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The following Regulations with respect to the disposal of Dominion Lands in Manitolm and the Northwest are now in force and will prove useful informatiun to the intending settle; : — 1. The surveyed lands in Manitoba and the Northwest Territories shall, for the purpose of these Regulations, be classitied as follows : — Class A. — Lands within twenty-four miles of the main line or any branch line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, on either side thereof. Class H. — Lands within twelve miles, on either side, of any projected line of railway (other than the Canadian Pacific Railway), approved by Order-in-Council pub- lisheil in the Canaiia Gazette : — Class C. — Lands south of the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway hoi included in Class A or B. Class D. — Lands other than those in classes A, B and C. HOMESTEADS OR FREE r.RANT LANDS. 2. The even-numl)ered sections in all the foregoing classes are to be held almost exclusively for homesteads nnd pre-emptions. 3. The odd-numbered sections in Class A are reserved for the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. 4. The odd-numbered sections in Classes B and C shall be for sale at $2.50 per acre, payable at the time of sale, a. Except where they have been or may be dealt with otherwise by the Gov- ernor-in-Council. 5. The odd-numbered sections in Class D shall I)l' for sale at $2 per acre, payable at time of sale. 6. The prices for pre-emption lots shall be as follows : — For lands in Classes A, B and C, $2.50 per acre. For lands in Class D, $2.00 per acre. Payments shall lie made in one sum at the end of three years from the date of entry, or at such earlier date as the settler may, under the provisions of the Dominion Lands Acts, obtain a patent for the homestead to which such pre-emption lot belongs. On the 29th of November last, an Order-in-Council was passed on a report of Sii D. L. Macpherson, Minister of the Interior, authorizing him "to open for homestead and pre-emption entries, the even-numbered sections remaining vested in the Crown in the territory between the Southern limit of the Canadian Pacific Railway Belt and the International Boundary, from and after the 1st day of January, 1884." Settlers are therefore now free to homestead and pre-empt on the lands referred to. coal lands. Large portions of coal lands have been set '.tside in the following districts for th« benefit of settlers : — Souris River, the How River, the Belly River, and the Saskatchewan Rirer. Ample provision has been made in the Dominion Lands Act for the protection of all settlers and their rights. nadian I Lands fn >tiun to the al'f for the line of the of railway incil pub- i included Id almost in Pacific 12.50 p«r ;he Gov- payable REPORT OF THE VISIT OF THE British Association -TO THE CRNRDIRN NORTH-¥EST. Description of the Trip to the Rocky Mountains. Addresses Presented. Report of Speeches Delivered, Doings in Winnipeg. r entry, minion ion lot of Sir lestead Crown It and ed to. »thc on of JOURNALIST McIntyrk Bros,, Book and Job Prin^ikrs, 1884. m L' ' » r \ INTRODUCTORY AND HRRIYHL The visit of so distinguished a body of men as the British Scientific Association to our Dominion, and the holding of their Annual Conven- tion in our metroi)olis, is an event of no small importance in the history of Canada ; and no one who has heard the expressions of opinion regarding the country, which have fallen from the lips of the leading members of the Association, can doubt that great benefits will accrue to the Dominion from that visit. The most important result of the visit will not be the imjietus given to the study of science in the Dominion, although all will admit the great importance of that result, but rather the opportunity afforded to Canada of demonstrating to the leading and thinking men of England, that with her natural resources, she is the most desirable field for immigration now competing for tlie great surplus population of Ilritain. Always keenly alive to the interests of the great Northwest, and realizing the importance of the visit of the Association to Canada, and the desirability of having its mem- bers traverse the great fertile belt from Winnipeg to the Rocky Moun- tains, the Canadian Pacific Railway with its proverbial courtesy and enterprise placed its lino, and its palatial sleeping cars at the full disposal of the Association, and invited its members to travel and see for themselves. It will readily be surmised that the members of the Association, possessed of the greatest influence and enterpri.se, availed themselves of the opportunity afforded of traversing the great Dominion from the- Atlantic almost to the Pacific. 'I'hey did so, and it is particularly with that visit we have to deal in this pami)hlet. It was on the evening of the 6th of .September, rfhlet, through the i ourtesy of Superintendent Egan, was fortunate enough to secure passage with the party, and for convenience of diction the narrative is continued in the first person plural. It was about five o'clock A.M. when wc steamed out of the C.P.R. .station and commenced our journey westward over the great fertile plains of Manitoba and th'i Northwest territories. It may be as well at this stage to give u list of the gentlemen who comprised the party. It is as follows : Karl of Rosse, Sir Richard Temple, Major-(]eneral i,aurie, Dr. Ashe, The Bishoj) of Ontario, Prof. J. P. Sheldon, Prof Kream, I' liof. B. I) awkins, Dr. Royle,,Di\^\ ROisaille, Prof. H. Shaw, E. 15. Elliott, .Miss Winch, C. Calder, ^V. M. Beauford, A. S. Reid, (1. Johnson, V. Kinahan, |. Symes, P rcjfessor J . Macpun, M. Rivard, (1. Slater, R. ('. Pilling, T. Hare, S. Bourne, A. Robertson, R. S. Broker, R. M. Barrington, A. Kinnear, H. M. MuUer, E. Krankland, C. C. Prance, W. H. Pallows, M. Blair, A. \V. Scott, H. Marsh, S. S. Turner, Prof. Macad aiy, (i. Chalterton, (i. P. Hughes, Miss Stalker, H. T. Men well, A. W. Bennett, J. A. ^V. Oliver, \V. A. Blackhouse, C. C. Leach, R. C. Brown, J. Cameron, C. Swanford, M. C. Clark, W. J. Sollas, Rev. H. H. Winwood, J. Robbins, Rev. H. A. Pickard, E. F. King, I). A. 1-ouis, \V. H. Leach, J. H. Handle, Rev. H. Swanzy, F. H. Stockwell, Dr McNab, Edgbert de Hamel, J. Bcurdas, R. A. Robinson, Jti. Bowerman, H. Dubois, ^V. Hurst, A. I). Ottwell, S. E. Dobson, S. W. Blowman, |. Krewson, ('. Lawrie, T. H. Thomas, W. H. Merritt, J. F. Taylor, C. H. Kelmand, S. Mclntyre, A. Desjardines, G. B. Longstaff, \V. H. Leach, W. Unwin, W. S. Fellow, E. Withers, S. F. Harmer, Mrs. M'llrie, F. W. Harmer, CA^HirsJ^fglj^, Dr. A. C. Maybury, O. Jones, M. Brown, E. Farns- worth, T. W. Newman, A. Traile, W. Brownhard, W. Tojiley, J. D. Visit of the liritisli Association. Crawford, J. W. I.cahy, II Williamson, W. Whitaker, Rev. Canon Elle- good, K. \V. lollas, R. Ha/zard, W. Anderson, Mrs. .Anderson, (leorge and jas|)er Anderson, (Irace and William .Anrlerson, I*'. I'argeau, K. Cumniings, .M. .\rguc, C. M. Pitman, .\. Tate, Rev. H. Jones. Mr. Alexander Megg, dcneral Immigration Agent for the (Canadian Pacific Railway at London, Kngland, was also with the party, his object being to traverse the <:ountry and familnri/.e himself with its resources and most advantageous points, in order to possess himself of that informa- tion, which it is so essential for a gentleman occupying so important a position, to secure. Mr. Hegg's office is No. 88 Cannon Street, Lon- don, where he can be seen or reached by <;ommunication. He is always ready to give any information in his possession regarding the country, as he is always possessed of the latest information in reference thereto. It might be mentioned that besides the scientists, Dr. Thor- burn and Miss Thorburn, of Toronto, also participated in the trip. The train left Winnipeg at five o'clock in the morning and breakfast was secured at Carberry, a town one hundred miles west. AT BRANDON. There was a delay of one hour in order to give the entire party an op- portuuity of "doing" the town. Some of the party gathered wild flowers and botanized, others captured insects in nets which they had brought for the purpose, the majority visited the stores and i)ublic build- ings, and one gentleman who had a lense with him photograped views of points of interest. When the train was under way again, members of the party were heard to express sur])rise at the wonderful growth of Brandon, which, they were informed, only took three years to attain its growth. BROADVIEW. By the time Broadview was reached, which was 3 o'clock, the travel- lers were very hungry, and it 's therefore no wonder that the excellent spread in the Canadian Pacific Railway dining-room was relished by all hands. yisit 0/ the British Associutioti. Kllc- u, K. Mr. ';i( ific After dinner, and while the train was waiting, the party were jjrcatly anuised by the |)rescn ok '1'rain Wvsv ok Gikk m n, | Thursday, September 11. | "Breakfast can be had at Medicine Hat!" roared t' porter abori 6 o'clock this nir "i^ ,. In less than an hour all those on boar' the train were washed and dressed and eagerly uvvaiting arrival at :lie station named. Che point was reached about S o'clock and a rush was made for %couple of hotels,there being no regular dining-room c(jnnected with the station. .After breakfast we all started out to visit the camp of a band of Cree Indians, who were located in the valley bordering on the eastern shore of the Saskatchewan. .\n interesting half hour was si)ent among the tents of the Indians. The scientists appeared immensely pleased with the natives and readily purchased any little Indian trinket or relic they could secure. The natives were much i)leased with the at- tention shown them, and the squaws and children laughed merrily when anything of a ludicrous nature occurred. Very little of interest occurred as the train journeyed westward. Occasionally a Canadian Pacific Rail- way experimental farm was passed, where evidences of the fertility and productiveness of the land were witnessed. On most of the farms the grain has been harvested, although not placed in stacks yet. GLEICHEN. Was reached about 2:30 p. m. Here an xcellent dinner was served, tender prairie chicken being the chief dish. After dinner half an hour was spent inspecting the experimental farm at this point and visiting a 8 Visit of The British Association. number of Indian camps. The inmates of the latter excited the curi- osity of the visitors, many of whom caressed and even kissed the little papooses, remarking that they had children of their own. The train was soon under way again, heading rapidly for Calgary. Meantime a drizzling rain commenced to fall, and wlien the train stopped to lake water there was not such a general rush out upon the prairie to gather plants and grasses. It was five o'clock when CALGARY Was reached. There were quite a large number of citizens upon the platform, notwithstanding the unpropitious state of the weather. It was soon whispered about that an address was to be presented to the asso- ciation, and soon all hands crowded to the platforms of two adjoining cars to listen to the proceedings. Mr. James Walker, chairman of the Civic Committee, ascended one of the platforms and read the following AHDRESS. To the British Association .; The people of Calgary and vicinity take this opportunity of express- ing to the members of the British Association their best wishes upon the occasion of the visit of the main body of the association to this interest- ing portion of the Dominion. A few weeks ago we had the pleasure of meeting Capt. Pirn, who was in charge of the advance guard of the asso- ciation, and although upon that occasion no formal address was presented to that distinguished gentleman and party, yet an expression of the kindliest feelings both towards himself and the members of the advance guard, as well as the association whom they represented, found voice in a telegram which now forms part of the record of the visit to our dis- trict of the distinguished association of which you are members. The citizens of Calgary welcome you on your tri[) over the great transconti- nental road which is soon to connect the surging waves of the Atlantic will the blue waters of the Pacific. It is not for the people of a young frontier town like this to dwell upon the importance which the people of the Dominion of Canada as well as those of the United States attach to the visit of the British Association. It is sufficient for us to remind you that living as we do, in the very foot hills of the Visit of The British Association. great Rockies, in sight of the eternal sncws which glisten on those silent jieaks, we feel it our pleasing duty to express ou'- inmost ajjpreciation of the objects of your visit to this cuiUiiicni, especi- ally to this portion of it, and we sincerely trust that when you return to the east you will regard with the fondest recollections the occasion of this, your first visit to the great snow-capped rocks which are among the gr>iat wonders of our globe. We trust that your trip over our great Canadian highway, which is now being constructed by enterprising capi- talists under the i)rotecting care of our (government, will continue to be pleasant and profitable ; and wishing you a safe return beyond the seas and many very happy days. We remain on behalf of the citizens of Calgary, Yours sincerely, Jamks VV^vlkkk, Chairman Civic Committee. Ci. C. King, Geo. Murooch, A, Henderson. Sir Richard Tempi.?, on behalf of the Association, replied to the ad- dress, thanking the citizens for the expre.ssions set forth in the address. After referring to the objects sought by the association in visiting ('anada, he referred to what he had seen in this country. They saw a vast prairie being rapidly converted into a paradise. They had seen the golden wheat fields and the busy ha' vesters at work with the most improved machinery laying it down and pre])aring it for the thresher. They were much struck with the remarkable progress being made in t;ivilization. They had .seen cattle and a great many horses grazing on the land so well adapted for that purpose. Everything they saw filled them with surprise. The majority of the party, eminent and well learned men, who were making observations as they journeyed, and who would not fail to re- pt)rt faithfully on all they had seen and would see. These men, who, he could assure the citizens of Calgary, had been astonished at what they had seen, would not forget to ])roclaim on their return to England what a grand and glorious country this was. The result would be that an excellent class of people would be induced to come to this country to settle. Besides the remarkable progress in the agricultural line which was being made, the party could not help but marvel at the phenomenal growth of the score or more of towns and cities which had sprung into existence during the past year or two. By no means the least of these to Visit of the British Association. \- was Calgary, the town at which he was privileged to speak, and commanding as it did such a magnificent situation on the Elbow River, and so near the Bow River, its future great progress was be- yond ken. (Ceeers.) Three cheers were then given for the British Association, which were returned by three rousing cheers from the travellers for the town of Calgary. Amidst the cheering the train moved westward. THE BOW RIVER. And now we have entered the Bow River valley, and are heading for the snow-capped hills of the Rockies. The cold, drizzling rain has turned into snow. Immediately after leaving Calgary we plunge into immense hills of sand and gravel formed by the washings from the mouutains during many thousand years. During the first forty miles west of Calgary the track crosses the Bow River in several places. The stream, although comparatively narrow, flows swiftly, its deep blue waters in many places rushing over the jagged rocks of the river bed and forming rapids of con- siderable dimensions. The course pursued by the railway is quite sinuous, winding in and out, and dodging formidable hills very adroitly. Floating down the Bow River considerable rafts of timber were observed at various points. Plateau after plateau was passeed, each succession increas- ing the grade. Many of these plateaus are covered with timber, and would make magnificent parks. The gap of the Kicking Horse Pass had not been reached before night closed in, but as the storm had cleared away the mountains could be observed with tolerable satisfaction The covering of snow which they had received during the storm set them ofiF to advantage. It was a magnificent sight to see the great piles of rock towering up heavenward. It seemed as if the peaks forced themselves through the clouds, vieing for the highest emin ence. The platforms of the cars were crowded by the passengers, all anxious to miss none of the sights. Soon the darkness was com- plete, and the passengers retired to the cars, where they remained until Canmore was reached. Here an excellent supper was secured- Half an hour later the train was moving on, and the party were tucked up in their berths. Visit of the British Association. tt K, and Elbow was be- British om the train On board the train at Laggan, near the Summit, ( Friday, Sept. 13. ) The train arrived here at four o'clock this morning, but we were not aroused for breakfast before six o'clock. A very fair meal was secured in the Grand Central Hotel, a place composed of canvas and basting, besides a tolerably sized dining room, a good sized tap- room, which possesses a pool and a billiard table. After breakfast and two hours delay, the party again boarded the train, which swept on up the Pass. Mountain after mountain, the peaks covered with snow, was passed. .