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 ••■^H 
 
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KifW^ 
 
^M^'^* 
 
 A LETTER 
 
 TO THK 
 
 P.EV. ERNEST HAWKINS, 
 
 SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY FOR THE PROrAGATION OP THE 
 GOSPEL IN FOREIGN PARTS, 
 
 OK 
 
 THE PRINCIPLES 
 
 Of 
 
 THE OPERATIONS OF THE SOCIETY, 
 
 ESPSCIAtLT WITH RBOARD TO 
 
 EMIGRANTS. 
 
 BY LORD LYTTELTON. 
 
 LONDON: 
 FRANCIS & JOHN RIVINGTON, 
 
 IT. PAUL'S CHURCHYARD AND WATERLOO PLACE; 
 HATCHARD Sc SON, PICCADILLY. 
 
 1849. 
 
 
)' I 
 
 
 !■' ' '• * 
 
 
 •.JL'.; A'.i-l- 
 
 :p-: fv^ 
 
 LONDON : 
 B, CLAY, nUNTK.ll, BRKAI) STI'.EKT HILL. 
 
A LETTER. 
 
 My dkar Sir, 
 
 The feeling that has arisen in favouv of a religious 
 provision for Emigrants from this country during the 
 time of their passage to the Colonies, appears to me 
 to furnish a favourable opportunity for a further step 
 upon that principle which the Society for the Propaga- 
 tion of the Gospel has of late always kept in view in 
 its operations ; namely, that of gradually withdrawing 
 aid from our dependencies in proportion as they become 
 able to provide for their own spiritual needs, and of 
 bestowing the bulk of its support partly on strictly 
 Missionary operations, partly on the spiritual care of 
 our Emigrants durihg the first stages of their emi- 
 gration and settlement. 
 
 I can draw nothing but constant conjfirmation of 
 this principle, both from further reflection on the case 
 in general, and from the progressive development of 
 the Colonial Church. Nothing can be in itself more 
 unreasonable than that dependencies, which we hope to 
 see, as far as possible, reproducing a complete image 
 of the Mother Country in all their institutions, should 
 be accustomed to look anywhere but to their own 
 resources for the permanent support of their eccle- 
 
 A 2 
 
■■■n 
 
 mmmm 
 
 H\ 
 
 siastical cstablishiiKMits ; mid, on tl\e other hand, tlie 
 constant formation of new Colonial Dioceses calls, in 
 the loudest manner, for the liberal application of the 
 sound principle of operation on the part of the Society, 
 by the giving a good starf, so to speak, to those infant 
 Dioceses, till they may be so methodized and con- 
 solidated as to be able to support their own institu- 
 tions. 
 
 But it is obvious that, with respect to all our Colo- 
 nies, the most important practical application of this 
 principle is immediately connected with the subject 
 mentioned in the outset of this paper. We encourage 
 in every possible way, for the relief of this country, 
 for their own benefit, and Tor that of the Colonies, 
 the departure from its shores of vast bodies of 
 Emigrants, and pom* them into our North American 
 and Australian Colonies. What these Colonies have 
 a right to demand is, that concurrently with the pro- 
 gress of this mere human supply, we should send out 
 both tlie men, in due numerical proportion, who are 
 needed for its moral and spiritual care, and the means 
 for their continuance in the Colony during those early 
 stages of settlement, when the Emigrants are unable 
 duly to provide these means for themselves. 
 
 This, however, is the most abstract way of stating 
 the case, and without further explanation would only 
 be applicable to a Colonial district when the first set- 
 tlers go out to it from this country. In existing cir- 
 cumstances the Society is obliged to modify the strict 
 application of the rule, partly by obligations which it 
 has contracted, and by the existing circumstances of 
 colonial society, partly by the habits of chronic depend- 
 
6 
 
 cnce on its funds which have been allowed to grow up, 
 especially iti the North American Colonies; but the 
 principle itself is to be kept always steadily in view. 
 
 Now, if wo divide our Colonial Empire into the 
 three obvious classes of the North American, the 
 West Indian, and the Australian Colonies, (to which 
 last should be added Ceylon and the Cape of Good 
 Hope,) it is easy to see that they, each of them, furnish 
 a clear illustration of the manner in which our prin- 
 ciple should be worked, both in its positive and its 
 negative aspect. 
 
 A strong ai)peal is just now made on behalf of the 
 West Indies, on account of the great depression under 
 which they are labouring. But it is impossible to 
 recognise this as an element in the question, which is 
 that of the permanent principle of dealing with the 
 spiritual exigencies of the Colonies. It must be as- 
 sumed, that any such depression as should cause 
 ancient and fully-established Colonial Governments to 
 withdraw the support which they have long been in 
 the habit of giving to any of the organic institutions 
 of their country, will be of a temporary nature, and 
 arising from removable causes ; and though such a 
 condition might furnish a ground for some temporary 
 assistance from this country, it must only be looked 
 upon as such, and not as arising from the operation 
 of any normal principle. 
 
