin with a capital letter. 
 Ex. XIII.— Pick out and classify the Nouns in Ex. VI. 
 
 Pronoufi. 
 
 18. A word that sfaurls for a Noun is called a Pronoun + 
 e.<j:— ' + 
 
 Instead of saying 
 
 John saw Mary and Mary s£iw John, 
 we may say 
 
 John saw Mary and she saw him. 
 Instead of 
 
 John, is this book John's ? 
 We say 
 
 John, is this book yours ? 
 When a person tells you a piece of news, you say 
 
 I know that, 
 instead of repeating the story : 
 
 And instead of 
 
 I bought a horse : the horse is dead, 
 you say 
 
 The horse that I bought is dead. 
 
::lu 
 
 I !^ 
 
 '■■il 
 
 M 
 
 *" OUAMMAR. 
 
 Pram^ns nre classitied ns follows :-— 
 
 (i) PER80XAL, standi..- directly for the names of persons 
 and things, to avoid repetition. Thoy are : 
 
 1st Peuhos (denoting the speaker and those associated him) 
 
 ^'"S"' Plum/. 
 
 Nom I 
 
 Accu.uUvc and Dative., me us \.. ..I genders. 
 
 ^"^^■"^"■^ "line ours J 
 
 2nd Person (denoting those spoken to;. 
 
 ,, ^'"^' Plural. 
 
 AoM . 
 
 A,.^ , r. . • ' yo" and ye. 
 
 Ace. and Dative ,(,„„ ^ 
 
 Pass '\^^ y^"- 
 
 tniiie yours. 
 
 3kd Person (denoting those s.)oken about). 
 
 ^'"ff- Plural. 
 
 A/asc. Fern. A'cut. 
 
 ^y" he she it they. 
 
 Ace: and Dative him her it them 
 
 ^'"' his hers its tlieirs. 
 
 (11) Possessive, being the Possessive case of the Personal 
 Pronou.is, jas given above. 
 
 (iii) Emphatic Personal as 
 
 myself, yourself, himself. 
 [Xotice that the word ''self" is a noun ; as in «'love of self."] 
 (iv) Rklative or Con.il. vcrn-E, referrm to something 
 
 already mentioned, and at th. suvne .. ae Jominy on the clause 
 
 that lollows, as : — 
 
 who, which, whom, that, as, and what. 
 £x — On such a time as goes before the leaf. 
 Do with me as you will. 
 The sun 7v/iose beams most glorious are. 
 If 7vkat I was I be. 
 I do not understand what you say, 
 
 Nofe.~The word a Relative refers to is called its Anteced- 
 ent. 
 
 ji I 
 
UiiincH of persons 
 )8e associated him) 
 
 |-/.< all genders. 
 
 Plural. 
 you and ye. 
 you. 
 yours. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 they, 
 them, 
 tlieirs. 
 
 of the Personal 
 
 n "love of self."] 
 
 <l to sonieLliing 
 'n<j on the clause 
 
 bat. 
 f. 
 
 re. 
 
 led its Anteced- 
 
 (iliAMMAIt. 
 
 17 
 
 (v) Okmonmtuativk, pointing' out, as 
 
 this, th.it, ihfsf, thosi-, and >uch. 
 ^.v. — I will havi' nun*' o\ such. 
 
 (vi) DisTHinL'TivE, denoting that things are distributed or 
 taken separately, as 
 
 each, every, i-ithi-r, neither, 
 ^•f. — How h:ippy could I bo with ^////<>r ! 
 (vii) Indki-initi:, not denoting pre.is-ly the ohject for 
 which it stands, as 
 
 one, any, auj^lit, some, other, eertaii 
 Ex, — I have eaten none of your corn. 
 
 As certain also of your own poets have - lid. 
 Gallio cared (or nonf of these thinj^s. 
 it may be so lor aui(lit I care. 
 
 (viii) Rbflkxive, used as objects to verbs wficn sidijoct 
 and object denote the same person, as 
 
 myself, himself, etc. 
 Ex. — He hurt himself. 
 (ix) Interuogative, asking a (piestion, as 
 what ? which ? whose ? 
 Ex.— What does it matter ? 
 
 What is it thou hast seen ? 
 
 , What. 
 
 t Note.—'' What " is really the neuter form of " wh '" : 
 " I hear what you say." 
 = " I hear [that] what you say." 
 and the ])enionstrativo Pronoun [that] is antecedent to the 
 Kelative what. 
 Thus in 
 
 " Dora stored what little she could save," 
 parse "what" as Kelative Pronoun, accusative case, governed 
 by "save^" antecedent "that" (Demonstrative Pronoun) 
 understood. 
 
