^fTti- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k ^' 1.0 1.25 ■filM 125 |50 "^^ ■■■I "* — '""2.0 im M. 11116 V Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 €^ \ iV A \ % .V ^y%y^^ "^ o /a CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. n n n n n Coloured covers/ Couverture 'i'i: couleur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagde Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurde et/ou pelliculde □ Cover title missing/ Letit titre de couverture manque I I Coloured maps/ Cartes gdographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli6 avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re Mure serrde peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge intdrieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout6es lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 filmdes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppl6mentaires; L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mdthode normale de filmage sont indiquds ci-dessous. □ Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur □ Pages damaged/ Pages endommagdes I I Pages restored and/or laminated/ D Pages res;aur6es et/ou pellicul6es Pages discoloured, stained or foxei Pages d6color6es, tachetdes ou piqu6es Pages detached/ Pages ddtach^es Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of prir Quality in^gale de I'impression Includes supplementary materia Comprend du materiel suppldmentaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible rri Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ I I Pages detached/ rri Showthrough/ I I Quality of print varies/ I I Includes supplementary material/ I I Only edition available/ Pages wholly Of partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etr., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6X6 film6es d nouveau de fapon d obtenir la meilleure image possible. sion. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmd au taux de reduction indiqu6 ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X y i 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X laire s details ques du It modifier [iger une e filmage The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: National Library of Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. L'exemplaire filmd fut reproduit grdce d la g6n6rosit6 de: Bibliothdque nationale du Canada Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettet6 de l'exemplaire filmd, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. i/ lu^es Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprim6e sont filmds en commengant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration. soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmds en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol -^(meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbols V signifie "FIN". lire Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left ^o right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds it des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droita, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. by errata led to ent jne pelure, apon d 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 THE HISTORY O F T H E BritiJJj Plantations in America. WITH A Chronological Account of the moft remarkable Things, which happen'd to the firil Adventurers in their feveral Difcoveries of that New World. PART I. Containing the Hiflory of Virginia j with Remarks on the Trade and Commerce of that Colony. By Sir William Keith, Bart. LONDON: Printed at the Expence of the S O C I E T Y for the E n c o u R a g e m e n r of Learning, by S. Richardson; and Sold by A. Millar ar Buchanafi's Head in the Strtwc/, J.NoUflsK ^i Temple- liar^ and J. Grat in the Poultry^ Booiciellers to the Society. M.Dcc.xyMvin. [Price Four Shiliht^s in Sheets."} T O His Royal Highnel^ '•it F R E D E R I C Prince of Wales, Sec. SIR, THE Concern which Your Royal Highnefs has, on all Occalions, been pleafed to exprefs for the Trading Part A z of D E D I CAT I N. of this Nation at Home, and the juft DefireYou have to be informed of the State of the Colonies and Plantations Abroad, encouraged me to beg leave, that 1 might prefume to publifh the following Hiftory under the Aufpice of Your Royal Highnefs s Name and Proteftion. f^.' When a great Prince condefcends to countenance the Interefts of the Merchant, and to compaffionate the laborious Condition of the Planter, he wifely confiders how much it de- pends on thefe Mens Induftry, to find out the necelfary Means of in- riching the Commonwealth, and fupporting D E D I CAT I N. fupporting the juft Authority of the State. Let the powerful Influence of that noble and generous Difpofition, which inclines Your Royal Highnefs to do Good to All, rivet the AiFec- tions of the People of Great-Britain to Every Branch of that moft II- luftrious and Royal Houfe, from which You are defcended i that this Nation may rejoice in the Profpe6t of a Race of Princes, inheriting the Virtues which infpire You, Great Sir, and Your Royal Confort the Princefs, with every Thing that tends to promote and complete the , ^ Happinefi \ '■% DEDICATION. Happinefs of a brave and free Peo- ple. I am, with profound Refped, SIR, Tour Royal Highnefss Mojl Dutiful, Mojl Humble, a?jd Mojl Obedient Servant, W. Keith. TO THE READER. AUTHG there is 7iot a?ty thing viorc requifite •^^ to explain the Hijloty of a Country y than an exaSi and complete Map^ to which the Reader has continual Occajion to have Recourfe^ a?2d that thoje here prefented are the lateji and heft of the Kifid that could be got ; yet it muft he ownd^ they are not fo perfeEl as could be wiftjedy becaufe to m(ike an exaB and careful Survey of a large Country y is fuch an expenfive and laborious Worky as can only be executed by Order y and at the Charge of the Public, Wherefore it is to be hopedy That as the Britifh Plantations on the Continent of America are daily increafingy both in Extent a7id Valuey the public Spirit which influences the ConduEi of the Legiflative Bodyy will fome time or other i^tduce them to enable His Majefty to give proper Di- reBionsy That the feveral Governors may caufe exaEi Surveys to be made of the ColonieSy over which they refpeEiively prefide. THERE PREFACE. THERE is one thing inore^ for which I am Jorry there JJjould he any Occafton to make an Apology.^ namely^ The IVant of a difinB and particular Account of the Exports and Imports in Tradey to^ and fro?n Virginia ; for after a mofl afftditous and refpeElfid Application to the proper Offices^ from whence thefe Accounts onlv ca?t be had^it was told 7ney in a very civil Manner ^Hjatfuch Things could not be granted without Orders from Above ; which I had fioRoom to expeEl^ becaufe I could not be favoured with Accefs to view the Books and Papers relating to the Plantations in any of our public Offices^ or to receive the leajl AJftflance of that Kind in the Profecution of this well-intendedy and *(as it is prefumed) ufeful Work, ERRATA. "DAge 31. Line 5. for tt-, read tf. Ibid. I. 6. after a//, add to. p. 34. -■• 1. 20. for compared^ read computed, p. C4. 1. 18. for IVefiviardy read Eaji'ward. p. 135. 1. 2. read former Adminiuration. / am e an and ts in I mojl proper had^ it f7jings hove \ not be '^apers public Kind "(as it [r:. But whilft State Policy chiefly conlifted in gratifying that immoderate Defire of Power and Conqueft, where- with the Heroes of Antiquity were infpired, Trade was no otherwifc regarded, than as it became fubfervient to their ambitious Defignsj fo that the Improvements then made in the Arts of Ship-building and Navigation, were valued only in proportion to the Ufe that was made of them in War, and particularly by the Rotnans^ as the Means of fubduing thofe large Provinces which were after- waid-^^ annexea to the Dominion of that powerful State j and whofe Commerce, for want of a political and due Re- gulation, increafed the Wealth and Power of the Members in a much greater Proportion than that of the Head, which contributed not a little to the Downfall of that glorious Commonwealth. 'The Kingdoms and States, who, though fubjeded to the Roman Government, had been always protedred from Infults by the Legions, and left at full Liberty to reap the Benefit of Commerce in vvhat Shape they pleafed to purfue it, were no ibbner difengaged from that Yoke, than they began to model themfelves into feparate independent Go- vernments or Commonwealths; then, inftead of the for- mer reigning Arfibltion for Conqueft, and univerfal Domi- nion, which had diftraded the World for many Ages fuc- cellively, the Improvement of Arts and Sciences,, and a good Oeconomy by the proper Regulation -of Trade and Induftry, came gradually to take Place ; and as Mankind improvv-^, by the ufeful Difcoveries that were daily made, they State, as larticukr ratifying where- ade was vient to nts then m, were made of , as the ire after- Lil State i due Re- VTembers d, which : glorious iedted to ed from reap the p purfue an they ent Go- the for- 1 Domi- ges fuc- ,, and a lade and ankind made^ thev INTRODUCTION. they learned from thence a more juft and perfedt Knowledge of their own Weaknefs and Capacity. Experience thus, affiftel by the Force of Reafon, began to teacli the wifer and better fort of Men, a much fliorter and eafier way to the Enjoyment of Peace and Con- tentment in Life ; fince a fair and ufeful Commerce was not only allowed, but univerfally encouraged and protefted by the Laws of every Society, as a public Benefit to Mankind in general ; and the former Practices of Rapine and Piracy were totally fupprefs'd, and by the fame univerfal Confent every- where punidied with Death : So that from this Pe- riod we may date the Commencement of the Law of Na- tions, which has made but one Society of all the Free States in the World ; by extending its Immunities and Privileges equally to all of them, and particularly in protedting every Country and State in the Enjoyment of thofe Profits, which may be acquired by carrying on a National and Fair Trade. But that we may ftill have a more perfed: Idea and Conception of what is to be underftood by a National Com- merce, the Statec and Commonwealths, whofe Subjcdls in time of Peace are at liberty to trade with each other, under certain Reftridions and Regulations impofed by the Municipal Laws of their refpedive Governments, are to be confidered as fo many individual Merchants j becaufe la order to difcover the Advantages or Difadvantages which accrue to any Nation by Trade, the Value of its Natural Produd, as well as Manufadures and Improvements, and efpecially fuch Parts of them as can be fpared to be ex- changed with Foreigners for ready Cafh, and other Com- modities that are wanted, muft be exadly computed j that after the Nation's Expence, and th^ various Exchanges in C Trade lo INTRODUCTION. Trade with other Countries, are juftly flated, and the Whole brc;ight to a Balance, we may clearly fee to whom the Profit or Lofs of fuch Dealings properly belongs, and from thence be ini1:ru(fled what new Laws and Regula- tions are yet wanting, to redtify and improve the Condudt of each particular State in Things of that Nature, for the Time to come. Thus, when either by the Deficiency of a futficient Quantity of our own Produdt to be exported, and given in Excliange to other Nations, or (which is fometimes the Cafe) when by a greater Share of Induftry we are out- done by Foreign States, in the Improvement of the fame Manufadlures pnd Merchandize, whereby the Balance of Trade is turn'd againft us, and our Artificers and labouring People thereby driven from us to feek for Employment elfe- where ; then the Wifdom of the State has fometimes thought fit to fend fuch of their People as could be fpared, to fettle themfelves in various Climates, where fome new Species of Produdl might be raifed, and fent home to revive Commerce, and to affift the Public by reftoring to it again the loft Balance of National Trade. i:' i|! ::H. And this being the original Intention of, and the only juftifiable Reafon that can be given for the Practice within thefe laft Two Centuries, of making Settlements and plant- ing Colonies on the uninhabited vacant Lands of America^ whofe People are protected by, but made fubfervient to, and dependent on their refpedive Mother States in Europe j it may be of Service towards completing the Defign of the following Hiftory of the Britijh Plantations, to make fome particular Obfervations in this Place, on that mutual Inte- reft which unites thefe Colonies to Great Britain^ and on the reciprocal Obligations which always fubfift between them. In % INTRODUCTION. iz In all the Royal Piitcnts and Deeds of Gift wliich have been made to particular Pcrfons, of Lands for plmling Colonies in Amej'ica^ Care has been taken not only to prc- ferve the Sovereignty and Allegiance due to the Crovvji of Britain^ but likewife to rcftrain the Peojilc of the refpedivc Colonies, from enading amongft: thenifelves any By-Laws or Ordinances whatfoever, repugnant to, or any ways in- confiftent with, the Fundamental Laws and Conftitution of the Mother State, to whofe Legiflative and Supreme Autho- rity they mod certainly are, and ought always to be fub- jedted. And as by the Defign of thofe Settlements to raife new and different kinds of Merchandize for the European Market, it was both reafonable and neceflary that they Ihould be proted:ed, and their Inhabitants encouraged, in the Produce of fuch Commodities, as being exchanged for Britifi Ma- nufaftures, would furnifh Cloathing, and other Neceffaries, to themfelves, and at the fame time ailift Great Britain in the Balance of National Trade with other Countries ^ efpecially by providing large Quantities of fuch Goods out of the Labour of their own Subjects in America, and in Exchange for Britijh Manufadture, as before the Settlement of the Colonies they were obliged to purchafe with ready Money from other Nations j fo the Inhabitants of the Co- lonies, on the other hand, not only enjoyed the Advantage of the fame Laws, and the fweet Comforts of Englijh Li- berty in all refpedts, but they were alfo fure of being pro- tedted from the Infults and Attacks of any foreigi Fnemy, by the Naval Force, and at the Public Expei; c (. Great Britain, C 2 Moreover, I? INTRODUCTION. I ( in Moreover, In tolerable good Scafons it depends on the Frugality and Induftry of the Planter in America^ when he ads u^ 'htly, and is fairly dealt with, to fccurc a Balance in his ritijh Fador's Hands, over and above providing himfelf with all that he wants from Europe : And as fuch Overplus or Balance is commonly placed in fome of ihe Public Funds, or laid out on Land-Security in Great Britain^ it feldom or never returns again to America, but remains a Part of the National Wealth or Stock. In like Manner the Profits arifing to Britijh Subjeds in America^ from their exchanging Lumber, &c. with the Produd of foreign Plantations, either to be ufed in Atnerica^ or returned to Europe for Britijh Account, muft terminate in the Advantage of Great Britain j who thereby reaps a certain Gain from the Labour of Foreigners, as well as from that of her own Subjeds, befides engrofling a larger Share of fucli Commodities as the better enables her to govern the European Market. From this fimple and plain, but true State of the Cafe, it is evident of ^ what Importance it muft be to the public Intereft of Great Britain^ to be exceedingly careful to point out and dired the Objed of their Subjeds Labour, in the feveral Colonies in America^ by fuch gentle Encourage- ments as will gradually lead them into the Channels of mu- tual and public Advantage j tor Trade is a Child of Liberty, which either may be reared and nourilhedby Indulgence, or deprefled and funk under the Awe of a too fevere Reftroint. Thus the Inhabitants of the Plantations may be com- pared to a few Hands, who are employed in the Improvement of 11 •J INTRODUCTION. of any Manufudure on an Englijii Farm : For while they cat up the Bread-Corn, and fave the Farmer or Landlord the Trouble of looking out for a Market, they fupply him with a more valuable Commodity, and increufe their own little Stock by a Saving out of the Wages, which they enable him to allow them. But if, inftead of Manufadures and fuch-like Inventions for Improvement, we fuppofe the fame Hands to employ themfelves in raifing of Corn, ^c. on that Part of the Farm which they were appointed to occupy, they mufl: of courfe interfere with their Landlord at Market ; and in place of bringing any Advantage, as in the firll Cafe, they would then become Rivals to their Mafter, and an infupportable Burthen on the Farm. I T is eafy to talk of Penal Laws, Prohibitions, and iuch- like Severities, to be executed by the Force of Power j but the mofl: effedual and profitable Way of retraining the Subjeds in the Plantations from interfering with Great Erttain in her Home-Trade and Manufactures, will be, to take due Care that the Colonies be always plentifully fup- ply 'd with BritiJJj Cloths, and other European Commodities, at a much cheaper Rate than it is poflible for them to raife and manufacture fuch Things within themfelves : And like- wife, that the Importation of all fuch Produdl and Manu- facture from the Colonies, as are fit to fupply the Wants of Great Britain^ and to aflilt the Public in the Balance of National Trade with other Countries, be properly encou- raged. We find by daily Experience, that Mens Minds are no other ways to be fubducd under a jult and free Government, than 2 13 -*-** 'I t 14 INTRODUCTION. than by making them feci, that it ij their Intcrcft to fiih- mit thcmielves to, and chc.irl'ully comply with the Laws and Ordinances of the State ; for as long as tlie Generality of a People arc truly fenfible, that their Rulers ar.d Go- vernors have nothing fo much at Heart as the public C^ood of the Society, and the Honour and Profpcrity of the Commonwealth, there will be no Occafion to apprehend either Difcoiitent, Infurredrn or Rebellion. From thefe Premifes we may prefumc to draw the following Coiiclufions, •u/z. That the Benefits arifing from the American Colo- nies to Great Britain^ depend on a careful and due Regu- lation of the Plantation Trade to their mutual Advantage. That fuppofing fuch a Regulation to be made, and duly obferved, the Increafe of Shipping and Trade in the Plantations, would be a real Addition to the Riches and Power of the Britifi State ; and confequently, that what- ibever would hurt and prejudice the one, muft likewife be injurious to the other. That whatever tends to feparate the particular Inte- reft of the Subject in the Plantations, from the public In- tereft and Advantage of Great Britain, muft be hurtful to both; and that whofoever endeavours to alienate the; dutiful AfFedtions of the one, or the paternal Tendernefs of the other, with a View to private Gain, is an Enemy to the united and infeparable Intereft of both i or, which, is the fame Thing, to the public Intereft of the Britijh State. That INTRODUCTION. »S That to delay Juftice, and rcfufc the Benefit of the Laws, or in any other Shape to countenance and fuffer the Suhjeds in the Plantations to be opprefled, is an Infringe- ment of the Liberties of the People of Great Britain^ and an Offence againft the State ; the comfortable Support and Prefervation of whofe Parts, is elTential to the public Good of the Whole. Lastly, That as the Strength and Duration of every State depends on the equal Nourifliment and Union of all its Members, it is altogether impracticable to feparate and divide the Intereft of the Subjed in the Britijh Plantation! from that of the whole State. ■I* i ii i'^i -•, t r. I , t ii,^ -"nanapMin h- ■|ii>»' -•; :» •■"!?*> »'i^Hi|j'?t<**if!'..-s'*ij-.r- i «v.^ Nt'V ^'•. ■< ' ,t ; »VfV V ♦•'('„> ' \ '. /5 .>/, '.■ \ ' M V n ^^. 1 . ir ; -. f .it- .41^'^ V ^r' -•/^;-, t-. ■■■^, --9. f7o^ j6»/ ^S^ ^4"/ -^So I jae\jjt\ J* t yk ymBmttamnaBsiaaai lANc wand Correct Map of America IMccurttte Impnn^cnicntf of ^ifenej:, /Tloiland otiicr/^l^'ilcr, ' y J/2/cri^d li? /iL WaUf 13 'dej ..._rtha Ji< ¥/ ^ 1 y^tuj 4* ,.i' Ci>^JJ BANCS .'Vi ■It JScu fr^<^/.^..\" cap. <0> ^ ^ ''m^i i,^. ^W"^ 1? ?*-» Itf/Aa^V .J -C -r— ''« y'aUia ^ \' •tj^v^/ZA-^'^^^c nr TTarOia E «/!:? A \\ \V V -^ vh 'VJk'lv 1 H E r^ ^-^ KTH *-'■-- P: •-^, fra^a ^ V *^^^ , T^^? if ^tiie/ghti r/ fJdou /it4b»«V3U »<»»•' - «•' -vr y ' *• •**•• •••I*- •»•- ^1. V. I i '.»' . f; » * ^'i ]'/' ■^ ST' • • ^ J^^.>t*«.*.^ ■4 M ^ -^^i^v » t (., •i' i; "■ '.v. .;< i,.^.. V! I* :•■*■ i''^ ! I f'f.l-r "tv^:,^ >,/••.%•-/ :.f . »•»* . '^'■.(. ♦ - ^• "V . v^^ '.;.'« - 1^' «y H' ■It i, >i r «-.»' •i i ?i .;:«■ ■t •-w«f 4. 1 mmmm -i| k IM 1 ^1 '.