IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I I.I 11.25 l^|2B |2.5 ut Uii 12.2 S 1^ 12.0 1.8 U 111.6 y] 72 /: f %^) ^j^j' ^^ om u CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1980 Technical Notas / Notes techniques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Physical features of this copy which may alter any of the images in the reproduction are checked below. L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'll lui a 6t4 possible de se procurer. Certains difauts susceptibles de nuire A la qualit6 de la reproduction sont notis ci-dessous. Ea Coloured covers/ Couvertures de couleur D Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur D D Coloured maps/ Cartes gtographiques en couleur Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages d6color6es, tacheties ou piquies D D Coloured plates/ Planches en couleur Show through/ Transparence D Tight binding (may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin)/ Reliure serri (peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge intirieure) D Pages damaged/ Pages endommagies D Additional comments/ Commentaires suppiimentaires Bibliographic Notes / Notes bibliographiques D D Only edition available/ Seuie Edition disponibia Bound with other material/ Reli6 avec d'autres documents D D Pagination incorrect/ Erreurs de pagination Pages missing/ Des pages manquent D Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque n IVIaps missing/ Des cartes gdographiques manquent D Plates missing/ Des planches manquent D Additional comments/ Commentaires suppiimentaires The images appearing liere are the best quaiity possible considering the condition and iegibiiity of the original copy and in Iceeping with the filming contract specifications. Les images suivantes ont At* reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition at de la nettetA de I'exemplaire film*, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shell contain the symbol —^-(meaning CONTINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un dee symboles suivants apparattra sur la der- nlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE". le symbols y signifie "FIN". The original copy was borrowed from, and filmed with, the kind consent of the following institution: Library of the Public Archives of Canada Maps or plates too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exemplaire film* fut reproduit grAce it la gAnArosit6 de rAtablissement prAteur suivant : La bibiiothique des Archives publiques du Canada Les cartes ou les planches trop grandee pour Atre reproduites en un seul clichA sont filmAes A partir de Tangle supArieure gauche, de c^uche A droite et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Le diagramme suivant illustre la mAthode : 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 i enn issnii m n micEiiEn of scieice, MONTREAL MEETING, A.ixgTxst 27 tK to Septejrtber 3vd,, 1884. V ;. h liEI'ORT a ON CONVEYANCE [FOR EUROPEAN CIRCULATION.] MONTREAL: PRINTED BY THE GAZETTE PRINTING COMPANY. 1884. ■ppwjiimiy J ^ \^f yO , io -^ ) to- BRITISH ASSOCIAIION FOR THE ADVANCEMEIIT OF SCIENCE, MONTREAL MEETING, Jiizgiisi J971.71 to Septeiixher 3rd, 18S4. liEIPOiiT ON CONVEYANCE [FOR EUROPEAN CIRCULATION.] MONTREAL : PRINTED BY THE GAZETTE PRINTING COMPANV. 1884. (.71) BRITISH ASSOCIA HON FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. MONTREAL MEETING. Auir. 27th to Sept. 3rd. 1884. CITIZENS' COMMITTEE. MR. THOS. WIIITK. M.l>.. (;i.ainn„„. [ MR. E. J. liARREAU. Treasurer. MR. S. C. STEVENSON. Rec. Socy. | DR. B. J. IIARRlNCiTON, Cor. Socy. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. MR. IIUOII Mclennan, chairman. I MR. J. D. CRAWFORD. Gen. Socy. OFFICES OF THE CITIZENS' EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. MOLSONS BANK CHAMBERS, 198 St. James Street, Montreal. All communications for Canada should be addressed to MR, J, D, CRAWFORD, GJkneral Skcretary, MONTREAL, CANADA. Post^Officb Box^147. ' INTRODUCTORY NOTE. The substance of pagos .5-10 has already been com- municated to mem])ers throuj^h the medium of the Council's circular issued from the London ofHce of the Association in February last, and which was compiled from information furnished by the Special Committee on Conveyance. This matter is re-printed, with additions and maps, for the use of members while on their out- ward journey, and more pnrticailarly for those who may choose the Halifax route. The Guide Book to the Dom- inion will be ready for distribution to members on their arrival in Montreal. It is recommended by the Conveyance Committee that visiting members should reach Canada in July or early in August, taking their long excursions prior to the meeting and thereby more fully availing