\ heavy fog had prevailed since the previous night, and although the sun seemed struggling to reveal himself, there was great doubt whether or not he would succeed, (iiadually, however, he assumed the mastery, and the thick clouds of condensed vapor which were clinging about the mountains began to disappear. It took but a few minutes for the train to reach the summit. Here was observed the change occ .> ,iuned by the height of land. The turbulent waters of the Bow appeared in an instant to change their course and run westward instead of east. "We are now in British Columbia," observed Mr. Egan, who was a regular encyclopaedia to the party. The trafn swept on about twelve miles farther and drew up at the Canadian Pacific Railway sawmill, where all the timber necessary for construction is manufactured, and where the supplies for the workmen are kept. As it is not deemed wise to run the sleepers down farther, and as no arrangements had been made for the transportation of the party to the end of the track, they all started walking westward along the line, intending, if possible, to reach the end and witness construction operations. Scattered along the line over about eight miles of track, could be found groups of the party, all admiring some magnificent view which presented itself. The English vocabulary does not afford sufficient scope to describe the beauty and grandeur of the mountains. Nestling in some gigantic crevice near the top of the more stupendous hills could be seen the colossal and eternal glaciers ready to descend in the night and crush everything encountered in the fall. Here and there down the side of some mountain could be seen the track of a glacier which in its descent had not stopped to ask questions about the right of way, but had adopted an air-line course and swept all before it as clean as if the destroying angel had unsheathed his mighty sword and hewn all vegetation close to the earth. The glittering rays of the sun la Visit oj The British Association as it struck the snow peaks added glory to the scene already superbly grand. The peaks do not ap])ear distant as one surveys them, but upon questioning about the matter, it was stated by those who know that the nearest could not possibly be less than three miles away. The stream which flows down the valley through which the road is built, although narrow and composed of a small body of water, is very turbulent. It rushes along with lightning speed, dashing down steep inclines, tumbling over precipices, gliding down shady valleys, and anon is lost in some glade obscured by the thick growth of fir and spruce. There is an abundance of excellent timber on either <-ide of the track, and very easy to be obtained. This is fpi'tunate, as an immense amount of tim- ber is required in the construction of trestle work and bridges. '1 ■"l On the Train between Langevin and Medicine Hat, I Saturday, Sept. 13. j It was about four o'clock this morning when the train started from l^aggan, returning from the mountains. Although everyone had orders to be up at that hour to view the scenery during the descent, it is safe to say that not eight out of the entire party bestirred them selves at the hour named. When we were all astir we found the scenery very fine, and we were told that the best had been passed. The atmosphere was exceedingly frosty, and there appeared upon the pools of water passed a thin sheeting of ice. At Calgary it was thought a war-dance would be given by the Indians, but some hitch in the ar- rangements had occurred, and although the party waited nearly an hour, the redskins did not appear, and so the train had to move on. A tele- gram was sent ahead to Gleic;hen to arrange for a pow-wow. The train arrived at that point about noon. Here Crowfoot, the great Indian chieftain, was found. When it became known that such a distinguished warrior was on the platform, there was a general rush to see him. Every one shook hands with him, and all who could afford it purchased some trinket from him as a memento. One gentleman purchased his tobacco pouch, a long buckskin article, for three dollars, a lady bought his neck- lace for one dollar, a gentleman bought his wig for two dollars, a lady bought his ear-rings for three dollars, another gentleman secured his moccasins (leaving the chief in his sock feet) for $1.75, a man cut off a lock of his hair, a photographer took his photograph, and a reporte Visit of The British Association. "\ tried to buy his shirt. The latter garment His Highness refused to sell. Presently a large (company of Indians were observed galloping across the prairie towards the town. When they arrived they were formed in line and reviewed by Crowfoot, who addressed them. They had not brought their instruments with which to give the pow-wow, and for their negligence (Crowfoot administered a severe rebuke. After a photographer had taken a picture of the group on horseback the engine whistled, and in a few minutes the train was pursuing its way eastward. THE (tAS well. A halt was made at Langevin station, to give the travellers an oppor- tunity of viewing the gas well there, which was struck at a depth of 1,165 feet while boring for water. The gas, which was blazing away, was pro- nounced by experts to be of a very good character. It was thought that it arose from a long time buried marsh. t SASKATCHEWAN COAL. 'I'he next halt was made at the switch which leads to the Saskatche- wan coal mine. A carload of coal was standing upon the track close by. The coal was inspected closely by the experts of the party, who pronounced it very good. They all agreed that it was not fair to call it a lignite, as it was much better than that. They carried samples away with them, intending to analyze it when oi)portunity affords. Medicine Hat was reached about nightfall, where a glorious sunset was witnessed. Here an excellent supper was secured, after which the train was soon under way again, and steaming rapidly eastward in the darkness. DR. CHEADLE. The result of an interview with this well-known gentleman will be found of sufificient interest to iniblish. It will be remembered that Dr. Cheadle, in company with Viscount Milton, crossed this continent in 1862. The account of their trip and the observations they were enabled to make are contained in a work entitled '• i'he Northwest Passage by Land.'" The doctor is a fine-looking and genial I'Lnglishman of striking appearance. He appears to be the soul of good nature, and is always found in a happy mood and with a ])erpetual smile on his face. Reply- ing to a question as to what induced him to make the trip in 1862, Dr. Cheadle said he came out more for his own amusement than anything '4 Visit of the British Association. else. They came via Detroit, Chicago and Milwaukee. The railway did not go beyond the last point then so that they were obliged to go by water to St. Paul. 'I'hey travelled from St. Paul to (George- town by stage, from which point they travelled in a canoe to Win- nipeg. They took a Red River cart and journed on to Edmonton, living mainly on pemiran during the trip. They wintered at Carlton, and in the spring proceeded across the mountains, taking the Yellow- head Pass. 'J-hey travelled on pack-horses. They left Edmonton on the first of July and reached Kamloop.s, in British Columbia, about the first of September. So dense was the forest that they had to cut their way through with axes. Kor weeks at a time they were not able to make more than two or three miles a day, and very often they could only accomplish but one mile a day. .'\long the prairie before entering the mountains they killed many buffalo, which were very numerous at that time. I I . I On r.OARD TRAIN AT BROADVIEW, Sunday, September 4th. The train reached Moose Jaw about .seven o'clock this morning, be- fore any of the Mooscjawians were astir. A very fair breakfast was secured, and time was allowed to take a stroll about the town. Moose Jaw seems to be one of prairie towns which are making progress. Evidences of activity can be seen as one strolls about the place. After a run of an hour and a half or two hours from Moose Jaw, Regina, or the police barracks, which are two miles west of the place, was reached. Here a guard of Mounted Police was waiting to receive the party and escort the members to the barracks. Colonel Irvine, with a carriage, escorted Sir Richard Temple and one or two other members to the barracks. One of the large mess rooms was extemporized for a chapel, and in a few minutes we were all gathered in the apartment worshiping Him whose marvellous works we had so recently had an opportunity of admiring. A pleased expression over- spread the faces of the travellers as they heard the familiar words : "All people that on earth do dwell,'" and heard the well-known tune "Old Hundred," played on the organ. His Lordship the Bishop of Ontario read the prayers; Rev. Canon EUegood read the hymns, and Sir Richard Temple read the lesson. The last hymn, "Nearer my God to Thee," was sung lustily, all following the lead of an excellent choir, m Visit of' the British Association. '5 [ailway jed to [eorgc- Win- nton, rlton, el low - n the t the It their make d onlv ng the 3US at composed of Mounted Police, and assisted by a piano. At the close oi the prayer, Rev. H. Jones, a member of the party, addressed a few practical remarks to the company. Service over, Colonel Irvine escorted the company about the barracks, calling attention to all the points of interest. The whistle of the engine warned us that we must make haste back, and in a few minutes we were on board the train again and whirling eastward. AT PORTAGE LA PRAIRIE. It was about seven o'clock on the morning of Monday, the 15th, when the train reached Portage la Prairie, a town of considerable importance on the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, sixty miles west of Winnipeg. Carriages were in waiting at the station, and the j)arty was conveyed to different hotels, where breakfast was provided. Upon returning to the station the company assembled in the waiting room there, where the following ADDRESS WAS PRESENTED : 'Jo Sir Richard Temple., President of the British Association. The people of Portage la Prairie tender you aud the members of your scientific body a hearty welcome on this your first visit to our country. Individual members of your association have within the last month visited our town and surrounding country, which has been a great source of pleasure to us. They have invariably expressed themselves as greatly pleased with the present prosjiects and future greatness of this locality. Here we cannot show you the great, grand and picturesque scenery that you lately have had the pleasure of viewing in the mountainous districts of these vast possessions of Her most gracious Majesty. Never- theless, though here the grand scenery is absent, yet we wish to impress on you the fact that you are now in the garden of the Dominion of Canada, you are now in that part of the Dominion that, when once placed under proper cultivation, and in a few years when the Hud- sons Bay Railway is constructed and in operation, will supply the over-populous^and manufacturing districts of (Jreat Britain with the necessaries as well as the luxuries of life. We sincerely regret that you have not the time to see our fields of golden grain, to examine the fertility ui our soil and be convinced that the Portage district is destined to be the bread producing field for millions of our fellow countrymen in the dear old Fatherland as well as the happy homes of thousands of the same race. We trust that your scientific body will be greatly benefitted from your visit to our country. We feel that you must be amazed at the i6 Visit of the British Assodatton. rapid construction of that gigantic undertaking, the Canadian Pacific Railway, that transcontinental highway, the iron band which in the bonds of love binds our various provinces together, and also, that this country be benefitted by your visit. In conclusion we wish you a safe and happy journey across the seas to your homes in the free and ha])i)y land of our most (iracious and beloved Queen. Sir Richard Temple was the first to respond. He said : Mr. Mayor and (lentlemen, I am sure that yll ilie gentlemen ])resent, members of the British Association, have listened with the greatest satisfaction to the address just read. We cannot help but admire your fields which are bright with the golden harvest. As we passed through here, about a week ago, we had an opportunity of taking a bird's-eye view of your golden fields. As to the fertility of your soil there can be no two opinions about it, as we had an opportunity of judging it as we passed along your streets this morning (laughter). Some of us had the advan- tage of driving about your town. You are only about three or four years old, and yet you have churches, schools, banks, fire-stations and other public buildings ; you have shops of all kinds, and you now possess a paraphernalia of civilization. You have magnificent agricul- tural machinery. We observed it scattered about your streets with all the names — mowers, binders, horse-rakes, etc., etc. Upon all these tangible evidences of progress we heartily congratulate you. We are glad to observe that a commencement has been made in Horticulture and Arboriculture ; you cannot make any mistake in pursuing these two branches, as they will prove of great ultimate benefit to you. We have seen Calgary, Moose Jaw, Regina, Qu'Appelle, Brandon and now Por- toge la Prairie, and although we have greatly admired the progress of all these towns, we think Portage la Prairie has the advantage and must have a great future, as it is nearer the centre of cirilization than any of the places named. What you want is branch lines, as highways, to bear away your produce. (Applause). Mr. S. Bourne, of Surrey, and a member of the British Association, was the next speaker. He said : It has given me peculiar pleasure to be afibrded an opportunity of visiting this country and judging for my- self of its great resources. For years past it has been my intention to come. I have often realized and pointed out the necessity under which the old country was placed, of disposing of her superabundance of population ; and where could she send them where they would succeed X:: Visit of the British Association. 