 This remark is made rather incidentally. Looking 
 at the general principle laid down, it must be observed 
 that, without adverting to slight exceptions, the West 
 Indies receive no Emigrants from this country. Com- 
 paratively, at least, to other Colonies, they are not the 
 
scene of Missionary labours. For the most part, they 
 may be spoken of as settled Colonies. In the present 
 view of the question, therefore, their case does not so 
 prominently offer itself for consideration as that of 
 other Colonies. 
 
 The North American Colonies, especially Canada, 
 seem to present the question in various very Svrong, 
 and at the same time very different lights. As a 
 whole, they are, in ail temporal respects, the most 
 advanced of all our Colonies ; the most remote from, 
 and independent of, all real influence from this coun- 
 try. In this respect they make the strongest possible 
 case for the operation of the principle, that they should 
 be led to consider that in spiritual, no less than in 
 temporal matters, they must more and more learn to 
 walk alone. 
 
 Also, with regard to the actual condition of many 
 of the districts in British North Ameiica, and many 
 to which the aid of this Society is still extended, it 
 cannot be doubted that they are, in fact, as well able 
 to meet their obligation to support their Churches and 
 Clergy as any district in England. 
 
 But most important facts are to be set on the 
 other side. 
 
 In the first place, British North America is still the 
 scene of extensive Missionary labours. 
 
 Secondly, there are many districts, and increasing 
 in number, which are neither fully settled nor the 
 scene of strictly Missionary work. These are well 
 known among us as the unsettled or partly-settled 
 districts, and I have stated them to be an appropriate 
 destination for the temporairy aid of this Society. 
 
Lastly, and which is most important, British North 
 America receives, and will continue to receive, many 
 more Emigrants from this country than all the other 
 Colonies put together. 
 
 I Itinr that I may appear to have somewhat di- 
 gressed from the especial object of this letter, which is 
 the religious provision for Emigrants. But it is evi- 
 dent with respect to British North America, that the 
 question of the spiritual care of the Emigrants, and 
 that of the unsettled districts, are very closely united, 
 as it is in great measure from those Emigrants that 
 the population of those districts is recruited in their 
 progress towards complete settlement; and the two 
 subjects may practicaUy be considered together. 
 
 Looking, therefore, at the condition of British North 
 America, I do not consider that the amount now given 
 to those Colonies by the Society, large as it is, is 
 excessive. But I think that, abstractedly speaking, 
 its distribution is far from the best that could 
 be adopted; and that, as far as circumstances will 
 allow, it should be reformed on the very principle 
 which is now brought forward, namely, that of spi- 
 ritual provision for our Emigrants as such. 
 
 The Australian Colonies, while with respect to 
 Missionary eflforts they present a lesser amount of 
 work to be done than some other of our possessions, 
 furnish, both as to emigration from this country, and 
 as to the principle of aiding from home our Colonies in 
 their early stages of development, as urgent, and, at 
 the same time, as encouraging and as hopeful a case 
 as it is easy to imagine, for the attention of the 
 Society. 
 
8 
 
 The Australian emigration is small in amount com- 
 pared with the North American ; but it is greatly 
 increasing : it is more nearly ascertainable in amount 
 beforehand ; and it is more under Goveniment control. 
 With the establishment of steam communication, it will 
 receive a still greater stimulus; and the capabilities 
 of those countries are such, that the distance must, for 
 an indefinite time to come, form the only check to the 
 emigration to them from England ; a check of which 
 the force will be liable to constant diminution, from 
 the necessities of the Mothel* Country, combined with 
 the improvements of science. t 
 
 As to the second point adverted to — the principle of 
 aiding Infant Colonies — nothing can be more obvious 
 than the force of its application to these Colonies. The 
 local circumstances of each of them show, in the 
 strongest manner, that they are but at the dawn of a 
 long and brilliant day of material prosperity. The 
 very establishment of all of them, but one, is within 
 the memory of young men of the present day. New 
 South Wales is indeed of older date ; but the memory 
 of its earlier days of shame and of error is passing 
 away, and it may be said to have made a fresh begin- 
 ning as a civilized country within a few years past. 
 
 Then, as to our more immediate subject, it is clear 
 that in Australia, what have been called the ** organic 
 filaments" of a great ecclesiastical system are even 
 now weaving, and are, of all others, the very mate- 
 rials which the care and the resources of a Society 
 like ours should help to finish into a perfect work. 
 And here, also, I believe that the rule whicH the pre- 
 sent niovcmcnt points to, namely, that the aid given 
 

 
 hy the Society should be in proportion to tlie number 
 of Emigrants from this country, will be found the 
 soundest and the most adequate to the case that could 
 be adopted. 
 
