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Mapa, platea. charta. etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratioa. Those too large to be entirely included in one expoaura are filmed beginning in the upper left hand comer, left to right and top to bottom, aa many framea aa required. The following diagrama illuatrate the method: Lea cartea. planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent itre filmto k dea taux da rMuction diff Grants. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtra raproduit en un seul cliche, il est film* A partir da I'angle sup4rieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut an baa. an pranant le nombre d'imagea n^cassaira. lias diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. rata •lure. 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 il / '?■■ fe y.M APPLETON'S NORTHERN AND EASTERN fRAVELLER'S GUIDE: -'•;■ WITH ' ... u ... . NEW AND AUTHENTIC MAPS ILLUSTRATING THOSE DIVISIONS OF THE COUNTRY. FORMING, UKEWISE, A OOMPLBTE GUIDK TO ^ ^ :.' THE MIDDLE STATES, . CANADA, NEW BRUNSWICK, AND NOVA SCOTIA, Tlie White Mountains, Catskil) Mountains, Niagara and Trenton Falls, Saratoga and Virginia Springs, &,c, Witli tlie places of Fashionable and Healthful Resort, and Aill and accurate Descriptions of the Principal Cities, Towns, and Villages ; with ; Distances, Fares, &c. SUustrateti Uiftf) numerous iWtaps antr plaits of Cftfes, ENGSATED ON STEEL, AND SEVERAL WOOD ENGRAVINGS. .:.,.-/.. ' . .--' V.-,. ■■ ■.•:: :-::r,.. r; BY W.WILLIAMS. -■''■' .' .1 • ■ -' ■ ■ ■■ "i ■■.•'■ ■■•-. • . ,-■ -„ / NEW YORK: D. APPLE^TON & COMPANY, 200 BROADWAY. PHILADELPHIA: GEO. S. APPLETON, 164 CHESNUT-STREET. M DCCC L. . . , McrKMCNCcs itU'iUii- H. ttc'tinonico's 4 Vondc'fl Wattii PubtUi "O-iti-iiy Cli. OfTtan T. Torrtb^:: ~ ' ' / ?.l'rat..Vpis.S«m^ 'S< /I Cxty'SaXi I'N'ewi JZSrooJdvn Gard&rt :, :::s :. ^9BrookfyrtFemaleIn)^ttf:_ ^ 4 ^^?l. orOienolv lytniXy '; ■9/r 'icr cftheDistricx i~mcn.,ofTh» SinixhernSistrict cfyewXork,. .■Dra\TO.* tlixgi "by-^V:V\'^lTJ Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1850, Bt W. WILLIAMS, , In the Clerk's Office of th« District Court of the Southern District of • New York. I I ^ V NOTICE. M \ Tne author claims the plan, &c. of the present work as his own ; and having been at great expense and trouble, and dcTOted much time to its production, he therefore respectfully cautions others interested in, or getting up, similar works, not to infringe upon his copyright. TO THE TRAVELLING PUBLIC. The want of a Guide such as the one here presented to the Travelling Public, has been so long felt and so generally acknowledged, that an apology for the present work would be an impeachment of the judgment of the intelligent Tourist. This work, although more particularly designed for the use of travellers, will be found of great service to the public gen- erally,— especially to those directly interested in the prose- cution of works of internal improvement, or who may con- template becoming so. Investments in railroad stock are the safest and most profitable in the country. Such is the char- acter of the country, so rapidly is it increasing in population, and so greatly is its production yearly augmented, that the keen eye of American enterprise seldom fails in making a judicious selection of a route. For another class, our work will have a higher interest than that derived from the calcu- lations of pecuniary advantage. The eye of patriotism will here see portrayed those mighty works, whether completed or in progress, that are bringing the most distant parts of the Union into neighborhood ; and which, by blending into one the interests of the East and the West, the North and the South, are creating an additional guarantee for the repose and permanence of our great confederacy. In the preparation of this book, the old plan of filling the pages with Tables of Routes, which, from their complexity, it is difficult to trace or to understand, has been discarded ; and instead of a General Ma-p only, which, from the smallness of the scale on which it is graduated, is of vei-y Uttle practical use in a railroad car — and which, from its size, and the ne- cessity of its being opened and re-opened, folded and re- <« TO THE TRAVELLING PUBLIC. folded, is cxtremoly inconvenient in a crowded conveyance, as well as an annoyance to its possessor and his fellow-pas* sengers — for the present work, maps of the several routes have been engraved ; and where it is a long one, the route has been continued on another map, in such a way as to be •easily understood — thereby obtaining a much larger scale for it. The distances (instead of being placed as formerly between each town, thereby giving the Traveller the continual trou- ble of reckoning up) have been carried on in regular order, from the starting-place — an arrangement that will be found far more convenient than the old one. The " Tours" commence at Boston, not only because that city is the centre of a great railroad system, but also because it is the most convenient for the plan we have adopted. With this book in his hand, the Traveller, as he proceeds on his jourhey in the railroad car, or glides along in the swift and graceful steamboat, can open to the route he is going, and follow it through without trouble or inconvenience. The descriptive matter which follows the maps, will enable him to form a pretty accurate conception of the places through or by which he is so rapidly passing ; and when arrived in a large city, he has but to refer to the text under the name of the place, to find all the requisite information respecting ho- tels, &c., and the charges for boarding — places of amuse- ment — interesting localities in the vicinity, &c., &c. The materials for this publication have been drawn from the latest and most authentic sources. A large portion of the work is the result of actual observation, and a corre- spondence with individuals connected with the routes ; for numerous facts we are indebted to friends resident in many of the sections described. The article on the Origin and Pro- gress of Railroads will, we trust, be found of interest. Their extension is becominor so general, that any information on the subject cannot be otherwise than acceptable. The maps, which are engraved on steel, will be found clear and distinct, a feature that will much enhance their value ; LIST OF MAPS. and the introduction of city maps (a thing entirely new in works of this description) will, wo trust, bo duly appreciated both by citizens and strangers. The embellishments have been engraved by tlio best artists, from appropriate designs, many of which were taken expressly for this publication. Having stated some of the original and more prominent features of the work, wo submit it with confidence to the judgment of that class for whom it is more especially de- signed. We have withheld neither labor nor expense in our efforts to make it worthy of public patronage : and we pledge ourselves to keep it up to its present standard of usefulness by thorough periodical revistous, {fCr Railroad and Steamboat Compunies are requested to forward us the latest information relative to their respective lines, which shall be attended to in our corrected editions. Residents of the places described in this volume, and travellers also, who may suggest any corrections or additions, the result of personal observations, and written down, not from memory, but on the spot, will confer a great obligation by ad- dressing us, under cover to the publishers, and thus serve to render this volume at nil times a faultless guide to the travelling public. LIST OF MAPS CONTAINED IN THIS VOLUME. Pagt No. 1— Cities of New York and Brooklyn, Williamsburg, Jersey City, andHoboken, 1 No. 2— County Map of the Southern New England states, showing the railroads, and their connection with the cities of New York, Boston, and Albany, &c ]2 No. 3— Flan of Boston, with parts of East and South Boston ; also portions of Charlestown, Cambridge, &c 27 No. 4— Great Travelling Routes north of Boston, &c., &c 41 No. 5— Routes to the White Mountains and Winnipiseogee Lake ; showing also the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, &c. tf> No. 6— Boston and Fitchburg, and Worcester routes, &c 68 No. 7— Western Railroad to Springfield, &c 69 No. 8— Western Railroad to Albany, and a portion of the Housa- tonic Railroad ; with the Connecticut River and the Hud- son and Berkshire railroads 77 LIST OF MAPS. ,^? Pkf« No. 9— This map shows the rnilroads diverging from Concord, N. H., with the CtiCHhire and Sullivan railroads, and n portion of the Rutland Railroad ; also the Vermont and Massachu- setts Railroad, &.C., Ilc 83 No. 10— Lake Champlain, and railroads from Connecticut river to Montreal ; the Vermont Central, and the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad, &,o 00 No. 11— Fall River, and Taunton and New Bedford railroads, &c. . U4 No. 13— Old Colony Railroad, and a portion of the Fall River route from Boston, ttc \>i No. 13— New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield Railroad ; also the Canal Railroad, and part of the Housatonic Railroad ■ •> • 102 No. 14— Providence and Stonington railroads, Norwich and Wor- cester, &c 103 No. 15— Long Island, Long Island Railroad, Long Island Sound, and New York and New Haven Railroad, &c 140 No. 10— New York and Erie Railroad from the Hudson to the Dela- ware river 140 No. 17— New York and Erie Railroad to Binghamton, kc. ; Ithaca and Owego Railroad, &c 140 No. 18— Hudson River Railroad ; Harlem Railroad ; and the New York and Erie from New Y^ork to Otisville, &c. . . 152 No. 19— Routes to Saratoga Springs, and a portion of the routes to Buffalo, &c 190 No. 20— Continuation of routes from Albany to Buffalo, &c 191 No. 21— Erie Canal and Railroad from Syracusn to Rochester, and Railroad and Canal from Syracuse to Oswego 200 No. 22— Routes from Rochester to Buffalo and Niagara Falls, &c. . 201 No. 23— Great Travelling Routes between N. York and Philadel- phia, with other routes in New Jersey ; also the railroads diverging from Philadelphia 221 No. 24— Plan of the City of Philadelphia 230 No. 25— Continuation of routes from Philadelphia to Baltimore and Washington, and to Harrlsburg, &c. ; also the Balti- more and Ohio Railroad 24P No. 26— Plan of Baltimore 263 No. 27 — Termination of routes from Philadelphia and Baltimore to Pittsburg and Wheeling : also to the Virginia Springs, &c. 284 No 28— Map of the Eastern and Middle States, &c., and the Brit- ish Provinces, showing the connection of the routes ..*• 313 No. 29— Falls of Niagara 313 No. 30— Land and Water routes from Cleveland to Detroit and Chicago 31S INDEX Aeton 71 Albany lU Albany (rouui from) I6A Albany to Boiton 165 Albany to BiiA'alo and Niag*!'* fall**... I6fi Albany to New York 166 Albany and Schenectady Hnilroad 101 Albany and Troy to Balliton Spa and Saraiora Sprinrt 166 Albany and Troy to ButTnlo ami NIarara rnlU 190 Albany and Troy to Montreal and Que- bec 176 All«((hany City tM Alli-ghnny Poriajra Railroad t&6 Allenlown 247 Amliemt 84 Amherit College 84 Amiierdant 1!)9 Andaluiia Si28 Andover 47 Anthony'i NoM 166 Apponauir 105 Aihiabula,0 SU8 Aatoria \i3 Athol ^8 Atlantic Dock 1S» Attantib and St. Lawrence Railroad. ... 60 Attica and Bud'alo Railroad 207 Aubur SOO Auburn Slate Priaon SOI Auburn and Rocheater Railroad 201 Auburn and Syracuse Railroad 200 Auguaia 61 Avon Spring! 806 Baltimore (city) S63 Benevolent Institution* 268 Churche* 266 ——— Hackney-coach tare 871 ^ Hotel* 271 ■ Literary and Scientific In*.... 867 — — ^ Miicellaneou* object* of in- tereet 869 Monument* 261 — — — Place* of amuaement 869 Public Building* 265 Baltimore (route* I'rom) 878 Baltimore to Annapolii. 873 Baltimore lo Charieaton and intermediate places 290 Baltimore to Columbia 872 Baltimore to Cumberland 273 Baltimore to Frederick, Harper'* Ferry, Wincbeeter, and Cumberland 882 Baltimore wid Ohio Railroad 281 Pan Baltimore to Pitt«hur|r and Wheelinf . . . 284 Balllmora to the Virrinia Spriiif* 871 Baltimore to Wathliigton 873 BalUton Spa |68 Bangor 01 Barnegat |6tf Bath 64 BellMi 65 Bellown Kail* 88 Belviilere 283 littllilaliem 'J\7 Beverly 48 Birniiiitrham 26U Uirmiiij(li»m, Vl IbQ Bloody Brook Village 84 UI«oniiii)rdiile 134 lionleniuwi 830 Buicttwen 80 BoKion (city) 87 Bank* W Bridge* 88 Churches 31 -—Common 89 (Ea*t) 89 Hackney-coach fare*, tin 40 Harbor 89 Hotel* 36 Place* worth TMiiing 88 Public Building* 33 [South). 88 — — — Steamboat conveyance* from .... 40 Theatres, &c 17 Waier M Watering places in the riciniiy of. 38 Wharves 31 Boston to Albany 80 Bo*toa to Athol 83 Bolton to Cincinnati 896 Boaton, Concord, and Montreal Rail- road 85 Beaton to Danvcr* 45 Boston to Dedham 101 Boeton to Fitchburg 70 Bo*ton to Holliiion and Milford 101 Boaton to Gloucester. 46 Boeton to Lexington 78 Boston and Lowell Railroad 48 Boaton to Lowell and Concord 49 Boston to Fall River 97 Boston to Keene, N. H 83 Boston and Maine Railroad 46 Boston to Marblchciid 46 Boston to New York, via Fall River and Newport 98 Boston to Providence lot R INDEX. I I r :» I Page Bottoii to New York, via Providence and Stuiiiiigtiin 103 Bottoii Hiiil Fruvideiice, and Stoiiiiigton railroad)! 102 Bo*inii to New York, via Springfield, H.irtrniil, and New Haven 109 Bolton to New York, via Worcester and Norwich 107 Boston til Plyninnih 94 Boston to Portland, via Haverhill and Dover 46 Boston lo Portland, via Salein, Newbii- r.vport, and Portsmouth 41 Ilostoii lo 'rHnnton and New Bedlord.. . 99 Uosloii lo West Townsend 92 Uostnii and Worcester Railroad 73 Boston to Worcester 74 BonchervillR 185 Bradl'ord, Mas* 47 Brandon 91 Brain lywiiiK Springs 246 Brattleboio' 88 Brideslmrff 228 Briil^opor' t U Bi id u-e water Branch Railroad 96 Briifhton 74 Bristol 228 Brooklyn 136 Atlantic Dock 139 Clin relies 138 Dry Dock 138 Greenwood Cemetery 139 Marine Hospital 138 Naval Lyceum 138 Navy Yard 138 Public Buildings 137 Bnflalo 207 Bnll'alu and Niagara Falls Railroad.... 209 ButValo to Detroit and Chicago 298 Butl'alo to Niagara Falls 309 Bull's Ferry 153 Burlington 179 Burning Spring 203 Buttermilk Falls 1S6 Cabotville 82 Caldwell 172 Caldwell's Lauding \55 Camilcn 244 Camden and Amboy Railroad 230 Caiman Falls 115 Caiiajoliarie 192 Canal Railroad 114 Canandaigua 203 Canandaigua Lake 203 Canton 103 Cape Cod Branch Railroad 99 Cape May 246 Cape Rouge 186 Cape Vincent 319 Carbondale, Pa 150 Carlisle 254 Castleton 163 Caiskill 160 Catskill Fu- s 161 Catskill MiiQniaina 161 Catskill Mountain House. 160 Cayuga 201 Cayuga Bridge 201 Cayuga Lake 201 Chaml)ersburg 254 Charleston, S. C 291 Ctaarlesiou to New Orleans 291 Paye Charleston to Savannah, Macon, and Columbus 29S Charlestown, Mass 7C Cherry Valley 192 Cheshire Railroad 89 Chester, Pa 91 Chester, N. Y 148 Chicago 301 CliicHgo to Galena 302 Chicago to St. Louis 308 Chickopee Branch Railroad 83 Chickopee Falls 82 Cincinnati 296 Cincinnati lo New York and Boston .... 296 Cleveland 2lt8 Coey man's 1C3 Cohasset y6 Cohoes Falls 168 Cold Spring 159 Columbia 252 Columbia Railroad 252 Concord, Mass 71 Concord, N. H 50 Concord to Franklin b6 Concord f routes Irom) 85 Coney Island 134 Connecticut and Passumpsic rivers Rail- road 93 Connecticut River Railroad 82 Cooperstowii 1^3 Corning 151 Cornwall, Cum 115 Cornwall, N. Y 159 Coxsackie Landing 162 Crown Point 178 Cumberland 284 Cumberland Valley Railroad 254 Deerfield 84 Delaware Water Gap 223 Detroit 299 Detroit to Chicago 293 Dobb's Ferry 153 Dorchester 94 Dover, N. H 48 Duxbury 96 East Canada Creek 193 Eastern Railroad 41 Easton 333 Eastport 65 Elizabethtown 226 Ellicott's Mills 282 Elmira 151 Erie, Pa 298 Erie Canal 191 Essex 179 Exet«r 48 Fair Haven Ill Fairmuunl Water-works 23.^ Fall River 97 Fall River Railroad 97 Falls of Niagara 210 Fisherville 86 Fish House Village 192 Filchbuig 72 Fiichburg Railroad 69 Fitchburg (routes from). . 87 Five Mile Point 178 Flatbush 134 Flushing 133 Fonda 192 J: INDEX. 9 Page ■ and iH 29S !]H 7C flB 192 ^H 8i» aH 91 ^H 148 <^l 301 !^| 308 ^H 308 ^H 83 ^H »2 ^H 296 . '^q^ 1.... 296 wB 898 91 163 !^B 96 !^B 168 ■^H 159 JH 252 jH 252 3B 71 ^^H 'S b6 ^m ^1 134 ^H RhIi- ^H 93 ^B j^m 193 1^1 ■B 115 mi i^B 162 ^B ^1 284 ^H H 84 H 283 81 ^S 203 ^^K '''S 94 "^ 48 -S 96 ^m 193 [H nin 823 ^s ■3i8 .... 226 ■'''Wm -""S .... 151 '-^ '-^ .... 191 '^ yj .... 48 'M .... Ill :M "S .... 97 ■il .... 97 '■% .... 210 ■^ ... 86 ... 192 ... 69 -* ... 87 -.': ... 178 ■-X ... 134 't ... 133 •? ... 198 V Pajre Fort Ann 176 Fort Edward 176 Fort Hamilton 181 Fort Lee 153 Fort Miller 176 Fort Ticomleroga 177 Fori Washington 153 Foxboro' 103 Framingham 75 Franklin 86 Franklin Railroad 255 Frederick, Md 283 Frederickton, N. B 66 Gardner's Island 148 Genesee Falls 205 Geneva 202 Gerinantown 215 Gibbonsville 167 Glens Falls 176 Girnrd College 235 Goshen 148 Grafton 75 Grand Gulf Railway 304 Great Falls 48 Greenfield 81 Greeiifietd (routes from). 90 Greenport 142 Greenwood Cemetery 139 Groion 72 Halifax 67 Hamilton 217 Hampton 159 Hampton 43 Hampton Beach 43 Hampton Falls 43 Hanover 87 Harlem 145 Harlem Railroad 144 Harper's Ferry 283 Hartford Ill Harvard 71 Harrisburg' 253 Hiinisburg and Lancaster Railroad iA3 Hasiniifs I53 Hiitrteld 83 Haverhill 48 Haversiraw I55 Hawley's Basin 198 Hempstead 142 Herkimer 195 Hi>rhlands 156 Hinirham 96 Hollulaysburg 257 Holmesburg 288 Holmes' Hole 101 Honesdale, Pa 150 Hopkmton 75 Hoiisatonic Railroad 114 Hudson 168 Hudson and Berkshire Railroad 116 Hiulson River Railroad 145 Huron . 298 Ipswich 42 Island ofSt. Helen 185 Isle mix Noixand Fort 181 Isle of Shoals 43 Ithaca 151 Jamaica Plains 102 Jamaica Pond 102 Page Jamaica, L. 1 141 Jersey City 224 Johnstown, N. Y I9t Johnstown, Pu 897 Kaighn's Point 245 Katahdin Mountain 63 Keene 89 Keeseville , 179 Kinderhook Lanumg 103 Kingston 218 Kingston Landing ibO La Chine 184 Lake Champlain I r6 Lake (ieorge 173 Luke St. Peter lt-5 Lancaster 253 La Prairie 181 Lehigh Water Gap 223 Lewistnn, Me 61 Lewiston, N. Y 217 Lexington and W. Cambridge Railroad 72 Litchtield 50 Little Falls 194 Luckport 206 Long Branch 135 Long Island Railroad I4J Long Lake 171 Lowell 49 Lower Red Hook 160 Madison's Cave, Va 290 Maiden 47 Manchester £0 Manbattanville 134 Mansfield 1)3 Manyunk 215 Marshfield iO Martha's Vineyard 10! Mauch Chunk 217 Medford 4J Memphis to New York 2j 1 Michigan Central Railroad 2ii^ Middlebiiry 'jl Middlelow'n 14J Milford 14 J Milford Branch Railroad lUI Millbury Branch Railroad 7j Milwau'kie 3ul Mississippi and Ohio rivers (distances from Pittsburg) 2J5 Mobile 291 Mobile to New Orleans 2j2 Monroe 2.9 Montgomery to Mobile 292 Muntpelier i-3 Montreal ISl Montreal to Quebec \»A Monument Mountain 1 15 Moose Head Lake til Morris and Essex Railroad 2:;2 Morrisvitle 2.8 Mount Auburn Cemetery 72 Mount Hope Cemetery 205 Mount Hope I18 Mount Independence 178 Mount Toby 84 Mount Tom 83 Nantucket 101 Nashua 50 Nashua and Concord Railroad 48 I 10 INDEX. 'h: 1^ ) Pajre Nashua and Worceiter Railroad 71 Naihville SO Naiitfk 76 Nftiurul Briilge, Va 28U Na/.areih 247 Neeilham. 74 NepoiiHet Village 95 Newark 225 New Baltimore 163 New BedlonJ 100 New Beilt'orU and Tauiitoi) Railroad ... 99 New Brlgfhlon 135, 22;) Nrw Brunswick, province of 65 New Briiiibwick, N. J 226 Newburg' 159 Ncwliuryjiort 42 New HaiiiLiurg' 159 New Haven 109 New Jersey (railroad roules in) 221 New Lebaiiuii 117 New Lebiuioii Springs (routes to) 116 New Loiiiloii 107 New London and Willimantic Rail- ronil 109 New Oileniis 303 Newport y8 Newion 71 Newton Corner 74 New VViiidior 159 New York City 118 B«nks 126 Clinrches, Public Buildings, &c 121 City Hall 124 ■ Croton Water-works 129 Ciislom-House 125 tli-itances from tlie City Ilal!, 132 — — — — ICxliibitions of the Fine Arts. 129 High Bridge 129 Hackney-coach fares, &,c.. .. 132 Hotels, &c 127 — — liisiiraiice Companies 126 Literary Insiitniions 126 Merchants' Exchange 124 places 111 the vicinity of 133 iilaces of Amuseineiil liiS Post Office 125 Public Walks, Squares, &,c., 120 ■ Steamboat Lines 130 ■ " Tombs" 125 Trinity Church ly2 Trinity Tower 123 New York to Albany and Troy 130 New York 10 Albany (winter routej 114 New York to Bosi.m, via New Haven, Hurtronl, and Springfield 131 New York to Boston, via Newpor*. ind Fall River 131 New York to Boston, via Norwich and Worcester 131 New York lo Boston, via Stoniiigton and Providence |3l New York to Bridgeport, &c 114 New York to Cincinnati 2l/6 New York (trip from )io Detroit and Chi- cago, via the great lakes 300 New York and Erie Railroad U6 New York and New Huven Railroad... 143 New York to New Haven, Hartford, StiringfieUI, &c 109 New York to Morristown and Schooley's Mountain, N. J '.. 221 New York to Paterson, N. J 221 Page New York to Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington 2S4 New York to Philadelphia (railroad route) 224 New York to Philadelphia (iteamboat and railroad route) S29 New York to Piermont 148 New York to Port Jervis 148 New York to Somerville 298 Niagara Falls 210 Niagara Falls to Hamilton, Detroit, &,c. 217 Niagara Falls to Montreal and Quebec 21? Niagara Suspension Bridge 214 Norfolk County Railroad 10' Norristown 245 Northampton 83 North Boscawen 86 Northern Railroad 85 Noithfield 88 Nova Scotia 65 Norwalk 143 Norwich 10? Norwich and Worcester Railroad 106 Nyack 154 Ocean House, N.J 135 Ogdensburg 219 Ogilensbur^ Railroad 220 Oliio and Mississippi rivers (distances from Pittsburg) 296 Old Colony Railroad 94 Origin and Progress of Railroads 13 Oswego 199 Oswego and Syracuse Railroad 199 Oiisville 149 Overslaugh 163 Owego 163 Palatine 193 Palatine Bridge 1^2 Passage up the Hudson 152 Pttssaic Falls 22! Paterson 2-?l Puterson and Ramupo Railroad 221 Pawtiixet Village 105 Piekskill 155 Pennsylvania Central Railroad <'U0 Petersboro' and Shirley Railroad >j2 Philadelphia 2:i0 Banks 23, Benevolent Institutions. . .. 238 Churches 23; — Fuirmount Water-works . . 233 Girurd College 235 Hackney-coach fares 243 Hotels 5:43 Laurel Hill Cemetery 242 Literary and ScientifiL Iti- stitutions '>39 Medical liistiiuiions 240 places of Amusement 242 places worth visiting 241 Prisons 241 Public Buildings 234 Public Squares 232 Philadelphia (grand routes from) to Pittsburg and the West S.^S Philadelphia to Baltimore 262 Pliiladelphia to Baltimore (steamboat roiite) 268 Philadelphia to Bethlehem, Mauch Chunk, &,c 247 Philadelphia to Columbia 35S 1 i 9 I INDEX. 11 Pa^e Philnilelphia to Harrisbur^^ and Pitls- burp 247 Philatlclphia to Laiicusier anii HnrriH- buij,' 253 Philailclp)ii» (oNew York 246 Philadelpliia, Reading', and Po'.Uville Railioiid 248 Philadelphia (routes from) 246 Philadelphia (roiitus Irom) to Baltimore and Washiii°^*.on 261 Philadelphia to Rending and Pottsville. . 248 Piiiladelpliia, Wilmington, and Balti- more Railroad 861 Piermuiit 153 : Pittsburg 257 . Pittsburg (routes from) 295 Pitisfield 81 i Pittstield nnd North Adams Railroad. .. 80 Pliittsbiirg 180 PIvmouih 95 I Pu'iiit nuz Trembles 185 Port Clinton 249 Port Genesee 219 Port Henry 178 Port Jervis 149 ' Port Kent 179 Portland 44 Portland (ruuies from) 59 Portland to Eastport 64 Portland tu Quebec 59 Port Richmond 135, 229 Portsmouth 43 Portsmouth to Concord 46 Poughkeepsie 159 Pottstown 249 Pottsville 249 Princeton 2-27 Providence 103 Providence to Stoninglon 105 Providence and Worcester Railroad. ... 102 Providence to Worcester lOiJ Quebec 186 Quebec (railroads radiating from) 189 Queenstoii 815 Quiiicy 95 Racine 302 Rah way 2l'6 Ramapo 118 Rapids of St. Mary 1»5 Reading 47 Reading, Pa 249 Red Bank 135 Red Mountain 59 Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad 167 Rhinebeck liJO Richelieu Rapids 185 Richfield Sprnigs 195 Riverhead 142 Rochester 204 Rockaway Beach 134 Rome 198 Rondout 160 Rouse's Point 180 Rowley 42 Roxbury 102 Rutland 91 Rutland Railioad 90 Sachem's Head Ill Backetl'i Harbor 219 8aco 44 Paga Sniior'tSnug Harbor 230 Salem 41 Saint Andrews 67 Saint Anne's 18t Saint John, N. B 65 Saint Johns, Can 181 Saiiu •iuhnsville 193 Saint ii.twrence and Atlantic Railroad. 184 St. Louis 303 St. Louis to the Falls of St. Anthony. . . 296 St. Louis to New Orleans -. 302 Salisbury Beach 42 Salisbury, Vt 91 Saltpetre Cave, Va 8jn Sandusky City 898 Sandy Hill 176 Saratoga and Schenectady Railroad. ... 168 Saratoga and Washington Railroad. . .. 171 Saratoga Lake 171 Saratoga Springs 169 Saratoga to Montreal and Quebec 1 71 Saiigerties 160 Savannah 293 Saxon ville 75 Saxonville Branch Railroad 75 Schenectady 191 Schodac Landing 163 Sciiooley's Mountain 229 Schuylkill (Falls of the) 246 Schuylkill Haven 249 Schuylkill Viaduct 246 Seabrook 43 Seneca Falls 808 Seneca Lake 203 Shaker Village 82 Sharon 103 Sharon Springs 192 Sheffield 115 Sliippensburg 251 Shrewsbury 135 SiUery Cove 186 Sing Sing 154 Skaneateles 200 Skaneateles Lake 200 Somerville and Kaston Railroad 223 Soinersworth 48 Sorel 185 South Ainboy 230 South Berwick 48 Suuthboro' 75 South Hadley Falls 84 South Hadley Village 84 South Reading 47 South Shore Railroad 96 Split Rock 179 Spot Pond 47 Springfield 80 Springfield to Northampton and Green- lield 82 Spuyien Duyvel Creek 153 Squam Lake 59 Staien Island 135, 8.^0 Stillwater 175 Stoneham 47 Stonington 106 Stoiiington Railroad lOl Stuyvesant 163 Sullivan Railroad 88 Sunbury 851 Sunbury, Danville, and Pottsville RaiU road 851 Syracuse 198 Syracuse and Utica Railroad IM ; : 12 INDEX. I PRSfe Tacoiiy 229 Tarryiiiwii 154 Tauiilon 100 Tiiuiitoti Bi'nnch HuilroaU 99 TlioinaBluii 64 Tljoimaiid iHlen 219 Three Riveri 185 Tintoii Falls 135 Toledo 299 Tnimwaiida Aailroad 207 Toronto ^18 Troy 166 Truy lu Dallston Spa & Saratug'a Spring* 166 Troy to Biittulo and Niajfara Falls 191 Troy and Greenljuili Railroad 166 Truy to Montreal and Qubbec 175 Trenton 22' Trenton Falls 196 Union, Pa 285 Utica 195 Uiicannd Schenectady Railroad 192 Upper Red Hook 160 Valley Forge 249 VergenneM 92 Vermont Central Railroad 92 Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad . . 87 Verona Cenire 198 Virginia Spiings 287 Vir-rinia Springs (routes lu) 286 Wachiisetl Mountain 77 WaldoborongI 64 Wiilthain 71 Wampsville 198 Wareliain 9J Warren 64 Warwick 1U5 Washington City 2r3 ^^— — Hackney-coaches, fares. ... 2SI Hotels 281 Washington, Pa., 285 Wasiiington Branch Railroad 27.3 Washington to Baltimore 273 Waierlurd It57 Waterloo 202 Pan Waterlown 73 NVeehawken 152 Wen ham , 43 Weir's Cave 289 Wesibnro' 76 Went Cambridge 71 West Concord 86 Western Railroad, Mass 77 Wesifleld 81 Weston 71 West Point 156 Westporl 178 West Springfield 81 West Siockbridge 116 West Troy 167 West Whately 83 Wheeling 2H5 Whiieha"! 176 While Moutitains 51 While Mountains (routes to) M While Plains 145 Whitesboro' 198 Wilkesbarre 250 William Henry 185 Williamsburg 133 Willinnisport 251 Wilmingion 47 Wilmington, Del 262 Wilton Railroad 93 Wiiinipiseugee Lake 58 Wiiniipiseogee Lake (routes to) 58 Wiscrtsset 64 Wi.'sahickou Creek 245 Woburn 49 Woodbury 244 Wood's Hole 101 Worcester 74 Worcester Railroad 73 Worcester to Norwich 106 Worcester to Providence 109 Wreiiiham 103 Yonkers 153 York 253 York and Wrightsville Railroad 25S Yoikviile 14f APPENDIX. Steamships 305, 308 Sniling Packets 306, 30" Telegraph Lines 307-31 Value of United States and Foreign Coins &c 311, 311 « >.'i«««^''iw«MK»t»(r£«n«MMrM<'«)^^ M-^-^f^-'- ))t*^ %^ 'II^^'mSI , ■Ihr \,^s.ir ■ ' -Til!' A->rV .vH' '#^-; \>'j- Vl?*' »*.F*> 'v, ■ ^ • .A i, ^-''t'sSi'-i:- f-ii-y'fr'^ifiyV- I ' I ■' ! I w ¥■ ■tjhtl 7 "" Vaiei'ttntl y / f- — »» *y. V *. •« ,-s5..Ji f'T I anji H J nA; »rv»i 43 JO. iimsdal Hed- nf tfooK * w lu'/ifhech XL, ^^ „_ Vfci ku ISJir. WoJWmil I I (.fA r&wr •4 I I w,->^ J^f- "^\^ Allvn'sl nV of flPij B*' «i ^/i^r '."r."r.:-J-. .?-,!7' 'n 7nf?.7jar,i.c fn T?r? (7/T/r> OPficc ofHtaDirtrirt rcnofd'm •'^naha »v» ^ T ja-j pi -5i?!i^^^'^' Note. 'Hii- ViiiLion Hi\MH. ofchc flhrliviiJiJiJu-fon , -nectwiththifAlhtiinIi r-*. iti-yit/nf i>ro m,m% :x?!2 »&3a.jgttvide Eftgt 20 30 SUowiu^'the Railioada and Iheir co?me(tion nith the CITIES OF VVITH D ISTAIfCES . 6i ?! ofHieZlirtriirt rmort^fv ^nchimx- District' afJTewTfr-'k . ■Drawn comotive power. Watt, in 1784, first conceived the Idea that two persons might probably be carried by an engine having a (Cylinder seven inches in diameter, and a foot-stroke, the piston moving at the rate of one hundred and twenty feet, or sixty strokes per minute. This scheme, however, was never put in practice. In the year 1804, Trevithick and Vivian constructed an engine for moving railway carriages. This was the first steam-engine applied to locomotive purposes in Great Britain. It was used successfully on the railroad at Merthyr Tydvil, in South Wales, and thereby proved the praaticabiiity of their plan. Th ) following engraving represents a front ii I 1 H ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF RAILROADS. 10 and side view of this machine. This locomotive engine, which in many of its leading features was essentially the same as those now in use, drew at its first trial as many wagons as carried ten tons of bar-iron, with a considerable number of persons, and travelled at the rate of five miles an hour. The " tender," carrying a supply of fuel and water, and a small force-pump, worked by the machine itself, maintained the re- quisite quantity of water in the boiler. Messrs. Trevithick and Vivian also invented steam-coaches for run- ning upon common turnpike roads, but not receiving the encourage- ment they deserved, they abandoned the enterprise. In 1827, Mr. Goldsworthy Gurney obtained a patent for a steam-car- riage, and in 1829 had brought it to such perfection that he was enabled to ascend with it the highest hills round London, and travelled from London to Bath, a distance of 107 miles, and back. In 1831, one of hia steam-carriages ran about four months on the road between Gloucestei and Cheltenham. The success of Mr. Gurney's steam-carriage led tt the formation, in Scotland, about the year 1834, of a steam-carriage com pany for turnpike roads. The carriages commenced plying regularly between Glasgow and Paisley, when an unfortunate accident occurred, in 1835, attended with considerable loss of life, from the explosion oi one of the boilers. After this disaster, all attempts to introduce steam* carriages on public roads proved abortive. In 1811, Mr. Blenkinsop patented a locomotive engine, in which the power was applied to a large cogged wheel, the teeth of which entered a rack laid down beside the ordinary rails. Patents were taken out in 1816 and 1817, by George Stephenson, in connection with Messrs. iHodd and Losh, under which several locomotives were constructed and ■ I ! I. 1 .115 ft 19 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. brought into practical operation upon colliery railways near Newcastle- upon-Tyne. There can be no doubt that the idea of the construction of the Liver- pool and Manchester railway oriKinatod with the late Mr. William James, four years before the act of Parliament was obtained, which was in 1N20. To this gentleman we are indebted for the present system of railways. He, however, (as is usual in such cases,) never reaped any benefit from his valuable suggestions. To him likewise is due the pro- jection of the London and Birmingham railway. IIo had witnessed the operations of the locomotive engines around Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and imparted his sentiments to Mr. Saunders of Liverpool, which so deeply ^pressed that gentleman with the feasibility of applying this plan of rail- vay traction, that he had a survey of the road made at his own expense. When the projectors of the Liverpool and Manchester railway were -ngaged in the design and execution of that great work, the advantages f locomotive steam-engines were so imperfectly developed, that it was ■ ncertain whether they would bo adopted. The experiment of forming b railway for passengers, as well as for carrying general merchandise, lad scarcely been tried, although the Stockton and Darlington railway, v'hich was opened in the fall of 1825, had done more than any of its predecessors in showing the capabilities of a railway for such a Ubc. As the Liverpool and Manchester line approached completion, the di- rectors became convinced that horse-power was ineligible, since it was intended to aim at considerable velocity. It was difficult to decide upon the comparative merits of stationary and locomotive engines. Various suggestions were made for the application of fixed engines at Intervals along the line, to draw trains by ropes from station to station ; but it wa3 eventually determined to use locomotives, and to offer a premium of £500 for the best which would fulfil certain conditions, of which some werr— thatit should not emit smoke, (the nuisance of smoke was pre- vent fd by the employment of coke as fuel, which is used at the present timt" upon most of the railways in England)— should draw three times its o m weight at the rate of ten miles per hour— should be supported on s, rings, not exceeding six tons weight, or four tons and a half if on only our wheels— and should not cost more than £550. The trial was fixed for October, 1829, when four steam locomotives were produced, one of which was withdrawn at the commencement of the experiment. The Sans Pareil, by Mr. Hackworth, was very similar to Trevithick's engine, but had two cylinders, both working the same axle. This en- gine attained a velocity of 15 miles per hour with a gross load of I'J tons, but at length gave way, owing to a trifling accident. The remaining engine, the Rocket, was constructed by Messrs. Stephenson and Booth, of the Liverpool and Manchester railway. It travelled with a gross load of 17 tons, and averaged a speed of 14 miles per hour ; but under some circumstances it attained double that velocity, and succeeded in per- forming more than was stipulated for. The following en'jraving repre- vents a side view of the " Rocket." m ORIGIN AND FKOGRESM 0¥ RAII^ROADS. 17 WW Since the successful adoption of locomotive steam-engines on the Liverpool and Manchester railway, improvements have followed close- ly upon one another ; but they have chiefly been of a minor character, when compared with that of tubing the boiler, which formed the distin- guishing feature of the Rocket engine. Stephenson built several en- gines, shortly after the competition in which the Rocket had proved victorious, retaining this arrangement, but having the machinery dis- posed in a different manner. The power of generating steam, which is tlie measure of efficiency in a locomotive engine, depends much upon judicious tubing, it being desirable to deprive the heated air of its ca- loric as completely as possible before leaving the boiler. An important feature in a locomotive is its security from bursting, because, as the tubes are much weaker than the external casing of the boiler, they are almost certain to give way first, and the bursting of one or two tubes is rarely productive of more serious consequences than extinguishing the fire, and thereby causing a gradual stoppage of the machine. On the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, 15th Sep- tember, 1830, the problem of the rapid transport of passengers by steam 2 i!'l * .!' Id RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. on railways was solved, and the profitable character of the enterprise soon became apparent. This road was commenced under the direction of Mr. George Stephenson, an engineer of great practical skill and experience ; and fortunate indeed it was for Great Britain and the world, that a work of such vast importance was placed in such able hands. Had this great enterprise failed, there is no knowing how long the progressive spirit of the age would have slept upon this important subject, and the world been deprived of the vast benefits resulting from it. The projectors of this great work had immense opposition to struggle against. The powerful canal companies— which had settled down into odious mo- nopolies, disregardful of the public weal— had, by exorbitant exactions and negligence of duty, aroused the people to the necessity of this great undertaking, and after a deadly opposition to it in the British Parlia- ment of four years, the company at last obtained a charter. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway was designed, at first, only to facilitate the transit of merchandise ; but its still greater fitness for the conveyance of passengers was soon demonstrated ; and from that time the progress of railways has known no check. In 1840 there were 1,300 miles of railway in full operation in England, upon which, during that year, 12,000,000 of persons had been conveyed. In 1841, 1,550 miles were in working order, over which 20,000.000 of pas- sengers had been carried. The length of railway open in 1843 was 1,800 miles, and the number of passengers transported during that year was nearly 27,000,000. The year 1844 closed with 2,148 miles of rail- way open for use. From that time to June 30th, 1849, 3,236 miles more were added, making a total to that period of 5,384 miles of railway opened for traffic in Great Britain. The commissioners appointed by government estimated the amount expended in the construction of railways in Great Britain, up to Jan., 1849, at not less than two hundred millions of pounds sterling, or about one thousand millions of dollars. The length of railways constructed, and in process of construction, in Jan., 1850, is stated at 7,210 miles. The working lines furnish profit- able employment to upwards of 55,000 men, whilst a body of about 200,000 more are employed in the construction of new works. A six months' return from the different companies in the kingdom, gives a total of 31 millions of passengers ; of whom about 3J millions travelled by the ^r«t-class cars, 12 millions by the second, and the re- mainder, amounting to nearly 16 millions, by the third. The great safety of railway travelling will be obvious from the fol- lowing statement. Out of 57,960,784 passengers conveyed over the various routes in the United Kingdom, during a period of twelne months, 21 only were killed ; 12 of whom met their deaths by their own care- lessness or misconduct, leaving bat nine casualties properly attrib- utable to the mode of travel. After the practicability of railroads for travel and taffic had been ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF RAILROADS. 19 proved in England, it was not long before the keen eye of American enterprise detected the immense advantages to accrue from the adop- tion of that system here, and measures were at once taken to plant the " iron road" in America. The first railway constructed in this country was the Quincy, in Mas- sachusetts, a short line of four miles, completed in 1827. It was buiU for the purpose of conveving granite quarried in the Granite Hills to vessels lying in the Neponset river. About the same time other short lines were constructed in Pennsylvania, leading from Mauch Chunk to the coal-mines. Of course, on these horse-power only was used. Although the foregoing were, we believe, the first railroads construct- ed in the U. States, it appears that a proposition was made at an early period, in the Massachusetts slate legislature, for the opening of an iron road between Boston and Albany. At this early date so little was known concerning the great advan- tages of railways for inland traflftc, that it is not at all surprising that more immediate action was not taken upon it, especially when we con- sider the vastness of the design and the great outlay necessary for its completion. Capitalists were not disposed to risk large sums of money in an enterprise where they saw neither immediate nor prospective returns. Governor Lincoln, in his message to the Massachusetts state legis- lature, June 6, 1826, only six days after the proposition for the railroad had been introduced, speaks in high terms of canals, as " enriching the country through which they pa.«sed, by irrigating the banks." Not- withstanding this, however, the committee, in .Ian. following, reported strongly in favor of the project, and recommended the appropriation of $5,000 for a survey. In March, 1827, this was voted by a large majority in the house, but was lost by a single vote in the senate. In the follow- ing June, however, both branches of the legislature voted for the sur- veys. Although the subject was brought before that body at various times, the road was not incorporated until June, 1831, and then only the first link as far as Worcester, 44 miles, which was not completed until July, 1835. It was, however, finally opened to the Hudson River, in Jan., 1842, after a lapse of nearly sixteen years from the time of its first proposal, and at a cost of about twelve millions of dollars. The judicious construction of railroads has, beyond doubt, great in- fluence in enhancing the value of real estate, as is shown by a recent comparative estimate of the personal and real estate of the two cities of Boston and New York. The former is mainly indebted for her re- cent rapid growth, to the enterprise she has displayed in the construc- tion of railroads. The valuation of real and personal estate in New York, at the commencement of the year 1849, was $254,193,527, which, compared with that of 1840. exhibits an increase of only $31,350,373 ; while that of Boston shows an increase of $73,097,400, during the same interval. In 1840 the wealth of Boston in real estate amounted to $94,031,600, and in 1849 it was estimated at $167,728,000. <^ 20 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. In Jan., 1850, it was estimated that about 8,144 miles of railway com- munication had been completed in the United States, at a cost of up- wards of 213 millions of dollars. The whole of this va.st sum has been expended within the last twenty, and by far the greater portion within the last ten years ; and we think it more than likely that an equal amount will be required to complete the roads now in progress, and those which will probably be built within the next seven or eight years In addition to the numerous lines now in progress there are many stu- pendous ones in contemplation, the principal of which is the much talked of Pacific railroad. This road is intended to connect the various important lines which shall have been completed east of the Mississippi river with the Pacific ocean. Its length will be about 2,000 miles, and the capital required for its construction, reckoned at $30,000 per mile, would amount to the large sum of 60 millions of dollars. The small, but energetic state of Massachusetts, has undoubtedly taken the lead in railway enterprises, besides supplying large amounts of capital for the construction of her own great highways, she has aided materially in the making of similar works in other parts of the Union. Her metropolis, Boston, has now a direct communication by railway with the great lakes, at Buffitlo, 503 miles distant, via Albany, Utica, Syracuse, Rochester, &c. This line will be continued across that por- tioji of Canada West lying between Lakes Huron and Ontario, thereby forming an iniportant link in the route connecting the Atlantic at one point with the great Northwest. This Canada road will terminate op- posite Detroit, from which place diverges the Michigan Central Rail- road, which traverses the state from east to west until it reaches Lake Michigan at New Buffalo. This line will soon be continued around the head of the Lake to Chicago, where it will unite with the line now building from that point to the lead region on the Mississippi river. By these united lines Boston will have a railroad communication running westward from her equal to nearly 1,300 miles. She is also united with various and important lines which pervade the States of New Hampshire and V' ermont ; and by those with Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence river, both at Montreal and Ogdens- burg. With the latter place she is also connected, by means of the Northern Hailroad in the state of N. York, starting from Rouse's Point. Boston is also united by lines of railroad with import.int places in the state of Maine, in which section considerable movement is being made towards their further extension. She is likewise connected with the p;reat commercial city of New York by several lines terminating on Long Island Sound, which pass through Rhode Island and Connecticut, intersecting all places of note in those states ; by the New Haven and New ^'ork road ; by the Long Island road from Greenport to Brooklyn ; and by steamboats running on the Sound. The city of New York is now pushing forward with energy several im- portant works ; the principal of which are the New Y^'ork and Erie, with its branches, and the Hudson River railroads. The former of these will ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF RAILROADS. 