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Lorsqua la documant ast trap grand pour itra raproduit an un saul clichS, il aat filma a partir da I'angla supAriaur gaucha. da gaucha A droita. at da haut an baa. an pranant la nombra d'imagaa nteassaira. Laa diagrammas suivanta illuatrant la mOthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MKROCOrr MKXUTION TBT CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST C.HART No. 2) ^ / APPLIED IN/MGE Inc 165.3 Eotl Uoin StrMt RoehOTttr, Nmt Yofk 14609 USA (716) *K - OJOO - Phorw (7)6) 288- 5969 -F<» ^/?>^^ t CANADA DEPARTMENT OF MINES aBOLOOXOAL lUmVXT MWUMOn Hon. W. TMruMiM, MiMunt; A. P. Low, Oi rr MiNiam: R. W. Bioci, OiiKtm. MEMOIR No. 9-E BIGHORN COAL BASIN ALBERTA 0. 8. MaUoeh OTTAWA GOVERNMENT PKINTING BUREAU 1911 Ng.Ui») ■ I I i f ■ / i # I Man W Tia«tt>i*« MiciiTi*. ll^S! I': LKGENl) aArtnrMM US S 9 3/ ■idSS/BJIiSriMii Sftg jgar D 5j imUX^mmtSSr^ of the ■«uth«m BIGHORN C ADJOINING MOUNTAII AIJJE] HtClH US iUwf MUtMCICt H • l«Ak •ullVIV LKGRNI) &SSS& E3 !l nutham popdon of flw IN COAL BASKT OUNTAINS AND FOOTHILLS AI^ERTA fUmuirlbS OANADA DEPARTMENT OF MINES •aOMMIOAL aOBTBT WkfMaK Bon. W. TlMruaAM, Minmtu; A. P. Low, Dwvty Miniitm: B. W. MEMOIR No. 0-E BIGHORN COAL BASIN ALBERTA a. S. MaUoeh U2(4-l OTTAWA UOVKKNMKNT PRINTINO BUREAU 1911 Nu. 1130 f To R. W. Bbock, Esq., Director Geological Surrey, Department of Mines, Ottawa. Sir, — ^I beg to submit the following Memoir on the Bighorn Coal Basin, Alberta. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, (Signed) 0. S. Halloch. Ottawa, May 9, 1910. II 1185i-l| BIGHORN COAL BA8IIT CONTENTS. Page Introductory ' General statement and acknowledgments • Photo-topographic survey W Area and location '^ Means of communication " Previous work '2 General character of the district 13 Topography 13 General account 13 Regional 13 Local 1* Detailed account 1* Drainage 1* Belief 1* Climate and agriculture 18 Fauna and Flora 1* General Geology 1® General statement 1' Regional 1® Local 20 Table of formations 21 Detailed section 21 Braxeau formation 22 Wapiabi formation 23 Bighorn formation 23 Blackstone formation 23 Dakota formation 23 Kootanie formation 24 Fernie shales ' 25 Upper Banff shales 26 Rocky Mountain quartiites ' 28 Description of formations 26 Intermediate beds and Lower Banff limestones 26 Distribution 28 Lithological characters 26 Age and thickness ' 27 Lower Banff shales, Upper Banff limestones, and Rocky Mountain Quartrites 27 Distribution 27 Lithological characters ' 28 Age and thickness 28 " OGOLOOIOAL SUHVKT, CANADA Oeneral Qeologr-Con. Upper Banff shales ^^■ Distribntion ". ' Lithclogical characters.. .. , ^ Age and thickness " " '■ ^ Fernie shales Distribution ^ Lithological characters. . ?? Age and thickness.. . ■' 3^ Kootanie Coal Measures Di.stribation Lithological characters. . ......]. ^! Age and thickness _ "_ , ^ Dakota sandstones and shales », Distribntion liithological characters « Age and thickness . . ' " i: Blackstone shales Distribution.. .... ........." ^ Lithological characters ^ Age and thickness ._ Bighorn formation Distribution ^ Lithologioal charbcters ^ Age and thickness ^ Wapiabi shales .. ^ Distribution .. "' Lithological characters ^ Age and thickness ' ''I Brazean formation ' Distribution ^^ Lithological characters ^ Age and thickness '^ Glacial and river drift Distribution . " ^ Lithological characters. . ^ 38 Structural Geology Major structural features .. ^ Minor structural features ,\ 41 PaLcontology 42 Correlation Correlation of sections on lithological 'resemblances.'.' '.'. ^^ List of fossils detormmed from the different formation... 46 Economic Geology Number and thickness of coal seams .' " Character of the coal Coal analyses, samples ** 55 BIOHOBN COAI, BA8I5 • Rcoromic Geology— Con. Pme Cok* analysPH „ Coal analyses, specimens Distnrbnnceg in Coal Measures Qenesis of coal seams Company holdinRS Estimate of the amount of workable coal in the Bighorn basin. '.S 6S Index List of Grologicnl Survey Publications of Economic Interest.. .. 67 ILLUSTRATIONS. Plate I. Bird's-eye view of the southern half of the Bighorn basin from the Saskatchewan river to the divide between Wapiabi. and George and Smith creeks. (Map No. 1145) Frontispiece. Pla^e II. General view of the Bighorn basin showing entire ' length of Bighorn range '** Plate III. Central part of Bighorn range showing gap of Black- stone creek Plate IV. Partial view of the northern cirque cutting through the strata of the Big horn range and broadening out behind it Plate V. Looking west across the basin showing first range of the Rocky mountains Plate VI. View of hollow behind second lonp' dinal ridge.. .. 20 Plate VII. Photograph illustrating contemporaneous erosion in the Kootanie formation on Chuugo creek 32 Plate VIII. Ne.ir view of the first range showing also the syncline in the Brnziau formation ** Map. No. 1132. 7*. Bighorn Coal Basin. :3IGH0RN COAL BASIN, ALBERTA. BY 0. S. MALLOCH. INTRODUCTORY. General Statement and Acknowledgments. The BiKhorn coal basin, situated in western Alberta, is named from the Bighorn range, an outlier of the Rocky mountains, 9 miles east of the first range, and extending from the North Sas- katchewan to the Brazeau river. The first discovery of coal in the basin between this range and the mountains was made by Mr. D. B. Dowling, in 1906. Analyses of his samples proved that the coal was well adapted for use in locomotives, and inasmuch as at that time, no occurrence of a satisfactory fuel was known nearer to the routes of the Grand Trunk Pacific, and Canadian Northern railways, the discovery attracted much attention when made public soon after Mr. Bowling's return. Two companies purchased large hold- ings in the basin, shortly afterwards, and its importance as a coal field was fully proved in 1907, when Mr. Dowling discovered that the coal-bearing formation contained at least nine workable seams, with an aggregate thickness of 66 feet. The next summer the Qer- inun Development Company sent Mr. James McEvoy to make a thorough examination of their properties. During the same season the writer, in accordance with the instructions of the Director of the Geological Survey, made a photo-topographic survey of the basin and a study of its g»'j -^gical structure. Mr. McEvoy, who was member of the Geological Survey for a number of years, has fur- nished sections of the Coal jfeasures, at two widely separated points, with thicknesses of the various seams, and analyses of carefully averaged samples from the more important ones. He also made 10 OEOLOOICAL SUBVEY, OAIfADA paced compMs traverse, of the most important trail., and the«s have proved of great .ervice in filling in topographic detail, o' the map accompanying thi. report. The writer', thank, are al.o due to him for .uggeatioa. made in the field, and for the inte est he ha. .hown in the map during it. compilation. U.0 ha. al8o been made of pla... of the C;erman Development t^ompany g claims, which were furnished by Mr. T. D. Green D L.S and of other information obtained from officer, of the Topographical Survey. Branch of the Department of the Interior. The writer's n^istants. Messr.. S. J. Schofield, and J. W. Shipley, rendered very efficient wrvico in the prowHsution of the survey. The packer em- ployed, E. J. Ballard, showed great ^eal in searching for fo..ils, and found many of the specimen., a list of which is given below. For their determination the writer is indebte•( til.- Bighorn l«i«in. from the rir»t raim^ "f tlw Kock.v U2r>i-I>. 10. I'IMK II f the Kixky Mlmtainn, •hnutiig eiitirp length of Uighoni mngi' mOIIOR!! COAL BAHIII Aim aad iMaties. 11 The irM mapped !• bounded on tho iiorthvatt and aoutbwMt rf • •peoUreijr by th« Bifborn range, and the fint range proper of thi* Rocky mountalne. Theee range* form the geological a* well a* tbe topographio boundaries of the baain; and though the ooal-beiring •tiata I ond boyoiid the 8atkatchewan and Brazeau rivert, the term baain la no longer applicable there, owing to the dying donrn uf the bighorn range, which dc not furm a well marked topographio fea- ture except between theae river*. On the touth. the Talley of the Saskatchewan ia mapped, and the nloiie* of the firat raiiite and tbe foothilU eatt of it. To the north of the basin, the valley of thn Braieau is very broad owing to the confluence of three large tribu- taries, but because of lack of sufficient time it was found inipoed on both sidet,. cutting the ilopes into spurs and re-entrants. The cirques developed on the northeast face are usually deeper, and three of them extend entirely through the range, and are continued » ; semi-circular depressions behind it. As has been stated, the basin is traversed by three longitudinal ridges approximately parallel to the bordering ranges. The first of these is only a short distance behind the Bighorn range, but is sep- arated from it by a depression which is ne-T less than 200 feet deep. This ridge bounds the depressions inside the Bighorn rang*, and, in some cases, it reaches an elevation of 7,500 feet. The outline of tlie ridge is very irregular, however, and the strata composinR it hav» been much dissected by cirques and stream gullies. Wapiabi, Black- stone, and Chungo creeks divide into numerous tributaries inside the Bighorn range, and then cut through the ridge, often obliquely to its general direction. As a geneiral rule, the ridge reaches it^ greatest elevation on its western side, but the spurs of the ridpe often rise to subordinate summits, and many hills are wholly detached from other portions of the ridge by the valleys of the streams crossing it diagon- ally. Immediately north of the Saskatchewan, the ridge is cut al- most in half by the valley of Bighorn river, and its total width is much incrciwed owing to an irregularity of the geological struc- ture in this locality. The second longitudinal ridge i» much more regular than tho first, and. except for the gaps of the larger stream?, and a few notch- like depressions cut by smalW ones, it is continuous from the Brazeau valley to that of the Bighorn. The general trend of this ridge is not quite parallel to the Bighorn range, from which it grad- ually recedes towards the southwest. However, it is never far from the centre of the basin. I |iii' enttiiitr thriniKli tljr strata nf tin- \Mg I'IMK l\ I iif till- liijrlinni niiini- and LiLuiliMiiiij; mit U'ljind it. k. tlHIH BIOKORX COAL BABIN Ji E«»pt for • r«tb.r wide gap occupied by Bltokrton. entk the third ridi* U oontinuou. from tb« Bfumyx v.ltey to the m.m br..,ch of George ureck, and it i. repre«ented farther .outh by thre. -Ic- Uched hilU aituatwi between .mailer branch., of thi- creek. South- ward from the third of thMe hill, the ridge i. al.-nt for o»er U mile., but it begin, again .outh of VVapUbi oreek and e»tend. to the Bighorn valley. The higher portion, of thi. ri.lge exhibit .ome broaJ .callop-like indentation., but otherwije there are few minor irregu laritiea in it. outline. In the triangular area, bounded by the flrat range of the mou..- tain, and the Bighorn and Saakatohewan valley., the di.tribution o the hill. i. mnch more irregular than in the reat of the ba..n. an.l they do not readily admit of claa.iflcation into three ridge.. A line of fairly high hill, border, the Saskatchewan valloy betww^.. the mountain, and Bighorn river, and i. broken only by the valley, of the two .mall tribut.rie. already mentioned. The eaatem of thew tributarie. i. the larger, and after breaking through the flanking hill. *t bend, to the w.