 [How would you parse " little T] 
 
I 
 
 Ml 
 ll 
 
 I- i 
 
 ' ll 
 
 18 
 
 GRAMMAR. 
 
 t iTofe.-This Definition of Pronoun is old and useful, hut 
 not very accurate. The real distinction between Noun an 
 
 stances for every person in the w„rld, and ■■ it " for everv 
 «...g ... the world ■ while any particular noun can only pZ 
 
 to a certain set of things. ^^^ 
 
 There is a certain likeness between Pronouns and Proper 
 
 ^^^ouns. the things denoted by them being subject to no defii" 
 
 Relative and Demonstrative. 
 19. (i) Distinguish between the Relative and the Demon- 
 
 .El— This is the house M„/ Jack built. 
 
 ioiJn?"Thi! " ".'.'""r '''""°""' ^'"-'=''-' "house," and 
 6ov.T,..w;:,r "'^ ''°"^^" -• "J-k huilt":-Acc. case 
 
 That is the man. 
 "That" is a Demonstrative Pronoun, pointing to "man." 
 
 Rejiexive and Emphatic. 
 
 (ii) Distinguish between Reflexive and Emphatic Personals 
 which have precisely the same forms : ^eisonals, 
 
 ^.v.— He said so ///w^^// (Personal.) 
 Uehuvi himself. (Reflexive.) 
 
 [The same distinction exists in Latin between «' se " and 
 ipse," and in French between " se " and " lui-meme "1 
 
 But. 
 
 V^L^r' ^'^ ""^"'"^^ '''- ''- ^^-^ ^' ^ I^elative 
 _ There i. no man but has some conscience. 
 -There .s no man who has not some conscience. 
 
is old and useful, but 
 between Noun and 
 i application. The 
 der varying circum- 
 Hid " it " for every 
 loun can only apply 
 
 'onouns and Proper 
 subject to no defini- 
 
 Ive. 
 
 ve and the Denion- 
 has a conjimctive 
 
 ; built. 
 
 dent " house," and 
 built":— Ace. case 
 
 fiting to "man." 
 
 niphatic Personals, 
 
 nal.) 
 cive.) 
 
 let ween " se " and 
 ai-meme."] 
 
 the Accusative or 
 
 lace of a Relative 
 
 ience. 
 Jnscience. 
 
 GRAMMAR. 
 
 19 
 
 This is, however, only a case of Ellipsis (dropping out), or 
 contraction, from 
 
 There is no man but he has some conscience, 
 and it is best to ])arse accordin<;ly. 
 
 Gender, Number. 
 20. Nouns and Pronouns have Gender and Number 
 according to their meanings ; that is to say : 
 
 (i) Names of male things are Masculine Gender. 
 Name of female things are Feminine. 
 Names of living things, sex indeHnite, are Common, 
 and Names of inanimate things are Neuter. 
 
 (li) Words are Singular or Plural according as they denote 
 one or more things : 
 
 e. g., «' woman " is Feminine Singular. 
 " chair " is Neuter Singular. 
 " John " is Masculine Singular. 
 •' birds " is Common Plural. 
 " houses " is Neuter Plural. 
 
 Case. 
 21. The Case of a Noun or Pronoun is decided by the 
 part it plays in its sentence. 
 
 We recognize four cases :-Nominative, Accusative, Dative 
 and Possessive. 
 
 Kominative, 
 
 A word is in the Nominative Case. 
 
 (i) When it is Subject to a Verb. 
 
 (ii) When it is in Apposition to another word in the 
 N^ominative case, e. g. : 
 
 Then out spake brave Horatius, the Capfam of the g-ate. 
 (" Captain " is Nom. in A pp. to *' Horatius.") 
 
 The imag-e which Nebuchadnezzar the /ting had set up. 
 He is a man after my own heart. 
 
 <" Man " is Nom. in App. to " he.") 
 
!l I 
 
 i 
 
 li'" 
 
 Mil 
 ' ill 
 
 i li 
 
 i I ill 
 
 'I! 
 
 ! (■ 
 
 li ' 
 
 ! ;.■)■ 
 
 :l!l 
 
 
 : il 
 
 i 
 
 2n 
 
 " GRAMMAR. 
 
 Caesar then became consu/. ' 
 
 ^^ [Notice that words separated by any part of such verbs a* 
 to be, an<l "to become," must be in the same case, as 
 my father's word was /aw.] 
 (iii) AVlien used in address, as 
 
 O A't'nq; live for ever. 
 Hither, /)age, and come to me. 
 
