^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 Hi |2^ 12.5 i^ 1^ 112.2 U 1^-^ IIIIM 1.8 \25 IIIIII.4 III11I.6 V] vQ 7 '/ /A <^-% Pb^ i^>;"^ ^ 4^ ^ ^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. iV Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1980 Technical Notes / Notes techniques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Physical features of this copy which may alter any of the images in the reproduction are checked below. D Coloured covers/ Couvertures de couleur L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6td possible de se procurer. Certains d6fauts susceptibles de nuire d la quality de la reproduction sont notds ci-dessous. 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L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grdce d la g6n6rosit6 de I'dtablissement prdteur suivant : La bibliothdque des Archives publiques du Canada Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour dtre reproduites en un seul cliche sont filmdes d partir de I'angle sup^rieure gauche, de gauche d droite et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Le diagramme suivant illustre la m6thode : 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 KoAD NEAR New WkSTMINSTLR, liUlTlSa CuLLMUIA. DoUGLAS FlK AND GiGANTIC ChDAR. (I'rom a Sketch by the Marquis of Lome.) 11 Pi "RES iUU: j... >,. ^kChciI. I'roi:' and J'/toi0g! « :* I nt.} I V Canadian Pictures 2)ravvn vvttb pen anb (pencil. IIV THE MARQUIS OF LORNH, K.T. WITH NUMEROUS ILL USTRA TIONS From Objects and Photographs in the Possession of and Sketches by The Marquis of Lorne, Sydney Hall, Etc. Engraved by Edward Whymper. LONDON : ' THE RELIGIOUS TRACT SOCIETY, 56, Paternoster Row, and 65, St. Paul's Churchvarp. r C 13 /W".. LO.NUON : R. Clay, Sons, and Taylor, Piunteus, UE.\ I'.r.How Uivr.K. {I'loiH It Sir/i/i by the Mixrquin of Lotiic.) CONTENTS. Road near New Westminster, Tirilisli Coliimliia. Doni^las Fir and Ciiganlic Cedar Fronlhpiecc, Tlie Kiicky Mountains, from our Camp on Elbow River page v CHAPTER I. THE DOMINION OF CANADA. The Sktti.kmi NT of Canada — 'liii; Foi;m of CIovicrnmi-nt— 'riii: Confkdkration of 1867 — Tin-; Frkncii AND Knci.ish Co.MMUNirrKS — TiiK Law of Political Division ox tiik Amf.kican Continknt— The Fertile ISei.t of Canada — The Maritime I'rovinces— Their Settlement and Government — Quebec — Ontario— Manitoba and the West /",?" 1-18 Sliad Fishing New Westminster, liritish CoIuml)ia Canadian Rolling Stock Illtistrations : pa^e 2 Indian Iluntin Iv[uipment Horse in Snow-Slioes Tilc Great UlulT, Thompson River page 9 II • 17 VI CoNTliNTS. CHAPTER II. RELATIONS BETWEEN CANADA AND ENGLAND. General Ignorance of Canaiu in Enuland— Strength of Canadian Sentiments— The Tariff Question- Importance OF KEKriNc. ui' Friknuiv Relations with the Colonies— The High Commissioner for Canada— I''EEi.iNr. in Favour of the Connection wnii the Hritish Kmimke Au'w 19-28 Canadian Farm Siupwed-up Cariboo Horns . Illuiliiilioin : page 20 Canadian Snow I'loii^h 21 Snow-Slioc Club in Indian File 26 CIIM'TER III. THE CLIMATE OF CANADA. Comparison between the English and Canadian Climates— Canadian Winter— Fuel— Climate of British Columbia— Emigration— Its Facilities and Advantages pages 29-38 Illustrations : Children Tobogganing page 30 Vineyard in Canada .... Dog Sledge 31 An Indian Camp on the Plains . On the Ilomathco River, British Columbia page 37 page 34 36 CHAPTER IV. THE MARITIME PROVINCES. The Bay of Fundv— Annapolis— Louisburc— Shipbuilding in Nova Scotia— New Brunswick- The Cascapedia— Prince Edward's Island— The Fisheries- Newfoundland pfges 39-62 Illiiilrations : Canadian Forest Path in Winter . . /".r''40 Cape Blomidon 4' Halifax 43 Th": " Grafton " with Temporary Rudder . . 4> The Moose 47 A View on the Bay of Fundy .... page 50 Cascapedia Cottage S2 A Salmon River, New Brunswick . . . . S4 Canadian Flowers SS Going to Church in Canada during a Flood . 59 The "Sardinian" in the Ice off Newfoundland . . page 61 CONIKNI'S. VII CHAPTER V. ONTARIO. 0.srAR10-NlA0ARA-0TTA\VA-Kl.N(isroN-TlIli JlIolSANl. ISLANDS -ToRONTO-MiSS Rvk's IIoME-RfI 10' I.N Tiiii Pruvi.nce-Tiie Fair at Toronto-Ontaria.n AoRrcin.TURE-FooD and FRiir Surpiv-Duc SiiuoTiNO— The Heaver— Western flNTAKio .„„, ., , '11 c 'I'housaiul Islands r.uliamcnt lUiildings, Ultawa , Wiai;ara LumliL-r Piles, Ottawa I.uiiiliercis at Work Hiilfaii Falls . . . . Sir Julm A. MacilDiiaUl Kimning tl.e Lacliiiif Kapitls '1 lie W'aiiili Illiislratlons : /"if 64 Indian Fiiot on the St. L.awrence 65 Miss Rye's Home as it was . O7 Miss Rye's Home as it is . 70 (;iils as Taken off the .Streets 72 After i;ieven Years in the Horn.- 74 Cedar l!ay, near Ottawa . 75 A Heaver Vill.age .... 7(3 (iardiner Canal /'V 77 7S • 79 80 . 80 8s • 9' 9S CIIAI'TJ'R VI. QUEBEC. QrEm;c i-rom the IIeich '"'■'^ "f Ai'Raiiam— MoNTMORENci Fai.i.s-Cai'TUre ok Queiiec in itso-Fvkiv H.'n.i..Nr,s-r„E lKo„„o,s Indians- The French Canadians -The Lake St. John District-Agricui - Tt.RE AIU.UT l.,KK ST. JoHN-THE SAOUENAV-THE CJuI.F OE ST. I.AWKENCE-T.IE l-ORCtU'INE-MoNTREAI. - HE Mcfui.E l.N,VERsnv-TH,.; Winter Carn,vai.-I,:e Harvest.n.i-I,a.:uosse-The Victoria /".?'•> 97- 1 26 Ice Culling on the Si. l.awrence . 'Quebec Montmorenci F'alls .... A Street in Quebec .... Champlain alt.icking an Iroquois Fort . Ilhisbalioiis : f>,ige 98 99 . 102 106 110 The (Jueliee and Lake St. John Country Montreal Montreal in Winter. An Ice Jam . Indian Lacrosse I'layer .... Victoria liridge 119 . 122 123 124 CHAPTER VH. FROM LAKE HURON TO WINNIPEG. The Water-WAV from Montreal to Lake Superior-Ai.coma and Manitouun-Winnipeg-The Manitoba UNIVERSITV-n.E REr>-KlVER SETTLERS- A Day's JourNEV IN THE NoRTH-WEST-Mr. TeaCOCK KdWARD's Report on the North-West-The Canadian Pacific Railway pages 127-150 Illustrations : Montmorenci Falls in Winter . . . . /„^, ,28 Red River Cart ... .,,,,,6 VVmmpeg m ,875 ,,9 .yinnipeg in .8S2 . . . .' .' ' ^' ^ Sett ers Huts ,33 ,, ,.^^^ .^ ^,^ North-West . . . \L M.eh.p.coten, Lake Superior ,33 An Indian Lodge in the North-West . ' . 