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 f \ifi^.ttM 
 
 "f>' 
 
 THE 
 
 Irst Hundred Years 
 
 OP 
 
 MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 r'\ 
 
 BV THE 
 
 REV, J. S. ROSS, M.A., 
 
 WOODSTOCK. ONT. 
 
 WITH A PREFATORY NOTE BY 
 
 REV. ALEX. SUTHERLAND, D.D. 
 
 .TORONTO : 
 
 WILI^IAM BRIGQS, 
 
 WBSLET BUII.UINGS. 
 
 S. V. nuESTIS. Haukax, N'.S. 
 
 C. W. COATES, MONTBEAL, Que. 
 
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 r H E 
 
 i>. 
 
 FIRST HUNDRED YEARS 
 
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 OF 
 
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 ^■'^ ^'^M, 
 
 MODKRN MISSIONS. 
 
 BY THE 
 
 RBV, I. S. ROSS. M.A., 
 
 WOODSTOCK, ONT. 
 
 WITH A PREFATORY NOTE BY 
 
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 if.v.ia 
 
 REV. ALEX. SUTHERLAND, D.l). 
 
 TORONTO : 
 
 WILLIAM BRIGOS, 
 
 WESLEY BUILDINGS. 
 
 C. W. COATES, Montreal, Que. 
 
 S. F. HUESTIS, Halifax, N.S. 
 

 pajreJItt.' 
 
PRKFATORY NoTi:. 
 
 THF following extract, from a recent numl>er of the Missionakv 
 Outlook, will serve very well as the first paragraph oi this 
 introductory note:- "'I'he story of missions is the most fascinating 
 story in the literature of the last hundred years, hut in order to tell the 
 story effectively, those who speak in our missionary meetings must 
 steep themselves in the literature of missions now so abundant and 
 then tell the story as men and women who are thorouj^'hly in earnest 
 about the matter. Next to this is the work of scattering informal ion 
 broadcast by means of the printed page. And just here lies a difili- 
 culty ; missionary literature, though abundant and deeply interesting, 
 is not available, for the most part, in condensed form, such as c.m !>e 
 read by busy men in moments of leisure. It would pay the Missionary 
 Society many times over to have a man or woman of the right stamp 
 to do nothing else but condense and print missionary information and 
 scatter it broadcast throu,;i;h the churches." 
 
 This witness is true. Missionary facts are the fuel for missionary 
 fire, but the facts are so widely scattered through a voluminous litera- 
 ture that few, comparatively, know anything about them. .\ year ago 
 Messrs. Funk & W'agnalls, o! New York, issued a " (,"yclopa;dia of 
 Missions," consisting of two royal 8vo volumes of over 600 double- 
 column pages each. Such a mass of digested information on mis- 
 sionary topics was never before brought together in one publication, 
 but the price was $12.00 for the two volumes, which put it beyond the 
 reach of many. Some cheaper method of circulating the information 
 so laboriously gathered was demanded, and in the following page^ 
 Mr. Ross has made a laudable effort to satisty the demand, at least in 
 part. Of course it was impossible to condense more than a tithe ot 
 the information into so small a compass, nor has this impossible task 
 
IV' 
 
 J'kEKAKlKN NOTK, 
 
 I 
 
 been attempted, but we have, instead, a boldly outlined sketch of the 
 
 j^rcat missionary movement of the last hundred years, with a bird's-eye 
 
 view of the field of its operations. To read this sketch without being 
 
 profoundly impressed with the vastness of the work, and inspired by 
 
 the grandeur of today's opportunities, would be impossible, and we 
 
 anticipate the best results from this attempt to bring the magnitude of 
 
 the missionary problem home to the thought and conscience of the 
 
 Ohurch. 
 
 But however well-intentioned and weH-executed this attempt may 
 
 be, It will result in nothing unless followed by approj)riate action 
 
 throughout the Church. The first duty is to secure the widest possible 
 
 circulation of this pamphlet, which we hope is but the avanf courier of 
 
 a multitude of missionary tracts and leaflets ; the next is to utilize the 
 
 information thus supplied in the home, the prayer meeting, and on the 
 
 missionary platform. Keep the great theme before the churches; let 
 
 there be " line upon line, precept upon precept." The great facts will 
 
 tell, and when the.se are vitalized by the Holy Spirit's baptism, they 
 will kindle a flame of missionary enthusiasm that will light up the world. 
 
 .METHdDi.sT Mission Rooms, 
 
 Toronto, /rtWMrtry »W, i8g^^ 
 
 A. SUTHERLAND. 
 
 i- 1 
 
THE FIRST HUNDRED YEARS OF 
 MODERN MISSIONS. 
 
 "Rii>E on, triumphtint Loril, 
 A hundred yenrs record 
 Thy victories won ; 
 HHsten the glorious day 
 When all shall own Thy sway, 
 And earth and heaven shull nay 
 The work is done." 
 
 4 Century or Modern MiNNion ClironoloKy. 
 
 1792. The first British Foreign Missionary Society oryiinized through the 
 
 efforts of Carey. 
 
 1793, Carey landed in India. 
 
 1796. London Missionary Society organized. 
 
 1796. First mission of London Missionarj' Society opened at Tahiti, Society 
 Islands. 
 
 1798. Death of Schwartz. 
 
 1799. Dr. Vanderkenip (Lon. Miss. Soc'y) opened mission to Kaffirs in 
 
 South Africa. 
 1804. British and Foreign Bible Society organized. 
 
 Mission to Sierra Leone opened. 
 I8O7. Morrison (Lon. Miss. Soc'y), first missionary to China. 
 
 Slave-trade in British dominions abolished by Parliament. 
 
 •Authorities nonsuited : Encyclopiudia of Missions, 2 vols., Funk &. \V agnails, 
 1891 ; Report of Missiouary Conference, Lomlon, 1888, 2 vols. ; Reirort of First 
 «nd Second (Ecumenical Methodist Conferences; Patterson's Prize Essay on 
 Missions; Seelye's "Christian Missions": Pierson's "Crisis of MisKions"; 
 Pierson's "Miracles of Mission's"; VVithrow's "Romance of Missions"; 
 Gracey's "China " ; Kobson's " Outlines of Protestant Missions " ; D.^rchester's 
 "Problem of Religious Progress"; Read's "Hand of (iod in History"; 
 Moutefiore's "Life of Livingstone"; Myer's "Life of Carey"; Dean's "Life 
 of Moffat"; Towasend's "Life of Morrison"; "Exeter Hall Lectures"; Oonpel 
 in all Land», to date ; yfissioimry Renew of the World, to date. 
 
The First Hundred Ycurs of 
 
 1810. American Board of CommiMionera for Foreign Miaaionii orgHuixed. 
 
 1812. Churcii MiMionnry Houiuty orgiinized ; (in Yl^ orgiiiiixed under 
 
 another nnnie). 
 WusluyHU niiuion to Kouth AfricH opened. 
 
 1813. East India Co. ooinpulletl hy Parliament to tolerate misHionHrieM. 
 .Iiidnon arrived at Rangoon, liurniah. 
 
 1814. American Baptist Missionary Hociety organized. 
 
 Mission t<i New Zealand opened by Church Missionary Siiciety. 
 Death of Dr. Coke, tm Indian Ocean, aged sixty-seven. 
 181(i. American Bihle Society organized. 
 Mott'at sailed for Africii. 
 
 1817. Wesleyan Missionary Society organized. 
 
 1818. Conversion under MoH'atof Africaner, " the terror «>f South Africa." 
 Madagascar Mission opened (Lon. Miss. Soc'y). 
 
 1818. Death of Samuel J. Mills, off west coast of Africa, the originator of 
 
 the American Hoard of CommisBioners for Foreign Missons, and of 
 the American Biblo Society. 
 
 1819. Missionary Society of Methodist Episcopal Church, U.S.. organized. 
 First Christian book printed in Siameoe. 
 
 Whole of Bible translated int<t Chinese by Morrison, assisted by Milne. 
 
 1820. Mission to Hawaiian Islands opened. 
 
 1821. Mission to Lilieria opened. 
 
 1822. Missions to Tonga Islands, and to New Zealand opened by the 
 
 Wesleyan Missionary S(»ciety. 
 
 1823. Raratonga Island, which had eluded the search of Capt. Cook, 
 
 discovered by .John Williams, and mission opened. 
 
 1824. Missionary Society of Methodist Church of Canada organized ; also 
 
 that of the Protestant Episcopal Church of America ; and that of 
 France. 
 1826. Mission to the Karens (" wild men of Burmuh ") commenced. 
 
 1828. First Karen convert. 
 
 1829. Widow-burning ab«dished by the British Government in India. 
 
 1830. Duff arrived in India. 
 
 1833. Slavery abolished in the British Empire ; (went into operation August 
 1st, 1834). 
 First foreign mission of Methodist Episcopal Church of U.S. to 
 
 Liberia commenced. 
 Death of Melville B. Cox, first foreign missionary of Methodist 
 Episcopal Church, U.S. 
 1834 Death of Carey, " the pioneer of modem missions." 
 
 Death of Morrison, '"the pioneer missionary to China." 
 1836. Mission to the Fiji Islands, opened by the Wesleyan missionaries, 
 Cr<is8 and Cargill. 
 
 1836. Missionaries banished from Madagascar. 
 
 1837. First native Madagascar martyr. 
 Krapf set out for East Africa. 
 
n orgHiii/.eil. 
 li/etl under 
 
 loimi'ieH. 
 
 ?(»cietv. 
 
 (Uth Africa. " 
 
 triginatur of 
 HBonn, niul nf 
 
 .. (irgani/.tiil. 
 
 bed by Milne. 
 
 ened by the 
 
 C»pt. Cook, 
 
 ganized ; also 
 ; and that of 
 
 lenced. 
 
 n India. 
 
 ration August 
 
 li of U.S. tt» 
 
 of Methodist 
 
 I miBsiunaries^ 
 
 Modern Missions. 
 
 1839. John Wmiatni, "tlieaiHMitluof Polynesia," murdered tit Krr«>nianKn, 
 
 aged fi>rty-f(iur. 
 IH40. Livingstone sails for Africa. 
 
 Canton, ('hinu, Uikun by the English. 
 1K42. Hong Kong ceded to the English ; Ciinttni and four nther cities 
 opened. 
 
 1844. Missions to China re-opened. 
 
 MisHionary Society of Presbyterian Church in Canada organised. 
 
 1845. Kviiiigelical .Alliance organized. 
 
 I84(t. Death of .lauics Kvann, Canadian MethiKlist niiHsionary, and inventor 
 
 of the syllabic charactern. 
 1848. MiHsion to the New Hebrides IsiandH connnenced by Dr. (ieddie, of 
 
 the Presbyterian Church, Nova Hcotia. 
 
 1850. Missionary Society organized by the New Xealanders . 
 Death of .ludson, "tlie apostle of Burmah." 
 
 1851. First Zenana teaching in the East begun in Siuni. 
 185IJ. Mirtsionary Society organized by Sandwich Islanders. 
 
 Wesleyan Mission in China opened. 
 Com. Perry (I'.S.) sails into Yeddo Hay, Japan. 
 1858. .)a|)an opened by Townoond Harris Treaty to the Western world after 
 being closed 219 yeBrs(treaty went into full operation following year). 
 Christianity tolerated in China by the Treaty of Tientsin, (carried into 
 
 effect in 1860). 
 riovernnient of East India Co. abolished by British Parliament. 
 185H. First niissicinary in Japan. 
 
 1861. Persecution in Madagascar ceased and mission re-opened. 
 
 1862. .Jesuits enter Madagiiscar. 
 
 King (jle<irge of Tonga gave a constitutional government founded on 
 Christian principles. 
 
 1864. First convert in Japan. 
 
 1865. China Inland Mission connnenced. 
 
 1870. Missionaries to Hawaiian Islands made last report to their society, 
 
 these islands having ceased to be missionary ground. 
 
 1871. First Protestant Church opened in Rome. 
 
 Bishop Patteson, of Melanesian Islands, murdered at Nukapu. 
 Mission to New Guinea ojiened, (largest island in the world). 
 Livingstone found by Stanley at Ujiji. 
 
 1872. First Protestant Church org<..iized in Japan. 
 
 Mission to Formosa, China, opened by Presbyterian Church in Canada. 
 
 1873. Livingstone found dead at his bedside on his knees at Ilala, Lake 
 
 Bangweolo. 
 Canadian Baptist Missionary Society organized. 
 First foreign mission of Metiioaist Church of Canada, commenced in 
 
 Japan. 
 Edict against Christianity in Jafmn taken down. 
 
 1874. Livingstone buried in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 Fiji islands ceded by their chiefs to Great Britain. 
 
1 
 
 The First Hundred Years of 
 
 I 
 
 1875. King MtesH deHires missionary teachers to be sent t^o Uganda, YmsX 
 
 Africa. 
 Presbyterian Church in Canada opened a mission in Central India. 
 
 1876. Mission to Uganda commenced. 
 
 Woman's Presbyterian Missionary S«)cioty of Canada oi-gunized. 
 
 1877. Stanley's journey acntss Africa from Zanzibar and emerging at the 
 
 mouth of the Congo, 7,000 miles, completed in 999 days. 
 
 1878. Missions to the Congo opened. 
 
 Great revival at the Baptist Mission among the Telugus (" Lone Star 
 Mission"); 10,000 baptized between June and December. 
 
 Consecration of the great Memorial Hall by the Karens on the fiftieth 
 anniversary of the first convert. 
 
 Buddhist temple in Province of Shantung, China, deeded as a free 
 gift to missionaries for Christian uses. 
 
 Death of Dr. Duff, aged seventy-two. 
 
 1881. Woman's Methodist Missionary Society of Canada organized. 
 Canada Congregational Missionary Society organized. 
 
 1882. Corea, "the hermit nation," the latest opened to the Gospel. 
 
 1883. Death of Moffat. 
 
 Church of England Missionary Society in Canada organized. 
 
 1884. Stanley opened the Congo basin ; 5,249 miles of navigable rivers ; 
 
 eleven million square miles of territory ; inhabited by forty-three 
 millions of people. 
 Berlin Conference for government of the Congo country ; agreement 
 signed by fifteen ruling powers. 
 
 1885. Congo Free State erected. 
 
 Bishop Hannington murdered at Uganda by orders of Mwango. 
 1888. First railroad built in China with sanction of the Government. 
 
 First mission of Presbyterian Church in Canada to China mainland 
 
 opened. 
 Whole Bible translated in Japanese. 
 
 1890. Memorable Missionary Conference at Shanghai, China, 
 Sultan of Zanzibar issued decree against the slave-trade. 
 Death of McKay, of Uganda. 
 
 1891. Susi, who brought Livingstone's body and papers to the coast, a journey 
 
 of nearly 1,000 miles, and of a year's duration, died at Zanzibar. 
 Edict of Chinese Emperor proclaiming toleration of Christianity. 
 First section of Congo River railroad completed. 
 Latest new mission, in totally unoccupied territory undertaken — the 
 
 Central Soudan. 
 Death of Samuel Crowther. " Born a slave, died a bishop." 
 
 1892. Death of James Calvert, noted missionary to Fiji. 
 
 The Brussels Treaty respecting the prohibition of the slave-trade, 
 fire-arms, and the liqucjr-traffic in the Congo Free State and interior 
 of Africa, covering an area twice the size of Europe with a popu- 
 lation of twenty-five millions of souls, signed by seventeen powers. 
 
 Mission opened in a populous but unevangelized province of China, 
 by the Methodist Church, Canada. 
 
f» Uganda, East 
 
 Central India. 
 
 i organized, 
 emerging at the 
 9 days. 
 
 ,'U8 ("LonoStar 
 
 ember. 
 
 ns on the fiftieth 
 
 deeded as a free 
 
 rganized. 
 
 3 Gospel. 
 
 gatiized. 
 
 avigarble rivers ; 
 d by forty-three 
 
 titry ; agreement 
 
 if Mwango. 
 ivernment. 
 China mainland 
 
 la, 
 ade. 
 
 i coast, a journey 
 :1 at Zanzibar. 
 Christianity. 
 
 ndertaken — the 
 
 bishop." 
 
 :he slave-trade, 
 ate and interior 
 le with a popu- 
 enteen powers, 
 tince of China, 
 
 Modern Missions. 
 
 i 
 
 Previous to the OjpeiiinK of the Missionary Era. 
 
