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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DOMINION EXPEBIMENTAL FAEMS MILK PRODUCTION IN CANADA CROP ROTATIONS. DAIRY BARNS BllMEiUNG DAIRY CATTLE FEEDING, CARE AND MANAGEMENT UF MILCH COWS ■T J. H. Orisdale. B. Agr., Director, VuBufu^m Kx^'crtii^^niuU i'UrtnJ. BULLETIN No. 72 jMUuary. 1U13 Publiihad by direction of Hon. MARTIN BURRELL, MiniaUr el Aoricultura, Ottawa, Ont, O T T A W A OOVliKNMliNT PRINTING UUBE4D 1U13 i:T8«!> -I Fxp. Farrr.E .Scrv' e Fu 1 . ■ ^■^^' V -»^ 3 4 •.'7SM!i |,. .-,. DOMliriOM- OF OJLSTA.-DA. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DOMINION EZPEBIHSNTAL FARMS MILK PRODUCTION IN CANADA CROP ROTATIONS, DAIRY BARNS BREEDING DAIRY CATTLE FEEDING, CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF MILCH COWS J. H. Grisdale, B. Agr., Dirtdor, Domindon Experinimtul Farms. BULLETIN . 72 January, 1013 Publishad by dirMtion of Hon. MARTIN BURRELL, Minittoroi Agrieuitura, Ottawa, Ont. OTTAWA aOVERNMENT PRINTING BU? i kV 1913 S78W-1 To the Honourable, The Minister of AgricuUun, Ottawa. S™' — I have the honour to aubmit herewith for your approval Bulletin No. 72 of the Experimental Farm Series, on 'Milk Pro- duction in Canada,' prepared by myself. The ever-increasing importance of the dairying ind'uBtry in Canada and the constant demand for information on the fanner's side of the question have made apparent the need for such a publi- cation as the accompanying bulletin. It was proposed, at first, to issue a number ox bulletins, each dealing with soi't particular phase of milk production, but the combining of the information appearing under different headings into one, rather bulky, bulletin has seemed advisable as bein« less expensive and, possibly, more con- venient to the farmer. For assistance in the preparation of this work I have to thank Mr. W. I/>gan, who did good service in the preparation of the tables of feed compoeition. in the collection of notes on rations as fed in different parts of Canada, and in the compilation and summarizing of results of experimental work with dairy cattle here. It is hoped that this publication, though far from being aa complete and comprehensive as tbe author would have liked, may prove of use to the many farmers interested in the dairy industry throughout Canada. I have the honour to be, sir, Your obedient servant, J. H. ORISDALE, Director, Dominion Experimental Farmt. OtUwa, January 25, 1913. nvft—H MILK PRODUCTION IN CANADA. IHTBODUCTOST. Famtiiiff operation* in Canada may b« raried to an almost unlimited extent. Here, at elaewhere, however, early acricultural effort haa iwually been along rrain-farming line*, invariably a most exhausting system *o far as the soil is concerned. With improved shippinc facilities and increased population, however, different com- binations of live stock and grain farming come into being until finally dairy farming makes its appearance. Dairy farming is undoubtedly the system making for the greatest returns from the land in any particular year while at the same time not only maintaining but even increasing tho fertil- ity of the farm oocupied. The possibilities of profita are therefore twofol'l: (1) increased crop returns and (S) most profitable and most couvenient marketing of these crops and of every pert thereof. The meseure of the profits reaped will be tiie quality or economic value of the herd maintained, the methods of handling the same, and, to a certain extent, the business sbility of the operator. Men competent to express an opinion becstuae conversant with conditions which obtsin and results which have been secured in different parta of Canada, are of the opinion that a very large pro- portion of our Canadian dairy herd* de not produce enough milk to pay their