themselves of the liberal ofters of free conveyance over the Cana- dian Pacific and Dominion railways. The Halifax route is strongly recommended together with a leisurely excursion, w^hile en vot/age to Montreal, through the Acadian, provinces of the Dominion. Rimouski station on the Intercolonial Railw^ay, 190 miles below Quebec, is the summer port-of-call of the Canadian Royal Mail Steamships from Liverpool to the St. Lawrence. Here the mails are landed, and passen- gers by this route may disembark to journe]' -eastward through the Acadian provinces, or westwara towards Montreal. Seventy-five miles distant by rail in a westerly direction is Riviere-du-Loup station, a well- known sea-side resort, and a stopping place for the Saguenay steamers. The American Travelling Certificate, which has been issued to members from the London office of the Associa- tion, will suffice for use on the Intercolonial Railway. It is the wish of the ofiicers of the Canadian Pacifio Railway that the special excursion to the Rocky Mountains fshould start as soon as possible after the I close of the meeting'. It is therefore intended that those who take part in it shall leave Montreal on "Wednesday night or Thursday morning", spending the rest of the week in Ontario, and joining the steamer at Ow\^ Sound on Saturday evening, September 6th, for the voyage through lakes Huron and Sui)erior to Port Arthur. Here the special train will be in readiness to convey the members to the Roi^ky Mountains and back. l^^or those members, who may be unable to re-visit Toronto on the return journey, parts of Thursday and Saturday may be devoted to that city ; and, perhaps, Friday to an excursion to Niagara Falls, which has been arranged for by the Local Committee organized in Toronto. It is the intention of the Montreal Committee, should the number of tourists warrant the carrying out of the arrangement, to despatch from Montreal at intervals of one or two weeks, during the six weeks, July 1st to August 12th, several excursion parties to the Rocky Mountains, each of which may probably be accom- panied by one or more local members as conductors. While the meeting is in progress excursions will be organized to places of interest in the neighborhood of Montreal, some of which are mentioned on pages 14- 15. One or more members of the Local Committee will also accompany each of these as conductors. At the close of the meeting, arrangements will be made to convey those members, who may desire to attend the meeting of the American Association, to and from Philadelphia at reduced rates of railway fare. TRAVELLING ARRANGEMENTS. A.— OCEAN STEAMERS. Tho various steamship rompanios will make reduc- tions in their rates of ocean-passage to (ill members (whether life, annual, or associate) of the British Asso- ciation who mry desire to attend the Montreal meeting, as follows : — CANADIAN LINES. • Allan Line of Stoamships — Address : Messrs. Allan Bros. Sf Co., James Street, Liverpool. — This lim^ will make an abatement of three guineas from the ordinary fares, so that th(^ return-rates {exclusive of the government grant), between Liverpool and Quebec, will be nineteen (19), twenty-two (22), and twenty-seven (2t) guineas, ac(;ord- ing to the accommodation. The return-rates between Liverpool and Halifax will be practically the same. Holders of return-tickets, will have the privilege of sailing from any of the United States or Canadian ports, at which the mail steamers of this line call. Single tickets, outwards, will be charged at the full ordinary rates, viz., from twelve (12) to twenty-one (21) guineas {exclusive of the government grant), but should the holders of such tickets return by an Allan steamer, they will be entitled, on application to Messrs. H. & A. Allan, Montreal, to a homeward cabin-passage at the reduced rate of ^12 10s. The mail steamers of this line leave Liverpool every Thursday for Quebec, and on alternate Tuesdays for Halifax ; but in all probability, should the applications T^ for pas8art, for return to Halifax and Liverpool, on alter- nate Tuesdays. The Allan company also maintains a week* , service of steamers between Glasgow and Quebec, leaving the former port twery W^ednesday. These steamers do not take passengers yirowi Ameri(;a. jiArfAVAY cox\nectioj\s.-T\h} distance from Quebec to Montreal is 172 miles by rail, IGO miles by water ; the time is about six hours by rail, and eleven hours (night) by water ; the fare for the double journey is about 14/3 by rail, and 10/2 by water. The distance from Halifax to Quebec is G8G miles ; the time is about twenty-six hours ; the fare//-ee. On this route, the passenger may visit St. John, New Bruns- wick, via Moncton. The distance from Moucton to St. John is 90 miles, the time about three hours, and the fare/ree. (See government railways below.) Passengers disembark at the wharves at Quebec and Halifax, and are transferred to the railway cars, without cost. Dominion Line of Steamships.