 This is called the Xomixative of Address, and is the same 
 as tlie Latin ^"ocativb. 
 
 (iv) In the NoMiXATiVE Absolute construction, as 
 Jo/tn then being King- of England. 
 The dtd-e answering in the negative, 
 Charles ordered him to be put to death. 
 [This is rendered in Latin by the Ablative Absolute, botl> 
 nour and participle beinc. put iu the Ablative case, instead of 
 tile iNomuiutive, as in English.] 
 
 Accusative. 
 22. A word is in the AccusATrvE Case, 
 
 (i) When Direct OoTEcr to a verb or governed by a 
 Preposition. '' 
 
 (n) When in Apposition to another word in the Accusative 
 case, as 
 
 Then thus they spake to Reynard the Fox. 
 
 (iii) In the Accusative axd Infinitive co>.struction, in 
 which a subordinate clause is e.vpressed by making its subject 
 Accusative and its verb Infinitive :— e. g., instead of 
 You know that such is the case 
 
 one may say 
 
 You know suc/i to be the case, 
 and parse "such" Accusative case, with verb "to be" in 
 Accusative and Infinitive construction, e. g. 
 
GRAMMAR. 
 
 21 
 
 )art of such verbs as 
 ! same case, as 
 
 me. 
 
 :Eds, and is the same 
 stniction, as 
 
 .nd. 
 ative, 
 to death. 
 
 itive Absolute, botii 
 tive case, instead of 
 
 or governed by a 
 
 fd in the Accusative 
 
 e Fox. 
 
 E construction, in 
 making its subject 
 stead of 
 
 verb "to be," i 
 
 in 
 
 He maketh his sun to rise on the just and on the unjust. 
 \'\\ vniCAd fhem man and 7vife. 
 Let not your heart be troubled. 
 Suffer little children to come unto me. 
 Thoug-ht it a dead thing. 
 
 ]!^ote.~\i is possible to consider " niaketli to rise" as 
 Preth'cate and " sun " as object ;. but " maketh " is a Transitive 
 verb, and tlie object-question " maketh tvhat ? " brings a clear 
 answer— "his sun to shine." Therefore it seems more simple 
 and logical to consider tliat object-clause as in the Accusative 
 and Infinitive construction, so familiar in Latin. 
 
 Such sentences as 
 
 They made him consul. 
 He thinks me a fool. 
 
 may be taken as instances of the same construction, the 
 Infinitive '• to be " being understood The object-.iuestion 
 " made what] " brings " him [to be] consul," and analysis and 
 parsing on this basis are quite satisfactory. 
 
 However, " consul " and " fool " are often called Factitive 
 Objects, since they occur after a class of verbs, of which 
 *' 7na/ce " (facio) is a type. 
 
 (iv) After a Supphessed Prec-ositiox, especially Avhen 
 denoting duration of time or space, and after certain adjectives, 
 He lived [througfh] seventy years. 
 A ditch [by] six feet deep. 
 Like [to] a meteor in the sky. 
 Worth [by] twenty dollars. 
 
 (v) When Retained Ohject, fnund with the Passives of 
 verbs that take two subjects ; e. (/., innn 
 
 He gfave me a book, 
 we get 
 
 I was given a ho'.>k by him, 
 
 and " book" is Accusative of the Retained Object, after " was 
 given." 
 
r"' 
 
 
 li ! I 
 
 i!ll 
 
 i! . 
 
 II i 
 
 iti 
 
 i. 
 
 ! !; 
 
 •'l ii, 
 
 22 
 
 (vi) When 
 
 a w 
 
 GRAMMAR. 
 
 ord, hein.rr object to <a verb 
 
 tive, expresses tho V'"' "'"^^'-^ ^"^''^"^i- 
 
 , expresses the snme idea as the verb, it is called a 
 
 Cognate Accusative."— ^ 
 
 ^- g- Let me live my life. 
 To die the death. 
 I have fougrht a grood fght. 
 All these may, however, be included in^class (iv) 
 
 extf ::-[;k::cf:i;^^ ''''^'' - ''-' -- ^^^-^ 
 
 ^(ich Other. 
 JYote.~In the sentence 
 
 The women kissed each other. 
 
 ''oTher''i^^'''''''l"'''''' "' ^^'l^^^-^'^on to '« women " and 
 other is Accusative, governed by " kissed " 
 
 Indirect Object. 
 usinllv '^'" "".?■' '' "" """' "' "'" ^""•"^^ 0'"'^«n which 
 
 ^. g Give w^ the boolt (me = fo me). 
 Grant us pardon (us = /o us). 
 Bake me an apple (me = fo^ me). 
 He made /«>« a present. 
 The Dative is also found in the survivals me,.ems (~ if 
 seems to me) and methinks. ^~ '* 
 
 Possessive. 
 24. The PossE^.VE or Ges.tivb is the ^,i,>c«i,„« Case in 
 
 <'. .^. Smith's house. 
 