keep. From time to time, statistie* seem to confirm this view. The fsct that these cattle consume a certain amount of otherwise unmerchantable roughage and convert it into valuable fertilizing material would therefore appear to be about the only justification of this industry, sn industry that for possibilities of money making to the thoughtful Canadian farmer is without a peer but wbioh, as too oommonly conducted, entails a loss or givos but poor returns for murii hard labour performed and much good feed ooBBumed. Til* aim of this bulletin is, if possible, to help the dairying iaduatry ia Ouud* hy ptaeinc in ths hands of those interested a brief summary of our finding* in the dmiry InuioMB. It is not claimed that all idoa» submitted oriKinated on the Dominion Experi- mental Farms, but all suggeations offered hare either originated here or have been tried out on these farm* and found generally satis- faotory. It is hoped that the information, mggeationa, and pointers may prove of value to thp dairying induatry in this country, and the bulletin be of practical use to each individual farmer into whoM bands it may happen to fall. FACTORS AFFECTING RESULTS. Many factors combine to make for success or failure in milk production. To say that any one or any group of influences is more imjrartant than another would be unwise, since any one, even the apparently most trivial consideration, might, under certain circum- atanoea, prove the most important. There can be no doubt, how- ever, that the following factors rank among the most important and it is under these headings that it is proposed to treat the subj«(A in this publication : — I. The farm chosen, tha rotation followed and the crops grown, n. The breed of cattle selected, and breeding methoda tMawti. III. Stables, and care and management of the herd. IV. Milking and car* of milk, y. Feeding methoda and ratMBiL Theae are not given in order of importance but rather from the Mttom or forundatioB upward, ov from the beginning forward. mm Kse a PAST I.— THE FABM. THE FARM TO SELECT. Milk production may be carried on tucoeaafully on practioally any farm. In many cases milk is produn-d profitably where the only property owned or occupied ia a ttable, as witness numerous milk- men's herds in cities. While any farm suitably looated is suitable for milk production, some farms are undoubtedly more suitable than others. Soil. — A farm to be eminenUy adapteu to milk production ahoiiM have a plentiful supply of pure water. The lay of the land should be such as to permit of its being well drained. The best results may be expected where the soil is of the best quality but dairy farming can be successfully followed on almost aoy soil from the lightast sand to the heaviest day. Area.— The area of arable land under crops other than pastors each year should include about as msny acres ss it is hoped to oarry head of cattle when the herd has reached its maximum of sise and production. Too great value should not be placed on rough land for pasturing purpones unless it i.« low-lying snd fertile. Location. — Proximity to market or factory is aa important eoa- >ideration. When milk is sold long hauls arc expensive. Where cream ia the product shipped, distance from point of delivery to factory or train is not so importsnt. When cheese or butter is manu- factured on the farm, remoteness from shipping point is s minor consideration provided always that suitable storage conditions exist. CROPS AND CROP ROTATIONS. Crop$ to grow. — The farm having been selected it is im,)ortant to ■0 handle it as to provide the cheapest eupply of the most suitablo fcods the year round. This moans plenty of suooulont forage froa January 1 to December 81. It should also include plenty of clovar or some suitaUo substitute. As to grain crops