147 Winnipeg as it was ,35 ^ View on the Peace River ... ,50 VIII CoNI'KNTS. ClIAPTKR VIII. THE INDIANS OF THE NORTH-WEST. TiiK NoUTii-\Vi:sT MurxTii) I'di.ici;— 'I'liK I'kdiiimhion ()!• tiik I,I'ji:ok Tkaki'io-IIousi. Sikai inc.— Ks ii.s OK Whisky Dkinkinc Sittinc; lUn.i.'s VicTukv <.vi;k (;i;ni:k.\i, Clisti;r--Tiik Sioux-Tuk Dlackkkkt — The l>u\v-\vo\v IN js8i— Indian Ki..)gi-i;NCi;-Tiii; Sun Danci: S.-uaw IKicioks-Canaihan roi.rcv WITH Tin: iMiiANS— Indian CkL'ia.Tiics -Indian Custo.ms--Tiik Ciikistian Indian / I I'^ly CustonRis 157 (;i.mii at llu r..wwow "'.! A ViLWun llu' K1Ik,w RivLi 159 '^" ''"''•'" S(|iia\v willi I'ainmv,' .... Indian lUiiial niainunls . /<;,'' '74 I'.ulVM.. Iliinlini; /.Ji'f l8- A NoiTli Sa.skalcliowan Stcamn- . . .173 Slalkiiii; Anulnpcs Koit Kdnii.nlnn '79 '-'"i'-'f M<'"iilain 188 91 CIIM'TER X. BRITISH COLUMBIA. Across the Rocehs-The Coed Country-'Ihe Chinise in Pkitisii Columbia- Kameooi's-The Cascade Mountains- SM.MON 1mshi.kie.s- Prit.sh Coeummia.n Indians-Vancouver's Iseand-Nanaimo-Victokia -ESQUlMAUl.T- AVAHTI-SeAI. UUNTINC, CoNCl.UDlNO SUMMARY MVi 193-222 liliishalidiis : f-as^ '95 Carvinns by l?rilisli Cc.luinbian Indians . fa);e 203 View from r's(iiuniauU The Cariboo \\'agf;on Kuai.1 Vale. The Fraser River Iniliaii Sabiinn Cache . Seal llrivMv; 197 199 202 hulian Hridge Indian Craves . Waiiili Horns 212 204 206 209 APPENDIX Meet of tlie Snow- Shoe Club INDEX . pages 2\S-222 Jllustrations : ge 2i6 Nature's Monument, Canadian Pacific Coast . /a^f 222 pirgt' 223 i I *mmm "•^^^^ ^K^^mm ^m"^mH**«^ DOMINION OF CANABA '•* CunQhQCf'll > .>i''.4".',AP0lh'.:i't .' ■.J'.D'JH ^ A THE DOMINION OF CANADA. J Ii s ^^ Nfav \Vi le to our race, stron.L,^ in its natural features for defence and capable ot u,vm- to its sons that love of home which is the birth and life of I>atriotism. There is no fear that the C(, ...try is too poor or too small to support a nation. 1 l,elu:v<; that its peopl,: will never show themselves Iackin<,r in spirit Indian Uu.mino Kguii'Mt.NT. U>w/i the Collfction of I he Maiyuh of Lome.) Let us see what the statistics tell us as to the material resources in area and what use has hitherto been made of them-rememberinir always within 'how Short a time the results enumerated have been accomplished. It vvould be best for the interests of the smaller maritime provinces were they to be under one government legislating for " Acadia "-such was the oia name of the greater portion of these territories. As vet the way to accomplish this has not been found. Taking Nova Scotia first,' it will be seen T I lO Canadian Piltukf.s. by the iiiiip to consist of the j^rcat triaiij^ailar islaiul of Cape Li'ctoii, and a lonj^f-sliapcil piece of the inainlaiul connecteil with New Hriinswick to the north \>y a n.irroA' isthmus about ch-ven inilcs in width. It has nearly 22,000 s(iii.ire miles of surface, almost the whole of which was in old days wood- covereil. (lold mininj^j has been carrieil on with varyinj^ success alonj^^ the Atlantic C(jast, and near \'armouth this enterprise has paid lairly well. A rani^e of picturescjiu: hills runs throu;;!! the mainlanil porii(»n of the province, anil has on each siile of it a bantl of very ^^ooil laml. 'Ihe harbours are cxcelliMit, and only occasionally obstructed by foj^s. 'I'he approach the ports from the Atlantic is by no means dillicull. If fot; [,revenls a -.e. ■* view, vessels have only to kt;ep clear of Sable Island a heap of saiul in ih ocean which occupies as rej^^anls Il.difax much the position of 1 leli^ohuul olt the IClbe. Souiulinj^s will tell the mariner where his vessel is, and if the weather be "dirty" there is plenty of sea-room to the south, and the captain may stand away from shore until the gale abati's. The inlanil fresh waters are computed to cover 3,000 scjuare miles, so ih.it there is much variety in the scenery, where the trees stand reflected in the calm laKes, the home of number- less trout, and the streams pour ilown in white rapids fron. .he moose-haunted forests of the hills to the |)Ieasant b.iys alons^' tin: shore. In Capi; Hniton Island there are many Scottish s(.:ttlers on the shores of the fifty-mile-long Bras D'or Lake. Hut where are there not "many Scots" throughout our Colonial I'mpire ! In the county of Antigonish there are at least 3,000 of the name of MacDonalil. The chief county town lies pleasantly situated in a well-cultivated valley anil near the strait dividing Cape Hreton from the mainland. A great stone-built church, with the words " House of Clod" written in golden Caelic letters on it, is filled each Sunday by numerous Roman Catholic congregation. The Church of Rome has considerably over 100,000 adherents in the province, and the Anglicans have over one half that number. The Presby- terians are as numerous as tlu; R(jman Catholics ; and other Protestant bodies claim the remainder of the population, which, counting all heads in Nova Scotia, amounts to about 400,000. There are no Jews. Cabot was the first visitor from b'urope, in 1497 ; and De Mont and the Jesuits settled in 1604 at Port Royal and other places, but were expelled by the b'nglish colonists who came from Virginia. It is well known how James the First desired to found a Scots colony here, like his Scots colony in the north of Ireland, but the people \m sent were discouragetl at finding the coasts already occupied. Charles the b'irst tried to induce his subjects to send settlers to the country by the grant of the title of Haronet of Nova Scotia and an allot- ment of land, and Cromwell took formal possession for a time ; but a cession to 1*" ranee was made by the Treaty of Pretla, and Nova Scotia remained under the P'rench crown until 1713 Although there has been a considerable movement of its people to the Canadian western country and to the United States, the population steadily increases, and the coal mines are worked by an ever-growing Nova Scotia. II iiuinhcr oi iniin^rs, who liiul rcinniu'iMiivc cinido) inciu at all times ol tlic year. 