,s^. ^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 150 13.2 Vi, us ^1^ 125 iu 1.8 1.6 150mm V ^3 /. /APPLIED A _ IIV14GE . Inc as 1653 East Main Street =-- Rochester, NY 14609 USA ^ Phone: 716/482-C.-vO i:^ Fax: 716/286-5969 © 1993, Applied Image, Inc , All Rights Reserved ^i; ^^ CIHM ICI\/IH J Microfiche Collection de ^ Series microfiches (IMonographs) (monographies) Canadian Instituta for Hisiorical Microraproductiona / Inatitut Canadian da microraproductiona hiat^oriquaa \\ Technical and Bibliographic Notei / Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. I "if Coloured covers/ I ^1 Couverture de couleur D D Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagto Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaur^ et/ou peiliculie □ Cover title missing/ Le D D n D D D D titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Caites giographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Relie avec d'autres documents Tight bindirg may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge interieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela etait possible, ces pages n'ont pas ete f ilmees. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplementaires: L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a iti possible de se procurer. Les ditails de cet exemplaire qui sont peut4tre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite. ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mithode normale de f ilmage sont indiqute ci-dessous. □ Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur □ Pages damaged/ Pages endommag^ □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restauries et/ou pellicultes Th« to 1 Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages decolortes, tacheties ou piquees Tht pos of 1 fiirr Orii beg the sioi oth firs sioi or i □ Pages detached/ Pages ditaehhes EShowthrough/ Transparence □ Quality of print varies/ Qualite in^gale de I'impression □ Continuous pagination/ Pagination continue □ Includes index(es)/ Comprend un (des) index Title on header taken from:/ Le titre de I'en-tCte provient; issue/ la livraison □ Title page of iss Page de titre de □ Caption of issue/ Titre de depart de la li □ Masthead/ Gene The sha TIN whi Mai diffi enti beg righ reqi met vraison depart i i/ Generique (periodiques) de la livraison This Item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est f ilme au taux de reduction indique ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 12X 16X 20X 22X 3 24 X 26X 30X H 28X 32 X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: National Library of Canada L'exemplaire f Jlm6 fut reproduit grAce d la g6n6rosit6 de: Bibliothdque nationale du Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recordnd frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — ^- (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettet6 de l'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimde sont film^s en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmds an commenpant par la premidre page qui comport? une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent §tre film6s d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est film6 d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauchn, de gauche d droite. et de haut en b{ s, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 / KEPOllT / O.N Till'; GEOLOGY OF NEWFOUNDLAND roi; ISO.-,. IJv ALKX. Ml HIIAV, Ks... wnii A PKEFATOkY KKPOIIT AM) AX APPENDIX, ]{v sii; w. ]•:. i.dCAN, F.K.S., v.c.i^.. I'lhi.cT'.i; ,,|. Ill], ■ i:..i.i«.u Al. .«ii!\i:\- (.1- (.\.\A|i,\, AVITII A MAI' OK IJKr.VIK JJAV. MUXTliKAL: •'"UN i.MVKM., niiMi.i:, sr. nk u )i.\s sii;i;i;i. isao. m II \i ; .j^p'^M't ■■ -V EEPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF NEWFOUNDLAND FOR 1865. m By ALEX. MURRAY, Esq. WITH A PREFATORY REPORT AND AN APPENDIX, Bt sir W. E. LOGAN, F.R.S., F.G.S., DIRECTOR OF THK GEOLOOICAL SCRTBY OF CAHADA. MONTREAL : JOHN LOVELL, PRINTEB, ST. NICHOLAS STREET. 1866. RiPOl Ripoi Apfu GEOLOGY OF NEWFOUNDLAND. TABLE OF CONTENTS. RiPOBT Of Sir W. B. LoaAir, 5 Rbpobt or Amx. Mdrbay, Bb«., ^ Oboloot of thb Nobthbbr Pbmikbvu, 10 LanrentUtn aeries, 10 PoUdBm group, i j Qoebec group, 21 Upper Silurian series, 84 Deronian series, 31^ Superficial drift, U Appbhdix on Lower Sildbur Rocks, ^ REPORT or SIR W. E. LOGAN, L.L.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., ADDHKgSBD TO THE HONORABLE B. CARTER, M.P.P., ATTORNEY GENERAL, ST. JOHNS, NEWFOUNDLAND. Geological Survey Office, Montreal, Ist itfay, 1866. (Sir, Mr. Murray has submitted to me the results of his geological EKpioimtiow oi lexploration in Newfoundland during the last two seasons ; and it gives mo mJIiuSuSSmb* Imuch satisfaction to observe the progress he has already made in dovolop- Ibg the general structure of the eastern part of the island. Before he icommenced his labors, Mr. Richardson, under my instructions, had lalready visited the western coast, with the view of ascertaining facts to |elucidate points connected with the Geology of Canada. It was then ascertained that a trough of Lower Sin rian rocks must underlie the Lowor siiorUD northern part of the Gulf of St. Lawrenc , gradually narrowing toward the lUiiSlli,?'^"*' : Strait of Belleisle, one side of the trough rising on the coast of Labrador ; -while the other forms the western shore of Newfoundland from Bonne Bay f to Cape Norman. On each side of the strait these rocks were found to rest on Laurentian gneiss ; and the mass of this ancient system, which presents itself in this part of Newfoundland, was ascertained to extend from the neighborhood of Bonne Bay to within twelve or fifteen miles of Hare Bay, but its breadth was not determined. Mr. Murray's investigations have since proved that this mass of Laurentian rocks spreads in breadth Ltunntua to the Atlantic coast of the great northern peninsula of the island ; that """" the base of the Lower Silurian strata, sweeping round the northern extremity of the gneiss, comes upon the coast near Canada Bay, and again strikes into the land at Coney Arm, in White Bay, where these Lower are ov«rlaid by rooki. (I )i Coijl b..Js at oydney. tei2»' ^'PP«'' ^^ilunan, followed by rocks of D • aMj: covered hy rocks of the Carboni ^^^^^ ^'^'''"'"^ ""'^ •"'^"nfonn- aroas, wb.ch have heretofore been men , ."''"A'" '^"^ '^'- '^''^ ««P«rato " "pon Grand iV.ud, and another n St r ^ ^^'■- *'"''•'«• ^ne of^hom Far fro. ilalj-n Bay to .St. G or^^'L'lTt^^ ^» ^- traver. C ^ --•«." of the n.ro northern of t '•«« t'^lh;!"™^ *••"-'' '^^ --to™ -• -ore southern at several poi/n^to" ,'"?'""'"' ""'' ^''^"-^d «-; -ay wh.ch has last been Jention d ""^ '''"^^■«'^«* «^«r«« of ilavuig thus ascertainnrl t\ areas, it is i„,portant to t ti'!':-';:' ^''t'"" '' ^^o^o Carboniferoua workable sea,„s of coal n J; b"! J^^^^^^^^^^ possible X proposes to devote the chief^art of T ^' ''''"' ' '^"'^ ^'••- ^^^^rray Boason to this end, as well as to tra e 1 f '''l"'''"^ '^""^^ ^ho ensuing oi any seams he may discover. ' "" ^"^ "" ^'^ ^■'^' ^'^^ outcroj^coursf «.e ^:.i"X^r;:L:rr^^^^^ of ^e...,,,„, unreasonable to suj.pose it prob t tt , "'l ''''''''' ' ^"^ '' '« not ;n t''« character of the measures on the 1 T '"" ^^^ "^ ^'^'^^^ analogy «-n At Sidney, betwe; , ' t^Tft ''". ^' ^''^ ^^^^ <^'-4 workable seams, there is a thicknL !p , ' '""' '°«^«»'-c« and the 'iOOO feet ; and if the same nd'Ss o^s^ V'"*^ ^' ''^'-- ^000 and upon t,^ attitude of the stratat^Te heT w " "^^^^-^'d- i* will depend coal be s there to become availa « oll"'^ ''?'"' *^' '''"''''"'^ ^'^ a regular coal seam of six inches n TT""' ^^'' ^^'''^y observed workable. Mr. Jukes has reported ^ne ^.k"''' ' ^"' '^^' ^«"'d not be arc four workable seams, melrl 2^ •t"'^ ''^'l '^' -* Sidney the e tbckness of 3000 feet, that at thl boS k 'T'^' "^ ^^-''" ^^^*' '« » should be lost in determining su h fact „ -f, """'' ^^^* ' ««<^ "« time CalT "'*' " '"^^ »>« -a abt^l;; ;;" -^^e it known whether Carboniferous areas of Newfoundland ' ^^ '"?'*''"«*« '^^ the from the «„a™ A.,a„fe Sul" of tCTl'^.f'^"'- '" "» °«™e trough eastern Canada to Ga,p2 Tit kZr """ '° °™-'»- -"O _______^|_^''° mdioaHoM observed by Mr. «'^HS£SHHS^^=ss5:S Farther to the south- •ialiy and unconform- wo or three separate u'ccs. One of them ■ Jn his travorm last lytraced the western •nilos, and observed south-east shores of those Carhoniferoua yas possible what ; and Mr. Murray J»ring the ensuing the outcrop-course Newfoundland aro 'on ; and it is not a general analogy ho water dividing casures and the etween 3000 and "(1, it will depend he occurrence of ^furray observed J8 would not be at Sidney there fifteen feet, in a 't ; and no time known whether ipitalista in the 'peninsula, and lurian series in jreat spread of ed the Quebec divisions,* the 'j m its course > Canada, and >rved by Mr. Murray arc sufficient to authorize the expectation that the formation will prove |)roductivo of these metalliferous niinuralM in Newfoundland ; and the Tilt Cove and Terra Nova mines, which nrc both in serpentine belong- rut Core «nd ing to the middle division, are evidences tliiit a detailed investigation of the Snl.*''*" distribution of the Quebec group is only second in importance, in an eco- nomic point of view, to that of the Carboniferous series. The occurrence of serpentine in the more southern part of Newfoundland has been pointed out 8erpwitiii«. by Mr. Jukes in various isolated places : and it appears to be probaMo that this rock will, in most, if not all of these, be found to belong to the < jiiebcc group. The scattered facts already thus known, pre{)arc us to expect a groat development of the metalliferous division of the group in the southeni, as well as the northern portion of the island, convincing me that a thorough knowledge of a great portion of the mineral wealth of the province will be vastly promoted by a careful and connected exploration and study .of the Lower Silurian series. I have now the honor to transmit to you the accompanying Report of his first exploration, addresscd'to mo by Mr. Murray while I was in England last year. The study of it reipiircd a reference to a collection of speci- mens which had been forwarded to the office of the Canadian Survey for examination ; and the death of my brother, soon after my return, forced me to postpone the consideration of it longer than I wished. I have the honor to be, Sir, Your most obedient servant, W. E. LOGAN. •I append a brief 1 the two basias KEPORT OF ALEXANDER MURRAY, Esq., ADDRESSED TO SIR W. E. LOGAN, F.R.S., ' "^.S. London, 11th April, 1865. Sir, In accordance with an arrangement made by yourself with the gov- ernment of Newfoundland, by which I was selected to make a geological investigation of that province, I left Montreal, accompanied by Mr. H. H. Beckett as an assistant, on the 18th May last, and reached St. Johns, New- foundland, on the 31st of the same month, when I immediately placed my- self in communication with the Hon. H. W. Hoyles, Attorney General, to receive final instructions. It being your desire that the great northern peninsula of the island, where nost of the searcoast is well exposed, should be examined as a com- mencement of the investigation, the Provincial Government were pleased, on my recommendation, to charter a schooner of twenty-seven tons burden, called the A. M. W. of Harbor Grace, with a crew consisting of a pilot commanding, and four seamen for the service. It was not, how- ever, until the 22nd June that the vessel was refitted, and ready for ^ea ; and during the interval, I employed my time in partially examining that portion of the peninsula of Avalon lying between St. Johns and Topsail Head in Conception Bay. We finally left St. John's upon the 23rd June, and reached Twillingate, a port of some importance near the entrance to the Bay of Exploits, on the 27th of the same month, having been much detained on the voyage by fog and stormy weather. On the 30th June we reached Little Bay, where the examination was begun in earnest, at Terra Nova mine, and where advantage was taken of the opportunity to explore the coast and portions of the interior between that bay and Ming's Bight. After leav- Ir m II { :. Kooks of the northern peniU' siila. 