 The river's brink. 
 
 To !!.!r."" ^"?"''°° ^'"'"' ''^ '""'"»'"■« "-"''- house, .tc. 
 To denote actual ,,„„os,ion i, ., co„,„,„„ function of the 
 
 Po3ses.ve case, but hy no n.ean, the only one ; there is beside 
 
 U..^. 
 
GRAMMAR. 
 
 -erb usually Intransi- 
 verb, it is called a 
 
 ight. 
 
 class (iv). 
 their nature, being 
 
 23 
 
 to " women " and 
 
 a" 
 
 ?ECT Object, which 
 lacing " to whom " 
 
 le). 
 me). 
 
 Us meseems {=. it 
 
 djectival Case, in 
 pliiys the part of 
 
 ivhose house, etc. 
 function of the 
 ; there is besides 
 
 a broad distinction between Subjective and Objective Geni- 
 tives : e. y. '« the King's menaces " might imply (i) that the 
 Kn)g menaced someone else or (ii) that someone else menaced 
 the king. In the 1st place, "king's" is Subjective Genitive, 
 since "king" is the subject of the action implied ; in the 2nd 
 ])lace " king's " is Objective, because " king " is the object of 
 the action implied. 
 
 The Genitive Case abvmjs ends in—s. We can often convey 
 the sense of a Genitive by using " of " with an accusative ; e. y. 
 
 The house of the master = the ?naste?-'s house. 
 Either of these would be rendered in Latin by the Genitive, 
 but in English only the second is Genitive, the word 
 " master " in the first being Accusative, governed by " of." 
 
 A Book of John^s. 
 ^Yo<e.— Such expressions as "A book of John's" are pro- 
 bably the results of a confusion, and should be either " John's 
 book " or " A book of John." An ingenious explanation is 
 that '« A book of John's " = " A (one) of John's (books,)" but 
 this does not seem to be backed by any authority. 
 
 Ex. XIV. —Parse fully the Noims and Pronouns in the 
 following : — 
 
 The man whor.e picture this is, is one of a thousand. Now he 
 bethoug-ht himself of setting: forward, and they were willing- he 
 should ; but first, said they, let us g-o into the armoury ; so they did ; 
 and M hen they came there, they harnessed him from head to foot 
 with what was of proof, lest perhaps he should meet with assaults in 
 the way . 
 
 How to perform that which is good I find not. For the good 
 that I would I do not ; but the evil which I would not, that I do. 
 Now if I do that I would not, it is no more I that do it, but sin that 
 dwelleth in me. 
 
 Owe no man anything, but to love one another, for he that 
 loveth another hath fulfilled the law. 
 
i f! 
 
 'ii!' 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 111 I 
 
 i I 
 
 11 
 
 GRAMMAR. 
 
 ^dJHCtivf.3. 
 
 inn or ,I;i/i: tT''-v''°'T "' "■""'' ""•" ''''"--^ ■'«'•'■*• 
 
 ./ m qiMlijyiiuj subjects ami ol.jecta U-nr,],, .1,.,, ,■,• 
 
 nouns or pro,,,,., a« .ailed Ad.kct.vL .■ . , """'"^ 
 
 A tall ma.n. t^,,, . ' , ,. 
 
 A „/ J twenty soldiers. 
 
 A stormy dav. t 
 
 A,i;„ «.• , ■ * '"If" •^"'^f'^- 
 
 -rt';r:r;i;:;r '"^ ^"-^ «^'"''"' ■""--■ -^ -- - the 
 
 P.x. XV._Pick out the Adiectire^ ;„ fi.^ f n • 
 gender, number and case of each!" ""' ^""'"^ 
 
 (.) Canst thou not minister to a mind diseased. 
 Pluck from the memory a rooted sorrow, 
 
 ^^!*^"'^^^'^^-'«-^-"bles of the brain, 
 And w.th some sweet oblivious antidote 
 Cleanse thestuf^'d bosom of that perilous stuff 
 J^h.ch weighs upon the heart? 
 
 chnc/b^^:^;rc;:,b:t^:;;::f^.:;^"-^ '^ '--" - ^ --^ 
 
 its crooked spine. "^"^ '' '^^""'^^ ^^at way straighten 
 
 degree of inferior'standinrfoTever.' ''^"'^" ^^ ^ ""''' ^ -^^-" 
 „ . Participles. 
 