17 better, than to this country (hear, hear. ) From the time the railway was commenced I have been anxious to see this country and to traverse it from its eastern to its western limits. You have done great things in Canada, but you were British and we expected great things from you. (Hear, hear.) We congratulate you upon the success which has resulted from your enterprise and energy, but it is only the commencement. When I look upon the vast extent of your country and the excellence of the crops which are produced from it, and think of the thousands who are sacrificing themselves in our own country at home, because of the overcrowded state of the cities and towns, I cannot but feel sorry that such should be the case, and resolve that my influence shall be used in the direction of sending our people to a land where plenty reigns. You are bound to have a great future, because you raise such an excellent grade of wheat and so much of it. Then, you have the advantage of living under the protection of the British flag. Let me say that we shall go to our homes with a sense of the warmest gratitude for the hospitable manner in which we have been received and treated wherever we went in your domains. We shall think of you when we return to our own home, where we are surrounded by all the comforts of life. I believe that through these colonies the old country will be renewed. Let me say, that as an ardent advocate of temperance, I have been able to traverse these lands from end to end without seeing the evidence of in- toxicating liquors. For this we will carry back a feeling of thankfulness. (Applause.) Prof Boyd Dawkins spoke next. He said : I feel that I should not delay you by congratulating you upon the points already spoken of There is one thing I wish to speak of, and it is the view we ought all to take ; The Englishman is an FiUglishman, not because he was born in England, but because he is an Englishman by blood or training. There are three classes into which the Englishmen might be divided. The first is the EnglishniiP. of the past ; then there is another class which we call the English par excellence at the present time ; and there is the new English represented in this country. An Englishman is none the less an Englishman because he may happen to be born here. It is not a political bond which unites us, it is the bond of race. I feel that in coming to Canada we are visiting friends and kinsmen, and I feel con- sequently quite at home in this vast region. I believe the great English- speaking race is destined to cover the whole world. (Apjjlause.) J li Visit of the British Assodatton. Mr. Shaw, a distinguished civil engineer and a member of the asso- ciation, was next introduced. He said : We have heard remarks about this wonderful railway and the means of locomotion. What has struck me more than this is the genius displayed in the invention of imple- ments adapted to the cultivation of your land, and as labor-saving machines. I have been able to examine the way in which you have used materials in the marvellous construction of machines adajjted to the soil. Your implements are not surpassed in any country in the world. I heartily congratulate you, gentlemen, on dt-vcloping your re- sources by means of such excellent machinery. Hy this means alone you could have developed this vast country, and it is by this means only that you can turn this land into one peopled with the right kind of popu- lation. I also have been able to observe that this land is blessed with an independent and enlightened press. I heartily congratulate you upon what you have attained. There is every prospect that you will be one of the first agricultural countries in the world. You have besides your agricultural advantages, probably the richest mineral country in the world. Besides possessing in the bowels of the earth a store of coal sufficient to supply the country, while it exists, this country is one of the greatest centres of mechanical civilization. (Cheers.) Prof. Sheldon, a distinguished agriculturist, being introduced, said : I have been struck as we passed along the line of railway with the rich- ness of the soil, the character of the country and the facility with which it can be drained. You possess within your borders every facility for producing the necessaries of life, and you have here fields of sufficient extent and fertility to produce food tor the whole world. From what I have seen of this district in days gone by, I think you have about here one of the richest portions in the whole of the Northwest. Winnipeg of course is destined to be, as it now is, the most important city in the Northwest, but you may reasonably expect to be the second place of importance. We all feel as if we were one family, although we are separated by 3,000 miles of water. I am sure, sir, that you look upon the Old Country with very great pride. She is the mother of us all and the wonderful mother of nations. She is the mother of the United States, a nation rapidly assuming such an important place in the world, and a nation bound to be one of the most important, if not the most important, in the world. (Applause.) Visit of tht British Association. ^9 said : rich- [hich for :ient lat I Ihere [gof the of" are ipon land ited [rid, lost j The Bishop of Ontario made a few remarks. As a Canadian member of the association and as a Canadian of 35 years' experience, he had no hesitation in saying that in his opinion, notwithstanding all that had been said about the country, the half had not been told. He had been able to witness the marvellous resources of the country. It was himself that influenced the Canadian Government and the Canadian I'acific Railway to extend the courtesies they did to the association. PRESENTATION. When the train arrived in Winnii)eg, the members of the association presented Superintendent Egan with an address expressive of gratitude for the courtesy he displayed to them during the trij). It was also inti- mated to Mr. Egan that a gold watch would be forwarded to him from England as a more tangible recognition of his good services. Mr. Egan replied suitably. • LUNCH AND SPEECHES. After a few hours spent in visiting the points of intere.st in the capital, and inspecting the historical exhibition prepared by the Historical and Scientific Society of Winnipeg, the members of the association returned to the Canadian Pacific Railway station and sat down to lunch in the magnificent dining room connected therewith. The repast was pro- vided by the city of Winnipeg. Many distinguished Canadian statesmen were present, in addition to the members of the British Association. Hon. Mr. Aikins, Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba, occupied the chair. Lunch concluded, and the national toasts disposed of, the health of "Our Guests" was drunk with enthusiasm. SIR RICHARD TEMPI.K. Sir Richard Temple, in acknowledgment, said : My Lord, ladies and gentlemen, I have obtained from His Honor the Lieutenant-Governor an injunction to the effect that 1 am to be excused from making a speech on this occasion, because the fact is I am held in reserve for a meeting in the Opera House this evening, which I shall have to address at length. While my friends and colleagues are whirling through the forest in order ro catih the train for Toronto, I shall be in all the agonies of rhetoric (laugliter), therefore, as I have got to run a race of oratory this evening, JO Visit of the British Association. I am to be let olT at a sort of feeble preliminary canter now (laugh- ter.) But what is far better for you, you will be addressed by some of the most eminent among my colleagues. In the first place I hope that Dr. Cheadle will represent history anil will tell you a few words regarding the wonderful contrast between the past and the present of the Northwest. You will also be addressed briefly by Professor Sheldon, who is an eminent authority on agriculture and will explain to you something of the mighty agricultural resources with which Providence has enriched this land. Then a few words will be spoken to you by Mr. Topley, of the Cleological Survey of England, and he will say something respecting those coal resources of which we saw- something and of which we might have seen much more. Lastly, you will be addressed briefly by Professor Boyd Dawkins, of Owens College, Manchester, who will say something as to the illimitable resources with which nature has endowed you both on the surface of and beneath the earth.* But although our speeches may relate to diverse subjects, we shall yet all breathe one common aspiration for the future of the Northwest. We shall all reciprocate the most kind sentiments which have been expressed by his Honor the Lieutenant- Governor, and we shall all be animated by the same thankfulness for the kindness and hospitality which we have received throughout Canada from the mouth of the St. Lawrence to the summit of the Rocky Mountains, which kindness and hospitality will, I have no doubt, attain its culminating point in the capital city of Winnipeg, (applause.) I trust that on behalf of the host I may be allowed to call upon DR. CHEADLE. Dr. Cheadle — When I visited this country before, it exercised upon me such a remarkable fascination that my great wish and longing was to come to it again. That vision and hope of the future was postponed year after year by the pressure of professional work and other engagements. Now at last my dream has been realized and I visit these shores once more, thanks to the opportunity afforded me by the meeting of the British Association. (Hear, hear.) Now, gentlemen, it is hard for you to understand the little knowledge there was of this country twenty years ago, and not only that, but the mistaken impression which pre- vailed with regard to it ; the impression that the country was a ).l low (laugh- id hy some »t j)lace I you a few the present ■ Professor vill ex|>lain ith which be spoken id, and he :h we saw Lastly, of Owens illimitable le surface ' relate to i rat ion for most kind [ieutenant- kfulness iroughout of the have no innipeg, owed to lit Vi ed upon g was to ned year ements, shores ;eting of hard for twenty ich pre- was a Visit of the British Assoiiation. ai desolate region bound up by frost, an inhospitable country which scarcely grew anything fit for the use of man, except the fur-bearing animals. And if you understand this you would, I think, value still more the visit of this association, because it will pour upon our country a flood of evidence which will, T have no doubt, absolutely convince the peojile of England of the extreme value of this great region. Well, I came here with that idea impressed upon me, but a little experience and observation of the country very soon rectified my mistake. In the Red River settlement, as Winnipeg was then called, I found wheat growing yielding enormously, 20, 30, 40 and 50 bushels to the acre, and in some places I was informed cropped ten years in succession and yielding the last year almost abundantly as the first. Then passing on I found the resource i- ere stored along the Saskatchewan. I found the district unequalled for pastures, where cattle not only wintered out, but grew fat. When I went there I took horses from here, and travelling day by day, arrived at Fort Galton just at the beginning of winter, the horses being in a state of exhaustion and even emaciation with hard work. We turned them out in the most inhospitable fashion just as the snow began to fall. We did nothing for them, save to watch their course and keep mark of them. In the spring they came out very different objects to what they were when we turned them out, fat, and fit for the journey across the mountains. Then going further still we came upon evidence of valuable mineral resources, coal fields jutting out for hundreds of miles on the Red River, and since have been discovered on the Souris River, and further still we came upon the mineral resources of the Rocky Mountains, gold, silver, and iron resources not yet fully developed, but which will be, no doubt, when this Canadian Pacific Railway is further extended to the heart of that region. This great country when taken as a whole, seemed to possess resources of every kind in itself. The only want one could see was the want of outlet, for the only means of en- trance to the country was through the United States by way of the Red River valley. Now, thanks to the enterprise of the Canadian Govern- ment and the Canadian Pacific Railway, free exit of all your produce will be provided, which will carry it straight to the Atlantic Coast, where it may be shipped to any market you wish. (Applause.) There is one point to which I should like to call your attention, because I fear some of our neighbors^may go away with a somewhat mistaken impression of i 't f t I, 23 Visit of the British Association. the country altogether. They have seen only the magnificent prairie region which sketches by way of Portage la Prairie, Brandon, Medicin " Hat and Calgary to the Rocky iViountains. But there is another dis- trict which differs a little in character from others, and I am sorry it has not been possible to show my companions through the whole country. I mean the country of the Saskatchewan. 'Chat is a country of hills and valleys, of lakes and streams and woods, and there is a great forest stretching away to the north, to the Arctic circle, I believe. Perhaps this can be hardly realized by those making this excursion across the great plains. The Canadian Government or the people of Manitoba appear to be behaving like the boy at school and keeping the plum to the last. The Saskatchewan is the plum of the whole. (Hear.) I be- lieve a railway is already projected, in fact partly carried out, which will give access to that beautiful and fertile region. There is one other point. You have seen in the Rocky Mountains some magnificent scenery, and yet the district has been imperfectly explored. I have seen it north and south on the i)resent occasion from the Kicking Horse Pass. But although we have seen all the glories of the great Range rising from the plain we know little or nothing of the beauties which lie hidden in the recesses of the mountains. Plateaus, glaciers and upland valleys and lakes probably lie hidden there ; and there is in the district a splendid health-recruiting ground which will rival Switzerland. .\nd I can anticipate the time, perhaps, if I should ever come to this country again, and I hope I may, it may be on my third visit, I shall find the citizens of the great city of Winnipeg and probably from all parts of Canada, spending in the recesses of those mountains their time of leisure, and dissipating there, probably pleas- antly enough, some of the wealth which will no doubt accrue to them with extraordinary rapidity. That happy time I hope to see, and my desire to return again will be upon me as strong as ever. One remarkable point of difference between my former and present visit, and which was brought before me with great force, is the difference in the commissariat. (Laughter.) When 1 was here before it was with difficulty we maintaineil the struggle for life, by providing with great labor the means for subsistence in the form of food. This time, on the contrary, our great struggle has been rather to avoid taking too much. (Laughter and applause.) It seemed to me that the further we advanced from sunlight, almost the greater has been the luxury with which we have Visit of the British Association. V ificent prairie on, Medicin another dis- n sorry it has lole country. "f of hills and great forest t'e. Perhaps 1 across the 5f Manitoba the plum to ear.) I be- . which will 5 one other magnificent d. 1 have >e Kicking i the great le beauties us, glaciers d there is will rival I should be on niy nipeg and of those hly pleas- ccrue to • to see, as ever. cut visit, -Tcnce in >vas with th great ', on the much. Jvanced we have been surrounded. (Hear.) We found even in the heart of the moun- tains, food which would have whetted our appetites even if we had not been in such favorable condition for their development. (Hear, hear.) I can only, in conclusion, quote the cordial words which have proceeded from Sir Richard as to our reception. It has been hospitable, generous, liberal, beyond expectation and belief. (.Applause.) This great excur- sion to the Rocky Mountains is beyond anything which has ever before been dreamed of ; entertainment on the most gigantic scale and of the most enjoyable character. I think we have all enjoyed it thoroughly and shall bear away with us the most i)leasant recollections. .