10 this part of the STZ. '"'<"7 ~»™"™ioooa3io„; and bj ,h„ timi ve»«l. Finally, a rafter trtedo,?""''' *" "^'""S"'' '° -« «« and the Indii BrooT T I,. "" ™ "'"''' to I^'He Bay ; ascended for alo^S^^bfe Seller"'?/'"' ",'° "■"' ^»y. ™ and reached that port on the Crf Clwr " "*' '" ^'- "'"■-=• '>co^^ra,r:;:^-^^ given in ascending order. S«oiogicai divisions, winch are Little Coney Arm. S»lt Water Pond Brook. Gneiaa. 1. Lauren tian. 2. Potsdam group, ) 3. Quebec group J ^"^^^^ SUurian. 4. Upper Silurian. 6. Devonian. I. LAUHENTIAN SYSTEM The rocks classed under tliJq h^^A of the eastern coast of the lorth^l ''""^f "^^"^^ '^ «% '"i'^^ Cone, Arm in White b' Tt^tTinTr ' -f "f ^ '"'" ^'"^^ About four miles to the southward o?^th« . '' '^ ^'°^^ ^^y- strike into the land, and keepte to L TT J^ '^' ^^^' '^'^ the Clouds Mountains, which 'f Imeltth '' *'^ '^^' ^"' °^ course. The most northern exposure o^ffVu^ '"° ^ °°^*^«'"^y between three and four mil s w stof th 't ^^'f ^^^^^^^^ occurred on a brook joining the arm, trward t I^Z^eI tf'. ^^^' continues northward • but th^v^ i. i v.i , , , ^^^^ ^^^ strike stUl beyond th; , ™„ Zn umX y 1*1^ - If' °' '"^ ''"'" position, where Mr. Biehard Jlerv"d ,™ hUh i"" "'T* .»"">«"" visit to the western .ide of the peniSa in 1862 '^'"' "' " ™ "' grained, and i. elpo^d oWrof flet V' f t ''*'' "*'' '" «"» quart, and brown or bSc mfea T^ f ''°*" '^=*P"' "^ ""•« ing chiefly of fine W^f^rwith tr^^^f "'' "f^ "^^ -»»^ blaek band, it wa, e..y to obse™ thTthe di! Tf. '' ""* ""^ "">* the two brookewhieh have beonlZned tt«T '^ ™"'"'- I" of the gnei., hnt the ioose Mocks obse^^LteS^frl— d 11 1 peninsula, making >n; and by the time 1 had advanced to lingate to refit the de to Little Bay ; nto that bay, was liled for St. Johns, 3REAT NORTHERN n peninsula are 'isions, which are 8 of fifty miiea ling from Little Canada Bay. this bay, they he bay, and of in a northerly seen, occurred F Canada Bay, 8 the strike still t of the series, most northern d of it on his I two miles up color, is fine- par, with white layers consist- and by these eastward. In eat exposures streams, and on the banks on each side, derived, probably, from the formation not far off, made it evident that what is given above, is the general character of the gneiss in this part. Many blocks of greenstone were associated Greenstone with those of gneiss, and on Salt Water Pond Brook, dykes of a similar ^ description were seen intersecting the gneiss. In Hooping Harbor the general mass of rock is gneiss ; but at the mouth Hooping iiar- of the brook, which flows in at the head of the north-east cove of the harbor, there are heavy bands of what cannot be distinguished from granite, some parts of them reddish and others gray, according to the color of the feldspar, which is sometimes in large tabular crystals, the quartz being whitish and in fine grains, while the mica is usually black, and in small scales. On the east side of the cove these bands of granite alternate very Granite and regularly with thick beds of coarse black mica-slate, clearly showing the stratified character of the mass, and giving a dip of S. 88° E.< 80°. Farther south, but on the same side of the harbor, there is a great amount of milk- white gneiss, deriving its color from opaque white orthoclase feldspar and white translucent quartz, but having well defined marks of stratification, in darker and lighter gray parallel streaks, deriving their color from the presence of more or less black mica. At the head of the western cove, or arm of the harbor, there is a great mass of a somewhat coarse flesh-red granite, in which no stratification could be made out, but it was overlaid by finely laminated beds of gneiss, and those upon the north shore of the cove appeared to be nearly horizontal. The cliffs on each side of the western arm, which rise almost perpendicularly to the height of between 650 and 700 feet, are all of gneiss, with bands of mica-slate, large tabular crystals of flesh-red feldspar being often observed in the strata. The dip at the head of the west- em arm is S. 80° E.< 25°, but there are numerous undulations and contor- tions which render it diflScult to establish an average. In these cliffs, and generally, in the harbor, the gneiss is cut by many fine grained greenstone orpenstone dykes, some of which are of great thickness. One of them, on the east side of the harbor, measured 130 feet across. These dykes appear generally to be about parallel to one another, their course being N. 54" E. and S. 54° W. Small veins of pegmatite, consisting of flesh-red orthoclase feldspar with some grains of quartz, are abundant in some places. At the extremity of the cape, on the east side of the entrance to Hooping Harbor, copper copper ore. pyrites was observed disseminated in a small mass of quartz, constituting a nest in the white gneiss of that part. No visible vein was connected with the mass, and it is only worthy of remark as showing that the rock is not destitute of this ore, which may possibly be found in larger quantity in some other place in the neighborhood. Between Hooping Harbor and Bay Fourchette the rocks seem to be all uayFourchettc. very much of the same character as those above described ; but the strata composing the cliffs between this bay, and the banks on either side of the Grandevache. Speoalar iron on. ^IMIn Coney Arm. tiold Hine Core. Bonne Bay. t N 12 nuoero,,,. Th« highest p„i„t 1?^° u I,* """^ "'""' »'« «™ at.d frequent lasers of whitish Zrf?' A? "" ^'^'''^^ «»« grained, «fied in it. ^The st Ja :« 0^7^:?^ ^^^ ^"*- numerous veins of pinkish feldsnar rJJfTf ^'^""^^ greenstone; ng both the strat. and the dZ Tnd ! ! I ?^*^^ ^««^«' -t-secl.' frequently lined with apellicleof ' cut ""1^'^"'^ '" '^' '''^' «re strata is here about S^TE'^^- can orly be determined by fu ur" exptat''"' " *^"^ ^"'^^ -"^^-^d, ar to be less red in color ^ thejr show are more 'rage on the north side s edge to the height of lat at Bay Fourchette. general fine grained, c mica-slate are inter- B grained greenstone ; i the rocks, intersect- oints in the rocks are e prevailing dip of the eiss enters upon the » of Devil's Cove, on i id Little Coney Arm, i from the water. It lead of Little Coney ! arse in grain. It ig ' onsiderable mass of *e eastern limit of ttremity ofthearm, leiss is here nearly lie mouth of a small liere are some beds I gneiss pursues a Jsures of it visited le Cov<', near the •k gray color, and quartz, with black lute scales. The ns are numerous, others somewhat ^kes of dark gray h and of the hill- ' the Laurentian ', the distance in It is extremely whole way ; but forms the back- trend southward, 13 The rocks which have thus been described are considered Laurentian, not merely from the lithologlcal resemblance which they bear to the strata of that system in various parts of Canada, but also from the relation they are seen to have to the Lower Silurian strata, which unconformably cover them in the northern part of the peninsula. They there present an exact analogy with the conditions of the masses seen on the north side of the Strait of Belleisle, the gneis? of which is distant from the nearest part of strait of Beiie- that of Newfoundland, not more than forty miles, while it is uninterruptedly *''*" connected with the great continental spread of the system in Canada. In Canada the Laurentian gneiss is in some parts interstratified with enormous bands of crystalline limestone, and it is usually in these, or in the vicinity of them, that are met with the Laurentian minerals of economic importance ; Lanrsntian eoo- while the valleys that are underlaid by the limestones often give a con- """^ ° siderable amount of surface capable of settlement. These economic minerals are the magnetic and specular ores of iron, the ores of lead and of copper, apatite or phosphate of lime, mica, and graphite or plumbago. None of these bands of crystalline limestone have yet been met with among the gneiss of the northern peninsula ; but as it is c"'y the rim of the 3000 square miles of it there spread out, which has thus far been examined, the calcareous bands may yet be found in the interior, should the exami- nation at some future time be carried into greater detail. It will be seen by the description already given, that the only traces observed of any of the economic substances mentioned, were thin leaf-like veins of specu- lar iron ore in Grandevache Bay, and a nest of copper pyrites at Hooping Harbor. II. POTSDAM GROUP. Immediately east of the Laurentian gneiss, in the neighborhood of ciouds Moun- Canada Bay, the Clouds Mountains rise to a greater height than any part of the country for many miles around, and their bold and fantastic outline forms a picturesque and conspicuous feature, readily recognizable for a great distance. Three of the highest summits, on all of which the compass was aflfected by great local attraction, were found by triangulation to be 1173, 944, and 920 foet above the level of the sea. The first of these, called the Capped Mountain, is on the north side of Salt Water Pond Brook, and the other two on the south. The rocks composing these hills consist, at the base, of a great thickness of dark gray slates, not very well seen, but probably amounting to 1500 feet, siates and con- These are followed by dark gray, and occasionally drab colored slates, with * """"^ many interstratified conglomerate beds, not in general exceeding six inches in thickness, holding small quartz pebbles in the same slaty base. This mass, which may attain a thickness of about 600 feet, is surmounted by about forty feet of a dark purplish-gray diorite, apparently of an amygda- loidal character, containing nodules and numerous small masses of impure i'lviaion A Division B. 'osiUs. WW, are „„eh of s,j.pJ"b7; «;*«"«« northo™ It n.etZZ^ Canada Bav T].. • ''° "' "I"""' fourteen j» °° of those of the Clouds MounLr I ''«?'"' ^'^ "^^ ^^•^S''-^' ^^ c^ts :rr\en';r;?a:~ «™d-ll, present a n,„den„o Igr^ f "e", 'f"" j" """■• 'ho bed ^ 1« . Between this and the which ed at the 400 53 silicious, I contain S to .VIr. onrad). 300 ofeet.. J 00 1153 IE t i Fiuit. Kid Arm. *^«r'eW«n(l, Dirision C. Scollthus. *'on of the fhult is marked hrr *., ^ '""estone, from one of^^ 'X^^^. occurrence of several oavem« • .. * water. This fnnif • "'"'<' '^auos a boautifni .* ^^ '° *^f'1 Bmall cove on l'""''?^ '^' ^"*'''^"c« to S da r*" "' ^'««'' ««1^^^ Atlantic, its eff:/"'"' f *''« ?«'''* «eparaS Bid'^^l'*"''^^ '"*° « Y"cn IS immediately weqt nf *u . '^ exposures on Fn,rl„ r i , I Atlantic, consist on fl, . *'"' P"'"* separating R;T . " •^''''°'^' feet ; of this aHut 400 7J ?/ "^*' ^*^« «" estimated th; t ^ '"°'- •'^^s m the case of th^ v "'""es, which 13 prohnhlw *i, • ^^ to « sudden s todIT ""^ °f ^"S'' Wmd the 5 I. * ^ """" '"■«'»• raleareous strata i, 1 , """ '"™ Wt of cLIa I " P™iMala r^ureaalrett;,;;^'''. »Woh are eoiHerr." a'?^' » '»"- »' -^ °-^er the, aLTS,:::! r^ "- "-^-'^^ ^«o: C "'taatfd! 1- Bluish-graj., wbite-weath^rln two and three feet =1. ^ compact limestone !n r Feet "opping e/r ;"'°'"!"* «-« lines of ZTnlr "" ^'^''^ "^ forms which ann '^•^a'hered surface, !h """' '^'^'^- A E.< Arn regt latte N bodj cher the ^ base turn! of tl three then( fault Fc both theb seen occui chara t...l. ce of several caverns in th, «aut.f«l stream of clear Canada Bay, strikes into the strike parallel witl, it, ;7/,f'{'^i«t«rbedco„di « of the higher rock b v a J-^rks the position of fhe 'J' parallel with it towards P«s»res on Eagle Island ; >ng Bide Ar. fro, the >' Ji,4, and on the east, of. 'dip on the island is about] ^.together with the lime- Jffiated thickness of 1300 tes, and about 900 feet to bf Jj their total volume '••K of which thejr are 's. some ofthe beds are available as ornamental Jh tinge, and it is fre. ; Pajo rose-red, which ■he higher works of art 'tnke appears to make P°'nt of the peninsula >nada Bay, a series of « an addition to the ^^«°«C. Inascend- 17 Feet. 1 11 21 a few beds of " on the out- forms resem- '"■e scattered ^y Qiimerous ^a' fracture, ' remains of ^ds, show- « ' white ; it '"'Aus; the "• reddish 6. Gray limestone filled with silicified sub-globular forms, supposed to be organic remains 7. Bluish gray compact limestone, in beds of from one to two feet thiclj, with scattered forms on weathered surfaces, supposed to be the remains of fucoids 8. Brownish impure limestone, not well exposed '.,.,'.'