advisable, a mixtw* of oaU, pvas, and barley aould probably give lest r<«ults. Succulent forage might be either ensilage' or roots. In most parts of Canada, Indian com is the moat suitable crop for ensilage, bat clover, alfalfa and a Taric^ of other crops give good results. Where roots can be grown to better advantage than com, turnips, mangels, or sugar beets may be used, mangels and sugar beets being tiw sorts likely to give be&t results. , EOTATIONS SUITABLE FOB DAIBY FARMINQ IN XASTERM PBOVINCBS AMD BBITISH COLUMBIA. RQiat\on». — To produce these feeds in right proportion and at the same time maintain or increase the fertility of the soil, a short rotation is necessary. In Ontario, Quebec, the Maritime Provinces, and British Columbia, rotations of three and four years will be found best. A good three-year rotation is as follows : — 1st year. — Cora, roots, potatoes or peas. Spring ploughed for cora, summer ploughed if for roots, manured in either case. 2nd } ear.— Cereals seeded down. 6 Iba. red clover, 8 lbs. alsike, 7 lbs. alfalfa, 6 lbs. timothy per acre. 3rd year.— Hay or part hay and part ps^'ure, followed by com, etc., the next year. A good four-year rotation is as follows: — 1st year.— Corn, rooto, potatoes or peas. Land plvughed for rooU, potatoes or peas early preceding fall. Cora land ploughed spring. Com, root, and potato land manured. 2nd year. — Grain, mixture, peas 1 bus., barley 1 bus., oats, fi bus., sown at r»te of 3 buf> iH>r acre. Seeded down with red clover, 6 lbs., aUike, 2 lbs., alfalfa, 7 or 8 lbs., and timothy, 6 lbs. per acre. 3rd year.— Part pasture, part hay or hay cut early and pasture part of aftermath. Cut two crops hay off part of area. 4th year.- Hay and pasture. Part intended for roots, poUtocs or peas to be ploughed early in August, rolled, disced and cultivate.i i|j liiui !• I'- ' ft^ ^1 ■ "if iaiiii sam 11 DAIRT rARM ROTATIONS IN MANITOBA, SASKATCHEWAN AND ALBCRTA. In Manitoba a rotation that has given good results on the Experi- mental Farm at Brandon and at various other po'its and one that appears to the writer to be fairly suitable for dairy farming is as follows : — 1st year. — Com or roots. Disc after harvesting. Do not plough. 2nd year. — Wheat. Double disc stubble at harvesting, Disc seed in next spring. 3rd year. — Wheat or coarse grain; again double disc stubble. Plough inches September or October. 4th year.- -Coarse grain seeded down 10 lbs. timothy, 10 lbs. clover. 5th year. — Hay. 6th year. — Fasbure. Plough shallow (."5 inches) and pack in July. Work at intervals. Plough deeper (6 inches) in October. Manure on surface; work in with disc and drag harrow. This rotation does away with the summer-fallow. It is some- times hard to get a catch of grass and clover. Great care must bo exercised to see that all cultural operations are properly performed. SASKATCHEWAN. In Saskatohewan we have not yet sufficient information available to permit even suggesting a probably suitable rotation. Our trials have, however, shown that it is possible to grow red clover, alsika, alfalfa, and com, turnips, mangels, sugar beets, and a great variety of grasses over a very large part of this province, and this fact ia significant of the tremendous possibilities of the prairies as live stock districts and more particularly as areas where the dairying industry may be expected to prove eminently practicable and highly profitable. ALBERTA. In Alberta the irrigated area, -n the south with their abundant root and alfalfa crops provide such forage as cannot be surpassed for milk production. In tl ^ central parti of the province, the abundant grass, the rolling plain diversified with park and dale, make ideal pasture lands for dairy cattle. The forage crops possible of culti- vation include alfalfa, roots and com, hence everything points to this prurince becomiug more and more interested in live atodk generally and in milk production in particular. , 18 'ABT n.