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IGl 
 
 X. Statistics and Distribution of North American 
 
 Lichens 
 
 BY HEXRY WILLEY, NEW BEDFORD, MASS. 
 [Sead btfore this Society, October Sd, 1873.] 
 
 An attempt at presenting the statistics and the geogruplilcal dis- 
 tribution of the Lichens of North America, must necessarily be 
 imperfect, owing to the fact that but a small portion of the conti- 
 nent has been thoroughly explored in search of Lichens; so that 
 new species may be expected to occur, even in the more familiar 
 districts, while considerable accessions to our knowledge may be 
 expected in those which have, as yet, been hardly visited by the 
 Lichenist. The present attempt, therefore, is ofl'ered only as an 
 approximation to exactness. 
 
 In my " List of North American Lichens" as known at the com- 
 mencement of 1873, there were enumerated 808 species and sub- 
 species, some being ranked as species, which will hereafter, prob- 
 ably, be reduced to varieties. The additions and corrections since 
 nuide to that list (which are given in an Appendix to this pajier) 
 sv/ell the total to 823, subject to the same reservation in regard to 
 species and varieties. This estinuite does not include a considera- 
 ble number of species collected but not described or published ; 
 with the addition of these and other discoveries which may be 
 made, the whole number of North American Lichens nuiy finally 
 reach between 850 and 900 ; the whole number of Lichens at pres- 
 ent known and described being from 1,500 to 2,000, and of Lichens 
 occurring in Europe, about 700. Now species are being constantly 
 published, but the title of many of them to rank as such nuiy well 
 be doubted, as it depends to a groat extent, on minute choniioal dif- 
 ferences, as to the value of which Lichcnists are not agreed. 
 
 Of the five Tribes into which Lielu'ns are divided, according to 
 the arrangement of Profossor Tuckornum in his'' Genera Liclieniini,"' 
 
 Bl'I,. BITP. BOC. NAT. SCI. (31) OCTOJIKK. \XT.i. 
 
 li 
 
 % 
 
 " t\ 
 
162 
 
 which is that followed in this paper, the Parmeliocei contain in 
 North America, 38 Genera and 411 species; the Lecideacei, 10 
 Genera and 218 species; the Graphidacei, 11 Genera and 79 species; 
 the Caliciacei, 3 Genera and 40 species ; the Verrucariacoi, 10 Gen- 
 era and 75 species. Of the 18 families into which these five tribes 
 are divided, the Usneei contain 7 Genera and 07 species; Parracliei, 
 5 Genera and 53 species ; Umbilicariei, 1 Genus and 21 species ; 
 Peltigerei, 5 Genera and 38 species ; Pannariei, 2 Genera and 27 
 species; CoUemei, two sub-families, 7 Genera and 68 species; Le- 
 canorei, three sub-families, 12 Genera (including Myriangium) and 
 412 epecies; Cladonie-^ 3 Genera and 57 species; Coenogonii, 2 
 Genera and 3 species ; Lecideei, three sub-families, 5 Genera and 
 217 species; Lecanactidei, 3 Genera and 8 species; Opegraphei, 3 
 Genera and 31 species ; Glyphydei, 2 Genera and 3 species ; Artho- 
 niei, 3 Genera and 79 species ; Sphaerophorei, 3 Genera and 6 species ; 
 Caliciei, 3 Genera and 40 species ; Endocarpei, 2 Genera and 10 
 species; Verrucarid, three sub-frmilies, 8 Genera and 75 species. 
 
 The geographical distribution of the species is shown in the fol- 
 lowing table. In the first column is shown the number of species and 
 sub-species in each genu8 ; in that marked A^,the number of North- 
 ern species; iSi., of Southern species, including the territory south 
 of Pennsylvania, the Ohio river, and thence west to the Southern 
 boundary of California; 0., species more or loss widely distributed 
 in both of these regions ; W., species occurring only west of the 
 Mississippi, and north of the column indicated by S. (including 
 also a few Arctic species as hereafter noted) ; Alj)., Alpine and sub- 
 Alpine species ; Arc, Arctic species ; Tr., Tropical and sub-Tropical 
 species; N. Am., species peculiar to North America; Eu., species 
 occurring also in Europe ; X. E., species occurring in New England. 
 
163 
 
 I. 
 