. 9. Bluish hard limestone with a concholdal fracture, in beds varying from one to four inches in thicltness jg 10. Pale bluish limestone in alternating thiclc and thin beds, varyini^ from one foot to an inch. This forms the crest of a bold cliff facing the sea _ 11. Blue white-weathering limestones in two massive beds q 12. Bluish-gray brown-weathering slates, interstratified with beds of bluish limestones, varying in thickness from ton to fifteen inches, the weathered surfaces of which are sometimes covered witli obscure orgaulc forms, supposed to be fucoids 66 13. Bluish-gray white-weathering limestone in one massive bed. . . . . '. '. lo 14. Dark brown slates, and bluish and whitish limestones, in alternating beds , the uppermost bed of limestone weathers to a straw-yellow and is probably dolomitic _' jq 16. Blue and dark gray massive limestones interstratified with brown slates in equal quantities, the whole mass forming an undulating surface in the interior of the country. The limestone, at the sum- mit, holds numerous nodules of black chert, weathering yellowish, which are arranged in layers parallel with the stratification.. . . .' 660 900 Chert. At the base of the cliff, where the section commences, the dip is S. 44 E.< 26^ and at the top of the outer crest it is S. 44° E.< 34" ; but in Bide Arm, some distance from the point of the peninsula, the inclination is ir- regular and sometimes approaches verticality, and the thickness of the latter part of the section may be understated. Nearly the whole of the peninsula between Bide Arm and the main BidoAm. body of Canada Bay, is composed of the rocks of this division. The "'""'"""•• cherty limestone at the top is seen towards the extremity of the arm on the west side, where the dip is S. 73« E. < 85« ; while the rocks at the base of the division strike along the west side of the peninsula, gradually turning more north, and leaving room for a part of the white limestones of the previous division at two points on the coast included in the first three miles. The strike is nearly due north beyond this, for five miles, thence turning gradually more eastward tojyards the Salt Water Pond fault. Following the formation northward from the section of Salt Water Pond both sides of Long Arm seem to be composed of the Division B. In Long Arm the beds of the brook flowing in near the upper end, on the west side, are seen the fucoidal limestones of B,4, and at the mouth of the brook there occur the limestones, whose surfaces are covered v-'. the reddish nodules characterizing the baae of B,5. The formation .. . not traced into .. !-i.'*? tittle Coney Section. 18 j -- -.». no j:, ';. I tj'^f . ■•" .1.0 »:h.';oi, „~- «- -«. 4 900 between the cliff sliow.'n .l «4oo ^•ecognized strata of thoT ° ."^ '^^'■*^ '''mostones in 7?- , . I 'appears to run all M '""'"''^^'^^S formation ther„ t '^'■'"' ""^^ the «re conceaH ;„ ta'^.*' ^orth-east An n? '^T^'^n which group. ' """^ ""^y add somethin<. to tT^" ] ''"^' ""''^^ this ,;-^enei,hhorhoodorSa,tWt / '^ ^'"'"^ ^^^ *^« ^^^aj ! *hi3 is to be wholll Z\ '^"^ ^^«"t throe 'ZeTl' "' "* '^' ^""fii'e he parti, due o^th " "''^'^ '' ^" 'noroase' of ttV ' '"''''• ^^^-^hor «ext exposure sout"! '^^ ^''^ «^««> is not 't > r.^^^"'*''" ^^ n»aj ««C"r, the Clo d Mo ;'^.' ^" ^^'"'^"^h strata belon ''*''"• ^"* '» ^he of certainty. The f ?'''" ^"^' ^"^"not be rel ^•"^, '' '^' ^^^sdam Coney Arm nl ''"^'^^ ^^ these oxnos„/ ^""''^ ^^*^ ^^^ de^^ ^-kimtelt;:':;?^ 'r --S th -;^ ^-t an'd ^ rock, there occurs ar. ; '"^^^^ this and the ' jP ^ ''""^'derable ^^ the strike, both no f''"' '^ ^concealment t wT?"^'"^ ^^P«««re of the south Sid ,t Tat'';' ''' -"thward'Cm Jh ' '^P"^^'^'^ "-« depression there s «een 7 ! ' '''''' ''^^--^- 0^ th« ''"' '^""'"^ <>« a'' ascending sectLr "^*'" ^^^ ^f rocks, o^^J^hX So;iI ''' ^- Pale bluish-ffrar m- , , f«et or more.. ' ""' °«""i-«at inte 41 of L r" °'"' *" 3- Blue limestone in bid ...""''"'^'^o"' twotofoar -"7ing from ten to fifteen in;;;; «<> SO Feet. 300 Arm meai line, the < thes norti point aii ai ofG their are a ' Wroaehcs the coast ^' "•"part of tho bay -;araaeo,iectodrro.th, some »"»»«,, and diorite.a^fJ 'fh and while lime. Id grajr and white ''trmontanu, r.in. ilates with cherf^ 2000 SOO 8400 ;«;;nBKloAr,„,andthe| '1" * depression which {^« rocks undo,, this volume of the Potsdam laoftheClondsMoun. 'Jes, but at the Gouffi-e of a mile. \YhothGt ^'P, or whether it may ^««'•tain. But in the l]^S to the Potsdam '"'eel with anj degree at Great and tittJe '0 Laurentian gneiss, 'tea ma considerable ceeding exposure of '^ a depression runs •e arm, forming on east side of the ^olithefoJJowingig Feet. >n stains, 'urentiai 300 id with ' one to ' to four 430 SO 19 4. Bine and gr«y compact limestone in bed, varying from eight '"^' ncho. to two feet in thiclcnc,., with forma on weathered .u faces, supposed to bo fucoids 5. Measures concealed ' ^" 6. P.ile gray black.weathering limeVt;;; i"„"b;d; of from'onoVo'.w; ^" a/pecrto'th: IT.'"'"' '" '"" '"™""'"'' ^'^'-^ ^ '^"-'-"^ 8. Cream-white compact limestone, with a conchoidal" fractur'eVin » "^ 8'n^le bed, probably fit for the purposes of marble .... ' „ 9. Pale blue drab-weathering limestone in beds of three or"fou"r 10 Whi?«" «' '"''"'"""^ ^' '•''" ^''''" "^ Kr«yl.h.drab slate. . . . ,5 10. White very flno gramed compact limestone, with a conchoidal fracture, ,n a smglo bed, with vertical cleavage Joints runnin« wite L laf ™,le, farther »„.,,, ft, ^C ^•'" » \""' "'''* « '»» «nd a " "■" «""■■» Wf of which 4 f„t hil ? ''~'"l' of "bo»t a „il" «toos mo ab„„l half a mile fart™ ^^ ""«"" ■-''"''. "hile the iTI 'Jins between them ThJ. / "' °" ">» "«» "Me of ih. T ward hut the, „" „oft iTa':" ^"\'"' ''" '-C -uf nocc! rocks factoi 8op'» Ann. Haoltog point, ward, hot they were „„, „ t" """»'!' ""e here lei. .„ course west of Sop's Stt « "P""^ "'= !■"■•<*''•'' ■ ,„ > ' a. .ho e,tre.it, „'f i.,^™' '"' "^ ™"->'«'oa « „o. »,,,ea. ,; l,, :4': °-: ; ■"■ -gh i', and although nrobahh^^ ^? ""'''"'' ™»a « dissemi- ^kC ,„: Tr'"?"*' ■■ -! =" the lower r ft r"- '''" ■^^ "<■ «>o •-■ "- on the east .Me of . oC/Zus^THir;*^ Re series proba of the beeni are cc east /. good ( at the is hen tion of Arm, 1 the ou tv"' m and w< ber of of ther and se pale gi nesian, farther gray a: of ther with ol ' f "■« anticlinal which 1,, Arm in about h„,,,-ei«|,f,, ."««« an escarpment con, i'ca-8lat(.8. Tho8o have '" «"'k heneatl, ovcrlvin, [hat „,„-fbrra character f.ri : t^onejr Arm Hood. Th.«v the eastward at a hi.'h ^ of forty-five degrees Ee "la ions between two an,] ^My hm or 2000 foot 18 difficult to say. N 'is «roup, and they more ■•i fe'llery series, as seen, ' ^««"i«'"P8 Of Canada. itormediate strata of the beneath the waters of ••oo™ for them, an.l no =ho run of the measures 'reforo be necessary to bnng the SiUery series les, in their southward which flows into Great between them is about m'le west of Prench- ' wbich is two and a- 'adth of about a mile, a'and, while the lime- '\ side of the valley Jeft trending south- 0" 'j -n distribution, rer.fian ,y^ .]■, j^ ^^ appour 00 taie coast ■' *bere is an exhibi- nost part white, but Yellowish, and these _nd mica is dissemi- ial for burning into '• The dip of the mes interstratified »f Hauling Point, n rhich would bo beneath the previously mc.„r,onod rock, a coarse r.uartzoM ,ran.to,d m.ca-slato is met with, and a simUar rock prevails ulon-' both lu OS of the WoHtorn Arm up to its extremity, a distance of nearly three W.«or„ a,. niles across the moadures. Here strong hard bands , C micaceous irneiss *"*"* lome m, bearing some resemblance to that of the Laurentian series. " The oica-slaio which overlies them, strongly resembles that of Coney Ann Head fit be supposed that the gneiss of the Western Arm is Laurentian, li jould be fa.r u> infer that the mica-slate of Coney Arm Head must bo .Ider tima the .'.nery series, and be brought into place by an upthrow, jinsten^ of n downthrow fault. 'Iho limestone of Hauling Point, .lotwitlw 'Btanaing its very different crystalline con.lition from that of Great and I '^tle Coney Arm, might then be supposed to represent it ; and the carse .s..ppo.., .,.. ,_qua tzoso granitoi.l mica-slate on the opposite sides of White Bay to be wHK;' m th.e form of a trough, with the Potsdam group above it. It will bo necessary however, that a great deal more should be ascertained of the rocks to the eastward of White Bay, before such a question can be satis- factorily determined. II. (it'EllEC (iKOUP. Returning to Canada Bay,wc find in the north-east corner of Bide Arm a series of gra> and black limestones, many of them weathering yellow, and probably magnesian. Between these and the chcrty limestone at the top of the previous formation, there intervenes the breadth of the arm ; and as has been already mentioned, a corresponding depression, under which the rocks eastTr o/r ^'■''" ^^"^'•"'-^^ '"^-^r of Bide Arm to the North- Zl , ; .?/ ^'^ "" '"'* ''^' '^ ^'^'^''J^ '^'"''^ >vith boulders; a good deal of the west also is concealed ; but near the mouth of the brook tl 7fT r'''""''^' '^'''' "••« ' ^''' '^Vos^'^' of limestone, and it' ere hat the ase of the previous formation would strike the contim. - Arm, but especially on the west, there are exposures of limestone, and near n"' f ""• he outlet of the brook, which falls into this arm at its northerr^xtremr """ 111 ""T' , f "^ *^' '''^ "'' "^'^ ^'*'^- '^^' l^^ver one is deep blue! a 1 weather, igt yellow, being probably magnesian. It contains a num ber of gray blackish-weathering rudely sub-spherical concretions. Some concretion, of hemare of enormous si.e. One of them measures nine feetin diameter and several were observed measuring three feet. The upper bed is of a pale gray on fracture, but weathers yellowish-brown, being probably ma..- nesian. The dip of these beds is N. 50° E < lOo ;'and abo'ut half"! mile larther up the stream, higher strata occur, consisting of about thirty feet of gray and white limestones, in beds of from three inches to three feet, some of them weathenng yellow. The exposed surfaces of many are covered with obscure remains of fucoids, and other fossils ; and among the latter Mr «'<»« Arm, Hare Bay. "I'lvio Bay, Section. i'ossilD. 22 I ■fee^ -"^ryiag from three inc eTt" ' ^7^'''''^ •«»gnesian, i„ bedB Partings ofcalcaroous ste. on ^ > ^'"^ ''"-'-'*' ht "■agnes-an limestone, i„ bed/Z/'^J-'^^.^h'^^ng, and probably separated b, thin la/ers of g. L^h caT" '"'" '" "^ ^''''^ be summit become of considrTuH '"''""' '''"^' ^''i<='> a t fled with thin beds of dl k !r ': ""^""'^^•"'d are interstra- « one ; the whole mass is termini?^, f "o^vish-weathering lime, ^'fminous limestone. ZZl^ ''"''' "^ "^ownis Jblack fossdiferons, and among the r ' "*= '°' ">« '"ost part .b.I., ,„ .i„ck„.„., of fr„„T' '•''°"-'"»'l>«'i.g»lc,„o„ occasional bandrXr;;?!-'--- ''^''^' ^^^^ S «7 yellowweathering limestone. ... 260 260 fiSO ilobitesandorthoceratitesj ^hicMg the lowest of thosei '»ebec group. It would | 3 from Bide Arm to the! It w probable that after! " turn up northward fori >f Hare Bay, has a very P fovea, and many long "ds. The exposures of vas obtained extending e west side of the bay,' re Bay, and somewhat bemg eight and a-half Mits which occur on it, Qe, and they are given' »n, however, does not tuig is uncertain, but 23 Feet. 'an, in beds isional thin there occur es in thick- i probably > one foot, which at i liters tra- ■ing lime- lish-black 'lost part mulatrix, tmettense, 6. Greenish calcareous shales interstratified.at considerable intervals, with thin bands of gray yellow-weathering limestone, exhibit- ing occasional faint traces of fiicoids and other foasils, among which a Holopea was met with in Springs Arm. In several parts of the breadth from which this thickness is calculated, there are intervals of concealment 5qq 7. Brownish conglomerate, holding pebbles of white quartz, and Conglomerate, fragments of black slate and bottle-green diorite. The whole is studded with cubic crystals of iron pyrites, which cause the ex- terior to present a rusty brown color 20 8. Black slates with a cleavage independent of the bedding, and Black slates, probably fit for roofing-slates in some parts of the thickness.... 