•1 (m \ ' \ \m I Chronological Account O F T H E Moft Remarkable Events Which happened immediately after the Firft Discovery of AMERICA. The Discovery o/ AMERICA, WHRN that Part of the World now called America^ was accidentally difcovered, it gave equal Surprife and Admiration to all the Eaflern Inhabitants of the Earth ; introducing many new and hy- pothetical Notions into their former Syftems of Philofophy and Geography, which, with the frefh Difcoveries that were continually making of vaft Tradts of Land, inha- bited by Millions of People never before heard of, gave Rife to many fabulous Stories, and led the firft Writers, on fuch extraordinary Events, into a Multitude of very wild and extravagant Relations, which have been injudicioully received as a Part of the Hiftory of thofe Times. D To ^7 'i •[ i8 Difcovery ^America. i; i I if' : .i To obviate this Difficulty as much as Is poiTible, we have every where curtailed the voluminous, but trifling Di- greffions, on little Circumftances and Curiofities, no ways ellential or pertinent to the Thread of the Hiftory, with which the Writers of Voyages and Travels are mortly filled, and which tend only to confound the Relation, and lefleji the Probability of the Fads which are truly Hi- florical. The firft Account that has been any-where given of America^ is taken out of an old TVelJJj Chronicle, which relates. That in the Year of Chrift 1170, MadoCy a younger Son of Owefi Gayncth^ Prince of North Wales^ finding his Country embroil'd on the Death of his Father, by the Contentions which arofe between his elder Brother David^ and Howe/ a Baftard, whom Da'vid overcame and flew in BattlCj he left his Country, and embarking on Ship-board from the North Coafl of Ireland, he failed Weftward in quefl of Adventures, and came to a Land where he found many flrange Things. Mr. Dajiiel Powel, in his Hiftory of Wales, acknow- ledges that many fabulous Stories were reported of this Madoc J but feems to affirm the Truth of his Voyage, and relates the Comparifon which he made at his Return, be- tween the pleafiint and fruitful Countries which he had (o lately feen without Inhabitants, and thofe barren rocky Lands about which his Brothers and Kindred wer*" fo; anxious as to murder one another; he further reprefents Madoc to have been fo fond of his new Difcovery, that he provided ten Sail of Ships, and having engaged a great many Perfons of botji Sexes to try their Fortunes along with him J m\ I, we gDi- ways with iiollly , and J Hi- ^en of which doc^ a WakSy "ather, Irother le and ing on Land cnow- of this ge, and n, be- hadfo rocky er*" ib: refents that he tmany 2 with him, DIfcovery of A u ?. v. ic a. 19 him, he return'd the lame year on a Iccond Voyage, but that neither he, nor any of his People, were ever more heard of. About 300 Years after Madocs Expedition, viz. m the Year 1484. it is reported, that one Alonzo Sanchez of Hueha in a fmall Ship with fifteen Perfons on board, were accidentally driven by a Tempefton tlie Co2i{)ioi America \ but that only five of the Company furvived, and returned to the liland of ^Tarcera^ where being quite fpent with Fa- tigue, they alfo died at the Houfe of one Cbrijiopbc, Colum- bus ^ which probably infpired that adventurous Pilot witli his firft Notions of attempting the Difcovery of the New World. However this might be, it is certain that Chrijiopher Columbus^ a Sea-faring Man of low Degree, and an Inha- bitant at that time of the Jfland of Tare era ^ had the Refo- lution to apply to the Court oi Portugal^ in order to be fup- ported in his defign'd Attempt to make fomc Weftern Dif- covery. But being wholly difcouraged at that Court, he privately repaired into Spain, where in the Year 1484. he offered his Service to Ferdinand and Ifabella, then King and Queen of Caflile ; who being at that time deeply en- gaged in the Conqueft of Granada againft the Moors, and their Finances very much exhaufted, Columbus was obliged to attend feveral Years before he could effe(5i his Purpofe. In the mean time, and during his hitherto fruitlefs At- tendance in Spain ^ vi2i. in the Year 1488. Chrijiopher Co- lumbus fent his Brother Bartholomeii- into England^ to offer the like Service to Henry the Vllth then Pving of Englatid, which he had before done at the Courts of Lijlmi ami D 2 CafHlc^ ,* 20 i Difcovcjy of America, Caftile J but Bartholomew having been fliipwreck'd in his Voyage to England^ fpcnt a confiderablc time in London before lie found hinifelf in a Condition, or had AlTurance enough to make his Application at the Englijl: Court j fo that altho' King Henry very readily accepted his Offer as foon as it was made, yet before Bartholomew got back mto Spain, his Brother Chriftopher was actually fet out on his fecond Expedition, with feventeen Sail of Ships in the Spa^ nijlj Service, and Bartholomew was fent after him to Hi- Jpaniola with three Sail more. Chrijiopher Cohtmbm, who was a Man of an equal and conftant Temper of Mind, not apt to be fuddenly elated or difpirited, found means at laft fo to infpire Queen IJabella with the alluring Profpedt and Hopes of the great Difco- veries he could make by his propofed Adventure, that flie confented to pawn Jewels to the Value of two thoufand Ducats, in order to fet him out j accordingly, on the 19th Day o{ Aprils 1492. in the Camp before Granada then be- lieged, a particular Agreement was made and executed be- tween King Ferdinand of Spain., and the faid Chrijiopher Columbus, wherein among other Things it was flipulated, That the faid Chrijiopher fliould be invefled with the Au- thority of Admiral at Sea, and Viceroy at Land, of all the Jflands, Lands and Places, which he fliould happen to dif,- cover to the Weftward, and that he, his Heirs and Suc- ceflbrs, fliould enjoy one Tenth of all the Profits of fuch Difcovery as he could make. This done, Columbus fet out on the 3d of Augujf^ in the fame Year, with three Sail of Ships, and on the nth of OBober he made Land, that proved to be a fmall Ifland which he called the Dejeada ^ from whence he proceeded ItiU. 1 J in his Londo7i ifTurance ourt i fo Offer as nick ijito t on his the Spa- V to Hi- qual and elated or I IJahella Lt Difco- that flie thoufand the 19th I then be- :uted be- 'irijiopher pulated, the Au- ►f all the to dif^ ind Suc- of fuch uguji, in he nth 11 Ifland roceeded itiU. ;i Difcovery of America. ftill Weftward, difcovering daily one or other of the Car' ribbee Iflands, until he came as fiir as the Illand of Cuba ; then returning to Hi/pa/iio/a, he there debark'd and built a Fort^ leaving in it thirty-eight of his Men, after which he fet Sail for Europe, and on the 15th Day o( February arrived at the Ifland of St. Mary^s ; but the Portuguese Governor attempting to feize them, they made their Efcape, and were drove by Diftrefs of Weather into Lijbon ; where fome Endeavours were ufed to incenfe the King of Portugal againft Columbus^ but he was at lall permitted to depart for Spai?i, The Siiccefs which had attended Columbus in his firfl: Voy- age on the Difcovery of this new Part of the World, gave the Court of Spain all imaginable Encouragement to fupport his indefatigable Induftry in the Profecution of fo glorious a Defign. Without any Lofs of Time therefore, the very next Year, viz. in December , 1493^ Columbus fet out from Spain on his fecond Voyage, and running the fame Courfe along by the Dejeada through the Carribbee Iflands, he arrived at Hijpaniola^ where he found all the People dead whom he had left there the Year before j yet no ways dif- couraged, but leaving all Things on that Ifland under the Direction and Care of his two Brothers, he proceeded him- felf with two Ships to make further Difcovery of the Iflands oi Jamaica and Cuba^ and finding at his Return that the Natives of Hijpaniola were refra<5tory, and had been very troublefome to his People there, he took all proper care for their future Security, and made what Hafte he could to re- turn, in order to render a faithful Account of his Proceed- ings, and to receive further Inflirudtions from the Court of Spain ^ But 2f 22 Difcovcry of America. f I But before we proceed fiutherwlthCo///w^«i, it will be proper to take fome Notice of other Amcrucui Difcoveries, which liad been made as well before, as about the fame Pe- riod of Time ; for it is i'ufiiciently vouched, that about the Year, 1344. the Illand oi Madeira was accidentally dif- cover'd by one Mac ham an EngliJJmiaji, in his Paflage from Great-Britain to Spain ; and between the Years 1395. and 1405. the Canary Iflands were in like manner difcover'd by the Spaniards. Also, in the Year 1495. Letters Patents were granted by Hcrry the Vllth King of England, to John Cabot a Ci- tizen oi Venice ^^\ivhich daily happen'd, and innumerable Voyages that were yearly made to thofe Parts, before that Period of Time which is propofed for the Commencement of this Hiftory. On the i6th oi April 1542. John Frajicis de la Rache^ Lord of Roberval, fail'd with three large Ships, and two hundred Perfons, Men and Women, from Rochell, with full Powers from the King of France to fettle the Country cf Canada on the great River St, Laurence, difcover'd, as above, by Jaques Cartier ; where he fettled Towns, built Forts, and remain'd himfelf in the Country almoft eighteen Months. il On 1i altho' , had nthat r own 'ca^ as r own iihing reaty, th the s been lim to erica, -egular whom iditions lement vithout >vhich yearly hich is Rachey id two [, with [ountry ;r'd, as built ighteen •I On Difcovery of / m e r i c a. On the i8th oi February, 1562. Captain John Ribault was fent out from France^ attended by two of the King's Ships, with a great many People, and every thing requiiite to make fome Settlement on the Continent of y^m<:^j and in two Months time they arrived on the Coaft of Florida ; and, failing Northward, they firft landed in the Mouth of tlie River May j and purfuing that Coaft in queft of a good Harbour, they came into Port-Royal^ where they built a fmall Fortification, and called it Charles-Fort, leaving in it twenty-fix of their beft Men under the Command of Capt. Albert, who all along kept up a friendly Correfpondence with the Natives : But Capt. Ribault, on his Return to France, found the Civil War begun, and Things in fuch Confufion, that this Settlement was negleded; and after thofe that were left in Charles- Fort had mutiny'd, and killed their Captain Albert, the Place was deferted by thofe few that remain'd alive. No fooner, however, was Peace reftored to France, but the Admiral Chatillon moved the King to at- tempt fome further Difcoveries on the Coaft of America 3 and accordingly, on the 2 id of April, 1564. Mr. Rene Lau- donierc took his Courfe with three Ships well provided for fuch an Expedition. On the 2 2d of Jtme they arrived on the Coaft of Florida, and forthwith eredted a Fort in the Entrance of the River May, where they remain'd under Mr. Laudoniere's Government until the 28th of Augufl, 1565. that Capt. yohn Ribault arrived a fecond time from France, with the King's Commiffion to fuperfede Mr. Lau^ doniere ; but before Things could be well fettled betwixt the old and the new Governor, fix large Spatiifi Ships came in- to the Road, which had been fitted out from Spain with a Defign to attack and deftroy the Frcfich in that Settlement. Some of the largeft of the French Ships, flipping tlieir An- chors 29 I I It I: Difcovery ^America. cho*"- in th: Night, made olf to Seaj whither t\\t Spatiiards followed, anu gave them Ciiace -, yet not being able to c^me up with them, the Spaniards retnrn'd to the Coaft, and landed their People in the River Dolphincs, about ten Leagues Diftance. The French Ships, having thus clear'd themfelves for the prefent of their Enemies, they likewife return'i to their own People, on the River May j and the new Governor Ribault^inW of Spirit, having got Intelligence where the Spaniards were, forthwith embark 'd with the Flower of all his Men, and fail'd to attack them, but a fudden Storm arifing, his Fleet v/^s foon difperfed, and the whole Equipage loft. Mr. Laudoniere thus left deftitute in the Fort, with a few weak Hands, not able to make any confiderable De- fence, the Spaniards marched to attack them under the Command of Don Pedro de Melendes j and on tiie 20th of yiept. they took the Fort ; Mr. Laudoniere efcaping narrow- ly with a few of his People on board two fmall Ships in the Road, he return 'd to France by Way of England j but thofe that remain'd were all put to the Sword, except fif- teen that were hang'd by the Spaniards j who after having repaired the Fort, and made confiderable Additions to the Strength of the Place, continued in Poflefiion until the Intter End of the Year 1567. about which time one Captain Gourgues^ 2, brave Frejichman, incited by a ftrong Defire to revenge the cruel and barbarous Treatment which his Countrymen had met with, fold the beft Part of his Eftate near Bourdeaux, and borrow'd Money fufiicient to equip three Sail of Ships, with one hundred and fifty Soldiers and eighty Seamen, with which he landed on the Florida Shore, about fifteen Leagues Diftance from the Fort in the River May, at that time poiTefs'd by three liundred ..J liardi c^me t, and It ten clear'd wewife id the igence th the but a nd the with a le De- ier the oth of arrow- lips in /; but pt fif- having to the til the one Irong itment beft VToney ed anti ded on m the three uidred Difcovery of America. hundred Spaniards ; and after he had taken the Precaution to renew all former Treaties of Friendihip betwixt the neighbouring Lidians and the Fretich, he marched diredly to the old Fort without being difcover'd by any of the Spa- niJJj Garifon j and by the vigorous Afliilance to the Na- tives, hefurprifed the Spa?tiards, putting them all the Sword, except fifteen, whom he hanged in the fame manner they had done to the like Number of his Countrymen, after which he razed all the Fortifications to the Ground, and return 'd with his People to France. Mr. Hawkins, afterwards Sir yohn Hawkins, fet out from England in the Month of OBober, 1562. with three Sail of Ships, well mann'd, on a trading Voyage to the Coafl of Guiney, and from thence to the JVcJl-Indies with Slaves ; by which he had great Profit, and return'd fafe to England in the Month oi September, 1563. He made a fecond Voyage of the fime kind with equal Succefs, having fail'd from Plyjnoiith on the i8th Day of OSiober, in the Year 1564. in the Ship "J ejus of Liibcck, Burthen feven hundred Tons, and three Sail more with one hundred and feventy Men; and returning home by the Gulph of Florida, he touch 'd at the French Settlement in the Ri- ver May, and generoufly fupply'd Mr. Laudoniere, the French Governor, then iri great Diflrefs, with many Ne- ceflaries. The innumerable Expeditions and Voyages, which after this were yearly made to the Fjajl and Weft-Indies, and round the Globe, by moil of the Ei'.ropcan Nations, but chiefly by the Maritime Powers, gave a new Turn to every Branch of Trade, and not only introduced a Variety of Dealing 31 31 Difcovery of America. Dealing in many Sorts of Commodities, and rich Merchan- dize, never before known to the Europeans -, but alfo mul- tiplied the Exchanges, and inlarged the Views of the Mer- chant every-where j who, by the Help of fuch v aft Quan- tities of Bullion, imported continually to all Parts from Afnerica^w^s enabled to give what Difpatch he pleafed to all manner of Bufmefs, and with fome Profit to rid himfelf of every perifliable Commodity, almoft as foon as it came into his Hands. ! ^ I f, i ; This uncommon Spirit for Trade, and the new Chan- nels it had difcovered, gave occafion daily for great Improve- ments to be m-ide in the Arts of Ship-building and Navi- gation; fo that the Naval Strength of the Maritime States in their Number of Ships and Mariners, was all of a fudden prodigioufly increafed ; and to have them continually and profitably employed, was the firft and greateft Policy of every State, to which all other Confiderations gave place. But as there were none who apply'd themfelves fo fteadily and fuccefsfully in the Purfuit of this Maxim, as the Re- public of the Seven United Provinces, and particularly the States of Holland^ they foon became formic' Sle at Sea ; and their laborious Subjects contenting themfelves with fmall Profit on a quick Return in every Exchange, they neglect- ed no Kind of Trade that lay in their way j and by that means were able to govern the Markets, almoft every-where, as well as to become the Navigators and Carriers for other People. The immenfe Profit arifing to Particulars, as well as Strength and Riches to the State, by the Extent of the Her- ring, Cod, and Whale-Fiftieries, annually carried on by the DuUby are inconteftable Proofs of the fuperior Genius which governs J :chan- mul- ; Mer- Quan- s from i to all ifelfof ne into Chan- nprove- i Navi- \e States fudden dly and olicy of e place. fteadily the Re- arly the ea 5 and th fmall negled- |by that r-where, »r other well as the Her- by the IS which governs % Difcovery of America. governs all the mercantile Affairs of that Commonwealth ; and fuch Induftry at home is fo far from interfering with, or interrupting any valuable Branch of Foreign Commerce, that it greatly forwards it, by the Multitude of Shipping and Seamen it creates, which renders Navigation cheap and more eafy to the Merchant, as is manifeft from the vafl Bulk both of EaJi'India and Weji- India Trade, at this time pof- fefs'd by the Hollanders^ and which fufficiently makes up to them the want of fo large a Quantity of Home Product, as is to be found in Great-Britain, and other trading Countries, The Memoirs which pafs under the Name of that incom- parable Genius, and great Statefman, Mr. yobn de Wit^ con- tain a moft valuable Collection of elegant Obfervations on Trade and Government, and take notice of the many and great Advantages which muft in Time accrue to Great- Britain from its populous and large Settlements on the Con- tinent of America ; wherein, no doubt, the Author had a View to an eafy Vent for the Produdt and Manufactures of Britain^ when the Market elfewhere would perhaps be cramp'd, and Britijh Induftry equalled, if not outdone, by the RivaKhip of other European NationF, in the fame Kind of Improvements ; for that is the true Light in which the Britijh Colonies fliould be placed with refpedt to the Mo- ther-ftate. And from this View of them we can never be at a lofs to judge of, and determine in, all Cafes wherein the true Interelt of Great-Britain, and that of its American Plantations may feem to differ, as well as to fettle their re- fpeCtive Advantages and Intercourfes in Trade with one an- other, on the moft profitable and beft Foundation. There is fuch an infinite Variety in the Courfe of au extended Commerce, that it is impoffible for human Wit F equally 3J 34 Di/covery o/" A m e r i c a. equally to guard all the Channels through which it may run. Where the Bulk of any Trade therefore terminates in an apparent publick Advantage to the State, it will be good Policy in that Government rather to negled the little par- tial Profits, which Particulars may on fome Occafions obtain, dian by endeavouring at too great a Nicety in fettling Mat- ters on a more equal Foot, to cramp the Trade in general with fuch Duties, and fevere Reftrid:ions, as muft difcourage the Merchant by giving other Nations an Advantage in the Foreign Market. To fupport Navigation, and to provide a continual and fufficient Supply of Materials for carrying on a general Com- merce to and from all Parts of the World, make Colonies in America equally ufeful and neceffary to every Maritime State. But they are of a further and fpecial Advantage to Great-Britaiti, by fecuring a certain and conftant Vent to the Home Produd: and Manufactures of that Country, in- dependent of the Condud: and Pradice of other Nations. As the Value of every Thing we defire to poflefs muft be compared from the IJfc and Convcnicncy of it, in com- fortably preferving and prolonging human Life, there is no intrinfic Worth or Eftimation can be put on Gold and Silver, further than that, by univerfal Confent, thofe folid and permanent Metals, are become the Medium of all Kinds of Exchange, and the only unalterable Meafure, whereby we rate the prefent Value of any other Thing : They are not therefore to be confidered in themfelves as a Merchandife, but only as the Means of procuring in Trade whatfoever the Variety of our Wants and Inclinations may require. For although Spain^ by poffeffing the Mines of Mexico and Peru, may be faid to be richer in that refpe^ft -: than I It may nates in )e good tie par- 5 obtain, ig Mat- general 'courage e in the lual and al Corn- Colonies Maritime mtage to Vent to ntry, in- ations. efs muft in corn- there is old and ofe folid of all VIeafure, Thing : Ives as a in Trade ons may lines of refpe(ft than i Difcovery of America* than any other Nation ; yet as thofe Riches confifl only in holding a greater Share of that neceffary Medium for carrying on a profitable Exchange in Trade, it lofes confiderably of its Value for want of being employed in that way ; and tho' it may furnifli the Spaniards with all the Produdt of other Mens Labour, which the mofl exquilite Luxury can defire, in the main it deftroys Induftry, by encouraging Sloth and In- dolence, which inevitably muft introduce both a Negledt and Contempt of the Arts and Sciences \ whereas an induflrious Commonwealth, who keeps her Subjects employed in Ma- nufadures, and Foreign Trade, by continually furnifliing Spain with fuch Things as there is a conftant Demand for, to fupply that People's Convreniency, and feed their Plea- fures, muft needs in Return command as great a Share of Spanifi Bullion as they want j fo that in fad: the Spanijh Riches confift in digging up Gold and Silver out of the Earth for other People, whofe fuperior Skill and Induftry, in applying it to its proper Ufe, abfolutely determines the Value of that Kind of Wealth ; which, if it be not kept in continual Motion and employed in Trade, never fails to ener- vate the Owners, and render them unfit for relilhing the fuperior and moft rational Enjoyments of human Society. There is not any Thing which more diftindly lliews the different Genius of the European Nations, than the Manner of their planting Colonies, and raifmg Settlements in America. \ SPAIN^ which not many Years ago, held the firft Rank amongft the warlike Nations, and under the Dominion of that great Emperor Charles the Vth, threatned all Europe with its Power, was no fooner poflefs'd of that immenfely rich Empire in America, but fuch a fudden and unexpedled F 2 Increafe 35 A g 36 Difcovery of America. Increafe of Wealth, without much Trouble or Pains in the Acquiiition, fo intoxicated a People, naturally proud and haughty, and at the iame time gave the covetous and am- bitious Clergy fo fair r.ri Opportunity to blow them up with an immoderate Ze^^ Tor Religion, that the firft Care in every new Spanijh Settlement, was to eredt a magnificent Building for a Cathedral or Church, which was endow'd with great Power, and a plentiful Revenue, preferable to all other Exigencies and Wants of the Colony. When any Englijh Plantation in .America came to be fettled, the firft Application was to maintain Liberty and Property, by providing for an open, fair, and equal Diftri- bution of Juftice, without any Refpedt of Perfons, leaving every Man to ufe an honeft Induftry in fupporting himfelf after what manner he pleafed. But the French, agreeable to their natural Difpolition for Warj always began with fome Entrenchments or Forti- fication for the Defence c f the Place, as well as to maintain the Governor's arbitrary Power j and other Nations for the moft part followed that Example, all of diem ftill en- deavouring to imitate, as near as poflible, that Form andCon- ftitution of Government, which at that time prevailed in the Mother-ftate, to whofe Orders and Inftrudlions the re- fpedtive Colonies were always kept in due Subjedion j by which Means many of the American Plantations foon be- came of lingular Advantage to thofe States in Europe to which they belonged ; and even to this very Day, where we have occafion to obferve, that any of the Colonies in America are negledted, and fallen into Decay, it is a fure Indication, that the original Mother-ftate either wants fuf- ficient Power to maintain its Rank amongft the other King- doms in the ad and nd am- lem up Care in nificent indow'd le to all e to be rty and Diftri- , leaving himfelf fpolition r Forti- aintain ions for mil en- nd Con- ailed in the re- on J by ifoon be- irope to r, where lonies in a fure Ints fuf- ;r King- doms Difcovery (j/* A m e r i c a. 37 doms of the World, or that it labours at the time under a weak Adminiftration of Government. As long as Trade is luiderftood to be not only an Ad- vantage to a State, but likcwife the natural and chief Fountain of all the Riches and Strength which is necedary to maintain an independent and good Government, the making, preferving and improving proper Settlements in America^ will be found of very great Importance to any Maritime Power in Europe. And the finding out, as well as diredlng and encouraging proper Objcds, on which to employ the Labour and Induflry of the Planters in thofe Settlements, will be confider'd amongft the principal Af- fairs of the State, and to which the particular Conce'-ns of any Company or Corporation for private Advantage, ought to give place ; for a lefler Public Good muft yield to the greater, and it will ever be found of more Moment, to maintain a greater than a lefler Number of Subjects, well - employed to the Advantage of the Commonwealth. Thus, having made Inquiry into the firll: Difcovery of America^ and obfervcd on fome of the principal Motives which induced the European Nations to plant Colonies, and make Settlements in that Part of the World ; we fliall now proceed to enter on the main Defign propofed in the Third and Laft Place, namely, to give a Hiftory of the Br/V//^ Plantations in their natural Order of Time, with fuitable Remarks on their Trade and Government. THE I r f. 1 j8 THE HISTORY O F FIRGINIA&cc. 5 ABOUT the Middle of the Reign of that great Princefs, Elizabeth Queen of England, viz. in the Year 15B4. Letters Patents were granted to Sir Walter Raleigh^ and others in Company, for difcovering new Lands in America, not hitherto pollefs'd by any Chri- Jiiam, In Purfuancc of which Grunt, two linall Ships were fitted out by the Patentees j the one commanded by Capt. Philip Amidiis, the other by Capt. Barlow j and, on the 27th of April in the fame Year, they fail'd from the Thames, taking their Courfe by tlie Canary-TJlands, towards the fVeJi'Tfidies ; and that being in thofe Days the beft- known and moft frequented Rout to America, they pafled by the Caribbee-IJlands, in the Beginning of June, and made the Coaft of Florida on the 2d o^yuly ; failing along Shore about one hundred and twenty Miles, before they could find a convenient Harbour. At lail they debarked on a very low Land, which proved to be a fmall Ifland called Wokokon t ^ t f \ *■ .j> ^. Y :c. liU great z. in the td to Sir fcovering iny Chri- lall Ships inded by and, on [from the , towards the beft- key paffed lune. lin and g along ;fore they )arked on ind called '^okokon y -kit;-, , \ i JVoh in th( frienc nifhei Provi fori Com] Miles callec Place oftb Houi fortif came from Thin heart conti M\ ^ after the] Neig anotj Septi tilitj the< tent( whi( 7^^ Hlftory of Virginia, Wokokon ; and after taking formal PofTeflion of the Country, in the Name of the Queen of England ^ they carried on a friendly Corrcfpondcnce with the Native Indians^ who fiir- niflied them with great Variety of Fifh and Venifon for Provifion, and gave them Furs and Deer-fkins in Exchange for Trifles. Thus encouraged by the Natives, eight of the Company, in a Boat, went up the River Occam tv/enty Miles ; and next Day in the Evening they came to an Ifland called Roanoak^ which was about feven Leagues from the Place where their Ships lay. Here they found the Refidence of the Indian Chief\ whofe Name was Grangananeo ; his Houfe confiiled of nine Apartments, built of Cedar, and fortified around with iliarp Pieces of Timber j his Wife came out to them, and ordered her People to carry thern from the Boat on their Backs, and did many other civil Things, to cxprefs her friendly Intention of making them heartily welcome, in the Abfence of her H j{band. They continued this Intercourfe with the Natives for fome time, llill viewing the Situation of the adjacent Country j and after having obtaind the beft Information they could, of the Number and Strength of the Indian Nations in that Neighbourhood, and of their Fewds and Alliances one with another, they return "d to England about the Middle of September^ and made fuch an agreeable Report of the Fer- tility of the Soil, and the Healthinefs of the Climate, that the Queen, from thence forward, feem'd to favour the Pat- tentees Defign of fettling a Colony in that Country^ to which her Majefty v-^as pleafed to give the Name of Virginia. 39 The -rsr 40 lie Hiftory o/* Vi r g i n i a. The principal Undertakers in this Voyage were, Philip Amidus^ 7 Arthur Barlow, \ Captains. Wilham Grccnvill, John Wood, "James Bfowicky Henry Green^ Benjamin JVood^ Simon Ferdimmdoy Nicholas Peryhian, John Hawes, of the CojTipany. J Sir Walter Raleigh was fo intent on the planting of this new Colony, thar the Year following an Equipage was provided of Icven Sail of Ships, who, under the Command o( Sir Richard Creen'viu\ General, failed on the 9 th o( April, 1585. from Plymouth 3 and purfuing the fame Courfe, as had been taken the preceding Year, they arrived and came to an Anchor at Wokokon^ on the 26lh of May, and forth- with fent their Compliments to the Indians at Roanoak : Then the General, taking one Week's Provifion along with him, and a feledt Company, made a Progrefs to the main Land, and vilited many Indian Towns j but unhappily, at one of them, the hidia^is having ftolen a Silver Cup, the Englijh were fo indifcreet in their Revenge, as to burn the Town, and deftroy the Corn-fields i an ill Prefage of thofe Misfortunes which enfued. The General returning to his Fleet at Wokokon^ thought fit to weigh his Anchors, and remove from thence to Hattarufs ; where having reded a little, ion\t of the Indian Chiefs were cntertain'd on board the Admiral ; and about oft bef; tals, on t the Hiftory of Virginia. about the Beginning of Auguft, the General himfelf returned to England^ and arrived at Fly mouth the i8th oi September^ having left behind him an hundred and eight Perfons to fettle a Colony at Roanoak j amongft: vrhom vv^ere the fol- lowing Gentlemen, under the Command of Mr. Ralph Lane^ viz. 41 Philip AmiduSy Admiral. Mr. Thomas Harriot, Mr. ASlon. Mr. Stafford. Mr. Thomas Luddington. Mr. Marwyn. Capt. Faugh 7. Mr. Kendall. Mr. Gardiner. Mr. Prideaux, Mr. Rogers^ Mr. Harry. Mr. Snelling. Mr. Anthony Ruffe. Mr. y^//^«. Mr. Michael Pollijbn. Mr. Thomas Buckner. Mr. James Majbn. Mr. D^wV .S^//^r. Mr. James Skinner. The Compafs of their Difcovery towards the South reached no further than Secotan^ which is about eighty Leagues from Roanoak. They went Northwards, about one hundred and thirty Miles, to a Town on Cheafapeak j and about the fame Diftance to the North-weft, as far as Choivonock. The Natives, whether to amufe, or found the Incli- nations of thefe Strangers, had fo filled their Heads with romantic Accounts of a numerous warlike Nation of /;/- dianSy and a great King, fome Days Journey from the Head of the River Aforrt/£?c^, where grt.vt Plenty of Pearls was to be found, as alfo large Quantities of Copper and other Me- tals, that Mr. Lane and all his Company became intent on this Difcovery j and too eafily confiding in their pretended G Friend 41 The Hiftory of Virginia. Friend Wingino^ who on the Death of his Brother Granga- nimeo^ had clianged his Name to Pennijappan ; they were over-perfuadcd to go on an Expedition to vifit the Mo- ratocks^ and the great Nation called the Mangoacks^ when at the fame time the treacherous Pennijappan had privately font thofc Indicijn Notice, that the Englijh were coming to invade them j wl^creupon they all fled up into the high Country, fo that inftead of that Fricndfhip and Plenty wliich the Engliflj were encouraged to expedt, they found thcmlclvcs one hundred and fixty Miles from Home, with only two Days Proviiion j hereupon Mr. Lane called a C'ouncil to advife what was fit to be done, for that he be- lieved the Savages had fome treacherous Defign in View : But the whole Company, except three, were rcfolute to proceed at any Rate, and to fee thofe Indians called Man- goacks^ either as Friends or Foes. MENATONON the King of the Cbowonocks, who. was lame, but an artful cunning Fellow, and fuperior ia Sagacity to all the reli, told Mr. Lane^ That he would fur- nifh them with Guides to the Mangoacks^ or this Metal- Country, which tho' but one Day's Journey by Land, was feven by Water • and fuch was their over-covetous Defire to find out, and make fome Trial of the Metal, that they proceeded under all thefe Hardfliips with great Chearfulnefs ;. but after two Days Journey and their Viduals all fpent, they heard a Voice from the Shore call Manteo^ who was a ferviceable and friendly Indian^ that always attended them. Manteo return 'd a civil Anfwer, which they on Shore re- ply'd to with a Song; that the Englijh took for a friendly Welcome, until Manteo told them it was a fure Sign that. the Indians meant to fight i and immediately they let fly a Shower of Arrows at Mr. Lanes Boat, which happening to favoi that fakei Man hisf But and had I and t T*lie Hiftory ^ V f r g i n i a. to do no harm, he prefently landed with his People, while the other Boat fcoured the Shore. The Indians however being all fled, and no-whcre to be found, the next Morning they agreed to return to the Mouth of the River, which had coil them four Days Labour to row up ; iicre they were re- duced to feed on two Maftiff-Dogs, which they had boil'd with SalTafrax Leaves into Broth, and to faft all the next Day, being Wind-bound ; the Day following they came to an Indian Town, where the Women fupply'd them with a little frefh Fi(h, and the Day afterwards they returned to their Settlement at Roanoak. \ ENSENORE, an old Man, and the Father of Pen^ fiijappan, had been all along a great Friend to the Englifi^ from a firm Belief that the invifible fupreme Being, whom they called the God of the Englijb^ always afliftcd them againft their Enemies, and took care of all their Concerns ; for which Reafon he often prevailed with his Son Penniffap- pan^ not only to defift from his Intrigues againft them, but even to do them many Ads of Kindnefs : Neverthe- lefs whilft the Englifi were at a Diftance on their laft Ex- pedition to the Mangoach^ a Rumour was induftrioufly Ipread at Roanoak^ that mod of them were flain, and that the reft peridi'd in the Woods ; which gave Pennijjappan a favourable Opportunity to perfuade his Father Enfcnorc^ that thefe were a wicked People, whc»m their God had for- faken, and left them to be deftroyed ; upon lliis the old Man quite alter'd his way of tliinking, and joiri'd with his Son in his Defigns to do them all the Mifchief he coidd. But afterwards when they faw the EngliJJ: return in ITcalth, and heard Mantco's Relation of thic Advantages which they had every-where over the IwUcni^ they alter'd their Tone ; and Enfenore once more nrevail'd with Pennijjappan^ to G a think 43 .0 44 The Hiflory ^/'Virginia. think and ad us formerly; for fuch was the Renown and Credit of the Englijh^ at that time, amongd all the Indians^ that in a few Days after Mr. Lane and his People came back to Roamak^ Menatonon fent his AmKifTadors with Pi^fcnts of Pearl, and along with them Okijko King of the Woopomcoks^ came vokintarily to fubmit himfelf, and all his People, as Tributaries to the Queen of England \ and when Okijko with twenty-four of his principal Men, had acquaint- ed Pennijjappan with their Purpofe, and fully declared their Refolution to execute it at that time, it fo changed the Heart of FcnnilJ'appan^ that at his Father's Requell, when the Engl''^' wcrt almoll: ftarved for Want of Provifions, he commancu'! rak .^eople to make Wires for them to catch Fifli, and to lepla'f thofe Corn-Field, which they had be- fore refolved to abandon. Unhappilv about this time, towards the latter End of April^ old Enfenore died ; on which Event Pevnijjappan immediately renew'd his former Machinations and ill De- figns againft the Englifi ; and under the Pretence of fo- lemnizing Enfenore a Funeral, he had engaged Okijko\^ the Tributary King, to get feven or eight hundred Men to- gether, and the Mandoages and the Cheafepeaks were to bring as many more j but half of them were to lie in Ambufcade in order to cut off Stragglers, while the other half came forth, and appeared on a Signal to be given by Fire j and tWQUty of PenniJ'appan s hei\ Men were ordered to befet Mr. Lanes Houfe in the Night-time, and to put Fire to the Reeds that covered it j and the like was to be done at the fame time to Mr. Harnofs^ and others, in order to give the Indians better Opportunity to knock all the principal Men on the Head, as they ran out naked to efcape the Fire. In the mean time the Savages had concerted among them* felves. !j llje Hiftory of Virginia. Telves, not to fell any Thing to the Englljh^ and to fpoil and dcftroy the Filhing-Wires in the Night-time, by which means Nccefllty of Food would force them to difperfe ; and indeed they were fo miferably pinched with Want at this lime, that Mr. Lane was obliged to fend Captain Stafford to Crcaton^ with twenty Men to feek Subfiilence for ^hemfelvcs, anil look out for Sldps palling along ti ■- Co.ifi: ; he likewile fent Mr. Pridcaux^ to Hattarajs^ ct the fame Account ; and fome other fmall Parties weredif- patched to the Main, to live on Roots and Oyllcrs, or what elfe they could find. PENNISSAPPAN all this while abfconded, lefl he fliould be importuned for Provifions, as alfo with the greater Security to concert his Schf.es and wicked Pur- pofes ; however the Chozvonefh^ a povve: .d, but more faith- ful People, were not fo forward to ,;ome into his Meafures as he expedled ; for they Ihcw d great Averfion to the falfe and malicious Reports, which Penmjfappan had caufed to be raifed againft the Englijh j ar ^ this gave Mr. Lane the Opportunity and Means of difcovering all their Plots to deftroy the Settlement. Hereupon Mr. Lane fent to acquaint Penmjfappan^ that he was going to Croaton to meet a Fleet that was juft then arrived, defiring he would fend fome of his People to fifli and hunt. The Indian return'd Anfwer, that he would come himfelf to Rcanoak ; but as he delay 'd above a Week, endeavouring to get his Men together, Mr. Lane judged it the fafelt Way to prevent him ; for which Purpofe he immediately fent out fome of his Peo- ple to deftroy all the Canoes they could find about thelfland; and the firft they met with being overfet, they flew the two Jndiam that were in it, and cut oft" their Heads. The Alarm thus given on all hands, the /Wm«5 flew to their Bows, an^ 45 46 The Hiftory of Virginia. and the Englljh to their Arms ; a few of the Natives were immediately killed, but all the reil fled into the Woods : Next Morning Mr. Lane fent to tell Painijj'appan^ that as he was going to Crcaton he intended to call on him in his Way, in order to difcoiirfc Matters with liim ; the Indian did not chiifc to remove, but ftay'd for the coming of the EngliJI^i and Mr. Lane finding him furrounded by fome of his chief Men, immediately gave the Word to attack them : 'Pennijj'appan himfelf was Ihot with a Piftol, and dropp'd down for dead ; but prefently getting up, he run away, and would have efcaped, had not an Irijh Boy fhot liim again in the Buttocks ; whereupon they took him, and cut off his Head. AnouT a Week after this Adtion, Captain Stafford fent a MefTenger to acquaint Mr. Lant\ that twenty-three Sail of Ships were in Sight on the Coaft ; and next Day the Captain himfelf brought a Letter from Sir Francis Drake^ to Mr. Lane, offering all Manner of Alfiftance to forward the Settlement. Accordingly a Ship of feventy Tons with one hundred Men, and four Months Provifions, together with two Pinnaces, and four fmall Boats, with every other Thing fuitable, was immediately prepared to attend the Ser- vice of the Colony, under Mr. Lafies Direction : But a fud- den Storm which lafted four Days, and threatned the whole Fleet with Shipwreck on that Coaft, forced fome of them out to Sea j and particularly that Ship with all the Provi- fions, defign'd for the Colony's Ufe : Notwithftanding this unhappy Accident, Sir Francis was fo generous, to appoint another Ship of one himdred and feventy Tons, with every Thing needful, as before, to attend on Mr. Lane^ in order to bring him home to England, after he had finilhed his Dif- coveries, or as foon as he thought fit j but all the Com- pany i 7%e Hiftory of Virginia. pany on Shore being acquainted herewith, .md confaltedon the Occafion, it was their unanimous Re jiiell, th.it in Re- gard of the Mileries which they h.ul lufterd, and the \\v.:\\ Profped they had of Sir Richard Greenvill^^ Return, they might all be permitted to go home in the Fleet widi Sir Francis Drake-, which being agreed to, they imbarkcd, and arrived at Portfmouth the 7th of y///)', 1586. Late In the Spring of the fame Year 1586. Sir Walter Raleigh^ and Company, fent one Ship of an hundred Tons, well provided with all Things needful to fuccour the Co- lony of Virginia : But not arriving before the People had left the Country, as above, this Ship rcturn'd with all her Loading, to England ; anil about fifteen Days after Sir Richard Gnrnvill arrived with three Ships, to relieve thofc People he had left there, in the Year 15B5. But neither finding them, nor the lall-mention'd Ship, as he cxpedted, and obferving that all their former Habitations were quite abandoned, Sir Richard, unwilling to lofe the PofTelllon of fo good a Country, landed fifty of his Men on the Kland of Roanoak, leaving them a plentiful Stock of Provifion for two Years, and then return d himfelf to England, with the reft of his People. In the Beginning of the Year 1587. Mr. John White was fent, by the Company, Governor to the Colony o{ Vir^ giniayWith three Sail of Ships, and on the 2 2d of July they arrived at Hattara/'s j the Governor forthwith diipatched a ftrong Party to Roanoak, expecting to find the fifty Men, left there by Sir Richard Greenvill the Year before ; but the Fort was intirely defaced, and all the Houfes ftanding empty and overgrown with Weeds j finding no Veftige of People, except the Bones of one Man, they fet about re- pairing 47 4.8 *fhe Hiftory of V i r c t m r a. pairing the oKi Buildings ; and while they were at Work, Mr. George Howe a Memhcr of the Council, headlcHly ftraggling abroad, was killed by the Indians. Hereupon Manteo^ the trully Indian, whofe Relations dwelt at Croa- tony was fent thither with Captain Stafford and twenty Men. At firft, the Natives feem'd inclineable to fight, but as foon as they heard Manteo's Voice, they laid down their Arms, and became Friends, defiring the Englijh would give them a Token to be known by, Icll hereafter they might be treated as Enemies by Millake, as it had once happen'd in their Friend Governor Lane^ Time : Next Day a Con- ference was held, and the Indians undertook to go to the People of Secotan, Aquafgacochy and Peomeik, to renew the old Friendfliip between them, and the Englijh ; and in fcven Days time they promifed to bring their Kings and great Men, to confirm the fame at Roanoak j aniongfl other Things at that Conference, they told Captain Stafford^ that Mr. Howe was killed by Men who belong'd to IVin^ ginoj DaJfamo?ipeaky and Roanoak ; and that the fifty Men left by Sir Richard Greenvilly had been treacheroufly fur- prifed by three hundred Indians from Secotan, Aquafgagoe, and Dafj'amonpeahy who had fet Fire to tlicir Dwelling*^, killed fome, and forced the reft: to fly in their Boat towards Hattarajs • where they remained a fliort Time on a fmall Ifland, and then departed they knew not whither. J The feven Days being expired, without any News of the Indians with the Chiefs they had promifed to bring to Roanoaky and the Governor having received particular In- formation from the Croatons, that Mr. Howe's Death was chiefly occafion'd by the Indians of Daffanwnpeak j who were alfo principally concern'd in driving ihe Eng/ijb from Roanoaky he determin'd forthwith to take a proper Revenge of I l*he Hiftory of Virginia. of thofc People ; and accorcliiigly with Captain Stafford^ and twenty-four Men, of which Miintco was one, he fet Out on this l'"xpedition : Next Morning hy Break of Day they landed, and got heyond the Indidn Iloufes, and af- faulted theni as they were fitting round the I'ire -, the mi- ferahle Creatures Hed aniongd the Reed., where one of them was (hot through ; but the Fury of the Allailants was foou allay 'd, when they underHood hy an hniidfi Woman, and i Man who called on Captain Stafford by Name, ami toKl him, that thofe buliam whom he attacked were his Friends oi Crouton^ come tliither to gatlier Corn; having learn 'd that the DalJiimnnp ah^ 6cc. on the Death of Mr. Hour, had tied from their Habitations, and left their Corn to be devoured by the Birds. Thk Eji^lijb finding themfelves difappointed of their intended Revenge, and touch d with Concern for what had happen'd to their Friends, oidy gather'd what Corn was ripe, and left the red: growing for their Ul'e. Mantco very jultly imputed this Misfortune wholly to them, who had not kept their Promife in coming to the Governor at the Time they appf)inted. Two remarkable Things happen'il about this time, at Romioak'y viz. on the 13th of Aiigujl the friendly Indian Manteo was chrillen'd ; and on the i8th Eleanor ^ the Go- vernor's Daughter, and Wife to Ananias Dart\ was de- liver'd of a Daughter, wliich being the firft Child born in that Colony, was named Virginia. All Things being prepared for the Shipping to return to England^ a fudden Storm arofe, which drove the Ad- miral out to Sea, while the bed half of the Sailors \verc on H Shore > 49 JO !72^ Hiftory ^Virginia. Shore j Co that it was fix Days before the Ship could recover tlic Land, and a Divifion happening at the fame time in the Council, about pitching on one of their own Number, to be fent home as Ag^.iit for the Colony, they generally de- clined accepting of the Employment, and unanimouily in- fifted, that the Governor was the only tit Perfon ^ 3 under- take it. Mr, If^^bite at laft yielded to their Requeft, after obtaining a Certificate under their Hands, of ins Unwilling- ncfs to leave his Command. The Names of the twelve Counfellors, v/lio arrived on Board this Fleet at Virginia^ were as follow, viz. 