21 (it is stated) be completed in April, 1851, to Dunkirk, on Lake Erie, a distance of 450 miles from its commencement at Piermont, on the Hud- son river, 24 miles above New York. It will cost about 16 millions of dollars. From Dunkirk other important lines are being constructed, which will shortly unite New York with Chicago and the Missis- sippi river, all of which will have an important bearing upon the pros- pects of the Erie road. The following are the various connecting links of railroad, with their lengths, which will run westward. From Dunkirk to Pennsylvania Line 25 miles. From Pennsylvania Line to Erie 19 •' From Erie to Ohio lane 25 '♦ From Ohio Line to Cleveland 75 " From Cleveland to Sandusky 55 *' From Sandusky to Toledo 50 " From Toledo to Hillsdale 68 «• From Hillsdale to Coldwater 22 " From Coldwater to Chicago 156 " From Chicago to Galena 180 " 675 « Distance from New York to Dunkirk 474 " Total 1149 '* The route by the New York and Erie Railroad between the city ol New York and the western part of the state is shorter than the route via Albany, and consequently will be the speediest and cheapest. At Owego this road intersects the Cayuga and Susquehanna Railroad, ex- tending 29 miles, to Ithaca, where it connects, by steamboats on the Lake, at Cayuga Bridge, with the chain of roads from Albany to Buf- falo, thus bringing a rich and extensive country in close connection with the city of New York. At Elmira another branch road is inter- sected, running 18 miles, to the head of Seneca Lake ; this is a very important connection, as a direct communication is opened with Gene- va, and other cities and towns on the great central line. At Corning it connects with the Corning and Blossburg Railroad, extending forty miles, to the bituminous coal and iron fields of Pennsylvania. There are several other projected lines, which will doubtless be completed within a few years : among which are the Attica and Hornellsville, the Rochester and Corning, the Auburn and Ithaca, and the Liggett's Gap road, connecting the Erie road with the anthracite coal regions of Pennsylvania. The Hudson River Railroad, another great work of internal improve- ment, is to connect the cities of New York and Albany ; its length will be about 144 miles, and its entire cost is estimated at sercn millions of aoHurs. The advantages which must result to New York by means of this road are of the first importance. For a portion of the year the direct communication with Albany is cut off by the closing of the Hud- W: ,!; hi .III 1 i ! ;Ji i;i II il! 22 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. son river, while that between Boston and Albany is uninterrapted. Thus the winter trade from the western portion of the state is turned from its legitimate channel, and goes to benefit a sister city at the ex- pense of New York. The opening of this roitd to Albany will be bene^ ficially felt by all classes of society ; business operations having here- tofore, to a great extent, been suspended on the closing of the river. At Albany this road will unite the chain of roads diverging from that city to the western line of the state. It passes throngh many flourish- ing places, as Utica, Syracuse, Auburn, Geneva, Rochester, and Buf- falo, and intersects a host of other growing towns, and a rich country, including the great wheat region of the Genesee Valley. The Hudson River road at Albany will also meet and continue the route northward, through 'I'roy and Saratoga Springs to Lake Champlain at Whitehall. This route forms the great thoroughfare to Canada. A short line is being constructed from Whitehall, to unite this route with the Rutland road in Vermont. By the New Haven Railroad New York is brought in proximity with the extensive net- work of railways pervading the states of New England. The short line of 23 miles, needed from Brattleboro' to Bellows Falls, to make this communication complete in the valley of the Connecticut, will soon be completed. This will open to New York an extensive trade, connecting as it does with the Rutland road, running to Burling- ton ; with the Sullivan and Passumpsic River roads, and so through Can- ada to Montreal ; with the Vermont Central Road running to Burlington ; and by another, running northward along the eastern shore of Lake Champlain, connecting at Rouse's Point with the New York Northern Railroad, whose western terminus is on the St. Lawrence river. New York has also a railway communication proceeding southward, traversing the states of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mary- land, Virginia, and North Carolina, terminating at Wilmington, in the latter state. She is also brought in connection with the rich coal-field.r frontier of . Vienna, railway. E., and W. e Adriatic ►-Venetian >»3 AT,- X 'Ur sncing on Y a tunnel J German 1 connect kstance to y i 2. The td LoulS' iviss Rail- i.et^yfi in.-'<' 1. The from Bel- ion, con- t. Peters- connect lation of nded for ^V^?2 ■"-^ < ljr.-i t lUlYlf \ « ^;. iU f -^'^ iMl '¥ ■ ii^f-i-'i'- ■## 'm Ajii^ A-.nC-.diiiJt^^ i,t.^ ■dUhi BOSTON. 27 BOSTON. Boston, the capital of Massachusetts, and metropolis of Now England, is situated on a peninsula at the western extremity of Massachusetts Bay. It is in N. Lat. 42° 21' 23", and W. Long. 71° 4' 9", and contains a population of 130,000. The peninsula upon which it is built is nearly three miles in length, with an average breadth of one mile, with numerous elevations from 50 to 1 10 feet above the sea, affording admirable sites for building, and giviug to the city a peculiarly fine appearance, especially when viewed from the water. The Indian name of Boston was Shaw- mut, but it was called by the first settlers Trimountain, from the three hills on which the city is built. It was incorporated Feb. 1822. Boston is connected with the surrounding country by artificial avenues or bridges, and with Roxbury by the Neck which forms the peninsula upon which the city is built. It is united with East Boston (formerly Noddle's Island) and Chelsea by means of steam ferry-boats, which ply at regular intervals during the day The bridges are among the greatest curiosities of the place, being so difTerent from any thing of their kind elsewhere ; and '■i'-' f- E-^'Xered.aS'Xrd&iff fo Act of'&nffr^ess.inthayearJd^S. by VTWi'ZZzanzs.inthe Clerks OrfCce ofthAnistrict Court o rXt'<^ ^ y s r I (' .A- a i^\- a; h Wi'' Sraie of Kegt. ^^ , VUkNoF BOSTON, ;-■''.i^' '^^ 14 Qvdncy Mitrket K40 XV ^5Mercluint^Se.»rostomce 18 Qnnmercial OoffeeMouse ^ijMo '^^ydatlhoru' Chapel 33lWmft' Church 34 SfPauVs CftSACaJFomc Temple J.O Lonvmercuu lorreeJiouse i J4 o f^imus cnajuaJFOt Xl Exchange Coff^eMonjte |35 Xatitnil.Sistm'i- So. IB Old StateBoii^vf IbeTThiterl States Motel 19 Court Sou^e V37LtrtinAEnffUshmqh School rkis 0-Wce. ofthAUistrict Court of^ttSoiUhentDistrict or'tfew Yur-k Ur.nvn J-..Fn)^*in' W'.TiPi;iii,sTT ' 28 RAILliOAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. t! I (^ thoir great length, with the fine views tliey afTord, renders them objects of interest to strangers. Boston la connected with Charles- town by the Charleit Rircr or old Cliarlcstnwn Bridge, and by Warren Bridge. The former was incorjiorated ia March, 1785, and is 1 ,403 feet long, 42 in breadth, and cost upwards of ,^50,000. — Warren Bridge was incorporated in March, 1828; its length is l,3i)0 feet, breadth A!^. The toll formerly collected from all who passed over these bridges, was abolished a few years since, on their becoming state property. — West Boston Bridge, leading from the foot of Cambridge-st. to Old Cambridge, was opened in Nov. 179.3. It rests upon 180 piers, and, including causeway and abutments, is G,1J)0 feet in length. This bridge was sold to a company in June, 184C, for ^75,000, who have twelve years allowed for raising the sum by tolls, the interest of which is to keep the bridge ia repair. — Cragie's or Canal Bridge, from the foot of Leverett-st. to Lechmero Point, in East Cambridge, was opened in Aug., 1809: its length is 2,79G feet, width 40. From this bridge a branch extends to Prison Point, Charlestown, the length of which is 1,820 feet, width 35 feet.— The Mill Dam or Western Avenue, opened in July, 1821, extends from the foot of Beacon-st. to Sewell's Point in Brookline : it is constructed in a substantial manner of stone and earth, and is a mile and a hall long, and from CO to 100 feet in width. It encloses about 600 acres of flats, over which the tide formerly flowed. A cross-dam divides this enclosure, which, by the aid of flood and ebb gates, forms a receiving basin, thereby producing, at all periods, a great extent of water-power. The cost of this work was about ^700,000. — Boston Free Bridge, from Sea-st. to South Boston, completed in 1828, is 500 feet long and 38 wide. — South Boston Bridge, leading from the " Neck" to South Boston, was opened in July, 1805. Length L.'ioO feet, width 40: cost $50,000. These bridges are all lighted with lamps. Besides the above, the river is crossed by several railroad bridges or viaducts. South Boston, formerly apart of Dorchester, is connected with Boston by two bridges, and also by the Old Colony Railroad ; it contains about GOO acres, which is laid out into regular streets. Pon. about 9,000. " Dorchester Heights," which are situated about the centre of the tract, 130 feet above the ocean, are fa» BOSTON. 29 mous in the Revolutionary history of the country. From these Heights, and also from Mount Washington, is presented a nne view of Boston and its harbor, Charlestown, the Navy Yard, and t)ie surromiding country. The Institution for the Blind, and the Houses of Industry, Correction, and Reformation are located here. East Boston, formerly Noddle's Island, lies about 1,980 feet N. E. from Boston, and is divided from Chelsea by Chelsea creek, 600 feet wide, over which is a bridge, whence a fine road leads to the Salem turnpike. Pop. about 6,000. Here is the depot and starting-point of the Eastern Railroad, and also of the Cunard lino of steamships. Sugar-refining, ship-building, and n)cchan- ical pursuits, are extensively carried on here. A steam-ferry unites this place with Boston, leaving each side every five min- utes, and occupying in crossing about three minutes. Boston Harbor contains many islands, some of which are ut great beauty : it is safe, and capacious enough for the largest navy. The most important part of this harbor is entered by a narrow pass, about three miles below the city, and is well pro- tected by forts Independence and Warren. The outside harbor is protected by a strong fortress on George's Island, recently erect- ed by the general government. The view of the city, and the towns and villages on the shores of the harbor, add much to the beauty of the scenery. Fishing parties frequently go out, and hav- ing secured a mess of fish, land on one of the many islands, and regale themselves with a " chowder." Boats of twenty or thirty tons are usually chartered for this purpose, men of experience always going with them. Boston Common, one of the most delightful places of its kind in the country, is a great promenade, and on holidays and public occasions is crowded with people. It contaijis about 75 acres, including what is termed the Public Garden, on the west side of Charles-st. It is a mile and one-third in circumference, and sur- rounded by an iron railing which cost the city about ,^75,000 ; outside of which are wide streets lined by handsome buildings. It is gently undulated, beautifully shaded with trees of various kinds, some of which are more than a hundred years old, and a beautiful gravelled walk, or mall, extends throughout its entire circumference. This spot, so greatly admired by strangers, is th» 30 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. pnde of all Bostonians. The above view represents the " Frog Pond" in Boston Common. It is now filled with Cochituate water, and an elegant fountain ornaments its centre. Water. — Boston is now amply supplied with water from Long Pond, in Framingham, by means of the splendid enterprise just completed. The ceremony of breaking ground took place Aug. 20th, 1846, on which occasion Long Pond received the appella- tion of " Cocliituiito L.ike." This lake covers an area of 659 acres, and drains a surface of 11,400 acres. It ia in some places 70 ft. deep, and is elevated 124 ft. above tide-water in Bostoti har- bor. The corner-stone of the Boston Reservoir, situated on Beacon Hill, was laid on Saturday, Nov. 19th, 1847, by the Mayor and City Council. A large number of citizens assisted at the ceremony The foundations for the arches which support the reservoir are very massive. The reservoir covers an area of 40,000 feet. The water is brought in an oval aqueduct, six feet four inches in height, and five feet in width, laid in brick with hydraulic ce ment, about 14^ miles, from Cochituate lake to Brookline, wher6 it discharges itself into a reservoir 30 acres in extent. From Brookline the water is forced by its own pressure through pipes t BOSTON. 31 of 30 and 35 inches in diameter, to the two reservoirs in the city, the one on Mount Washington at South Boston, which will con- tain a superficies of 70,000, and the one on Beacon Hill of 38,000 feet. The latter will contain, when full, 3,000,000 of gallons. This reservoir will be capable of throwing a jet to a groat height. The two reservoirs will deliver to the city of Boston 10,000,000 of gallons a day of the purest and best water. Tlie entire cost of construction will probably fall within 3,000,000 of dollars. The greatest drawback to Boston has been, perhaps, the want of a sufBcient supply of this element, conflicting interests having retarded its introduction at au earlier period. The aqueduct com- pany for bringing water from Jamaica Pond in Roxbury, a dis- tance of four miles, commenced operations as early as 1795, but the greatest supply from this source is about 50,000 gallons daily, a quantity quite inadequate for the rapid increase of the popula- tion. It is estimated that 28 gallons per diem would be required for each individual, including what may be used for culinary and other purposes. At this rate it would take upwards of 3,000,000 gallons daily to supply the inhabitants. WiiAiivES. — About 200 docks and wharves surround the city, forming one of its peculiar features. Long Wharf extends from the foot of State-st. 1,800 ft., is 200 fL in width, and contains 78 spacious stores. — Central Wharf is 1,380 ft. long, with a signal station in the centre, from which is obtained a fine view of the city and harbor. — India Wharf is 980 ft. long, and from 246 to 280 ft. in width. Ships from the East Indies and China are gen- erally to be found here. — Granite or Commercial Wharf ia 1,100 ft long, and 160 wide, and contains many handsome granite stores, — The Eastern Railroad Wharf, of recent construction, extends 184 ft. on Commercial-st., and is 442 ft. long and 184 ft wide. On this wharf are 28 large stores, the depot of the East Boston Railroad ferry, and the Exchange Hotel, a new and com- modious building. — Lewis's Wharf contains a fine block of gran • ite warehouses, some of which are four stories in height On tho end of the wharf is an observatory, commanding n fine and ex- tensive prospect. — Union Wharf extenda 290 ft on Commercial- st, and is 640 ft in length. It has a number of fine warehouses upon it At the lowest tides the water at this wharf is 22 ft deep I! ! il 1 1 ? 32 llAILKOAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. CiiURCHKS. — The Unitarian are as follows: First Chureht'm Chauncey-place, leading from Summer-st., Rev. N. L. Frothing- ham, pastor ; Second Church, in Hanover-st., Rev. C. Robbius ; King's Chapel, on the corner of Tremont and School sts. ; Brattle-street Church, in Brattle-st., Rev. S. K. Lothrop ; iViewj South Church, on Church Green, at the junction of Summer and Bedford sts., Rev. A. Young ; Federal-street Church, at the corner of Federal and Berry sts.. Rev. E. S. Gannett ; Hollis- atreet Church, Hollis-st. ; Purchase-street Society, removed to corner of Harrison avenne and Beach-st, Rev. C. Coolidge ; South Congregational Church, on Washington-st, S. End, Rev. F. D. Huntington ; Church of the Disciples, Masonic Temple, Rev. J. F. Clarke ; Bedford-street Society, Rev. R. C. Waterston ; Warren-street Chapel, Rev. T. B. Fox. The Trinitarian Churches are — Old South Church, comer of Washington and Milk sts.. Rev. G. W. Blagden ; Park-street Church, corner of Park and Tremont sts.. Rev. S. Aiken. — Essex- street Church, Rev. N. Adams ; Central Church,Wmter-si., Rev. W. M. Rogers ; Mount Vernon Church, Somerset-place, Rev. J. N. Kirk ; Bowdoin-street Church, Rev. J. W. Waterbury. The Baptist Churches are — The First Church, corner of Hanover and Union sts., Rev. R. H. Neale ; Second Baptist Church, Baldwin-place, near Salem-st., Rev. B. Stowe ; Third Baptist Church, in Charles-st., Rev. D. Sharp ; Federal-street Baptist Church, removed to Bedford-st, Rev. W. Hague ; Har- vard-street Church, corner of Harrison avenue and Harvard-st., Rev. J. Barnard ; Tremont-street Church, Tremont Temple, Rev. N. Colver ; Bowdoin-square Church, Rev. R. W. Cushman. The Episcopal Churches are — Christ Church, in Salem-st., near Copp's Hill, Rev. J. Woart ; Trinity Church, on the cor- ner of Summer and Hawley sts., Rt. Rev. M. Eastburn ; St PauVs Church, Tremont -st., opposite the Common, Rev. A. H Vinton ; St. Stephen's Church, in Purchase-st., Rev. E. M. P. Wells ; Grace Church, in Temple-st., Rev. C. M. Butler. The Catholic Churches are — Church of the Holy Cross, in Fraukliu-st. ; St. Miry's Church, Endicott-st. ; St. Patrick's Church, Northampton-st. ; Church of St. Peter and St. Paulp South Boston ; St. Augustine's Church, South Boston ; Churchy BOSTON. 33 0/ the Holy Trinity, on Suffolk-st. ; Church of St. Nicholas^ East Boston. The Universalist Churches are — First Universalist Church, Hanover-st. ; Second Universalist Church, in School-st. ; Fourth Church, S. B.j Rev. T. D. Cook ; Fifth Church, on Warren-st. The Methodist Churches are — First Methodist Church, in North Bennett-st. ; Second Church, in Bromfield-st. ; the Mar- iner's Bethel, in North-square, Rev. E. T. Taylor ; Fourth Church, in North Russell-st. ; Fifth Church, in South Boston. The New Jerusalem Church is in Bowdoin, near Beacon-st. Public Buildings, &c. — Of the public buildings in Boston, the State-House, on the summit of Beacon Hill, and fronting the " Common," is among the first. Its foundation is 110 ft. above the level of the sea. Length 173 ft., breadth 61. The edifice was completed in 1798, at a cost of $133,330, about three years having been occupied in its construction. On the entrance floor is to be seen Chantrey's beautiful statue of Washington. Near by is the staircase leading to the dome, where visiters are re- quired to register their names, and from the top of which is ob- tained a fine view of the city, the bay with its islands, and the surrounding country, — one of the finest views in the Union, if not In the world. The number of visiters to the cupola from April to Nov. 1849, was 62,430. The state legislature holds its annual session here. — The new Custom-House is located at the foot of State-st., between the heads of Long and Central wharves. It is in the form of a cross ; the extreme length being 140 ft., breadth 95 ft. The longest arms of the cross are 75 feet wide, and the shortest 67 ft., the opposite fronts and ends being alike. The en- tire height to the top of the dome is 90 ft. It is built in the pure Doric order of architecture. Each front has a portico of six fluted Doric columns, 32 ft. high and 5 ft. 4 inches in diameter, and is approached by 14 steps. The columns are each in one piece, of highly wrought granite, having cost about $5,000 each. It is built on 3,000 piles, driven in the most thorough manner. Im- mediately on the top of these piles is a platform of granite, one foot six inches thick, laid in the best hydraulic cement, and upon It the foundations of the walls, partitions, &c., were commenced. Underneath the whole building is a cellar 12 ft. deep, perfectly 3 84 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. dry, which is used for the storage of goods. The architect of this iioblo stnicturn wus Amnii B. Young, Esq., of Boston.— Faneuil Hall. This venerated structure, termed the •* Cradle oi Liberty,'' is in Dock Square. It is about 10!) years old, and is an object of deep interest to Americans. Hero the fathers of the Revolution met to harangue the people on the events of that stir* ring period ; and often since that time the great men of the state and nation have made its walls resound witli their eloquence. It was presented to the city by Peter Faneuil, a distinguished merchant, who, on the 4th of July, 1740, made an offer, in a town-meeting, to build a market-house. There being at that time none in the town, it was accepted by a vote of 367 to 360. The building was begun the following year, and finished in 1742. The donor so far exceeded his promise, as to erect a spacious and beautiful Town Hall over it, and several other convenient rooms. In commemoration of his generosity, the town, by a special vote, conferred his ^ame upon the Hall ; and as a further testimony of respect, it was voted that Mr. FaneuiFs full-length portrait be drawn at the expense of the town and placed in the Hall. This, with other portraits, can bo seen by visiters. This gentleman died on the 3d of March, 1743, and the first meeting of the in- habitants of Boston held in Faneuil Hall was on the 4th of the same month, to hear the funeral oration of the donor. — The Ex- change, a new and splendid building fronting on State-st., was completed in the fall of 1843. It is 70 ft. high and 250 ft. deep, covering about 13,000 ft. of ground. The front is built of Quincy granite, with four pilasters, each 45 feet high, and weighing 55 tons each. The roof is of wrought-iron, and covered with gal- vanized sheet-iron : and all the principal staircases are fire-proof, being constructed of stone and iron. The front is occupied by banks, insurance and other ofilices, and the rear is an hotel ; on tho lower floor are bathing-rooms, and at the top is a telegraph station. The centre of the basement story is occupied by the Post-oflice. The great central hall, a magnificent room, is 58 by 80 ft, having 18 columns 20 ft. in length, in imitation of Sienna marble, with Corinthian capitals, and a sky-light of colored glass, finished in the most ornamental manner. This room is used for the merchants' exchange, and subscribers' reading-room. The T^OSTON. 35 entire cost of tlio building, oxcIuhIvo of land, was ^175,000.— The Court-House^ a fine building in Court-square, fronting on Court-8t., 18 built of Quincy granite. The corner-Htone was laid in Sept., 1833. The interior contains four court-rooina, 50 ft. by 40, and large and cotnmodious offices for all the respective de- partments. — The City Hall is near the Courl-House, and front- ing on School-st., with an open yard in front. — The Massachu- setts Hospital is built of granite, and occupies an area of four acres on Charles river, between Allen and Bridge sts. It has recently been enlarged by the addition of wings.^ — The Massa- chusetts Medical College, formerly in Mason-st., is now removed to the foot of Bridge-st., near the Massachusetts Hospital. A largo brick edifice has recently been erected for it. — Harvard University, located in Cambridge, was founded in 1636, and takes its name from the Rev. John Harvard, who left it a legacy of £779 17s. 2d. sterling. Its funds at the present time exceed half a million of dollars. The annual commencement is on the last Wednesday in August. — The Athenwaro, and many other articles, are extensively made here. Pop. about 5,000. Fare from Boston 75 cents. Plaiatoto, N. H., is an old town, having obtained its charter in 1749. Pop. about 800. Fare 85 cents. Exeter is a beautiful town, 49 miles n. of Boston, 14 b w. of Portsmouth, and 40 s. e. of Concord, the capital of the state. Cotton goods, morocco leather, paper, blank books, «S:,c., are manufactured here. Pop. about 3,000. Fare $1.13. Dover, N. H., one of the most important towns in the state, is situated on the Cochecho river, at the head of navigation, about 12 miles from the ocean. The falls in this river, whose namo they bear, have a sudden descent of 32 ft. Upon those falls have been erected the mills of the " Cocheco Cotton Manufacturing Company," incorporated in 1820. This company has a capital of more than a million of dollars invested, and employs upwards of 1,000 persons. The " mills" in Dover are well worthy of a visit. Fare from Boston $1.50. Distance 67 miles. Somerworth, on the Salmon Falls river, is a flourishing town with an extensive water-power. The river is of sufficient depth for vessels of 250 tons. — Great Falls is a large and extensive manufacturing village. — At South Berwick the Boston and Maine Railroad unites with the Portsmouth and Saco Railroad. (For the continuation of the route to Portland, see page 44.) BOSTON AND LOWELL, AND NASHUA AND OONOORD RAILROADS. (See Map No. 4.) The Boston and Lowell Railroad was opened in June, 1835. Its length is 26 miles. It cost, including deprts, engines, cars, &c., $1,940,418. The country passed over is uneven, but the average of inclination does not vary over 10 ft. in a mile, so well IB the grade preserved. It is undoubtedly one of the best, and matt productive roads in the country. A branch road extends to BOSTON AND LOWELL RAILROAD. 49 )5. kre, [ell Ind to Woburn Centre, a distance of two milcis. The Nashua and Lowell Railroad was opened in Oct., 18.'i8. Its length is 15 miles. The cost of its construction was $500,000. The Concord Rail- road, opened in Nov., 1843, is 35 miles long. It was constructed at a cost of $800,000. RoUTiB BETWEEN BoBTON, LoWELL, AND CoNCORD. — PassCU- gers on this route will take the curs of the Lowell Railroad, at their depot in Lowell-st., near Charles river, which river ivS crofssed by a viaduct to East Cambridge, a flourishiujij place, with many extensive manufactories, of which the glass works are tjjo inoHt important, $500,000 worth of glass being annually made hero. Medford, a beautiful town, five miles from Boston, at tlie head of navigation on the Mystic river, is noted for its ship-building. Fare 10 cents. Wuhurn has a varied and pleasing aspect, and containp some beautiful furms. Horn Pond m this town is a delightful slf^et of water, surrounded by evergreens, and is so remarkable for its rural beauties as to attract many visiters from a diwtance. Fare to South Woburn, eig'it miles, 15 cents, and to Woburn, 10 miles, 20 cents. A branch railroad extends from South Woburn to Woburn Centre, a distance of two miles. Fare to Wilming- ton, 15 miles, 30 cents ; Billcrica and Tewksbury,. 19 miles, 40- cents ; Blllerica Mills, 22 miles, 45 cents. LowEi,!-, the Manchester of America, is remarkable for tin* ex- tent of its water-power, its rapid growth, and the perfection and variety of its manufactures. The city is situated on the s. side of Merrimack river, at its junction with Concord river.. The whole fall of the Merrimack at this place is 30 ft , and the quan» tity of water never falls short of 2,000 cubic feet per second, and is very rarely so low as that. The goods manufactured hece consist of broadcloths, sheetings, calicoes, carpets, rugs, cassi- meres, and many other useful articles. In 1815 the site wheio the city stands was a wilderness, with the exception, of a few isolated dwellings ; it has now 12 manufacturing corporations, having an aggregate capital sto3k of $12,110,000, and employ- ing 12,630 hands, whose weekl)' wages, clear of board, amounts to $36,446. There are two institutions for S^iviugs — the Lowell and the City — where their operatives deposited during the year I n so RAILROAD AND STKAMBOAl COMPANION. Andinpr April 30, 1847, )$8.'H),.105 ; threu DuiikR, haviiifr an agi- j^rogato cupitui of ||!)UO,OOU ; and a Mutual Inmirauco Company, which hafl boen highly succcHsful in itH oponitiouH. The pcreons employed in the sovural munufucturinjir cHtuhliHhnientH huvo ac< C0B8 to a library of 7,00U volumes, belonging to the city. An hospital has aUo been cHtabiished for the sick and disabled. The various factories produce weekly an aggregate of 1,920,900 yards of cotton and 37,831 of woollen fabrics, in which 683,000 pounds of the raw material are consumed. The present population of Lowell is 35,000. In 1828 it was only 3,532. Fare from Boa- ton to Lowell, 26 miles, .50 cents — time, one hour. Fare to Middlesex, 28 miles, 60 cents ; to Chelmafurd, 30 miles, 60 cents ; Tyng8horo\ 34 miles, 70 cents ; and to LitiWa, 37 miles, 75 cents. Nashua, 41 miles from Boston, is the centre of a considerable trade, and the seat of important manufactures. The volume of water afforded by the Nashua river, at the driest season of the year, is 180 cubic feet per second. Pop. about 5,000. Fare 80 c. Nashville is separated from Nashua by the Nashua river: they are, however, connected by a bridge. It is the terminus of the road from Lowell, which joins the Concord about a mile distant. The Nashua and Worcester Railroad, 42 miles in length, will also have its terminus here. Pop. 3,000. Fare 80 cents. Litchfield, on the e. side of the Merrimack, is a good agricul- tural town. In the township are two ferries, Thornton's and Reed^s. Pop. about 600. Fare to Thornton^ s Ferry 90 cts. and to Reed's Ferry $1.00. Manchester is on the e. side of the Merrimack, 59 miles from Boston: it received a city charter in 1846. The river here affords immense water-power, and manufacturing is extensively carried on. The growth of Manchester has been so rapid, that it now almost rivals Lowell. The population of this place, as shown by a recent census, is 12,286 — increase in one year, 2,162. Fare $1.15. A railroad is in progress from Manchester to Lawrence, which, by forming a connection with the Salem and Lowell Railroad, at Wilmington, will be united with Salem harbor. Concord, the capital of the State of New Hampshire, and shire town of the county of Merrimack, lies on both sides of TIK'. UHITR MOUNTAINS. 61 Merrimack river, and ts 70 miles n. w. of Bo8ton. The priuoi' pul villafTo, and Heat of mo8t of tho buHinesB of the town, is on the western side of the river, extending nearly two miles, and is one of the most healthy and pleasantly situated villages in New England. The State-tlouse, constructed of hewn granite, occu- pies a beautiful site in the centre of tho village. It is 126 ft. long, 49 wide, and rises two stories above the basement. The State Prison, u massive granite structure, is located here. Pop about G,000. Fare from Boston $1.50. Time 3^ hour? NoTK.— For continuation of routes from Concord, see Index for Nortli- ern Railroad , and Boston, Concord, and Montreal Railroad. ind of THE WHITE MOUNTAINS. These mountains are situated in tho state of New Hampshire, Coos county, and extend from s. w. to n. k., about 20 miles. They are, with the exception of the Rocky Mountains, among the high- est in the U. S. Mount Washington, 6,243 ft. above the level of tho sea, is the most elevated peak. The others are Mount Adams, 5,767 ft. ; JefTerson, 5,665 ; Madison, 5,384 ; Monroe, 5,298 ; Franklin, 4,854 ; and La Fayette, 4,723. The ascent to the summits of these mountains, though fatiguing, is not dan- gerous, and the visiter is richly rewarded for his exertion. In passing from the Notch to tho highest summit, he crosses the tops of mounts La Fayette, Franklin, and Monroe. In accom- plishing this, he must pass through a forest, and cross p' ■ •■;al ra- vines. These chasms are filled up with trees, exactly even with the mountain, on either side, their branc!ies interlocking with each other in such a manner as to make it difficult ti pass through them, and they are so stiff and thick as almost t3 support a per- son's weight. Mount La Fayette is easily ascended ; its top, to the extent of five or six acres, is smooth, and gradually slopes away from its centre. The prospect from this summit is beautiful. To the uorth the eye is dazzled with the splendor of Mount Washington. On descending this mountain, a small pond of water is found at its base ; from which the asr;ont is gradual to the summit of 63 KAIMIOAD AND STKAH111«»AT ('(•MI'ANION. * '- -S.-'* '3 Tub Wit.i,«r KoQKi, 'Whit* MouNTAiwa Moimt Fmuklin. Al'tor crossinif this mountain, you pass over tiio t>iwl pinimcio ot" Mount M«)nroo, anil soon lind yourself on a plain of Bonjo oxtiMit at tho foot \>i Mount \Vashius;tou. More is a lino rrstinij-plai'o. dii tlio in;»ii>in of a hoauliful sl»o(>t of water, of an oval form, rovoriuij about throe-fourths of an acre. Di- rectly before you the pinnacle of Mount Wnsliinjjton rises with majestic jirandeur, elevat(>(l about l.fiOO feet above the plain, anil presentiuij a variety of colors and fortiis. The view from this point is };rand and picturesque. Innumerable mountains, lakes, ponds, rivers, towns, and villai;;es nioet llw eye, and in the dis- tance may he seen the wates-s of tlie Atlantic stretchinij alonpf the dim hori/.on. To the nortli is seen the lol'ty summits of Ad- ams and JetVerson ; and to tiu' ea^t, a little detached from the rauiie, stands Mount Madison. l>uriiuT two-t!iirds of tho year, the summits of tluse nuiuntains are covered with snow and ice, E^ivinjT them a brijjht and daz7.linomio«ticut. Ah you riilo aloiijU! this plija.siiiil, road, llit tli(! road ovi'i- winch you an; IravcllniK. A turn inlhc road .sntidoaly opens to you a laianlifu! seone. In Ilio midst of a .«•: oolli and vf.'nhmt uu'adovv, ai)i)(Nirs tlu) s|i;ixt nu)rninK after our arrival at Fabyan's, we prepared to as cond iMouiit WashniKton. Tlu! sr.vim of departure is a very interhu>d the buildmg. agam unit«>d in its front! 'i'he house alone, the only spot \n\loiuMuHl by the criunblmg and consuming i)ovv<'r of the storm, ci)uKl have been their refuge fr»)m the horrible uproar around." A larjje tlitee-slorieil hotel, painted wliite, now occupies the site ot" the Willey House, yet this curiosity has been preserved and forms part of the estabhshment. In the summer of 18i(), when diir«iinht'3 rest, and the next morninj; can take the stajre for the mountains. If disjwsed to tar/'y a few hours in Portland, he can take the cars in Itoston, after breakfast, and arrive at Portland in time for din- ner. The White Mountain staiijes leave the American House, and General Stajje-otiice, Porlland, every day during the sum- mer season (except Sundays) at 7 o'clock, a. m. After breakfast V-^' ^' /••5?". "''H--.- US in \v 10 of Ito Il- ls. i^ bt S / S. M ufu •*-.-..' ^ 2/ ?z .^-'^: "-J * / N i Q 10 0* y « if ^^^^ ^ i^s ^ LTO \ ^ •ffiSsH r b 0^ »wfBi .^.J .^ a' b ! * IVCLl a h ff;i pf « i» »w. )ii »>iW)lf ^ W M i i r :w i ,f ( w wwi ^ ,»Mtw, i : ... 'A<^> ^*^"-^^. IS %1 :&,( , !;:« ;;>sJ» ■■M .H. ^■■" 4* 1^ --■' ! j."C-Jfe ^'%./i i'^: ^ V*-!?. '^'1 % 5- ,. S^"-^ \^ '.)-* \, <^-^*-^,/ H" I cr:-^- :i>' •■^; i^ r-- .•^- -"^^^"^ i ^ ^:^ ' "^ „u , /« -.r-ja'-»^ >^*>»«>!i'!*"»»»'y''**<^wwas»'6j(»wii»^^ wm irw iiaWMimfc i>| ¥ ROUTES TO THE WHITE MOUNTAINS. 67 ae takes the stage on his way to the niountahis, and passing through Gorham 5 miles, Standiah 11, Baldwin 19, Hiram 39, Browiijicld 3.'), Fryehurg 43, reaches Conway, distant 57 miles from Portland, and the centre of all the eastern routes, where he will find excellont accommodations for the night. The next day lie will have an opportunity of visiting the Crawford House, and tlio morning after may prej)aro for the ascent of the White MountainH. The distance from Boston by this route is 175 miles. Ddver Route. — Another agreeable route from Boston to tho WhitP Mountains, is by the way of Dover, N. H. This latter pluoo is reached by taking the cars of the Boston and Maine lluilroiul, and is 6G miles distant. Here we take tiio stage and proceed to Alton, at tho s. e. extremity of VVinnipiseogco l;iko, $28 niiios ; thonce by steamboat, up tho lake to Centre Harbor, 20 miles ; by stage to Conway, a further distance of about 30 miles ; and tlience to tho White Mountains as before : making the dis- tance from Boston, by this route, about 178 miles. Concord Route. — We take the cars at the Lowell Depot, in Boston, passing through the busy towns of Lowell, Nashua, Man- chester, and Concord, the capital of New Hampshire, to Mere- dith Village, 103 miles. From thence, on the arrival of the first train from Boston, stages leave for Centre Harbor, and Conway -ili miles. Centre Harbar is four miles from Meredith Village, and situa- ted at the northwestern extremity of Lake Winnippiseogee. At this place we have an extensive view of the lake, which is one of great beauty and attraction. From Centre Harbor to Moul- tonborough is 5 miles, to S iindwich 2, to Tamworth 1 2, to Eaton 6, to Conway 8, to Burtlett 10, to the entrance of the Notch 12 ; and from thence it is 12 miles to the Crawford Hov^e, which is about 9 miles from the summit of Mount Washington. The dis- tance fiom Boston bv this route is 180 miles, Covnedlcut River Route. — This will be found one of the most pleusuiit and expeditious routes from N. York to the White Mts. The railroad passes through many beautiful places : — New Ha- ven, Hiirtford, Sprhigfield, Brattleboro', Bellows Falls, Windsor, tfec, to Wells River. Stages leave on arriv il of the cars, for Littleton, (18 miles from Fabyan's, and 12 from Franconia,) and ^i ♦ 11 ( I ( 58 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. reach that place the sanio evening. Fare from New York to Wella River, !j<7,50 ; Wells River to Fubyun's, §2,00. Distance about 820 niilea Route up the J/iolion River, and acrofot the State of Vermont, to the White Mountains. — There k anotlier route from New York, by the way of Albany and the Saratoga road, to White- hall ; from thence by steamboat to Burlington, Vt., 70 miles. From this beautiful town the G "een Hills are rrossed to Mont- pelier, the capital of the state, 40 miles, situated in a delightful valley. From Montpelier we cross to Littleton, N. H., 40 miles ; and from Littleton through Bethlehem to the Crawford House is about 18 miles ; from thence to the ascent of the White Moun- tains, as before described. By this route the distance is about 386 miles. rl 81 WINNIPISEOGEE LAKE, N. H., is 20 miles in length from n.w. to 8. E., and from 1 to 10 miles wide. This lake, the form of which is irregular, is of great depth, and is elevated about 500 ft above the level of the ocean. Its waters are very pure, and when taken from a sufficient depth to give them a proper tem- perature, are perfectly sweet and palatable. It has a great num- ber of islands, and like those in Lake George, and in Casco Bay, they are here declared to be 3G5, report assigning, as u. ual, one for every day in the year. Most of these islands, which are of all sizes and forms, are very beautiful ; some are cultivated as farms. The appearance of this lake from the mountains sur- rounding it, is enchanting. It contains a great variety of the finest fish. During the summer season steamboats, sloops, and smaller vessels ply on its waters. Routes to Winnipiseogee Lake, (see Map No. 5.) — This lake can bo readily visited, and at trifling cost, by taking the cars of the Northern Railroad at Concord, N. H., to Franklin : thence by stage to the lake : or by the route of the Boston, .Concord, and Montreal Railroad.* leaving Concord and passing * This road is now open to Werddith Bridge, 27 miles from Concord, and is c ">iitinued from tlicnio, lliroauiii HoKleriiess, to Plymouth. 1' ROUTES FROM PORTLAND. on to Sanbornton Brid^^e, 18 miles, and to Meredith Bridge, 9 miles further. Stages will convey passengers thence to Meredith Village, Centre Harbor, and places in the vicinity. There is a route, also, from Dover to Alton, by stage, 58 miles ; thenco by steamboat on the lake to Centre Harbor. By this route an op- portunity is afforded the tourist of beholding the fine groups of islands, the surrounding shores, and the grand oi.line of the peaks of the White Mountains, which to the lover of the pic- turesque presents a scene of great beauty. For the routes from Boston to Concord, and also from Boston to Dover, see pp. 4(), 49. Red Mountain, about 1,600 feet high, a remarkably beautiful eminence, is situated on the n. w. of the above lake. The ascent to the summit, although steep and arduous, can be cfTected, for a portion of the distance, either in a carriage or on horseback. From the s. e. there is a fine panoramic view of the lake and ad- jacent country. On the s. ascends Mount Major, a ridge of a bolder aspect and loftier height. On the n. e. the great Ossipee raises its chain of elevations, with a bold sublimity, and looking down in conscious pride upon the regions below. Squam Lake lies w. from Red Mountain ; and two miles n. w. from Winnipiseogee lake is another splendid sheet of water. It is about six miles in length, and in its widest part not less than three miles in breadth, and, like its neighbor, is studded with a succession of romantic islands. This lake abounds in trout of the finest kind, weighing from 3 to 12 pounds. I m le ROUTES FROM PORTLAND, (See Map No. 5.)— During the season of navigation, steamboats make regular trips between Portland and Boston, and in connection with the cars from the latter place, to the towns on the Kennebec river ; also to Bel- fast, Bangor, Thomaston, Camden, Bucksport, and Frankfort. For routes from Portland to the White Mountains, see page 56. A railroad is in progress of construction from Portland lo Au- gusta via Brunswick, with a branch to Bath, under the name of " The Kennebec, Bath, and Portland Railroad." Portions of it are considerably advanced, and will probably be opened for travel during the present year. For 72. R. routes see page 63. Stage Route from Portland to Quebec. — From Portlartd RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. to North Yarmouth, 12 miles ; Frtieport, 18 ; Brunswick, 27 ; Bowdoinhnm, 40 ; Gardiner, 51 ; liallnwell, 55 ; Augusta, GO ; Sidney, 70; Waterville, 75; Norridfrewnck, 91 ; Solon, 101 ; Moscow, 114; Kennebec River, 131 ; Monumct, 189; (Quebec, 275. m ot po Wl ATLANTIC AND ST. LAWRENCE RAILROAD. (See Map No. 5./ RouTR FROM Portland, north. — This iinportunt thoroii^hfiiro is to connect the nHvijriiblo watorH of I'ortlund harbor with the great coinmorcial capital of Canada. Its routo will pass throufjh a fertile and productive country, }rf>nerally under fine cultivation, the streams in its vicinity aboundinjr in water privilefjcs of tfio first importance. From Portland it passes onward to the valley of Koyars river, on its way to Lewiston, 33 miles: this part of the road was opened for travel on the 2d of Dec, 1848 ; and the Androscoggin and Kennebec Railroad, imiting with it at this place, was opened for trade and travel in November, 1849. From the Falls, it follows up the valley of the Little An- droscojjfjiii. It strikes and crosses that river at Mechanic Fails. l.'l miles from Portland, at which place the Buckfield Branch Railroad will connect with it. Pursuing its course upward, it passes in the vicinity of the " Mills" on its way to Paris Cape, in tho neitrhborhood of Norway and Paris, drawing in upon it the travel and business of that rich and populous region. Still following up tho valley of the Little Androscoggin, pausing on the way two important falls, it reaches Bryant's Pond, tho source of that river. This point is 15 miles from Rumford Falls, on the Great Androscoggin, one of the greatest and most available wa- ter-powers in the state. Passing hence into the valley of Alder stream, the route strikes the Great Androscoggin, near Bethel, a distance of 75 miles from Portland. Crossing that stream, it fol- lows up its picturesque and romantic valley, bordered by the high- est mountains in New England, till, in its course of about 20 miles from Bethel, it reaches Gorham in Now Hampshire, distant from the base of Mount Washington five miles only. From this point "ll> ATLANTIC AND ST. LAWRENCE RAILROAD. 