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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN ". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s i des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 d partir de I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 UNIFICATION OF THE ASTRONOMICAL, CIVIL, AND NAUTICAL DAYS. Report of the Joint-Committee of The Canadian Institute and The Astronomical and Physical Society of Toronto. COMMITTEE : Sandford Fleming, C.M.G., LL.D., C.E. -Chairman. Arthur Harvey, Esq. George Kennedy, M.A., LL.D. Alan Macdougall, M. Inst., C.E. Charles Carpmael, M.A. John A. Paterson, M.A, G. E. LuMSOEN, Esq. F.R.A.S. The Joint-Committee, appointed by The Canadian Institute and The Astronomical and Physical Society of Toronto, have the honour to report on that branch of the subject of Time-reckoning specially referred to them. The unification of the reckoning of the day has long been under consideration. Sir John Herschell, in his " Outlines of Astronomy," alluded to the advantages which would result from bringing into agreement the Civil, the Astronomical, and the Nautical Days. He pointed out that the adoption of the Civil Day for Astronomical purposes would but slightly inconvenience Astronomers, and that in a question which concerns all other classes of men, Astronomers should re.solve to act on general principles and cheerfully submit to a small inconvenience in view of the far wider interests which would be benefited. " Uniformity," he said, " in nomenclature and mode of reckoning in all matters relating to time, space, weight, measures, etc., is of such vast and paramount importance in every relation of life as to outweigh every consideration of technical convenience or custom." The Civil Day begins at midnight and ends at the midnight following. The Astronomical Day begins at noon of the Civil Day and continues until the following noon. The Nautical Day concludes at noon of the Civil Day, having commenced at the preceding noon. It is obvious that any given date e.xtends over, or into, three different Days. Take for example, Wednesday, June 13th. By Astronomical and Nautical reckonings, only half of this date in each case is on Wednesday ; the first half of June 13, according to Nautical reckoning, ^^-^^/i ^ 2 TlIK ASTUoNOMU^AI,, CIVIL, AND NAUTlOAl- J)AVS. is on Tuesday, June 12, while the second half of the same dale, (June 13th), according to Astronomical reckoning, is on Thursday, June 14th, Civil Time. In this we have the elements of confusion, and it is not surprising that The Washington International Conference of 1884 recommended that the Civil Day should take the place of the Astronomical and Nautical Days for all purposes. The recommendations of the Washington Conference must be held to carry weight, as tiiis assembly comprised representatives of science from twenty-five nations specially called together to consider questions of Time-reckoning. Among them were Astronomers of world- wide fame, as well as men who held high rank as navigators. They were unanimous in the opinion that as soon as practicable the Astronomical and Nautical Days should be arranged everywhere to coincide with the Civil Day. The Civil Day is the reckoning used by the generality of mankind. It is the exact mean between the Astronomical and Nautical Days, and differs precisely twelve hours from both. To effect a complete coincidence, it is only necessary to shift Astronomical and Nautical Days each twelve hours, and this shifting will bring both to the Civil Day. Many ships have already abandoned Nautical Time and date their logs according to Civil reckoning ; all ships would use the one