'riu;ri: arc iinincnsc deposits of Ljypsiiin at scviiral places. The plaster of Paris niach: from these; siippUes all Canad.i with this article. The j^ypsiim ([uarrics look like the marble ([uarrics of Carrara, so pure ;iiul white; is the material which in hrokeii cliffs rises at some points aloni^r the coast to a Ikm^Iu of fifty feit. In iSSo the imports amounted to a value of over seven milh'ons of dollars, tin- exports to seven and a half millions. There arc 497 mil(;s of railway. One line runs alonj^ the whoh; of the south side; of tlu; Hay of I'undy, with the exception of a small break in the bay at I )iL,d)y, and to the east rc-aches the Straits of Canso. The liUeri-oloiiial has I3(S miles of rail in Nova Scotia, and a railw.iy takes the; coil of .Sydne)- in Cape Breton to LouisburjLj, and tin; line will be continiu:d so as to connect with the mainland at the Straits of Canso. HoRSK IN Snow Sikiks. A lieutenant-governor, appointed as all these officials are by the IDominion Government ; an executive council of nine members (who have been nearly persuaded to abolish themselves, so as to leave the legislature to consist of one chamber only) ; and an assembly of thirty-eight members, elected every four years, form the government. Tiiere is a provincial supreme court, a court of error, and one of vice-admiralty. A court of probate regulates the distribu- tion of, or succession to, the property of deceased persons. The secondary education is provid(,-d for by schools ami ;'cademies. There is a normal and a model school, and almost every denomination has its college for university traininjT. c 2 12 Canadian Pictures. In New Brunswick a similar gov •nnient machinery is provided, there being nine members in the executive council, eighteen in the legislative council, who are appointed for life, and forty-one in the popular branch of the legislature. In both provinces the common schools are free to all, and are supported by the provincial revenue, the rates being laid on all property. The people number about 300,000 — a small population, considering the great size of Wew Brunswick, for there are 27,322 scaiare miles within its borders. It has the Intercolonial line of railway traversing its eastern section from south to north. Another line connects it with the St. John Valley, and to the west it is in communication with New England. Montreal will soon be only 430 miles distant from St. John by rail, and Quebec will be only 3S8 miles from this sea-port, shortening the distance, as compared with the Intercolonial, by 200 miles. Ships, sawn lumber, cotton and woollen goods, leather, cheap furniture, paper and iron manufactures of all descriptions, are the staple productions ; and of raw material there is, as with the sister province, abundance of fish, timber, coal, iron, and gypsum. The extent of the coal-fields cannot be compared with those of Nova Scotia, but it has some veins which have proved most valuable, nofibly the beautiful " albertite," a very hard, glossy, and perfectly clean mineral, of which the supply has, alas, greatly de>.reased. As the treasure of other species of coal is so near and practically inexhaustible, New Brunswickers need not deplore the exhaustion of one kind, although unique and precious. The imports in general amounted in 1880 to 64.093,135, and exports to 65,863,955. The French were here again the first white men to land with tho intention of founding a colony. The date of landing was 1639. When OueiJi.c fell, the country was made over to us. Miramichi, upon the (;astern side, was settled by Scots in I7'54. The third province into which the ancient Acadia has been carved is Prince Edward s Island, with an area of 2,134 square miles, formerly covered with wood, although the keen gales of the Atlantic make themselves everywhere felt. Here again we find the free-school system in force, and the relative numbers of the various religious bodies nearly that of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, the Roman Catholics heading the list. With the lieutenant-governor are associated five members of an executive council and twenty-two deputies in the legislative assemlily. There is telegraphic communication by submarine cable. Cabot discovered the island, but the French claimed the discovery as due to Verazino ; and one of their naval officers received it as a grant in 1663. Taken by the English in 1755, it was given back by the Treaty of Aix-la- Chapelle, and finally ceded to Britain in 1758. Ten years later it "received a government," although it is said at that time to have had only 150 families on its soil. To pass in our statistical review to the larger provinces, Quebec has 193,355 square miles, of which perhaps one half are habitable, and most of the remainder is valuable for minerals, timber, or fisheries. Ihc great laurentian range of '^. Quebec. i,^ nnce ood, the the atcci the ible. due 663. la- ived ih"es hills runs through it tVoiii cast to west, reaching in Mount Logan, to the north of the Bay of Chaleurs, the greatest elevation in a conical mass — over 4,000 feet in height. Earthquakes of a mild type have not been infrecjuent. At Murray Bay, a place on the north shore of the St. Lawrence, I was siiown a house which had been twice much shaken and partially destroyed by earthquake shocks, one having occur>-ed on the i8th of August, while the second shock came on the same date, exactly ten years hiter. A marble chimney-piece broken across showed the strain to which the walls had been put. It is curious to note how the sea has retired from these regions in comparatively recent times. The shells and marine launa now inhabiting the gulf are found in the clays which line the banks ar.d the bottoms of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers. When the rivers are low in the " fall," or autumn, any one walking by the side of the stream may pick up numerous nodules and rounded or elongated pieces of hardened clay. If these be carefully broken asunder, in their interior will be found the i)erfectly preserved form of the capelin, a fish now abounding in the sea-water 500 miles away. I have even found the feathers of sea-birds, looking as though they had been but lately shed ; and the telina, a little shell-fish, together with several other species, and