-_THB COW. THJi BREED TO USE. The riffht farm found, the mod. *« ^ ^ "t.t.on arranged, the pwipecTiyr^.t !!^'' « "''olj' *<- »ilk.^;th^t "r^fCt^'t! T''^' " ^"^ ""'■"«- of tl.0 being equal, exert an influenron th! T"^^ ""*^'' "*''«" »hin,s with to work. On heavy 1!^ t^ ' **"°" °^ '^^ ^reed where- -bundan, the Holstein.JeX r^GuI^T' "'"T' ^''"^ '-'"- ^^ •«Jt.; « lighter, more TZZ a^ ^ "°"''' """''"^ ^'^o be«t ^•attered pasturage which may not C T'' "*^'^ *^«» » Canadian co^ wo J perhaps h«!L '^ 'bundant. the French On, t^ howeverHlouW t w""' '"'*""*• •-tUed upon, whether for b,^tr '1T ^"' ' "^"*^'^' '>«^ " ■•«<* to it' It i. po,,ibIe rmal?J '^ T'' "' '°' ^«'-. one of the breed, mentioned lo^J an.rr"- V"'''''' '''^^ '»^ f-m breed to breed means loss o7 timel L" "^''' ''''"""" «.y nothing of almo* certain helr^ ' T? "^ P""* »»"»*> ^o This holds of course except in th "^' "* ""ost utter failu^. .trength of mind enouThTo make o^d ''^ ''«^«' ^''o has '•ti^ to i,' that is, dJ^s nctTrv fir onT- "'/"'" "* "^ ""ther. aeeking something e^^ ^ ^^ -- ^n^then 18 considers tbe faults of tiie prugeny of th« prerious sire of some other breed. BREEDS OF DAIRY CATTLE. It would b« unwise in a bulletin to limited as this must necessarily be, to attempt to give a full bbtory and an elaborate description of even the few dairy breeds above enumerated, to say nothing of tbe various other breeds with some claim to recognition as economical milk-producers. To omit all remarks on the subject would, however, possibly be open to still greater criticism and accordingly the following brief notes on the history, appearance and peculiar aptitudes of the principal breeds as known to Canadian dairy farmers are submitted. ATBSHIBE. The Ayrshire is one of the principal breeds of dairy cattle in America. They are medium-sized animals, spotted red, or brown and white. They possess great vitality, are of a nervous disposition, and respond readily to good feeding. They are hardy and well suited for rough pasture and scant herbage. They yield a fairly large flow of milk of mc-uium quality. A common yield is 8,000 pounds of ^ to ^ei cent milk in 9 or 10 months. Their chief faults are • tendency to beefiness, shown by a rather large proportion of the '<■ -ted, and the very common and rather serious defect of small te(>ts. As the name implies, the Ayrshire had its origin in Scotland. The south-western portion of that country was in a very poor state as far as agriculbuTc was concerned at the end of the 18th century. An historian of Idiat period says that there were no crops whatever sown, and all the food the cattle had was the grass in the bogs and wastes. Under tliese circumstances tbe cattle were starved in winter, ' being scarcely able to rise in the spring.' Such were the conditions from which the hardy, useful race of Ayrshire cattle has come. It may be inferred that only the fittest survived, and the inherent hardi- ness seems to have been but little disturbed by whatever crosses have been made. It ia supposed that these native cattle were cross^' with imported Teeawater or Durham cattle, and with Aldemeys or Jerseys, tfaough there ia no historical evidence of this. The first importationa of \yrshire cattle into Canada vrere made between 1820 and 1830. For some time they did not meet w»th ■Kieh favour, but with the formation of Breeders' Organi^tations, Dairy Teats, and Advanced Regiaters they have taken their rightful 14 DUTCH BKLTEO. Dutch BelteJ cattle ar« bred fo f'-'-da- This breed hw bLionI • '."