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 r 
 
 MAP OF THE 
 
 PENINSULA or LABRADOR 
 
 cuiiipilpd lixiiu iui'onnaiion supplied by 
 M" RANDLE F HOLME 
 
 cxilateti vnih ihe rn/wr nvriit AiitninJn t'hart.s 
 aiui.tiu liuenc OlHnal ituifu ot'Oir trrnittry 
 
 EuglishMilvn 
 
JMhUshed tor the Proc 
 
Baas 
 
 
 ■y ofiUttt^Pnny " 
 
 65 
 
 (CBrat.) 
 
 
 t;t) 
 
 MAP OF THE 
 
 PENINSULA OF LABRADOR 
 
 cuiupilpd lixjui iulormaiion supplied by 
 M» RANDLEF HOLME 
 
 collated -with the tiuul recmtAiimiralr\- (Tiorf.v 
 and'the laiefit Otfinitl nutfis ot'thr trmttrry 
 
 _\I«i si 
 T50 
 
 CEM;, l'>wrchcrEruiland.Hi.xi''.'i.r 
 
 J^ihUshed for the Prcceedirys ofOu JLyal Gecfpvphi^al, SoaUty, 1H88 
 
 1IWJ»" Tamer, f.R OS 
 
TI 
 
EXCEUPT FROM THE JoURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF 
 
 THK ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1, Savile Row; 
 FRANCIS EDWARDS. 83. High Siseet, Makvi.kbonk. W. 
 
i-«"»f6K;?!-. 
 
PROCEEDINGS 
 
 OF TBI 
 
 ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY 
 
 AND MONTHLY RECORD OF GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 A Journey in the Interior of Labrador , Jahj to October, 1887. 
 By Randle F. Holme. 
 
 (Read nt tlio Evciiiiif; Meeting, February l.ltli, 1S88,) 
 Map, p. 2i](». 
 It is a curious fact that the part of tin- American Continent which is 
 nearest to tlie IJritish Isles, and on the sanio latitude, is of all that 
 eiintinent the least known. Lalirador has heon almost universally 
 avoided. The reason for this is not fur to seek. It is the same that 
 explains why Newfoundland, tho oldest of all British Colonies, is 
 perhaps tho least developed. Each of those countries was first sought 
 liy fishermen, who found tho coast, of Labrador esjwcially, a real 
 " abomination of desolation." On tho Labrador coast not a treo is to bo 
 seen. There is nothing there but bare rocks, and occasionally a little 
 stunted grass. It is almost perpetual winter. 
 
 The reports of tho fishermen and mariners, to whom this uninviting 
 prospect was displayed, gave the country its character, and there has 
 been created a false impression that tho interior of the country is fairly 
 sampled by the coiist. 
 
 The Arctic current, wii i as icebergs and icy waters, freezes tho 
 coast, but has no effect on the inland. At a distance of not more than 
 12 miles from the coast there commences a luxuriant forest growth, 
 which clothes the whole of the country, with the exception of a few 
 spots, chiefly towards the north, called " barrens." These barrens are 
 what we should call moors, and are tho homes of vast herds of cariboo. 
 The climate n few miles inland is totally different from that on tho 
 coast. A journey of 20 or 30 miles in summertime up the country 
 from the sea is like passing from winter to summer. 
 
 Before entering upon any details of my recent journey, it will bo as 
 well to inquire to what extent Labrador is at present populated, and 
 how far tho interior has been explored. 
 
 Tho whole of the south and tho greater part of the east coast is 
 devoted in the summertime to the cod-fishery. For the purpose of this 
 
 No. IV.— April 1888.] p 
 
190 
 
 A JoirnvKv ,N TiiK ismium ok laukaih,,, 
 
 fiHhcrv, laruo iiiiiii)ii>ra .■«• v, «.r i. 
 
 co„.^ i.. viLp.H;;i;r .^ t w ' rr* r*: '■■ ""• ^'-"^ - ^^^^ 
 
 cloHO of f ho liHl.inK Heaso,. A ,m7 . " 1" ""' ""^'""" "» «'- 
 ov.r any Hahn„„ ^ro , . ^ « h'r' l'"'^ ""' .<-t-i.. , ,,.,,,. 
 
 living. n,.t in villages an c.r' " •' ".""""'■ '" ''" """'»'>• 
 
 tho winter of tiai.pin.r an.l i,. fl, «"nmur of halnion-fiNlung, in 
 
 livo far from tho'coa:t ^ Z'"'' l" '*:"'-^'""^'-"«- Tlu,v n^., 
 
 c..nHi.l,.n.l>Io .listanccs in'la u i J ' ^^f-^^'-o thoy Hon.oti.nos walk 
 
 Wover. they arc n.uuoro.r '"" " ''^"" ^"''•^- ^" t'^'^t i„,..,, 
 
 iH now being l,„ilt at (Wtwrl.w o , ''"KI">.u ni.Hsi(,n-hou.o 
 »l«...t tl,„ l,„t llir™ ,vi,,, ", Vero -n '^•^ ","""'■""""»"•'. »l«. I.,,. 
 
 in tho sprinir of each wnr nn„ ^"""."^*"^^«'«- ihey spend a few weeks 
 
 .t Mi j,„, N„l If, v.; ^°''s rL"'" ''T"""''" "»"• ""■« 
 
 priest, a,„l l,.a,,„ adr furrVo" .,m, , „ V "l "''"""'"y "'oot the 
 
 b»t f,, tto ,o,t t,.ei. h»UU ltrri.S '"^L"',''"-™''"' 
 warns covered with birch-lmrk nr A i • , ^'"'''^'°- ^^oy I've in wig- 
 snow in wintortinl itLl^^ :^^^^ *^-3^ Pi^o th^e 
 in these in su.n,nerti.no ;W I Wy t'^ 1,71 '^^ ^7^^^--'^. and 
 they walk onornions distances over fh sLw a houS 7 ' '""7'^' 
 are of a chnnsy round pattern and do nl^f a-,ttf '''T""""'''''' 
 elegant oblong Canadian ones do bIZ \l '™ ^'"'^ '"^ ^^"^ 
 behind the. hand-sledges -l^ic^areXt iTv^rWi^tTotT 
 Their sole occupation is trapping and huntiuL. Th ^ ,''''' 
 
A .TOUIl.NKV IS niK INTEKIOR OK LAIWtAIWi;. 
 
 191 
 
 "I'li'iK oil tho 
 Huiim at th(> 
 N. mill wlicro- 
 nIi and \o\v- 
 1 Iiiiir l.rwdH. . 
 tho country-, 
 
 ttclcd hoIlK- 
 
 ou-liNhing, ill 
 
 liny novcr 
 
 lotimcH walk 
 
 KMkiiiiDs iiri> 
 
 tliat iiili I, 
 
 ul .Aloiavinii 
 lissioii-houmr 
 • Tho first 
 far iiurth as 
 |<(1, who has 
 t'f Enfrland 
 itH of Bollo 
 i hiht. 
 n tho south 
 Inlot, and 
 Bay. 
 
 •d Indians, 
 > tho euor- 
 
 thoso who 
 380 01' the 
 
 few weeks 
 3st8, either 
 
 meet the 
 irovisioiis ; 
 re in wig- 
 y I'ilo the 
 ■bark, and 
 
 however, 
 aow-shoes 
 ig as the 
 hey drag 
 y loaded, 
 •ns which 
 , trusting 
 nly thing 
 squired a 
 
 great affection niiicf the Cnniiiany ceawd to trade Hcju-t with them. 
 Tiiero is now a heavy fiovcrnnient fine iiiuin any uuv froatiiig an Indian 
 or an Kskinio to drink. 'I'liey live in fainili b; each family generally 
 poKHeHHOH a Kiiiall dog trained to hunt for iiorcupincH, which, with 
 ptarmigan, form their most n-lialde means of support. 
 
 Tho I'skimoH alioiit Hamilton Inh^t are (juitn tivilisod. liiglnr up 
 on tho east coast tliey are less so, although they have tho advantugtf of 
 Moravian training. In tl'e extreme north they are chiefly pagan, and 
 almolutelj' unciviliM-d, eating all their food raw, and living in the 
 winter in snow honseH without fires. The Kskiinos never go inlind. 
 