1100 9. Yellowish-white dolomite weathering brownish-yellow, in beds Dolomite, varying f;'ora two to three feet in thickness, separated by beds of gray yellow-weathering hard slates, of from three to five inches thick. The dolomite is very fully studded with cubes of iron pyrites 200 3700 ■ Above this there occurs a series of interstratifiod diorites, quartzites, and oiorites slatcs,with some bands of conglomerate having calcareous and other pebbles. The whole mass is very much corrugated ; it is therefore difficult to estimate its thickness, but it probably does not exceed 400 or 500 feet. On the north side of Hare Bay, in How Harbor, a similar series of altered rocks is seen, overlaid by a mountain mass of serpentine. The hill in serpentine which the serpentine occurs has a vertical height of 500 feet above the sea, with a horizontal distance of half a mile from the outcrop of the base to the' axis of the hill, and a dip towards the axis of twenty degrees : allowincr for possible undulations, this would give 500 feet more, so that the vofume of the serpentine may be 1000 feet. The thickness from the base of the group to the summit of the black Total twckno. slates (8) would thus be about 4000 feet, and the dolomites, diorites and serpentine, 1600 or 1700 feet, making a total volume of 5000 feet. In the general Report of the Geology of Canada, published in 1863, the Quebec group series, on the west side of the northern peninsula, to the summit of a mass of black slates holding compound graptolites, to which the black slates of Belvic Bay are supposed to be equivalent, is given as about 4000 feet thick, while the diorites and serpentines are estimated at 1000 feet. It will be seen from the accompanying plan and section how the measures ria„ and .eo- are distributed on the coast and islands of Belvie Bay, and the general *"'°' attitude they present in the exposures. Although the usual attitude of the beds shews but little disturbance, o/or the greater part of the area in the vicinity of Belvie Bay, there is nevertheless evidence of two disloca- 1 tions of considerable magnitude. One of these was observed at the point ""^ "" '"' between Shoal Arm and the main body of the bay, where the black lime- shoai Arm. stones, smkmg beneath the surface on the west side of the promontory, are 24 ««cT,oj,, i,„v,„ „ -nerether 1,^1 .\ . 10 . Hoiuoat., .„d vertical ,cale an iZJP^^^ '®' *" 'neh to a mile. ^ f ack limestones. ;• ]^'""»e limestones. «"Br:wl7T^"^^''-'-««tones, roHrnish calcareous sliales '• ^'^^-^'^^ ««'-reous sJatel '-sea;e:;','°'°'""««'«'«'- /• Faults. Hare Bay. f eenish calcareous slatP, „ a ^neath, on the east nZ T ^'^^ "mestones ra^ „ . ^^-g the black lat" rsTtlf"' " ^'^^^^P-^tion S T ^"^^* ^^^^^ aiid 2000 feet iT .' ^^ *'"<'"«* of displace! f. ' ^'"""'^^^ over- the coaat of Hare Tu7 ^^ *^^ Western Arm ir. ,u xt "'"estone grave, if ^f "*^ ^ ''^^^h, compotTin ^'''"^'^^"^ ^^, ^vorthe™ >,,„. reaching a cove aC : ^''' "''« "« «-^Posures of ro7t ^'^ '*' '*"'^''°d ^-' where the litt n^Xt h^-'^'^ '^ *^« -^ - and compose th^ n„ ' ^^'^'^ » section hiQ K.. • "® Northern »= wWe L ^rr "-^ «"<" *» island bete»Tkf™' "" "^^ «*" «>««. were *»«Sl ."'?"™' "<'™o„gttfo°**°''« »'•«»»«» »f 'tee, and f mr^/r?' '"' *» "^k ^X Ct'.""' «"»"'»■« ^o"l-„ A^Xattld S *" •*- » C^r^ "■« equalling 1000 feel. iTet, Ir" '"■■ » "iolne^sTS. m"*? '""« -« ^oc. en .e ^^^t^^t^;^^ Fosaila, Limeetoneg. Blacit slates. Oiorites. '/ ' Jjnclinal, frorn a depth o BAT. < s » a ' 8 mile. conglomerates. eg. •«'hite dolomite, "lomites, etc. ^ * the dioriees over- '"tb;-''Bg between 1500 '^••alieJ to one another, t«the:^forthernA^n "general of sand and try behind it, studded ocks along it, until on '^'^ of the J^orthem ^given, are repeated, ^e cove and the arm. » a distance of about ossils obtained from |^*«, if. crenulata, .^ with several 'g.a new species of • '8 here eastward, ^!^Ofeet. At the 7' the limestones ''etween the base 'Positesideofthe f the black slates and their accom- '01 a thickness of 25 between 400 and 500 feet ; and it is here that the serpentine mountain serpentine, overlooking How Harbor, seems to show, as has already been stated, a 'liuckness of about 1000 feet. From the head of the Northern Arm the diorites run along the coast for seven or eight miles, apparently crossing the mouth of How Harbor in their course. It is probable that they then re-enter upon the land, and turn up to thet north-east. In the north-western part of Hare Bay, the diorites thus appear to form the extremity of a trough, of which the serpentines Trouch. constitute the centre. To the south of the south-eastern part of Pistolet Bay, Mr. Richardso-^ observed mountains of serpentine, which probably ristoiet Bay. form the northern extremity of this synclinal range. In How Harbor, the black slates, interstratified near the summit with conglomerates holding numerous pebbles of limestone, greenstone and flat fragments of harder slates, rise from beneath the diorites in an irregular dome, and around the harbor the serpentine is arranged in several bold projecting mountain escarpments, while one mass, on the west side of the harbor, near the en- trance, forms an isolated hill. Within the harbor, the black slates were often marked by the presence of iron pyrites, and in some of the beds near the interstratified conglome- iron pyrites, rates, the quantity sometimes seemed almost sufficient to be made econo- mically available. The diorites also often appeared to abound with the same mineral ; and on the west side of the entrance to the harbor, there were some indications that copper pyrites occasionally accompanied it. copper pyrites. On an excursion to the north-westward, extending between four and five miles from the cove at the base of the limestones, over a flat country, interior flat counti'v studded with clumps of small spruce and balsam-fir, of which the trees seldom exceeded twenty feet in height, with moss and marsh and innumerable small ponds occupying the intervals, the strata met with were limestones, spread out in nearly horizontal layers. Bare surfaces of rock occasionally extended over areas of a square mile ; these generally exhibited fragment- ary fossils, of which, from the hardness of the rock, it was difficult to obtain specimens. They consisted, however, for the most part of convoluted shells, and orthoceratites, and much resembled the species already men- tioned. The general surface seemed to be scarcely more than tvtenty or thirty feet above the sea, and only one exception to the dead level was met with, in a hill of limestone which rose to about 100 feet. As seen from the highest hill over How Harbor, a country of the same charac- ter appeared to extend northward to Pistolet Bay, rising over the water of which, four icebergs could be counted ; whilst a little to the left, the moun- tains of Labrador presented a faint blue undulating line over the horizon. Labrador. A similar dead level extended to the westward as far as the eye could reach ; but over this level, to the south-west, there arose in the distance, a rani^e of mountains^ the nearest point of which appeared to be from twenty 26 that has not been examined ; but as seen from the deck oithllT. I eurfaoo i„ eho i„t„ri„ g,„<,„„„ J„ ^ ^ , ll t of 160 „ loo Z T strings ot calcareous matter, dvinrr tn *],« of x, "^""*""g ^arUed paper, and over this 'oeS iVll ftZ t^ZVl pui^hsh .aro color The dip of the slate in this neilth: 1 li. • fl ' S'''"^ '^'^^'''•*^ ^* ^PP^^r^d to undulate and the entrance to (xoose Cove, as well as the >yhole of the peninsula south of the Cove, formmg Goose Cape; here they appear to have a To th 2 as -er amed at the summit of the highest point of the penUr wht'h IS 380 feet above the sea, and stands directly south nf T. • .^ .;.»».«.. North of the peninsula the rocks of GoorSve ^ ee ta^d "^v jaspery slates, and they are interstratified with man/ 1 In bandf Tf actei of fine conglomerates, from the presence of small pebbles of white translucent quartz. Epidote is associated with these slate soltims runnmgm small patches with the slates, and sometimes re t ngThrZ them m small veins. White quarcz cuts the slates and quartSn thin irregular ve„.s, and occasionally occurs in nests or bunches n the ro ks copper pontes, ssocuted With copper pyrites. One of these bunches or pa dies, of a en- SmSr T" ' '''"* '^"^ '"* "^ ''''''' ^^^^ ^ breadth of a ^t n the middle The copper ore was irregularly disseminated in small masses hil^TL^r^r thick. Ihe rocks, here and elsewhere in the neighborhood, appear to be lern part of the coast, between 1 Ireland Cove, the schooner it )etwoen twenty ; from this the )0 feet, forming nges of higher re be occupied oast gradually bout two miles greenish hard cnall peninsula e shore, there the measures, esenting ovoid the four feet h reticulating he aspect of orty feet of a hborhood was ilate, and the e eastward of i north of the a south of the a north dip, linsula, which the isthmus. !en and gray iin bands of ime the char- ges of white 5S, sometimes ting through tzites in thin in the rocks, lies, of a len- idlh of a foot small masses, er of an inch ippear to be 27 very much contorted, rendering it next to impossible to determine their f,°J,'°"«'' volume. The following sketch of some of the smaller convolutions was taken in the north-east corner of Goose Cove. It represents a mass of rock, which occurs in a cliff about fifty yards long by about twenty feet high. CONTOnTKD BTBATA. *> J '■^— QOOBB COVE, HARE BAY. A footpath leads from the north-east corner of Goose Cove to Creval- crevaiiiBre liSre Harbor, running northward, the distance being about two miles. The summit of a hill 553 feet above the sea, to the east of the path, about half a mile from the cove, is composed of black hornblende slate ; the breadth Hornblende is about a hundred yards, and the dip is here S. 65° W.<28°. The thick- ness of the mass would thus be about 130 feet. The summit of another hill, called the Sugar Loaf, distant about a quarter of a mile southward in the strike, appeared to bo composed of the same rock ; but what geological place it has, in relation to the Goose Cove rocks, is uncertain ; it is probably beneath them. On the footpath, the rocks, seen every now and then for the whole distance, were green slates much resembling those of Goose Cove > but, arriving at Crevalliere Harbor, a cliff of about twenty feet in height displayed a bed of quartzite at the bottom, surmounted by a band of black arenaceous very impure limestone, followed by a mass of green soft slates, Limestone. which appeared to be chloritic ; cracks and fissures in the rock were fre- quently filled with calcspar. The dip was S. 78° E.<10°. The facts ascertained in the neighborhood of this part of Hare Bay, appear too scanty to determine the exact geological relation of the masses in the Quebec group ; but the hard green slates, of which they chiefly consist, resemble iii aspect the green diorite slates of the Eastern Townships of Diorite siat*?, Canada ; and the hornblende of Sugar Loaf hill would appear to favor the supposition that they are of a dioritic character here, and belong to the middle division of the group. They would thus belong to that part of the group which holds the serpentines, and is so often found rich in copper ores and other metalliferous minerals. No great mass of serpentine, however, was seen in the neighborhood, although it is probable that such may occur more in the interior. On the south side of Hare Bay, about a mile to the east of the diorites of Springs Arm, where the section across Belvie Bay terminates, the dip of the measures is S. 25° E.<60°j and a line across the measures running .>» -r 23 *Jc"&^"» ^'•"'" »«••« Bay to Maiden Arn, • . vertical thickuesa: '''^''^" ^™' S'^es the following section, reduced to tifcon elates. in 1. Greenish hard jnspery slates tiel. • ^"'^ ^ea-g'-epn qmirtzite. On tho ^rJ • '","' 600 'ho effects of fire, but for th s "e ^ "^ / '' °''"""' '^'"■'<' ''-« "Tfaco, it ia dark bro.n. T is „ • > •? '"'"' ■""""»'" "'a one to two feet by darker g.. CTl "'^''V'''*" '^"^ ^''^^^ ---'ate,. 