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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s en commengant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la derniire image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: ie symbole — »- signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s & des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmd d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche 6 droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ■ -J * »1^HE C A IV A. J. POI^lCy OF THE OTTAWA BOARD OF TRADE, I January 1, 1872. ) Rivurs nre the imtiiral liij^hways of a cnniitry, iiinl it is tlio iliity of tlu- Stnti' t.. riiiMvc ali nh-tnic- lioiis t(p tlifir i>ruritiil»ii' niivijration. Till! <;i'L':iti.'st iiiul mo.'it la-ting profits dorived tVoiii coimiiL'nMal intcrcoiirsc uiv tlm-i' lU'iTiiiiij: from the carrying rriulo; tlioreforc tlie coinmorcial policy of the country should ho directed to ki t-jiiiig that trade ill the ha. d> of its own people. Tiie geograi»hieal j)osition of Canada, ciiiiiiiiandiiig the natural outlets of the great Lake>. renders the dutv po-itive on its people to ovcreoine, hy artiticial means, tlie physical o!l^tnlctions wliicli the peculiar topographical devdopments of their country oppose to the uuimpedeil navigation of its great t'oiincctud !is this question is witli the develo|imciit uf the industrial euergy and natural resiun-e- of the Dominion, it shouhl, a- a matter of nece-sitj, ho treated as a grave ipie-tinn of .State i'oliey. The Otnal .S>,'tm cf ("anailaha> hecome a hou-elioM \v>rd, and its Icaditig principle-, -o fre(iuoiitly di-cu-^ed as til necii n.i cominciit. Neverlliele>- it imiy he deserihed as a -y-li'm uillemt harmony ..( 1 arts, magnitude 'if couceptiMii or uuitormity cf de?ign. and thercf-UH! neutiali/.ing t'l a \cry cnusiderahle I \lcnt the puri)osc lor wnicii the system w.i- created. It is sutlicieut to iiotic" the repcatcl calls for Canal cnlargeiuent in -upport. of the truth of llmse asMTtions, and to point to the -i ructures them- selves a- practical evidence- thereof. Ihit inetlieient a- the >y>tem may he it "regents aimmalies apart from t'an!t> of cmstriictinn and design, which re(piircs careful ,-tudy. Putting a-idc the ciin>ideration lA' the lateral or irihntary canals of the sy.-tem, we tind the arti- licial navigation, c.inneciiug the jrreat Take- and the M'a-h,iard, to coiisi>t of two grand di\i>ions — that neccssarv ti> overcume the i;;i|iid- in the liivcr St. I/awr"nce, hctweeu the I'mt ot' Lake ( Mitaria and the harh.iur at Montreal, making a di-tance of H! miles of artificial navigiition. — and that hetwcen the head ot' head ot' i,ake Ontario and I'lMit of Lake Mrie, ci\erciMning the Niagara Falls and Uajpids hy a ciinal of -'"^ miles. —The wliol(!
  • tance hetween Montreal and Lake Krii- would he 4;V2 miles, of whi(]i 71 miles would lie canal- -the capacity uf the governing clianni'l uf which wnuld he e(iual to .'i.'iH tons. On the southern shore ol' Lake Kiic, nearly opposite the point at which the lU'tificial channel of the Il'i/Zii/irf Canal enters it. the Krie Canal, connecting the Lakes with the Hudson River hy an artificial I'hanntd of .'!<'>() miles, with a (capacity ol' 'Jin tons, mIso taps its waters. Notwithstanlin;: the sui.illncss of channel and the oh-truction to the tran-ini:->ion of cargo, the latter takes hy fur the larger proportion of tl'.e I rallic ol' the great Lakes. To ^liow what phy:-ii'al ohstructioiis the tratlic of the Krie Canal lahours loidcr it will lie oidy nec,'.