 1. Roccella, 
 
 9 Uaiualina, 
 
 8. Dactylina, 
 
 4. Cetraria, 
 
 6. Evernia, 
 
 0. Usnea, 
 
 7. Alectoria, 
 
 8. Speerschneidera, 
 
 9. TIieloRchiotes, . . . 
 
 10. Parmelia, 
 
 11. Physclft, 
 
 12. Pjrxine, 
 
 18. Umbilicaria, . . . , 
 
 14. Stlcta, 
 
 15. Nephroma, 
 
 16. Peltigera, 
 
 17. Erioderma, 
 
 18. Solorina, 
 
 19. Heppia, , 
 
 20. Pannaria, 
 
 2i. Ephebe 
 
 22. Lichina, 
 
 23. SynaliHsa 
 
 24. Omplialaria, .... 
 
 25. Collema, 
 
 26. Leptogium 
 
 27. Hydrothyria, . . . 
 
 28. Placodium, 
 
 29. Lecanora, 
 
 30. Rinodina 
 
 81. Pertusaria, 
 
 32. Phlyctls, 
 
 38. Conotrema, 
 
 84. Qyalecta 
 
 35. Urceolaria 
 
 86. Thelotrema, 
 
 37. GyroBtomum, . . 
 88. Myriangium, . . . 
 
 II. 
 
 89. Stereocaulon, . , 
 
 40. PilophoruB, 
 
 41. Cladonia 
 
 42. Coenogonium, . 
 
 43. CystocoleuB, . . . 
 
 44. Baeomycea 
 
 45. Biatora, 
 
 46. Heterothecium, 
 
 47. Lecidea 
 
 48. Buellia 
 
 No. 
 8p. 
 
 2 
 
 24 
 8 
 
 80 
 5 
 6 
 
 1 
 8 
 
 34 
 
 18 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 4 
 8 
 1 
 2 
 1 
 
 2fl 
 8 
 1 
 8 
 4 
 
 28 
 
 23 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 52 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 80 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 67 
 
 10 
 
 43 
 
 88 
 
 N. 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 8 
 
 16 
 8 
 1 
 4 
 
 12 
 6 
 
 16 
 S 
 1 
 8 
 
 11 
 1 
 1 
 5 
 1 
 
 11 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 83 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 39 
 
 2 
 88 
 32 
 
 S. 
 
 1 
 12 
 
 12 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 O. 
 
 12 
 1 
 
 7 
 2 
 1 
 2 
 10 
 6 
 
 4 
 1 
 6 
 1 
 
 8 
 16 
 4 
 1 
 S 
 6 
 2 
 4 
 
 W. 
 
 Alp. 
 
 Arc. 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 2 
 2 
 
 1 
 14 
 
 2 
 18 
 2 
 6 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 3 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 11 
 
 1 
 1 
 5 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 6 
 1 
 
 20 
 4 
 
 2 
 8 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 Tr. 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 5 
 6 
 2 
 6 
 
 6 
 8 
 
 12 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 8 
 1 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 1 
 
 N. 
 Am. 
 
 10 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 Eu. 
 
 N.E. 
 
 6 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 
 10 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 8 
 1 
 
 7 
 2 
 1 
 4 
 2 
 18 
 8 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 6 
 1 
 
 14 
 4 
 2 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 10 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 18 
 12 
 
 15 
 84 
 7 
 11 
 1 
 1 
 7 
 2 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 13 
 1 
 
 7 
 17 
 
 14 
 2 
 5 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 111 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 7 
 8 
 7 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 16 
 2 
 1 
 4 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 21 
 
 7 
 
 I 
 7 
 2 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 6 
 47 
 
 4 
 86 
 21 
 
 4 
 
 85 
 
 8 
 
 21 
 
 8 
 
 n 
 
164 
 
 III. 
 
 49. LocanRctiH 
 
 fiO. I'latygraplm, . . . 
 
 51. Melas|)iloa 
 
 53. Opejf rB])lia 
 
 53. Xylotfrapha, . . . 
 
 54. Uraphm, 
 
 55. Chiddecton 
 
 50. Hlyphis, 
 
 57. Arthouia 
 
 58. Mycoporuin, . . . 
 50. Agyriuiu, 
 
 IV. 
 
 60. Siphula, 
 
 Q\. Sphaerophorus, . 
 63. AcroHcyphus, . . . 
 
 63. Acolium, 
 
 64. Calioiuni, 
 
 65. Ck)niocybe, 
 
 V. 
 
 66. Endocarpon, . . . 
 
 67. Noriuandina, . . . 
 
 68. Segestria 
 
 6!). Btaurothele, 
 
 70. Trypotholiuin, . 
 
 71. Sagodia 
 
 78. Verrucaria, 
 
 73. Pyreuula, 
 
 74. Pyrenastruin,. . 
 
 75. Strlgula, 
 
 No. 
 
 8p. 
 
 N. 
 
 s. 
 
 O. 
 
 W. 
 
 Alp. 
 
 Arc. 
 
 Tr. 
 
 N. 
 Am. 
 
 Eu. ] 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 23 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 14 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 21 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 823 
 
 410 
 
 190 
 
 222 
 
 103 
 
 112 
 
 75 
 
 171 
 
 236 
 
 363 
 
 N.E. 
 