— ilrffi?rg.s.s : Messrs. Flinn, Main Sf Montgomery, 24 James Street, Liverpool. — ^The return-rates (exclusive of the government grant), by any of the regular steamers of this line, from Liverpool to Quebec, will be seventeen or twenty-one pounds (£Vl or i)21), according as the accommodation is in a three- or in a two-berth cabin. In all probability this company, providing the appli- cations are sufficiently numerous, will send out one of their best and newest vessels as a special steamer, in m a which caflo tho rdnni-rjitos (flrrlusivr of tho govem- mont grant), will ho twenty and twonty-rour pounds {£20 and i!'J4) por pass<'ng«M', in the three- and tvTo-berth j'aliins, resj^cetively. Tho "Sarnia" Jind "Oretron" of this lino, carry neither rattle nor sheep. The company's steamers leave Liverpool every Thursday, and on th(^ return-voyagos, leavi^ Quehee every Saturday. hailwav coNMjrnuNs. -Tho same as those specified for the Allan line from Quebec. Canada Shipping Company.— A (hfrcsa : Mr. R. W. Roberts^ Manager, 21 Water Shref, Lirrrftoof. — The return-rates {exclusive of the government grant), bv any of the ordinary steamers of this line, from Liverpool to Mont- real, will be eighteen pounds (€18). The steamers leave Liverpool every Thursday, and on the return-voyage leave Montreal every Wednesday. Cattle and sheep are usually carried on the return- voyage. RAfLWAY coiVNECTroNS'.-Tho passougers have the option of disembarking at Montreal or Quebec ; in the latter case, the railway connections arc the same as those specified for the Allan line. UNITED STATES LINES. The White Star Line of Steamshipa, — Address : Messrs. Ismay, Imrie 8^' Co., 10 Water Street, Liverpool. — The return- rates from Liverpool to New York, by any of the ordinary steamers of this line, will be from thirty to thirty-five (30 to 35 guineas, according to the accommodation. The company express an intention, if the applica- tions for passages are sufficiently numerous, of sending a special steamer to New York, during the first or second week of August, by which the return-rates, will be twenty-two, twenty-five and thirty pounds (i)22, iI25 and .£30) according i;o the accommoda- tions. The compauy, however, reserve to themselves the right, if the vessel is not full a few weeks be- fore the date of sailing, of filling her up with other passengers. The mail steamers of this line leave Liverpool every Tuesday or Thursday, and on the return-voyages leave New York every Tuesday or Saturday, and sometimes on both days. RAILWAY coNNECTioNS.-(See details of railway arrange- ments). The distance from New York to Montreal is from 380 to 400 miles by different routes ; the time is about 14 hours ; the fare for the double journey 45/2, the cost of transfer from the wharves to the railway depot about 5/-. The Cunard Line of SteamshipB.— Address : The Cunard Steamship Co., Limited, 8 Water Street, Liverpool. — The ordinary return-rates, by the steamers of this line, from Liverpool to New York or Boston, are thirty (30) guineas, thirty-five (35) guineas, and forty-five pounds (i545), according to the accommodation ; but to mem- bers of the British Association, the forty-five pound berths will be ,. n lor thirty-five guineas, and the thirty-five gui ^ rths for thirty guineas. The mail steam s of this line leave Liverpool every Saturday for Ne York, and every Wednesday for Boston ; on the return- voyages, thej'- leave New York every Wednesday, and Boston every Saturday. liAiLWAY coNNECTioNS.-(See details of railway arrange- ments). Those from New York to Montreal are the same as specified for the White Star line. The distance from Boston to Montreal is from 350 to 400 miles, by the various routes ; the time from 11 to 13 hours ; the fare Ibi the double journey about Si/- ; the cost of transfer from the wharves to the railway depot about 6/-. Guion Line of Ste&mshipe.— Address : Messrs. Guion Sf Co., 11 Rumford Place, Liverpool. — The return-rates, from Liverpool to New York will be twenty-two, twenty-fivo, and thirty pounds (c£22, ^25, and ilSO) according to the accommodation, by any of the steamers of this line in which there may be room when appli- cations for passages are made. The mail steamers leave Liverpool every Saturday, and on the return-voyage, leave New York every Thursday. RAILWAY coNNECTiONs.-The Same as those specified for the White Star line. Anchor Line of Steamahii>B.