^?ary to state that hctweeu Ihilialo. the point where it leaves Lake Kiie, and New \'oik. wluTc it is shipped, is a iji-t.inee of ."ilo miles. The canal has a lo(d to the St. Lawrence and Welland (Canals, with a loi'kage of ."ilU fei;t, the time will lie: river and lake, 45 hours; canal, liG hours; iockage. !t hours— total, !l days. It is not necessary to enter into elahorate cahni- ons showing the immense difference this makes in the capacity tor tran-mitting freight of the two 1 .. ..1._ i'.. ..» .1.-. .!._ I.'..' 1 1 .. .1 • • II . . >, 1 1 . .i . r,. • iHiioiiH siiownij; iin- iiiiiiii-ii?e uoieieiiee irus imiKcs Ml tne capacity lor iraii-mirring ireignr or tlie two channels, or the fact that the Erie Canal is navigahle tor •J2f> ilays each reason, while the St. Lawrence enjoys a navigation of 24(1 days. The whole eomliined makes the latter 'y\A Jour times the capacity of the former, while the faet remains that the larger has hitherto failed in attracting any proportional share 'A i^^^ - 2 - of tlic traflie sookiiij; tlio wi'ti-hoard, ami tlic inolilfiii in politiciil wniiomy which the |)L'c>i)le .if (JiinHdn have to solve, i.-* llie means wlicrehy this state of thiei;;* may lie revurscd Tlie Tiiited Stc.tei* ('oastiii;^ Laws, hi^r fiscal rc;;iilatioiis and I'l-otcctive taritf, hinds the trade of the Western States to the Erie (Janal, and as a reversal of that [(olicy. cannot he reckoned on, it rcnniins for the Dominion of Canada i.; take tho necessary measures to secure the portion of it which naturally hulon^^ t'.> its people — the carriaifc of the jjrain traile lietweeii (Ircat Urilain and the Wc.-tern States. In this connection it will he reijuisiti; to take a wider ami more comprehensive view of the part catuils play in our political economy. In accordance with the proposition laid ilown. it is our positive duty to protect, encroiirago and foster our earryin-^ trade, to keep it exclusively iti the hands of our own ])eople, and to jjiiard jealously our counnercial indepemleiice. Hitherto our canal sy.-tem has failed in ilevelopinj; those clcnu'nls of coinmercial success on which our future status, as a nation depend,-. ; and a* a proof of this the foUowini; e.vlract. from a very aide article on canal eiilar;;ement, hy W. .1. I'attcrMin, Ks(|.. puhlislied in the appendix to the l'roceediii|^s of the DoniinioM Iiocrd nC Trade, in 1>»71, is conclu- sive : " Fn lS."iT there were at lea-t as many Camidian vessels of all classes tradin;^ hel ween the I'liiK-r " and Lower Lakes a« in IS7(», while United States craft duriii;; the same period had jiroliahly increased tenfold." To realize the tnll value of this it must '.»c recollected that in 1857 our import tradi^ hy the St. Lawrence wa> in its ielancy. Our carriers were the people of the United '■'•tates. who>e commercial marine was comiietinj; with that of (treat Hiitain for the earryiii}; trade of the woi'ld. In ls7'> the import trjide liy the St. Lawrence had increased nnmy times ; the conmiercial maritU' of the Hnilcd Slates had lieen swi'pt from the seas ; Camida had risen to the nni^nitutle of the third naval power in the worhl, and yet had failed to nnike any addition to her commercial navy on her inti^rnal waters. Such a slate of atlairs demands serious consideration and prompts the e;ii|uiry whether Cana.la has had u (';inal I'olicy Worthy the name ; and the (pH'slion may he answered in the nej^ative ; hccause sucli a policy necessarily I'overs the fjroMiid occupied hy our commercial interests to the e.Kclusiou of all outsiile con>ideratiuns, and the latti'r has liccn the main ar^umi'Ut to advance the theories of those who contend that canal eidar^je- meiit is the .