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Un dee symbdes suivents apparettra sur la derniAra image de cheque microfiche, selon le caa: le symbole -^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols ▼ signifie "FIN". Meps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratioa. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand comer, left to right and top to bottom, aa many framea aa required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Lea cartes, planches, tableeux, etc., peuvent Atre filmte A dee taux de reduction diff Arents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atro reproduit en un seul clichi, il est fiimA A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche k droite, et de haut en bea, en prenent le nombre d'imegeji niceeaaira. Lea diagrammes suivents illustrent le mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 137 ■.A . i f 'Wr-.- -«. »■■ A PRACTICAL SYSTEM OF BOOK-KEEPING SINGLE AND DOUBLE EKtoP OOMTAIXIKO FORMS OF BOOKS AND PRACTICAL EXERCISES. ADAPTKD TO TUR USE OF THE PARMER, MECHANIC, MERCHANT, AND PROFESSIONAL MAN. TO WHICH IS ADDXO DBArrS, BECEIPW, ETC., BTO. : ALSO, A COMPENDIUM OF Bli«^ OF EVIDENCB APHIOABLB TO BOOKS OF AOCOUWT, Am OF LAW IN RXFBBEirOB TO THE OOL.t.ECTIOJf OF FBOHIS80BT K0TE3, ETC. BY " LEVI S, FULTOlf An GEO. W. EA^TMAU AUIHORi OF A OOJIFUnn STSTXIf OF PeHHAKSHlP. SBTISED EDITION. TOBONTO : ApAM MILLER. SOLD Blf ALL BOOKSELLERS IN CANADA. U L ■' ■ b^'.T BOOK-KEEPING BLAi\KS, . KEATLT BULKD ON FINB PAPER, AND PUT UP IN THE MOST CONVENIENT FORM ^OB C8E : ADAPTED TO FULTON AND EASTMAN's BOOK-KEEPINO. I. AooouNT-BooK FOR THB Fabmer. Odo book. II. Dat-Book AND Ledger for the Mechanic. Two books. III. Day-Book, Journal, and Ledger for the Merchant. Three books. .J^^'u^ "^ *^° "^""^ ®'''°'' ^""^^ ""'" ^^ f"""-^ ^^'y Important, In familiarizing the Scholar with the Forms relating to the Keeping of Accounts, according to Ful- ton and Eastman's System of Book-keeping. Persons sending for these Blanks will please specify In their orders the number they want of each kind. ""uiu«r Entered aooordlng to Act of Congress, in the year 1851, By a. 8. BAKNES & COMPANY, In the Clerk's Offlee of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District "^ " knowledge o? BookleeDin7«Il t/rPT' "^ *" '^''*'^'- *» ""dy of jmim as much, at least, as by any other stnrfv TtI The work is divided into three Darfa Po^ t?- * ough and practical a knowledo-^ nf T^^^i^i ^ ^^" co^d Jj, te obtai„ernt^U2;.t^-P-S as "Me;ht'rr^T„-«« of «>« adv-antafes of the where the Jo„iSS^is74^*co^7 W ^^ ^'jf'"' Blotter, and where eaph onVL ^^ ii .?® Day-Book or page of'the ^ra^^^s^JJa^^,? I .^^ - *>•« ^^ It saves more than one-third nf AT -l- • . FBEFACS. posting. It requires but twelve lines in the Ledger to post a year's business, while in the ordinary way as many pages may be necessary. In settling with a per- son at the end of a year, you have only to refer back to twelve places in the Journal to show him all the items of his account, whereas in the ordinary manner of keeping books you might have to refer to five hundred. Other advantages might be named, but these are deemed sufficient to mention here. Part Second contains a clear and comprehensive exposition of the principles of Double Entry exemplified in two sets of books, the second of which is peculiarly adapted to a retail business ; and as double entry is the only method that can be relied on for accuracy, it is confidently believed that this form of books, when known, will be generally adopted by that class of mer- chants for whom it is designed. The Third Part was prepared by a member of the bar, and the authorities consulted, and from which the rules here laid down were collected (in addition to the reports of our Supreme Courts), are Story's, Chitty's, and Byle's elaborate and scientific treatises upon bills and notes. This part consists of rules of evidence and general rules of law, in relation to bills of exchange, &c., to- gether with a large number of forms useftil to all classes of business men : such as bonds, receipts, &c., &c. * * * * RociuiSTER, January^ 1851. * PREFACE TO THE BEVI8KD EDinOlf wants of b^h teacher aSil ^ T™ ^""^ ^^^^ confined entirelvtn f L ^^ ^^^'^ alterations are the book- t W '^''"^'""'"' of tl'^ •noterials of the oid:turo„? ti;r£: 7^ \^ -^^^ alterations, we have endtvorS t„ ^voM H*^'"^ '^'^ of the pupil's turninff pa Js for If " "^^^''^ e»mpH explanation's^ r;i^f„r :; fo^ ""^"^ from the sSuo rir Lr fi'™ ^■•^ t'^- instead of merely convin J f ^! •, ' '" <"'"^*' *«*. to apply the pSS to ITA""'^ ""^ "<""?«"«'' changes are such as have bee'; tigeSd^r' "^f nave made practioil ««« .^^ ^t. "^&, ^®^ ^7 those who both its virtuef ^d Z^ t 'T^'- '"'"''^'' *-*-! alterations and additilt Ig^C w Se *'^* *^" and style of script, wiU kdd^afly „M ' T '^"^^ efficiency of the work, theX Ll* jt ' "'"^ welcome among its patrons. ^ * ^""^ Tuor, 1863. .l-t*- € COMMERCIAL ABBREVIATIONS. TuK following is a list of tho abbreviations used in this work, and those commonly used in Bock-keeping: A-Cct Account. ^Kt Agent. Amt Amount. @ At. Aug August. Bnl Balance. Bbl Barrel. B. B Bill Book. Bk. B Bank Book. Blk Black. Bot Bought B. P BiUofParcela Bro Broad. Bret Brought. Bush Bushel C. B Cash Book. Co Company Com Commission. Cr .Creditor. C. S. B . . . .Commission Sales Book. Cts Cents. Cwt Hundred "Weight Cap. Capital Dft Draft. Disct Discount Do. or Ditto. The Same. Doz Dozen. T5r Debtor. Ds Days. D. B Day-Book. Dea December. E. E Errors Excepted. Exch Exchange. Gall Gallon. Gro Gross. Hdkf. Handkerchief: Bhd. Hogshead. !• B Inyoice Book. Inst Instant, ;; Int Intereai , i e. That la Ins Insurance. Invt Inventor7. Jao January. J» F» Journal Folio. I*b Labor. I^bs Pounda liOd Ledger. Manufg Manufacturing. Mdse Merchandise. Mos Months. No Number. N. B Take Notice. Oz Ounce. Pay* Payment . Pd Paid. Per By, Pr Pair. Ps Pieces. P- C. B Petty Cash Book. P- A L Profit and Loss. P Page. Prem Premium. Qrs. . ...... Quarters. Reed Received. Recvble Receivable. Rend Rendered. R. R Railroad. S. B Sales Book. Shipt Shipment Ska Skeins. Sps Spools. Thd Thread. Ult Last Month. Viz. Namely. Tdi Yards. Tr Tear. ^ "1 *s ^ V V ov^ ^ "M 'm- 10 PART FIRST. FORM FOE FARMERS. This Form requires but one book, in which two pages opposite each other are appropriated for each individual account. The name of the person should be written in a bold hand at the top of the page, and the letters Dr. at the right of the name on the left-hand page, and Cr. at the right of the name on the right-hand page. Each page should be divided by perpendicular lines into five spaces, the lirst for the month, the second for the day of the month, the third for the items, the fourth and fifth for dollars and cents, \yhenever vou trust the person with any thing, the date, name, and value of the tiling should be placed on the left-hand or debit page; and whenever ho pays or trusts you with any thing, the date, name, and value in dollars and cents should be placed on the right-hand or credit page of his account. For example, if, on the first of January, 1848, y.u sell I. H. Jameson five bushels of wheat at one dollar and twenty-five cents a bushel, and on the fifteenth day of Feb- ruary following he pays you four dollars; on the fourth day of March you sell him twelve pounds of butter at fifteen cents per pound, eighteen pounds of cheese at eight cents per pound, and ten bushels of oats at thirty-one cents per bushel ; and on the first day of May he pays you cash five dollars ; and on the tenth day of May, you wish to close the account, and so ask him for whnt ho cfii] ^^vr^c ,,-, --j v„ pays you the amount in cash, i. e., three dollars and fifty-' nme cents— the entries would be as on the opposite page. 12 BOOK-KEEPING. All the accounts should be kpnt m *h^ x. and on the first dw ^f r ^ ^^® *^^^® manner, "*"6v» as m jjjg account of T tt t„ preceding page. ^^ -^^"^eson, on the by cash paid, or notfg refit shoZ^ ^f ""V^"""'*^ the person credit, or cuJ2At t ^""^ ^^ S'™g it. For instance if yo„Kr ^ *"'"'^'' '" '"'''^ him credit for th'e a^unt " B^ J"°rd" T' ^'k™ "ame to him in the new account If ,^ 1"'^^ *■•* you find that you are owitg C; »1 hi'VHw'""'^ amount " To Balance," and cr^t him '^k' *"" "'^ new account. ''" ^'"' ^»»e m the QTOsnosa Wit is IWs form called ? Howm«,,,„. -untt Wh, Should .hep»^Tle„SeT T T '"'" •"" "^ count b« headed ? At which side of i^T " *°°'<' <^"«'' «"• ""d Cr., be placed? lulhowt °°'°'' *°"'"' «« '««'=''. J>r. fourth ? the Mh ? Whenever Z truft he 1 ',""' *'"" *» which page do you place it , uZlTJ^ST """ ""^ "'"'^' "» What three thiu™ must he n,rf Z ^°"' °° "'''* P««o ? account, be set.le'd r'wh^ itrrhrthTlr "T.l T^" ='■""' ancing an account?" If the account L JJ , 1 "a'a-oo"-" bal- how do you balance it ? If VrctjU tt :!""" ."{ '"'"• "' " "<"«. which page of the new acco„« d^^ou Ito thT T","" ''""'™' °» liim, on which page ? "' ™ ^ou make the ently ? If you debit BOOK-KEEPING. 13 EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE. Rule a sheet of paper as directed, and enter the follow- ing accounts, in the same manner as that of I. H. Jame^ son* Example I. White ten bushels of wheat at one dollar and ten cents a bushol-three bushels of potatoes at eighty cente a bul* rtheflM"f -l^of February, he pay! yL ten doUr^' on the flith day of March he sells you two dozen eggs at e^hteen cents a dozen-on the eighth day of Aprifyo^ sell h,m SIX pounds of bntter at twenty cents a ^u^d- and on the first day of June, he pays you four dolLrand twenty-four cents to balance the account. Example II. On the second day of June, 1861, you sell George John- son a horse for one hundred and fifty dollars-lon the sjxth day of June, he sells you a cow for sixty doUar8--K)n tne eighth day of June, he sells you twenty bushels of oats at forty cents a bushel-on the ninth day of June, you sell him forty pounds of wool at forty-five cents a pound-on the first day of August, he gives you his note at six months tor one hundred dollars to balance the account. 14 BOOK-KEEPING. INDEX. The Index is sometimes a separate book, but it usually is placed in the front part of the Account-Book. Several pages are divided- into spaces, as on the opposite page ; Each space is marked by a letter. The Index is used to enable us to refer the more readily to accounts in the book. For example, we enter the account of A. I. Hovey on the first page of the book. We look in the Index for the space marked by the letter II., the initial of his name, and enter his name and the number of the page. Whenever we enter any account in the book, we enter the name and number of page, in the space of the Index marked by the initial of the name. In order to refer to any account, we turn to the Index, and the space marked with the initial of the name, and there find the page on which IS the account, to which we can then at once turn. Sometimes, instead of one page being divided into spaces, each letter has a separate page. If the account should be transferred to another page, the number of the new page must, also, be placed in the Index by the name. After the learner has thoroughly studied the foregoing princi- ples—let him p epare paper and enter the followinor ac- counts, that are explained. Let the paper be ruled with care-the writing distinct-the figures correctly made-and the balancing lines drawn perfectly straight. "m.. INDEX TO FARMER'S FORM. A 1 3 4 K 1 B •L C ^o*n/iM, 5^ Si^cu ^ot M I> N £ # F R a G s H T i ■if' W 15 04^eU J", ^o oveh /' an. 't 3 4 ^C ^ <^ot^ ^0B<^ ' (ynO: e^ilsa/u /^ t4/ne A '■'' 9 0OCC. Sao* ^ 30\ - 5 X. ^uUe^ SO S/ 6 r^. S.00. 7.5o\ J5 .¥0 J 5 .S5 J3 ^6 6 2 / / 00 00 50 00 90 75 00 2i /^ OS 24 The foregoing account is with a merchant. On the left, hand page he is debited with every thing you ha4 Je him have, and on the right-hand page he !s credUed for every thmg you have purchased of him. On thfs ^ / of December, 1848, you wish to settle this accoun lIcT IS done in the following manner. In the first place you add the sums in the money col «mns of the debit side of the account, and fed they amount to forty-six dollars and fifty-nine cents which i^ ^esum total of all that you haye let^him ha^ Youtx C --""" '" *"; """^^ <"•""»- "' *"« credit side ""d crn'',."'\-'"r™l, '" ^''^''ty-^iglrt dollars and eighty-three cents. wh.ch .s the y»l„e rf »U the article, you haye pi.,! Y6 00 i5 00 J 50 5 00 90 75 2 00 2 2i / /2 / 04 ^2 24 ^3 Q^twtl fJ^. c:/woi>eu ^t. f$4$ /an. 5 •/• // 3^d 4 u /f %Aoaf. /^ // // /»/ // D^/^. / /y // 29 4 // // _Xune 3 44 46 0CC. 4 I'O a'by^on ^ea ' 2 ^c/^. ^totu/MA k/ wnttmnM /ot joocU 2 ^tcontiy * 20 ^* S/'uaar /'"''«> iTtaer 2 '' S^iw,n 20^^. ^anc^ 2\ ^rt^. ^a44^mer ^ia 0^ ^coc7d ^t /amed' 24 ^4: 67uaa/r 2 '' ^ea 40 '^ 'i^o/^ 5.00 40 2 .4^ .40 2 .50 .43 2 .75 4 .42 2 2.00 5 34 .09 2 •75 4 .42 4 44 7^ 00 42 36 00 06 42 43 24 50 40 50 i4 46 50 20 chased of hira. You then subtract the forty-six dollars and fifty-nine cents, the amount you have let him have, from the seventy-eight dollars and eighty-three cents, th6 amount purchased of hira, and find the difference to be thirty-two dollars and twenty-four cents, which is the amount you owe him. You then pay him this amount, and enter it on the debit side of his account, " To Cash to Balance." The debit and credit sides will now foot alike. You next draw single lines opposite each other under these columns, and after adding and placing the amount under them, you draw doable lines to signify that the two sides are balanced and closed. <■• 11 ' MEMOEANDA OF THE ABOVE ACCOUNT Jan. 4th, 1848. Bo't of J Roeera 1 r.. « 15th. sold hi. 5 bushels of whtrat /u^/rLMT' ^^ '"^^• hay, at $8.00. Feb. 12th. Bo't of himl tr nf . u ^'"^ '^ *°'' °^ at $2.50; and 2 prs. of boots forWs ll 1, T Tu ''' ''''''' 36Ibs.ofham,at$.o: 27thITrLJ.;i Mar. 4th. Sold him him 8 bushels of oats, at $ 38 a-rth V,7? ^ ^P"^ ^^*^^- Sold May 1st. Sold hi. S^r.t Uf^.^^^^^^^/ -f.^^-od, at $1.50. pr. morocco shoes, at $1 25 sTth 1 tt "''" ^^*^- ^°'' °f ^'"^ 1 « ^H T . « , * ^"*"- Sold hun 5 bushels nf *,«+„+ $.38. July 8th. He mended shoes !l;i n oiTV^ of potatoes, at gaiter boots, $2.00. Aug. 16th ShhifiH 24th. Bo't of him 1 pr. Bo't 1 p. of fine boot, L jira?$r00 "287rsl\'.'- ^^^^ ^'^• cheese, at $.07. Nov. 13th. Bo't of him i JT I ^"^ '^ ^^'^ °' Dec. 20th. Sold him 1 hide 78 Ih^ TJ ^ ""^ *""°^^°«' ^' $2.00. pumps for Jame, $1.76. ' ' ^ '^' '''^' ^°'' ^^ ^^i^ l pr. 18 > a7?ie6 5 60 i 00 s 52 3 04 / 50 / 30 / 90 60 3 S4 3 90 oaeii /an. /■/ Tune // JPov. 0ec. A // 27 J/ ^9 24 9 /s 25 30 (^% / ''-' Sfio^ ^ocU /or Tame* 2 '^ ^oot* /"or ^oy*. ^.75 xAbemlina (^coU /or Tam^ / €^t. ^nntan* ^ooU /or /ij^ KAoenatna /. ^i. holier ^ooU / "•' S^ine ^ooUfor fa / '' (2^io^n* / '''' ^uw^ for fame* Goamnca '•ame* / / / 2 4 2 4 ~30 t. 00 50 50 75 50 25 /i* 00 00 00 75 42 ~50 On comparing this memoranda, with the entries in the account above, you will find that whenever I sold J. Rogers any article, I made an entry on the debit side— as in the item, 5 bus. of wheat— placing in the first space the month— in the second, the day of the month— in the third the word "To," followed by the name of the articles, carrying out into the fourth and fifth, the total cost. On the other hand, when- ever I bought any thing of him, I made the entry on the other page- observing the same order. On Dec. 30th, I wished to balance this acc't. To do this, I add up the column on the debit page, and find that it amounts to $30.50. I then add up the column on the credit page, which amounts to $26.38. I then subtract the amount of credit from the amount of the debit column, and the remainder, shows tliat he still owes mo $4.12. I then make the entry, " Dec. 30th, By balance $4.12 ;" and draw the lines, which denote that the account is balanced. I then open a now account, either on a new page, or, as in this case, on the same page, and make as the first entry— "Dec. 30th. To balance $4.12." I charge him with $4.-.2 in the new account, because that is the amount I give him credit for, in the old account, in order to balance it. 19 3n\ ■'f A-D ^00, MEMORANDA OP ABOVE ACCOUNT 1848. Jan. 22d. Bo't of Dwiaht !?„«. , i harness, «30.00. Mar 4th ZTv- ,1 ' '"^^ P'^^^ «t %.U. April 28th I WW l^h" l^f "'S'^y ""o* at »m pefaay. Sa^rdt'B^t'^^hAr^i'r"'- straps *i, and 2 hame straps at 1 2^ , P-"- of breast He repaired my harness, »2.00 IL 'AT't """^ ^"^ Slbs. fine wool, ».38, and paid him «f 5 ^ T ^''™ 19tli. Bo't of him saddle h^T f ' '" ''^*- A^S- ers,«^r5. Kov.iul Sold h im Arh^L of ^^^^ ear at t.25 per bashel, and 1 load of strl SJ T" '" '^' Bo't of him 1 leather fmnt <• t ' ' ^"'^^ 3«tb. «old iUm 2 corrXlTat'/rp^rr ""• ^^"^ «"'• 20 ^. i ' 25 S 00 / 90 S5 00 S 00 6 00 / 00 / 00 4 00 ^7 ^0 63125 u/ne S^ua. (Pet. >t(Hn^l 2S ^9 ^6 // 30 ^y / ^uz^ 0^/:iU S/'iny^ ^«««^ 2 c/bame SrhaAs 25 / S^eatder ^utn4 /or fame* // // // ?i. 30 / 2 46 4 / 63 00 00 50 00 00 00 75 00 25 plated Y cloth I team, breast le 8th. d him Aug. . Oct. f halt- in the 30th. . 8th. These transactions would be entered as above. Let the pupil compare, carefully, each entry in the memoranda with its corresponding one in the acc't. On the 30th De- cember I wish to close the account. As in the preceding account of James Rogers, I first find the am't of debit column, and then of the credit column. Having subtract- ed the smaller from the greater, I find that 1 still owe him $1 7.10. Not having the money to pay this amount, I give him my note at 6 months, and, as that represents cash, I make tlie entry, "Dec. 30th, To my note at 6 mo's to balance, $17.10." I then draw in the figure columns the lines as above, and having added up the columns on each page, the amounts are now of course the same. The lines drawn under the last entry on the credit page denote that the account is balanced and closed. 21 &o^a^o='^ie/c/, One Q^cte ^d ^i.. ^**»* - 20 /"9 r 45 " // no, c/(ooeina // \ // // 3 Q^d. ^a^. x^aidtUiia '^*ofii on 01U S^cta o/ €^»^^gj. 4.00 roo 2.00 2 4 2 4 n AT / 5 6 443 00 50 00 50 00 50 00 00 50 To MEMORANDA OF THE ABOVE ACCOUNT. 1848. May 1st, one day's labor plowing and harrowino- of potato-field, $2.00. 2d. Bo't 12 bushels of potatoes for seed, at $.37^. Same day, two days' labor planting the field, at $1. June 20th, one day's labor plowinir, $1.50 ; also,' 2 daysMabor, hoeing, at $1. July 7th, one day's' labor plowing, $1.50. Sept. 15th. Digging and covering pota- toes, $5.00; also, sold 12 bushels of potatoes, for cash at $ 25 per bushel ; also, sold 25 bushels of small potatoes at $.20 per bush. 1849. Mar. 17th. Paid for 3 days' labor, marketing, at $2 per day; also received cash for 300 bushels potatoes at $.35 per bushel. Besides accounts with persons, the farmer finds it not only convenient but useful to keep accounts with his dif. 22 0^aalo^^lM, One oi^c^e ^a ^.