even the bones of the seal, have again seen the day when the hammer laid open these curious mummy cases of the creatures which inhabited the ocean when it swept over all the surface now covered by land or river or great inland lake. Amongst the fossil.T we must take care not to reckon the legislative councils of one province. Quebec has a well-preserved set of very perfect specimens of the genus Senator in her 27 councillors. The executive council has 7 members ; the legislative assembly, 65. I'here are at present about 1,800 miles of rail : the Intercolonial, coming over the hills of New Brunswick, descends on the sjuth side of the St. Lawrence, and follows the stream in connection with the line crossing to the north shore at Montreal, by the Victoria Bridge. Of the railway to Lake St. John, to the north of Quebec City, more will be said hereafter. The other chief lines run to the south, connecting with the American system. A branch of the Intercolonial will form a channel for the trade of the north side cf the Bay of Chaleurs, giving a permanent necessary h.ghway to a good and picturesque country, extending all the way to Gaspe l^asin, the great bay which lies at the back of Cape Rosier, a part well known to the Atlantic voyagers as the first part of the mainland shore seen after rounding the southern capes of Newfoundland. There are a million and a quarter of people in this great province. The Church .,i Rome has considerably over a million adherents, the great majority of the population being French Canadians, while very many of the minority are Irish. Geographically the province extends from Labrador, which is under the Newfoundland Government, to the Ottawa river on the west, and a little beyond that stream, and is bordered by the United Stnn-s to the south. The Indians are reckoned at about 9,000. Cabot's name is mentioned as the first discoverer. Settlements were made in >4 Canadian Pictuuks. 1541 by Jacques Carticr. These became British by conquest in 1759, and the trovernment was constituted in its present shape in 1867. In 1880 the imports were forty-three and a halt milHons of dollars in value, and the exports forty-one and a half millicjns, the chief articles of export being- pot and pearl ashes, flour, wheat, oats, barley, butter, cheese, copper, wool, and wood. The cattle have been lately much improved in quality. Some of the stock, both in the case of horses and cattle, show their descent from animals brought over from the north of France. The superior court, famous for the ability of its lawyers, sits at Montreal and Quebec. Education is under the direction of a minister called the superin- tendent of education. He has a deputy and a council of twenty-one members to assist him, appointed by the lieutenant-governor in council. Fourteen of these are Roman Catholics and seven Protestants. All the people are assessed for the purpose of providing primary schools. In the m'uiicipalities where there are different denominations, the school commissioners of the majority govern. The schools of the minority are called dissentient schools, and their trustees have the same powers as the commissioners of the schools of the majority. The Protestants and Roman Catholics have separate boards of imissioners in Montreal and Quebec cities. The municipal franchise is possessed by all who have .S50 of real property, or are occupiers of land of the annual value of $20. The voter must also have paid all taxes, and be inscribed on the municipal roll. The country is divided into townships ten miles square, as in Ontario. ICach must have 300 souls at least before it can be made a township. This division succeeded the French feudal system on all Crown lands. Each county sends one member to the Dominion House of Commons, and one to the Quebec Parliament. The principle adopted for the franchise throughout is that all men but the absolutely idle or poor may vote. Hitherto the provincial franchise has served also as the basis of the right to vote for the Federal Parliament, although it is probable that a general franchise for the National House will be adopted. The system of self-government is admirable. The township, or united town- ship where one or two are designated a municipality, has its own local council or board, whose sittings are public. All disputed questions are decided by the majority present. The secretary-treasurer of the body has to give guarantees of good behaviour, and has to see to the valuation rolls. Two auditors are appointed. The county council is composed of the heads of the local boards, and these men when so assembled have the name of county councillors. The chief of the county council is elected by the body so constituted, and is styled prefect. The meetings are held every quarter, in March, June, September, and December. The inspectors of 1 ,ads, bridges, Szc, and of agriculture are under these authorities, as are the local police. The members of all councils are paid a salary fixed by them- selves. The county council settles the location of the county capital, the places where courts of circuit are held, levies costs of registration, places sign-posts in Ontario. i"^ ces in all roads, places rails, &c., on roads under its control, and makes regulations for the traffic. The local boards can niak'; roads, such being " municipal roads," or local highways, and may by resolution define how the cess for such works may be applied. They divide their district as they choose, but there is always an appeal to the county council. Ir will thus be seen that the local authority is more sub- divided than in Britain, the local municipalities often exercising power over a district not more than ten miles square, having the power of organisation and government, with an appeal to the representatives of the wider area of the county. Each authority has the right of taxation for its purposes. The assembly of the entire province has absolute power over all property, and may make laws amending all local government. The regulations in regard to the sale of liquor, which are administered by the local authorities, emanate of