\nd should any of you think it good to return our visit in the Old Country we shall welcome you heartily. (Applause.) PROFESSOR SHF.LDON, an eminent agriculturist, said : It may be possible I shall utter some remarks this afternoon in which the bulk of the members of the British Association will not find much warm sympathy on the question of Agri- culture, which is hardly understood very extensively by many. Hut I think 1 may make on- remark in which all will symi)athize, and that is : we have had, thanks to the ('anadian Pacnfic Railway Company, a mag- nificent journey. (Applause.) I may say, sir, that although this is my fourth visit to ('anada, that I have enjoyed it nuu'h more than any pre- vious one. So much hospitality and kindness have I received from Canadians in all the Provinces that the very name will be dear to my heart hereafter. (Hear, hear.) It has fallen to my lot, some years ago, to speak publicly of the resources of (Xanadu, in the course of a ])am- phlet \ wrote for the Canadian (lovernment, and that pamphlet was circuited very extensively in England. So that in all probability I am responsibility to^somc extent for much of the po]nilation you find in t'^is country now. In the town close to my home, Buxton, in Derbyshire, a name familiar to many of you, especially you who came fronv the Old Country, no fewer than sixty came out in consecjuence of the pamphlet, and the'number from all England will be very large indeed. At the same time, I am confident of this, that however many have come out influenced more or Ilss by x\w recommenchitions of this country, that all wlu) were in distress, as families not unfre(|ucntly are at home, have found they have done a good iliin^ ii\ leaving England, which is so full t)f peo- ple, for this magnificent country, where there is room for everybody. I ^¥ Visit of the British Association. \\\\ may, sir, congratulate not only Canada, but the Government of Canada especially, and also the syndicate of the Canadian Pacific Railway, on their magnificent highway through this vast country. They have now — the Government, I presume, standing responsible to a great extent for the construction of the line — the Government and the people have con- structed the longest railway line in the world. (Applause.) Now the land you have in this Northwest Territory, vast and fertile, as no doubt much of it is, would have been of no practical good whatever but fcr the opening up of this railway. I may remark inter alia, that the Canadian Pacific Company have set you Winnipeg people a good example in making a grand highway through this country, which you might worthily follow through your beautiful town. (Hear and laughter.) The weather — very unfavorable to-day, which we all regret — has caused many to feel considerable trepidation in traversing your streets. One of the members of the association came, very much to his disgust and very uninten- tionally on his part, into a very undignified position on the pavement. I hope, sir, the example set by the Government will be followed by the people of Winnipeg, and the next time we visit the city we shall be able to walk about the streets without danger of breaking our necks. (Hear.) You will expect me to say a little about what I conceive to be the agri- cultural possibilities and prospects of this vast continent, or at least, the Canadian part of it. I have been delighted with the views we obtained of the beautiful rolling land you have in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, land covered with a natural herbage far superior to anything I have ever seen in any country before. I did not think it possible indeed that such herbage could be grown in a purely natural manner as that which I saw growing, although of course I could not examine it in the foothills of the Rockies. It seems well adapted for ranching purposes and is being so adopted. The land is also rolling, with hills here and there, giving much natural shelter, so that cattle in ordinary winters will be able to live out there without artificial shelter. But it seems to me, and I have been led to understand from those practically experienced in these things, that it is advisable, in your Northwest Ter- ritory, not to trust entirely to Providence with regard to winters, but to provide sufficient artificial shelter and food, that when the evening comes you will be prepared to meet him. With regard to the great plain stretching from here to the Rockies, I think I can perceive a great deal of very excellent land which will be magnificent for the raising of wheat, oats, and barley in all probability, and not only so, but of various H^ V,t^,ii„v;ji r r H.i^'».NWi » KWr^S«gW !l iWW1WW'Mt»lJ^ »l t«HWI ' HMt i W.Jt' l |lllJ«' n' »' i' ' '* " i' »»-lm wil l Visit of the British Association. V ment of Canada ific Railway, on hey have now- great extent for eople have con- se.) Now the Je, as no doubt ever but fcr the t the Canadian 3d example in might worthily ) The weather d many to feel ■ the members very uninten- ■ pavement. I 1 lowed by the shall be able 2cks. (Hear.) ) be the agri- ' at least, the we obtained the Rocky to anything it possible Jral manner ot examine <3r ranching , with hills in ordinary er. But it practically iwest Ter- ;rs, but to ling comes reat plain great deal raising of of various kinds of roots, turnips particularly. Now here you hnve the first principles necessary to successful agriculture. We saw yesterday — and I am sorry to say it happened to be Sunday — that very extraordinary exhibit of agricultural enterprise at the Bell Farm. I was particularly struck with it, because I had not before seen on this continent or anywhere else, anything so large. I consider, sir from what opinion I was able to form of the magnificent farm from a cursory view, that it has been conducted on sound commercial principles. At the same time remarks were made to me by Major Bell of a very start- ling nature in reference to the future of English farms. He said one thing to me which it will be my duty to place before the public. After allowing for eight per cent, on capital he will be able to deliver wheat in Liverpool at twenty shillings a quarter, that is at about half the present price of wheat. If that can be done by Major Bell on the farm it can also be done by hundreds of thousands on other farms where the land has been opened up by the i ail way. I tremble to think of the result of all that on English farmers. Sorely cast down as they have been since 1877, by serious seasons, they will be hopelessly out of the race if the words of Major Bell are realized. It is a matter of deep importance to English farmers to consider what shall be done if that dream, if it be only a dream, or that prediction, be realized. Well, sir, you want popu- lation in this country; we in England have a great deal too much of it, and many suffer on account of being overcrowded. Of course we have a great many classes that would not suit you. You want agriculturists first of all, for the development of your agriculture is the first thing to which you must turn your attention. It has been, is, and yet will be the glory of the Dominion; therefore the development of your soil, your natural capacities in regard to the growth of wheat and other agricultural products must be the first thing to which you must turn your attention. For that purpose you want here a people who understand something about agriculture and are able to enter on the work which we have seen so successfully started. We cannot spare you many of the best classes of these people, but 1 feel sure there are numbers of farmers who are struggling in England to make things meet ; their position is like that o^ an old wall that will stand so long as you leave it where it is, but will fall directly you touch it. Such people would, I think, relieve their minds of much crushing and terrible anxiety, if they would give up their farms in England, and give up associations for ' I I 1 I ■ 1 26 Visit of the British Association. the time being, and come here, where, as a speaker has stated, every man can eat in peace the food which he produces under his own vine and fig-tree. (Hear, hear.) I believe, sir, that not only will this Dominion be a great wheat-producing country, the great granary, de- cidedly of Canada and England to a great extent, but I think you may very successfully go in for cattle-raising. Your ranches out in the Northwest when due precaution has been taken to avoid disaster, have turned out successful, and I think that from Winnipeg right to the foothills of the Rockies, your whole prairie is adapted for the raising of cattle. I was informed by a rancher at Calgary that it was in contemplation to start a herd of dairy cows and let them out to dairy- men at so much per head, or for half profits, or such like. Now dairy farmers should go hand in hand with the cattle raisers. An animal should do something more than raise her own offspring. This whole territory, particularly some parts of it, where the land is good enough for agriculture, is adapted not only for wheat growing, but for cattle raising. There is one thisg against which I should like to warn you Canadians, and that is to be careful not to introduce the various bovine diseases rampant in the United States. It will be a great drawback to your agricultural development if you once admit them. Therefore it behooves you, for your own preservation, to be careful how you admit cattle from their markets at all.' If we in England once know that you have disease here amongst your cattle, we must schedule you and not receive your stock alive. I do not know that I can say anything more on this subject particularly, but I may conclude by thanking you most heartily for the kindness received on all hands, and especially thanking the Canadian Pacific Com- pany for the great treat extended to me (applause) and also Mr. Egan for his courtesy and gentlemanly kindness throughout our entire jour- ney. (Applause.) I may say, sir, that whatever may be the future of Canada politically whether she remains attached to the Old Country (cries of "She will,") or whether as an independent land, she chooses to unite her destiny elsewhere, (loud cries of "No. no,") — well I am glad to hear that "No," and I am sure that England herself will re- joice to be assured that such an emphatic No exists in the minds of all Canadians, — but whatever may be the political future of Canada, I am sure of this. sir. thnt your agricultural and commercial future contains elements ot very magnificent achievements. (Loud applause.) \ \ f Visit of the British Association. 37 ■ has stated, every ^der his own vine ot onJy will this reat granary, de- J think you may '^s out in the 'd disaster, have 'eg right to the for the raising hat it was in ^^ out to dairy, ch like. Now raisers. An f?spring. This Jand IS good '^ing, but for d like to warn -e the various ^^ a great admit them. o be careful in England 'e, we must J^now that »ut I may received cific Corn- Mr. Kgan itire jour- ^e future Country chooses ell I am will re- minds of Canada, 1 future clause.) MR. TOPLEY, of the English Geological Survey : Before proceeding to the special subject which Sir Richar'^ Temple has allotted to me, and which I shall treat very briefly at . 'is late hour, I hope I may be permitted to add my most cordial thanks in acknowledging the most generous hospitality extended to us, not only by the city of Winnipeg, but by Canada generally ; and also to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, which has enabled us to see the country in the very advantageous manner in which we have done. The trip is one which will throughout our lives form a fragrant spot in our recollections. I have been asked to speak upon geology specially. Geology in a certain sense lies at the foundation to a large extent of the material riches and develop- ment of a country. The shape of a country depends upon the structure of the country, and that is a geological question entirely. The developmpnt of a country depends upon its mineral wealth , the agriculture of a country depends upon its soil, which is entirely due to geological causes. Unfortunately we have gone rapidly through the country and have not investigated with the minuteness which we could wish, all these causes and consequences. But we have seen enough to teach us valuable lessons. Most fortunately we have been accompanied by a most distinguished geologist, Dr. Selwyn, the Director of Canadian Survey. Canada is fortunate in having secured his services, and the issues of its survey take a high rank in geological literature. They are very numerous, and I am afraid are better known out of Canada than within your borders. I can only advise those who are interested in the future development of the country to study your survey report. By the able assistance w^e have had, we have been able to see much better than we otherwise could have done many of the things which, as geologists, we desired to see. Sir Richard Temple spoke of coal growing in many places along the western line. Of course coal is one of the most important things with which we have to do, and it is fortunate that there are enormous deposits of coal of various qualities cropping up in different places up to the foot of the Rockies and in some of the recesses of the mountains them- selves. Theoretically it is important to find out how it differs in different places. To geologists this is jjarticularly interesting ; but the point in which Canadians will be most interested is to know that the »8 Visit of the British Association. coal is there. Partly it is what is called ignite, though it deserves a better name than that, and partly it is anthracite further west. And in all these developments of the country whether concerning coal or other matters, information which geologists can give is very considerable, and it is pleasant to know that investigations are rapidly extending, over the wide area, and we shall soon know much more than we now do. Among other points in which geology can help in the develop- ment of Western Canada is the ticklish one of water supply. (Hear, hear.) Unfortunately there are places of the area where water is not so good as it might be. I think false impressions are brought about with regard to this question. The water does not do the harm to the cattle that is supposed ; still over a large area the water might be better than it is, and I certainly think that by geological investigations we shall learn where to find water and how to find it. The agricultural western district at present depends upon the natural resources of the soil and will for a long time do so. That is a question not touched upon by the geologian, although it cannot have been absent from his mind that the natural resources of the country will have to be augmented as in other countries. I hope this will be a long distant time, but the lesson ot Eastern Canada was that it is possible to farm too long a time over any soil without any amelioration. It is fortunate that along this line there is within reach, particularly by the railway, some im- portant mineral wealth which will aid in the improvement of the soil. There are those wonderful deposits of phosphate near Ottawa which are supplied to other parts of the world, but not to the extent which might have been expected of Canada. There is this great resource of mineral wealth which the railway, when completed along the north of Lake Superior, will be able to attract to the Western States. Then there is lime, which must in future be used, and ought now, I think, to be used on some of those western farms, by which their produce would be enormously increased. Here you have an enormous deposit of