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32X

THE ST. CROIX OF THE NORTHEASTERN BOUNDARY

Although the northeastern boundary of the United States has long
been settled as a national question, there is still the greatest difference of
opinion as to the course the line should have taken if, instead of following
the compromise line finally adopted in 1842, it had been run in accordance
with the treaty of 1783. Some points indeed in this already voluminous
discussion can never be settled, and the last words upon them will probably
not have been written until the last amateur historian ceases to write.

There is, however, at least one point in connection with this boundary,
and that a point of no small importance, which, though capable of final
and most satisfactory settlement, has, curiously enough, been persistently
overlooked* by all who have written upon the subject. We refer to the
question of the identity of the river St. Croix of Mitchell's map, the river
chosen by the negotiators of 1783 as the beginning of the boundary
between the British dominions and those the United States. This river
has been held by all United States writers to be the present Magaguadavic,
and by all British writers to be the present St. Croix, the river which
actually was chosen and does form the boundary in that region.

Briefly told, the position t s, -'vf. . . >r. St ^^^'^t'"'"', in the controversy is
this: The treaty of 1783 declared that the river St. Croix is to form the
boundary from its mouth to its source, and from the latter point it is to be
continued by a due north line. No further description or localization of
the river was given ; it was not even stated that it was the old St. Croix of
De Month's settlement in 1604, and of various early grants, that was meant,
thoug^i it would seem a fair inference that it was intended for the same.
But the very year after the treaty was signed doubt arose as to the position
of the St. Croix. The Passamaquoddy Indians had testified as early as 1 764
that the river known to them as the St. Croix was the Magaguadavic, and the
testimony had been repeated to different surveyors.* The negotiators of
the treaty were asked what map had been used, and answered that John
Mitchell's map of 1755 was the one used, and that the St. Croix marked
upon it was the river chosen as the boundary. This map, however, was

* American State Papers, Vol. I, p. gi. Kilby, Eastport and Passamaquoddy, etc. No writer
appears to have commented on the fact that the value of the testimony of the Indians in fixing the
St. Croix of Mitchell's map is quite negatived by the fact that the Scoodic. or modern St. Croix,
has also been called St. Croix from the v(!ry earliest times, as no person whatever doubts. Indeed,
contemporary maps show two rivers called St. Croix falling into Pabsamaquoddy.

262

THE ST. CROIX OF THE NORTHEASTERN liOUNDARV

too inaccurate to settle the question. [Compare the two first maps.] It
marks two rivers emptying into Passamaquoddy, that to the west
called Passamacadic, and that to the east, St. Croix. The latter of these
United States
writers h a v e al-
ways contended
must be the Maga-
g u a d a V i c, espe-
cially since it is
called St. Croix
by the Indians,
and t h ■; former
must be the mod-
ern St. Croix or
Scoodic. British
write r s, on the
other hand, have
held that the east-
ern river v/as the
present St. Croix
(the Magaguada-
vic not being
marked), and the
western river was
the Cobscook.
The question at
once became a
burning one, and
demanded imme-
diate settlement.
Accordingly com-
missioners were
appointed, and in

1798 they decided that the river called St. Croix or Scoodic was the true St.
Croix, and should form the boundary. This decision they based, not on the
identification of the St. Croix of Mitchell's map (that point they did not /^
decide), but upon the discovery of remains of De Month's settlement, which ^'
placed it beyond all controversy forever that this was the ancient St. Croix
of French settlement and early grants. Their decision led to the choice
of the Scoodic as the boundary, which, so far, was satisfactory to the

MODERN MAP OF THE ST. CROIX REGION.

THE ST. CROrX OF THE NORTH EASTERN HOUNDARV

263

British. But the people of the United States were far from satisfied, and
they continued to chiim that the St. Croix of Mitchell's map, not the
ancient St. Croix of the French, should form the boundary, and Mitchell's
St. Croix they still held to be the Magaguadavic* This is their whole
contention in brief : The St. Croix of Mitchell's map was chosen as the
boundary by the commissioners, and whatever river Mitchell's St. Croix

was intended for, that river should be the bound-
ary, whether it be the ancient St. Croix or not.