-^ S/'efU. 45 4U9 /r '" 25 ^uJi. ^ma£f 0^oia4o€^ .20 '' ^aJifo% 300 ^U4A. 0^otatoM .35 } 5 405 00 00 00 443 00 ferent fields and departments of labor, in order to know, accurately, the yearly gains. The above account is one kept to a*5ertain the profit on a potato-field for one year. It is headed " Potato-field, One Acre Lot." It is made debtor to the labor of preparing and cultivating the ground, to the cost of the seed, to digging and covering the crop, and the cost of marketing. It is credited with the re- ceipts for the crop. By adding up the columns, as in fore- going account, and subtracting the less from the greater, wc .: ^- ' ijat the receipts exceed the expenses $88.50, which is iVi^n cr-3red or. tl.o debtor side, as "March 17th, To proilt on 1 acre of potatoes $88.50," in order to balance and close the account. By pursuing this method with all his fields, the farmer may determine with accuracy the whole profit arising from the cultivation of his farm. 23 24 BOOK-KEJEPING. QUESTIONS. refer to » account ? If au a^a„t if Znt^ T ""'"^ ™* ^'>-' *» Wer, What entry flo you n.:^"™"!;: ZT " ''°°"'" *"^ " *' on paper ruled for L^—CZ^r^T "'"^'^ book the memoranda on L fo, '' '" '"' ^^"^ should avoi,, a,l mistke . ut X^. 2'^:, • ''!'« P"P" the entries being made with the Se t 1 ,' TlT " the page is unpardonable An « f A blot on -ith great neatilss lie heal' ^fir.*"""' "^ "«"'« w .,ui„pe:lrrire^tbr^: -;5;- ana myself: pork, at $.08 per lb. Mar 1st Hoh' . f ^"'"'^ "* 2»*""- »' mg thU day, at $.,6 per "ay' SXHIZ' 'T^ ' "'"■ '"«• * days drawing manure, ending to-day at tZ \ "" ''°*^'' He ha, woAed 6 day,, buading w^'.* 15 ^ T ''°^- """^ ^^l"- Wm a pig for J.,5, and plowedlta^rten or^,. \ "T/^ ^ '»"' worked for me 2 days, hoeing com at « V^n /' ^ ^'*- =" """ him 3 yds. gray Coth, k. $.75 pSyd Ld '^^ ^^. '"'"' '"^ ' '"'O J«h. Hehasworke^formesljtCrat^f;;'"^'^ '"'^ He has worked for me 5 days, harve tinr*^' $ *J ZT' t"''' '""• I have pastured his cow for 4, weeks Iml,^ "^ ^^- ^P*- '*• Oct. 9th. He Im , .rked for me 3 dl^.t ^^' "" « ^^ I«^ »««k- Nor. nth. He ha, husked" "f^- '=^','^*"!t, at $.88 per day. Kov. ,.,th. I sold him 4 ibs. of butt, « $73 ^T " ^''^ ""' '^^- BOOK-KEEPmO. 25 laced? Is it uld you enter lable you to r page iu the » the fore- 'its nicely his blank rhe pupil isist upon A. blot on be made it should lagwith- R^ing the purpose. ^uinnisa d. Same 0^ lbs. of [ays, en^. of Ciorn, s worked pril 24th. h. I sold He has 1. Isold h. July ig. 12th. 3pt. 9th. T week. •er day. er day. If the memoranda are properly entered the pupil will find that the account will be balanced by making this entry: "Dec. 30th. To cash to balance, $14.77," the am't I owed and paid him on that day. Memoranda of transactions between my hired man^ James Samilton, and myself: 1848. Fob. 12th. Purchasedapr. of boots for James Hamilton, at $2.50. March 27th. Paid for niendi:.'g his boots $.75. April 15th. Paid him cash $5.00. May 1st. I owe him for 4 mo's' labor, closing to-day, at $9.00 per month. May 4th. Paid his bill for goods at Ilovey's, $31.81. May 15th. Paid "Wilder, for making a suit of clothes for James Hamilton, $a July 3d. Paid him cash $10.00, and let him the use of horse and car- riage 1 day for $1.50. July 31st. I owe liim for 2 mo's' labor, ending to-day, at $10 per month. Oct. 9th. Parchased for him 1 pr. of fine boots $4, and overcoat $14. Nov. 30th.. Purchased for him 1 leathern trunk, $8. Dec. 25tli. Purchased for him 1 pr. of pumps, $1.75. Dec. 30th. Paid him in cash "1515.69, and I owe him for labor 6 mo's, ending to-day, at $12 per mouth. If the memoranda are properly entered, the account will be balanced by making the following entry: "Dec. 30th. To mv note at 3 mo's to balance, $25." Memoranda of transactions between the blacksmith^ James McElvain, and myself: 1 848. Jan. 8th. Bo't of him 1 lumber sleigh $28.00, and he alpo shod my horse for $1. Feb. 9th. He set 1 shoe, $.13. April 15th. He made 1 large clevis for me, $1. May 4th. He made 2 hoes for me, at $.50. June 8th. He sharpened Colter, $.13, and shod my horses for $1.75. Aug. 5th. He set wagon tire for me, $1; also mended chain, $.13. Aug. 14th. I sold him 1 ton of hay, $8. Sept. 9th. He ironed whippletrees for me, $1.50. Oct. 22d. I sold hira 5 cords of wood, at $2 per cord. Nov. 15th. Sold him 4 bus. of wheat at $1.12 per bush.; 16 bus. of oats at $.38 per bus. ; and 3 bus. of com, at $.62 per bus. Nov. 18th. Bo't of him 14 lbs. of gate hmges at $.13. Dec. 21st. Worked for him 1 day with team, $1.50. 26 BOOK-KEEPING. If the memoranda are properly entered, the acoeunt will be balanced by making the following entry: "Dec. 30th. To cash to balance, $5.54." * Memoranda of transactions between the tailor, Chester Wilder, and myself: 1848. February 1st. He made a coat for me, $5.00. Marr-h 15th. Sold him 1 cord of wood, $2.00. March 16th. He cut 2 pairs of pants for the boys at $.19 each; also, bought of him 1 satin vest, $4.00. April 8th. Sold him 6 lbs. of butter, at $.15 per lb. May 15th. He made suit of clothes for James, $8.00. June 22. Sold him 1 bbl. of flour $6.00, and paid him cash $10.50. Oct. 9th. Bo't of him an overcoat for James, $14.00, Oct. 18th. He cut 2 coats for boys, at $.38 a piece. Nov. 23d. Sold him \ ton of hay, at $8 per ton. Dec. 1 1th. Sold him a hog, weighing 249 lbs., at $.4 per lb. Dec. 25th. Bought of him 1 pair of cassimere panta loons, $6.00. If the above memoranda are properly entered^ the ac- count will be balanced by making the following entry: "Dec. 30th. To cash and balance, 14.78." Memoranda of expenditures and receipts incurred in fat- tening 5 hogs, kept to ascertain the profit. {Pork account.) 1848. Oct. 15th. Bought 5 hogs, total weight 11871bs. a $ ,03 per lb. ; and 75 bushels of corn at $.50 per bushel. Nov. 13th. Paid $.05 per bushel for grinding 30 bus. of corn. Dec. 16th. Paid cash $5 for butch- ering the pigs. Dec. 16th. Laid by 672 lbs. pork for family use at $..(f5 per lb. Dec. 17th. Sold 1,167 lbs. pork, at $.05 per lb. If the above memoranda are properly entered, the ac- count will be balanced by making the following entry: " Dec. 17. To profit on fattening pork, $12.34." Memoranda of expenditures and receipts, in cultivating 5 acres of corn, kept to ascertain profit. {Cornfield account.) 1848. May 1. Manured 5 acres at $2 per acre. May 3d. 3 days* piowmg, at $2 per day. May 4th. 1 day harrowing, $2. May 5th. U days furrowing, at $1.50 per day. May 6th. i bushel of seed corn, at BOOK-KEEPING. 27 $1 per bl.; and 4 day3' planting at $.^5 per day. June 6th. Cultivated !t,i per oi., a"v* J , 1 „„j K -q„„a « 15 ner dav July 8th. Plow- 4 days, $1.50 per day and hoed ^ ^^y^.^^^^ per ^^J'' \ ,^^_ ^ fid 3 davs $1.50 per day, and hoed 5 days, i§.l& per aay. ^v t, So* up fto corn, $.75 po. day. No. l»t ie^d«7» husk-ng^ ?76 per day, and 2 day3 drawing in nt $2.00. Not. Ist Stored tot ho™ u°o 56 UeU ears soft corn at S.12i. and 163 bushels hard corn atT^TaUo cornstalks, $10. Nov. 2d. Sold 2 loads of pompkms a. tlT2 load, and reserved 6 loads for home use at $.60 per load. Bee r/th 3 days threshing and cleaning corn, at $.75 per day; also 2 days ^lung at $2 per day. Deo. Uth. Sold 140 bushels sheUed cor,^ »t ^Ct buthS. V U Interest on 5 acres at $50, at 7 per cent- $250 X. 07— $11.50. If the above memoranda be properly entered, the ac- coum, will be balanced by making the following entry: "Dec. 16th. To profit on crop, $47.50." Memoranda of expendUures and receipts in cuUimtinff 10 acres of wheat kept to ascertain profit. {Wheatfeld account.) . „ •, « 1848. June ICth. Plowed 7 days at $2. Juno 19th Harrowed 2 da™ at $2. Sept. Cth. Worked days cultivating at $2, also, «.wed ZZl. sceJwheat ^^jJ^TI^f^^^^lZ r " ?« T:Z°::1 "d l: Brewl wh^ mto .he bam, 10 acres at SLoW per acre. xluj,. TnnV Z ^nt 28th Threshed 200 bushels at .07 pr. bush. Oct. 5th. Took $6. Sept. 28th. inresne ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ 15 bushels for faraily use at $1.00 per bl., ana sm Oct 15th Marketed 200 bushels,a$,03 per bl. sold 100 bushels at ^l-"", Uct. latn. ftidrKBtc .„ *<) no • also interest on 10 acres at $50 allowed for wear of implements, $2.00, also miercbi at 7 per cent.— $500 x .07=$35. If the above memoranda be properly entered, the ac count will be balancea by making the fol«, entry: "Oct. 16th. To profit on 10 acres of wheat, $70.2^. 28 BOOK-KEEPixG. PRACTICAL EXERCISES. rAKMEB's FOBM. «ponnheTecetTlcr„ts'V"'^'«-'' »^ Practiced blank-book the menforanda on .1-^'^!. "°'^' ""^'^ ^ Ws etitute for those the mm<.» „V "^ learner mav snh acquainted, followi .t S f/"''"?™ '""> ^homCis' yard, ounce, pound ton ,?.°''P'"'°"^- The price nJ^ gven, ieavi^/,hTl*;j^;;%. "onth, pair, piec^,"^^/^; He may also'substitnte the iht."'^'!!"*'''' ^y the 'learner ""he^'ae-co^irsfo t '^''* -^^^^^^^^^ ''''"'''' *''^^' chant, shoerake.^tauh'tv.'''^^^' are with a mer- .tibiae* ^.'[fsTo';'*??-^' ■' '?^arne^ ., tl: ITfo^' OH-ea me $11 09 . m„ „' .*''\™«''ohant, «5.25 tCJ°' 10 nor V::;n,"S^,'':,;-- - *'-- PUt't 8185.08. ' «»• on 15 acres of wlieat, -f t: te:nLWctrts^r-^«o -b,e any f,^^ *c., are the most profitX 7; •''I'J*'""^ what crops keep the cash account in as' il\*^ "^"''' «nstom to book-a full explanation of tSbonl""'"' •'='"'"'' '•>« "ash" part of this volume. *' ^"^ " Siven in another MEMORANDUM FOR igso. JANUARY. of tl'e fht^tfr^aU^?,-; -r- "*^-'^i- Bought -drat«£oo:td t^ »,\« f^rr S^"^-^e "* 1 pair of woman's BOOK-KEEPING. 29 J practiced Iter in Jjjg ages, Jbeing ietters ar)cl oemoranda merchant, [• may sub- »om he is price per 2e, «fec., is e learner. 3ver they th a mer- ger, hired 3 if the nces will oemaker, $19.00. le tailor' *rofit on wheat, any far- t crops, item to le cash- mother ought 14th. hired naple nan's boots, at $1.50. 19th. The tailor has cut a pair of panta- loons for me, at 25c., and a coat at 50c. 28th. Sold the harness-maker 1 ton of hay at $8.00, and bought of him 1 sinjrle harness at $20.00. FEBRUARY. 9th. Drew wood for my neighbor to-day with my team, at $1.50. 16th. Bought of the shoemaker 2 pair of chil- dren's shoes, at Toe, and had a pair mended, at 25c. 20th. Paid my hired man, cash, $5.00. 23d. Sold the shoemaker half a ton of hay, at $7.00, and half a bushel of beans, at $1.00. 25th. My hired man has lost 2 days time, at 60c. 28th. The tailor has made a vest for me, at $1.50. MARCH. 9th. Worked for the blacksmith 1^ days with my team, at $1.50. 16th. The blacksmith mended my hay-knife, at 25c. Bought of the merchant 30 yards of Brown Factory, at lOc, and half a dozen spools of white thread, at 62c. 23d. Bought 1 lb. Young Hyson tea, at 75c., and sold him 1»- tons of hay, at $8.00. 25th. Sold the harness-maker 25 bundles of rye straw, at 4c., and he has repaired my harness, at $4.00. APRIL. 6th. Sold the blacksmith 9 pounds of butter, at 14c. 15th. My neighbor has plowed for me 1 day with his team, at $1.50. The blacksmith has ironed my whippletrees, at $1.25, and sharpened my colter, at 12c. 18th. Sold the blacksmith 5 bushels of potatoes, at 50. 23d. The shoe- maker has tapped my boots, at 50c. MAT. 1st. Bought of the blacksmith 1 large device, at $1.13, and plowed the shoemaker's garden, at $1.00. 4th. Fin- ished plowing cornfield to-day, V days, with team, at $2.00. 5th. Planted corn 1 day for my neighbor, at 75c. 1th. Sold the tailor 4 bushels of potatoes, at 31c., and 5 lbs. of butter, at 12^c. Labored 2 days harrowing corn- field, at $2.00, and 2 days furrowing cornfield, at $1.50. 8th. Planted in cornfield 2 bushels of seed corn, at $1, and finished planting cornfield, eight days, at $1.00. 14th. My neighbor let me have 25 bushels of potatoes, at 30c. J. 5th. 30 lU>OK-KlfiKPlNa. IU)u^rli(, of iho \\m\A\mi tlirt'o ynrdn of Mnc^k oiiSNimoro, ut ll.M), 'Jft pounds of Nii^mr, ul, He, oiio ))omii(I of \ ouu^ ll}s.»M ton, ut 7^0.; aiul Hold liiiu filVoou pounds niliohI, twolvo «hiys, at ifti.oo. j)th. hlaoksinith has ropaircd my wa;r,ni, ^i #;«.'J6, and shml two liorst»s, at *l.OO. 15. Ilonj^dit of th(« 8hoonmkof I pairof ^^aiti>r boots, at*2.2.^. iilst. SoM tho ldaoksmitl\ 12 })onnds of hut tor, at liljo. 2'Jd. h^nishcd idowuii* whoatttold, [\{\vo\\ atMVs, ton thiys, at *'J.OO. 2r>t h. ^oUl thu iniMvhant 1.5 hushrls of ojiisi at nOr., and pivo my hirod n»:u» an order on him for j^^oods, ♦lH.r)0. -JUth. timshoil harrowing whoatlii!UJi fo las nu'iuled my piteh- ,.., , , A, . . . -♦" ^'''^"^ '*"•' »>»v neighbor, ono day, at^l.oO. 25th. Sold th.» bl.-K^ksmith hiilf tt.n ot hay, at ^5.00. .'list. iSold the blacksmith hav, at #0.00 ouo ton of AiiausT. Sd. The blacksmith has set my wagon tiro, at $1.2.5, .and Im 'xt%"oo^"!:;;l' ''^\A'^^\'^'' luorolmnttwo tons of h.u ut #0 00. 2-th. Paul tho 8hoomaker cash, on account, #0.00, :md sold hnu u culf-skiu weighing lo^ pounds, ut SEPTSMRER. 2d. Bouglu, of the blacksmith one pair of sm.-ill clovico, nouU UKI^MNU. ai :\:";Zt ir. poun.lH <.r nail. n<- «W.., a... hoI. I..m ,4 5,1.. Sol my u.\^Uhuv .1^1.1- InMn ol h.h.I 1 ..... mi »K iKl, KiuIhIumI (M.irniK tip roll, m «'on.- li.l.l .MlHivu(il.^^ ten i^.oo. Two tl.or, Howii.^s .a »l.n(). IHil.. Hol.l tl.o l.liirkHU.itl. oi.o CO.'.! ol' \vo(»l, ut ^'^.(M). UCTOIIKU. r,(l,. HoM »1.« ....T.'lmnt 1'^ ImwI.-I- of com, nt. M'-.., m.a .mil 11111(1(1 11 wvvk vokts Ml )|Hi.«'>. '^•j "'^"H" umkur'H CIOWBIX WI'.OiS, .11, li.'M'.., Ull'l lioHKhl of Hll I IW of pautiiluoiiH lor my Iui-o:urt ol Holt '''>'"'^ '^.^j^^^'*;.? •^;''. ..sholrtofoars <.f HOun ' !' *^^^^^^^^^^^^ 22d. The blacksmith has shod i or mc one j.a.r «t »';>'«;^' at ^2.00. Sold the tailor half a to.. <^f »''^y' ^^ „*^^2 25th. Sold tho blacksmith 12 bushels ot ears ot cor"' ^" " corniield, at 25. 20tb. Sold tlo ^^.1- tlrrco bus le^^^^^^^ ^vhcat, ai $1 .25. Paid my hired ( nan, <;^h^ *«;««• ^^^^^''t of tho shoemaker ouo pair ot fmo boots, at ^4.&U. 82 BOOK-KEEPING DECEMBER. ^*u ^'-n^^^ ^^^® blacksmith five barrels of cidpr nf *7 o^ the merchant 2x yards of cassiniere, for my hiVed man at |1.25 and8 pounds of crushed sugar for mS Ti'so feold him two cords of body maple wood at *o ^n T^ b acksnnth has sharpened an^ setVsCs on ny ifo';ses^t I2jc, The tailor has cut for me 2 pair of parftaloons at pS'ofltoT brots7'" ^P^^J^t o'f the sLemakTon 111 ^:?°? ^^^^^' ^^^ ^y ^"^ed man, at $2.50 Sold tho oats at 31c. 25th. Bought of the merchant 2 gallons of 7^T\f 6c •'3oS?'"^'''-"r^'l' ''^-^ andTpound' I r. ^^'^- I^eceived cash for 80 bushels nf atTfiV Af'- V '.•''• o^'T^'^^^ ^^^^^ ^«r ^2 bushek of corn at 56c. Marketing 232 bushels of corn, at 3c. Mv hired at'Slo'oo'^I^f o'n%"' I Zf^'V' ^'''''^ ^"^ ^ --^^s acre, aiTper c^nt "^"'^ ^'"'' '' '''''^ '' ^^^'^ P^^ To close the account with wheatfield, it will be necessa- ry to trespass a little on the year 1851. necessa- August 13th. Harvesting 15 acres, at $1.25 24th P'"^Ti«^v!^ i"*i^ ^^" ^^^•°' ^1^-00. Oc ober IQtJi? Threshl mg 346 bushels of wheat, at 7c. Reserved 46 bushels wLant"Tl25^''?? ''t S?iV-«-^. 85 bushels of wneat, at $1.25. :November 15th. Sold for cash 100 bushes of wheat, at $1.13. 18th. Sold, for cash 80 bushels of wheat at $1.06. 22d. Sold, for 'cash 35 bush e s of wheat, at $1.00. Marketing 3oi bushels of whea per cent ' '^ '' '''"' ^^^'"^'"* ^''•'^^'' ^^3 FOBM FOR MECHANICS. Th« books necessary in this form are the D^y^""* ^* Ledger. The cash account may be kept m a separate Wk-forming a Cash-book, or not, at the «pt.on of the ^tf Xnts nnght be kept as ij, the Farmer, for. in r hUWess to attend to the wants of his c«— . And, besides, having many more accounts and enters fo make than the Farmer, these accounts are of a diffe.- e« e such as cannot be remembered till evemng, as le^ he Farmer. Hence it is necessary, that the .ne- TZo should use a book, in which he can make a fuU ' reoTrd of the transactions as they occur, and then at his ITsure, he can arrange the various entries in their respect- ivp ippounts in the Ledger. The Cbook is a book in which all business transac- tions should be recorded at the time and in the order m Xh they occur. It is divided VpeT-tstlp^r Lo seven spaces. The month occupies the first space , ro^alnrrfourtlkU-. and their snmtotal, %tr :Sr- the first day of January, ms, you seKamrMou the following articles -«"« J^™- plated single harness for thirty dollars, one pa.r of halters 34 BOOK-KEEPING. for one dollar and seventy-five cents, and one riding bridle for one dollar and fifty cents— your Day-book entry would be as follows : ^uon6, TaTuiat^ /.^^^ /SAS. /an / 30 / / 00 75 50 33 25 If you had purchased the same articles of Hamilton, all the difierence in the entries would have been this : after the name on the first Hno, in the place of Dr, you should have written Cr.; and on the next line, in the place of To you should have written By. Whenever, it is necessary to repeat the date, or the word To or By, it may be done by placing two dots (thus, ) under the date or word to be repeated. One line should be left between every two entries. QUESTIONS What 13 this form? How many books are needed in this form? Name them. Is a cash book needed ? Could the accounts be kept in one book? Why, then, do they use two? What is the Day-book for ? When and how should the transactions be entered? Into how many spaces is the book divided? For what is the first space used? the Zn?' X'.^f" ''*'' ^"*'' "^^"*^^ ^^^'^^ ^- — Pl given ? What difference would have occurred in the entries, if you had purchased the articles of him ? Instead of repeating date, wha* vou wi"? ; "*f °' "p"'°^ *'^ "°^^^ '^ -^ ^^. -^^t -y you write ? How much space should you leave between each entr^ ? 25 DAY-BOOK. M ECIIANICS' FORM. m ^^ycuA, ^aeuic/a^, Jantiait^ ^a, /8AB. ^an 4 x/^4aac ^<5. fatnMcn 0}i // // // // // f/ '' 2 '' 9'^mui d>. ,S5 ^0 / ^Pt^. "i^o^M 27 75 35 00 0t. 4.25 Sfy^tHi^iet JP. JPuuta 01, ^^ 0un/a^ '^ ••; • ' 0, ^0 / 6/'a<^^ ' 50 3 50 5 OOi 6 63 40\j'anu* ^. 9l^aw4in^ 0^_ '' / - ^a^ts STe. y^ a 75 45 00 30 00 4 75 3125 36 00 f rOOK-KEEPlNO. 87 Let the p.-pa rule some „« and ^^^^^^^^^^ ,„cmoranda, according to '''^.""°"; ' ^^ ^hem in his proficient in making the cntnes, he may enter day-book. MEMORANDA. .,onM8.S.Sat„rda.J^^m. S;>Y;-y»:^^^ 1 Set of Double «»"»»«'»!?;??' ^ ' g^wer plated Sin- ,1.75. 3d. Sold Henry »• ^^^V. Potterfl pair of gle Hatness *36. 4th. SoUD**?' ^_ sjh. Ireast Straps »>. »a . Hame SU^. at^^^ ^,^^_ Charles D- C^mpM^ 1 P - » ^^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^.^ ^^ Sold Frankhn S. Cla. k, 4 i>' Sylvester N. tingals, *"'-*^.:^,f^;!'Har t,»ie,a"* 1 Breast Nurse, 1 Set f ^'"ff ^"5p„„w i saddle *»>. 