 " Some day Love shall claim his own, 
 Some day Right ascend the thrcme, 
 Some day hidden Truth be known. 
 Some day — some sweet tlay." 
 
 Missions Undertaken. 
 
 By common consent the year 1792 marks the beg-inninjjf of the 
 modern missionary movement — a distinct epoch in the develop- 
 ment of Protestant Christianity. Yet this does not imply that 
 there were no missions before that date. The names of Egede, 
 Stach, Ziegenbalg and Schwartz are well known in this period. 
 
 The Moravian brotherhood rose to notice when the zeal of 
 all Churches was at the coldest. Driven from Moravia, Count 
 Zinzendorf (author of the hymn, " Jesus, Thy blood and rig-hteous- 
 ness,") bought an estate for the refugees, near the foot of a hill. 
 This they called Herrnhut — (The Lord's Shelter) — a name which 
 has since gone round the world. The society was composed of 
 about 600 labourers and artizans, yet in the short space of eight 
 or nine years, commencing in 1732, they had sent missionaries to 
 Greenland, the West Indies, the Indians of North America, the 
 negroes of South Carolina, to Lapland, Tartary, Guinea, South 
 Africa and Ceylon. They now report 392 ordained ministers, 
 preaching at 133 stations, to 23,901 communicants. Their mission- 
 aries frequently started without knowing how to reach their des- 
 tination, and often had to procure support by working with their 
 own hands. As showing their spirit. Count Zinzendorf went to a 
 brother and said : "Can you go as a missionary to Greenland. Can 
 you go to-morrow?" And the reply was: "I will start to-morrow 
 if the shoemaker has finished my shoes which I ordered." So long 
 as mankind can appreciate purity of intention, self-sacrifice, and 
 heroism, the name of the Moravian brotherhood will never die. 
 
 Missions to the heathen were not undertaken by the Wesleyans 
 until 1786, when Dr. Coke, destined for Nova Scotia, was provi- 
 dentially driven by a storm to the British West Indies, where a 
 mission to the slaves was immediately begun at Antigua. «' During 
 his (Dr. Coke's) life it was not deemed necessary to organize a 
 missionary society among the Wesleyans, for he embodied that 
 great interest in his own person." He crossed the Atlantic eighteen 
 times in prosecution of the work of God. 
 
 "The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Fore ?^n 
 
-1 
 
 
 10 
 
 The First Hundred Years of 
 
 Parts" was formed in 1701, rather for colonial than foreign 
 missionary objects. This society became distinctly missionary in 
 1821. Thus, with the exception of the Danish missions represented 
 by Ziegenbalg and Schwartz, and the work of the Moravians and 
 Wesleyans, the whole heathen world, previous to the opening of the 
 missionary epoch, was left in spiritual destitution, not "a solitary 
 representative of the Churches of Great Britain being found on 
 earth preaching Christ to those who had never heard His name." 
 
 COXDITION OF THE CHURCHES. 
 
 It has been truly said, "Never has there been a century in 
 England so void of faith as that which began with Queen Anne 
 and ended with George II., when the Puritans were buried and 
 the Methodists not born." Blackstone, about this period, said 
 he had heard every clergyman of note in London, but not one 
 discourse that had more Christianity in it than the orations of Cicero, 
 or showed whether the preacher was a disciple of Confucius, 
 Mohammed or Christ. 
 
 What missionary activity could there be in Churches of this 
 description ? To diffuse such a Christianity would be a calamity ; 
 but happily it has no inherent diffusiveness. The only hope of the 
 Churches themselves, and of the world, lay in a revival of religion. 
 This occurred under the labours of Wesley and Whitfield, and 
 one year after Wesley was dead, William Carey, clarum et 
 venerahile nomen, succeeded, despite many discouragements, in 
 organizing the first British Foreign Missionary Society, under the 
 auspices of the Baptist Church. 
 
 To understand his difficulties it may be necessary to recall the 
 prevailing sentiments of the people at that time, both in and out 
 of the Church. When Carey proposed in th< Baptist Association 
 to discuss the advisability of sending missionaries to the heathen, 
 Rev. Dr. Ryland is reported to have said : "Young man, sit down ; 
 when God pleases to convert the heathen He will do it without 
 your aid or mine." Dr. Ryland simply expressed the prevailing 
 sentiment of the majority of Christian people at that time. The 
 East India Company refused to take Carey to India in one of their 
 vessels. When they found he intended to be a missionary, they 
 ordered him off the vessel, but he reached Calcutta by a Danish ship. 
 Even after his arrival, but for the firm conduct of the governor 
 of the little Danish settlement at Serampore, to which he was 
 invited, Carey and his family would have been seized and sent 
 
Modern Missions. 
 
 II 
 
 1 than foreign 
 y missionary in 
 ions represented 
 
 Moravians and 
 "' opening- of the 
 
 not "a solitary 
 being found on 
 ird His name." 
 
 1 a century in 
 th Queen Anne 
 Jre buried and 
 s period, said 
 1, but not one 
 itionsofCicero, 
 of Confucius. 
 
 lurches of this 
 be a calamity; 
 ily hope of the 
 val of religion. 
 iVhitfleld, and 
 'y, clarum et 
 iragements, in 
 ety, under the 
 
 '■ to recall the 
 >th in and out 
 St Association 
 > the heathen, 
 lan, sit down; 
 lo it without 
 le prevailing 
 t time. The 
 1 one of their 
 iionary, they 
 Danish ship, 
 he governor 
 ^ich he was 
 ed and sent 
 
 back to Europe by the first vessel. Charles Grant, who ultimately 
 rose to be the head of the East India Company, wrote to the Rev. 
 Charles Simeon to send out missionaries to the East, and promised 
 to support them. Simeon failed to find one. (irant afterwards 
 wrote : " I had formed the design of a mission to Bengal ; Provi- 
 dence reserved that honour for the Baptists." 
 
 A bishop of the Church of England said he had in his diocese 
 a very good clergyman, but one who was very eccentric, and 
 gave as proof of it the fact that the said clergyman actually 
 believed the Red Indians of North America could be converted ! 
 Fuller, who was collecting for the new Baptist society, went aside 
 into the by-ways of London city to weep over the callousness of 
 wealthy Christians. Three years after Carey had arrived in 
 India, the Assembly of the Church of Scotland denounced the 
 scheme of foreign missions as " illusive," "visionary," "dangerous 
 to the good order of society," and as "improper and absurd to 
 propagate the Gospel abroad, so long as there remained a single 
 individual at home without the means of religious knowledge." 
 
 But the above was mild compared with the diatribe of the Rev. 
 Sydney Smith, who pronounced the scheme of foreign missions as 
 "absurdity in hysterics," " preposterousness run mad," "illusion 
 dancing in maddest frenzy," "the unsubstantial dream and vision 
 of a dreamer who dreams that he has l)een dreaming." 
 
 In the United States, Mills, Judson, Newell, and Nott held the 
 now famous " haystack " meeting, to start a foreign missionary 
 society; and because public opinion was opposed to them, by 
 article 4, the existence of their society was made secret. When 
 a few years afterwards it was proposed to charter the American 
 Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, by the Massachusetts 
 Legislature, Mr. 13. W. Croninshield objected on the ground that 
 "it would export religion whereas there was none to spare away 
 from ourselves," to which the proper rejoinder was made that 
 " religion is a commodity, the more of which is exported the more 
 we have remaining." At first the Senate rejected the bill, but of 
 five Boston papers, not one gave a report of the debate, or even 
 an abstract of it! What surprise and comment would such a 
 legislative act excite to-day ! 
 
^n 
 
 12 
 
 The First Hundred Years of 
 
 Aiiierlca. 
 
 " Lo, the poor Inditm ! whose untutored mind 
 Sees God in clouds, or hears Him in the wind." 
 
 Missions to the Indians. 
 
 The first missionary to the Indians was Rev. John Eliot. He 
 preached the first sermon ever delivered in North America to the 
 Indians in their native tongue. He took a language which had 
 no literature, and had never been reduced to writing, and in 
 eight years had the whole Bible translated. It was absolutely 
 the first case in history of the translation and printing of the 
 whole Bible for evangelizing purposes. It was issued in 1G63, 
 being the first Bible printed in America. " Prayers and pains," 
 he said, •' through faith in .Jesus Christ will do anything." Re- 
 specting his preaching to the Indians, both in Old and New 
 England it was declared the whole scheme was to make money, 
 and that the conversion of Indians was a fable. He lived however 
 to see six Indian churches and a thousand members. Southey 
 pronounced him "one of the most extraordinary men of any 
 country." He was followed by Brainerd in the same work. 
 
 Another name in connection with Indian missions which deserves 
 to be perpetuated in history, is that of Rev. James Evans, a 
 Canadian Methodist missionary and the inventor of syllabic 
 characters for the Cree Indians, and by which they are enabled to 
 read with surprising fcicility. Lord Duflferin said to Rev. E. R. 
 Young : '• Why, what a blessing to humanity that man was who 
 invented this alphabet. I profess to be a kind of literary man 
 myself, and try to keep up my reading of what is going on, but 
 I never heard of this before. The fact is," he added, " the nation 
 has given many a man a title and a pension, then a resting-place 
 and monument in Westminster Abbey, who never did half so 
 much for his fellow-creatures." 
 
 Missions to Greenland. 
 
 For thirteen years in northern Norway, Hans Egede heard the 
 Macedonian cry to go to Greenland. His proposal to set out for 
 that inhospitable region, raised a storm of opposition, but after a 
 voyage of eight weeks he landed there in 1721. Thus began the 
 Danish mission. He was three years in learning the language, and 
 remained there fifteen vears. 
 
Modern Missions. 
 
 13 
 
 ind 
 kvind." 
 
 John Eliot. He 
 h America to the 
 uage which had 
 writing-, and in 
 t was absolutely 
 printing: of the 
 issued in 1663, 
 yei-s and pains," 
 anything:." Re- 
 1 Old and New 
 ;o make money, 
 ■c lived however 
 nbers. Southey 
 i-y men of any 
 ame work. 
 8 which deserves 
 fames Evans, a 
 tor of syllabic 
 ' are enabled to 
 d to Rev. E. R. 
 man was who 
 f literary man 
 s g:oing on, but 
 ed, " the nation 
 a resting-.piace 
 er did half so 
 
 ede heard the 
 to set out for 
 n, but after a 
 bus beg:an the 
 languag:e, and 
 
 
 The Moravian mission began in 1733 (twelve years after Egede), 
 under the Messrs. Stach and Christian David. Before they departed, 
 Count Von Pless recounted the difficulties. " How will you live," 
 he asked. " We will cultivate the soil." " But there is no soil — 
 only ice and snow." "Then we must try and live as the natives 
 do." "But in what will you live?" "We will build ourselves a 
 house," " But there is no wood in the country." » Then we will 
 dig holes in the ground and live there." " No," said the count, 
 here are $50, and take wood with you." Their voyage lasted six 
 weeks. The natives were very indifferent to their teachings and 
 mimicked them. They laboured five years before they had one 
 convert. Though zealous and self-sacrificing, Egede the Danish 
 missionary had little success, from the fact he did not give due 
 prominence to the direct preaching of redemption through the 
 blood of Christ. The truth was preached as part of a creed. The 
 Moravians, on the other hand, addressed the heart rather than the 
 reason and had greater success. 
 
 Summary of the Missionary Work in America. 
 
 (Compiled priiicipallii from '' EHnirlopifdia of Misnioiis," Funk d- li'^oifnitlls, 
 
 ' is'.n. ) 
 
 COUNTRY. 
 
 s 
 o 
 
 t; SI 5 2"S * 1 i 
 
 ?5 ■ ? »- ■ 
 
 a. 
 
 & 
 
 '^1 
 
 
 a te fc. 
 
 
 Greenland i 9,780 
 
 Alaska ! 30,426 
 
 Labrador . . . . ' 4,211 
 
 Indians, Canada 124,589 
 
 U.S.A.; 249,273 
 
 West Indies .... 5,720,876 
 
 Mexico 11,032,924 
 
 Central America. 3, 172, 684 
 South America.. 35,2150,224 
 
 Totals 56,200,987 
 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 4 
 12 
 10 
 8 
 2 
 
 16 
 14 
 
 38 
 
 
 . . . I 32 
 60l 3 
 
 4<K) 
 
 85 62 6,041 
 
 •48 
 
 . . . 163 
 
 112 
 
 I 50 
 
 289 
 269 
 
 15 ! 22 
 
 i 
 140 14 
 
 .... ;491 
 
 I . . . , 21,922 
 
 488 148 43,593169 69,707 .«863,16G 
 128 '201 : 7,(W9138 13,263 20,360 
 
 6 1 i 805 
 47 116 3,910 
 
 12 871 
 
 iiS 14,366 
 
 15 
 57,168 
 
 156,05? 
 
 127,446 .<^940,709 
 
14 
 
 The First Hundred Years of 
 
 The Pacific Islands. 
 
 "The immense Pacific smiles 
 Round a thousand little isles, 
 Haunts of violence and wiles. 
 But the powers of darkness yield, 
 For the Cross is in the field. 
 And the Light of Life revealed." 
 
 There are about twelve thousand of these islands, and by many 
 they were long supposed to be the homes of happy savage innocence 
 Stern facts, however, in missionary life have dispelled the illusion. 
 Dr. Geddie, of the New Hebrides mission, says, " the spectacle of a 
 father and mother with their children, as one happy social band, 
 is what I have never yet beheld here." Of the three hundred 
 islands inhabited by the Papuan race, not one has been found 
 where cannibalism did not exist. Female virtue was so unknown 
 in the Hawaiian Islands that the inhabitants had no word in 
 their language to express it. 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 The island's of the Pacilic are separated into four main divisions. 
 Take 180° longitude. The islands cast of that are called Polynesia. 
 The islands west of 180° longitude are separated into two 
 divisions. Those south of the equator are called Melanesia, and 
 those north of the equator Micronesia. The Hawaiian (or Sand- 
 wich) Islands make the fourth division ; they are situated north 
 of Polynesia, and about half way between Australia and Vancou- 
 ver. These are not mere geographical divisions, but the names 
 given indicate diflTerences also in race, colour and language. 
 
 Polynesia. 
 
 Polynesia consists of the following principal groups: the Society, 
 Austral, Hervey (or Cook's), Tauraota, Marquesas, Samoan, and 
 the Tonga (or Friendly) Islands. 
 
 The publication of the narrative of Captain Cook's voyages 
 caused the early selection of these islands as missionary ground. 
 It is an interesting fact that the reading of this same book first 
 stirred the soul of Carey, and led him to decide upon this field, 
 but God willed India instead. The good ship Duff, sent out by 
 the London Missionary Society, set sail in 1796, bearing thirty 
 missionaries — the first purely missionary expedition Protestantism 
 
of 
 
 Modern Missions. 
 
 n 
 
 I. 
 
 I^ield, 
 
 aled." 
 
 islands, and by many 
 >py savage innocence, 
 dispelled the illusion. 
 8, " the spectacle of a 
 le happy social band, 
 f the three hundred 
 one has been found 
 rtue was so unknown 
 nts had no word in 
 
 four main divisions, 
 are called Polynesia, 
 separated into two 
 ailed Melanesia, and 
 Hawaiian (or Sand- 
 y are situated north 
 istralia and Vancou- 
 sions, but the names 
 and language. 
 
 groups: the Society, 
 luesas, Samoan, and 
 
 ain Cook's voyages 
 missionary ground, 
 this same book iirst 
 icide upon this field, 
 p Duff, sent out by 
 .796, bearing thirty 
 dition Protestantism 
 
 had sent forth to conquer heathenism. Curious, in the light of 
 the present day, is the fact that these pioneer missionaries were 
 advised, among other things, to procure four pipes of the best 
 wine at Rio, to be put into hogsheads, and paid for by draft on 
 the London Missionary Society ! 
 