61 Aiat celebrated mountuin may bo approached and f^Mended with moro ease, in a shorter distance, and loss time, than from any other accessible quarter in the vicinity of the White Hills. This point also is only five miles distant from Berlin Falls, the greatest wnterfull in New England, where the waters of the Groat An- droscoggin, larger in volume than the waters of tho Connecticut, descend nearly 200 feet in a distance of about two miles. From the valley of the Androscoggin the road passes into the valley of tho Connecticut, reaching the bunks of that river in tho region of Lancaster, N. 11. Following up this rich and highly pro- ductive valley about 35 miles, the road reaches the parallel of 45° N. Lut., and connects with the St. Latorence and Atlantic Railroad at the boundary between tho U. States and Canada. Lewiston is a flourishing manufacturing village, containing about 3,000 inhabitants, situated upon the Androscoggin, midway between Portland and Augusta, upon the upper stage route. The waterfall here is one of exceeding beauty ; tho entire volume of tho Androscoggin is precipitated some 50 feet over a broken ledge, forming in their fall a splendid specimen of natural scene- ry. The river, immediately below the fall, subsides into almost a uniform tranquillity, and moves slowly and gracefully along its course, in strange though pleasing contrast with its wild and tur- bid appearance at and above the cataract. These falls, and about 700 acres of land adjoining, have been lately purchased by a company of wealthy capitalists, principally from Boston, for the purpose of establishing there a new manufacturing city, the fa* cilities for which are said to be unsurpassed. There are here, as in most New England villages, several religious societies, with schools, a well-endowed academy, and a flourishing public libra- ry. It supports also four temperance hotels. Lewiston is brought in proximity with Portland harbor, by a railroad on one side, with the eastern part of Maiiie and the Ken- nebec on the othc.-, and with the fertile west by the Atlantic and Montreal road now building. There can be no doubt but that this place is destined to be one of the largest inland towns in the state. Augusta, the capital of the state of Maine, and shire town of Keniebec county, is 60 miles n. b. of Portland, and 165 from 62 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. Boston, and is situatPil at the head of Hloop navigation, 43 miles from the sea. It lies on both sides of Kennebec river, a bridge 520 feet long uniting the two portions. The town rises by an easy ascent from the river to a level surface ; it is well laid out, neatly built, and contains many handsome dwelling-houses. Some of the streets are decorated with trees, planter', on either side, forming a very delightful shade. A short .distance above the village a dam has been constructed across the Kennebec, at a cost of ^300,000, forming a very extensive water-power. — The State House, built of white granite, is a spacious and elegant structure, located upon a beautiful eminence half a mile south of the village. In front is an extensive common, planted with trees, forming a delightful promenade. — The United States Arsenal, constructed chiefly of stone, and presenting a very fine appear- ance, is upon the e. bank of flie river. — Tlio State Insane Hos- pital is a splendid granite edifice, occupying a plat of 70 acres, on the E. side of the river. Its situation for beauty of scenery is unsurpassed. Among the Hotels here, may be named the Man- sion House and the Augusta House ; there a^e other well-kept houses, but these are the principal. Augusta has a railroad communication extending to Portland, about 68 miles, and from thence with Boston, and by the rail- roads diverging from this place, with others in the South and West. During the season of navigation, steamboats run between this place and Boston, touching at Hallowcll, Gardiner, and Bath, important towns on the Keiuiebec river. /Stages leave for Port- land, Bangor, Belfast, Thomaston, and places in the vicinity. Bangor (see Map 28) lies 66 miles e. n. e. from Augusta, 126 N. E. by E. from Portland, 116 due w.from Eastport, and 231 n. e. from Boston, Mass. It is situated on the w. side of Penobscot river, 30 miles n. by e. from Belfast Bay, and about 60 miles from the ocean. The site of the city is pleasant, commanding fine views of the river and the adjacent country. The buildings are constructed in a neat and tasteful manner, while some approach a style of superior elegance. Ship-building is extensively car- ried on, but trade in lumber is the principal occupation. This place is one of the greatest lumber depots in America. Pop. about 10,000. Conveyances from the city to places in the vicin- ^B ATLANTIC AND ST. LAWRENCE RAILROAD. 63 ity, and also to those at a distance, are numerous and comforta- ble. During the season of navigation, which continues for about two-tliiriU of the year, steamboats run between Bangor and Port- land, atul also Boston. A railroad, 12 miles in length, runs to Old 7hwn, a village sit- uated on an island in the I'enobscot river. It was opened in 1830, and cost ^;}50,000. ItouTK FROM Portland to South Paris. — To Falmouth, 5 miles, fare 20cts. ; Cumber'and, D, HO cts. ; Yarmouth, 11, 35 cts. ; Jund'um K. tO P. It. IL, 12, 35 cts.; North Yarmouth, 15, 45 cts. ; Webbers, 19, 60 cts. ; New Gloucester, 22, 70 cts. ; Junction A. (k K. Ji. Ji., 27, 85 cts. ; Mechanic Falls, 30, $1,10 ; Oxford, 40, ^1,20 ; South Paris, 47, $1,40. Route from Portland to Water ville. — To Danville Junction, 27 miles, (see preceding route,) 85 centd ; Auburn, 32, $1,00 ; Lewlsion, 33, $1,00 ; Greene, 41, $1,25 ; Leeds, 44, $1,35 ; Mon- mouth, 47, $1,40; Winthrop, 53, $1,50; lieadfield, 59, $1,65; Belgrade, 67, $2,00 ; West Watervillc, 76, $2,25 ; Waterville, 82, $2,25. Stages leave Winthiop for Augusta and HallowelU on arrival of the trains from Portland. Leave Readfield daily for Mount Vernon, Vienna, Parmington, Phillips, and New Portland, and every other day from Tuesday, for Fagette, Liver- more Falls, Jag, Chesterville, and Wilton, Leave Belgrade on Tuesdays, Tlmrsdays, and Saturdays, (in the afternoon,) for Rome, New Sharon, fiercer, Stark, Industry, &c. Leave Water- ville for Bangor, returning in time to connect with trains for Portland. A stage runs in connection with the cars, from Water- ville to Belfast, via China and Vassalboro'. Route from Portland to Bath. — To PVeeport, 17 miles, fare 50 cents; Brunswick, 25, 75 cts.; Bath, 34, $1,00. At Bruns- wick, stages leave for Gardiner, Hallowell, aud Augusta. — The railroad will soon be continued to these places. Stages leave Bath for Wiscasset, Waldoboro\ Thomaston, Belfast, and Bangor. Katahdin Mountain is the gre.atest elevation, and the most celebrated, iu the state of Maine. It lies 80 miles n. n. w. from Bangor, and 120 n. n. e. from Augusta ; its height has been as- certained to be 5,300 feet above the level of the sea. On a clear day it may be seen from Bangor. It is steep and rugged, and 64 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. stands in almost solitary grandeur. Visiters to its summit have pronounced the scenery unrivalled in sublimity. Moose Head Lake, Me., lies ] 3 miles n. from the town of Monson, from which place stages leave for Bangor, 60 miles. A steamboat usually plies up and down the lake, for the purpose of transporting passengers. Its form is irregular, its length about 45 miles, and its breadth in the widest part about 13 miles. It contains a number of islands, which are fertile, similar to the country surrounding the lake, except in some places where the banks are steep and elevated. A little above the centre of the lake is a narrow pass, of rather less than a mile across. Here, on the w. side, is Mount Keneo, an elevation of about 600 feet, projecting over the water. From this heij^ht is presented a pic- turesque view of the lake, its islands, and a boundless wilderness. The waters of this lake are deep, and abound in trout of the finest description. From Portland to Eastport. — To Brunswick, 27 miles ; Bath, 34 ; Wiscasset, 49 ; Waldohorough, 67 ; Warren, 76 ; Thumaston, 80 ; Camden, 91 ; Belfast, 109 ; (the Penobscot is now crossed) to Castine, 118 ; Ellsworth, 142 ; Franklin, 152 ; Steuben, 177; Columbia, 189; Machias, 204; Eastport, 234 miles from Portland. Travellers proceeding by the latter route to the eastern frontz-^r of the state, on leaving Portland, will pass round to the h^ad of Casco Bay, through North Yarmouth and Freeport, tj Bruns- wick, on the Androscoggin, which is the seat of Eowdoin Col- lege. It is situated on the navigable waters of the above large and beautiful river, which extends 140 miles into the heart of a fertile country. The falls at this place furnish such a supply of water-power that it cannot fail becoming a large manufacturing town. Bath is situated on the Kennebec, 16 miles from the ocean ; its principal trade is ship-building, for which it is admirably located. It has regular lines of steamboats to Portland and Boston, and is also now united with those places by railroad. Wiscasset is one of the principal ports of the state : its harbor is excellent. Waldohorough, Warren, and lliomaston contain quarries of w NEW BRUNS\^'ICK AND NOVA SCOTIA. 65 marble and limestone : from the latter place large quantities of lime are annually exported. It is also the seat of the State Pris- on, a building occupying a plat of 10 acres, including a marble quarry. The convicts are principally employed in cutting gran- ite into various forms for building, and which, when prepared, is transported by water. Thomastou is a beautiful Atlantic town, and commands a great variety of marine scenery. Belfast, a pleasant tow^n situated on the side of a hill, is irreg- ularly built. It is an important winter mart of the trade of the Penobscot river. Stages and steamboats run to Bangor. Eastport is situated on the s. e. part of Moose Island, in Fas- samaquoddy Bay, and on the extreme eastern frontier of the United States. Its harbor is very fine. The tide here is verj- rapid, and rises 25 feet. Its chief trade is in lumber and the fisheries. In 1790, Eastport contained 244 inhabitants: the pop- ulation of the village now is not less than 5,500. It contains (JO wharves, about 90 stores, several meeting-houses, and a United States garrison. There is a steamboat communication from this place to Boston via Portland. A steamer also runs between Eastport and St. John, N. B., 60 miles. Fare $2.50. There is a daily communication by steamboat on the St. Croix river to Calais, at the head of navigation, 30 miles, touching at the in- termediate places on both sides of the river. Farry-boats ply regularly between Eastport, Pembroke, and Lu!)'-: and the British islands adjoining. NEW BRUNSWICK AND NOVi^, SCOTIA. St. John is in New Brunswick, 60 miles from Eastport. It is built upon an immense rocky bluff, and from the water presents a fine appearance. The population is about 14,000. At the mouth of the St. Johns river are very curious falls. A reef of rocks, extending across the river, is covered at high water dcf n enough to admit vessels of all kinds, steamboats, &-c.. lo pass over, and penetrate 30 miles in the interior ; this is the cri'ic;J moment to be embraced, for when the tide begins to fall, a slignt break or ripple begins at the Narrows, that increases as the tide 66 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. falls, until the entire winding rocky chasm is exposed one-fourth of a mile in width, through which the mighty torrent of the great St. Johns river pours in all its force for several hours, until the rise of the next tide, when for a similar period vessels ascend as before. A steamboat runs between St. John and Portland, touching at Eastport. Fare $6.00. Staamboats ply rejrularly between St. John and Frederickton, (the seat of government of New Bruns- wick,) 90 miles, leaving each place every morning and evening, touching at intermediate places on the river. Steamers run from Frederickton up the St. Johns river to Woodstock, 60 miles ; they also make occasional trips as far up as the Great Falls, a distance of 130 miles above Frederickton. Above the falls, a steamer runs (when the depth of water permits) to Little Falls, 40 miles, which are situated at the mouth of the Madawaska river. Stages leave Frederickton daily, for places in the vicinity, and also for Canada, a distance of 300 miles. Stages also leave twice a week for Miramichi, Chatham, and intermediate places ; and for Liverpool, on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, there forming a commu- nication with Prince Edward's Island. A steamer leaves St. John, once a week, for Windsor, Nova Scotia, and touching at places on the Bay of Fundy. From Windsor stages leave daily for Halifax, 45 miles. Steamers also cross the Bay of Fundy from St. John to Annapolis ; whence stages leave for most of the principal places in Nova Scotia, and for Halifax, 125 miles distant. Frederickton, the seat of government of New Brunswick, stands upon a flat sandy ton^'ue of land, formed by a bend of the St. Johns river ; the plain is three miles in length, varying in breadth from a narrow strip to half a mile ; the river here is about 1,000 yards across, winding past in front, with an amphi- theatre of richly wooded hills for its background. " The view both up and down the valley is most interesting, — to the north an uncleared range of highlands, with detached cones and broken hills thrown out in bold relief upon the landscape. Villas enclosed in the woods, and farms upon the clearings, are the chief objects it pre- sents ; while to the south the river is seen winding, like a silver cord, ihrough the dark woodlands, until it disapper.rs among the islands in he distance." Frederickton is a long and rather straggling place, laid out NEW BRUNSWICK AND NOVA SCOTIA. 67 regularly in quadrangles, with wide and airy streets ; the princi- pal of them are a mile in length, and run parallel with the river. The public buildings, with the exception of the government house and the college, both massive stone edifices, have little to recom- mend them. Its population is about 4,500. St. Andrews, in the British province of New Brunswick, is situated on a peninsula, formed by the St. Croix river and an arm of Passamaquoddy Bay. Its local advantages for commerce are very great, possessing a harbor, which, for safety and extent, is equal to any on the coast. This is the starting-point of " The St. Andrews, Woodstock, and Quebec Railroad," a route which is to unite the Bay of Fundy with the St. Lawrence. This line, which extends a distance of nearly 300 miles, has been mostly surveyed, and that portion of it extending from St. Andrews to Woodstock, a distance of about 80 miles, is now under contract, and will probably be completed during the year 1849. A capital of $800,000 has been subscribed, and a portion of it paid in, the remainder to be called in by iuBtalments during the progress of the work. The government has granted free all the land and materials required, where the road passes through the public lands, and a further grant of 20,000 acres ; and a guaranty of five per cent, upon one-half of the stock, for ten years. The government engineers are now engaged in exploring and surveying a railroad route extending from Halifax, through Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, to Canada, uniting with " The St. Andrews, Woodstock, and Quebec Railroad," at Great Falls on the St. Johns river. Halifax. — This city, the capital of the province, is situated on Chebucto Bay, on the s. e. coast of Nova Scotia, in N. Lat. 44° 36', and W. Long. 63° 28'. Its population, exclusive of the army and navy, is about 25,000. The town is seated on the de- clivity of a hill, about 250 ft. high, rising from one of the finest harbors on the continent. The streety are generally broad, and for the most part macadamized. Viewed from the water, or from the opposite shore, the city is prepossessing and animated. In front, the town is lined with wharves, which, from the number of vessels constantly loading and discharging, always exhibit a spectacle of great commercial activity. " Warehouses rise over 68 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. .he wharves, or tower aloft in different parts of the town, and dwelling-houses and public buildings rear their heads over each other, as they stretch along and up the sides of the hill. The spires of the different churches, the building above the town, in which the town-clock is fixed, a rotunda-built church, the signal- posts on Citadel-Hill, the different batteries, the variety of style in which the houses are built, some of which are painted white, some blue, and some red ; rows of trees showing themselves in different parts of the town ; the ships moored opposite the dock- yard, with the establishments and tall shears of the latter ; the morchunt vessels under sail, at anchor, or along the wharves ; thu wooded and rocky scenery of the background, with the is'iiu'.' ire s, and the small town of Dartmouth on the e. shore, — 11 objects which strike most forcibly on the view of the be- holder." Oi' (he public buildings, the chief is a handsome edifice of stoiu, called the Province Building, 140 ft. long by 70 broad, and ornamented with a colonnade ol' the Ionic order. It com- prises chambers for the council and legislative assembly, the su- preme court, various government offices, and the public library of the city. — The Government House, in the southern part of the town, is a solid, but gloomy-looking structure, near which is the residence of the military commandant. — The Admiral's residence, on the N. side of the town, is a plain building of stone. — The Dockyard, which covers 14 acres, and forms the chief depot of naval 8tci">'?s in the British North American colonies, is reported to be the fiaest in the world, if the works of a similar kind in England be excepted. The n. and s. barracks are capable of accommodating three regiments. — There is also a Military Hos- pital, erected by the late Di:i;) of Kent. — Dalhousic College is a handsome edifice of freestone. — The Church of England and the Presbyterians have each churches ; and there are besides a Roman Catholic chapel, and several chapels belonging to different religious denominations — There are two private bank- ing companies in the town, and a chamber of commerce, com- posed of 15 members. — It is said tlu t the hotels and boarding- houses are very indifferent. The inhabitants of Halifax are in- telligent and social, and travellers have remarked that the tone i> ,• fe -• r '( ,.' . *:?■■ ^jt^Hi:" 1 i ' t ■hv" '')(9M9*W*^f M^<;iafil^gi'irt' m.'i ']. -^x/ N. I? ^',.---^- ■ V ■'■ . ■- , '*■' ■, ' V'S ¥'4 I ' .' r :, V'/ .♦> ■■- . ;•■ -. ►•'. /- ■ V " « ■■;■ ?■ .. u ^ / ... t ' « 1 i ;,.•!> ^V A-' fe 4' " ..■ 'V; i 5 '^K^---^-,':- . ^.... / ?r 1^ \ ''.» ;r -v ■^ -V ■■■■i,:|; #^; "'^i/ ■.- :'.>f 1 ■^^■. ^.'tr^W^r r ... '\'. i I ■'} ^a# ^ I.; 8 t I- " w a3Aia ir AlUtMr'l i m^- 4:: ■'■r ■^■•^> 41^^ '■• 1\' '.3. .1 • f-('\ xv; ,.'■ a; >►; • ;^- ?■■ i'^' ■ vfe: :k. ;r: "ii M') X ' tr' ■ »■ '"f. ' "^i? '■' 1 ■^ 9- ■' i *' .-f - , * t. .: t.-? X ■' ''>0''^^^ '. ■■■>-#VS'^" " '' ., ]■*■ ,:,^^J'- %- « .'•-', ..ffii ;■'! ■'J fa. rvi'it: frf ■i" ■ C,'' ' ;^; ^ .nMvi FITCHBURG RAILROAD. 69 ■Vt -•si ■r of society is there more decidedly English than in most of the other colonial cities. The harbor opposite the town is more than a mile wide, and has, at medium tides, a depth of 12 fathoms. About a mile above the upper end of the town it narrows to one-fourth of a mile, and then expands into Bedford Basin, which lias a surface of 10 sq. miles, and is completely land-locked. On an -land opposite the town are some strong, mounted battorirs. defended by some other minor fortification; Halifax, ever since its settlement in 174P of a profitable fishery. Its trade, which is m condition, is principally with the W. Indies and other British col- onies, with the U. States, and the mother country. It is also tho chief rendezvous and naval depot for the British navy on the North American station. Tho British government having made Halifax one of tho stopping-places of the Cunard line of steam- ers, in their trips either way across tho Atlantic, has added great- ly to its importance as a maritime city, as well as advanced its commercial prosperity. Im^ harbor is also been tho seat a very prosperous : ■*; FITOHBURO- RAILROAD. (See Map No. 6.) The new depot of the above railroad is situated in Boston, on the corner of Causeway and Haverhill sts. It is 316 ft. long, 96 wide, and two stories high, and built of Fitchburg granite, at a cost of upwards of ^70,000, without tho land : it is, at the pres- ent time, the handsomest depot in the United States. Th's road was opened for travel from Charlestown to Fitch- burg, in March, 1845, and extends a distance of 50 miles. Its cost, including bridge over Charles river, and depot in Boston, with ground, &c., was about ,^2,115,400. The Fitchburg Rail- road is one of the best roads in the country ; the business, both in freight and passengers, is yearly increasing, and will be great- ly augmented by the completion of the roads loading from it, and uniting with those destined to reach Montreal. The construction of the Fitchburg road has been the means of developing the re IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) '^ ■ ^0 ^ i^\% % <" 1.0 US ^^ 2.5 2.2 1.1 1."^ H^ 1.8 — ™'-= ilUil ^ >^ "'^> '^.^*' *> 7 /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. M5S0 (716) B72-4S03 4r 70 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. ■onrces of the towiu through which it pasBes, to a very great extent. RocTK BETWEEN BoBTON AND FiTCHBURO. — CharUstown, the first place reached after crossing the viaduct over Charles river, is built on a peninsula formed by the Charles and Mystic rivets, and is connected with Boston by two public bridges — by one with Chelsea and Maiden, over the Mystic — and with Cambridge, by a bridge over Charles river. It contains many handsome private dwellings. Pop. about 17,550. The Bunker Hill Monument is in this city, the site of which is 62 feet above the level oi' the sea. It is a plain granite shaft 220 ft. in height, 31 square at the base, and 15 at the top. The corner-stone was laid June 17th, 1825, on the 50th anniversary of the battle, by the Marquis La Fayette, and the work was com- pleted June 17th, 1842. From the top, which is a chamber 11 ft. in diameter with four win- dows, the visiter has one of the finest panoramic views in the country. — The United States NavyYard was established about the year 1798. It contains about 60 acres, and is enclosed by a high wall built of stone in a sub- stantial manner. It has four large shiphouses, where vessels of war of the first class are built, houses for the ofiicers, and many other buildings. The Ropewalk, which isl,300feet in length, is indeed a curiosity, and should not be overlooked by visiters. It is a long, low building, entirely fire-proof, being built of granite, and covered with slate. The machinery here is of the most elaborate and ingenious description. The Dry Dock^ at the up- per end of the yard, is a stupendous work, and worthy the ad- miration of all lovers of great architectural skill : it is unrivalled by any other work of its kind in the country, is built of hewn granite, and is 341 feet long, 80 wide, and 30 deep, and cost FITCHBDKG RAILROAD. 71 $670,089. It was completed in June, 1833, and the first venel it received was the frigate Constitution. — Charlestown contains also the State Prison, which was founded in 1800. Visiters are admitted within the walls by paying a fee of 25 cents. West Cambridge is a very pleasant place, containing nuner^ ous country-seats and well-cultivated farms. Spy Pond aijd a part of Fresh Pond lie in this town ; they both abound with fish, and are popular places of resort in the summer season. They also furnish large quantities of ice, much of which is exported. Fare to West Cambridge, 15 cents. Waltham, 10 miles from Boston, is one of the most beautiful towns in its vicinity. From Prospect Hill, which is elevated nearly 500 feet above the level of the sea, there is a fine view of the surrounding country, with Boston and its noble harbor in the distance. Fare 20 cents. Weston, formerly a part of Watertown, from which it was taken in 1713, is a well-cultivated town 13 miles from Boston. Fare 25 cents ; to Lincoln 35 cents. Concord is situated on the river of the same name, 20 miles from Boston. It is celebrated as the place where the first effect- ual resistance was made, and the first British blood shed, in the Revolutionary war. On the 19th of April, 1775, a party of British troops was ordered by Gen. Gage to proceed to this place to destroy some military stores, which had been deposited here by the province. The troops were met at the north bridge by the people of Concord and the neighboring towns, and forcibly repulsed. A handsome granite monument, erected in 1836, com- memorates the heroic and patriotic achievement Pop. about 2,000. Fare 45 cents. Acton, till 1735, formed a part of Connrd. Nagog Pond, in this town, is much visited. Fare to South Acton, 25 miles, 50 cents ; to West Actonf 27 miles, ^5 cents ; and to Littletont 32 miles, 62 cents. Harvard is becoming important for its manufacture of papei. An industrious community of Shakers, who own a considerable tract 3f land about three miles from its centre, reside in this towui and supply its market with a variety of articles. There are here some fine fish-ponds. Fare 70 cents. 72 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. (hoton, 37 miles, is one of the finest towns in Middlesex coun- ty, and hus great local beauty. Its schools (for which it is fa- mous) are admirably conducted. Fare 70 cents : to Shirley ^ 40 miles, 80 cents ; Lunenburg^ 43 miles, 85 cents ; Leominster, 45 miles, 92 cents. Fitchburg, 50 miles, since the completion of the railroad, has increased both in population and importance. It is situated on a branch of Nashua river, which affords an extensive and constant water-power. The manufactures of the town consist of cotton and woollen goods, leather, boots and shoes, paper, and a variety of other articles. Fop. about 4,000. Fare $1.00 : usual time front Boston 2^ hours. — For continuation of routes from Fitch- burg, see page 87. LEXmaTON AND WEST CAMBRIDGE RAILROAD, (See Map No. 6.) — This road, seven miles in length, was opened for travel in Sept. 1846, and cost about $200,000. It is a branch of the Fitchburg Railroad. From Boston to Lexington. — Over the Fitchburg Railroad, 5 miles, and through West Cambridge to Lexington, 11 miles from Boston. Fare 25 cents. Lexington will ever be a mem- orable place : it was here the first blood was shed in the cause of American Independence, 19th of April, 1775. On the village green, near the church, and on the site of the battle, a monu- ment is erected, with an inscription commemorating the event. WATERTOWN BRANCH RAILROAD, (See Map No. 6.)- This road, a branch of the Fitchburg, was opened for travel in June, 1847 ; it is three miles in length, and cost $112,000. Cars leave Charlestown several times daily the places on this route, passing over the Fitchburg road to F. Pond, five miles, a de- lightful sheet of water, and a great resort during the summer season. Boating and fishing are the chief amusements. Fare 12 i cents. Mount Auburn Cemetery is half a mile from Fresh Pond, and a mile from Harvard L^niversity : it is a lovely place for the re« poee of the " mighty dead," and one of the spots most worthy of the tourist's observation in the vicinity of Boston. It containi BOSTON AND WORCESTER RAILROAD. about 100 acres of land, and is laid out with gravelled walks, and embellished with all the varieties of trees, shrubbery, and flowers. There are numerous monuments, many of which are of exquisite workmanship. The labyrinthine walks are named after various trees and flowers, thus: Woodbine, Poplar, Violet, Narcissus, Ivy, Lily, Moss, &c., &.c. This cemetery was dedicated iu Sept. 1831, and the first person interred here was Mrs. Hannah Adams, one of the earliest female writers of New England. Visiters are fined $25, if they disturb or take any thing away from the cem- etery. The grounds are kept well regulated, and in the best condition, and every attention is paid to preserve order and de- corum. Watertown, eight miles from Boston, is situated on Charles river, which is navigable to the village for vessels of light draught. In the town are several manufactories, with paper and cotton mills, print works, &c. The United States Araenal is on the n. bank of the river, a short distance below the village ; it contains a large amount of munitions of war, and covers about 40 acres of ground. Mr. Cushing's beautiful garden is in this town, two and a half miles w. from Harvard University, and cue and a half from Mount Auburn. It comprises al out 60 acres of choice laud, so elevated in its situation as to command a view of the fine scenery which surrounds it. Strangers desirous of seeing this delightful spot can do so by obtaining an order from the President of the Horti« cultural Society, School-st. This place can be visited at the same time with Fresh Pond and Mount Auburn, being 6n the same route, and only a short distance apart BOSTON AND WORCESTER RAILROAD. This road was commenced in 1831, and opened for travel m .1835 ; it is 44 miles in length, and according to the company*! last annual report, ending Dec. 31st, 1849, the cost of the road to the present time has been $3,767,939, and of engines and can $345,670, making the total cost of road and equipment $4,1 13,609. The transportation, botti in freight and travel, on the road has greatly mcreased during the last year, much beyond that of any M BAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. former year ; arrangements have accordingly been made for the erection of additional freight-houses, within the city of Boston^ and also for the enlargement of the passenger depot building. Tracks are to be set off for departing trains, with rooms for pas- sengers, distinct from those which are appropriated for trains on their arrival. The branch roads, uniting with the Boston and Worcester, are : — the Brookline, Brighton, Newton Lower Falls, Natick, and Saxonville ; the Milford branch from South Framington depot to Milford ; and the Millbury branch from Grafton to Millbury. A route for a branch from HoUistou to Medway has been surveyed, and found favorable. From Boston to Worcester, (see Map No. 6.) — Passengers leave for places on this route from the depot, Lincoln-st., corner of Beach -St., opposite the United States Hotel. Brighton, the first stopping-place on this route, five miles from Boston, is a pleasant town on the s. side of Charles river. It is noted for its cattle market, the largest in New England. Mon- day is the market-day, when buyers and sellers congregate in large numbers, to traffic in live-stock. This town has become the residence of many persons of wealth and taste, who occupy beautiful country-seats, with splendid gardens attached. Win- ship's garden is famed for its nursery of fine fruit-treea and shrub- bery, and for its grand display of fruits and flowers of every variety. It is free to visiters. Fare from Boston to Brighton, 15 cents. Newton is both an agricultural and a manufacturing town. Its borders are washed by Charles river for several miles. There are two sets of falls on that river in this town, two miles apart, called the Upper and Lower Falls, on which are extensive paper-mills, and other manufacturing establishments. There is here a Theological Seminary, established in 1825. Newton Corner, or Angier'a Corner, and West Newton, villages in this town, are growing places. A branch railroad running along the west bank of Charles river, connects Lower Falls with the Wor< oester Railroad. Fare to Newton Corner, 7 miles, 20 cents, and to West Newton, 9 miles, 25 cents. Needham is now quite a manufacturing town, having severa] I BOSTON AND WORCESTER RAILROAD. 75 paper-mills, a chocolate-mill, a coach and car manufactory, and manufactnrieB of shoes, hats, &c. It has also quarries of stone, which are becoming yearly more valuable. Fare to East Need' ham, 13 miles, 35 cents ; to West Needham, 15 miles, 35 cents. Natickf 17 miles, called by the Indians <; Drawn A Eng^'by-'VOSHuEm* l^T y i. r 3P5= £^:JUL:^ WESTERN RAILROAD. Tl ftniction to the town of Barre, a distance of 20 miles. (For Pro?* idenco and Worcester Kuilroad, see Index.) There is also cue uniting Worcester with Nashua, N. H. Wachusett Mountain, 16 miles n. n. w. from Worcester, rises 2,018 feet above the ocean : it is ascended by an easy path, and is now much visited during the pleasant months of summer. The view from this mountain is wide and extensive, while the atmosphere is in a high degree exhilarating. NASHUA AND WOROESTER RAILROAD. (See Maps Nos. 6 and 9.) This route extends frum Worcester, Mass., to Nashua, N. H., 45 miles. It forms a direct inland communicution from Long Island Sound to the Merrimack river, whore it unites with a chain of railroads leading from Boston to Lake Champlain. It also forms one of the inland routes from N. York to Canada. The following are the depots, with distances and fares : — From Wor- cester to West Boylston, 9 miles, 20 cents ; Oakdale, 10, 26 cts. ; Sterling, 12, 35 cts.; Clintonville, 16, 45 cts.; New Boston, 18, 50 cts. ; Lancaster, 19, 50 cts. ; Still River, 23, 66 cts. ; Harvard 25, 70 cts.; Groton Junction, 28, 80 cts.; Grutou Centre, 31, 90 cts.; Pepperell, 36, $1,00; Hollis, 39, $1,10; Nashua, 45, $1,26. WESTERN RAILROAD. (See Maps Nos. 7 and 8.) This road connects with the Boston and Worcester Railroad at Worcester, and is 118 miles long ; and the Albany and West Stockbridge Railroad, connecting with the Western at the State Line, is 38 miles. The entire length of the road from Boston to Albany is 200 miles. The merchandise depot of this railroad is said to be the largest in the country, being 120 ft. wide, and 460 long, occupying an area of 55,200 square feet, or nearly two acres of land. The roof, which is 120 ft. span, rests wholly on the walls, without any i! 11 1 1 78 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT C03IPANI0N. other support The walls, built of brick, are 18 ft. high, and 20 inches thick, and where the rafters rest upou them the thickness is doubled. The entire space within these w ills is one immense room, unbroken even by a single pillar, and is usually filled with piles of merchandise. The cars from Albany on the east track deliver their freight — consisting chiefly of the produce and pro- visions of Western New York, and the varied manufactures of Worcester, Springfield, and the towns adjacent to the road — on an ample platform furnished with scales, on a level with the cars. The cars on the west track for Albany, and the intermediate places, are at the same time receiving groceries, dye-stuffs, wool, cotton, and a variety of other articles, in incredible quantities. This railroad was chartered in March, 1833, and opened for travel from Worcester to Springfield in 1839, and as far as Al- bany on the Hudson, in 1842. The cost of this road (156 miles) has been $8,185,788. Its gross receipts between Worcester and Albany, in 1847, were $1,335,336, an increase of $380,918.11 over 1846. It is built in the most substantial manner, and is considered a model work of its kind. The engineering difHcul- ties upon it were very great, in consequence of the elevated and rugged sections of country through which it passes to reach the western boundary of Massachusetts. Between Worcester and Spencer, a distance of 12 miles, it crosses a chain of hills eleva- ted 950 ft. above tidewater in Boston harbor. After leaving Springfield, it ascends by the valley of Westfield river, crossing and recrossing that stream and its branches 27 times, in conse- quence of the rocky and unfavorable nature of this part of the state. In the township of Washington it crosses a summit 1 ,480 feet, and 20 miles further another 918 feet above tidewater, with grades 80 feet to the mile. " That section of the Western Railroad which traverses the wild hills of Berkshire is a work of immense labor, and a wonderful achieve- ment of art. '* After leaving the wide meadows of the Connecticut, basking in their rich inheritance of alluvial soil and unimpeded sunshine, you wind through the narrow valleys of the Westfield river, with masses of moun- tains before you, and woodland heights crowding in upon you, so that at every puff of the engine the passage visibly contracts. The Alpine character of the river strikes you. Th J huge stones in its wide chan nel, which have been torn up and roll >". down by the sweeping torrents WESTERN RAILROAD. 79 of spring and autumn, lie bared and whitening in the summer's sun You cross and recross it, as in its deviations it leaves space, on one side or the other, for a practicable road. " At * Chester Factories' you begin your ascent of 80 feet in a mile for 13 miles! The stream between you and the precipitous hill-side, cramped into its rocky bed, is the Pontoosne, one of the tributaries of the Westfield river. As you trace this stream to its mountain home, it dashes along beside you with the recklessness of childhood. It leaps down precipices, runs forth laughing in the dimpling sunshine, and then, shy as the mountain nymph, it dodges behind a knotty copse of ever- greens. In approaching the 'summit level,' you travel bridges built a hundred feet above other mountain streams, tearing along their deep- worn beds ; and at the ' deep cut' your passage is hewn through solid rocks, whose mighty walls frown over you. " Mountain scenery changes with every changing season— we might almost say with every change of atmosphere. In the spring, while the skirts of winter still hang over this high cold region, and the trees seem afraid to put out their buds, the Pontoosne breaks forth from its icy bars, and leaps and rushes on as if with conscious joy for its recovered liberty. *' In summer, as there is little on these savage hills of what is pecu- liar to summer, flowers and fruitfulness, it is a happy chance to make this pass when piles of clouds hide the hot sun, and the rain is pouring down in sheets, when every little dropping rill that has dried away in the summer's heat, is suddenly swelled into a waterfall, and over the bank and down the cliff's they come pouring and leaping. " In autumn, the beeches and maples on the hill sides are glowing with a metallic brightness, softened and set off" most exquisitely by the evergreen of the towering pines, the massive cones of the Norway ftrs, and the graceful, plumy hemlocks that intersperse them. " In winter, the art that sends you swiftly and securely through these stern solitudes, is most gratefully felt. The trees bend creaking before the howling blast, the snow is driving and drifting, — here it is piled on either side in solid walls above your car, and there the hideous roots of the upturned stumps are bare. " On you glide, by the aid of the most recent discoveries and inge- nious contrivances of art, through a country whose face is still marked with the savage grandeur of its primeval condition." The importance of this road to Boston, and that section of the country through which its route lies, is demonstrated by the iu- creasiug amount of business yearly transacted upon it, both in passengers and freight. It is said that such is the regularity and precision with which the locomotives and trains from Boston to Albany perform the distance of 200 miles, that the farmers on the line set their clocks by them. 80 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. : 'I THE FITTSFIELD AND NORTH ADAMS RAILROAD leaves the Western Railroad at Pittsfield, and extend? to North Adams, 30 miles: it was opened in Oct. 1846, and cost about $450,000. Fare 60 cents. Route from Boston to Albany, (see Maps Nos. 6, 7, and 8.) — Trains leave Boston, from the Worcester depot, Beach-st., op- posite the United States Hotel, three times daily for Albany, Sundays excepted. Those leaving in the morning reach Spring- field in time to dine, and stop half an hour ; those leaving Boston in the afternoon stop overnight at Springfield, and leave next morning for Albany, arriving there about noon. Usual time be- tween Boston and Albany, 10 hours. Fare $5.00. The trains for Troy leave Greenbush on the arrival of the trains from Boston. Stages and other conveyances will be found at most of the depots on the route, to convey passengers to the various hotels and places in the vicinity. (For the route from Boston to Worcester, see page 74. The stopping-places between Worcester and Springfield, (see Map No. 7,) with fares and distances from Boston, &c., are as follow : Clappville, 53 miles, $1.50 ; Charlton Depot,* 57, $1.60; Spencer, 62, $1.70 ; E. Brookfield, 64, $1.75 ; S. Brookfield, 67, $1.95 ; West Brookfield, 69, $1.96 ; Warren, 73, $2.05 ; Palmer Depot, 83, $2.25 ; N. Wilbraham, 89, $2.55 ; Wilbra- ham, 92, $2.65. — We now arrive at Sfringfield, the most important of the towns on this route, lying upon the e. bank of Connecticut river, 98 miles from Bos- ton, 102 from Albany, 18 from Northampton, 36 from Green- field, 26 from Hartford, Conn., and 142 from the city of N. York. It is the centre of a large inland and river trade, its natural as well as artificial advantages rendering it one of the most impor- tant commercial depots on Connecticut river. It has railroads diverging from it, on the e. to Boston, on the w. to Albany, N.Y., on the N. to Greenfield, (this road is being extended to Bellows Falls, Vt.,) on the s. to Hartford and New Haven ; and the New Y(*rk and New Haven Railroad, which now connects it * From Charlton Depot, it is designed to extend a branch, to be called the Southbridge Branch Railroad, to Southbridge, 10 miles. It will proba- bly be opened for travel during the present year. PITTSFIELD AND NORTH ADAMS RAILROAD. 