8th. Collar, «1.W, also srfd Be'^J^^^"^ ^single Harness, »30. Sold Char es Harford 1 Bra si fe^^ g^_,^^^^_ 10th. Sold James S.nawk.ns 1 ^f Halters, »1.75, »16, 2 paif 'of G611ar8, at «3.50, 1 pair o and 1 pair of Tugs |X25. ^^^^f,j, ach ahhrevia- The pupil ^viU pr»<»6 not , ^^^^ tion, and the po8'fo^«»?» '"'Jif ^ ,t„ight line should The entries should be so made^tta^ .f a s g ^^^^ ^^ te drawn down the page. *ouW pass t^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^, ach name »otber^^^e -^^^^^ P-»>-- ttlw necessary in book-keepmg. h; ^non6, ^fP'^ccifie^c/a^, fcm. ^Sld, /8a8.^ /an /i? /J /5 // 49 i>/ '^ / '^ ^y^^aitmaa^ S^awtt ^. <^cU^etMn 0i. ^0 / C/in^ Gioaine ,L,,ard 1 hook and staple, has paid me cash, $15. f°^^ f^^^^^^^ $2. 24th. Sold Cornelius 3.13. Also Bl-dhorses for James ILG ^ ^^^ ^^^^ 0. Rumsey 1 iron ^vedge, $-88, 1 ^"^ ^ ' ^,,5. 27th. Bought of llso repaired drag for Timothy ^. ^^f^^ .^^^d threshing machine l^aniel W. Potter 8 dozen eggs, $^10. ^^^^^ ^^^ Sylvester N. for Isaac H. Jameson, $4. io -9tn. p -^^^^ ^^^^ ^.^^^ ^^^^^y Nurse, $2.60, and ironed neck yoke, $.«» 42 BOOK-KBBPINO. 8 lbs. spikes, at $.12^, and repaired cart, $1.88, 31st. Bought of Cor- nelius O. Rurasey 12 lbs. butter, at $.13, 8 lbs. butter, at $.10, 22 lbs. porlf, at $.07, 23 lbs. pork, at $.06, and he has paid me cash, $5. Henry B. Holbrook has paid me cash to balance his account, $32.94. Daniel W. Potter has paid me casli to balance acc't, $5.14. Charles D. Campbell has paid me cash to balance acc't, $34.25. Franklin S. Clark has given me his note at 6 months, $7.13, to balance acc't. Entry should be — "Franklins. Clark Cr. By note at 6 mo's to bal. acc't, $7.13 .■'I Sylvester N. Nurse has given me his note, at 3 mo's for $31.50, to balance acc't. William Gridley has paid me cash to balance acc't, $10.07. BelaDunbar has paid me cash, $19.94. Charles Harford has given me his note at 30 days for $6.69. Henry Woodward has paid me cash, $7.18. Timothy G. Baldwin has paid me cash, $26.07. James S. Hawkins has given me his note at 6 mo's for $71.13. I have allowed and credited John Lynd his acc't against me, $18.75. Entry should be — John Lynd Cr. By am't of his acc't, $18.75 .} I have allowed and credited Isaac H. Jameson his acc't against me, $13.75, and he haa given mo his note at 3 mo's to balance account^ $33.90. f Cor- 12 lbs. h, $5. 32.94. ■les D. Clark L3.» f 60, to acc't, 'dhas 3 paid Fames lowed }t me, sount^ INDEX AND LEDGER, MECHANICS' FORM. B c D E F G H TameMti, %^aaac ^ V »o )^ ^ ^ »<^ <^, >^ .»f* ^ v<5 »<^ 0.^ N^ "^ v->. <>:> V "*» 60 BOOK-KEEPING. 51 On the opposite page you.ill find the --« ~^f »^».° H Jameso.r.) posteJ by figures, the small figures mdi ating the Da -look page, and the large ones Ujo mn- of the entry transferred. When the hne is filled, these :' are ad'ded, and the sun. total e.tendc^ mto he mon- .V Pnlumns This method is very simple, and needs no Lr«r; anion after the instructions given on preced. 1 »"« It is not as full as the first method of post ng b,ftiradoptedbysome,hcca«se it occupies so mueh less ice h. the Ledger than the former. The learner, .f he "Ta%"st7ofte account given above, and the eina^nf accompanying it, the P«P'V"\^: ^"^^at Sily to post the remaming ---';„ J," "fCb'S the pupil in this labor. »>'« "-"^ ^"Xnd Fr^.W- »• Tinnipl W Potter, Charles V. L/ampoeu, mi^a ?f,t remaining accounts are properly posted by the i2%o"mfindthefollo,.ng^mour^-^^^^^^^^^ der to balance th-- Syl^^^^^- ^"™;„ Dunbar, ^; Bigelo,v, $3.75; W.lha.n «>'dley, , ^"^ ?r »r: -'^on'rpItttr^S ■, ComeUus O. Fulton, $408A^ro ^^^^ ^^,^. Rumsey, «0.72 "° , ^gso; Hiram Hawley (Cr.), Woodward, -,Joh^Lyn * ^ ^ ^^^^^^^ S31.32; Andrew C.Mynde™,» ^ ^.^^^^ $71.50; Timothy G. Baiawin, , *23.50. j,o™,-The dash indicates that the accounts, after which it is placed, balance. '\ ^ s^ -;^ 'i:> •'t ^ ^ ^ "^^ ^ ^ ^^ ^ ^ »s 1 ^ >0 'fi "«* "vi <5^ ©^ N^ :?> •^ *C5 <^ V «>j v<^ i^ 1 ^" ^ <5^ ■^^ V^ \» »5 ^ 5S ^^ _<8 ^ 52 vc Oj <5i ■>* ^ "^ -^o S ^ Q^ M^ •as oj va i&^ ^ 114^^ %?■ 6^ -ISO O^ ^ »s 0^ ©^ ^ 0^ 'So ."^i '^5. ^ 0^ ''^ ^ "^^ S S 'ci ©^ V \a Vq 'So I IS ^ !^^ ^i! "^ ^ V -So ^ V 'So ^^ 5 64 BOOK-KEEPING. I i PRACTICAL EXERCISES. The form on the preceding pages, although it is designated as the "Mechanic's Form," is, nevertheless, well adapted to the use of professional men and mer- chants ; and from the fact that a majority of merchants, in the small villages throughout the country, keep their books after this form, we have thought best to give a Memoran- dum of the business transactions of a merchant for three months, requiring the pupil to record them in the Day- Book, post to the Ledger, and balance Ihe accounts as in the preceding. The price per ounce, pound, gallon, yard or piece, is given, leaving the amount to be extended by the learner ; and if the above-described operation is cor- rectly performed, it will be found, on balancing the books, that the following persons are indebted to you for the sums opposite each name :— Hiram Mann, $39.42 ; Milton Seely, $42.71; Albert J. Hovey, $7.17; Charles R. Hecox, $4.49 ; "William F. Ashley, $9.15 ; Ephraim B. Price, $6.43 ; Peter Brant, $17.63 ; William Walling, $7.52 ; Merrit Thornton, $23.03 ; John Messenger, $1.71*; Alpheus Clark, $8.81 ; Samuel Weaver, $28.66 ; John' Hancock, $12.63 ; Samuel Moore, $17.21 ; Nathan Brit- tan, $5.36 ; and you are indebted to Myron Holmes, $2.32. MEMORANDUM. JANUAKY Ist. Sold Hiram Mann 2i yds. broadcloth, at $3.00, U yd silk serge, at $1.50, 1 doz. large buttons, at 75c., and i doz. small, do., at 25c. 2d. Sold Myron Holmes 10 vds silk at $1.50, and 5 skeins silk, at 4c.; Milton Seely, 1 cap tor boy, at $1.25, and 1 pair small coarse boots, at $1.50 • tInT i'l SZ^'nu ^^•^«"??»'' ^^ 10«-' and 1 lb. tea, at U.OO. 3d. Sold Charles R. Hecox 5 yds. calico, at lOc, A Vi • '^"ff ',^^ l*«-» ^»J 1 i'^- tea, at $1.00 ; William F. Ashley, 15 lbs. sugar, at lOc, 1 oz. nutmegs, at 12c., and BOOK-KEEPING. 55 irs.lt, ^nC^^O lbs .acUeve, at 8.; Pet. Brant, 10 yds. muslrn de 1™^' '^y»f;' ^^f^^-ii'^, 2oMbs. IOC, --1/,„«P°° Vircole ''Jl cTanl 1^ tea, at f-r^O ItrSold Stoit Thomion 3 yds. gray cloth, at iro-, O^yt-Sry, at Be., and b-o-ifi' H"- ^^ 8 lbs. sugar, at 9o., and 5j''»;.«°«^^'^*fo, overcoat, at John Messenger cloth ""d * ™"™? 1 as paid mo cash and 3 spools, at 5c. latn. puiu gnools, at 5c. gloves, at $1.00 22cl. Jo^ Hiram Mann 8 yds. calico, on account, $5.00. j6a. oom x ^^^ at 12XC., and 1 spool at 5c Pete^^^^^^', I .^a, at cash on account, $10.00. ooiQ J oim at 10c. $1 00 5 lbs. coffee, at 12ic., and 10 lbs. s^gai, at i ^sih 'sold Milton Seely3 yds.cassimer at$2 00,B^^^^^^ factory, at 8c., and ^^^"«f j^f „ J,^^^^^^ ^1 Jo, and 1 Moore, per E«iogene, 1 a^ WalfinTlO yds. calico, at pair cotton, at 19c.; ^^n /J/hm^^^^^ Se.^!-- Xran^rSn^tgsl.^*U"^VBO. ^ 3* 56 BOOK-KKEPIXG. I r Kair suspenders, at 50c., and 1 pair gloves, at 31c.; and he as ]iai(l me cash on account, $25.00. Sold Myron Holmes 1 pair buckskin gloves, at $1.00, 1 pair black kid do., at $1.00, cloth and trimmings for dress coat, $15.00, 50 lbs. sugar, at lOc, 20 lbs. coffee, at 15c., 6 lbs. tea, at 50c.; and he has paid me cash on account, $25.00. Bought of him 10 super, plows, at $5.00. 31st. Sold Nathan Brittan 1 pair cotton hose, at 25c., 1 pair worsted gloves, at 50c., and 1 doz. skeins worsted, at 13c. FEBKUAliY 1st. Sold William F. Ashley 1 silk pocket handkerchief, at 50c., and 1 cravat, at $1.50. 4th. Sold Enhraim B. Price 14 yds. shirting, at 12c., 2 yds. linen, at 75c., 4 yds. calico, at 6c., and 1 doz. spools thread, 63c. 5th. Sold Samuel Moore 2 rolls white paper, at 31c., and 3 brooms, at 18c. 0th. Sold Milton Seely 1 satin vest pattei-n, $3.25, 1 yd. cambric, lOc, 1 white do., 13c., and i doz. buttons, at 12c.; Samuel Weaver, 13 yds. shirting, at 13c., 2^ yds. Irish linen, at 88c., and 3 spools thread, at 5c. 7th. Sold Alpheus Clark 10 yds. sheeting, at lOc; William Wal- ling, 12 yds. calico, at 8c., and 5 lbs. batting, at 12ic. 8th. Sold Kphraim B. Price vest and trimmings, at $2.25, 1 yd. linen, 75c.; and bought of him bill of groceries, $15.42. 9th. Sold William F. Ashley 20 yds. calico, at 121c. llth. Sold Merrit Thornton 1 doz. tumblers, $1.00, and 8 lbs. refined sugar, at 12ic.; Nathan Brittan, 12 yds. barred mull, at 31c., and 2 pair cotton hose, at 38c. 13th. Sold John Hancock 1 pair rubbers, at $1.00, 1 pair kid gloves, at $1.00, and 1 pair buskins, at $1.50. 14th. Sold Hiram Mann 1 graduated robe, $3.50, 1 yd. drilling, at 13c., and thread, 6c. 15th. Sold Samuel Moore 32 yds. sheeting, at lOc, and 4 yds. Irish linen, at $1.00. 16th. Sold Albert J. Hovey 1 set fine blue ware, at $3.50 ; Peter Brant, 1 lb. tea, at $1.00, and 5 lbs. rice, at 5c.; John Messenger, 10 yds. muslin de laine, at 25c., and 1 yd. drilling, at 13c. 18th. Sold Myron Holmes, per son, 1 vest pattern and trimmings, at $8.00. 19th. Sold Charles R. Ilecox 17 yds. sheeting, at 5c., and 20 yds. calico, at 12|c. 20th. Sold Samuel Moore 1 fur hat, at $4.00 ; Milton Seely, per wife, super, shawl, at $30.00 ; John Hancock, 1 gal. lamp oil, $1.50, and 2 gals, molasses, at 37^0. 2l8t. Sold Samuel Weaver 2 yds. mull edge, at BOOK-KEEPING. 57 . 1 . nt 75C 22d. Sold Mcrrit Thorn- 31C., and 1 pair gloves, at loc / ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ a 1 at IOC. Myron H»lme^' 9/^k^i„s rilk, at ,„.. WiUmmF. MAKCH a,t. Sold Ar»/- ^nT>/ ''a: S^dMiUontii/l 12JC., and 8 J^^- «^7'T?'p?-^e 4 lbs. coffee, at Uc, and ydl Edging, at 8c, E B. Puce ^^^^^ Thornton 2| { lb. c->nnam»n »t \lo. ^ ,,t 38c., and 1 doz. y'" ll'Tsc 0th SoVjom^Messenger cap. at *1|0 , iCuel Weaver, 1 pair rubbers, -J ^^fglbs! nails, at MphS^s Clark 1 gal. lamp oil, at ^l^O"' ^"^ ^^ *1.00, 100 t^ 8th. Sold John H^ * paid me cash on account, ft; sugar, at He; and he ^^^""^4 130., and 3i yds. tiaOO? Sold Peter B™"*^;^, "^Walling 6 yds. a pa«^ flannel, at 75c. »th. Sold ^ Uiiam ^^ ^ jo at 50C., and 1 yd. cambr c, »» Wo-j^^"^,,,, K.Wox 1 pair ' 7 ft90 00 14th. Sold AVimam r. . j'l^-a bus- - S: »1 00 ■ Vr <.Kaiu«-e \ r^blue ware^ tens, it $1.50. If Vf^ttf r't fine blue tea jarg at P& Brant 4 yds. «»t'"«V2en hrdkercLfs, at 44c , and I yd. un^n, »v j^n- 58 BOOK-KEETIXG. Italian silk, at $1.50, 1 cord and tassel, at $1.25, and 3 skeins silk, at 4c. 2l8t. Sold Milton Seely 1 vest pat- tern, at $1.50, and trimmings, at 38c. 22d. Sold Albert J. Hovey 9 yds. muslin de laine, at 31c., and 2 skeins silk, at 4c. 23d. Sold Ephraim B. Price 8 yds. gingham, at 60c., 1 yd. cambric, at lOc, and 2 spoc^ls thread, at 5c. 25th. Sold Charles R. Hecox 10 yds. gingham, at 31c., and 1 spool thread, at 5c.; John Hancock, 3 linen handker- chiefs, at 31c., and 1 yd. linen, at 750.; Peter Brant, 14 yds. sheeting, at lie, 30 yds. do., at 9c., 2 yds. Irish linen, at 750. ; and bought of him 15 lbs. butter, at 12ic. 26th. Sold William Walling 150 lbs. sugar, at 10c. 27th. Sold Samuel Weaver 3 yds. black cassiraer, at $2.00 ; Hiram Mann, cloth and trimmings for dress coat, $15.00 ; William F. Ashley, 2 pair small shoes, at 31c., and he has paid me cash on account, $5.00. 28th. Sold John Mes- senger 1 set buttons, at 75c., 1 hank thread, at 13c., and 1 pair shoes, at $1.00. 29th. Sold Myron Holmes 1 shawl, at $10.00, 1 pair kid gloves, at $1.00, 2 yds. mull edging, at 40c., 1 bag clasp, at 50c., and 1 yd. silk velvet, at $3.50 ; Samuel Moore, 9 y'ds. silk warp alpaca, at 75c., 1 yd. cambric, at lOc, 1 pair kid bu'^kms, at $1.00, 2 linen handkerchiefs, at 50c., 1 yd. silk, at $1.75, 1 cord and tassel, at 75c. 30th. Sold John Messenger 1 gal. lamp oil, at $1.50. Albert J. Hovey has paid me cash on account, $5.00. f FOKM FOE MEECHANIS. "nfstok should bo cotnmonced on the evening of the JXless day of each ^'^^XT^^^^ S, together .vith the pages o ^^^^^ .^ made; and so every evening """"=; ;„ (h^Day- »i 1, v t oil thp new names that appeal lu "'" j the Alphabet all the new ^j^^^. ^^^ book, with their pages; »"*^ ^ f ™7„^'fthe number of the page on which it »"n™ "J P 4,,^ .^me page of ever the name occurs more ""^^ ^^^, ^y repeating ^^^'^^'^r^oo^,J.^^:'''^2:^,1^^ ya after r rg:::tr/icares^:S:t there is . .e......yo. that ' ^--"Yrir rr^or^crct'ed togethei.. iournalized, which is done in the ^^ °^;'^' ^„„t, to Ufer the ""^-^nV ^^aZt^ ^'alLred in the the J««"'^-> *!°,"fi,rb"en kept as above directed, Alphabet, and rfJhatJiaabeen^^P^^^.^^^^ this name you will see on what pages 60 BOOK-KEEPING. again occurs ; then turn to these pages in order, and transfer to the Journal all the items entered to this name, placing them under the name already entered there, with the dates, e it ^^.^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ amount, page, &c. ;g f„„„d to have In comparing the books, '* ?^ny a ^ j^^^diately. l,,en overlooked it of eo„r«>d,o„Ubp^^^ .^^ ^^ If an entry has W made o, ^_^^ ^^^ rr^trS^eeSo-be opposite side of 02 BOOK-KEEPING. this account " To" or " By Error," and then the entry made as it should have been at first. If an entry has been posted to the wrong account, the same amount should be entered on the opposite side of this account "To" or •* By Error," and it should then be posted in its proper place. When either the Day-book, Journal, or Ledger is writ- ten full its place is supplied by a new one, and the differ- ent books are usually designated by the first letters of the alphabet: the first day-book as Day-book A; the second, Day-book B : the first jounial as Journal A ; the second, Journal B : the first ledger as Ledger A ; the second, Ledger B ; the third. Ledger C, ese names. " " -^ '^^ ^^^ ,/, „,„„ <«,urs twice do yon do if it occnrs again ? A\ l>at do yen "» , onLe page, ^Vhat i-^'oates a ered.t -^'J ' J„^"\,^, j,,^.,^, ,» now are the accounts """S«<1 '- ^ J J"^^" j,^,„,^ „,„ „„„„er jonrnalized? Wliat is meant by oj"»'™= ,,„ ,,„ Bay- ofion™aii.ing. .j-:;''^^:i^''::^''i^^7:!^':^: ^oZu^n, «. a. book entry signify ? ^hat snoiuu ^^^ ^^^ counts of the month? " f .f/'^^^^l he Lod^^^^^^ '^ book? Where do you ^vr.te ^t? J^ ^^^ What line maybe omitted? it hke the Lodger in the prece^ng foims? Wh ^^J^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ I3 an Alphabet necessary to this Ledger f >> be posted? ^VJ^at Should be^r.^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ,,4 of writing should be used ? ^ hat ^1^°"^^/'°/ ^^^ ^^xt? How do - the right? Where ^d t- J- - ^^^^^^^^^^^ ..,.. .the you P'^S^-^^^^^/^^'/^^t^.rts do you put in the Journal to show , manner of posting? A\ hat marks ao 3 ^^^^ ^^_ that the account has been posted? After ^^^^'^^^ ,^, tered, what is to be done? Describe ^e host ay entries? ^^ ^ account has ^e^n^—^^^^^ you erase a wrong entry? ^ow can j ^^^^^^^ .^^ ^^^^ ^^^ been made in the wrong account, how can.} 01 e4 BOOK-KE£PINa. the new Day-books, Ac, designated when a now sot is used ? "What is meant by balancing accounts ? Describe the metliod. If you open a new account in the same boolc, how will the entry read ? If in a new book? at is en ft new D AY-BOOK, OR BLOTTER. MERCHANTS' FORM. ^ ^uon6, ^^bonc/aUf Ta7i. 3c/, /BA8. Qoy tyfoetcnanU,e„, at $.52, 4 'P^'' ^'l^;^:;*^^^^^^^^^^^ eassimere, $1 «">.. Sold vat, $.88. sold Horat,o N- " attj ?« ' ^^ ^ 3,^ ,, .j,. J^esMcElwata9ya3.t.ok.ng,at$.18,6y ^^^^ e,„^ c. Dean ...ico, at $.08, 10 J*;- «»/^;;l; .,,,,.. SoldJohnAdamslS (^e) 10 yds cahoo, a^^$A8 Un ^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^^^^^^_ ^3,^ , yds. musUn de l.ne at $.8. ^^^^^__^^ ^ ^^^ papers p-ns, a $. • mK S ^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^ ^^^ ^^ ^ , e yds. tow *th at $.3M1 y^ ^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ „, ^3 , ,.. hatt^^a $a . S^ld ^^ ^ ^^^ ^^ ^^ , ,, , 13 yds. eriieo, at $.00, 1 P ^ ^^^^ handkerclners, and 1 lb. spies, $.13. 31st Sold Na ^ ^^^^^^ ^^ at$.44,and2 yds. Insh "■>-•"*•"•; and Ido.. spools thread, ,as. Shirting, at $.U, 4 yds. Insh - at $^ Mu ^ ^^^ ^ ^^„. „„„t 1 yds. flannel, at $.44, an j ^^ ^33^ j Daniel Chapman 4 yds. broadeloth, at $0.00, iy P ^^ ^^^ yd. canvas, at $.6, 1 7*- =^^ '7„^^ *^^"; ^ soap, $.13, and 1 » ^. ^4. ».o * fi4. Sold James McHiiwain, x «» r^ , , , -* 20 buttons, !^64^ S ^_^^^^ ^^^^^ ^„ ,^,, ^^^ ^ ^, fancy soap $.n.B J _^_^^^^^^ ^^ ^ ,,_ „, , „.. e„ffee at $.08. Sold Levis. Fulton , ,„ifeW shawl, $W0. 3d. »i * 10 Sold Levis. Fulton .uiu»..«-v^^.~-,^ ^^ 2dL Sold Abram L. Beaumont (wife) 1 shawl, $ 10 BOOK-KEBPIKO. H«l Sold Mo,e, Au,.fa 1 comforter, $.31, .„d bought of him 8 lbs. butter at $.W, and 4 bushels potatoes, at $.38. Sold Hugh Jameson 3} yds flaunel, at $.82. 4th. Sold Ephraim B. Priee 4^ yds. coating, at iL, i yd. padd,ng, at $.38, f yd. canvas, at $.25, 1 set buttons, $.,5, and 1 hank thread, $.12. 5th Sold Miss Mary Emmonds, 1 spool thread, $.05, and 1 Uii„,blo, $.38. Sold George 0. Dean 1 looking-glass, $3.00, and 1 set flno blue tea-ware, $3.50. »th. Sold John Adams 31 yds sdk warped alpaca, at $.52. Md James Bogers 2 lbs, coffee, at $.13' Olbs. sugar, at $.10, and 2 gallons molasses, at $.44. Sold James Bash^ ford tumblers, at $.12, and 20 lbs. refined sugar, at $.14. 8tl.. Sold Abram L. Beaumont 31 yds. brown sheeting, at $.10. Sold Daniel Chapman 1 pa,r rubbers, $.88, and 1 pair kid glove., $l.„o. 9th. Sold Iteuben H. Foster 1 set knives and forks, 2.00, and 1 glass dish, $1,25 $.3. 10th. Sold George 0. Youngs, J lb. cinnamon, at $.38. 1 lb gin- $^06, 10 lbs. battmg, at $11, 5 lbs. cotton yarn, $.19, „nd 2 spools ^^0 nth Sold Aaron D. Polhamus yds. muslin de laine, Tt $28 H yd cambr., at $.10, and i yd. jean, at $.16. Sold Edmund Hopkinl bought of h,m 1 geography and atlas, $1.25. 12,h. Sold Daniel Wat- rous, 1 do. tumblers, $1.00, and 8 lbs. „,aned sugar, at $14. Sold George C. Dean (Fellers, i ream foolscap paper, $2.25. Bough, of PMip G. Ahny merchandise per invoice, $12.00. 14U.. Sold Thomas Ninde i yd s„k sorgo, $1.00, and i yd. silk serge, at $1.12. Sold Ephraim B. Price vest and trimmings, $2.25, and 1 yd linen, $.»5. 15th. Sold James Bogers 31 yds. sheeting, at $.10, 2 pieces galoon, at $.31, and OH TT °' ^"'- '°"' ^"""^ ""' ' "'■ »«•-. -' S-" -d - 10 Ibs^ re nod at $.14. 10. Sold George C. Toungs, 3 yds. flann;,, at tllTTZ °' *•"■ °°'" ''°°" *"^<'' "' «■»=■ S"'" Nathan Bought of Moses Austin 4 lbs. butter, at $.14. n.h. .J .Zj., BOOK-KEEPING. 11 Ntade (wife) 8 yd,. caUco, at $.15, and 4 yds. calico, at $.10. Sold J»ne McElwaia 1 lb. tobacco. $.25. Sold Ti,om« E. ^^^^ ("' » .as-cl^p, $.50, and 2 Unen ha^dkcrduef. at $.44. Sold Reuben H. Poster 30 yds. brown sheeting, at $.08, and 1 doz. spool, thread, $.63 L^ritLn, cash for persona, expense,, $15.00. ISth. SoldEdwar^ .. «.™ «l no 1 yd celecia, $.W, and i twiUed Messengov 1 vest pattern, $1.00, 1 yd. ce ,j , ,oods $ 16. Sold Thomas Rook 8 lbs. cotton batting, at $.11, 3 yds. lo ! $.10. and 1 yd. cambric, $.10. 19. Sold Abram L. Beaumont Hd,bl>^ broadcloth, at $5.00, i yd. padding, at $.38, 1 canvas af $ 25 U yd. twist, at $.01, i yd. s* serge, at $1.12, 5 ske,ns sdk, a ; „t Id 1 ,et butt'ons, $.,5. Soid Mo., Austin 1 ib. te. $.88, and ,b . sugar, at $.10. 