-ole remiHly for the anomalies which alti'ud the development of ihe internal trade of Canada. It nniy at once he admitted that common sense would decide in favor of a unitorm I'anal system, a> tar as the St. Lawrence anil Welland ("anals are concerned. Tlu' auxiliary canals may he adapted to the cajiacity of the rivers tlu'V rcniier naviijalih. anil the trade they aredestinetl to develope, lait thepropo. rule "riiveniin;,' all >uch structures should he the depth of water at the port of concentration. Having' decided on the capacity of the main line, the ne.xt ([uestion which arises is as to whether under existintj circumstaiu'es the enlarged canalc will attract any corresponding,' proportion of tie Western trade? The answer must i)c that they will not. In maticrs of this ih-scription we have oidy the experience of the past to ■ruide us in inakint: arranfrcment^ for the picr-enl and provi.-iou for the futuri'. With the advanta;,'es pointi;d out in favour of the Frontier canals they have not ordy filled to accomplish what their projectors and the advocates of their onlarsienuuit claim for them, hut noevidem-e exists to prove that they will do hetter in the future. Vov ffUtu yea):'* there has hecn no proL'ress in our Lake marine, and we must accept it as a fact that with every advantage wc have failed to attract any proportion of trade commensurate with our facilities, or that it has passed into the hand- of our neitrhiiors. In anv case a new dei.arlure is necessary, and a Canal Policy must he imiuj;urate(L which will reinedv whatever error- have hecn already committed, and conserve to the ])eople of Canada the full value of their Lacustrine c:irryinir trade, developin;; at the same time the industrial resources of Ihe eountrv. While everv phase of the Western tratle has hecn carefully weif;hed and considered, the Jieoid,, of Canada appear ti> have lost siirlit of 'aie very material aLTciil in attractinji' any part ..|' it- volume throu;;h their eanals. - A trade furnishiiij; return eari^'o was a vital ncie-sily of the position, and tliat tradi' was not to he found on the frimtier. It has hem allcLTed that the Kastern Slates consumed ihe iircater proiKirtion of the proiluce of the Western States. The eoasliui.' laws, therefore, prohihited Canadian vessels from enga<,'iii{f therein. The surplus has heen either shipjied to (Ireat l^ritain or the Maritime Urovinecs of Canada, hut owinjr to a well estahlished law, that jiorlion which should have sou;;ht the St. Lawrence was carried I hroU<;h the Krie in the same manner as ihe ciiUateral draudit ol a swift stream will carry with it waters much helow its own level. The vessels therefore, that souirht the St. Lawrence had iiisutlicicnt nlurn .'arito and were not i.roiiiahle. It has heen claimc.l lor this We.-tern tratlic that it admiltcl of indefinite expansion ; that it would fill allchanrnds constriU'ted to accommodate it. Hut he this as it may the pcojile of (.'anada are already called on to face a lu-w development in the trade of thi^ ;,Mvat Lakes hy their ac.piisition ol the North West Territory, and, therefore, exisling channels eidarj^ed to their utimist capacity will not he sutlicient to aceonnuodate the tratlic seeking' an outlet to the sea-hoard. In oriler to keep tho carrying trade of our own 4 li' of (!anH(lii tnidi- oftlu' it rcmtiiiiK tor inillv l)ultlllJx^ "f tin- part our |>l(; Ity ||ii> I'liiiiliKM'cial ''I till- iiii|iorl ■ll StHtl'S llHll If World, hikI ell a htiite t»r Canal Policy V nccessarilv (•rations, anil inal (Milarfii'- !• Ill' ('aniida. •anal syctcni, ^' adapted to ut the propo. ' to wlictlicr tl:i' Western e experience ■• With the h what their 've that they line, and we tioii of trade — n — North West Territories in the iiands of our own people it has Iwcotne » innttcr of neccnsitv to direct piiMic Httontion to wliat is in reality the true Canal I'olicy of thi Dominion. Tiie Ottawa liiver, 319 niileo west of its Junetlon with the St I/iwrenec, IhIow >[ontreal, iip|iroacl es within 127 miles of Lake Huron. Investif.;ation has proved th" pos-iliility of iMiniiectin;; it with that Lake by the Miittawaii, ti trilmtary