 Ceylon and the Cai>e, as new Dioceses, arc both of 
 them most appropriate fields for the exertions of the 
 Society. But, as to the former there is no emigra- 
 tion, and it can hardly be considered to be fully esta- 
 blished to the latter, they need not at present be fur- 
 ther considered. 
 
 It seems to nie, then, that, as far as circumstances 
 will permit, an attempt should be made to regulate 
 the aid given by the Society to North America and to 
 Australia according to the amount of emigration from 
 this country to those Colonies. 
 
 It has been already admitted that there are several 
 modifying circumstances of the kind alluded to. But 
 we may first begin by considering in what manner the 
 Society might proceed, if it were entirely free to act ; 
 and then how that course retpiires to be qualified by 
 existing conditions. 
 
 V The outline of such a course would be this : — 
 3 First, to determine in what numerical proportion 
 (nearly) it would be desirable that Clergymen shoidd 
 accompany bodies of Emigrants. 
 
 Next, to fix the amount of payment from the 
 funds of* the Society which such Clergymen should 
 receive. 
 
 Next, to arrange the period during which the sup- 
 port of such Clergy should fall, in whole or in part, 
 upon the Society, to be afterwards left to the Colony 
 where they should be placed. 
 
10 
 
 It must be observed, with respect to the first point, 
 that there is uo idea of anything so rigid and precise 
 as the establishment of d^ny permanent relation between 
 the given Clergyman and the given number of Emi- 
 grants. All we should say is, that, in proportion as 
 we replenish the Colony with the physical stock, we 
 supply it also with the spiritual element ; leaving it 
 entirely to the Colonial authorities to deal as they will 
 with what we thus supply. 
 
 The information requisite for these operations 
 would be — 
 
 1st. The number of Emigrants that are likely to 
 leave the kingdom for British North America, or 
 Australia, in the course of the year. 
 
 2dly. The amount which the Society could afford 
 to pay, as proposed. 
 
 3dly. The degree to which the Colonies would 
 undertake to adopt and co-operate in this pUn. 
 
 The first point cannot, of course, be ascertained 
 positively or completely j but a nearer approximation 
 may probably be made to it than might at first be 
 supposed. It should first . be remarked, that, for 
 various reasons, some of which are very obvious, the 
 emigration from the Irish ports to America must be 
 left out of this consideration of the question. The 
 English emigration to British North America may, then, 
 be nearly estimated from the average of former years : 
 the Australian likewise, with the additional advantage 
 that it is almost entirely under the immediate super- 
 intendence of the Emigration Commissioners ; for, ia 
 this question, it is hardly possible to take practical 
 account of the private emigration to Australia. 
 
11 
 
 On both points the Society could, at the beginning 
 of each year, obtain sufficient information from the 
 Land and Emigration Commissioners. 
 
 The second and third points must partly be con- 
 sidered together ; that is to say, the amount which 
 the Society could and ought t'> pay depends partly 
 upon the degree to which the Colonies would be 
 prepared to meet us with corresponding efforts on 
 their part. But before we can make any overture to 
 the Colonies on this point, we must arrive at some 
 idea as to what we are ourselves, with reference to 
 this country and our own resources, in a condition to 
 undertake. This inquiry connects itself with those 
 modifying circumstances to which I have already 
 alluded, as restraining the action of the Society in the 
 direction which, in the abstract, it might be most advis- 
 able to follow. The existing income of the Society is 
 abeady, for the most part, pledged to certain payments. 
 On this head I will only remark, first, that I hope the 
 Society will, on every occasion of being released from 
 obligations in British North America or Australia, 
 bear in mind the principle which has been laid down, 
 in respect of the sum thus set free ; secondly, that I 
 hope it will always be made a matter of as accurate 
 calculation as possible, what amount of the Society's 
 income is thus pledged by actual obligation, and what 
 is not. 
 
 But there are other considerations besides those of 
 the present income of the Society. The first is that 
 which has been suggested, that a special effort should 
 be made to raise funds for this specific object, the 
 care of our Emigrants. On this I will remark further 
 
acB 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 liercafter ; only noting, at present, that it will be 
 a permanent addition which will be required to the 
 funds of the Society : for though, with regard to 
 each body of Emigrants, the charge would be tem- 
 porary, as there will be a constant succession of such 
 bodies, the charge would practically be a perpetual 
 one upon the Society. 
 
 In the next place, there is the question, whether 
 any funds in aid of those of the Society could be 
 obtained from any quarter, towards this particular 
 object. It is probable that there might, from two 
 sources : from the Emigration Commissioners, and 
 from parties interested in promoting colonization. 
 Indeed, I have reason to believe that the Commission- 
 ers, though they could not contribute anything under 
 the form of stipend, would aid us to some extent in 
 an equivalent manner, by lessening the cost of passage 
 to the Emigrant Clergy. ^n, uu^^.. 
 