 There is mail eoinmnnieation from Newfoundland between July 
 and October jis far north as Xain on the east coast. The steamer also 
 goes as far west as 'Jonne K>peranee on the south coast. Once during 
 tho winter a mail is sent by Comrlle* and dogs over the snow from 
 Quebec. 
 
 The south of tho country is extremely well watered, and the whole 
 interior is dotted with large lakes. Tlie Indians are eonsequei.tly 
 acquainted with a complete! system of internal navigation, joining tho 
 Seven Islands, jringan, and the mouth of the St. Augustine river on tho 
 south coast, with North-west river on the oast, and Ungava on tho 
 north.* 
 
 Only two white men, however, other than officers of tho Hudson's 
 Bay Comi)any, have until now ever made an inland V(»yage, so far as 
 I have been able to ascertaii One is Pero Lacasse, tho Koinan Catholio 
 missionary to the Indians, who receives the vario.is portions of liis Hock 
 at Mingan, Xcirth-wcst river, and Ungeva. He generally proceeds to 
 those places by sea, but on one occasion hq journeyed from Mingan 
 to North-west river by tho Mingan and Kenamou rivers, and from 
 North-west river to Ungava by tho Naseoiieo and Waqnosh rivers. 
 
 Tho other is Professor Hind, who in 1801 journej-ed up tho river 
 Moisie and back again. This was not, however, properly speaking, a 
 jouiiicy in Labrador, but in tho Canadian province of Quebec, the 
 boundary between Labrador and Canada being Salmon river.t 
 
 Of Hudson's Bay Company officers, it is understootl that ^Ir. Maclean 
 in 18;5!» journeyed by river from Ungava to Lake Petchikapou, and on 
 as ftir as the Grand Falls en tho Grand (or Hamilton) river above Lake 
 Waniinikapou. 
 
 Sir Donald A. Smith, formeily a clerk in the Company's service in 
 Labrador, once journeyed overland from Mingan to North-west river on 
 the route subsequently followed by Pero Lacasso. 
 
 But the most important point connected with tho Labrador interior 
 
 * I conversed witli nn Indian, named I'ierro (iaspi', tvho last spring camo from 
 Gnspi', on the south side of tho (iulf of St. Lawrence, and reached North-west river by 
 mean'- of tlie. St, .lohnV, Ninipii and Grand rivers. 
 
 t Vide ' Journal K.G.S.,' ^ol. Nxxiv. j). 82. 
 
 P 2 
 
192 
 
 A .lOURNKV LV THK INTKRIOU OK LABHADOn. 
 
 journey was niade nnn Illy ftom X fr' !'"" *''" ^''' '^'^ "«"^. • 
 "P the Grand river, anT^olTl^.^'t .r"'' " "^ "'^^"^ ^°«* 
 twenty in nun.ber, vith an XS in f ^^''""'"'^''^P""- The men, al.out 
 stores for their o^n e a. f " 7;"^' 7"^ "^^ '^ ''^ ^*"*-- ^^^^^ 
 in the spring as soon ^Zln^JZ !t ""^ ""T"' '^"'^ ^^^"^"^ 
 -lesorted dnring the su„.„.er months '"" "^""'' ''^'^^'"'^ ^^^ ^-^ 
 
 cr ";;•::; iirr ^r^iixz errf ^-^ ^^-^^ *^^* ^- *^^ 
 
 Au'Z!^itTo;Z -^th accompanied hy Mr/ll. Duff. FelW of 
 July 13th. The'fiVftSad^ J-^^ns Newfoundland, on 
 
 wc arrived. After ..aiting six da " v "T" f ^''' ^^"^'^^ ^<^f°^« 
 second mail. This was a small tf.^ Newfoundland, we caught the 
 to a St. John's firm AfteTtlh / '""' *^' ""'"""■' ^^'^^g-S 
 
 and north coast of N wfoundlln^tf T'''''' ^"^^^ «" *^« ^ast 
 going as far west a7 Bonne t. '" ^ T'^ ''"'' '' ^^^^^'1°^' 
 Harbour, in the ^ouZ.T::J:7Zl!'' "^'T, ^^'* "^ '' ^^*"« 
 changed into the Lad„ GloverZll \ Z •^"^^' -^^^- "^^'^ ^« 
 
 a few days before we Ir^ra there 11^1 7 .t ''' ''^'* '*• '^^^'^'^ 
 trip on the Labrador coasr The In ^\'^'' *'"'' "'^'^« ^^^^ ^^^t 
 
 her on that trip from To't further n"t, "V'^^^' ""'^ ^''^'^'^^ 
 
 her next voyagl. howev^ s^he^t :r;';.t::d ^st^r th^^V ^^ 
 her extreme point. i^'OLcea as lar north as Aain, 
 
 i.nSro^tt;:br;r^ rir ^t^.° '~'' '- *^^ 
 
 Rigolet in Hamilton Inlet on July 2?th ' "'"'' ^' ^^'*'^^<^^ 
 
 andt:;:^^-::;:^;;::^^"^:-^-.^^^ 
 
 however, we encountered thick Ws On the T 1 i "'' '' ^^"^ ^«^'^' 
 but clear and beautiful. The co^ wa^ He V 7^'^' '°''* ^* "«« ^^'^^^ 
 vegetation whatever, but indented w'h^ -^ dreary, without any 
 natural harbours. On the J IT.T ^'"'* """'^"- «f «»Perb 
 
 touched at numerous I.' tlich ",'" ' ""*' "^^ ""^"^^*-^ ^^^^'-e 
 ofnot more than threeTrLrtusIs "^ "'^"'' ""^ tiny settlements 
 
 Bay Company, without wht " " " ^^^ ^^^--ters of the Hudson's 
 
 Mr. Keith MlkenlTethtre't'"""^ ?^'"' " «o-oely practicable. 
 
 -eivod us with r\t rhXTt:iit; aTr' ^'^ ^"^* ^* ^^^-^^*' 
 
 enough to meet with th« l' ^ ^ ?' , ^'^''^ '^'^ ^'^^^ fortunate 
 
 -he. mention LrladXrZr '' ^'^ ''^'^^"«' ^- ^— . oJ 
 
 We started to sail up the inlet in ; small .ehooner belonging to the 
 
'i;. 
 
 inoily cxisteil on 
 post was used, -. 
 an inland boat 
 The men, about 
 ;te autumn with 
 es, and returaed 
 leaving the post 
 
 JO that date the 
 til last summer, 
 
 Duff, Fellow of 
 wfoundland, on 
 t shortly before 
 we caught the 
 over, belonging 
 'S on the east 
 it of Labrador, 
 t lis at Battle 
 ith. Hero we 
 eft St. John's 
 made her first 
 lad prevented 
 >n Inlet. On 
 lorth as ^'ain, 
 
 nient for the 
 ' we reached 
 
 3st enjoyable, 
 )f Belle Isle, 
 t it M'as cold, 
 without any 
 1' of superb 
 on Inlet, we 
 settlements 
 
 ained for us 
 lie Hudson's 
 practicable, 
 at Rigolet, 
 i fortunate 
 Lacasse, of 
 
 ii"g to the 
 
 A JOL'KNEV IN THE INTERIOR OF LABRADOR. 193 
 
 Company. Twelve milos west of Rigulet lies Eskimo Inland, the scene of 
 a traditionary battle between Indians and Eskimos, the tv .. races having 
 always been, ami still l.^ing, liereditary foes. On this occasicm the 
 ca«M«/W;. was as follows:— The Indians asserted that the Great Spirit 
 had made an unmistakable sign by which to distinguisli the territories 
 of the two races ; all that was covered with forest belonging to the 
 Indians, and all that was barren being for the Eskimos; upon which 
 issue they joined battle up..n this island. This tradition is supported by 
 my having found, when I went ashore there, about seventy Eskimo 
 graves. These graves were made in the ordinary Eskimo custom, not 
 being underground, although the soil was by no means deficient, but con- 
 sisting of rough unhewn blocks of stone heaped together in an oblono- 
 form, the inside measurements being 2 feet by U feet. Many of them 
 had been disturbed by bears or wolves, but in mo'st of them a skull and 
 bones were lying. 
 