— Address : Messrs. Henderson Bros., It Water Street, Liverpool. — The return-rates, (exclusive of the government grant), from Liverpool to New York by the steamers of this line, will be twenty-five (25) and thirty (30) guineas per passenger according to accomodation. The service between Liverpool and New York is tri- monthly, and the dates of sailing are duly advertised. This company also maintains a weekly service between Grlasgow and New York, leaving the former port every Friday, and the latter every Saturday. RAILWAY coNNECTiONS.-The Same as those specified for the White Star line. The Monarch Steamship lAne.—Address : Messrs. John Paion Sc Co., Fenclmrch Avenue, London, B.C. — The return- rates, {exclusive of tVie government grant), from Lon- don to New York by the steamers of this line will be twenty-one pounds (<£21) to a limited number of the members of the British Association. The dates of sailing may be obtained at the above address. RAILWAY coNNECTiONS.-The Same as those specified foi the White Star line. 10 American Line of Ste&mahipB.— Address : Messrs. Richard- son, Spence Sf Co., 19 Water Street, Liverpoot. — The rates from Liverpool to Philadelphia and return will he twenty (20), twenty-five {2^)), and thirty (80) guineas, according" to the acM-ommodation. The steamers of this line sail from Liverpool every Wednesday, and on alter- nate Saturdays ; and from Philadelphia every Saturday, and on alternate Wednesdays. RAILWAY CONNECTIONS.— M.(imher{i taking the Phila- delphia route, will be conveyed by rail between Phila- delphia and New York (90 miles, time two hours) at the reduced fare of 10/4. From New York to Montreal, the arran. t>. t>. i>. - of. s5 I— t 5j 5^ 1-1 I— ( 1— ( S O ^ ^-^ O O O O O lO o o o l-H I— t 1— ( l-H I— ) »0 lO >0 lO lO lO CI C^I i-l CJ w w o I » Eh o a o H n "" a a ' o o o o o o u:> i.o o o iH rH I— I O CO o ^ CO CO CO CO CO c^ "^o , . oo 6 © M -i M k M M o ■< a frt O . . 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Uavv.son, a member of the CitizeiiM' Committee, and they are hero reprinted for the information and guidance of tliose visiting moml)erH who may choose the Halifax route for their outward voyage.] L'Acadie is the euphonious French name for the Maritime Provinces of Canachi. now called Nova Sco- tia, New Brunswick and Prince P'dward Island. The word is derived from a Micmac word Cadie, signifying a place of abundance, and, as used by the Indians, was always qualified by another word expressing the tldng which tliere abounded. Quoddy, a word fre- quently met with in localities on the Buy of Fundy, is a Malicete form of tho same word. In the charter for the settlement of the country, granted by Henry IV. to doMonts, it is styled La Cadie, and this name is not only historically proper, but conveniently applicable to all these jii'ovinces for they are similar in climate, soil, productions and people. Such subtle differences in manner and appearance as may exist amt)ng the people can be distinguished only by one long resident in the country. Acadia is, in tho true fitness of things, the proper place in the New World at which an Englishman should land. Nova Scotia, especially, is mildly American ; and the transatlantic mind may there collect itself, after the sea voyage, before encountering tho oppressive superiority of Boston, tho cosmopolitan indifference of New York, or the exuberant metaphors of the irrepressible West. The track across the ocean, which a steamship from Liverpool to Halifax follows, has been a highway for many centuries. Before William tho Norman landed in England, while Canute the Dane was king, the ships of the Norsemen of Iceland and Greenland visited the waters of Acadia and coasted its shores. It was in the year 1000 that Leif Erikson landed in 21 Nova Scotlu, (Markland ho callorl it), in-ohahly near Capo 8al»lo. Af'tor him, camo Thorval<( Eriknon and Thoi'Htcin Krikrtoii with hiw wife ♦Jiulrid; and thou f()llo\vova Scotia, which will ^ivo an idea of what the world mi^ht have looked like alter Home great wash-out in primoi-dial times. After ten miles of such land the country improves a little and the train passes near tho Uniacke gold mines. At Newport largo (quarries of gypsum exist, and the annual export hence, mainly to the United States, is the chief business of the inhabitants. At last, after an uninteresting drive of 45 miles, tho ti-avellor arrives at Windsor, a town of 3,019 inhabitants u[)on the Avon river. This is a beautiful place, or the contrary, ac- cording to the state of the tide ; for hero tho visitor will meet the remarkable tides of tho Bay of Fundy. He will have, if the tide is out, a thoroughly satisfy- ing view of an amazing area of red fertilizing slime; and, if the tide is in, he will see one of the prettiest pieces of water in the country. He will realise