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Un dee symboles sulvents spperettra sur la dernlAre Imege de cheque microfiche, selon Ie ces: Ie symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE ", Ie symbols V signifie "FIN". Meps, pistes, cherts, etc., mey be filmed et different reduction retlos. Those too isrge to be entirely Included in one exposure ere filmed beginning In the upper left hand corner, left to right end top to bottom, as many fremes es required. The following diegrems iilustrste the method: Les certes, plenches, tsbleeux, etc., peuvent Atre filmte A des teux de rMuction difftrents. Lorsque Ie document est trop grend pour Atre reproduit en un ssui clichA, II est film* it psrtir de i'engle supArieur geuche, de geuche it drolte. et de heut en bes, en prenent ie nombre d'imeges nAcesseire. Les disgrammes suivants lliustrent ie mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ' ' - < ,1 • ' ^ I; •v i i 1 ■ I ' - { Ml- The Causes and Effects of War. SERMON, DELIVERED IX SALEM, AUGUST 20, 1812, THE PAY 0? NATIONAL HUMILIATION AND PRAYER. By brown EMERSON, SOLI.sXOt'E PASTOR or THE THIRD CitUKCa Of CHRIiT lit SAI.EM- SALEM : YRIXTED BY JOSHUA. CVSJII >»-:, 1812. SERMON. Jeremiah iv. 19. My hoivoh^ my bQweh ! I am pained at my very heart ; my heart mahcth a no'ife in ?fie ; J cannot hold my peace ^ hccaujo thou hajl hcard^ my foul ^ the found of the irum- fet, the alarm of luar. The occafion, my brethren, on wlilch we arc again alTemblcd, is fufiiciently awful and diftrcflingto jaltify the adoption of thefc pathetic words. It is enough, indeed, to make a man of feeling and benevolence fick at the very heart, to view the unutterable mifcrics, which have arifcn from war, in every age of the world ; and more efpccially within twenty years paft. Thofe fcenes of unequalled horror, wrctchednefs and crime, which have been rapidly unfolding in Europe, ever fince the commencement of the French revolution, are enough,even in dillant report, to fill our hearts with pain, and make them fink within us. Separated, how- ever, from thofe fcenes by the wide Atlantic, and hav- ing no part in the bloody conflicts of the eaftern conti- pent, wc have relied fecurcly in our peaceful abodes. But at length our neutral ground is .abandoned, wc are enlifled in the mighty controverfy, and our ears are aflailed with the horrid din of war. After a peace of almoft thirty years, during which we have enjoyed unparalleled profperity, we arc plunged into a difiif- trous conllicl:, gloomy in its afpe(n:, fearful in its pro- grefs, and veiled as to its termination in dreadful un- certainty. The profpccl before us is truly dark and a- larming ; and every friend of peace, liberty and reli- gion, muft be pained at the very heart, and deeply re- gret our melancholy condition. * X . 1 War IS a dreadful calamity, even in its moP. favor- able ciicumRanccs. It is always a fcourgc to a nation, iiiftly merited from tlic hand of the Almighty, as a recompcncc for the crying fins of the land. As fucli it loudly calls, not io\' joy -^x^^feajring, but for weeping, for filling, for fervent prayer. To make the com- mencement of a ferious war, efpecially in the prefent fituation of the world, and of our own country, an oc- cafion of rejoicing, as if fome fpecial favor were jufl re- ceived, indicates a pcrverfe, cruel, ferocious fpirit. What ! rejoice at the moft terrible of all divine judg- ments! Rejoice when Jehovah's hand is raifed to fcourgc us for our fins ! Rejoice at the cfTufion of human blood, and the fpread of confufion, miiery and crimes through the whole body of the people ; — evils, which will be felt by children's children ! This outrages the hardnefs and prefumption even of wicked Pharaoh. The king of E- gypt himfelf was not fo utterly lofl to the fear of God and a fenfe of fin ; for when the judgments of Heaven were upon his land, he trembled, relented, confefled, and promifed to reform. We do not find the prophet Jeremiah rejoicing at the idea of war. Far from it. Though he delivered the prophecy, with which my text is connected, of the war of the Jews with the king of Babylon, twenty years before that war took place ; yet, in prophetic view of it, he uttered himfelf in terms of fuch deep lamentation and diftreO : My bow- els, my bowels ! / am pained at my very heart . / cannot hold my peace : becauje thou hajl heard, my foul, the found of the trumpet, the alarm of war. In