 After a tedious six months' voyage they reached Tahiti, one of 
 the Society Islands, having a population of about sixteen thou- 
 sand. The Duff returned to Kngland, and sailed again with a 
 band as large as before, but was captured by a French privateer. 
 A third expedition sailed in 1800, but discouraging news came 
 from the South Seas. Instead of conquering heathenism, it seemed 
 Ck'ristianity was likely to be conquered by heathenism. In 
 twelve years the mission seemed decidedly to have failed, though 
 on the other side it is to be said the missionaries had only received 
 supplies and heard tidings from home twice. A change came 
 over the Christian public of England. Missions were scouted and 
 laughed at. A proposition was made to abandon the mission. 
 This was stoutly opposed by Messrs. Ilaweis and Wilkes. It was 
 concluded to send letters of encouragement to the missionaries 
 instead. The very ship bearing these letters was crossed in mid- 
 ocean by another conveying the glad tidings that idols had been 
 rejected by the people, and not only the account of the rejection, 
 but bearing the idols themselves ! "Before thev call I will answer." 
 Thus broke the dawn after a sixteen years' night of toil. 
 
 Of Tahiti, Captain Cook said, "This island can neither serve 
 public interests or private ambition, and will probably never be 
 much known." He little dreamed that its name would go round 
 the world. It was in reference to Tahiti that Darwin said, 
 " The lesson of the missionary is the enchanter's wand." 
 
 The establishment of Christianity in the islands was precipitated 
 by an attack of idolaters, in 1815, upon the king, afterwards 
 known as Pomare II. They were defeated in what was intended, 
 and proved to be, the crisis battle between the two systems. 
 Christianity was thus established, human sacrifices abolished, con- 
 cubinage prohibited, the Sabbath observed as a day of rest and 
 worship, a printing press set up, and a missionary society organ- 
 ized. The king became the tii-st president, and its first year's 
 contribution amounted to 82,500. From this society one hundred 
 and sixty missionaries have gone forth to neighbouring islands. 
 The king also gave a code of laws and a constitution in 1819. 
 He died in 1821. In consequence of the intrigues of Roman 
 
1'1 
 
 i6 
 
 The First Hundred Years of 
 
 Catholic miasionnries, Tahiti was taken possession of by the 
 Krench in 184;{. 
 
 The Tonp.'in Islands were visited by the Wesleyans in 1822. 
 The kinfi^ was converted, and baptized under the name of Kinp 
 Oeorg-e. 'I'lie people, intellectually, are far in advance of most of 
 the Polynesian nice. Christianity spread to the Austral g-roup in 
 1816; to the Ilervey Islands in 1821; to Raratonga, one of the 
 llervey s"roup in 1823; and to the Samoan Islands in 1830. 
 This latter ^roup has a Christian population of thirty thousand 
 souls, and in 1890 sent a thank-offering to the parent Missionary 
 Society in I^ondon of S9,000. 
 
 Melanesia. 
 
 Melanesia consists of New Guinea, New Ireland, Salomon, New 
 Hebrides, New Caledonia, Fiji, and the Ellice Islands, with many 
 other small groups. It is called Melanesia because the inhabitants 
 have more of the negro characteristics than the typical Malay 
 races to the north of the equator, in Micronesia. 
 
 The Story of John Williams and Erromanga. 
 
 Tlu' principal agent in spreading the gospel in all these islands, 
 irrespective of geographical lines, was John Williams, "the 
 apostle of Polynesia," the narrative of whose life and death is very 
 thrilling, lie discovered Karatonga Island, which had eluded 
 the search of Captain Cook. The record of his successes produced 
 a profound interest in England. In 1839 he landed at Erromanga, 
 one of the New Hebrides group, noted for its enormous wealth 
 in sandal wood. With his helper. Harris, he was suddenly 
 attacked and murdered by the natives. Rev. G. N. Gordon and 
 his wife, from Nova Scotia, landed on this same island in 1357, 
 and after lal)ouring four years were both likewise murdered by 
 the natives. Nothing daunted, Gordon's brother stepped into the 
 breach in 18G4. After eight years the natives murdered him also 
 in similar circumstances. Then followed Rev. H. A. Rol)ertson of 
 the Presbyterian Church in Canada; he now has over two hun- 
 dred communicants, one thousand church adherents, ten churches, 
 and thirty-three schools. In forty years Nova Scotia has sent 
 ten missionaries to the South Seas. 
 
 In 1889, on the fiftieth anniversarv of John Williams' martvr- 
 dom, a monument was erected at Erromanga to his memory. A 
 descendant of the same man who dealt Williams his death-blow 
 
Modern Missions. 
 
 17 
 
 isession of by the 
 
 {ROMANGA. 
 
 laid the corner stone, and the youngest son of tlic nmrdcror is 
 now preaching the gospel in Australia. 
 
 Ne>v Hebrides. 
 
 Aneityum is the most southern island of the New Hebrides. The 
 Rev. John Geddie, from Nova Scotia, arrived in 1848. The story 
 of his success is told on a tablet in the little church on that island, 
 and reads : 
 
 WHEN HE LANIiEK 
 
 IN 1848 
 
 THEKE WERE NO CHRISTIANS MKKK 
 
 AND WHEN HE LEFT 
 
 IN 1872 
 
 THERE WERE NO HEATHEN. 
 
 New Guinea. 
 
 Don George, a Portuguese navigator, discovered by accident 
 New Guinea, which (omitting Australia) proved to be the largest 
 island in the world. It is only 90 rniles north from Australia, 
 and has a population of 150,000. When the mission was begun 
 in 1871, the natives did not know what money was, but when 
 Dr. McFarlane left for London in 1887, they gave him a col- 
 lection of £64 10s. A copy of the New Testament, in the Motu 
 language of New Guinea, was recently presented to the (^ueen. A 
 converted Chinaman on the Pacific Coast, hearing that many of his 
 own countrymen were residing in New Guinea, sold himself to 
 work there as a coolie slave in order to teach them salvation, and 
 was the means of leading 200 of them to Christ before he died. 
 
 Fiji. 
 
 The Fiji Islands, though not far from Tonga, are considered as 
 belonging to Melanesia because the inhabitants are of the Papuan 
 race. They were once ferocious cannibals, and language fails to 
 describe the atrocities committed by these p<.'ople. The Wesleyans 
 originated the mission here, and through the patronage of King 
 George of Tonga, secured a favourable reception. It was probably 
 owing to his influence that their lives were often spared during the 
 frightful scenes they were compelled to witness. They have now 
 ten missionaries (never having exceeded thirteen at any one time). 
 The churches are well manned by these, and seventy-two native 
 ordained ministers, with hundreds of local preachers, who preach 
 in 909 churches and 414 other places of worship to 27,097 church 
 
i8 
 
 The First Hundred Years of 
 
 members and to 103,775 adherents oat of a population ot 125,441. 
 A missionary among- 10,000 Fijians said, " I do not know of a 
 singli; house in which there is not family worship." These islands 
 were ceded to Great Britain in 1874, and are now ruled by a British 
 governor. No Kng-lish soldiera are needed to preserve loyalty. 
 
 The thrilling story of the conquests of Christianity in Fiji 
 ranks with that of AladHgascar or Japan. 
 
 New Zealand. 
 
 The Church of I^ngland commenced the first mission here in 
 1814, followed by the Wesleyans in 1822. A recent census shows 
 that ninety-tlve per cent, of the population is Christian. The 
 name of Bishop 8elwyn, of New Zealand, deserves special mention 
 for his self-denying and successful labours among the Melanesian 
 Islands. Tlie Rev. Sydney Smith, in his bantering way, wrote to 
 one of his correspondents thus: "The advice I sent to Bishop 
 Selwyn, of New Zealand, when receiving the cannibal chiefs, was 
 to say, ' I deeply regret, sirs, to have nothing on my own table 
 suited to your tastes, but you will find plenty of cold curate, and 
 roasted clergyman on the side- board.' And if in spite of this 
 prudent provision, his visitors ate him likewise, I could only add, 
 'I sincerely hoped he would disagree with them.'" 
 
 Micronesia. 
 
 Micronesia consists of the Gilbert, Marshall, Caroline, Ladrones, 
 Bonin, and many smaller groups of islands. They have l3een 
 colonized by Spaniards, and the native races are nearly extinct. 
 
 Missions to these islands commenced in 1852 by American mis- 
 sionaries accompanied by two Hawaiian helpers. Twelve years 
 afterwards they were carrying on missionary operations them- 
 selves to the surrounding islands. Out of a population of 84,000, 
 50,000 have heard the gospel. There are 8,000 converts, and 
 twice as many adherents. In 1880 a mission was begun in the 
 Island of Ruk, "the terror of the Pacific," where there are now eight 
 or nine churches. The missionary vessel Morning Star, thrice 
 rebuilt by the Sunday-school children of America, was an in- 
 valuable aid to missionary work in these islands. 
 
 Hawaiian (or Sandwich) Islands. 
 
 These consist of eight islands, the largest of which is Hawaii. 
 They are the most northerly of the I'acific groups. Here Captain 
 Cook was murdered in 1779. The capital is Honolulu. 
 
 mrnmmum 
 
 ■awigBiB f» ii i!mu i i" ", i i -" i A".w"«' ii . nnM i - i I 
 
?/ 
 
 Modern Missions. 
 
 19 
 
 ipulatlon ot 126,441. 
 I do not know of a 
 ihip." These islands 
 w ruled by a British 
 preserve loyalty. 
 Christianity in Fiji 
 
 iret mission here in 
 
 ecent census shows 
 
 is Christian. The 
 
 '68 special mention 
 
 ng- the Melanesian 
 
 I'ingr way, wrote to 
 
 I sent to Bishop 
 
 nnibal chiefs, was 
 
 on my own table 
 
 f cold curate, and 
 
 f in spite of this 
 
 I could only add, 
 » >» 
 
 roline, Ladrones, 
 They have been 
 nearly extinct, 
 r American mis- 
 Twelve years 
 )perations them- 
 lation of 84,000, 
 converts, and 
 as begun in the 
 re are now eig-ht 
 ng Star, thrice 
 ica, was an in- 
 
 tiich is Hawaii. 
 Here Captain 
 iilu. 
 
 At the college f,'ate in New Haven, Conn., one morning in the 
 year 1809, a youth of colour was found weeping because there 
 was no one to instruct him. His name was Oliookiah, a native of 
 Hawaii. He was distressed both for himself and his countrymen, 
 but was soon taken in hand by Christian people, and ten yeare 
 afterwards was sent out by the American Hoard with seven 
 Americans to open a mission on these islands. To their surprise 
 they found that idolatry had been abandoned, temples burned, 
 human sacrifices abolished, and the nation waiting for a religion. 
 Great revivals followed, the horrible tabu system was exterminated, 
 and by 1870 the missionaries made their last report to the parent 
 society, these islands having ceased to be missionary ground. 
 
 In 1852 these islanders commenced missionary operations them- 
 selves, and have already sent missionaries south and west to the 
 Marquesas, Gilbert, Marshall, and Caroline groups of islands. 
 
 Summary of Mission Wokk in the Pacific Islands. 
 
 (Compiled pniicipfdhi fruut " Eiinirli)pii'<ll<i i>f Mlx/ilmm," Finik d- Wmjniills, 
 
 IH'.n.) 
 
 COUNTRY. ! ^"tion*,^! 
 
 Polynesia.* .... 3 
 
 1 1 
 
 Melanesia ' I 2 
 
 Micronesia i ' 3 
 
 ! i 
 
 Hawaiian Isl'dn. ; 2 
 
 X 
 
 o 
 
 
 44 
 13 
 
 97 
 58 
 
 i-5:«1i! ^" 
 
 J3_ 
 
 %lk 
 
 i-i 25 i^.2S.« 
 
 
 24 ; am \,m\ ")7,320| 4«3 44.430 
 
 10 f) 3 1 100 344 
 
 I ' 
 
 10 1 40 81' I....S 7,729 
 
 I 
 
 2 36 , (i2 2,709 . . 
 
 5,049 
 
 Totals of above.. l,5.50,G40i 10 
 
 Australia and 1 I n r>.>o on! <■ 
 New Zealand.. /I •^'•'-'^'2" *' 
 
 212 
 
 90 
 
 40 
 
 171 
 
 Malaysia. 
 
 Totals. 
 
 8 ;198 77 
 
 24 500 
 
 294 
 
 I 
 
 447 |1,195| 00,089 583 57,552 
 
 ai7,495 
 
 05 
 
 .S,571 
 
 20,132 
 
 41,263 
 
 680 39,743 127 19,0101 3.285 
 
 3 9«i 1,346, 170 32,7071 0,109 
 
 450 
 
 1,971101,178, 880109,3351 $.50,657 
 
 * These figures for Polynesia include the Wesleyan numbers for Fiji, which mis- 
 .sion for the reason given on page 360 is usually considered as belonging to Melanesia. 
 
^i \9 
 
 20 
 
 The First Hutuirtd Ytan oj 
 
 Arrl<*a. 
 
 " There is h inornind; star, my h«»uI, 
 There in n iiinrniiiK star. 
 'Twill Booii he near and hri^ht, my uml, 
 Though now it aeenin no dim and far. 
 And when tinie'n starn have come and gone, 
 And every mint of eartit has flown, 
 That better star shall rise 
 On this world's clouded skies 
 To shine fnrover 1 " 
 
 Population and "Spheres of Influence." 
 
 The population of Africa has been estimated variously from 
 one hundred and sixty-two to throe hundred millions of souls. 
 Stanley's estimate is two hundred and fifty millions. 
 
 The work of partitioninjr Africa atnong the various European 
 nations, has been industriously pursued for several years past, with 
 the result that only about 2,500,000 square miles remain unap- 
 propriated, France leadinjjf the list. The "spheres of influence" 
 (as they are technically called) extend over the following areas: 
 France, 2,300,248 square miles; Great Hritain, 1,909,445; Congo 
 Free State, 1,508,000; Germany, 1,035,720, with many smaller 
 divisions held bv other countries. 
 
 Races and Climate. 
 
 It is a mistake to suppose that the people of Africa are all 
 negroes. They are only one race out of six. The African races 
 are as follows: 1. Berber — colour, black to dark bronze or copper; 
 home, North Africa. 2. Coptic — colour, brownish yellow ; home, 
 Northern Egypt. 3. Nilotic — colour, between black and brown; 
 home, Nubia, Abyssinia, and that part of East Africa south of Abys- 
 sinia. 4. Negro — colour, black, general physical characteristics well 
 known; home, the Soudan. 5. Bantu — colour, warm chocolate, a 
 fine, tall, handsome race. One sub-division of this race (the Kaffirs 
 proper), will never be made slaves. Home, southern half of Africa, 
 fi. Goriepine — colour, dull yellow tint; small size, slightly resem- 
 bling Malays; the Hottentots and Bushmen of South Africa. The 
 great majority of the African tribes are devil-worshippers. 
 
 Africa has been called the "martyr land," and also the "white 
 man's grave," from the astounding mortality of the missionaries 
 sent out. In forty years, of eighty-seven men sent by the Church 
 
oj 
 
 Modern Missions. 
 
 21 
 
 ■onl, 
 r. 
 
 «J K«»ne, 
 
 n.UENCE." 
 
 ted variously from 
 d millions of souls, 
 illions. 
 
 5 various European 
 Jrul years past, with 
 ailes remain unap- 
 leres of influence " 
 e following: area«: 
 . 1,909,445; Congo 
 ith many smaller 
 
 of Africa are all 
 fhe African races 
 bronze or copper; 
 sh yellow; home,' 
 ^lack and brown ; 
 icasouthof Abys- 
 laracteristicswell 
 i^arm chocolate, a 
 5 race (the Kaffirs 
 rn half of Africa. 
 5, slig-htly resem- 
 ith Africa. The 
 rshippers. 
 also the « white 
 the missionaries 
 t by the Church 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 Missionary Society, thirty died in the first twelve years. The 
 Wesloyan Missionary S<H;U!ty up to 18()4 had In their burial jjfround 
 on the westioast of Africa, {jravos of more than forty mi«8ioiiari«?8 
 and tliolr wlv»!s. The Moravl.niH sent nine nilsslonariew t()(Juln«!a, 
 and ill two years they were all dejid, and the mission had to lie 
 al»andoned. KifLv-tivc missionaries, nearly all of wh(»ni laboured 
 on the lower (Jon^-o, died within ten years. Professctr Druniniond, 
 a few years ag-o visited the Livinjafstonia mission on Lake Nyassa. 
 lie found houses, but ihey were all empty. One by one the 
 missionaries had sickened and died of fever. Four or five mounds 
 under the shadow of u hufi;e granite mountain tcdd the sad tale of 
 Africa's deadly climate. This continent cannot be evan'jeilzed by 
 Europeans alone. 
 