here with Charles Dudley Warner how important water is in the make up of a river. Still Windsor is a pretty town and tho country around it is fertile. It exports also much fertility to other soils in the gypsum which abounds in the neighbourhood. Here was born, and here died, .fudge Haliburton, better known as '' Sam Slick tho Clock- maker," the author of many humorous books. Hero is situated the first college founded in tho Province — King's College, with six professors, founded in 1788, under the patronage of the Archbishop of Canterbury. The professors must belong to the Anglican Church but no religious tests are required of the students. The country around Windsor was settled very early by the French, but after the Acadian deportation their vacant lands were filled up by a population from Massachusetts and Ehode Island. Immediately around Windsor the land was granted to British officers and fortifications were erected which have crumbled away. After leaving Windsor the train crosses the Avon upon a bridge, very costly on account of the stupend- .h S4 ouH ti«loM of the river. For houw diMlancc tl»o bunk of tho Avon is fol lowed through u ricli count ly uhound- ing in gypMUni and froontono. Falinoiitli and Jlantn- j)ort ai'e pi-OHporouH villa^oH wlioro Hhipl)uilding in carried on to u conHidorahle extent. Atter paMwing Horton tho train cru.sHOH tho GuHporoaux river and nrrivoH at Grand Pre.— This is tiie ( hiHsie hind of Kvangolino — " In tho A(;adian land, on tho Hhoro8 of tho Bauin of Minan, Distant, sochKUvl, Htill, tho li»tlc villaj^c of (Jrand Vr6 Lay in tho fruitful valloy. Vast h^oadows wtrotchod to tlie eastward, Giving tho villago its namo, and pasturo to flocks without nund)or. Dykes, that tho hands of tho farmers had raised with lahour in(!OSHant, Shut out tho turbulent tides, but at certain seasons tho flood-gates Opened, and weUroniod the sea to wander at will o'er the meadows. West and south there wore fields of flax, and orchards, and cornfields Spreading afar anr8 wIjo cumo fi'om rnince to Caruuhi woi-e mostly Xorman or Hi-oton ; hut the Acadians were from the soiith-wesl — froni Saintonge, llocholle and adjacent nlacos. In 1711' there were about 500 families in tne province. In 1755 there were probably 8000 or DOOO Acadian Krench, of whom not more than 3000 were expatriated by the Jiritish (rovornmont. At present there are in Nova Scotia 41,219, in New Brunswick 50,635, and in Prince I^^lward island 10,751 persons of French descent. They form a most valuable ])ortion of the population. Cheerful, contented, polite, and laborious, they are everywhere resj)ected. They do not intermarry wi^lj the English, and, at some places such as Chezzetcook, they had until lately retainetl the peculiar dress of the peasantry of Old Franco. A study of some of these settlements, in tho middle of an English community but with curd and notary of the old days and with man- ners, customs and roligioii so ditt'erent, is interesting to a speculative politician. There is iK^thing in conser- vatism like it on this continent. Tho Acadians wore strongly attached to the lioman Catholic Church, as they still are. They came of the same stock which, as Huguenots, so obstinately resisted the dragonnades of Louis XIV. But no question of religion caused the deportation by the English, for the Acadians enjoyed the most absolute freedom of worship. It was not in Acadia as in Canada. There were no schools nor col- leges of any kind, and the people were vory ignorant and entiioly in the hands of their political loaders. Many of them were peaceable and harmless, but many would not even sell supplies to the English. At Grand Prd 1900 persons were collected by Colonel Winslow, a Massachusetts officer, who was in command. He burned the village — houses and barns, church and grist mills — and broke down the dykes. The troops on this service were all Massachusetts men of hard Puritan stock. They belonged to a regiment raised for special service in America; The men of the Aca- dians were collected separately and ordered to embark. This they refused to do without their families, but they were driven on board at the point of the bayonet in the night ot' the wccpintij women and children. The women antl children followed in othci' ti-anHportn, and no care was taken that the families should be re united. For this there could be no pretext of excuse. That was in 1755. Twenty years later and the whole family of Winslow were hunted out of Massa- chusetts. Proscribed royalists, they shared the fate of the Acadian loyalists. Theii* own property was con- fiscated or destroyed, and they had to make new homes upon the rocky shores of the St. .lohn. The Winslow stock was the oldest and staunchest of the