lime-stone. Now this is interesting as building stone, and I think it will by and bye be used as a road stone. It is deemed interesting now for its fossils, but there is a mine of wealth here for agriculturists which can be carried along west and will be some day extensively used. The United States Consul has alluded in very felicitous ^erms to the gathering at Montreal. I object to call it international because ive coine to Canada, out it is international to the large extent to which \ yh it deserves a "«her west. And oncerning coal or very considerable, apidly extending' 'ore than we now Jn the develop- ' supply. (Hear, lere water is not e brought about ^o the harm to water might be 1 investigations '^e agricultural ources of the ^ not touched sent from his be augmented inie, but the ^ too long a te that along '. some im. of the soil, tawa which vtent which resource of 2 north of -s- Then f fbink, to ICC would 'eposit of think it teresting ■ulturists ensively IS .erms because > which Americans came. Geology is peculiarly an American science. By that I do not mean that geology is confined to America, but it has been cultivated with enormous success in America. (Hear, hear.) It has added enormously to the interest of our meetings, and one can only be very glad that science is thus a great bond of union among the nations. It transcends all national ties, and one does not think of the pational character of the man in accounting the position he shall hold in scientific ranks. (Ajjplause.) To a certain extent literature must be national, and one can only hope that by and bye Canada, when it has time to think of other things besides material wealth, will develop a literature of her own worthy of that which has sprung up in the United States, and worthy of that which we as Englishmen are so justly proud. (Hear, hear.) Literature may, however, keep for a time, although one must hope that it will come, but the development of science is necessary to the development of a country, and I think that geology in this particular takes no second place. (Applause.) SIR RICHARD TEMPLE briefly proposed the health of the Lieutenant-Governor and his wife, which was heartily drunk and suitably acknowledged. HON. MR. NORQUAY, the Premier of Manitoba, replied. He said : Sir Richard, ladies and gentlemen — It may be considered superfluous on my part to attempt to supplement the hearty welcome extended to the association by his Honor the Lieutenant-Governor, but still I would consider myself lacking in duty did I not on behalf of the people of this Province welcome this large, important and influential association here to the Province of Manitoba. We welcome them also for the purpose of exacting certain duties from them when they leave the Province, which duties I think from the tone of their utterances they will cheerfully perform. One is to dispel the erroneous reports «nd ideas that have been circulated re- garding Manitoba and the great Northwest, of which we feel so proud, and justly, too, I believe. (Hear, hear.) We also expect, and in this I think we .shall not be disappointed, that a large amount of useful infor- mation will be disseminated most cheerfully regarding the resources of this part of the Dominion of Canada. We appreciate fully the respon- sibility thrown upon our shoulders as Canadian people, of developing 30 Visit of the British Association. this portion of Her Majesty's Dominions, and we welcome every source of assistance that comes amongst us. None do we welcome more cheer- fully than the British Association, whom we have the honor of enter taining to-day. (Applause.) It is perhai)s true that the* hospitality we have been able to extend at so short a notice, is not worthy to be pre- sented by the Province to so influential a body, but they must on this occasion take the will for the deed. (Hear, hear.) On account of the inclemency of the weather, moreover, we anticipate their visit will not be of so pleasant a character as it might have been. But takinj; all drawbacks into consideration, we feel satisfied that they have seen in their visit to the Northwest enough to convince them of the magnificent resources yet undeveloped of this portion of the Dominion of Canada. And their is no medium through which or by whom we would better like to be represented to the world than through that association, which has the proud prefix of "British" as its distinguishing characteristic. (Applause.) An offshoot of the parent country, our institutions are all of that national character that we cherish so sacredly. Our social and educational institutions have that feature attached to them, and we wel- come all and everybody British, especially an association whose main object is the dissemination of useful information. And considering this important fact, our highest ambition is that our resources should be known, and that our institutions should be understood, and we are not afraid of the result, (.-\pplause.) Without occupying your valuable time any further, I will simply ex])ress a hope that your journey will be as successful to the end as it has been to the present time, and that you may never meet with any worse fate than that which the Manitoba people wish you. (Applause.) SIR RICHARD TEMPLE, proposing the toast of "The Canadian Pacific Railway," said : Now, my friends, we have so often sung praises to this celebrated company that it would be really gilding the gold to sing those praises again. (Applause.) But I must propose the toast with one word only, and it is this : That it is owing to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company that that momentous and difficult excursion was projected and undertaken, and of which you are celebrating this moment the successful termination. The toast was received with reiterated cheering, after which the pro- ceedings were adjourned to the exhibition. Visit of the British Association. 3^ AT THE EXHIBITION. On Monday afternoon at ihc Historical Exhibition Hall a public re- ception was given to the members of the British Association. The Lieutenant-Governor and Premier Norquay delivered addresses of wel- come. The Mayor and Council through their clerk presented an address. Sir Richard Temple, replying, said : I have the pleasure and honor to reply on behalf of the British Association for the Advancement of Science to the two most interesting and remarkable speeches which have just been delivered and to the eloquent address which has been read. We con- gratulate ourselves that we are met in this noble hall, which is so abund- antly adorned with everything representing the past history, the glorious present, and the prospective future of this city of Winnipeg and this Pro vince of Manitoba. (Applause.) 'I'he weather was brilliant in the Rocky Mountains, and we have on the whole during our sojourn in the North- west been extremely favored in this particular, and although his Honor deigns to regret the existence of mud in this city, let me assure you that it is not astonishing to us who come from England. The only thing is this : The mud of Winnipeg is much lighter for the horses and wheels than the mud of Europe, and without speaking quite seriously, I may remark that it is quite interesting to scientific agriculturists to observe the remarkable ingredients of which the earth is made up here. (Laughter.) It contains great strength, lightness and fertility. It is all very well for you to talk about your soil, but if you knew the heavy clay soil of England, you would understand the superiority of the new country over that of the mother land. Besides that you have a good pavement of wood, which is both smooth, strong and finished, and you have good wooden crossings from one side of the street to the other. Then, may I assure you that I and all my colleagues will most conscienti- ously discharge those duties which appertain to us and which the Lieutenant-Governor so justly reminded us of in his behests, and which we should on our return home most fully obey in making known to our countrymen all the glory and greatness we have seen out here. Gentle- men, I personally am a native of the Midland counties in the neighbor- hood of Birmingham, and it will be my duty constantly to address large political meetings regarding our colonial and foreign affairs; and I know well I shall be called to a strict account by my political supporters as to all I have seen and heard here. And as I most fully endorse all that has been said regarding the resources of the Northwest, you can imagine J2 Visit of the British Association. the account I shall have to give. (Applause.) These resources are inimitably great. They are already developed largely by the hand of man, and are susceptible of an infinite development in the future. We most cordially reciprocate all the kind expressions that have fallen from the Governor, from the Prime Minister, and from the Mayor. We are animated by tlie most brotherly feelings towards our colonial fellow subjects, and shall endeavor to induce all those who cannot find a living at home, to seek a livelihood in this land of plenty ; and let me assure you that neither wet, nor chill, nor cold, nor cloud, nor darkness can dim the brightness of your reception or diminish the warmth of our gratitude. (Applause.) THE MAYOR, as President of the Scientific Society of Manitoba, explained that the hall had been fitted up so as to present in a small compass some uf the salient features of our country. In the field of geology we have a con- siderable collection, possibly the only collection in the Northwest. We have also some ornaments representing the ethnology of the country lying west and north of Lake Superior. They include Indian arms and curiosities, not only of the present race, but also of a former race which inhabited our tenitory. We have also striking instances of what may be of philological interest to the association; and last but not least, we have our agricultural products. We have a number of vegetables, and I am sure that one single cabbage would be sufficient to dine the whole of your association. And they are not particularly striking instances with our country. Many old residents can remember to have seen much larger cabbages than you see here. Our samples of wheat are said to be remarkably good in character, by those skilled in these matters, and we want the association to tell what they have seen. (Applause.) PROFESSOR DAWKINS : I did not intend to take any very large share in what I believe is only known in this part of the world as a great pow-wow. (Laughter.) But I feel that it is a singular gratification to me to speak a few words in this place in answer to the kind reception which has been given us by the Historical Society and the Scientific Association, to which this hall and its contents are due. I feel that in expressing our thanks to you, I am but feebly expressing the feelings which animate us all. And I would say that the peculiar advantage of our meeting in this room consists in this fact, that here we have the past, present and future Visit of the British Association. jj of this country brought forcibly together before our minds. Vou have here in the trophies on the walls pictures of what this great area was before the great English race in it« passage ever pushing westward, flooded over into the valley of the Red River. Hut that is a condition of things of the past. Looking to those tro])hies turned from the soil by the ])lough, there you see the condition of things at the present time. In the cc^llection of Iruits and in those gigantic cabbages you have presented agriculturally the enormously important position which this district now holds. Hut now for the future. It seems to me that just as the bison and the grizzly bear, and the wapati have disappeared before the face of the farmer, so will the.se great solitudes, if so I may call them, crying out for population, echo with the voices of many thousands of human beings, and these trophies, which I have no doubt are the result of a very small area of cultivation, will be scattered over thousands of square mile.s. We have heard to-day of the serious effects which will be produced in the mother country by the low price of wheat caused by the teeming fields of this glorious region. Now, I do not think that is a thing to be regretted at all. (Hear, hear.) It seems to me that if the British farmer is to be of any good at all, if he is able to carry out the position which he ought to hold in this universe, if he is unable to procure wheat at the i)rice in the Old Country at which it can be produced in the new, the remedy is before his very face. He must come to that region where the land invites him ; and I for one do not see why the British farmer should be exempt from those com- mercial laws, those laws of supply and demand which are imperative on all other classes of the community. (.\i)plause.) If, therefore, he cannot afford to compete with the great Northwest, with the "great lone land,"' let him disapi)ear if he cannot come here and better himself. I would only add just one other word. We members of the British .Vssociation have tried a great experiment, an experiment which has turned out in the most satisfactory manner possible ; and it seems to me that although when we go back we shall speak of this country as we find it, and shall be believed when we say what we shall say, because nobody will think we are land sharks, or men going about trying to sell land at five dollars an acre, which cost them only one ; besides all that, I mean to say that the educational effect upon ourselves is of the very highest value. (Hear, hear.) W'e have learned what this country is ourselves, and have seen everywhere that true warmth of feeling which must have made us 34 Visit of the Prttish Association. all realize thai whether we were born in England or in Canada, we are going from one cousin's household to another. (Ajjplause.) SIR RICHARD TEMPLE DELIVERS AN ADDRESS UPON THE COUNTRY. * Citizens of Winnipeg with their proverbial shrewdness are always ready to take advantage of every opportunity which offers itself to advertise the country, and ac(|uaint the world with its vast resources. It is no wonder therefore that when the distinguished scientists returned a reception was proposed, at which the more prominent members of the party were asked to speak, and give the ])ublic the advantage of their observations and impressions formed during the trip. The Princess Opera House was secured and upon the night of Tuesday, the 16th of September, Sir Richard Tem|)le delivered the following address to an audience, which for magnitude and enthusiasm, has never been excelled in Winnipeg. Upon the platform were Hon. Mr. Norquay, Premier of Manitoba ; Hon. J. C. Aikins, Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba ; His Worship Mayor Logan, of Winnijieg ; Hon. Mr. Brown, U. S, Consul Taylor and others. Hon. Mr. Nonjuay, as chairman, introduced Sir Richard Temple, who said : — Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, I am sure a great deal of what I am about to say you arc already familiar with, but one finds in travelling over your magnificent country so much to talk about that I almost feel under an obligation to you for affording me this opportunity of relieving myself of the burden of good things I have to say about you. I purpose dividing my lecture into eighteen subjects, which I shall deal with separately. The first I shall speak of is 'J'HK EXCURSIOX of a section of the British Association to tb,- Rocky Mountains. This was one of the longest, if not the lougcs'., excursion ever undertaken, and in that respect was suitable to the land in which it was made. The excursionists were about one hundred in number, and were all men of more than ordinary education. Now that they are no longer present I might say about them what I had not dared to say to their faces, that they are a thoroughly accomplished, learned and scientific body of men. They proceeded most carefully, thoroughly and con- scientiously, and saw everything that could possibly be brought within the range of their vision in the most complete manner. Among them were many who carry weight at home, and whose opinions are listened Visit of the British Aswciatton. 