 ^0. Notice that several of the Adjectives in Fv vv 
 really ;.fl,.^. o/reW;. : «. ^. ^jectues in Ex. \V are 
 
 Rooted is from the verb to root. 
 Written " << . . 
 
 St ff'd ^^''''*'^' 
 
 a^i'ricii-r'ax'ifr't'--"'-- 
 
 verb - to love " has '^ Adjectives : e. g. the 
 
 (J) Present Participle loving. 
 ^") P^si Participle \o\ed. 
 These /arficiples are nnrsed n« vn.i 
 W come into very conLr ! ^ ■'^■\ ^xoq.t some that 
 tiioir verbal force ; as '' "'^''^^^'^^ ^'^"'^ ^^^^'^ ^"^t 
 
 Cunning, noted, startling, etc. 
 
URAMMAR. 
 
 25 
 
 •-^ ami phnsps dexcrib. 
 Words that qualify 
 • 9- 
 
 soldiers. 
 d. 
 
 ber, and case as the 
 
 lie followint?, giving 
 
 sased, 
 
 ovv, 
 
 rain, 
 
 te 
 
 ous stuff 
 
 by laws, as a weak 
 t that wa3-straig-h ten 
 
 e is enoug-h, in the 
 to a man a certain 
 
 !s in Ex. XV 
 
 are 
 
 5d to qualify and 
 ectives : e. g. the 
 
 xcej.t some that 
 '■■? and have lost 
 
 e. g. To make him pleasing in her vmcie's eye. 
 [Pleasing- simply means pleasant. ] 
 
 Adjectives and Pronouns. 
 27. There are Adjectives corresponding to most classes of 
 Pronouns, viz: Demonstrative, Distributive, Interrogative. 
 Indefinite and Possessive. This should not present any dith- 
 culty : when the noun is expressed, the word ijuidifyinci it is 
 an Adjective ; when the noun is understood, the word standiny 
 for it is a Pronoun. 
 
 Examples of Adjectives. 
 Give me that book. 
 This is my book. 
 Which house? These people. 
 Either part}'. 
 Have you any apples ? 
 
 Examples of Pronouns. 
 
 That is my book. 
 
 This is mine. 
 
 Which la yours? 
 
 These are my people. 
 
 Either will do. 
 
 I have not any. « 
 
 Be;/rees of Comparison. 
 28. All other Adjectives may be grouped as Qualitative 
 or Quantitative, and are used in three Degrees, viz :— 
 (i) Positive, when the thing spoken of is not compared 
 
 with any others, 
 (ii) Comparative, when there is a comparison of two things, 
 (iii) Superlative, when there is a comparison of more 
 than two things. 
 The Comparative and Superlative are usually formed l)y 
 placing » more " and " most " before the Positive, or by adding 
 • — er and — est to it, e. g. : — 
 
 beautiful more beautiful most beautiful 
 
 great g-reater greatest 
 
 "gly uglier ugliest. 
 
,11 
 
 i I 
 
 ■ ! 
 
 1 i! I 
 
 "i ; i 
 
 j i '■! 
 'ill i 
 
 1! 
 
 II f! 
 
 I 
 
 I! 
 
 26 
 
 ORAMMAR. 
 
 There are irregularities, as,— 
 g:ood better 
 
 "^^ worse 
 
 best 
 
 worst. 
 
 0«/y a stransrer would think so. 
 
 A/l the world know this. 
 
 So/u/la harvest. 
 
 By w«/y, a sweep of meadow smooth. 
 
 r «; n^/i./ grood should follow m., if ./», vvere done ? 
 H here falls not rain or hail or any snow. 
 ^7f °"- '"iS^ht show .V at a jou;t of arms. 
 CbJ ll/tat are men better than sheep or ^oats 
 rhat nourish a W/«rflife within the brain, 
 ^f. knowing: God, tkey lift not hands of prayer. 
 Both for themselves, and M«.. «,,, ^all //..,„ fHend > 
 f ^y* By wwe jt.cre-/' shrine I ride. 
 To nie is g-iven 
 • Such hope I know not fear. 
 (d) On which he sent ///«.»/ » Cf^,.i. / 
 amon.^ ./..... than he be^an layin" hold of M "!, '""'■" "'■'"'^"'* 
 fast as he could. ^ ^ "'^ ''^^'" *"^ ^^t'^g '^'^'« as 
 
 have recovered /»-.^;:, ""'"• ^"' '^^ --'^-n' ^./.^/...^ to 
 
 in ^ T^:^::^. °" ^^^ ^^'^-^-^ ^^-- -^ Clauses 
 
 Adverbs. 
 a.nlit !'"' '' '^"'"S^"™" »f Subjects a„,I Objects, which 
 A jeefval clause, an.l phrases), so extensions f he Pedi 
 
 «:;::: ;;: stri^; -^ r":" r^-' ^-^ "*-^ 
 
 etc., a„ actio,, il ;::t„„e!;. ' ''""'" '""'' '*'-^' -''^' ""-". 
 