original Plymouth Eock settlement and had filled the highest offices in the Commonwealth. Many of them were rewarded by the British Government with grants and some with pensions, but the poor Acadians, scattered homeless and penniless through the English coloniee among a race of alien tongue, found no sympathy from their heartless monarch or his frholous cour- tiers. Every American loyalist had in King Geoi'ge III. a personal, sympathetic friend. If any one in the American colonies is at any time heard to speak slightingly of King George, he will turn out not to be colonial born. Wolfville. — After leaving Grand Pr^ the train passes through Wolfville, where is situated the University of Acadia College, founded and supported by the Baptist denomination. Then the valley of the Cornwalli^ Eiver is reached through a beautiful country. From Windsor, up the Cornwallis and dowm the Annapolis valleys, is the garden of Nova Scotia — rich in soil and mild in climate. The road now continues in the depression between the South and North Mountains, referred to elsewhere. At Kentville is a flourishing town of 3000 inhabitants, and a succession of pretty villages is passed until Bridgetown, on the Annapolis Eiver, is reached, which is a place of some importance as the head of steamboat navigation on the river. If the tide is out the tourist will not see any river. The water may be away down the bay, but it will come and make the valley look charming in its setting of parallel, hilly ranges ; and, what is better, will float any vessels which may be sitting up waiting for it. One of the oddest sights to a stranger is to see a little steamer sitting up in the mud, blowing off steam and whistling with haste to get her freight aboard, as if she were going straightway overland, while there i& not water enough to float a chip. But in five minutes 'up it comes, and whu i.s ott'. PasHin*^ down tlio left bank of the river the train arrives at Annapolis, the ancient and venerable capital of Aca- dia — the oldest town [north of Florida] in America, and it would be difficult to find one pi-ettiei*. The beauty and security of the situation struck the eye of Champlain — the clearest-headed Frenchman who evei' trod the shores of the New World. It is the quietest, the most restful place which can be ima- gined — a very sanatorium for a shattered nervous system — quietei* now than even 150 years ago when there was a garrison, sometimes French and some- times English ; and when the English were always buj-ning out the French, excepting when the Frencli were entrapping the English and the Micmacs were > scalping them — quieter even than in the winter of 160(J-07, when the clever, light-hearted Parisian law- yer, Lescarbot, and the Bai'on de Poutrincourt, and Hubert, the apothecary, who represented science, and Champlain, who organised the '■'■ ordre de hon temps,'' ^nd their friends. Catholic and Huguenot, had such an ■excellent time in this Acadian "Forest of Arden." 'There was no scurvy thei-e, for game was abundant, and the lively Frenchmen exhausted their culinary skill ujion it — before the Cavaliers had founded James- town oi" the Puritan Fathers had set up their ecclesi- astical tyranny, called by a vivid metaphor a " tneo- ■cracy," at Salem. Then was "le bon vieix temps" of Henry lY., before the revocation of the Edict of Nantes had set Frenchmen at each others' throats in .France. In Acadia, as in Canada, no man was ever molested in the name of religion. It was not quite upon the site of the town, however, that the first fort was built ; it W' as on the opposite side, a little further •down the Basin. The town of Annapolis Eoyal contains 2,833 inhabi- tants. It is almost surrounded by water, for it is ^uilt on a peninsula projecting into the basin which iies tranquil among the hills protected from all winds. 'The water is deep and the shores bold. The North Mountain range protects it from the fog and wind of the Bay of Fundy, and the opposing range protects it ■on the east. The fortifications still remain, picturesque --and ruinous. Far up the valley are seen the dyked meadow-lands of the Acadians, and down, towards the «outh, the high lands round Digby are hazy in the • lakes. It is broken and unfit for farming. Yarmouth is a city of 6,200 inhabitants — the most maritime town perhaps in the world ; for it is doubt- ful whether a single person can be found there who is not, directly or indirectly, interested in a vessel. The instinct for maritime enterprise here amounts to genius, for, though the harbour is poor, the soil rocky and sterile, and there is no back country to depend upon,, the people are rich and thriving by their foreign com- merce. The tonnage owned in this small place