IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT^J) 1,0 I.I -1^ IM 1^ 12.2 us 140 2.0 1.8 L2I lllliu 11.6 ^"^\.^^ "i^V ■^^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian institute for Historicai Microreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1980 Technical Notes / Notes techniques The institute has attempted to obtain the best originai copy available for filming. Physical features of this copy which may alter any of the images in the reproduction are checlted below. D Coloured covers/ Couvertures do couieur L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Certains d^fauts susceptibles de nuire d la quaiit6 de ia reproduction sont not6s ci-dessous. 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Le diagramme suivant iiiustre la m^thode : in 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 [not PUEI.I8HED.] CANADA'S CONTRIBPTION TO THE DEFENCE AND UNITY OF THE EMPIRE. MlMniiii CAN A DA'S C( )N'J1U lU: i'lON TO THE DEFENCE AND UNITY OF THE EMPIRE. On October 19th, 1885, a notice was issued from the General Post Office calling for tenders for Mail Services, to commence in February, 1888: Aveokly to India, and fortnightly to the Straits Settlements and China, vid Suez : and also for a fortnightly service from Vancouver, the terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, to Yokohama and Hong-Kong and vice versd. 'J'his action, which was taken by the Postmaster General without any solicitation on the part of the Dominion (Jovernment c: of the Railway Company, was considered in Canada as the s})ontaneous recognition by England of the advantages which the new route through Canada promised for speedy conveyance of the mails to and from those countries. Neither the form, however, in which the latter tender was to b© cast, nor the manner in which the service was to be performed was calculated, in the opinion of the Dominion Government, to secure all the advantages to the Empire or to the Colony which, under a different plan, might readily be obtained ; and accordii^Jy Sir John Macdonald, who was in England at the close of 1885, laid the Canadian view very fully before Lord Salisbury in December of that year, explaining the merits and the possibilities of the route, not only as the (iiiiikcst ))Ossiblc one for mails and i)assenRers between I'lngland and Japan and the Northern ports, if not the whole, of China, but also as, under certain eventualities, a most valuable and safe alternative route to India itself. Lord Salisbury was much impressed with tlic scheme as then unfolded to him, and did not hesitate to speak warmly of the feelings of security for Imperial interests in the East which would be en- i^cndered by the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway and the establishment of a fleet of vessels of the " armed cruiser " type on the Northern Pacific Ocean. After Sir John Macdonald's return to Canada, the Hi^h Com- missioner laid before the Government in fuller detail the scheme which the Canadian Pacific Railway Company was prepared to carry out, and a formal tender was sent in to the Post Office on 31st March, 188G. WHAT THE OFFER WAS.— The I'ost Office had called for tenders for a Mail Service across the Pacific at the rate of lOJ or 11 knots an liour : Sir John Macdonald pointed out that, by the adoption of so com- ])aratively a low rate of speed and the em])loyment of second-rate steamers, not only would the advantage in speed over the Suez route which this line possessed as regards reaching Yokohama, Shanghai, and even Hong Kong, be minimized or altogether lost, but that the route, thougli itself considerably shorter, would be at a positive disadvantage as compared with that via San Francisco, which is served by vessels sailing under a foreign flag and capable of a higher speed than that ])roposed for the English line. It was shown, on the contrary, that if the Dominion Government, who have since called for tenders for an Atlantic service at a high rate of speed, and the Canadian Pacific Rail- way Company, Avho were willing under certain conditions to build first- class vessels for the Pacific service, worked together, a fresh chain of communication between P^ngland and the far East would be established, at once 'jxclusively British, admirably efficient, and supplying a more rapid delivery of mails and passengers than is attainable by any other route. In furtherance of this scheme the Company offered — To carry the Mails fortnightly between Vancouver, Yohohama and Hong Kong at an average s )eed at sea of 14 knots, the highest speed ever contracted for on an ocean voyage. To build for this purpose, under Admiralty supervision, vessels of a first class type, capable of steaming 18 knots, and adapted not only for the carriage of troops, but also for conversion at short notice into armed cruisers. To carry the Japan and China Maila between tlie Atlantic Port and Vancouver free of charge. To carry troops on service between the Atlantic Port and Hong Kong at absolute cost. To carry war materials and Government stores across the continent at absolute cost, and small amounts of the same across the Pacific at a nominal charf^e. The subsidy for all these services to be £100,000 a year for 10 years. and ;peed MOW THIS SERVICE WOULD HAVE COMPARED WITH OTHER SUBSIDIZED SERVICES. 