81 with the great commercial depot of the Union. The houses here are well made and uniformly built of brick, and the appearance of the town is lively and cheerful. Main-st., the principal, ia about two miles and a half long, and runs parallel with the river The chief part of the business of Springfield is transacted in this street. Pop. in Jan. 1850, 20,721. Cars leave Springfield for Hartford on the arrival of the trains from Boston ; and for Greenfield three times daily. During the season of navigation, steamboats ply between this place and Hart- ford, and other towns on the river. The United States Armory, at this place, is the most exten- sive in the country. It is situated on an elevated plain about half a mile from the village. The buildings, which are of brick, are arranged around a square of about 20 acres, presenting a handsome appearance. A cupola on one of them affords a de- lightful view of the river and surrounding country. There are about 300 men employed in the Arsenal. About 15,000 muskets are annually made here, and 150,000 are stored in the buildings connected with this establishment. There are several well-kept hotels in Springfield, that offer excellent accommodations at a reasonable rate. Fare from Boston, $2.50 : time about 5 hours. West Springfield, on the w. side of the river, 100 miles from Boston, and two miles from Springfield, is connected with the latter place by a bridge over the Connecticut, four ferries and also by the Western Railroad, which passes through it. It is equidistant from Boston and Albany. Fare $2.85. Westfield, on the river of the same name, is a delightful 'own, with great natural beauties. It is 108 miles from Boston, lying in a valley about four miles in diameter, and surrounded by hilis of considerable height. Here the canal road from New Haven joins the Western. Fare '$2,95. Russell, 116 miles from Bos- ton, $3.05; Chester Village, 119, $3.15; Chester Factory, 126, $3.35 ; N. Beaket, 135, $3.60 ; Washington Summit, 138, $3.70 ; Hinsdale, 143, $3.85 ; Dalton, 146, $3.90. PiTTSFiELD, 151 miles from Boston, is a large manufacturing and agricultural town, elevated 1,000 feet above the level of the sea. It is 151 miles w. from Boston, and 49 e. from Albany. The village is beautifully situated, and contains many handsome 6 82 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. dwellings. lu this village there is still standing one cf the origi* nal forest trees — a large elm, 120 feet high, and 90 feet to the lowest limb— an interesting relic of the primitive woods, and justly esteemed a curiosity by persons visiting this place. Pitts- field contains a medical institution, and a seminary of learnmg The town received its present name in 1761, in honor of William Pitt, (Earl of Chatham,) the celebrated British statesman. Fare from Boston, $4.00. Shaker Village, 156 miles from Boston, Fare $4.30 ; Rich- mond, 159, $4.35. — The State Line, 162 miles from Boston and 38 from Albany, is the point from whence diverges the Housatonic Railroad, terminating at Bridgeport, on Long Island Sound, 98 miles, and also that of the Hudson and Berkshire Railroad to Hudson, on the river of the same name, 33 miles. — Canaan, 167 miles from Boston, $4.60 ; E. Chatham, 172, $4.70 ; Chatham Four Comers, 177, $4.90 ; Kinderhook, 184, $4.95 ; Schodac, 192, $5.00, — arrive at Greenbush, and cross the ferry to Albany, 200 miles from Boston. Fare $5.00. OONNEOTIOUT RIVER RAILROAD. (See Map No. 8.) This road extends from Springfield, Mass., to Greenfield, 36 miles: it is being continued to Brattleboro', Ver., and from thence to Bellows Falls, where it will meet the railroads from Boston on their routes to the St. Lawrence and the West. The road from Springfield to Northampton, a distance of 17 miles, was opened in 1845, and from thence to Greenfield, 19 miles, in 1846. This road cost $1,010,542. Route from Springfield to Northampton and Greenfield. — To Cabot Junction is four miles. Here is situated Cabotville, a large manufacturing village on the Chickopee river. There are three cotton manufacturing establishments, with a capital of $1,700,000 giving employment to upwards of 1,500 operatives. The Ames Company are largely engaged in the manufacture of swords, brass cannon, bells, machinery, and cutlery. — Chickopee Falls, another important manufacturing village, is united with CONNECTICUT RIVER Ry^^LROAD. 83 Cabotville by the Chickopee Branch Railroad, two miles long There is a cotton manufacturing company established here with a capital of $700,000, giving employment to about 800 operatives. There are also extensive manufactories of paper, iron castings, fire-arms, machinery, &c. — Willimansettf 7 miles, Fare 20 cents ; SmitJi's Ferry, 13 miles, 37^ cents. Northampton, 17 miles from Springfield, is delightfully situ- ated on the w. side of Connecticut river, on rising gr' und, about a mile from the river, and is surrounded by large tracts of fertile meadow land. It is a favorite place of resort for travellers, and is ono of the most beautiful villages in New England. Agricul- tural unci manufacturing pursuits are the chief employments of the people. For some years past it has prosecuted with spirit and success the rearing of the silkworm, and large quantities of sew- ing silk are annually produced. Pop. about 5,000. Fare 50 cts. Mount Tom is in the town of Northampton, on the w. side of Connecticut river, and Mount Holyoke on the e. or opposite side ; the former is elevated 1,314 feet, and the latter 1,120. To visit Mount Holyoke the traveller must cross the ferry, which lands him at the base of this renowned elevation, where, by a rather steep ascent, he can attain its very summit, upon which houses for the accommodation of visiters have been erected. Here he will be amply rewarded by a view of the vast panorama of varied beauty which lies spread at his foet, and extends to the very verge of the horizon. Immediately beneath, the beautiful Con- necticut winds through one of the richest valleys of New Eng- land, — a valley checkered with fields and woods, hillock and dale. Passing Northampton, we proceed to Hatfield. Fare 65 cents. In this town large quantities of broom-corn are grown, and brooms manufactured to a great extent ; also vehicles, boots, shoes, &c. Whately, 26 miles from Springfield. Fare 75 cents. It is watered by Mill river and West Brook, on which streams are tan- neries, manufactories of woollen goods, of gimlets, hammers, &c. Like the above town, it produces broom-corn in abun- dance, which is manufactured into brooms. A few miles w. of the Connecticut, and in the vicinity of West Whately, is Mount Eaher, which rises neuly 1,000 feet above the river, from which the prospect is very imposing. f.l 84 RAILROAD AND tTEAMBOAT COMPANION. ' \ . ( 1 ■ I I Bloody Brook village is noted as tho place whore, in 1675j Capt. Lathrop and 7G out of 84 tnou under his command were siuin by the Indians. In 1838, a monument was erected here commemorating the event. Deerjield is a town of considerable trade. In one year the goods nianufucturod at this place amounted to about $250,000. Fare $1.00. — Deerfield and Sugarloaf Mountains are in this vicinity. The former rises 700 feet above tho plain, and the lat- ter, which is an isolated hill of a conical form, rises 600 foot above the river. Greenfield is situated on an elevated plain, on the margin of Green river, and contains many handsome buildings. The man- ufactures of the town consist of a great variety of useful articles. Fate from Springfield, 3G miles, $1.10. (For continuation of this route into Vermont, see Map No. 9, and for routes from Greenfield, see page 90.) South Hadley Falls are in the Connecticut river, seven miles N. from Cabotville : they extend a distance of two miles, the en- tire fall from the upper dam being 50 feet. A canal is construct- ed around these falls, with five locks, and a cut through solid rock 40 feet in depth and 300 feet in length. There is a dam across the river of 1,100 feet, which was constructed to overcome the principal fall in the river : it produces a water-power of great ex- tent. The cataract rushes over a confused mass of rocks, pre- senting varied forms of beauty and wildness. At South Hadley village^ three miles n. of the falls, is situated the Mount Holyokc Female Seminary, a school designed to givo a practical domestic education with intelligent instruction. Amherst, seven miles n. e. from Northampton, is conspicu- ous for its elevated, healthy, and commanding situation, being surrounded by an amphitheatre of hills. Amherst College ranks among the most respectable institutions of the kind in the coun- try It is located on high ground, in the centre of the village, surrounded by a fertile country, and commanding a prospect of cue of the most picturesque sections of the state. A regular line of stages leaves Northampton for Amherst on the arrival of the cars from Springfield. From Amherst, we can proceed n. through Sunderland to the foot of Mount Toby, au elevation which rises I! -^ H 1 ,< ■#'^ :?^-,, 3^' ^ a; .^..e • -?*■>* 1^^ 4^,f^f#ft»4 jy f •./^^■^i:^iu,:;K'i.4. ■ I 1 ^; .1^, ' '1 ii '■•Ait ^^l^*^'*^^. *-, -..i- .F ■ j^'^j'f ■ i:- field X. \, xmy. '^>letau^ ' -^ --_- rcfV«^iJ3l?4TrJ^oton: ■*^' "•"^iw . '» m *f m*' wiFf j iT* .^ii^'' '.*- / •- .■n- \ .V*i; « v^'- 4 ■;■,- Hi •;■• ■ I. V^^yu^y M ''v';t ■ -iYt *•#(■*, ;-;^ -; f 1 .1 ^,V.*v.. . 1 ■. ^ u,Mf^^'^^ ■ ^^-^/-^i^^'J'i.. A- -^^-JB ■-■„,■> TTV " " • •■- 'C .»; J h >'V, ■J ■'Tl W.= r _ i - - A NORTHERN RAILROAD. 85 1,000 feet abovo the Connecticut river : it is composed of pud- ding-stone, and the small stones within it, of various sizes and 3f every color, are round and smooth, as though washed by the ocean. There is a cavern on one side of the mountain, which Is about GO feet deep and 150 in length ; and on the n. w. side, in the n. part of Sunderland, are a curious cave and fissure. From Sunderland the traveller can cross the bridge over the Con- necticut to Whately, and thence to Deerfiold. ROUTES FROM CONCORD, N. H., (See Map No. 9.)— From this place a chain of railroads leads in a s. and s. e. direction to Boston, and in a n. w. to the Connecticut river at Lebanon : an- other runs towards Winnipiseogeo Lake in the n., and one on the E. to Portsmouth. BOSTON, CONCORD, AND MONTREAL RAILROAD. (See Map No. 5.) This road will extend from Concord, N. H., to Plymouth, on the Pemigewasset river, 45 miles ; thence to Haverhill, on the Con- necticut, there connecting with a road leading to Montreal. The cost to Meredith Bridge, 27 miles, is about $343,703. Fare from Boston to E. Concord, $1.60 ; N. Concord, $1.70 ; Canterbury, $1.75 ; Northfield, $1.85 ; Sanbornton Bridge, $2.00 ; Union Bridge, $2.10 ; Meredith Bridge, $2.25 ; Lake Village, $2.30. Stages leave Meredith daily (connecting with other lines) for all the principal towns in northern New Hampshire, Vermont, and the Canadas. THE NORTHERN RAILROAD, N. H. (See Map No. 9.) This highly important thoroughfare is a continuation of the route from Boston to Concord via Lowell and Nashua, to the vil- lage of Lebanon, which is within about five miles of the Con- necticut river ; the completion of which to the mouth of White river, Vt., including the construction of a truss-bridge, some 600 feet long, over the Connecticut, was effected in season for the 86 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. » I il I 1 opening, on the 4th of July, 1848, of tlio Vermont Contrnl Rail- road to Northfield, ami thence to MontiK'lier. The latter road (see Map No. 10) now unites the Connecticut river with Lake Champlain, and by tho oxtcnsi.n road from Burlington to the St. Lawrence, will connect will: Montreal. It will alHO form, with that of the OgdeuHburj;; rond, a continuous lino to the wa- ters of the great lakes. The Northern Railroad, from the valley of the Morrimac to that of tho Connecticut, Gi) miles, pusseft over a rough and forbidding country, and severe natural obstacles have been overcome in its construction. More than 3,354,000 cubic yards of earth and 87,000 of solid rock have been removed, and 64,354 perches of bridge and culvert masonry constructed, at a cost of about $2,000,000. The summit of tho road is in Orange, and is about 700 feet above the Merrimac and 500 above the Connecticut. It is overcome by a grade of 50 foet, which is the highest on the whole line. The Northern Railroad between Concord and Franklin was opened Dec. 28, 1846, and to Lebanon Nov. 17, 1847. Tho whole original capital stock of this company was $1,500,000, with the right to increase it if found necessary. Route from Concord to Lebanon, (see Map No. 9.) — On leaving the Concord depot it passes along upon tho interval e. of the village, and crossing Horse-Shoe Pond takes the course of the Merrimac river, keeping the w. bank, (to enable it to do which the river has been turned from its ancient bed,) and pass- ing along not far from the West Parish in Concord, where a depot is established with the name of West Concord. The next stopping-place is near Fisherville, a bustling little village upon Contoocook river. Here the track crosses Mrs. Dus- tan's Island, made illustrious by the notable exploit of that lady with the Indians, in March, 1698. Passing on, the next depot is at Boacawen, a very excellent farming town ; thence to North Boscawen and to Franklin, 18 miles from Concord, a place of considerable importance, at the head of Merrimac river, or at the junction of Pemigewasset and Winnipiseogee rivers. Franklin contains about 2,000 inhabitants. This route is one of considerable interest and picturesque beau- ty : it passes through the Webster farm, an object of curiosity to k^ . .ih.ul l M II J l l '' VERMOnT AND MASSACHUSETTS RAILROAD. 87 Rtrangerft, as being the placo where the Hon. Daniel Webiter nawed his youth. Fare 'roni Cone urd to W. Concord, 10 conti; to Fisherville, 20 ; to lioscitwen, 25 ; to W. ttoacatven, 35 ; to Franklin, 50 ; to E. Andover, G5 ; to Andover, 80 } to W. An- dover, 85 ; to Danhury, $1.00; to Grafton, $1.15; to Canaan, $1..35 ; to Enfield, $1.50 ; to E. Lebanon, $1.55 ; to Lebanon, $1.65 ; to W. Lebanon, $1.75. Fare from Boston to the latter place, $3.25. Distance 142 miles. Hanover, N. li., la situated a few miles n. of W. Lebanon, on an exteiiHivo plain, half a mile from the Connecticut river, and 180 foet above the level of its waters. The principal houses are erected around a square of 12 acres ; the remainder stand on dif- ferent streets, leadin^r from the {rrecn in all directions. This is the seat of Dartmouth College, founded in 1769, for the educa- tion of Indians, and named after William, Earl of Dartmouth. It is an institution which holds a very respectable rank for learn- ing and inHuonce, and the ability of its officers. — {For the con- tinuation of this route through Vermont, see « Vermont Central Railroad.") Routes from Fitohburo. — At Fitchburg, the traveller will find stages to convoy him to places in the vicinity, and also to those at a distance, away from the line of railroads. Trains leave Fitchburg for Boston four tir^os daily ; trains also connect with the Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad, and also with the Cheshire Railroad. VERMONT AND MASSACHUSETTS RAILROAD. (See Map No. 9.) This road leaves the Fitchburg Railroad at Fitchburg, passing through Athol, Northfield, &c., to Brattleboro', Ver. ; thence up the Connecticut river to Bellows Falls, where it will unite with the chain of railroads through Western Vermont to Bur- lington, and also with those following up the valley of the Con- necticut. It is open for travel to Athol, 33 miles from Fitchburg and 83 from Boston. An attempt has been made to obtain a I I 88 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. {if f 1 If & IP t;i f i charter for the construction of a railroad from Greenfield, Mass., to Troy, N. Y. At Greenfield, the Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad would then connect Troy with Boston, making a new route from the latter city to the Hudson river. From Boston to Atiiol. — To Fitchhurg, 50 miles, $1.00, (sec this route ;) thence to W. Fitchhurg, 52, $1.10 ; Westmin- ster, 55, $1.12; S. Ashburnham, 60, $1.25; Gardner, 65, $1.37; Templeton, 70, $1.50; Baldwinsville, 71, $1.55; S. Royalston, 77, $1.75 ; Athol, 83, $1.85 ; S. Orange, 87, $1.95 ; Wendell, 91, $2.05 ; Ewing, 94, $2.15. Athol, a manufacturing place, receives great water-power from Miller's river. — Northfield consists of one street a mile long : the houses have a neai and comfortable appearance. Brattlehoro\ Vt. is a very pleasant place, situated on an ele- vated plain above the Connecticut. The vicinity is noted for its invigorating air, pure water, and fine mountain scenery. The town is connected with the opposite side of the river by a hand- some covered bridge. There are several factories and mills here, which derive their power from a creek, whose water falls over a ledge of rocks. Bellows Falls are a series of rapids in the Connecticut, ex- tending about a mile along the base of a high and precipitous hill, known as " Fall Mountain," which skirts the river on the New Hampshire side. At the bridge which crosses the river at this pl-ace, the visiter can stand directly over the boiling flood ; viewed from whence, the whole scene is wild and exciting in the extreme. The Connecticut is here compressed into so narrow a compass that it seems as if one could almost leap across it. The water, which is almost one dense mass of foam, rushes through this chasm with such velocity, that in striking on the rocks be- low, it is forced back upon itself for a considerable distance. In no place is the fall perpendicular to any considerable extent, but in the distance of half a mile the waters descend about 50 feet A canal three-fourths of a mile long, with locks, was coustructec] round the falls, many years since, at an exponse of $50,000. CHESHIRE RAILROAD — SULLIVAN RAILROAD. 89 OHESHIHE RAILROAD. (See Map No. 9.) This route is also an extension of the Fitchburg road : it leaves the junction at South Ashburnham, Mass., and when completed will pass through Keene, N. H., to Bellows Falls, at which place it will connect with the Rutland road and the valley of Lake Champlain ; and also with the Sullivan road, a branch uniting the Cheshire with the Vermont Central Railroad. This road will receive a great part of the travel and business of the Rut- land, with which and the Fitchburg it will form the shortest, cheapest, and one of the best railroad lines between Boston and Burlington. It will have an equal chance of doing the business created by the opening of the Ogdensburg Railroad, and also of Montreal. The Cheshire Railroad is now opened through to Bellows Falls, 110 miles from Boston, and 18 from Keeno, N. H. Route from Boston to Bellows Falls. — To Fitchburg, 50 miles, $1,00; South Ashburnham, 61, $^1,25 ; Winchendon, Q'd, $1,50 ; Fitzwilliam, 78, $1,65 ; Trot/, 83, §1,70 ; Kcene, 93, $1,90 ; Westmoreland, 105, $2,15 ; Walpole, 111, $2,30 ; Bellows Falls, 115, §2,35. Keene, one of the prettiest places in the state, is situated on a flat E. of the Ashuelot river. It is particularly entitled to notice for the extent, width, and uniform level of its streets. The main street, extending one mile in a straight line, is almost a perfect level, and is well ornamented with trees. It is a place of coiisiderable business, there being several manufacturing estab- lishments here. Passengers will find stage conveyance at Win- chendon to Rindge and Jaffrey ; at Fitzwilliam, on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, on arrival of the first train from Bos- ton, to Richmond, Winchester, Hinsdale, and Brattleboro' ; and on opposite days from those places to Fitzwilliam. — At Troy, stages will connect with all the trains, through Keene and Bel- lows Falls, to and from all Western New Hampshire, Vermont, Canada, and Northern New York. THE SULUVAN RAILROAD, 25 miles in length, connects with the Cheshire road at Bellows Falls, and unites it with the 90 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANIOX. Ill Vermont, Central, and Passumpsic Railroads. Bellows Falls TO Windsor, the valley les the val- 8 course, it 3 with easy ^ :'J:T^ .^» .-^ . % J '..■^ «•^ A W^ -<"- t. Ilk*. \ - „ t -^- t,_i ^>* 'i^ ' it 'f- ,y. ->■ It, ■ - s f " ./ . s^.. <, : «"4'- ■ ■'..' i . M - ^* ^.m i. \ ' ^« ^ * ' , < - " \- ',J " t"'' t . H i °* V ,' >: Si.. - - ■' ' , ;^ ' -.' 3 ._ 'jS^ ^' iv ''*"'" • ^ 1 _ ^v . 'sf-'. *1^ ta»ia<9*MK>. ^ i«»^.'i*!,*s««r '.?t«*«*w<*«si!»a«<*?w»PW8«i«tB*te*»yif»«>wr«j»^^ I I I 1 I I* 1} I ) I . .t^ f^' P, 1 > 1 j i It ,,.« ■ 'Al^.'ir'^lfe* r -Vn i i • • V- iCi \ ■" , , ^ 1 t ••f-,**'-*i *ic-~ ^1 ^ ',y- ■.::i v> ■■.^.■'.,„J=.lJ:-^'+./ ^«; •'^:. :\. V.t- I i A: t 1 ■-''\ ■^^, #■ :"iv ,"i.^-' I ■ X' "V'V .'•t'i .-el M: ,^. g-^niiiitl^jitfitotWjat^M^ .,i:^A, .in' RUTLAND RAILROAD. 91 gradual slopes. A branch road extends to Whitehall, at which it unites with the Saratoga and Washington Railroad, thus open- ing a route to New York. From Bellows Falls to Chester, 12 miles, 40 cents; Ludlow, 26, 80 cts. ; Mount Holly, 33, $1,05 ; Clarendon, A%, $1,45 ; Rut- land, 51, $1,65 ; Piitsford, 60, $2,00 ; Brandon, 68, $2,25 ; Mid- dlebury, 85, $2,65 ; New Haven, 92, $2,90 ; Vergennes, 97, $3,00 ; Fcrrisbnrg, 103, $3,20; Charlotte, 107, $3,25; Shelburn, 111, $3,25 ; Burlington, 116, $3,30. Chester is a thriving place. Ludlow is mountainous, but con- tains good land for the grazing of sheep, Mtli^tl 11)11 oil Ollio i'IokK, novnii iiillm lV«Mil liitKo riiiinipliiiii. 'I'iio <
  • i>k III lliiN jiVtro In MMI lvo\ vvlilo, hikI III Mm IiiIIh in Ni'iMiitiliMi liy Iwn imIiiii«|h, wliirli luiiii Ilir«iiiiif>: oC llio Kiiiliiiiil Kitilroiul. l*'ioiii Vt^r* |}t«niioN llir iiiilioiiil in riiirioil iiluiiu llii« «MiMli>rii nIhuo oC liitktt ('llliilii lo lllirlliiuloii, Mini I'toiii lliriliMi il will iiiiilo with IM«uilri>iil. ^I''(it' (lrMoii|iliiui ol Uiiiliii|jliui, Hoo liiilux.) i ' nrrnunoHiv and »utnu:iY hailhoad. TliiH miui.i^x. ttMiiliiiu Ihtiu lli«« l''il« lull ol' ISU, mill JH l\.'| iiiiloN ill lonirlli. I"'ll»>\l lUmiON iO >V. 'I'OWNHKNU. Ovof lll(« l''lll'lll»IIIH Ullil- Milil lo (itoion, 'M iiiiIrN, l'\nr> W immiIn ; Si|iiiiiiiiiu'onK, 11, |ll.O;> ; TowiiHiMiil Miirlioi-, tS, itiid 'rowiiNriiii iViiMo, 47, $l:^{) ; \V. TownNoiul, IJJ, III.'J.'k WlLl'ON UAILKOAO. N. U Tliis loiul is in Now llmin»Hliin<, inul oouno«'(siil Ntt^^livillo willi llio roiicortl iiiul Kowoll ruilioiitlH ; niui iilso wiili iho Nasliiia iiiitl WoivoMlor. It. is opoii lo Am- Itoi'sl, I'.* inilos, iuitl will l>o oonliiiuoil lo Kooiio, via Wilton iukI rotorlH>n»', llioio iulorsooliiif;- llio mails lo (^tiiaila. THE VERMONT CENTRAL RAILROAD. (S,H' Miip No. 1U.> This n»ii«l \mitos willt (ho Now Hampshiro Xorthcni, ami llio }\isstii)ipsu' U'itYf railroails, at Whiti* Kivor .lunotion, and with tho Sullivan nvjtd at \V indsor ; thus oontiniiin^ tho routos throui>;h Now llamivshiiv. and «»t"thoso inootiiiiLj at Hollows Kails, through Vormont to l^tko Ohauiplain, at Umlinijton. Anothor lino oon- luvtjs this n^td at Kouso's Point w ilh tho H«j;donslnni; road, and also with (ho lino of tiavol to Montroal. It opons an oxpodi- tious t\>\ito Ivtwoon Cai\ada and Htvston. and in oonnootion w'th tho linos in tho vallov o( (ho (.\nuuvtiont, with Now York city. CONNKrTH'll I* AN|» I'ANHl/IVII'HU; IIIVCKH |( All llnA li. m INmiii; kmom WiNitMMii 'i4t Itniii.iNoiuM, To llinllninl, I inilfw, inriM, ; S'uilh ll,ii'tlii>til,\\, ;i(MU, ; Whih' lihwr .hiiii'linn, II, •IfM'lM, ; W'hitr Uiiuv \'i/f,i>/i', Ifi, r.d rlM, ; S/hirnn, '.!'/, Hr» rT^, , .S',.////< /.^.//,(/^l«, II'.'. fl.Od; linjinlfon, HI, Ij^l.or. ; //r///-/, ;|«»; ^l.'.'d. l:„i„l„li>li, Id, )|if. lOl. *'.!,'.irt ; WiIUhIoii, Kill, *.;i,M>; A'.rsrr. I l(t. *:i.','il; HV/«.)r,«/./. I I I, f;i.:if. ; Hiiih.inoiun, IIV, J*:!,!*). Slii)',)'>t tun ill Duiiit'cliitii Willi IIiIm I'«mm|, Im nil jiiirlMdl' (/'chItiiI, Noillinii, iiiiil WcHlnii Vcniioiit. Mniitiirlii'v, tlin iMi|tiliil til' Vi'iiiioiil, \n Hihiiili'd vry ii'Mir llin ctuilro ol' llio nIiiIo, Ii im Niirniiinilntl Ity IiIIIm of ntiiHiiloruhIn ritwiilioii ; iiikI iillli)Mi|.r|i it. in Ino low In roniiiiiiiiil an «^xlHN (M^nlns and tll«^ollllol of omtof llio brHt ajrriiMdtnrui diHlrirlH in N<>vv l')ii|<;land, abounding alHo with availaldo wrUor- jxiwt'r to any doNiralilo r,\tf'nt. NiiiiK^roiiH liUHiiidHH villii^»'H, and Hoiiio of coiiHidnraiilo iinporlancts ari) lo';alfd upon tlio iintiicdiutu liniMtf thin road within tlic^ tirNt 75 niiloH. This roiid nu'cis at tli' '• r i ■.'i^^i'^,' lirect lino il, and, in ticut, will the above hich, Bee 1845, and 37 miles, istable on this road of Kneel- re taking always in or to any «■* i I i five times Boston. ;ster Bay, 11, — fruits, bundance. g Boston, iB citizena M j.% ft ..,.^.,x.,.**- <- t- Entered acc(rrdin,y tcAct otCcmgress,intheyeaj'284-7, by WVfLU.iarns.mtheCJe'-kJ Office , oftheZ'istrict Cou^ . erf the S en ::r:3e tea , c-f The District Cau-X. fffthe Stnahem IHstrict crflTe.v/ Ycrr'k Diawn&Eii^^tv'W.WaUittms :nT. I '-^'wffi ^ i^igSf.nrj/^twpfeg^gyMsas^xn^fe^ ; % .1 I : -r W ^' ■IWr-jfiitfif OLD COLONY RAILROAD. 95 ■. -I Neponset Village, situated in tlie town of Dorchester, is on the Neponset river, near its mouth. It has considerable trade, and the population is rapidly increasing. Quincy, eight miles from Boston, is situated on Quincy Bay, in Boston harbor. The village, which is built on an elevated plain, is remarkable for its neatness and beauty. The ancestral estate of the Quincy family, one of the most beautiful residences in New England, is in this town. In a church in the village, erected in 1828, at a cost of ^40,000, is a beautiful monument to the memory of John Adams and his wife. This town supplies the " Quincy granite," noted for its durability and beauty. Im- mense quantities are annually quarried and sent to various parts of the U. States. By means of a railroad from the quarries to Neponset river, this material is transported at a small cost. Fare from Boston, 25 cents. — N. Braintree, 10^ miles, 25 cents ; S. Braintree, 11^, 30 cents ; S. Weymouth, 15, 40 cents ; N. Ahing- ton, 18, 45 cents ; Abingion, 19^, 50 cents ; S. Ahington, 21, 55 cents ; JV. Hanson, 23i, 60 cents ; Hanson, 24|, 65 cents ; Plympton, 30, 80 cents ; Kingston, 33, 90 cents. Plymouth, 37 miles s. e. from Boston, is celebrated as being the landing-place of the " Pilgrims," who disembarked here on the 22d of Dec. 1620. It is the oldest town in New England. Pilgrim Hall, the building most worthy of notice, contains a valuable painting representing the landing of the Pilgrims from the " May Flower." It is 13 by 16 feet, and is valued at $3,000. The cabinet of the Pilgrim Society contains many valuable an- tiquities. From Burying Hill, in the rear of the town, which is elevated 160 feet above the level of the sea, is a fine view of the village, the harbor, and shipping beyond, with the coast for some miles in extent. " Plymouth Rock," a deeply interesting spot to New Englanders, is near the termination of Leyden-st. The town contains about 200 ponds : the largest, called the Billing- ton Sea, is about six miles in circumference. It is situated two miles s. w. of the village, and contains a good supply of pickerel and perch. Fare from Boston to Plymouth, $1.10: usual time 1| hours. Stages convey passengers from Plymouth to Barn- stable, 28 miles, and to other places on Cape Cod. Stages also Veave Kingston for Duxbury, three miles distant. Stages will U ■ ■ iilWliiiJWfttenKri?5©ii'TS 96 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. also 1)0 found at most of the depots on the route to carry to any of tlio neighboring towns or villages. Pop. 7,088. THE BRIDGEWATER BRANCH, six and a half miles in length, connects with the Old Colony road at S. Abington, and l)a.sses from thence through Northville and E. Bridgcwater to UridiTcwater, 27i miles from Boston. Fare G5 cents. THE SOUTH SHORE RAILROAD ooinnu'MCos at tho Old Col- ony Railroad in Qulncy, and is opened to Cohussct. FiioM IJosTON TO CoiiAssKT. — To Quinci/, 8 in'iliis, fare 25 cts. ; E. Brabdrcc, 11, 34 cts.; ITrv/xo?*^//, 12,35 cts.; N, Wci/mouth, 14, 40 cts.; K Wn/inouth, 15, 43 cts.; H'mgUam, 18, 45 cts.; Nantnxkd, 20, 50 cts. ; Cohasset, 22, GO cts. Hiiigham, a pleasant town situated on Boston harbor, lies 12 miles E. of Boston by water, and 14 by land. It is also five miles 8. w. from Nantasket Btach, and an equal distance from Cohas- set village. It is, during the summer months, an agreeable place of resort for the people of Boston, and also for strangers visiting that city. The ride by steamboat through Boston harbor, and the passage among the many beautiful islands, is truly delightful. Tho scenery from the hills in the village present fine and exten- sive views of the bay and surrounding country. A steamboat plies regularly between Ilingham and Boston, making three trips daily during the summer months. Fare 25 cents. The Old Colonv House, an excellent hotel, is within a short distance of the steamboat landing. Cohasset, five miles from Hingham, is of easy access from the latter place. Tho situation being cool and refreshing of a hot summer's day, large numbers are attracted thither. The bathing, fishing, and marine scenery are equal to any on the coast. In the s. part of the town of Marshjield is situated the Hon. Daniel Webster's country seat : it lies 12 miles n. from Plymouth, in full view of the open sea, and is surrounded by highly cultivated grounds. Duxbury, a maritime town, is six miles n. from Plymouth and 30 8. E. from Boston. It is pleasantly situated on elevated ground, and commands a view of the ocean. At present the most con- FALL RIVER RAILROAD. 97 arry to any ilf miles in )ington, and Igcwater to the Old Col- za re 25 cts. ; '■. Wci/moufh, 18, 45 ct.8.; irbor, lies 12 Iso five miles from Cohas- reeable place igers visiting harbor, and ly delightful. and exten- \. steamboat »g three trips i. The Old ; distance of ess from the ing of a hot 'he bathing, 3oast. ed the Hon. n Plymouth, y cultivated ymouth and ted ground, le most con- venient way of reaching this place from Boston is by the Old Colony Railroad to Kingston, and thence by stage to Duxbury, three miles. FALL RIVER RAILROAD. This road extends from the Old Colony at S. Braintree, 11 J miles from Boston, to the town of Fall River. It is 42 miles in length, and cost $1,050,000, or $25,000 per mile. It was open- ed for travel in 184(). Route from Boston to Fall River. — Trains leave the Old Colony depot, Boston, daily, passing over that road to S. Brain- tree, (see Map No. 12 ;) from thence to Randolph, 15 miles. Fare 35 cents ; to E. Stoughton, 17, 40 cents ; to N. Bridgewater, 20, 50 cents; to E. and W. Bridgewater, 25, 60 cents; to Bridgewater, 27, 65 cents, (now see Map No. 11 ;) Titicut, 31, 70 cents ; Middlehoro", 35, 80 cents ; Myrick's Station, 42, $1.00; Assonet or Freetown, 45, $1.10 ; Terry's, 47^, $1.20 ; Somerset, 48i, $1.25 ; Fall River, 53, $1.35. Fall River, a flourishing and important manufacturing town, is situated on the falls of the outlet of the Watuppa Ponds, at the junction of the stream with Taunton river, and near Mount Hope Bay. These ponds contain about 5,000 acres, being 11 miles long, and, on an average, about one mile broad. They are produced by deep, never-failing springs, and are two miles e. of the village. The descent of the river is 136 feet in a regular volume of water, not liable to excess or diminution, and adequate to heavy manufacturing operations. The harbor of Fall River is safe, and of easy access, and has sufficient depth of water for ships of the largest class. Several vessels from this port are en- gaged in* the whale-fishery, and many others are employed in the coasting trade. The principal business of the place consists in the manufacture of cotton, wool, machinery, stoves, the print- ing of calico, &c. The establishment for the manufacture of iron, wholly operated by steam, is on a very large scale, employ- ing between 400 and 500 hands, and using up about 30 tons of pig and hoop iron per day. Pop. in Jan. 1850, 11,805 98 UAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. On Sunday, July 2d, 1843, Fall River was visited by a de- structive fire, in which 200 buildings, including the Pocasset Hotel, a splendid structure, were consumed. The loss of property was estimated at upwards of half a million of dollars. There are regular stage routes to New Bedford, Taunton, Bristol, and Providence. There is also a steamboat line to the latter place, a distance of 28 miles, which plies daily, each way. Route from Boston to New York via Fall River and New- port. — Passengers take the cars in Boston, at the Old Colony depot, corner of Kneeland and South sts. (For the route to Fall River, see page 97.) At Fall River the railroad from Boston ter- minates, and passengers are conveyed from thence in one of the splendid steamers belonging to this Hue, through Narragansett Bay (see Map No. 14) to Newport, R. I., 18 miles distant, where the steamer stops to land and receive passengers, and are con- veyed from thence round Point Judith, and through Long Island Sound (see Map No. 15) and the East River, passing over the boiling waters of " Hurl Gate," to the city of New York, arri- ving at an early hour the next morning ; distant from Boston, 236 miles. Fare $5.00 ; state-room $1.00 extra. (For city of New York, see page 118.) Newport, one of the towns where the state legislature holds its sessions, is situated on Rhode Island, (the island from which the name of the state is derived,) in Narragansett Bay, and is, by the channel, 5 miles from the sea, 30 miles s. e. from Provi- dence, 71 from Boston, and 165 from New York. The harbor, one of the finest in the world, is safe, and accessible by ships of the largest class. The town, lying on ground gradually rising from the water, has a beautiful site facing the harbor, in a south- easterly direction. It is celebrated for the salubrity of its climate, its cooling ocean breezes, and its fine views, which hate made it a favorite resort during the summer season. Visiters and inva- lids will here find every accommodation, either at hotels or board- ing-houses. Sea-bathing, fishing, sailing, and riding, are the chief amusements. In the waters in this vicinity there are about 60 different kinds of fin and shell fish, which are taken in great abundance. NEW BEDFORD AND TAUNTON RAILROAD. 99 OAPE OOD BRANCH RAILROAD. This road leaves the Old Colony at Middleboro' Four Corners, and extends to Warehani, and from thence to Sandwich, 28 miles. Route from Bostox. — From the depot of the Old Colony Rail- road to Middleboro', 35 miles, fare 80 cents ; to Rock Meeting- House, 38i, 95 cts.; S. Middleboro', 42i, $1,10; W. Wareham, 46, 81,20 ; Wareham, 49i §1,25 ; Agawam, 60^, §1,33 ; Cohas- set Narrows, 55, $1,45; Monument, 57, $1,50; N. Sandwich, 24, $1,50; W. Sandwich, 26, $1,50 ; Sandwich, 28, $1,50. Wareham, at the head of Buzzard's Bay, is favorably situated for trade and commerce. Its harbor is safe for vessels drawing 12 feet of water : 240 coasting vessels arrived here in 1844, bringing and taking away 50,000 tons of merchandise. There were also belonging to this port three ships and three brigs en- gaged in the whaHng business, at an outfit of ^131,000. In the town of Wareham are several ponds containing a great variety of fish, whilst the shores abound with oysters, lobsters, clams, &c., and the forests with game. This and the adjoining towns afford a great field for the sportsman. TAUNTON BRANCH RAILROAD, AND NEW BEDFORD AND TAUNTON RAILROAD. (See Map No, 11.) The former of these leaves the Providence Railroad at Mans- field, and extends to Taunton, 11 miles. It was opened for travel in 1836, and cost ^250,000. The latter road is a continuation of the former to the city of New Bedford : it was opened in 1840, is 20 miles long, and cost $400,000. Route from Boston to Taunton and New Bedford. — Pas- sengers by this route will take the cars of the Providence Rail- road at their depot in Boston, near the foot of the " Common," to Mansfield, 25 miles, (for this part of the route, see page 102;) thence to Norton, 29, Fare 70 cents ; Taunton, 36, 75 cents ; Myricks, 42, $1.00 ; New Bedford, 56, $1.50 : usual time from Boston, 3 hours. #'■; ^' 100 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. Taunton, a beautiful town, is situated on Mill river, at its junction with Taunton river. The latter is navigable to Taun- ton for vessels of small draft, and affords great water-power. The village, in the centre of the township, contains many handsome public and private buildings, located around a fine enclosure, culled Taunton Green, a public walk ornamented with trees. — The Mount Pleasant Cemetery, near Taunton Green, is laid out in a tasteful manner, on the plan of Mount Auburn Cemetery, near Boston. New Bedford, an important place of business, and port of entry, is on the w. side of Acushnet river, a small stream which falls into an estuary of Buzzard's Bay. It is situated in N. Lat. 41° 37' 43", W. Long. 75° 59', and is 56 miles from Boston, 230 from New York, 14 from Fall River, and 55 from Nantucket. Between the latter place and New Bedford there is a regular steamboat communication. The city of New Bedford is built upon rising ground, and the streets are laid out with much regularity, crossing each other at right angles. The buildings are mostly of wood, although more durable materials are now used to some extent. Many of the houses are neatly surrounded by extensive and well-cultivated gardens, and the streets on which they are built are bordered with ornamental trees. A mong the public buildings may be men- tioned the Town Hall, Custom-House, and Court-House. The former is a magnificent structure of granite, 100 feet long, 60 wide, and three stories high — the lower of which is used as a public market. The Custom-House, built of granite, is also a fine structure. In this building is the Post-OfRce. The Court- House is a plain structure, built of brick. The County Jail and House of Correction are near it. The people of New Bedford are extensively engaged in the whale-fishery. This branch of trade is, however, declining, ow- ing to the diminution of profits. We copy from the Whalemen's Shipping List of New Bedford the following statistics in regard to it : — Whole number of vessels employed in the fishery, Jan. 1, 1848, 617 ships and barks, 25 brigs, and 17 schooners — 210,541 tons. Whole number employed in the fishery, Jan. 1, 1847, 67C ships and barks, 31 brigs, 50 schooners, 1 sloop— 230,218 tons . 1 i I MILFORD BRANCH — NORFOLK COUNTY RAILROAD. 101 rev, at its to Taun- ver. The handsome enclosure, ,h trees. — is laid out Cemetery, id port of am which in N. Lat. oston, 230 fautucket. a regular j, and the ach other although Many of cultivated bordered V be men- use. The long, 60 used as a is also a \e Court- y Jail and ed in the ning, ow- lalemen's in regard lery, Jan. -210,541 1847, 670 218 tons . showing a diminution of 53 ships and barks, 6 brigs, 3 schooners, and 1 sloop^l9,677 tons. The population of New Bedford, in Jan. 1850. was 18,370. A steamboat, running in connection with the cars from Bos- ton, leaves here on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, (on arrival of the early train,) for Nantucket : time five hours, and from Boston eight hours. A boat also leaves New Bed'brd, (on arrival of the first train from Boston,) on Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays, and Saturdays, for Martha^s Vineyard, Wood^a Hole, and Holmes's Hole. Passfligers from New York to Stonington 'ake the cars for New Bedford, and arrive at Nantucket by steamer the day after. « MILFORD BRANCH RAILROAD, (See Maps Nos. 6 and 14.) — This is a branch of the Boston and Worcester Railroad, opened in Dec. 1847. It leaves that line at S. Framingham, and ex- tends to Milford : length 13 miles. From Boston to Holliston and Milford. — From the Wor- cester Railroad depot, over that route to S. Framingham, 21 miles ; from thence to Holliston, 8 miles. Fare 70 cents ; and to Milford, 5 miles ; total, 34 miles. Fare $1.00. From Boston to Depiiam, (see Map No. 6.) — Passengers by this route are taken over the Providence Railroad to Low Plain, eight miles. From this place a branch runs to Dedham, two miles, a very pleasant place, and the conveniences for reaching it from Boston make it a desirable residence. Fare 25 cents. THE NORFOLK COUNTY RAILROAD extends from the Provi- dence road to Blackstone, there intersecting the Providence and Worcester Railroad. It will imite with the other lines leading to the Hudson river. From Boston to Blackstone. — To Dedham, 10 miles, /ar*? 25 cents; S. Dedham, 14, 35 cts.; Durfee\s, 15, 40cts. ; Plympton's, 18, 50 cts.; Walpolc, 19, 55 cts.; JV. Wrcntham, 23, 70 cts. Franklin, 27, 80 cts. ; Bellingham, 30, 80 cts. ; Mill River, 33 90 cts. ; Blackstone, 35, $1,00. •.-■•i^^-WVf "~"' ;/ 102 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. FROVIDENOE AND WORCESTER RAILROAD. (See Map No. 14.) This road, which extends from Providence, R. I., to Worces- ter, Mass., 45 miles, was opened to Millville, on Tuesday, Sept. 28th, 1847, and to Worcester, on the 25th Oct. following ; on which occasion a train of 20 cars drawn by two locomotives, and containing 1,500 persons, made a pleasure trip over the road, during the course of which they wore saluted by the discharge of artillery along the whole line, and were received at Worcester with every demonstration of joy. Cost $1,226,223. From Providence to Worcester. — Trains stop at Pawtuck' et, Central Falls,Valley Falls, Lonsdale, Ashton, Albion, Man- ville, Hamlet, Woonsocket, Waterford, Blackstone, Millville, Uxhridge, Whitih's, Northhridge, Farnumville, Grafton, Sut- ton, and Millhury. The trains arrive in Worcester in time to connect with the trains for Springfield, Hartford, and Albany ; and the down train arrives in Providence in time for the steam- boat train for New York. Fare through $1 25. BOSTON AND PROVIDENCE, AND STONINGTON RAILROADS. The former of these railroads, which connects Boston with Providence, was opened in 1834 : it is 42 miles long, and cost $1,928,600. The latter road, which is properly a continuation of the above to the head-waters of Long Island Sound, was com- pleted iu 1838, at a cost of $1,920,000. Route from Boston to Providence. — Cars leave the depot in Boston for Providence daily, stopping at the following places on the route to land and receive passengers, (see Map No. 6 :) — Rox- bury, two miles, Fare 10 cents. This place, a handsome sub- urb of Boston, is under a high state of cultivation, and abounds witn beautiful gardens and pleasure-grounds. Omnibuses ply regularly betwsen this city and Boston. — Jamaica Plains, four miles. Fare 10 cents. Jamaica Pond, in this vicinity, is a de- lightful and attractive spot ; the cars pass within a short distance :o WorceS' jday, Sept. owing ; on iOtives, and r the road, ) discharge Worcester Pawtuck' Ibion, Man- , Millmllc, ifton, Sui- in time to id Albany ; the steam- •mf- / A >•■ %' ' GTON Boston with ig, and cost continuation d, was com- the depot in ng places on 3.6:)— J2ox- iidsome sub- and abounds nnibuses ply PlainSy four ity, is a de- hort distance ■4^' Sof E'OereA, r.eccrrdhi :i TcAi-t rfCniiT^ss irt tJieyectrlS47 hylV.Wiliuoyis in the Clerk':i Ofnce of the DistrU't Ceicrt.trf'Si-t Sm^tJ ' ; V i-scvvu ■« Iln.y;^ lnr"W:M51Eam3 IfT. '■>r^' « •. '^., ' >./ ' ><: 1' fj.j • V. '^ ^. Ji; .», •- •■(■• i ■»■' j BOSTON AND FUOVIDENCE UAILROAD. 103 4'-. ■ K ■ • ; •; ill 'i-i ''.1 •>v :;*•'•''•.' ' ■l- ■^1 ;# of it. — Toll Oate, five miles, Fare 12 cents ; Kenney'g Bridge, 7 miles, 20 cents ; Dedhum Low Plain, 8 inilos, 20 cents. Canton*^ (see M ip No. 14) is 14 miles from Doston, Fare 40 cents. It is a beautifully diversitiod and picturewiue town, wa- tered by the Neponsot river, which, with the numerous ponds •n its vicinity, gives it an extensive water-power. The rail- road bridge, which crosses the river at Canton, is one of the fuicst pieces of masonry in the country. It is of hewn granite, is G12 feet long, and elevated 63 feet above the foundation, rest- ing on six arches, with a succession of arches on top. Its cost exceeded $90,000. Sharon, eight miles, Fare 50 cents. This town occupies the highest land between Boston and Providence : its natural scenery is exceedingly fine. Mashapoag Pond, a beautiful sheet of water over a mile in length, rests upon a bed of iron ore. During the low stages of the water, the ore is extracted by machines made for the purpose. Fishing and pleasure parties frequent this pond in the summer season. Foxboro\ 21 miles, Fare 56 cents. This place, together with Wrentham, the latter being situated off the line of the railroad, is noted for the large quantities of cotton and straw annually used in the manufacture of bonnets. In the last-named place is a curious cavern, called WampunCa Rock, nine feet square and eight feet high. Wrenthan is 29 miles from Boston, and about seven w. from the depot at Foxboro'. Mansfield is 2'i nrles from Boston and 17 from Prov'dence. The New Bedford tnd Taunton Railroad here joins the Boston and Providence. Tare from Boston 70 cents. — Toheifa Corner, 27 miles, Fare 80 cents; Attlehor6',\ 31, 95 cents; Seekonk, 38, $1.15. Providence, a city and port of entry, and the semi-capital of Rhode Island, is situated in 41° 49' 22", N. Lat, and 71° 24' 48", W. Long., and is, next to Boston, the second ci*y in New Eng- land for population and trade. It is 42 miles s. s. w. from Boston, * Stoughton Branch runs from this depot to Stoughton Centre, four miles. t From this station, a branch roaJ, four miles long, runs to the Prov- dence and Worcester road at "Valley Falls. ' r '^mm I !i H i I ! 