'John White ^ Govern. Chriftopher Cowper. Dio?iis Hamy. Roger Bayley. Thomas Stepheti. Roger Pratt. Ananias Dare. John Sampjhn. George Howe. Simon Ferdina7ido. Thomas Smith. Anthony Cage. In the Year 1589. Mr. John White return'd with three Ships to Virginia^ and arriv'd at Hattarafs on the 15th of AuguJ} J but after having fpent feveral Days, and much Labour in vain, to find out the People he had left there two Years before, he was conArain'd by the Scarcity of Provifion, bad Weather, and other unhappy Accidents, to return to England ^ from which Time the famous Colony of Virginia was wholly neglcded, and no other Attempt was made from England^ to return to that Part of ylmerica until the Year 160?. The Government of England^ about this time, under the political Condud" of that great I^incefs Queen Eliza- bethy made fo conlidcrable a Figure, and held fo great a Share in all the public Affairs of Europe, tliat the private Adventurers The Hiftory ii i The Hiftory of Virginia, could not be known amongft them, until they arrived in Fi'rgijiia. And as this was the firft regular Settlement by public Authority in Virginia^ from which therefore the Hillory of the Colony will commence with more Order in the Narration, as well as Certainty of the Facts to be re- lated, it will be convenient in this Place to give a Hiort Re- fcription of the Country. Hitherto Virginia was undcrllood to extend from thirty-four to forty-five Degrees of Northern Latitude, bounded by the Ocean to the Ealt, Florida to the South, and Canada^ or Ncui-France^ to the North j but towards the Weil, unlimited ami unknown. It is however intended here, to treat chiefly of that Part which was planted by the Fnglijh \\\ tlie Year 1606. reaching only from thirty-fevei'. to thirty-nine j)egrees of Latitude ; which continue^ at this Day to be the proper Bounds of tlie antient Colony, and Dominion of Vlrglnui, T H E Coall: of America^ efpecially towards Vlrglnui^ is greatly elteem'd by Mariners, for its Safety ; bcc:.ale c),s loon as they have Soundings, or can llrike Ground \Ax\x the Lead, which is commonly in eighty or ninety i adiom Water, about forty or fifty Leagues from Slioie, it fhoals gradually ; lb that -.xw cxpcriencVl Mariner caii tell his Diilance by the Dcpdi of Water, the Land being lb \<^\s\ that in fifteen or twenty Fathom Watci, you can Icarce fee it from the Maft-head. Coming to Virginia from Sea, you enter into the Bay of ChcafcapeafK^ between the Ca|x^s ILnry and Charles, twenty Miles DiUance from each other ; fo named afier ;hc then Prince of fVa'cSj and his Brother the Dakc of llrk ; I buv 52 ^4- 7/^^ Hiftory of Virginia. but the beft Channel is dole aboard of Cap^ Henry ^ whicli lies exa(flly in 37 Degrees of North Latita:''; -. A.' t-r.t if the Sailor can depend on his Obfervation of the Latitude ,r£ Noon, the Day he expedts to make the Land, lie. may ilifcly venture in the Night-time to come in with die Cnpe^ which is a bold bluff Point ; and by keeping the South Shore on board, he will come to a good Road in a large Bay, about two Leagues within the Cape^ called Lynnbaijen Bay^ where the Shipping commonly wait for Pilots, and likewife rendezvous there in Fleets, when outward-bound, in time of War. That Inlet or Arm of the Sea, called the Bay of Chcafeapeak^ ftretches from the above Road diredly North two hundred Miles in Length, and is from ten to fift^.en Miles broad, but grows narrow towards the Bottom ; it receives many large Rivers from the Weftern Shore, and a few fmaller Streams from a narrow Slip of Land, a Penin- fula to the Welhvard, which divides the Bay from the main Ocean. The firft remarkable River in Virginia was formerly called Poivhatton^ but now yamcs Rivef\ which opens itfelf dire(ftly Well from Cape Henry ; it is near two Miles broad, and navigable for larii;c Ships above one hundred Miles ; the firft E?7glijh Se^'irnicnt was made on the North Side of this River, about foi ly Miles up, and called Jatnes Town. Fir TEEN Miles North from yames River ^ there is another much of the lame Bigncfs, called Tork River j it is navigable for large Ships above fixty Miles up, and then divides itfelf into two large Branches, which are likewife navigable ] i r t r fe Ic Tloe Hiftory of Virginia. navigable a conliderable way for Sloops and Barges : At tlie Point of Divifion the Country is called Pai^mortkh^ which was formerly the Indian \-\a\\\& for tlie whole River ; . lui that fmall Slip of Land which divides fork from yama River ^ is etlcemed to be a very rich Soil, producing at this Time the hell Tobacco in all that Country, known b)' tlvv. Name of fweet-fccnted Tobacco^ which will bear a ciokr Package than any other, and therefore is often flrippcd from the Stalk before it is prefled into the Hogihcad ; by which means, one Cask of this Tobacco will weigh from fifteen hundred to two thouHuid Pounds Weight ; and fome parti- cular Crops of the moll careful Planters of this Commodity have frequently been fold on the Key at the Port of London for twelve Pence per Pound. There are many fmall Streams and Branches, which in the Courfe of thefe large Rivers fall into them on both Sides, and contribute to make this Country vaftly commo- dious for Traffick, as well as exceedingly pleafant to the Inhabitants : But there are two very remarkable Inlets of Water, or Creeks, navigable with the Tide by any kind of Shallop or flat-bottom/d Boat : The one enters from y times River ^ and flretchcs North ucrois the Land about live Miles, to a good Landing-place ; the o:hcr in like manner runs South from y^ork Ri\rr up into the Land : So that there is a Space only of one Mile between the Lan^ ugs of thefe two Creeks, which being a dry gravelly wholr.'nne Soil, was formerly an Indian Settlement, and is now be- come the chief Seat of Government in Virginia^ called Williamshurgh; which, by means of the faid two Creeks^ commands the Navigation both of yumcs and It or A Rivers ; for it was obferved, that yames Toivn, and every other Settlement on a River Side, where the Water wasbrackiib, produced 55 «..?■ 56 The Hiftory of Virginia, produced flow intermitting Fevers and Agues, whereas the ;ibf)ve Situation of the Town of Williavnbiirgh^ being per- fcdly dry, and removed at icixn^: Dillance from that Nui- I'uice, is fontid to be very heahhy, and free from any iuch liiconvenieiicc. • '< At about ten Miles from York River ^ there is a fmall Stream navigable thirty Miles up, called Piancotank^ and twenty Miles further you come to another large River, called Rappahannock^ which is two Miles broad, and navi- gable with large Ships one hundred and thirty Miles. From Rappahojinock you crofs a Tradt of Land about eighteen Miles, called the Northern Neck, to the great River Pofoivmaek ; which at this time divides the Colony of Virginia from that of Maryland. This River, at the Mouth where it falls into the Bay of Cheafeapeak, is feven Miles wide, and is navigable one hundred and forty Miles up to the Fails, where it is divided into feveral Branches, one whereof extends North-well ;i great way, and another flretches South-weft, and comes out from behind the high Ritlge of Mountains, called the Appallockian Hills, that divide tlie Waters which run Eaftward into the Sea, from thofe v^'hich flow Weftward, and tall into the famous River Me[laJJippi. The Country of Firginia, ore hundred and fifty Miles lip from the Sea, is for the moll part a low fandy Soil, without any Stones, and covered with a black, and light, but rich Mould, not above lix or eight Inches deep; which, if it be ai i;ny time ploughed up to the Bottom, will inime- dintel;- wen* out, and become barren: but if you do not fufter the Plough to reach above four or five Inches, and take n : ( The Hiftory of Virginia. take only one Crop of Corn in four Years, the Soil will thicken, and never wear out, yielding increafe of Wheat from twelve to fifteen for one; and where they ufe Dung, a great deal more : Tiius on new Land, after the Expcnce and Labour of cutting down and clearing the Wood, one Husbandman, with a Yoke of Oxeji, or a pair of fmall Horfes in his f lough, will be able to raifc more Grain than two Men and three times as many Cattle can do in England \ for the Sun in that Climate has fuch Power to meliorate that light, but kindly Soil, that if the Seed is but covered, it will produce any thing ; but for the fiime Reafon, all manner of V/eeds fpring up fo faft, that there is an abf(j- lute Neceflity of weeding the Corn once, and the Tobacco and Garden-fluff continually, to keep them from being choaked. ^1 The Fleet above-mentioned, confiding of three Sail of fmall Ships, commanded by Captain Newport^ failed from Blackuuill on the 19th of December 1606 j but being de- tained by contrary Winds and bad Weather on the Coaft of England fix Weeks, and afterwards taking their Courfe by the Canariei to the JVeft-Indies, their Curiolity tempted them to fpend fo much Time at Dominico and other Iflands, that they could fcarce find their Way to that Part of the Continent to which they were bound ; at the fame time fome Difputes arifing amongft them, whether they fliould return back to Englafid, a fudden Storm obliged them to lie too for a while, and drove them by mere Accident on Cape Hefiry, at the Entrance of the Bay of Cheafeapcakj about the IBeginning of May. This lucky Event fo revived their Spirits, that about thirty of them chearfully landed on the Cape, where care- I leflly 8 The Hiflory of Virginia. ledly diverting tliemlclvcs without their Arms, five hjdians iittackcd thciu, and two of tlie EngVijh were dangeroufly wounded : Neverthelels, that very Night the Box was open'd, and the Orders of Government being read, it was >(nnui, that Bar tholomciv Gnfj'ndl^ yohn Marti ii^ Edward IVingjicld, Cbrijlophcr Ncicport, Jolm Smith, John Ratt- cliff\ and George Kendall, were appointed to be the Coun- cil, and dire(^ted to chufe out of their own Number, a Prefident for the Year. And after a few Days were em- ployed in finding out a convenient Place to fettle in, they made choice of that Spot on the North Side of James River, ever fince cAltd Jann's Town; and on tlie 13 th of May, the Members of the Council being all fworn, they chofe Mr. JVingfield Prclident ; but by reafon of fome Ani- mofity and Jealoufy which prevailed amongll them, Capt. John Stnith was not then admitted to take his Place in the Council. All Hands were now employed in one {brtof Bulinefs or other, and the Indiana came frequently in a kindly manner to vifit them ; but the Prefident, out of an over- careful Fear of giving Umbrage and Sufpicion to the Na- tives, would not permit any other Fortification to be made, th.in throwing together fome Branches of Trees in the Form of a Semicircle ; nor would he, for the fiame Reafon, permit the Men to be exercikd in Arms. Captain Newport and Captain Smith, with twenty Men, were fent up to difcover the Head of James River, and in fix Days thev reachd the Fulls, where, on a rifin2 Ground, they found a fmall Indian Town, called Powhat- fon, and were everv-where kindlv treated bv the Indiajis -.. but as they return "d, within twenty Miles of James Town, they ;i '4 ) I \ i HiC Hiftory e?/ V i r g i n I a. they were inform "d, that the hidiam had attacked the Set- tlement ; and next Day, when they arrived there, they found feventeen of their Companions wounded, and a Boy killed, the Natives having furprized theni all at Work, and their Arms not fo much as unllow'd out of the Fats. Here- upon the Prefidcnt condefcended, that the Fort Ihould he pallifadoed, the Ordnance mounted, and the Men daily exercifed, as well asa conlhuit Guard kept; for the huliam were continually lying in wait to hurt the People a:, they ftraggled abroail, fo that there was great Need of a careful Watch, and good Difciplinc; in all wliicli, Captain ^mith ihewed fuch Courage and Conduct, that the whole Cojn- pany infilfed on his being admitted to take his Place in the Council ; which was no Iboner agreed to, but the Ind'uim began to fue for Peace : And all Things being at this time prepared for Captain Neivporf'i Return with the Shipping, he departed from Virginia in the latter End of yu'!t\ leaving behinil him about one hundred Perlbns, who may properly be called the firll Planters of that Colony. As a dilinterelled Dcfire of Power, with the pure In- tent of doing Good to Mankind, or to that particular So- ciety we are engaged in, is a moil amiable and divine Principle, fo the pernicious Arts which are too commonly made ufe of to eiigrofs to ourfelves Power, with no other Defign but to footh thofe Palfions that are evidently de- flrudtive to all Society, are monftrous and abominable j and this is no-where more clearly exemplified, than at the J3cginning of a new Settlement in a foreign Colony, where the Perfons deputed to govern are at a Diftance from their Conftituents, and confequently, from under the Awe of that fuperior Diredlion and Experience which gave them Authority. I 2 l^O 59 I 6o 77je Hiftory (p/* V i r g i n i a. No r^'O'icr were the Ships p;one, but the Men began to tltl ;i rcnlible Wiim of many little Conveniencics, luch as I'm. ill C^iiitities of Bil'iiiiet and Beer, which, the Sailors II led to bring on Shore to exchange with thcni for TriHes, or pcrliaps give it ^r^//j for Relief to their Friends: The Frelident, who chofe to live as well as he could, by engrolling every thing to hinifelf, took no manner of Care what became of the reiV, further than giving them indiffe- rently the poor Allowance of half a Pint of Wheat, and as much Barley a Day per Man, which in the common Kettle was boiled in Water for their Suftenance. This miferable Diet, together with hard Work during the whole Summer, in fo hot a Climate, brought a general Sicknefs amongft them ; fo that before the latter end of September fifty died, of which Number Captain GoJJhcll was one. AnouT this Time it was difcover'd, that the Prefident, apprehending the Mifery and Want which himfelf would be at lall reduced to, had form'd a Delign of carrying off' the Pinnace with a few Hands, and of deferting the Set- tlement ; which fo roufcd the Spirits of all the People, that they unanimouily depofed him, ami chofe Captain Rattcliff in his Room : Soon afterwards, by the Surgeon's Care, and the Approach of a cooler Scafon, they began in general to recover Health ; yet it was found, that by the late Pre- lident's voluptuous and ill Management, the Proviiions were all fpent, which mutl certainly have put an End to the Settlement, if the Savages had not been infpired with a fudden and friendly Inclination to furni'.h the En^JiJh with Plenty of Corn, and every oiher kind of Provifion they lould afford. The ful iiii drea ihe> tiler retu the thcr Tie Hiftory of Virginia. 6r 3 The new Prcfulent, together with Mr, Marti?t^ \\'\\f\ had the chict* Dircdion, being both iiuiolent aiui weak in their Judgment of Things, thought fit to eoininit the Condiitil of Bufinefs abroad to C^iptain Swif/j, wIk) by his own laborious and indefatigable l-'xaniple, made all the People exert thenifelves in an extraonlinary manner: But tliat great Plenty of Corn which had appeared for fotnc time among the Indiaus^ being at lall gone with the Scafon, and no more left than what was needful for Winter-llore to themfelvc^, Captain SfJiith^ with a few of the ableft Hands, took the Shallop, and went down to the Mouth of the River as far as Kocoiightun^ in queft of more Provi- fion. On the C'aptain's Approach with his People, the Inuianr in that Part of the Country began to ridicule him, by offer- ing a handful of Corn at a Didance, as if they imagined that the Englijb were all jull ready to periih with Famine; but the Captain made no Ilefitation to anfwer their infolent Reproaches with a Volly of Shot, which immediately dif- perled them into the Woods. Then marching up to their Habitations he faw great Heaps of C'orn, but would not fufFer hi-^ Men, at that Inflant, to purlue their iiror.g Incli- nation to plunder, becaufe, as it really happened, he fulpcdeil that tlic Indians would lofe no Time to attack him ; and accordingly, they forthwith appeared in the moll dreadful manner, hideouily painted, with i heir Idol, wiiitli they called Okt'(\ drelfed up in Rag>, nnd carried before them. The Captain, however, received their Charjre, and returned his Fire lo effectually, as to kill fome of them on the Spot, which made the rell f]y, and leave Okec behind them : But prclentiy after, they fent one of their chict iMcii \ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) ,,"^.A 7- I/a 1.0 I.I tliKi 125 If tiS, ""!2.0 1.8 1.25 |||.4 1.6 ■• 6" ► '/Q vi '•^J ^;. '/ M Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 \ :\ ,v \ "^ A c^ m ^ and by the Sticks, was meant his Country j for they ima- gined the World to be round and flat, like a Trencher, and themfelves to be in the Middle of it. After this, they brought out a Bag of Gunpowder, which they told Captain Stnith, they intended in the Spring to plant, as they did their Corn, being they much defired to know the Nature of that Seed. The Prifoner was then invited to the King's Brothers Houfe, where he was plentifully entertain 'd ; but altho' none of them would at any time eat along with him, at their Return to the King of the Pawmonkees^ all the Wo- men and Children flocked about the Captain, and fliared always amongft them what Vidluals he left. Last of all, the Prifoner was carried to Meronocomace^ the Seat of their great Emperor Powbattoriy to whom they were formally introduced, as he fate, in a folemn Manner, on a wooden Bench before a great Fire, cover'd with a Robe of Racoon Skins. There fate on each Side of the Emperor a young Woman, and on each Side of the Room two Rows of Men, and as many Women behind them, with all their Hands and Shoulders paiited red j at the Captain's Entrance before this Prince, all the People gave a Shout, and the Queen oi Appomatock was appointed to bring Water to wafh his Hands, and another brought him a Bunch of Feathers, inflead of a Towel, to dry them. After this, having feaflied the Prifoner in the grandeft Manner they could, a long Coa- fultation was held amongft them j at the Conclufion where- of, two great Stones were placed before the Emperor Pow- hatton J tiien as many as :ould, laid Hands on the Prifoner,. and dragging him towards the Stones, they put his Head oa them^ yo T*be Hiftory of Virginia. them, and immediately prepared themfelvcs with great Clubs to knock out his Brains j but at this very Inllant, Poco- hontns the King's flivourite Daughter, after Ihc found no Intreaties could prevail, flew to the Block ; and taking Captain SmitlSs, Head in her Arms, Ihe laid her own upon it to fave him from Death j which furprifing Event moved the Em- peror to tell the Prifoner, that he ihould live to make Hatchets for him, and Bells and other Ornaments for his Daughter Pocohojitas. In about two Days, Powhatton having drefs'd himfelf up in a moft frightful Manner, caufed Captain Smith to be brought into a large Houfe, (landing by itfelf in the Woods, where he was placed on a Mat by the Fire-fide, and fo left quite alone j foon afterwards the Captain heard from behind a Mat, which divided the Houfe like a Curtain, a moil dole- ful and unpleafant Noife ; then appeared the Emperor Pow- hatton^ more like a Devil than a Man, at the Head of two hundred as black as himfelf ; and as he approached Captain Smithy he told him, that now they were good Friends to- gether, he intended to fend him to 'Jama Town, from whence he ciefired the Captain would order two great Guns and a Grind-ftone to be fent to him ; for which Poivkatton would give him in Return the Country oi Capahoivofiok^ and for ever efteem him as his Son Nafitaqiiond. Accordingly the Captain was immediately difpatch'd Home with twelve Guides J but as they were obliged to lie all that Night in the Woods, the Captain could not fhake off the Apprehenfions he had all along had every Moment, until the next Morning early, when they arrived at the EngliJIo Fort j where, after the Captain had entertain'd his Condudlors in the moll ge- nerous Manner, he ftiew'd to Rawhunt^ Powhatton\ Servant, two Demi-culverins and a Mill-llone, to be carried to his Mafler : ft, iis Tie Hiftory e citation, he fet Iiis People to work all manner of Ways^ to pi ocure by Steal tli, or even by Force, what ce, lat The Hiftofy of V i R g r W i a. what Arms they could from the Englijh j and the fearful Prefidentj under Colour of the ftridt Orders from Engtand not to offend tlie Indians^ was io indolently mild as to take no Notice of thofe Abufes ; which at laft made the Natives fo infolent, as to beat and abufe the People, robbing them of tlieir Arms, while they were at Work in the Fieki Captain •S'/Ta//^ however could bear fuch Treatment no longer, and after hunting thofe diforderly Indians up and down, where-ever they could be met with, he publickly whipt fome, and imprifon'd feven, to make them difcover by whofe Command, and for what Purpofe they dared to commit fuch diforderly Adions. The Savages hereupon feized on two ftraggling Soldiers, and affembling a great Number of them together, they came up in a hoftile Manner to the Fort, threatening mighty Things, if the Indian Prifoners were not immediately rc- leafed \ but Captain Smith fallying out that Inftant, fo galled them, that they were glad to fue for Peace, and de- livered up the two Soldiers, without infifting on any Terms for the Prifoners ; who were fo ftridly examined, that they all confefled, Powhatton had fet tliem on to procure Arms, in order to attack the Englijh. Notwithftanding the fly Indian^ at this very Juncture, fent particular MefTengers, and large Prefents, along with his favourite T)^\.