8 GreTV'";" """'"^ "^ ^^^^ ' '''''"''' '' ''^^'^ «i"ok„at« 9 R, "r° '°"^ '^^' "" '"icknefs. f. .'';°^"- «'^>'"''«""g diorito of from '"• 9. Black compact slates in laver, nf f/' "i 500 interatratified with darkr^M^^J^'- '" '''■^"'-" ■"«"«, measures beyond this become coTeoa ! '? T' ""'''''■ ■ ^he «l«tes may be much thicker than giTen ' ""'' °' ''"»<=" 30 «, be .hoae beneath the 2„.er"\w::*'*°' "■'\*° ""* ^'^'« the am, „„ari fc exit, „here Ihev W^ ° Zl °'"" ? "•" "'"' * "' ««''"0f. HABDOn VU TOUB. Hor,zontaUndvortica.sca.e,threo,„eu'osto"ami,o; '"^ ' «.Quart^;tes and fine conglomerates. «. Sandstones and green slates. ^elZr^e'JaS Std" T ''°"^°'°-^*- -th pebbles of V a oo.iderable .ass of ^:^:i:;:^Z^Z - o.« 'ction, reduced to 'lito from catli the 8 of from i'lg from uu with Feet. soo bbles of ' pyrites 9 vary, y green iindred if from 150 5 120 70 inches, . . The black 600 30 1375 >at the beds 1 he black slates c east side of 5 or 400 feet, ig the black ■ coast to the >nging to this pebbles of id overlaid lack bands 29 in addition to green, present the folds illustrated in the accompanying transverse vertical section. Similar rocks are displayed along the coast to St. Julion, but here there St. jaiien. appears to bo a change. The island of St. Jnlien, and the several promon- tories which divide the bay into the Great and Little Harbors, and Great Goose Cove, consist of coarse grayish or greenish sandstones and conglo- merates, intorstratified with green, purple and black argillo-arenaccous slates. The sandstones are composed of rounded grains of transparent, siiiory sand- translucent and opaque white quartz, with others of white feldspar, held "'"""'' • together by a sparing quantity of a gray or greenish argillaceous matter, with a very small amount of carbonate of lime. The same minerals com- pose the conglomerates, in which the pebbles, consisting of quartz, are in general about the size of peas, but in some bands, as in one which runs through the length of St. Julien Island, attain a diameter of between two and three inches. The strata in general dip nearly south-east at high angles, and stand in many instances in a vertical attitude. At the head of the eastern harbor, on the east side, a series of black and gray arena- ceous slates, running parallel with the shore, have a general south-east dip, but display many twists and corrugations. Where the slates are crossed by streamlets of water, they present a rusty brown color, from the decom- position of iron pyrites, which is disseminated in the rocks, and they are cut by large white quartz veins, without the exliibition, however, of any metalliferous ores. Sandstones and fine conglomerates occur on the west side of the bay ; and on this side, at a spot bearing N.80°W. from the north point of St. Julien Island, the strata, consisting of conglomerate beds vary- ing from eight to eighteen inches in thickness, parted by thin layers of green arenaceous slate, are cut by numerous quartz veins which run in various directions. One of these, traceable from the shore for between thirty and forty yards, is seen in the cliff, and holds yellow sulphuret of copper, while the rock is much stained with the blue and green carbonates Copper ore. resulting from the decomposition of the sulphuret. The ore is a nearly pure sulphuret, and it appears to be pretty continuously distributed in the vein, which in the cliff is rarely over three inches wide, though it seems to mcrease a little proceeding inland, before it becomes covered up. On the promontory dividing the two harbors, a series of black slates is intorstratified with bands of sandstone of between two and three feet thick, standing in a nearly or altogether vertical attitude, and from unequal wear of the sandstones, their jagged edges start up in prominent separate masses m the plane of the bed, many feet above the general level, and several of these, in succession, in some places, appear like colonnades. These sandstone pillars strongly resemble those at Tourette near Cape Chatte, sandstone on the St. Lawrence ; and the rocks of the two localities have so much in ''""'"' common, that it is probable they belong to the same horizon. The St. t'roo llMbor. RUok ilatoa. DIoritoa slates, Fault. Slllerjr lerlos. 80 Julion simlstonos would thus appear to liolono tofl,« <5:ii oo„a.it„.os .ho upper par. of .hrQuehee gZ '^ """' "'"''* up .he broo , i , fl ' 1 1 "t^- °"'' f°^ " -»*'»"'>'» -li.t«nee fineljr lamin«.ea micaceous slates ThJ t T*'""" '""""« '"l" lo»=r and .uidjle di'sl oft QueW J* C?.f°'°"1 ,'° "■" of .ho harbor there aro evidences of a fu 1. , m,uobuc grouj), or any part of tho Potsdam. From this it would appear that this dislocation must 1)0 hero a downthrow to the eastward of about MOOO foot. It diminishes, however, towards Canada Bay, where the displacement appears to bo about 4r)00 foot. From tho couvorgonco of this groat dislocation, and that of Suit Wator Pond, it is probable they would meet before reaching Hare Bay. Tlio Salt Wator Pond fault is a downthrow to the westward. Its inthu»nco, therefore, would dimuiish that of the (!!anada Harbor fatilt. Wo accord- ingly find that the dislocation near Springs Arm on JIaro Bny, which is probably a continuation of tho other two united, is only from laOO to 'JOOO feet. Whore the Springs Arm fault strikes into the land, on tho north side of Hare Bay, has not yet boon ascertained, but it will probably bo some- where near Ireland Cove. Thu study of these great breaks in the rocks of the country is a subject of great interest, since independent of the evi- dence they give of the great dynamic forces which have fractured the earth's crust, and tho influence they have on the geographical distribution of tho geological formations, they may be found to possess an economic value ; for they must originally have been connected with extensive fissures, and where they traverse rocks charged with metalliferous minerals, thoy" may have given opportunity for the secretion of corresponding ores, and bo found to hold valuable metalliferous lodes. That part of the Quebec group which, in Canada, is rich in tho more Moiftiiifprou* valuable metals, is the middle division, composed of dolomites, dioritos and wroup. serpentines, such as those shown to extend, with a considerable breadth, for a distance of seventy miles on the east side of tho northern peninsula ; and in this connection it may be remarked, that without having had an opportunity to thoroughly trace tho structure in the localities whore they occur farther east, similar rocks were observed in several places on tho coast, between White Bay and St. Johns. One of these is Little Bay or i,ittio Bay, Bale Verte, where serpentine rocks are pretty largely developed towards the head of the bay, in the neighborhood of the Terra Nova mine. Another is Ming's Bight, four or five miles to the eastward, where rocks of the same Ming'a Bight, kind rise in a high hill-range, keeping tho east coast of the bay, and striking inland in a south-western direction. Associated with tho serpen- tines in this neighborhood, there are bands of anorthosito rock, diorito, dolomite, and a calcareo-magnosian rock stained green with oxyd of chro- ciiromium. mium ; and at Terra Nova mine the series was found to rest upon blackish or brownish finely laminated talcoid slate. These rocks are in sumo [tarta Chromic I- m. Coachman 'n Cove. Synclinals and Bnllollrmld. ilerpentlDM HaII-8 Bay. Copper ore. Torra Nova mini.'. C. T. Bennett. slate of the . 1 a tol .' i' '"'"' "'"' '^"^ ^'^'^ «"«''^« '^'"l '"'"'^ probable that there r in 1 . , T *'"' I'^''"»«'^Ias, it wouM seem Li. a,„, .::« ^::r':r;s;r;s :r If s-;- "-'"' PoWam aroup """'■F'll.on of the iower division, or „f ft, i«lan. , of HaUrBara,,7 ^ ^ ° t T ° "™'' "» ''^'"''""J »" *e but ai, iuL!ZT:::^i^::z':r'''' ':'?' °' '■'""'^™ ^ «on ..Wo a,„ aetaiw .j-;^:: tzzz^r''' "™°'^- wostera ,id of St ji ' n° «™':' 'iV'''"' "»'•'">'■. «»«« Covo, and the not in anvof th~« ' ' "'""'"«'' "'" '!"""«"« "'""vcd were on both sTde of lL! I "''T""" '" *^' '"'"^^ ^^ «'° "^'^^'^ division, the bav n T A^ ^' '"'^ '° «^o»^iderabIe quantity at the head of ot Ming s Jiigh , m several places in the vicinity of Twillin.^ate and on Sandy Cove Island at the entrance of Hall's Bay A Sp a Round Harbor, copper ores are reported to b lafgl exh bU Tu^the plan of my exploration did not afford me time tfiir^i ,' r. 1. Bennett of St. John's, who has obtained from the govomment of the h~l°dTl:''';.' T" ■°'"°*' »™- vor/ex."erve r t of tL ;:2o'rpr:;aM::etr '^^ °''-'°- ^' ^'" °-' * • 88 Iroi. pyritt-fl was found to accr>uipany the copper pyrites in most of the in... pyritw. localities in which tho latter ocr irrod, hut it was often mot with disse- minated ill the rocks hy itself, particularly in the black slates of the lower division of the Quebec group, where occasionally, as at I low Harbor, it seemed almost sufficient in (piantity to bo made available for j.ractical pur- poses. The largest deposit of it, however, that came under my observa- tion, was in association with the serpentine of the middle division at the Terra Nova mine, which has been opened with the intention of working it Tonn Not« for exportation to England. Tho Terra Nova mine is sit\iated at the junc- ■"''"' tion of two streams, whoso united waters, flowing north-easterly for about a milo and a quarter, fall into tho upper extremity of Little Bay. Tho deposit upon which the mino has been opened appears to be a stratified mass of iron and copper pyrites, with intercalations of hard cl,y slates, and it is interposed between a considerable volume of scrpcntlae on tho one side and chloritic slate on the other. Tho metalliferous band has a considerable breadth, probably thirty feet, or even more, and within that width there aro strata of solid or nearly solid iron pyrites of from four to five feet thick. The general dip is about S. 80'E.<80°. The upper part of it is chiefly iron pyrites, some of which is strongly magnetic ; but in tho lower part, the yellow sulphuret of copper is pretty generally disseminated, in combination with that of iron, and in some spots in considorablo proportion. When first discovered, the exposure presented a mass of ore projcctin" along tho bottom of the main stream, from the point of land separatin-' the north-west and south-west brooks ; but tho channels of both those brooks having been changed, near their junction, for tho convenience of minin-^ tho waters of tho north-west brook alone now flow over it. To prove tho mine five shafts have beer sunk, numbered from 1 to 5, in the order in which they were excavated. Two of these are upon the metalliferous band, while tho other throe, so far aa they go, have been excavated in tho rock of the country. The strike of tho mineral mass naturally exposed, is about N.20°E. and S.20° W. true,(tho raagnetical variation being about N.35°W.) A short distance from the natural junction of tho two brooks, in what appeared to be the run of the metalliferous band. No. 1 shaft was sunk in No. i shaft. hard clay-slate, without striking the band. No. 2 shaft was then sunk on No.2 8i.aJt. the left bank of the main stream, in what appeared to be the run of tho band northward. It was carried to a depth of twelve fathoms, throu'di serpentine, without reaching the metalliferous band. From the bottom of this shaft, a drift was carried in a south-eastward direction a distance of between seventy and a hundred feet through serpentine all the way, passing beneath the main stream. Another shaft. No. 3, was then sunk to No. 3 sUft. a depth of eight fathoms, about four chains from No. 2, in the bearinw N.80"E. This is also through serpentine, which was found to be cut by 84 numerous veins of calcspar, with frequent specks of copper pyrites and small -0.S on CO No.4shaftisUoarem'r^:ruban1 close Y the natural junction of the two brooks. At the time of my v'sit t ha.l been excavated to a depth of twenty fathoms ; from this aZlWv had been dnven along the band, northwardf for about ioo f" t tl^s^^^k^^ at a depth of ten fathoms, and another, from the bottom of the shaft in tt' rtLw::tt:^ trt'^'^T "^"^ ''-- ^^^^^^i^zt No.5saaa. be a tw in t .tJ^ ^5"'''"""^"^" «f «ach of them there appears to DC a tAvist m the stratification. No. 5 shaft, called also Bell's shift i, situa^d about a cliain from No. 2, in the bearing S. 55° W In t the naetaliterous band was struck at the depth of te^n fathom! It i s^d that rom the neighborhood of No. 4 shaft, the band separates