104 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 173 E. from New York, 30 n. from Newport, 55 n. e. from New Loudon, 45 s. e. from Worcester, and 70 e. from Hartford, Conn. The population in 1840 was upwards of 23,000. The city is built on both sides of the river, and is connected by wide and substan tial bridges. On the e. side are three principal streets, running parallel with the river — Water, Main, and Benefit streets. On Main-st. stand a number of public buildings, and many elegant brick edifices. On this side of the river the land rises abruptly, and the cross streets have a steep ascent. Benefit-st. has an elevated situation, and east of it the city is laid out with much regularity, the streets generally running in an e. and w. direction, crossed by others nearly at right angles. On the hill, overlook- ing the city, is Brown University, a Baptist institution, established in 1770. From this place there is a delightful view of the city, with a great extent of the surrounding country. Among the public buildings are a State-House, City Hall, Hospital, Jail, State Prison, Custom-House, Athenoeum, the buildings of Brown Universitj', a Theatre, and a number of Churches. The Arcade, one of the finest buildings of its kind in the country, is on the w. side of the river, and fronts on two streets, extending from Weybosset-st. on one front, to Westmin ster-st. on the other, with a fine Ionic portico on each. It is 225 feet long, 80 feet broad, and 72 feet high, divided into three sto- ries, containing upwards of 80 shops, the whole lighted by a glass roof It is built of granite, and was completed in 1828, having cost $130,000. The citizens of Providence have long been celebrated for their commercial spirit, and their large investments of capital in foreign commerce ; but of late years, much of it has been di- verted to the pursuit of domestic manufactures. The amount of capital invested in manufacturing establishments, within as well as without the city, is very great. The manufactures con- sist chiefly of cotton goods, steam-engines, machinery, and cop- per, brass, iron, and tin wares. Lines of packets ply regularly to New York, Albany, Phila- delphia, and Baltimore. The Blackstone Canal extends from Providence to Worcester, 45 miles, passing through numerous manufacturing towns and villages scattered along the whole 1-m A rVfHu PROVIDENCE AND STONINGTON RAILROAD. 105 course of Blackstone aud Pawtucket rivers. Fare from Boston » $1.25 : uatial time 2 hourB. Steamboats run from Providence to Fall River, and also from Jie former place to Newport. Usual fare 50 cents. Stages leave the Manufacturers' Hotel, Providence, for places in Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Massachusetts. Fare to Pom- fret Depot and Danielsonville, Conn., $1.00 ; to Hartford, $3.00, (stopping at the intermediate towns ;) to Norwich, $1.65 ; to New London, $2.00. A charter has been obtained for constructing a railroad from Providence, R. I., to Willimantic, in Windham county. Conn., and from thence to Hartford, and from the latter place to Fish- kill, on the Hudson river, opposite the Newburg branch of the New York and Erie Railroad. At Willimantic, it will connect with the one (about to be built) from New London, Conn., to the Western Railroad, Mass., at Palmer depot. From Providence to StoningtoiN, (see Map No. 14.*) — To Warwick, 5 miles, 12 cents ; Apponaug, 9, 25 cents ; Green- wich, 12, 35 cents ; Wickford, 18, 55 cents ; Kingston, 25, 75 cents ; Richmond, 33, 90 cents ; Charlestown, 38, $1.10 ; Wes- terly, 42, $1.30 ; Stonington, 48, $1.50. Warwick, an important manufacturing town in Rhode Island, is situated on the west side of Narraganset Bay, six miles from Providence. From some of the elevations here, a large part of the state and the bay can be seen in clear weather. — Apponaug village, in its south part, is on a branch of Narraganset Bay, and has a good harbor, a mile distant, for vessels of any size, and those of from 20 to 50 tons come up to the village. A mile from Apponaug is " Drum Rock," a huge rock so perfectly balanced upon another, that a boy 14 years of age can set it in motion, causing a noise more sonorous than that of a drum, and which in a still evening may be heard a distance of six or eight miles. This curiosity is much visited in the summer season. — Pawtuxet Village, in Warwick township, at the mouth of Pawtuxet river, four miles s. from Providence, is noted for the manufacture of cotton goods, which is here extensively carried on. The distances on the map are from Boston. ttmmmitmiSammtm ii' i 106 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. Stonington, Conn., is situated at the eastern extremity of Long Island Sound. Being the termination of the railroad from Provi- dence, it is an important point on this route, between New York and Boston. Its harbor is well protected by a breakwater, made by the United States, at a cost of $50,000. Route from Boston to New York via Providence and Stonington. — Travellers by this route will take the splendid cars of this highly important and well-managed thoroughiare, at the Providence depot in Boston, and are thence conveyed over the railroad to Providence and Stonington, see pages 102, 105. The cars in future will go through direct, either way, without the interruption of crossing the ferry at Providence : a branch road now extends around the head of the Cove, uniting the Stoning- ton and Providence railroads. At Stonington, (see Map No. 15,) passengers take the steamboat, and are conveyed thence through Long Island Sound and the East River to the city of New York, arriving there early the next morning. Fare from Boston to New York, $5.00 ; deck passage, $3.50 : time about 12 hours. NORWICH AND WOROESTER RAILROAD. (See Map No. 14.) This road extends from Norwich, Conn., to Worcester, Mass., where it unites with the chain of railroads from Boston to Albany, and also with those pervading the states of New Hampshire and Vermont. This line, including the branch to AUyn's Point, is 66 miles in length : it was opened for travel in 1839, and cost $2,400,000. Route from Worcester to Norwich. — To Auburn, 5 miles. Fare 10 cents ; Oxford, 12, 25 cents ; Webster, 16, 35 cents ; Fishersville, 22, 50 cents ; Thompson, 25, 60 cents ; Pomfret Depot, 28, 65 cents ; Daysville, 32, 75 cents ; Danielsonville, 35, 85 cents ; Central Village, 40, $1.00 ; Plainfield, 43, $1.10 ; Jewett City, 49, $1.25 ; Norwich, 59, $1.50 ; AUyn's Point, 66, $1.75. " Stages leave Central Village for Providence, on Tuesdays, NORWICH AND WORCESTER RAILROAD. 107 ty of Long rom Provi- New York liter, made )ENCE AND lendid cars are, at the d over the 105. The nthout the ranch road e Stonuig- Map No. red theuce ;he city of Fare from time about D. ster, Mass., I to Albany, npshire and I's Point, is 9, and cost rn, 5 miles, , 35 cents ; 3; Pomfret lielsonville, 43,^1.10; yn's Point, i Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays ; also from Danielsonville, on Mou* days, Wednesdays, and Fridays. Fare $1.25. Norwich is situated at the head of navigation on the Thames river, at the confluence of the Siietucket and Yantic rivers, whoso united waters constitute the Thames. It is 13 miles n. from New London, 38 s. e. from Hartford, 38 s. w. from Provi- dence, and 50 n. e. from New Haven. The city is built on a steep acclivity facing the s., the houses rising in terraces, street beyond street, and as approached from the s. in coming up the river, it exhibits one of the most beautiful and interesting views on the route. The falls at Yanticville, a flourishing manufac- turing village about a mile from Norwich, are a curiosity, being singularly wild and picturesque. From a high projecting rock which overhangs the foot of these falls, the Mohegan Indians fc^'vterly plunged to destruction, when pursued by the Narragan- 9"t' pi ^ferring thus to perish than fall into the hands of their e; n r" About a milg E. of Norwich is the flourishing manu- facturing village of Greenville, situated on Shetucket river. A dam across the river at this place furnishes a large amount of water-power for manufacturing purposes. Paper is made here to a great extent. Route from Boston to New York via Worcester and Nor- wich. — Passengers leaving Boston by this route, take the cars of the Worcester Railroad at the depot on Beach-st., opposite the United States Hotel, whence they are conveyed to Worcester, 44 miles, (see Boston and Worcester route, page 73 ;) thence to Norwich, Conn., 59 miles ; and thence to Allyn's Point, 7 miles further, a distance from Boston of 110 miles, (see Norwich and Worcester route, page 106.) From Allyn's Point, the traveller is conveyed in a splendid and commodious steamer to New York, 128 miles, (arriving there early the next morning,) which, on its way down the river Thames, stops at New London to land and receive passengers. The total distance from Boston to New York by this route is 238 miles : time 13 hours. (For map of Long Island Sound, see No. 15.) Fare through $5.00 ; deck, $3.50. Nero London is admirably situated on the w. bank of the Thames, about three miles n. of the Sound. It is 13 miles s. if 108 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. from Norwich, 42 s. e. from Hartford, 54 e. of New Haven, and 120 from New York. Its harbor is one of the best in the U. States, with water of sufficient depth for the largest vessels, and is seldom frozen. The city is defended by forts Trumbull and Griswold, the former being on the New London side of the river, a mile below the city, and the latter on the opposite side, on an eminence overlooking the city of New London. A few years after the last war with Great Britain, the mer- chants of New London turned their attention to the whale and seal fisheries, which have become an important branch of com- merce. About $3,000,000 are invested in this trade. There is also a number of vessels employed in the shore fisheries, which supply the markets of New York, and most of the neighboring cities, with fish. On the 6th of Sept. 1781, a large portion of New London was laid in ashes by the British, under the traitor Arnold. Fort Gris- wold was captured, and great part of the ^rrison put to the sword. A granite obelisk, 125 feet high, erected near the spot, commem- orates the event ; and on a tablet are inscribed the names of those who fell on that occasion. During the last war New London was blockaded for some time by a British squadron under Com- modore Hardy. THE NEW LONDON, WILLIMANTIO AND PALMER RAIL- ROAD extends from New London to Willimantic, 28 miles, and thence to tlie Mass. Western road, at Palmer depot, 35 miles farther. The entire cost is about $1,182,000. It joins at Willi- mantic with a railroad to Hartford, which is continued from thence to the Hudson river, opposite Newburg. Here it forms a union with the N. Y. and Erie road, by means of the Newburg branch. From Willimantic, roads will diverge towards Provi- dence and Blackstone, uniting the foregoing roads at these places with the roads leading to Boston. Willimantic lies 28 miles n. from N. London, and about 26 e* from Hartford ; it is a flourishing manufacturing village. Its water power is immense, and from the facilities possessed for communicr*ting with all parts, there is no doubt that it will be- come a place of the first importance. ROUTI FROM N. YORK TO N. HAVEN, ETC. 109 DAT LINE PROM BOSTON TO NEW YORK VIA SPRINGJ- FIELD, HARTFORD, AND NEW HAVEN. Passengers preferring day travel between these two cities, will avail themselves of the above route. The railroad train leaves Boston from the Worcester depot, Beach-st., at 7 a. m.,^ whence we are conveyed over the Worcester and the Western railroads to Springfield, 98 miles, (see this route at page 77 ;) thence to Hartford, 124 miles, and to New Haven, 160 miles. At the lat- ter place we continue the route by the New York and New Haven Railroad, 76 miles, making the entire distance 236 miles, occupying abor.t 10 hours. (See these routes respectively.) Fare $5,00. By referring taMap No. 2, the route will be more readily understood. (For New York city, hotels, Ac. see page 118.) Route from New York to New Haven, Hartford, an« Springfield, (see Maps Nos. 15 and 13.) — Passengers leave New York daily by steamboat from Peck Slip, East River, for New Haven, distant 80 miles, which is usually reached in about five hours. As he proceeds up the river, the traveller has aa opportunity of viewing the upper portion of the city, bordering on the river, with its shipping and ship-building ; and on the Long Island shore, Brooklyn, its Navy Yard, and Williamsburg. Four miles above New York is Blackwell's Island, on which is the Penitentiary. A short distance beyond is Astoria, a suburb of New York. Presently the boat is carried with arrowy swiftness through the boiling waters of Hurl Gate, and thence onward to Throg's Point, and into the broad expanse of Long Island Sound, which extends to Fisher's Island, a distance of 100 miles. Pro- ceeding up the Sound, the shore on either side becomes dim, in consequence of the distance we are from it, except some of the more prominent headlands, which jut out beyond the general line of the Connecticut shore. New Haven, semi-capital of Connecticut, is situated at the head of a bay which sets up four miles from Long Island Sound, • We would advise travellers to make inquiry overnight at their ho- tels, or consult the newspaper advertisement, as to the exact hour the train starts, as the above time of departure is liable to be changed. i!Hi ^n iij I'll no RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. iu 41° 18' 30' N. Lat., and 72° 56' 45" W. Long, from Green- wich. Pop. in 1849, 18,500. The city, which lies on a plain, with a gentle inclination towards the water, is in other directions skirted by an amphitheatre of hills, which at their termination present bold bluifs of trap-rocks, rising almost perpendicularly to the height of 330 to 370 feet, and constituting a striking feature of the scenery. From the summit of these bluffs is presented a fine view of the city, of Long Island Sound, here about 20 miles wide, and of the adjacent country. The harbor is entered by three rivers — Quinnipiac on the e.. West river on the w., and by Mill river on the e. Quinnipiac, towards its mouth, furnishes great quantities of fine oysters and clams, to the trade in which the village of Fairhaven chiefly owes its prosperity. New Ha- ven consists of two parts — the Old Town and the New Town — and is laid out with great regularity. The Old Town was laid out in the form of a square, half a mile wide, divided into nine smaller squares. These squares have, by intersecting streets, been divided into four parts. The central was reserved for pub- lic purposes, and may vie with the public grounds of any other city in the country. On this square are located three churches, of various architecture, and which are not excelled by any simi- lar edifices in New England. The State-House, a splendid edifice of the Doric order of architecture, after the model of the Parthe- non at Athens, stands near the centre of the western half of this square. On its west side is the fine row of buildings belonging to Yale College. There is a public cemetery at the n. w. corner of the Old Town, that has been denominated the Pere-la -Chaise of America. Beautifully ornamented with trees and shrubbery, this '• garden of graves" deservedly attracts much attention from visiters. There are about 20 Churches in New Haven, a Custom-House a Jail, an Almshouse, a State General Hospital, three Banks and a Savings Institution, a Young Men's Institute, and an Institu- tion for the support of Popular Lectures, with a well-selected library. — Yale College, founded in 1701, and named in honor of Elihu Yale, of liondon, who bequeathed it JC500, and an equal amount in goods, (the latter of which were never received,) is the most important public institution iu the city. Besides possessing ROUTE FROM N. YORK TO N. HAVEN, ETC. Ill rom Green- on a plain, er directions termination idicularly to king feature is presented re about 20 or is entered the w., and til, furnishes de in which New Ha- ew Town — vn was laid led into nine ting streets, ved for pub- )f any other ee churches, jy any simi- endid edifice the Parthe- n half of this gs belonging N. w. corner re-la-Chaise d shrubbery, tention from stom-House 9 Banks and A an Institu- ivell-selected 1 in honor of nd an equal jived,) is the es possessing ^ the most splendid mineralogical cabinet in the United States, consisting of more than 16,000 specimens, it has a magnificent collection of paintings, by Trumbull and other distinguished art* ists. It has 33,000 vols, in its libraries. Though possessing lim- ited funds, it has more students than any other college in the Union. The harbor of Nf aven is safe, but sho^How, nnd is gradu- ally filling up w.. muf its northwestern p^ When the first settlers arrived, it was sufficiently deep for all the purposes of commerce, and ships were built and launched where now are meadows, gardens, and buildings. The maritime commerce of New Haven, however, is extensive, its foreign trade being chiefly with the West Indies. — A line of steamboats plies daily between this city and New York ; and there are several lines of packets running to the same place. It is connected by railroad with N. York, and with the various lines pervading the New England States. Usual fare from New York, $1.50. Fair Haven, in the immediate vicinity of New Haven, is on the Quinnipiac river. It is an enterprising and thriving village. Its wealth is chiefly derived from its trade in oysters, which is extensively pursued between the months of October and April. Sachem's Head, a wild and picturesque spot, 16 miles s. e. from New Haven, and three miles s. of Guilford, is an attractive watering-place during the sultry months of summer. It has a good hotel, with ample accommodations for visiters, near which the steamboat lands its passengers. See Map No. 13. — From New Haven to North Haven is 7 miles. Fare 25 cents ; to Wallingford, 12, 37 cents ; Meriden,* 18, 65 cents ; Berlin Station, 22, 75 cents ; New Britain, 25, 87 cents ; and to Hartford, 36, $1.12 ; and from New York to Hartford, 116 miles, $2.50. Hartford is situated on the west side of Connecticut river, 50 miles from its mouth, and is in N. Lat. 41° 45' 50", and W. Long. 72° 50' 45" from Greenwich. The population is about 15,000. It is 35 N. N. E. from New Haven, 26 s. from Springfield, 44 n. w. * From this station stages leave for Middletown on the e. and for Wa- terbury on the w II llil I 113 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMFAinON. from New London, 15 n. from Middletown, 73 w. from Provi- dence, R. I., 124 from Boston, and 116 from New York. The city, built on ground rising gradually from the river, is laid out with little regularity, appearing to have been more the result of VxBir or Habtvobb. Comv circumstances than of foresight and design. Many of its streets, however, are attractive from the elegance of their edifices, and important from the extensive business of which they are the seat. The scene of the principal retail business is in Main-st, which, broad, but not entirely straight, extends through the city from n. to s., presenting an almost unbroken range of buildings, many of them large and elegant. Most of the public buildings are in this street ; and here Mill river, which crosses the city from w. to E., is passed by a bridge 100 feet wide, consisting of a single arch of 104 feet span, elevated 30 feet 9 inches above the bed of the river to the top of the arch. From Morgan-st, a bridge of six arches of 160 feet each, crosses the Connecticut river to East Hartford. It is a costly and substantial structure. Hartford, from its situation, is calculated to become a place of considerable commerce. The Connecticut river, which has been made navigable 120 miles above the city, brings to it a great amount of the produce of the fertile country through which it flows Steamers ply daily to New York : and there are two ROUTE FROM N. YORK TO N. HAVEN, ETC. 113 from Provi- ifork. The ', IB laid out le result of ■^^g^^p :' )f its Btreets, edifices, and are the seat, n-st., which, city from n. igs, many of dings are in city from w. r of a single ve the bed of ., a bridge of river to East le a place of ich has been it a great igh which it ere are two Bteam freight-packets — one of which runs to Philadelphia, the other to Albany. There are also packet lines to Boston, Albany, New London, Norwich, Providence, and Full River. Of the public buildings, the State-House, built in the Doric style, is the most prominent. It fronts on Muin-st., standing on the public square, and is surrounded by an iron railing, and orna- mented with trees. The legislature holds its sessions here — meeting at Hartford and New Haven on alternate years, the odd years at Hartford. — The Citij Hall, also in the Doric stylo, is a large building, fronting on Market-st., between Kingsloy and Temple sts. — Trinity College, formerly Washington College, founded in 1834, and finely located in the southwestern part of the city, is under the direction of the Episcopalians. — The Athe- nteuyn, an elegant edifice of the Doric order, was erected for the accommodation of the Young Men's Institute, the Historical So- ciety, and a Gallery of Paintings. — Hartford has the honor of having established the first institution for the relief of that most unfortunate class of persons, the deaf and dumb — the American Asylum. This establishment was opened for the reception of pupils in 1817, the number of whom rapidly increased from 7 to 140, which rather exceeds the average. The institution has spa- cious buildings, with eight or ten acres of ground attached. Con- gress also granted it a township (or 23,000 acres) of land in Ala- bama, to constitute a permanent fund. — The Retreat for the Insane, an equally meritorious institution, is on an elevated site, a mile and a quarter s. w. of the State-House. The grounds around the buildings are laid out with much taste, and orna- mented with shrubbery and gardens. — There are in the city sev- eral churches, some of which are remarkable for their architecture, five banks, a bank for savings, and four insurance companies. — The old burying-ground here, is a place of much interest, con- taining as it does the monuments of some of the first settlers of the place. Another attraction, and which must continue to be an object of interest as long as it exists, is the " Charter Oak,'* with whose history every one is familiar. During the season of navigation, steamboats for the convey- ance of passengers usually ply between Hartford and Springfield. From Hartford to Windsor, 7 miles, Fare 25 cents ; Windsor 8 !■! 114 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. hoek^ 13.38 cents ; Thompgonville, 18, 50 cents ; and to Spring- Jield, 26 miles from Hartford, 75 cents. From New Haven, C2 miles, $1.87; from New York, 143 miles, $3.25: usual time about 8 hours. — (For description of Springfield, see Index.) THE OANAL RAILROAD will extend north from New Haven to West Springfield, at which place a connection will bo formed with the Massachusetts Western Railroad. It will be continued, so as to form a union with the Connecticut River Railroad. From New Havhv to Farmington. — To Ilamden Plains, 4 miles, 12 cents ; Centreville, 7, 15 cts. ; Mount Carmel, 9, 20 cts. ; Cheshire, 16, 37 cts.; Hitchcock' h, 20, 50 cts.; Southington Cor- ners, 22, r»2 cts. ; Southington, 23, 62 cts. ; Flainville, 28, 87 cts.; Farmington, 32, $1,00. Stages leave Hitchcock's for Waterbnry : Plainville for ^ri« enery. This is the chief seat of the family of Shakers, a reMgious community practising celibacy, and alike remarkable for their mode of worship, and the singular order and economy of their domestic concerns. The society, which numbers about 600, owns 3,000 acres of excellent and highly improved land. This place has become a great resort for visiters from .all direc- tions ; some to enjoy the romantic scenery of this region, and others the beneficial influence of its waters. The Spring, a 118 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. mile and a half from the village, on the side of a hill, is ten feet in diameter, and four feet deep, and discharges, near its source, water sufficient to turn a mill. The temperature is 72° Fahren- heit, which being near summer heat renders it delightful tot bathing. The water is tasteless, pure as crystal, inodorous, and soft, and is deemed beneficial in internal obstructions, sailrheum and cutaneous affections generally. II : :. I 1 m. NEW YORK CITY. This city, the great emporium and metropolis of America, en- joys from nature a decided superiority over every other city in the Union. Its vicinity to the ocean, and its direct avenues of in- tercourse, not only with every part of its own state, but with New England and the states bordering south and west, and through these with every other section of the country, ofTer unrivalled fa- cilities for trade and commerce. Its latitude from the City Hall is 40° 42' 43" n. ; longitude w. from Greenwich 74° 00' 41"— east from Washington 3° 1' 13". The population at different periods has been as follows: in 1656, it was 1,000; in 1697, 4,302 ; in 1731, 8,622 ; 1750, 10,000 ; 1774, 22,750 ; 1800, 60,489 ; 1810, 96,.373; 1820,123,706; 1830, 202,957; 1835, 270,089; 1840, 312,710 : at the present time (1850) it probably exceeds 450,000 — making it, among the commercial cities of the world, the third in population ; while it is the second in commercial importance, being surpassed only by London in the extent of its commerce. The compact portion of the city is built on the south end of Man- hattan Island, at the junction of the Hudson with the East river, which connects the waters of Long Island Sound with the harbor of New York. The island is 13 i miles long from n. to s., vary- ing from half a mile to somewhat more than two miles in width — the greatest width being at 88th -street — and contains about 22 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the East and Harlem rivers, the former separating it from Long Island Sound ; on the w. by Hudson river, which separates it from New Jersey ; and on the N. by Harlem river — a part of which, between Kingsbridge and the Hudson, received from the Dutch tlie name of Spuyteu NEW YORK CITY. 119 s ten feet :s gourcey ' Fahren- ghtful fot )rous, and aiirheum lerica, en- city in the ues of in- with New id tl) rough rivalled fa- 1 City Hall ' 41" — east eut periods 4,302 ; in 189 ; 1810, )89 ; 1840, ds 450,000 d, the third mportance, commerce, id of Man- East river, the harbor to s., vary- es in width IS about 22 nd Harlem nd ; on the ersey and iingsbridge of Spuytett Thk Pass, Sbc, vaxbw vkom a wivbow x» ths MnaitJU. Duyvel Creek. Constant communication between the city and its rapidly increasing and picturesque suburbs, is kept up by means of steam ferry-boats, the Harlem Railroad, omnibuses, &c. ; the fares being extremely moderate, with accommodations not ex- celled by similar conveyances of any other city. The harbor of New York, which is perfectly safe, and easy of accesd, extends eight miles s. of the city to the " Narrows," and is 25 miles in circumference, being sufficiently capacious to con- tain the united navies of the world. The variegated scenery upon its shores, together with the neatly-built cottages, the country- seats of opulent citizens, and the fine Tiew of the i.slands, and of the city of New York in approaching it from the ** Narrows," impart to this harbor a beauty unsurpassed by that of any other in the world. The outer harbor, or bay, extends from the Nar- rows to Sandy Hook* where is a lighthouse, at the distance of 18 miles from the city In the harbor adjoining the city are Gov- ernor's, Bedlow's, and Ellis's Islands, on all of which are strong fortifications. The firnt, which is the most important of the three, includes 70 acres of ground, and is situated 3,200 feet from the Battery. It has Fort Molumbus in the centre, and on its north- I ;! I I; 120 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. east point Castle William, a round tower GOO feet in circumfer- ence and 60 feet high, with three tiers of guns. There is also a battery on the northwest side, commanding the entrance through Buttermilk Channel, a strait which separates it from Brooklyn, L. I. Besides these fortifications, the harbor of New York is well defended by similar works on Bedlow's and Ellis's islands ; at the Narrows, on the Long Island shore, by Fort Hamilton and Fort Lafayctt-*, (formerly called Fort Diamond,) which is built on a reef of rocks, about 200 yards from the shore ; and on Staten Island, opposite, by forts Tompkins and Richmond. The Nar- rows here is about two-thirds of a mile wide. The entrance from the Sound on the East River is defended by Fort Schuyler, on Throg's Neck. The first settlement of New York was made at the southern extremity of the city ; hence many of the streets in that section are narrow and crooked, no regular order having been observed in laying them out. In later times many of them have been widened and improved, at a great expense. The streets in the northern part of the city are laid out straightly, and some of them are of considerable width. Many of the most splendid mansions and places of religious worship of which the city can boast, are to be seen in this quarter. The most elegant and fashionable street is Broadway, which traverses the city in a straight line from N. to s., being 2^ miles long, and 80 feet broad, and termi- nating at Union Square, where it is connected with the Fourth avenue. It is occupied by many splendid stores, elegant houses, and public buildings, and few streets in the world equal it in the splendor and bustle it exhibits. It is also the great promenade of the city, bei n^r much resorted to in pleasant weather by the gay and fashionable. FuBMC Walks, Squares, &c. — The Battery, which contains about 11 acres, is situated at the extreme s. end of the city, at the commencement of Broadway, and is planted with trees and laid out in gravelled walks. From this place is a delightful view of the harbor and its islands, of the numerous vessels arriving and departing, of the adjacent shores of New Jersey, and of Staten and Long islands. — Castle Garden, connected with the Battery by means of a bridge, is used for public meetings and ezhibitioii8» NEW rORK CITY. 121 and is capable of containing within its walls 10,00C persons. Since the destruction of Niblo's Garden by fire (Sept. 1846) the fairs of the American Institute, which were formerly held there, have been removed to this capacious place. — The Bowling Green, situated near the Battery, and at the commencement of Broad- way, is of an oval form, and surrounded by an iron railing. Within its enclosure is a fountain, the water from which falling upon a rude pile of rocks about 15 feet in height, forms a pretty artificial cascade. — The Park is a triangular enclosure situated about the centre of the city, and has an area of 11 acres : it con- tains the City Hall and other buildings. It is embellished in its south part with a superb fountain, the basin of which is 100 feet in diameter. In the centre of the basin is a piece of work in the shape of an Egyptian lily. Through convex iron plates, with numerous perforations, placed around the base of this work, the water is projected into the air, and falls in the form of a heavy mist, around a column that rises to a considerable height, through the midst of the green leaves of the lotus. When the sun is shiuing full upon the fountain, the effect is extremely pleasing, from the number of miniature rainbows then observable. The basin is encircled by a neat coping of white marble. Sixteen feet beyond the coping, the whole is again surrounded by a pretty and substantial railing of iron — the intermediate space being decora- ted with various kinds of handsome shrubbery. — St. John's Park, in Hudson-square, is beautifully laid out in walks, with shade- trees, and is kept in excellent order. It is surrounded by an iron railing, which cost about $26,000. — Washington Square, or Pa- rade Ground, in the n. part of the city, contains about 10 acres, surrounded by a wooden fence. A portion of this square was formerly the Potter's Field. — Union Square is situated at the ter- mination of Broadway It is of an oval form, enclosed with an iron railing, and its centre ornamented with a fountain. — Gra- mercy Park, near Union-square, and Tompkins Square, in the N. E. part of the city, are handsomely laid out in walks, and shaded with trees. There are other squares further up the city — Mad- ison, Hamilton, &c. — which are extensive, but not yet laid out. Churches, Public Buildings, &,c. — ^The c»ty of New York can boast of many splendid public buildings. It has about 220 122 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANIOF. churches, many of which are ina^iincent and costly etructures and tho number is constantly increasinfr, especially in the upper part of the city The now Trinity Church may be regarded as the best specimen of pure Gothic architecture in the country. The engraving which follows represents a view of this church taken from tho Custom-House steps, Wall-at. ..*^i> iftr^^AoL^^- ■*— 7™^"^ -v The following is a brief histor}' of the origin of this church. The first religious services of this society (at that time known at the " Church of England in America") were held in a small chapel which stood near the Battery. The rapid increase of the congregation made it necessary to erect a larger and more com- modious edifice, which was done in 1696, during the reign of William IIL and Mary. It was first opened for divine service \ .: NEW YORK CITY. 123 ructures he upper garded as country. is church w lis church. I known as in a small ease of the more com« B reign of ne service in February, 1697, by the Rev. Mr. Vesey, Rector of New York. In 1735 it was found necessary to make an addition at its east end, and two years afterwards it was again enlarged on the north and south sides. Tiiis building was 146 feet long and 72 wide, with an ornamented steeple 180 feet high. During the awful conflagration of the city in Sept. 1776, this spacious edifice was entirely destroyed, and remained a heap of ruins during the Rev- olutionary war. " From the size and height of this noblo struc- ture, from the simple style of its architecture, from the lofty trees which embosomed it, and the graves and monuments of the dead frhich surrounded it on every side, it presented to the spectator a striking object of contemplation, and impressed him with ideas connected with reverence." At the close of the war it was again rebuilt, and consecrated in 1790 by Bishop Provost. This edifice was not as spacious as the one destroyed, it being only 104 feet long and 72 feet wide, with a steeple about 200 feet high. In 1839, this building was taken down, and the present magnificent edifice erected in its place. It is built throughout of sandstone, without galleries, and is capable of seating with comfort 800 per- sons, being 189 feet long, 84 wide, and 64 high. It cost nearly $400,000. The height of the tower, including the spire, is 264 feet The tower contains a chime of bells and a clock. In the graveyard adjoining the church may be seen the monuments of Hamilton, Lawrence, and others, who occupy an enviable dis- tinction in the history of the country. Trinity Church is the oldest and richest Episcopal society in America ; she annually devotes a large portion of ••'^r vast income to the erection and support of churches throil IJroadway. — D)rejoy's Hotel, on the corner of Purk-Row and Hcekmun-st., is conducted on the Euro- pean plan. — '"he Merchants^ Hotel, 41 Courtlanurd lioiird oudway. oiidvvay, riie Pa- y.— The IM per !l.:25per land and , Broad- it sts., is e House f States ['arl and 9 Court- are nu- city. In he visit- 3ver, are person, or else- my hour with the that one ier. [t that '\9 red with nthony- Eighth- e Park, been re- Olympic U^ieatre, 44 1 Broadway, above Cunul-st. ; Bowery Theatre^ Bowery, alxtvu Bayard st. ; National Theatre, near Chatham Square; linrton' a Theatre, \\ Chambors-st. ; American Muaeiwi, Broadway, opposite the Astor House ; Nihloa Garden, Broad- way and Prince sts. ; Chinene Museum, 531) Broadway ; Pano- rama of the Hudson River, Broadway and Walker sts. ; Castle Garden, off tlie Battery ; Vauxhall Garden, upper end of Bowery. ExiiiHiTioxs OK Tilt; Fine Autm. — Auicricd. Art Union : Col- lection of Paintings, 497 Broadway, above Broome-st. Admis- sion free. The Hall is a very handsome one, 150 feet long, and well arranged for its purpose, having room on its walls for a very large collection of pictures. International Art Union : Collec- tion of I'uintings, 289 Broadway, corner of Reade-street. Na- tional Academy of Desiyn, corner of Broadway and Leonard- street. The Croton Wat-er-Works. — The building of this great work was deelcl(^d on at the city charter election of 1835, and on the 4th of July, 1842, it was bo far completed that the water was let into the Reservoir, and on the 14th of October following it was brought into the city. The whole cost will be about $14,000,000, more than double the original estimate. Between the Distribu- ting Reservoir in 40th-st. and the Battery, up to Aug. 1847, 171 miles of pipe were laid, from 6 to 36 inches in diameter. The aqueduct commences five miles from the Hudson, and is about 40 miles from the City Hall. The dam, which is 250 feet long, 70 feet wide at the bottom, and 7 at the top, and 40 feet high, is built of stone and cement. A pond five miles in length is created by the dam, covering a surface of 400 acres, and con- taining 500,000,000 gallons of water. From the dam the aque- duct proceeds, sometimes tunnelling through solid rocks, crossing valleys by embankments and brooks by culverts, until it reaches Harlem river. It is built of stone, brick, and cement, arched over and under ; is 6 feet 3 inches wide at the bottom, 7 feet 8 inches at the top of the side walls, and 8 feet 5 inches high ; has a descent of 13i inches per mile, and will discharge 60,000,000 of gallons in 24 hours. It crosses Harlem river on a magnificent bridge of stone, termed the " High Bridge," 1,450 feet long, with 14 piers, 8 of them 80 feet span, and 6 of 50 feet span, 114 feet 9 Il^ 130 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. Tiaw oy tub Ei«h Bkisob, above tidewater to the top, and which will cost ^900,000. The Receiving Reservoir is at 86th-st. and 6th avenue, covering 35 acres and containing 150,000,000 gallons of water. Persons wishing to visit the High Bridge will take the cars of the Har- lem Railroad to Harlem, Fare 12^ cents ; at which place a stage will be in waiting to convey them to the bridge. Fare 1 8| eta. There is now no city in the world better supplied with pure and wholesome water than New York ; and the supply would be abundant, if the population were five times its present number. The most convenient mode of visiting the Distributing Re- servoir in 40th -st., or the Receiving Reservoir in 86th-8t., is by the cars of the Harlem Railroad, which leave the depot opposite the City Hall every 15 minutes during the day. Fare 12^ cts. Steamboat Lines from New York. — During the season of navigation, regular lines of steamboats ply upon the Hudson, passing between New York, Albany, and Troy, and also for the intermediate places on the river. From New York to Albany and Trot. — There are both morning and evening boats, the former usually leaving New York from the North River side, at 6^ or 7 o'clock, arriving in about NEW YORK CITY. 131 10 hours. Tho latter leave New York at 5, 6, or 7 o'clock, ar- riving at Albany next morninfr. Fare varies uccordin(( to com- petition from 3.') cents to $1.50. (See *< Pussago up the Hud- son," and also Map No. 18.) Day Line from New York to Boston via New Haven, Hart- roRD, AND Springfield, (see Map No. 2, also this route from Boston to Now York.) Ciiis luavo New York, from tho depot m Ciuiiil-st., daily, and also from 27th-8t., and reach Now Hiiven, 70 iniien, in about four hours. lAtre ^1,50. Here Tvo take the ears for Hartford, 36 miles diaUint, and arrive tn one hour and a half. Fare .^1.00. From thence we are conveyed to Sprinfr field, 2G miles further, in one hour. Fare $1.00 ; and from thence to Boston, 08 miles, in four and a half hours : total distauce 236 miles : time 12 hours. Fare through $5.00. From New York to Boston via Norwich and Worcester, (see Map No. 2, and also this route from Boston to New York.) — Passeufjers by this route to Boston take tlie stcauiboat from the foot of Battery Place, at 5 p. m. in summer, and 4 p. m. in win- ter ; whence they will bo conveyed through the Sound to the terminus of the Norwich and Worcester Railroad at Allyn's Point, 125 miles ; thence over the above road to Norwich, 132 miles. Fare $2.50 ; thence to Worcester, 191 miles, Fare $3.50 ; and thence to Boston, 235 miles. Time 13^ hours : Fare through $5.00. From New York to Boston via Stonington and Providence, (see Map No. 2, and also this route from Boston to New York.) — Passengers lea /e New York from Pier No. 1 North River, foot of Battery Place, at 5 p. m. in summer, and 4 p. m. in winter, and are thence conveyed over the Sound to Stonington, 125 miles, in nine hours. Fare $2.50 ; thence over the railroad to Providence, 47 miles further, Fare $4.00 ; thence to Boston, 42 miles : total distance 224 miles. Time 12 hours : Fare $5.00. From New York to Boston via Newport and Fall River. (See Map No. 2, and also this route from Boston to New York.) Steamboats leave New York daily, (Sundays excepted,) from Pier No. 3, North River, at 5 p. m. in summer, and 4 p. m. in wmter ; passing through the Sound and around Point Judith to lit I' ll' 132 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. Newport, R. I., 165 miles. Time 10 hours: fare $4.00. Thence to Fall River, 18 miles further, in one hour. Fare from New York, $4.00. Thence by cars to Boston, 53 miles, in two hours. Total distance 236 miles: time 13 hours: fare $5.00. On the arrival of the boat at Fall River, passengers can proceed im- mediately by railroad to Boston ; or if they wish to remain till the starting of the Accommodation Train, (having breakfast on board, if they desire it,) they will leave at 6^ a. m., and reach Boston at about 9^ a. m. (For routes from New York to Phila- delphia ; the New York and Erie Railroad ; from New York to New Haven, Hartford, &c., see Index.) Rates of fare i:j New York for Hackney-Coaches, Carriages, OR Cabs.— For conveying a passenger any distance not exceeding one mile, 25 cents ; two j,assengers, 50 cents, or 25 cents each ; every addi- tional passenger, 25 cents. For conveying a passenger any distance exceeding a mile, and within two miles, 50 cents ; every additional passenger, 25 cents. For the use of a hackney-coach, carriage, or cab, by the day, with one or more passengers, $5.00. For the use of a hackney-coach, carriage, or cab, by the hour, with one or more passengers, with the privilege of going from place to place, and of stopping as often as may be required, as follows :— first hour, $1.00 ; second hour, 75 cents ; every succeeding hour, 50 cents. Children under two years of age, nothing ; from two to fourteen, half price. Each p.'"3senger is entitled to take one trunk, valise, box, bag, or other travelling package ; and as ; lany more as he pleases, by paying six cents for each extra one, or 12J cents if over » iiile. If the distance be over one mile, and not over two miles, the charge for one passenger is 50 cents, and each additional one, 25 cents. If a carriage is taken by the day or hour, it must be so specified. If a hack is detained or hindered, the driver is entitled to 75 cents for the first hour, and 37J cents per hour afterwards, in addition to mileage. Every hack is required to be conspicuously numbered, and to have the rates of fare posted up within it ; and in default of either of these, the driver is not to demand or receive any pay. Cabs.