 A sail of two days brought us w the post at North-west river, at 
 the head of the inlet. This is a subsidiary post to that at Eigolet 
 which IS the head post of the district. It is now the furthest inland 
 post in Labrador, and it is here that all the Indians, except those who 
 go to Mingan or Ungava, bring their furs to trade in springtime. 
 
 This post is in charge of Mr. Walter West, and a considerable 
 number of families, mostly half-breed Eskimos, live scattered about the 
 head of the bay, engaged in salmon-Bshing, seal-hunting, and trapping. 
 Most of the Indians had unfortunately gone off into the interior about 
 a week before our arrival, and as the salmon-fishing season was at Its 
 height we found it impossible at first to obtain any men to accompany 
 us ; we spent therefore some very enjoyable time at the post. 
 
 We afterwards obtained the services and the boat of John Montague 
 a '_' planter" atXorth-west river, wlio had emigrated from Orkney some' 
 thirteen years ago, a fine, stiong man of twenty-eight years of age well 
 acquainted with the head of the bay. John had passed several 'years 
 at Ungava, and was therefore able to give me considerable information 
 as to the character of the country in the north. 
 
 In his company Mr. Duff and I explored all the rivers tliat flow into 
 the head of the bay, ascending tliem in most cases as far as they are 
 navigable. They are as follows ;— 
 
 Gudilcrs Bhjht Biccr.—A deep stream al,out 50 yards wide at the 
 mouth, navigable f.r a small boat for four miles, or lor a canoe almost as 
 tar as the Mealy Mountains, in which the river has its source. 
 _ Kenamish Hhrr.-Ycry similar to the Gudder's Bight river, takin- 
 its source in the Mealy Mountains. " 
 
 Kenamoa Micer.-An important river, used as one of the routes from 
 the south. It IS a wide shallow stream coming through a break in the 
 mountam range; navigable for boats for al>out 10 miles, for canoes 
 probably to its source. 
 
194 
 
 A JOUUNEY IX THE INTEUIOIi OF LABUADOI!. 
 
 Ti-avcximcx Blrn; flowing iuto tliy Grand river, fivo miles from its 
 mouth. TLu TravespincHis navigable fur boats for five miles, and is a 
 rapid, narrow stream. 
 
 Wo also cxi)lored the shores of Goose Bay, Rabbit Island, and Muddy 
 Lake. 
 
 Muddy Lake is joined to the river Travcspines by a small brook. 
 Unti' u few years ago the water in this brook, and in Muddy Lake, was 
 perfectly clear ; but recently a landslip, or perhaps a slight earth- 
 quake, took place, and oi)ened a mud-spring in the brook. Since then 
 the poisonous vapour of the mud-spring has rendered tlie brook impass- 
 able, and the waters of the entire lake have ever since been opaque and 
 foul. 
 
 Norih-iL-cst nicer, so culled, is i)roperly speaking not a river at all, but 
 merely a chiinuel some 300 yards long, joining the Big Bay to a small 
 lake three miles long, which is at its upper end joined by a similar short 
 channel to the Grand Lake, which is 40 miles long. Into the Grand 
 Lake flows the river Nascopee, used as a route to the north. 
 
 The expedition during which these observations were made occu- 
 pied us from August 5th to August 19th. During that time the average 
 minimum temperature between 8 p.m. and 8 a.m. was 38^" Fahrenheit, 
 the highest being 46", on August 17th, and the lowest ;iO'', on August 9th,' 
 the temperature by day ranging as high as 70" to 80'. 
 
 Upon our arrival at North-west river after this expedition, Mr. Dufl' 
 was compelled to return to England. 
 
 Being anxious, however, to make a further exploration of the Grand 
 riyer, which is far the largest of the rivers flowing into the bay, I re- 
 engaged John Montague, and also obtained the services of Flet, another 
 Orkney emigrant. Flet was past the prime of life, and rather weakly 
 after many years of semi-starvation ; but I engaged him partly because 
 there was no one else and another hand was necessary, and partly 
 because he had formed one of the crew of the Company's inland boat on 
 the last two occasions that the inland post had been used, and there- 
 fore knew the river to a certain extent. 
 
 John and I left North-west river on August 22nd, and reached the 
 mouth of Goose Bay river in the evening. This was out of our way, 
 but we had to call there for Flet. On August 23rd we were detained 
 at Goose Bay river by a gale. 
 
 On August 24th we left Goose Bay river and started up the Grand 
 river. We met three families of Indians near the river mouth, and wo 
 saw no other human being until we reacheu the same place on our way 
 back a month later. We spent the night in an empty log-hut at High 
 Point, on the south side of the river. On August 2r)th we reached the 
 first falls by noon, and I spent a few hours in photograi)hing them. 
 Tliese Mh consist of Uvn steps, Ihe fotnl fall beii.g 70 feet. 
 
 The whole of August 26th was occupied with portaging the boat and 
 
 ■A 
 
 i 
 
ws^mm 
 
 g^ 
 
 A JOURNKV IN THE INTKniOP. OK LABHADOl:. 
 
 195 
 
 ■0 milos from ittt 
 '0 miles, and is a 
 
 land, and Muddy 
 
 " a small brook. 
 luJdy Lake, was 
 a slight earth- 
 )uk. Sinco then 
 XQ brook impass- 
 been opaque and 
 
 I river at all, but 
 5 Bay to a small 
 f a similar short 
 Into tho Grand 
 rth. 
 
 ere made occu- 
 ;ime the average 
 i8^° Fahrenheit, 
 ',011 August 9th, 
 
 dition, Mr. Duflf 
 
 m of the Grand 
 
 u the bay, I re- 
 
 of Flet, another 
 
 rather weakly 
 
 partly because 
 
 iry, and partly 
 
 inland boat on 
 
 sed, and there- 
 
 nd reached tho 
 
 lilt of our way, 
 
 wore detained 
 
 i up the Grand 
 mouth, and we 
 ace on our way 
 og-hut at High 
 ive reached tho 
 jiaphing them. 
 ;t. 
 ig tho boat and 
 
 .il 
 
 stuff to the head of tho falls. The portage path consists of a steep 
 ascent of 210 feet, followed by about half-a-mile level through the woods, 
 and a descent of 1 40 feet. 
 
 A canoe would, of course, have been more suitable for work of this 
 kind, but as my crew consisted of white men who were less accustomed 
 to canoes, I had been compelled to take a boat. This had also certain 
 advantages, as we were frequently able to sail, and moreover a boat is 
 not so dependent upon the weather as a canoe, on a largo river like this. 
 Tho boat we had was an ordinary fisherman's dingej' with two small 
 masts; light as such boats go, but still almost more than three men 
 could lift. 
 
 The boat was hoisted up tho bank by means of a block and tackle 
 attached to trees, and frequently shifted, dragged across tho level piece, 
 and lowered down the other bank. Then the stuff was carried over, 
 piece by piece. On August 27th it rained incessantly. However, we 
 made nearly 15 miles, and camped on tho north side just below iSaudy 
 Banks. 
 
 Hitherto the river had been wide, tho current fairly slack, and the 
 banks sandy, and we had rowed or sailed most of the way. On August 
 28th these conditions became reversed, and from this point right up to 
 Lake Waraiuikapou, with the exception of Gull Island Lake and some 
 parts of the river near to it, the journey was one long struggle with tho 
 rapid water. Flet steered, being, as has been said, not very strong, 
 while John and I tracked along the rocky bank the entire distance. 
 The walking was often of tho most terrible description, and frequently 
 necessitated climbing over sheer rocks or heajis of fallen timber. Some- 
 times the character of the bank required us to cross the stream, an 
 operation which generally cost us nearly a quarter of a mile. 
 
 On August 29th we reached the foot of (hill Island Eapid. This is 
 tho fiercest of the rapids on this river, though not the longest. Un- 
 fortunately a great deal of rain had fallen during tho previous week, 
 and consequently we found the water so high that an ascent of the rapid 
 was impossible. We were therefore compelled to wait for two days, 
 August 30th and 31st, during which the river fell to the extent of 
 nearly two feet. We wore the less annoyed at this delay as (tuU Island 
 Lake proved to be full of fine whitefish, large numbers of which wo 
 caught and dried. 
 