 With the exception of the Soudan wlien', it is said, from sixty 
 to eljjhty millions of fjcoplc reside, and where no missionary has 
 yet penetrated, thoujfh an attempt is beinff made at the present 
 time, Africa is no lonfrer " the dark continent." In our school-l)oy 
 days, the centre of Africa was marked over with i)ictures of lions 
 and camelopards to show that these only inhabited this repfion, or 
 that it was entirely unknown. How surprising* to find by the 
 journeys of explorers i not the least of whom were missionaries') 
 that the country is densely jMipulated by millions of people. In 
 consequence missionary societies are eagerly seizing the magniti- 
 cent opportunities presented. 
 
 West Afrka. 
 
 Sierra Leone was founded by the British, and Liberia by the 
 Americans, each for the purpose of puttinjif down the slave-trade 
 — for rescuing:, liberating? and educating- those who had been slaves. 
 The Wesleyan Methodists of Sierra Leone have just c<'lei)rated 
 their centenary anniversary. During- the War of Independence, 
 l.lHl slaves fled to Nova Scotia. They succeeded in 1792 in 
 g-aining- a home in Sierra Leone, 228 of them uniting with the 
 Wesleyan Church. This mission, at its centennial, reports forty 
 churches, and thirty-eight other preaching- places, sixteen native 
 missionaries, 0,887 communicants and 20,»'t7('» adherents, witli an 
 annual income of S2 1,757. 
 
 The Church Missionary Society opened a mission in Sierra Leone 
 in 1804. At the beg-inning the work was very discouraging — the 
 first sig-nal success being under a Lutheran schoolmaster named 
 Johnston. The Yorubu and Niger missions were opened by Bishop 
 Crowther, who had been carried off as a slave-boy, rescued by the 
 
ii; 
 
 32 
 
 The First Hundred Years or 
 
 British, educated at Sierra Leone, and was subsequently ordainl 
 Bishop of the Niger. Yeare afterwards he had the satisfaction 
 finding his mother in the interior, from which part he had be^ 
 carried off as a slave. He died a few months ago, " full of yeaj 
 and honours." The old Calabar mission originated with tf 
 Presbytery of Jamaica; the Cameroous with the Baptists; the Gol 
 Coast and Gambia missions with the Wesieyans; and the misSid 
 to Liberia with the Methodist Episcopal Church of the Unite] 
 States. 
 
 South Africa. 
 
 The first mission to the Hottentots was commenced by thJ 
 Moravians, under George Schmidt, from Holland, in 1737. Th^ 
 Dutch farmei's compelled him to return to Europe in 1744. Witl 
 the history of missions in South Africa is imperishably boun( 
 up the name of Dr. Vanderkemp, physician, cavalry oflicerJ 
 scholar, and sceptic — the son of a Dutch clergyman. Through! 
 the drowning of his wife and daughter in Holland he was led tol 
 Christ, and by a series of strange providences, became, in 1799, the 
 London Missionary Society's agent in South Africa. He preached 
 among the Kaffirs and Hottentots, though over the church doors] 
 in Cape Colony he read, " Dogs and Hottentots not admitted." He 
 was the first missionary to the Kaffirs. When converted they 
 walked arm in arm with their wives to church. On seeing this 
 their heathen neighbours rushed to the doors of their huts, ex- 
 claiming in indignation, " There's a man yonder who has made 
 himself into a woman's walking-stick." 
 
 Among the chief names in this part of the continent is that of 
 Robert Moffat, especially in connection with the conversion of 
 Africaner, "the terror of South Africa," the most cruel and 
 bloodthirsty chief of modern days. A price was set on his head 
 many times over. That Moffat should risk himself in his com- 
 pany, whatever professions he made, was considered foolishly 
 reckless. But Africaner, by the consistency of his life, convinced 
 the most incredulous at last. On one occasion, after the efforts of 
 rainmaker had been in vain, the natives blamed the missionary 
 for the drought. The chief came with his followers and told him 
 he must leave the country, brandishing at the same time his weapons 
 in a threatening manner. Mrs. Moffat, with the babe in her arms, 
 was watching the crisis at the cottage door. Moffat told them he 
 was resolved to abide by bis post, and throwing open his waistcoat, 
 said: "Now then, if you will, drive your spears to my heart." At 
 
r ot 
 
 Modem Missions. 
 
 23 
 
 subsequently ordained 
 had the satisfaction of 
 ich part he had been 
 thsago, "full of years 
 originated with the 
 the^Baptists; the Gold 
 -ans; and the mission 
 hurch of the United 
 
 commenced by the 
 oHand, in 1737. The 
 irope in 1744. With 
 imperishably bound 
 ian, cavalry officer, 
 ergryman. Through 
 foliand he was led to 
 , became, in 1799, the 
 Africa. He preached 
 er the church doors 
 
 not admitted." He 
 len converted they 
 'ch. On seeing this 
 
 of their huts, ex- 
 nder who has made 
 
 continent is that of 
 the conversion of 
 most cruel and 
 v^as set on his head 
 mself in his com- 
 nsidered foolishly 
 his life, convinced 
 after the efforts of 
 id the missionary 
 »vers and told him 
 e time his weapons 
 babe in her arms, 
 Jffat told them he 
 pen his waistcoat, 
 o my heart." At 
 
 these words the chief said: "These men must have ten lives when 
 they are so fearless of death," and slunk away. Moffat translated 
 the Bible into the Sechwana language. The narrative of his work 
 at Kuruman is most interesting. Mrs. Moifivt was a true heroine, 
 and rightly shares the honoure of her husband. Dr. Livingstone 
 married one of t^ieir daughters. 
 
 A striking providence was manifested in the life of Barnabas 
 Shaw, the Wesleyan missionary to South Africa. He was forbidden 
 by the Government to preach, or build a chapel in Cape Town; and 
 the Dutch fanners even forbade him preaching to slaves. He then 
 determined to push into the interior, lieing seconded by his noble 
 wife, who said : " If expense be a difficulty, we have each a little 
 property in Yorkshire; let it go for this." After journeying three 
 hundred miles he camped on the twenty-seventh day near a party 
 
 if of Hottentots, who, with a chief, were going to Cape Town after a 
 
 , §! missionary to teach them the great Word of which they had heard. 
 
 ^i Had either party started on its journey half an hour earlier they 
 
 ? would have missed each other. 
 
 Central Africa. 
 
 The Story of Livhufskme. 
 With Central Africa the name of Dr. Livingstone is imperishably 
 associated. "Traveller, explorer, geographer, astronomer, zoologist, 
 botanist, physician, missionary, what a many-sided man!" At 
 starting out he told the directors of the London Missionary 
 Society that he was at their disposal "to go anywhere, provided 
 only it be forward," and plunged into the very heart of "darkest 
 Africa." As exhibiting his cheerfulness, on setting out for Loando 
 on the west coast, on one occasion, he remarked that he was glad 
 the Boers had taken possession of his goods, " for it saved him the 
 trouble of making a will." 
 
 How Stanley fowui him. 
 For a long time no word of him had been heard by the outside 
 public, save a rumour which had come to the east coast that he 
 was dead. There was so much uncertainty about the matter that 
 Mr. Bennett of the New York Herald, commissioned Henry M. 
 Stanley to find Livingstone, which he did after a journey of 
 nearly two years. He was discovered at a most critical juncture. 
 In 1871, when Livingstone was near the sources of the Nile, his 
 men absolutely refused to proceed one step farther. All usual and 
 unusual appeals were in vain. There was nothing therefore for him 
 but to tramp back to Ujiji, where his supplies were stored. But sor- 
 
24 
 
 The First Hundred Years oj 
 
 rows never come singly. He found his supplies had been stolen and 
 sold, and the thieves, to save themselves, had started the story that 
 he was dead. To add to his distress there were no letters from 
 home, and Livingstone found himself sick, forsaken, and almost 
 at death's door. But, sixteen days after, a strange party arrived 
 in his camp. It was Stanley's. Who can describe the joy and 
 gratitude of that moment? If Stanley had not been delayed by 
 the war with Mirambo, he should have gone on to Manyema, and 
 very likely lost him. They remained together four months, and 
 Stanley admits that the greatest impulses of his life, especially his 
 attitude towards Christianity, (for he had previously been some- 
 what sceptical), were due to the influence of Livingstone. 
 
 His last hours and honours. 
 
 After Stanley left him he continued to prosecute his journeys, 
 but the strong iron constitution was beginning to give way at last. 
 In 1873, at Ilala, Lake Bangweolo, the great Livingstone died, 
 aged sixty years. He was found by his ever-faithful Susi at four 
 o'clock in the morning in his grass hut, on his knees by his bed- 
 side, dead ! How symbolic that his heart should be buried beneath 
 a moula tree in Africa, while his body should be borne to the 
 resting-place of England's greatest dead. The expedition led by 
 his devoted blacks, Susi and Chuma, bearing Livingstone's body 
 from Ilala to Zanzibar, is one of the most remarkable on record. 
 This dangerous journey of nearly a thousand miles, and which 
 occupied nearly a year, was successfully accomplished, and not 
 one paper of all the last seven yeare of Livingstone's life was lost. 
 The body was ultimately conveyed to England, identified by 
 Moffat, his father-in-law, and buried in Westminster Abbey amid 
 the profoundest respect and sympathy of the nation. Livingstone 
 was attacked with fever forty times, travelled 29,000 miles, and 
 added to the known part of the globe about one million square 
 miles. 
 
 The Congo Basin. 
 
 One of the greatest feats of modem times is the journey of 
 Stanley across Africa, a distance of 7,000 miles, which he success- 
 fullj'' accomplished in 1877, emerging at the mouth of the Congo 
 on the west coast 999 days after he had left Zanzibar on the east. 
 This opened to the world the great Congo basin with its 5,249 
 miles of navigable rivers, an area of eleven millions of square 
 miles, inhabited by forty-three millions of people, speaking 168 
 languages. For navigation purposes the Congo is spoken of 
 
 
Modern Missions. 
 
 25 
 
 had been stolen and 
 tarted the story that 
 were no letters from 
 )r8aken, and almost 
 -ange party arrived 
 escribe the joy and 
 ot been delayed by 
 n to Manyema, and 
 sr four months, and 
 
 life, especially his 
 Piously been some- 
 ivingstone. 
 
 3cute his journeys, 
 to give way at last. 
 Livingstone died, 
 ithful Susi at four 
 cnees by his bed- 
 be buried beneath 
 1 be borne to the 
 expedition led by 
 ivingstone's body 
 rkable on record, 
 miles, and which 
 mpiished, and not 
 5ne's life was lost. 
 Id, identified by 
 ster Abbey amid 
 on. Livingstone 
 ?9,000 miles, and 
 le million square 
 
 the journey of 
 hich he success- 
 h of the Congo 
 bar on the east. 
 
 with its 5,249 
 lions of square 
 !, speaking 168 
 ) is spoken of 
 
 las the Loveer and Upper. The Lower Congo is only 100 miles 
 
 I long, from its mouth to Underbill, where cataracts and other 
 ^impediments begin, and continue to Stanley Pool, a distance of 
 
 1268 miles. To overcome these obstructions a railway is being 
 -fbuilt, the first section from Matadi to Leopold Ravine being now 
 
 ■^completed, and construction trains running. At Stanley Pool, 
 
 # where the Upper Congo begins, there is a clear and uninterrupted 
 J course for 1,000 miles. This does not include its tributaries. 
 
 * The Lulongo River which meets the Congo a little north of the 
 equator, including its branch, Lopori, is navigable a distance 
 equal to that between Quebec and Hamilton. By another branch 
 steamers have travelled as far as from Port Arthur to the foot of 
 
 ■ the Rocky Mountains. Commencing at Stanley Pool, there is river 
 navigation on the Congo and its branches of from 7,000 to 10,000 
 
 " miles. 
 
 After King Leopold of Belgium lost his son he adopted Africa 
 instead. He is at the head of the Congo Free State, gives princely 
 sums to it annually, and intends to will it to Belgium at his death. 
 This new state covers an area of 1,508,000 square miles, about 
 equal to the Dominion of Canada east of the Rocky Mountains, 
 and contains a population estimated at thirty-nine millions. In 
 order that the state should have a foundation for permanent 
 prosperity, Stanley in two years concluded treaties with 450 
 kings or chiefs. 
 
 In the Congo region at the present time there are three Roman 
 Catholic missions and eight Protestant, among which is that 
 founded by the celebrated Bishop William Taylor. There are 
 twenty-eight stations and ninety-flve missionaries. The Protestant 
 missions have been undertaken by the Swedish, English, and 
 American societies. 
 
 The Soudan. 
 
 For forty years missionaries have looked toward the interior 
 and sought to find a way into the Soudan country. Krapf, with 
 great modesty and bated breath, revealed his thoughts of estab- 
 lishing a chain of stations from the east coast; the Presbyterians 
 tried to enter from the west coast by the Calabar and Gaboon 
 Rivers; and the Baptists sought an entrance by way of the 
 Cameroons, but all in vain. Stanley, however, has proved that 
 after the cataracts are passed, the Congo is the best way to the 
 Soudan. By it three routes are offered to this, the greatest 
 unevangelized territory on the face of the earth. The Soudan 
 
!!|i 
 
 1 •« 
 i m 
 
 26 
 
 The First Hundred Years oj 
 
 may be said to be bounded on the north by a line joining Cape 
 Verde to Khartoum, and on the south by the eighth parallel of 
 north latitude, a vast region 3,500 miles across the continent, by 
 500 miles broad. It has an area of four millions of square miles 
 — greater than that of all Europe — and a population of from sixty 
 to eighty millions — as many as the whole of the United States. 
 And this vast territory is not occupied by a single missionary of 
 the cross ! But we are now at the back door of this great dark 
 land. A company from Kansas, U.S., started out about two years 
 ago, but they all died before reaching their destination. Another 
 attempt is now being made, however, the party intending to reach 
 Lake Tchad at the earliest opportunity. 
 
 East Africa. 
 
 The lirst missionary of note in East Africa was a young German 
 from Basle Missionary Society, Ludwig Krapf, who began 
 operations in 1837. His name ought to be as well known as 
 Livingstone's, whom he preceded by four years. At Mombasa, he 
 buried within six months his wife and child. Writing home he 
 said: "Tell our friends 'you have now a grave in East Africa, 
 and are therefore summoned to the conversion of Africa from its 
 eastern shore.' " 
 
 In East Africa lies the kingdom of Uganda, with a population 
 of about five millions, and directly south lies Lake Tanganyika 
 discovered by Speke in 1867 — the largest and longest lake in the 
 world, having a coast-line of over 2,000 miles. 
 
 Mtesa, King of Uganda, expressed to Stanley his desire to have 
 missionaries sent to him. Stanley wrote a letter to the Daily 
 Telegraph urging that it be done. That letter had a strange 
 history. Stanley gave it to Linant de Balfonds, one of the 
 officers of Gordon Pasha. When the foj-mer was killed by the 
 Baris, the letter was found in his boot, and forwarded by Gordon 
 to England. The Church Missionary Society responded to the 
 call. Mwanga succeeded Mtesa, and persecution soon began. 
 The martyrdom of three boys took place, followed by the mur- 
 der of Bishop Hannington, McKay in the meantime holding 
 bravely on. Mwanga was driven out of his kingdom ; professed 
 conversion ; was then restored ; and joined the Roman Catholic 
 Church. Encountei-s between the Roman Catholics and Protestants 
 are reported from time to time in the daily press, and may yet 
 cause trouble between France and England. 
 
Modem Missions. 
 
 27 
 
 line joining- Cape 
 eighth parallel of 
 ss the continent, by 
 ons of square miles 
 ation of from sixty 
 the United States, 
 ingle missionary of 
 of this ^reat dark 
 ut about two years 
 ti nation. Another 
 intending- to reach 
 
 s a young- German 
 J'apf, who began 
 IS well known as 
 At Mombasa, he 
 Writing- home he 
 e in East Africa, 
 'f Africa from its 
 
 ^'ith a population 
 ake Tang-anyika 
 ngest lake in the 
 
 lis desire to have 
 Jr to the Daily 
 '' had a strange 
 nds, one of the 
 s killed by the 
 rded by Gordon 
 isponded to the 
 >n soon began, 
 ed by the mur- 
 intime holding 
 dom; professed 
 'Oman Catholic 
 md Protestants 
 \ and may yet 
 
 t 
 
 Madagascar. 
 