GRAMMAR. 
 
 27 
 
 St 
 
 >rst. 
 
 Under the title of Adverb, ton, are included worch that 
 qualify Adjectives or other Adverbs. 
 
 e. g,, (i) In 
 
 he walks sloivlvt 
 
 I'arated from their 1 "slowly " tell how he walks, and is therefore an Adverb quali- 
 
 imooth. 
 
 alicised Adjectives 
 
 ere done ? 
 
 'W. 
 
 rms. 
 
 ts 
 
 in, 
 
 ■ prayer, 
 
 them friend ? 
 
 no sooner arrived 
 and eating- them as 
 
 very axe which the 
 Jman, delighted to 
 
 rases and Clauses 
 
 1 Objects, which 
 Adjectives (and 
 s of the Predi- 
 ? (and Adverbial 
 ■ere, ivhy, when, 
 
 f.vin< 
 
 w 
 
 alks 
 
 But 
 
 we may pay 
 
 H 
 
 he walks very slowly, 
 
 He walks much /oo slowly. 
 ere " very " is an Adverb, qualifying " slowly. 
 " "too" •« " "slowly. 
 
 " " much " " " 
 
 too. 
 
 (ii) In " she is pretty," 
 
 " pretty " is an Adjective qualifying the pronoun "she." 
 Ill " she is very pretty," 
 " she is not pretty," 
 " very" and " not" are adverbs qualifying the Adjective " pretty." 
 Ex. XVII. Pick out the Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases 
 and Clauses in the following, stating what words they qualify 
 and in what way : — 
 
 Now their way lay just upon the bank of a River : here therefore 
 Christian and his companion walked with g-reat delight : they drank 
 also of the water of the River, which was pleasant and enlivening to 
 their weary spirits : besides, on the banks of this River on either 
 side were green trees, that bore all manner of fruit : with the Fruit of 
 these trees they were also much delighted. 
 
 In this meadow they lay down and slept, for here they might lie 
 down safely. * 
 
 Now I beheld in my dream, that they had not journeyed far, but the 
 river and the way for a time parted, at which they were not a little 
 sorry, yet they durst not go out of the way. Now the way from the 
 River was rough, and their feet tender by reason of their travels : 
 so the soul of the Pilgrims was much discouraged because of the way. 
 E.K. XVII (a). Parse fully all the italicized words in 
 the above e.Ktracts. 
 
 Prepositions. 
 
 30. There are still two 1 irge classes of words to consider ; 
 — the first inchules many very common little words, such as to^ 
 
i! H 
 
 i 
 
 i f 
 
 I'm 
 
 Ml! II 
 
 28 
 
 GRAMMAR. 
 
 -Ile.IP„.Po,„,,,,,/2 ':;„':''• "%. T''"- "-'« "re 
 pronoun, wln-c i, ^eUu^T'T'""'"' ''^ » """" or 
 
 ihe second class contains all wor.h th.f • , • 
 or sentences, without aflecting the s t 'f "/-'""" """'^^ 
 Cox.u.CT,oxs: the connnonj;t It^ ,ut ' ' ir "'^ ^'^'^^^ 
 
 Relative p;onoun. ^ilL ::;;;7 ^'!^ ^^'-ni-^tion u-ith the 
 «nd a Personal Pronoun J J' Li," "'"^^ ? '^ ^'°"^■""'•^■•- 
 
 - He prayeth best «W/,Hoveth best. 
 _x he house ///«/ Jack built. 
 
 ^vno IS jSonnnative and "thit";. t 
 -seof ..he "an,! •' it ■' respectively. """"' '"""'^ "'^ 
 
 lell me ivheyehe is '•'•[/• 
 
 I asked hin, ../.,, he was comin,-. 
 TheuM„dblowethr././//...itlisteth. 
 
 junctions and KclativrpI'!"'' "'' 'V'''^'' Prepositions, Cn- 
 
 ^'-^/..c.eo...i,,;„i to h. h 7;:'""' •^^""•'^' -'''^t the 
 
 The Earl of Essex 1 . ^'^^^'''^''^ ^"^«'''') -•- 
 
 «^^inst ^^^,ob:::-^ ;^'^,^;^7^Hetb.tu„ate expedition 
 ■-ent towards hi,„, ,,,, l^^"^"' '' ^^e Queen's fond attach- 
 
 fu r pe.son, and exposed 
 
GIUMMAR. 
 