21st. Soid Levi S. Eulton 10 bs. sugar, a $. , .nd 4 lbs. coffee, at $.14. Sold Edmund Hopkins, 10 lbs. sug r, a $M s.., o„i,i TTnratio N Tail 30 yds. sheetmg, at and 1 gaUon molasses, $.44. Sold Horatio K. l 1 SIO 22d. Sold Thomas E. Dorsey, 3i yds. broad ^"^ f f ■"> ' yds sheeting, at $.11, 10 lbs. sugar, at $.10, and 1 lb. tea. $.88. 23^ 1 .ame, Bashtord 33i lbs. reiined sugar, - ?■"; » ^f l^^ . hash, dried plums, at $2.25, and 5 busii. dr^ -^^^^^ «f -RAm-^en and Polhamus, wire, $.31. bom iNauia of Remsen anu X Gold Hugh Jameson, i lb. batting, at $.11, and 16 yd3. calico, at $.06. Sold Hugn . L at $.88, 1 gallon molasses, at $.44, and 1 lb. of gmger, $.12 Sold tea, ai ^.oo, a. g ^ * i k in ih^ orushed sugar, at $.14, James McElwain, 4 lbs. raisms, at $.15, o lbs. crushe g . . .„„ •+ * 13 24th. Sold George C. Dean 10 yds. sheet and 1 oz. nutmegs, at $.13. 24tn ^^^^^ ^^ ;„,, nt - 16 y s. ca^.o at ^J'^J^^^^^^^ , and bought of him, 100 lbs. white lead, at $.08. ooia 72 BOOK-KEEPING. bbl. salt, $1.13. Sold John M. Holley (wife) 1 set knives and forks, $2.25, and 8 yds. flannel, at $.56. 29th. Sold Levi S. Fulton 2^ yds. velvet rib- bon, at $.15, and 1 pair kid gloves, $.88. Sold Joseph M. Demmon 19 yds. Canton flannel, at $.40, and 33 yds. shirting, at $.10f March Ist. Sold Thomas Rook 4 lbs. cotton batting, at $.11, and 1 yds. cal- ico, at $.08. Sold Thomas E. Dorsey (daughter) 3 yds. edging, at $.08. 2d. Sold Edward Messenger li doz. buttons, at $.50, 1 yd. celecia, $.18, ^ yd. twiUed goods, at $.18, and f yd. canvas, at $.25. Sold Moses Austm 4 lbs. coffee, at $.14, and i lb. cinnamon, at $.38. 3d. Sold Daniel Chapman 2^ yds. linen, at $1.00, 9 yds. gingham, at $.38, and 1 doz. spools thread, at $.63. 4th. Sold Lucius S. Wood 1 pair rub- bers, $.88. Sold James C. Smith 1 pair kid gloves, $1.00, 3 linen hand- kerchiefs, at $.42, and 1 linen handkerchief, 63. 6th. Sold Miss Mary Emmonds 1 pair buskins, $1.13. Sold Abram L. Beaumont 1 pair rub- bers, $1.00. Sold Nathan Brittan 1 gallon lamp oil, at $1.25, and 3 lbs. naUs, at $.06. 1th. Sold Moses Austin i lb. tea, at $1.00, 1 bar soap, $.14, and bought of him, 4i doz. eggs, at $.11. 8th. Sold, James C. Smith 1 pr. kid buskins, $1.25. Sold John M. Holley 1 yd. silk velvet, $3.50, 1 yd. sheeting, $.15,-1 yd. cambric, at $.10, 1 doz. buttons, at $.19, and 3 skeins silk, at $.04. 9th. Sold Daniel Watrous 1 lb. tea, $1.00, and 3 doz. eggs, at $.12. Sold Jonas W. Goodrich 3 yds. cassimere, at $.88, 3 yds. sheeting, at $.10, 1^ doz. buttons, at $.04, and 3 skeins silk, at $.04. Sold Hugh Jameson 1 cap, $.88. 10th. Sold Thomas Rook 3 Iba. coffee, at $.14, and 1 lb. butter, at $.14. Sold Thomas Ninde i ream foolscap paper, $2.25, and 1 quart ink, $.50. Sold Rev. Ira Ingraham 4 linen hdkfs., at $.44. 11th. Sold George C. Youngs ■J lb. tea, at $.75, 1 lb. pepper, $.12, and 1 gallon molasses, $.44. 13th. Sold Reuben H. Foster (Samuel) 2^ yds. cassimere, at $2.00, 3 yds. sheeting, at $.10, and buttons, $.06. Sold James Bashford 3 bbls. salt, at $1.12, and 100 lbs. sugar, at $.08^. Sold Lucius S. "Wood, -J yd. linen, at $.75. 14th. Sold Aaron D. Polhamus (wife) 1 pr. buskins, $1.13, and 5 yds. muslin de laine, at $.31. 15th. Sold Thomas E. Dorsey (wife) 9 yds. calico, at $18, and bought 9 lbs. butcer, at $.14. Sold 21st. i-ll BOOK-KEEPING. 7S James McElwata 1 Ma, $.10, 1 small Ble, $.09, aad4 gross screws, at S 44 16th. Sold Horatio N. Taft 10 yds. gtogham, at $.31, and 1 yd. Lbrio * 10. Sold Justin W. Bumham (daughter) H yds. ealico, at st" ;L giugham, at S.34, and trimmings, $.10. mh. Sold Samuel Lre 1 gall, molasses, $.44, 1 gall, lamp oil, $1.13, and 1 bar soap « 12 Bought ot Eomsen and Polhamus 2 toxos glass, at $3.00, and Lk per Bourne, $1.50. Sold George C. Bean (wife) 1 pr. kid gloves .C3 1 pr. rubbers, $.88. 18th. Sold Daniel Watrous 3i yds. black W Cloth, at $5.00, i yd. padding, at $.38, i yd. canvas, at $ 25 i yd. silk serge, at $1.12, 6 skeins silk, at $.04, and he pa>d me cash, $12.0 . 20th. Sold Moses Austin 2 brooms, $.13, and 3i yds. flannel, a $.62. 21st. sold Aaron B. Bomamus yds. alpaca at $.50, and 1 yd cam- bric * 10 22d. Sold Miss Mary Emmonds 2 Imen hdkfs, at $.38. ' „ . r„ ,t tio Sold Levi S. Fulton 4 lbs. Sold Nathan Brittan yds. calico, at $.1-. SoM «iv butter at $ 13. Sold Daniel Chapman 14 yds. shectmg, at $.13, 30 yds. h etl at».10, and 2 prs. cotton hose, at $.38. 23d. Sold Keuben H ts^r (1) 12 yds. blue calico, at $.14. Sold Justin W. Bumharn 1 „r rfoves $44. Sold Thomas E. Dorsey 3 brooms, at $.13, and 1 Lf nr$ 31 24th. Sold Horatio N. Tatt 33 yds. sheeting, at $.09. ^S 05 Sold James C. Smith 1 yd. satin vesting, $3.00, J yd. black 'c^;:::^ at $.10, 1 yd. white cambric, $.13, H yd. t^^. ;'*-•* ^^ wie.an at $ 12, 2 sheets wadding, at $.04, 4 skems silk, at $.04, i doz. :i:,:t$.18'. 25th. SoldAaronD.PoUiamus(wire)12yds.Ital,^ silk at $1 25. Sold Samuel Moore (daughter) 1 pr. buskms, $1.12. ; SoM Thomas Ninde 1 set flue blue tea-ware, $3.50. Sold John M Holley yds. flannel, at $.50. 28th. Sold Nathan Bnttan p. ^d buskLs. $1.25. S^ld Justin W. Bumh^ 9 lbs. sugar at $.10, 4 bs. rice, at $.05, and 2 lbs, coffee, at $.15. Sold Danrel Otapman bs sag r, at $.08, and 10 lbs. eoifce, at $.15. Sold James Rogers 32 ri™ fairy, at $.09. SOth. Sold Abram I. Beaumon 31 y^. ;„wn sheeting, at $.09, and 6 spools thread, at *-«^- ^oM -^'^^ Demmon 128 lbs. coffee, at $.091. 31st. Sold Uv, S. Fulton 9 yd. 74 BOOK-KBEPINQ. muslin de lalne, at $.31, and 4 skeins silk, at $.04. Sold Lucius & Wood 2 linen hdkft., at $.44. Sold Horatio N. Taft 2 bed cords, at $.25. a INDEX TO THE DAY-BOOK. MKBCHANTS- FORM. INDEX TO THE DAY-BOOK. XAMES. Q2)ean, ^eciae ^ c> ntmondt, %^^id^ t^^. Jonnary. i-'ebrnary. March. 76 INDEX TO THE DAY-BOOK.— (Continued.) NAMES. STafi, ^oiaUo JP. January. Febnmry. March. The pupil wiU find the names and mouths entered in this Index; the figures are left for him to enter according to directions. *11 78 BOOK-KEEPING. JoUfiNALIZINO. As Journalizing is a process not yet familiar to the student, the memoranda given on the preceding pages are arranged in journal form on the foUowing pages. The student must not merely copy these entries from the Text- book, as that would be a mere exercise in writing. It is expected that he will apply the principles given in the in- structions on journalizing in the first part of this form. After he has made the entries as well as he can in his Journal, he may compare it with the form given in the book and correct the error, if any have been made. A good method is to journalize on a slate or paper, and then after correcting, copy the entries into the book. It is of great importance that the teacher should insist upon the pupil's journalizing by the principles, and on no account should he permit him to merely copy from the text-book. =»uj: JOURNAL. m MERCHANTS' FORM. '^uond '^UGndj Ta anuai 7> ^848. / 3/ A // - s 00^. ^. erduad Ji /J '' 7 '- ^^ \:/ tcaaf // '" 5 // ^y 5 ^rf. ^uti'^ .40 0^. .05 .43 .50 .40 .OJi. .OS JO .49 .40 .05 «&«. .43 4i 4 40 U 00 2 3 3 4 80 ^5 60 50 00 4S 46 00 90 00 25 473 4i0 227 00 00 00 55 0^ 1A 3^ 65 Ji. o 00 00 oo ?^ i A £§uon6j I'amia/cUj /SAS. c/ eotnc // '^ 2 0(yx. ^uM>7i^ Q^UiHna .45 // M 6 24 34 JPcudan ^tO^n 0^ STo 2 ^aMy. ££amf^ €d' 4.25 -- 30 M^. £^oaf^yar .43 ''' 4 '' c&>. -' 6 '^/cU. ^Meuno 4.25 ^^ 3 ^iTicn ^^Mf^. .-^^ '' 2 ^c^^. J^tUfi ^imn .75 0z. 3.50 ^0 5 ^^. ^toad ^M '' 4 Statin ^6^t 0^aU6in ''•' ij utnmi 5 a^. 40 '' S^uaar // // 24 6 47 25 // ,j^i^ ^wav)* SinntoncU or. // 4 'ePr. a^id ^dvu ^0 3 ^da-. S^inen Sd^m^ /^ g ^'' ^d. 0. ^cUiu ^' 3 ^di-. yu^ft J^iti«n 81 .45 .40 0',^ ^.49 .34 .52 .OA 3 2 3 4 7 4 4 47 5 3 4 4 40 43 30 34 OA ^0 50 90 00 63 50 32 50 50 50 75 75 00 00 57 79 25 56 46 56 4^ 35 29 50 33 fril ^^om, ^cmua^^ /8a8. // 24. ^y %aac4etj ^0 SO ^rf. ^acdeu/ ,0i "' <^ - "^c/Zee ../J, /»- / 00 66 A 93 / 00 'f9 20 3^ 29 26 4 99 3 20 3 47 ah ^uon6, ^e/mai^, /cf'^c^. ^4 /O 4 /4 // // ^2 S4 2i 7 '' ^6 - ^ // .46 4S '' 4\ - ^am^t^ ,40 " f " /^ /5 // /6 S'f // /J> ^*. ^0 / 0CX. ^um^^ 90 754 S 20 40 95 40 70 40 so\ 40 72 20 52 45 42 50 43 06 U 4 4 00. 42\ 73 A 72 2 79 2 03 25 43 46 41 46 41 47 ££uond, SFcmiuHUf /8A8. 42 4A 47 ^•u xy^(}(li«. her sf^nviHce ^^cnuu JPtnclt 4 ^' 4 '' cio. 46 S3 ^g'i. 0t. 4J00 4.49 5 .40 47 JPadan ^tUtan ^^ 0*- ^0 9 ^cU. ^ ^ m/uica .75\ '^ 4 -''' 0uMina ^^ 4 A M^. ^attina ^/lomcu ^. 0ot4ey STo 4 ^ay '^L^fi. ^^ 3\(^M.^wad^£>tA3:j5 "^ 2 "' S/^Uiny .44 ^^ 40 w^. C/uoa/r ^^ 4 '' ^ea 40 4^ 26 ^0 4 ^e4t 0^cUtein " '"' J- ^^ ^tiH^^ ^cecL .46 ^^ 6 X. Motion ^a/ic/ij ^8A8. 46 6 30 A 0t S2 - 6 ^/loo^ er/,^iccJ .05 JPatfuiu ^tUlan 0*- - 3 /^. ^a^ 06 S 00 , n .. 46 SI 9 4^ / 0OX. ^utto9uy 3 ^i^. ^iM 6 ^cU. ^^UnnJ 3 76 .40 M .50 0t. JS ~^a/nt>aA S5\ 2 u T .. (/"ai^ct^ 4.42 - 5S/l^.se;a oi \ /^ 3 '"^ ^Adtina 6 95 49 7!^ 0. M 40 2 *'^ ^uon6, ^^i)aicdf /aAa. 43 9 '' 4\ 0OX. ^uiton^ - 3 c9%. S/'iM 0.. .04 .04 2 94 05 42 3 // 5 9 1 ^0 4 'i^a/i 0^. ^d 47 40 27 '' 4 ^uaU J^nd - 4 S^ei,'^:^Le^ea 0*. 2.25 4 3 43 50 50 5 43 '{ \ 0*. ' J4 4 76 40 W 44 '' 4 '' ^^r 0*. .75 3i 42 44 94 45 43 23 0^6tJen ^ ^isUer 0%. ^0 2\ ^/M. ^a44inur 2.00 --' 3 '' i/'/ieetin^ .40 - 42 ^/cU. ^/uc 'i^a/m .44 5 4 00 30 06 6i 7 Oi 44 43 '' 400 <^. 6^u^ 0*. 4.42 .oi± 3 36 50 44 ^6 44 0*. 4 43 96 ^110716, ^{)aicd, /a ^cT . 4% oy 0*. '" 5 ^M. c/^. 0. ^cUne .3i 45 '^ / c/o. 4 / 3 45 46\ ^0 40 ^rt^. ^in^4am ^^ 33 " 46 93 & tnanam // ^ " - - ''-' ^ /?^. juaar ^' A '^ 0licc 0,. M 0t. .34 .09 .35 0*. .43 .3A .40 .05 .45 4y\ STo 4 ffalt. c/^^&ifew.* ^' 4 0^r. ^*(4im* 0* 35 4 43 55 00 4o\ 00 40 09 76 30 7i 95 3 3 4 3 40 40 97 50 03 OA 49\ U 90 30 3o\ U 43\ 43 43 67 5 09 4 2 ^4 'A?' 97 If ^9 ^ucnd, ^f6atcnj / a AS^ . 4i /r 2S 3i 40 29 SO 3.00 0%. ^ ^ ^. ^uUer .43 -' 9 <^cU. ^. 0. £^ainc .34 - A 6/'4^. ifi^ .OA ^c 32 ^<^. ^w. ^aOoiy .09 ^9 42i ^*. ^o/fi» 0*. 2 00 50 63 52 79 46 50 51 2 42 ^7 ii 46 98 n 50 54 ^7 ii a INDEX TO THE LEDGER. MERCHANTS' FORM. 1 • f I t I; ',.[. ' I A B Beaumont, S^otant S^. o Tona^tnuxn Qlfante/ D F G ^ecciiuA, fona* ^5$^ H %^nManafn, ^>ev. K^ta 100 K/a ^am64en, ^uf^ O K M Sdwmd ^(KW, ^amuU JPinde, ST^^muu Q 11 H lem^n /a ood, 9^^nuu ame4^ S S/nuiK, J'ame* ^■ 101 I If T X V Y w z 102 - LEDGER. M ERCHANTS FORM. m; s,i ^ ^ ^ -'^ -if|^ i^ r I n II ■ 7m iVTwi^ i »' ^ ^ ^ >^ >>^ \a <5^ v^ *^ ^ 0^ TJ ^ ^ Q^ <=N O^ BOOlt-KEEPING. 107 The pupil will perceive at once that the principles of posting are the same as in the two preceding forms. The accounts are posted from the Journal, and as in accounts on opposite page : first, the name is written, with Dr. on the left hand, and Cr. on the right; second, the date, year and month is placed in first space ; the article in the second space, the page of the Journal in the third space, and the sum, or amount of the month's dealings, as per Journal, in the fourth and fifth spaces. The students will notice that the account of Pierce & Wilson is balanced, "Mar. To Bal. Ledger B, page 1, $173." This entry is made on the supposition, that the accounts are to be transferred from this Ledger to another; this Ledger, as thefirs^is Ledcrer A, and the second would be called Ledger B. ihe accounts of Pierce & Wilson ; Magie, Sanderson & Co. ; Benedict & Rockwell, Joseph M. Demon, Moses Austin, and George C. Dean are given to guide the pupil, ihe others if properly posted, will require the following amounts to balance them: Nathan Brittan, $31.48 ; Rev. Iralngra- ham $31.26; Miss Mary Emmonds, $5.65 ; Hugh Jameson, $19.20; John Adams, $45.59; Horatio N. Taft, $22.68; John M. HoUey, $23.09; Levi S. Fulton, $51.25; Abram L. Beaumont, $42.41 ; Samuel Moore, $16.42 ; Aaron D. Polhamus, $32.16 ; James C. Smith, $9.82 ; James Rogers, $8.94; George C. Youngs, $6.84; Thomas Rook, $12.45; James McElwain, 14.01 ; Lucius S. Wood, $3.02 ; Edward Messenger, $9.12; Daniel Chapman, $43.29; Jonas W. Goodrich, $2.62 ; Ephraini B. Price, $13.25 ; James Bash- ford $11.82; Reuben H.Foster,$11.14; EdmundHopkins, $3 78; Daniel Watrous, $9.84; Philip G. Almy, $42.00; Thomas Kinde, $7.26; Thomas E. Dorsey, $17.91; Rem- sen & Polhamus, $7.81 ; Justin W. Burnham, $5,09. The pupil Avill balance these accounts, by makmg the en- tries as in the examples given "To or By balance, Ledger B, as the amount is to be credited, or debited, in New Ledger. 108 BOOK-KEEPING. PRACTICAL EXERCISES. -..-.' MERCHANTS FORM. For the purpose of giving a more practical knowledge of the foregoing form of books, we have given on the fol- lowing pages a Memorandum of the transactions as they occurred, for the months of April, May, and June, giving the price per yard, pound, ounce, gallon, or piece, leaving the amount to be extended by the learner. Before commencing the Day-Book, transfer the balances from the last Ledger to the new one, making the persons that are indebted to you debtor " To Balance from Ledger A," and the persons to Avhom you are indebted credit " By Balance from Ledger A," i3lacing the number of the page from whence the account was trausferred in the column appropriated for that purpose, so that, in case of necessity, the old account may be more readily referred to. . The transactions on the following pages may now be re- corded in the blank Day-Book in the same manner as in the preceding form. After writing one month. Journalize and Post it, according to the directions previously given. If the balances of the accounts in Ledger A are properly transferred to Ledger B, and the transactions on the follow- ing pages correctly recorded, journalized, and posted, the accounts in Ledger B will, with the exception of the ac- count of Levi S. Fulton, all balance. The learner may, if he chooses, substitute his own name for that of Levi S. Fulton ; and instead of Lyons, tit the top of the page in the Day-Book and Journal, he may insert his own place of residence. MEMORANDUM. APRIL 1st. Bot. of Remsen & Polhamus 4 lbs. wrought nails, at 160.* Sold Horatio N. Taft, per wife, 10 yds. gingham, ■MM BOOK-KEEPING. 109 at 31c. 3cl. Sold Ephraim B. Price 2 yds. satinet, at 75c.; Rev. Ira In^raham, per daughter, 3 linen handkerchiefs, at 44c., and 1 yd. linen, at V5c. 4th. Sold George C Dean, per wife, 8 yds. gingham, at 31c., 1 yd carabric, at 10c and 2 spools thread, at 5c. 5th. Sold Moses Austin 1 oz. nutmegs, at 13c., and 3 yds. sheeting, at 10c. ; James Mc- Elwain, 4 yds. satinet, at $1.12, and 2 yds. cassimcr, at $1 50 6th. Sold Daniel Watrous 4 lbs. butter, at 14c.; Abram L. Beaumont, 2 pair small shoes, at 56c. ; Thomas E. Dorsey, 14 yds. sheeting, at lie, 30 yds sheetmg, at Qc and 2 yds. Irish linen, at YSc. Bot. of Thomas E. Dorsey 14 lbs. butter, at 14c. 7th. Sold John Adams 150 lbs. sugar, at 9c. 8th. Sold Samuel Moore 9 yds. flannel, at 50C.1 Miss Mary Emmonds, 3 yds. velvet ribbon, at 13c and 1 pair silk gloves, at 63c., and she has paid me $6.67 ?o balance her Iccount. 10th. Sold Thomas Rook 1 se buttons, at 75c., 1 hank thread, at l^?-, 1 .P^i^^^/^l^^J^' f $1 13, 9 yds. calico, at 12c., and 3 skeins silk, at 4c. 11th. Sold Horatio N. Taft 1 looking-glass, at $8.00; Thomas E Dorsev, 2 yds. calico, at 8c., 7 lbs. coifee, at lOc, 2 lbs. Sfined sugar! at 14c., and 1 lb'. Young Hyson tea at 88a 12th. Sold Ephraim B. Price 9 yds. calico, at 19c., and 3 yds. calico, at IOC. ; Jonas W. Goodrich 3 yds. black cas- limer, at $2.00 ; John M. HoUey, per wife, 10 yds. ca ico at 15c., 2 linen handkerchiefs, at 40c., and 8 wmdow glass, at 5c. 13th. Bot. of Remsen & Polhamus a bill of goods amounting to $13.10. Sold James McElwam, per Newson,|^. uW calico, at 12c. ,14th. Sold Nathan Bnttan 1 gaUori^ 1 Jp oil, at $1.25. Bought of Moses Austin 10 lbs. but ei ai. 14c., 4 doz. eggs, at lOc. Sold Levi S. Fulton 6 lbs. butter, at 14c. ; Rev. Ira Ingraham, per wife, 4 yds. ribbon, at 20C., and 4 skeins silk, at 4c. 15th. Sold Justin >\ . Bnrnham 3 yds. cambric, at lOc, and 2 yds. green baize, at 50c.; John Adams, 26 yds. muslin de laine at 25c. 1 . th. Sold George C. Dean 6 yds. cambric, at lOc, and 3 >ds. drilling, at 12c. 18th. Sold Daniel Watrous 2 sheets paste- board, at IOC, and 5 yds. ribbon at l^c-; Abram L. Beau- mont, per wife, 3 yds. bonnet nbbon, at 55c and 4 sUins silk, at 4c. 1 9th. Sold James Rogei^ r: lbs. bu tor, at 1 4c^ Bot. of James Rogers 1 pair gaiter I .. '^, at $2.00. Sold H^ado N. Taft f pair kid gloves, at .1^00 and 2 l^e^^ handkerchiefs, at 44c. Bot. of Jonn Adams a ^lll ot goo for L. S. Wood, $3.75. 20th. Sold John M. Holley i lo. Ki^ #. 110 BOOK-KEEPING. cinnamon, at 38c., 5 lbs. raisins, at 18c., and 1 oz. nutmegs, at 12c. Sold Rev. Ira Ingraham 1 yds. carpeting, at 85 c. 21st. Sold George C. Dean 2a yds. cassimer, at (^1.50, and 1 yd. sheeting, at 10c. Sold Jonas W. Goodrich 12 yds. calico, at 20c., and 1 hank thread, at 15c. 22d. Sold James McElwain 12 lbs. sugar, at Oc, 5 lbs. Old Java coffee, at 15c., and 2 lbs. tea, at 76c. Paid Lucius S. Wood, cash, $25.00. 24th. Sold Samuel Moore 1 set knives and forks, at $2.75. Samuel Moore has paid me cash, on account^ $12.00. Sold Thomas E. Dorsey 2 gals, molasses, at 60c. Bot. of Thomas E. Dorsey 8 lbs. butter, at 13c. ; and he has paid me cash, on account, $5.00. Sold Aaron D. Pol- hamus 7 lbs. cotton yarn, at 20c., and 11 yds. calico, at 15c. 26th. Sold Daniel Watrous 16 yds. shirting, at 12c., and \^ yd. Irish Hnen, at 75c.; Abram L. Beaumont, 11 yds. gingham, at 28c., and 2 yds. drilling, at ilc. 27th. Sold Nathan Brittan 1 patent pail, at 31c., 1 v/aahtub, at $1.25, 6 brooans, at 13c. ; and he has paid me cash, on ac- count, $8.00. 28th. Sold James C. Smith 3 yds. black cassimer, at $2.25, 1 yd. sheetinsr, at 12c., and buttons, at 6c.; Reuben H. Foster, 1 lb. Young Hyson tea, at 88c. 29th. Sold Thomas Rook 27 yds. sheeting, at 10c. Bot. of Thomas Rook 12 lbs. butter, at 13c., and 4 doz. eggs, at 9c. Sold Levi S. Fulton 5 lbs. butter, at 13c., and 2 doz. eggs, at 9c. ; Horatio N. Taft, 9 yds. ticking, at 19c., 1 hank thread, at 12c.; and he has paid me cash, on ac- count, $10.00. 29th. Sold Justin W. Burnham 6 yds. merino, at $1.25, 8 yds. cambric, at lOc, 4 sheets wadding, at 4c., and 4 skeins silk, at 4c. Sent Pierce & Wilson, NcAv York, draft at sight on H. Dwight, jr., for $173.00; Magie, Sanderson, & Co., New York, a draft at 10 days' sight, on H. D wight, jr., for $480.00; Benedict & Rock- well, New York, a draft at sight on H. Dwiijht, ir., for $227.00. & ' J > MAY 1st. Sold Justin W. Burnham 3^ yds. bonnet ribbon, at 44c. ; and he has paid me cash, to balance his account, $16.55. 2d. Sold Daniel Watrous 1 gross screws, at 44c.; John M. Holley, 1 pair kid gloves, at $1.00; Thos. NindeJ 3^ yds. calico, at 15c., 2^ yds. do., at 18c.. 1 naper nins. at lOc, 10 lbs. sugar, at lOc; and he has pai^- butter ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^ gSc, and trimmings, rich, per Melville 1 ^^^^P/^J^^^e 10 lbs. nails, at 6c ; at 38c. 19th. Sold ^l^^^'^ towelincr, at lOc, 9 yds. James Rogers, per wite ^,,7^;- J^^f "«' ools thread, at shirting, at 15c., 3 yds- f^ll'^g^.