3S ida, we .ire S UPON irc always s itself to jources. It returned a bcrs of the ige of their le Princess the 16th of Iress to an en excelled Premier of itoba ; His . S. Consul Dduced Sir at deal of one finds talk about me this I have to n subjects, is ns. This ndertaken, was made, were all no lonf^er ay to their scientific and con- ght within long them e listened to throughout Kngland. Therefore it can be judged whether it is not a great advantage to this country in the present state of public opinion to have such a cloud of witnesses now reluming to England men who have faith in the Northwest of Canada, and who will give before all Kngland a scientific reason for the faith that is in them. I know their reports will be favorable in the extreme. We came here with high anticipations, and those anticijjations have been more than fulfilled. \Wc were (luite struck with admiration of all we saw and heard, and 1 am ([uite sure our evidence will be satisfac tory to the well-wishers of the Northwest in the highest degree. It should, hcjwever, be rembered that we have, after all, hardly seen the best of the country. We have seen what might be called the southern section, but we have heard that there is another section still finer, grander and richer. What would have been our admiration if we could have seen the glorious whole ? Never- theless we have heard on authentic evidence of the greatness of the northern region ; and we can measure its greatness by considering what we have actually seen. IHK LONK I.ANO A LAND OH' PROMISK. I beg to refer, secondly, to the remarkable contrast presented, the beautiful country until recently called "'i'he i.one Land," now being considered a land of promise. It is but a very few years since the places which are now the haunts of civilization were the runs and wallowing places of bands of bufialoes. 'i'he country is vast. The popular idea in England now is that the Northwest of Canada could sustain a pojjula- lion of 100,000,000 .\nglo-Saxons. 1 do not know exactly how they got the figure of 100,000,000 ; nevertheless it is very possible that it might be realized in the not very remote future. Indeed, considering the cultivable area of the North\»est, including both the Northwest Provinces and Manitoba, which can hardly be less than a million square miles, and reckoning a ])opulation of loo to the s(|uare mile, which is not a high average, the result would be u total po|)ulation of 100,000,000, This vast area might fairly be compared with some of the neighboring States of North America, fully e(}ualling probably that of Dakota, Idaho, Minnesota and Washington, which are constituting a land of promise to our American kinsmen. IHE SCENERV. The scenery of the |)rairie impressed all the excursionists with its vastness. There is a beauty in mere immensity ; although the surface of the ground might not be diversified, yet it is a wonderful sight to see the sun ri.se and set on a tract perfectly level on all sides — as it were an ocean of vegetation. The approach to the Rocky Mountains from the jjrairie is jjerhaps the most remarkable in the world. I do want to give exaggerated ideas. People here probably think the Rocky Moun- tains the greatest in the British Empire, but the British Empire is a very large place. They are scarcely more than a third as high as the Him- alayas, nevertheless the approach to them from the prairie is truly 3(i Visit of the British Association. wonderful ; for they rise as masses of rock right out of the prairie. Duiirj the greater part of the year they are covered with snow. Even now, at the end of the sumnier, the rocks are mainly snow-capped. As we approached the mountains we actually saw about 150 Miles of con- tinuous snow-clad hills, which, rising straight out of the prairie, consti- tute a sight which is quite unique. 1'here is only one parallel to it — namely, the approach to the Caucasus from the steppes of Russia, and even this is not so fine, as there is first a range of low hills, then another a little higher, and again above all the summits of the snow-clad peaks of Caucasus. Perhaps at some future time I may give a lecture upon the scenery and topography of the mountains themselves, but for the present I must confine myself to the remark that the effect of all this scenery upon the minds of those who live in that region is very im- pressive. I believe that the contemplation of this magnificent scenery — magnificent in extent at least — has a very elevating effect upon the Anglo-Saxon mind, enlarging the ideas, brightening the imagination and elevating the sentiments. In the short addresses which we received on the way, there was a loftiness of expression almost amounting to grand- iloquence, to which I had hardly been accustomed in the addresses which I have received in other portions of the British Empire. The wonders I have described are wonders of nature, but to our British eyes and patriotic minds, the greatest of all wonders was the spectacle of Anglo-Saxon, British-Canadian enterprise spreading itself over the sur- face of this vast country and writing its marks in letters of flame, as it were, uj)on the book of nature. (Applause.) THE MINERAL RESOURCES. Some of the mineral resources we have not seen. I allude par- ticularly to the iron ore of which we have seen specimens at the exhibi- tion in Winnipeg ; but we have seen something and heard much of the coal resources. I believe there are coal mines within a short distance of the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. I understand that there are coal resources within a very moderate distance of it, and that there is quite on the line, within a hundred yards, superior ignite which will burn very well when mixed with bituminous or anthracite coal. When these coal mines are worked you will be independent of Pittsburg and the United States in respect of coal, and I need not say that this will be a great advantage. THE PRAIRIE. The prairie is fast becoming a thing of the past in this part of Canada, In that respect it is following the example of the herds of buffalo, and of the poor Indians who are receding before the face of the white man. When we left Winnipeg we saw a few miles of real prairie ; owing, we were told, to the fact that the lands were in the hands of speculators who were reserving them for future use. When we got beyond this limited area we really saw no prairie at all for several Visit of the British Association. 37 Jt of the prairie, nth snow. Even now-capped. As [50 Miles of con- le jirairie, consti- parallel to it — is of Russia, and ills, then another snow-clad peaks y give a lecture miselves, but for the effect of all egion is very im- ^nificent scenery effect upon the imagination and I we received on unting to grand- n the addresses I Empire. The our British eyes he spectacle of :lf over the sur- "s of flame, as it I allude par- is at the exhilM- rd much of the short distance tand that there and that there nite which will coal. When Pittsburg and hat this will be art of Canada, rds of buffalo, face of the miles of real were in the e use. When all for several UK 1| hundred miles, when we crossed the Saskatchewan. I mean that we never passed for a mile together on the plain without seeing a home- stead, or field, or the marks of human occupation. It was only when we crossed the Saskatchewan that we saw real prairie, and then it was only so in a modified sense. From the moment the homesteads and golden fields ceased, the cattle ranches began. I understand that almost the whole area from the Saskatchewan to the foot of the moun- tains is really in the hands of the cattle ranchers. Here again we saw signs of the Anglo-Saxon, in his cattle and his herds. The vegetation of the prairie, so far as we were able to see it in the intervals of uncul- tivated land, was not remarkable, but still was very rich. Some of the more enthusiastic of the party said it was the richest wild vegetation they had ever seen, but I think this was due to their enthusiasm, because the vegetation in the steppes of Russia is quite as rich, if not richer. Still, the flora of this country is such as to promise an abundant return for agricultural labor. THE SOIL. Almost everywhere we saw rich soil. Most of us expected that we would find tracts of arid waste, or that if we saw rich soil it would be largely interspersed with specimens of gravel, rock and soil not suitable for cultivation ; but this idea proved entirely false, for I declare without exaggeration that on the whole way from Winnipeg to the foot of the Rockies- a distance of 1,000 miles — there is hardly a foot of ground that did not seem to be capable of being turned to human use. Esti- mating the distance to the foot of the Rockies at a thousand miles, there is for this distance one unbroken area of land more or less fertile and capable of being turned to the advantage of man. PASTUR.\GE, Most of the party are of opinion that the pasturage is splendid and thoroughly suited for .^UVie ; we were surprised that we did not see sheep as well. 'I i.e j-^r; j-. 's not very long, and promises a rich reward to the hay ( r.ttcr. The cattle generally seem to be quite healthy, and of very good •.. .ds, ;nany of them coming from the neighboring States, and apparen'iiv bved from some of the best slock '.i\ England. Some- times compla;i.> ire Iieard in England that '■^- .'''an and American cattle dealers ■uichase some of their best animals, but it is not to be regretted see.ng that a h gh consideration hr.s to be i)aid for them. We were all impressed with the necessity of being careful about cattle diseases. We heard much on the way regarding diseases that have broken out among cattle in various parts oi the United States, remind- ing us of what has been in England ; h ;i we heard thac Canada was fiee from them. For Heaven's sak. take f recautions to prevent their importation I speak freeb- upon this siibjv.'^S because in England we have failed to prevent the iniiiortatio'. of diseased rattle, and the losses in consequence has been incalcii'A'iie. NVc enquired a good deal as to i I. \\ 38 Visit of the British Association. ensilage, as the food for animals is becoming so fashionable in the United States and is being introduced into England; but we were told that no such food was necessary, because the supply furnished by nature is so very abundant. AGRICULTURE. I wish to speak of two kinds of crops, cereals and roots. Cereals are grown upon many farms exclusively ; some of the greatest farms in the country are wheat farms almost entirely. We saw in many parts of tht country specimens or exhibits of the products of the farm. The Cana- dian Pacific Railway Company has set a very excellent example by having model or pattern tarms close along the line of railway, to show what the country is capable of producing. In inspecting these, while we found nothing to equal the monster cabbages shown at the exhibgion here in Winnipeg, yet we saw good turnips and |)otatoe.s. We heard in England that there would be great difificulty in growing wheat at the altitude of this country, it being too high above the sea. but this idea v-as eniirely falsified by what we saw, for wheat grows well 2,000 feet above the sea ; at Calgary at 3,000 feet, and at Padmore at 3,500 feet. Hence there is nothing in the altitude of this country to prevent wheat being grown on an immense scale. We enquired of farmers regarding many things which we have at home, namely, rotation of crops peri- odically, manuring and weeding, and we were indignantly told these things might be very necessary in the Old Country, but were not required in this new land. The same crop, it is said, has been grown year after year from land without injury. Manure, it is said, is not neces.sary in the virgin soil which accumulates so many advantages and has such richness in the soil, the sub-soil, and the soil underneath that, that the crops will grow without manure. .Vs to weeds, it is said that there are none of consequence. We a.>ked about the ploughing, and said that we had to plough very deep in the Old Country We were told that nothing of the kind was necessary here, that if the ground were just scratched over, crops would grow. We were told these things by practical men. The virgin soil here is a very abundant inheritance which has come down from what might be called a geological period, thousands of years having looked down upon these beautiful plains. The consequence is that for the time many of the old world devices, such as deep ploughing, manuring, weeding, and rotation of nops, can be dis- pensed with. LABOR. The want of laborers is a great difificulty in the interior of the North- west, and it has had this effect upon the farmers, that it nas compelled them to exercise their wits and employ machinery to save labor. The agricultural machinery and implements ii: tl.is court! v are among the most remarkable things to be seen. Ever\ kind of inqilement and ma- chine is there at work— with all their rough-sounding names, as scuflflers, harrows, reapers, mowers, threshers, and the like — forming a most Visit of the British Association. 39 hionable in the ut we were told lished hy nature •ts. Cereals are test farms in the any parts of thr "in. 'Fhe Cana- ■nt example by railway, to show ing these, while It the exhibgion • We heard in !; wheat at the ut this idea vas ,000 feet above at 3.500 feet. » prevent wheat mers regarding of crops peri- ntly told these but were not las been grown is said, is not idvantages and iderneath that, it is said that 'loughing, and ry AVe were if the ground Id these things nt inheritance logical period, til plains. The ;vices, such as ', can be dis- of the North- as compelled ? labor. The "e among the nent and ma- !s, as scufflers, ming a most gratifying spectacle. We have seen them in the fields at work, in the towns outside the shops for sale, and inside the factories being repaired. The sight would make an old world man first laugh, and then feel envious. I will give one single example. In England when we reap the grain we have to stack it in order that the grain may rij)en, and after that we thresh it. The Northwest farmer does nothing of the kind. He brings the threshing machine to bear upon the sheaves, furnished ready to his hand by the harvesting machine. Then, having threshed the wheat, he stores it for the time in a temporary wooden structure in the field, and there he allows the grain to remain and harden until the snow falls deep and becomes fit for sleighing. Then he draws it easily over the hard snow to an elevator, from which it is shot into railway cars placed beneath, and carried away for exportation. The ingenuity, con- venience and rapidity of the processes gives the new world a great advan- tage over the old world. The consequence of this machinery and the labor-saving appliances is that the average cultivation per head is ex- tremely high in this country. One would be inclined to say there must be a great population, judging from the area of cultivation, but on the contrary there are only a few thousands of Anglo-Saxons settled in the country. The fact is the average of acres of cultivation per head is several times as great as in the old world, every man having many acres under command, owing to the labor-saving appliances. THE FARMS. Some of the farms are great, extending over many square miles of wheat cultivation absolutely unbroken by any fence or hedge. Never- theless we had the pleasure of seeing many small farms in the best cul- tivated districts. .\t Portage la Prairie we understood that small ♦p'-mers owned the land and worked U])on it with their own hands. The f .m houses are well-built, well-aired, and I understood, well-warmed in vvmter ; and are very comfortable, both within and without. As to cot- tages, we asked for them, but really there were no cottages, because there c.re few men so low in the social circle as to require them. The country is absolutely without farm laborers. Around the houses of the peasant proprietors we sow market gardens with cabbage beds, turnip beds, and the like, just enouili for the farmers" families. 