 Geographical and Historical. 
 Omitting Australia, Madagascar is the third largest island in the 
 world. It has an area four times the size of England and Wales, 
 and is divided into twenty-eight provinces. The population is 
 about five millions, and the capital, Antananarivo, contains 100,- 
 000 inhabitants. The Hovas are the principal tribe. 
 
 The Openitig of the Mi-tsioti,. 
 
 The French governor of the Island of Bourbon told the first 
 Protestant missionaries that they might as well try to convert 
 cattle as to make Christians of the Malagasy. Now Madagascar 
 is one of the miracles of modern missions, and the crown of the 
 London Missionary Society. 
 
 The mission began in 1818, and by 1828 there were 100 schools, 
 and 10,000 scholars connected with them. The king, Radama, 
 issued a proclamation giving liberty to his subjects to receive 
 baptism and to profess Christianity. Soon afterwards he died at 
 the early age of thirty-six, his untimely end being brought on by 
 his v'ices, especially the habit of intemperanc^e, which he had 
 learned from the Europeans at Tamatave. 
 
 TJie Era of Persecution. 
 
 His successor. Queen Ranavalona I. (the " bloody Mary " of 
 Madagascar), alarmed at the progress of Christianity, ordered a 
 general and horrible persecution of the Christians, which has been 
 unequalled in modern times. Four hundred officers were reduced 
 in rank, and two thousand were fined. The missionaries were 
 ordered to leave the island, except a few to teach the natives 
 soap-making. This opportunity they employed to press forward 
 the translation and printing of the Bible in Malagasy. By the 
 time they had taught the natives the useful art above referred to, 
 they had the whole of the New Testament and the greater part 
 of the Old printed and in circulation. 
 
 Now all human teachers were gone, and for a quarter of a 
 century the poor hunted Christians had only this Bible. In one 
 district they kept the only copy they had during all this time in 
 a cave which was used for a small-pox hospital, and where the 
 Government officers would not go. 
 
 When the last missionary was expelled in 1836, there were 300 
 Christians in full communion ; while they were absent upwards 
 of 1,600 had been murdered for Christ's sake ; and yet when the 
 missionaries returned in 1861, there were found to welcome them 
 
28 
 
 The First Hundred Years of 
 
 back 740 members, and 7,000 adherents (fivefold more than wlien 
 the work of extermination began). " The blood of the martyrs 
 is the seed of the Church." 
 
 There were four special places of martyrdom : One where the 
 victims were speared and thrown to dogs; one where they -were 
 hung- over a precipice 170 feet high by a rope around the waist. 
 Being asked if they would renounce Christ, on refusal the rope 
 was cut and they were dashed to pieces on the rocks below. 
 Another was where they were stoned to death, and the fourth 
 where they were burned, straw being stuflFed into their mouths to 
 prevent their praising God. 
 
 These four places, after the persecution ceased, were made over 
 to the missionary of the London Society, and on their sites, four 
 memorial churches were built at an expense of £12,000 subscribed 
 in England. 
 
 The French Jesuits found their way to Madagascar in 1862, 
 and by their intrigues have managed to keep up a constant 
 irritation between the (Tovernment and France, which has now a 
 protectorate over the island. To the disgrace, however, of the 
 English Government, be it said, it is responsible for the prevailing 
 intemperance, as it forced the vile rum of Mauritius on the island 
 in spite of the strict prohibition of the Government. 
 
 Though three missionary .societies are working, scarcely one- 
 half of the population has yet been reached by the Gospel. In 
 February, 1869, the Queen Ranavalona II., Avith her husband, was 
 publicly baptized, and on the following September she publicly 
 burned the national idols. The present queen, Ranavalona III., 
 has reigned since 1883, and is a noble, patriotic, Christian woman. 
 
 I <i 
 
 "Iff 
 
 Summary of Mission Work in Africa. 
 
 ( Compihd principallfi from" Eiiciiclopivdia of Missions," Funk <0 Wagnalls, />'.''/.> 
 
 COUNTRY. 
 
 Population. 
 
 No. of 
 Societies. 
 
 Stations. 
 
 Ordained 
 Missionarie^s 
 
 Ordained 
 
 Native 
 
 Ministers. 
 
 Churches. 
 
 Simday 
 
 School 
 
 Scholars. 
 
 Common 
 Schools. 
 
 Communi- 
 cants. 
 
 Native Con- 
 tributions 
 for all pur- 
 {K>ses. 
 
 The Continent 
 Madagascar . . 
 
 *2rM),000,000 
 .0,000,000 
 
 43 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 i,a52 611 
 
 1,250. .57 
 
 20!t .565 29,730 839101,212 
 
 1,166 143 4,448 891 56,539 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 §179,650 
 4,400 
 
 Totals .... 
 
 255,000,000 
 
 40 
 
 2,602' 668 
 
 1,375 708 
 
 34,178 1,730 
 
 157,747 
 
 $184,050 
 
 * Stanley's estimate. 
 
Modern Missions. 
 
 29 
 
 J)Id more than when 
 |lood of the martyrs 
 
 l>ni : One where the 
 |e where theywere 
 around the waist. 
 Ion refusal the rope 
 In the rocks below. 
 |th, and the fourth 
 |nto their mouths to 
 
 Jd, were made over 
 
 on their sites, four 
 
 ^12,000 subscribed 
 
 dagascar in 1862, 
 'ep up a constant 
 J. which has now a 
 3, however, of the 
 i for the prevailing 
 ■itius on the island 
 lent. 
 
 ^ing, scarcely one- 
 5.V the Gospel. In 
 » her husband, was 
 iber she publicly 
 , Ranavalona III., 
 Christian woman. 
 
 RICA. 
 
 839101,212|SlT!».(!r.O 
 
 I 
 
 891 .56,539; 4.400 
 
 730 167,747 $184,050 
 
 Asia. 
 
 " Tlie night is well-nigh spent, my soul, 
 The night is well-nigh spent ; 
 And soon above our heads shall rise 
 A glorious iirmanient, 
 A sky all clear, and glad and Viright, 
 The Lamb once slain, its perfect light, 
 A star without a cloud, 
 Whose light no mists enshroud. 
 Descending never ! " • 
 
 Bdrmah and Siam. 
 
 Adoniram Judson and his wife, with other missionaries, were 
 [sent out from America to India. On their arrival at Calcutta 
 they were ordered to be put on board a ship and sent to England. 
 Judson and his wife, however, escaped to the Isle of France. An 
 order was sent to the governor, Sir Evan Nepean, to expel them, 
 but, being a man of deep religious feeling, he secured instead their 
 residence in the country till the next year (1818), when the arbi- 
 trary power of the East India Company was broken. They ulti- 
 mately arrived in Rangoon, Burmah. The lirst baptism of a 
 convert took place in 1819 — six years after Judson 's arrival. 
 
 In 1823 war broke out with England. The Burmese entered 
 upon it with great spirit. Being ignorant and very conceited, 
 they anticipated speedy victory and great glory. On gaily 
 caparisoned boats they went dancing and singing to meet the 
 enemy — their only anxiety being lest "the cock-feather chief" 
 should get away before there was time to catch any of his army for 
 slaves. One Burmese lady sent an order for four English soldiei-s to 
 manage her household, as she had heard they were " trustworthy," 
 while a courtier sent an order for six " to row his boat." From 
 this it is evident that during the intervening centuries, the repu- 
 tation of Britons for making efficient slaves had considerably 
 advanced since the time when Cicero advised a Koman general to 
 make slaves of all his prisonei*s except the Britons, who, he said, 
 were too lazy and illiterate for any good ! It is well to look be- 
 times at " the hole of the pit whence we were digged." 
 
 The Burmese were everywhere defeated. " Seize the mission- 
 aries," cried the people in revenge. Judson was thrown into the 
 death-prison at Ava, Mrs. Judson, however, being left free. The 
 record of her devotion during these trying nine months, makes 
 
! I 
 
 30 
 
 The First Hundred Years 0/ 
 
 one of the most thrilling chapters in all the history of female 
 heroism. "The annals in the East present us with no parallel." 
 Burmah was finally annexed to British India in 1886. 
 
 (For the latest missionary statistics of Burmah, see the "Sum- 
 mary of Mission Work in Asia," pagfc 481). 
 
 The Karens. 
 
 Scattered throughout Burmah and parts of Siam and China, is 
 a race inhabiting jungles and mountainous districts. These are 
 the Karens, or "wild men of Burmah." The Burmese virtually 
 made slaves of them. 
 
 About 1826 Judson purchased the freedom of the first Karen 
 convert, Ko-thah-byu. He became a preacher, and had wonderful 
 success. His name will never be forgotten so long as the annals 
 of Christianity are written. Boardman was also a successful 
 missionary amongst them. Though the people oflFered sacrifices 
 to propitiate demons, they had no idols. They welcomed the Bible 
 in their own tongue, as they had a tradition that books once 
 existed in their language, although they had no literature of any 
 kind. No people were ever discovered who were so prepared to 
 receive the Gospel. 
 
 The fiftieth anniversary of the first convert was celebrated in 
 1878 — fourteen years ago. To commemorate this event, they built 
 a Jubilee Memorial Hall at a cost of $15,000, for school and mission 
 purposes. It represented 20,000 then living disciples. At the 
 present time there are about 30,000 baptized members, and 100,000 
 adherents. They have a missionary society of their own, sending 
 agents to people of other tongues. In 1880 Burmah ranked third 
 on the list of donors to the Baptist Missionary Union — only Massa- 
 chusetts and New York outranking her. And of $31,616 from 
 Burmah, the Karen churches contributed over 130,000. 
 
 Siam. 
 
 Siam is called "the land of the white elephant." It has a 
 population of six millions. Its capital is Bangkok, « the Venice 
 of the Orient," with a population of about 400,000. The only 
 mission in the kingdom is carried on by the American Baptists. 
 The present king is about thirty -eight years of age, and is the 
 first King of Siam who ever travelled abroad. Next to the 
 Mikado of Japan, he is pronounced to be " the most progressive 
 sovereign of Asia." For many yeare the missionaries enjoyed 
 high favour at the court. In one of their reports, as far back as 
 
Modern Missions. 
 
 31 
 
 I history of female 
 [with no paralJeJ." 
 1886. 
 
 »h, see the "Sum- 
 
 lam and China, is 
 Ficts. These are 
 Burmese virtually 
 
 the first Karen 
 Id had wonderful 
 ng- as the annals 
 also a successful 
 offered sacrifices 
 JJcomed the Bible 
 tliat books once 
 literature of any 
 'e so prepared to 
 
 ^^as celebrated in 
 event, they built 
 'hool and mission 
 isciples. At the 
 Jers, and 100,000 
 3ir own, sending 
 ah ranked third 
 5n— only Massa- 
 •f $31,616 from 
 iOOO. 
 
 nt-" It has a 
 k. "the Venice 
 ^- The only 
 n'can Baptists. 
 §"e, and is the 
 Next to the 
 3t progressive 
 aries enjoyed 
 IS far back as 
 
 "1 
 
 Mi 
 
 1855, the missionaries of the American Baptist Society express 
 rrave doubts whether they can justify making themselves useful 
 io the king by translating official documents, instead of giving 
 llheir whole time to preaching the Gospel. Fancy Jesuits in the 
 tame circumstances burdened with such scruples! 
 ;■ (For the latest missionary statistics of Siam, see the "Summary 
 of Mission Work in Asia," page 481.) 
 
 i India. 
 
 ' PopnlatUm ami lidiijious. 
 
 The official census of India for 1891 has just been published. 
 The population numbers 288,159,672 — iflore than four times the 
 inhabitants of the United States. Of every six infants born into 
 the world, one has its ftutal home in India. Of the above population 
 the Hindus number 207,654,407 ; the Mussulmans, 57,365,204 ; the 
 Forest Tribes (animal worshippers), 9,402,083; Buddhists, 7,101,057; 
 and the Christians, 2,284,191. The balance is composed of Jains, 
 Sikhs, Parsees, Jews, Atheists, and Agnostics (the two latter classes 
 together numbering 289). This enormous population is kept quiet 
 by only 60,000 English troops, assisted by native auxiliaries. The 
 population in the province of Bengal numbers 500 to the square 
 mile; in British India, 233; in the whole of India, 179. In India 
 there are 150 spoken languages and dialects, seven of which may 
 be considered chief languages. The capital is Calcutta. 
 
 Opposition to Mis,nonarii't<. 
 
 The policy of the East India Company was decidedly antagonistic 
 to the admission of missionaries into India. In 1793 (the year Carey 
 arrived), Mr. Lushington, a director said, " if there were only a 
 hundred thousand natives converted to Christianity, he should hold 
 it as the greatest calamity that could befall India." Another of 
 the directors said he "would rather see a band of devils than a 
 band of missionaries in India." In 1813, Willjerforce, in the 
 House of Commons, in spite of most determined opposition, led a 
 movement against the Company to compel the toleration of mission- 
 aries, and won. He said : " I heard afterwards that many good 
 men were praying for us all night." In writing to his wife he 
 said : "Blessed be God, we carried our question triumphantly about 
 three or later this morning." But even as late as 1852, over three 
 and three-quarter millions of dollars were paid from public funds 
 to repair temples, support a pagan priesthood, and provide new 
 idols and idol-cars! When the first tidings of the mutiny reached 
 
32 
 
 The First Hundred Years of 
 
 the India House, one of the directors threw up his hat and shouted,! 
 "Hurrah, now we shall get rid of the saints." Vain prediction.! 
 The saints g'ot rid of them. Their power was abolishea by tho| 
 Hritish Parlinment in the following year. 
 
 FWi^i MiiiHionuries. 
 
 The three great names connected with Protestant missions in 
 India, are Schwartz, Carey, and DuflF. The pioneer mission was 
 undertaken by the King of Denmark who sent out missionaries in 
 170G. The first converts wei*e five slaves baptized in 1707 ; the 
 fii'st Protestant church was opened in the same year, and by 1711 
 missionary Ziegenbalg had completed the translation of the New 
 Testament into the Tamil language, which is spoken by fifteen 
 millions of people. , 
 
 Schwartz, of the ^ame mission, arrived in 1750. His personal 
 Influence was so great that both the English and Rajahs alike 
 desired to use it. Sultan Hyder Ali, the bitter foe of the English, 
 positively refused to trust any ambassador save Schwartz. "Send 
 me the Christian," he cried, "he will not deceive me." At his death 
 in 1798, both the liajah of Tanjore and the East India Company 
 erected memorial churches in his honour. 
 
 Carey, the founder of the fii'st British missionary society, who 
 had been refused a passage on any English ship, arrived at Cal- 
 cutta by a Danish vessel in 179.3. The East India Company 
 endeavoured to have him expelled, but the Danish governor invited 
 him to the little settlement at Serampore, and protected him there. 
 He was soon joined by ilarshman and Ward, and in course 
 of time was appointed professor of Sanskrit in Fort William 
 College, being the best scholar of that language in India, or per- 
 haps, in the world. Thus the humble cobbler developed into the 
 learned "I^r." Carey. He had ix peculiar gift in learning lan- 
 guages, and before he died translated the Bible into thirty-six 
 of the spoken dialects of India. Duff arrived in 1830. He made 
 a distinct departure by making a specialty of education in con- 
 nection with mission work. 
 
 The Wesleyans began a mission as early as 1814 in Ceylon, and 
 now have extensive missions in Madras, Mysore, Calcutta and 
 Lucknow. The Methodist Episcopal Church of the United States 
 has prosperous missions in Oudh and the north-west provinces. 
 