ot the Ottawa, l,ake Nippi:-r-in;r. tiie lowerof two iireal reservoirs mi the watershed, and their effluent the French Ilivcr. As the main channel of the (lltawu and il> lonncciion- arc- oliHtriicted, a series of artiticial canals, not cMccdin;; Iwenty-oni' mile- in lciij.'ili. will have to lie coii^trui-led lietween Montreal and Lake Huron. The cost has lieeii ascertained as licinj; cijiial to i{i-2."i,<'iiii,(i(i(). Tin eapaeity of the locks, 2.'){)x.')0xl<», aOiiiittinj; vessels of 1,000 t(uis hurtlien, tin; artificial lockajfc lieiiii; •>"<•_' feet. Applyinjj to this navifiatioii the rules applied to the St. Lawrenct; and Ki'ie ("aiiids, wc have tlir a dis- tance of tii'i niilcn of lake and river iiaviirnt ion, . "ill hours ; canal, '21 miles. P'J hours ; loika;^e. In.} iiours, or n total of 7"> hours, heiiijjj a nain in tiivur of the Ottawa ot iil'teen hoiir<. I'lit it docs not stop there. The mouth of French River is exactly opposite the Straits of Mackinaw, and ;>"'• miles iVoni ("hiea;.'o, making; the wluilc distance liixty miles of summit level without a lock, w' '': its canals in reaches varying from a iiiinimiini of half a mile to a maximum ot' three miles, any practicd >kipper can easily conceive that it oHi^-s in reality hs- oli^triictiuii to navigation thuii a route which liar- niie stretch if arliticial cliaiincl, 2S miles in length, and aimther over !) mile-, and an intricate a> well a> dangerous river, and lake navigation nf nver sixty mile-^. In addition to those advan- tages it ful■!li^Ile> a return freight in liimlier, a-suriiig to an alrcaijy existing trade a most prolitaMc mar- ket. It presents niiliiniled water power for iiianiitactuiing |iiii|io~cs and lujliil-. every condition ol' a channel necessary to create a trafKe and keep it. — The shortest distance lietwrcii the jioint ol' concentra- tion and distrihution - <'onse(juently cheapest freightage rates. A Irallic ajieady in exi-laii-e capalile of immense development ; a market afforiling ready ainl protitaliie sales; immense inaiuit'actiiring powers ; a channel wholly within our own territory, and which couhl only Kc na\ i^ratcil liy ,nir uwii craft, ami one that defies cdiiiiietition. Moii(i\cr it will lessen the distance hetwcen Dulnth, in Lake SM|)erior. and Montreal '-y ."i^io miles, and with the anxiety that the people of Cinada should feel to scciii-c the trade willi llieir North West Territories, this should he no ligiit consideration. Its effect on the settlement and inM-pcrity of the coiinliy iioitlinf Toronto cannot In; estimated, hut, jiid).:,.inr from what hasln'cn known •>l sich airiiicies, then; can he iiodiuiht Init it will largely stimulate jirospi iiy, while it will he the most jiowcrful le\cr the Canadian people can ajiply to lireak down (he cxelusivene-:- and monopolies which the jealous jmliev ot the I'liited States have thrown about the trade of the Western slates. The time ha, evidently .arrived for a bfciad and statesmanlike policy In dealing with the vast comincicia' interests iiuolwd. and it shoiil.l not be solely con- fined to the l''roiilier I'hanncis ot trade, but should look to the developmcnl of the interior a.s its basis Above all things the proposition tit the head of this paper, that " the Commeni.al I'olicy ot' this country .shoidd lie ilirccted to keeping the carrying trade in the hands of its people."" niii.st be lecogni/.ed as the governing motive in the enlargement of existing channels or the (rrcatioii ol new ones, and ought to form the basis of the Canal Tolicv of the Dominion of Canada. , whi:-li will ;ida the full iirees of the I. the pooplp I its voliinie id that trade )duee of the icreiu. The t owing to a lliroiigh the much below ,'o and were iiisioii ; that (.'atiadu are ol the North suflieient to J of our own H