-.t. and head, in cirque. ,l«velor.:d on the faco of the flr«t range of the mountain.. North of thi. .tream two low ridge, extend to the Bighorn valley, and betwem them i. « h>gb flat topped hill, with a gentle .lope down to thi. valley. Some other minor elevation, occur in thi. area, and there i« a «,mi-detached h.ll between the two forka of Bighorn river. The first range of the Rocky mountain. i« higher and more rug- ged than the Bighorn range, and it. eaetwn face i. out into a .uc cewion of protruding ridge, and rfioulder. by cirque, developed at irregular interval*. Many of thew cirques are quite uii.ymmetrie.1. exhibiting curved and branching axe., and .mailer cirque, have often been developed in the wall, of larger u9.. «. that the «.ur. hav^ an irregularity whicb may ahnost be deecribed a. fantaatic. South of the Saskatchewan the range divide, into two. the fartheat ea.t of which ba. been eroded away for 4 mile., and a. its continuation be- yond i. .lightly in front of the general line of the range it might be taken for the end of another outlying range. The geological structure sbowa, however, that thi. i. not the caw. North of the Saskatchewan the general line of the range .hows deep embaymenta from two outstanding peak., situated 12 and 24 18 OKOLOO'OAt. HU&VKY, CANADA milM from the river. It i« in front of th«M pMk^ that th« thi long;tudiii«I ridge of the bwin rcaohiM it* graatcit elevation In addition to the traniiTerMt Tallejr» of the river* und ttreai mentioned there are thr«> well marlted longitudinal doprewaionn. T flnt of theM liei between the Bighurn range and thu firat of t ridgea, and ia very narrow. Small trilmtarii'i* on tlif tranavei streams drain thi* depre*«!on, ond the three cirques pierfiniit tba Bi horn range are continued in the aama general line aa oirculur hollov The second deprMsion between the first and aecond ridtre i« mu wider and flatter, though it i* well drained by tributar.v atrean The third, between the second ridge and the third— or betwooii t tec- d and the mountain* whore th« latter i* absent— ii atill wid( and many rauakegs occur along iu eastern *ido. On the weate side the rock floor is buried undor aocumulationa of glacial dri through which deep trenohe* have been cut by stream* draining fr.i the cirques under the mountains. South of the Braceau and nor of the Bighorn, minor depre**ions occur between the third ridge ai the mountaina. An anomalous valley extendi tranaversely fro near the junction of the two branches of Bighorn river to the gap Wapiabi creek. Thi* vnlley is broad and flat, and contnins a lal more than half a mile long, which is situated only n short distan from the Wapiabi but which apparently discharges into the Bighor Climate and Agriculture.— The climate of the basin doea n differ much from that of Morley and Banff, on tlio main line of tl Canadian Pcciflc railway. The rainfall varies somewhat from yei to year, but ia always aufllcient for tho growth of grass whercv( opening* occur in the woods. Summer frost* are frequent, exce] at the low level of the Saskatchewan valley, where turnips have be« grown successfully. Here the growth of grasses and pea vines reachi the knee, and is ao thick that tracks of horses made fully a moni before could be followed. The frequency with which this volley visited by Chinook winds prevents the accumulation of anow i winter, and it has long been a favourite spot with the Indians t< wintering their horsea. Fauna and Flora.— -Rocky Mountain sheep, and both black an white tailed deer, are quite plentiful near the Eiazeau, but are *om« what acarce in the vicinity of the Saskatchewan— a favourite haui of the Indian«. Lynx, coyotes, rabbit*, martin, weaaeU, porcupin( Ili:.^ \: \s. r.lOIIOKN COAT, UASTN 10 squirrels, and chipmunks were either seen or their presence proved by their tracks in the snow. Tracks of a bull moose were also seen, but he evidently returned to the foothills after being in the ba.sin lees than a day. The only fish in the streams are silver and bull trout Some of the latter, weighing 15 poimds, were caught in Blackstone creek by members of Mr. McEvoy's partr Only seven varieties of trees were seen in t*^*: b--. '■- s,inice a:id Banksian pine being much the commonest. T' o pine flouri^^li .■ .. re the soil is eandy and the drainage good, whik ^r-.'e requires i .ore moisture. One grove of spruce, probably 10 t. iJ inc'ifs in dia- meter and 75 feet high, was seen near the mouth oi ii.feU -rn river, but the greater part of the Saskatchewan valley and the surrounding hills has been burnt over at a comparatively recent date. There has been much less fire farther north, and the valley of the Brozeau ki.s escaped altogether. Balsam usually grows with the spruce, while aspen poplar and cottonwood are found at lower level?, especially in old brules. A few Douglas fir occur on the gravel banks which lin«i the Saskatchewan. GENERAL GEOLOGY. General Statement. Regional. — ^With a few minor exceptions, the rocks of the Rocky mountains are of sedimentary origin, and as far as is known they were laid down without unconformity, from lower Cambrian to Cretaceous time. This series of strata is traversed by a succession of enormous thrust faults to which the different ranges owe their elevation. On the eastern side of the mountains the ranges are the result of compression, relieved by thrusting thick blocks of strata upward and northeastward until the Palaeozoic strata at their base have over-ridden younger Mesozoic strata east of them. In one case, described by Mr. McConnell, Cambrian strata override Benton for a distance of nearly 2 miles.' With some exceptions, the fault planes to the west have steeper dips than those to the east, and some of them differ hut little in angle from the dip of the beds. Distur- bances in the foothills affect only the younger beds. These are of > O.S.C. Annual Eeport, 1888, 1125i-2| Part D., pp. 33-34. OQ GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY, CANADA Cretaceous age, and ooneUt of a succession of sandstone l.-ls sepa- rated by great thicknesses of soft shale. Their con.pos.Uou renders W IL likely to crumple than to fault sharpy ""; ;•• ;"~; and consequently the faulta which occur usually ha^e »n>..ll thro and seldol reveal then^seW in the topography as the.v com.nonb do in the mountains. . , , In the longitudinal valleys within the «ocl«- n.ounta.ns the coal^ bearing Kootanie. or in a few cases the succeeding Dal. . the youngeet formation represented, and these are exposed onl> wher. he distance between the fault blocks is exceptionally wule In the foothills, on the other hand, the Kootanie » u ual b buried under from three to five younger formations, -'d -"^^ ff was not known that it reached iflie surface at any point. In tl ■ year however. Mr. D. D. Cairnes discovered the Kootanie in tb. V oi^ity of Moose mountain and Forgetmenot range-two ou, . south of the main line of the Canadian Pacific railway. Mr . ,uri s named and described ten formations occurring between the mou-.- 3s and the boun.lary of the bolt of disturl^d strata comprising the foothills. This l«lt is about 25 miles in width. ' .Il-AII the formations in Mr. Cairnes' ^^]0.^.c^^ Bearpaw and Edmonton, are probably represented m the Bigl om basin and the Palaeozoic limestones which he has grouped together el' be divided into five formations, as Mr. Dowling has done in h" report on the Cascade Coal basin. On the map. however, the trit has made only one line of divi^.n l-t-on the Palaeozoic Ttr ta. puling the Rock^v Mountain auart.ites. the Upper Banfi limestone, and the Lower Banff shale in the Upper and he Lower Banff limestone, and the Intermediate beds in the lower g.oup. The strata in the basin form a syncline, whose eastern limb con- stitutes the fault block known as the Bighorn range^ ^^^^^f^'^ Lb is overturned, and is overridden to an unequa extent alon. th^ western edge of the basin by tftie strata of tHe first range of Rocky mountains. This is due, partly to a convergence oet.e.r T. axis of the ayncline and the fault plane, and partly to the irre. ular outline of the range, some parts of which have been eroded bad farther than others. "■'o7s7c71<7."968rMoo^e~M^un'tain Distri.t of Southern Alberta, b; P. P. Cairnes. 1. River drift. 2. Glacial drift. nionoRN coAi. basin Table of Formations. Quaternary. Upper Cretaceous. 21 3. Brazeau sandstones, conglomerates, and shales. 4. Wapiabi shales. 5. Bighorn sandstones, conglomerates, and iirtercalated shales. 6. Blackstone shales. 7. Dakota sandstones and shales. Lower Cretaceous. 8. Kootanie Coal Measures, consisting of a succession of sandstones and black shales with coal seams and some leds of con- glomerate. Jurassic. 9. Femie shales with a band of quartzose sandstone. Tria.vsic. 10. Upper Banff shales with a thin band of white limestone. Permian f 11. Rocky Mountain quartzites. Carboniferous. 12. Upper Banil limestones. Carboniferous f 13. Lower Banff shales. Devonian. 14. Lower Banff limestones. 15. Intermediate beds Detailed Section. Detailed sections were measured with chain and clinometer com- pass from the uppermost beds of the Brazeau fon_.ation which have 28 OEOI.OOICAI. 8UKVEV, CANADA escaped erosion, dow.i to the top of the Upper Banff limeetone. The portion of the section from the Brazeau formation to the base of the D kota was measured on the more southerly of the two main branches of Wapiabi creek. A break occurs in the section through the Wapiabi formation, so that it« thickness is probably much above the figure given. The Kootanie formation was measured on Chungo creek; and the Fcrnie, Upper Banff shale, and Rocky MounUin quartzite whore they outcrop on the hills immediately north of Black- stone creek. The total section in descending order is as follows:— imA/.i;.\t FOIIMATION. lict. I tiiwiiish Krev Baud.st.nes with .liort r''''"''S> .f "♦"''■''£ throuKh the:a in irr^Rular lenses. Orey pebbles pre- ^^^ dominate 209 2. Plaek and brown shale g .1. Greenish grey sandstone ./^ 4. Black and brown shale.. .■■•■•■.■■■,•:, in S Greenish prey sandstone with chert pebbles W ?Srrisr.^"^t.dttwith-ch;rrpebbVes:; :: :: :: :: m I: ^hX%rdstore\tt;;inB Va deep bn^.n' colour;; V. 57 10 Gre-ni«h erev snndstones with chert nebbles.. •••■■• 1" 11 Brown and black shales with thm beds of sandstone which weather brown, but are Rrey on fracture.. .. 8^ II Ji;ers.mlitof.e't ith^'a^few- pebbies and vUnt' impression;: j^ II Black aSd brown shales with bands of shaly sandstone .. m 1^ Sandstone with a few chert pebbles.. .. ...... ■• •• ■• •• 16 Heavy bed of Rroenish Rrey sandstone with chert pebb es; blue pebbles are common but prey ones Predominate. . - 17. Black and brown shale with bands of shaly sandstone.. ,58 18 Coarse grev sandston" with a few chert pebbles 9 19. Brown shale with thin bands of shaly sandstone 120 20. Greenish grey sandstone which crumbles easily •'•• 21. Brown shale with a thin bed of sandstone. • oi 22. brown and black shales with bands of sandstone and ^ concretions ^g 2i: Conglomerate oif' small ''i^ri'^bblVs.'d^rk'Mue,' Veen. white, grey, and red in colour. The first greatly ^^ pre(l()niiiiiil>' „. 26: srmifar' conglomerate with s'oiii'e 'rebbles ns large as hens' ^ eggs ; * • * '• " 1 " n 27. Siliceous sandstone with impressions of plants - 2S. Similar ronKloniernte .•■ .• •/ • ,;. I" /.■»"■ " " 40. Hiiiwii Bhale, with purplish cast ]- II. Whiti' sandstone, with ureeuish cast i" 42. Shale similar to Nci. 10. . . . ^; 43. White samlsli.iie, with ureenish cast '" 'I'ot.il '■'■'■' KOOTANIE FORMATION. 1. Hlark and grey shale '•',', ^ 3. Ulaok shale 2® X. Coal ■• '■, I,,. ,5. Hlack shale, with ribbons of coal >''' (i. Coal ',,'. 