 - The Society for Promoting Colonization might also, 
 perhaps, be induced to meet the Society with some 
 advance from their own funds towards the stipend 
 of Clergymen who should devote themselves to the 
 religious instruction of the Emigrants during the 
 voyage. 
 
 ' ■ It seems desirable that no time should be lost in 
 opening and carrying on communications with the par- 
 tics to whom I have referred. But if that be so, and, 
 indeed, from the general circumstances of the case, those 
 communications Uiust be to some extent conditional. 
 I apprehend they should be something of this kind : — 
 The Society should desire to know, whether, in case 
 it should be able from its own funds to appropriate 
 
18 
 
 annually a given sum to the religious care of Emi- 
 grants from here to British North America or Australia, 
 they would, in any manner, and to what extent, co- 
 operate with the Society, upon principles such as the 
 Society could approve. 
 
 Undoubtedly, the main dependence of the Society 
 must be upon its own funds. I have put off the con- 
 sideration of this point 'ill now, wishing to view it in 
 
 connexion with Mr. 's suggestion, which, to 
 
 some extent, differs from mine. 
 
 Mr. — — proposes that an 
 
 immediate effort 
 
 should be made to raise a special fund in this country 
 whereby the Society should undertake to send out 
 Clergy in the emigrant ships, for the religious charge 
 of the Emigrants, during their pasi<age only : relying, 
 first, on the positive good thus effected, even if nothing 
 more is done ; secondly, on tho hope that the influence 
 thus brought to bear on the Emigrants will be continued 
 upon them, and have practical effects on their own 
 conduct and exertions in the Colony, even if the pre- 
 sence of the spiritual aid thus given is withdrawn 
 from them at the end of the voyage ; thirdly, on the 
 probability that, in some manner or other, many of 
 the Clergy thus accompanying Emigrants will be in- 
 duced and enabled not to return, but to remain in 
 the Colony, together with those whom they have 
 accompanied. 
 
 On this plan I have to remark first, that, like the 
 other one, for its due success it must not be looked on 
 as a temporary but as a permanent one; and therein 
 as different from what is ordinarily understood as the 
 object of a Special Fund. But still the cessation or 
 
14 
 
 interruption of this plan would be attended v^ath less 
 inconvenience than in the other case. 
 
 Secondly, it appears to be mainly, if not solely, 
 adapted to the Australian emigration. It could 
 hardly be worked except in connexion with a definite 
 number of emigrant ships, and ships of regulated 
 dimensions and accommodation. Both these con- 
 ditions apply accurately to the Government emigration 
 to Australia, but not to that to America. 
 
 Moreover, the main part of the plan is that which 
 contemplates a lasting effect on the Emigrants through 
 their prolonged intercourse with the Clergyman < This 
 is true with regard to the four or five months of the 
 voyage to Australia, but can hardly be said of the four 
 or five weeks of that to America. 
 
 I cannot but feel a strong impression that this plan 
 is a defective one, and that the Society ought not to 
 be contented with it. But I am prepared to agree to 
 its being acted upon, and even strongly to contend for 
 it, for this reason: — it seems important that some 
 public movement on the part of the Society should now 
 be made on this question. My plan may be set on foot 
 at once, but the conditions of it will not admit of any- 
 thing in the nature of a public demonstration for a 
 considerable time to come. Mr. — — *s plan, as far as 
 it goes, may be acted upon completely and publicly at 
 once. It depends wholly upon resources to be ob- 
 tained at home. Moreover, it will not, in &uy degree, 
 interfere with the adoption and the progress of the 
 other plan, of which, indeed, it may rather be looked 
 upon as a beginning and a part. 
 
 Assuming, therefore, that Mr. 's proposition is 
 
15 
 
 ftt once adopted, and reserving, in respect of it, the 
 question of the American emigration, on which I desire 
 some further explanation, it seems to me that the 
 practical course to be followed is this : — 
 
 1. That a public appeal be made, in the same 
 manner as has previously been done, or in any other 
 better one that may be devised, for contributions, to 
 be applied by the Society to sending out Clergymen 
 in emigrant ships. 
 
 2. That communications be opened with the Bishops 
 and other authorities in the North American and 
 Australian Dioceses, with the Land and Emigration 
 Commissioners, and with the Colonization Society, 
 of the nature above described, with a view to the 
 organization of a permaneAt system of support to the 
 Colonial Churches on the part of the Society, in pro- 
 portion to the emigration from this country to the 
 Colonies. 
 
 I am. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 LYTTELTON. 
 
 />&. 9, 1849. 
 
 11. CLAY, PUlNTlCa, IIRBAD STRRBT HILL.