difcourfing on this tender and ftriking paflagc, I fhall attempt to fliow what circumjlances attend ajlaie efwar, which render it peculiarly diflrefjing to every en- lightened and benevolent mind, Thefe circumflances we may difcover, if wc confi- der the caufcs and the effcSls of war. I. Let us confidcr what there is difirefling and la- mentable in the caufes of war. fi The world in whicli we live is an nccldcmi, a vafl field of blood. The hiftory of nations, from I heir fnR rife to the prefent day, dcfcribes an awful tragedy ; a ferics of battles and lieges, of revolutions and conqueAs, of ravages and maflacres. Millions, hundreds of mil- lions, nay, many thoufands of millions, on a fair com- putation, have been devoured by the fword. This is Jehovah's llrangc work, his moft tremendous fcourgc. The nations of the earth refcmblc the ocean, angry and tumultuous by winds and tempefls, when its waters caft up mire and dirt. Now what is the caufc of this confufion and mifery ? What fets the fons of men, like fo many favages and tigers, to biting and devouring one another ? Whence is it, that nations are perpetually dafhing againfl: each other with fuch fearful violence, and tearing each other to pieces with the ferocity of hungry bears and the malignity of demons ? What is the infernal caufe, which makes the moft fuccefsful butcher of men the moft honorable and celebrated character ? which places the moft bloody murderer upon the pinnacle of fame, and makes the inftruments of deftru^lion the necefta- ry furniture of kingdoms ? The apoftle James has pro- pounded and anfwercd the fame inquiry. FrQin ivhencg come ivars and Jight'uigs among you ? Come they not henccy even of your lujis that war in your members ? The lufts of men, their carnal appetites and paflions, which are in endlefs ferment and broil, — thefe are the caufe, the fruitful fource, of all the fchifm, ftrife ard violence, which blacken the hiftory of families, churches, ftates, kingdoms and empires. Thefe lufts are efpecially the turbulent fource of all the wars and fightings, which have deftroyed unnumbered millions of our guilty race. The luft oipoiver, the luft of 'ivealth^ the luft of praJfe^ and the luft of revenge^ have kept the world in arms from age to age. Proud man is ambitious to cx- ercife dominion over his fellow. Power enables him to gratify the vile paflions of his depraved and fclfifti *■ heart. It brings a thoufand things into fubferviency h 6 frSi— ."* to Ills NviII ; and when rnifcd to a certain pitch, he looks down ficnn his thionc u;ion the minions below him, and thcl.ingULU^e of his heart and conducl is, hnn, and Kom clfc Ihjhl: r.ic. Wliat but an iniatiablc lufl of power could prompt a man to pillajvc cities, defol.ilc countries, find murder tlioufhnds of every age, fex and condition, for tlie fake of wielding the Icourj^^c of defpotifm over the miferablc beings, whom he re- duces under his authority ? What but an idolatrous third for Tc/i'^///!', prompts One nation to invade and feize the property of ano- ther ? What makes viclorious armies fo eager to plun- d'^r cities and churches, and fomctimes even to rake open the aflics of the dead ? The luft of pra'ifi will carry a man through inde- fcribable Icencs of danger and toil. For the fake of a great name, lie will lacrifice the lives of millions, rufli into the cannon's mouth, and, in defiance of death, wade to the temple of fame through fields and rivers of blood. What the infernal pafilon of revenge, when armed with pou'cr, will prompt a man to do, I fliall not, at prefent, attempt to delcribe. Alas ! what havoc has been made in the world by the kids of men ! TJiey fet on fire the coiirfc of nature, and are Jit on fire rf hell. Thele arc the appetites and pafiions whence wars proceed. Here is the criminal fource of all wars. In every war there is an aggrcHor ; and if the invaded power acl flriclly on the defenfive, the invader is anfwcrable for all the evil that may cn- fue. If war proceeds from fuch a fource, muft it not be diftrefling and lamentable to the benevolent mind ? But this is not a view of the whole caufe of war. Thefe lufts of men lunr in their members. They give rife to thofe innumerable fins in a nation, which pro- voke the Almighty, and arc the caufe, or rcafon, of his fending fo heavy a judgment. What iniquity, what vice, what form or defcription of impiety and wickcdnefs e.xifling in the land, cannot be traced to 1, 1 