7. Sandstone ;:', H (-',,.< I :;* 9. Black shale, and shaly Bandstone ii' 10. Coal • • „;'■' 11. Ulack and brown shale ,•■,,••,■•, '1 12. Sandstone shaly below, heavy bedded above Jl 13. Hlack and brown shales *• 14. Coarse sandstone, weathers yellow J' l.l. Hlack and blown shale ;* 111. Heavv bed'* nf sandstone.. -r , 17. Coal with 0-6 foot of shale | way up »•» 15. ;)lack shale, with a coal seam not duR out 5 1!t Siliceous sandstone •.•• • •'0 <'ack shale, with at least one coal seam which was not duKOut !'» 21. Coarse grey sandstone ' "2. Sandstones separated by black shales ^ 2.3. Hlack shale ^ '*!. Coal 25! Sandstones separated by black shale.. .... .. .. •• •• ?♦ 26. Hlack shale, with calcareous band containniK shells ot nuculoids and pfastropods '»* 27. Orey sandstone ^ 28. Black shale and shaly sandstone «J3 29. Siliceous sandstone '2 :m. Hlack shale ^' 31. Massive (trey sandstone ™ BinitOKN COM- D.\«IN sr> I 'iwt . .TJ. ('iiiiioiili'il. pifiliiililv bliick Hhnle K'l 33. Shaljr landston* b .'(t, SniKlNtoiici mill liliu'k kIihIih ((.TuiiipleU) Bppr 6 U. Con|{li)'ii«'iat(', pi'blilis iif chert, KciifiuUy dark lilue in inliiiir, biit MuiiPtJiiies liltlit uri'en, Rrcy, and pink. IJ 12. Slialv .-.iiiilstiiics, M'paiati'd by black shalen lis CI. Silici'iiii" ^aiidhtoiii' ^ H. Black shalra and iihaly sandatonea 10.1 ^5. Coarse Rriy sanil^tiilii' II 46. Uhuk sbalc-s nnil sbaiy F-andstDiics !)7 47. yilici'ous Faiidstniii' L' 48. Hlaik shab's and vlmly saiidstiiiiCH (tht'Ki- shoNv I'vidi'Mi i" iif cniitcinporaiipuiiH I'msioii) 110 49. Siic'essiriii i.f l.laik sb.ib's and shaly sandhloiU'N, with 3 ribbons of coal, 0-6, 1'4, and 0.3 feet thick 76 .V). Siliri'iiiis ^,lu(|st(l|l^'. ui'atbi'rlni; to blin-l' i ii't li 51. Black ahalo and iihaly sandstones, with 2 ribbons of (1)^1 lL>H .57. Grev siliceous sandstone 50 .58. Black shale 42 .59. Thin-1)edded sandstones, with fossil plants 40 60. Black shale, with one thin band of sandston' 47 61. Siliceous sandstone which weathers red 37 62. Concealeil, probably black shale 1.58 6.3, Heavy bed of sandstone ,10 64. Concealed, probably black shale 3.1 65. Sandstone, (trey on fracture, but weathering to brown colour 9 66. Black shale 74 67. Grey sandstones, separated by beds of black shale.. .. 173 68. Grey sandstones 5 69. Black shale, with ribl>iii:s of sandstone 75 70. Heavy Iw-d of sandstone 10 Total. 3,658-9 FERKIE SHALES. 1. Pli'cV shale, with thin bands of sandston" 91 2. Bed of brown sandstone, bluish grey on fracture 1-5 3. Black shale, with ribbons of sandstone !* t. Black shale It2 5. Baud of ironstone concretions 3 •'..Soft black shale 113 7. Black lim^tone, with numerous belemites 8 8. Quartiose sandstone, with some rounded pieces of black shale in the lowest bed 71 9. Soft black shale, pyritiferous in places 101 20 OKOl-OOICAI. srBVKY, OAKAUA IV.t. 10. B»nd of grj-y ruUttii-onii tuuilHtuQc. with iiuprPMiond of ■mmonitm nod olhir fiwuiU.. »'• U. Black ihttle. hiird and ailiceoun in l'^^<^<'»-- ■■ ;• ;: • ^" 12. 8and»ton», with calraroous rrmriit, binrk on Iracturn but weathering whilt? __ . Total '^ UPPEK BA.Nrr SHALES. 1. Calokreons and arenaceou* hhalea in heavj bed*, dark tfrey on fracture, but wcathenng to reddish brown.. if' 2. Similar nhaleg in thin bed».. •••••;•••.:;••.••• " t. Thick bcda, weatherind to a drab colour, with chcrty concretinna J 4. Similar beds without concretionh ♦ t. Hard ttni'-ljraiurd aandatoue " 6. Calcareous line-grained aanU^tone ^ 7. Hand of cream coloured limestone.. .... .. .... ■• •• -» 8. Caliareoua and arenaceous shalea m heary bed«, dark Kroy on fracture, but weathering to reddish brown.. .1" ». Sjmiliir shales in thin lioiU.. .. f' 10. Similar shalea. again in heovy beds '* Total *•* BOCKY MOUNTAIN (JUAHTZITES. 1. I'ure quartaite of opal-like cast.. ... .. ••.••.•.• 'i '^ 2. Calcareous ^uartzite, weathering white, with bands of yellow siliceous shnle "J 3. Calcareous quartzite, v^Mhering white. . .. ....... « 4. Colcareoiis quartzitr, > i bauds of shale similar to No. 2 *Z Total "* Oriind total of nine formations 10e82-4 Deioription of Fonnations. INTERMEDIATE BEOS AND LOWER BANFF LIMESTONES. Distmbution.—The Intermediate l«ds, and Lower Banff lime stones, have been groupetl under one colour on the map. since nt very definite line has been drawn between them. Tliey are both oi Devonian age. These formations constitute all the mapped portior of the first range of the Ilocky mountains. Tho Lower BanlT limL' stone occurs in thick 1-ds capping most of the peui<.s in this range and the higher ones in the Bighorn. The Intermodiatr; h<^ds out crop on the eastern faces of the ranges. Lithologtcal Characters.— The Intermediate beds consist of a sur cession of dolomitic limestones, dolomites, and calcareous shales IIIOIIORM COAt, BASIN 8. 4* 13 49 4 11 22 'JS 30 21) 74 2W 17 30 8 19 whicli ttfuthor uiuvuiilj on tho face* of th« range*. A bami of ion- glouicratn, conHi?'tini; of lluttenctl liinetttonc fracnientR with u ilolo- initiu cemout, i» u L-hurucU'riiiti j U^d in tho lower part of tliiH forma- tion, ati ia alxo u bitiid of >(>llow itilicroui iilialu. Near tlui l>uiic of tlie mountain lying nortli of tliu Uruzcuu, and Hhown on tho corner of tiio map, wert! mk'ii some rud and pink boU*, whicli contain conitidei'- able amounts of iron oxidu und iron carbonato d^-potitu 1 uboiil rounded quartz graiuK us centrpH. At this point the forniation ruaLs on betton6 which may n-pruMUt tho top of tho Castle Mountain aeriea, but no fowiiU were found to prov*- thuir Cumbrian or Ciinibrian-Siluriuu age. Tlie Lower Uunif linie«toueH conaisi of thick I »U of blue lime- ittone, with itoniu dolomitic and «iiiceou« concretion:*. .Mnnv veiii- leta of valcspar traverse the different layen, und fill i»puees unce ncuupied by tho .shelU of bruchiapod-' and utiioi- fi«ailH; but the niaturiul is ueuuUy to coarsely cryxtuUine that ull traces of organic structure hove been destroyed. Owing to it« honii>(teneily thi* lime- stone weathers into bold cliffs, which have often nearly verti<'ul faces. Age and Thickness. — Some fossil shelts found in the upper purt of the Lower UanfT limmitoae were well enough preserve.! to \m identified, and thefe provu its Devonian age. The combined tbiek- ness of the Intermediate beds, and the l/ower Banff limestone, was iueH:surc -M: so that it co...titute. a good horizo.i marker. Ihe 1 ower Banff .hale weather, ea.ily. produ.Mng tulu.-cove.ed ledge, on the cliffy bordering the tran.ver« valley.; and where the d.p .. .o .teep that it i. impo..ible to a.cen.l the bare sn.ooth face, ot the limestone strata, the.e ledge, often fonn the only mean, ot chn.b.ng the mountains on either side. . . , . , , .,. The Upper Banff limestone, are usually vvh.li.h .n colour, but dark .haly band, occur throughout the fomu.tion. and have a much greater development in the Bighorn basin than in the interior ranges of the mountain, whore the formation wa. first studied. Line, of cherty concretion, occur in the limestone, running parallel with he planes, and an abundance of crinoid .tems is eharactcn.t.c of th- '"Tae7nd Thichuess.--ihe Lower Banff shale is doubtfully referred to the Carboniferous on the evidence of a badly preserved sp.nfer^ Fo«sils have several time. l.eeh described fron. the Lpper u.fi limestone, proving its Carboniferou. age. but there is some do.u. as to the precise horizon it represents. No fossil, well enough pre- served to admit of determination have been found ,n the Rook> M untain quartzites. and their reference to the IVrmian .. based soLly on their stratigraphic position between Carbonifero^ and Triassic strata. There is no evidence of an unconformi y between this formation an.l either tho Upper Banff limestone below o>- the Fpper Banff shale above, but since a hiatus in sedimentation may have occurred, the Rocky Mountain quartzites may represent any hori on from the mid-Carboniferous to the mid-Triassie^ The combined thickncs of the Lower Banff slml,-. Uppei Banff limestone, and Rocky Mountain quartzite. as measured by means of UIOilOKX COAI. BAHIIC 2!> poinU plottctl from pluitoKrutihii, uniouiitM U> l.'WK) fcpt. Mr. Mc<''f tlic niounUin*. jimt sout'i of the Ckarwotor river, their thick«c»s amoimt!! to only about 2.00.> feet. It u U|>|)urent. thcrMfort-. that tin- Uds thin out to tho north. Ihstrihul inn. 'l'\m rppur Ilaiiil "hiilo- Mai.k thi- niuir- of thi' wenlern gid.- of the BiBhorn range, extending to various distances up their »\o\ks. A little north of the K'>P "f 'liunKo orc<'k tho Upiicr Banff nhulex rixo to the top of tlie nmitc, am! cap it from there to itH northern end. Lilhologifal Chararlem.-^'lho I'ptwr Banff dhaleii are iiniiineoiw. ealeareouti, and Kiiffifiontly ferruninouii to |liv(« the strata a cliaraetir- istic reddi!»li tiroan colour when weathered. On fracture. Iiowever, thov are dark (trey. The shale* occur in beds of from i,' feet d'lwii to about A of an inch in thickness, and the thin ami ihick-leMi iVct liclow tlir Ihim; ot' the Itnkiita mi Wiipinlii rrri-k. and another Imiiil whs sfn^ii mi tlint cropk ii short (listaiii'f litOow flip jioiiit at wliicli llii- i-octioii wii> ciiilcil. On (ieorjte and ChiingD creeks only ii siiiyli' liniid occuri-, iihinit tli<' middle ef tlie nieusiire>. liiit on the hill' eii»t of the hitter creek-, there lire two haiid-i -I'parated li.v ahout .'500 fe<>t of >triilii. A hod of fossil shells oe<'iirs ahout l,:iit' feel from the hase of the Dakota on ('hiiiis?o erecU, aiul a similar hed oeeiir- at alioiit the sann position on CJeorp! creek, whore it is in the mo»t |iroductive portion of the nioasiires. On Wapiahi ereek. Imwever, the oiil.v l>ed nf los-il shells seen occurs 4!»0 feet from the Dakota, and on IJiKhoni river a similar hod ocenrriiip near the head of tlie r'afioti seems to he at a somewhat lower horizon. The stratigraphie irreKularity may liave liei'ii caused partly hy the action of contemporaneous erosion, as xample photographed on Chunsro creek seems to indicate. A heil of -aiidstoiie on t^ie eastern hank is ahriii 'ly replaced hy shale near the level of the stream, and the curveii end of the sandstone *u};K;e~t'^ that the deposit of sand once extended farther. While the miiteri:d was still nncon- solidated, part of the sand was doiihtless reniove.l. prohnhly hy an eddy, and clay deposited in its place. Age and Tliirkties/i. — The name Kootanie used hy Dr. Dawson in 1885 to designate the coal-l)enring series 'uscade hasin. As will ho seen from the pahieontological evidence ■ o is some douht wlielher the formation should he assigned to the oottom of the Cre- taceous or to the lop of the .Furassic. The thickness of the Kootanie I'ornintion in the hasin is over 3,000 feet, which is much greater than might lie expected, for at all points where it and the nnderlying formations have been studied in parallel basins in the eastern Rockies, or in the foothills, the Kootanie and these older strata thin out rapidly eastward. The followins: measured thicknesses of the Kootnnie illustrate the eastward thin- ning, and it will he noted that in the more northerly examples, which are situated within 50 miles of the Bighorn hasiii. the thinning is not so pronounced as in the more southerly ones. In the Crowsnest field ;Mr. McKvoy measures 4.7;if'. feet of strata.' of which all hnt the Inst measurement, viz.. L'tfiO feet af Mack and hrowu shale, prohahly he- •G.S.r. Aiiiiunl Kei>ort for 1900. Part A, pp. ST-SS. 1125', .1 34 OEOLUOICAL Sl'KVEY, CANADA long to the Kootanie. In the Frank field situated east of the Cro^v. Z, the thickness of the Kootanie probably does not great xc^d 742 feet, which is the thickness of u section n.easured b> Mr. ^^ . %N • "^"seiwen the Bow and the Kananaskis the thickness of the Koot- anifis p"ob bly about 2.800 feet, but the uppermost bed. have been el d ;; eroLn. In the foothill, a short dUtan- to tUe .u^; east the thickness aB given by Mr. Cairnes amounts to "» > -^-";;;;_ In Ihe third longitudinal valley, between Red Deer and t >.