reckoning only, if the Nautical Almanac and Ephemerides generally were arranged for Civil Time. There can be no doubt whatever that the marine of all nations would benefit by the change. If we consider the subject simply in its relation to the Nautical Almanac and Navigation, the unification of Time-reckoning would simplify the calculations of mariners and reduce the chances of error. One correspondent (Dr. Johnston of McGill University) points out very truly "that the omission of even a single step in an oft-repeated process of calculation has an obvious advantage ; when the simplification removes at the same time that most dangerous source of error, an ambiguous expression, it becomes a great gain." He says that the subject resolves itself unto a question of practical utility, viz., what is the greatest good of the greatest number? The Nautical Almanac, as its name implies s for the use primarily of navigators, who are very numerous and yearly, increasing. Compared with the men who guide the floating tonnage of the world, astronomers are extremely few in number, and Astronomers as a class are skilled calculators ; moreove*-. Astronomers can make their calculations under the most favourable circumstances, consequently with the least liability to error, as they are removed from the disturbing influtnces to which seamen are frequently exposed. THE ASTRONOMICAL, CIVIL, AND NAUTICAL DAVS. 3 The Joint-Committee considered it important to ascertain how far Astronomers ^'enerally would support the proposal which would practically abolish the Astronomical Day. On April 2r.st, .893. a Circular was issued to Astronomers of all nations, inviting replies to the following question, viz.: " Is it desirable, all interests considered, that on and afttT the first day of January, 1901, the Astronomical Day, should everywhere begin at Mean Midnight ? " The Circular was sent to every Astronomer whose name appears in the general list of Observatories and Astronomers prepared by Mr. Lancaster, of the Royal Observatory of Brussels, with the following result. 171 replies in all have been received, a complete list of which is appended ; of these 108 are in favour and 63 are not in favour of the proposed change. Many of the former are strongly and earnestly in favour of the adoption of the Civil Day for Astronomical purposes while the writers of some of the latter seem to have been under a misap' prehension. They object to the adoption of the Civil Day on the ground that Its division into two series of 12 hours, designated A. M. and" T M would be inconvenient for Astronomers. It is obvious that this objection has no weight, as the 24 Hour-notation would remain associated with Astronomical reckonings as at present ; moreover, indications are not wanting that the Astronomical practice of counting the hours in a single series from i to 24, wiil gradually win its way into general favour in civil life. The 24 Hour-notation has already been introduced into use over wide districts in Canada, in the whole of Italy, and throughout the Indian Empire, and there is a movement in Europe, in Australia as well as in the United States of America, especially among Railway men, to bring this mode of reckoning the hours into general use. In classifying the replies from Astronomers according to the countries from which they have been received, the votes for or against the change stand as follows : — ' IN FAVOUR OF THE CHANGE. Austria. Canada. France. Ireland. Mexico. Scotland. Australia. Colombia. Greece. Jamaica. roumania. Spain. Belgium. England. Italy. Madaga.scar. Russia. United States. UNFAVOURABLE TO THE CHANGE. Germany. Holland. Norway, Portugal, 4 TIIK ASTRONOMICAL, CIVIL, AND