course from the provincial parliament. The sale of all spirituous liquor in less quantities than three gallons or twelve bottles may be prohibited by the local boards. Children are not permitted to frequent the public-houses. There is an exception to the prohibitory law for sale for medical purposes The local board may limit the number of licences where there is no veto on i ile. In many townships the majority do not allow taverns. In another place the Dominion laws with regard to this subject are noted. Pursuing our view of the government and resources of each province, we pass to the greatest in population, namely, Ontario, where again the township arrangement is in force for the subdivision of government areas, and in each a heau and his assistant is elected by electors, whose franchise may be that of 6400 income, of freeholders, householders or tenants in a municipality, or as the sons of farmers, if the value of the farm divided gives to each the qualification. Real property of 3100 in townships, !?200 in incorporated villages, ''i?300 in towns, and !?400 in cities gives the right to vote. " Reeve," and "deputy-reeve" are the titles given to the township chief elected officers ; these, met as a county council, are presided over by a " warden." It should be noted that for all elections the voting-places are numerous, and that it is nor the candidates but the rates which pay for the necessary expenses. All voting is by ballot, and the secrecy gained by the system is not far from complete. The steps and variety of taxation sound formidable, for there are the rates levied by the local municipality, whether that body represents one township or a union, county taxes, provincial taxes, and Dominion taxes ; and yet the taxation per head is less than in the United States. The two millions of people who have this very perfect municipal government have come to the opinion that a local senate is an extravagant luxury, perhaps because in regard to national legislation the Federal Parliament does all the work. In any case, they are content with an assembly composed of eighty-eight paid members elected every four years, while the lieutenant- governor has an executive council, five in number, to assist him. With regard to payment of members, it may here be noticed that it would be very difficult indeed to get a house together, were the members not indemnified i6 Canaih.w Pk iiki s. for servinj^. They have to leave their work, and travel in many cases hiinilreds of miles ; and men whom the country would d(;sire as its best npresentatives could not attentl, in the absence ol [tayment, which is not so much remuneration for service as partial compensation for loss or interrupticjn of their usual avocation. All schools an; (juite free, a minister of education beinsjf appointetl by the provincial tjovernment to look after them. I'^acii township is divided into school sections, with a board of trustees. The Li^overnment inspectors never have charge of more than 120, or of less than 50 schools, and their pay comes partly from the province and partly from the local council. The Roman Catholics may, if they d(;sire it, have separate schools, and are, in such cases where there may be a sufficient number of children tor whom separate instruction is recpiired, exempt from the ycmeral school rate, and have a .separate j^vjvernment j^rant. There are (^.xcellent hiij^her schools, the Up[)er Canada College at Toronto beins^ especially notewortiiy where nearly all are excellent. The system is to accord teachers their certificates through the a^fncy of a central board at the provincial capital, where first-class certificates are i^aanted. Each of the counties has its local board of examiners for the distril)ution of the secoiul- and third-class certificates. There are no less than seventeen Protestant universities and collei^es, and three Roman Catholic. Here the Protestants are j^reatly mi the majority, there beins^- about 4X0,000 Methodists, 370,000 Presbyterians, 340,000 Anglicans, and about 290,000 Roman Catholics, the remainder consisting of other creeds. The small number of Jews in Canada i; rtMiiarkable, and is attributed to the large inlluence of Scots ! I'^xports in 1S80 amounted to over S28,o:.o,ooo. Imports in the saaie year to about the same sum. As with all the provinces, there is a supreme court, whose decisions are subject to the Dominion supreme court, which sits at Ottawa. The superficial area is vast, but reckoning only that of the [tortious which are certainly habitable, 40,000 s(juare mik;s out of 108,000 may be consiilered good. The railway system, airead}' constituting a most intricate network of lines, is being constantly extended. There are now about 4,000 miles of track laid. The great arterial line of the ("irand Trunk goes from Montreal by Kingston to .Sarnia, where it crosses into the States. The Canadian Pacific, running from Montreal, crosses at the city of Ottawa from the province of Quebec into Ontario, and runs up the Ottawa River to Lake Nipissing, and thence has a branch to Sault .St. Marie, and extends its main line along Lake Superior. Between these highways are many others, so that there is little of the country left which is not within reach of railway communication. Of Manitoba we must speak more generally and further on in this book. Its growth is so rapid that there is little use in specif)'ing its condition to-day, for to-morrow the change will have been so great that the statistics would be already stale. It has an area of about 100,000 square miles. The next two divisions, which have been named .Xssiniboia and Saskatchewan, have 90,000 square miles i TlIK (i()\ I'.KNMl'.NT ol- nil': ni)MIMii\. «7 each, and nearly all is fair land. Alberta has 100,000 s(iuare miles, and Athabasca 120,000, while British Columbia has 200,000; but a i^reat deal of this is good only for wood or minerals, whereas the names previously mentioned stand for Its for adv ions, niles - r^Ji,-^ - >*--^- N- '"■f '-''''. >-'.