amounts to 118,922 tons. There are 3,469 persons who are- owners of shipping. Retired sea captains find here a paradise, for the proximity of the Gulf stream makes the weather very changeable, and speculation uponi that subject is always in order. f 30 • FROM HALIFAX TO TICTOU Travellers take the Intercolonial Eailway, and at Truro the Pictou branch diverges from the main line. If all parts of Nova Scotia were as charming as the North West Arm or the Annapolis valley the effect would be too monotonous, and so, in going to Flctou, the aesthetic sense is allowed a short period of repose. There is nothing specially to remark upon until the train arrives at Stellarton, forty miles from Truro. The Albion coal mines are reached at this station. The population of the place is 1,881, all connected in someway with the mines. Two miles further on is New Olasgow. Population 2,595 — engaged in manu- facturing and shipbuilding. A Siemens' furnace, be- longing to the Nova Scotia Steel Company, is at work here making steel plates. There are also rolling mills and glass-works. The Nova Scotia Eailway (formerly the Halifax and Cape Breton Eailway) branches off here for Antigonish and the Gut of Canso. The train now continues along the East river (8 miles) until Pictou Landing is reached, from whence by ferry the traveller crosses to the opposite side of the harbour to the town of Pictou. Population 3,403, is situated upon an inlet of Northumberland Strait into which three rivers — the East, the Middle, and the West rivers fall. It has by far the best harbour on the northern shore of Nova Scotia, sheltered and commodious — from five to nine fathoms deep and with 20 feet of water over the bar at low tide. Unlike the harbours of Halifax and St. John it freezes over in the winter. The coast is low, but the scenery up the valleys of the rivers is pretty, and the bathing on the beaches is good. There is much good farming land in the vicinity but, as the meadow lands on the opposite coast of the Province, were more inviting, the French never made any settlement here. It wag first settled in 1767 by six families from Philadelphia, but the immigration which stamped a peculiar character on this part of the Prov- ince was the band of Highland Scotch which arrived in 1773. They landed in full highland array in kilts and with bagpipes in full blast. Never had the like been heard in Acadia. The Micmacs, who had pre- viously been hanging round for scalps, fled, terror- struck at the sound, and from thenceforth gave no I 40 trouble to the settlers in those part«. Tlie " medicine of the bag-pipe subdued them. The immigratiou continued from Scotland and the great majoi-ity of the people are Scotch and Presbyterian. This ener- getic stock has made Pictou county one of the most productive farming counties in Nova Scotia. The town has made great pi'ogress in manufacturing, and does a coasting trade by vessels built and owned there. Education is very carefully looked after, and with academy and schools and museum, and library and newspapers, the people of Pictou are admirably provided with educational facilities. Steamers leave Pictou regularly for Charlottetown, P.E.I., for Port Hood in Cape Breton, and for the Magdalen Islands, The Gulf Port line of steamers to Quebec leave from here, touching at all the principal ports in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Pictou is, how- ever, chiefly remarkable as the outlet of one of the most important coal fields of Nova Scotia. Pictou Coal Mines.— These mines first began to be worked in the year 180*7. As explained elsewhere, in 1825 all the mines in the Province passed into the hands of the General Mining Association of London, which commenced in 1827 to raise coal on a large scale and with scientific appliances. This monopoly continued until 1856, when the Company abandoned all their claims and were allowed to select four square miles where they pleased. They chose the locality known as the Albion Mines at Stellarton, and event- ually sold out to a new company called the Halifax Company. The area of the coal field at Pictou is 35 miles, but the beds are so thick and so accessible that their importance is out of proportion to the area. At the Albion Mines there is a section of 2,450 feet of coal measures holding 100 feet of coal. The thickness of the seams of tlje lower group are as follows in order of depth :— 34 ft. 7 in., 22 ft. 11 in., 5 ft. T in., 3 ft. 6 in., 3 ft. 3 in., 12 ft., 5 ft., 11 ft., 10 ft. There are sixteen seams known but these are the chief. It is the main seam of 34 feet which is generally worked. The total sales of coals last year from the Pictou mines were 461,809 tons, of which 260,980 tons were consumed in the Dominion.