into two branches going ..uthward and it is supposed that the rL n w ; No 1 shaft missed the band, is that the shaft is sunk in the rock Zwln these two branches. The whole circumstances of fh. !o T -MW.O, to think that we have here a short sh^ tl^ ol otl ^inlrstr tjfication, and that the band will run more r;gularly soutWd Im he eastward of the two branches, into which it appears to be div deZ the junction of the streams, and more regularlylrth.lj^^^^^^^^ Ited U it'"°"^ '''''' '' ''' ^^^^^"^- -^ *^^ «^^- rocks ass' The investigations made by Dr. T. Sterrv TT.mf +i,^ u • x mineralogist of the Geological lurvey of CaS, hi: h^^ t rcestf chromium and nickel appear to be almost universally difFusedl the l/ pontiuos of the Quebec group in Canada, and in the United! e nd analyses made by him of several specimens from Pistolet Bay t Me Bay, nKlicato that the serpentinesof Ne^vfoundland will not be L ex ep^on It IS, herefore reasonable to expect the occurrence of thrmeta in available quantities in the island. The ore in which the chrom L o m! merceusuaiy occurs is its combination with iron, and chromic iron h! been obtamed n. Canada, in several places, in economic quantitrAUhoul this ore was met with in Little Bay, the quantity w^ coiied mere crystals in the rock, but it strengthens the expectation of findin " t n more abundance m other parts. ° ^^ _ Serpentine is a rock capable of receiving a high polish, and it is exten- sive y used in commerce for architectural purposes' of a decora! cha racter ; and for such purposes any amount of it might be obtained in How Harbor, Little Bay, Mings Bight, or wherever elsl it has b ei reporlT Chromium and nickel. «er|)ontine. V. Silurian, HI. UI'PEK SaUKIAN SERIES. Proceeding southward along the coast of White Bay, from Coney Arm Head which, as has already been stated, is composed of coarse quartzes! mica-slate, possibly of Laurentian age, there accumulates on thrmr yrltog, and small 3tallifcrou3 band time of my visit tn this a gallery Bet in the strike, the shaft, in the 3 pass under the here appears to Bell's shaft, is W. In it the ns. It is said )arates into two uason why No. rock between !ase induce me ip, in the stra- outhward from ) be divided at rd from No. 5 ler rocks asso- chemist and 1 that traces of 5ed in the ser- 1 States ; and ay and Little > an exception. Iiese metals in )mium of com- omic iron has ity. Although ifined to mere ing it in more id it is exteri- icorative cha- iined in How 3en reported. Coney Arm ■se quartzose I these mica- 85 slates a series of rocks traceable to Jackson's Arm. Jackson's Arm runs jackgon-s A.m. into the land, nearly at right angles to the strike ; and here these upper rocks have a transverse breadth of about two miles. The following section of them, in ascending order, from the mica-slates, on which they are seen to rest, is taken from the north side of the arm, on which the measures appear to be broken by three considerable faults, causing what are supposed to be modified repetitions of some of the masses : Feet 1. Coarse coaglomerates, with a light gray arenaceo-micaceous slaty matrix, Section. which 13 slightly calcareous. The masses enclosed consist of pebbles and boulders of gneiss, large rounded fragments of whitish or light gray mica-slate, some of a darlser gray greenstone, reddish-gray quartzites, and occasional smaller masses of limestone ; among these there is a good deal of finer material of the same character, slightly calcareous, and mica-schist runs in irregular flakes and patches in the general direction of the stratifi- cation, but its cleavage often partially conforms to the rounded surface of the boulders and pebbles. The beds are very massive, and they appear to be divided by gray micaceous schist 400 2. Sea-green slates, occasionally interstratified with dark gray, or blackish fine silky surfaced slates, some of which are harder than others , . . . . 300 3. Gray, coarse, rough arenaceo-micaceous schist, frequently passing into a fine conglomerate, with pebbles similar in mineral character to those of the coarse conglomerates beneath, but none of them exceeding the size of a hen's egg I the pebbles are sometimes arranged in regular layers, parallel to the stratification ; bands of dark gray clay slate are occasionally interstratified in the mass 400 4. Gray micaceous and arenaceous slates 250 5. Green and blaek slates at the base, succeeded by gray arenaceous slate, which is interstratified with thin bands of sandstone 650 6. Green, bluish, :ind blackish slates, interstratified with gray flaggy sandstones ; the slates enclose nodules of pinkish calc-spar, and veins of the same cut the strata 250 5. Grayish-blue limestone fn a single bed 7 8. Gray calcareo-arenaceous slates, interstratified with grayish sandstones, with a heavy mass of gray, white-weathering sandstone at the top 543 2800 The above section can only be considered as giving an approximation to the truth. The three faults which dislocate the rocks, and are all consi- xhrooauits. dered to be upthrows on the east side, render it difficult to follow the sequence with exactitude ; and some of the masses, which are supposed to be in a general way equivalent, on opposite sides of the faults, appear in diflferent parts, to be modified in volume, and somewhat in lithological character, by different degrees of metamorphic action. The most western of the faults occurs in a small cove, upwards of half a mile from the upper end of the arm. It seems to be an upthrow of probably 1000 feet, and by it the coarse conglomerates 1, which rest upon the mica-slate at the upper end of the arm, are repeated on the other side of the cove. The fault appears to bo coincident with a vein or dyke of granitoid rock, Dykes. 36 ofwhich several occur, though they do not in every case greatly dislocate the measures. They are uniform in appearance ; the rock weathers yellow, but when fresh broken, has a pale, yellowish-pink color ; it is very SECTION, JACKSON'S ARM. Feldspathio dykea. .Sop's Ann. Sop Island. m Mica slate. 1. Coarse conglomerates. 2. Sea-green slates. 3. Slates and fine conglomerates 4. Maceo-areneous slates. m l/m 12 3 4 / S 6 7 8/ Horizontal and vertical scale, a mile to an inch. 5. Black and green slates. 6. Green, bluish and black slates. 7. Blue limestone. 8. Slat's and sandstones. L. Sea level. /,/,/. Faults. fine grained, and has a conchoidal fracture. Some of the veins or dykes run with the strata, and others intersect them, and they vary in thickness from one to thirty feet. They are cut by white quartz veins, which are confined to them, and do not run into the strata on each side. The second fault occurs upwards of two miles from the upper end of the arm, where the coast suddenly runs northward, for about half a mile, into a pretty deep cove. This fault does not seem to dislocate the measures more than 200 feet. The third fault occurs in the inhabited cove, about 400 yards from the outside point of the arm. It is supposed to be a dislocation of per- haps 1200 feet. On the west side of it, and of the cove, there is an abrupt low hill, formed of strong massive beds of quartzite, some of which appear to have a slaty cleavage ; they are supposed to belong to the summit of the section, but would give a much greater volume to this part of it than the amount stated. On the east side of the cove there is a pale, pinkish-white splintery feldspathic rock, of which the relation to the others is not well understood ; but it appears to be connected with the slates and sandstones of division 6, or to be intrusive. In addition to the granitoid compact fine grained veins or dykes, there are others in the upper part of the arm, which consist of a brown splintery, apparently feldspathic rock, which, like them, run in some places with the stratification, and in others, oblique to it. These rocks run along the coast to the southward of Jackson's Arm, and extend to the upper end of Sop's Arm. As well as the coast, they form Sop Island and Goat Island, which is inside of it ; and from their limit in Sop's Arm to the outside of the former island, they have a trans- verse breadth of upwards of five miles. In this neighborhood they seem to be even more dislocated, contorted, and disturbed than they are in Jack- son's Arm, and much more altered. Their general identity, however, is sufficiently evident. At the upper end of Sop Island, on the west side, the strata are, in general, very highly tilted, often quite vertical, with a strike ;reatly dislocate rock weathers color ; it is very es. ick slates. 13 or dykes run thickness from ch are confined le second fault irm, where the > a pretty deep more than 200 100 yards from ocation of per- ?e, there is an some of which ; to the summit this part of it here is a pale, n to the others the slates and ) the granitoid per part of the Ispathic rock, and in others, ckson's Arm, be coast, they ind from their have a trans- )od they seem f are in Jack- •, however, is west side, the with a strike iluninar structure. 37 about S.S.W.,and they consist of slates, quartzites, and conglomerates, conglomerate, the enclosed masses in the last being quartz, slate, greenstone, and red feldspar, with a few scattered fragments of blood-red jasper. One band of rock has the aspect of a conglomerate which has been fused into a solid mass, in which the paste and enclosed fragments are so melted into one another as to make it diflGcult to define their respective limits. The slates, as at Jackson's Arm, are speckled with nodules, patches, and short vems of pink calc-spar, and the strata are intersected by veins or dykes of Pink caic.«p«r. pale yellowish-red or pink feldspathic rock, weathering to a faint sulphur- yellow. In these, small cubes of iron pyrites are abundant, and the felsite is cut by veins of quartz, which do not penetrate the rock on either side. From the northern extremity of the island, what appears to be a great porphyritic dyke, runs through it in the general strike of the stratification, i-orphyritic and enters upon the south side of Sop's Arm, at a promontory, which is ^'''"'' nearly two miles eastward of Spear Point. The dyke consists of reddish felsite, enclosing feldspar crystals of a pale flesh-red, with a yellow Fouite. tinge. On the surface it has a granitoid aspect, and its color is a light dull amber-brown, blotched with pale reddish, yellowish and whitish spots. Where it leaves the island on the south side, the rock has a trans- verse columnar structure ; in it are disseminated many small crystals or coiu grains of transparent or translucent quartz, and occasionally many small cubes of iron pyrites. At the upper end of the island, on the east side, the dyke is lined with a mass of pale yellowish-pink felsite, weathering yellowish, making the relation of the great dyke and of the small one, already mentioned, sufficiently evident. In this part, the dyke has a breadth of about a quarter of a mile, and in mid-length of the island it apparently swells to a greater width, and comes out on the south side somewhat narrower than it is at the northern extremity, but accompanied on the west side by altered conglomerates, which it is sometimes difficult to distinguish from it. At the upper end of Sop's Arm, there appears to be another mass of sop-a Arm. ffclsite porphyry, which, with a diflference in color, has much the same character as the dyke of Sop Island. It is in general of a reddish or purplish-gray, with pale flesh-red and white grains of feldspar. The rock is intersected by innumerable white quartz veins, some of them pretty large, and some of them showing small quantities of specular iron ore. The mass forms a low range of bare hills across the extremity of a promontory, between two pretty deep coves in the northern part of the east end of the arm. The strike of the mass is about S. 30°— 40° W.,and there is more of the same kind of rock farther southward, in the point west of the brook which falls into the southern cove in this part of Sop's Arm. On the west side of the rock there are grass-green slates, which appear to be of a chloritic character, and they are mottled and irregularly marked with pea- D Gre«u slatP!. rink calc-8par. aSsnk TofisiVi feroc^ 8lstes. 