fomc of the evil cllfporuiuns and priHloiis, or to all of thciii combined ? If \vc fcarch for the caufes why ice ?.re vlfitcd with tills forcR of cahmitics, wc fli.di find cnrugli to fill us with abnn, and to pain us at the very heart. Wc have departed from God. Our fins have cxh.aufled his patienec, and feparated betv.ccn liim and us. For thclc it is that wc arc vifitcd in anger. We arc a pco- pic ladai icith iniquity^ a feed of c-vil dccrs^ children that are corrupters ; loife to do cvi/y but to do good haiic no hioiuledgc. If wc furvey the moral Aatc of our country, a dif- mal feene opens before our eyes. Where on our guil- ty globe can we find a more finful fpot, than this land, which boafls of her liberty and religion ? If we have not equalled fome other nations in the enormity of o'ltward crimes, wc exceed them in guiltinefs before God : for, with reference to the people at large, we are the mofl enlightened and the mril exalted by ci- vil and religious privileges, of every nation under hea- ven. Of all people, we are guilty of the hlackeji ingratitude. The various bleilings, which God has been pleafcd for many years to pour into our cup, we have wickedly perverted to nourifli thofe vile difpofitions and paflions, whence impiety and every evil work proceed. What a torrent of vice and irreligion overfpreads our land ! What ignorance of God and divine things! What carelefTncfs in regard to the Redeemer's kingdom on earth, and the eternal intereft of the foul ! Infidelity^ and thofe errors in religion which are but a ftep from that fatal vortex, have gained an aftonifliing inliuence in our land, within a few years, and feem ftill to fpread. It is an age of unbelief and impious fcofiing, which indicate that the lajl perilous times ^ fore- told in the prophetic oracles, are come. Family government and religion^ the bafis of all good or- der in fociety, is extremely degenerated, and, to a great extent, is entirely loft. The days of our fathers arc no 6 ). I ! more, lluiulrcds of clj'ilclrcn uiul yovilTi in tlils finglc town, ;uh\ Iiuiulials of thoufiiuls in ihc country, arc left to thcnifclvcs, without rcftniint, vitliout inllruc- tion, without ilifcijilinc, v/Ithout virtuous cxiinipU-, to grow up in llic vorfl of Iiublts, unprincipled and l:i\v- Icfs, prepared to become inflruuients of violence and rapine. How arc the fabbaths of the Lord difrcgarded and profaned ! In regard to the obfervance of tlic fabbath, God has always fliown a j)eculiar jcaloufy. And the profanation of that holy day is often mentioned by the prophets, as one of the crying fins of the Jews, for which he repeatedly fcourged and finally deflroycd them. It is lamentable to fee our wharves and public corners thronged with men and youth, on the Lord's day, to convcrfe on their fccular concerns, when God has cxprcfsly forbidden us 1o find our own pleafurcs^ o.' /peak our own wonfs, on that day.* Multitudes are deftroying themfelves and their cliil- drcn, both for this world and the next, by an exccffive life of ardent fpirits. In no way can a perfon efl'ect his temporal, and eternal ruin more completely and cer- tainly, than by contracling this odious and ^ital habit. No vice fo cft'eclually proftrates and befots every fiicul- ty of the man, and fo utterly defiices every feature, which dilHnguiflics the child of Adam from the filthy brute. Slink in this polluted mire, heaven cannot al- lure, nor hell deter him from the practice. It is a deadly fnare of the devil, from which few are reco- vered. Yet the black lift of victims to this dreadful vice appears to be daily increafing. Lyin^ znd J/ander are crying fins of the prefent day. A lying fpirit feems to have pervaded all ranks of fo- ciety. This is infeparably connected with that violent party fpirit^ which rages through the head and members of the 'political body. Whatever one aflirms, which has any bearing upon political opinions and public mea- furcs, another is almoft fure to deny. We fcarccly ' ' • Ifalah Iviii. 