^^ ^g^^^ JZra L. Beau- 5c., and 3 skems silk, at 4c. 20tn ^^''^ q ^^^^ mont 1 -11 wind- P^^^^l Tyd . rLTat 5c.; jllm French calico, at 25c.,^ and ^^y ^^^ , ^^ ^ Adams, per son, iio J^^'fX"%^l gold Nathan Brit- Dean, 10 lbs. cotton yarn, at 20c. -^a. 55oiu 112 BOOK-KKEPIXQ. tan 1 paper black tea, at 44c. ; Levi S. Fulton, 9 yds. tick- ing, at 16c.; Ephraim B. Price, 10 yds. French calico, at 26c. 23d. Sold James McElwain, per wife, 1 parasol, at $2.25, 2 linen handkerchiefs, at 38c., 2 pair cotton hose, at 20c., and 2 papers pins, at 10c. 24th. Sold James C. Smith 8 lbs. rice, at 6c., 2 lbs. tea, at 88c., 8 lbs. Old Java coffee, at 15c., and 4 lbs. refined sugar, at 14c. 25th. Sold Daniel Watrous 1 pair kid gloves, at $1.00; Lucius S. Wood, 1 j)air kid gloves, at 88c. ; Levi S. Fulton, 2 linen handkerchiefs, at 44c. 26th. Sold Daniel Chapman 1 cra- vat, at $1.13, and 3 linen handkerchiefs, at 88c. 2'7th. Sold Ephraim B. Price 6 yds. merino, at $1.25, and 7 skeins silk, at 4c. 30th. Sold Nathan Brittan 2f yds. cassimer, at $2.00 ; Joseph M. Demmon, 20 lbs. cotton batting, at 9|c. 31 St. Sold James Rogers 8 yds. jean, at 16c.; George C. Dean, 6 yds. flannel, at 44c., and 2 yds. Irish linen, at 75c. JUNE 1st. Sold Abram L. Beaumont 7 yds. blue calico, at 12c., 12^ yds. summer goods, at 23c., 6 yds. factory, at lOc, 10 lbs. cotton yarn, at 20c., 1^ doz. brttons, at 4c., and 1 hank linen thread, at 13c.; Nathan Brittan, 2 pair cotton hose, at 38c. 2d. Sold Moses Austin 2 rolls Avindow paper, at 31c., and 2 palm leaf hats, at 20o. ; and he has given me his note at 30 days, to balance his account, for $1 7.6 1 . Sold John Adams 4 bbls. salt, at $1.00, 32 lbs. refined sugar, at 13c. ; and he has paid me cash, to balance his c count, $77.80. 3d. Sold James Rogers 4 yds. gimp, at 25. ; John M. Holley, 11 yds. lawn, at 31c., 1 yd. drilling, at 13c., and 2 pair whalebones, at 4c. 5th. Sold Thomas Rook 1 vest pattern, at 75c., 2^ yds. cassimer, at $1.00, 5 yds. lawn, at 20c., 1 pair walking shoes, at $1.00, 1 bonnet, at $3.00, 2 spools thread, at 5c., and 4 lbs. coffee, at 10c. Bot. of him 37| lbs. butter, at 13c., 8 doz. eggs, at 10c. ; and he has paid me cash, to balance His account, $19.55. 6th. Bot. of George C. Youngs 20 lbs. ham, at 8^c., 31 lbs. do., at 8c.; and he has paid me cash, to balance his account, $2.66. Sold Lucius S. Wood 5 yds. brown linen, at 31c., and thread, at 6c. 7th. Sold James Rogers 10 yds. linen gingham, at 38c., 6 yds. sheeting, at lie, 2 yds. edging, at 15c., and 2 skeins silk, at 4c.; Ephraim B. Price, per wife, 1 parasol, at $2.25. 8th. Sold James McElwain 1 bar soap, at 16c. ; BOOKKEEPING. 113 Daniel Watrous, 4 yds. linen goods, at 31c, ^«ttmi8 at 6c,, ^ r r u „ r^nirl mp pish. to balanco his account, ^17.14. mh tld ThCas 1 Do^^^^^ P- JuUat, purse twist, 75c, ^ i' fttl bS 75c. ; George C. Dean, 2^ yds. gingham. Til. 10th Sold Nathan Brittan 12 yds. barred mull at at 31c. lotn. ooxu r,ai; . ^^ j^^^ 31c., 2 pair cotton hose, at 38c. , ana "e nas f, Bkoin8 silk, at 40. Jl-nf.,^"'.'''"™ gold t)aniel Chapman Wanco hisaoconnt $11.82. 18th .^;^^^ 7c., 1 yd. cam- 10 yds. alpaca, at 75c., 1U4 J^«- ' „ . , t ^ g YmI- brie, at lOc, and 1 yd. dnllmg, at 13c P« ^ i.ev. » C. Smith 13 y>l?. sniruiig, , {bread, at 6c., and 4 880., 6} yd8. cahoo, at Ic, 3 spo^s threaa ^ ^^ .keins Bilk, at 4e. G^orf, ^-XsoW Reuben II. Foker balance h.a a"™'"''' *f -J;; ^ „al amp oil, at $1.00. 16th. 2 gals, molasses, at 44c. and 1 gau '^""P ' j 3 „„„t,,a to James MoElwam has grven me ^ "ote =._t ^ p^j^^_^_^^ balance his '''=<'°"°*'f°';f„f l^d ifaok ca-nhrio, at lOc, 1 yd. satm ves«"f. ^t/8^^|',\[„t. buttons.at 25c. 17th. i«r e! Sf y rydl «.. ..Uco at 13., 4 yds sheeting, at 80., 3 lbs. J*"'"^,"* !•;„<, cash, to balance at 180. ; and he has lY^" »%l;\\"^':ilKphraim B. Price ance his account, for « 6 03 "OJ?; *°^ „P ^ as. calico, U yards, shirtmg, at If «;• ^ yd"- ''"e"^ ^ g'^ia Abram at ?c., and 1 ^-Xtre "n pltid, ^ 31o., 1 yd. drilling L. Beaumont U y^^' *^':<'f " Pj 'ooi thread, at 6c.; and at 130., i yd. ""P^^^'f*? fio aavs to balance his account, hehasgivenmehisnotoateodays^toD ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ balance his account, «59.b^. ooiu ^ ^^^ yds. gingham, at 28C., trimmings, at 310. , aim v^ L cash: to balance Ins ^«™""'' 6*J^onths, to balance his Holley has given xne hin^te at b qnt^^^^ ^ ^^.^ ^^^^^„„ account, lor »« -4 .old.i..^.^^ . ^^ ^^,^„,, his ac hose, at 40c. and he has paid 114 BOOK-KSSFIXO. count, $41.84. 24th. Sold Huj^h Jameson 3 yds. satinet, at V6c. 2'7th. Credited Aaron J). Polhanius for the balance of his account, charged to Remsen & Polhamus, $38.82 ; and charged Remsen & Polhamus for the balance of A. D. Polhamus' account, $38.82. Remsen & Polhamus have Said me cash, to balance their account, $20.77. 28th. Sold ames C. Smith 30 yds. sheeting, at 10c. ; and he has given me his note at 3 months, to balance his account, $28.26. 20th. Hugh Jameson has paid me cash, to balance his ac- count, $21.45. Sold Horatio N. Taft 3 yds. black cassimer, at $2.00, 2^ yds. sheeting, at lOc, 1 spool thread, at 5c. ; and he has given me his note at 60 days, to balance his account, for $34.67. 30th. Sold Ephraim B. Price 18 yds. brown factory, at 10c. ; and he has given me his note at 4 months, to balance his account, for $35.44. Credited Lucius S. Wood for 6 months' services as clerk, at $20.00. Paid him, cash, $36.74, and given my note at 4 months, to balance his account, for $60.00. Gave Philip G. Alnnr my note at 30 days, to balance his account, for $42.00. James Rogers has paid me cash, to balance his account, $17.14. Joseph M. Demmon has paid me cash, to balance his ao- count, $80.21. 116 BOOK-KEEPIXO. / Petty Cash-Book. This book is intended for the cash account, so that by referring to it we may at any time ascertain the amount of cash on hand, and, furthermore, by comparing the amount, as represented by the book, with the amount act- ually on hand, we may detect any error in expenditure. This book should be ruled like the Journal, as in the form on the following pages. The word Cash should be written in a bold hand at the top of the page, near the centre, with Dr. over the left-hand* money columns, and Cr. over the right. The receipts of cash should be entered in the debit col- unms, and the disbursements in the credit columns, and bal- anced every night. For example, see the opposite page. This book may be written on the last three or four pages of the Journal. In order fully to illustrate this account, I have given a memoranda of cash receipts and expenditures for January. In order to make the method perfectly plain to the pupil, I have given on the opposite page the form of entry, as far as Jan'y 7th. The pupil will, after carefully studying the explanation, enter the following memoranda. MEMORANDA. Jan. 3d. Invested in business, $2,000 ; paid expenses to New York, $37 ; bought merchandise, $1,806 ; paid freight on merchandise, $124. Bought wood of Westfall, $8.00 ; . paid postage, .37c.; received for merchandise sold this day, $5.84. 6th. Paid for sundries, $1.67; paid for saw- ing wood, $3.00; paid for cartage, $1.75; received for sales this day, $4.02, 6th. Paid for advertising in West- ern Whig, $3 ; paid 1:.? ii*(Aancli46 -''' (^a/anci en nana 0*. 3,000 ,To 0Sa/unc» ^toa^ ti)*tyn J^y (Wood / "^^fa^ '' 0^o^taa» ^0 ^€*k. S^a£t* dU day 0Sy ^a£inc6 on 4and 00 SfiOO 00 <^.. 31 4,^05 42A 3S 2,000 6 STo ^Janc* 4*ouy/u cUwn Ty S/'undue4' ^aw^ny ^Vood ^atiaaa STo ,JU ^y ^a/ancfi on dand lit 34\ 00\ 39 3i\ 49 36 92 M 30 09 40 To 27 16 34 ^i 39 00 00 00 00 ~00 00 35 A9_ 57 3\ 00 30 75 09 36X44 3\ 00 3\50 \25 33\ 64 A0\ 36 118 BOOK-KEEPING. Tth. Paid for blank book, $2. 75 ; paid for merchandise, $5.86 ; paid postage, 30o. Received from sales of merchan- dise this day, $12.18. 8th. Paid for merchandise, $4 74; paid express charges, $1.25 ; paid for personal expenses, $2,00 ; paid postage, 20c. Received for merchandise sold tliis day, $11.74. January 10th. Paid for personal expenses, $8.00 ; a blank book, 75c.; errand boy, 6c.; ^jostage, 15c. Received for merchandise sales this day, $15.74. lli:h. Paid for 1 gal. of camphine, 56c. ; parallel rule, 50e. ; merchandise bought, of a peddler, $7.50. Received for merchandise sold this day, $9,63. 12th. Paid for postage, 25c.; 1 gross Gil- lott's pens, $1.25; merchandise bought at Rochester, $25.00. Received for merchandise sold this day, $14.55. 13th. Paid for a bottle of red ink. 13c. ; hand-bills, $2.00. Received for merchandise sales this day, $12.64. 14th. Paid for repairing blinds, $2.50 ; wrapping paper, $3,00 ; postage, 10c. ; envelopes, 12c. ; v/afers, 10c. Received for merchandise sold this day, $10.13. 15th. Paid for express charges, $1.50; postage, 15c. Received fox merchandise sold this day, ^7.96. 17th. Paid for cartage, 25c.; for hardware bought of J. M. French & Co., $17.50 ; postage, 20c. Received of Miss Mary Emmonds, on account, $2.00. Merchandise sold this daj'^, $16.74. 18th. Paid for post- age, 5c. ; bill paper, 75c. Received for merchandise sold this day, $8.63. 19th. Paid for the use of a horse and buggy to Canandaigua, $1.50; expenses, 75c. Received for merchandise sold this day, $11.92. 20th. Paid for one cord of wood, $2.25 ; postage, 20c. ; errand boy, 6c. ; cart- age, 25c. Received for merchandise sold this day, $17.04 21st. Paid for advertising in the "Whig," $1.00; sawing wood, 75c. ; postage, 5c. ; a lot of bed cords, $5.00. Re- ceived for merchandise sold this day, $6.34. 22d. Paid for camphene lamp wicks, 31c.; postage, 15c.; ^ ream of letter paper, $2.00. Received for merchandise sold this day $13.57. 24th. Paid for one gallon of camphene. 56c.; postage, 25c.; ink-stand, 50c. ; cartage, 25c. Received for merchandise sold this day, $15.32. 25th. Paid for 1,000 bu^mess cards, $3.00; one ream foolscap paper, $3.50; one doz. pass-books, $1.00. Received for merchandise sold viiis tlay, v9.44. ^6tu. Paid tor making store shcivcs, $2.50; postage, 5c. Received for merchandise sold this day, $11.88. 27th. Paid for a camphene lamp, 4.00 ; express BOOK-KKEPING. 119 ^hiraes 50c.: merchandise, j!U.13; cartage, 26c. Kfr Sform; chandisesold this day, $14.23. . 28th^ Pmd ninp 60c Received for merchandise sold this day, i|llo.»4. l?l pSd for store rent, <,26.00 ; postage, lOe. ; four do. brooms, *8.00; cartage, 2|c.; erraiid boy, 6c. Received for merchandise sold this day, $18.bd. Note -Tt is often difficult to make pupi s vmderstand the Sroprietyof making Cash debit when it is received, and crX when it is paid away. This d fficulty may be ^bvialed by explaining' to them .the ongmal mea^^^^^^ of the word Cash. The word origmally signihed Uiest, or f Place where money was kept, instead of money itself. nSw, f i P -ed all L money'l received in a certain box i could at any time t.ll by my books how much there ^^ as in it? if I made the box Dr. for all sums put fo it, and Tr for all sums taken out. Just so with Cash. When- S^;rl I'ceiTm^^^ I put it in some place and ca^lmg !u- r;i«;.p Cn^h make it Dr. for the amount placed there, he s^ame a^I wodd a person, if I placed the money in his hinds for^lfekeepincr.^ And so, whenever I take out any dve C-v^^reditL- it. The difference, then, between the Dr and Cr sides of the Cash account thus kept, shows how much money I have on hand. On the next page will be foTd Tother method of keeping the Cash-Book Where the page is divided into two equal parfs, and the Dr and Cr.^ntries separated, and each placed .^ its ap- propriate side of the Lcount, it ^.^trt^ mTpr'tce and the balance brought down. The lear. er majr pr^ tice Toth forms, making us. of the same transacv ons m thu as in the preceding form. ^ ■^ "5^ S> ^ I S <5i <^ "5b ^ 1 ^ >> Tj ;^* ;:^ S" ct> <:i c, c^ § -So V X 5, K^ CN I ^ ■^ 0, -So ji S e. f V ^ •^ s^ % N ^ '^ <5l -^0 'So 0^ 05 ^ ^ X 05 ^ X 4m ^ BOOK-KBEPING. 123 Bills Receivable. All written obligations for the payment of inoney, which you hold against other individuals, are called BiUs Receivable, and should be entered in the Bill-book when taken By referring to this book the time that notes be- come due can be ascertained without referring to, or ex- amining your package of notes. Notes received are usually labelled and put away in a safe place, so that con- Tnt reference to them would be inconvenient; hence the utility of this book. When the business is so large as to involve many notes, they are usually arranged, so that notes falling due in the same month are in one package- the notes of each month forming a separate package. Ihe p..e of the book should be divided into twelve spaces as onlhe opposite page. Each space should then be labelled as m. nT>nosite pacre. The first note received was that ot Iseflul! lated Juno ., 1B48, fo. »1V.«, for 30 day. It being the first note, we place its number (1) m first space, the name of maker in the second, the one to whom t is payahle in third, the amount in fourth and fifth, the da e of note in sixth and seventh, the time it has to run m eiXh; then, computing 30 days from June 2d and adding X usual ihree days of grace, we find « becomes d^e on July 6th, and so enter that date m mnth and tenth spaces If it had been made payable at any particular pC we would have put the name of that place m the e eventh space, and any particulars as to payment, & ., in Ihe twelfth space. The other notes were entered m same way. ^f? '^J •^ ^v J^ n = Ah w JS G 9i f-< »* ii 'h O) 0) C3 .3 aj en 00 ..a a O) C Of 03 to a oT^ es O « .2 c ^ a» 03 riA a -G *-' W3 ID 09 a-s J3 rrj a> a c3 Ph a .5 cfi CJ "-I 03 O •^ 5 - ■- O) O ^u/u / ^0 2^ 24 29 '-yo ^atancfi vtcugnd (/own •• // // c/o. 0e/,. AyS^.Sf. ^uficn $G25.00 kJo Qjauincc ^totM^ t/(M//n iBO 50 50 220 00 00 00 00 220 00 A00\ 00 50 ^25 00 00 50\ 00 ^45\ 00 7^2 50 Bank-Book. This is a book usually given by banks to persons depos- iting money with them. On the Dr. side is entered all sums deposited, with the date and name of the individual by whom deposited : this is done by the receivino- clerk. 126 m ale wild =^. '5^. ^^idlon ^.. At tke close of the month, the amount drawn out should be placed on the Gr. side, and the book balanced. The sum total of the deposits for the month should be transferred to the Dr., and the amount checked out during the month to the Qr. side of the bank account m the Ledger. 6* 127 ■^ >. S> S> "^ ^ <5> <5> »c> "^ ^1 ^ ?> "^ S" <5i "^i irj "5> jsi ^ V ^" ^ ^ ^ ^ <5> "^i ><> Si> ?v, i> i o o PQ 1 1 :^ ^ €n St ^ J? :? s- ■^ '^ ^ ^ <^ Nt <55 sc V, -^ "Jo -On s,' »^ K 0^ *0, >^ \» iHtN r*| <5i O^ •?? S> "5> i^i, c^ .~^ ^ § g 8 5> 'Oo "'^ .^,g^-^«/"^^^^^^^^ the numbers in the first column of B. Receiv^le-book ind cat Name in the second, &c.? What are Bills Payable? Describe the Bills ^m^ttV Bank-book? What is entered on^debit sideV it? By. whom are these entries made? When is the ««^o"^* •i'-^^^,^"^,^- ered? Why is this book used? What is an Account Cun:ent ? men Tt drawn off? What is it for? What is an Account Sales? ^ha he person called to whom the goods are sent ? Describe an Account Sales its ruling, entries, &c. What is a Bill of Purchase? If paid 'Ss lu d Jione? if the goods are charged, what should be done? mire "Bills of Purchase" more properly called? Wliat should be In wth these? What use may bo made of them ? How can you form neat packages of them? Why should you have t^o packages nea"? Are neaLss and precision very nece^ry in Book-keeping trlactions? What In a "Bill of Account?" mat is stated m it? PART SECOND. DOUBLE ENTRY BOOK-KEEPING. DOUBLE ENTRT. T„T« tPvm is derived from the fact that every business DEBTOR AND CREDITOR. These terms are correlative, the one implies and involves Ihese te^^^.^^; ,^ ig a debtor there must neces- tV; be aTrS ofan .oud amount ; and wherever there is a creditor there n^ust* t,e a debtor, &c. APPLICATION OF DEBTOR JKB-tl^EDITOU. CLASSES OF ACCOUKW Thpre are three classes of accounts in Book-keeping, are the accounts of the persons wiiav^^ ^ror^evty. and chant and his gains or losses m busmess. '^"^ DEFINITION OP BOOKS. BOOKS irSED. and Ledlf ^tL^'^^'V-^^ ^^" Day-book, Journal, ana i^edger. The auxiliary books vary accordincr to the nature of the business, and are the Cash-book Bill-book Invoice-book, Sales-book, Account-current book, Book of Shipments, Letter-book, Receipt-book, wm«/igm^. ^^^" ^^^^^^ ledger. This is a book in which a page, or portion of one is al- lowed for every account found in the Journal, wUh the Pl^^nder their respecdv;ri;e;.dsr™^——^S AUXILIARY BOOKS. ALPHABET OR ITffDEX. 135 Tn order that the accounts in the Ledger may be more 3 o'p^sitXpame thenumber of the page on winch Te acMt ^nd on a sheet of waste anco Sheet as directed on pages 195 aud 201. 140 BOOK-KEEPING. GENERAL RULE FOR JOURNALIZING. The thing received, or person trusted is made Dr. " To" the thing parted with, or person who trusts you ; and the thing parted with, or person who trusts you, is made Cr. *' By" the thing received, or person trusted. Profit and Loss is made Dr. for all losses, and Cr. for all gains. Every Dr. must have a Cr. of equal amount, and every Cr. must have a Dr. of equal amount. EXERCISES IX JOURNALIZING. Transactions. Sold D. W. Clark, on acct., mdse., $200. Bot. of D. W. Clark, on acct., mdse., $200. D. W. Clark has paid me cash, on acct., 1200. Paid D. W. Clark cash, on acct, $200. Sold V^. W. Hart, on his note, 30 dafs, mdse., $175. Bot. of W. W. Hart, on uiy note, 60 days, mdse., $260. W. W. ^art has paid his note, in cash, $176. Paid my note to W. W, Hart, in cash, $250. Sold J. H. Holmes mdse., $450. Received in payment his note for $260, and cash for the balance, $200. Bot. of J. H. Holmes mdse., $500. Gave in payment my note for $250, and cash for the balance, $250. Exchanged the above notes with Holmes. $260. Bot. of J. Dunnin? his honso and lot on Sprlnjf-strcet, $2,000. Gave in payment cash, $1,000, mdse., $500, and my note for the balance, $500. Sold my house and lot on Spring-street for $2,600. Eeceived in payment 8. 8. Clark's note, 3 months, $1,000, casli $\,000, and mdse. for the balance, $500. The Commercial Bank has discounted S. 8. Clark's note for $1,000. Discount, $17.50; cash received, $982.60. Journalized. D. W. Clark, Dr., $200. Mdse., Or., $200. Mdse., Dr., $200. D. W. Claik, Cr. $200. Cash, Dr., $200. D. W. Clark, Cr., $200. D. W. Clark, Dr., $200, Cash, Cr., $200. Bills Eeceivable, Dr., $175. Mdse., Cr., $175. ' ' Mdse, Dr., $250. Bills Payable, Cr,, $260, Cash, Dr., $175, Bills Eeceivable, Cr., $175. Bills Payable, Dr., $250. Cash, Cr., $250. Bills Eeceivable, Dr., $250. Cash, Dr„ $200, Mdse., Cr., $450, Mdse., Dr., $500. Bills Payable, Cr., $250. Cash, Cr., $250. Bills Payable, Dr., $250. Bills Eeceivable, Cr., $260. Real Estate, Dr., $2,000. Cosh, Cr., $1,000. Mdse., Cr,, $500, Bills p;iyable, Cr., $500. Bills Receivable, Dr., $1,000, Cash, Dr., $1,000. Mdse., Dr., $.500. Eeal Estate, Cr., $2,500. Cash, Dr., $982.60. Interest, Dr., $17.8a Bills Receivable, Cr., $1,000. BOOK-KEEPING. 