• C lear- watlr aT east 2 300 feet of Kootanie strata have escaped ercMon :;^h has rioved ^e uppermost beds; hut in the fir.t long.u.l.a vZ a little south of the Red Deer the total th.ckness of the for- mation is only about 1,700 feet. DAKOTA SANDSTONES AND SHALES. nistnbution.-ThB Dakota formation outcrop, on the western .10^ oh fir t 'ongitudinal ridge extending from the Brazeau to slope of the br g ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^,y ^f ,,., Its outcrop svncline which traverse, the comparatively fit «* the ^'c.^ o . ^^.^,^ ;, .;,„,,ed a little ''tof':: Touth f hell: tributary to the Saskatchewan the east of t*';^ ^akl formation swings round, and as the dip of the outcrop of the Dakota format _^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^.^^^^ ^_^^ ''T '' Tthtrd u' ti t i o Lidden between the two branches rSl re by th strata of the fault block comprising the first of Bighorn river y formation emerges from under range of the ^-^^^ 7;;^7;,/j Opabin ereek, but on the north :rdra:dTrBra:erX: . apU to be completel. bur^d hv drift The Dakota also outcrops for about 3 miles on the walls o 'h gorje ut by the Saskatchewan below the mouth of the more of the gorg tributaries mentioned. Since an isolated ::;:! wafsJlsou^h of the gorge it is probable that it underlies LSTf The broad valley bottom, ^h^ Dakota format^ also out- BIOMORN COAL BASIX 35 crops on the western slope of the anticlinal ridge which lies south uf the Saskatchewan, and opposite the end of the Bighorn range. Lilhological Characters. — The boundary between the Kootanie and Dakota is quite distinct lithoiogically. The Dakota begins with a bed of white quartzoso saiulstone, which has a peculiar greenish cast. The grains of this sunilstone are not so tinnly cemented as those of the siliceous sandstones in tiie Kootanie, which weather either to reddish or bluish-grey cnlourj. The shales which follow the sand- stone are even more eii»il.v ilistiiiguished, for they weather to reddisii and yellowish tints, siiowing in places a purplish cast, whereas the shales of the Kootanie uiv almost invariably carbonaceous, tn some extent at least, and sebli'in lo^e their black colour on weathering. Higher up in the llakota tlif sandstones often weather brown, but are usually grey on fracture. -Iflie a>id Thi'chiicsii.—'\'he formation is referred to the Dakota from it< almost certain correlation with very similar beds overlying the Kootanie in the Moose .Mountain district, which have been described by Mr. Cairnes, and refcrrpd to the Dakota horizon from tin ir strati- graphic position and from the evidence of a number of fossil plants. The identity of the two formations is made almost certain by the occurrence on Panther creek of a few beds overlying the Kootanie. which bear the closo-t re-emlilance to the Dakota described by Ifr. Cairnes, and to the formation overlying the Kootanie in the Bighorn basin. Impressions of twigs and stems of plants were seen in the Dakota, but no determinable fossils. The thickness of the formation is 1,800 feet, whicli corresponds well with the maximum thickness of l.TOO feet measured by ifr. Cairnes.' Bt.ACKSTONK SHALES. The remaining four formations in the basin have been given looal names. As a series, and lithologically, they resemble closely the corresponding formations which Mr. Cairnes has described from the Moose Mountain district, but the fossil evidence goes to sh - that they are not the same. Diitribuiion — The first of thes* formations is the Blackstone shales, named from Blackstone creek. These shales occupy the 'G.S.C. No. 1126i-3i ? oose Mountain District, by D. D. Cairnes, p. 31. gg OKOI.miKAI. SlltVKY, CANADA ridge. Tl,ev outcrup ..U,v. tl.c Dakota ...n.Utone on the tlur. north of the Saskatchewan, and like it the.v .wiuK round an.l ar. "c ridden h.v the faul.-a .noun,..in r..n... near the northern i.ranoh of Bighorn nvor. Th. remaining outcrop, an- ununportant. as the Kreator part of the fonnution is concealed l.v .Ir.tt. Lilholovicol Cl,n,acle,s.-lh. formation i- very hon.o.eneous .istinir throughont of dark grey calcareous shnles. . , ,, , ZL Tkickness^So fc.ils .ere found in tho-e .hale, though „ careful «>«rch wa. made. They probably correspond «•» ' the ow . part of the Benton. The only complete .e.a8 he more southerly of the two main branches "'/^ "••"•• "-^; ;,' d there the beds are crun.pled, a. would W des.rahl -uld a letter section be obtained. BIOUOHN F0B.MAT1OX. m4nt,unon.--VU. Bighorn formation is nan.ed after Bighorn er.H.k on which it outcrops just lelow the junet.on ot the two brm -hes The Bighorn formation ontcops in the second long.tu- d dge betwee.' the Bighorn aud the Brazeau valley, on the two i g^s between the Saskatchewan and the Bighorn, and on Uu, .,... J hill betw««n the two branches of the L.tfr -er « ^o a,ion is overrid.U.n by the fault bl-.k a short .b.s.auee .^Hh of the northern fork of the Bighorn, but reappears near the head of the !::: tributary of Wapiabi ereek. and ^<^"^^"^- ^^J^^t einuous line to the southern bank of Opab.n -reek, ejond wh.eh s cute op i^ oonoealed by .Irift. The Bighorn fonnat.o., also caps 1 "lit of the third hill in the line west of the B.ghorn and no th Th Saskatchewan, while south of the latter it outcrops .n a ru „ l,rt distance we.t of the anticlinal ridge oppos.te the end of th. ^tZlZ^ r,.racUr..-^^^o Bighorn formation consists of sUi- ceou and shaly sandstones, black and brown .ha es. and several band- conglomerate, which, like the rest of the formation, bears aTtrong resemblance to corresponding strata occurring .n the Koot- •'"'^:: W n;..-...-The only well preserved fossils fo..d in tl.s fonultion were specimens of Inoceram,. umho.aU., but a few r.bbed BIGHORN COAI. BaBIN 37 •Jii'lU. priiluililv fiirtliii, wc tliii-kiutoii is :!tH) feet. il«ii •(H'li. Tlu horizon is Coloratlo; tlie J)iiiliibutii)ii. -'{'h» WiipinLi shales occur in the depression west of tliti seciiuil h.iinituUiiial ridge mid lK>t«eeii it und the third ridtje, vr htiuicii it .iiid tiiu mouutuiu* whore tlii* riduu i« abMnt. The foriiiutiuu is Kcuuridl.v conreideil i'v drift, the l>e«t exposures beinn -fen III! ihi' nmrr xiiillicrly of th<' two iiiiiiii lirinirhe- of Wapiiihi creek, from which it hfl» Ueii named. .\» u rule, tliiii oxposurea of tho formiitioii can he »een immnliatel.v I clow the ■.iici'coding Brazcau fiirmiitiiiii. mid in «ntnc phiees licneath the limestono of the moun- tiiins, hut in no phice is a complete >rction exposed. Lidiohfiical CliinacliiH. — Tho Wapiahi siialfs mv lirown or dark ure.v. nnd somewhat arenaceous. The.v are very similar to the Black- stone, but contain concretions, and about StW) feet from the base the sliulen are tpiite foseiliferous, coutuinini/; lari^r numbers of a new siH'cios of scaphites, and other marine fossiU. .{lie iKi'l TliiclnoKit. — Tlic horizon indii'atcd l.v thc-o fossils is Colorado, and ed hill south of the Bifihoin. South of the Saskatchewan this forma- tion caps three hills borderinn the vidle.v. The eastern of these hills is situated opposite the mouth of Bighorn river. Litholofiiral Clinrailent.— The Brazeau fornnition consists of alter- nating beds of black and brown shales, with irreenish-grey s":id8tones lontaininp; pebbles of chert. The lower lier part of the Brazeuu fonnat.o.. i. vcrv similar to the Dakota. Age and r/..c.W.e«.-Ob.curo lamcUihranchs, m.d prol.aMy u ... • and cardia occur in thi. formation iu oortnin l«H:alu.e.. Tho U.i ; pecimen. were .een on the hill oppo.ite the mouth of B.ghorn r.ver, but none were necured. Some impre«ions of plant, nl.o occur^ The section mea.ured i. nearly 1.700 feet, but th.. does not repr. - ^ut thr true thickness of the formation, .ince the top ha. We>, r.- moved by erosion. GLACIAL AND B^EB URirr. Didrlbution.-lhe glacial and river drift have been grouped to- ,..ther. since at prcent it i. impciblc to separate them over large portion, of the basin. They form th.ek sheet, .u the Sa- katlwan and Bruzeau valleys, and also in the th.rd long, ud.nal depression, where they are trenched by stream, to a depth of over 100 feet without bed-rock being exposed. A large part of the B.ghor,. valley i. buried under drift, as is also ^^V'? ''"" " Thi' boun 10 the Wapiabi Creek gap through the B.ghorn range. The boun- darie. of the drift are only approximate, and rook expo.urcv. may occur at a number of points which escaped not.ce. Litholooical Charaders—lhe. glacial drift ooi.s.sts .-h.ofly -i boulder clay, though parts of it have been partially re-sorted by fluvial action, in which case it is very difficult to d.st.ngu^h .t from the river gravels forming at the present time. Except ..ear the Sa^- katchewan and Braze«u valleys, the stones and boulders in the boulder clav all belong to formations occurring in the basin, but in the>e valievs. and even high up on the slopes of the mounta.ns immediate y cdioining them, stone, and boulders from the conglomerates o the Castle Mountain series were recognized by the presence of lar«. feldspar fragments. As far as is known, t^^e Cattle Mounta.n ser.e. does not outcrop closer than 20 mile, from the bas.n. and the pecul.a. diotribution of the debris shr s that large glacial tonguas racist hav. descended the ffe.katchewan 1 Brazeau valleys and overridden per tion^ of the adjoining mountains. r.i(tiioi!\ ro.i. B\Hi\ 39 Tlip jrrcator part of the river drift deposited by the main ri»er« •ne deposits answer well to the description of loess, weathering to steep oliffs. and supporting comparatively little vegetation. Durintf the hiifh winds in Septomber ami October these deposit* liecome the •ource of much dust, which co fills the air that from the other side <.f tlio Im-in it has been mistaken for smoke from a iormt fire. lA>wer down tlu> river, about the mouth of the lower of tlie two umiill tribu- tario-. diino"' of this rintoriol have been built by the wind. Struotural Oeology. M'ljur SInicliiral Featuifi.—The general geological structure has already been sketched. The Bighorn and the fir«t range of the Rocky mountains are huge fault blocks, tilted and tbni-t to the northeaiit until Devonian strata at their base have overridden Jurassic and Cre- taooou*. Along the southwestern side of the ba'in all the formation** between ti\e Upper Banff shales and the Brazeau formation come into direct contiaet witli the Intermediate beds at the ba-^c of the first range. The throw of the fault east of the Bighorn range is sufficient to brinu Intermediate bc »xii uf tlio deep -viK-lhu. tnivt-r-inn tl„ i.».| . n.-l.r.l. .List «.-l ..f th- !.xi. il.f .■I.U..1JC in .lip i« iilMopt. H.t.l t! . -u-Ht;. ..f tl..' '-••^tern li,„l, nr.. «oi..Tiilly neurl.v vrti.,,!. ... lu.v.. I • tun.-.l * • u- t.. ili.'imli uMuiill.v ithwcstoilv .lip III liii" r»'«(ilt«'.l ,1 (ire. it 'It'iil "t .111 iln> Sii-kut«rlin- , .- vvlii.'', |.r.i- •rii 111 ' I ' Mil 1 ■ li ■. -viinlim* I , I..I l.y tlif ilifffrt'iit -> lit iiiu'. a« i\i- .li'viiitw.' ,|i|> I.. 111.' lli«<'-t likf tli..-<> .'t th.. cii-l.Tii '• lit iiiiioli hiillim- niiiile!'. In rxirciiio case limy 1.. Ill 1»« H» •«> .l.-jrc."*. TIh' »liiii <- i ' in iIk' lliiniiiiiK i)nt ..I' lli.' '»1U'V -liiil.