\zj^icrPocohuntas, to excufe the Injuries that had been raflily done by fome of his People ; intreating the Prifoners might be fet at Liberty, with ftrong Aflurances of his future Love and Friendiliip. But Captain Smithy who knew bed how to deal with thefe People, firft corredled the Prifoners j and then ufing them more gently for two Days, he delivered them to the Prin- cefs Pocohuntas, for whofe Sake only he pretended to have faved their Lives. The 77 78 Tj^e Hiftorjr of Virginia. The Prefident and his Friends in the Council, who werfe always too cautioufly afraid of quarrelling with the Indians, took this Opportunity of finding Fault with Captain Smith for his Cruelty to the Prifoners j but neverthelefs it had fo good an Effedt as to keep the Natives under fuch Awe, that for fome time they were frighten'd at the very [Name of Captain Smith. The Ship Phenix, by Smith and Nelfons Diligence, was now loaded with Cedar, and ready to depart : Mr. Scrivener gave the needful Attention to Bulinefs at the Fort, while Captain Stnith prepared himfelf, with a feledt Company, to go up the Bay of Cheafapeak^ on further Difcovery. On the 2d Day of June, 1608. Captain Smith, with fourteen Perfons more in Company, left James Town, in an open Barge, and parting with the Phenix outward-bound at Cape Henry ^ they coafted along the Eaftern Shore of the Bay of Cheafapeak j difcovering many fmall Iflands, Creeks, and Inlets, to which they gave fuch Names as they pleafed ; and informed themfelves of as many Particulars, relating to the Country, as they could learn from many different Indian Nations, whom they met and converfed with j and tho' thofe Savages made feveral Attempts to betray the Englijh into Ambufcades they had laid for them, yet Captain Smith was fo cautious and bold at the fame time, that being always poficfled of Hoftages before he would truft them, he ftill efcaped their Snares without lofing a Man, even tho' he was frequently obliged to attack and kill fome of them. During this Peregrination, the Captain met with fome hard Gales of Wind, Thunder, and Rain, which not only fatigued Tlie Hiftory of Virginia, fatigued his People, but fpoil'd their Provifions in the open Barge, and otherwife diftrefled them -, lb that after fourteen Days, two or three falling fick, they were obliged to return from about the Middle of the Bay ; and on the i6t]i of June they fell in with the Mouth of Potoivmack River, which being feven Miles wide, their Curiofity led them to purfue it quite up as far as they could go j in which Expe- dition they ftill met with a greater Variety among the Na- tives, and had feveral Adventures with them. At lalt, while they were fifhing for Diverfion, Captain Smith was acci- dentally ftruck in the Wrift by a fliarp Sting in the Tail of a large flat Fifli, called a Stingray^ which in a few Hours fo fwell'd the Captain's whole Arm and Shoulder, with excef- live Pain, that they all defpaired of his Life: But after Dodtor Rujfel had probed the Wound, and anointed the Part with a foftening lenitive Oil, the Violence of the Pain abatcdj and they fet Sail for James Town, where they arrived in Safety on the 2 1 ft of July^ to the unfpeakable Joy of their Friends, who were in great Perplexity from the bad Effects of the Prelident Ratcliff's ill Condudl j for he had not only wafted the public Stores, but had brought a Sicknefs amongft thofe who laft arrived from England^ by putting them to an unneceflary and moft extravagant Fatigue, in building a Pleafure-houfe for him in the Woods. 79 :ued The Difcontent was fo univerfal, that nothing elfe could appeafethem, but the depofingof thePrefident, and putting Captain Smith (whofe Turn it was to fucceed) in his Room ; which being done, the Captain fubftituted his good Friend Mr. Scrivener y to be his Deputy j and having changed moft of the under Servants, and given proper Diredions for the future, to deliver out the Provifion to the ^eople more equally, the new Prefident left them to enjoy a little Reft, and 8o Ihe Hiftory of Virginia. and to nurfe one another, while himfelf, with twelve more r in the Barge, went out a fecond Time to finifli his Dilco- very of Che af apeak Bay. They departed from James Town the 24th of yu.t\\ 1608. and directed their Courfe ftrait up to the Head of the Bay of CheaJ apeak ^ where they met with feveral Troops o? Indians in their Canoes j with whom they had fome Skirmiflics at firft, but afterwards parted feemingly good Friends. ; I A T the Bottom of the Bay, they found it divided itfelf into four Branches : of which the great River Sujquaba- ■mah was the moft con fide rable. A numerous Nation of flout Indians^ that were fettled above the Falls of this Ri- ver, came down to vifit them, and paid them great Refped:. From hence they return'd to the RiverPo/ifwAr^w, where they had a friendly Intercourfe with the Natives ; then pro- ceeded to Potowmack^ and from that to Rappahannock^ where they had a warm Difpute with the King of a ftub- born Nation, whom they at laft vanquifh'd, and brought to Tdrms of Peace. Such of their Company as came laft from Europe, and had not yet been feafon'd to the Climate, fell fick, of whom however they loft none but Mr. Fetherjione^ who was buried at this Place ; from Rappahannock they came to Piankotank, and in a dangerous Storm of Thunder, Wind, and Rain, they at laft arrived at Point Comfort in the Mouth of 'James River ; from whence they went up to difcdver a fmall River on the South Shore, called Nanfu- mund^ where they found many Corn-fields ; but the River ' being narrow, they were attacked on each Side by the Indians from the Shore, and behind by a Fleet of Canoes. Yet ilieltering ^hemfelves from the Indian Arrows, by fixing up Targets I igup I r gets T%e Hiftory e Hiftory ^t/* V i r g i n i a. ilolcn } but when they obferved the Englifi Matches cocked all ready to fire, they condefcended to leave their Bows and Arrows with the EngliJIj Guard, and made e;reat Difpatch to carry down the Corn on their Backs. Yet the Ebb-Tide having left the Barges a-ground, they were all obliged to ftay for high Water, and fo return'd to their old Quarters. POIFHATTON and the Dutchmen at this time were very bufy, contriving ftill how to effctft their Purpofe of killing the Prefident ; who only, as they thought, ftood in the Way of their hellifli Defigns. The IndUiin^ with all the merry Sports they could devife, fpent the Time till Night, when they withdrew, and return'd to PoivhattoUy who was making every Thing ready to furround the Houfe, and furprize Captain Smithy while he was at Supper. But Providence once more interpofed in his Favour, and fent that humane Creature, the Princefs Pocohiintiu^ who ven- tured herfelf in a dark Night through the Woods, to ad- vertife the Preiident, that her Father was preparing to fend him an elegant Supper j but in cafe the People that brought it fliould mifcarry, in executing the Orders they had re- ceived to kill him while he was eating, then the King, with all the Forces he could raife, was in Readinefs to attack him, and to cut tliem all off. This incomparable Lady, with a tender Flood of Tears, told her Story in fo moving a Manner, ftill befeeching Captain S>mith to be gone, that the generous Prefident ufed all poflible Means to comfort her, and offer'd feveral va- luable Prefents, which (he refufed, faying that flie was a dead Woman, if any fuch Thing could be found about her. So {he departed, unobferved by any of her Father s People ; and 5> to .e( le; ,nd 4- The Hiftory of Virginia. and in an Hour's Time came eight or ten lufty tall Indians^ loaded with Platters full of Venifon, and other Ff od ; they were very importunate to have the Prcfident and his Com- pany fit down to their Supper, in treating at the fame time, that he would order the Matches to he put out, alledging that the Smoak made them fick ; but inftead of that the Prcfident obliged each of them to tafte of every Difli they had brought; and then order'd them back to toW Powhatton^ that he was ready for his coming with all the Force he could bring. As for you, fays the Prcfident, I know you were commanded to kill me as I fat at Supper ; but I Hiall prevent that, and all your Mafter's other villainous ProjediSj fo get you gone, and tell him what I fay. All the Night long, Meflengers were Hill coming and going, to bring Intelligence ; but finding that the EngliJJj were as vigilant as they, the time pafifed in good Fellow- fliip, without an Offence otfer'd on either Side j and in the Morning at High- Water the Prcfident, before his Departure, fent his Compliments to Poivhatton^ telling him,That he had left Edward Brinton to kill Fowl for him, and the Dutch- men to finifli his Houfe, their Treachery not being as yet in the leaft fufpeded ; an(i the Prcfident chofe the rather to go oft' in thiseafy Manner, becaufc he fully intended, when the Frofi: was gone, to return and chaftife this infolent proud Indian as he defer ved. The Prcfident and his Company were no fooner gone than PG%i)katton return'd, and after confulting with his new Allies the Dutchmen^ how to carry on his deceitful Schemes, he prevaiVd with two of them, Adam and Francis^ wlio were fittefi: for the Purpofe, to go to James Town with a pretended Mefliise from the Prefident to bring to him fome O 2 frefli 99 100 Ithe Hiftory of Virginia. frefh Anns, and at the fame time to provide themfelves with a few ncccfliiry I'ools they wanted to carry on their Work. Th is plaufible ErranJ wa^ rcudily believed at the Fort ; but not contented with receiving from Captain Wynn all the Things they defired, they further purfued their Vil- lainy, by drawing fix or icvcw more into their Confederacy, who ftole, and fecretly furnifli'd them with Swords, Pike- heads, Gun-Powder and Shot, ^c. which they conveyed away to Powbatton^ by the Help of fomc Indians^ who were lurking hard by for that Purpofe. Those Villains, before they left yames Town, had con- certed with their Confederates to follow them in a fliort time ; for befides that the Colony was truly in a ftarving Condition, they had reprefented Powhattons extraordinary Kindnefs to them in fo favourable a Light, and the Cer- tainty of his Succefs in deftroying all the Englifi^ tliat their Friends made no Hefitation to accept the Party ; and fo they return'd clear of all Sufpicion to Powhatton^ who had cautioully kept their Comrade Samuel as a Pledge, and em- ployed him fo well, that he had already made for him one hundred Hatchets, fifty Swords, eight Guns, and as many Pikes. BRINTONand Richard Savage^ two EngliJImen, who had been left with Powhatton^ perceiving the Dutchmen fo diligent and officious to provide the Indians with all kind of Weapons, attempted to make their Efcape to ^James Town i but were unfortunately apprehended and confined, expeding every Moment to be put to Death. At Tie Hiftoiy of V \ r c. \ n i a. lOI *' At this time the Prcfulciu, who was chiefly aiixlous to provide a futiicicnt Supply of Corn, took his Route towards Paivnionkii\ where he arrived in two or three Days, and as many more were fpcnt on Board, feafting merrily with the King i but on the Day appointed for beginning to trade, when the Prefident, together widi fifteen of his Company, had gone up half a Mile from the River to tlie King's Houfe, they found it dripped of every Thing, and no body there except an old lame Man and a Boy. However in a Ihort time the King arrived, and brought divers of his People along with him, loaded with Bows, Arrows, and fuch fort of Merchandize, as they knew the Englijb did not want ; fo the Prefident finding that they kept up their Commodities at fo high a Rate, as if they did not really in- tend to deal, he addrefs'd the King in this Manner : ' OPOCHANCANOUGH, the great Love you ex. prcfs with your Tongue does not feem to correfpond with your Adions: Laft Year you very kindly filled my Ship with Corn, but now you have invited me to flarve. You very well know my Want, and I am not ignorant of your Plenty j remember, it is fit that Kings fliould keep their Promifes. Here are my Commodities before you j take fuch as you like, and I will proportion out the reft in fit Bargains for your People, as I pleafe.' Th e King feem'd kindly to accept the Prcfident's Oflfer, and the better to colour their Intent, they fold what they had there at a very low Rate, and promifed that a larger Company ihould come better provided the next Day j at which time the Prefident having committed the Charge of the Pinnace and Barges to Mr. Fhettiplace^ he with his fifteen .0 102 ^^ Hiftory of Virginia. fifteen Companions marched up again to the King's Houfe. where they found four or five Men newly arrived, having each a large Bafket ; and immediately after came Opocban- ca7iough himfelf, who in a ftrain'd Chearfulnefs entertain'd the Prefident with a long Difcourfe of the Pains he had taken to keep his Promife^when all of a fudden Mr. Rujj'el^ ruiming hallily up to the Prefident, told him, they were betrayed ; for that feven hundred Indians^ well armed, had furrounded the Houfe, and befet the Fields all about. The King, conjedluring what Rujj'el faid, could not conceal in his Countenance the Extremity of his Fear i but the Prefident, with much Coolnef«, addrefied himfelf in few Words to his fifteen Companions ; and after putting them in Mind of his former Efcape, when he was alone, amongfi: many Hundreds of the fe cowardly People, he afked if they would fl:and by him, to which they all anfwer'd. They would, or die on the Spot. Then the Prefident fpoke to the King, as follows': ' OPOCHANCANOUGH, I plainly fee your Intent, but at the fame time I fear you not j our Men as yet have done no Harm, and if you have the Courage that belongs to a King, you and I will go by ourfelves to yonder Ifland in the Middle of the River, with equal Arms, and decide the Matter : Let every Indian you have under your Command, bring a Baficet of Corn, againfi: which I will depofite all my Commodities ; fo let the Conqueror between us two take all, and do as he pleafes,' The deceitful Indian^ under the Pretence of Kindnefs, to remove Captain Smith"?, Sufpicion, had caufed a large Prefent to be brought to the Door, which the Captain was intrcated to receive, thinking thereby to have killed him as he went out J -?■* The Hiftory of Virginia. out; but inllcadof that, the biavcPrefident orJcr'd two of his jftoiitefl Men to guard the Door, and commanded the reft to clear the Room, while he himleh^ at that Inflant laid liold of the King by the Hair of his Head, and clapping a Pillol to his Breart, he dragged him about almod ball dead with Fear ; and then made the following Speech to the People : ' PAJVMONKJES, I perceive it is nothing but my Patience, and too long Forbearance, that has encouraged you to make this infolent Attempt on my Life. I do not forget the Promife and Vow which I made before the God I worfhip, to be your Friend ; but now you are be- come fuch Fools as to give me jull Caufe to be your Ene- my. I know, if I keep that Vow, God will preferve me ; and if I break it unjulHy, he will deflroy me. Take heed therefore what you do j for if you fhoot but one Arrow to hurt me, or any of my Men, I fliall never ceafe purfuing Revenge, as long as I can find an India?! wlio refufes to deny the very Name of Pawmonkic. I am not now drown'd in Mud, as I was when you took me Prifoner ; and yet methinks, I have llill fo kind a Remembrance of your good Ufage at that time, and of your fiithfully keeping your Promife in faving my Life, that a fnnple Denial of your Treachery would almoft perfuade me even to forgive you now. But what Need of all this Difcourl'e, if it is me only you aim at? Here I ftand before you, let him that dare, fhoot, and take what follows. You know you have promifed, before I depart, to load my Ship with Corn ; and fo you fliall, elfe I mean to load her with your dead Carcafes : Yet, if you will conllder better of it, and come into a friendly Trade and Correfpondence again, I once more promife to be your Friend, and to releafe your ' King , 103 104 5^^ Hiftory of Virginia. < King ; for I come not hither with Intent to hurt him, or ' any of you.' Immediately one and all of them flung down their Arms i Men, Women and Children brought in their Com- modities to trade, and fold them at what Rate the EngliJJj pleafed to take them. But by this time the Prefident was Jo fatigued, that he retir'd to take a little Reft, when fome hidinjis perceiving that he was faft afleep, and the Guard carelefsly difperfed, forty or fifty ftout Fellows, each with a Club or an E?igliJ}j Sword in his Hand, rufhed into the Room, with fuch a Crowd behind to fupport them, that the Noife awaken'd Captain Smithy who prefently flew to his Arms ; and with the Affiftance only of two or three of his own People, he quickly forced them to throng fafter out than they came in ; and hereupon the King, attended by fome of his ancient Chiefs, made a long Oration to excufe the Interruption given ; Prefents were renewed, and the fhort time they remain'd together, was fpent in a friendly Commerce, to both their Contents. While the Prefident was thus employ 'd, there hap- pen'd an unfortunate Accident at the Fort ; Mr. Scrivener being too much elated with an Increafe of Power, and large Promifes which he had lately received by Letters from Engla7id^ took every Occafion to thwart Captain Smithy and oppofe all his Defigns. With this View, a few Days after the Prefident's Departure, he took it in his Head to go on an Expedition in a fmall Boat, to an Ifland in 'James River, called the Ifle f.f Hogs ; and altho' the Prefident expedled Captain Waldo to be ready on a Call to follow him, in order to fupport his intended Attack on Powhatton^ yet Mr. Scri- vener infiftcd, that Captain Waldo.