- ►•,. I'liuMr^oN Kivi-.R, (/■ r,'//f ,f /i//t)ft>t^rfi^/i in the ^i^isrssu'U of tlu- ■ ■• ■ Matyilis 0/ Lorttt-.) territories of threat natural fertility of soil. Their surfaces too are not interrupted by jrreat lakes westward of Winnipeg and Manitoba, and are almost everywhere available for habitation. It remains to us to close this chapter, which is necessarily a t' 'ious one, by a general statement of the total Dominion resources and government. The governor-general is nominated by the British Covernnu'nt, but is paid wholly by the Canadian. The cabinet usually ct)nsists of thirteen members — a number too u r II 'I' liii ! i8 Canadian I'icukks. great, but at present convenient because each important section of the people desires to l)e represented anion^- the ministers of the crown. The Senate nominated for life, consists of ei,i,dity members, and the House of Commons of 2 12. The legal duration of a Parliament is five years. As in Great Britain, all measures must, to become law, receive the assent of the head of the state and of both branches of the legislature ; the constitutional system of ministerial re- sponsibility is carried out to the full. Although in theory the governor-general is commander-in-chief, and has the power of pardon in criminal cases, the po\v them firm in their alliance is to work with them for the purpose of pushing their commerce. An long as they choose to entrust (partly, at all events) to our di|)lomatic and consular service the interests which are principally theirs, we should instruct our consuls, and agents appointed to positions abroad, to treat any one who resides in a colony as though he were resident in Britain, and he should feel that his interests are the interests furthered by the Govern- ment of these islands. A colonist should find, wherever he is, that the most potent agent at work for him is the agency of the Fatherland. lie should never be allowed to say that his claims were looked upon with lukewarmness because he was born in Montreal instead of in London, His interests are our interests, and so long as his Government works in alliance with the Imj)erial authorities — and this will be to the end of time if we manage matters well — his claims to attention, to distinction, and to access to foreign marts, should be pushed equally with those of our own citizens. No matter that his Govern- ment may wish to conduct such negotiation after methods which are not ours — that his Government may wish to erect a Customs Wall here and demolish one there, where you think there never .should have been a wall at all— that is the affair of his Government ; and if you wish to maintain your old colonists' alliance you must back up their views of what is best for themselves. To endeavour to interfere with the policy of fiscal affairs of such countries as Australia and Canada, to declare that they must shape their measures so as to give this to one sister colony, or that to the Fatherland, is to pursue a line which must result as disastrously as did the line followed by Lord North. He and his King used all their means to preserve the integrity of the Empire on the old jjlan of dictation from the central hive. They who would pre- serve the integrity of their fiscal theories, and prove by other means than persuasion that free trade is good for all, as well as for England, desiring to dictate political economy, are the Lord Norths of our day. Persistence in such dictation can only lead to one result, namely, the breaking of all connection, and the raising against your manufacturers of the doubled tariff of an unfriendly Power. E !'* 26 Canadian Pictures. The appointment of a High Commissioner, on the part of Canada, to reside in London, was by far the most important event which has occurred in the colonial history of the last few years. It was the first step taken by a colony, and cordially accepted by the Imperial authorities, which will lead to that ultimate council of envoys by which (perhaps early in the next century) the Imperial policy will be directly guided. It was a step which promoted unity, Snow-Siioe Cluh in Indian File. although it seemed to some minds to define separation. When negotiations for trade with foreign Powers were made by England in former days, it was not her custom to consult l.er colonies. She made her own arrangements for her own good, and it was supposed that her good meant the good of the colonies. They had no hand or part in bargaining for trade. Of late it has been especially asked of Canada if she desires to be excepted or included in M TlIK Hum Co.MMIS.SIONKR. 27 any commercial treaty. She is consulted whether she wishes any special treaty to be made in her behalf throujjh the agency of her own High Commissioner and the members of the British Diplomatic Body abroad. This is a great boon to the colony, for she is spared the expense of maintaining any consuls or any complete diplomatic representation abroad. By employing one man in London, she can obtain with certainty the assistance of the diplomatic and consular service of the Mother Country. The Canadian Commissioner may find that in his ideas of bargaining with foreigners for reciprocal advantages he is running counter to British economic ideas. He may find that even the members of that most useful body, the Cobden Club, deem a commercial treaty such as that concluded with I^' ranee under the auspices of Cobden, to be really a deviation from the pure rule of a moral internationj?' life ; but although his ideas may not be those of his British colleague.., he will be amply backed by Britain's agents and Government in securing what he desires ; he becomes the second self of the British Ambassador at the Court or the Foreign Office of the people with whom Canada wishes to treat ; he becomes incorporated in the diplomatic machine which spins commercial treaties. Britain must often, in future days, agree to make provision for the differing circumstances of her own and her colonies* world-wide commerce. The same document may contain different provisions for different countries under the same flag. It is manifestly to the advantage of this island that the Colonial Commissioner should be associated intimately with her representatives. If