- I ' .iiimplinii umong tlie lnn-«lpr Ix-di*. Wliilfl tin- main »>ii.linr tniMTT- iln' i»i wuii to till' llpitzi'iiu, lli.'i-f uri' 111 !.■ ' " .lucu l.M-«l Hiitti'iiiiiK ill till' -ti-uU. t'lii u. t'ven in -onii' ■•ii»<"' l"« dip" to the ea*t I luUT, 11^ -.ni.' irr<'Kiiliiritii« in the Mtu 'i >■ ' " ^lioul.l U- .I.-.tIImI Hr-i. Tl"-'' ii-r..(rnl. • m . volatixc p..»itiun- ..f tli<- .ml. 'nip- ••( ■*tint . l.-l'-n, f.irmiiti..n« whi.'li ntv -itimt.-l al..n.; tl»'> xi" o! tl. -Iiowii l.y tl..' v.Tv I..W iiiiu'l- ..I .lip. Tl" li''»' '■'■ !'"• ronsidorHlly fn-.n u n.-rlliw-t an.l s.nitlw -t ilin.aion. .in.l m. vUm-* it pitfhc, ^Inirply. fc.,nu.ti.-,.. t.i the ..ne I .-..uu.tinio- t.- tl..- other ,if the-'.- dim-Hons. <'ii th.' Sn^katcliewun th.- .ixis i, indiculo.l l.y tittt lyinir l..i«.il !«■'!« «i tho l)..U..tii f..rnniti ... outcropping' M th.' top .,f tlio «..r!«< «l.i.i. ii.is Ix-en nienl.uncl. I'ho Hat iviiiR he'U of the lUKh.rn f..n,u,ti..M. whi.-h .-iip th.' hill f.-.-t-sh..«s that W-txvecn the two hilN the axi- of the syncHne dii^ sharply t- the northwest, an.l then- is aim. a -winging of the line ..f the axis towards the west, though thi- is not very pronounced. The pit.h to the northw.-st continues to the I'.ig- horn river, where l.ottom he. ^'rr li I!li-ll<>i;\ coAI. r.vsix 41 liilflioni, lioweviM-, tlie iiituh of the b.viieliiii- is iworscd, iiiiil at tlie next point, wliuif the position of the axis is cortiiin, tlic liaso of the Hrazcuu forniution outcTops at uu elevation nearly l.OiM) feet greater This point is situated at the end of the third lontriludiiial ridge di*- tant about 5 miles from the JJiRliom. To the northwest the axis i» not ajjain iiidiniteil li.v outf of different formations liy the [ntermediatf hed- at the base of the fault liloi'k (•omprisiii«r the first ranite of tlio Rockies is probably caused chietly by the irretruUii outline of the range, though partly by the erooke miles south of the Wapiabi Creek gap. Allusion has already l)een maile to minor lb>xuros afTectiug the strata of the eastern limb of the deep synclinc which traverses the basin. The most important of these is a -hallow flexure, which occurs in thi! valley of the Itighorn. crossing that stream about half a mile above the falls. The axis of the flexure i- not straight, but shows a broad curve convex to the northwo>t, and. though it has not been traced through, it i)robably is connected with the crumple in the Bighorn range just mentioned. In the Bighorn valley the flexuie is proiMunicod enough to induce .lips as liiah as ^5 degrees to the 8oe- lieve, been found in the .lurassie. The matrix sii-uests .Turassic, but this is. of oonrso. not of mueli importanee. Ou the whole I would rather ineline to put them in the Kootanie, but 1 should not be very positive about it." IIoHlzoN.— Aliout llie middle or higher ■n the Kootanie formatb ',. Doetor Stanton's determimUions and remarks are as follows,— .\Kt'irl< t I'lfiirciioniiiii ' . I inherle.mi .' Pseudomelania? • The invertebrate-^ have jiroved very )puzzling, since they differ >|pecifically, and rs an a-sendilage, from all faunas known to me from that general region. The most surprising thing about them i^ the laet that they appear to lie a marine famia, whereas the Kootanie has always been eonsidered a fresh-water formation. It is true that judging from the external eharacter— which is all we have in most ,.„sps— several of the si^cies might be referred to fresh-water groups, but there are several spt^cimen^ of the bivalves which >how portion- of the hiutt.' and other extern.d eharneters that are ditfi-rent from any known fresh-wflter shells, and necessitated their reference to the 1>/a)7/./.r, a marine family. While there is not enough in the present collection to decide whether the fauna is Jurassic or Cre- taceous, there are some features in it rather susrgestive of .Tiirassic aire.' HonizoN.— Base of the Bighorn fornmtion. Professor Sehuchert's determination and remark on it is as fol- lows : — hioremmus umhoimhis, Aleek aod Ilayden. Horizon. Colorado. Bioiioiix iai>i foniui- tiun. l'rofr>'Oi- ScliucliiTt's ilctcriiiiiiiitioii- iii;il rciiiiirk!' are a* fol- \«\\*: — liwdidiinix lahiiihtx. Ii-lilotliuni. Inocmtiiiiis Hiiilionaln.'<, Meek anil naydoii. Srapliilex n. -ip. Avicula UnuuifonDis, Kvaiis and Schuinardf lielemidli'lla iiiiiiillohrng'x, Whiteaves ; •Tile frajfiiieiit of tlie lli'hinnilfllu i» -n small ''mI uac- i-aiiiiot make out all the elmraeteristies ehara. Tlie Sruiiliilis are the l.ii'jj;e.-t Colorado i>iieeinieii< of this group known to me. They attain to nearly 4\ inelie:-. The horizon of these fossils is clearly Colorado. aiieined natural to correlate the corresponding n.'.'iuhers of two series of strata which strongly re- -cmhle 1 ach other lithologically. The correlation of the older mem- hers of the series from the Dakota down, is rendered certain \iy their almost continuous exposures fnan the Canadian Pacific railway north to the Bighorn hasin: and. ns has leen stated, the Dakota formation was recognized on Panther creek alio\it half way between the two liK-alities. The fossil evidence opiMises the c.irrelation of the remain- ing four formations as suggc-tcd by the table, and seems to indicate that at least the Wapiabi. T?iphorii, and P.lackstone formations i,\' ihc Bighorn hasin. with a total thickness of about ".240 feet an- represented in the foothills by the Benton -halc> and Cardium sand- stones, with a total tliii-kni-- ••( only l.nJii feet: while po-sjl.lv tlic Brazeau formation -bonbl al-o be eonsiderc.l to be of Colorado age. though its resemhlain-e to the .Tndith Tviver beds, as described in the foothills, is very striking. This table is as follows: — 49 GEU1.0OICAL 8UEVBY, CAXADA CORRELATION OF SECTIONS ON LITUOLOOICAL RESEMBLANCES. 1 n- Bigliurn Benin. Mountains near C.P.K. F ftft. K feet.* ' * Fernie nhalf, 2,(i00 feet* . feet. Ki-rnic ihale, 2."i0 feet. Not recognized. Kocky Mt. qtiartzite (nut I measnred). r,.,. r !'.»..« lime) Upper B.nfriime,8,00..feet]L',.,«.r B«.« UmeHtone (not " h.aOUfeet iiieaiiureO) tipper B inlf shale, 2*5 foet. Upper Banff "hah K.icky .Mt. .luartzite, 72 fe»at Rocky Mt.quartj "} I.) TOOf'-et Lowl r Itanff aliale ) ' Lower Banff shale, 7IW fwl Lower Banff limei Lowrr Banff lime, 800 feet * 3 250 f pet Intenii-iliatebeds) ' Intermediate beds l-M" feet. • Measured by Mr. Uowling near Banff. Mr^cC<.nneU states that the con- bmed thickness of the two formations .loes not exceed 5,000 feet. List of Fossils Determined from the Different Formations. ISTERMKWATE BUDS. Many conils occur in this formation, but in the great majority of Jases the structure has been destroyed by crystaUization, induced subsequent to the deposition of the strata. A coral collected by Mr. McConnell from near Laggan was examined by Mr. Lawrence M. Lambe, who reported that it probably belongs to the species Cladopora cerikornis (de Blainville), or one closely resembling it. LOWER BANFF UMESTONE. From the Bighorn basin.— Schucheriella chemungensis (Conrad) ? Martinia richardtoni, Meek. Spirifer disjunctus var. animassetuie, Gertz. BIO HORN COAL BASIN 47 LOWER BANFF SHALE. From the Bighorn basin, a ."^pirifer. From the mountains near the main line of the Canadian Piviric railway, a number of speci- mens of Clymenia.^ UPPEB BANFF LIMESTdXK. From the mountains between the Red Deer and Clearwater rivers two species of RhynchoneWdf, one near R. melallica, White, and another — the common finely plicated form— near R. eureJcensia, Wal- cott. These were determined by Prol'essor Charles Schuchert, in addition to a number of the fosi'ib from the basin given under the heading Pakeontology. A number of other fossils have liccn determined from the Banff limestone, but the horizons were not clearly distinguished, so that it is likely that they include specimens from the Lower Banff shales, and Lower Banff limestone. The list is as follows: — From the Athabaska river. — A Syringopora lik•'. nobilis, Relicularia S'liijcraf I'roduclus — very fine ribbed — Spirifer sp., dielasma, (cf. D. Formosa, Hall).' From the mountains near the main line of the Canadian Pacific railway. — A Rhynchonella like if. rocky monlann. another like R. melallica. Atrypa recticularis, and a Spirifer like •'?. whitneyi. Also a species of Athyris, Prodvcliis, Lichas, Eridophylhim, and Dip- hyllum.' UPPER BANFF SHALES. From a branch of the Brazeau river. — Monolis circitlaris, Gabb. Posidonomya sp. undet. From the main line of the Canadian Pacific railway. — Specimens of Aviculopectens, and Lingulae. FERME SHALES. From the Binhorn basin. — Inoceramus sp. ; Oslrea engelmanni. Meek; Pseudomonotis (Eumicrolis) curia, Whitfield ? Belemnites macril/itig. White; i4t'tctt?o wyomingensis, Stanton, (A. mucronata, •n<5r. Annii!«I Uopiit fnr 18Rfi. Pnrt P. p. IS. >G.S.C. Annual Report, Vol. XI, Part D, pp. 2M1. • G.S.C. Annual Report. 1886, Part D, p. 19. 4? (!Ki>I.«Klir.\I. SIKVEY, CAXAUA M.vk M.i.l lh.v.1..... lu.l ol . Meek au.l llayloii; H-'I'mniUn .Udryahn^is, Whiteuve. ! ,««>/..i.; In,,,, ,„;„Ui,,,Ki; I'l'i'o lO.,,,lomn); Conteuiliaxa .rOrl.ilTi.y : TriO' o„o„,n, l„,„i,l„; T,iyo,.ia ,/«w.«»i; Astarle ,l,a,hlte„Hi.: r,oloc„rdia I, ill,,,,,,: ('i,i"l>i,i o,;l,l'-i„- ;.„,l,;„ lioivalis: S,l,hiiil'„>lii'i 'jraeilis.' From ii.-iir Fcriiic-' '"'■'/'»'•''""' '•'"""''''""■•' KIMHAXIK. KIlinlATlON. Fn.M, Mc...r tlu- Smoky riur. h.t .Vi' .'4'. ion«. ll!." 4', /a„^Ues „.„i;,.,;„.U .„,.l r„„c„:r,., .,.. TIu-kc 1u.v.. Ik-o.i .lotor.nined l-y Dr. F. II. Knowlton. ami Dr. T. W. St.mtm. of the Unite.l States (MMilot;i<'iil Survey. From the Hifrhon. 1„.m„.->''/.".h. ,.i.l„;,hacl,i; T„.ro,l,Hm >,.. ; Vo,l,n,„„lles l„„r,;,M„.s (I. .....1 U) Hr.; .<«p.: >■'"'"'•->. «p.: P..<-./...v^ Fon- taine! Le,,loslroh„s lo„!,lfollus. Fontaine; /''""/' <.,..'.•.,,„<.„. .De^<•ripli..u of a r«n».li»u S|«*i>i of lVltm-«^«, Otiaw* Xatur.li.t, ^'''-•r,mtH')..'iio,,>'t» Cana.lian Paleontology, Vol. 1. I'art IT. pp UJ.lTl. (>tta«:. NatMrali>t. Vol. XVIIl. p. 6^. . ' •Trans. l!oy. .«<,.<•. Canada S,_vt IV. 188.V ^ ■' ^'-^^'m,',' ,1 h 'mo- s,,.,. LL.ri.. F.n.s. BIOIIOR.V COAT. BA8IN »!» Iielerophylla. Vel.; S. finiiliana, Hiur; SagenopUrit elliplira. Font.; Baleroptit pluriparlila, Font.; Podotamitu longifoUui, F.mmons; Podotamiiet lanceolatus, (T, an. I II) Scliiinp; Thiiriopterig imignit, Font.; T. i>tcopteroide». Font.: I'lmlophti'his falrata. Feint. ; Zamittt arlicus, (!opp. ; Ginkgo hulloni maimifoVa, Font.; ClnihpMehit con- liricta. Font.; ('• distant, Foul?; Xilsonia, u. cp.' From the Elk Rivor valley near Yemio.—Dikiionia sp. ; Aaplenium maitinianum, Dawiiun ; .1. flirl,i.; Anllioliles honidun. Dawson; Salit- huria (Ginkgo) lihirica, Heer; ."». Icpida, Heer; S. nana, Dawion; Baiera longifolia, Heer; Pinut xugl-waentis, Dnwson; Sequoia imit- lianu. |In>r: (IttiptoidrohHD gl■oenlnnd!eus,^\(H>r•, Tarodium cuneatum. Newlierrv.' IIAKOTA KOI1MAT10N. From the Moose Alouutuiu Ji trict.— .^V/i'cn'um sp.; Viviparus «p. ; Honiohatua sp.; CampeJoma •'p.; Carpollthus (ernalui. Font.; Fruits probably of; Oinkgo, Sphenohpidium siernhergianum ienii- ftornni. Heer; Ginkgo lepida, Heer; Ginkgo sibirica, Heer; Ginkgo sp.; nuilo inflorescence, Athrota.ropuls tenuicaulii>. Font.; Xilsonia caVfornica. Font.; Ginkgo hulloni. Iloor; Thyrsopleriit hrevipennis. Font.' BESTOS RiiAi.KS I ^Blackstone ahales?). From the Moose Mountain district.— /norfrnmu^ prohlemaiicut, Srnpliiles ventricosuK, Piiovuri/rUix woolgarif* BioiiORN FORMATION (=rarcliHm sandstone?). From the Bighorn basin. -fnoCfiainHs iJ/ii//oiia/iM, ifcck and Ha.v- ilcn. From the Moose Mountain district. — (Ciirdium sandstone). — Ciirdium pprpauciihtm, Stanton. 