141 Transactions. Journalized. Holmos & Co., New York, consigned an Invoice of goods to me, to be sold on SS Iccou^it, $575. I havepald for freight and charges, in cash, « Cv, -So ^ 144 BOOK-KEEPING. 146 GENERAli QUESTIONS. Of what docs Part 2d treat? From what is the term Double Entry derived ? What kind of terms are " Debtor and Creditor ?" What la meant by correlative terms ? To what are those terms apphed m Smgla Entry? To what are they appUed in Double Entry? What are per- sons made debtor to ? For what are they made creditor ? For what are property acounta made debtor? For what, creditor? How many classes of accounts? Name them. What are P^'-^o^^l f f "°*«^ What are Fictitious accounts ? What are Real accounts ? What Books aroused? How many principal ones? Name them. Name the aux- iliarv books. , , . .. v o What should the Day-Book contain ? What should it commence w th ? What should be entered next? In what order? AVhat four thmgs Bhould each entry contain? Name them. What style of writrng should be used in this book? What should be avoided? What xs the Jour- nal? What accounts are entered in it? What is the use of this book? How are accounts prepared for the Ledger? What is the process of Werring accounts from Day-Book to Journal called ? TVhaUsthe Ledger? How much space is allowed for each account? What is written at the head of the page? How do wo transfer accounts from the Journal to this book ? What is the process called ? What book s used with the Ledger, to enable the book-keeper to find the accounts more rapidly? Describe it. , , « w>,„ Could a merchant's account be kept in ^^^^^ f ^^ ^°°^^^.J. J^J^, use auxiUary books? What is the Cash-Book ? ^.^^^^^ - f ^f ^°? ^ mat is the Bank-Book? What is the Account-Current Book? What Tthe ''Account-Sales Book?'' What is the "Sales-Book?' Describe rthodtf:ig this book? Whatisthelnvoice-Book, Wha .the Letter-Book? What does the Stock account represent? "^^^'^^^ tered on the Debit side of this account ? What is entered on the credit s S ? What does the difference between the Dr. and Cr. of this accoun show? For what is Profit and Loss account kept? For what is it mleDr? ForwhatisitmadeCr.? What doesthe difference between ;:^^randCr.ofthisaccountshow? ^or-^^^'^el^'^^^^^ kent? For what is it made Dr.? ForwhatisitmadeCr.? What do^s the ifference between the Dr. and Cr. of this account show? 146 BOOK-KEEPING. For what is the Expense account kept? What does the Dr. side of this account contain? What does the Cr. side of this account contam? When is the entry made on the Cr. side ? What is the Merchandise account? Explain it. What is the Real Estate account? What is the Consignment account? Explain the Consignment account of James Hohnes. What is the Wheat account? What is the Cash account? What is the Bank account? What is the BUls Receivable account? What is the Bills Payable account? What is Journalizing? Explain the process. What is Posting ? Ex- plain the process. side of this b contain? s the Beal xplain the t account? What is account ? ing? Ex- DAY-BOOK, OR BLOTTER. DOUBLE ENTRY. • l¥ i I ^ ^yon&, ^^onc/ay^, Q{)Au/ 2(/, /<^4^. tJ^ commence ouiU'neM. t^uA, t/t^ wucwma e/^ecU : i^beunatuitiie Aer xynventovu %/\roie4' aaamiit C7U7taiu ^^etaonj' QGetuatnin ^07t6 oti^e* ma on S^cct. 9tOif' /cuo% ^e«, Tudyon ^ ^ee o?i S^cU. on Ttty %/roi& eU S mo. ^^(/m. ficr J^. ^3. /mm / ^oi. o/^eo^ ^r. ^etU ^ ^o. on m,u Jroie at 6 mon C/oia Tode^n k^. Qjetnnion on €^CCCtC7lt on K/iroie ai 6 'mo. •C^/vU/ 4 Ad. 5,2^A S,500 2,300 i50 A75 2^7 36 00 00 00 50 50 foM^ 763 36 00 5M 63A S39 30 96 20i 22^ 4^ A3 ^§ 148 ^um6, ^ionday, Q^fm^ ^6d, ^§^9^ 2^ ^^fitJ 49d.- \S^oiclfo^. ^i. 0^tnu)n on S^cct. 602\ ^3 461 _^fvU^ 20d.- \0efi. "^cuyfvm ^n, fo^te^ mcuter, frm ^ttca, an S/M on U S^cd. S^momUinf^ J^r Jnmu. to $^-^0 4^\75 149 '^ycnd, Sr4utu/a^, Q4fii^26l4, i/BA^. ^4^f.fiec^ /tcr ^ofor my ^^ tMiau 5 tit. ^M/amo^n, Wi^ui / ^.. on S^ccount -^iay tth,. ■ • 2 ^M ^. ^^- ^^^'^ ^.^addiny, 4,m (fd^. 3\ — -k/WO^ otfi.— ~~~ 625\ 00 4,250 ^cld ^ ^- ^cUu>d on DfcU. . .,y/way 40tri. • Sf'M fo4. ^. 0emmon on, S^cU. 4 0'ie<^^u>.'i^U25^d4. AOO ^.ri r r^ .-^ i? /J/9 2 ''■ ^ '^y ^// 0^ toAicd tit S'f7.S5 77150 00 500 00 S50 00 -^ay ^^d.- 200 ^/^ 5^^^ J^ys ^^^^^ ^ave in, ^aymcni a 0ta^ on i"// 25 i50\ 00 400\ 00 950 00 152 — — t^K^t^-^ ^cufi. on G^ccount —^^au 2Mh.- 0'aU "^oMm ^ ^^olfun/utnU 0iafi on me. at ^'^/li /or .^(say 26 iL • — 0^cce.>ed frm '^^^ # "dolman an ^cct. Mu of 9^£>i^r "^on^ .ianeJ to t/^m CJfuc/ 2^ld\ 5?af.u.eccU §3,115.00\ ^or ao/ucfi My /uive umiUed «| <^/Uci on {^c;ni of Geneva, for ay t4cotMti a/u>tv€ii 164 ^7 4 00 50 40 Yi7 i5 40 96 59 00 25 646 52 94 475 50 00 997 50 49i 25 455 25 250\ 00 634 96 25 00 S5 00 SB^M, WedrieJap Ju^ne M fU9. ' S5O0&.^^ 5.00 4,950.00 ^ofman,JP.%at 5.50 4,^5.00 STAcir 0v^t on J. ^c^ <^ ^0 dzy^ Kyu/tu 40m.' 4,000 375 J^oU at A montM ^imc 4Sd. — 4,315 0ot. o/^f. ^. 0^^^ « &^oMe a^££otece^ of S^^nU^ ^ ^^*^ ^mA to 0aLnc6 S^ccotmt ^^m^ 0. ^oiU>oi lu acu/Ucdmy 0iafi on 4^ at 40 d ^l^ for ^— 4^t^.- er^e 0aU of ^eruva ^ 0^-\ «,«,^ d* JPoU ^^ A^ J^. ^. ^;SktJunc 40i/tatA m 00 55 S50 00 Am 00 155 I ^^y-ond, ^}Kc/ne^(/ay, Ju^ne mid, /<^A'^>cuc4 22m. C7, ^eao/b on tn-u ^ote at 30 c/aua 5,50 0^aic/ ^tei^^t anc/ ^att in ^oit^. ■J^une 26 tl- tjroae^n %Ab. yDemTnon na^ hau/ Ata %/\rot6 liHtn tntMMt aiven t^/^)azc4 .''3tcC 4^i9, at 3 montL for tynteteat 3 wont/ia anc/ 3 c/aya J^ima 2i^. . ^emy ^. G^o/^o4, 4ad /taic/ my QStaft on 4/m, acce/Uet/ ^une 'f5m at 'fO aaita aiant /of 156 4,000 ^,000 00 00 2,000 00 50 ^,000 00 550 52 00 00 300 5 00 A3 00 4,04^ ,27 602 00 305 250 43 00 AS 00 — ^una 29tL ^^49, ai 3 monda for -J^uru sod.- i,000 Yrs 50 00\ /^l 0^ '^(Ui/i S^a^ diid mend amownt io 0^aid ^(Mifrf S^amiiy Sx^^e^uied, ^c. S rmntH acwicfi a4 ^^d 50.00 ^oLnet of ^acLnd^ tmdc/J a^ her J^nvtntoty tcden J^une 30 d, 4^9, amoimt4 to 097^.34 4,04^ 0^ 'f,260\ 00 9^ 450\ 50 00 00 IST If ill' f u JOURNAL. DOUBLE ENTRY ^ ^7^cm, .^^GTic/a^, q4>/iI(^^ 2c/, /SA^, 3 5 Jocun ^eceivavM ^entamtn iSone kJ c/locA criocK. '^u letfCe -S^/^u/Ail. 2 ty/^etc4afu^ Q)f,_ 6\ STi, ^^Z ^'ava^f^ t^oeicha/nt/iii ute 0^ ^0 i^JUU iy-a-ifoOU -S^/^u/pd.. 7 2 S 0t 3 2 S —S^/iu/ 'fsd.- eceivaOie ^0 %^06tcnan(/i, 0t 't<>6 T&eW« -C^/iu/ 'fid.- 0t / xy4f}ctcuanc/iet»nancli^a ^96 5i ^96 5^ m ^0 Joa4n fU 00 ^S4 00 '^^^^1 sK ^an4 c^ Geneva d^«. 500 00 . 500 00 9 1 S,603 oi S,603 oi 1 ft 1 102 50 50 50 5^ 00 00 oi A 0t ^0 ^aMon, S^'tot/Un^^m ^ ^o — -c 4foau 3d.- Am oo\ •mctv 5tn.' ^0 ,^cwn(Mt€iin 77 25 50 'xyfoai* /fSl^.- ^/a^ S^o 04^ 500 250 00 00 2^y 25 ^oi /o^ 62 63 S^/Oi 'OU>f 0t t/^ S&enta'nutt e* fitlfa: one ^a4n 01. kJo K/metcna/naiae %^ay 22c^.- 950 00 i50 ^60 00 00 ^cMn 0t. ^0 c^. %ym>. 0eni7tion ^0 S^m^f> -^^/ ^^*^' ^^^^• 7 ■t/^v 26 m.- A96 00 \^ ^0 ^ieicnandiM ^0 ^./ii}elc^ndU» ^ani of Geneva 0t\ 403\ 50 403\ 50 0t\ S,000 0i 250 62\ 75\ 2,000 250\ 75 0%\ 'f,000\ oo\ 01 0i] 42A 00 4,000\ 00\ 4,000 42A 00 00 7,7^9 4,000 m 00 7>7^9 ^r 65 I li 165 ^^cnd, ^uc^y^ Jt^ne ^a, /B4^, ^0 ^. ^.S/''mUd\ 'i^onaiane. -Kyttne Sc^.' ^a4n ^0 S^ufttr ^« '\y^ume MA.- 0t sr^ ^ m. ^o^d Q^t 9^ 475 00 50 997 49^ 50 S5 94 475 50 00 997 455 f^ttne 5dA. S5 50 40 is 4^7 40 S50\ 00 0t. 455 95 6S4 0t 96 £50 00 S5 £,547 00 646 50 U 52 25 00 S,547\ 50 166 ^^. 9^ ¥75 50 00 997 50 ¥0 ^5 40 /55 §50 S5 00 '/6\ U 52 95 'T7 00 50 r ■ ^*. 4,000. 00 375 00 J^mit 40d. \ -Jtm6 ^^d. 01 M 00 4,250\ 00 425\ 00 f,600 00 A^O 00 // // ^0^4, J^u/na 45d. ^0 ^. ^. ^cSU)i 200\ 00 im 00 5oa. 00 ji73\ 00 55 00 .June 4^t/i.- S50\ 00 55 0^ 00 STo ^^ 0^eu^i^*. »CJ to "s^ V **' ''^cN ¥ K §> ^ '*->N ^ '^ Q^ ©^ .^ .^ ^i O4 k^ i^ (^ <5i i 5~ ^ ^ ^ V s ^ ■Si I *^ ^ 176 5 -So k^ ^ ^ « ^ 1 'Jo -^sp x:^ -V) ^ »^ § ^"^ ^ ^ I »CJ ^ ^ 1' i •• ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ i 1 1 -^o 5S ^ ^ s> ^ S i:^!'?' > ^ <=N ! '^ '->s a "<»« ^ 0^- >^ :i c^ m ^ ^ '<^ ^«-^ §1 ^ "Ci •^i ^ (^ "^i "^i ^ § 'c' 50 ;^ s> "^^ § S. 5b o^' « <3^ ^ >^ ^ Ok L^ cn (»,- cs: r;.' ^ <^ ^ ^ v^ S" ^ ^ e^ ^^ ;^ § ^ ^ ^ s .^ ^ V ©^ ©^ "CN, O,- Oj- >^ N^ ^ ,^^-T^- — ____ c^ <^ "S* ^ <5^ NJt ,*■* v^ *<. ^^ V _ »<^ \ H^ <5, <5. i;^ >; ^ ''^ <5i> 0^ CN O5 1^ 0» »^ Os r ^ ^ ^ s S ^ ^^•^ ^ < 1 ^ ^ ^ -^ s 183 II fe. lil ^ ;^ V » .■^ 'O ^ 'C^ t>H "5i ^ Oj V ^ ^ <^> "^ »>* ^ ■^ J ^ ^ ^ M 184 -So V 1^ ^ ■ x» 0\ ^ 185 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I l;i|Z8 |25 IS'- ^ I4£ Ml 2.0 us M 1-25 iig 1.4 6" y] ^ ^ ¥ // o 7 W' Sdeiices Corporation '^>T'^ 23 W£iT MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (7)6) 872-4S03 ^ ^l^ '^A- ^ s % 1- x^ ^ ^5 ^ ^ ^ «V s. I », v^ ^ ^ « « "^ 5 1^ ^ ^ ^ "5> >. '^ 0^ Or^ "O ?o ^IS s ^ ^ ■^ >s. % ^ ^ ^ -^ I 0>7 ^ 189 ^ ^ ^ ■?i "So ^ ^ ^ »\ ^ •^ ^ K^ ^1 ■^ ^ I 9 •^ 191 \. % <5^ "as 2^ <5^ V. ^ 3^ <>5 Cn, ^iS ^ ^ o^ <»^ '«0 ^ »x ©) ^o S •5^ 'Si ^^ ^ *5^ s ^ V ^ SS t "CN 1^ JO 182 s ^ ^ •^ t 1^ ^ ^ =^ ^ "5^ ^ >^ ^ % % v^ ^ >. K ¥ V CW, ^ Va •^ ^ ^ <^ K >5> -•o *^ >» >» *»^ ©^ *c> 'Ci §^ V : ^ ><^ <*» ■"Si 5§ ^ ^ § V •^"^ 9^^ ^v ^ ^^ ^h ^K 196 ^ Si >• t »» ■«« ^ "Si ^ ^ >0 > ^ »<^ -^0 <^J 'sa J5» ! ^ &' ^ % %' K, ^ .^ N^^ 1-^. 1 1 IMIaIM^aI li^ 9* 199 ^ <5^ l>5 <3^ ^ 'Co 'Sp ^ >^ ^ 'So >s > ^ ?$ ^ ^1 OS, 1^ ^ •ci K:^ 'So ^ ^ ©< 2^ Or V ©^ Si ^ ©^ ^ V ,<55 ';:i ?^ ^^ "^ »<:^ '^ \. ?^ .kT V V V V V ts. ^ Vo ^ \. >. Jv ^ ils^.i^^ « ^ ^ J •« ^ N. ^S^^^S^^ $>* S^v»s -So ? 200 BOOK-KEEPING. 201 Balance Sheet. Merchants as often as once, and sometimes twice, a year balance their Ledgers, and make out what is termed a Balance Sheet. This sheet exhibits, in a condensed form, a statement of their mercantile affairs, and forms the mate- rials for opening a new set of books, containing on the Dr. side the debts due them, cash on hand, and the value of merchandise or other property remaining unsold ; and on the Cr. side, the amount of their indebtedness to others. The difference between the two sides is of course their net capital. Directions for Making a Balance Sheet. 1st. Write " Balance Sb jet" at the top of a page in the Ledger. 2d. Take an inventory of all property unsold, and make the accounts representing the property Cr. " By Balance" for the value of what remains unsold ; then place the name of the account, and the same amount, on the Dr. side of the Balance Sheet. 3d. Ascertain what accounts show a gain or loss on the business, and balance these accounts "To" or " By Profit and Loss" for the difference ; then turn to the " Profit and Loss" account, and enter the title of the account, and the amount, if a gain, on thvj Cr. side, or, if a loss, on the Dr. side of said account. 4th. Balance Private account and Profit and Loss "To" or " By Stock." If the Profit and Loss account shows a gain, carry it to the Cr. side ; if a loss, to the Dr. side of the Stock account. 5th. Balance all other accounts, except Stock, " To" or " By Balance." If the Dr. side is the largest, make the account Cr. " By Balance" for the difference, and enter the name of the account, and the amount, on the Dr. side of the Balance Sheet; or if the Cr. side is the largest, make it Dr. "To Balance" for the difference, and enter the name of the account, and Che amount, on the Cr. side of the Balance Sheet. 6th. Balance Stock account "To" or "By Balance" for the difference, and, if th^^ operation of balancing is cor- rectly performed, the balance of this account will exactly balance the Balance Sheet. ^ CN >^ kCi »N. "^^^ V c^ vo -So "^ S>\ "^ ^ "^ ^ *^s^ \. V s \: «* 'ISO rf 202 INVENTORY-BOOK, DOUBLE ENTRY. ^^^»^tcty 0/ ^LicLnci^, ta4c7i S^/iti/ 2t/l50 xf^nventotu c/ ^JPo^. f ^iucn ^y ^en^min ^onc ^atc4 26t/i, 'f^49, at 3 mont/u, ^/u^4^/i, /^49. S^evt 6/'. S^u^on ^ •/ B02 '-^ ^' .<^^ 0l)ecci. ^ayntt. lu JPoU at 6 ntM. S 'S^em 6/'. S^u,^6n / ^a^ JPo. 625 ^00 / '' •" 632 i/2 / '' '' 653 M / <-' '^ 655 ^39 3,279 ^<^. ^A'^ at 6} kMBine'tWa^^" k"'^*'^^^* ^° lllustraio the use and method of 206 /25 ^^ ^7 A 0^ 35 75 75 i4 52 /3 30 60 45 23 54/ 252 260 / 634 45 3/ 20 00 ~96 2/3 /4 :l ill A9> /JJ ^^ //^ 0^ ^/ 35 60 75 45 75 2^ i4 23 52 / /J 5U 30 252 260 / ~634 45 3/ 20 00 ~96 SALES-BOOK. DOUBLE ENTRY. 2^3 ^4 \ ■ I 'if m ^ ^yon^, ^^onc/ay, Q/^^ui^^^d, /§^$?. S // f^ S croM ^04f^/t ^^, 0etnmo7i on S^cU. 5.00 -S^/iu/ /2l4.. S S/'o^iJ^antMon, ^f^^u^^'^o. on JPeU 6 mo. S '' ^ai<:net fS ^' /j / (^a^ ^u4^n^ 450 '' jf5^ • S^/iu'/ ^jU/v. S/'Mj'cdn S^t/anu, ^ 3^on /o^ "i^aU / ^^ S'cOia ^. ^tc. ^4^4 25 ^Jc/^. 6.00 !/ - (2d/u6^4. ''/ s 4 '^ .62\ ^.50 5.00 / €rieee cTuhst ,^nnn '^ty^Ji^h'^*,^ 04 C^yJ., nt 6 42 // 3 ^0 425 239 ^7 46 67 204 450 74 224 375 73 425 7 4 40 7 602 H Oi. 42 60 46 55 75 00 7^ 43 io 50 J3 00 ^^ 00 50 00 25 95 0^ 04 r I 208 '8A9. 6 43 // 3 ^0 425 S39 ^7 46 67 S04 450 74 224 42 60 46 55 75 00 7^ 43 io 50 43 00 ^^ 375 00 73 50 425 00 7 25 4 95 40 oi 7 04 602 i2 is 54 1 ££uon6, Srdat6^c/au, Q^hiU ^^m, ^8A^. § S^S/M ^fo4€fiA ^^. 0eTnmon on S^ut. 4 9^4i/. JP. O. ^ioA44^ 420 ^a/A at .3^ 4 '' S/'t. ^. ^u^r /, 4U ^*. 4 M/ ^^» S4A - / (^a^ Java ^offe6 40^ -' / '- ^a^uayut . ^^d 25 <^d,. 4 ^' «^. ^a4Mmcr 27\ '' 8 4.50 2.00\ S^/ui/ 2id. 4 ^a4 STiciin^ 450 ^/M. 4 ^a^ S/akTut 600 "' .45 .62\ The foreeoine is thought sufficient to Illustrate clearlv the use and iS.(f of keeping the Sales-Book The letter Efn he margin denotes that the transaction has been entered in the Say-Book'and by an e:.amination it will be found that the trans- actions correspond with the entries made in that Book. 45 77 44 40 454 442 55 467 67 375 442 60 9i 56 34 9^ T6 50 00 ~5b 50 00 ~50 209 210 BOOK-KEEPING. PRACTICAL EXERCISES. The following is a Memorandum of the business trans- actions for the month of June, which the learner may re- cord in the Day-Book, journalize, post, take a Trial Bal- ance, balance the Ledger accounts, and make out a Balance Sheet, as in the preceding form. IHEMORANDUM. JUNE 3d. I have this day commenced business with effects and debts, as shown by the " Balance Sheet" in the preceding form. 5th. Received per boat " Emerald," Collins, master, an invoice of goods shipped by Stewart & Co., pursuant to my order, amounting to $956.00. Paid freight and charges in cash, $46.75. 6th. Sold Henry B. Holbrook merchandise, per S. B., amounting to $56.00. Sold Henry Holmes, for cash, merchandise, amounting, per S. B., to $97.63. 9th. Bot. of Daniel Jones, for cash, merchandise, amounting, per S. B., to $48.96. 12th. Sold Joseph M. Demmon, on account, merchandise, per S. B., $73.19. Re- ceived from F. S. Bogue, Albany, an account sales of flour consigned to him, June 25th ; net proceeds, $698.00, for which he has remitted me a check on the Bank of Geneva. 14th. Sold David Coleman, for cash, merchandise, per S. B., $139.64; Jameson, Willard & Co., on account, merchan- dise, per S. B., $158.50. Deposited in the Bank of Geneva, $700.00. 16th. Accepted Stewart & Co.'s draft on me, at 30 days' sight, for 8Q5t.OO. 19th. Received from Henry B. Holbrook cash, to halaJiee account. Bot., for cash, of J. & H. Mirick, 100 bi>ls. of flour, at $5.50, which I imme- diately sold for $6.00 per bbl. 20th. Received per boat BOOK-KEEPING. 811 " Swan," H. Denman, master, from N. Y., an invoice of broadcloth, amounting, per invoice, to $3^0.00, consigned to mo by Cromwell, Ilaight & Co., to be sold on their ac- count ; paid freight and charges in cash, $10.00. 2 Ist. Sold Charles D. Campbell merchandise, per S. B., $46.00. Do- posited cash in the Geneva Bank, $1,000. 24th. Sold Thomas Collins -i':, yds. Cromwell, Ilaight & Co.'s broad- cloth, at $-{ ..0. Received, in payment, his note at 00 days for one-half, and jash for the balance. 28th. Bot. of John II. Ilolmcn bis house and lot on Broad street, for $2,000. Gave in payment, cash, $1,00.0, and my note for the balance. Sold Lewis & Herrick the remainder of Cromwell, Haight & Co.'s broadcloth, for $300.00. Charles D. Campbell has paid me cash to balance his account. 30th. Made up an account sales of Cromwell, Haight & Co.'s consignment ; my commission on sales, 5 per cent. Joseph M. Demmon has paid me cash to balance his account. Sold William W. Hart, on his note at 90 days, merchandise, amounting per S. B., to $216. Paid Isaac C. Dixon his salary for one month, $50.00. Store expenses, per Expense-Book, amount to $47.00. Cash sales of merchandise this month, $163.00. Merchandise unsold, per inventory taken this day, amounts to $893.20. I ^^2 BOOK-KBEPDfG. FORM FOR RETAILERS. Doi;bi,e Entry. Thh books necessary for this form are the Day-Book Journal, Ledger, Petty CasL-Book, Monthly Cash-Book! Merchandise-Book, Bank-Book, Bill-Book, and Expense- Book. ^ The Day-Booh, Journal, Ledger, and Petty Cash-Booh are the same as those in the " Merchants' Form," Sinde Entry; also the manner of Journalizing and postmg Monthhj Cash-Booh is a book in which the sum total of the receipts and disbursements of cash are entered daily from the Petty Cash-Book; and at posting, the sum total tor the month of the debits is transferred to the Dr side and the sum total of the credits to the Cr. side of the cash account, in the Ledger, Merchandise-Booh.— Thi^ book is kept to show the amount paid and received for Merchandise. Both the Dr and Cr. sides of this book are ruled with double money columns— for cash purchases and credit purchases ; and for cash sales, and credit sales. The amount of merchandise on hand commencing business, also the amount of merchan- dise purchased, should be entered, with the date, on the Dr. side of this book, "To Cash," "To Bills Payable," or "To Sundries." as the case maybe; or if purchased on credit, make it Dr. to the individual of whom it was pur- chased. , If there should be several purchases on the same day, make it Dr. to " Sundries" for the sum total. Every night, at the close of business, the amount of the cash sa.es for the day should be entered in the cash columns, on the Cr. side of this book. At the close of the month' the credit sales for each day should be added in the Day' Book, and entered in the left-hand margin of said book, BOOK-KJ!EPING. 