—C-dUs to and from dwellings, to or from steamboats, or other parts of the city, with one or two persons, 50 cents. When leaving the stand with one person, any distance not over a mile and a half, 25 cents. When with two persons, 37J cents. When by the hoar, driving in town from place to place, for each hour, 50 cents. Distances from the City Hall.— To the Battery, north end, three- quarters of a mile— south end, one mile ; foot of Courtland-st., three- quarters of a mile ; foot of Barclay-st., half a mile ; foot of Chambers* i VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY. 133 St., half a mile ; foot of Canal-st., one mile ; Dry Dock, two miles ; Catharine-st. Ferry, three-quarters of a mile ; Fulton Ferry, half a mile ; South Ferry, one mile ; Navy Yard, Brooklyn, one mile and a quarter ; Jersey City Ferry, half a mile ; Harlem, eight miles ; Dis- tributing Reservoir, three miles and a quarter ; Receiving Reservoir, Ave miles. Places in thk vicinity of Nevit York. — Brooklyn^ described at length, at page 136 ; Navy Yard, Brooklyn, at page 138 ; Atlantic Dock, at page 139 ; Greenwood Cemetery, at page 139. Williamsburg is situated on Long Island, opposite the north- east part of New York, from which it is separated by the East River. This place, which, as well as Brooklyn, has become the residence of numbers doing business in New-York, is increasing rapidly in wealth and population. At the present time its popu- lation is not less than 15,000. It is connected with New York by three steam-ferries, the boats on which ply at regular inter- vals. The ferriage is from 3 to 4 cents each icay. f : Astoria, a flourishing village six miles n. e. of the city, has a fine location, being situated on the East River near " Hurl '■' I Gate." It has become a favorite residence for persons from New York. Flushing, at the head of Flushing Bay, five miles from Long Island Sound by water, and nine miles from the City Hall, New York, is a favorite place of resort for the inhabitants of that city and of Brooklyn. The ride from the latter place is delightful : from the fonaer it is reached by steamboat, one plying between the two places at regular intervals, — affording, during the sum- mer season, a delightful, though short, aquatic excursion to one of the most inviting places in the vicinity of the city. Flushing is celebrated for its nurseries, and thousands are every season at- tracted thither, who love to revel among the beautiful creations of the Floral world, which are here to be seen in greater variety and on a larger scale than, perhaps, nt any other place in the country. There are four considerable nurseries in the town. Of these, the establishment of Parsons & Co. is, we believe, the most extensive, covering, as it does, about 70 acres. The other 6 'tablishments are those of Winter & Co., King & Ripley, and W. R. Prince. The latter gentleman claims, we believe, for his nursery the title of the " Liuneau Botanic Garden ;" but the ill 11 134 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. garden formerly cultivated by his father under that appellation, and which gained such celebrity during his lifetime, is the one now owned by Winter & Co. The trees, &c., the produce of these gardens, are in demand, not only for every part of the Union, but also for Europe. Visiters have free access to these gardens on all days, (Sundays excepted,) Flatbush, about five miles from Brooklyn, Flatlands eight, Oravesend ten miles, are small but handsome places. The shores of the latter place abound with clams, oysters, and water- fowl, and are much resorted to. Coney Island, belonging to the town of Gravesend, is five miles long, and one broad, and is situated about 12 miles from New York. It has a fiiif^ beach fronting the ocean, and is much frequented for sea-bathing. On the n. side of the Island is an hotel. Steamboats ply regularly between the city and Coney Island during the summer season. Fare 13^ cents each way. Fort Hamilton, one of the fortifications for protecting the har- bor of New York, is situated at the " Narrows," about seven miles from New York. There is here an extensive hotel or boarding-house, for the accommodation of visiters. The Coney Island boat stops at Fort Hamilton to land and receive passen- gers. Fare 12^ cents. Rockaway Beach, a celebrated and fashionable watering-place, on the Atlantic sea-coast, is in a s. e. direction from New York. The Marine Pavilion, a splendid establishment, erected in 1834, upon the beach, a short distance from the ocean, is furnished in a style befitting its object as a place of resort for gay and fash- ionable company. There is another hotel here which is well kept ; also several private boarding-houses, where the visiter, seeking pleasure or health, may enjoy the invigorating ocean breeze, with less parade and at a more reasonable cost than at the hotels. The best route to Rockaway is by the Long Island Railroad to Jamaica, twelve miles, 25 cents ; thence by stage eight miles, over an excellent road, to the beach, 50 cents. Bloomingdale is a neat village, five miles from the City Hail, on the left bank of the Hudson. Here is the Orphan Asylum. Manhattanville, two miles north of the latter place, contains the Lunatic Asylum, which occupies a commanding situation. Hai' VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY. 135 i; 1 tern, eight miles from the City Hall, is reached by the cars on the Harlem Railroad, which leave the depot in New York many times daily. Places on the Hudsoa rjver worthy the attention of strangers, are described under the heading, " Passage up the Hudson," at page 152 Staten Island, the lauding at which is about five miles from New York and fronting the Quarantine Ground, has a fine situa- tion commanding a splendid view of the beautiful bay, Long Island, &.C. There are here hotels and boarding-houses, for the reception of visiters. Steamboats leave New York several times daily, from the foot of Whitehall-st., at the Battery. Fare 12^ cents. New Brighton, Port Richmond, and the Sailor's Snug Harbor, an asylum for superannuated seamen, are situated ii? the N. part of the Island. Steamboats leave daily from the loot of Battery Place. Long Branch, situated on the eastern coast of New Jersey, 32 miles from the city of New York, is a popular place of resort for those fond of seashore recreation, and wiiere a pure and invigor- ating atmosphere is always to be fouud. The Ocean House, a hotel of the first order, a short distance N from Long Branch, is a place where, tiuriag the oppressive heat of summer, a greater degree of real co: <'^!"-l can be enjoyed than, perhaps, at the more fashionable wat uig-p'.aoes. The sea-breeze, which is constant here as well .s it Long Branch, and the convenient surf-bathing, have an ai'riost magic eftect in restoring the exhausted energies of tbr ^umaa frainr while a view of that grandest of objects, the Ocean, which i^ here spread out before you — now gently undulating in dalliance with ihe breeze, and now upheaved by the tempest — has an equally salu- tary effect on the animal spirits. There is admirable sport in this vicinity for the angler. The Shrewsbury river on the one side, and the ocean on the other, swarm with all the delicate varieties of fish with which our markets abound. Shrewsbury, Red Bank, and Tinton Falls, in the vicinity of the above, are also places of great resort. A steamboat leaves New York daily from Fulton-slip for tho above places. 136 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. fill. Tlew from Brooklyn "Eelebta' BROOKLYN. Brooklyn, the second city in the state of New York for pop- ulation, is situated at the w. end of Lo?i■> ...utr''::'!'^ •■!. ■...<>■. , .*, ill;. i * M £rztf!red,ac.ccyrdxnqtcActO'^'Ca?%arpssh,-thi'yeai-J.'^'J''J^yyfyrjhj.mis,in ''^10 C °J> '> Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WIBSTIR.N.Y. MSSO (716) 873-4303 ^ SJ iV 4 % ^^T^ o^ w I. I i ■i: -A ■*^4 ■.^tMtmiifv LONG ISLAND RAILROAD. 141 < i iug the depot near the South Ferry, the cars pass through a tunnel, under Atlantic-st., which is 2,750 feet long, and about 30 deep, at the highest part of the street, and which cost $96,000. The railroad to Jamaica, 12 miles, was the first link of the road constructed, by a company incorporated April, 1832, with a capital of $300,000. In April, 1834, the Long Island Railroad Company was incorporated, with a capital of $1,500,000, to con- struct a road through Long Island to Greenport, with permission to unite with the Brooklyn and Jamaica Company. The design of this road originally was to open a speedy communication be- tween New York and Boston, which, by a ferry crossing the Sound, was to connect with either of the great routes that ter- minate in the latter city. A steamer now runs between Green- port and New London, Ct. Passengers by this line will arrive at New London in time to take the cars for Hartford, and also, those from Norwich Worcester, &c. Passengers from New York will reach New London in about 5^ hours, and can return the same afternoon, in the Norwich boat, or the next morning, by the L. L route, the steamer running so as to connect with it. Fare from New York to New Loudon, $2,00. The distance between New York and Boston, by this route, connecting with the Norwich and Worcester Railroad, is 236 miles. From Brooklyn to Bedford, 2^ miles, Fare 6 cents ; East New York, 5^, 12 cents ; Union Race Course, 8, 20 cents ; Ja- maica, 12, 25 cents; Brushville, 15, 31 cents; Hempstead Branch, 19, 37 cents ; Hicksvillc, 27, 50 cents ; Farmingdale, 32, G2 cents ; Deer Park, 38, 75 cents ; Thompson, 41, $1.00 ; Suffolk Station, 45, $1.00 ; Medford Station, 56, $1.12; Yap- hank, GO, $1.25 ; Si. George's Manor, 68, $1.50 ; River head, 75, $1.62 ; Jamesport, 80, $1.62 ; Mattetuck,85, $1.75; South- old, 92, $1.87 ; Greenport, 96, $2.00. On arrival of the cars at the latter place, a steamboat leaves for Sag Harbor. Stages leave Jamaica daily for Rockaway, on arrival of the cars, Ff}re 50 cents. From Hicksville to Cold Spring, Hunt- ington, and Oyster Bay ; from Deer Park to Babylon ; from Thompson to Islip and Mechanicsville ; from SuiTolk Station to Patchogue ; from Yaphank io Millville ; from St. George's tin 142 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMFANIOlf. II I Manor to Moriehet; 4nd from Riverhead to Quogue and <9. and E. Hampton. JamaieOt flituated on the railroad, and on the turnpike-road leading from Brooklyn to Hempstead, is a neat and pleasant vil- lage, approached by roads running through a district highly cul- tivated, and richly adorned with productive farms and splendid country'Seats. This village is a great resort for persons from the neighboring cities, the railroad rendering the communication easy and convenient Many persons doing business in New York have permanent residences here. A branch road, two and a half miles, extends to Hempstead, centrally situated upon the south side of " Hempstead Plains," and, by a turnpike-road, about 31 miles from Brooklyn. The soil, which is sandy loam, is rendered highly productive by judicious cultivation. Fare from Brooklyn 37^ cents. North Hempstead, 21 miles from Brooklyn, is situated a shct distance north of the railroad, and on the turnpike-road which runs throughout the island. It is the seat of the county, and contains the courthouse, &c. In this town is " Harbor Hill," which rises to the height of 331 feet above the ocean, and is said to be the most elevated land on the Atlantic coast from Mon- tauk Point to Florida. It is about 12 miles from the Atlantic, and is visible some distance at sea. Success Pond, situated on a high hill, in the west part of the town, is a mile in circumfer- ence : it abounds with yellow perch, and is a favorite resort for the angler. Riverhead is situated on the Peconic river, 75 miles from Brooklyn, and is the capital of Suffolk county. Vessels of 70 tons burden come within two and a half miles of the village. Large quantities of wood are sent from this place to New York Oreenport is the eastern termination of the Long Island Rui road, 96 miles from Brooklyn. Before the construction of the railroad, it consisted of a few straggling houses only, but is now quite a large and prosperous village. Oardiner^s Island, situated across the mouth of Gardiner's Bay, about 10 miles from Greenport, was settled as early as 1636, by a Scotchman who had served in the English army. This, it is laid, was the first British settlement in the state of New York. NEW YORK AND NEW HAVEN RAILROAD. 143 The island is remarkable for its fine cultivation, its extensive dairy, numerous herds, and great product of wool " The cele- brated Captain Kidd called at this island on his way to Boston, when he returned from his cruise in 1699, and deposited here a box of gold, silver, and precious stones, intrusting the then owner of the island with the secret, and holding his life in pledge for his fidelity. An account of this deposite was found among the pirate's papers upon his arrest ; and the box was disinterred, and delivered to the commissioners appointed to receive it It con- tained 788| oz. of gold, 84*7^ oz. of silver, and 17| of jewels." THE NEW YORE AND NEW HAVEN RAILROAD. (See Map No. 15.) This road extends from the Harlem Railroad, at a point near ** Williams' Bridge," 18^ miles from the City Hall, New York. It is 76 miles in length, and cost abo it $2,600,000. This road opens the communication with Boston and all the principal cities and towns in New England. Route from New York to New Haven. — To New Rochelle^ 20 miles, 86 cents ; Mamaroneck, 23, 40 cts. ; Ri/e, 27, 45 cts. ; P(yrt Cheater, 28 i, 60 cts.; Oreenwich, 31, 55 cts.; Stamford, 36, 65 cts. ; Darien, 41, 70 cts. ; Norwalk, 44, 75 cts. ; Westport, 47, 85 cts.; Southport, 52, 96 cts.; Fairfield, 54, 95 cts.; Bridgeport, 58i, $1,00 ; Stratford, 62, $1,15 ; Milford, 66, $1,30 ; New Haven, 76, $1,50. Norwalk, Conn., on the route of the New York and New Ha- ven Railroad, is a very pleasant town, situated on Long Island Sound, 45 miles n. e. from New York, and 35 w. s. w. from New Haven. The village is built on both sides of Norwalk river, over which is a bridge, to which vessels come tliat draw only six feet of water. One and a half miles s. of the borough is South Norwalk, where the steamboats land which ply between New York and Norwalk. Pop. in 1848 about 4,000. (For descrip- tion of New Haven and Bridgeport, see index.) y m vi 144 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. The Naugatuck Railroad extends from its junction with the New York and New Haven road at Milford, to the village of Winsted, a distance of 67 miles. It was opened for travel in Sept., 1849, and cost, equipments included, ^1,800,000. FaoM Bridgeport to Winsted. — To Junction, 5 miles ; Der- hy, 14, 40 cts. ; Ausonia, 16, 45 cts. ; Humphreysville, 20, 50 cts.; Naugatticky 27, 65 cts.; Waterhuryy 32, 75 cts.; Water- ville, 35, 85 eta; Plymouth, 42, $1,05 ; Litchfield Sta., 4^, $1,30; Woicottville, 52, $1,30 ; Burrville, 57, $1,40 ; Wimted, 62, $1,60. 4 V4 HARLEM RAILROAD. (See Maps Nos. 15 and 18.) This road extends from the City Hall, at the junction of Cen- tre and Chatham ets., through Centre, Broome, and the Bowerj, to the Fourth avenue ; at 32d-8t. it enters the first deep cutting into the solid rock, at Murray's Hill, and then proceeds towards the tunnel under Prospect Hill, at Yorkville, which is 595 feet long, 24 wide, and 21 high to the top of the arch, cut through solid rock, and which cost $90,000 ; from thence it proceeds to Harlem, crossing the river over a substantial bridge into the county of Westchester. This road is intended to unite with the Albany and West Stockbridge Railroad, at Chatham Four Comers, and in connec- tion with which it will open a communication between the cities ot New York and Albany. Its completion will open a new trade with the rich and flourishing counties through which it is to pass, that will give a new impetus to its business prospects. The New York and New Haven Railroad unites with the Harlem at a point near Williams' Bridge. From New York to Yorkville, 5 miles. Fare 12^ cents; Harlem, %, 12^ cents; Morrisiana, 8i, 20 cents; Fordham, 13, 20 cents; Williams^ Bridge, 14^, 25 cents ; Tuckahoe Station, 20, 87 cents ; Hart*8 Corner, 24, 50 cents; White Plains, 27, 50 cents; Pleasant- HXTDSON RIVER RAILROAD. 146 ville, 31, 62 cents ; New Cattle Corners, 4] , 75 cents ; Bedford, 44, 87 cents ; Whitloekville, 48, 90 cents ; and to Croton Falls and Somers, $1.00. Stages run daily, connecting with the cars, between Harlem and the HighBridge ; from Harlem to Macomb's Dam and Kings- bridge ; from Williams' Bridge to E. Chester, W. Farms, W. Chester, New Rochelle, and Mamaroneck, fare 25 cents. From Fordham to Yonkers, 25 cents ; and frdm Williams' Bridge to Yonkers, 18| cents ; from Croton Falls to Lake Mahopac, 25 cents ; from White Plains to Port Chester and Rye, 25 cents. Yorkville is five miles n. of the City Hall : the cars pass through it many times daily. In this vicinity is the Receiving Reservoii of the Croton water-works, containing 35 acres, enclosed by a high, substantial wall. Harlem, eight miles from the City Hall, is a suburb of New York, and is quite a manufacturing place. It can be reached from the city by the cars, many times daily. Harlem was founded by the Dutch, in 1658, with a view to the amusement and recreation of the citizens. The following is from an ancient Dutch record. " The Governor and Council, desirous to form a new village at the end of Manhattan Island, proposed to settlers grants of land of 45 acres each, at 13 shillings the acre, free Lorn tithes, for 10 years, and to assign 15 soldiers for their defence ; to erect a sub-court of justice when there should be 25 families established ; to provide a clergyman, half of whose salary should be paid by the government ; and to make a road to the city by the company's negroes." White Plains and Bedford are each semi-capitals of West> Chester county : the latter is situated upon a highly fertile plain, encompassed by hills. Whitlocksville, at the junction of Cross and Croton rivers, has some manufacturing. HUDSON RIVER RAILROAD. (See Map No. 18.) The Hudson Rnnea Railroad will extend from the city of New York to Albany, (144 miles,) and will pass through all the 10 146 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. populous and thrifty towns and villages on the banks of the noble Hudson. Its probable cost, including every thing, will be about $7,000,000. This road, in regard to construction, will have po superior in the country. It is estimated that /our h I \ i tflTUrt (W'tfj* Soit&itmTijtria aflTM'Tafh.. i^hi i! -' . ^- : ?♦ q[*-. ''f!*"* V i ■■^1:^ )w4»., tHk'v 5# ^ — ^' "i:- liK'-i^M a|p'4 ■'Tt?;-'^' - -"^^^^'i'' *.-: !- *M > Ret 1 " fat >-J Met 9f W1,4R. Zcl lOOK Jn MAP I 'I'HE p^^o VKfTTr 16 Enttred.occardhic! tirA/-t or^Liin^rc.is. in-8iejy<-M\lfi4-7. hy WWilHoms imhr nfrk'.i Of^ct, or'tht Dirt>-ut. Ccncrt. JUSi'nithum. D I U\ if iti ■•'^ V, • ' V.ii • -,' -t^ ''■ •■•;.'. duel an» v^ ■i'-'i mov ,■.. ■ ■■..( T M^ :1 1 r ,.^r ^ ■i^^%;^ 1 / i s,r"- f i . . ■ ;-'■ ■>■'.- ■-■■(■■ ^ ■ ..-a ' I PASSAGE UP THE HUDSON. 163 fc duel with Aaron Burr, July 11, 1804. Formerly there was here a marble monument erected to his memory, but it is now re- moved. The Palisades are a remarkable range of precipices of trap- rock, extending up the river on the west side 30 miles to Tappan, and forming a singular and in many places an impassable boun- dary. They rise to the height of 500 feet. Bull's Ferry f six miles from New York, is a place of consider- able resort during the summer season. It is connected with New York by a lerry. Fare 12^ cents. On the opposite shore, five miles from the City Hall, is Bloom.' ingdale, a suburb of New York. From the river is seen the Orphan Asylum, with its green lawn extending to the water's edge. Fort Lee^ on the w. side of the river, 10 miles above the city, is situated on the brow of the Palisades. The fort — the site of which is about 300 feet above the water — was the scene of im- portant military operations during the Revolutionary war. A large body of American militia stationed here, in attempting to 'etreat, were overpowered by a vastly superior force, consisting chiefly of Hessians, when they were either slain or consigned to the prison-ship — a fate more terrific than death itself. A ferry connects it with New York. Fare 12^ cents. Fort Washington is nearly opposite. Here, during the Revo- lution, the American arms sustained a defeat, and 2,600 men surrendered themselves prisoners of war. Spuyten Duyvel Creek, 13 miles above New York, flows into the Hudson : this creek, with the Harlem river, of which it is a part, forms Manhattan Island, on which the city is built. Phillipsburg, or Yonkers, 17 miles above New York, at the mouth of a small creek called the Saw-Mill Creek, is a thriving village, much resorted to in warm weather. Fare by steamboat from New York, 25 cents. Hastings, three miles n. of Yonkers, is a neat little village containing some flne country-seats. Dobbs* Ferry, 22 miles n. of the city, was a noted place du- ring the Revolutionary war. Piermontf on the west bank of the Hudson, is the starting* ' ■ i i ' '1 il 11 f 164 BAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. point of the New York and Erie Railroad. A pier extends from the shore a mile in length. A steamboat plies daily between this place and New York, and connects with the railroad. Three and a half miles w., lies the village of TappaUf celebrated aa having been the head-quarters of Washington during the Revolu- tion, and the place where Major Andre was executed, in Octo- ber, 1780. Here commences the expansion of the river known as Tappan Bay, extending a distance of 10 miles, with an aver- age breadth of two and a half miles. Four miles n. of Dobba* Ferry is the beautiful residence of Washington Irving. This villa is built on the margin of the river, with a neat lawn and embellished grounds surrounding it It is built in the old Dutch style, and may be distinctly seen from the steamboat, in going up or down the river. Tarry towrit 27 miles above New York, is beautifully situated on Tappan Bay. Here Major Andre was stopped, (on his way to the British lines,) returning from his visit to General Arnold. Nyack, on the w. side of the river, 28 miles above New York, was formerly important for its quarries of red sandstone ; but the Quincy and other granites have supplanted it in public favor. A steamboat plies daily between this place and New York. Sing Sing is on the e. shore of the Hudson, 33 miles above New York. It is situated partly on elevated ground, and com- mands a fine view of the river and the surrounding country. This place contains the State Prison, occupying 130 acres of ground, which can be distinctly traced from the boat, as it pro- ceeds up or down the river. It is noted for its marble quarries, which are extensively worked by the state convicts, who have erected two large prisons, workshops, &c., from the stone quar- ried here. The Croton river, after running s. w. for about 40 miles, enters the Hudson two miles above Sing Sing, and during the spring of the year pours a considerable volume of water into that river. Its source is derived fro^ ponds of pure water in a granite region of country. A portion of this river is diverted from its course to supply the citizens of the metropolis with pure wa- ter. The rapid freshets of the Croton have brought down such an amount of earth and stones as to form Tellers or Croton Point, PASSAGE UP THE HUDSON. 156 pro- rries, lave uar- it 40 iiring into in a from wa- Buch oint, an isthmus that extends about a mile from the eastern shore, sep- arating the Tappan from Haverstraw Bay. On the opposite side of the river is Verdritege's Hookf a bold headland rising majestically from the water ; above which the river again expands to the average width of two miles, extending six, and is known as the Haverstraw Bay. On the Verdritege mountain there is a crystal lake, about four miles in circumfer- ence, which forms the source of the Hackeusack river, and which, although not more than a mile from the Hudson, is ele- vated 250 feet above it This is the Rockland Lake, from which New York is supplied with ice of the purest quality. The ice, cut into large square blocks, is slid down to the level of the river, and, when the river breaks up, is transported to the city. Haveratrawt or Warren^ is on the w. side of the river, 36 miles from the city, with which there is daily communication by steam- boat Verplanck^s Points on the e. side of the river, and Stony Point on the opposite side, are memorable from their connection with events of the Revolutionary war. CaldvaelVs Landings on the w. side of the river, 44 miles from New York, is at the base of the Dunderburg or Thunder mountain. From this elevated position, which is 300 feet above the river, the visiter has a view that extends over Westchester county to Long Island Sound, down the river and bays to the vicinity of the city, and across the river to Peekskill and the mountain summits around West Point. Caldwell is usually a place of landing for the Albany boats on their way up the river. Just before reaching this place, the traveller who has never be- fore ascended the river, is scarcely able to conjecture, as he looks around, and sees ull further ingress apparently cut off, which course the boat will pursue, — whether through the deep opening to the right, or the one in front, leading through the mountains. During this brief suspense, and while contemplating the stupen- dous elevation close at hand, which the steamer almost grazes in its rapid course, the boat is suddenly directed to the left, around the acute angle that opens into the Horse Race, a short reach of the river between the mountains on the s., and St. Anthony** Point on the n. Peekskill, on the opposite side of the river, is a village of some I i i h < 'I • ii i i 166 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. importance. A railroad has been proposed to connect this place with New Haven, Conn. The Highlands. — These may be considered the most remarka- ble feature in the Hudson river scenery. They are 16 miles in width, and extend in a n. e. and s. w. direction, about 25 miles. The highest elevation is 1,680 feet. The course of the boat now is through the " Horse Race," a term derived from the rapidity of the current, caused by an abrupt angle in the bed of the river, which is contracted to a narrow space by its passage through the mountain-pass. Anthony's Nose on the right or east shore, is a mass of rocks rising 1,128 feet above the level of the river, which runs deeply at its base. Two miles above the last-named place, is the Sugar- Loaf Mountain^ which rears its summit to the height of 860 feet The Buttermilk Falls, 49 miles above the city, nearly oppo- site the Sugar- Loaf Mountain, present a fine appearance, espe> cially when the stream is swollen by heavy rains. They descend for more than 100 feet in two successive cascades, spreading out in sheets of milk-white foam ; a fine view of them is obtained from the boat whilst passing. West Point. — The traveller has now arrived at this romantic and interesting spot, 52 miles above New York, and 93 miles from Albany. It was one of the most important fortresses during the Revolutionary war; and is now the seat of the national Military School, organized in 1802, under the direction of Gen. Williams. The cliff selected for the site of the fortress rests against a lofty ridge broken into small eminences that form a species of amphitheatre, washed below by the river. It rises in terraces, the first of which is very narrow and nearly level with the river ; the second is approachable by a steep ascent of 80 or 90 feet, and the third, rising 188 feet above the level of the wa- ter, spreads into a plain of more than a mile in circumference, on which the principal works were constructed, the chief of which was Fort Clinton. Upon the eminences were several redoubts which commanded Fort Clinton, of which Fort Putnam was the most important. This fort is elevated 598 feet above the river. As the boat proceeds on her course the outworks and buildings attftched to the Military School are plainly discernible. During PASSAGE XJP THE HUDSON. Ifi7 the Revolutionary war this post was emphatically tlio key of the country, as it commanded the river, which admitted voHsels of heavy burden as far as Hudson, and prevented the British from holding communication with Canada. For this reason the Brit- ish commanders were very anxious to obtain it, and its surrender was to have been the first fruit of Arnold's treason ; but iu this he was diL \ppointed by the arrest of Maj. Andre. — The boat stops at the landing at West Point to discharge and receive passengers, allowing the traveller barely time enough to catch a glimpse of the beauties of this locality. There is a hotel at the brow of the hill which is approached by a good carriage-road from the steamboat landing : the pedestrian may mount by another path, though not without some difficulty. The view from the observatory at the top of the hotel is peculiarly fine in all its parts, but especially on the north, — looking down upon tbe Hudson and towards New- burg, and the remote chain of the Shawaugunk Mountains, seen in the dim distance towards the northwest. The hotel is built of stone, and is surrounded by extensive piazzas for promenade, com- manding in front a full view of the plain and buildings, and in the rear a delightful prospect of the river and Highlands. Du- ring the months of July and August, the cadets are encamped on the plain, when it is highly interesting to witness the drills and parades of these embryo chieftains. Near the n. e. extremity of the grounds, at the projecting point forming the abrupt bend of tbe river, is a monument of white marble, consisting of a base and a short column, on the former of which is the simple inscrip- tion, " Kosciusko. — Erected by the corps of Cadets, 1828." It cost $5,000. Another monument on a hillock at the n. w. corner of the plain, is an obelisk, 20 feet high, erected by Major-general Brown to Colonel E. D. Wood, a pupil of the institution, who fell leading a charge at the sortie from Fort Erie, on the 17th of Sept. 1814. On the river bank at the s. e. extremity of the parade-ground, upon a lower level, is Kosciusko's garden, whither the Polish chieflaui was accustomed to retire for study or reflec- tion. Near this garden is a clear boiling spring, enclosed in a marble reservoir, with durable and ornamental steps leading down from the plain above, with an arrangement of benches on a pro- jection of the rock for visiters. 158 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. !! ■II There is shown at West Point part of the very chain used to obstruct the passage of the river by the American troops in the Revolution During the summer evenings frequent cotillion par* ties are given, to which visiters are always invited As the boat takes a sharp turn around the low, rocky projec- tion of the river, it unfoldsi to the eye one of the loveliest views in the world : — the lako-like expansion of the river, with the steep front of the lofty mountain that here faces it, called the Crow's Nest, rising to the height of 1,423 feet, with a depression on the top for the nest, giving a fancied resemblance to the name it bears. [The engraving represents a view of the " Crow's Nest," look- ing down the river, with West Point and Fort Putnam in the distance.] The general view of the mountains, and entire pano- rama of the lesser hills and rocky eminences or projections, com- plete the framing of this magnificent picture. A mile above West Point, on the opposite side of the river, is the West Point Iron Foundry, the largest establishment of its kind in the country: it is situRted on a stream that flows down from the hills in the vi» •iuity, and which affords considerable water-power. PASSAGE UP THE HUDSON. 159 )dto ttho par* )ro]ec« views the »d the ression name look- in the pano- com- West t Iron atry: it the vi- IM Cold Spring, a little higher up on the same shore, is handsome- ly situated in a cove between Constitution Island and Bull Hillt with a good landing-place, and contains 1,200 inhabitants. Bull Hill, 1,586 feet. Breakneck Hill, 1,187, and Beacon Hill, 1,G85 feet high, are situated immediately above Cold Spring. Butter Hill is the last of the Highland range on the w. shore, and is 1,529 feet high. This forms a more impressive sight to the trav- eller than the others, from its immense toppling masses of craggy rocks and sweep of precipice, especially towards the south. In getting clear of the Highlands we pass PolopeVs Island, a mass of rock E. of the channel, having the appearance of the top of a sunken mountain. — Cornwall, near the northern base of Butter Hill, two miles south of Newburg, is the commencement of the expansion of the Hudson called Newburg Bay, one mile wide and five long. — New Windsor, on the w. bank, 59 miles above New York, is noted as the birthplace of De Witt Clinton. We now approach Newburg on the left, with somo 6,000 or 7,000 inhabitants, and which, from its elevated situation on a steep acclivity, is presented full to the view of the passing trav- eller. It is one of the principal landing-places, and is connected with the opposite side of the river at Fishkill (a thriving place of some 1,0U0 inhabitants) by a ferry. A railroad is now con- structed from Newburg to Ciiester, to connect at that point with the Erie Railroad. Loio Point, three miles above Fishkill Landing, is a small set- tlement on the river. New Hamburg, the next place above, (near Wappinger's Creek, an important mill-stream,) is another steamboat landing — Hampton, nearly opposite, is connected with Newburg by a ferry. A little n. is the village of Marlboro\ Barncgat, two miles above New Hamburg, is remarkable for its many lime-kilns. PouiiiiiKEKPsii!:, one of the handsomest places in the state, wa? founded by the Dutch in 1735. It is 74 miles from the city of New York, 71 from Albany, 14 from Newburg, 18 from Kings- ton, and 42 from Hudson. It is a place of considerable trade, Oeing surrounded by one of the richest agricultural districts in the country. Steamboats and sailing vessels are owned here. Pough- 1] a . f 160 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. keepsie contains several well-kept hotels. The Collegiate School is situated on College Hill, about half a mile n. e. of the village. Its location is one of unrivalled beauty, commanding an exten- sive prospect of the river and surrounding country. — New Paltz Landing is on the opposite side of the river, the village lying a short distance back. — Hyde Park, 80 miles from New York, and 65 from Albany, is situated on the e. bank of the river. The country-seats here are very beautiful. Rondont, at the mouth of the Wallkill river, is a place of con- siderable trade, it beinj^ within two miles of Eddyville, the ter- mination of the Delaware and Hudson Canal. Lackawana coal is brought from the mines in Pennsylvania to Roudout, where a number of vessels are employed in conveying it to other parts. — One mile further north is Kingston Landing, where stages are always ready to convey passengers to Kingston, three miles in- land. — On the opposite side of the river is Rhincbeck Landing, originally settled by the Dutch, the descendants of whom still retain the habits, language, and frugality of their forefathers.^ Lower Red Hook is seven miles north ; and three miles still fur- ther up is Upper Red Hook Landing. This place is connected by a steam-ferry with the opposite side of the river, at Sauger- ties, an important manufacturing village, with a never-failing water-power, derived from the southern slope of the lofty Cats- kill. — Bristol is two miles above Saugerties. The village of Catskill, 111 miles from New York, and 34 from Albany, is seated on both sides of Catskill Creek, near its junction with the Hudson. Coaches, so arranged as to be at the steamboat landing on the arrival and departure of the boats, run regularly to and from the mountain for the conveyance of pas- sengers, and also to enable those who are so inclined to visit the dilFerent falls in the vicinity. The time required for ascending to the Mountain House, a distance of 12 miles, is usually four hours, and the price t^l,25 — half the time being sufficient to return. The journey up the mountain, though a safe one, is rather trying to timid persons ; the road for two-thirds of the dis- tance from the landing being very uneven, and the remaining distivnce a steep ascent in a zigzag direction to the top. The Catskill Mountain House is 12 miles from Catskill landing, upon h m PASSAGE UP THE HUD90!I. 161 r,upon the summit of one of the principal mountains, known as « Table Rock," at an elevation of 2,500 feet above the Hudson. This hotel, erected by the citizens of Catskill at a cost of $22,000, is 140 feet long, and four stories high, with a piazza extending across the front, supported by a colonnade. It is placed at a convenient distance back from the verge of the precipice, in order to allow carriages to drive up in front to set down and receive passengers. A few feet from the building the rock terminates m a fearful precipice, from the brow of which the inexperienced be- holder starts back in uncontrollable alarm. " In the rear^ peaks upon peaks rise in every direction, and far away in the distance, all covered with luxuriant foliage. No description can do justice to the almost illimitable prospect in front. Standing upon the piazza or the rock, you seem to have left the earth and to be ga- zing from some ethereal height down upon the world and its con- cerns. You see nothing above or around you — all is below ; even the clouds wheel and roll in fleecy grandeur at your feet Forests, meadows, harvest-fields, plains, mountains, rivers, lakee, cottages, villages, and cities, are in every direction. A deep re- pose seems to have settled upon the world No sound reaches you, except, perhaps, the rattle of the thunder from some distant hill, or the sweet song of the mountain bird upon the tree be- neath you." The Catskill Falls, of which the engraving is a representa- tion, are formed by two lakes, one mile in length and 2,000 feet above the Hudson. The water over the first pre- cipice falls a distance of 175 feet, and within a short distance takes another plunge of about 75 feet, and then fellows the dark windings of the ravine to the valley of the Catskill. Following the circuitous path that leads down a distance of 90 feet, and then passing under the 11 # 162 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. '!f rock behind the waterfall, the visiter will enjoy many fine scenes.* The pure air inhaled at the Mountain House is very invijjorating, and its exhilarating qualities have restored to health persons who had in vain tried almost every other means. Stages leave Cats* kill daily for Owego, Ithaca, and other places. On passing Catskill the boat shapes its course towards the city of Hudson, which is 116 miles above New York, and 29 from Albany. The city is built principally on the summit of a hill, 60 feet above the river, commanding a fine prospect. At the land- ing are several warehouses, which, with steamboats and sailing vessels, are evidence of the capital and enterprise existing here Population 10,000. Here diverges the Hudson and lierkshire Railroad, connecting with the Housatonic at the Massachusetts state line, and terminating at Bridgeport, on Long Island Sound. Travellers intending to visit the Shaker Village at New Leba- non, about 36 miles distant, will land at Hudson, and take the railroad cars to within seven miles of the Springs, which arc much resorted to in warm weather. (See routes to Lebanon Springs.) The New York and Albany boats land and receive passengers several times daily. Four Mile Point, on which is a lighthouse, is 120 miles above New York. Here is the head of ship naviga- tion on this river. Coxsackic Landing, on the w. side of the river, has about 1,500 inhabitants ; the village is one mile w. of the landing. Nutter Hook, directly opposite, is a bustling little place, with some shipping. • The engraving, it will be observed, exhibits three falls, which is ever the case in the summer months, when the supply of water is small. Occasionally, however, but two are to be seen. This occurs only in the fall or early spring, in which, from excessive rains or from freshets, the volume of the lakes is greatly increased, when the accumulated wateis rush with such impetuosity, that instead of plunging at the first fall, as represented in the engraving, tiiey are carried beyond it, to the second- thus making two falls. Visiters seldom see the falls in this state, since, as a matter of course, they seek such haunts in the summer months, when there is a diminished supply of water. At such times the water Is preserved w ith great care, in order to increase the body of the fall on the arrival of strangers ; and a small fee is demanded as a compensation for the labor thus expended for their gratification. .# ALBANY 163 Stuyvesant, a little further op is a flourishing place that sends large quantities of produce to thr New York market. Kinderhook Landing is 127 miles above New York. Tho village of Kinderhook, situated about five miles e. of the river, is the birthplace of Martin Van Buren, Ex-President of the United States. His present residence is two miles s. of the village. New Baltimore, 130 miles above New York, is a village of about 500 inhabitants. Coeymans, on the w. side of the river, is three miles higher up. Schodac Landing is directly opposite. Castleton is three miles above the latter place. Here a bar injurious to navigation, is forming in the channel The Over' slaughf within three miles of the city of Albany, has heretofore formed the principal obstruction to the free navigation of the river. The general government has spent considerable sums of money in deepening the channel ; still, the evil has not been en- tirely overcome, the place filling up again as often as cleaned out Greenbush, nearly opposite Albany, is the terminus of the Bos- ton and Albany Railroad, and also of the railroad from Troy. It is connected with Albany by a ferry. ALBANY. The capital of the state is situated on the w. bank of Hudson river, 145 miles above the city of New York, 325 by railroad from Buffalo, 200 from Boston, 380 from Washington, and 250 from Montreal, Canada. Population, about 45,000. This city was founded in 1612, by people from Holland, and, next to James- town in Virginia, was the earliest European settlement within the thirteen original states. On the capture of New York by the English in 1664, this place received its present ncme, in honor of James, Duke of York and Albany, afterwards James the Second. The city has a commanding situation, and when viewed from the water appears to great advantage. The position of Albany, near the head of tide navigation, on the direct lino of communication from the e. and the s. with the St. Lawrence river, with Saratoga Springs, and with the lake '1! • i^ 164 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. ih view cf All>«n7 country, necesBarily makes it a great thoroughfare. The com- pletion of the Erie and Champlain canals gave this city great commercial importance, making it the entrepot for a large pro- portion of the products of the state destined to the New York markets. To accommodate this trade, a noble basin is con- structed, upon the river, in which all the boats of the northern and western canals are received. It consists of part of the river in- cluded between the shore and a pier 80 feet wide and 4,300 feet long. The pier is a stupendous work, containing several acres, on which spacious stores have been erected, where immense quantities of lumber and other articles of trade are deposited. It is connected with the city by drawbridges. Of the public buildings in Albany, the Capitol ranks among the first. Within it are the legislative halls, the rooms of the su- preme and chancery courts, the state library, &c. It stands at the head of State-st., 130 feet above the river, and is 115 feet long, 96 broad, and 50 high, of two stories, upon a basement of 10 feet elevation. On the e. side is a portico of the Ionic ordert with columns three feet eight inches in diamete* and 33 feet i !