 On September 1st we ascended, with great difliculty, tho Gull Island 
 Eapid. For this it was necessary to entirely empty the boat which, 
 steered by ono man, was then step by step hauled up tho rapid. Tho 
 stuff was carried along the rocky shore. Wo camped on the shore 
 immediately above the rapid. For nearly 15 miles above this rapid the 
 river runs through a gorge, tho mountain ranges coming close down to 
 tho river on each side. 
 
 On September 2nd we rpached tho Horseshoe Eapid, the current being 
 
196 
 
 A JOURNKY IX THE INTKHIOU OK LAIiKADOl;. 
 
 very Bticmg tlio wholo (if tlic wi«y. This rai>id consists of three separate 
 parts, and caused considerable difiiculty. (.)u September 3rd wo cam© 
 within sifjfht of Ninipi Ifiipid, the largest rapid on the river. The banks 
 are hero extremely wild and ru<rged, and tho forest has been burnt for 
 many miles. 
 
 Thoro flows into the Grand river at tho Ninipi Rapid a small stream 
 called Ninipi river, which is a favourite route of Indians between 
 Mingan and North-west river. ^ 
 
 On September 4th wo passed the Ninipi Ilnpid. f 
 
 On September oth the stream was slacker, and we made 13 miles. 
 On that day I got a shot at a large black bear, which wo failed, how- 
 ever, to secure. Bears are conmionly found wljore the forest has been 
 burnt down, as burnt forest ground produces quantities of berries, th© i 
 
 favourite food of ihose animals. 
 
 On September Cth we made 12^ miles, the stream being fairly slack. 
 On September 7th the current began to bo stronger again, but wo 
 succeeded in making another 12^ miles. On September 8th it rained 
 the greater part of tiio day, which made tho rocks very slippery to walk 
 on. The stream was also very strong, and %v'o consequently only made 
 6i^ miles. On September 9th wo passed the Mouni Itapids and reached 
 Lake Waminikai:)()u. 
 
 On September 10th wo rowed about 20 miles up Lake Waminikapou. 
 During the afternoon, however, a gale began to blow in our teeth, and, 
 a heavy sea getting up, we found it impossible to proceed, and were 
 compelled to put to shore, where we spent the night. 
 
 Tho expedition had thus far taken much longer than I had antici- 
 pated, partly owing to the height of tho water, and partly to fallacious 
 ideas as to tlie distances. Tho men had been quite unable to say how 
 far it was, or how long it woiild take us, and I had expected to find 
 Lake Waminikapou to be certainly less than 100 miles from tho month 
 of tho river, whereas it is almost 150. Li fact, in Professor Hind's 
 •Labrador,' vol. ii. p. 13G, tho Grand Falls of the river are said to bo 
 about 100 miles from tho mouth. Now I had reliable information that 
 these falls arc 30 miles above Lake Waminikapou, and that tho lake is 
 40 miles long. According to Professor Hind, ihereforo, the lake should 
 bo within 30 miles of the river-mouth. m 
 
 Owing to these miscalculations our provisions were by this time 
 running extremely short. ^Ve had for some days been on short rations, 
 and on tho night of September 10th we finished our pork. We had i 
 
 then nothing left but a small (iuantity of flour and some tea. 
 
 When, therefore, we were stopped on Lake \Vaminika]iou by the gale, 
 which appeared likely to last for some days, we had no option but m turn 
 back, which wo did, reacliing the head of tho First Falls in three days 
 and a half. The boat and tho remains of our baffgaro wcro fiikon over 
 the portage path again, and that morning we ato tho list remnants of our 
 
A JOUnXKV IN THE INTEIlIOIl OK I.AUI.'ADOn. 
 
 197 
 
 3f three si'parato 
 ir 3rd wo came 
 
 !CY. Tho l)IUl]<S 
 
 bt'cii burut for 
 
 I a smull stream 
 itlians Ijotweeu 
 
 made 13 milea. 
 
 we fiiiled, how- 
 forest has been 
 of borrios, tha 
 
 ng fairly slack, 
 again, bnt wo 
 8th it rained 
 lijipei-y to wallc 
 ntly only made 
 ids and reached 
 
 Waniinikapou. 
 our teeth, and, 
 3ceed, and were 
 
 11 I had antici- 
 ly to fallacious 
 iblc to say how 
 cpected to find 
 rem tho mouth 
 rofessor Hind's 
 r arc said to be 
 formation that 
 liat tho lake is 
 ;he lake should 
 
 by this time 
 . short rations, 
 jrk. We had 
 ,ca. 
 
 on by the gale, 
 ion but 1,0 turn 
 in tlirec days 
 
 orp filkoTi nv'Ol" 
 
 smnants of our 
 
 food. We proceeded the same day us far as High Point, where we met 
 with some Indians, wiio gave us porcupine and breiid to eat. 
 
 Tiie next night we encamped at Sandy Toint, and on September I'Jth 
 readied North-west river. 
 
 It was annoying to have to turn back when we did, as wo were 
 within :>0 miles of the Grand Falls. Of tliis 50 miles 20 were in the still 
 water of tho lake, and it would lujt have jieen necessary t(j take all tlic 
 baggage tin! other ;iO miles. We might even have walked them if tho 
 river liad turned out to be difficult. Indeed, we estimated that in another 
 three or four days, Inid tho gale abated, we t-hould have reached thi; falls. 
 ]5ut wo failed to catch any fish in the lake, and there appeared to 
 be nothing to shoot; and when, <m the morning of September 11th, 
 we found the gale blowing as strongly us ever, we considered 
 that to proceed would mean starvation, while waiting would be little 
 better. 
 
 The Grand Falls are said by the Labrador Indians to be haunted, and 
 as they firmly believe that no one can look upon them and live, they are 
 careful to avoid them. There is little doubt that only two white men 
 have ever seen them: one is Maclean, whoso expedition in 183!t was 
 stopped by them, and tho other is a Mr. Kennedy, who some thirty years 
 ago was in charge of Fort Nascopeo on Lake I'etchikapou. Mr. Kennedy 
 was guided to them by an Indian called Louis-over-the-Fire, who, being 
 an Irroquois, does not entirely share tho Labrador Indian superstitions, 
 Louis came over from Montreal in the Company's service forty years 
 ago, and has spent all his life since then in tho Labrador interior. 
 Ho was the pilot of the Comi)any's inland boat to Nascopeo during 
 tho last fifteen years that route was used. Ho speaks English well, 
 and gave mo considerable information with respect to tlie countrj". 
 He is now unfortunately a cripple, or I should have engaged him as 
 guide. 
 
 It may appear stl-ango that during the many years the inland route 
 to Nascopeo was used, no officer of the Company, except Mr. Kennedy, 
 should ever have been to the CJrand Falls. When, however, it is noted 
 that the route taken by the Company's men left tho Grand river a short 
 Avay above Lake Waniinikapou and made a portage, about seven miles 
 long, to the nearest point of the next lake, leaving tho falls about 
 30 miles to the west, and that tho men were puid by the day during tho 
 voyage, those considerations will sufficiently account for this apparent 
 want of curiosity on the part of tho officers in charge. 
 
 The height of the Grand Falls is not known, but there is little doubt 
 that they are in certain respects the most stupendous falls in the 
 world. Tho centre of Labrador, as is generally known, is a vast table- 
 land, the limits of which are clearly defined, though of course the country 
 intervening between this limit and llio coast always consists, more or 
 less, of u slope. Koughly speaking, it may bo Eaid that in the south and 
 
198 
 
 A JOl'IiNKV IN Till-; INTKRIOn OF LABRADOR. 
 
 north there is a iiioro or less gradual slojio from the hoiglit of land to 
 the coast, while in the south-oast tlio descent is sudden, and almost 
 immediately after leaving the tableland there is reached a level which 
 is but litrle above that of the bca. In the norf-h-east portion the edge of 
 the tableland approaches nearest to the coast,* while it trends consider- 
 ably to the west in the rear of Hamilton Inlet. The most fertile part 
 of the country is that which lies between the tableland and the sterile belt 
 on the coast, though the height of land itself is by no moans a desert. 
 On the height of land there is found a succession of great lakes joined 
 together by broad placid streams. When the streams of water reach 
 the edge of the tableland, they of course commence a wild career down 
 towards the sea. In the case of the Grand river this rapid descent 
 commences with the Grand Falls, and almost the whole of the groat drop 
 to the sea-level is effected in the one waterfall. 
 