213 opposite the date (being careful not to add any that are marked *' Returned" in the margin); from thence trans- ferred to the crealt columns of the Cr. side of this book. At posting, the sum total of the debits should be trans- ferred to the Dr. side, and the sum total of the credits to the Cr. side of the Merchandise account in the Ledger. At the time of balancing the books, by taking an inven- tory of the merchandise unsold, and placing its value to the Cr. side of the Merchandise account in the Ledger, the difference between the two sides of this account will show the gain or loss on merchandise. Bank-Book. This is a book usually given by banks to persons deposit- ing money with them. On the Dr. side is entered all sums deposited, with the date and name of the individual by whom deposited. This is done by the receiving clerk. At the close of the month, the amount drawn out should be placed on the Cr. side, and the book balanced. The sum total of the deposits for the month should be transferred to the Dr., and the amount checked out during the month to the Cr. side of the bank account in the Ledger. Bills Receivable. All written obligations for the payment of money, which you hold against other individuals, are called Bills Re ceivable, and should be entered in this book when taken. At the time of posting the month's transactions, the amount of Bills received during the month should be transferred to the Dr. side of the Bills Receivable account in the Led^ ger ; and the amount of all such bills which have been re- deemed should be transferred to tlie Cr. si'le of the same account. 214 It > book-keeping. Bills Payable. All written obligations for the payment of money, which you give to other perrons, are called Bills Payable, and should be entered in this book when given. At the time of posting the month's transactions, the amount of such bills givien should be transferred t^ the Cr. side of Bills Payable account in the Ledger ; and the amount of all such bills which have been redeemed should be transferred to the Dr. side of the same account. Mcpense-Book. — This is a book in which a memorandum is kept of all sums paid or incurred by the merchant in conducting his business; such as store rent, clerk hire, freight, cartage, porterage, postage, advertising, fuel, &c., &c. At the close of the month, the sum total of the ex- penses should be transferred to the Dr. side of the Expense account in the Ledarer. A memorandum of the transactions is given for the months of February and March, which the learner may re- cord in the same manner as the month of January. As this set of books is to be journalized the same as the " Merchant's Form," Single Entry, we have omitted the Journal entirely, leaving it for the learner to journalize for himself; and if he journalizes and posts correctly, his Ledger will agree with the Ledger in the book. iVb^e.— The sums to be posted from either the Cash-Book, Merchandise-Book, Bank-Book, Bill-Book, or Expense- Book, may, at the option of the book-keeper, be posted directly to the Ledger, or entered in the Journal, after the Day-Book has been journalized and posted from there to the Ledger. DAY-BOOK RETAILER'S FORM. DOUBLE ENTRY. ml J :i m& ^0^oc4eU67-, ^Wec/neu/ay, J^an /^^ /§J/. $^636 '^ntMM&zu, K^an. J9e/. ■ to. ty anient' ^^ ^(oooKcr §^555 j- Jatutaay, xyan. 4^4.- §^50 ^0 k/ 3 tOj. C/tMa'f Sr,, 'fO ^7J^. 6/cU - 5 .9X. S^J4 e5^ •lAmnc/ait, ^yan 6m- (SlatK. tcuti^ tJ -fS /oj. Sruaar ■^redne4€^u, yyan. ii4- ^0 /S\ /4d. <£fiiaai. 0^. ^/TutmM^^ 216 0t. 3.00 ■/.50 .S5 S.00 457 3 0^ 40 0t. 4.50 .05 0z. .40 0t. 00 4^ 7 50 \r5 43 00 40 45 30 00 S5 4 50 4 30 42 43 ^, /85/. ^,59^ 00 i57 /^ y 50 / ^^ 75 45 43 00 40 30 00 S5 / 50 / 30 42 43 0locdeaet,^W^ec/ne^dau, Kfa/n. . Smith, r, at 10c. it $1.00. rametta, , at 4c. ; p oil, at , at 40c., >. 18th. I. Young fmgham, 14c., and , Hamil- ton & Co. for merchandise, per inventory, $274,00. Sold James II. Hooker 1 pair rubbers, at $1.13 2l8t. Sold William F. Campbell 1 silk pocket liandkerchiet, at 75c., and 1 cravat, at $1.50. 22d. Sold Lucius Clark 8 yds. princrham, at 31c., and \\ yd. of cambric, at 10c. ; Henry L Fulton, 5 lbs. pulverized sugar, at lie. 24th. bold Lemuel Potter, per wife, 24 yds. calico, at 10c ,5 lbs bat- tinff, at 121c., thread, at 6c. ; and bought of him 5^ lbs. butter, at 16c.' 26th. Sold William W Hart 5^ yds. para, metta, at 75c., 4 skeins silk, at 4c. ; and he has paid me cash, $7.50. 28th. Sold Levi S. Fulton 4 lbs. candles, at 12ic., 51 lbs. butter, at 16c., and 1 lb. saleratus, at 8c. ; William F. Campbell, per wife, 1 set fine blue tea ware, at $3.50 , and bought of him 56 lbs. dried apples, at 5c. ^ Received from M?Knight & Pardee "i^erchandise, perinvoice, at $74.75 ; and laid them cash, $50.00 Sold John R. Smith 2 bed cords, at 31c., and 2 yds. table linen, at 75c. Ex- amined. MARCH 1st. Deposited in Commercial Bank, this day, $500.00. Sold Henry L. Fulton 1 cravat, at $1.50, and 1 pair kid IweratUoo. William F. Can^pbell has paid me James Cone's note, due June 1st, loi $9.50 Samuel Cummings paid me for 3 yds. gray cloth, at ^5c. 3cl. Sold James II. Hooker, per wife, 6 yds. alpaca at .5c., 1 vd cambric, at lOc, and 2 skems silk, at 4c.; John K, Smith per wffe, 1 yd. black silk, at $1.25 and 1 cord and t "ssel at $ToO. 4th. Sold Berkley Gillett 1 pair kid doves, at $1.00. 6th. Sold Eli B. Johnson 36 yds shirt^ fn-at 121C., 21 yds. linen, at $1.00, and 6 spools thread at^Sc \\h. Sofd William F. Campbell 1 ^vlnteyash Srush at 75C., and 2 brooms, at 20c. ; Lemuel Potte^U lbs suo-ar at 8c., 4 lbs coffee, at 15c., 1 lb ^oung njson e ; atf 5^. 1 lb.'saleratus at 8c. ; and bou^t oflum 0^ lbs! butter, at 15c. 8th. Sold Lucius Claik 16 yd^^^'^ Detin"-, at 75c., and 1 piece binding, at 31c., pniy J.. Soil 9 yds. gingham, at 25c., and 1 yd. cambric at 10c. mrSoW JohS R. Smith 1 satin vest pattern, a $3.00, 1 222 BOOK-KEEPINO. ijI^K^"^^^ ® y^'- ^'°^i"ff' »<^ 12^0, thread, at 12c.. and he has given me his note at 30 days, to balance his account for $11.37. 15th. Sold BerkleV Gillett 30 yd «^ni !k ^''°'^' ""^ ^2*^" 2 yds. linei, at 76c., and 6 Tftl 00 .'n1' f '°- '?'*^- ^^^^ ^^"^"^^ P°"«^ * yd- linen, ?!« I: •^' f^'l S^°^^«' ^* ^4c. 20th. Lucius Clark has paid me cash, llo.OO. Sold William F. Campbell 1 vest pattern, at 1.75, 1 yd. cambric, at lOc, andTyd rt'fr'A'''- ^'''' ^"^^ Berkley GUlett i lbs. sVar; at lOc, 4 lbs rice at 6c., and 4 lbs. coffee, at 12^0. ; Eli H TToS' 1 lookmg-glass, at $6.00. 24th. Sold jLnes mc 26th idw'^'%^v^'^^ ^? ^^'' e«°dle8,at i iKo' iT .!• ^^^ ^^""^ ^- ^"l*on 24 yds. calico, at lOc, 3 lbs. battmg, at 12c, and thread, at lOc. ; WilUam W SnU 't\^ t:>"o^°".' ^* 25c., and J yd. silk, at $1.00. 27th. 1 fnJ'l^;^"''*'.!,^^ ^^'' "^''«' ^' ^«-» 8 lbs. cod-fish, at PotC 1 vif T'^ ?^ ''i^'^' ^^^'^^' 29th. Sold Lemuel rotter 10 yds. French cahco, at 18c. ; Berkley Gillett, 10 75c "eu B tT' '' V"' ?°^ ' '^' ^'^s ^y^-- *^^ «' 75c., Eh B. Johnson, 1 pair morocco buskins, at $L13. w-iV w ^TT^- ^"^^°° 1^^« paid me cash, $15 00. Sold S^™.^^- ^r W^^^t' ^"^'^^^ «^^««' ^* 'sc. ;. Berkley Gillett 2 yds. broadcloth, at $4.50, ^ yd. padding at 38c., I yd. silk serge, at $1.13, 2 yds. twist, at'^4c.; tnd he hat paid me cash $20.00 Sold Levi S. Fulton 10 lbs. sugar at lOc, 9 yds. gmgham, at 26c., 6 lbs. raisins, at 16o, 1 oz. nutmegs, at 13c., and 1 oz. cloves, at 12c. Examined. ad, at 12c. ; balance his ett 30 yds. rSc, and 6 i yd. linen, icius Clark Campbell 1 and f yd. lbs. sugar, mo.; Eli Sold James candles, at CO, at lOc, i^ilUam W. .00. 27th. jod-fish, at >ld Lemuel Gillett, 10 son tea, at at $1.13. 00. Sold ;. Berkley , at 38c., \ od he has lbs. sugar, at 16c, 1 Ixamined. INDEX AND LEDGER. DOUBLE ENTRY. «! « ■ II b B %^onn4on, o/i (^. M c E Ox^n4fi C^ccoutU F G H 3 3 7 5 R 2 S T ^otonJ {/,^ami/ionJf ^^, ^0 <# W 7rooatoau/f ^•uaancUr 224 10" ^ V y^ 5> ^ 0^ >«> "^ c> 228 320 280 "§ ^ 1 1 wr^ ft^ 5, •«^ ^ ^, "S. ir^ Os Ov -So N!> -Bo -Co ^ •Ci On c^__ N!t ?2 ^ ^^ ^^ 231 ^ •^ "5> <;S ^ ^N. ^ <5> "■""""— S ^^ % 1 s $ ~ tSo 232 ^ 1^ >> <2N ;^ ^ 4^ ^ 283 ^ V «^ "^ % % ^ <5> § % % ^ > l*^ »-^ ) ^ ^ ^ »^ -«o !$ ^^ C-J ©^ 0^ $ -So V V ©^ ~e^ ^ 0^ •*^ "C^ »<^ ^ ^ >^ § ^^ i „8 ^1 ^ ^ c\^ 8^1 "=> I I o 2 o 8 ^ ^ ^ ^ ■^ ^ 'So ?S -^ ^ ^ J ^ 3 M § ^s ^ li^ 1 -So ^ 235 Si ■^ .« )crv 5 ■?Si ^^ "Jo 'So S I Os b * ff % ■ s ^ ^ « .2 u Eh 2 ^ ^ 1 \ +> a ^ ^ V I V ">« ''io <»\ ^4 ^1 ^ 'Qq ©) Vis ot:) oi^ '^^ ^ va ©) crj icj e^ >« ^ ^ S^ "^ ?> s I *^ >> J ©^ Oj s ^ ^C^ ^C^ ^ ^N i^N 5> 1.1 S ^ g1^ Ni ^ 1%| i^ 1 ^^^^ %g 2 ^ i 1>^S!^5^»»^^ S^^» 237 Monthly Cabh-Book. The transactions for one month being sufficient to illus- trate the manner of keeping the Monthly Cash-Book, we will therefore simply give the sum total of the receipts and disbursements for the remaining months, as follows: Receipts — February, $912.50; March, $1,359.13; dis- bursements— February, $351.80; March, $2,070.13, which should be posted to the Cash account in the Ledger. For form see next page. 0lecuvt(i ^or %y^ieu/ian<^iic S^a^ j^^^Y.OO " on S^ccownt 25.50 09/2.50 €raiei^or *.M)eicnancli^ j^/i6.5A "^ xMcC/^ni^t ^ €^aule6, on S^ceounf 50.00 "" ^ir Gxjtefi4e4 'f'/5.26 035 /Jo ^eutved ^or ^Mfeuidancluie S/'a^ ^//SpS.^^ '' on Drcceunt 62.25 04,359J3 ^raia ^or %^4(>eicnancltde 0/42.50 Q/Je^Miteci in looniTnema/ ^an4 / ^00.00 0^tud ^r Sf^iou Sx/icn4e4^ ^27.63 02,070/3 338 I to illus- {ook, we receipts follows: 3; dis- 3, which er. For ^700 S5.50 /B.50 ^6.54 50.00 f5.$6 5 /Jo 96M ')S.25 59J3 &9.50 '00.00 97.6s 70. 'fS •» "^ ^ "n «» ^ '-3 !:!8 k^ J) VC5 »>» e^ »o ^ ^ ^ "^ «* ^ ^ >■ ^1 "^ ^ ^ ^ I ^ ^ iMi^ 1^ €?h^a^ ^^ ^ >>. V '«o On -^ k^ \j. V i^ V 55 1 1^ V s ...... >l ^ <^ <=^ ^^*-^^^^^^^^v « ^ s 11 239 ^ 1 N^ lis '«o ^ *^ 'So V !r> ^ I 1^ ^ ^ ^- ^S^"SS? :i ^ ^ ^ §5 \ \ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ V , »<^ i^ \ v \ \ \ s \ \ ^ *^ s S < \ < \ s ^ »c» »c> ?^ r^ ^ ^ 5> >> J^ ?^ Va ©^ ■$«> "So »0 >s V ^ v s s **5 s »<^ Va V <»\ . ^ '•^ ^ On ©J V ci »o S> 5i. s> (^^ <5b tcj <^ ^ ^ ©^ N^ CN >^ 1 .^ ^c> »*^ ^ "^ "<^ ^ »n ^(^ ?^ ^ <>> ■J 3 ^ »c> »c^ S »v. •JN ^ tiO "si ^o «N ^ 'o >> ^ ^^ <>> .^^ 'Oi CVj <^ 1 2 o V >> s Ijr^ V ""®r >c» ^ 'o, 5^' "-"StT >c^ «Sn "5^ ^ -Njf ■^ va ^ ^ C*, 4 ^ <&v ^ V "Ci V Va S ^ S "N <.*^ ^> '^ bS, V •^ <^ "^ ^ > '^^ ^ a s S ^^ S Orj <^ s s >^ ■«!. S o<, ^ \> ^ c;} S^ ^-^ Ctj s 242 % ^ ^ S ^ "otT" '^ Wv, •^ ^ ^N ^ ^s^ s: % ^ / ■<5i> ■^ Or^ ICJ <5> <2n <5^ -^O !£^ -^ l<>, -^ -QO Oi I lO '«0 0^ 'c^ <5) *^ ©< 4 -i "^ \. Vs N^ ! i 00 76 4 ^ ^3 f o ?i 00 6 ' 50 A 00 56 ^0 50 /, 50 3 00 Y3 5 00 / 50 20 3/ / 75 05 2 00 /3 / 00 3 00 25 75 /O /i? 2 00 56 06 ^' J6 4^50 // // // // // // // f/ // // /V ^x^ien^e Q^ccootU ^JJ^i. 2 23 /•/ 25 // 27 // 29 // 30 34 // // /■• S'q Dfmo«/nt S^wtiant S^oxrwitci // ^uamna TSeuar ItlK c/ or some other holiday, in wliich case demand must be made on tho second day of grace. OF PROCEEDINGS ON NON-PAYMENT. The duties of tho holder, upon dishonor of a bill by non-payment, are the same as upon dishonor by non-acceptance, lie must make due protest for non-payment, and give due notice of the dishonor to the other parties to the bill ; in which case tho holder is entitled to a full satisfaction of all damages sustained by him by reason of the dis- honor, against such other parties to the bill; but if he neglect to do this, tho antecedent parties are discharged from all liability to the holder OF PAYMENT AND OTHER DISCHARGES. The acceptor being primarily liable on a bill of exchange, it is evident that a payment by him to the holder discharges aU the other parties from liability on tho bill, provided the payment is made without knowl- edge of any infirmity in the title of tho holder, and the names of the parties to tho bill are not forKerles. Fayment by the acceptor should be made at maturity, and not before. Tho drawer and endorser.^ will be discharged from liabihty by a valid and binding agreement (in which they do not concur) between tho holder and acceptor, whereby time is given to the acceptor for the payment of tho bill after it is due. A discharge to the acceptor, we have seen, is a discharge to all tho parties to the bill; but a discharge to an indorser is no discharge to ■T endorsers, though it is to the subsequent endorsers. 4-Vkf^ - 1>j2 PR0MIS80BY NOTES. rORM OP A 8BT OF BILLS OF EXCIUNQE. Exch. $1,000. New York, Jan. 1, 1848. Thirty days after eight of this, my first of exchange (second and third unpaid), puy to tlio order of 11. B. Williams & Co., ouo thousand dollars, and place the same to my account. To Messrs. Jones & Clark, ^' Now Orleans. Exch. $1,000. New York, Jan. 1, 1848. Thirty days after sight of this, my second of exchange (first and third unpaid), pay to the order of H. B. WiUiams & Co. one thousand dollars, and place the same to my account. T q w To Messrs. Jones A Clork, New Orleans. Exch. $1,000. New York, Jan. 1, 1848. Thirty days after sight of this, my third of exchange (first and second unpaid), pay to tlie order of H. B. WiUiams & Co. one thousand dollars, and place the same to my account. To Messrs, Jones & Clark. jj. o. j: . New Orleans. FORM OF A DRAFT OR INLAND BILL. $500. Lyons, Jan. 1, 1848. Ten days from sight pay to the order of Nathan Brittan five hundred dollars, value received, and place the same to my account. To II. M. Richardson, itochestor. L. S. F. PROMISSORY NOTES. A promissory note is an engagement in writing to pay a certain sum of money mentioned in it to a person named, or to his order, or to such person or bearer. A note, in its original form of a promise from one neraon to "av a sum of money to another, bears no particular resemblance to a bill of PR0M18S0EY NOTES. 253 F. exchange ; but when it is endorsed there is a very groat resemblance, for then it is nn order by the endorser to the malcer of the note, to pay the money to tlio endoraco. The endorser of tlio note corresponds to the draiver of tlio bill ; the maker to tlio draivee or acceptor ; and the endorsee to tho juiijee. The rights and obligations of these correspond- ing parties are nearly or quite tho same. It will not be necessary, therefore, to repeat nil t'.ie rules tliat are applicable to, and govern the parties to a promissory note ; wo will, however, state the principal ones. And first, of the requisites of promissory notes. No precise form of words is necessary to constitute a valid promissory note. A promise to account for a certain sum, or an acknowledgment of indebtedness for value received, is s>ifflcient. Like bills of exchange, they must be for tho payment of money only, and not for the performance of some other act ; and the amount to be paid must be fixed and not variable, and must not depend upon any contingency, but must be payable absolutely and at all events. There should bo no uncertainty as to the person by whom or to whom it is payable. Therefore a note payable to A. B., or to C. D., is not a valid promissory note. A note i)ayablo to bearer generally, or to tho payee or bearer, is transferable by mere delivery ; and possession of such a note is prima facie proof of title. But if a note be drawn payable to the oi-der of the payee, the title will pass only by tho endorsement of the payee ; and if the endorsement bo in fall, the title passes to the person named therein; but if it be in, blank, it passes to the holder by delivery merelj'. To make a note payable at a particular place, it is not sufficient that there be a memorandum of tho place at the bottom or margin thereof, but it must bo expressed in tho body of the note itself, and form a part thereof. The words "value received" are not essential to the validity of a promissory note, although they should be inserted. A note may be made by twc or more persons ; and in that case may be joint, or joint and several, according to its form. The makers of a joint and several note may be sued upon it either jointly or sep- arately ; and if sued separately, a recovery of judgment (without satis- faction) against one will not bo a bar to a recovery against another maker. But tho makers of a joint note should bo sued jointly; for if they aro sued separately the action can be defeated by a plea in abatement of the non-joinder of the other maker or makers. A note signed by tv.'O or more persons written thus, " "We promise I 1 i 254 PROMISSORY NOTES. to pay," (tc, is a joint note only; otherwise, if the words "jointly and severally" be added, A note written, " I promise to pay," &c., signed by two or more persons, is a joint and several note. If a person at the time a negotiable note is made, write on the back of it, "I guarantee the payment of the within note," ho will be treated as a joint and several promisor with the maker thereof, and not as a mere guarantor. But if the endorsement bo made at a subsequent time, or be a guarantee of collection instead of imyment, the endorser would be considered as a guarantor ; a conblderation, however, in these last cases, must be expressed; that is, the words "for value received" should be inserted in the endorsement. If a note be endorsed thus, "For value received," or "For a valu- able consideration I guarantee the collection of tlie within note," the guarantor would not be liable upon it, unless the holder showed a diligent attempt to collect it. An agreement for a valid consideration, extending to a principal the time of payment of a debt, discharges the sureties. But an agreement for delay, made without consideration, between the principal debtor and the creditor, will not discharge the surety ; nor will negligence of the creditor in calling upon the principal for payment discharge the surety, unless he be damnified by such negligence. All who have signed or endorsed a note, are jointly and severaUy liable to the holder. CONSIDERATION, A valuable consideration is necessary to support a promissory note. A consideration founded on mere love or affection is not sufiRcient. Thus, a note drawn as a gift to a son or other relative, or to a friend, cannot bo enforced as between the original parties. A mere moral obligation, though coupled with an express promise, is not sufficient consideration to support aiiote. A consideration whicli the law esteems valuable must, exist, in order to furnish a just founda- tion for an action. A note will be void, as between tlie original parties, if founded upon fiaud or duress, or w^here undue advantage was taken to obtain it of the maker ; as, for instance, getting the maker intoxicated for the pur- pose of obtaining his note. Illegal consideration also will render a note void ; as, when a note is given for the perpetration or concealment of a crime, or for a wager, or whenever the consideration is founded upon a transaction against sound morals, public policy, public rights, or public interests. There t I ointly and ;c., signed I tho back be treated not as a ment time, ser would these last received" )r a valu- note," the showed a icipal tho igreement iebtor and ice of the lie surety, severally sory note, sufficient. ) a friend, promise, iouwhicli t founda- ided upon )tain it of r the pur- en a nota ■ a wager, n against . There PKOMISSORY NOTES. 