13. ll. ;t 5 kno\v wliat to believe, laying and detraction lirivd infected the vcliiclcs of general information. Every tiling is fent abroad under a coloring, which fuits the views and defisrns of him who fends it. There is an awful infatuation in the mmds of men. It fcems to be a portentous, judicial blindncfs. I cannot but view this divifion and bitterncfs of party fpirit, as threat- ening to our liberties, and even our cxiilencc. It grows into fettled hatred and enmity, and prepares the minds of men for the work of dcftruction. It alienates the focial feelings, poifons the very vitals of community, annihilates domeftic order and tranquilli- ty, fets brother at variance with brother, the father with the fon, and paves the way for civil war and fi- nal ruin. Internal diflcntion and difcord in a repub- lican government, when they rife to a high degree and become inveterate, are harbingers, which proclaim the approaching death of liberty. E'very kingdom di- 'uided againji itfclfi faid a divine Teacher, is brovght io defolaiion. Such, my brethren, are the caufes of war. Such, in brief, are the rcafons why the Lord is vifiting us with the fword. In thefe caufes, does not every one, who regards the honor of God and the good of men, fee enough to pain him at the very heart, and fill his foul with grief and lamentation ? Not to be affected in this way by a view of the fins and miferies of our race, and efpecially of our guilty land, indicates a deplora- ble blindnefs of mind and depravity of heart, and evinces a moft criminal indifference to the honor of God and the true interefls of men. I^ct us now, II. Confider what there is diftreffing and lamenta- ble in the ef-e6ls of a bloody warfare. War is dreadful, whether viewed in its caufes or its effects. The effects of war, though it be carried on in the mildeft manner, arc very difaSrous and diftrcffmg. The war, in which we are engaged, has hitherto bccm condu(5tcd with uncommon mifdncfs and humanity, B 1 •i \ I 4 10 For this \vc liavc great rcafon for tliankrulnefy. It is mod devoutly to bo wiflicd, that the fame character may be prcferved, till the unhappy controvcrfy fliall be amicably clofed. But this is not the general charadcr of modern warfare. Its progrefs, of late years, has been, marked with the cruelty and rapine of ancient barbari- ty. And whether the war in which we arc involved, is foon'to aflumc this bloody and ferocious character, who can predict ? But to reduce our remarks on the diftrefiing cITecIs of w\ar to more order and prccifion, it may be obfervcd, that war is attended with diftrcfTing cflects on the /ro- ferty^ the religion and morals^ the happincfs and lives, of the nation. It is attended with ruinous efTccls on the properly of the nation. When the object of war is plunder and conquell, the nation, if fuccefsful, may, for a time, indeed, en- hance its treafures. But fuch cannot be the object of the prefcnt w^ar. We have nothing of any value to gain. What is there to be gained upon the land? The Britifli provinces in America are of importance to that nation in relation to their extenfive com- merce. But to us they would be of no ufe, efpecially ^ftcr the annihilation of our commerce. Should our armies, when powerful ones can be raifcd, attempt to fcize on thofc provinces, and fuccecd in the enter- prife, it would not be effected but with the expcnfe of immcnfe treafurc and blood. The navigation of the St. Lawrence is not eafily obftruded, and the city of Quebec is one of the mod impregnable fortreffes in tlie world. Many thoufands of lives, and perhaps mil- lions of money, would be facrificed before the conqueft could be completed. And when completed, the pro- vinces muft be kept at a vaft cxpenfe, without yield- ing the leaft profit to the nation ; and after all muft probably be given up to their prcfent owners, before a peace could be obtained. Such is our profpect of gain by land. :i I / ''( 11 Wliat 13 oiu'liope of fucccfs and profit upon the ocean? Will the thunder of cur navy filencc the roar of the Britifli lion ? Will the American caqle tear out the lion's eyes, and cat his flefh ? Will our mighty fleets fwecp from the ocean a thoufand fliips of war ? Where arc the fleets and navies of thofe nations of Europe, which joined thedcfpot of the continent againft Great- Britain, in a war of extermination ? In their fate we may read an inftrudive leflbn. What is the profpeft before us in regard to our commerce ? Will God work for us a conliant miracle, that we may purfuc a lucrative trade to all quarters of the world, in fpite of our enemies, whofc cruifers cover the ocean ? Or fliall we fend out cruifers fo many and fo ftrong as to be able to take ** two prizes to our enemies* one," and gain twice as much as wc lliall lofe ? Inftrucled by fad experience, if, indeed, we receive the inftrudtions of this teacher, we mufi; fay, the profpe