'Inhere is a good supply of fuel, though 'one might expect that on the prairie there would be nothing but grass or vegetation. Fortunately, there is low scrubby brush suited for fuel. The soil is entirely suited for the making of excellent bricks. To the great advantage of the farmers, there is small limeftone scattered over the plains, from which excellent lime for masonry can be obtained. The subject of land speculation has attracted a great deal of unfavorable notice through the press. I have heard something of it in England, and still more in Montreal, but after all my impiession is that the story must have been greatly exaggerated. With a vast area, a wise Government and a wise people enjoying po])ular representation, you « '} I 40 Visit of the British Association, should make provision , for the future, so as not to allow the land to get too much into the hands of individuals or corporations. From the experience of the Old Country leading to the springing up of com- munism, Canada should take care to prevent anything of the kind happening here. While the State is generous, giving land without stint or grudge to every good applicant who asks for it, nevertheless it ought to keej) something in its own hands. It seems to me that that duty has as yet been fairly performed ; at all events it has not been left unper- formed in the way some pco])le imagine. As to the land concession of the (Canadian Pacific Railway Company, it should be remembered that without that concession the railway could not have been constructed. I find that the w^^ole of the land has not been made over to the com- pany, but only all . nate blocks, the iniervening ones belonging to the State ; and that X> ' is but a fraction of the vast area. Remarks have been made abo"' .nis company's concession to a great land com- pany, but I find that tnio ;;> only a small part of the land at the disposal of the State to give away or make disposition of as it may see fit, according to the wants of the coming generation. Hence I shall feel bound to say in England that no essential harm has been done by land concessions ; and it is only fair to the Government and the Administra- tion to say this. THE CLIMATE. One objection in England against this country is that of the winter. The summers are known to be hot, but this the people are not so much afraid of as they are of the supposed length, dreariness and wretchedness of the winters. I believe from inquiries that this description of your winter came from the portions of country lying under the Rocky Moun- tains, where the chinook winds make the winters somewhat like those of England, which are proverbially dull. In the rest of the country the winters are rather bright and cheery. The snow falls and hardens on the ground, and there is bright weather with blue sky overhead, so that the people walk about with the utmost facility, and on the whole have a cheerful time in the winter. In many parts of the country the residents tell me that the winter is the nicest season they have. (Applause.) From the very kind applause I judge that the description is correct, and if so it is very important that this description shall be known at home, for the prevailing impression there is doing some harm to emigration. TREE CUI.IURE, S<)me say that the summer is somewhat too dry, but, if so, the drouth might be mitigated by planting trees. The experience of every part of the globe proves that where the trees are swept away drouth follows, but where they are planted copiously, the early and the later rains are vouch- safed in due season. If the farmers and settlers would take precaution by planting trees, either in groves, or, better still, in long-stretching avenues, they would have the rains in good time. If arboriculture is to be successfully carried out, you must be careful to select those trees that Visit of the British Association. 41 V the land to get )ns. From the ging up of com- ing of the kind md without stint rtheless it ought lat that dut)- has )een left unper- \d concession of emembered that ien constructed. )ver to the com- •elonging to the irea. Remarks great land com- 1 at the disposal it may see fit, ince I shall feel ;n done by land the Administra- it of the winter, ire not so much id wretchedness "iption of your .' Rocky Moun- lat like those of he country the md hardens on rhead, so that le whole have a ry the residents (Applause.) I is correct, and lown at home, 5 emigration. so, the drouth f ever}' part of ith follows, but ains are vouch- ake precaution long-stretching mculture is to hose trees that wiil grow, because great harm has been done to the theories of abori- culturists by selecting unsuitable trees. Not those which have their roots deep down in the ground ; but those which spread out their roots, as the poplar and maple ash, are the trees for the ))rairie. The heavy, long-continued snow and severe frost are great aids to the farmer. In England we have to sow in the autumn, and farmers have to look after their land sown with so mrch labor and expense, all through the winter. All sowing here is, however, done in the spring, and that is an advan- tage. During the long winter the snow prepares the ground, and the timely frosts pulverizes the clay and renders it suitable for the plough. In the last two or three winters in England there has been very little frost, and one great pulverizing agency was lost, which you here never fail to enjoy. (Laughter and applause.) At the Montreal meeting of the association a Canadian ])rofessor read what was on the whole one of the most remarkable pa])ers that i have heard in regard to tree-planting, showing how, with special reference to the Northwest, on every farm a grove of trees might be planted, with little patches here and there, so as to interrupt the breezes blowing from every quarter, and demonstrating how this would improve the climate, mitigate the severity of the winter, and afford shelter in every way. He illustrated all this by carefully drawn diagrams. • I hope the principles which have been thus enforced by practical science will be adopted by your farmers. Then they ought to try to preserve the jirimeval forest which still remains. It is the universal testimony of all Canadians that these are being recklessly cut without regard to the future. Tiie forests which we have seen between here and Lake Superior and at the Rocky Mountains are poor ones, but we understand there are magnificent forests farther to the north. There is a consensus of opinion among all Canadians that these forests are being used up without regard to future requirements ; and there is an equal consensus that nothing whatever has been done by any Legis- lature or T'cvernment throughout the Dominion for the preservation of the foresib. We could not but accept the report which we have received from competent witnesses. If it is true I will venture to utter one word of warning as to the consecjuences which must result to Canada if the fatal policy is pursued. Forests are very consumable things. Like the herds of wild buffaloes which disappear before the white man, they will disappear before the wood cutter if precau- tions are not taken to prevent it. I have seen several examples of whole regions desolated by deforesti.ij;. Tt is too fatally possible to uproot the trees in such a manner that in a few years no trace of them will be left. What made the prairie ? Do you suppose that it was made so by the hand of Cod ? It has no doubt been covered with trees of a certain height, but probably by forest fires the broad plains which were once clothed with timber as a sheep's back with fleece, are now desolate. I am not speaking for the sake of England, but for 1 42 Visit of the British Association. 1 ' I the sake of Canada. England will never want for wood. In Scan- dinavia, which is separated from Britain by only a narrow strip of sea, there is the most magnificent forest preservation in the world. 1 have recently travelled over the whole of Norway and Sweden, and the system of forest conserving has filled me with envy and admiration. 'I'here is no trace of fire.s, and no reckless cutting ; and everything is done methodically and scientifically. I saw the old forests and the new ones coming ujj ; and everything is provided for the use of the present and the prospects of the future. Canada not only supplies the Northwest, but also exports a vast ([uantity lo England : and it would be a melan- choly thing to see her lumoer trade ])ass into the hands of Scandinavia, owing to the neglect of Canadians themselves. Then, besides, you would have to use expensive stone and masonry for many purposes for which we now use wood. Every member of the association thinks as I have expressed in regard to this matter, and they have done everything they could at the > Montreal meetmg to ventilate the subject. J'HE TOWNS. i I ' I I will not . ■'dciuiicc to describe Winnipeg; but we have seen the various towns along the railway, inspecting Portage la Prairie, Brandon, Qu'Appelle, Medicine Hat, Moose Jaw and Calgary ; and I will add, Regina and Broadview. I am bound to congratulate you heartily on the condition of those rising places. Truly it is wonderful the manner in which these towns have s])rung up. The streets are well laid out, and the houses are clean and tidy and picturesque in their architecture. Villas are springing up in the suburbs, and every villa has a cordon of trees springing up around it. We have observed the schools, the churches, the banks and civic buildings, and various other institutions ; and we have seen also the shops full of all the paraphernalia of civiliza- tion. We have been particularly struck with the stocks of agricultural machinery already mentioned. .Altogether the condition of those places is most .satisfactory. We observed also in many ))laces factories, and in every direction perceived signs of what might be truly called culture. I congratulate the people of VVinoi|)eg on the exhibition here. Cuiture was exactly the thing which was most likely to be wanting in a young community. Really the manner in which the exhibition has been got up, the variety and beauty of the objects exhibited, and the careful scientific manner in which they have been displayed, are eminently creditable to this community, and shows that you have reached culture in the truest .sense of the term. I think the British .\ssociation might be congratulated on the fact that it was for their honor and edification that the citizens of Winnipeg kindly undertook to get up this exhibition. If our coming to Winnipeg has no other result than this of inducing you to get up that exhibition, we have been instrumental in doing good to you as well as to ourselves in rendering our visit memorable. Visit of the British Association. 43 wood. In Scan- larrow strip of sea, le world. 1 have en, and the system iration. 'I 'here is verything is done ; and the new ones t' the present and es the Northwest, would be a melnn- is of Scandinavia, besides, you would •urposes for which thinks as I have le everything they >ve have seen the Prairie, Brandon, and I will add, t you heartily on Jerful the manner re well laid out, heir architecture, a has a cordon of the schools, the ther institutions ; ■rnalia of civil i/a- ks of agricultural )n of those places factories, and in ailed culture. I 1 here. Culture nting in a young in has been got , and the careful 1, are eminently reached culture ssociation might and edification ) this exhibition. of inducing you doing good to bble. ■A COMMUNICATION BY LAND AND WATER. It would be like gilding fine gold if I were to ])raise the Canadian Pacific, (ienerally in Canada a railway administration is not thought by outsiders to be one of the strong points of the country. The fact is that in the new country with a vast area and a scanty population, rail- ways are extended beyond the power of managing them uj) to the standard of the United States, or more ])articularly that of England. The Canadian Pacific Railway seems to be an exrejnion. Passing by one or two accidents, beyond the control of any person or persons, I am bound to give the highest and most favorable testimony regarding the management of the Canadian Pacific Railway. But we are anxious to impress the consideration that the Canadian Pacific Railway is only the beginning of the vast railway system, nothing more or less than the main artery from which must branch out many veins, the backbone of the body politic, the limbs, arms, toes and fingers being yet to come. The Canadian Pacific Railway runs through a rich country no doubt, but still not the richest — the richest country is far to the north, and to that country branches must extend. Critics say that the main line ought to have been taken farther north; but no doubt the wisest course has been followed, because the main trunk runs nearly as straight as an arrow from ocean to ocean. The remaining work of constructing branches to the north is what might be called the crying want of the Northwest. (Applause.) ^V'^e have heard remarks by many farmers to the effect that branch railwavs are wanting towards the south from the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, so as to make connection with the railways advancing upwards from the United States. The great and impressin^^ importance of these matters should receive consideration. We are aware that the Canadian boatmen, so celebrated in song and story, are beginning to pass away and be superseded, inasmuch as boats must yield to the iron horse on land. Nevertheless we have observed that there is much steamer communica- tion on the Assiniboine and Saskatchewan rivers right up to Medicine Hat. I heard also that there is excellent lake communication up to Winnipeg and along one branch of the Saskatchewan. Long experience has convinced me that canal or river navigation can not in the long run compete with railways; nevertheless it is a great advantage lo a country intersected by railways to have a few navigable rivers and canals also, because, although they cati not compete with railways, yet they carry things cheaply, and have a beneficial tendency as regards the public in keeping down railway charges for freight. In reference to Hudson's Bay ocean navigation --(ap[)lause) — I am aware that a committee of experts is sitting upon this project, and, considering whether it is prac- ticable. If the committee re])orts that it is practicable, good; but if not, I would never abandon the hojje that it might be found practicable by those who come after. (Prolonged applause.) I feel convinced that it must be practicable, because Hudson's Bay Company ships have navigated there for many generations, and what was practicable fot MJ« P:'' ' f I I 1 : ( ' -X ■■*> 44 Visit of the British Association. them must be practicable for the steamships and Atlantic racers of the present day. The objections amount to this — that the harbors along Hudson's Bay are only open during a very short time each year. Still, the Hudson's Bay Company ships come pretty much at will all through the summer months, and why cannot a steamer do the same thing? Suppose at the worst the open season is but for a short time, nevertheless the route would be an advantage. In the old countr) there are waters open but for four months in the year, in which, still, a mighty traffic is done, as arrangements are made accordingly, and trade adapts itself to them. Even if there is but thiee or fo' r months of open navigation, during the season ocean-going ships would come from Liver pool to Port Nelson or some other harbor there, that circumstance will make a world of difference to the Northwest, and entirely change the condition of the country, introduce a new factor into your political life, and together be very important to you, placing you at Winnipeg almost in direct communication witli J-iverpool by water. It would have im mense effect upon the rich northern district I have been describing, and especially along the lower valley of the Saskatchewan. I regret that I have not been able to yisit that country and enforce my remarks by practical observation ; yet, notwithstanding, I am bound to state what I shall state in England, — my conviction and that of thousands of others. (Applause). THE T.'