255 are, however, but two cases in which a note is void in the hands of an innocent endorser for a valuable consideration ; and these cases are, when the consideration in the note is money won at a play, or where the note is given for a usurious debt. ON PRESENTMENT FOR PAYMENT. The contract of the maker being to pay the note upon due pre- sentment at maturity, in order to charge the endorsers, it is the duty of the holder to demand payment of the maker on the very day on which by law tho note becomes due; and unless the demand be so made the holder loses his remedy against the endorsers, although the maker would still be liable. The rules that were given to determine when bills of exchange become due aply as well to notes. Three days' grace are allowed on all notes exc?pt those payable on demand, and those in which no time of payment is expressed ; on such no days of grace are allowed. "When a note is made payable at any particular place, as, for instance, at a certain bank, due presentment must be made at that place in order to render the endorsers liable in case of non-payment. Notes payable at a particular bank, are generally left with that bank for payment. If the note is payable generally, without any specification of place, tho holder may present it for payment to the maker wherever he may bo found ; but it is not absolutely necossar> that a personal demand be made ; a demand at the maker's plftce of abode or business, is a good demand in some cases. The holder must use reasonable dili- gence in finding the maker, or his place of abode, or place of busmess, in order to charge the endorsers. But the maker is liable without such demand. PROCEEDINGS ON NON-PAYMENT. No protest is required to bo made upon the dishonor of a note; although it is common to protest them for non-payment, especially in commercial towns. But in every case of the dishonor of a note, it is tlie duty of the holder to give duo notice thereof to all the prior parties on the note to whom ho means to look for payment; for the holder cannot recover against a party to whom he has failed to give due notice of tho dishonor. OF PAYMENT. If the maker makes due payment of a note to a bona fide holder, it will amount to a complete discharge of all other parties thereon. 25G PK0MIS80EY NOTES. But when payment is duly made by an endorser to the holder, such endorser, as a general rule, will retain his right to recover over against all the antecedent parties to the note, until he has received a full indemnity; such payment, however, will discharge aU the endorsers subsequent to himself. INTEREST. Interest is recoverable on a promissory note in which there is no special agreement to pay interest, from the time when the principal becomes due, or ought to have been paid. A note payable on demand carries no interest tiU a demand is made, either by suit or otherwise unless there is an agreement to pay interest. A note not on demand, i^ which no time of payment is mentioned, draws interest from date Whenever there is a special agreement to pay interest, that is when the words "with use," or "with interest," &c., are contained in the note, it draws interest, of course, according to such agreement or contract. A note is said to be outlawed in six years from the time it becomes due. The statute requires that aU actions founded upon any instrument or contract not under seal, must be commenced within six years next after the cause of action accrued, and not after. FORMS OF PROMISSORY NOTES. Nine months from date, for value received, I promise to pay H M Richardson, or bearer, one hundred dollars with interest. ^ . L. S. Fainstock, Lyons, Aug. 1, 1S48. (2.) ) On the first day of January, 1849, for value received, I promise to pay L. S. Fulton, or order, one hundred dollars. Samuel Took. (3.) On demand, for value received, I promise to pay H. M. Richardson, or bearer, one hundred and ninety-*, nro dollars and sixty cents. Lyons, Jan. 1, 1849. CHATTEL NOTES. 257 (4.) For value received, I promise to pay L. S. Fulton, or order, one hun- dred and fifty dollars. John Jones. Lyons, Aug. 1, 1848. (5.) Ninety days after date, for value received, I promise to pay H. M. Eichardson, at the Bank of Geneva, one hundred and twenty-five dollars. S. S. Sampson. Lyons, Aug. 1, 1848. (6.) JOINT NOTE. Three months after date, for value received, we jointly and severally promise to pay to the order of L. S. Fulton, one hundred dollars with interest Samuel Sampson. Lyons, Aug. 1, 1848. James Jameson. (7.) DUE-BILL. Due, Lyons, Jan. 1, 1848, Levi S. Fulton one hundred and forty-seven dollars. Samuel Sammeks. Notes Xos. 1, 4, 6, and 7 draw interest from their date; Nos. 2 and 5 from the time of payment mentioned in them ; and No. 3 from the time a demand is made. CHATTEL NOTES. "We have seen that in order to constitute a promissory note it must be for the payment of vioney only ; if then a note be payable otherwise than in money, it is called a chattel note. Chattel notes are not nego- tiable, and cannot be sued except in the name of the payee. No days of grace are allowed upon them. It is the duty of the maker of a chattel note payable in specific arti- cle?, at a place mentioned in the note, to tender the articles at that place, and at the time the note becomes due. If the maker neglect to make such tender, he will bo liable to the payee to pay him the amount s5i> -^ \^ ,^ H O "A o m o ^^^ '<^* s?^ ^ ^ I SS 1 2^ C^ ^ %4 "^ ^.1 ^ No ^ G ^ ^ <^ (So (So (So ^ 258 259 260 CHECKS ON BANKS AND BANKERS. of the note in money. But if, on the other hand, the maker tender the articles mentioned in the note, at the proper time and place, according to the contract, and the creditor neglects or refuses to receive them, the debt is thereby discharged ; but the right of property in tlie arti- cles tendered passes to the creditor. The debtor may abandon the goods tendered ; but if ho elects to retain possession of them, he will be considered as bailee of the creditor at his (the creditor's) risk and expense. The relation of debtor and creditor would in such case be changed to that of bailor and bailee. There is a difference as to tender between portable and cumbrous arti- cles. With respect to the former, a tender as above must be made; as to the latter, it will be sufficient if the debtor offer to deliver as the creditor shall direct. FORMS OP CHATTEL NOTES. Three months after date, I promise to pay to C. D., or order, one hundred bushels of good merchantable wheat, to be delivered at tho residence of said C. D. A. B. Rochester, Aug. 1, 1848. $75. Four months from date, I promise to pay to C. D., or bearer, at my place of residence in this city, seventy-five dollars' worth of sound and merchantable winter apples. A. B. Rochester, August 1, 1848. CHECKS ON BANKS AND BANKERS. / A Check is a written order addressed to a bank, or to persons carry- ing on the business of bankers, by a person -having money in their hands, requesting them to pay to another person, or to his order, a certain sum of money mentioned in the check. Checks differ from Bills of Exchyge in the following respects : 1st. They are always drawn on a bank, or on bankers, and are pay- able immediately on presentment, without any days of grace. 2d. They require no acceptance as di£t irii^t from payment. 3d. They are always supposed to be drawn upon a previous deposit of funds. Tn order to make the drawer liable, in case the check is dishonored, RECEIPTS. 261 the holder must present it for payment within a reasonable time, and if dishonored, must give the drawer notice thereof within a reasonable time also. CHBCK. August 1, 1848. Cashier Rochester City Bank, pay H. M. Richardson, or bearer, two thousand five hundred dollars. R. L. Bratton. $2,500. RECEIPTS. A receipt in full, though strong evidence, is not conclusive ; and a party signing such receipt will be permitted to show a mistake or er- ror therein, if any exist. Receipts for the payment of money are open to examination, and may be varied, explained, or contradicted, by parol testimony. $50. GENERAL TORM OF A RECEIPT ON ACCOUNT. Rochester, August 1, 1848. Received of C. D. fifty dollars, to apply on his account. A. B. RECEIPT IN FULL. Rochester, August 1, 1848. fjf Received of C. D., one hundred ten dollars and ten cents, in full of all demands against him. A. x>. RECEIPT FOR MONET PAID BY THIRD PERSONS. $100. Rochester, August 1, 1848. Received of C. D., by the hand of E. F., one hundred dollars, to ap. ply on account of said C. D. ^' A. B. 262 BONDS. RECEIPT FOR MONEY OX BOND. $200. Rochester, August 1, 1848. Received of C. D. two hundred dollars, to apply oa hia bond, dated the day of , 18 — , being the same sum this day endorsed on said bond. A. B. receipt for interest money. $140. Rochester, August 1, 1848. Received of C. D. one hundred and forty dollars, being the annual interest due on his bond, dated the day of , 18 — , given to me (or to E. F.), and conditioned for the payment of the sum of dollars in years from date, with annual interest. A. B. RECEIPT TO BE ENDORSED ON BOND. $140. Rochester, August 1, 1848. Received of C. D. one hundred and forty dollars, being the annual interest due on the within bond, and the same sum tliis day receipted by me to the said C. D. A. B. RECEIPT FOR A NOTE OP THIRD PERSON. Rochester, August 1, 1848. Received of C. D. a promissory note against E. F. (dated April 4th, 1847, and on which there is due one hundred dollars), which, when paid, shall be in full of all demands against the said C. D. A. B. BONDS. A bond is an acknowledgment, under seal, of a debt, duty, or obligation; and it is immaterial what mode of expression is used, provided the language be sufiScient to establish an acknowledgment of a debt. Every bond, in itself, imports a consideration ; and n '"ailure of the consideration is not a good defence to an action brouglit on the bond. Fraud, however, or an illegal consideration, will invalidate a bond. CHATTEL MOBTOAOES. 268 Wax, or some other tenacious substance, is necessary in order to make a legal seal, except it be the seal of a court or pi^blic officer. COMMON FORM OF A BOND. Know all men by these presents, that I, A. B., of the town of , in the county of , and State of New York, am held and firmly bound unto C. D., of, Ac, in the sum of one thousand dollars, lawful money of the United States of America, to be paid to the said C. D., his executors, administrators or assigns ; for which payment, well and truly to be made, I bind myseli) my heirs, executors and administrators firmly by these presents. Sealed with my seal. Dated this day of , one thousand " eight hundred and . The condition of tlie above obligation is such, tliat if the above bounden, A. B., his heirs, executors or administrators, shall well and truly pay, or cause to be paid unto the above-named C. D., his execu- tors, administrators or assigns, the just and full sum of five hundred dollars, in five equal annual payments from the date hereof, with an- nual interest, then the above obhgatiou to be void ; otherwise to re- main in full force and virtue. Sealed and delivered in tho presence of G. H. A. B. [l. 8.] CHATTEL MORTaAGES. Every mortgage, or conveyance intended to operate as a mortgage, of goods and chattels, which shall not be accompanied by an immedi- ate delivery and continued change of possession of the things mort- gaged, is absolutely void, as against the creditors of the mortgagor, subsequent purchasers, and mortgagees in good faith, unless the mort- gage, or a true copy thereof, be filed in the offico of the clerk of the town where the mortgagor resides at the time of the execution thereof. Within thirty days next preceding the expiration of a year from the filing a chattel mortgage as aforesaid, a true copy of such mortgage, with a statement exhibiting the interest of the* mortgagee in the proper- ty mortgaged, should again be filed with such clerk. After default in the payment of a chattel mortgage, the mortgagee's 264 BILL OF SALB. title to the property mortgaged becomes absolute at law, and he ii entitled to the immediate possession thereof. CHATTEL MOUTaAUK. This indenture, made the day of of the first part, and C. D., of — , between A. B,, of — , of the second part, witnesseth : That the said party of the first part, in consideration of the sum of ^ dollars, to him duly paid, hat't sold, rail \^y tu-se presents doth grant and convey to the said party of the second part, the following described goods, chattels, and property {describe them particularly, or refer to them in the schedule), now in my possession, at the of aforesaid ; together with the appurtenances, and all the estate, title, and interest of the said party of tlxe first part therein. This grant is intended as a security for the payment of one hun- dred and ten dollars, with interest, on or before tlie expiration of one year from the date hereof; and the additional sum of one hundred and forty dollars, with interest, on the day of , 18 — ; which payments, if duly made, will render this conveyance void. In witness wheroof the said party of the first part hath hereunto sot his hand and seal, the day and year first above written. Sealed, signed, and delivered in presence of \- A. B. [l. s.] G. n. BILL OP SALE. A Bill of Sale is a written contract, or agreement, transferring and assigning the o\vnership of personal property, or any interest in the same. If fraudulent, as against third persons, it is void. COMMOX BILL OF SALE. Know all men by those presents, that I, A. B., of the town of , in -the county of , and State of New York, of tlie first part, for and in consideration of the sum of — — dollars, lawful money of the United States, to me in hand paid, at or before the ensealing and delivery of these presents, by C D., of &c., of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have bargained and sold, and by these presents do grant and convey, unto the said party of the POWER OK A'rrOBXEy, 265 second part, hia executors, administrators, and assigns {here state the 2no2>erty sold), to have and to hold tho same unto the said party of the 8i'f*ond part, hia oxecutora, administrators, and assigns forovor. And I do, for myself, my heirs, oxocutora, and administrators, covenant and agree, to and witlx the said party of tlie aecond part, lila executors, administrators, and assigns, to warrant and defend tho sale of the said property, goods, and ii.attels, hereby made unto the said party of the second part, against all and every person and persons whomsoever. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this ■ day of , one thousand eip' hundred and . Signed, sealed, and delivered in presence of G. IT. A. B. [l, s.] POTVER OF ATTORNEY. A Letter or Power of Attorney, is a written delegation of authority by which one person enables another to do an act for him. When a poAver is special, and the authority limited, the attorney cannot bind his principal by any act in which he exceeds that au- thority ; but the authority of the attorney will be so construed as to include all necessary means of executing it with eflect. When the power is in writing, and subject to the inspection of the party, no good reason exists for binding the principal beyond the scope of it ; though in general he wlio employs an agent or attorney shall lose by his fraudulent or illegal acts, in preference to an innocent third person. GENERAL FORM Cr POWER OF ATTORNEY- B., of ■ in the Know all men by these presi ,s, that I, A. county of , and State of Now York, have made, constituted, and appointed, and by these presents do make, constitute, and appoint C. D., of &c., my true and lawful attorney, for me, and in my name, place, and stead, to {set forth the subject matter of the poiver ;) giving and granting unto my said attorney, full power and authority to do and perform all and every act and thing whatsoever requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully, to all intents and purposes, as I might or could do if personally present, wiiii full power of substitution and revocation, hereby ratifying and confirming 12 266 DEEDS. all that my said attorney or hia substitute shall lawfully do or caua« to be done by virtue thereof In witness whereof I havo hereunto sot my hand and seal, this ■ day of , in the year one thousand eight hundred and . Sealed and delivered in the presence of G. 11. A. B. [L. s.] REVOCATION Or A POWER OF ATTORNEY. Know all men by these presents, that whereas I, A. B., of &c., In and by my letter of attorney bearing date the day of , in the year one thousand eight hundred and , did make, constitute, and appoint C. D., of ■ „ .„ 1: :! WARRANTY DEED. To all people to whom these presents shall come, greeting : Know ye that I, A. B., of &c., for tlie consideration of dollars, re- ceived to my full satisfaction of C. D., of &c., do grant, bargain, sell, and confirm unto the said C. D., his heirs and assigns, all (here give description;) to have and to hold the above granted and bargained 268 MOETGAGK. premises, with 4.he appurtenances thereof, uMo tlie said C. D., hia heirs and assigns, to his and their own proper tise and behoof forever. And I do for myself, and my heirs, execuiora, >end administrators, cove- nant with the said 0. D,, his heirs and assigns, that at and urtil the enseahng of these presents, I am well seized of these premises, as a good and indefeasible estate h^Jm simple, and have good right to bar- gain and sell the same, in maiiner and form aforesaid ; and that the same is free from all encumbrance whatsoever. And further, I do by these presents bind myself, and my heirs, to warrant and forever defend the above granted and bargained premises, unto the said C. D., his heirs and assigns, against al claims and de- mands whatsoever In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal, the day of , in the year'one *':.ousand eight hundred and . Sealed and delivered in \ presence of j- , A. B. [l. s.] G. II. ) MORTGAGE. This Indenture, made the -r^ day of- , in the year of our Lord one thousand eight huudr^ and , between A. B., of &c., of the first pert, and C. D. of -r-r*— , of the second part, witnesseth : That the said party of the first pjfrt, for and in consideration of the sum of dollars, doth grant, bargain, sell, and confirm unto the said party of the second part, and to his heirs an(J assigns, all {descrip- tion;) together with all and singular the hereditaments and appur- tenances thereunto belonging, or in anywise appertaining. This conveyance is intended as a mortgage, to secure the payment of the sum of dollars in years from the date of these presents, with annual interest, according to the conditions of a certain bond, dated this day, executed by the said A. B. to the said party of the second part; and these presents sliall be void if such payment be made. But in case default shall bo made in the payment of the prin- cipal, or interest, as above provided, tlien the party of tlie second 'part, his executors, administrators, and assigns, are hereby empowered to sell the premises above described, with all and every of the appur- tenancpS; or any part thereof, in the manner prescribed by la