1. AS TO TIME— 1^16 English mails are at present despatched to China and to Japan fortnightly, vid Brindisi and the P. k 0. Steamers, and on alternate weeks vid Marseilles and the French Messageries steamers. By the new contract with the former Company, which comes into force in 1888, the speed has been accelerated, but even then it will only be 12.50 knots on the Bombay line, and 11.20 on the Shanghai line, which, with Monsoon allowance, means an average considerably below these figures. The Canadian route to the East would consist of three sections — the Atlantic, the Continental, and the Pacific. The new Atlantic service will be one of at least 15 knots an hour, as tenders have been already asked for 15, 16, 17 and 18-knot services. Across the Continent, the Canadian Pacific Kailway being a very well built line, and, with the excejition of three short mountain sections, of remarkably easy gradients, and being also under one management throughout, a speed of 25 miles an hour can be easily maintained. Across the Pacific the speed proposed was between 14 and 15 knots per hour. The Table given in the Appendix shews how the three mail routes compare with each other as to time results. 2. AS TO COST. — The London-Brindisi section of the Suez Mail Route corresponds with the Atlantic Section of the Canadian Route ; in each case the cost of the service being additional to that provided for by the subsidy. England pays a very large sum every year for the carriage of all her mails to and from Brindisi, the rates being 16 francs 50 cents per kilo tor letters, and 87^ cents for other matters equal to 6s. 6d. and 8d. per lb. respectively. Across the Atlantic the rates are 3s. per lb. for letterti, and 3d. per lb. for other matter. 6 At present the annual subsidy of £3f)0,000 paid to the P. &c 0. Comjjany for the carriage of the India and T'hina Mails represents u payment of 9s. 3d. for each mile that the mails are carried by the contractor. The reduced subsidy of £265,000 that will commence in 1888 represents 6s. 7d. per mile. Under che Canadian offer, although for one-third of the distance the mails would have been carried by rail, which is more expensive to operate than water, the rate was 3s. Sd. per mile, and, in addition, the Government would have obtained, witliout extra cost, the right to charter tliese vessels for armed cruisers — a right for which they liave since adopted in other cases the practice of pa^-ing a tonnage retaining fee in time of peace. The Table given in the Appendix shows the actual and relative cost of the two routes to China. In rnaking these comparisons between the Suez and the Canadian routes to the East, and in shewing how much the cheaper and the more expeditious the latter would be, it is not intended to depreciate or advocate the giving up of the former. It has always been assumed that it is desirable and was intended to maintain a fortnightly mail to China via Suez, and that the Government in offering a subsidy expressly for the Canadian line did so in good faith and intended that the alternate weekly service should be despatched via Canada, instead of, .as at present, vid Marseilles. What amount, then, did the Goveniment anticipate would be asked for performing that service ? What would they consider a reasonable sun' ? It has been shown that in subsidizing the Suez line to China, " where there is much competition in the carrying trade," they have decided, that it is necessary and reasonable to pay 6s. 7d. per mile for the carriage of mails alone. Can it, therefore, be said that it would have been unreasonable to pay at least the same amount in order to develop a new route entirely through British terri- tory, to create a fleet of armed cruisers on an ocean where such assistance to the navy is much needed, and to call into " existence the means of postal communication,"* which cannot be supplied without Government aid ? Now, for a fortnightly service between Vancouverj Yokohama and Hong Kong, the subsidy, calculated at the same rate per mile aa that which the Post Office have agreed to pay to the Suez route, would amount to about £106,000; and Mr. Holt, tendering for * Bee Mr. Blackwood's letter of lilarch 17th to Ur. Uenniker-HeatOQ. Clllg the able ore, ame erri- such the aout .vetj rate Suez for this service across the Pacific alone, with vesselH of only 11 knots speed, asked for £10H,000 per annum; and yet, when the offer is made to do the service for £100,000. and, in addition to cvrry the mails more then ;],()00 miles each way, by land, the offer is rcf i' sed. In 18B8 the P. &c O. Co. will perform the India and China Services for £9.),000 less than they at present receive, and tlie total saving to the Government on this service will be £107,000 per annum. All payments, also, at present made to the French Government and to the Mes- sageriea