NAUTICAL DAYS. According to this classification of the Astrono:rers heard from, those of eighteen countries are in fp/our, and those of four are against, the adoption of the recommendations of The Washington International Con- _ ference of 1884 with respect to the Astronomical and Nautical Days. If we compare the shipping of the countries thus classified, (and the shipping has an important relation to the Nautical Almanac), we find that the first list, that is to say, the countries in favour of adopting the Civil Day for Astronomical purposes, represents 15, or 85 per cent., of the tonnage of the world's marine. Thus it appears that there is a preponderating weight of opinion among Astronomers themselves, that a change should be made in the Astronomical Day. The Joint-Committee, therefore, feel warranted in recommending that the Home Authorities be informed of the facts and that a respectful appeal be made to have the Nautical Almanac adapted to the change, proposed to take effect at the beginning of the coming Century. The Joint-Committee are of opinion that the proper course is to lay before His Excellency the Governor General a respectful Memorial asking His Excellency to bring the whole matter to the attention of the Imperial Government in order that some common international under- standing maybe reached, by which all nations shall assent to the change; and in order that the Nautical Almanac which has to be prepared four or five years in advance may be made conformable to the change. All which is respectfully submitted. SANDFORO FLEMING. Chairman^ Joint-Committee of The Canadian Institute and The Astronomical and Physical Society of Toronto. Toronto, loth May, 1894. THK AHTHONOMK.AI,, CIVIL, AND NAIJTKMI, HAVa. Replies keceived to the following Question sent April 21st, 1893, TO THE ASTUONOMKKS OK ALL NATIONS: — "Is it desirable, all interests considered, ihiit on and after the first day of January, I901, the Astronomical Day should everywhere begin at Mean Midnight? " Namr. Ohskkvaiory, Etc. Plack, COUNTKV. Ans. Abbe, Cleveland.. . . Anguiano, Angul . . . Anton, Dr. Ferdi- nand United .States Weal her Bureau Natio.ial Astronomical Obs 'rvatory Marini Observatory Meteo ological Institute .... Private Observatory Acaili my of Science Private Observatory Smith Observatory Washington .... Tacubayo Trieste United Slates . . . Mexico Austria Yes. Yes. Yes. Arcimis, A. F Ashley, Miss Mary. . Auwers 1 )r \ Madrid H.nh .Spain England Germany England Unitetl States. . . United States. . . United Slates. . Germany Germany Belgium Germany Austria . Yes. No Berlin No Backhouse, F. W.. Bacon, Chas. A . . . . Sunderland Beloit, Wis S. H.ndley, Mass. Cliarlestown, Ind. Munich, Havaria. Strasburg Antwerp Wilhelmshaveu Kalocsa, Hungary Greencastle, Ind. Leipzig Oakland, Cal. .. Toronto Eastbourne Richmond Greenwich I'hiladelphia Mount Hamilton, Cal Yes. Yes. liardwell, Elizalieth, Barnes, Willis S . . . . Bauschinger, Dr. J.. Becker, Prof, Dr, E. Bbe, A. de Bbrgen, Prof. Dr. C, Braun. Dr. Chas. Mount Holyoke College Observatory Private Observatory Koyal Bogenhausen University Observatory Private Observatory Marine Observatory Kalocsa Observatory McKim Observatory University Observatory. .... Chabot Observatory The Observatory Yes. Yes. No. No. Yes. Yes. Yes Brown, M. V Bruns, Dr. H Burckh?iier, Chas. Carpmat'l, Chas .... Chambers, G. F United Slates. . . Germany United Slates. . . Canada No. No. Yes. Yes. Northfield Grange Observa- torv England England England United .States. . . United States. . . Madagascar .... United States. . . Italy Chree, Chas Kew 01>servatory Yes. Christie, W, H. M . Royal Observatory Yes. Cobb, John N