 29 
 
 'tive, takiiiL^ th 
 
 him to all those ill offi,-es, which his enemies, more assiduous in their 
 attendance, could employ a^-ainst him. 
 
 She ',vas ,.ioved with this tender jealousy : and maluuK- him the 
 present of a rin^, desired him to keep that pledge of her affection, 
 and assured him that into ^vhatcver disgrace he should fall, whatever 
 prejudices she mi^ht be induced to ascertain against him, yet if he 
 sent her that rin«- she would immediately upon si^ht of it recall her 
 former tenderness, and would afford him a patient hearinjf. and 
 would lend a favorable ear to his apolo^^y. Essex, notwithstanding 
 «//his misfortunes, reserved this precious j,Mft to the last extremity : 
 but after his trial and condemnation, he resolved to try the experi- 
 ment, and he committed the rinjf to the Countess of Nottin^diam 
 'vhom he desired to deliver it to the Queen. The Countess was pre! 
 vailed on by her husband, the mortal enemy of Essex, not to execute 
 the commission : and Elizabeth, who still expected that her favorite 
 would make this last appeal to her tenderness, and who ascribed the 
 neglect of it to his invincible obstinacy, was. after much delay and 
 many mternal combats, pushed by resentment and policy to sign the 
 warrant for his execution. 
 
 PlK. XVIII— (rt) Parse fully the italicized words in the 
 above extract. 
 
 Interjection. 
 31. The last part of speech is the IxTEftJKCTioN, which 
 embraces all exclamations not otherwise classified : 
 e. g., Alas ! Ah ! Thanks ! 
 These are often contractions or remnants of whole sentences. 
 
 Infinitive, Participle, Gemnd. 
 32. The iNFixiTE TAUTs OF A Verb, /. e., those that 
 have no subjects, may be grouped as follows :— 
 
 (i) The Simi)le Infinitive. 
 
 (ii) The Verbal Noun or Gerund. 
 
 (iii) The Present Participle. 
 
 (iv) The Past Participle. 
 
 (v) The Adjectival Infinitive. 
 
 (vi) The Adverbial or Gerundial Infinitive. 
 Note.— The term Infinitive is, for distinctness, only appliec^ 
 to the form with the preposition "^o." 
 
 Noun 
 Adjective 
 
 Advei'b .• 
 
30 
 
 (iltAMMAU. 
 
 '^. ^. . Teach a boy fo pl„y fairly. 
 (\\\ Tl ir ' ''**'' ^'^ w/./ poetry. 
 
 both xo^:l^;;^, t7 ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ -^^'^^ ^« ^^ ^^^^ ....,0^ 
 
 ohjcct .- ' ""^ '"" "'^"' "''«" Tian.itivo, govern au 
 
 <•• i'. , The hunfin^ of the Snark. 
 ^kitttufr ,s fine exercise. 
 I hki> reading novels. 
 6-,-;\ Tl TD "'^ ''''''''"'■"'" '■«'''V lampreys. 
 
 <"• ^M Gm a body meet a body 
 t «w/;/^ thro' the r^•e. 
 The sparklinsr sea." 
 i-.v/V the multitudes. 
 
 (iv) Tlie pAsr I'ai.tciple in-™ „ w , 
 
 e.eg. A littley;,«',.,/ flower (Active) ' 
 ^///•///almonds (Passive), 
 l^ora lived //«;;/«mVr/ till her death 
 
 '■ ^. T,,i,, i, „ eirc„„,«a„ce ,. t ""' '" '^"''"'■^ I"flmtive, 
 He ,» a man „ t, feared ( = fSdlwe'r '^''^""'""'"• 
 
 '■voad}' /o die. 
 
 The .hen divide, ,W„,d ,„,,„,„ ,h, f„i, „,,,,„^ 
 
URAMMAR. 
 
 31 
 
 1 can be subject 
 m, when Transi- 
 
 in like nianncr 
 tivp, govern an 
 
 jective and can 
 1 an object ; 
 
 in -% ; there 
 3 is an Atljec- 
 
 ui(i 
 
 hound 
 
 t'E, which is 
 
 e Infinitive, 
 able). 
 
 with " to," 
 r Adverbial 
 
 thin. 
 