 The elevation of the Labrador tableland is given by Prof. Hind as 
 2240 feet. From this height the Moisio and Cold Water rivers descend 
 to the sea by moans of a considerable number of falls. But in the 
 Grand river below Luke Waminikapou there is only ono fall, viz. that 
 which occurs 25 miles from the river-mouth. This fall is 70 feet. It 
 is true that the whole of the river from Lake Waminikapou to the 
 First Falls is rapid, but there is no place where there is any consider- 
 able drop, and indeed no place where it is necessary to take the boat 
 out of the water. 
 
 Now the lake first above the Grand Falls is on the height of land. 
 In the channels joining the various lakes above the falls there are no 
 rapids and there is scarcely any stream. 
 
 It follows, assuming the elevation of the tableland on the east to 
 be approximate to that on the south, that in the 30 miles beginning 
 with the Grand Falls and ending with Lake Waminikai)ou, there is a 
 drop of about 2000 feet. 
 
 Some of this drop is probably cflfected by the rapids immediately 
 below the falls, but the greater part is no doubt made by the fall itself. 
 The river is said l)y Maclean to be 50(» yards broad above the falls, 
 contracting to 50 yards at the falls themselves. It therefore seems 
 probable that there is no other fall in the world of such volume of water 
 so high, or of so great height with such volume of water. -f 
 
 * My reasons for this belief are:— 1. No rivers of any considerable size appear to 
 debouch upon that portion of tlio coast. 2. High land is reported to bo there seen near 
 the coast. 
 
 t The greatest waterfall in the Yoseniite valley is said to bo 2550 feet high, but 
 this is broken into three leaps, and, properly speaking, consists of three separate falls. 
 The river is there said to be about 40 yards wide. Tliis seems to bo the only known 
 fall that fur the combination of height and volume can be compared to the falls on the 
 Grand river; for, of other falls, Niagara, Zambesi, and Blisaouri, though of incom- 
 parably greater volume, are only 104 feet, 100 feet, and 87 feet high respectively, while 
 none of the other falls that approaoli those on the Grand river in height can bo 
 compared to it in point of volume, being, in fact, little more than mountain torrents. 
 
-*.^;sl9t?ir 
 
 .,5,,„ 
 
 •R. 
 
 hoiglvt of land to 
 icleii, and almost 
 led a level which 
 n-tion the edge of 
 t trends consider- 
 most fertile part 
 iid the sterile belt 
 I) means a desert. 
 ;reat lakes joined 
 8 of water reach 
 wild career down 
 lis rapid descent 
 of the groat drop 
 
 )y Frof. Hind as 
 er rivers descend 
 dls. But in the 
 •no fall, viz. that 
 ill is 70 feet. It 
 linikapou to the 
 is any consider- 
 to take the boat 
 
 height of land, 
 ills there are no 
 
 I on the east to 
 miles beginning 
 :apou, there is a 
 
 ids immediately 
 oy the fall itself, 
 above the falls, 
 therefore seems 
 volume of water 
 
 ••t 
 
 able size appear to 
 
 bo there seen near 
 
 2530 feet high, but 
 three separate fulls. 
 
 1 be the only known 
 1 to the falls on the 
 , though of incom- 
 
 rospectively, while 
 ' in height can bo 
 untaiu torrents. 
 
 A JOL'l!Nt;r IN THE INTllKIOl: Ol' LAUUAWU. 
 
 190 
 
 The nmp of the interior published by Pruf. Hind in his book, has 
 Iwcn generally accejitod in maps since made, which are very meagre 
 and often contradictory. The canoe route which he marks tetweeu 
 Lake Aswanipi and Hamilton Inlet, is in its nifiiu features correct. 
 But it is a mistake to suppose that the Grand river is the means of 
 communication the whole way, more than half the distance consisting 
 of the Minipi river, which is u small tributary of the Grand river, and 
 not more than one-oiglith of its size. It is also a mistake to sujjpopo 
 that Lake Waniinikaixju, the Grand Falls, Lake Petchikapou, and the 
 numerous intervening lakes, are on tlie line of communication between 
 Lakt! Aswanipi and Hamilton Inlet. 
 
 Lake Petchika]iou is not, as it is placed in Hind's map, on or about 
 the same latitude as Hamilton Inlet, but just half-way between North- 
 west river and Ungava. In most recent maps Hind's map has been 
 departed from so far as to place this lake in its proper position.* But 
 the logical coiiscfiueneo of this alteration lias not been followed out; 
 that is to say, the position of the Grand river, which flows out of that 
 lake, has not been changed, though the position of the lake itself 
 has been changed.f And with the Grand river must also bo shifted 
 that string of lakes which it connects, lying between Lakes Petchi- 
 kapou and Waminikaiiou. Consequently that string of lakes, instead 
 of lying east and west of one another, are almost north and south, 
 wliich is clearly an all-important change in the configuration of the 
 interior. 
 
 Lake Petchikapou can bo reached from North-west ri'-er by the 
 Nascopee river, as well as b} the Grand river. That route is shorter 
 but more difficult. 
 
 It should be also noted that the usual route from the south coast to the 
 east coast is not, as might, from Prof. Hind's map, be supposed, that via 
 Lake Aswanipi, but by the Mingan and Konamou rivers, or by the St. 
 John's, Ninipi, and Grand rivers. The Aswanipi route would generally 
 be only used on the way to the north. 
 
 ♦ On what grounds the alteration has been made in recent maps I do not know. I 
 have no doubt, however, that the Dhango is correct, on the following grounds, ajiart 
 from the assertions of Indians acquainted with the interior. Lnke Petchikapou is 
 reached from North-west river not only by the Grand river, but also by the Nascojiee 
 river on the route to the north, as followed by Perc Lacasse. This precludes the 
 possibility of its being on the latitude of Hamilton Inlet, especially as, according to 
 the Pere, tlie route from North-west river to Uugavu is fairly direct. 
 
 t Maclean, after tiuvolling from Ungava to Lake Petchikapou, proceeded to try and 
 discover the route (afterwards achieved) connecting Petchikapou and Hamilton Inlet, 
 and succeeded in getting by water as far as the Grand Falls, when he turned back. 
 This proves tliat it is the (irund river which connects Lakes Petchikapou and Waniini- 
 kapou. For had there been any other water route leading out of the lake next above 
 the Grand Fn\U, there is no doubt Ihut Matkiin would have proceeded by it, inasmuch 
 as ho was at his wit's end to discover some means of circumventing the Grand Falls, but 
 failed to do so, and consequently retraced his steps. 
 
200 
 
 A .TOUKXEV IN THE INTKKIOR OF LABnADOK, 
 
 •I ! 
 
 While on the subject of the map of LaLrador, it may bo remarked 
 that the settlemout called Soutlibro<.k, gciierally marked at the head of 
 Hamilton Inlet by the mouth of the Kenamou river, may in future mfti)s 
 be omitted, as the sea has there largely encroached, and some years ago 
 the last vestige of the village was obliterated. 
 
 The country between the edge of the tableland and the coast is 
 hilly, and often mountainous, and almost entirely covered with forest, 
 that is to say, with various species of coniferous trees, birch, and willow.' 
 Berries, especially the whortleberry and cranberry, are numerous and 
 excellent, especially where the forest has been burnt. 
 
 In some places on the south side, about the head of the bay, the 
 Hfealy Mountains are barren, and were formerly frcfiuentcd by cariboo. 
 In order to find any quantity of these animals now, however, it is 
 necessary to go further north.* 
 
 The roost common birds are wild geese, black ducks, shell-birds, 
 divers, loons, plover, and, near the coast, curlew. 
 