Yes. Colton, A. L Lick Observatory Royal Observatory No Combe, F. P Tananarivo Madison, Wis. . . Naples Yes Comstock, Geo. C. . Contarino, Francesco Washburn Observatory Capo di Monte No. Yes. Deichmuller, Frof. Dr. F University Observatory Surveyor (ieneral Bonn Germany Canada . . No Deville, E Ottawa Athens Dresden Frankfort, A.M. Newburgh, N.Y . S, Evanston, 111, . Kalocsa, Hungary Naples Yes Egnitis, D Royal Observatory d'Engelhardt Oservatory Private Observatory Greraldine Observatory Private Observatory Haynald Observatory Capo di Monte Observatory. Washburn Observatory . Royal Observatory . . University Observatory School for Pilots Yes. d'Engelhardt, Dr, Baron Germany Germany United States. .. United States . . . No Epstein, Dr. Th Esmond, Darwin W. Ewell, Marshall D.. Fenyi, J Yes, Yes. Yes. Yes Fergoler, Em Italy United States. . . Belgium United States . . . Russia No. Flint, A. L Folic, F Madison, Wis. . . Uccle . No. Yes Fulton, Robt. B... Fuss, V L'niversity, Miss, Kronstadt Yes. Yes. TIIK AHTKONOMICAIi, ClVir,, AND NAIITKIAL PAYH. Namk. Galle, Dr. Andicns Gnlle, Dr. J. (i.... (iaudilH^rt, CM.... (laiitier, K tJedeonow, \) Oeelmuyden, Dr. II. Giacoinelli, Dr. Fr.. Giovannozzi, Dr. G. (ilauser, J (jogow, I'rof. C'on.s. . (jonzales, Jose M . . Gore, J. Kllard (Jruss, I'rof. Dr. (i . Hadden, David K. . Hall, Maxwell llaiiit;. Dr. c; Hart wig. Dr. luntsi Ilarier, Prof. Dr. Paul Hastings, Chas Haywood, John . . . Hess, V Holden, Dr. E. .S. Hopkins, B. J Horr, Dr. Asa Hoxie, Capt. R. L. . Jacoby, I larold .... Johnsoi\, Rev. .S. J.. Johnston, Alex Kammerman, A . . . . Kirk, Ed. Bruce Knohel, Ed. B Knopf, Dr. Otto Kobold, Dr. H Kortazzi, J . .... Kreutz, Frol. Dr. H. Krone, Herman. . . . Krueger, Prof. Dr. A. Kiistner. Dr. F . . . Laughton, J. K Ledger, Rev, E . . . Legge, Dr. Alf. di. . Lehmann, P I.eite, Duarte Lenahan, Henry A . . Lewis, Thomasi Lindeiof, Dr. L . . . . Lohse, Dr. O Lorentzen, Dr. G. . . Mayer, Lt. Chas. . Mazelle, Edouard.. . Ohskkvatory, Etc. Royal Institute of Geology. . Univcisity Ohserv .tory I'l ivaie Olisei vatory (ioneva Observatory Astro- Physical Observatory . University Observatory t'apitol Observatory Xinicnian ( )bscrvatory Railway I'jigineer University Observatory Flamniarion ( )i)si.Mv.iti)ry Private Oliscrvatory Imperial Observatory Private ObMcrvatory (iovernment Meleorologist . . Hamburg Oliservatory C. Ranicis Observatory Ducal Observatory Vale University Observatory Olteibein " Observatory Private Observatory Lick Observatory Private Observatory Private Observatory Field Observatory t'c)lund)ia I 'ollege Observatory Private Observatory .McGill University Cieneva Observatory Private Observatory Late President Royal Astro- nomical .Society. Grand Ducal Observatory. . . University Observatory Naviil Observatory Royal Observatory Royal Technical .School.... Royal Observatory it i( « Royal Naval College Obser- vatory Gresham College Oljservatory Capitol Observatory Royal Observatory Polytechnical Academy Sydney Observatory Royal Observatory Counsellor of State Astro- Physical Observatory. Rameis Observatory Private Observatory Marine Observatory Pl.ACR. Potsdam Hreslau Vaison ( ienev:i Taslikend Chri>tiania Rome . Florence /uricli Iiucliare-.t Bogota Ballysodare Prague Alta, Iowa Montego Bay. . . . Hamburg Bamberg, Bavaria (ioiha New Haven, Conn VVeslerville, Ohio Fort Dodge, Iowa Mount Hamilton, Cal London I)ubu(|ue, Iowa Willels P:., N.Y. New V'ork .... Bridport Montreal tieneva Barrheiil London Jena, Saxe Wei- mar .Strasl)ourg NicolaiefT Kiel Dresden Kiel Bonn (ireenwich .... I .ondon Rome Berlin Porto .Sydney Greenwich Helsingfors, Fin- land Potsdam Bamberg Parenzo Trieste Country. (Jermany . . . . < iermany . . . Paris Switzerland . . Russia .Norway Italy Italy Switzerland . Roumania Colombia . . . Ireland Bohemia . . . United States Jamaica Germany .... Germany . . . Germany .... United States United Slates United States United Slates lingland United States United States United St.ites England . ... Canada .Switzerland . . Scotland . . . England .... Germany .... Germany . . . Russia Germany .... Germany .... Germany . . . Germany .... England England .... Italy Germany ... Portugal . Au.stralia . . . England Russia Germany .... Germany .... Austria Austria Ans. No. No. Yes. No. Yes. No. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. No. Yes. Yes. No. No. No. Yes. Yes. Yes. No. Yes. Yes. Yes. No. Yes. Yes. No. Yes. Yes. Yes. No. Yes. No. Yes. No. No. Yes. Yes. Yes. No. No. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. No. No. Yes. THfc Ahthonomujal, civil, am> nautical uayh. NS. Name. Mickiiili, II Moiiniclimcyer, l)r.( Nnccnri, I'rof. Dr. Josepli NiesI, Prol. (;. von. Niesten, L Noliile, A Nol)le, Capt. Wni . '. Numsen, W. II... Nyrien, M Ohskkvatoky, Ivk. University Olvservalory ... University Ohserviitory. . . , Oppenheim, Prof. Dr. H Oudemaiis, I'rof. I. A. C Pariihiirst, Henry M Pasqiiier, Prof. I Jr. K. L. r Pavey, Henry A . . Penrose, K. C Peter, Dr. H Peters, Prof. C. K.W. Pettit, II Pittei, Dr. Constan- tine PiasKinan, J Pluvinel, Ay de la- liaume Pond, Lt. Chas. F Porro, F Pritchett, H. S....!! Naval Observatory 'I'eciinieal University Obser valory Royal Observatory Capo (li Monte Observatory, Private Observatory I )enniore Observatory I'l.ALK. Mresiaii . ISonn , . \'enic Imperial Oi)servatory Pulkova Hriinn, Moravia , Utcle Naples Mansfield, Uck- field Haltiniore, Iiid. . . C'ot'NTRV. Oermany < ierniaiiy Italy Austria Heltjiiim , Italy . . , Private Observatory. . . . University Observatory. Private Observatory Royal Observatory Private Observatory Coleby Field Observatory. University Observatory.'. . Private Observatory. Quiinby, Alden VV, Quintana, — Royal del Museo Professor of Astronomy . . Meiidon Observatory. Navy Yard University Washington University Obser vatory , Rambaut, Prof. A. A Reehenberg, (J Reiw, I'' Rey, K. R Riggenbach, I'rof. Dr. A K'gt's, Joseph R'veio, F. D Rizzo, Dr. J. U . Roberts, Isaac Rockwell, Chas Romberg, Herinann . Safarik, Dr. A Scherbner, Prof. Dr. W Private Observatory National Astronomical Obser- vatory Dunsink Observatory University Observatory Imperial Observatory National Astronomical Obser- vatory Rurlin Utrecht Brooklyn, N.Y. Lonvain Hillsboro', Ohio Wimbledon .... jfip^'t! KdMiigsbeig. . . Belmont, Ont ... Florence .... . , Warendorf, West- phalia Paris Mare Island, Cali- fornia Turin Fngland United States . , Russia .... , . , Oerinany .... Holland United States Belgium United States.. Fngland (ierinany Bernoulliam Observatory. . . Creighton Observatory National Astronomical Obser- vatory University Observatory. . . Private Observatory Private Observatory Imperial Observatory St. Louis, Mo . Philadelphia Tacubayo Dublin . . , Breslau . . Pulkova . . Canaila. . Italy Germany France United States Italy United States... United States . . Me.\ico Tacubayo . Basle Omaha, Neb. Ireland . (!ermany Russia . . Mexico. Switzerland . . . United Stales . . Bohemian Univewity Ob.ser- vatory Professor of Mathematics . . . Tacubayo Turin Crowborough. . . , Tarrytown, N.Y, Pulkova Prague . Leipzig. Mexico Italy Fngland United States. . Russia Austria ... Germany . Ans. No. No. Yes. No. Yes. No. Yes. Yes. No. Yes. No. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. No. No. Yes. Yes. No. Yes. Yes. Yes. No. Yes. Yes. Yes. No. No. Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes. N'es. Yes. No. No. No. No. ThE ASTRONOMICAL, CIVIL, ANb NAUTtCAt bAVS. Name. Ohservatory, Kn;. Place. Country. Ans. Schiaparelli, J. V. . . Schorr, Dr. Richard Schur, Prof. Dr. W. Royal de Brera Milan Italy No. Hamburg Observatory Royal Observatory Hamburg Giittingen Washington Brooklyn Pulkova Stonyhurst Geneva, N. Y. London Hamburg Vienna Germany United States. .. United States. . . Russia . No. No. Searle, G. M Serviss, Garrett P . . Seyboth, J Catholic University Observa- tory Private Observatory Imperial Observatory Jesuit College Observatory. . Hobart College Observatory. South Kensington Depart- of Science Yes. Yes. No. Sidgreaves, Walter. . Smith, H. I Solar Physics Com- mittee, per Capt. Abney England United States. .. England Germany Austria No. Yes. Yes. Stechert, Dr. C . , . . Sternock, Lt.-Col. R, von Hamburg Observ.atory Military Institute No. Yes. Stockwell, John. . . . Stone, E. J Stoney, G. Johnstone Private Observatory RadclifT Observatory Formerly Assistant to Earl of Rosse Cleveland, Ohio . Oxford Dublin United States.. . England Ireland Belgium Russia No. No. Yes. Uccle St. Petersburg. . . Rochester, N. Y . New York London Stroobant, Dr. P. . . Royal OI)servatory Yes. Struve, Otto ' Ancien Directeur ' Pulkova Observatory . . Warner Observatory Yes. Swift, Lewis Tatlock, John United States. . . United States.. . England Belgium Russia Yts. Yes. Tennant, Lt. Gen. J. F Private Ob.servatory Jesuit Observatory No. Thirion, J Louvain St. Petersburg. . . Meudon Greenwich Tacubayo Lyons, N. \' . . . , •Mleghany Paris Potsdam Strasburg Prague, Bohemia. Kiel . . . . ^. . . . Melbourne Kingston Rathowen Pulkova licipzig Yes. Tillo, Gen. Alexis de Corresponding Member Aca- demy of Science, Paris .... Astro- Physical Observatory. Royal Observatory National Astronomical Obser- vatory Private Observatory Alleghany Observatory Astro- Physical Observatory .. Astro- Physical Observatory . . University Observatory Imperial & Royal Obse-vatory University Observatory Melbourne Observatory Kingston Observatory Private Observatory Imperial Observatory Private Observatory University Observatory Private Observatory Polytechnic School Observa- tory Yes. Trouvelot, E. L France Yes. Turner, H. H Valle, F England Mexico Yes. Yes. Vccder, Dr. A. M . . Very, Frank W Vinot, J United Slates . United States. . France Yes. Yes. Yes. Vogel. Prol.Dr.H.C. Wanach, Dr. B... Weinek, Dr. Ladis- laus Germany Germany Austria No. No. Yes. Weyer, Dr. G. D. E. White, E. J Williamson, Prol. J. Wilson, Wm. E.... Germany Australia Canada No. Yes. Yes. Ireland Yes. Wittram, Prof. Dr. Th Russia No. Wittstein, Dr. A. . . Germany Germany United States. . Austria No. Wolf, Dr. Max Yendell, PS Zenger, Chas. Venc. Heidelberg Dorchester, Mass. Prague Briinn Yes. No. Yes. Zelbr, Dr. Karl Private Observatory Austria No. THE A8TKON0MIOAL, CIVIL, AND NAUTICAL DAV8 REPLIES. Classified according to the Countries from tv/iich they have been received. ToTvr-s. Austria 12 Australia ... 2 Belgium .. 6 Canada 5 Colombia i England .... 20 France » Germany _j8 tireece i Holland 1 It'iiy II Ireland a Jamaica .... , . i Madagascar i Mexico s Norway i Portugal t Roumania i Russia .... .... 11 .'Scotland I Spain 2 Switzerland , a United States 38 Totals 171 Yeas 7 3 6 • S I 16 4 7 Nays. Majorities. 5 In favour O In favour O In favour o ... , . In favour o . . In favour 4 In favour o . . .... In favour 31 ' o In favour I 6 I 2 2 28 3 In favour O In favour • • • • o In favour o In favour ■ ' ■ In favour 1 .... I ' o In favour S In favour • • • ■ o In favour o In favour ... . 2 ■ • • 'O ...... In favour , Against. Against. Against. Against. Kqual. 108 63 18