'O.S.C. No. 968, Moosp Mouniuiu OUtiict, by 1). I). Cuirnes. pp. 53, 54. 'Trans, of thp Rov^il Sooi^tr of Cunada, Sect. IV. IS85. On the Mpsoaoic Floras of thp Rockr Mountain Region of Canada, pp. ,>10. •O.S.C. Xo. 968. Mouse Mountain l»it^trict, bv 1>. 1). Cair lOs, pp. Xi-M. •O.S.C. No. 968. p. 53. ITT II 60 OKOLOOICAL HUMVKY, CANADA WAriABi RHALca (EsCUggett thalet?). From Uia Bighorn huin.—Inoetramwi lahialut, lohlothum; /"o- ctramu* umhonattu. Meek and Heyden; Aricula linguiformu.Kran* and Sbumard?; BtUmniitUa tMnitobensi^, WUiteavet?; Seaphitii n. ip. From the Moom MounUln district iClaggett »i\a\t»).—Lingvtlla tuhtparulah. Plena nehraicana. Baculile* compreiiui, Cycadilea unjiga, Dn.' JUDITH nivEB FORMATION (=Brazeau Formation!). From the Moowj MounUin district.— /'opM/ua elliptiea. Xewb.; Beiulitea sp.; Dioonitea gp.; Aiiiltnium iiiolitara, Uu.; Alhrolaxopiit ienuieaulii, Font; Atplenium dick$onianum, lleer; Thyrtopttrin pecopteroidu.Tont.; Sequoia $miliiana. lleer; Prolophyllum haydenii, Lecsq.; Ciuitet tp.; Sequoia cuneata, Xewb.; Ginkgo bayne$iana, D«.; Paliurtu cretaceut. Lec«q.; Juglaiis craasipeif, lleer; SaK* tp.; Quercut rhamnoidea, Lecsq.; Paliunu ovaliK. Dn.; Anglopteridium ttrictinervef; Ginkgo aibirica, Heer; Sequoia reichenhaehi. lleer; Sphenopterit johnetrupi, Heer; Sequoia nml>igua. Heer; Alnitee grandiflora, Newb.' As already stated, the evidence presented by tlie fossils is con- trary to the correlation, as suggested above, of the four uppermost formations in the section occurring in the Bighorn basin with that in the Moose Mountain district. The collections from three out of the four doubtfully correlated pairs of formations are too meagre to be of much value, but those from the Wapiabi shales, in the Bighorn J.asin, and the Claggctt shales, in the ifoose .Mountain district, are more numerous and must be considered before their correlation can be as8ume-M aolely from tile coal i4eHin» occurring in the Kootunie formation. Aa hax Iteea «tHtO(l, tlie strata of this formation vary aloiif; the itrike, and owing to thiit Tariation it is practically impoasible to eurrelate a«umK in dilTcrent part^ of the haain. Qeiioral fX|K>rieroi- in other fiflUa, where «eam4 lielunging to the Kootunie formation have been worked, haa lihoKii that the coal >^ufa» are more regular than the intervening strata. In one case noted by Mr. McKvoy the total thickneu of three yearns showed n diminution of from r>2 to 46 feet in a di^tano* of 7 miles, while the thicknews of the intervening itrata dimininlicd from IJ."?' to 102 feet' Kootunie coals are now l«ing worked at Fernie, Coleman, Bloir- inurc, Frank, Ilillcreat, Canmore, and Bankhead; and except in rare iii'-tuni>pfi the scamn have been found continuouR, unleaa cut off \s of nil the softer beds. A case particu- larly in point is the detailed section of the Kootanie formation given above. Since this section was measured in lees than two days, no attempt was made to find all the buried seams, or even to atrip for measurement all those whose presence beneath was revealed by pieces of float coal at the surface. In some cases the debris included large Mocks of sandstone, which had slid down over the seams. The sum- marized statement of the seams 8c*n in this section, with each thick- ness nnd that of the intervening rock, is a-; follows: — • t.S.r. Annual IJpport, Vol. XIII ilitOOi, Part A. p. M. iim---'t^»d 5g OKOUMIIOAL iUllVlY, CANADA Stciien on Chungo t'rttk. Hoek "' co»i ?,; Book :! cmi Jr Rock '*' co«i 2! Bo«k J? Co.l .1* Rock "• , *''>•> tu Rock ,4 Coal .,•• H...'k - « Ccl ...-* II." k . -*' ,,.^,,^1 3.»»? Tour'foii.. "..'".."• -**■• The only toction* in which it i« probable thai ull tlu- *e«m» were seen were thee examine*! by Mr. McEvoy and his party, ou George creek and Bighorn river. The bank, of the .treami. were thoroughly proapeoted by drilling with an iron bar. and nil tho team* found were cleared of the debrif. so that the thicknMses given are accurate. The aection on George creek extends down from the first seam, which outcrop, a short distance below the base of the Dakot. format.on. It is a. follows, the imporUnt Heams being numbered :— Kvet. _ , 0-5 ,5~^ • • .. . «.3 [Coal i.» No. l./Rock ICoal 4I Rook *l No. 2. Coal and »halo ^ Rock •• •• •• ■■ "a f Coal with three bandit »liiile J No. S. Rock ;■' ^§S^;.-:.-:.-:.-..-..-.:-.:-.:-.:-.v.v;;:;:;:: nt^ ^'k V, ■;. .'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.. .. 240 No. 4. Coal with threi bands of shale 1 inch each W-« Rock , "3 fCoftl. dirty at outcrop J, No. 5.<8hale and coal.. .. •■ •• ■■•■.■ ,.', ICoal. one band of Bhale 8 inches ^^ Rock j- riMrty coal j^ X-. • J Coal M No. ••jgiuie "■ Ti Icoal.'with iwnd of shale 2 inches 8' Rock -7 No. 7. Coal ,» Rock '" BIO HORN COAL BAIt:* St fCo«l M„ . JHhsIr ■■ ■■ '^°' 'Coal, with SiiK » olmlii band, warn locally rMltti»d I in tbU'kDMa Book No. ». Coal Vni*Urmtnt4 TkickMM •t Meek «r4 pMiikly iilhir Srnni' No. 10. t'oal lumlly iMt.iiril Ivv a iruiiiplv KihIi foal Hkuir -No. II. Coal Hock No. 12. Coal Shala Dirty coal Hock No M. Coal.'." .. .. .. ..' Kock No. U. Coal Kock, about l.OM Kock. wilb M>Tfn •toull •(•«»■«. 2 tvrt and undar.. 12.^ 2 220 8 I »• I 1-5 f'5 M 12 0.2 2 IM S IM 1-2 Total «.7«0.| Total coal ttit.9 The tmall teams uotcd at the bate of this section are the name as those mentioned at the top of the partial section at Georvc oreek which was given in the general tleacription of the Kootania forma- tion. Theee are all too »mall to be worke«l under present economic conditions. Mr. McEvoy't other section was measured in thp vicinity of the falls on Bighorn river, and includes a smaller part of the measures than the one on George creek. It begins a short distance below the base of the Dakota formation. The important teams arc design^ited by letters. Fwt. S«am A. Coal » il.Mk 7 8eau ti. Coal .. ♦•5 Koik 8 Seam C. Coal 7 Kock 2S0 Scam D. Coal. Rock. Seam £. Coal.. Rock. Seam F. Seam O. Coal. Shale Coal Coal and shale Coal Kork with sfvcrul ceams of coal under 2-3 feet.. Coal 13 130 o 140 2 02 22 3 6 TOO 8 Total 1,2871» Total eoal 52-7 \i QKOLOOICAL 8UKVEY, CANADA A On page :i.'t of the Summary Report for 1907 Mr. Bowling gives a list of seams measured on a small branch of Blackstone creek. They are as followa. l>cgiiiniiig with the highest: U feet 5 inches; 8 feft; 11 feet » inches; 4 feet 10 inches; 3 feet 11 inches; 5 feet 10 inchci*; 5 feet 8 inches; 8 feet 5 inches, and 3 feet 6 inches, giving a total of 66 feet 4 inches. lie adds that only about half the meas- ures were prospected. lie also mentions the occurrence of four scams, 2-2, 1-9, "R. and .IS feet thick on the south side of the Sas- katchewan. Three natural exposures of coal were found on Wapiabi creek. The lowest of the three is situated just below the junction of the two main branches, luid tlie others about a quartor of a mile above, on the northern branch. These were measured, with the foUowinc re- sults, beginning with the highest :— Seam No. 1.— Coal 9-3 feet, shale 1 foot, coal 2-2 feet. Seam No. 2.— Coal 5-2 feet. Seam No. 3.— Coal 5-4 feet. Coal was also seen at several points on the hills north of the Saskatchewan valley, including the most westerly hill, where the strata form part of the western limb of the syncline and are nearly vertical. On the southern side of Opabiu creek more coal was seen. Here the Kootanie also forms part of the western limb of the syn- cline, and the l)eds arc overturned, and the scams so badly crushed that they did not permit of measurement. CHARACTER OF THE COAL. Tlw following are lists of analyses which have been made of samples and specimens of coal from the basin. The only samplini: was done by Mr. McEvoy, who had tunnels driven far enough into the various scams to secure as near as possible samples free from the effects of surface weathering. His analyses represent coal taken •cross the several seams in equal amount for their full width. Mr. McEvoy made coke from different seams, taking care to use coal fairly representative of the whole width of the seam. The numbere.l aii>l lettered seams from which Mr. McEvoy's samples were taken correspond with those so designated in his sections given above. BIOIHilJX COAI. BASIN 55 Thos* lettered are from Flichorn river, tiiose numbered from George creek. COAI. ANALYSKS. (Samplw.) Nt>. 1 ThickncHH. MoiHturf. A . ! ■•> • B.. ; 4 ■> (• " :< . ti 7 4 10 2 j'l 4 H . 47 11 » 5 12 li 14 ;i 2 6 8 -. !l . !< oat ;« 0-2S 90 at 3U 0-2l> it rm 1 40 5 28 72 13 S2 04 lU .-* I I f. j«' 1 t I !f'»I"r Value, Hulnliur. rixi'd Curb. A»li | i) x I' » 1.-. I 7 07 ■ , 8 70 14.011 . its ' 6 16 I OS ill -42 I 40 i B-26 ilO 57 I 21 I H 33 14,48.) ! ti-32 0-B!l r>7 070 Sit 78 O-flH 12 i: ' (is S.'i (K) 78 71 17 tM 52 60 08 68 13 _« ^ Ak)]. ( 'alor. VhI. H.T.r. Snip. (•..k.-. South "f Siixkatchewan vim-t, i)Piio»ite |{i)fhc)rn ruiip-. Itighoni rivHi- nlovi- fallx... . Tributary of Blackntom'crwk. Kt. 3 2 5 *» 2."> 50 tt'lKJ li l')l 1U3-74 2.'> 5<> t)7 <« 3 70] 5 SU 3» 25 Kl 1)8 !t2 410l H.iHl 7 5iO-7» 23 10 fiS (il 7 5iti 13,712 (» Kirin 4 5|0 99 23 17 IW 24 7 fiOl 13,418 57 fi 10 87 21 47 70 :«• 7 27 13,721 U OH ■• 102 00 28 5.'. Wl 75 8 70' 14 4'1 85 26 99 63 7!>, 8. 37' 12,45»i o-4.-i!hVii«l.l.' 8 2 (M 24 38i 62 4»: 11 Oil! 11,970 .Vi .. 11-7105 22 .W 08 99 737 14,140 o 47 Kirin i 4 81 12 23 75 05 !M 9 l!l 13,200 o (il, 3 91.28 2159 OOai, 7 87 13,510 o Ii4i 5 8118 23 18 71 t»< 4 3tl 14,008 VJ i5 03i>7 2107 07 34 5-.V2 12,890 r>:> .. I 843 94 21 15 0198 12 !I2 9,970^ V.i l5-2 9poi:gy parts, and giv- ing a clear metallic ring. The l-w uMi content shown in the analy- ses given is a point greatly in its ia\ our. distlrbam:es in tiik cual measures. The disturbances in the conl measures are treated under the head of economic, and not of structural geology, because of the obstacles they offer to the profitable extraction of the coal from certain por- tions of the basin. The greatest disturbances occur in the vicinity BIGHORN COAL BASIN 67 of the Saskntehewan valley, and are probably connectwl witli the sudden decrease in throw of the fault by which the Bighorn ranif. was elevated. The Kootanie formation outcrops on the anticliiiiil liill opposite tiie end of this range, but is so badly crumpled that the (leriunii l)t>vploiJnjent Company has abandoned claims staked there. A series of crumples, accompanied by small faults, runs along tlw e'lge of the line of hills bordering the Saskatchewan valley on thi' north, and crosses the canon of Bighorn river about 2 miles below the falls. There is reason to suppose tliat the strata are but little disturbed over a large portion of the Hut country on the south side of the river, from the month of the Bikriiorn, to the head of the gorge through the Pakota formation. This formation forms the floor of the greater part of this flat, and it will doubtless prove profitable to sink shafts through it to the Kootanie formation below. As has been stated, the Kootanie formation in the valley of Big- horn river is affected by a synclinal wuve, which in places gives rife to dips to the northeast at auRies as high as 35 degrees. Some crumples were observed about a mile above the falls, but appar- ently no very great thickness of the strata is affecte al .