 Even in conservative India, quiet but important changes are 
 being constantly inaugurated. The agitation for increasing by 
 law the marriageable age, is likely to be successful. Medical and 
 
'/ 
 
 Modern Missions, 
 
 33 
 
 his hat and shouted, 
 •" Vain prediction, 
 vas abolishea by the 
 
 8. 
 
 otestant missions in 
 iioneer mission wns 
 t out missionaries in 
 Ptized in 1707; the 
 e year, and by 1711 
 nslation of the New 
 is spoken by fifteen 
 
 750. His personal 
 
 and Rajahs alike 
 
 foe of the English, 
 
 e Schwartz. "Send 
 
 -me." At his death 
 
 ist India Company 
 
 onary society, who 
 lip, arrived at Cal- 
 Jt India Company 
 ihs-overnor invited 
 rotected him there, 
 rd, and in course 
 
 in Fort William 
 3 in India, or per- 
 leveloped into the 
 
 in learning lan- 
 le into thirty-six 
 
 1830. He made 
 education in con- 
 
 14 in Ceylon, and 
 ^e, Calcutta and 
 he United States 
 est provinces, 
 mt changes are 
 f increasing by 
 il. Medical and 
 
 
 '&■ 
 
 
 Zenana missions are also increasing at a remarkable rate. The 
 
 kchcme which Lady Dufferin began seven years ngo, for the 
 
 imelioration of the physical condition of the women of India, is 
 
 %lrcady producing striking results. Last year 4tW)000 women 
 
 received medical treatment. A wide field is hereby opened for 
 
 Jady medical missionaries. 
 
 The Tdiujii Miiisii,)!. 
 
 The great revival among the Telugus in the south of India, 
 eserves special mention. Their language is spoken l)y sixteen 
 millions of people. For ma^ny years the American Baptists had a 
 
 [mission there, marked on their map by a red star, their only 
 mission on that side of the Bay of Bengal. For thirty years they 
 laboured with scarcely any success, till at last at their annual 
 
 [ meeting in Albany, N.Y., in 1853, it was seriously proposed to 
 abandon what came to be called their "lone star mission." The 
 proposal was opposed, and the discussion led Dr. S. F. Smith, the 
 author of "America," to write what proved to be a prophetic 
 hymn, commencing with : 
 
 "Shine on Lone Star I thy nuliaiice bright, 
 Shall yet illume the western sky," etc. 
 
 In 1877 the revival began. The people came to the missionaries 
 in thousands, piling up their idols in the missionaries' back yard, 
 and asking for baptism. The missionaries had no leisure even to 
 eat, and were staggered by success. Had they come one at a 
 time they would have known what to do, but when they came in 
 thousands, the task of examining and deciding who were fit 
 for baptism was very trying indeed. In 1866 the converts 
 only numbered 38; in 1877, 4,517; in 1878, 10,000; in 1890, 
 33,838. Within six months in 1878, 10,000 converts were baptized 
 near the town of Ongole. Thirty thousand have become converted 
 in twelve years. In one day, 2,222 converts were baptized — " the 
 nearest parallel to Pentecost since the Book of Acts closed." It is 
 doubted whether in all missionary history there is a better 
 illustration of the passage — " a nation born in a day." 
 
 Increane of Cliristiatiity. 
 
 In 1851 there were twenty-one native ordained pastors in India; 
 in 1891, 912, a growth of forty-three-fold in forty years. The 
 increase of native Protestant Christians the first fifty years, was 
 twenty-five fold; between 1851 and 1891 (forty years) the increase 
 has been eighty-fold. During the last decade (1881-91), the 
 
34 
 
 The First Hundred Years of 
 
 t 
 
 Hindu population increased ten per cent.; tijc Mussulman, fourteen, 
 and the Christian population, twenty-two per cent. 
 
 (For the latest mission statistics of India, consult the "Summary 
 of Mission Work in Asia," page 481.) 
 
 Japan. 
 
 Japan consists of several larj^-e Islands to the north-east of China, 
 containinj? a population of 40,072,020, and is the most progressive 
 of all the Asiatic nations. 
 
 Hil'u'l Aiiuiud Chi'iduiiuty, 
 
 lioman Catholic missionaries early entered the country, but by 
 their political intrij^ues were ultimately driven out, and Japan 
 became hermetically sealed against foreigners for 2i9 years. The 
 following edict was posted up at all the leading cross- ways in the 
 empire : 
 
 "So long as the sun shall warm the earth, let no Christian be so 
 bold as to come to Japan ; and let all know that the ICing of Spain 
 himself, or the Christian's God, or the great God of all, if he violate 
 this command shall pay for it with his head." 
 
 This edict was not taken down till 1873— tlfteen years after the 
 country was opened to foreigners. ICven after the restoration of 
 tiie Mikado in 1868, penal laws against the "evil sect" were re- 
 enacted, and as late as 1871 the teacher employed by a missionary, 
 who had asked to be baptized, was thrown into prison, where he 
 died, November, 1872. 
 
 The Opening of the Country. 
 
 In consequence of the complaints of American seamen who liad 
 been wrecked off the coast of Japan, the United States Govern- 
 ment sent Commodore Perry to arrange matters with the Japanese 
 Government. He dropped anciior in Yeddo Bay in 1853. After 
 Ave years' deliberations, certain ports, by the Townsend-Harris 
 Treaty were thrown open to the Western world, which treaty went 
 into eft'ect the following year. Three missionary societies were 
 ready to enter at once. Drs. Cochran and McDonald, the first 
 Canadian Methodist missionaries, went out in 1873. 
 
 Progress of the Empire. 
 
 Since the treaty above referred to, the progress of the country 
 has been without parallel. Thirty-one years ago Japan had no 
 newspaper, but by 1886 she was publishing over two thousand 
 —more than in Italy, or Austria, or Spain, or Kussia, or in all Asia. 
 
Modern Missions. 
 
 35 
 
 r> 
 
 In 1881 tho totiil of llternry publlcntlons was above 5,000. The 
 Uomaii characters are displacing' the 8if,'ii8 of their own aiplialH^t. 
 In IHT.'l, tlio calendar of Chrirttian nations displaced the papin. 
 In 1870, tho national " llfth day" f^ave way to the ''one day in 
 seven." The estai)li8hnient of schools and universities, alon«: with 
 the construction of ships, railways, and teiefjrraphs, is projrressinjf 
 at a most amazing' rate. Their postal system is one of tln< l>est 
 in the world. In 1890 they elected a Parliament under a written 
 constitution. 
 
 Pmircss of ClirintutnUij. 
 
 One evening" in 1800, Murata picked up a book floating' in the 
 water. The writing- to him seemed to be curious, runninjj- from 
 side to side like "the crawling of crabs." It was the Christian 
 Bible. He took it to Dr. Verbeck, of the Dutch settlement at 
 Nagasaki, for interpretation. In consequence Murata 's naniv iio\n 
 stands first on the roll of Protestant Christians in .Japan 
 
 The Christians number about one in 2,(HJ0 of the population ; 
 in no province do they even approach a majority, yet one in 
 twenty-eight of the new Parliament is a church memlic r. In the 
 House of Peers there are three professed Christians. Eleven C'hris- 
 tians were elected as members of the tirst House of Hei)resenta- 
 tives, one of whom has had the high honour of being chosen as 
 its first president. 
 
 In 1865 the first convert was enrolled; jn 1872 th(! first Christian 
 cong^regation was formed at Yokohama with eleven members. 
 The converts have doubled every three years since. If the same 
 ratio should continue, by 1900 there will be 250,000 members. 
 Dr. Seelye, at the meeting of the American Hoard at Syracuse, in 
 1879, said: "We talk about the early triumphs of Christianity, 
 but the early records of the Churcli, bright as they may be, pale 
 in the light of what is taking place before our eyes at the present 
 time. Even Madagascar offers nothing to compare with .Japan." 
 
 (For the latest mission statistics of .Japan, consult the "Sum- 
 mary of Mission Work in Asia," page 481.) 
 
 China. 
 
 Popiildtlon. 
 Various estimates have been made of the population of China. 
 The Chinese ambassador in Paris stated it to be 400,000,000. Dr. 
 Legge, forty years a missionary in China, and now professor of 
 Chinese in the University of Oxford, thinks no one can say any- 
 thing more definite than this. 
 
 •■1. M 
 
 
36 
 
 The First Hundred Years of 
 
 1 
 
 Several expedients have been adopted by various- writers on China, 
 to enable the mind to take this "great idea" in, such as the follow- 
 ing-: If one should count 2,000 an hour, day and nig-ht without stop- 
 ping-, it would take him twenty days to count one million — and yet 
 China contains four hundred millions. The population is more 
 than six times as large as the United States. The population of 
 (ireat Britain, the United States, Germany, France, and Russia 
 combined only make sixty-one per cent, of the population of 
 China. Should all come over to the Dominion at once, the Cana- 
 dians would be out-voted eig-hty to one. If all the world were 
 placed in a row, every fourth man, woman, or child would be 
 H Chinaman, a Chinese woman, or a Chinese child; in other 
 words, to evang-elize China means to evang-elize one-quarter of the 
 population of the globe. Thirty-three thousand (more than in 
 the city of London, Ont.) die every day ; and as many as the 
 population of the wliole Dominion are buried every five months. 
 
 E.rfent and Resoinre.s. 
 
 China can be dissected into 104 Eng-lands, or 176 Scotlands; it 
 is seven times the size of France, and has one plain greater by* 
 half than the (ierman empire. One river is larger than even the 
 Mississippi. Lay China on the United States and it will overrun 
 into the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. It is divided into 
 eighteen provinces, each one on an average nearly as large as 
 (ireat Britain. 
 
 Its coal-fields are twenty times greater than those of all Europe. 
 The conditions of its climate and soil have made intercourse with 
 tlie rest of the world needless, teeming millions having been sus- 
 tained there since the patriarchal age. 
 
 Histonj. 
 
 When Abraham was leaving Ur of Chaldea, Chinese astronomers 
 made observations which have since been verified. Egypt, Assyria, 
 Babylon, Persia, Greece, and Rome have all risen and fallen since 
 its history began. With the mariner's compass, porcelain, and gun- 
 powder, the Chinese were familiar hundreds of years in advance of 
 other nations. They were dressed in silk when the inhabitants of 
 Britain wore coats of blue paint. They manufactured paper 1,200 
 years before it was known in Europe, and invented printing 500 
 years before Caxton was born. Their laws were codified 2,000 
 years ago, and have been revised every five years since. They 
 had a lexicon of their language 1,700 years ago— still a standard. 
 China was 700 years old when the Israelites crossed the Red Sea. 
 
Modem Missions. 
 
 37 
 
 She had already existed 1,500 years, when Isaiah (Isa. xlix. 12) 
 prophesied of her future conversion. Her ("'vilization is founded 
 upon Confucius, who was born 550 B.C., and whose death preceded 
 the birth of Socrates. 
 
 The Chinese text-books are the same as they were 2,000 years 
 ago. Their geography gives nine-tenths of the globe to China, a 
 square inch to England, and the United States and Canada are 
 left out altogether. They still think China celestial as compared 
 with other nations. Their isolation is founded upon inordinate 
 conceit arising from ignorance. Consequently, when Westerners 
 attempt to preach to them salvation through Christ, they scorn- 
 fully ask : What can these people teach us, who themselves only 
 yesterday emerged from barbarism ? 
 
 The Opening of Chhut. 
 
 The taking of Canton, China, by the English in 1840, followed 
 by the ceding of Hong Kong, and the opening of live cities, paved 
 the ^ay for the Treaty of Tientsin in 1858 by which Christianity 
 was tolerated. On the authority of Hon. W. B. Reed, American 
 ambassador, toleration was introduced at the suggestion of the 
 Chinese officials themselves. 
 
 The Roman Catholics have had missionaries in China for nearly 
 600 years. In 1870 they claimed 404,530 adherents, and yet in all 
 that time they have not given the Bible to the Chinese, nor any 
 portion of it. Morrison was the first Protestant missionary, arriving 
 there in 1807. By 1819, he had, with the assistance of Milne, the 
 whole Bible translated into the language. During his whole 
 career in China, he could only work for Christ in secret. 
 
 Opening of Methodid Minsions. 
 
 The Wesleyan mission to China, commenced strangely. George 
 Piercy, son of a Yorkshire farmer, applied to the Conference to be 
 sent there. They were not prepared to open a mission then, and 
 it is not very clear he would have been sent even if they had 
 been. He solemnly believed, however, that it was his duty to go, 
 and go he would, and go he did. He returned written "answers to 
 the usual disciplinary questions for the reception of candidates 
 (having, of course, no chairman or district meeting to examine 
 him), with the result that he was duly received. 
 
 The circumstances attending the opening of the Methodist 
 Episcopal U.S. mission were somewhat similar. J. D. Collins 
 wrote to Bishop Janes to place his application before the Board 
 3 
 
38 
 
 The First Hundred Years of 
 
 once more, and should they decline, asked that a passage might 
 be engaged for him before the mast, on the first vessel sailing for 
 China, adding, " my own strong arm can pull me to China, and 
 support me after I get there." 
 
 T/ie Emperor and Empress. 
 
 On December 1st, 1891, the Em -^-"^r of China, under two tutors, 
 commenced the study of Englisl lis text-book is "The Model 
 First Reader," an American schi^o. book, handsomely illustrated. 
 It is to be feared that the reading in English of the latest Chinese 
 Exclusion Bill, passed by the Congress at Washington, would not 
 be promotive of his usual good nature ! 
 
 A few years ago, a pious lady at Pekin called on a Manchu 
 lady of high rank, and read some portions of the Scriptures. A 
 young lady present listened to the old Gospel story with interest. 
 When the Christian visitor had concluded, she said : " I am glad 
 you have come to tell me this. Some day I will have a place 
 built where people can meet to worship this God, and hear this 
 Gospel preached." That young lady is now the Empress of China. 
 She recently permitted a student of the Mission College to explain 
 Christianity to her, remarking at the close, "I understand the 
 Christian doctrine much better now." 
 
 Progress of Christianity. 
 
 The progress of Christianity in China has been discouragingly 
 slow — more so than in any other portion of the globe. At the end of 
 seven years, Morrison had one convert; at his death in 1834, there 
 were only four. Fifteen years after the translation of the Bible 
 (a work which occupied twelve years of time), there were only 
 four native Christians in the whole empire to read it. In 1843 there 
 were six converts reported; in J 855, 361 ; in 1863, 2,000; in 1873, 
 6,000; in 1882, 20,000; in 1885, 25,000. In 1890 the Shanghai Con- 
 ference reported 31,000 communicants, and 100,000 native nominal 
 Christians; in 1891 the communicants returned number 40,350. 
 This represents the gain during forty-nine years,as work only fairly 
 began in 1842, when China first became open for resident mission- 
 aries at the treaty ports. Taking simply the ratio of increase, Dr. 
 Legge, at the London Conference, said : " The converts have multi- 
 plied during thirty-five years at least two-thousand-fold, the rate 
 of increase being greatei; year after year. Suppose it should 
 continue the same for other thirty-five years, then in A.D. 1913, 
 there will be in China twenty-six millions of communicants, and 
 a professedly Christian community of one hundred millions." 
 
Modern Missions. 
 
 39 
 
 A memorable missionary conference was held at Shanghai in 
 1890. More than 400 delegates, representing over forty separate 
 organizations, were present. One decision arrived at will have a 
 far-reaching influence, namely, to undertake the production of a 
 Standard Version of the Bible, which in various editions may 
 suit alike the scholar and the peasant. The difficulty in making 
 such a version may be learned from the fact that the language 
 has a singular incapacity for expressing sacred ideas, so much so 
 that for half a century translators have doubted what name to 
 use for God — " the Chinese tongue seeming to be Satan's master- 
 device to exclude the Gospel." (For latest missionary statistics of 
 China, see table below.) 
 
 Summary of Mission Work in Asia. 
 
 ( Compiled principally from " Enci/clopcedia of Missions," Funk d- Wagnalls, 1S91.) 
 
 COUNTRY. 
 
 Popula- 
 tion. 
 
 ■6.$ 
 
 X 
 
 32 
 
 f » t" 
 > fl Si 
 ••-* .2 -JJ 
 
 i o^ 
 
 Arabia 1 8,500,000 
 
 i 
 
 Persia j 7,053,600 
 
 Burmah j 8,000,000 
 
 Siam 1 6,000,000 
 
 India i 288,150,672 
 
 Corea j 13,000,000 
 
 Japan 40,072,020 
 
 China '*400,000,000 
 
 i; 
 
 I 
 
 3: 
 
 1 
 11 
 
 111 402 
 
 3' 622 
 
 l| 5 
 
 40 4,223 
 
 2 2 
 
 18, 422 
 
 30,1,071 
 
 1 
 22; 
 
 98i 
 
 Totals.... 798,463,567': 109 6,75911,712 
 
 
 ■wot. 
 
 c3 5 cS 
 
 -2 -a "a 
 
 13 . 
 