88 green epidote ; but on the east it is followed by what are considered to be altered conglomerates, in which, however, the enclosed masses, some of which are very large, and other parts are seemingly so fused into one another, while the matrix so closely resembles the felsite of the porphyry til '"^^"yj^fy difficult to say whether both the rocks should be classed as porphyries, or altered conglomerates, or the one be distin! guished by a different name from the other. Between the conglomerates of Sop Island and those of the eastern end of Sop s Arm the rocks of the western part of Sop Island, of Goat island, and of the main coast, appear to be slates of various shades of ^•een, often marked by pink calc-spar in nodules, patches, and short veins • of occasional mterstratified sandstones, sometimes fit for flagging, with cal careo-ai-enaceous bands; and occasional impure limestones, weather ng browmsh Eas of Bartlet's Cove, which is an indentation on tLe south id! bf fot 1? b ? ^^" ?"' ""'" '^'^ •" ^°^^^'^^ P^^-^' characterised by fossil which are somewhat obscure ; but, though few of them could be spocficaly determined, they have yet, according to Mr. Billings, a genera! aspect allied to that of Upper Silurian types. It would, how^v r, for The present, be impossible to say to what horizon in the series the iiir n divisions of the rocks of Jackson's Arm and of Sop's Arm may belong ; and It may be proper to remark, that while no doubt is entertained of the general equivalency of the rocks of the two localities, all the places in Sop's Arm'"'" ''™''"' ''''' '^'''"''^' '''"' "' *^' neighborhood of BTtiefBCovo, One of these localities is Bartlet's Cove. Hero the fossils occur in calcareo-arenaceous flagstones, and the genera observed, in addition to numerous fucoids and crinoidal stems, were a merchisonia, an Orthoeeras, and a Graptohthus. At a point on the main coast, half way between Spear Point and the promontory occupied by the porphyry, whicli strikes from Sop Island, organic lemains were met with in strata somewhat similar to those of Bartlet's Cove ; they consisted of fucoids, crinoidal stems, and an Orthocera. On the western side of Goat Island, still in the same descrip- tion of strata, in addition to fragments of crinoidal columns, there were met with a Synngopora, and Favosites Qothlandica. Manv of the specimens of coral were here replaced by white, and, in some instances, by pink The rocks of Sop Island, Goat Island, and Sop's Arm, and the neigh- boring mam coast, are intersected by many veins of white quartz, some of which contam specular iron ore, generally in small quantities, and others the yellow sulphuret of copper. One of the former is seen associated with the porphyroid rock described, at the east end of Sop's Arm It presents druses, lined with six-sided terminated prisms of transparent and Epcarl'oiiif, Uoat Island. Quartz vein<>. Copper 01 e. considered to lasses, some of fused into one the porphyry, eks should be ne be distin- le eastern end md, of Goat »U3 shades of i short veins ; ;ing, with cal- i, weathering the south side a thickness of characterised hem could be igs, a general ■ever, for the the different may belong ; ;ained of the the places in hborhood of sils occur in addition to OrthoceraSy tween Spear strikes from at similar to !ms, and an ime descrip- re were met e specimens es, by pink i the neigh- rtz, some of and others I associated Arm. It iparent and 89 translucent quartz, and these are, in many places, invested with steel-gray specular iron ore, and, in others, with minute scales of red hematite. A vein spocumr iron of a similar character intersects green slates at the south side of the arm, about two miles from the upper end ; a probable continuation of it, still in green slates, runs, parallel with the strike, through the eastern end of Goat Island, and is probably still continued across a point on the coast about two miles farther northward. Another occurs on Sop Island, on the opposite side of the narrows between it and Goat Island. In this arc enclosed masses of bluish-green chlorite, which is penetrated by projecting prisms of transparent quartz ; and pcroxyd of iron, in steel-gray and red scales, is disseminated in small quantities in the vein. In Bartlet's Cove a some- what similar white quartz vein occurs, which was marked by tlio presence of copper pyrites, sparingly disseminated ; but on tlie oast side of Sop CippiTore. Island, about a mile from the north end, there appears to be a fault or dis- location, constituting a lode, in which the yellow sulphuret of copper occurs in more abundance. The bearing of the lode is S. ;)t3° W., and the mass between the walls is made up of crushed and broken fragments of the rock on either side, which belongs to the porphyritic dyke running through the island, with fragments of slate. The width of the lode varies from a few inches to a foot, and throughout this the yellow sulphuret is abundantly disseminated in small grains. It also appears to penetrate, in a smaller degree, the walls on either side of the lode, which are much stained by green carbonate. An average sample of the lode, however, has yielded to analysis only one per cent of metallic copper. The limestones of the formation appear in general to be too impure for burning into quicklime, but there are several bands of the rock which might be very well adapted for building, and occasionally a good coarse sample of whetstone may be procured from slaty portions of the for- wiietstonce. mation. The eastern limit of the formation appears to run into the cove on the west side of Spear Point, where it is succeeded by rocks supposed to spear Point, belong to a higher formation. The general dip of the strata is to the south-eastward, across the whole breadth ; but the occurrence of the con- glomerates on each side suggests that it may be arranged in the form of a trough between the parallel belts of porphyry, with an overturn on the south-east side. It seems probable, however, that the rise of the con- glomerates on this side, perhaps occasioned by the intrusion of the porphyry, is only to be considered an undulation subordinate to a wider trough lying trough in White Bay. V. DE>ONIAN SEIUES. In describing the dislocation which crosses Croc Harbor, mention was Devonian, made of the peninsulas of Cape Rouge and Cape Fox. These peninsulas are in Wliiti- Bay. Capo Itoiigo Jlarbor Fault 40 of .he .„e rock,, «,e ».ra.:4r;:cllr Zbt ^JIJ^o^^ to the her, .„ a general N.N.E. and S.S.W. boarin. So rL n he pe„„,„la.o .he AaanUc on the outside, «j„s.aW:;™"ie^ b'h side of «V, f!? ' ™'™° ""■ '"•""' ""f" »'" »» *« »uth^a1lward ' h lal ' f '™ °" "" "»*™'""i ; and a, .hose at the b«e eonlddLlf'. ,"1"'''' "'""■ -Weai-aneeon the other, it i coneuaed that the dislocation m a do»nthrow on the soulh-oastem «id. ro"f"rT','°" 'T "'° '•'''""' '" •*- b='- 1' et t: Asoenilins section. I.anrt plants Kippio mirk. Crack-OHsts. 93 rr '^'"If '"T''"'''' "'■ """^'' "'^ P««'« '^ *» greenish-gray mica, c ou sa„d,aad the eaclo.cd pebbles consist chfefly of redS gray jtrr ' ?e" '^'i'^'"""^' '""'^'^ "l"-'-'^. -d occasional' •> o!l,^'""'^'''^"'^''-e''«y micaceous sandstones -. Green,su.gray micaceous sandstones, ^ith ripple-mark on" some of 3 Car? "" "''•'""'"'' ""^""'^^'^ •'-•'- -mains of p ants 8 3. toarse conglomerates, as before "aiupiants. 8 4. Measures concealed.. '^ 7. Measures concealed ^9 Feet. .™or..ir:':'.'^"""~'""''-""«'-^^^^^^^^ 37 340 ^:^ts^---s,=rrx::^ifz 41 the strike so nearly coincide, for upwards of a mile, that no additional strata can, for that distance, be safely gathered from it. Between this point and the fault, hovrever, the shore becomes obliquely transverse to the measures. The direct breadth across them is about a quarter of a mile, and the average slope of the strata thirty-four degrees, which would .give a thick- ness of about 750 feet. This consis^j of red and black slates interstratiEed with greenish-gray sandstones. The section on the opposite side of the fault occupies the coast to the outside of the harbor, and gives the following strata in descending order : Feet. 1. Red, green, ami black slates, with a mass of greeniili-gray sand- stone at the top ggQ 2. Measures concealed in a valley, having a breudth of about thirty <=•>»'"« 1000? 3. Red sla' with I ds of red and green sandstone 1450 4. Red, bl :i, and green slates interstratified with sandstones, and yello > -weathering bands, probably dolomites 430 Descending Kcotion. 3550 The transverse breadth of the section is about ninety chains ; the incli- nation near the fault is 36°, which gradually increases, and becomes 51° on the outside of the harbor. This would give about the same vertical thickness, in which, however, it is taken for granted that the strata con- cealed under the valley, 2, are not affected by any undulation or dislo- cation. It would appear from this, that with tlie conglomerates at the base, the whole thickness would be about 3750 feet, and that the fault may Total thicknew be considered a displacement of about 2500 feet. Groais Island lies eastward from Cape Rouge about nine miles. The oroais i.i«nd. north end, and probably the whole island, consists of coarse quartzose mica- slate, like that of Coney Arm Head, and it is cut by white quartz veins carrying small quantities of copper pyrites. At the north-west corner, cliffs copper ore, of the mica-slate rise vertically up from the water for 350 feet, and the dip appears to be N. 35°-45° W.< 37°-45°. The small island north of this corner consists of strata belonging to the series displayed at Cape Rouge Harbor. They appear to unconformably overlie the mica-slate of Groais, their dip being S. 80° W. < 18°, and they consist at the base, in a cliff in which they are seen, of coarse conglomerates, with enclosed masses of the co„giomer.t«. mica-slate in an arenaceous paste. The conglomerates are surmounted by about seventy feet of red and gray sandstones and red slates, which are capped by about thirty feet of conglomerates, interstratified with green arenaceous shales, and the surfaces of aome of the sandstones display carbonized comminuted plants. On submitting to Dr. J. W. Dawson, of McGill College, Montreal, so well known for his great skill in fossil botany, the plants belonging to this liftnd plMtD. 42 Dr. Dawson's detorminatioii ofplautg. Gaspd saml- stones. Petroleum Spear Poinl. White Hay. foma ,on obtained here, and at Cape Rouge Harbor, he has favored me vith the succcedtng remarks. " Though all the specimens are obscure Acre seem to e among them the followmg form.! 1. P.7.,% J Hb geme 6. Sigjllana, a small portion of a stem not specifically deter- minable ; 4 Striated stem.s, probably stipes of ferns ; rLsJlLJ'\ — and obscure loafiet. The supposed fossil wood and^arW ou m ter shew no structure. Though the collection does not afTord uffic n m t r 1 to warrant a decided opinion, I should be inclined to refer the Upper Devonian, rather than to any other period '" The formation would thus appear to bo c.juivalent to a part of what in the Geology of Canada, have been died the (Jasp^ sandstones. Th "^ k uner description certainly beara str.ng general resemblance to port o ot this group, bu they also in some degree resemble the Eonaventur rmation of Gasp^, equivalent to the Lo.er Cn-boniferous of No al til Until more definite evidence is obtained, bo^^ver, it will be convenient to class them provisionally as belonging to the Devonian serie. i^rom the Gaspd sandstones at. the eastern extremity of Canada petroleum springs issue in many places ; and as it is from the Devoni n senes that petroleum is obtained in such abundance in Pennsylvania and m western Canada it seems reasonable to expect that availZ uantiS of the substance will reward researches in Gaspd. No springs of petroleum were observed m the vicinity of Cape llouge IlarbL, but concent! wth n hi? rf r ^"^/^'"^"'"-^^-^S'^ted forms, were occasionally me w th m black hard argillaceous slates, toward., the base of the formation w^uch, on fracture, were found to be cliarged with the oil : and the fa i^ one not to be lost sight of. In the deep cove west of Spear Point, in White Bav, red, green and black slates strike into the land, a short distance east of one f^l ILts Z^ :T''"i '"^'!