 33 (a). In compound words the form in— in;, is usually a 
 Cerund, e. (j : — 
 
 plavitiRf-fiolil ( =. Hold for playinjf ), 
 
 writinj,'--pape'r, 
 
 walking-stick, 
 
 workinyf-capital ( = capital for working), 
 tuning-fork, 
 
 working-order, 
 but " huniming-binl "= " bird that huim," and therefore ♦' hum- 
 ming " is a Particijde. 
 
 (h). Some nnniis ending in— /«v are not Gerunds, but ore 
 actually Particii)le.s that have come into such common use that 
 the words tiiey qualify have been dropped, e. //. 
 
 a human beinfr- a. human (thing) existing, 
 so that we may parse " being " as a Noun, but not as a Gerund. 
 But in we live and move and have our beinsr, 
 
 *' being "=" the act of existing" and is therefore a Gerund. 
 
 Prolative Inlinitive. 
 
 (c.) The verbs be, have, can, shall, will, must, etc., which 
 
 help to form various parts of other verbs, are r.p.lled Auxiliary 
 
 (Helping) Verbs ; most of these are followed by InHnitive.s, 
 
 though to is not expressed : — 
 
 e, g. He must \fo] come. 
 We can [io\ help it, 
 
 and such Infinitives, carnjimi on as they do the meaning of the 
 
 verbs, are called Prolative, and are treated as Completions of 
 
 Predicates. 
 
 All these verbs may be considered as Transitive, (faver7iinr, 
 the Infinitives that follow, which would then be included in 
 class (i) § 32 : but some of the Auxiliaries are so familiar as to 
 be tueated only as signs of various moods and tenses : their 
 transitive force is no longer obvious, and the convention 
 explained above is very useful. 
 
 Accusative and Infinitive, 
 id). The Infinitive in the Accusative and Infinitive con- 
 struction, explained above [^ 22, (iii)] will also be included in 
 group (i) of § 32. 
 
32 
 
 GRAMMAR. 
 
 
 Adjectives with Infinitives. 
 
 (e). Some Adjectives are followed by Adverbial Infinitives, 
 
 e.^., He was ahouf fo grasp the treasure. 
 Ready to die. 
 
 But " willing to die" is an example of Prolative Infinitive. 
 
 Ex. XIX. — Parse the italicized words in : — 
 {a) I am glad to hear it. 
 
 [" To hear "= " from hearing," and denotes reason why.] 
 {b) I was bid go this way. 
 
 [" Go " may be taken as Retained Object. How else may it 
 
 be parsed ?] 
 
 (r) Christian was left to tumble in the Slough of Despond alone. 
 
 (d) The wrath to come, 
 
 {e) A man that appeared to me to be a very honourable /crjo;/. 
 
 (/) It is necessary to express disapproval. 
 
 {g) And forth three chiefs came spurrinsr, 
 
 And flew to ivin the narrow pass. 
 (h) The Tuscans raised a joyful cry 
 
 To see the red blood Jhiv, 
 (i) Friends and foes in dumb surprise, 
 
 With parted lips and straining eyes, 
 Stood gazing ivhere he sank. 
 ij) And now with shouts and clapping 
 
 And noise of weeping loud 
 He enters through the river-gate 
 Borne by the joyous crowd. 
 {k) Games are important in ^/t'w/o/)/«^ the body. (/) Xature 
 always seems trying to talk to us. (/«) No one can expect to talk well 
 without practice. (;/) The man to kill, (o) Men will do anything 
 for their religion, but live up to it. (p) What doth the Lord require 
 of thee, but to ^^/o justly? (q) How hard it is for them that trust in 
 riches to enter into the Kingdom of Heaven ! {r) You will get to 
 love your work, (s) We need not fear man. {t) She is well to look 
 to, (u) He could not ever rue his tnarrying me. {v) I have been 
 to blame, (w) Give me leave logo, (.r) She braved a riotous heart 
 in asking for it. 
 
 Ex. XX. — Parse fully every word in the following : — 
 In olden times, when wishing was having, a king's son was be- 
 witched and made to sit in an iron chest in the forest. He remained 
 here many years, and no one was able to break the spell. 
 
 But one time a young princess became lost in the woods, and 
 wandered about for nine days, till finally she came to the iron chest. 
 As she stood looking at it, she heard a voice say: " Where have 
 you come from, and whither are you going ?" 
 
litives, 
 re. 
 
 U-] 
 may it 
 
 alone. 
 
 ctson. 
 
 ■Jature 
 Jk well 
 kthing- 
 equire 
 list in 
 get to 
 ^o look 
 t been 
 heart 
 
 as be- 
 lained 
 
 s, and 
 chest. 
 ; have