 17 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 3 
 1 
 
 3 
 1 
 4 
 
 10 
 8 
 
 300 
 
 An interesting feature of our Liclien Flora, is the fact tliat a num- 
 ber of species wliicli occur in Eurojie, have as yet been found only 
 in the western portion of North America, from Nebraska to the 
 Pacific, only a few of M'hich are connected with Europe through 
 the intervening Arctic region, which arc indicated in the following 
 Ust: 
 
105 
 
 1. Dactyllna inadrepiformiH. 
 
 2. Evernia divaricata. 
 8. E. vulpina. 
 
 4. Alectoria Fretnontli. 
 
 5. Umbilicaria rugifora. 
 
 6. U. murina. 
 
 7. Solorina crocoa (Arctic). 
 
 8. Leptogium albo-ciliatum. 
 
 9. L. Bcotlnum. 
 
 10. L. palmatum. 
 
 11. Placodium fulgonc. 
 
 12. P. callopismum. 
 
 13. P. variabile. 
 
 14. P. Binapi8permuin( Arctic). 
 
 15. P. fulvo-lutoum (Greenland). 
 
 16. Lecannra crasaa (pv lentigera). 
 
 17. L. verrucosa (Arctic). 
 
 18. L. Schleicheri. 
 10. L. peliscypha. 
 
 20. L. rhagadiosa. 
 
 21. liinodina aterrima. 
 
 28. Pertuflaria bryontha (Arctic). 
 
 23. P. dactylina (Arctic). 
 
 24. Qyalecta rhexoblepbara (Arctic). 
 
 25. Biatora decipiens. 
 
 26. B. globifera (Arctic). 
 
 27. B. glebuloaa. 
 
 28. B. cinnal)arina (Arctic). 
 
 29. B. cuproa (Arctic). 
 
 80. B. castanea (Arctic). 
 
 81. B. quornoa. 
 88. B. eryHibe. 
 33. E. artyta. 
 
 84. B. spbaoroidcH. 
 
 35. Lecidea maniiliaris. 
 
 80. L. veslcularis. 
 
 37. L. vitellinaria (Arctic). 
 
 88. L. borealis. 
 
 30. L. turgid ula (Arctic). 
 
 40. L. atro-brunnea (Arctic). 
 
 41. L. insularis. 
 48. L. caulescons. 
 
 43. L. epigaea. 
 
 44. L. badia. 
 
 45. Lecanactis abietina (Arctic). 
 
 46. Arthonia impolita. 
 
 47. Sipliula ceratites. 
 
 48. Acolium tympanellum. 
 40. Endocarpon cinereum, 
 
 V. cartilagineum (Qreenland). 
 
 50. Pliacopsis vulpina. 
 
 Of the relation of our Liclion Flora to that of Asia and Japan, 
 I have little iaformation. The following, originally published as 
 American, have been found in the regions indicated. 
 
 \ 
 
 Cetraria Richardsonii Siberia. 
 
 C. cbryeantha. Japan. 
 
 Umbilicaria rugifera ...... Siberia. 
 
 U. Muhlenbergii Siberia. 
 
 U. Pennsylvanica Asia ; Japan. 
 
 CoUema leptalenm .... Japan. 
 
 Alectoria Fromontii, Cetraria Oakesiana, Thelotrema subtile, and 
 Conotrema urceolatum, occur in Europe; Usnea ca\ernosa, in S. 
 America and India ; U. angulata, in S. America and New Zealand ; 
 Kamalina reticulata, in New Zealand; Pannaria leucosticta, in New 
 Zealand ; and R. tenuis, is cosmopolitan. These lists might doubtless 
 be extended. 
 
1U6 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 The following additions and corrections to my list of North 
 Anu'Hcan Lichens are hero noted. 
 
 
 ADDITIONS. 
 
 Evornla Intenna, Nyl., Florn, 1873 Mexico. 
 
 ParmeUa criuita v. etlllata. Nyl., Flora, 1800 Moxico. 
 
 P. praeslRnlB, Nyl., Flora, 1873 Mexico. 
 
 P. colpodes V. crlHhilata, Nyl,, Syn. p. 404 North Aiiinrica. 
 
 P. tlliacea v. Bublaevigata, Nyl. (P. sublnuvi^ata Nyl.) North Ainorica. 
 
 t P. livlda Tayl.. Nyl., Syn. 883 Now OrleanB. 
 
 P. perforata v. cetrata, Nyl., Syn. p. 878 New Orleans. 
 
 Phyncia eetosa (Nyl.), Syn. p. 429 Moxico. 
 
 P. obacura v. compacta, Nyl., Syn. p. 488 Arctic. 
 
 Umbllicaria oylindrica v. Delisaei, Nyl, Scand. p. 117 Arctic. 
 
 Sticta pallida, Hook Mexico. 
 