 The salmon fishery, which a few years ago was unlimited, has now 
 almost entirely failed in Hamilton Inlet and on most of the cast coast, 
 though it still prospers in Ungava Bay. Salmon peel and trout are still 
 sufficiently numerous in all parts. ^\ bite-fish and "suckers" aro 
 also very common, the former being admirable eating, the latter very 
 coarse. 
 
 The most plentiful mineral appears to be iron. The sand of almost 
 all the rivers flowing int.. the head of the bay is black with this mineral. 
 An attempt was recently made on the Konamou liver to turn this to 
 account, but the scheme failed. 
 
 Labradoritc, or Labrador spar, is very common about Hamilton Inlet, 
 huge boulders of it lying ,ibout the beach. I sailed from North-west 
 river to Eigolet in a schooner entirely ballasted with this beautiful 
 stone. 
 
 The curse of this country in summer is the flies, that is, mosquitoes 
 and black flies. It is probable that these pests aro worse in this country 
 than in any other. Were it not for them, the country would be most 
 enjoyable in summertime. The summer lasts for a good three months, 
 from the middle of June to the ^liddle of September, during which it is 
 like an English summer without the oppressively hot days. There are 
 small kitchen-gardens at North-west river, Eigolet, and othei' places on 
 the shores of Hamilton Inlet, which meet with very fair succees. As, 
 however, they are not able to plant till June, in wliich month the snow 
 generally clears away, their season is thrown rather late. I ate new 
 potatoes at Rigolet in September. There is one cow on the east coast, 
 
 * The following is a list of the fur commonly tripijcd in Lubrailor .-—Black bear, 
 wolf, wolverine, lyiiK (or mountain cut), red fox, white fo.\-, Iduo fo.\, tilver fos, ott, r,' 
 beaver, nuirtin, lunsqunsh. mink. 
 
A J()t;i!Xl-;V IN TIIK IXTKKIOI; OK r.,\Bl;ADOI!, 
 
 201 
 
 lay bo remarked 
 iJ at tho head of 
 y iu future ma/pH 
 1 some years ago 
 
 and tho coast is 
 ered with forest, 
 irch, and willow. 
 
 numerous and 
 
 of tho bay, tho 
 
 inted by carilioo. 
 
 however, it is 
 
 icks, shell-birds, 
 
 imited, has now 
 
 ' the cast coast, 
 
 id trout arc still 
 
 " suckers " aro 
 
 the latter very 
 
 i sand of almost 
 
 ith this mineral. 
 
 to turn this to 
 
 Hamilton Inlet, 
 
 •om North-west 
 
 this beautiful 
 
 ; is, mosquitoes 
 in this country 
 would be most 
 
 1 three months, 
 'ing which it is 
 lys. There are 
 othei' places on 
 r success. As, 
 ionth the snow 
 ite. I ate new 
 
 the east coast, 
 
 dor:— Black boar, 
 , tilver fox, otti r. 
 
 in the soiitli-west corner of Ibiniiltoii Inlet, and no other cattle of any 
 kind. Tiie reason Un- this i.s that Eskimo dogs aro a necessity, and are 
 kept in largo quantities, and owing to their ferocity it is almost un 
 imiOTSsibiiity to kecj) any other kind of animal. 
 
 In conclusion, if travellers are not deterred by tho flies, which can, to 
 a certain extent, be counteracted by mosquito nets at iii;;Iit, and other 
 appliances by day, and to which, like all other troubles, man gets won- 
 derfully inured, tlio Labrador interior aflbnls givat interest of natmal 
 scenery, and from the alnuist total absence of information and maps opens 
 up a field of enterprise which has not hitherto been c.Kplured. New and 
 superior steamers aro being built for the coastal servico from St. John's, 
 !uul will begin to run this summer. 
 
 It is, however, right to add that tho country affords fow inducements 
 to the sportsman, in tho summer at least, either as regards shooting or 
 fishing, as compared with many other more accessible parts of tho world. 
 Of the winter I cannot from my own experience speak ; but from all I 
 could gather, any one spending a winter in Labrador, which under tho 
 auspices of the Hudson's Bay Company would lie by no means a comfort- 
 less thing to do, would find sport of an exceptionally attractive character, 
 Avhilo lie might add considerably to our geographical knowledge ; for it 
 may readily bo understood that a man travelling over a frozen river 
 l)ehiud a team of perhaps twenty dogs, will cover tho ground with 
 greater ease and speed than ho who painfully hauls a boat against a 
 rapid current 
 
 As an agricultural or pastoral country Labrador has no prospects ; 
 and unless its mineral resources are some day turned to account, I can- 
 not SCO that tho country will over bo very different from what it is now. 
 But it is this very quality of unattractiveness to the colonist that 
 renders tho country invaluable to the student of nature or of autliro- 
 jiology. Labrador is a kind of Pompeii of tho New World. It is there, 
 lierhaps, alone that the unadulterated Eed Indian is now to bo found.' 
 Tho country of this fortunate section of an unfortunate race has so little 
 to offer the progressive European, that tho forests and their inhabitants 
 have been left to their primeval owners. It is true that the advent of 
 the Hudson's Bay Company has brought them a few things to strengthen 
 them in their warfare with nature animate and inanimate, and that the 
 Indians have probably all been converted to Christianity, although they 
 have retained many of their old superstitions intact. But on the east 
 coast, and, so far as I am aware, on the south and north consts also, no 
 instance is known of Indians having intermixed either with whites or 
 Eskimos, although unions between the two latter aro extremely common. 
 This interesting race is therefore, I believe, found in l^abrador in a stati- 
 far more primitive than in any other part of the continent of North 
 America. 
 
202 
 
 A JOUIJNKV IN THK INTKIilOIi OK I.AHRAI.OIi. 
 
 natc. 
 
 Aug, 29.. 
 
 ,. :io.. 
 
 Sejjt. 
 
 31.. 
 1.. 
 2.. 
 
 4.. 
 5.. 
 (!.. 
 7,. 
 H.. 
 !».. 
 10.. 
 
 11,. 
 12.. 
 13.. 
 14.. 
 15.. 
 
 its.. 
 
 17.. 
 18.. 
 
 Time, 
 
 a a.m. 
 
 C u.ni. 
 8 II. III. 
 
 Minimum I 
 
 Tl'llip. Ill liiHl' 
 
 IVi tloiirn. ' 
 
 42 
 
 .•!S 
 
 ;w 
 
 54 
 53 
 
 34 
 38 
 40 
 51 
 51 
 41 
 43 
 
 38 
 :i5 
 38 
 3!) 
 43 
 41 
 25 
 
 :;4 
 
 rpupiit 
 'I'l'iiip. Ill 
 
 .SImdf. 
 
 o 
 
 51 
 45 
 52 
 50 
 50 
 52 
 45 
 53 
 04 
 
 54 
 
 5;t 
 
 50 
 
 42 
 M 
 42 
 
 52 
 
 43 
 
 28 
 
 Ancrulil. 
 
 rittic. 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 :jo 
 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 '-'J 
 OJ 
 Oi 
 Ti 
 7i 
 Oi 
 
 U 
 
 3i 
 
 5J 
 4 
 
 20 S 
 
 20 OJ 
 
 20 8 
 
 20 -J 
 
 30 "oj 
 30 2} 
 
 j Gull I. Lnke. 
 GiIIl I. " 
 
 Hciid-.f (Jull I. Riiiiiii. 
 HorHeHlme Unpiil. 
 l'''K)t of Niiiipi |(ii|ii(l. 
 Aliovo Xiiiipi Uujiiii. 
 13 iiiilcH further. 
 12J miles fiirtlier. 
 12J iiiiles further. 
 *<i iiiilpg further. 
 
 LiilccWaniiii .iiiiou, south 
 end. 
 
 Middle of ditto. 
 10 iiiilort below ditto. 
 Xiiiijii Rnpid. 
 (Jiill I. Lake. 
 Head of First Fails. 
 
 Ilif,'ll I'niiit. 
 Siiiidy I'oiiit, 
 North-west River. 
 
 FnmiKR AKK.om On.Knv.vTro.s r.Kr.x .uu.r. «ksckn„,s-.; ti.k O.xnd Rn-Kn 
 LAmuPoii. K.iOM Lake Wa-mimkapo,-. ' 
 
 Jtatc, 
 
 'Jiiiie. 
 