^ Mr. Antony Gofjhely and ei2;ht 7Z^ Hiftory of Virginia. eight more, fhould go along with him. Accordingly, they went out in the midft of extreme cold and bad Weather ; and whether it was that the Boat was over-loaded, or by Means of the high Winds, is uncertain, but they all perifhed j and the Indians firft difcover'd their dead Bodies, which, no Doubt, gave fome Encouragement to their Infolence about that time. It was neceflary however, that the Prefident fhould be advertifed of this melancholy Event ; but every one at the Fort, to whom it was propofed, excufed himfelf, until Mr. Richard Wyffiyi alone undertook to perform that hazardous Journey : He lodged the tlrft Night in the Ter- ritory of Powhatton^ where the good Lady Pocohuntas con- cealed him, and fent thofe who purfued him the quite con- trary Way J at laft by her Means, and the Effect of a good many Bribes, he was enabled to proceed, and on the third Day found the Prefident, who conjured him to conceal his Story from the refl of the Company ; and fo, when Night approached, the forrowful Prefident, diffembling his Grief, went fafely on Board the Pinnace with all his People, leav- ing 0pochancanou8;h at Liberty, as he had promifed ; and from thence they went back to Werecomaco^ where, tho' Po'whatton had been very bufy, making great Preparation for War, yet on the Prefident's Approach, all the Country came in, without Arms, to trade. »os Next Morning by Sun-rife the Fields were cover'd with People, having their full Bafkets all painted, in order to tempt Captain Smith on Shore ^ for without his Prefence they peremptorily refofed to deal, and at the fame time declared they could not bear the Sight of a Gun. The Prefident at lafl obferving that they began to de- part, and unwilling to lofe the Opportunity of this Market, P after lo6 TieHidory o/* Virginia. after he bad contrived to hide his Men in the Pinnace and Barges, himfelf, only with three more, went on Shore in Arms, and a few he had appointed without Arms to re- ceive what the Indians brought. They immediately flocked about Captain Sfnith^ who refiifed to go to Powhatton j wherefore the King obferving moft of the Englijh^ that were in Sight, unarmed, he came down to the Prefident with about two or three hundred Men in the Form of two half Moons, before whom came twenty Women with painted Baskets, who, as foon as the Men approached, flung their Bafkets on the Ground, and run away j and having in this Manner befet the Field all around, Powhatton thought him- felf fure of the Blow. But the wary Prefident at this time only moved himfelf a little about, until he had brought the Body of the Indians right oppofite to his Men in Ambulh ; and then giving the Word of Command, the Englifi ad- vanced from behind the Bank of the River, with their Matches already cock'd, on which the Lidians inftantly fled like fo many Sheep, and left the Prefident quietly to retire to his Barge. . ■ • • (.) At Night the Prefident fent Mr. Crajhau\ and Mr. Ford^ to James Town with a Meffage to Captain Wynn j and in the way they accidentally met with five of the Dutchmens Confederates going to Powhatton ; but, to avoid Sufpicion, they thought fit to return with the Meflengers to the Fort. The Indians imagined, that Captain Smith had fent for more Men, and began to be terribly afraid, that he would burn their Houfes, and deftroy all their Fifhing- Wires, as he had often threatened ; to prevent which Powhatton the next Day fent him a Chain of Pearl, intreating him to ilop the coniing of more Men, and defill from his Purpofe j on which in the ftop on \ich n^e Hiflory c/* V i r g i n i a, which Condition the King promiled, even if they fhould want themfelves, to bring as much Corn on Board as would load his Ship ; and accordingly, in five or fix Days Time, they brought the Corn on their Backs from all Part^, and- carry 'd it on Board very chearfully. ' •" T07 I'll j'.i They went from hence, a little further aniongft fome neighbouring Indians^ in queft of Corn, which at that time was very fcarce with the Natives themfelves ; and in this Trip the Prefidem, Mr. Wcfi^ and two or three mort- had like to have been artificial! v poifon'd with a Pre fen t : But as it happen'd to work itfelf off. Captain Smith chofe rather to defpile the Atlempt, than to avenge it ; for had he not thus diflembled with the Indians, but pn^eeded on every Occafion ;o punifli them according to their Deferts, they would certainly have moved to ft greater Di- ftance with their Corn, whereby the Englijb'zt that Seafon of the Year muft have periftied for Want ; befides tlie Pre- fident was cautious of giving Powhatton any Sufpicion to occafion his F ght; for he was determined to find fome Op- portunity to be revenged of that old Fox ) and for that Pur- pofe he ftrait return'd by the way of Werccomaco. where as foon as they arrived, the Prefidcnt fent Mr. J^'yffin and Mr. Coe on Shore, to bring him Intelligence ; but , to their great Surprife, they found Powhatton^ by the Advice of his Dutch Counfellors, had removed with all his Effedts, and left his new Houfe ; fo, finding there was nothing more to be done there at this time, they failed directly for James Town, with a pretty confiderable, and no lefs welcome Supply of Corn, ^V. The firft Thing the Prefident did after his Return, was to examine the Stores j and altho' what remained of the iall P 2 Summer'^i io8 Tie Hiftory ^Virginia. Summer's Provifion was very much fpoil'd with the Rats, yet it was found they had enough to keep them from the Danger of ftarving, till next Harveft. However the Preli- dent taking on himfelf the fole Adminiftration, and being refolved to encourage Induftry, and totally to fupprefs Idle- nefs, and ail Manner of fadlious Difputes, he divided the People into fmall Companies, to be continually employed in fome Bufinefs or other, and then fpoke to them as follows : ' If the Miferies and Wants *you have fufFer'd, are not fufficient to infpire you with more Induftry for the Time to come, you may at leaft be aflured, that neither the Company's Money at Home, nor my Labour here, (hall be fpent to maintain you in Sloth and Idlenefs. I am feniible, there are fome amongft you that want no Re- proof, but on the contrary deferve Applaufe, and a better Reward than the Meannefs of our Circumftances will yet afford i but it is out of all Reafon, that the hard Labour of thirty or forty honell induftrious Men fhould be con- fumed in maintaining one hundred and fifty idle Loiterers. And however formerly fome of you have been encouraged to contradid: my Orders, by thofe of the Council who are not now in the Way, to foment fadlious Difcontents,, know, that as long as the Power and chief Diredion con- tinues with me, I will be obey'd; and that there may be no Pretence to flight my Authority, the Letters Patents ftiall be read to you every Week j for he that eats, if he is able, fhall work 5 and he that dares wilfully to difobey, or offend, may affuredly expe(i^ to meet with due Correction.' To encourage the Diligent, as well as to punifli the Sloth- ful, an exadt Account was kept of every Man's Day's Work, and each Individual was fure to be treated according to his Merit; Hoe Ffiftory of Virginia. Merit ; yet ftill the Dutchmens Confederates found Means to convey privately out of the Store, to their Companions, Powder, Shot, Swords and Tools, without being difcovered. But thofe of them, who remained with Powhatton to teach his People the Ufe of Fire-Arms, being uneafy that their Confederates at 'James Town had not yet deferted the Bsng- ///Z), and come up to them, according to their Promife, fent one of their Number, called Francis^ difguifed like an Indian^ to the Glafs-Houfe, about a (hort Mile from the Fort, to learn what was the Occafion of their Difap^ pointment ; and they contrived at the fame time, that forty or fifty hidians fliould lie in Ambulh hard by, in Hopcrs to meet with the Prefident, as he often walked about from one Place to another by himfelf. The Prefident having fome Intelligence of this "Dutch- man in Difguife, fent to apprehend him j and finding he was gone, order'd twenty Men in Arms to purfue and bring him back, if poffible. In the mean time, as the Prefident was returning from the Glafs-Houfe by himfelf, with only a Hanger about him, he met with an Indian King, called PaJ- pahego^ who endeavoured to lead him towards that Place where the Ambufh of Indians lay j and when he found he could not perfuade Captain ^mith into the Snare, he pre- fently attempted to ihoot bim^ which tho' the Prefident prevented by grappling with him, yet the Indian being a very ftrong flout Fellow, he not only hinder'd Captain Smith from drawing his Hanger,, but bore him down into the River with an Intent to drown him j and after a defperate Struggle in the Water, the Prefident got fuch faft Hold of the Indiana Throat, that he was almoft ftrangled ; and the Prefident ihen drawing his Hanger to cut off his Head,, the poor Wretch begg'd his Life in fo miferable a Manner, that tha 109 1 10 iToe Hiftory of Virginia. the good-natur'd Prefident only led him Prilbner to 'jama Town, and put him in Irons. By this time the Dutchman Francis was taken, and brought back, who in his Defence pretended, thatPowbatton not only detained them by Force, but ufed them very ill, which was the Realbn of his Dil'guile, to make his El'cape at the Hazard of his Life ; that he was only gathering Walnuts in the Woods, and did not intend to return to Powhattony when they overtook him ; but the Circum- flances being ftrong againft him, and amply confirm'd by Pafpahego the hidian King's Confefiion of all the Treachery, Francis was committed to Gaol. The Prefident forbore to proceed any farther againll him for fome time, hoping thereby to regain his Companions from the Indians. PA SPA HE G fent many Meflengers to Powhatton, intreating him to procure his Liberty, by returning the Dutchmen \ but the Anfwer was, that altho' Ponohatton did not detain the Dutchmen^ they abfolutely rcfufed themfelves to return, and it was not in his Power to force them. Many of Pafpahego?, People, together with his Wives and Children, came daily to vifit him, and brought large Pre fen ts, which he fo effed:ually bertowed to gain fome Credit and good Will amongit the FnglijJo^ that one Day, notwithftanding his Fetters, perceiving the Guard negligent, he made his Efcape : Captain Wynn immediately purfued him, but was oppofedby feveral Troops of Indians^ who at length fecured their King's Flight. As foon as the Prefident was informed of what had hap- pen'd, he fent Captain Wynn and Lieutenant Percy^ with fifty c The Hiftory of Virginia. fifty Men in Arms, to be revenged of Fafpahego^ or to bring him back ^ but in the Morning, when they arrived near the Place, they found the Indians ready to engage them ; and after feveral VoUies at each other, without lofing a Man on either Side, they only took two Canoes, burnt the King's Koufe, and rcturn'd to James Town. The Prefident, judging it to be abfoUitely neceflary to make lome Attempt to reftrain that Infolence which of late appeared almoft every- where among ft the Indians, marched out himfelf with a ftrong Party againft them j and in the firft Encounter he killed fix or feven, and took as many Prifoners; afterwards in many Places he burnt their Houfes, took away their Canoes, and deftroyed all theirFilhing- Wires ; and as he was palling by the Place where Pa/pabrgo lived, in his Way to Chicabominy, the Indians with a Bravado challenged the Englijlj to come on Shore, which they rea- dily condefcended to do ; as foon as the Indians perceived it was Captain Smitb himfelf that condudted them, they fiung down their Bows, and begged Peace. Their Spokef- man was a ftrong young Fellow, called O/'oa'/V/q-, M'hofe pathetick Speech in the following Terms merits to be related : III * Captain Smithy My Mafter Pafpabcgo iS' here in Company, and when your People came in Sight, he took you for Captain Wyttn^ of whom he intended to liave taken Revenge, becaufe my Malter never offended him ^ and altho' he knows he has offended you by efcaping out of Prifon, yet he hopes you will confider, that the Fifties fwim, the Fowls fly, and every Beaft ft rives to efcape tl? Snare, and the Line j and therefore you ought not to blame him, being a Man. ' He 112 77je Hiflory of Virginia. * He intrcats you to remember, when you was a Prl- foncr, what Pains he took to fave your Lite ; and if iince that time he has attempted to injure you, it was not his Choice, l->ut hecaufe he was compelled to do it ; belides, your People have ah'cady revenged it to our too great Lois. * We know you are come at this time with Intent to dcilroy usj but furely it will be better for you to fuffer us to continue in our I habitations, and plant Corn-Fields i fmce thereby you will fupply your own Wants, and fliare the Fruit of our Labour ; which,with a little more Trouble, we can follow in another Place out of your Way. If you promife us Peace, we will believe you ; but if you are refolved to proceed in your Revenge, we are determind to abandon the Countrv,' The Prelident was fo moved at this Difcourfe, that he gcneroully enter'd into a new League of Friendlhip with them, on Condition that none of them fliould at any time hereafter attempt to hurt any EftgUjhman j and that they would always bring to yavies Town what Corn and other Provifion they had to fpare. About this time a great many Complaints were made to the Prelident at James Town againfl the Chicahomim Indians for Thieving ; particularly of a young Indian^ who had carry d off a Piftol ; and becaufe the Thief was gone, they laid hold of his two BrotherSywho, it feems,were privy to the Theft ; one was put in Prifon, and the other fent to recover the Pillol, threatening, that if he did. not bring it back in twelve Hours time, his Brother would be hanged. The The Hiftory of Virginia. The Prefidcnt, in Compaflion to the poor Fellow in Gaol, fent him foms Vidluals and a little Charcoal to make him a Fire ; the other was fo diligent, that he return'd with the Piftol about Midnight. But when they open'd the Prifon Door ,they found the Prifoner fo iniferably burnt, and quite choaked with the Smoak of the Charcoal, that he lay {or dead ; on which his Brother fell into violent Agonies of Grief. The Prefident faid to him, That on Condition they would never Ileal any more, he would reftorc his Brother to Life ; and tho' he much doubted of the Succefs, yet by the Help of fbme Aquavitac, and a little Vinegar, he brought the Indiafi to himfelf ; which was blazed abroad amongft them as a Miracle, and raifed the Prefident's Charadter with all \.h& Indians to the higheft Pitch. , Much about the fame time, one of Powhatton^ Men having obferved the Soldiers at yames Town drying their Gunpowder, when it happened to be wet or moift j he, to {hew his Skill amongft his Companions, fpread a large Bag of Gunpowder on the Back of an old Piece of Iron ; but heating it too much, it blew up and killed him, with one or two more, befides hurting many of the By-ftanders. These, and feme other Accidents of the like Nature, kept Powhattons People, and all the reft of the Indians^ in fuch Terror and Awe of the Englifi^ that they fent Pre fen ts from all Parts ; and not only return'd whatever they found had been ftolen, without ftaying till it was demanded, but always fent the Thieves aloiig with it to yames Town, in order to be punifli'd as the Prefident thought fit ; and thus the Country became equally open and free to Englijhmen .SLndJndlanSj wittiout Diftindion j which Harmony continued Q^- firm "3 1 14. 7^e Hiftory of Virginia. firm and unbroken during all the Time of Captain Smiths Refidence amongll them. Nothing could be more orderly than they were ut James Town, for the Space of two Months, and a great deal of Work of all Kinds was performed ; but at laft the Stores being quite exhauAed, and no more Corn to be had, the Mutineers, who were generally thofe that eat moft ra- venoufly, but hated Work, began to form their Cabals, and to urge the Prefidcnt to fell and difpofeof Arms,Tools, or any Thing, howfoever necefTary and ufeful it might be, to fill their Bellies ; and becaufe they could not prevail with him to fatisfy fuch foolifli and unreaibnable Demands, they fought all Occafions to leflen the Colony's Reputation, alledging, it was impracticable to be maintain'd, and that they ought to take the firft Opportunity to defert it, and return for England. During thefe Animofities, one Captain Argal arrived from Englandy to carry on an interloping Trade on a pri- vate Account : He fupply'd them in their Diftrefs with a very acceptable Share of Provifion, and in Return they made Ihift to load his Ship with one Thing or other ; and here we muft leave them for a while, in order to give an Ac* count of the great Alterations that were made about this time in the Conftitution and Government of the Virginia Company at London, The Adventurers hitherto in the planting of this Colony being confiderably out of Pocket, and tired out with the faftious Divifions that prevail'd at James Town, as well as the continual Demands that were daily made for more Sup- plies of Men and Neceffaries j but above all being greatly difappointed Tie Hiftory of Viroikia,' difappolntcd in the Expe($lation which they had conceived, of immediate Returns in immenfe Riches from thence ; the moll conliderable of them, on Beiialf, and in the Name of the whole Company, petition d his Majefty King jfames to recal his Letters Patents,, and ahcr the Form of that Government, by appointing a Governor m chief, and other pubhc Officers, for the better adminiftt' \fFairs yirginia^ under the Royal Authority. "5 in Hereupon the King was pleafed to appoint the Right Honourable the Lord De la Wary to be Governor and Com- mander in Chief of the Colony of Virginia^ Sir Thomas Gates Lieutenant-Governor, Sir George Summers Admiral, Sir Thomas Dale High-Mar(hal, Sir Ferdinando IVainman General of the Horfe, and Captain Newport Vice-Admiral ; together with many other Offices which were at this time created, and filled up with Perfons of good Birth and Rank, who brought in their Friends to advance fuch confiderable Sums of Money, that nine Ships were' diredlly fitted out with five hundred Men, under the Command of Sir Thomas GateSy Sir George Summers^ and Captain Newport, who each of them had equal Authority, whoever fhould firft arrive, to takp upon him the Government, and fuperfede the Perfon ading by any former Commiflion j but a Difpute arifing amongft thefe three, inverted with equal Powers of Govern- ment, about Precedency, it was concluded, that they (hould embarque together on Board one Ship, called the Sea Ad- venture, And accordingly this Fleet failed from England in the Month of May, 1609. But the Admiral's Ship, which carried the three Deputy-Governors, and one hundred and fifty Men, with the Royal Commifl'ions and all the material Papers on Board, was unfortunately feparated from the reff: of the Fleet in a violent Storm ; and after working very hard 0^2 for ii6 l^e Hiftory of VtRGiNiA. for three Days, to keep the Ship from finking, they were- drove on Shore and fhipwreck'd on the Ifland of Bermudas:, ■where all the Company, by God's Providence, faved them- felves ; and finding a great many Hogs on the Ifland", {which were fuppofed to have fwam from the Spanijb Wrecks, and increafed there) together v^^ith Plenty of Fifh and Wild-Fowl, they ftay'd almoft a whole Year, hav- ing no India: : to annoy them, and yet they could not forbear quarrelling among themfelves. Tne two Knights, each forming a Party to himfelf, built two- fmall Ships or Brigantines of Cedar- Wood, and rigg'd them out of the Re- mainder of the old Wreck. But here we mull leave them for fome time, to inquire what became of the reft of that Fleet. One fiiall Catch was loft in the Storm, and nevermore heard of, but the other feven arrived fafe in Virginia j and with them return'd the Captains Ratcliff, Martin^ and Archer^ who had not forgot their old Feuds and Refent- meiits againft the worthy Prefident Captain S-mith^ whofe Condudl was always of a Piece, ftill continuing firm and fteady for the careful Support and Prefervation of that Set- tlement,, wherein he had had fo laborious and painful a Share. The Arrival of fo large a. Fleet very much alarmed the fmall Colony at James Town, apprehending it might be the Spaniards y or fome Enemy come to attack them ; and the watchful Prefident, who doubted nothing lefs, not only put Things in the beft Order he -ould to receive them as fuch, but had Intereft enough to engage all the Indians to ftand by him, which they chearfully undertook : and truly, when his Countrymen came on Shore, they were fo full of them- felves, 4 a 4 l*he Hiftory of V i r g i n'i a. felves, and the new Authority which they imagin'd they had brought along with them, that they (hewed a Contempt of every Thing that was there ; and fuch of them as were appointed to be of the Council, wanted immediately to alTume the Adminiftration of Government ; but the Royal Commillions, and fuch other Papers as were needful to vouch their Pretenfions, being along with the Admiral, who at this time was fuppofed to be loft, they could not prevail with Captain Smith to lay down his Office and Power on their bare Affertion of fuch Things, as indeed appeared very new and ftrange to him, who had not had the leaft Notice or Sufpicion of fo fudden and furprizing a Change. I T is not difficult to conceive the Animofities, Quarrels, and Difgufts, that would naturally arife on this OccafioUy between the Prelident's Friends in the Country, and thofe particular Perfons^ who, tho' but lately fent home from Vir- ginia under the Circumftance of feditious Criminals, yet were now come over again cloathed with Authority, and a. great PolTe to fupport their Refentments. 