 O 35 
 
 c 2 
 
 o o 
 
 a eS 
 
 O 
 
 e b ec 
 
 (a p u 
 
 S 3 5 
 •5^ - 
 
 44 
 
 117 
 
 44 147 
 
 13i 1 
 
 j 
 
 816 912 
 
 6 2 
 
 175 1.31 
 
 537 247 
 
 27 
 147 
 
 5,210i 177 2,399! a^doo 
 54,022 
 
 31,611! 640 14,938 
 
 521! 3,957J 449j 29,816 
 42I 676| 21 1,114 
 1,855117,707:6,574 
 2 43; 
 
 207; 17,092 
 
 72 
 
 439! 10,377 700 
 
 222,283 
 149 
 29,663 
 
 52,312 
 
 304 
 
 477,283 
 
 99,403 
 
 40,350 36,8()5 
 
 1,601 
 
 3,240 186,673 8,6351340,7121722,389 
 
 * Estimate of Chinese Ambassador in Paris. 
 
40 
 
 The First Hundred Years of 
 
 Statistics, Estimates am! Prospects. 
 
 " 'Tis coming up the steep of time, 
 And this old world is growing brighter ; 
 We may not live to see the dawn sublime, 
 Yet high hopes make our hearts throb lighter. 
 We may be sleeping in the ground 
 When it wakes the world with wonder, 
 But we have felt it gathering round 
 And heard its voice of living thunder — 
 'Tis coming! yes, 'tis coming! " 
 
 Heathenism versus Christianity. 
 
 The population of the globe is reckoned at 1,400 millions : of 
 this number, 400 millions are nominal Christians, leaving- 1,000 
 millions heathens. Of the nominal Christians, fifty millions are 
 supposed to be real Christians. The problem then to be faced is : 
 Can fifty millionsof Christiansevangelize 1,000 millionsof heathen? 
 
 One encouraging fact is, that of this world's population, 800 
 millions live under the government of Christian States. Of 175 
 millions of Mohammedans, 100 millions are already subject to 
 C^istian powers. But Mohammedanism is nothing without 
 political power. The political downfall of the system is therefore 
 assured. With the exception of savages, no nation on earth is 
 under the independent rule of an idolatrous government. 
 
 The converts to Christianity in heathen lands 100 years ago, did 
 not exceed 300; now at lihe close of the century they number 
 885,116. Counting adherents, the number of the Christian com- 
 munity in heathen lands rises to 3,000,000. 
 
 Proportion of Missionaries to Population. 
 
 In Central Africa there is one ordained missionary to 5,000,000 
 people; in Arabia, one to 1,500,000; in China, one to 733,000; in 
 Siam, one to 600,000 ; in Corea, one to 500,000 ; in India, one to 
 350,000 ; in Africa (as a whole), one to 300,000 ; in Persia, one to 
 300,000; in Japan, one to 215,000; in Burmah.one to 200,000; in 
 Madagascar, one to 100,000 ; in Turkey, one to 45,000 ; in Syria, 
 one to 30,000. 
 
 In the United States, the average proportion of ministers is one 
 to 800 of the population ; in non-Christian countries, the average 
 is one minister to 400,000. 
 
Modern Missions. 
 
 41 
 
 Missions and Wealth, 
 
 Among the working classes of the United Kingdom, the earnings 
 have increased in fifty years (1836-86) from $95 per head to $210. 
 One hundred years ago (1786), the total yearly income of the 
 United Kingdom was SI, 000,000,000; in fifty years it had 
 increased to $2,500,000,000, and at the end of a hundred years 
 (1886), it had further increased to $6,350,000,000. In 1801, the 
 total values of all property in the United Kingdom were 
 $10,150,000,000; in 1882 (eighty-one years) it had risen to 
 $43,600,000,000. 
 
 The wealth of the United States is $62,500,000,000. There is 
 added yearly to the capital of the country, $1,400,000,000. A 
 great share of this belongs to Christian men. In 1850, the com- 
 municants of evangelical churches in America were worth $1,000,- 
 000,000; in 1880 (thirty years) they were worth $9,000,000,000. 
 A recent article shows $720,000,000 in the possession of nine men. 
 Seventy per cent, of the business men of the United States are 
 members or adherents of Protestant churches. Of the sixty-eight 
 richest men in the United States, only four are Koman Catholics. 
 In 1886 the wealth of Canada amounted to $3,250,000,000, with a 
 yearly income of $590,000,000. 
 
 TVIi((t inie yiu)i riiulil Iniir Done. 
 
 As an illustration of the immense possibilities within the grasp of 
 one man, arising from wealth, the case of William H. Vanderbilt, a 
 Protestant Christian, is in point. He died in 1885, aged sixty-five, 
 worth two hundred millirns of dollars. Let us suppose he willed 
 half of this property among his children or dependent relatives 
 numbering, say, ten. This would give each ten millions of dollars 
 which being invested, say at three per cent., would give to each an 
 annual income of $300,000 — certainly sufficient to afford a perma- 
 nent protection against the possibilities of the poor-house. Let us 
 further suppose that he placed the other half in the hands of 
 trustees for Christian missionary purposes, with the proviso that 
 not a dollar of the capital should ever be touched, but only the 
 interest used. Suppose that these trustees invested the amount in 
 U.S. Government bonds yielding three per cent, interest. This 
 yearly income (allowing a salary of $1,000 to each), would support 
 three thousand missionaries in the field, till that day arrived when 
 «« the angel should stand upon the sea and upon the earth, and 
 
42 
 
 The First Hundred Years of 
 
 lifting up his hand to heaven, should swear by Him that livetb 
 for ever and ever, that there should be time no longer." 
 
 Missions versus other Expenditures. 
 
 " Whiskey is the stand-pipe in our comparative expenditures," 
 (Dr. Ashmore.) The whiskey level for Canada stands at $37,- 
 885,258 annually. The whole of Christendom contributed for 
 missions last year $11,250,000. This would only pay Canada's 
 iquor bill for three months and a half— a country young and 
 comparatively poor. The leading societies of Canada contributed 
 for home and foreign missions in 1891, $350,632. This would not 
 pay Canada's liquor bill for four days, 
 
 T'le United States spends on intoxicating liquor 821 millions of 
 doilaiS annually. The contributions of all the missionary societies 
 in tiiv vorld last year would not pay its drink bill for five days. 
 Tney lai^oJ last year less than five millions of dollars for missions 
 — -A bout th <r:e amount as its own liquor bill for two days. 
 
 Gr^i-L i.'ri^ . sr.cnds on ii toxicating liquors, 660 millions of 
 dollars annually. What the whole world raised for missions last 
 year would not pay its drink bill for seven days. Its own 
 missionary contribution would not pay its liquor bill for four days. 
 
 Per Capita Contributions to Missions. 
 
 The average wages in Japan are twenty-four cents per day ; 
 last year the Christians there contributed $3,30 per head for 
 religious purposes. At the rate of the wages paid on this continent, 
 this amount equals $16.50 per head — which places the Japanese 
 among the most liberal givers in the world. 
 
 The contributions of Protestant Christendom (inhabiting as it 
 does the most wealthy countries on the globe) for missions, is an 
 average of thirty-seven cents per head. 
 
 The donations of the United States Churches, per member, to 
 home and foreign missions was as follows: In 1850, 35 cents per 
 head; in 1860, 48 cents; in 1870, 63 cents; in 1880, 59J cents; 
 in 188C, 57 cents. It is to be noticed with regret, that there was 
 a falling ofiF in 1880 as compared with the former decade, and a 
 further falling oflF in 1886. 
 
Modem Missions. 
 
 43 
 
 Contributions to Missions by Churches. 
 
 ( CornpUeil from " Eticyclopa'dia of Minsions," Funk d: Wagnalls, J8!)J.) 
 
 CHURCH OR SOCIETY. 
 
 COUNTRY. 
 
 Per head. 
 
 Moravian Brethren Germany . 
 
 Friends' Association Englancf . , 
 
 Seventh Day Adventists United States. 
 
 Covenanter Pres'^yterians n 
 
 Baptist Missionary Society England 
 
 Wesleyan Methodist m 
 
 Presbyterian Church m 
 
 Reformed Dutch Church United States. 
 
 American Board m 
 
 Wesleyan Methodist Connexion I n 
 
 Free Church Scotland 
 
 U. P. Church j „ 
 
 General Baptist Missionary Society. . | England 
 
 Un. or Secession Church j Scotland 
 
 Presbyterian Church (North) United States. 
 
 Methodist Church iCanada 
 
 Congregational Church m 
 
 Presbyterian Church , ,< 
 
 Baptist Church i „ 
 
 86.r>7 
 2.15 
 1.73 
 1.71 
 1.69 
 1.51 
 1.32 
 1.31 
 1.26 
 1.17 
 1.17 
 l.(M> 
 1.06 
 1.05 
 1.02 
 
 .its 
 
 .i)0 
 .63 
 .43 
 
 Missions as a Business Investment. 
 
 Sir Bartle Frere, who was very familiar with heathenism, says: 
 "Civilization cannot precede Christianity." Dr. Seelye says: "The 
 savage does not labour for the gratifications of civilized life, since 
 these he does not desire." Rev. H. Marden writes (and the same 
 is true of all non-Christian lands) : " The Oriental left to himself is 
 entirely satisfied with the customs of his fathers ; no contact with 
 western civilization has ever roused him from his apathy, but 
 when his heart is warmed into life by the Gospel, his mind wakes 
 up, and he wants a clock, a book, a glass window, and a flour-mill. 
 Almost every steamer from New York brings sewing machines, 
 watches, tools, cabinet organs, or other appliances of Christian 
 civilization in response to native orders that, but for an open Bible, 
 would never have been sent." 
 
 The Fijians were formerly ferocious cannibals. In 1889, their 
 imports amounted to !ii)945,000. At twelve and one-half per cent, 
 profit, this trade would realize a profit of .'§118,125 in that year 
 alone. It has only cost the missionary society three dollars per 
 head for each convert. Land there is $70 per acre. Before mis- 
 sions were established it had no market value whatever. 
 
44 
 
 The First Hundred Years of 
 
 The trade of the United States with Micronesia in 1879 amounted 
 to $5,534,867. At the same per cent, of profit as above, this would 
 realize a profit of $691,796. During that year, the misson to 
 Micronesia cost only $16,975; so that for every dollar spent on 
 the mission, trade reaped $40.75. 
 
 During the year ending" June 30th, 1879, the trade of the United 
 States with the Hawaiian Islands amounted to $5,546,116, with 
 profits at $693,264. The entire cost of evangelizing" these islands 
 was $1,220,000; the whole amount therefore spent in Christianizing 
 these islands during twenty yeai-s (1850-70), would be repaid by 
 such profits in tico years. 
 
 Latest Mission Statistics of the World. 
 
 A few months ago the New York Independent published care- 
 fully compiled statistics of seventy-three leading societies of the 
 world. Dean Vahl, President of the Danish Missionary Society, 
 and author of the well-known "Vahl's Mission Atlas," has prepared 
 similar tables for 1890. The distinctive characteristic of this latter 
 summary is that it is confined as closely as possible to missions to 
 the heathen, and embraces the reports of 265 sociieties. These two 
 tables arc the latest published statistics which attempt to cover 
 the whole ground. To all who have ever attempted the work, 
 the task of compiling correct statistics in this department is 
 known te be very difficult. 
 
 
 , 
 
 <e 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 No. of 
 Stations. 
 
 Men Mis 
 
 sionaries. 
 
 
 Native 
 Preachers 
 
 Native 
 Heljjers. 
 
 
 J3 
 
 a. 
 
 s 
 
 |8§ 
 
 a 
 2 «■ 
 
 ii 
 
 O 
 
 Table by Indc- ' 
 pcmienf (73 
 leading so- 
 cieties) 
 
 10.311 
 
 3,775 
 
 2,539 11,979 
 
 2,419ill,960 
 
 .^75,829 
 
 810,282 
 
 Dean Vahl's-j 
 tabla (2«)5 so- J- 
 cieties) J 
 
 |4,495 
 
 2,062 
 
 3,374 
 
 42,870 
 
 605,807 
 
 885,116 
 
 How THE Whole World might become Evangelized in 
 
 Ten Years. 
 
 How could "every creature" on this globe hear the Gospel, and 
 hear it repeatedly within ten years ? In the Missionary Review 
 of the World for July, 1892, the Rev. Dr. Angus, author of the 
 
Modern Missions. 
 
 45 
 
 celebrated "Hand-book of the Bible," attempts to answer this 
 question. He says, in the five Churches (Methodist, Church of 
 England, Presbyterian, Baptist, and Congregational) of Great 
 Britain and America, there are twenty-three millions of com- 
 municants. To accomplish the result above contemplated would 
 require fifty thousand missionaries in the tield for ten years, ant 
 seventy-five millions of dollars a year for ten years. However 
 Utopian, at first sight, this proposal appears to be, it would only 
 claim one missionary for every 460 members of the evangelical 
 churches of Great Britain and America, or one for every 300 
 members, if we should include the continent of Europe. P^ngland 
 sent that many to take one fortress in the Crimea. 
 
 And seventy-five millions of dollars a year would only require 
 a contribution of .ii!3.26 from each member of the evangelical 
 churches of Great Britain and America. The Afghanistan war 
 cost sixty million dollars. England spends on her army and 
 navy alone, ."$175,000,000 a year. The Crimean war cost .15500,- 
 000,000, and the American war, ten times as much. It would be 
 easy to find ten thousand Christians who could give it all, which 
 would indeed require but .$7,500 from each. In the United States 
 alone, there are eight thousand Christian families with an average 
 income of !i»25,000 each, above expenses; and 100,000 Christian 
 families with an average income, above expenses, of $10,000 each. 
 
 Striking^ Facts Incidents and C'Ontra.stM. 
 
 America. 
 
 The first subscription ever given by any Englishman for 
 missionary purposes was one of £100, made by Sir Walter Raleigh 
 in 1589, for the State of Virginia, " in special regard and zeal of 
 planting the Christian religion in those barbarous places." 
 
 In connection with the American Board, in the years from 1810 
 to 1860, 704 voyages were successfully completed by 496 of their 
 missionaries; and of these, 467 voyages were from 15,000 to 18,- 
 000 miles in length. In all that time, no individual connected 
 with the Board was ever shipwrecked, or lost his life by drow;ning. 
 
 In 118 years (1770-1888), the missionary vessel of the Moravian 
 Brethren, which left London (not the same vessel, but a succession 
 of them), never failed to cross the Atlantic in safety, and to reach 
 Labrador with provisions and reinforcements for the missionaries. 
 There has never been a wreck during that long history. At the 
 present writing the time now reaches to 122 years. 
 
46 
 
 The First Hundred Years of 
 
 Mexico is called a Christian country, but Bishop Hurst, of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, says there are 8,000,000 people in 
 Mexico who never saw a copy of the Holy Scriptures. 
 
 Charles Darwin, while on a tour as a naturalist, visited the 
 island of Terra del Fuego in 1831, and declared the people in 
 many respects worse than brutes, and incapable of elevation. 
 The British Admiralty forbade all ships in future to touch at that 
 port. Before he visited that island again, the Rev. Thomas Bridges 
 had brought the Word of God to the people, and Mr. Darwin was 
 so satisfied of the power of the Gospel to redeem even the vilest 
 savage tribes that he became a subscriber to South American 
 missions. 
 
 The Pacific Islands. 
 
 When John Williams visited Raratonga in 1823, he found the 
 people all heathens ; when he left in 1834, they were all professed 
 Christians. He left 6,000 attendants upon Christian worship; the 
 Word of God in their own tongue, where formerly they had no 
 written language; and he left them with family prayer morning 
 and evening in every house on the island. A young man, a few 
 years ago, visiting the British Museum, saw among the many 
 wonders there the first Raratonga idol his eyes had ever beheld, 
 though he was born and had lived nineteen years in Raratonga. 
 Yet there had been once 100,000 idol-gods in that island. 
 
 Rev. John Geddie, after eighteen years in Aneityum, wished to 
 bring away some idols as relics, and none could he found. 
 
 The largest church membership in the world, numbering 4,500 
 communicants, is on the island of Hawaii. 
 