*l f • ALBANY. 166 It high. It is built of Nyack freestone, and cost about $135,000. The legislative halls and court-rooms contain portraits of emi- ment men. The building is surrounded by a public square en- closed with an iron railing. From the observatory at the top, which is accessible to visiters, a fine view of the surrounding country is obtained. — The Albany Academy, a part of which is occupied by the Albany Lyceum, is built of the same stone as the state- house, and fronts on the square n. of the capitol. It cost ,*^ 100,000. — The City Hall, fronting the capitol square, at the foot of Washington -St., is constructed of white marble hewn out by the convicts at Sing Sing, and appropriated to the city authorities. Its gilded dome is very conspicuous, especially when viewed from a distance. — The Exchangp, at the foot of State-st, is a commo- dious building of granite, constructed a few years since. The Post-Office is in this building. It has also an extensive reading- room, supplied with papers and periodicals, both American and foreign ; strangers are admitted gratis. — The old statehouse is now converted into a Museum, for the reception of the geological cabinet formed under the direction of the state geological sur- veyors. — The Albany Female Academy, a fine building in North Pearl-st. This school enjoys a high reputation. — Stanwix Hall, built of Quincy granite, is surmounted by a large dome. — The re- ligious institutions of Albany are numerous. The principal hotels are the American, City, Clinton, Columbian, Congress Hall, Delavan House, (Temperance,) Eastern R. R. Hotel, Franklin House, Mansion House, Stanwix Hall, United States Hotel, and Washington Hall. Routes from Albany. — During the season of navigation, nu- merous steamboats ply on the Hudson between Albany and New York, and also the principal places on the river. There are both morning and evening boats. The winter route from Albany to New York is over the Albany and West Srockbridge and Hou- sa*onic railroads to Bridgeport ; thence by steamer to New York From Albany to Boston. — Cross the ferry to Greenbush ; there take the cars for Boston via Springfield and Worcester. (Scnd is thence contin- ued to Saratoga. The scenery along the whole line is beautifui and the country remarkably level ; the greatest inclination on the line of the road being 16 feet to the mile. Ballston Spa, situated on Kayaderosseros creek, a small stream which flows through the village, 25 miles from Troy, aud V... SARATOGA AND SCHENECTADY RAILROAD. 1G9 32 from Albany. Its mineral waters, which were discovered in 1769, are celebrated for their medicinal qualities, although not so popular as formerly, those of Saratoga being generally prefer- red. The Sans Souci Hotel, a handsome building situated near the centre of the village, is 160 feet long, with wings extending back 153 feet, and is surrounded by beautiful pleasure-grounds. It is a well-kept house, capable of accommodating 150 visiters, and is a place of fashionable resort. Long Lake, five miles south of the Springs, affords fine sport for the angler. Saratoga Springs, 184 miles n. of New York, 39 from Alba- ny, and 32 from Troy, is the most popular watering-place in the Urited States, and one of the most celebrated in the world. It 16 a great resort for people from all parts of the Union, and also from Europe. During the summer months, particularly July and August, the hotels and other places of accommodation are much thronged, the number of visiters being very great, 2,000 having arrived here in a week. The waters are useful in many diseases, and have an almost magic effect upon the system relaxed or ex- hausted by disease or sedentary habits. After drinking the waters for a short time, which is usually done before breakfast, the ap- petite improves, and the entire system feels their invigorating effects. Here are a number of splendid hotels and boarding-houses, some of which are on a scale of great magnificence. The United States Hotel, situated in the vicinity of the depot, and within a short distance of the chief mineral springs, is built of brick, is four stories high, with n. and s. wings, and can accommodate between 300 and 400 persons. Congress Hall, near the Congress Spring, is a popular establishment. It has a spacious piazza in front, en- twined with evergreens, and in the rear a beautiful grove and a garden. Union Hall, near Congress Hall, the American, and several other houses, furnish excellent accommodations. Congress Spring, the most celebrated, was discovered in 1792, by a member of Congress named Oilman, issuing from an aper- ture in the side of the rock that formed the border of a little brook, which rises from the earth 50 rods to the west. For several years it could be collected only in limited quantities, as it came in a small stream from the rock. The supply not being sufficient to satisfy # 170 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. ( the wants of visiters, attempts were made to remove the obstruc- tions which prevented a larger supply. In excavating for its source the spring disappeared, and was supposed to be forever lost ; but in a short time after gas was observed rising through the water of the brook, near the old fountain, which inspired the hope o' again recovering it by turning the stream from its course ; and, ^y *^'gg'"S eight feet through marl and gravel, the fountain was again discovered, over which was placed a tube of plank 10 inches square, rising to the surface, from whence flows an abun- dant supply of the finest mineral water. In the spring of 1842, this fountain, after being thoroughly cleansed, was renovated by putting down a new tube, extending to the rock from which the water issued, which restored it to its original strength. The fol- lowing is an analysis of the water of this spring, made by Dr. Chilton, of New York, May 1, 1843. One gallon, of 231 cubic inches, contained chloride of sodium, 3(J3.82i) grains ; carbonate of soda, 7.200 ; carbonate of lime, 86.143 ; carbonate of magne- sia, 78.621 ; carbonate of iron, .841 ; sulphate of soda, .651 ; iodide of sodium and bromide of potassium, 5.1)20 ; silica, .472 ; alumina, .321: total, 543.998 grains. Carbonic acid, 284.65; atmospheric air, 5.41 : making 290.00 inches of gaseous con- tents. Within the last year or two, a new spring of many medicinal virtues was discovered, and has been named the " Empire," in honor of the state. It is nearly half a mile distant from the cele- brated " Congress" Spring. The following is the analysis, pre- pared by Dr. Emmons, one of the state geologists. Chloride of sodium, 269.696 ; bicarbonate of soda, 30.848 ; bicarbonate of lime, 141.824; bicarbonate of magnesia, 41.984; hydriodate of Boda, 12.000. The other springs are numerous, many of which have the same properties. Columbian Spring is a short distance s. w. from the Congress ; Washington, 50 rods from the Columbian ; Hamilton, the second discovered, lies directly in the rear of Con- gress Hall ; Flat Rock Spring lies 100 rods n. e. from the Ham- ilton, and High Rock, 100 rods further n. Persons visiting the Springs, either at Saratoga or at Ballston Spa, should have their letters directed either to Saratoga SARATOGA AND WASHINGTON RAILROAD. 171 Springs or Ballston Spa ; otherwise they may have difHculty iu obtaining thom. Saratoga Lake, a beautiful she t of water, lies six miles & from Saratoga, and the same distance from Ballston Spa. It \a nine miles long and three wide, and is much resorted to by com- pany at the watering-places, for fishing, fowling, and boating. The shore of this lake is accessible in a few places only, on ac- count of the marshes wi.ich border it. The country around the lake rises gradually into elevated ridges, forming a vast amphi- theatre of picturesque landscape embellished by cultivation. On the eastern shore, three miles from the s. end. Snake Hill pro- jects into the basin, and rises 20 feet above its surface. Long Lake, five miles s. from Ballston Spa, another beautiful sheet of water, situate in the midst of very agreeable scenery, is five miles long by one wide, and teems with fish. The surround- ing country abounds in game. SARATOGA AND WASHINGTON RAILROAD.— (See Map No. 19.) — This road will extend from Saratoga Springs to Whitehall, 42 miles, and will be one of the most important roads in the country, as all the travel between the South and Canada will pass over this route. Surveys were made of this road as early as 1835, and grading was commenced in 1836, but owing to embarrassments of the company, attributable to the deranged state of the monetary affairs of the country, its construction was discontinued. In Feb., 1847, the directors entered into a con- tract to complete the road, including grading, superstructing a bridge over the Hudson river, a heavy iron rail, and the laying thereof, from Saratoga Springs to Fort Ann, a distance of about 30 miles, by the 1st of July, 1848, for the sum of $448,000. In July thereafter, the directors made a further contract to complete the road, in like manner, 9 52-100 miles farther, by the 1st day of October next, for the sum of $176,165; and in November thereafter, a further contract was made to complete *he road to Whitehall, a distance of about two miles. As the estimates for grading were at ditTerent prices by the cubic yard, depending on the nature of the excavation and embankment, the amount thero« of cannot be fully determined till the work is done. % I I 1 I 172 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. The present capital of the company is $850,000— on $600,000 of which 75 per cent, has been called in, and nearly all that amount paid. Of the remaining $250,000, which is new stock authorized by an act of the legislature to be created, the payment of $100,000 is secured to the company, and 10 per cent, has been paid on about $60,000 — leaving about $90,000 to be disposed of. ROUTES FROM SARATOGA TO MONTREAL AND QUEBEC. — Travellers can proceed by stage from Saratoga Springs to Glen^s Falls, on the Hudson river, 18 miles ; and to Caldwell, at the head of Lake George, six miles ; there taking the steam- boat down the lake to Ticonderoga, 36 miles, where steam pas- sage-boats, on their way from Whitehall, stop to receive passen- gers for St. Johns and Montreal. Or they may proceed from Saratoga to Sandy Hill, 18 miles ; thence to Whitehall, 22 miles ; thence by steamboat down Lake Champlaiu and the Sorel river to St. Johns, Canada, 156 miles ; thence by the railroad to La Prairie, 15 miles ; and thence down the St. Lawrence to Montreal, a further distance of nine miles. At Montreal, those destined for Quebec take the steamer down the St. Lawrence to William Henry, 45 miles ; Lake St. Peter, 53 ; Three Rivers, 90 ; St. Anne, 153 ; Cape Rouge, 176 ; thence to Quebec, 180 miles from Moutreal. The stage route from Albany and Troy, during the winter season, and when the navigation is closed, is to Saratoga by rail- road, as before given ; thence by stage to Glen^s Falls and Caldwell, 62 miles from Albany ; thence to Warrensburg, 69 ; Schroon Lake, 96 ; Elizabeth, 127 ; Keesville, 148 ; Peru, 154 ; Plattsburg, 165; Rouse's Point, 190; Napierville, 207; St. Philip, 217 ; La Prairie, 223 ; thence down the St. Lawrence to Montreal, making the entire distance 232 miles, which is usu- ally performed in about 40 hours. Caldwell lies at the hean of Lake George, on its s. w. part, 62 miles n. from Albany, and 24 from Saratoga Springs. This village and the lake are ordinarily taken in the circle of the northern tour, and commonly sought by visiters to the Saratoga Springs. Theie are few places in the country, where two oi EXCURSION ON LAKE GEORGE. 173 three days, during the oppressive heat of summer, can be spent more agreeably than on the margin of this beautiful lake. The mountains which border it causing the prevailing winds to take the direction of the basin, there is a constant refreshing breeze from the n. or s., which pleasantly tempers the atmosphere The village of Caldwell is bordered by a range of hills upon the w., the highest of which, Prospect or Rattlesnake Hill, attains an elevation of near 1,500 feet. There is a path of difficult ascent to its summit, yet when this is once attained, the extensive and diversified view it affords fully compensates for the trouble. " Be- neath is the village, and its neighboring farms : in the deep val- ley on the N. the lake stretches away, decked with its hundreds of fairy islets visible for 17 miles; its shores right and left sur- mounted by craggy ridges, rising gently from the water for a few rods, then by a bolder acclivity to the height of 600, 800, and in some places, 1,200 feet, tufted with dwarf evergreens." The visiter here may derive enjoyment from numerous sources, — sail- ing on the clear waters of the lake, riding, fishing for salmon trout, perch, and bass, fowling, or in exploring the beauties of this locality, which abounds in the most diversified and picturesque scenery. The Lalce George House, at Caldwell, a spacious ho- tel, capable of receiving upwards of 100 persons, affords superior accommodations. A steamboat plies daily down the lake, to meet the boat running on Lake Champlain. Two miles from the hotel is a sheet of water, known since the French war by the name of " Bloody Pond," from the fact that after a battle fought near it, 1,000 French, English, and American dead were thrown into it. A mile distant is to bo seen the rock on which Major Williams was slain by the Indians about the same time. At the south end of Lake George are the ruins of forts George and William Henry. EXCURSION ON LAKE GEORGE. (See Maps Nos. 9 and 10.) Lake George, or Horicon, a pure mountain lake 330 feet above the level of the Hudson, is 36 miles in length, and varies from three-fourths of a mile to four miles in breadth. In some f I 174 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. parts it has a depth of 400 feet, and its waters are so clear that fish may bo seen swimming at a depth of 30 feet below the sur- face. It is said to contain 365 islands ; many of them, however, are very small, mere rocks, with scarce soil sufficient to produce the meanest vegetation. The passage of the lake has much in- terest from tho beauty of its waters, the wild and varied scenery of its shores, and from its deeply interesting historical reminis- cences. On leaving Caldwell in tho steamboat, wo pass a num- ber of islands, Sea, Diamonn, Long, &c., when the lake becomes wider, and its course less mterrupted. Occasionally the angles of the mountains, which are covered with foliage, protrude far into the lake. After continuing our course for twelve miles, we reach Twelve-Mile Island, situated in the middle of the lake, containing 20 acres, and elevated 30 or 40 feet above its surface A mile farther, on the n. w. side of the lake, is Tongue Moun- tain ; and on its w. side is Northwest Bay, which extends in a northerly direction six miles. Here the Narrows commence, and continue for about seven miles, the lake being only three-fourths of a mile wide, and very deep. Black Rock, or Mountain, 18 miles from the head of the lake, and situated on the east side, raises its cloud-capped summit 2,200 feet above its surface, and is on all sides surrounded by rolling hills, and covered with ver- dure. Half -Way island is directly opposite ; and a short distance beyond, the traveller will behold the choicest mountain scenery on the lake. Twenty-four miles from the head of the lake is Sabbath-day Point, a projection on the w. shore, noted as the place where, on the Sabbath, a sanguinary conflict occurred du- ring the French war, between a party of English and the Indians. The small island called the Scotch Bonnet, is three miles beyond, and three miles further on is the village of Hague. Here the lake attains its greatest width, being four miles across. Another stretch of three miles brings us to Rogers^ Slide, a rock 200 feet high, standing at an angle of 25 degrees with the lake. Here during the French war the intrepid Major Rogers, a partisan officer, made his escape from tho Indians, by whom he was pur- sued. It was winter, and his feet were shod with snow-shoes. When on the verge of this precipice, and nearly in their grasp, he 8lid down the declivity, and landed safely on the ice, leaving the ROUTES TO MONTREAL AND QUEBEC. 175 Indians standing aghast and shrinking with amazement from the daring feat which they had just witnessed. — Anthony's Nose, one of those peculiar prominences, similar in shape to a projecting rock of the same name in the " Highlands" of the Hudson riveri is nearly opposite to Rogers' Slide. It rises from 50 to 100 feet above the lake. The shores here are bold, and contracted amid huge masses of rocks. Two miles beyond is Prisoner's Island, where, during the French war, those taken captive by the Eng- lish were confined ; and directly w. is Lord Howe's Point, where the English army under Lord Howe, consisting of 16,000 men, landed previous to the attack on Ticonderoga. We now ap- proach the termination of our excursion on this beautiful lake, and in a mile reach the steamboat lauding near the village of Ticonderoga, whence stages run a distance of three miles over a rough and romantic road to Fort Ticonderoga, the steamboat landing on Lake Champlain. Hero passengers can take the steamboat for places either down or up the lake. \ ROUTES FROM ALBANY AND TROY TO MONTREAL AND QUEBEC— Passengers by the Champlain Canal take the packet boats at Albany, and continue through to Whitehall ; or they can go by railroad from Albany and Troy to Mechanicsville, where the cars connect with the boats bound to Whitehall. There is also a stage route from Albany, passing through Troy, 7 miles; Lansingburg,9', Schnghticoke,lG', Easton,26', Green- wich, 36 ; Argyle, 46 ; Hartford, 57 : Granville, 6.3 ; and Whitehall, 73 miles from Albany. By the canal, after leaving Albany, the route is through West Troy to Cohoes Falls and Mechanicsville, to Whitehall. At Cohoes Falls, the Mohawk presents a sublime scene. Here the Erie and Champlain canals unite, the former having, within a short distance, 17 locks. Stillwater, on the Champlain Canal, four miles n. of Mechan- icsville, is one of the oldest planes in the state. The town is dis- tinguished as containing the battle-ground of the armies com- manded by generals Gates and Burgoyne. It was on Bemus Heights that the latter general was defeated by Gates, in 1777, after a fierce and sanguinary struggle. Ij I ll ' I! ,1, ( i . ! I i 176 RAir.llOAT) AND STICAMHOAT COMPANION. Fort Miller mid Fort Edward, plauoH on tlio ctiiiul, uro intcr- eHtiiip^ frotii tluMr liiHloriciil nMiiiniHcnu'.cH. Thu lulUir iH irimno- rablo UH hi<\\\^ tlio H|M)t wlirro tho young and beautiful Mitw McC/HMi mot lior tra^riral fate. Untidy mU, inoorporatod in IHIO, lit'Nupon a hi^li Handy plain, on tho uppor hank of tlio IhidHon, opposilo Itakvr^H /'ViZ/k, whoro, in a Hpaoit of \vnn than half a inihs tho wator liaH u fall of 7(! foot, alVordinjr uHi^ful walc^r-powor. (ilrna Falls, thrco niiloH w. of Samly ilill, lirH partly on the N. and partly on th<^ h. hunk of tho Kiidson. 'Tho falls in tho rivor, which liav(^ (rivon naiui^ to thc^ villu;;<>, hav<^ a (Icsot-nt of 71) loot Th«^ watorH How in ono hIiocI ovit tho brink of a pro(;ipi<;o, 900 foot lon^r, and, in Hoods, rush in ono niass down tho cataract ; but in ordinary seasons Ihoy art^ ininirdiatriy divided by rociks into thn^o (rliannoLs, with an angular dese(>nt of several iiundrud (wL Fort Ann, on Iho Chatiiplain C'anal.is 01 niiloM ahov<^ Albany From tluH plai^o tho (;anal has a deseent of Crl feet to tho laku, and 'M) only to tho Hudson. Whilvhiill is 73 mih^s n. from Albany, i2i2 from Sandy Hill, 40 from Saratojra Sprinjrs, iilH from New York, and 180 s, of Mon- treal. It derives its importanoo from its favorable situation for irudo — on tho canal and Lake C'hamplain — by which it coin- nninds tho business of a very (extensive country. Its sitiuition is low and unpleasant, tho village bi>in^ built (Ui almost naked rock. Tho population is about 4,000. This plac(^ is now tho termina- tion of tho Saratoga an-lon Railroad, (htiiul imr.kelfi and staiien Ivmie daily for Troy and Albany; and dining the summer slanvn run to Saratoga Springtt. At VV^hitehall j)assen}rers take tho st«>and)oat down tho lako und the Sorel river io St. Jolintt, Ifdl miles; there take tho (!ar» to /<« Frnirir, 1,^) miles ; tluwice pass by steandioat down tho St. Lawrenco to Montreal, 9 miloH farther ; from which place they are taken by steand)oat down tho St. Lawrenco to Qncher, IHO nnloH, makinuf the entire distance from Albany to Quebec .'KIO miles. LAKE CHAMPLAIN, (see Map No. 10,) lyinjir between the slates of New \ Ork and Vermont, is 1,'IJ miles lonjv. In iis s. part il in ah in til on III re is s lUMJTKS TO MONTREAL AND QUEBEC. 177 geiiemlly narrow. From Whitelmll to thn h. part of OrwoII, Vt,, about 20 ini|)^K, it has an avt^ru^o brriadtli of half a riiiN;, thoiifrh ill ono [Anr.ci it in (toiitrantorl to HO, aud iti uiiothor to 40 rodH. To th« N. of thiH it jj;ra(hially rxpandH. 'I'ho widr^Ht part miolwtnictod by inlaiidM in opponito IluHiiijrIoii, Vl., wh iili / 1' I 1 11; : i 182 RAILROAD Am) STEAMBOAT COMPANION. View of IContreal Crom th« Moontala. The houses in the suburbs are handsomely built in the mod- em style, and mostly inhabited by the principal merchanta Including its suburbs, of which it has several, the city stretches along the river for two miles from s. w. to n. k., and, for some distance, extends between one and two miles inland. It was formerly surrounded by a battlemented wall; but this having fallen into decay, it is now entirely open. Paul- si, the chief commercial thoroughfare, extends along the river the whole length of the city. Notre-Dame-st. is the fashionable promenade. Of the public buildings, the most remarkable is the Roman Catholic Cathedral, in Notre-Dame-st., constructed in the Gothic style, with a length of 255^ feet, and a breadth of 134^. It has six towers, of which three belonging to the main front are 220 ft high. The view from these towers — embracing the city and its suburbs, the river, and the surrounding country — is exceedingly beautiful. The principal window of the Cathedral is G4 feet high and 32 broad. Of the vastness of the interior of this edifice an idea may be formed from the fact that it is capable of accom- ' ' MONTREAL. 183 I modating from 10,000 to 12,000 persons. This immense assem- bly may, by numerous outlets, disperse in five or six minutes. — The Seminary of St. Sulpice, adjoining the Cathedral, is 132 feet long and 29 deep, and is surrounded by spacious gardens. — The principal edifice of the Church of England is handsomely built in the Grecian stylo, and surmounted by a beautiful spire There are also a Scotch kirk, an American Protestant church, and chapels belonging to the Methodists and the Scotch dissent- ers. The IIutel-Dieu is a large conventual structure, for the ac- commodation of the sick and indigent. — The extensive convent of the Saiurs Noires is devoted to the education of young girls. — The General Hospital has the reputation of being one of the best regulated institutions of the kind in America. — The other princi- pal buildings are the government-house, bank, barracks, and ordnance-oHice. Montreal also possesses a college, erected in 1819, which is at- tended by several hundred stuucntH ; an JOnglish university, charter- ed in 1821 ; and many other institutions for the promotion of iearn- mg, — French and English seminaries, a royal grammar-school, with parochial, union, national, Sunday, and other public schools. It has numerous societies for the advancement of religion, sci- ence, and industry ; several public libraries, an excellent news- room, &-C. The harbor of Montreal, though not large, is secure, and ves- sels drawing 15 feet may lie close to the shore. The quay here, about a mile in length, is said to rival in beauty and strength of masonry most of the celebrated works of the same kind in Eng- land. No feature of Montreal will ' so charm the visiter as a promenade along the edge of the quay. P'rom its position at the head of ship navigation en the St. Lawrence, and near the junction of that river with the Ottawa, as well as its situation with respect to the United States, Montreal has trading facilities of a high order. Hence it has become the chief seat of the commerce of Lower Canada. The citizens are enterprising, and great activity prevails among all persons con- nected with trade. During tlie summer, a regular steamboat communication is kept up with Quebec ; and at this season, come down vast rafts of timber, sweeping by Quebec ; while scows, Ml '*.' 184 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. batteaux, and Durham boiits pour into the lap of Montreal the produce of Upper Canada. Montreal is the centre of the com- merce between Canada and the United States, carried on by Lake Champlaiu and the Hudson ; and not only is it the depot of all the adjacent country, but most of the business done in Que- bec is carried on by branches from the Montreal houses. The hotels in Montreal are generally very good, and accom- modations equal, perhaps, to the best in the United States. The following are some of them : Donegnna's Hotel, Montreal House, GranVs Hotel, Ottawa House, Exchange Hotel, Swords' Ho- tel, &c. &c. From Montreal, the " St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad" is constructing to the boundary line of the province, at which place it will meet the " Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad" from Portliiud, thereby opening a communication with the Atlantic. The entire distance is 280 miles, of which 130 are in Canada and 150 in the United States. The cost of construction of the joint line is estimated at jCI, 750,000, and that of the Canada section at je825,000. There are also several lines pervading the states of New Hamp- shire and Vermont, some of which are in a forward state, and ap- proaching completion, that will make Montreal their termini. (For these routes, more particularly, the reader is referred to the In- dex.) From Montreal, a railroad has been recently completed to La Chine. An excursion through the Island of Montreal is recommended to tourists. From the summit of Montreal Mountain, which is two miles back of the city, the view is very extensive. From this elevation is seen the St. Lawrence, in all its grandeur ; while the city, and the Island of St. Helens, are immediately beneath the eye. This view is represented in our engraving. La Chine is nine miles from Montreal, and on the island of the same name. A railroad now connects the two places. The canal was made in order to pass boats round the rapids. St. Anne is at the southwest extremity of the island, 20 miles above La Chine. Varennes, 15 miles below Montreal, is a handsome vil- lage, and is much visited. It can be reached either by steam- boat or by stage, over ?. road on the bank of the river. ROUTE FROM MONTREAL TO QUEBEC. 186 The Caledonia Springs are situated about 75 miles from Mon- treal, in the vicinity of Grand river, in the Ottawa district They are much visited, and ;orm a pleasant excursion during the hot weather. Route from Montreal to Quebec. — Numerous large and elegant steamers navigate the St. Lawrence between the above important places. Tiie distance is 180 miles, and the time usual- 'y occupied in making the excursion is about 12 hours. On leaviug Montreal for our passage down the St. Lawrence we pass Longueil, a village, on the opposite side of the riveri which is conuected with Montreal by a steam-ferry. Gliding past the lovely Island of St. Helens, and its fortifications, wo enter the Rapids of St. Mary, where the current runs with such velocity, tliat steamers frequently have much difficulty in passing over on their way up the river. Point auz Trembles on our left, and Bouchcrcille on our right, are soon passed. The mouth of the Ottawa is seen on leaviug the island upon which Montreal is built. The attractive village of Varennes, with its neat build- ings, is seen on our right, when 15 miles on our journey. This place was formerly celebrated on account of the mineral springs in its neighborhood. William Henry, or Sorel, 45 miles, is on the s. side of the St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the Sorel river. It is an old town, built on the site of a fort erected as early as 1G65, by one Sorel, an engineer. In the next few miles we p«8s a number of islands, and find ourselves gradually entering Lfjkc St. Peter, 50 miles from Montreal : it is about 95 miles long, \v"th an average breadth of nine miles, and is generally smooth, Uie water here having little apparent motion. Three Rivers, called by the French Trois Rivieres, is a land- ing-place on the left bank of the St. Lawrence, about half-way between Montreal and Quebec. The town is regularly built, with generally straight but narrow streets, and the houses seldom over two stories high. In 23 miles farther we reach St. ^n/ie'«, a place situated on our left, and at the mouth of St. Anne's river. The Richelieu Rapids extend about nine miles. This is con- sidered the most dangerous part of the navigation, although accamboats pass it in safety. The channel is here somewhat t > i 186 RAILROAD AND STEAMUOAT COMPANION. li! contracted from former proportions, and the current rushes through with great impetuosity amongst reefs of rock, some sunken, and others projecting above the water. It is not unfrequently the case that steamboats, at Quebec, destined up the river, vary the time of departure, on account of the current prevailing here at ebb-tide, so as to have the flood-tide through the rapids. Cape Rouge, so termed from its color, is within eight rniles of Quebec ; and as we approach that city the scene increases in in- terest. In two miles we reach the mouth of tlie Chaudiere river, on which, a short distance from the St. Lawrence, are to be seen its beautiful falls. It is also a great lumber depot ; and here ships take in their cargoes of lumber, bound for English ports. Sillery Cove. Near this place was fought, in 1759, the final battle between the French and English, which completely anni- hilated the power of the former in North America. Wolfe's Cove is the place where Gen. Wolfe landed, in the night, previous to the battle of the Plains of Abraham. As we approach the city, the first view is striking in the ex- treme: — the long line of shipping, extending a distance of two miles or more, with its forest of masts — the powerful batteries, upon which the greatest ingenuity and military skill have been ex- pended, to render them impregnable, — the houses of the city, with their glittering tin roofs reflecting the brightness of the sun, and a variety of minor objects, all combine to render the scene one of pleasing interest. QUEBEO. This city occupies the extremity of a ridge terminating in the angle formed by the junction of the rivers St. Lawrence and St Charles, 340 miles from the mouth of the former, in N. Lat. 46° 48' 49", and in W. Lon. 71° 10' 45". Pop. about 40,000. The promontory, heie called Capo Diamond, is surmounted by the Citadel, a fortress occupying the most elevated point of the ridge, from which the town extends down to the water's edge. From the difTerence of elevation, the city is divided into the Upper and the Lower Town ; the former including all that is below the ram- QUEBEC. 187 parts or fortified lines — the latter embracing all that is above and within that barrier. The streets of the Old Town- are nar- row, irregular, and dirty ; but those of the Lower Town are gen- erally clean, and tolerably well paved or macadamized. " On landing at Quebec, the traveller has to wind his way up through steep, narrow, and tortuous streets, with still narrower alleys on his right and left, till he reaches the fortified line or barrier. Here he enters by Prescott Gate, on the right of which, after passing through it, he sees the imposing structure of the New Parliament House, with its lofty cupola and fine front, and on the left a double flight of mean and straggling wooden steps, leading to one of the oldest streets, as an avenue to the Place d'Armes. Going across the last, he passes the English and French Cathedrals, the Government Offices, and Palace of jus- tice, on the right ; and has the site of the old castle of St. Louis, and the platform overlooking the harbor, on his left. Passing by these, and continuing for about half a mile beyond, he reaches the ramparts and gates on the upper side of the city ; and going through these, he comes to the open lawn in front of the glacis, beyond which is the suburb of St. Roch, on the level ground along the southern bank of the St. Charles river." This city, celebrated alike for its formidable defences and the deeply interesting military events of which it has been the the- atre, has a commanding position, and, together with its vast and beautiful harbor, presents, from whatever quarter it is approached, a magnificent view. It has been called, from its natural and artificial strength, the Gibraltar of America. The Citadel, a work of stupendous magnitude, frowning in impregnable strength from a height of 350 feet above the river, will first attract the attention of the tourist. This work includes an area of about 40 acres, and is constructed on the most approved principles. The line of fortification has an inner circuit of 2^ miles, and is inter- sected by five gates. Besides its accommodations for the garrison, it contains depots for stores, an ample parade-ground, &c. Tick- ets of admission can be obtained at the office of .he adjutant- general, in St. Louis, near Ursula-st. The public buildings of Quebec are substantial rather than ele- gant. The Parliament House, the most perfect of its edifices, 188 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. is supposed to stand upon the first spot of ground cleared by Champlain for his fort, on founding the city in 1608. — The Ro- man CathoHc Cathedral of Notre Dame, a massive stone struc- ture, with a lofty tower, fronts the e. side of Market Square, hi the centre of the town. The Catholics have four other churches. — The Church of England has a cathedral and four chapels. There are two churches belonging to the Scotch dissenters ; and the Wesleyan Methodists have two chapels. — The Hotel Dieu is both a nunnery and an hospital. — The Ursuline Nunnery, for the education of young females, is in the vicinity of the Catholic Cathedral and the Place d'Armes. The body of Montcalm was deposited within the walls of this convent. The principal establishment for educational puqioses, is the French college. There are also a royal grammar-school, a class- ical academy, and a national school ; a Royal Institution for the promotion of learning in the province ; a Literary and Historical Society; and a Mechanics' Institute. The Public Library con- tains upwards of 6,000 volumes of valuable and standard works. There is also a good library attached to the garrison. — The city has three banks, a savings-bank, and numerous benevolent insti- tutions. Though on the whole good and healthy, the climate here is iu extremes. The heat of summer resembles that of Naples, while the cold of winter is not inferior to that of Moscow. Travelling in winter is effected, as in Russia, by means of sledges and carricoles. The majority of the population being of French descent, the French language predominates, and is spoken in some of the best circles with great propriety. Society here has much refinement. Great attention is paid to etiquette. From the seductive exam- ple of the mimic court established among them, all classes are much given to show, and living is consequently expensive. The citizens of Quebec are less enterprising than those of Montreal, and there is a greater spirit of improvement in the latter city tlian in the former. The trade of Quebec, however, is extensive ; and vessels from all parts of the world may be seen riding at anchor in its capacious harbor, which has iu general a depth of SB fathoms, the water rising from 16 to 18 feet at noap, aud from 95 to 30 at spring tides. QUEBEC. 189 Quebec was taken from the French in 1759. Its capture was the result of the victory gained by the English, on the Plains of Abraham. The British, under Gen. Wolfe, having elTected a landing near the city, a||acked and defeated the French under Montcalm. Wolfe fell in the moment of victory ; and Mont- calm, who was wounded in the battle, expired soon after. Panic- Btruck by the death of their commander, the French surrendered the city, before a single battery had been opened against it. An attack made on this city during the Aii^ican lljevolution, by an army under Montgomery and Arnold, Was atteJtided with results widely different from those that crowned tho efforts of the British in their contest with the French. The attack was simul- taneously made by Montgomery on the southern, and by Arnold on the northern side :' the lower town. Both attacks failed, though made with grtr^t u* ge and impetuosity. Gen. Mont- gomery and nearly all ' :s tu5* were killed, while Gen. Arnold and most of his men were made prisoners. There are three great lines of railway proposed, and in course of construction, radiating from Quebec, viz : — 1st. The line extending from Quebec to Toronto, and from that city to Hamilton ; there uniting with the Great Western Railway, that will terminate opposite Detroit, Michigan. 2d. A railroad leaving Quebec, in a s. w. direction, to unite with the St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad, already in prog- ress, which is to connect Montreal and Portland. 3d. The railway connecting the cities of Halifax and Quebec, and passing through the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. There are other important lines of railway proposed, all of great utility to their respective localities, but their routes are not yet determined on. There are many places of resort worthy the attention of tour- ists, in the vicinity of Quebec. The Falls of Monttnorenci are nine miles distant, and should be visited by all who delight in looking on such wonders. The Chaudiere Falls are on the op- posite side of the St Lawrence, 10 miles distant from Quebec. The waters of the Chaudiere river, which is here about ^00 feet wide, fall a depth of 125 feet down a wild chasm, which is fear* . . n -t- J 190 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANIOX. V ■ft li ? fully grand. A visit to tlie Saguenay River is a very pleasant steamboat excursion from Quebec. The banks of this river vary in height from 500 to 1,000 feet, and are very rocky. Its gen- eral breadth is from two to three mileci, but is contracted at its mouth to rather less than one mile. Its depth is also very great ; attempts have been made to fathom it, near its mouth, with a 500 fathom lino without reaching bottom. In some places, the stream falls over intervening precipices from 40 to GO feet in depth. GRAND ROUTES TO THE WEST FROM ALBANY AND TROY TO BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS. The traveller to the West, via Buffalo and intermediate places, has the choice of two routes. The first is by a continuous line of railroads to Buffalo, 325 miles, which has been chartered under different names, and under the control of separate companies, viz : the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, 16 miles in length ; the Uti- ca and Schenectady Railroad, 11 ; the Syracuse and Utica, 54 ; the Auburn and Syracuse, 26 ; the Auburn and Rochester, 77 ; the Tonawanda Railroad, whicii extends from Rochester to Attica, 42, and the Attica and Buffalo Railroad to Buffalo, 33 miles. The other route is by the Erie Canal, which extends to Buffalo, a distance of 364 miles. The former route is the more expeditious and agreeable, but those travelling at leisure will find the latter a very delightful one ; the canal, passing through a highly fertile and interesting part of the state, affording the traveller a succession of varied and beautiful scenery. The rates and the time between the principal places are as follows : — By railroad from Albany to Schenectady, 50 cents — time one hour ; from Schenectady to Ufica, 5^ hours, ^2.25 ; from Utica to Syracuse, 3^ hours, $1.50 ; from Syracuse to Auburn, 2 hours, 80 cts ; from Auburn to Rochester, 6 hours, .^2.50 ; from Rochester to Buffalo, 5 hours, $2.20 : ti?ne be- tween Albany and Buffalo, 23 hours. Fare $9.75. The cars leave Albany and each of the, principal places on the route three times daily — morning, afternoon, and evening ; except during the winter months, when they leave twice daily. Returning from ■4** '^: ,.Tr V or tlie "% .; ^■0- %i'' •;hx' -' w. ■ X ,- .J/* ,V 'v* V'v-f%^_,^^-^^- ;.»ar' ■'•*• * i Sw- -rjl^'-^ '«;? 'i- . '''-' ■•' r ^j'-* * U^C ^- v^-:: ■W.;, 1 .,.'*»■ •iA.?,- ••'•■•, *1. ^n 3»' ' * \*i \.' ' »— - *" ■*■■ t. w-i^^^mr *ii*." '.*fc:w. : -~»'«*ii*»»,#t*-..*#;»^ ^^■:i't^-ath..»*i-iTi. '/i^'jitetliiliiD ^kiiMrimim- :*"■," 1l<^f / "# IJti ^i m I :|! r \'-*- p -Ji ■a:- i ■Ai" ^■'^< , ^•; ''^ tj ■;-7 " - 1'; *^' ^:' ' .V £>>^tlt. _,,.„^ ■''*- i - '■fA j^ ; _i € _, ■t';: ".,■ ,1- wV #!■ ■■. ??•<» ' "♦•■-.. ■-■ 'j / -'^vk I * . •^ r "h ..r; V •■-'■ .^ r ''■ rf ^,>-s 1 *, J . ^.. >- ^ fS" <'•' ' '-:, . 1 ■- . '. "••»■ .. " ^.■' "*"■ ''i| .-' ^-'"," . V I-.'- ^"' S'Ai^- ^Ss .;•'. -• • ^': ' -!"* '"(■*'' ^J .V "-J'> ''•* ■ "t % '•'■^' I ■t^ •v ■- > ^ . '*■ S?(' K-.-^*, '''^ ' ''■■ ■ „' ■':' ^v^ (• '<< ■■■ !'■. t • s: ■A -Tl- ■••^^-^^ *r .. i i^^ ALBANY AND SCHENECTADY RAILROAD. 