>nt IW feet of the strata are affected. GESESIS OF COAL SEAMS. The writer is of the opinion that the shales, sandstones, and con- glomerates of the Kootanie were deposited chiciy by rivers, though some of the beds contain marine fossils which indicate encroach- ment of the sea. Others may have been of lacustrine origin. The vegetable matter from which the seams of coal h«Te been produced probably accumtdated in peat bogs, for typical underclay with fossil root" — like that described as occurring under coal seams of CaHioni- fcrous age— is never well developed, and often the seams re>t diricil ^ — 58 OEOI.UOICAL SI KVKY, CANADA on coarse »«ndstone!i. The bogs may liuve been developed by the choking of oxbow l«ke», or coastal lagooni with plant growths. COMPANY 1C0LDIN08. A'^ haa been stated, the German Development Company has pur- ch«Md two concessioBs: one oa Bighorn river, and the other ex- tending across Georpe and Bla^stone creeks, a short distance within the Bighorn ranpe. Other holdings have been secured on Wapiabi, Smith, and CIhmco creeks. The Bighorn property, situated above the fails, couM be reached by a railway skirting the hills north of the river frvm the end of the Bighorn range. A little cutting near the head of the caAon is probably all that would He necessary. Thia property probably contaiui the largest amount of coal which it will lie possible to mine from above the entry, for, not only is the valley (>r the river situated near the axis of the shallow synclinal wave traversing the measures in this locality, but the hills on each side of it have not been dissected into narrow ridges by erosion, as is the case farther north. This is due to the presence here of a thick hed of sandstone and conglomerate near the top of the Kootanie, which has protected the seams under it. The gaps through the Bighorn range which give acoeso to the other properties are narrow, and aome rocky spurs would probably have to be tunnelled before railways could be built to.th«n. The grades would be high just outside the gaps, but beyond, the valleys appear to broaden out and proi«l»iy present no engineering difficul- ties. KSTIM.XTK OK THK AMOINT OK WORKABLK COAL IN BIOHORN BASIS. In making the following estimate of the amount of workable coal in the Bighorn basin a number of factors were considered. The most important of these were, of <^ourse. the aggregate thickness of the workable seams in tlie section, the arcn underlaid by the portion of the measures containing these seams, the increase in the amount of coal unilcrlyiiig the area owing to the i''P of the strata, and the reduction of the amount of coal which it will probal>ly be profitable to work owine to crumples and fatilts in the strata. BIOIIORX CHAL BASIN »9 The only approximately complete sections of the measures are those measured by Mr. Dowling on a tributary of Blackstone creek. and that by Mr. McEvoy on George creek. Mr. Dowling claases as workable nine seums, with a total thicknoM of 04 feet 4 inches, and Mr. McEvoy eight seams, with a total thickness of 60 feet. Mr. Dowlind":* section was not complete, however, and several of the STHms in Mr. MoEvoy's were locally reduced in thickness by crumples, fc that the aggregate thickness workable is probably above the figure-' fpioted. Mr. McEvoy 's section on Bighorn river is incomplete, leas tliaii 1,:!00 feet of strata having l>een examined. Seven workable scams were measured, which gave a workable thickness of 46 feet 2 inches. These sections are all situated along the eastern edge of the basin, mr, though coal was scon at j^nveral points, on the western side the strata are so badly disturi.ed where the exposures occur that it was imiiossiUe to measure a satisfactory section there. Consequent- ly the estimate of the amount of coal in the deeply buried portions of the I'Usin <^n only be made on the assumption that the Bighorn basin > more likely to show an increase than a decrease in the amooBt of coaJ from east to west, because an increase to the west has \amen found wherever sections can be compared from the same or fram two or more basins in approximately the same latitude. The fnllowing are examples of this increase. In the Frank field, on the oaMarn edge of the mountains, the thickness of workable coal amuunts to alwiit 114 feet,' while jit Fernie. in the third longitudinal vijttw. it amounts to about 172 feet.' In the foothill country, south of the main line of the Canadian Pacific railway, Mr. Cairnes fouml that the thickness of workable eoal is about 18.5 feet, while in the first longitudinal valley in the mountains, on the claims of the P. Bums Coal Company, the thici<- ness amounted to at least 27 feet.' In the third longitudinnl valley, just north of the Kananaskis river. Mr. McEvoy states that the thiekness of workable eoal amouuts to 89 feet. ho most northerly point at whieh sections in parallel basins havf been measured is in the vicinitv of the Ked Deer river, about 4<'' 1 G.S.C. Annual Report. Vol. XV. I'art A, pp. IT.T-T.^. 'O.S.r. Annual Report Vol. XIII. Part A, 87-88. ' O.S.C. No. 96S. pp. 9 and 9. 12. Il GO OKOI.OOIOAI. 8UBVEY, CANADA miie:i suuUi of the fiighorn basin. lu the tint longitudinal valley 17 feet of workable coal was all that could be found, while in the third longitudinal valley more than 90 feet were meaaured.' These examples prove that the deeply buried portions of the Big- Lorn basin near its western edge are likely to contain a greater thickness of workable coal than the eastern ; and, in view of the fact that over 60 feet have been found at two points on the eastern edge, and 46 feet in a partial section at another point, it is believed that a workable thickness of •»<) feet was not too high a figure to use in making the estimate of the amount of coal in the entire basin. The total area underlaid by rocks belonging to the Kootanie for- mation amounts to about 265 square miles, but, as the workable seams all outcrop in the upper half of the measures, it is evident that the area used in the calculations must Ic reduced by neglecting the area underlaid by the lower half of the measures— which are practically barren— as well as the lower half of the remaining meas- ures, in order that the thickness of »50 feet may apply for the entire area used in the calculation. This reduction has to be made chiefly ut the eastern edge of the basin, where the outcrop of the Kootanie formation is wide, and it has been thought advisable to exclude also the area underlaid by the Kootanie formation, which forms part of the western limb of the syncline. This is done because the beds in this limb have invariably been found to be badly fractured, and the coal seams crushed. These reductions ieiwe an area of 190 square miles. Another reduction has been made on account of the thickness to which the Kootanie formation is l>uriel in the northwestern corner of the basin. The deepest coal mine reported is in Belgium, where the maxinuun depth is 3,93T feet, and several coal experts in Germany believ»> that coal mining to tlu- depth of 1,500 metres (4,021 feet) or more will I* profitable.' The strata which overlie the Kootanie formation in certain por- tions of the Bighorn basin have an aggrepnte thickness of over 6.700 feet; but, except in the northwest corner, the uppermost and the greater thifkno^s of the next formation occur only in detached hill?, .nnd enal could be reached beneath them from shafts not greatly ex- ' O.S.O. Summary Report for 1907, pp. .15-40. ■' U. S. lifol. Survry Bulletin iU, pp. 49 nml 68. Hiiiirnnx COM, BAsix Ot tf«Kliiig 4.1)00 foot ill depth, though in order to reach the dcopent sfam shafts consideraWy deeper than .'i.OOO feet would I* needed. It is quite po»»ih1e that some of this coal imiy l>p too deep ever to be minetl at a profit, owing to the cost of raising, and the expense neces- siiry to overcome tin- (jreat heat which may be expected at these depths — particularly in ii rcsioii where great thrust faults have leon devcloivd at a comparatively recent iruological date. Nevertheless, the tiiithor wii« of the opinion tliat it was better to include the coal lit depili- nut over 0,000 fcot, liocaiise improvements in mining iiu'thod- will probably make it iivailablr iventnally. In the northwest corner of the l>B«iii. the Brazeau formation — uppermost in the section — underlies an extensive area, and, after allowing for the portion along the edge which could be reached from shafts less than 0,000 feet in depth, and levels 2 miles long, an area of 17 r^quare miles remiiin-. which must lie subtracted from th? area of I!K» square miles obtiiiiicd above. Tlii*' reduction leaves the area nt ITH -.[uaro miles, but the dip of flic stnitji increases the area of the underlying seams by about 8 iicr cent. -i> tliiit the figure used in the calculation amounted to I-'" square niilos. Orcflt difficulty was also experienced in deciding the amount of coal whicii it will probably not bo profitable to mine owing to the crumple^ and faults which traverse the >lnitfi. A list of the localities, where crumples wore observed on the surface, has already U-en given, and it is extrcmelv improbable that the ,000 long tons. IJ^DEX A Pmi. AnalyiU of oo»l 55 51 cok. ■;. ;; '„ B BalUrd, E. J., irrTicM acknowledged \% BMrpav (haUi 51 Benton shalei 49 Bighorn coal bMia, area U " " correlation of with other tt-rtionR 45 eUration of I4 " how reached H " " riTors of 14 topography IS " " whare situated 9, U " formation 23, M, <5, 4'. " river 15 " coal neetion at 58 Black»tone creek IS, 19 " formation 23, 4.'i »>»1*» 38,49 Braieau formation 22.37,50,61 " " thicknen of 38 " riTer - 14 Borne, P., Coal Co 59 C Cairnaa, D. D., inTeetigations by 13,20 thickness of Dakota format inn SS " " Kootanif formation 34,59 Cardium sandstone 49 Caacade coal basin tS Chungo cie««k 15 " section of coal 52 Claggatt fihales r,(i Climate 18 Cc:j1, aua)i3/>s of -..55. 5f ecoi.omio importance of in bafiii 51 " ntimate of workable seanii 5f " measures, distnrbances in 56 " mine, deepest reported 60 seams, genesis of 57 Coka 54 " tasts 56 64 OKuUWICAt. SllRVKY, CANADA l)«keta forin«tii>n 2», W, 49 tbickncu of » " Mndstonn mai ihaUi -I^ Unirioii, Dr. O. M., nam* Kootania ni«d hj SS " raport on diitrirt •• Diitnrbanc»« in coal maaanr** U Oowlfng, D. B., baaia axamiDml hj 13 " diaco»»ry of coal In Biiihnin bn«in .. .. • pitimaU of oual IX »» " foaiila fonnd by W •• inirratigationi by 1' " list of coal Main- *♦ Drift •» FauDa and flora 18 Farnie abaUs 25.29.4: FUh 19 Formationii, deMiriptinn nf 26 tablt of «1 Foa«iii :-•:,.'». 39. »«. n.1. 35, 30. 37. ."». 12. 4fi. W. 57 Geology, economic 51 " general 1» " alructurol S9 Oeoige creek, seclion of co.il si-uni 62 Qarinan DeTplopmettt Co 9, 10, 57, .W QUrial and rirer drift SS Oreen, T. D., plans furnished by 10 I Iiileruiediate beds 2fi Introductory 9 Judith Rirer fnrniHtinn 50 I K Kim. nil. .11, r. I'., fossils (IrtPinuh..! liv 10.43.48 Kootanie coal nieasurex 31 formntion 13, 20, 21, 4< " coal being worked 51 " name used by Dr. Dawson 33 " " thickness of 33.34 OllillOltV rilAI. IIASIN (I,-, L . . . '■*"« I„iiiiIm'. I,. M.. ili'li'i iiiiiiiiliiiii iif nii.il 4li ri«Th. W. \V.. lhirkrii-<-< nf Ktiiiiii> fnrniiilinn 31 Ijiiwfi BHnff liiiimtiiiiP'i 20 iij "•>»l<- ••«[ t; M MrCuhllell, |{, 1' cnial nillrrti'il liy „, rcfermre to iNwitii ii nf ntnitn |9 " roport of |ii thirknpnin« ,Vj " iiivMtigationx by U DiPaaurrmciit of ro»l oortion on Bishorn river .VI *tf "truta .1:1 " wnl to iiivtvtixati' niKlidiii iirpa A " trst of rokiiig iiropiTties ;,(; " thi''krii'»« of colli >.i;i. Barvtes. 8,59. Salt. 880. Peat. 984. Mineral Pig- ments (Fremli) Report oftbe Section of ClieniUtrj ' < qd .Itinera o(o:- No. *102. Year 1874-5. N'o. •log. Year la82-3-4. \o. ,'.,S(). Year 1894. •110 " 1875-6. 222 ■• 1885. <;i6 '• 1895. •119 " 1870-7. 246 " 1886. 051 " 1896, •126 " 1877-8. 273 " 1887-8. 695 ■' 1 898. •138 " 1878-9. 299 " 1888-8. 724 " 189<». •148 " 1879-80. 