he were not so placed, all fault for a failure to take care of the colonies' interest would be laid by the colony at the door of the British agent, and a sore feeling against the parent land would be engendered in the new country ; whereas, when the Colonial Envoy is a man consulted and appointed by the British Government to do the work in conjunction with its own Ambassador, the disappointment for any non-fulfilment of Canada's wishes gives the blame to her own delegate alone. His reports to his Government will show that he had a fair chance of completing the bargain he was commis- sioned to complete ; that he was backed in his requests by the Ambassador representing the Imperial Power, and that he had full scope to conduct the negotiations as he chose, so long as he did not run counter to the interests of the Mother Country, to whom the colonists never wish to be hostile. The gain of keeping a colony in intimate political alliance has never been better illustrated than during the last few years of Conservative rule in the Dominion of Canada. It is probable that the duties againsi imports will never be much heavier than they have been since 1878, and it has been the avowed object of the Canadian Cabinet to foster our commerce with the Dominion by a classification of miposts which touched Britain less than it touched others. If Canada had belonged to the United States, the duties against English goods would at once have been 30 per cent, heavier than they are now, and would in most cases prove absolutely prohibitive. The natural feeling which leads us to desire that they who have left this country should still be citizens of our Empire, If ' 28 Canadian Pictures. and continue hand-in-hand with us, and which prompts us to make sacrifices in order to do this, is not one of empty sentiment alone, but is based on material interest. If wo only persuade Englishmen that this is so— say during the next twenty-five years— we may be sure that the essential unity of the Empire will be r.-«aintaiiied, for in another generation it will be madness to question the utility of close alliance with the strong peoples who will then be rulers of the South, as in the case of Australia, or of the North, as in the case of Canada. How great a guar; Uee for the peace of the world will the expansion of the trade of each portion of our confederated Empire be ! for war, which shakes the trade of each part, would not be hastily entered into by any ; while, if it must ccme, how much stronger will that Empire be which, even if it cannot bring the forces of each of its members into the field, shall yet at least be able to count upon the friendship of all, and the probable active aid of one or more ! I have often been asked as to whether the feeling in Canada in regard to its connection with the Empire remains as strong as before. I believe it to be even stronger than it was formerly ; and the best test that this is the case is seen in the fact that no public man or public body have ever ventured to formulate in recent years with any success a contrary policy. I have often been asked, too, if I believed that the feeling of the United States with regard to the incorporation of Canada is not as strong as before ; and in reply to this I would say that it is an undoubted fact that the United States would gladly welcome Canada into tht'r empire ; but the Canadians show, as yet, no sign that they desire this consummation, and, except under very great provocation, it would not be pressed by the public men of the United States. Their idea is that the pear when ripe will drop into their lap ; but, meantime, the pear is ripening with a tendency to sow vigorous seeds under its own old branches, and to live on in a more vigorous and extended life as a separate nationality, holding the alliance with England as its best guarantee for the same. THE CLIMATE OF CANADA. fc ■m v. < o 3 ■J 9/ ^ <; o o JJOG Sledge. (From the CoUcctwn cif tht ^titrquh of Lome ^ CHAPTER III. Thk Climate of Canada. Comparison iiktwken the English and Canadian Climates -Canadian Winter -Fuel— Climate ok British Columbia — Emioration — Its Facilities and Advantages. THE climate has honest heat in summer and honest cold in winter. The sun is seldom hidden, and men see many seasons, and are healthy, stronjij, and active. The air is drier than in Europe. Sometimes the thermometer indicates 90" Fahrenheit in August, and 30" below zero in January. These extremes of temperature are only seen during a few days of the year, but they are not unpleasant. During most of the months the weather is delightful. In a word, the climate is bracing and excellent. I remember visiting a place in the plains of the central part of Canada, where perhaps the cold causes the mercury to fall to the lowest point it reaches in the Dominion. I was met by a number of the residents, who were good enough to come to tell me of their experiences in their new homes. With JTTTTI Canadian Pictures. i I settlers from the Eastern Provinces were min^ded others who hailed from England, Ireland, and Scotland. I had received satisfactory accounts of the year's excellent crops from all, and then put questions to them as to the advan- tage or disadvantage of the climate as compared with that of other places. Several had borne evidence of the healthfulness and purity of the air, and to their preference to it as compared to that of any region they had known, when up pushed a sturdy Irishman, who said : " I want you to tell this to my people at home. I come from the County Armagh, and I was thatching my house last year in the cold weather, and I felt it far less than I did the last time I thatched my house in Armagh." When agents of railway companies, and men interested in the South, try to persuade settlers to go down to the South, and settle in some parts which are notorious for their cyclones, snakes, and centipedes, or for ague and fever, it is well to remember how healthy the conditions of life in the North are, and to what a great age men usually live. Where, as in the case of some English and many of the French, a number of