'In this Situation however the honeft Preiident found Means effedually to maintain his CharacSler, by exercifmg with Difcretion his juft Authority to. quell every Diforder that happen'd ; and likewife he loft no Time in difperfing and difpofing of the People newly arrived, to the beft Ad- vantage of the Bufinefs for which they were fent thither :: For he fent one hundred Men, under the Command of Captain Martin^ to Nanfamund ;. and one hundred and twenty, under Mr. JVeJl's Dired:ions, to fettle and build a Fort on the Falls of James River. But both thefe Gen- tlemen were fo indifcreet in their Conduct, as to provoke the Indiojis by ill Ufage to quarrel with them,^ and their People ; whereby 117 1 1 8 l^e Hiftoiy of Virginia. whereby a great many of the Englijh loft their Lives, and at the fame time that Peace and Harmony which the good Prefident had taken fo much Pains to cultivate with the Natives, was broken. To redify thofe Diforders, the Prefident went up to Mr. Weji^s new Settlement at the Falls, taking only five Men along with him j but found, when he came there, that Mr. JVeJl had left the People to themfelves, and was gone, down to yames Town : And the Indians made fuch heavy Complaints of the ill Ufage they had received from their new Friends, that the Prefident was obliged to exairilne into the Matter, and to punifh fuch of them as plainly appeared to have been the Aggreflfors. Yet as he could make but a very fhort Stay with them, as foon as he was gone, they returned to their former Practices, which was wholly owing to Mr. JVeJi's Lenity, and the Want of any Order or Dif- cipline amongft them. The Prefident being ovcr-fatigu'd with Care, happen'd to fall afleep in the Boat, as he was coming down the River on his Return to the Fort j and by the unextinguifli'd Alhes of a Tobacco-Pipe, or fome fuch Accident, his Powder-Bag took Fire, and blew up, which tore all his Thigh and Hip in a terrible Manner, and gave him fuch Extremity of Pain, that it was with much Difficulty and Danger he could be convey 'd to James Town, where there was neither Sur- geon, nor proper Remedies to be had for the Cure of fo dangerous a Wound ; and while he lay under great Tor- ture in this pitiful Condition, he was certainly informed of feveral Plots that his old Enemies had laid to deftroy him, and take him out of the Way. It was however the de- plorable State of his Wound, and not theleaft Apprehenfion or It foil cor 7& Hiftory of V r g i n i a. 119 or Fear of their malicious Defigns, which at laft determln'd him to leave thofe unhappy Wretches to themfelves ; and to go home for England, with the Ships that were juft ready to fail. The Harveft was fafely got in, when Captain Smith re- ftgn'd his Command to Mr. Percy^ and left behind him three Ships, feven Boats, ten Weeks Proviiion, twenty-four Cannon, three hundred Mufkets, a fufficient Quantity of Match-Powder and Shot, and more Swords and Pikes than there were Men to ufe them f. one hundred of feafon'd ftout Fellows, well train'd up to> fight or follow any fort of Bufinefs in that Country, Nets for Filhing, and all manner of Tools for common Labour ; a good Quantity of Ap- parel, one Horfe, and fix Mares j between five and fix hundred Hogs, and as many Hens and Chickens, together with fome Goats, and a few Sheep j for Captain Smith was not only careful to fave all the Creatures brought alive from Europe, but to increafe^ and preferve the Breed as much as poflible. Besides James Town, which contained between fifty and fixty Houfes, he left five or fix other fmall Forts and: Plantations J which he had caufed to be erected, and laid out in convenient Places for Trade, as well as Defence. It muft be own'd, that this Gentleman very fuccefsfully overcame many great and furprifing Difliculties in the pub- lic Service ; for which, no doubt, he juftly deferved the following Character given of him, by one of thofe who ac- company 'd him in all or moft of his Adventures in /^/r^/«/tf ;. • He was a juft Man, and an experienc'd Ofiicer, void * of any vicious Pride, ever fruitful of Expedients to pro- * vide 1 30 'The Hiftory of ViVi g i n i a. v ' vide for he People under his Command, whomhechofc ' rather to lead than fend into any Danger. ' O N all hazardous or fatiguing Expeditions, he fliared every Thing equal with his Company ; and never defired any of them to do more, than he was always ready to adt and perform himfelf. ' ' ' He would often fuffer Want, rather than borrow of thofe he did not like j and would even venture to ftarve^ rather than not repay. • • " ' * He was quite a Stranger to Covetoufnefs, and fo great i Lover of Truth, that he abhorred Falihood beyond all Other Evils.' It was no fooner known that Captain Smitb was j^one, but the Indians in general revolted, and deftroyed th.^EngliJh where-ever they met any of them, cut off many of their Boats, and did all the Mifchief poffible to the Colony ; which had no Refource for more Provifions than what were left in the Store, which, with Extravagance and other dif- orderly Proceedings amongft them, were foon expended. •Ca ^tain Rat cliff \n a fmall Ship, with thirty Men well provided, went out to trade j but trufting himfelf in- difcreetly to PowhattoUy he and all his People were flain, ex- cept one Man, whoefcaped,and a Boy cdWcd Henry Spileman, who was faved by the Princefs Pocohuntas, and lived after- wards many Years amongft the /W/^w. The Lofs of Captain Smith was now felt indeed, and univerfally lamented for all Things went into the utmoft -, Confufion- The Hiftory of Virginia. Confurion : As for the Hogs, Poultry and Sheep, what the Indians could not come at, were in a very fhort time con- fumed by the Luxury of the Officers. In ihoit, between the indifcreet Condutt of their Governors, and the Cruelty of the Natives, in fo little a Space as ^\x Months after Captain Smith left tiiem, the Colony was reduced from above five hundred Perfons to no more than fixty odd, Men, Women and Children, who had nothing to fubfift on but wild Herbs, Roots, and a little Fifh; at laft the Famine was fo great, that they eat the very Skins of the Horfes, and fed on the Body of an Indian that was killed, which they dug out of the Ground after it had been buried; and,whatisyet more fliock- ing to relate, one egregious Monfter amongft them, after killing his own Wife, falted the Body, and had eat a good Part of it before the Murther was difcover'd j but for this horridFadt he was juftly condemn'd and executed. About this time the three Governors, who had been wreck'd on the Illand of Bermudas^ put to Sea, with one hundred and fifty PalTengers, on Board the two fmall Vef- fels they had built there j and in fourteen Days, viz. on the 25th oi May^ 16 10. they arrived in Virginia^ and went up diredly to Ja?nes Town, where they found that fmall Re- mainder of the Colony in the above miferable Condition. The three Commanders, Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Summers^ and Captain Newport, were extremely moved with Compaffion at fo pitiful a Sight j and having called a Council, they inform'd the People, That they had only fixteen Days Provifion remaining on Board their VefTels and therefore defired them to take it into Confideration whether they would venture to Sea with fo fmall a Stock or chufe to continue at James Town ; in which laft Cafe R it 121 122 T^s Hiftory ^Virginia. it fliould be equally divided among all the Company : But they foon determined to go for England j and becaufe Pro- vifion was fo (liort, they propofed to go by the Banks of Neiufoundland^ in Hopes to meet with fome Recruit amongfl the Fifhermen at this Seafon of the Year. In Purfuance of this Refolution, they went all on Board thefe two fmall Ships, falling down to Hog-IJland on the 6 th of June at Night j and the next Morning to Mulberry- Pointy which is ten Miles below James Town, and thirty above the Mouth of the River. Here they fpied a Long- boat, which the Lord De la War (who was juft arrived with three Ships) had fent before him to found the Channel. His Lordfliip being fole and chief Governor, he was ac- companied with a good many Gentlemen of Diftindion ; and having alfo brought a large Stock of Provilions, and other Neceflaries, he made them all return to James Town, where he re-fettled the Colony with great Satisfaction and Content. The Lord T>e la War at his fir ft entring on '^ '^ Admi- niftration of Government, rcade an elegant Speech, wherein he delivered his Sentiments in very ftrong Terms to them all; taking Notice of their former Neglects, and promifing great Encouragement to thofe who would exert themfelves in promoting the public Good with Harmony and Diligence ; fo that all Manner of Bufinefs went on that Year in a very profperous Way. Two new Forts were built on Southampton River, called Fort Henry ^ and Fort Charles ; Sir George Summers undertook a Voyage to Bermudas^ in Quell of Pro- vilions J and Captain Argall was fent to the River Potow- mack^ on the fame Errand, and by the Affiftance of the young Man Henry Spileman^ who had contraded a Friend- fhip iToe Hiftoiy (^Virginia. fliip amongil thole Indiivn^ the Captain returjicd with a Ship-load of Corn to the Fort. Sir Thomas Gates went for England^ and Mr. Perc)\ with fixty Men, was iliit tocorred the Infolence of the Pafpahego Indians ^ whofc Houfes he burnt, and flew many of them. My Lord himfelf went up to the Falls of James River, and was there attacked by the Indians^ who killed four of his Men ; but his Difciplinc and Care every-wherewas fuch, that the Natives got no confiderable Advantage while his Lordfliip remained in the Country, which was not above nine Months, and a few Days : for latterly being very much afflided with Sicknefs, on the 28 th of March fol- lowing he fail'd for England^ leaving about two hundred People behind j and on his Arrival at London he m«de a full Report to the Company of all his Proceedings, together with the State of the Colony at that time. But fome time before the Lord De la Wars Arrival, the Company had been fo diligent to fend out Sir Thomas Dale Governor, with three Ships carrying a Recruit of Men and Provilions for twelve Months, who arrived at Keyoughtan on the loth oi May^ 16 1 1. Sir Thomas's firft Care was to vifit the two new Forts, Henry and Charles^ at the Mouth of James River ; where finding the People in a way of returning again to their former negledtfiil and idle Courfes, he made them inftantly plant a good deal cf Corn on that rich fertile Spot, from whence they had a tolerable good Crop ; and he afterwards kept fuch ftridt Order amongft them at James Town, that the Laws were pundtually executed, and no Delinquent could hope to efcape due Punifliment. R 2 This 123 1 24 II2 Hiftory (?/* V i r g i N i a. This Governor being quite a Stranger in the Country, had form'd to himfelf a Defign of building a new Town or City j and for that End he went down with an hundred good Men to fearch the River of Nanfamund^ for a con- venient Situation ; but finding nothing there to pleafe him, from thence he proceeded all the way up 'James River, until he came to a high rifing Ground about twelve Miles above the Falls j which being naturally fortified, and almoft fur- rounded with Water, he pitched on that Place for his in- tended Purpofe. In the mean time fo intent were the Company at London to forward their Plantation of the Colony of Virginia^ that they had fent out Sir Thomas Gates with fix large Ships, and. three hundred Men ; together with a great Supply of Am- munition, live Cattle, and all manner of Stores, who fafely, arrived at James Town on the 2d of Auguji^ in the fame Year 161 1. After many kind Salutations and other friendly Inter- courfe between the two Knights, Sir Thomas Dale ac- quainted the other with the Plan of his new intended City j which being very well liked and approved of by Sir Thomas Gates, he allowed Sir Thotnas Dale to pick out three hundred and fifty of the heft: Men to execute that Defign j and with this Company, in the Beginning of September, he went up the River to the afore faid Place j where he fo well employed his Men, that in a very fhort time he not only fortified the Ground with a Palifado round, but eredted Watch-Towers on each Corner, built a Church, a Store- houfe, a Houfe for himfelf, and convenient Lodgings for the Men, to their Content, and the intire Satisfadtion of all the 7l)e Hiftory of Virginia. the Colony, which Town he called Henrico ; and the Pre- cind: thereof being very much inlarged at that time by Sir Thomas Dale^ who took into that Liberty feveral Hundreds of champain Land, and fettled many Plantations for eight or ten Miles round, it continues at this Day to be one of the moft flourilhing Parts in that Country, lying about fifty Miles above James Town. In the Beginning of the Year 1612. two more Ships ar- rived from England^ with Provifion and forty Men on Board each of them j the laft, commanded by Captain Argall^ was fent into Fotowmack River to purchafe a Load of Corn j and the Princefs Pocohunfas happening to be there incognita^ at the Houfe of an Indian ^ who had been an old Acquain- tance and Friend of Captain Smith's, this poor Lady was betrayed, for the Value of a Copper Kettle, wherewith Captain Argallh.2i(i bribed the Indian y to go on Board the Ship along with him and his Wife ; where Ihe was detained a Prifoner, and carried to James Town, in order to make the better Terms of Peace with her Father Powhatton, It was remarkable, that Pocohuntas had altogether abf- tradied herfelf from coming \.o James To^n^ or converfing with the Englijhy ever fince Captain Smiths Departure ; and thought fhe was fafely concealed in Difguife, at the time {he was betrayed to Captain Argall by the Indian and his Wife. But, on her Arrival at the Fort, a Meflenger was fent Xo acquaint Powhatton^ that his beloved Dattghter was there ; and that it depended on him to redeem her, by fend- ing home the Englijh Deferters and Captives, together with the Arms and other Thir^gs, which his People' had ftolen from time to time. . Thjb 125 I 26 'The Hiflory of V i R c i n i A. Thi: Tmly proud Indian did not voiichfiifc to return any Anlwcr to this Mcflagc for three Months; at lafthecon- dellendcd to fend back feven En^^;'(h Prifoncrs, with each of them an old rufty Mulket, pror ifing, that if they would reftore his Daughter Pocohuntas^ he would give them five hundred Bufliels of Corn, and order his People to return fuch T' 'ngs as were ftolen ; and moreover, enter into a new League of Friendftiip with the Colony. To this it was anfwer'd, That they could not truft him, but that in the mean time liis Daughter fliould be very kindly and well ufed, until he thought fit to redeem her by performing what he faid. A CONSIDERABLE Time afterwards, having heard nothing from PoivhatioTiy Sir Thomas Dale ^With. one hundred and fifty Men, well arm'd, went up to his principal Habitation, and carried Pocohuntas along with him ; the King himfelf did not appear, but his People were fo impudent and fancy, that the Englijh were obliged to attack them ; and after their Houfes were burnt, and a great many of them killed, they begged hard for a Truce, which was granted them on Con- dition that they would perform their Promife, and redeem Pocohuntas after Harveft. *' On this Occafion, two of Powhatton's Sons came on Board to fee their Sifter, and they were extremely pleafed however to find that {he was treated with great Civility and /Refpeft i but the Month of April approaching, which was the Seafon for preparing the Ground to plant Corn, the Englijh returned to 'James Town. About The Hiftory of Virginia. About this time it was difcovered that one Mr. "John Ralfe^ an Englijhman^ of a fair and good Chiiradler, had fallen in Love with Pocohuntas^ and fhc with him j whicii being communicated to Sir Thomas Dale^ he encouraged the Match, and fent to Powhatton for his Confent; who not only approved the Matter, but fent Opochifco an old Indian,, who was Uncle to Pocohuntas^ along with two of her Bro- thers, to a6t as his Deputies at the Wedding, and to do every Thing that fhould be required of them towards the com- pleting of that Coiitradt -, which had fo good an Eifedt, that a friendly Intercourfe of Trade was immediately carried on between the Englijh^ Powhatton and all his People. The Chicahominy Indians^ who were a hold indepen ^ent People, that dreaded Powhatton^ tyrannical Power, as foon as they were informed of this new League between him and the Eng/ijhy fent Meflengers to Sir Thomas Z)j/^, defiring to relinquifh the Name of ChicahominieSy and to be called Englijhmen^ and Subje<5ts to King James^ under Sir Thomas Dale as the King's Deputy ; intreating witHal, that they might continue to be governed by their own Laws, viz. by eight of their Elders, who, they agreed, (liould llill be under the Governor's Diredlion. Sir Thomas readily confented to this Propofal, and a Day being appointed for the folemn Execution of this Treaty, the Governor and Captain Argall^ with fifty Men, went up to Chicahominy^ where the Indiatis expe*fting them, treated them in the beft Manner they could j and the very next Morning, in Council, this folemn. Treaty was concluded on the following Terms : I. That 127 1 2'otice, that the new Englijhmen were coming. 5. That every fighting Man, at the Beginning of Har- veft, fhould bring, as an Acknowledgment of Tribute to the Store, two Burtiels of Corn, for which he was to receive as many Ijlatchets. 6. Lastly, That their eight Elders, or chief Men, who undertook to fee all this performed, were to be accounted Noblemen j and, as fuch, to receive a red Coat, a Copper Chain, and King Jatnes's Pidure. Peace being thus happily fettled all over the Country, every thing went fmoothly on during the Remainder of Sir Thomas Dales Adminiflration ; but towards the Be- ginning of the Year 16 16. Sir Thomas return d for England y and left Captain George Tuardly^ Deputy-Governor. ., ^ Mr. 7%e Hiftory The Hiftory of Virginia. 139 pofed, got up, and going into his Mailer's Chamber, reveal'd what had been told him ; the good Man, thus apprized of the Danger, firft fccurcd his own Houfe, and then went dircftly to Jama Town, where he arrived before Day j by which Means all thofe Places to which timely Notice could be fent, were preferved, as well as they who ufually kt a tolerable good Watch j for none fuffer'd, but fuch as llcpi in Security, and were furprifed. As this unhappy Affair gave the Englijh fufficient Pro- vocation to infpire them with a Refolution of being revenged, and particularly of extirpating Opochancanough, and all his People i they hunted them all over the Country for feveral Months together, killing and deftroving them every-where \ but not fatisfied with that, becaui* t! " Indians were very expert in hiding themfelves in th'~ W«K.ds, and efcaping out of Sight, the Englijh further refolved to diffemble with them in their own way j and for tbis Purpofe they gave the Indians mighty fair Words, in order to conclude a Peace with them, promiiing to forgei what was paffed, on Condi- tion that they would return to their former Habitations, and plant their Corn-fields as ufual. Tho' the Intention of the Englijh at this time was a mere Deceit, that they might the more eafily come at their Enemies to deftroy as many as they could, and ftarve the reft by fpoiling their Corn j yet it prevailed (o far as to bring a great many of them into the Snare j for when they had return'd, and planted Corn, on the Faith of what had been promifed to them, the EngliJJo fuddenly fell on them, cut to pieces all that could not make their Efcapc, and then totally deftroyed the Corn. T 2 A^roNGST 140 iT^e Hiftory ^Virginia. Amongst the many Fatigues and other Inconveniences which this Indian War brought upon the Colony, it ob- liged them to reduce and contract the Bounds of their Set- tlements, and to keep their People clofe together for De- fence; which wasa confiderable Hindrance and Difcourage- ment to many Improvements, which at tliis time were very far advanced. How far the Misfortunes which hitherto attended the planting of this Colony, were owing to the frequent Change of Governors in the Country, and to the oppofite and par- tial, as well as weak Meafures they too often purfued, we cannot fay : But the Company of Adventurers in London finding by fo many repeated Adls of Mifmanagement, that very fmall Hopes remain'd of fuitable Returns for the great Expence they had been at -, many of them gave out, and fold their Shares to others, who having their own private Gain more in view than any regular Settlement of the Co- lony, feveral Gentlemen went over, and carried Stock and Servants along with them, feparate from thofe of the Com- pany ; each defigning to take up Land for himfelf, as Captain Newport had done j and others again grafped not only at large Grants of Land, but even Royalties, and par- ticular Immunities within their own Manors, which were truly inconfiilent with, as well as independent on, the civil Power, and confequently very deftrudlive of that Equality of Right and good Order, that ought to be maintain 'd ia fuch a Settlement.. The Animofities and Diftraftions which arofe from fo many different private Interefts, gave the Indians Occafion to take Advantage of thefe Difordeis, and to gratify their Revenge T%c Hiftory <5/' Vi r g i n i a. i^r Revenge with frequent Murders, which were committed on the Englifj Inhabitants, whenever they found an Op- portunity. At lall: the Noifc of the fatal Confequences which daily flow'd from thofc Mifmanagements having reacli'd the Throne, King Charles the FirH:, on his Acceflion, and out of his Royal Goodnefs and Concern for the Prefervation anti future Happinefs of fo many induftrious Subjects as were then fettled in Virginia^ was moft gracioufly pleafed, in the Year 1626, to diflblve the Company, by a ^0 fVarrantoy and to take the Government of that Country under his own royal and immediate Diredlion, by not only appoint- ing the Governor and Council himfelf, but ordering the Patents for Lands as well as publick Offices, and all manner of Procefs from thenceforth, to be ifllied in the Kings Name, referving to the Crown a Quit-Rent of two Shillings Ster- ling, on every hundred Acres of Land to be granted for ever. From this time Aitemblies were called by Authority from the Crown, having the Privilege of enadting Laws by and with the Advice and Confent of the King's Lieutenant- Governor j and his Majefty's Council, who contin le to adt there as an upper Houfe, or third Part of the Legiflature, ftill endeavouring, as near as they can in both Houfes, to copy after the Forms ufed in the Parliament of England : The Jurifdiction of, and Proceedings in the Courts of Law, which had been fettled in the Year 1620, were by this new Authority confirm'd, placing the laft Rcfort in the AlTembly j and every thing feem'd to bear fo great a Re- femblance to the Pradlice aud Conftitution of England, . that 143 The Hi/lory of Virginia. that the People became pcrfedlly qnict and cafy under that Form of Government. There was now no public Intereft of any Company at home, to interfere with the Induftry and particular Ad- vantage of the Planters j for the Patent-Office was always open to difpofc of vacant Lands, on the fingle Terms of paying the Quit-Rent referved to the Crown ; fo that every Man took up what Quantity of Land he plcafcd in his own Right ; and indeed fomc appeared too covetous of poffefling more Land than tliey were able to cultivate, which not only prevented many Improvements that otherwifc would have been made, but kept the Settlements at too great a Diftance from one another j and alfo difabled fome of them from paying