 IHstnnce 
 from Liik" 
 Wiiiiiliiikii|iciu 
 ' in milts. 
 
 fcfept. 13.. 
 
 Sept."] 4., 
 
 4..'30p,in. 
 5.10 „ 
 5.30 „ 
 
 8.15 a.m. 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 
 , Foot of L. W'aininik-niiou 
 
 Middle of MoniiihajiidH 
 ' Foot of 
 
 rrolmble 
 
 nimilMT of 
 
 ft'l't U'low 
 
 level of I.iiko 
 
 Wumlnlkuijou. 
 
 Sept. 15. 
 
 0.30 „ 
 
 lOi 
 
 10 
 
 23 
 
 lO.JSO „ 
 
 25 
 
 11 
 
 27 
 
 11.30 „ 
 
 28J 
 
 1.30 p.m. 
 
 
 2.30 ., 
 
 34 
 
 2.40 ., 
 
 
 o n„ » 
 
 35J 
 
 3.30 „ 1 
 
 30 
 
 4 „ I 
 
 42 
 
 " „ > 
 
 50 
 
 5.30 „ 1 
 
 53 
 
 S.3C a.m. 1 
 
 53 
 
 0.20 „ ! 
 
 5G 
 
 0-no „ : 
 
 i 
 
 57 
 
 Cockatoo Islan 
 
 Slack water 
 
 Head of Niiiiiii Raiiid 
 Foot of ' 
 
01!. 
 
 following metoo- 
 
 Vhuv. 
 
 I. Lnkc. 
 I. " 
 
 "f fiiill I. RiipM. 
 .'hIiiic Knpid. 
 of Xinipi linpid. 
 t' Xiiiipi Uiijiid. 
 los fiirthrr. 
 lilcs furtlnT. 
 lilcs furlhor. 
 lea furtlicr. 
 Wamiii .111)011, south 
 
 o of ditto. 
 
 on b( li)\v ditto. 
 
 i Rnpid. 
 
 . I>alcp. 
 
 "f First FalJH. 
 
 I'nillt. 
 
 I'oiiit. 
 west li'ivor. 
 
 E GllAXD lilVEn, 
 
 A ..UCRXEV IN THK IMKIttoa <.K LAI,I!AIK)n.-,„.s,'l-.SS.M.V. OQ;} 
 
 eroid. 
 
 I Probable 
 I nuinbor of 
 ! fett below 
 I level of Liiko 
 ^Vumliiikapou. 
 
 I8J 
 '8^ 
 !) 
 0| 
 i'i 
 ili 
 
 '4 
 
 !M 
 9* 
 
 
 
 8J 
 
 8 
 
 Si 
 
 «i 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8i 
 
 Si 
 
 
 
 75 
 100 
 
 too 
 
 100 
 lOo 
 
 ino 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 125 
 
 125 
 
 125 
 
 125 
 
 125 
 
 12.) 
 
 125 
 
 150 
 
 FtRTHER ANEI10n> OllSKIlV 
 
 ATIOSS, \C.—,-onti,tilnl, 
 
 nat«. 
 
 rime. 
 
 Hipt. 15. 
 »» 
 
 i 10 n.iii. 
 lO.liO „ 
 10..'iO „ 
 11.30 ,. 
 
 I 1 p.m. 
 
 • 2 
 
 I 3.30 „ 
 
 I>lntanee 
 I friiiii I.iik« 
 
 \Vuiniiill<ii|Hm 
 I III iiilleii. 
 
 03 
 (iO 
 71 
 75 
 
 80 
 
 82 
 
 Xttme of Mace. 
 
 .Vnenilil. 
 
 Head of Horwslioo Riipid' 09 A 
 
 itmi of ,. ^^ .„j ^'i 
 
 HeadofOiill 1. Hnpid". j <>o s| 
 
 ., ': .. ■• 2:t 8^ 
 
 I FflOtof ,, __ ; .,fj ,j* 
 
 |""'lI-I'»ko I 29 yj 
 
 I 
 
 I'robabis 
 nniii)>er of 
 
 feet, l»e|nw 
 
 l''vi 1 ..f I.Bke 
 Wainlniknpou. 
 
 Drop ftt first fullH, 25 miles from mmith 
 
 Probable heigl.t of L„ko Wftn.inikapou above Bca-lcvd 
 
 I l.'^O 
 
 I 1.10 
 
 175 
 
 175 
 
 175 
 
 I 200 
 
 I 2.")0 
 
 2."iO 
 70 
 
 :i20 ft. 
 
 ^ '^''"'' «"" I^'-"l '->"■ "Ki. .,. ,10 ,c.rocptiblo drop e.c.pt at the tir.t fidls. " 
 The following discussion ensued :— 
 
 that that n,i.ioa had been occnpi d'd; . .^ vintt C fh "' '7/"" 
 Harbour had been cccunied for fortv or fi?/ ' ^'u' '•'" mission of Battle 
 
 having spent their trii^fbl^ftLT^^^^^^^ "T ",!"'' ?"^'^'"^" 
 Labrador. By the la,«t census in 1S84 I . , ^r I '^''"'•- "^"^ ^^e const of 
 Bianc Sablon'up t Ca,. C iSl i^h 'a? ""f % "^'^'^J.'^-.'f "^ '''^ -ast f.om 
 
 runniag t was a verv bimv ,.l<,ro »,, 1 ,'• .? "'^'^ ^^3 steamers were 
 
 settle L occupied in orSrlcateb cod ^I-T '' f"" '" ^^^''='> l'"°P'''' '=-'''1 
 ranean and other plrtrii Sen nbt' ^ "'^' ^'"' ''^''^ ""''^ *' '^' ^^"^''"- 
 While they were in^LabradS. ^f^^J^l::^:^^^:: ^Y'^"'^'-- 
 minister to their wants Tl,„ n.. ^ '" '*°'^ endeavoured to 
 
 barren and b.^k ZdHft cto^r^^ S trrth^'' ''' '"*^'^^^- ^' ^^ 
 tion, whereas inland the scenery Lame^ictureLe vitb . ^^''1™*'"° ""^ "'^^^"'- 
 veiy rapid in the summer months 'n,7r,o.-' ,. ^^' ^'"''' S''°^"' being 
 and rarely opened Sre The d ^f T^J'^n " '' '1°'" '^'''^^''^ ^^''"°^'' ^^l^"^''"-^^ 
 
 could forc^e L way vt^ otn^ltr^iX d^^ "r' T^Ltbra /""r ^^^^ '' 
 London generally towards tli„ on 1 r it ^ ^ ne Labrador steamer eft 
 
 At the ^.d of Inrhe Ld hims If 1 '''n"^"'"' '^'''''' '' ^^^^''^'^^ ^ay. 
 ice in order to make he land Af L v^v ' '^ """ " '''"'' '"'"""^ »^'« 
 said that in the soutl 1' -t d u ? ""'^ explaining a snow-shoe he 
 
 the woods, where even in at'. I. ^b 5 °'''; , ' ''' ''* '" " 'i'°' ^^^^ ''h"^™ =" 
 
 and the snow k. ;. tfree ^rf Jf^: Tn 7 fi "' !;"^V'^'" ^ ^^« ^^ --^^^ 
 wood wa. cuf down Tn!^ ?' n T ^ ^' ', ^''' "^^''^ " '^°'^- ^"^ »bout an hour 
 
 kept blazing tl rorhoTt the1 1 T" ""'" '^ "T^ '"^"'^^^ °«'' "'^^ -"l^'- 
 b ou„r.out the night. A very comfortable night could thus be spent 
 
204 
 
 A .rou..v>;v in nn: isnmon ,>v LAnRADon-Discfssiox. 
 