 Africa. 
 
 Mtesa, King of Uganda, after inquiring of Stanley, respecting 
 the health of Queen Victoria and the Emperor of Germany, asked, 
 " What tidings can you bring me from above ? " Unfortunately 
 the great explorer was not vei-sed in these matters, but gave the 
 king a copy of the New Testament, which, he declared, contained 
 the only answer man would ever receive to that momentous 
 question. 
 
 In Stanley's journey of 7,000 miles, from Zanzibar to the mouth 
 of the Congo, he neither saw a Christian nor one man who had 
 even heard the gospel message ! 
 
 " Every tusk, piece, and scrap of ivory in possession of an Arab 
 trader has been steeped and dyed in blood. Every pound weight 
 
Modem Missions, 
 
 4; 
 
 has cost the life of a man, woman, or child ; for every live pounds 
 a hut has been burned ; for every two tusks a whole village has 
 been destroyed ; every twenty tusks have been obtained at the 
 price of a district, with all its people, villages, and plantations. 
 It is simply incredible that because ivory is required for ornaments 
 or billiard-games, the rich heart of Africa should be laid waste at 
 this late year of the nineteenth century." — Stanley, 
 
 , Asia. 
 
 Corea, "the hermit nation," the latest country opened to the 
 Gospel, was entered in 1882 through a medical missionary. 
 
 " We now receive more converts in a month than we used to 
 receive in a decade. When I return to my field I shall expect to 
 greet 10,000 new converts — men and women who were worship- 
 ping idols four months ago." — Bishop Thdburn, of India, before 
 the Methodist Episcopal General Conference at Omaha, May, 1892. 
 
 More than 19,000 heathen in India broke their idols last year, 
 and united with the Methodist Church. 
 
 Some Sharp Contrasts. 
 
 A Latin author once wrote, " BHttanos hospitihus feros." (The 
 British are cruel to their visitors). To-day, through the mollifying 
 influences of the Gospel, they are defenders of the persecuted, 
 sympathizers with the oppressed, and the protectors of the weak 
 in all lands. 
 
 In 1565, a slave-ship named The Jesus sailed into an American 
 port. Her commander. Sir John Hawkins, wrote in his diary that 
 God had been very merciful unto them in giving a safe passage, 
 because He would be kind to His elect — and that vessel carried 
 400 slaves stolen from the coast of Africa. Just 300 years after 
 (1565-18B5) Abraham Lincoln with a stroke of his pen emancipated 
 the four millions of slaves then inhabiting the American Republic. 
 
 In 1760, in a little room in Geneva (since turned into a Bible 
 House), Voltaire said, " Before the beginning of the nineteenth 
 century Christianity will have disappeiircd from the face of the 
 earth." On the contrary, since that time Christianity has won her 
 greatest triumphs. 
 
 Rev. Sydney Smith ridiculed the piety of Carey, saying, "if a 
 tinker is a devout man he infallibly sets off for the East"; he declared 
 the "missionaries would expose the whole Eastern Empire to 
 destruction, to convert half a dozen Brahmins who, after stuffing 
 themselves with rice and rum, would run away. If the missionaries 
 
48 
 
 The tirst Hiotdred Years of 
 
 were not watched the throat of every European in India would 
 be cut." He calls the missionaries "a nest of cobblers," and 
 finally surpasses himself by classing them with "vermin which 
 ought to be caught, cracked and extirpated." 
 
 In a memorial to the Hritish Parliament, the directors of the East 
 India Company placed on record •• their decided conviction (after 
 consideration and examination) that the sending of Christian 
 missionaries into our eastern possessions is the maddest, mc 
 travagant, most expensive and most unwarranted project -liat 
 was ever proposed by a lunatic enthusiast." 
 
 Over against this place the testimony of Sir Rivers Thompson, 
 Lieut.-Gov. of Bengal : " In my judgment Christian missionaries 
 have done more real and lasting good to the people of India than 
 all other agencies combined. They have been the salt of the 
 country, and the true saviours of the l-'mpire." 
 
 Eighty years ago the East India Company acted as above 
 described ; now the British East African Company has invited the 
 Church Missionary Society to place missionaries at all their stations 
 as fast as they are opened. The world really moves ! 
 
 Closed axd Unoccupied Territory. 
 
 The only two countries in the world closed to the Gospel are 
 Nepaul (population, five millions), situated on the north-eastern 
 frontier of Hindustan, and Thibet (population, six millions), situated 
 in the heart of Asia. A Moravian missionary has been living, 
 however, on the outskirts of Thibet for years, translating books, 
 into their language, so as to be ready to enter whenever the door 
 opens. 
 
 The unoccupied mission fields are: (1) British North Borneo, 
 25,000 square miles, population, 200,000, under British authority, 
 no missionary ; (2) A portion of the Eastern Archipelago, the 
 Philippine Islands, 120,000 square miles, population about five 
 millions, under Spain which now tolerates Protestant labourers in 
 her other possessions; not one Protestant missionary; (3) Cambodia, 
 Annam and Tonquin, 175,000 square miles, population about 
 fifteen millions, under France which is now tolerantof all demonina- 
 tions; not a single Protestant missionary; (4) The Central Soudan 
 of Africa, population from sixty to eighty millions; no missionary 
 there yet, though an attempt is now being made to enter. 
 
Modern Misiions. 
 
 49 
 
 Notes. 
 
 In his travels round the world, Kev. Mr. Parkhuret saw not one 
 new heathen temple. 
 
 The " Hard-shell " Baptists were opposed to missions on the 
 ground that when (iod elects to save the heathen, lie will do so. 
 They have now nearly died out. Moral: The churches at home 
 need to keep up foreign mission work in order to save tliemselves 
 from decay and death. 
 
 Five thousand students of colleges have volunteered for the 
 foreign mission work. This fact and the rapid increase of medical 
 missions, are the two most hopeful developments characterizing 
 the close of this the first century of modern missions. 
 
 Time Between the First Preaching and the F'irst Convert, 
 
 " Full many a gem of imrest ray serene, 
 The dark unfathonied caves of ocean bear. " 
 
 Burmah — six years (P 13-19); name, Moung Nau, under Jud- 
 son. 
 
 India — seven years (1793-1800); name, Krishnu Pal, under 
 Carey. 
 
 China — seven ars (1807-14) ; name, Tsae- Ako, under Morrison. 
 
 Polynesia — sixteen years (1796-1812); name, King Pomare II. 
 
 Micronesia — five years (1852-57). 
 
 Greenland— five years (1733-38). 
 
 Uganda — six years (1876-82). 
 
 Kuruman, South Africa — eight years (ic321-29) ; under MoflFat. 
 
 Madagascar — thirteen years (1818-31). 
 
 StrikinK IHottoeii and SayiuKs. 
 
 "Out of the shadows of night, 
 The world rolls into light, 
 It is daybreak everywhere." 
 
 — Linujfi'UinvuluM words. 
 
 Mottoes. 
 
 '' Vicit Agnus noster: eum sequimur " : Our Lamb has 
 conquered : let us follow Him.— Seal of Moravian Brethren. 
 
 The representation of an Indian standing erect, with an arrow 
 in his hand, and the motto, " Come over and help us," is the seal of 
 the State of Massachusetts, adopted 1629. 
 
w^^ 
 
 50 
 
 The First Hundred Years o/ 
 
 PACIFIC ISLANDS. 
 
 " Where a trader will go for gain, there the missionary ought to 
 go for the merchandise of souls. In these islands something must 
 be risked if anything is to be done." — Bishop Selwyn. 
 
 «« It isn't High, or Low, or Broad Church, or any other special 
 name, but the longing desire to forget all distinctions that seems 
 naturally to result from the very sight of these heathen people." 
 — Bishop Patteson. 
 
 •' A man who takes the sentimental view of coral islands and 
 cocoanuts is woi'se than useless; a man possessed with the idea 
 that he is making a sacrifice will never do; and aman who thinks, 
 any kind of work " benea th a gentleman " will simply be in the 
 way." — Bishop Patteson. 
 
 " I have now been reading the twenty-ninth chapter of the Acts 
 of the Apostles." — Exclamation of the Bishop of Ripon as he laid 
 down the wonderful story of John Williams' missionary career. 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 " Africa — the last stronghold of paganism." — Dr. Sims. 
 
 " An African is the image of God carved in ebony " — Dr. 
 Fuller. 
 
 " An African slave-dealer is the image of the devil carved in 
 ivory." — Dr. Johnston. 
 
 "Let a thousand fall before Africa be given up." — Dying words 
 of Melville B. Cox, first foreign missionary of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church, U.S., who died of African fever less than four 
 months after his arrival. 
 
 "The end of the geographical feat is the beginning of the 
 missionary enterprise. " — Livingstone. 
 
 " I have been in Africa for seventeen years, and I have never 
 met a man who would kill me if I folded my hands." — Stanley. 
 
 "If I am to go 'on the shelf,' let that shelf be Africa." — 
 Livingstone, in 1867. 
 
 "To exaggerate the enormities of the slave trade, is simply 
 impossible." — Livingstone. 
 
 " All I can add in my loneliness is : May lieaven's rich blessing 
 come down on every one, American, Englishman, or Turk, who 
 will help to heal this open sore of the world." — Livingstone's last 
 message to the outer world in reference to the slave trade. This 
 sentence is carved on his memorial slab in Westminster Abbey. 
 
> 
 
 Modern Missions. 
 
 51 
 
 IXDIA. 
 
 " I make Christ my heir," — Schtoartz, who willed all his property 
 for missions to the heathen. 
 
 "I am now dead to Europe and alive to India." — Dr. Coke, 1813. 
 
 " If ever I see a Hindu converted to Jesus Christ, I shall see 
 something more nearly approaching t^ie resurrection of a dead 
 body than anything I have yet seen." — Henry Martyn. To day 
 there are 222,000 native communicants in India. 
 
 Judson laboured for six years in Burma h without a single 
 convert. When it was hinted to him that the mission was a total 
 failure, a seraphic glory lighted up his countenance as he ex- 
 claimed: ««The conversion of Burmah is as bright as the promises 
 of God." There are now over 29,000 communicants. 
 
 " You are the only people arriving here who do not come to 
 squeeze my people." — King of Siam, to the missionaries. 
 
 «' We are indebted more to William Carey and the £13 2s. 6d., 
 which was the first sum subscribed for him, than we are to all the 
 heroism and cunning of Clive, and to all the genius and rapacity 
 of Warren Hastings." — Canon Farrar. 
 
 " Christ, not the British Government, rules India. Our hearts 
 have been conquered not by your armies, gleaming bayonets, and 
 fiery cannon, but by a higher and a different power. No one but 
 Christ has deserved the precious diadem of the Indian crown, and 
 He wil' have it." — Keshub Chunder Sen. 
 
 China. 
 
 '«0 rock ! rock ! when wilt thou open ? " — Xavier, 1552. Opened, 
 1842. 
 
 "It is a great step towards the Christian ization of our planet, if 
 Christ; .nity gain entrance into China." — Neander, in 1850, a week 
 before his death. Christianity tolerated in China by the Treaty 
 of Tientsin, 1858. 
 
 "When China is moved, it will change the face of the globe." — 
 Napoleon. 
 
 " The devil invented the Chinese language to keep the Gospel 
 out of China." — Reported saying of Rev. John Wesley. 
 
 " In China the sense of truth is not only almost unknown, but 
 is not even admired." — Rev. F. Horton. 
 
 « The only real interpreter of the thought and progress of the 
 west to the millions of China is the missionary." — London Times. 
 
52 
 
 The First Hundred Years of Modern Missions. 
 
 T^ 
 
 General. 
 
 «' If you want most to serve your race go where no one else will 
 go, and do what no one else will do." — Mary Lyon, 
 
 "Had the whole missionary work resulted in nothing more than 
 the building up of such a character it would be worth all it has 
 cost." — Theodore Parker, on Judson of Burmah. 
 
 " I make bold to say that if missions did not exist it would be 
 our duty to invent them." — Sir Chas. A. Elliott, Lieut. -Governor 
 of Bengal. 
 
 •'There is nothing in all human history which can be placed 
 alongside of the story of the evangelical conquest of the world, 
 for rapidity of progress, overthrow of obstacles, and real and 
 effective work for the bettering and ennobling of mankind." — 
 Llewellyn Bevan. 
 
 1 1 i 
 
 The Fervent Missionary. 
 
 " Then shall I not at God and duty's call 
 Fly to the utmost limits of the ball ? 
 Cross the wide sea, along the desert toil, 
 Or circumnavigate each Indian isle ? 
 To torrid regions fly to save the lost, 
 Or brave the rigours of eternal frost ? 
 I may, like Brainerd, perish in my bloom, 
 A group of Indians weeping round my tomb ; 
 I may, like Martyn, lay my burning head 
 In some lone Persian hut, or Turkish shed ; 
 I may, like Coke, be buried in the wave ; 
 I may, like Howard, lind a Tartar's grave, 
 Or perish, like a Xavier, on the beach 
 In some lone cottage, out of friendship's reach ; 
 I may —but never let my soul repine, 
 ' Lo, I am with you ' — heaven is in that line ; 
 Tropic or pole, or mild or burning zone 
 Is but a step from my celestial throne." 
 
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 Accession no. 
 
 St; 
 
 Author, Title Ross, J» S, 
 
 The first hundred years of modern 
 Class mark missions* 
 
 Copyright no. 
 Order no. 5214- 
 Gift/Exchange 
 Source Amtmcmn 
 List price 
 
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 or Can. ace. no. 
 
 Date rec'd Sept. 7/ 61 
 
 Destination Can* Col. 
 
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 VISSIONJIRT LITEMTH 
 
 ) 
 
 Calabar and Its Mission. By Rev. Hugh Goidie 
 
 Christian Missions in the Nineteenth Century. By 
 
 Elbert 8. Todd, D.D , 
 
 Among the Mongols. By Rev. Jamee Gilmour 
 
 Miracles of Missions. By Rev. a. T. Pierson, D.D 
 
 Missionary Problem. By James Croil i oo. 
 
 Divine Enterprise of Missions. By Rev. A. T. Pienon, U.D. . i 00 
 
 The Macedonian Cry. By Rev. John Lathem, D.D ... 70 
 
 The First Hundred Years of Modem Missions. By Rev. 
 
 J. 8. RoM, M.A. A recently conapiled hand-book of mieaiunary 
 information. Paper 10 
 
 Missionary Points and Pictures. By Rev. James Johnston . o 35 
 By Canoe and Dog Train among the Cree and Sanl- 
 
 teanx Indians. By Rev. Egerton R. Young, With Introduc- 
 tion by Mark Guy Pearse '1 00 
 
 miSSIOi^ARY BIOGRAPHY. 
 
 Rivers of Water in a Dry Place ; or, From Africaner's Kraal 
 
 to Khama's City. Being the Life of Robert Moffatt |0 90 
 
 Master Missionaries. Chapters in Pioneer Effort throughout the 
 V World. By A. H. Japp, LL.D. Fifth edition 1 25 
 
 IflJ^Of JRev. George McDougall ; Canadian Pioneer, Patriot 
 
 ralt'jitiasionary. By Rev. John McLean, Ph.D 75 
 
 John Kenneth Mackenzie. Medical Missionary to China. By 
 
 Mrs. Bryson 1 50 
 
 James Crilmonr of Mongolia. By Richard Lovett 2 25 
 
 Life of John «. Paton. 2 vols. 3 oo 
 
 The Story of John G. Paton Told for Young Folks t or, 
 
 Thirty Years among South Sea Cannibals. By Rev. James Paton. 1 50 
 Mackay of Uganda* By his Sister 2 50 
 
 story of Mackay of Uganda. Told for the Young. By his^ 
 
 Sister 
 
 Popular Missionary Biography Series. Lives of David 
 
 Brainerd, James Calvert, Heury Martin, David Livingstone, Johi 
 Williams, Samuel Crowther, Thomas J. Comber, John GriffithJ 
 Bishop Patteson, Robert Morrison, William Carey, Robert Moffatt] 
 James Chalmers, and Lady Missionaries in Foreign Lands. Fullj 
 illustrated, cloth, extra. Each 
 
 VIT'eslesr SuildiiiKS, Toronto. 
 C. W. COATES, MoNTREAi.. S. F. HUESTIS, H 
 
 ■ ■ - '*? ''I