generations have lived on Canadian soil, we see the race more vigorous, if pos- sible, than in the days of the first settlers. Cold the weather certainly is during five or six months of the year, but the cold, except upon the sea-coasts, is dry. The saying of the old Scotchwoman is literally true. She wrote home to her people to say, " It was fine to see the bairns play in the snow without getting their feet wet." It is only near the sea that the bairns can make snowballs, until the spring thaws come to help them. Throughout the winter the snow is dry and powdery. The Canadian seasons are very certain. It is sure to be steadily cold in winter and steadily warm in summer, and throughout the twelve months a bright sun gives cheerfulness to the scene. There is a severe, but extremely healthy winter of less than six months, and a summer with sunshine so ardent and so certain that almost any fruit and crops are raised. Where old Voltaire said there was nothing but a few acres of snow, you may see each summer along the verdant and populous shores of the St. Lawrence in the little gardens of the yeomen proprietors fine plants of the broad-leaved tobacco, and the Indian corn raising its yellow crown above its sword-shaped leaves, while the sweet w. ter-melon is abundant, and grapes will ripen in the open air. In Ontario, near Niagara, peach orchards cover the country, and wine is made from the vineyards. Strawberries, raspberries, currants, and many small berries are native to the land. Some of these grow on bushes. There is one ill the west called the " high bush cranberry," whose red clusters of fruit cling near the stalks of the shrub, which has pretty silver-tinted green leaves. An excellent jelly is made from the fruit, and we found the ladies of the garrison of an American fort in Montana great proficients in making preserves from it. The size of the wild black-currant is extraordinary. In the Qu'Appelle valley I have seen them as fine as in any English kitchen-garden. At the school established for the half-blood French- ■'H Till', I ri;i. Si'i'i'LY. 33 rS Canadians at that place, thn fathers had planted a few months before our arrival some of these; plants taken from the woods, and it would have been difficult to believe, had one not seen the wild currant, that tlu^se were not from European stock. Hops thrive everywhere. Roots of all kinds grow to monstrous weight on the ]jrairies. If the power of a country can be measured by its food- protlucing capacity, it is difficult to limit the imagination in estimating the number of souls Canada's vast areas may support. To an Englishman, the want of some of the familiar growths of his own land seems strange. For instance, that it should be so rare to see ivy able to .survive the winter; to see no wallflowers, or daffodils, or rhododendrons, or azaleas, seems at first almost a hardship. The English hawthorn will thrive, as will ivy, in parts of Ontario. Hut although the foxglove is missing, there is the beautiful " golden rod, " and throughout the woods there are mass(;s of calmia and other flowers, the lictrim especially making gay many a vista of the woodland. The season being severe for a portion of the year, the question of fuel is an all-important one. Well, let us see if this is met by the conditions of the country. It is most fully met. What is known as Old Canada- — namely, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward's Island, Ontario, and Quebec — is a vast region of woodland now largely cleared of forest, but having an abundant supply of wood for fuel within reach of every place where man has settled or may settle. Enormous stores of coal are being actively worked in Nova Scotia, the output of whose mines is daily and hourly increasing, and is at present immense. You may see in the mines near Pictou galleries twenty feet in height, hundreds of feet below ground, worked in the solid coal. Therefore, as far as Old Canada is concerned, there never was any lack of fuel. At first, when the new territories received their earliest emigrants, the question of the supply of fuel was thought to be more serious in those regions, for the timber line of firs and pines is crossed near Winnipeg ; and although there is a vast s(Mnicircle of such heavy woods to the north, the farther end of the arc coming down south again near the Rocky Mountains, there is little but poplar in the space through which the new railways had begun their progress. The lands are of what geologists call the tertiary formation — that is, of a late age — and no very good coal could be expected. There were beds of lignite found, and these have been discovered in greater quantity of late ; but the lignite, although very useful for household purposes, and giving fair heat when it is of good quality, cannot be compared with the true coals on account of the quantity of water it contains. It was a matter of anxiety, therefore, to find better fuel. Farther westward it was known that the tertiary, or recent geological formation, gave place to beds of an older character, and that the more ancient cretaceous measures appeared. In crossing the rivers which fiow down from the mountains, and cut their way through higher lands, rounded boulders of coal have been observed, and in some places the high bluffs were seen to be streaked with dark bands of colour. And now it is proved that throughout a great area there are abundant indications F ^ir ^ i' .34 Can AIM AN I'k iruFs. of the presence ol coal ; and, slill heller, llie coal which has been seen croppinj^ out in various localities has been tried and found to be excellent for all purposes. The new province, recently christened Alberta, will be the " black country" of the central continent. Anthracite exists in thick seams. The railway entwines already use nothinir but the coal of the district. From north to south for a distance of four hundred miles, and alony^ a tract at least two hundred miles in width, experts believe that coal in any (piantity exists beneath the lou'^ undulatiiiLj swell of the iirairic. I'"vcn if we had iiot found this cxhaustless suiiply, the ^%