^ '"^^' to Upper Silurian typ.s ; and it s'e em probable tha we have here the junction of the Upper Silurian and Devonian series. Similar red, green, and black slate., firm the west side of White Bay, from Spear Pomt to the entrance of Salt Water Pond * on both sides of which conglomerates occur, and contorted red and green sktes, with gray sandstones and conglomerates, continue on the west sFde of the bay, on the way to Gold Mine Cove at its head. From the litholo^ical character of these rocks, and the geographical relations they bear Mhe Upper Silurian near Spear Point, it is assumed that they are contempora- neous with those of Cape Rouge, and belong to the Devonian series ; T Tfi r !r " *^'* ''''' "^^'^'^'^ ^'' ^'^ «b«°'^'-« to be in any wa^ Identified, the most satisfactory evidence is still wanting. The distur- * Thi, I, another Salt ^Vater Pond having no relation to that previously mentioned, on page 9. 48 las favored mc 18 are obscure, 'silophyton, like 1, L. Chemun- cifically deter- '^phcnopteris, a :1 carbonaceous afibrd sufficient to refer it to t of what in the 3s. The rocks CO to a portion :■ Bonaventuro f Nova Scotia. convenient to y of Canada the Devonian nsylvania and iblc quantities 3 of petroleum it concentric iasionally met lie formation, nd the fact is 1, green, and of the points and it seems Silurian and the west side er Pond,* on d and green B west side of e lithological bear to the contempora- nian series ; in any way The distur- i, on pige 9. bances of this part are very great, the strata being frequently dislocated by considerable faults, and frequently inverted or much contorted ; so that to follow out the structure minutely would be a labor requiring much more time than I felt to bo at my disposal. The general arrangement, how- ever, exclusive of minor complications, seems to show that the formation here lies in a sharp narrow trough, supported by the Upper Silurian series^ keeping the west side of White Bay to its head, and then including TronRh m Northern Island. Farther inland, to the southward, the trough may lose ^^ '"'* ^*^ its sharpness, and spread out in the valloy of River Head Brook. The presence of small quantities oi' carbonaceous matter, occurring occa- sionally in the rocks at Cape Rouge, has given rise to rumours of the exist- ence of coal scams there, and in other localities in the neighborhood, where the formation is exposed. One thin exceptional seam of coal is known tO' occur in the equivalent rocks of Gaspd (Geology of Canada, p. 394). Ita thickness does not exceed one inch, and it is the only one which has been, detected in a thickness of strata exceeding 7000 feet, belonging to the formation, which are nearly all exposed on the Gasp(j coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The formation is beneath the horizon of that series of rocks which, from the presence of workable coal seams in it, is truly called the Carboniferous, and nothing that we know of this lower formation else- where in America, or that I have observed on the coast of the northern peninsula of Newfoundland, would justify the expectation of discovering in it coal beds of any commercial importance. On the north-west coast of Hall's Bay there occurs a conglomerate luu-s Bay. chietly of a red color, with intei-stratified beds of gray and red sandstone. Similar rocks are partially exposed, resting on syenite, on the south east side, towards the head of the bay. They form also the islands at the entrance to Indian Brook, and botli sides of the brook as far as we ascended. Indian Brook. These strata are usually only slightly tilted, while other apparently older rocks come up at intervals, considerably disturbed ; but a great accumu- lation of drift, which is extensively spread over the valley of the stream generally conceals the older rocks, and the junction of the two was nowhere observed. There is little doubi, however, that the conglomerate rests upon the disturbed rocks, unconformably, and it may possibly be of a later a^e than the Devonian ; but the absence of fossils, without further evidence, must leave the matter in suspense. Small specimens of coal, which have DiifiooaL • been found near the upper rock in Hall's Bay, are no evidence of any weight on the point, as these are clearly a part of the ancient drift, and may have been derived from Carboniferous rocks further north. VI. SUPERFICIAL DRIFT. Superficial deposits, on the great northern peninsula of Newfound- land, may be said to have no existence, except in iae shape of great erratic 41 Krrtuc block, blocks, With which the Ice gren-'e». Baaver Cove UtU«Bay Siratiiled oliy. , „ , "^^^y generally, and the valleys particularly aro sea. The surfaces of the rocks arc often smoothly rounded, and thev sometimes exhibit the parallel grooves and scratches of glacial action. ll bearing S. 26 E which is just about tho bearing of the valley, from the head ofLongArm to the exit of the bay. The most northern drift deposit ofanv consequence, that was met with, was at the head of Little Bay, near the lerra Nova mine, where there is a thickness of probably fifty or sixty feet ofstratified clay, gravel, and sand, containing modem marine shells, at the height of about forty foot above tho high-water mark. Tho surfaces of the rocks next the shore are here sometimes smoothly rounded and marked by parallel scratches. The bearing of tho groove, is S. 56» W MThich IS the general bearing of the valley. Farther south, the drift becomes aTd , T n ' '"?;* ,''''"^' '''' ^ '"■•«« '''' "^^^•^■^^^t «f Hall's Bay, and up the valley of Indian Brook. The banks of this stream expose hig^ sctions of stratified clay, which is sometimes of a reddish, and sometimes of a drab or bluish color. It is usually surmounted by beds of sand or gravel or an admixture of the two, and it gives, in many instances, a con- siderable extent of flat or gently undulating country, thickly cov;red by forest trees, such as white pine, balsam, fir, poplar and birch, some of which are often of large size. Considerable tracts through this part of the coun ry seem to possess the ordinary requirements of agi-iculture, and would be ehgib for settlement. The clays appear to be Suitable for the manufacture of bricks; and the timber, in many places, is sufficien«y abundant for tho construction of dwelling-houses, and such like purposes I have the honor to be, Sir, Your most obedient servant, A. MURRAY. articularly, are I swept into tho »ded, and they ial action. In were observed , from the head deposit of any Bay, near tho iy or sixty feet rino shells, at Tho surfaces rounded and ia S. 56° W., ' drift becomes of Hall's Bay, n expose high md sometimes ds of sand or lances, a con- y covered by !ome of which I part of the iculture, and itablo for tho s sufficiently ke purposes. URRAY. APPENDIX. LOWKK SILURIAN KUCKS OF NOKTii AMKItU'A, ^^ .^ As tho Lower Silurian roclcs will probably form a prominent feature in tbe gtoXogj of Newfoundland, ii may be useful to state here the succesilon of dopoiiti which con* stitutc the series, according to our present knowledge. The sodimonti, which in tlie first part of the Silurian period, were deposited in the ocean surrounding the Laurentian and Huronian nucleus of tbe present American continent, appear to hare differed con- siderably in different areas. Oscillations in this ancient land permitted to bo spread over its surface, when at times submerged, that series of apparently conformable depoiiti which constitute tbe New York system, ranging from the Potsdam to tlie Hudson Rirer formation. But between the Potsdam and Ohazy periods a sudden continental deration, and subsequent gradual subsidence, allowed the accumulation of a great leriei of inter- mediate deposits, which are displayed in the Green Mountains, on one side of tho ancient nucleus, and in tbe metalliferous rocks of Lake Superior, on tbe other, but whdh are necessarily absent in the intermediate region of New York and central Canada, At an early date in the Silurian period, a great dislocation commenced along tbe south-eastern line of tbe ancient gneissic continent, which gave rise to the dlviiion that now forms the western and eastern basins. The western basin indudei those strata which extended over the surface of the submerged continent, together with the pri-Chazy rocks of Lake Superior, while the Lower Silurian rocks of tbe eastern baii%^ present only the pre-C hazy formations, unconformably overlaid, in parts, by Upper Silu- rian and Devonian rocks. Tbe group between the Potsdam and Ohazy, in the eastern basin, has been separated into three divisions, but these subdivisioni have not yet been defined in the western basin. In the western basin the measure! are oompara- tively flat and undisturbed ; while in the eastern they are thrown into innumerable undulations, a vast majority of which present anticlinal forms overturned on the north- western side. The general sinuous north-east and south- west aiis of these undulations is parallel with the great dislocation of the St. Lawrence, and the undulations themielvei are a part of those belonging to tbe Appalachian chain of mountains. It is in tho west- ern basin that we must look for the more regular succession of the Silurian rocki, f^om tbe time of the Chazy, and in the eastern, including Newfoundland, for that of those anterior to it. It is to be remarked, however, that in the great northern peninsula of Newfoundland, instead of undulations, great lines of fracture and dislocation are observed, while the strata are but little tilted, and it has not been decided precisely where the limit between tbe eastern and western basins is to be found in that island. It leems probable however that it will run on the east side of the Laurentian mountaini, wbioii form the backbone of the peninsula ust mentioned. B 46 Tb6iucc*Mlo„ of Lower ailuriM fomiMion. la North Amcric. m.y b« thu. UbuUted the p« eon ologicl evidence m to the rel.lion. of the Upper Oalciferou.and I eQuetc' group to the formation, abore and below them, having boen determined bj Mr. Billing^ Enoliih Stnonvhh. Caradoc . Oaradoc ?. . , Llandello... Tremadoc . LlngiilaflftgD.! i OOMPtlTB SiRIU. 12. HudRon Rirer .... M. Utlca 10. Trenton group.. .. 9. Oha«y :.... 8. Hillenr. 1 _ . 7. LftUf.on > '5"*''" 6, Lem..SKf<"'l' 5. Upper Oalciferoui. 4. Lower Oalclferouf , a. Upper Potsdam 2. Lower Potsdam l._8t. John's group. , . WisTiinK Basin. Hudson Ri»er. Utica Trenton grou|i Ohazy Rastirn Basin. Oalciferous Potsdam. ., L. Potsdam ?.. Slllerjr.. Laiixon. Leris... NawfouMD- LAND. • • • • • I • • t • • i L. Potsdam.. St. John's gr. Slllory. Lauzon. Levis. V. Calciferoui. L. Calciferoui. U. Potsdam. L. Potsdam. St. John's gr 'the'.Sr?'' v" T l"" 'Z" •'°"'''" °^ "■" '""•'• '^ •""""'•'o '■> Newfoundland, and the upper In New York and Central Canada, DIWsIods 3, 4 and 9, have not vet been recognised in the eastern continental region. vevoeen oflurW^f?"'' T'^'.V "P^"'"""""* "' 8'- John'., New Brunswick, by 3000 feet of black slates and sandstones, whose fauna, described by Mr. Hartt was correctlv .e erred by h.m to Etage C. of Harrande's primordial .one.' It there ;;poBes on dr schistos. rocks, as yet unstudied, but by Messrs. Hartt and Matthews desi/nated as Cam rlan^ The slates of 8t. John. Newfoundland, and the Paradoxide: 'beds orBrail tree, Massachusetts, also probably belong to the same horizon The Lower Potsdam, 2, is represented by several hundred feet of limestones and Tterf S?;,; Ta' "•"?"■ "''^ "" ^""^ «"^' - N-foundland. and by th slates of at. Albans and Georgia, Vermont. PnlX'Tv''"' v'l' '' !'• y "' '^"''""'" '"'* *"""^'"''''' '«P""'e»ted in the typical Po sdam of New York, which .s overlaid by the Lo,v.r Oalciferous, 4; while the Upper Calciferous, 5, is only recognized in the northern peninsula of Newfoundland The Quebec group 6. 7 8, is divided into three parts, named from localities where they are largely displayed. The first or Levis division embraces the limestones a- : b .ok Slates of Point Lch consists of a great mass of sandstones and conglomerates 2ooo fZ,^^ interstratified with red and .green slates, and so far asyet kntwnTdi uTJ 'f ^s' In a arge par of its distribution, the Quebec group is crystalline and metamoZ " but te characteris ic m neral elements of the Lau.on division are to be found boJhfn the altered and unaltered portions. " "* W. E. L. A