 **Placodium inurorum v. tegulares, Fw Now England. 
 
 P. arcticum (Kbr. Parorg. p. 63) Labrador. 
 
 •Lecanora caeaio alba, Kbr New York. 
 
 L. cupresei, Nyl. Flora, 1872 North America. 
 
 L. cinerea varr. •* lacuatris, Nyl. *IIoffinanni, ib North America. 
 
 L. rhagadiosa, Ach YcHowstone. 
 
 Rinodina Bophodea varr. ♦* atro-cinerea (Nyl.) *• roborls (Duf .) New England. 
 
 *R. aterrima (Kremph.) California. 
 
 ** Pertuoaria leioplaca v. marginata, Nyl., En. p. 330 North America. 
 
 P. pustulata V. schizoatoma, Nyl., ib. p. 336 New England. 
 
 P. paradoxa, Linda., W. Greenland, p. 344 Greenland. 
 
 Thelotrema postpositum (Nyl.), N. Gr. p. 653 LouiBiana. 
 
 Btereocaulon denudatum v. caeapitoBulum, Nyl., Syn. p. 247. New England. 
 
 B. Btrictum, Th. Fr. Ster. p. 43 Mexico. 
 
 B. albicans, Th. Fr. Ster. p. 63 (S. nanum Ach. aaltem pp.) .. . New England. 
 
 Cladonla uncialis v. turgescens, Schaer United States. 
 
 Heterothecium leptocheilum, Tuck. (Nyl. Antill., p. 14) ... . Mexico. 
 
 H. chloritlfl (Tuck.), Nyl. N. Gr. p. 60 Southern. 
 
 *Lecidea mamillaria (Gouan) Yellowstone. 
 
 L. Campsteriana, Linds. 1. c, p. 358 Greenland. 
 
 L. Vahllana, Linds. ib., p. 358 Greenland. 
 
 Buellia discoensis (Linds.), ib. p. 850 Greenland. 
 
 B. Egediana (Linds.), ib. p. 830 Greenland. 
 
 B. Groenlandica (Linds.), ib. p. 851 Greenland. 
 
 B. insigniH, Naog., Linds. 1. c, j). 3i55 Greenland. 
 
167 
 
 B, paplllaU V. Rlbo-clncta, Th. Fr Northwest. 
 
 Opugraplia aubviilgata, Nyl., Flora, 1800 Mexico. 
 
 OrnphlH pruinoHn (Eschw.), Nyl., N. Or. p. 504 Mexico. 
 
 Hegetttria iiucula v. granulata, Nyl., Autill., p. 23 Mexico, 
 
 Verracaria CampHteriana, Lindu. 1. c, p. 843 Greenland. 
 
 [T/iiM and V. tartaricola Linda, are probably purnntic fungi.] 
 
 I?, Pyrenula Hiil)elliptica, Tuck., Lea Cincinn. )). 47 Ohio. 
 
 Phacopais vulplna, Tul California. 
 
 Opegrapha antiqua, Leaq., in Hayden'a Report, 1873, pp. 370, 418, Is the only 
 foBBil Lichen aa yet recorded on this Continent. 
 
 CORRECTIONS. 
 
 Umblllcaria mammulata, Ach.= U. spodochroa. 
 
 U. polyphylla v. deuata = U. flocculoaa Hoffm. 
 
 Sticta crenulata, Del.= S. Ravonelii T. = S. eroaa (Eachw.). 
 
 Pannaria Michnori, T. = P. molybdaea Pera. f. 
 
 Syualiaaa lignyota ahould be S. fuliglnea (Waiil.). 
 
 Lucanora coniza, T. = L. subf uaca. 
 
 Urceolaria hybocarpa, T. = L. aubfuaca, f. 
 
 Btereocaulou chlorcllum, T. ia not a apeciea, the apecimena belonging to Ram- 
 
 alina. 
 Biatora leucoblephara, Nyl., perhapa dooa not differ from B. tricholoma, Mont. 
 Lecidea groasa, Pera. ahould be tranaferred to Heterothecium. 
 Arthonia pruinoaa, Ach. = A. impolita (Ehrh.). 
 Page 10, after No. 202, inaert : 6. Sporea muriform, plurilocular. 
 
 \ 
 
 Postscript. — Since these pages were sent to the printer, I have 
 had the opportunity of examining the Lichens collected by Dr. 
 Coulter, Botanist to tlio United States Exploring Expedition to 
 Colorado, during the summer of 1873. Among them are three 
 which are new to the United States, but occur in Europe, as follows: 
 
 1. Solorina biapora, Nyl. 
 
 2. Lecanorc calcarea (L.), Smf., with an elegantly efHgurato thallua. 
 
 3. EndococcuB erraticua (Mass.), Nyl. Paraaitic on Placodium elegana.