191 Buffalo, the regulation is the same. The depot in Albany is in Maiden Lane, comer of Deane-st. Persons going by the Erie Canal from Albany or Troy, take the railroad cars to Schenectady ; there taking either the packet boats, which go through in about three and a half days, or tho line boats, which occupy seven days. By the former the charge is $7.50 with board, and $5.50 without ; and by the latter, one and a half cents per mile with board, and one cent a mile with- out. From Schenectady to Utica, 94 miles, the charge by the packets is $1.50 with board — $1.00 without; from Utica to Syracuse, 64 miles, the same ; from Syracuse to Rochester, 98 miles, $2.50 with board — $2.00 without ; from Rochester to Buffalo, 95 miles, $2.00 with board— $1.50 without. (For de- scriptions of Albany and Troy, the reader is referred to pages 163 and 166.) ALBANY AND SCHENECTADY RAILROAD, (See Map No. 19.) — This road, formerly the Mohawk and Hudson, extends from the city of Albany to Schenectady, 16 miles, and is 4,837 feet long. It was opened for travel in 1831, and the cost of construc- tion up to Jan. 1, 1848, was $1,473,253. During the year 229,401 passengers had been conveyed over it. Tiiis road forms a con- nection at Schenectady with the chain of railroads to Buffalo, and also with the routes to Lake Champlain. Schenectady, one of the oldest places in the state, and the seat of Union College, is 16 miles from Albany, and 18 from Troy. The compact portion of the city is on the s. e. side of the Mohawk river. The prosperity of this place has received a new impulse by the railroads which pass through it from Albany and Troy, to Saratoga Springs and to Buffalo ; and also from the establishment of the packet-boat lines on the Erie Canal. This is the point of embarka ion for all travellers proceeding west- wardly by the canal. Owing to the length and tediousness of the way, by the canal to Albany, the passage-boats leave this city. The cars, on leaving Schenectady, cross the Mohawk river and the Erie Canal by a bridge nearly 1,000 feet long, and an embankment of considerable length ; when the roads diverge, that for Utica to die West, the other in a northeast direction to 192 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT JOAlPANiON the Springs. The canal is continued on the south bank of thj Mohawk to Rome, where it is joined by the Black River Canal. UTIOA AND SOHENEOTADY RAILROAD, (See Maps Nos. 19 and 20.) — This road is properly an extension of the railroads from Albany and Troy, which meet at Schenectady, and one of the important links in the chain of railroads from Albany to Buffalo It was opened for travel in 1836, is 78 miles long;, and cost up to Jan. 1, 1847, $2,263,114.80. The affairs of tliis company are in a prosperous condition : it is one of the most productive rail- roads in the state, and equal perhaps to any in the country. Its dividends have averaged about 10 per cent, per annum, and its stock at the present time ranges from 15 to 20 percent, above par Amsterdam, on the railroad, 17 miles from Schenectady, is a small but thriving village. The Chuctawnunda creek passes through it, with falls of 125 feet near its mouth, which afford considerable water-power. Stages leave this place daily for Fish House village, a very pleasant place on the Sacandaga river. This river is crosssed by a wooden bridge 125 feet long, with three arches, and with walks on each side. Fonda, the county-seat of Montgomery county, contains a fine courthouse, and other county buildings. — Johnstown, four miles N., is an old place, having been laid out in 1784 ; it is situated upon a fine plain, skirted on the n. and w. by the Cayadutta creek, and on the s. by a hill of moderate elevation, and contains the courthouse, prison, and county offices. Palatine Bridge, on the railroad, 53 miles from Albany, is connected by a bridge with the opposite side of the river. Canajoharie is situated on the Erie Canal, 69 miles from Al- bany. Its name is derived from an Indian word, signifying " the pot that washes itself," applied to a whirlpool at the foot of one of the falls of the creek. This village, which was incorporated in 1829, is a place of much trade, and has a population of about 2,000. From this place, and also from Palatine Bridge, stages are in readiness for Cherry Valley and Sharon Springs, situated about 10 miles in a s. w. and s. direction from Palatine Bridge, the route being over a fine country. The Springs are situated near the village, about half a mile n. of the turnpike-road ; they 1^! UTICA AND SCHENECTADY RAILROAD. 193 id are pure and clear, and notwithstanding they flow for one-fourth of a mile from their source with other water, preserve their dis- tinctive character. The water falls, with sufficient volume to turn a mill, over a ledge of rocks, which has a perpendicular de- scent of about 65 feet. There are two springs, called the sulphur and magnesia springs, the former being highly impregnated with sulphur, and somewhat resembling the White Sulphur Springs of Virginia. These waters have an exhilarating effect upon the spirits, invigorate the system, purify the complexion, and are effi- cacious in rheumatic and other diseases. — The Pavilion House is large, well-constructed, and admirably arranged to accommo- date a great number of visiters. It is erected on an eminence, with large columns in front, and presents a comfortable and invi- ting appearance. The prospect from the piazza towards the north is unlimited, and few views surpass it in grandeur. The air here is always pure and bracing, and in hot weather delightfully cool and refreshing. Cooperstown lies at the s. end of Otsego Lake, 13 miles s. w. from Cherry Valley, and 26 miles s. w. from the Erie Canal at Canajoharie. From the village there is a fine view of the Otse- go Lake, through its whole extent, — a delightful prospect, the lake being nine miles long from n. to s., and from one to three wide. The hills which encompass it have an elevation of from 400 to 500 feet above its surface. The purity of its water, and the rich and varied scenery around, give it the highest claim to the attention of the lovers of natural beauty. It is replenished with several small streams and numerous springs, and affords an abundant supply of salmon-trout, pike, pickerel, and bass, — the last of which have a remarkable delicacy of flavor, and are said to be peculiar to this lake. Palatine, 59 miles from Albany, on the railroad and Mohawk river, at the mouth of Garoga Creek, is one of the stopping- places on this route. St. Johnsville is a small settlement three miles distant. East Canada Creek joins the Mohawk three miles above : the cars cross it by means of a substantial bridge. It is a very rapid stream, and within the last two miles of its course falls 200 ft Its descent near the outlet is by six cataractSf which, with the intermediate rapids, occupy three-fourths of amilcb 13 )''. I u 194 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 1 I Little Falls, on the Mohawk river, 73 rniles from Albany, is a place of considerable trade, and owing to the facilities afTordedby the railroad, canal, and river, is constantly increasing. The pop- ulation is about 2,700. The village is supplied with water brought from a spring in the granite mountain, the elevation of the spring being 306 feet above the tops of the houses. It is remarkable for the passage of the Mohawk river through the mountain bar- rier, for its wild and picturesque scenery, and for the difficultiea which have been overcome in constructing the Erie Canal through the pass. This defile, which extends for two miles, is a deep cut through the solid rock, and presented obstacles inferior to none, save the deep excavation at Lockport. This place re- ceived the name of Little Falls in contradistinction to the Great Falls at Cohoes. The falls extend upon the river about three- fourths of a mile, descending in that distance 42 feet, and consist of two long lapids, separated by a stretch of deep water, each occupying about the fourth of a mile. The upper rapids are the most considerable. Above them, a dam across the stream ren- ders it placid, over which the waters, separated by a small island, form beautiful cascades falling into a deep pool beneath, whence the current rushes, murmuring and foaming, over ridges and masses of rock, — flowing with comparative gentleness beneath the overarching bridge and aqueduct, and thence hurrying, with new impetuosity, over the stony bed below. The Erie Canal descends the pass by five locks, 40 feet in the distance of one mile ; and the time occupied in passing it affords travellers in boats ample time to view leisurely the natural scenery and artifi- cial improvements. Here are to be seen vast works of art, as well as of nature, costly viaducts, aqueducts, locks, raceways, waterfalls, mills, machinery, and a noble stream urging its rapid course over its rocky bed in the very midst, and giving life and animation to all around. Here is the beautiful aqueduct that spans the entire volume of the Mohawk, (that is at this place compressed into its narrowest limits,) resting on three arches, two of 50 and one of 70 feet span, and thus forming a navigable feeder for the canal, 170 feet long. If the traveller has time to tarry here, if only to wait for the next train, he will be highly gratified by descending to the stone bridge and viewing the cen- \ UTTCA AND SCHENECTADY RAILROAD. 196 tral arch, with the basin beneath, and thon climbing up to the top of the mountain to catch a view of the Mohawk valley for an extent of 20 or 30 miles. Herkimer, seven miles w. from Little Falls, is the county town of Herkimer. The village, which is mostly built on two parallel streets, contains the courthouse, jail, and other public buildings, and a population of about 900. Richfield Springs are situated in Otsego county, on the n. side of Schuyler's Lake, one mile distant ; they are reached from the north, east, and west, by railroad or the Erie Canal to Her- kimer, where post-coaches and other conveyances are in constant readiness to convey visitors to the Springs, V2 miles distant. Their location is in the vicinity of beautiful lakes that afTord the finest variety of fish ; while their shores and the neighboring hills and woods abound in game. At the lake, in the vicinity of the Springs, pleasure-boats and fishing apparatus are always kept in readiness for visiters. The ride to Otsego Lake, six miles distant, is over a fine road. Six miles farther is Cooperstown, the residence of Mr. Cooper, the novelist. Cherry Valley, Spring- field, and other pleasant villages, are within the circuit of a few miles. The accommodations at the Springs for visiters, whethei in search of pleasure or health, have recently been greatly im- proved ; and the hotels, which are of the first class, furnish every luxury and comfort usually found at those resorts. The follow- ing is an analysis of the Sulphur Springs, made by Professoi Reed, formerly of the University of Edinburgh, and now consUi; • ing chemist in the city of New York : bicarbonate of magnesia, 20 grains ; bicarbonate of lime, 10 grains ; chloride of sodium and magnesia, 1.5 ; sulphate of magnesia, 90 ; hydro. sul;>h. ol magnesia and lime, 2 ; sulphate of lime, 90 ; solid mattei, 153.5 ; sulphureted hydrogen gas, 20.8 inches per gallon. Utica is situated 93 miles from Albany by railroad, and 232 from Buffalo : by the Erie Canal it is 110 from the former place, and 254 from the latter. The city is beautifully located on the s. side of the Mohawk river, on an niclined plane rising from the river, so as to command, from its elevated parts, many fine views. The streets are generally laid out with regularity, are of good width, and well paved. The buildings, which are of brick} :i' !«C1 it! 196 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. are mostly of a superior kind. Its population is about 15,000. It contains a courthouse, and other county buildings, banks, nu- merous churches, and has several charitable and other institu- tions. The State Lunatic Asylum, situated on elevated ground, about a mile west of the centre of the city, has fine buildings, with a large farm attached to it. This institution, which is an honor to the state, was established for persons of unsound mind resident within its limits. Friends of this unfortunate class can always obtain admission for them by applying to the proper au- thorities. Utica is a central point for canals, railroads, and turnpikes, which radiate from it in all directions. The railroads, and the Erie Canal, (which is here 70 feet wide and seven feet deep,) pass through it, on the east to Albany, and on the west to Buf- falo ; and the Chenango Canal, which is here joined with the Erie, extends s. to Binghamton, in Broome county, 96 miles dis- tant. The country around is fertile, populous, and rich, and is the centre of an extensive trade. There are many well-kept hotels situated on Genesee-street, the principal street of the city. Stages leave Utica for all the chief places within a circuit of many miles ; and for Ithaca, 94 miles from Utica, three times a week. Trenton Falls, situated on West Canada Creek, 15 miles In a N. E. direction from Utica, are yearly growing in interest with tourists. They can be reached by conveyances from Little Falls, Herkimer, and Utica : they are, however, nearer to the latter place, and by leaving early in the morning, the visiter, if he in- tends devoting but one day to them, will have an opportunity of returning in the evening. These falls, which are six in number, commence a short distance above the High Bridge, on the Black River road, and terminate at Conrad's Mills : embracing a dis- tance of two miles, with an aggregate full of 312 ft. The ap- pearance of the falls varies greatly with the state of the water. The scene, which at all times possesses great interest, is in sea- sons of freshet extremely wild and exciting. There is a well-kept hotel near the falls, where visiters meet with every accommodation ; and the fine trout dinners which are usually served up here are in high repute. From this house you h UTICA AND SCHENECTADY RAILROAD. 197 View ©f Trenton Falls. descend a pathway leading to a long staircase down the steep bank of the West Canada Creek, which has worn a frightful chiism through a rocky range, in some places 150 ft deep; tlience you proceed up the stream, and follow the winding foot- path to Sherman's Fall, which has a descent of 35 ft, with its greatest full towards the west, from the foot of which the stream pours along, with less rapidity descending to Conrau's Falls, which have a pitch of about 20 ft The Hnrh Falls have a pei-pendicular pitch of 109 ft, and are divided hy rifts in the rock into three different and splendid cascades, — forming, with the chasm, the high banks covered with foliage, and the rocky cliffs, a scene of the wildest grandeur. The Mill'Dam Full, from the regularity and smoothness of the rock, has a uniform pitch of about 16 ft., with a width of 175 ft. The waters of the Upper Falls, which have an abrupt descent of about 20 ft., are received into a capacious basin, that passes off through a wild ravine along the rocky bed of the river, for about a mile, towards the Cascades, which have a fall of about 18 ft. A few years ago, two young ladies lost their lives hero, in con- sequence of the unprotected state in wliich a narrow ledge of rocks was left, at the foot of a high precipice, and on the brink overlooking the rushing waters, from whence they fell into the boiling stieam. After this unfortunate circumstance it was made W, i I 198 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. secure, by guarding it with a chain, supported by iron standards, made fast to the rock. I '' I SYRACUSE AND UTIOA RAILROAD.- (See Map No. 20.)— This road is properly an extension of the Utica and Schenectady Raihoad, and like that road, is one in the chain uniting the Hud- son with Lake Erie. It is 54 miles in length, and was opened for travel m 1839, and cost, up to Jan. 1, 1848, $1,350,000. Whitesboro\ four miles w. cf Utica, is a pleasant village, sur rounded by rich and cultivated land. Pop. about 2,000. — OriS" kany, situated on a creek of the same name, near its junction with the Mohawk, is a small but thriving place seven miles from Utica. Rome, 15 miles, and from Albany by railroad 108, and by the Erie Canal 125 miles, is situated between the Mohawk river and Wood Creek, and is handsomely laid out, having wide streets crossing each other at right angles, and two squares. It contains a courthouse, jail, county-offices, United States arsenal, a num- ber of workshops, and about 2,500 inhabitants. The village, which is a semi-capital of the county, is built on the site of Fort Stanvvix, erected in 1758, and rebuilt during the revolutionary war, under the name of Fort Schuyler, on the summit-level be- tween the ocean and Lake Ontario. Hawley^s Basin, on the canal, four miles distant, is a small but growing place. Verona Centre, Oneida Depot, and Watnpsvillc, are small and unimportant places on the route. At the second of these, the passenger cars usually stop a few minutes. Syracuse, 54 miles from Utica, situated on both railroad and canal, is 147 miles from Albany and 178 from Buffalo, by the railroad, and 171 miles from Albany and 103 from Buffalo, by the canal. It was incorporated in 1825, and now contains about 8,000 inhabitants. The village and surrounding country are celebrated for the manufacture of salt, made from brine springs which abound here. These works are an important source of revenue to the state, which receives six cents per bushel on all that is manufactured here. Fine salt is made by evaporation by heat, and coarse salt by solar evaporation. The Oswego Canal connects Syracuse and the Erie Canal with Lake Ontario. The OSWEGO AND SYRACUSE RAILROAD. 199 Syracuse House, an excellent hotel near the railroad depot, and the Empire House, which has recently been built and elegantly furnished, are the principal hotels. Omnibuses leave Syracuse for Salina every hour. The canal-boats stop a quarter of a mile 8. of the railroad depot. At Syracuse, the railroad and canal, which have kept in close proximity with each other from Schenectady, take a separate course, each winding and twisting about until they again meet at Rochester, the railroad crossing the canal at Pittsford ; whence they again diverge, the Erie Canal taking a westerly direction to Lockport, and thence a southerly one to Buffalo. The railroad takes a course s. w. to Batavia ; thence southerly to Attica ; thence almost due west to Buffalo. Those journeying west, can select either of the above routes, or the canal route from Syra- cuse to Oswego, 38 miles, — the usual time being seven hours, and the faro ^1.50, — and there take the steamboat to the mouth of the Genesee river. (See the following route.) Travellers can also go from Oswego to Niagara Falls. Fare, including meals, $4.00 to $5.00. (For continuation of the western route see page 200.) OSWEGO AND SYRACUSE RAILROAD.— The opening of this road now completes the chain of communication which con- nects Luke Ontario by railroad and steamboat with the Atlantic cities. It extends from Oswego on the lake to Syracuse, there uniting with the Erie Canal, and the chain of railroads from Bos- ton to Buffalo. Its entire length is 35 miles: its highest grade does not exceed 19^ feet, and that only for a short distance, and most of the grades are under 14 feet. It is in a great degree free from curves, and those which exist are of a radius varying from 400 to 11,000 feet. The entire cost is estimated at $437,500, or $12,500 per mile ; it is to bo constructed in the best possible man- ner, and of heavy rail, and will be opened for travel in the sum- mer of 1848. Oswego, a port of entry, and semi-capital of Oswego county, N. Y., lies on both sides of the Oswego river, at its confluence with Lake Ontario. Its location affords great facilities for com- merce and manufactures, (the great water-power of the river be- ing applied to the lutt.r purpose J commanding, us it does, the 200 BAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. markets of the lakes and the St. Lawrence river ; also the iute- riorof the state, and the city of N.York by the railroad and canal from Oswego to Syracuse, and here with the Erie Canal and the railroads diverging from thence both on the e. and on the w. Tlie harbor, if we except that of Suckett's Harbor, is the best port on Lake Ontario ; it is formed by a pier or mole filled with stone, 1,219 feet long on the w. side, and 250 feet on tlie e. side, with an entrance between them sufficient for the egress and in- gress of vessels. The de])th of water within the pier is from 10 to 20 feet. The entire cost of this work was ,^93,000. The population of Oswego, according to a census in completed, (184B,) is 9,539 ; East Oswego having 4,341, and West Oswego 5,198. In 1840 the entire population was 4,500, and in 1845 it was 6,818. Steamboats, during the period of navigation, run to the pi'incipal places on Lake Ontario ; also to Rochester and Lew- iston. i y ! AUBURN AND SYRACUSE RAILROAD, western route continued from page 199. — (See Map No. 21.) — This short road runs from Syracuse to Auburn, 26 miles, and is the fourth separate line on the route from Albany to Buffalo. It was opened for travel in 1839, and cost up to Jan. 1, 1848, $820,000. Skaneateles, live miles s. of the Auburn and Syracuse Rail- road, with which it is connected by a branch railroad, is delight- fully situated at the foot of Skaneateles Lake. The site of the village is one of surpassing beauty, commanding a view of tlio lake for seven or eight miles, and of the country rising gently from the shore into hills 100 feet high, the dides of which are highly cultivated, and surrounded by fine farms and country res- idences. The lake is 16 miles loug, and from half a mile to one and a half wide, and abounds with trout, salmon-trout, and other fish. Its water is deep and remarkably pure, its bottom gravelly, and its shores bold and picturescjue, rising, towards the head oi the lake, abruptly several hundred feet. Auburn^ one of the most beautiful and thriving villages in the state, is situated on the Outlet, two and a half xniles from Owasco Lake. This lake, which is 12 miles long and about one wide, contains au abundance of excellent fish, and is a great resort for ■Xpf>ti'4. nde, for '^■,:' -• i. s. ■■■>^t i^- ,'.■ "'*;.'V . «if*V'»*'^- 'i>' r /;■ ■ '•»;-. J'K. •«*'* /,' fli .- x4-: ' - -';'3S;j^s?v' ;;■■ ' -ji^ ;■ I [ >■'//// I ■ / '// / ■ ' I; '///i ' ''/'■ //i rim m ii i m M Eg SSv \V' •I ' K (3 1) f .8 t ftj ! fflFj ■' m 'J n >9Ha ■fiM ^ m / 11 i L^t^tK ^ ili i-fi mB 1 *K 1 Wj i ^f-.v .1 " '• I « '•. sV.,, " r 'i ■ I * C-A; ^':\ • ;%.' ,^;.^\;V.>'^;.''. .i,, ^ A^^fr'-"'^' ••'k,- IF AUBURN AND ROCHESTER RAILROAD. 201 anglers. The shores of the lake are surrounded by rugged and picturesque scenerj'. Auburn is 173 miles w. from Albany, and 153 E. from Buffalo, and contains about 6,000 inhabitants. The streets are wide, well paved, and there are handsome ranges of stone and brick stores, and, in the retired parts, some tasteful dwellings and ornamented grounds. The Auburn State Prison, located on the n. side of the Owasco Outlet, is a splendid edifice of its kind, erected at a cost of more than half a million of dollars The enclosure forms a square, 500 feet on a side, surrounded by a stone wall 2,000 feet long, and from 16 to 40 feet high. The Owasco Outlet runs along the outside of the s. wall, and moves a water-wheel attached to a shaft, which extends through the wall, and sets in motion the machinery within the prison. The buildinjT forms three sides of a square, the front of which is 276 feet loii^r, and the wings 242 feet long and 45 wide. The main building faces to the e. The n. wing is divided into solitary cells and a hospital, and the s. wing into cells. Between the wings is an area of grass and gravelled walks ; to the w. of this is the interior yard, surrounded with workshops built against the outer wall. In the front part of the main building is the residence of the keeper, and offices for the clerk and agent. The walls that form the enclosure are 35 feet high, 4 thick, and 2,000 in extent, or 500 feet on each front. The prisoners labor together in silence when at work, and when not employed are confined in solitary cells. Visiters can obtain admission within the walls by paying a small fee. AUBURN" AND ROCHESTER RAILROAD, (See Map No. 21.) — This road forms the fifth link in the Great Western line of railroads from Albany to Buffalo. It joins with the Auburn and Syracuse Railroad, and extends from Auburn to Rochester, a dis- tance of 77 miles. It was opened for travel in 1840, and cost, up to Jan. 1, 1848, $2,087,797. Cayuga village lies on the n. e. side of Cayuga Lake, and contains about 350 inhabitants. The celebrated " Cayuga Bridge," a mile and eight rods in length, here crosses the lake, and gives the traveller an extensive and beautiful view of this sheet of wa- ter, and its highly cultivated shores, as far as the eye can reach. ill ^.1 m 1 I i s \ ] ft 202 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. The railroad bridge, a mile and a half long, is carried over its n end. Cayuga Lake is a beautiful expanse of very transparent water, 40 miles long, and from ono to four broad. Its outlet is about 25 miles s. of Lake Ontario. It is surrounded by well- cultivated farms and thriving villages, and abounds with salmon- trout, pickerel, perch, white-fish, pike, &c. Owing to its depth, which is said in some places to exceed 500 feet, it is rarely closed by ice, even in the most rigorous winters. Steamboats ply be- tween Cayuga Bridge and Ithaca in its s. part, a distance of 40 miles, stopping at intermediate places. These boats run in con- nection with the cars on the Auburn and Rochester, and the Ithaca and Owego railroads, and also with the various stage routes in this vicinity. The boats leave Ithaca at an early hour in the morning daily for Cuyuga Bridge, arriving in time for the trains goiug either east or west. (For Ithacu, see page 151.) Seneca Falls village, situated on both sides of tiie outlet of Seneca Lake, is 16 miles w. from Auburn. The water-power afforded by the outlet is very great, the descent in 12 miles be- ing about 80 feet. The Cayuga and Seneca Canal, which unites with the Erie Canal at Montezuma, passes through the village. Waterloo lies on the outlet of Seneca Lake, along which runs the Seneca Canal, and the Auburn and Rochester Railroad, which passes through the village. It contains grist and saw mills, tanneries, and other evidences of industry, and is a busy place, with a population of about 2,500. Geneva, situated at the n. w. corner of Seneca Lake, which is here about two miles wide, is 52 miles w. from Syracuse, 51 s. e. from Rochester, 199 from Albany, and 12G from Buffalo. It is built upon the side and summit of an eminence rising up from the lake, the plane of which, elevated more than 100 feet above the lake, affords a fine view of this beautiful expanse of water, the high and sloping shore beyond it, and the valley of its outlet. Upon the w. it is bounded by low hills, rising by terraces, highly cultivated, and adorned with handsome dwellings. The principal street of the village runs near to, and parallel with the lake shore, and the mansions on the eastern side have hanging gardens reach- ing to the water's edge. The business part of the village, which is compactly built, extends to the plain that lies at the foot of the AUBURN AND ROCHESTER RAILROAD. 203 ake, and contains many fine stores, &c. The accommodations at the several hotels are very good, and the charges moderate. Conveyance can readily be obtained to any part of the village or vicinity. Steamboats ply regularly on the lake, connecting with stage routes to Elmira and Corning, and at the latter place with the railroad to Blossburg, in the n. part of Pennsylvania. Seneca Lake, one of the most beautiful, and the largest of tho lakes of Western New York, is 40 miles long, and varies in width from two to four miles. From its great depth, which, 12 miles from its outlet, Is 560 feet, it is never entirely frozen over. It is elevated 431 foet above tidewater. Its outlet, which is at the northeastern angle, affords great water-power at Waterloo and Seneca Falls. The outlet of Crooked Lake enters Seneca Lake 12 miles s. of Geneva, having a descent of 265 feet. A canal extends from its north end to the Erie Canal, and another con- nects it with Crooked Lake. Canandaigua, on the Auburn and Rochester Railroad, 221 miles from Albany, 104 from Buffalo, 74 from Syracuse, and 29 from Rochester, is finely situated on a plain at the n. end of Ca- nandaigua Lake. The ground descends gently towards the lake, presenting a fine view of it from the village. The town is beau- tifully built, lying chiefly in two parallel streets, running n. and s., and crossed at right angles by a number of others. At the centre is a fine public square, on which stands the courthouse and other public buildings. No town in the state excels this in pic- turesque beauty, or is a more desirable place of residence, it being surrounded by a rich agricultural country, producing every luxury and comfort. — Canandaigua Lake, a beautiful sheet of water, 14 miles long, and from a mile to a mile and a half wide, presents on its shores much delightful scenery. Its waters, which are elevated 670 feet above the ocean, are very deep, beautifully clear, and contain a variety of excellent fish. The Burning Spring is situated in a ravine, on the w. side of Bristol, eight miles s. e. from Canandaigua. Tho gas rises, through fissures of slate-rock, from the margin and bed of a brook : where it passes through the water it is in bubbles, and flashes only when a flame is applied ; but where it flows directly from the rock, it burns with a steady and beautiful flame. In winter it forms openings 'm the 1^ 1 1 'I I 1 1 1 [ ^fe t 1 M^ I WT 204 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. snow, and being set on fire, presents the novel spectacle of a fiame rising out of the snow. In very cold weather, tubes of ice are formed around these currents of gas, to the height of two or three feet, the gas issuing from their tops. When burning in a still evening, these natural gas-lights present a beautiful appearance. Rochester lies on both sides of the Genesee river, seven miles 8. of Lake Ontario ; by railroad w. from Albany 250 miles — by the Erie Canal, 269 ; and e. from Buffalo, by the former route 75 miles — by the latter, 95. The population, in 1820, was 1,502 ; in 1830, 9,269 ; in 1840, 20,191. It was founded in 1812, by Nathaniel Rochester, and others, all of whom were from Mary- land ; and was incorporated as a village in 1817 — as a city in 1834. It is handsomely laid out, with considerable, though not entire, regularity. The e. and w. parts of the city are connect- ed by three bridges, and the river is also crossed in the middle of the city by the splendid aqueduct of the Erie Canal, which rests on 11 arches, is 804 feet long, and cost $80,000. The streets are spacious, with a width varying from 60 to 80 feet, well paved in the centre, with convenient sidewalks ; and there are also several public squares which are enclosed. Buifalo-st., which is broad and straight, runs through the centre of the city, crossing the river on a bridge : on the east side it is called Main-st. The city is handsomely built, chiefly with brick, and a large number of the stores and dwellings are elegant ; many of the houses have fine gardens, ornamented with fruit-trees and shrubbery. Some of the churches and public buildings are handsome struc- tures. Rochester owes its rapid growth and present greatness to the vast water-power created by the falls in Genesee river, which amount to 268 feet within the bounds of the city, in which are three successive perpendicular falls of 96, 20, and 105 feet, be- sides rapids. On these rapids and falls are many large flouring- mills, not surpassed by any others in the world, and numerous other hydraulic works. These mills are capable of manufactu- ring 5,000 barrels of flour daily. As a seat of commerce, the city is most admirably situated. ] I is the port of entry of the Genesee collection district, and by Lake Ontario may participate iu all the trade of the St. Law- AUBURN AND ROCHESTER RAILROAD. 205 rence basin. Vessels come up the Genesee river from the lake to Carthage, 2^ miles n. of the centre of the city, wiiero steam- boats arrive and depart daily, and to which there is a railroad from the city. The river is navigable for boats to the head of the rapids, a distance of 53 miles, and steamboats of light burden may ply between the city and the village of Avon, 20 miles s. The Erie Ci.ual passes centrally through the city, giving it ac- cess on the east to Albany, and thence by the Hudson river to New York ; and on the west to Buffalo, and thence to the upper lakes and the great West. The Genesee Valley Canal is to connect it with Olean on the Alleghany river, and thence with Pittsburg. The chain of railroads from Boston to Buffalo passes through it, giving it a ready access to both sections of the coun- try, and intermediate places. It has several well-kopt and elegantly furnished hotels, where the traveller will find every accommodation. The principal ones are the Eagle, American^ New Mannion House, (Jonyress Hall, Clinton, Rochester, Island Hotel, (kc, ort distance n. of Chippowa, stopping opposite the Pavilion Hotel, and about half a mile from the Clifton House. The fare on each of the routes from Buffalo is 75 cents; going and return- ing hi/ the same councyancc, }$1.25. 14 210 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT CGMFAMON. ▼law of Klagtura FftUa PALLS OF NIAGARA. (See Map No. 29.) These Falls are believed to be the most sublime object of the kind in the world. Langiiajje is iucfpablo of conveying to the mind an adequate description of their beauties. Their immensity raises emotions of terror, wonder, and delight, in all who look upon them. There are other falls which have a greater perpen- dicular descent, but none in the known world where such a mass of water is precipitated from so great a height. It has been com- puted that the quantity of water discharged over tho Falls is 670,000 tons per minute. On viewing 'this magnificent work of nature, the words of the Psalmist are forcibly brought to mind : " I will remember the works of the Lord. Thou art the God that docst wonders. The waters saw theo, O God ; the depths also were troubled ; the earth trembled and shook. Thy way is in the sea, and thy path in the great waters, and thy foosteps are not known." The Falls are situated on the Niagara river, 14 iwUs above Lake Ontario, and 23 below Lake Erie, on tho New York side. ■wr^. V r FALLS OF NIAGARA. 211 I' The river forms the outlet of the waters of tlie grctxt upper lakes, which, toj;;ethfr with Erie and Ontario, drain, according to Pro- fessor Drake of Kentucky, an area of country equal to 40,000 square miles, and the extent of their surface is estimated at 93,000 square miles. These lakes contain nearly one-half of the fresh water on the surface of the glohe. At the distance of ahout three-fourths of a mile above the Falls, the river begins a rapid descent, making within that distance a succession of slopes, equal to 52 feet on the American side, and 57 on the opposite one ; and forming a powerful current at the Falls, it turns at a right angle to the N. E., and is then suddenly contracted in width from three miles to three-fourths of a mile. Below the cataract the river is :nly half a mile wide, but its d- !)th exceeds 300 feet. The cat- aract is divided into two parts by Goat or Iris Island, containing about 75 acres ; but the principal channel is on the western or Canadian side, and forms the Great Horse-Shoe Fall, over which about seven-eighths of the whole is thrown. The eastern channel between Goat Island and the State of New York is again divided by a small Island, named Prospect, forming a beautiful cascade. The descent on the American side, as ascertained by measure- ment, is 164 feet, and on the Canadian side 158 feet. The chief features of this sublime scene are — the Great Ilorse- Skoe Fall, Goat Island, Table Rock, and the American Fall The best single view of the cataract is that from Table Rock, on the Canadian side ; thv best view of the rapids is from Goat Isl- and ; and of the American Fall, from the ferry, a short distance below the Falls, on the American side : but the most sublime and overpowering view is that of the Great Horse-Shoe Fall, on the Canada side. A bridge connects Bath and Goat islands with the main land. the erection of which was a work of noble daring, for it is hen that the waters rush with tremendous velocity Jowards the fear- ful abyss. On Bath Island is a toll-house, where visiters are re- quired to inscribe their names, and at the same time pay a fee of tiventif-Jii-e cents, which entitles them to visit all the islands with their appendages, as often as may be wished, during the visit or season, without any additioniil charge. On Goat Island the visiter will Ihid guidi'4)ourds, directing to all the most iuter- i'H M 212 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. 1 esting places and objects around the island. There is also a bridge, called the Terrapin Bridge, about 300 feet in length, jut- ting out from the w. part of Goat Island, which projects 10 feet over the Horse-Shoe Fall. On the rocks, at the verge of the precipice, is a stone tower, erected in 1833, which is 45 ft. high, with winding stairs on the inside, and an open gallery on the top, surrounded by an iron balustrade, from which, or from tho end of the bridge, the effect of the Falls upon the beholder is awfully sublime. The cioscent to the bottom of the Falls, on Goat Island, is ac- conipliKi !^ by covered winding stairs, erected in the year 18:^9, by the 1;U* Nicholas Biddle, Esq., of Philadelphia : it gives visit- ers a.) opportunity of descending below the bank, and of passing a coi'sidorixiile distance behind the two main sheets of water. The de^t '♦ from the island to the margin of tho river is 185 ft. A conwii >'! Hight of steps loads down 40 feet to the perpendicular spiral steps, 90 in number, which are enclosed in a building in the shape of a hexagon, resting on a firm foundation at the bot- tom. From the foot of the building there are three paths leading to the most important points of observation, one of which leads to the nver below, a distance of 80 feet, where visiters will find one of the finest fishing places in this part of the world. Here was Sam Patch's jumping-place. The path at the left of the stair- case leads to the great Crescent, or Horse-Shoe Fall, where, when the wind blows up the river, a safe and delightful passage is opened behind the sheet of water. The path to the right loads to a magnificent cava, appropriately named, on its discovery, i^olus' Cave, or Cave of the Winds ; it is about 120 feet across, 50 wide, and 100 high, and is situat-^H directly behind thd Centre Fall, or Cascade, which at the boti«j ; is more than ^00 ft. wide. About 100 feet below the Falls, on the Americiii' ^ide, is an- other staircase leading to the ferry, which connects with the Ca- nadian shore. From the ferry a very near view of the highest Fall, and a most charming prospect of the entire Fall, are ob- tained. There is not the least danger in crossing the river, com- petent persons having charge of the boats ; and, for a short one, the excursion is delightful, eight minutes being the usual time in crossing. Persons occasionally swim across without difficulty FALLS OF NIAGARA. 213 The visiter on being landed will proceed up the bank by a ear riage road, at the head of which stands the Clifton House ; here he may obtain refreshments, and afterwards proceed towards Table Rock, where will be found a spiral staircase, from the foot of whicli. he can pass 153 foet behind the sheet of water. A gentleman has the charge of this stuircase, and furnishes dresses and a guide for visiters who wish to go behind the sheet. There is here a reading-room, and a place of refreshment, with albums, an examination of which will, no doubt, prove interesting. A short distance from Table Rock stands Mr. Barnett's very inter- esting Museum, a visit to which should not be omitted. The Camera Obscura, a short walk from the Museum, is also worthy the attention of visiters. From Table Rock, a view of which is presented in the en- graving, there is one broad and ^vv imposing view of the entire Falls, and much of the scenery of the rapids and islands. It is geuer?,lly conceded that this view, and tiiat from the Terra- pin Bridge and Tower, are the best, and combine more of the beautiful and sublime than can be obtained from any other point on either side of the river. In ascending the bank from Tabic Rock to the hotels, you have a fine and extensive view of the surrounding country. One of the grand new features at Niagara is the rininiiii; of a powerful steamer to the very edge of the cataract, thort hy miv- ing visitors an opportunity of enjoying a near and ciitirpiy new view of the falls ; and the grand scenery of the " (»uli'," Goat Island, Table Rock, and other p!;iccs of interest in the vicinity. The steamer " Maid of tiie Mist" runs four times daily, leaving her wharf at the lower landing, and touching at the landing on the Canada side, and thence passing along in front of the Amer- 214 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT COMPANION. I ican and the Great Horse-Shoe Falls, — so close that the spray dashes over the boat. The view thus afforded is sublime. The steamer is of 100 tons burden, and fitted with every precaution against accidents, and so carefully guarded as to inspire full con- fidence. It has two engines, so that if one fails, the other may be put in gearing, which can be done in a minute and a half. She is found with two anchors and chain cables ; and is also provided witli a small boat, by which a strong line can be run ashore the moment a necessity for doing so exists. Visiters aro taken from the village in carriages, about a mile and a half, to the steamer. The road down the bank starts from the point on the American side which has been fixed upon as the terminus of the Suspension Bridge. A band of music accompanies the boat. The Niagara Suspension Bridge will span the narrow gorge of the Niagara river, between the cataract and the whirlpool, in view of both, by an arch 800 feet long, 40 wide, and 230 above the water. It will be supported by 16 wire cables, 1,100 ft. long, and upwards of 12 inches in circumference. Its strength is to be equal to G.oOO tons tension strain ; and it is to be subjected to the most severe and conclusive tests, so as to render it safe beyond any possible contingency. A railroad track will extend through its centre, uniting the roads terminating at the falls ; there will also be carriage-ways and a footpath. It was completed during the year 1849, at a cost of -^190,000. The engineer was Charles EUet, Jr., Esq., of Philadelphia. Three miles below the Falls is the Whirlpool, resembling in its appearance the celebrated Maelstrom on the coast of Norway. It is occasioned by the river making nearly a right angle, while it is here narrower than at any other place, not being more than 30 rods wide, and the current running with such velocity as tc rise up in the middle 10 foot above the sides. This has been ascertained by measurement. There is a path leading down the bank to the Whirlpool on both sides, and, though somewhat diffi- cult to descend and ascend, it is accomplished almost every day on the American side. A mile below tin Whirlpool is a place on the American side called the " Devil's Hole," embracing about two acres, cut ou laterally and 150 f feet of th alighting, alight an where tht The B above the Niagara r The wate drogen ga and burns On the Chippewa English at From S From r From tl Across i From tl From tl Across I Across 1 Length Across 1 From til the From tc Width c Distanci Depth o Depth n FALLS OF NIAGARA. 215 laterally and perpendicularly in the rock by the side of the river, and 150 ft. deep. An angle of this hole or gulf comes within a few feet of the stage-road, affording travellers an opportunity, without alighting, of looking into the yawning abyss. But they should alight and pass to the further side of the flat projecting rock, where they will feel themselves richly repaid for their trouble. The Burning Spring, on the Canada side, is half a mile above the Falls, and within a short distance of the rapids in the Niagara river. (By referring to Map 29 its location will be seen.) The water, which is warm, is surcharged with sulphureted hy- drogen gas, which, on introducing a light, immediately takes fire and burns with a clear and steady flame. On the same side of the Falls with the above are the village of Chippewa, and Lundy's Lane, noted as battle-grounds of the English and Americans in the war of 1812. DISTANCES. MUet. From Steamboat Landing across to Chippewa 2i From Fort Schlosser to Chippewa 14 From the Falls to Chippewa 3 Across the River at the Falls % From the Eagle and Cataract Hotels to Table Rock 14 From the Falls to the Mineral Springs 2 «' to the Whirlpool 3 «• to the Devil's Hole 4 •' to Erie Canal at Tonawanda 11 «» to Buffalo 22 «♦ toLockport 18 " to Lewiston 7 Rods. ♦' to Goat Island by the bridge 58 Across the Falls on the American side 56 Across the foot of Goat Island 80 Length of Goat Island 160 Across the Horse-Shoe Fall 114 From the steps of the Eagle and Cataract Hotels to top of the bank 100 From top of the bank down the staircase to the River — 28 Width of River at the Ferry 76 Distance up the Canada bank 76 FttU Depth of water at the Horse-Shoe 20 Depth of water at the Ferry 250 l.i U 216 I All.KOAl) AND STKAMHOAT COMTANION. Qummton is novon milos bolow the FallH,on tliu Niagara rivor^ (iin