 -uKl not crnpeto with Manitoba a.^f Xr , " nZ ""u" ','" ''"•^^' ''"' '"'^'y 
 -I'nrafcl from tl,. Dominion of CanJ, ! . . N-^^wfoun.lJ.uul was at present 
 
 would not bo .trenithonnl t " ^ ' : TV'""' "n"'"-'" ''"^■^""" '^'''"•"-•^ *' 
 
 country i,Hoifwa.r:;,,,.Hil<o a ;r;;rBhh ^r n 'n'"'"" "' *^^^"'^""- 'J''- 
 cvrtnin min-roLs coul,l 1,,, found in tlclf J '' '""\!'''''''' '''^'' ^ouM bo caught; 
 
 tl.ey were ail .sent away, so tl t at .,::::; '^ 17""^' "'"^' ^^•"" ^'^^^-^ 
 f.mn.llan.l tho ,,co,,ln ti, ..nsclvos w o : " ^ ', """""^ ^^■■'»'' "'«"'« "' ^ow- 
 
 Kn,la„d would find that the/Jo". do Ster' n'';,' "'"' "',"" "''" "■"'""^"""l f-- 
 in Newfoundland its,.!,'. At th no ti,^ / ?'"'?' ''''^'•^ "^ ^'"""'^ "»«" 
 
 those whoha,l s,..ntycar«thc Xell ^"""^/^ >""1 '"^"'v r^ttraCions f.,r 
 iH'aithy, and was not all fog a ;„„ e ., 7 "'"" ''" ^"''^^ '"" " ^^«« 'l"«i'i'-''lly 
 <'r Bo.Uu iHle it was foggy and Tes™ :'"?■:' '" "'""^- -^-^ '■" "- S'rai' 
 'luring the winter th^rTwas noT'" t L" 'ili "" l'"'^ '" ""' """"""• '"" 
 coast the suu.n.cr was heautifn:. Thou-rh L 1. r"" 'I'l °" ""■''""^ ''■"•'' <'f '''" 
 yet that fishery was a very variable n" and 1 ''f''^ '"''"^ ''^'^^ «""'"'«r. 
 
 ;^«ntleman going out theJe for sir^;;' ',:"'"'"7 !' """''' '>« P-L Any 
 OctoW, would certainly get good trmitfishil f August, SepttMuber, and 
 
 -l>ecially if he had a yLht t^ vLiU liS "^^ T' "',"°" "^'""^• 
 
 Jnto tho interior in the latter part of S , , , ''"""*''•>'• ""'^ '^ ''« wont 
 
 Octol.rj,ewouldhavea g olSll' S^^^^^ ""'^ ''''"' '^"^ ^"^'•"- f'-ud of 
 
 General Dasimvood said thaUa« nZ ^ ""^ ''"'"' "^ "'« "'"^'J- 
 
 partofthecoastasArr.HoLeh d",uJ '''"!' '7 T'''' °" "-' -"« 
 
 wich Bay. All the white men there wern'f .v. "" T '^''""'^ ""^"' ^I'an Sand- 
 them lived there all the j'ear u d On 7" m"""' "' ^""'•^"^'' ""'l «-- of 
 hardship on .he old Englij. settl s was^^ t e ^r T ''T ?''" '^ ' ^^^^'^^-^^ 
 rests along the shore, lai.i claim to the e lu; : • ^1^ ^"'"f-^-. -'- "ad 
 and also in the tidal portions of rivers As iwV , , ," ''''""" "' ^'«' «<•'» 
 
 the salt water was vested in the pubhV ami , w r'!f'' ""^ ''«''' °^ ^^'""8 ''« 
 of rivers was vested in the Crow^' Bn tt^H 1 '^T' '" ''"^ "'^^' '-"- 
 exclusive right to fish all along on many part ^f t;;f?\ ^'^^.^'-P-y claimed 
 ■;'nd supplied the men with a certain anmmt of ! ' Z'^''^^' ""^ S'^cJ nets, 
 
 fo'-m of a ix.rtiou of the fish, for the riH t "f fi f • "T- """^ '''''"'S'"'^ ^ "-^"^ ''■' the 
 nil his gear hin.self, the Company ooko It "fi:'?, '"I'' '' "* ™- ^-"-^ 
 o be a Justice of the Peace for NewfordS and he iS"/''' '•-oin.aprened 
 Ho should liave done so in any case T; T ^^ ^^^ P"" "f i'"' i ^ople 
 
 coast of Labrador, and iLZTJ f 7h!".' f Tt"^ "^ ^'-"ara.n. ,V £ 
 them, their posts would be S. awl H^ . T' \' '''^"' '^"' ' -"P^'^y told 
 Newfoundland Government, and 1 ei^;.edltl '""""'' ''''' *° *''« -^L of the 
 put an end to it. Ho was armed w th a le ie/.f- ?T'' '''''^ ^^'""''^ ''^ '"k-n 
 3ay Company, but did not use it. He found th o '"''"^"^^T '"""' "'" ^''^^on's 
 i- .■nture was more c less barred. iL tit \oTr"'' !''"l "^''^^ "°' P^<^-"'^^ 
 Sa- ..;.:!. Bav, calling hi. .attention to i L nettin. « ''™, °^ '"'"^ ^""^"""^ "' 
 t- r, ; , ...as s.-„ Med by the Compr/anraZtT' /-"i!" '''' ''''"'' ^^^'^'-^ 
 "S^l'-f ■ '^^ ^-Fi«' not to mind what wa^said T f i''" '"•'^''""' ^"' "'« 
 
 C«m.,J c.-, .. atutly with hoo'; nd lin vUh hcrrt. I""" ''"^" ^^^-fi^Wng was 
 
 -...., ,..r, man invent.: codHl^sTwhi^T^^I^S^.^J'^''^ ^^ '^-'. ""' 
 distance. A man in a boat who cau-^ht a i^sh tZZ ''"°' *° ^° ^"°™°"« 
 
SCL'SSIOX. 
 
 Qt the itnow raolting. 
 
 way of iigriciiltiire. 
 n till! bust, I)iit they 
 "111 was at prewnt 
 LTnor, C()rre«iKjii(iing 
 liifHtion whether it 
 a of Canada. The 
 1 could bo caught; 
 I'y wtro taken out 
 was mndo in Koiv- 
 'lio emigrated (row 
 'h of Canada thati 
 uiy attractions for 
 It it was decidedly 
 Just in the Strait 
 
 the snmmer, Imt 
 rious parti of tlio 
 iled last summer, 
 It Ihj f:,iod. Any 
 , September, and 
 d salmon fijihin'^, 
 , and if ho went 
 before the end of 
 the world. 
 ths on the same 
 north than Sund- 
 ind, and some of 
 u as a very great 
 iiP'iny, who had 
 ilmon in the sea 
 ;ht of fishing in 
 the tidal jiortion 
 mpany claimed 
 
 had fixed nets, 
 IS a rent, in the 
 If a man found 
 .aselfiioppened 
 tof t'j.' j.-ople. 
 liaratni v 'Jiat 
 • 'mpany told 
 lie notice of the 
 would be taken 
 n the Hudson's 
 s not preser\'ed 
 e Company at 
 le river, wlieio 
 iream, but the 
 od-fishing was 
 1 for bait, but 
 ) an enormous 
 hrew it back 
 
 fi.'iherjes had 
 
 I.KCTURIvS ON- OE KiHAPHr. 
 
 20& 
 
 the fiiiiher Hcrub. The other dav nn l>„.„.i „ . , r"*'^-tftinl h".', and 
 
 ;"-'—'»'. ' "Z:!^<^^'::u:,::::j:c,"':;:'^r^- 
 
 :;":r'"rri;:; ;:::';;.:;::;,;z:r" u '-'" - »-• -^;'«- 
 
 Mr. IIoMin said that thoujih f/ihrador nii.rl.t „ . i„ ■ , , 
 
 state with the II,uls„u-s Huv Co, v t S ,'" " ^"'''^''^^^' '""'^'"-"^'^rj 
 
 - ' '""r'"i>( It woiilil bo much worse u•i»^lnTl^ if ir ;* 
 
 ...id kei, then, gom^ without any possibility of ever bciu, paid for u hu tl eT" ' ' 
 T h. l>u.,si„KS-T, m pr„posins a vote of thanks to Mr. Holme s^id 1 Jt Ifi i 
 
 like a ndl o?i000 ^et til '^^ col^ll ' ''"'"'"' "'^ '°"''^"- ^^"^'^'"^ 
 Ihe vote of thanks having been agreed to, the meeting adjourned.