Company, would, if the Canadian tender had been accepted, have been unnecessary; so that actually, while England obtained all the benefits of the Canadian offer, she would have ])aid for the two British services, with all their contingent advantages, considerably less than she has for ten years past been paying for the one British iud one French service without such advantages. SOME IMPERIAL ASPECTS OF THE SCHEME— That Canada has, in building her Pacific Railway, made an important contribution to the defence and unity of the Empire at large, is now universally admitted ; but comparatively few, perhaps, fully realize what the result is. In the first place the railway has opened up for cultivation the finest wheat lands in the world, upon which, when that portion of the supplies which the United Kingdom now draws from India, Russia, South America and Australia, are in time of war cut off or materially reduced, England will depend for most of her food. Secondly, the railway preserves to the British Crown the important Province of British Columbia, to appreciate the value of which it has only to be considered for a moment what the position of England would have been had the entire West Coast of North America belonged to a foreign power. It is the Dominion, of course, that will primarily benefit by the development of the enormous, but hitherto little known, resources of the Pacific Province ; but England secures a new foothold of extraordinary value on the Northern Pacific. She secures for the use of her fleets and mercantile marine the extensive coal fields of Nanaimo, producing the only good coal on the Pacific coast. She secures a, place d'armes from which she can exert influence on China and Japan, from which she can checkmate Russian designs, from which, when European complications render the Suez route unsafe or altogether useless, she can retain touch of her vast Australasian Colonies, and from which in time of need she can throw men and supplies into India. " The effect," said Lord Dufferiu lately, .8 " upon tlio native mind of Knglish troops reaching India f oin the l''ast as well as from the West would be enormous." To enable her to begin at once to realise, these advantages and to occupy the position on the Pacific which she is henceforth able to hold was the meaning of the proposal which Sir John Macdonald laid before the Cabinet, and which Lord Salisbury seems to have recognised as affording a feeling of security for British interests on the Pacific. Imagine, for a moment, that there is not only another " war scare," but that war has actually and suddenly been declared ; that the Suez Canal is blocked ; that telegraphic connection witli China and Australia — possibly Avith India — is suspended. What would be the value, at such a moment, of two or three 18-I » M '*'/:. 'U/^r^iip^. 1«0 IGO /, 140 was 120 Be pin j^ Sea. ItHJr r Jr^ CbluznblitJii r 1^ MUet. 20 hVancouTw to Yokohama . . *700 Yokohama „ Vanoouvei .. 4W0' „ Shanghai •• lOOP „ Hong Kong .. 1600 Hong Kong,, Singapore .. 1480 SwanR^ Singapore „ Calcutta .. IdOO Cleemrin^ , ,^<': FIJI IS JKitba *- * ^ ^•'^ Ti o .•; TdM 40 rVancouT«r to Brisbane . . 6S10 „ Sydney .. «880 „ Auckland •• 68S0 „ Honolulu .. 8410 ,-•1 -Warfolklii': ^ . , 'CSom ^^ nedin iioatf • [•'San.fraruxaoo\ .«o» .4^/11' -4T» / " /J'- .:5wva!i4M».. /( « ..'^.:. .€««* iJ^.-AJkepic oir. kncdand < EW ZEA L AND 1I4IN0T0N « CJtatbamlf *x-- ft<5, >^ Eqiiato r ^"^'^^'^ JSi A GENERAL CHART OF THE WORI ILLUSTRATING THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILW, 80 100 120 l+O 160 180 160 140 120 ^Bj Pttaamr. ^ Pi. GENERAL CHART OF JmnR^i^M HE WORLD ILLUSTRATING DIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY SYSTEM ^dm/iTt/^: cre-jir Bstu/->^,Lon/wn (JAN A DA'S C( )N'JlMr. I 1' ION TO THE DEFENCE AND UNITY OF THE EMPIRE. On October 19th, 1885. a notice was issued from the General Post Office calling for tenders for Mail Services, to commence in February, 1888: weekly to India, and fortnightly to the Straits Settlements and China, vid Suez ; and also for a fortnightly service from Vancouver, the terndnus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, to Yokohama and Hong-Kong and vice versd. 'J'his action, which was taken by the Postmaster General without any solicitation on the part of the Dominion Oovernment c^ of the Railway Company, was considered in Canada as the spontaneous recognition by England of the advantages which the new route through Canada promised for speedy conveyance of the mails to and from those countries. Neither the form, however, in which the latter tender was to be cast, nor the manner in which the service was to be performed was calculated, in the ojjinion of the Dominion Government, to secure all the advantages to the Empire or to the Colony which, under a different plan, might readily be obtained ; and accordiii^^ly Sir John Macdonald, who was in England at the close of 1885, laid the Canadian view very fully before Lord Salisbury in December of that year, explaining the merits and the possibilities of the route, not only as