^RIFK. I am not surprised to hear most of the farmers from England complain of the present tariff. The) dislike having to pay the duty on agricul- tural implements, and think it pretty hard that there should be so much taxation on canned provisions. The duty on the latter is some- what hard ; but it seems that the agricultural implement question might be found to involve the fate of Canadian manufacturers. It must be for you Canadians to judge as a community whether it is or is not worth while to jiay somewhat higher prices than you would otherwise have to pay in order to foster your rising manufactures. That is a question on which an outsidei would be careful about offering an opinion. I, as an economic scientist, must say that economic science is against a protective tariff, but science is not always applied to politics, and I admit that you are handicapped with many difficulties owing to your commercial relations with the United States. Nevertheless it is for you to judge whether you would consent or could afford to pay some- thing in order that your young and rising Canadian manufacturers may be cherished during their infancy. If you think you can you must be prepared to bear a certain amount of sacrifice, .\fter all you must rememember that Providence has endowed you with many advantages which older countries do not possess, and perhaps you might be content to bide your time in hope that your friends down at Ottawa will try to temper the wind to the shorn lamb, and try to make the duties as con venient and light to you as they possibly can in view of your contentment t. Visit of the British Association. 45 Atlantic racers of — that the harbors 3rt time each year, ty much at will all earner do the same )Ut for a short time, n the old country ir, in which, still, a jrdingly, and trade r months of open 3 come from Liver : circumstance will .■ntirely change the ) your political life, t Winnipeg almost It would have im ' ;en describing, and I regret that I have inarks by practical te what I shall state •thers. (Applause). England complain e duty on agricul- lere should be so he latter is some- iiplement question nanufacturers. It nity whether it is 5 than you would ing manufactures. ;ful about offering : economic science jpplied to politics, fflculties owing to ^vertheless it is for ford to pay some- lanufacturers may can you must be ifter all you must many advantages might be content ttawa will try to the duties as con your contentment and your being reconciled to a certain amount of national sacrifice for the sak^ of the young manufactures on the banks of the St. Lawrence. If you are not pleased with the tariff at pre«'v!, \ijii might be inclined, perhaps, to bear your fate meekly, because, taking communities one with another, there are few so blessed as you are. If other portions of the Dominion have authority over you, it is possible that in the not distant future you may become so great as to have authority over them. Although I am interested in the great future of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and all other ])arts of this Dominion, in none do I see any future comparable to yours. With this land, which has the brightest |)rospect, before any other land in the British Empire stretching out around you, you might be prepared to acquiesce in certain sacrifices, if it were judged better by those in authority. Though I am a Conservative in English politics, I am per- sonally an out-and-out-free-trader. Though we believe it is right to have a free trade policy, yet if we suggest that other nations should adopt the same, it is more for the good of the latter than our own. It was because other nations chose to put on their protective tariff that England remained queen of all the neutral markets in the world ; and it is owing to those protective tariffs that she has managed to get into her hands the ship building industry, so that she builds 70 or 80 per cent, of all the ships that are built on earth. That business ia extremely important and has been absolutely thrown into her hands by the protective tariffs, which, in defiance of economic science, other nations have adopted. The moral advantages of free trade to England are even greater than the material ; because British manufacturers, knowing that they are wholly unprotected and can rely upon nothing except their own skill, industry, resources, and capital are exerting themselves with an invent- iveness and fertility which is not, I believe, eijualled on earth. It is impossible to give an idea of the ceaseless exertions Englishmen are making to preserve their ])roud place at the head of the industries of the world, because they know they have nothing to rely on but themselves. Their rivals in Europe and elsewhere hope that a false economy will induce England some time to ])ut on a protective duty, because they know that things would then become dear in England, and England would no longer command the neutral markets. Competition would cease if England once adopted a protective system. It is not for our own sake that we would advise you in the humblest manner. If other nations choose to make things dear, let them do so, it is their own busi- ness ; but England will continue to make her commerce as free as the air, and remain the indisputable and indisputed head of the industries of the world. CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE, The condition of the people of the Northwest seems to me perfectly satistactory, and you must be congratulated thereon. I have observed everywhere churches springing up. Some are wonderfully well-built, though others are rude and humble ; yet the Divine Majesty is no I' I ii: ill Visit of the British Association. respecter of churches; there are living institutions, clergy, congregations and ecclesiastical arrangements which seein to be excellent. 'Fhe whole country is parcelled out into episcojjal sees, and in all of them clergy are accumulating. Excellent provision is being made for education. There are large schools in the towns; and even in the sjarsely inhabited country in the interior there is a school system. The ecclesiastical, religious and educational provisions are most creditable to the North- west of Canada. In connection with the moral condition of the [)eople, I ask permission to congratulate you heartily upon all the restrictions that you have been able to maintain in Manitoba respecting the manu- facture and sale of spirituous liquors, and still more upon the prohibi- tion which you have righteously enforced throughout the Northwest. I believe that prohibition had been introduced originally out of a charitable and humane regard towards the Indians ; but I believe it was just as good for your own people as for the Indians. The authorities had assured me that the Canadian Pacific Railway could not have been constructed so quickly and efficiently as it was had there been no such thing as prohibition, and had the free use of whiskey been ])cr- mitted. I asked the Mounted Police, and they informed me that their men were all temperance men. I do not know whether the word was used in any particular seise here, but, at all events, they said that their men were sober and temperate as a body, and I believe the officers did them no more harm than justice. I attribute the sobriety and good conduct of the men to the prohibition existing in respect to liquor. It has not been affirmed that the men would not drink liquor if they could get it, but they had difficulty in getting it, and being well- disposed men they reconcile themselves to abstinence. As you have this great advantage, I urge you for (jod's sake to keep it. You have a chance which they do not possess in the old world. There the use of intoxicating liquors has been for many centuries inveterate ; and when it is once established it can with difficulty be eradicated, but that it must be by the gradual [)rogress of enlightenment and educa- tion. You have been keeping liquor out of the country, for God's sake use that advantage. I am desirous to influence public opinion. We heard in every direction this prohibition was being greatly infringed and entrenched upon, and that eventually it would be taken away, and that free drinking would have scope. I hope that this will not be the case. I heartily congratulate you on the advantage you have, and I earnestly beseech you to keeji it as long as you can. IMIMIGRATION. Immigration to the Northwest is of two kinds, for the cattle ranche and for the farm. You are getting most excellent — the best possible class, for cattle ranching. Sons of gentlemen who found every profes- sion at home overstocked, who could not enter the army in the face of the competitive examinations, or who could not succeed at the bar, or in the church, and who found the counting-houses and banking estab- Visit of the British Association. 47 -rgy, congregation.s -'llent. The whole all of them clerg) ide for education. si)arsely inhabited 'I'lie ecclesiastical, >le to the North- tion of the people, 11 the restrictions >e("ting the manu- upon the prohibi- t the Northwest, ■iginally out of a but I believe it : Indians. The Railway could not IS had there been ^^hiskey been j)ur- led me that their ^ler the word was iy said that their e the officers did 'riety and good aspect to liquor, nk liquor if they and being well- As you have P it. You have !d- There the ries inveterate ; be eradicated, lent and educa- for God"s sake opinion. We y infringed and away, and that lot be the case, ind I earnestly cattle ranche best possible every profes- in the face of at the bar, or )anking estab- ^^K' lishments all filled with clerks, are already thinking they could better their mark by taking to cattle-ranching. I would far sooner '^y\: uv. .-wii a farmer, active on horseback, making a little money and becommg independent before he was thirty years of age, than sitting still in a lawyer's office at home. I have made the acciuaintance of several young men well educated and well-bred, working away on cattle anches, healthy, blooming and hearty as young Englishmen ought to be, and who have lost none of their good English manner, or good original cul- ture. Kven several nun high up in the professions at home are investing their capital in these ranches. My friend, Mr. Staveley Hill, has a splendid cattle ranch near Calgary. He is an eminent member of the English bar, and a member of Parliament also, and altogether one of the most rising men in the profession, nevertheless he is investing in this Canadian enterprise. I came out in the same ship with Mr. Inderwick, a Q. C, and a member of Parliament, who has settled his son on a cattle ranche near Eort MacLeod. That class of men you are likely to get in increasing number. .\s regards farmers and farm laborers, I apprehend, there will be difficulty, because in England they rather want all the farmers they have. Farm I'aborers are not the class they can conveniently sj^are. Artisan laborers are not wanted in the Northwest, but are more suited for Ontario. Men in privation, who could not get on, who had fallen into misfortune through bad seasons, although they had no special fitness for agriculture, might undergo a practical training at technical schools. The British peoi)le are beginning to thmk of Canada as a country with a great promise. Hitherto the United States has had the lion's share of the emigration, especially since the development of their Northwestern States. Now it is probable that public attention is so much turned to the Northwestern Provinces that there will be an ever-increasing stream of immigrants, but I doubt if they will be suited to agriculture. Although they may not understand farming, yet they may have stout hearts and strong hands, and an aptitude for learning, if you only make provision for teaching them. Canada was little known a few years ago in England, but is well-known now. At the mention of Canada before an English audience men and women prick up their ears. After coming to Canada a few years ago, as soon as I got home I was recjuired to give account of what 1 had seen. I then stated what I had to say ^..,, rding Que- bec and Ontario, but was obliged to withhold a repoi f rhe North- west, which I had not seen. No doubt in my native country of Worcestershire, and in Birmingham, a strict account will be exacted from me on my return from the Northwest. Knowing I have before me an audience of experts I have carefully abstained from fine language and restrained my enthusiasm. It is difficult to praise people to their faces, but I will be under no such disadvantage when 1 re-cross the Atlantic. Then I will be able to praise you to my heart's content, behind your backs, and I will give full vent to the enthusiasm in my 48 Visit of The British Association. I heart. I will indulge in what arc sunictimcs called "hifalutin" expres- sions regarding the boundless jjrairies and the grand Rockies, and I will be able to attempt n poetic description of the glories of this land of i)romise, and I will urge my friends and neighbors who can not get on at home to try their luck out here. As I have had the advantage through the kindness of my hearers of rehearsing my per- formance before them this evening, 1 hojjc that I may be able to |)erform it with much more vivacity and energy than I have been able to display on this occasion. I will be able to give a sincere and hearty report regarding the future which lies before you, and advise with all earnestness my countrymen at home to take part if they can in these great enteri)rises. THE KKKI.INU IN ENliLANl>. There is a feeling amongst ('anadians that they had been dispar- aged among the people at home ; but I am not aware of such dis- paragement, and will venture to give some contradiction to the assertion. I assure you that it is not the case, although my friends at home are not accurately acquainted with (!anadn. It is a large country, the maps are very uncirtain and the old ones are all wrong. I think the Canadians themselves hardly have an idea of all its geographical features, ^nd the jjcople of the eastern i)rovinces would hardly be able to pass a satisfactory examination on the geography of the Saskatchewan, the Peace, and the McKcnzie rivers, hence I can hardly be sur])rised if this were the case in the Old Country. Yet people have visionary ideas of countries with which they are not actually acquainted ; ])oeti( ideas regarding things of which they have not accurate knowledge, as great, glorious and grand, though they do not exactly know in what the greatness, glory and grandeur consists. I am sure that no description which I can give would exceed the conception the people at home already have in their own imagination. They imagine you vaguely to have a great country with a pcrfecdy immense develop- ment before it. It will be iny duty in return for all the kindness and hospitality I have received here, to give them these particulars, and whether my account will be correct or incorrect the audience will be able to judge from what I have been telling you this evening. If my report is favorable it will gladden the hearts of our countrymen at home and make their breasts swell with patriotic fervor and their eyes glisten with sympathy for you, their fellow countrymen. They feel the greatest pride in their colonial — I will not say dependencies — but dominions which form a part of their great empire. They do not regard you as subject, but as fully equal to themselves and as ])artaking of all the privileges of the mother land. Whatever you achieve of happiness or prosperity will always be a source of gladness to them. They will rejoice when you rejoice, and weep when you weep. They feel a patriotic and brotherly sentiment toward you in common with all the colonies of the British Empire. (Prolonged applause.) miUin ^m Wu$^. JDJSLlJLjir