So imperfect is the topography of Mitchell's
map in this region that, looking simply at the
mouths of the rivers, it is impossible to tell for
which of those of modern maps they are intend-
ed. It is a very curious fact that none of the
disputants appear to have examined their sources.
It will be seen by our second sketch that the St.
Croix of Mitchell's map flows from a large lake
called by him Kousaki. All the maps of this and
a somewhat earlier period have this lake at the
source of the St. Croix, and when it has a name
at all, it is a form of this same word. Thus,
Bellin in 1744, and D'Anville in 1755, have A^^w-
akonsaki. If the identity of this lake can be set-
tled, it will, of course, settle that of the river.
Now, the Passamaquoddy Indians of to-day call
Grand lake at the head of the St. Croix Ka-oiik- ^^/(fT/ -
j'rt'/'*' (pronounced /v'rt'i'-^?//^-^'^//^//!^), which, in the ^ ,, ,

locative form, would be A'rt'-£»7^/t-jaX'-£'^/6. Mitchell's ^ ^~ r
form of the word was clearly the last syllables of
.the form Kaoiiakousaki, used by Bellin in 1744.
The resemblance between the modern Ka-ojik-
sak-ook, and the old Ka-ou-ak-ou-sak-i is striking, the more especially when
it is remembered *:hat the two words are written one hundred and fifty
years apart by men of different nations. On the other hand, the Passa-
maquoddies call the lake at the head of the Magaguadavic by a very dif-
ferent name. We have not its exact modern form, but it is very like

* For instance, it has been laboriously argued by Hon. Mr. Washburnu (in Collections Maine
Historical Society, Vol. VHI). Winsor's America (VH, p. 173) takes the same ground : " H the
testimony of Mitchell's map was worth anything, there was no question that the easterly or Maga-
guadavic river (Mitchell's St. Croix) was the river intended by the treaty." Kilby (Eastport and
Passamaquoddy') and others adhere to the same view, and it is re-afifirmed in the latest volume of
the collections of the Maine Historical Society (Series 2, Vol. 1, p. 189).

Oyfi^

EXTRACT l-KOM MITCHELLS MAI-
OP 1755-

*5B

i^i^^

264

THE ST. C^^OIX OF THE NORTHEASTERN BOUNDARY

Magaguadaxvagnm, a totally different word from that at the head of

Mitchell's St. Croix. Indian place names are very permanent. Dozens

of them could be cited in Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, which

have hardly sensibly changed since the first exploration of the country.

In the face of this evidence

it seems probable almost

to certainty that the lake

Kousaki and river St.

Croix of Mitchell's map

arc the modern Grand

lake and St. Croix river.

But happily we have
other good evidence on
the point. The sketch on
this page is from a valuable
manuscript map in posses-
sion of W. H. Kilby, au-
thor of Eastport and Pas-
samagiioddy, through
whose kind permission we
are enabled to reproduce
it. The map was made in
connection with the settle-
ment of the St. Croix in
1798, and bears this in-
dorsement: "This scetch
was taken from one made
on birch bark by Francis
Joseph an Indian, with the
assistance of other Indi-
ans, as also the above in- "^'' "''^''''•' "'' ''' "•'"'''' "' '798.
formation at Pleasant Point May 8th, 1798, by us Thomas Millidge, Robt.
Pagan." It will be noticed that on i-his map lake Kioxakick is the same as
the modern Grand lake, as its position vith reference to the St. John and
Penobscot portages shows. This form c f the word differs no more from
those we have given than is to be expectec in allowing for individual differ-
ences in hearing and writing the same Indian word.

In Sotzmann's map of Maine of 1797 and 1798, there is no mistaking-
the meaning of the Kaivahisaki~\\. is applied to Grand lake at the head of
the St. Croix river, though he naturally favored the American view, that the

* #

■>■» •»■ —. ,

THE ST. CROIX OF THK NOKTHKASTKRN BOUNDARY

265

St. Croix of Mitchell's map was
the Magaguadavic. The latter
part of this word is almost
identical with the form used by
Mitchell, and the entire word is
very close to the French form
of Bellin and D'Anville.

It should be noticed how the
position of the lake confirms
this testimony of names. In
all of these maps it is shown as
in close proximity to Eel river
(called Medoctec on French
maps) on the one hand, and to
Baskahegan stream, an affluent
of the Penobscot, on the other.
This is strictly true of Grand
lake, as in first map. One of
the most traveled and best-
known of the old Indian trails
was by way of Eel river to
North lake and Grand lake,
and thence by the Baskahegan
to the Penobscot.

The conclusion then seems
clear that the claim of United
States writers that the St. Croix of Mitchell's map was the Magaguadavic,
which therefore should have formed the boundary, must be abandoned ; .
and it must be conceded that the St. Croix of De Month's settlement, of
Mitchell's map of 1755, of the treaty of 1783, of the commissioner's choice
of 1798, and of the present boundary, are one and the same river, and that
the boundary at this point at least is in accord with the treaty. This is a
happy conclusion and one which should remove one cause, even though
a slight one, of irritation between two peoples who should be bound
together by the closest ties of social and political friendship.

EXTRACT FROM SOTZMANN's MAI' OF MAINE, 1798.

—'/