the Quit-Rent due on large uncultivated Trads, that yielded little or no Profit to the Owners*. These Privileges however gave great Encouragement to Men of Subftance, to go over with their Families to fettle in that Country ; which foon became fo populous, that the Indians were kept in more Awej and at a much greater Diftance, than before. A n o u T this time the Right Honourable Cecilim Calvert Lord Baltimore^ a confcicntious Roman-Catholick^ had an Inclination to retire with his Family to that new World, in order to enjoy quietly the free Exercife of his Religion. For thisPurpofe he firft went over himfelf to Virginia^ with a View to make fome Trial of the Climate, and to find out a convenient Place to fettle in j but being difcouraged, by the univerfal Diflike which he perceived the People had to the very Name of a Papift, he left Virginia^ and went further up the Bay of Cheajapeak j and finding there a very large Tlje Hiftory of Virginia. large Tradt ofLaiid, coininodi-AuUy wiuw U with mii;)y faciui- tiful Rivers, and not yet inhal)itai by any Cbri/iinns, he cmbarqucd for England; and on his Lordlliip's :cprelc»iting to the Kin*;, that tlic Colony of Virginia h.id not occupied any Lands beyond the South Bank of Votowmack River, he had the Inte.eft to obtain a Grant to hiinfelf and Jiis Heirs for ever, of the Propriety of that Province, wjiith has ever fince been called Maryland : But this Lord dying before lie could return to finilh iiis Defign in America^ his Son and Heir procured a Conhrniation of his l*'atliers Patent, dated in the Year 1633. with many Royalties annexed, and went over himfelf to fettle that new Colojiy. This Grant of my Lord Baltimore's bciiig a fair Pre- cedent for other Men of Quality and Intereil:, to foJicit Fa- vours of the like Nature at Court, the foiracr unlimited Bounds of Virginia came very foon to be retrenched and circumfcribed towards the South as well as the North, by particular Grants of that Kind. And while the Crown was io lavifli in giving away the Propriety of fuch large Provinces, Sir John Har-jey^ then Governor of Virginia, being a haughty covetous Man, took an Occafion not only to grant Patents for great Qiuvntities of the Crown Land in Virginia, free of Quit-Rent ; but in feveral Places he in*- croached on former Grants, and particular Settlements, that had been already poiTelVed by othen? ; which created 10 much Confufion and Wrangling about Property in that Country, that, together with Sir Johns partial and arbitrary Pro- ceedings in other Matters of G H3 144 ^^ Hiftory of Virginia. Counfellors went for England^ to fupport Articles of Im- peachment againft their Governor. King Charles was fo much offended at this Prcfumption in the Council of Virginia^ who moft certainly had no Right to conftitutc themfelves Judges in an Affair of that high Nature, that, to check their Infolence, his Majefty thought lit to fend back Sir John Harvey Governor again to Vir- ginia, But altho' this Step was judged to be neceifary, in order to maintain the Crown's legal and juft Authority, the King was far from negledting the diftreffed Condition of his poor Subjedts in that Colony, for whofe Eafe, Comfort and Relief, his Majefty, in his Royal Juftice and Goodnefs, was pleafed immediately afterwards to recal Sir John Harvey^ by fending over Sir William Berkeley^ a worthy, good, ana juft Man, to fucceed him in that Government. While thefe things were tranfading, the Indians^ who had taken Offence at the Incroachments made on their Lands by fome of Sir John Harvey s Grants, and obierving the Englifi to be uneafy and at Variance among themfelves, tliat fubtle old Man Opochancanovgh concerted the Scheme of a fccond Maflacre j which was executed {o fuddenly on all the OiU-fettlements, that they cut off almoft five hundred Souls ; and yet the Execution was not near fo general as the iirft, becaufe the Indians of late had not been fuffer'd to frequent the inner Plantations, lb that it chiefly fell on thole who were fettled at the greateft Dlllance from the Seat of Government, but efpecially about the Head of York River, where Opochancanoiigh himfelf lived. I It has been faid above, that Opochancanough was Brother to the late Emperor Powhatton j but neverthelefs it was reported 'The Hiftoiy of Virginia. reported among the Indians^ that he came from a Foreign Nation a great way towards the South-weft, which made fome of the Englijh think that he had come from one or other of the Spanifi Settlements in Mexico^ near the Mines of St, Barbe^ and perhaps this might have been the true Reafon why Powhatton left Itopatin his Succeflbr ; but be that as it will, Opochancanough was not only a comely Per- fon, but had extraordinary natural Talents for keeping thofc rude People in Subjection, and intirely at his Command ; for fo great was his Authority amongft them, that from this time until he was taken Prifoner, there was not fo much as one Hour's Truce between the EngliJJ? and the Natives. O N Sir William Berkeley s Arrival in Virginia ^ he did all he could to difcountenance and fupprefs the unjuft Grants which had been made by Sir jfoh?i Harvey; fo that none of them took Effedt, except fuch as became liable to the Pay- ment of Quit-Rent, and were (ubjedted to the fettled Con- ditions of granting Lands in that Colony. The Governor at the fame time encouraged the People, by his own Example, to make Trial of feverul Manufadlures, fuch as Pot-Arti, Soap, Salt, Flax, Hemp, Silk, and Cotton ; but the fmart /W/Vz« War, in which they were engaged, greatly obftrudted thefe Improvements, by employing fo many of the People in the Country's Defence. OPOCHANCANOUGH was now of a great Age, and fo worn out with the Fatigues of War, that he could not walk, but v/as carry d about from Place to Place by his own People j and his Eye-lids were become {o ftiff, that he could not look up, or fee, until they were lifted ud by thofc about him. U Sir H5 146 2^^ Hiftory of Virginia. • '. • > S I R William Berkeley^ who followed him clofe, at lafl: got Intelligence that he was then at a fmall Diftance from his old Seat ; whereupon tlie Governor made fo fpeedy a March witli a Squadron of Horfe, that he furprifed the King in his Qimrters, and brought him Prifoner to James Town, where he was treated with all imaginable Tenderncfs and Refpedt. The proud Indian fliew'd no Dejedion of Mind at his Confinement, but rather exulted in ExprefHons of Courage and Magnanimity to the laft ; for one Day, hearing a greater Noife thp,n common, of People treading in the Room where he was, he ordefd his Eye-lids to be lifted up j and when he perceived that a Crowd had been let in to gaae on him, he called with an Air of Authority to fpeak with the Go- vernor ; who no fooner came, but the fcornfitl Indian told him, That had it been his Fortune to take Sir IVilliam Berkeley Prifoner, he would have difdained adting fo mean a Part as to make a Shew of him to the People. Sir William intended to have fent this Royal Prifoner to England^ for an Amufement to the King, but Fate dif- pofed otherways of him , for about a Fortnight after he was taken, one of the Englijh Soldiers, who ftrongly re- fented the Calamities which they had fuffered by this old Emperor's Means, fliot him through the Back, of which Wound he languifhed a fhort time, and died. Immediately after Opochancanouglo^ Death, the Go- vernor made a firm Peace with the Indians^ which continued for a long time without Interruption > fo that the Englifi had no more Apprehenfion of any Danger from that Quarter. But The Hiftory ^j/' V i r n t rf r a. 147 But the Chnl War, which then raged nx England^ obllru(5lcd all manner of Trade, and lelTened very mmch the Supplies that ufually came from thence. These national Misfortunes not only affedtcd the loyal and good Governor himfelf, but were alfo felt by the In- habitants of Virginia^ who in general behaved themfelves in all Things, as became a dutiful and loyal Set of good Sub- jedls to the King ; for altho' there were no Puritans as yet amongft them, they proceeded to make fevere Laws againft that Sedt, and Oliver Cromwelh Authority was neither fub- mitted to, nor acknowledg'd in Virginia^ until the Year 1651. when, after reducing Barbadoes and the Caribbce Iflands, Captain Dennis came thither with a Squadron of Men of War to fubdue that Colony , but the Virginians^ who gallantly flood by their loyal Governor to a Man, made fuch a flout Refiflance, by the Help of fome Dutch VefTels in the Port, which they took the Liberty to make ufe of on that Occafion, that Captain Dennis could not fucceed, until by fending Notice to two Members of the Council, who had Goods on Board his Fleet, that they muft lofe tlieir EfFedls, if they did not immediately fubmit to the Pro- tedor's Authority, there arofe fo many fadlious Difputes amongfl the leading Men, that the brave ^\v Willi am Berkeley^ and all his Friends, were forced to yield on the Terms of a general Pardon > after which Sir JVilliam remain'd in that Country, under a private Charad:er, during the time of that unnatural Rebellion. And it muft be own'd for the Ho- nour of Virginia, That it was the lall: Part of tlie Kings Dominions, which lubmitted to CromivclU Ufurpation, and afterwards the firfl that threw it 0^. U 2 The 148 lie Hiftory of Virginia. The Protestor having now overcome the DiiiftcultLs he met with, in reducing all the Englijh Plantation: to bis Obedieiice like a xkilful and wife Governor, he thoup'r. cf proper Means to keep them under a due Subjedion to tKei: Mother-Country, and to make them hereafter ufeful to its Interefts. For this Purpofe he caufed to be framed, and pafTed into a Law, the famous A<5t of Navigation, whereby the People of the Plantations were reftrain'd from making ufe of Foreign Shipping,, and from trading with Foreigners, to the Piejudiceof £;/^/rtWj which Ad: of Parliament, how- ever fevere it might at firft appear to be to the Inhabitants of the feveral Colonies, yet, if we fpeak impartially, it muft be owned to be a juft and good Law, calculated for the mutual Advantage of Great BritaWy and her Plan- tations abroad t For as it is impoflible, with good Reafon, to juftify any Meafure for advancing the Profperity of, and in- riching the Plantations, which at the fame time evidently appears to be hurtful to Great-Britain j fo it will likewife be found injurious to the Publick, to reftrain the Subjcds in the Plantations from any Advantage they can pofilbly raife to themfelves by any Means, which as evidently appear to be inoffenfive to the national Intereft and Trade of Great- Britain, Without Doubt therefore, it was for juil: and wife Confiderations, That on King Charles the lid's Reftau- lation, the fame Ad of Nav'adj 'O ^c- vent rheir intriguing with the People; a Prai:xe which, lo be- fu^e, in fome Colonies is more requifite than in others; as ar this time it was in Virginia, whither, during the time of hi - Protedlorfhip, he fent over Diggs, Btnnct^ and Matt/jeu^iy one after the other. 149 A SHORT time before the Refta^ration, while King Charles the Second was yet an Exile in France ^ Governor Matthews died in Virginia ; and no Perfon being appointed by the Protedtor to fueceed him, it gave the People, who had an Avcrfion to Cromwell^ the Opportunity of applying to their old Friend Sir William Berkeley, whom they una- nimoufly intreated to take up his former Authority. Sir JVilliam, who was a confcientious Loyalift, al- together declined complying with their Requeft, on any other Terms but that of fubmitting themfelves again to the King's lawful Right and Dominion over them, which with one Voice they readily confented to do ; whereupon Sir iVilliam Berkeley refumed the Governor's Power and Au- thority, by proclaiming Charles xh^ Second King of England', &c. To which by the by he was probably encouraged, as well as juftified therein, by a CommilTion which he pri- vately receiv'd from the King during his Ex'le. Immediately after the King's Reftauration^ a ew Commiflion for the Government of Virginia was fent over to Sir William Berkeley, with Leave for him to appoint a Deputy, and to come and pay his Duty to the King at London. Sir William accordingly named Colonel Francis Morrijbn J 50 ^JQ Hiftoiy of V I R G I N I Arr Monifon his Deputy- C Governor j and thiUnotiinc might be loft by his Abf'encc, he gave Colonel Morrifon Diredtion to caufc tlic Laws to be revifed, and to have them ready com- piled into one 13ody^ in order to their being confirm'd by the AlTembly at liis Return. S I R WiUiam was gracloufly receiv'd by the King, but re- turn d very fpecdily to his Charge in Virginia ; where liis Deputy had been very diligent to execute his Orders, for tlie Laws were colle great a Mifchief. When 152 Hie Hiftory of Virginia. When thefe Particulars came to be reported to the King, his Majefty was plcal'ed to lend his Royal Commands to caufe a Fort to be eredted at ^ames Town for the Go- vernor's Security, as well as to be a Check on future Events of the like Nature ; but the Danger being over, they con- tented themfdves only to raife a fmall Battery, on which fome Pieces of Ordnance were placed. Another Adt of Parliament was made about this time to prevent the Importation of all Foreign Goods into the Plantations, except fuch as came diredtly with Cuftom-houfe Clearances from England ; and altho* this was likewife a very reafonable Law, yet the People of Virginia imagin'd that it had the Confequence to raife the Price of all Euro- pean Goods to what the Englijh Merchant pleafed to put on them > while at the fame time it lower'd the Value of Tobacco, which was their Staple and chief Commodity. Hereupon the h([tmh\y o^ Virginia^ in order to pique the Merchants at London^ whom they fufpedled of having fome Hand in advifing thefe Reftridtions which had been iutely put on the Plantation Trade, made an Adt to prohibit the planting of any Tobacco for a whole Year, tl^nking alfo thereby to raife the Value of that Commodity here- after ; but their Neighbours in the Province of Maryland jcfufing to come in to the fame Regulation, they were ob- liged, in Regard to themfelves, to repeal their own Adt, and to return again to the Drudgery of planting Tobacco at any rate. Some time afterwards the Affembly of Virginia made another Attempt of the fame kind, by ftrcnuoufly endea- vouring The Hiftory ^/Virginia. 153 vouring to bring in the Provinces o( Mi iry/n/i J and Carolina to their Meafures ; but faihng of their Purpolc, that Pro- jed: was wholly laid alide. In order the better to inforce a due Obfervation of the Ads of Trade, the King was advifed to order Forts to be built at the Mouth of each River in Virginia^ intending that thofe only iliould be the trading Ports for Ships to enter and clear,which was partly coinply'd with for a (hort Space; but fuch a Regulation being, from the dilhint Situation of the Settlements, and the Nature of the Planters Bufuiefs, truly impradlicable, anil the People at the func time being frightend away from th(/e Places, where the Sliipping weie expedled to arrive, by terrible Reports of the Plague which then raged at London^ all thefc Orders were foon neglected and forgot. Sir JViUlam Berkele)\ who was ever intent on purfuing the Advantage of the Colony, had a Mind to attempt lome Difcovery Welhward towards the Mountains ; for which Purpofe he levy'd a fmall Company of about fourteen Englijh, and as many Indians^ under the Commund of one Captain Batt. They fet out from Appamattock, and in (cvqw Days March reach'd the fir ft Ridge of Mountains, which are but of a moderate Height j but wlieii they came to the next or higheft Mountains, they appeared every-where to them impaftable j fo that after they had travelled a great way to the Southward, looking out for a Paflage over thofe ftupendous Rocks, they fell in with a River which takes its Courfe through a low marftiy Country, running by a How Defcent into fome Part of the Gulph of Mexico^ be- tween Florida and the Midfiippi ; and at this Place the /;/ lian^ refuling to go any further. Captain Batt was ob- X liged 1 54. The Hiftory (?/ V i r g i n i a. ligcd to return, and on his Report to the Governor, Sir irmimn determin'd to make fach another Attempt himfelf in Pcifon ; for wliich. end he made great Preparations, and had prevailed with the yXllcmbly to pafs an Adt for en- couraging the Expedition, which was unhappily interrupted at this Jundure by a very extraordinary Infurredlion in yir- ginia^ that goes by the Name of Bacons RebcHion. It is not eafy to conceive how any general Infurred:ion or RcbclHon could be fomented in Virginia againft fo g(x)d a Governor as Sir William Berkeley \ whom the People had not only chofen themfelves, but truly loved his Perfon, and approverl his Conduct, which appeared to be unblameable ; no manner of Complaint having been exhibited againft him for the Space of thirty-five Years, during which time he had devoted both his Time and Fortune to the Service of that Country. Before we enter therefore on this extraor- dinary Narration, it will be neceilary to premife a few things, whicli greatly tended to four the Minds of the People, and to diftradl their Thoughts from all Manner of Bufinefs. I . King Charles the Second, to gratify fome Noblemen about his Perfon, had made two large Grants, which were diftingui(h'd by the Names of the Northern and Southern Grants of Firginia^ altho' the fame Men were concern 'd in both. Thefe Grants happen d unfortunately to include within their Limits feveral improved Plantations, which had been feated for many Years before, and poflefTed under the legal unqueftionable Title of Patents from the Crown. When thefe latter Grants therefore, which had lain dormant until the Year 1674. came to be known and claimed, it created fo much Uneafinefs in the Country, that the AlTembly Uie Hiftory (9/*Virginia. 155 AlTembly drew up an humWc Addrcfs to his Majeily, com- plaining of the Injullice of the faid Grants, and befeeching the King to recall them, as being highly derogatory of thofe Rights granted to the People of that Colony, by his Royal Progenitors ; and tho' this Addrefs was fent over, and fo- licited by particular Agent:., for many Months together, at a great Expence to Virginia^ which was heavily taxed by the Aflembly for that Purpofe, yet it never had any Effect. 2. About this time the AcfV of the twenty-fifth of Charles the Second,. for better fecuring the Plantation-Trade, was parted in England ; whereby feveral Duties were laid on the Trade from one Colony to another, and appropriated to Ufes quite foreign to the People, from whom taey werti raifed ; and whether it was the Confequence of iUcr. feverc Impofitions on the Trade of the Plantations, or the toe art- ful and partial Condud: of the Merchants in England^ who enjoy 'd coniiderable Profits by being Favors for the Tobacco Planters in Virginia^ or partly from both, we cannot pre- fume to determine ; but certain it was. That the Price of Tobacco then was fo low, that the Balance due to the Planter on his Account of Sales from England^ amounted to little or nothing, nay, often brought him in Debt to the Fador ; fo that they really had not wherewithal, out of their laborious Toil, to cloathe themfelves, and their poor Families. 3 . T H E Indian Trade, which was carried on by a few who made it their whole Bufmefs to travel with Caravans a great way into the Woods, and to barter with the Natives for large Quantities of Furs and Skins, began very mucii to leflen and decuy j which in all Probability was owing to the fudden Increafe of that Trade at Ntiv Tork^ fince the Stt- X 2 tlcnian it^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ■"'^.^ > ^ <1^^^' ^^<>^ ^ was fent over Lieutenant-Governor, under the Earl of Orkney, as Go- vernor in Chief J and it has been the Pradice ever fince that time, for the Governor ia Chief of Virginia to refide in Englandj and to receive out of the Salary of two thoufand Pounds, twelve hundred Pounds ^^r Annum ; which is paid to him by the Lieutenant-Governor refidingin the Country, vfhofe Commiffion is from the King,, under thie fame Au- thority of the Great Seal,, as is the chief Governor's j by which means, the Titles of Honour and Power of Ading are equal in both-. Governor Nott was a Man of a very mild Temper and Behaviour, but did not live to give the People that Happinefs which might have been expected from his Adminiitration j for after he had palled feveial good Laws, Z 2 and 1^2 'the Hiftory ufand Ton of Shipping Yearly, is S Thf eftablifh'd Fees for Marriage-Licences,^ Probates of Wills, and entering and clear- ing of Ships ; together with other legal > 600 00 o Perquifites belonging to the Governor re- I fiding there, is, per Annum y J Total 7800 00 o o. REMARKS [ '77 ] REMARKS ON THE Trade and Government O F VIRGINIA AS it is impoflible for an innocent and unprejudiced Mind, to feparate the Idea of Government from the Good and Happinefs of the People that are to be govern'd, fo it is not to be expeded, That Men who are born free, and have any juft Notions of Liberty, can force their Af- fedions and chearful Obedience to Governors w^ho exercife their Power with Partiality and Caprice. In order there- fore to poflefs and retain the Inclinations and dutiful Obe- dience of the Subjedts in the Plantations to the lawful Au- thority and Jurifdidion of Great-Britain over them, thofe reftridive Adls of Trade and Navigation, which are or may be found neceflary to render the Plantations more ufeful, ought to be counterpoifed with proper Encouragements for raifing there, and importing from thence, all fuch Foreign Commodities, as Great-Britain defires and expeds from A a them; 178 REMARKS (?;^ the Trade tlicm ; whereby the real Intcrcrt: of the Suhjedt in the Plan- tations would evidently appear in every authoritative A