33.'? " 1890-1. 821 " 1900. •150 " 1880-1-2 359 ' 1892-3. •9.'>S " I90(j. •Publications marked tlais are out of print. IlKI'ORTM. (iKNKUVI.. 74.">. AltitudcN of Cunuila. by .1 Wliile. IHdO. •fi72. IteM'riptivi- ('utaloRtic of Mini-nils and llofks, by II. A. A. Jolinxton and (i. A. Young. 107;». <'ataIoKiK- of Publications; iicnorts and Maps (lH4.'l-lU()tli. lUM. Desi'riptivc Sketrh of tlie Oi-oIokv and Kronomir Miner Is of Canada, bv (!. A. Young, and Introductory bv R. W. Rrocic Maps No. 1(W4 ; Xo. 1042 (second edition), scale 100 m. " 1 in. llisti. I'rencli translation of Descriptive Sketcli of the Ueolocy and lOcononiic Minenil- of Canada, bv CJ. A. Young, and Intniductorv by II \V. HrocI Maps No. 10,S4 ; No. 1042 (second edition). Hcalc 100 in. -^ 1 in. 1107. Part II. < " ological |M>sition and cliaracter of the oil-sliale deiKxils of CanaUii, bv It. W. KUs. 114(1. Nn(.~ on Camilla, by U. \V. lirock. YCKO.V. •2110. Yukon district, liy G. M. DaWson. 1SS7. Maps Xo. 274, wale 00 m. -- 1 in. ; Xos. 27,") and 277, siale ,S m «> 1 in. •2!l,">. Yukon and Mai'kenzie l>a.sins, Ijy U. . Conrad and Wliiteliorse mining districts, bv I), I). Calrnes. 1901. Map Xo. 990, scole2ni. = 1 in. 1010. Klondike Creek and Hill gravels, by R. Ci. McConnell. (trench.) Map Xo, 1011, scale 40 ch. = 1 in. 10.")0. Wliitelior.se Copper Helt. bv R. G. McConnell. Maps .Nos. 1.020, 1.041. 1.(144-1,049. 1(M»7. Ueconnais.sance across the Mackenzie mountains on tne Felly, Ross, and Gravel rivers, Yukon, and Xortli West Territories, bv .losepli Keele. Map Xo. 1099, scale 8 m. = 1 in. 1011. Memoir -No. ;i (Preliminary! : on tlie I.ewi-s and Xo deaskiold Rivers cool field, Yukon, by l>. I). Caimes. Maps Xos. 1103 and 1104, scale 2 m. = 1 in. HRITISH COLUMBIA. 212. Tlie Rockv mountains (between latitudes 49° and .^>1° .30'), by G. M. Daw- son. XSM. Map Xo. 223, scale 6 m. = 1 in. Map Xo. 224, siale 1^ m. ^ 1 in. *23">. Vancouver island, by (i. .M. Dawson. 1886. Map Xo. 247, scale 8 m. ^ 1 in. 230. Tlie Rockv mountains, geological structure, bv R. G. McConnell. 18S0. Map Xo. 248, scale 2 m. = 1 in. 203. Cariboo mining district, by A. Bowman. 1S87. Maps Xos. 278-2.'7, scale 4 m. = 1 in. .">74. Finlay and Omineca rivers, by R. (i. McConnell. 1894. .Map Xo, oG7, scale 8 m. ^ 1 in. * PuVilii'ations inarkeii thus are out of print. ^il 74.1, Atlin I.uke mining division, bv J. C. Gniilim. 1H0«. Map \o. 712. ■nale 4 111. » 1 in. !W1I. Kiisslund itl^trict, bv II. W. Brcx'k Map No. 941, »i-ttl<) l.tMMI ft =1 in •!t4<). (iraliuMi LJuncI, bv U. W. Kll.-. IIXW. Maps So. !tjl, Miali- 4 in 1 in- -No. »22. HCttl,. 1 m. =. 1 in. HSO. Siiiiill(aiii(-pn dintrirt. by Clia.1. Canuell. Map No. 9H7, siulr 4 K. I.i-Hov 19(17 Mai) No 997, scale 4 m. ■=■ 1 in. " - • i 10.'l.j. Coal-Selds of Manitoba, Sastcatclii-wan, Alberta, and fjwterii Hritisli (.'ulumbia, by I) U. Uowlins. UrXt. (ii'uluKy, and Ore llppoKitH of Hedley Mining dl-triit, Uritinli Ciiliiinbia. bv Charier CamsrII. Maps Nos. 1U05 and 1090, Mcalij I,(XJ(J ft. I in." -No. 1103 .s m. •= 1 in. 111.'). Memoir Xo. 8-K: F^liiionton coal-field, bv I>. B. Dowling Muiis \„~ 1 1 1 7-3.\ ami 1 1 1 .S-owiina. lt«94 Mar. So. fi76, K-ale 8 m. - 1 in. *584. Labrador penimula, by A. P. Low. 1803. Mapa Nok. 085-588, ■cale 25 m. xl in, 818. Dubawnt, Kaian, and Fergiwon riveri, by J. B, Tyrrell. 1890. Mai) No 003, scale 25 m.- 1 fn. 657. Northern portion of the Labrador peniniiula, by A. P. Low. UNO. Soutli Bliore Hud»on strait and Ungava bay, by A. P. [ Low. Map No. 09tf, wale 25 m. — 1 in. < Bound togrtlicr. 713. North Shore Hudson strait and Ungava bay, by K I Bell. Map No. 090, stale 25 m. - 1 in. ( 725. Great Bear lake to Great Slave lake, by J. M. Bell. 1900. 778. Kaat Coast Hudson bay, by A. P. Low. 1900. Maps Nos. 779, 780, 781, Male 8 m. — 1 In. 780-787. Grass River region, by J. B. Tyrrell and IJ. H. Uowling. 1900. 815. Ekwan river and Butt i lakes, by D. B. Uowling. 190L Map .No. ".'.I, scale 50 m. -■ 1 in. 819. Nastapoka lulandx, Iludwn bay, by A. P. Low. 1900. 005. The Cruixe of the Neptuns, by A. P. Low. 1905. 1000. ReiHirt of a Traverse thruugli tlie Sou'liem Part of ) tlie Xortli West Territories, from Lac- Seul to Cat lake, 1902, by A '. G. Wa-«n. I lOSO. ReiHirt on a Part of i..o Nortli West Territories, } Bound togctlier. drained by the Wiaisk and Upper Attawnpiskat I rivers, by W. Mclnnes. Map No. 1089, scale I 8 m. - 1 in. J 1009. French translation rep0I. I.aurentian area north of the Island of Montreal, by F. D. Adams. Map No. 590, scale 4 m. — 1 in. 070. .\uriferou3 deposits, southeastern portion, by R. Chalmers. IXO.j. No. 607, scale S m. — 1 in. 707. Ea.stem Townsliips. Tliree Rivers sheet, by R. W. Ells. 189S. *7:W. Argenteuil. Ottawa, and Pontiac counties, by R. W. EUs. 1890. No. 739. Ontario). 788. Nottaway basin, by R. Bell. 1000. *Map No. 702. scale 10 m. -1 in. sa:i. Wells on Island of Montreal, bv K. I). Adams. 1901. Maps Nos. S71 875, 870. 923. Cliiboug.imau region, by .\. P. Low. 1005. 002. Timlskflming map-sheet, by A. E. Barlow, (Reprint). Maps Nos. 509 606, scale 4 m. =1 In"; No. 944, scale 1 m. =1 in. 074. Report on Copper-bearing rocks of Eastern Townships, by J. A. Dresser Map No. 976. scale 8 m. -" 1 in. 075. Report on Copper-bearing ron n'pnrt on Artrxlan wrllf. in tlir Inland of Mnnln-nl, liv I'rnnli I). .\ibim»an.er. , li\ .1. .\ I'V NKW BRfXHWICK. •JIH. \Vi~.tiTn New Hrun.-.wi(lc and l-^antem Nova Hrotla, hy R. \V. lOIU. ISS.">. Map No. 2:«), srale 4 m. - 1 in. 211). Curlplon and Victoria roiintip», by I.. W. Halli-y. IKK.'i. Map .\i>. 2.'ll, i-rali- 4 m. - 1 in. 242. Vlrtoria, Hpntinourhe, and Nortliiimberland roiintie«. X.B., hv I.. \\. Knilry and W. .Mrlnncx. IMM*). Map No. 2M, nrale 4 m.'- I in. 2<'i1t. .N'lirtliern piirtlcm and adjarcnt arraa. bv I.. W. Hailrv and W. Mi'Inni". IK87-S. .Man No. 2«), srale 4 m, - 1 in. ;).'UI. 'I'pinixroimta and Itimounkl rountip', by I,. W. Hailpvand W. .Mi-lnnps. ISOO-l. Map So. 3.10. uralc 4 in. -1 in. •101. Minrrnl rPKourren. by L. W. Hailpy. 1M07. Map No. 07.1, wale 10 m. - I in. Npw Kriinimirk Reology. bv R. W. KIN. 1KN7. 700. Cftrbonifpniu.. !.v»tPm, by I.. W. Bailpy. 1!KH». f SO.'l. Ciial pro»i>pi-t!< in, bv M. H. Poole. KNH). \ Rniind togptlipr. On:1. Minornl rPMiiirppx, by R. W. E||». Map No. 000, xrale 10 in. -1 in. KIMI. Mineral rpsourres, bv R. W. Ell.s. (Krenrh). Map No. 060, srale 10 m. - 1 in. NOVA SCOTIA. 2 tit. ('■uv4uin>iitrli. .VntJKoniAli, PiPtoii, ColrliPHtpr. and llulifax I'ountirn, bv lliinii KlrtPlirr and K. R. Faribault. 1S80. :i.tl. I'ictim and Coli'liPNtPr rountie.*, by H. Kletrlipr. lSOO-1. a.">N. Soutliwp^tprn Nova Hrotia(prpliminary), by I.. W. Bailey. lS02-:t. Map .No. afi2, MPalc R m. - i In. (i2S. Soiitliwestern .Nova Sootia, by I.. W. Rallpy. ISOfl. Map No. 041, ncalc H m. =-1 in. 0S.1. Sydncv roal-Held. by II. Fletplier. Mops No«. 0,12, 0.1.3, ai4, Hrale 1 m. -= 1 In. 707. Cambrian rmks of Capo Breton, bv (5. F. Mattlipw. 1000 S71. I'iitou coal-field, by H. 8. Poole. 1902. Mop No. S3.3, scale 2.1 di. -= 1 In. MAPS. 11142. Uominiun of Canada. Minerals. Scale lUO m. —l in. YUKON. *.S0.1. IXplorations on Macmillan, Upper Pelly, and Stewart rivers, scale 8 m. '^ 1 in. SOI. Portion of Duncan Creek Mining district, scale fi m. =1 in. S04. Sketch Map Kluaiie Mining district, scale m. ~1 in. •010. Windy .Vrm Mining district. Sketch Geological Map. scale 2 m. — 1 in. 'MtO. Conrad and Whiteliorse Mining districts, scale 2 m. =- 1 in. !KH. Tantalus and Five Fingers coal mines, scale 1 m. = 1 in. 1011. Bonania and Hunker creeks. Auriferous gravels. Scale 40 chains ^^ 1 in. 103.3. Lower Lake l.aberge and vicinity, scale 1 m. =1 in. 1041. Whitehorse Cflpper belt, scale 1 m. =1 in. 1020. 1044-1040. Whitehorse Copper belt. Details. loOO. Pdly, Ross, and Gravel rivers, Yukon and .Nortli West Territories. Scalp 8 m. = 1 in. 1 103. 'I'antaliH Coal area. Yukon. Scale 2 m. = 1 in. 1104. Braeburn-Kynocks Coal area. Yukon. Scale 2 m. = ' in. •Publications marked thus are out of print. if llUin.Hll (.)! IMHI V ■•;s r:.iil~"> Mininu .li iri I, - iil" -' "i I i" ;,•) IVlitnii.urv I .Iin..l, I.:.-. K,h„.m:.> -...I.- t « I ■" -.7 <;,-,,l.,i:i:a Map "I •■!■.." -n. t ...I.I li.l.l -. air . I. 1 111. \;v,V....M..aVMm..:.l- I";' ^>'i- :•••••»'■', ,'" f.,... \V,..i K.M.t.nuv < M-..I..UI a -li.- . - ..I. • I.. t '■ v's H.„ii..laiv in.k Miiii.iu.l.t.i. i.,--'l.. 1 Ml I III i;!' l.'i„AT., llM iiian.K •. M lain Mm"»« I' -•"''• '" ' '' ■tv.r I.HsWa tiv.r aii.l \i.iniiv. -.ul.' J m , 1 "> . .,.17 Nanai..... .u-i ^.^ W.Mini.. t.r M,mn« ,lij . ..-i -^ .1 » "' l.HII, l;„.-lMn.l \li..iM.....>M,i. «..•.,, >m, al -I. ■.•. > a^ ..' > „„>. si.....|, (■..•.!« \inn«.aM,p, •■■:;•'*;;' :''Y^; ^ "', ',;:', „; '", i„. ,1 ill. 11171 siii.i-p I ri.. K Mi.il.itf . amp. l..|>..K'al 1U.P.-,: lA. 11 .11. V Mil.il.lt .iil.il. t.,|Yt!.a|'".''-' /, Mii,ii,.„' .ai.ip. ^i...!- '.l"'!' Il|.l. illl.' i:..l.l.'n al.. 1 ,.| S. il.' I .'»).' II I .>.' S, ,1,. I ,.l.>.l II 1 i» I ill 111 Claili. i i.vi ll..|l.\ Miniuu iliiii' 1 11, i.l\ 1 Mi.,i..K .alLip |i. ^1,1, II I ill H.Hl. :.A. . M ;.,.;. alrlai,,,-. a. H. ... V ■- -^ ^^.j^-" ^ ,,„ , ,„,,f, S.al.- till, II 1 ill ' \.1> ,.,. . I" I ill J^l Al.HKU 1 V -,.ll .VMl P.ii... anil Atlial.a-ku rivii-. m «!.• In iii ; 1 i" .sil; lllalrn,.H.-li..nk , ..al-li.;l.l-. - al.' IX.' ■ L ' i" M..rJ. r.,-liKan .al l)ii-il,. -.air 441 . 1 .(•_'., .Hi;. fa,.a.l....all«i-.ii. :<.ali. I 1.1. 1 in. ,iii:( (iiui. M.«i-' .M..iii.lain >.» ■ ■•■; )"■" ,^ ■''.,■", " -«.n ' '..I .,i.-l lOlil AlLiTt... S,t.kat.l...«ui,. a.1.1 Ma,nl..l.a < ...1 A .a- 1117 .-,\. -i;.lii..i..t...i '':'I'"'«''''I'''V. i< ' ^ 1. 1,1 111, i il\ K.liM..nt..ii. i(l„v.r l«ar(„.ilM.ami. S, al.' , m 1 l"- lilt- 7\ Minl.".n...ul-li.l.l Siiil.'Jm. 1 m 1010. rtASK.VKHl".\VAN. Alberta. Sa-katchowan, and Manitoba, foal Area-. S.aU' :I5 m.-l In. MANITOHA. Sl)4 Part of Tiirtl.' moimtuin -bowinn .oal area-. - lino All,...ta. Sa.kat,li..«ai.. ami Manitoba. « ..al .1 H .11 ^1 in. Ih :!."• ni Miimi WKsi n.ititrii. 10.S(1. l'.\iil.,r.alc. I ni - 1 in. .'.To. I'ren.li Hiv.-r -lict-t. 111.. 4 ni. ~ 1 in. •Publiiation- i.mrk.'d tlm- are .mt of prim. 112.'i5-« •,NSO. .VHI. UlA, tMNI. i'llltl. 7()H. ■•.II 770 llml-kBrnlnn hw-t, -itl^ 4 m - 1 In New Mltlon 1007> Mpl-llW -lii^t, Hialr 4 in ■ 1 In. ( New l-.illll.4) l'JII7> I'Mnbmte "tiwt, >"i»'«' 4 ni I In. Ignwrnln**, "<«••• 4 111 I In irnlilmrlon -liwt. «-»l» » in. -I In. >fniilliifl"lir<«. MiilnJm. • I In. 77n. Hiiilbury ill.trlrt, Vlrt.irln mines, -icmlii 1 m. - 1 In. «7H«. I'nrtti «liM>t, ^.ralii 4 m. - 1 In. HJ«>. HiiJIrtiry ilUtrLt. Hiiabiiry. « »!•■ I m. ■ I In .HJ4-S2-'4. Hiulbiirv ilUtrUt, <'iii)p "» ,'"■ Thetford and ColcrrOne A»be»to« dUtrict, .«ile 40 rh -1 In. Quebec «heet, Eutem Town«lilwi Sfcp. im-W" * "> -' '»■. Montreia nheet. E«t«m Toim,filp. .heet^.r.Ue 4 ra -1 In. TJireo Rlvern Hheet, Eiwtrm Townshlpn Mop, .rale 4 m. -I m. ,•"• , . ™0 St. Ma^tretBy Ckwloglcal nheet No 71 Brje 1 m. -I liv. ia^7 Windsor Qeologl<«l eheet. No. 73. Scale Im.-l in ilSa: A.pS»^an Q^cal -.'leet. No. 70. Scale 1 m. -1 In. Note.— Individual Maps or Reports wlU be fuml-hed free to bona fide '''~^te^""d'Map^ m»v be ordered by the number, prefl^l.o title-. A^Ston" should be addressed to Tl.e Director, Oc-luglcal Survey, Department of Mines, Ottawa. ^»Publlcatlons marked thu» are out of print. 1 OlOkO* U«!K^rD jmit mmit. o/ah* mttmumriCAL emts-* BiGGH€BII KHMIN SA8KATCHI L£&1 i»i>»» I t K Iilpintiiiftit iif Jiiiir* • Wt«t«Tt>, OlM nt*u» MXHtTia ALKKTA iMoam mii^. iiriMi e»ats-scer/mt Mtm urns 4s.aitr.m JOPTa EOKCf COAL BASIX MUTCHCWAN AND IIIAZEAU RIVERS t MIUS n I INCH