^ ^""''"*' "*'^°' '•"'leed in of selection having been re e«r '""'r'''""''"^' ''"* '^'^ "-- M. the result, of centuri^ ^Z^t C'f "' ^'''' """"^ '"-^ the dn.ryman's standpoint. The b^ u f""" "t"f«<-tory fron. mental rather than i„eful. """^ ' ^ considered a« oma- fRENCH-CA.NADIA.V. wWe a^arbr:i":f ^.Zislltd^ ^^ ^^ -'"deration •bout l.()00 pound.. In .enll ? ^ '^^ '' "^ ''"" '^^'^''^ rou^h and angular; in thf:!::' rewT' T """^ *" ^^-^^ colour is black, or d.rk-brown \, Z;k . ** " "'"'*""'• The Jor...v. though in quan.i.v and „u . ''u "''' '^'' '^^•«»>'« the t'-' ;-^. An aveU 'I-; .i", ;"f, ^-^ ^f -e.h.t ^^in.! -nt ,,u„er f.t i, about U.e standard "' ' ""'" <"" * »- 1 he first indiriduals of the br«ed ... ron, X„,,,„,, „^ ,^.^ witrle^ZTr'" ''"'"•«-' l-. Ma.iv ve.irs „f -^ u ^ "'"*''' '^^'^^ »» the •ettler, have mad. themT " anT'"" "'' '"°"» -''" '"• «H^ -de then, productive o.tC^:f7:Z'' ''' -""• '-'>'• »•" OL'KRNSEr. As tliP name indioatea. the 0..«™. ;«-';■ Ch.„„e, r„and. On aecouToTt; ""-^ ^^ *•»''«<'. native •"•- i^ not vo,v widely ditXtJ ^ "^""'' "' """'•. *»•« "■"< Ontario. „„d ,.v..n i„ ,„e ,L ,> l.r '^' "''^^ '" ^J"*"- - '-nda i,. howover. ,uite 1"., "'"' ""•""" "^ «-m.,v. p".osr:;ri:i;:---^^v. ;^..oft^^ P--a.kin.,.„.,,,,,,,,^,,^,3-"'J-'''te in colour, th^ --tion whioh it conUins. T l Te, ' T'i" T' T""- ^•■'"-' - -Jlk of „ vary hi«h ,.I.,„. s„ J^J^t , T' '"*'''' "-"^ °^ '-h ."ducin, cow,, in ,h.. ..., .r. fj ",•':. .nrd'""' '"""■'•' ■M ■mm 15 HOLflTKIN-rRIBSIAIf. Holstein or Holatain-Friesian cattle are large, black-and-wbit* animala. Rather coarse-boned, rough and strong in appearance, they are, withal, heavy milkers and the largest of the purely dairy breeds. Coming, aa their name indicates, froB th« low-lying, rich lands at Holland, they are peculiarly well fitted for heavy and low-lying fanns in due country where they may be expected to prove more profitable than the small finer breeds for ganerel dairy farming. With proper care and feeding, a fair oow of the breed should produce, when five years old or over, from 8,000 to 10,000 lbs. of milk in a year, though there are records of cows yielding as high as 30,000 lbs. in a lik« period. It is probable that the Uolstcin-Friesian wag introduced into America by the Dutch who settled in what is now New York State^ since black-and-white cattle, known as Duitch cattle, have long been owned in the New England Statea. Toward the end of the 18th century, an importatirn, consisting of two bulls and six cows, was made by the Holland Land Company whioh owned land in New York State. Since then, frequent shipments have been made into both the United Stat«8 and Canada; toward the end of the laat century, however, these fell off to a large extent. JKRNKV. The Jorsoy, introduoed into this country many year« ago, muat always remain one of the most popuUr bn-ods of dairy cattle where qualrty r,{ product and beauty of individual are considered, fa apt>earance the Jersey is lean and muscular, the ireneral outline coiiforminf; to the dairy tfp*- The colour is fawa, but runs through many shades. Tlio Igli\nd of Jersey, of something umler 30,000 acres with iiO.OOO inhabitants, is the original home of the bre"ld cattle ise^tren^oly widespread' i:Thrcttr"M '"/"'" ''"'^- • type of cow that will produce '* *:°""''^- ^^<^y farmers prefer 'a«en easi,, .„d wil, vr^^^ZlZ^T' t "*"'• ^'^^ -" .eals or steers. This ola«s „f 0071. h """ .'" '"" '"*° '^'-d »uch seotions as afford n.ore or lei, . ""-'"''"''*' "'^'^^'^ f"' suitable for grazing. ' ''"' ''^■♦•""''-'' "'^n" of rough land Many breeds have ,luini« t„ i common are: Brown Hwilri e „ IZS' u] ''T '" '"« -- horns, and Sussex. '"'°'" "^'''- Red Poll,. Short- Only . few remarks on each bree,, are .ubnntted. BROWN KHI88. The individuals of this breed f boned, and distinctly blocky Th/L ? ''"^''' "•'^'^dingly strong- capacity with plenty „f depth Tl ,! . , ' " «'^"'" '^*«' "^ fccdi„. Coming original,, frot sl^i' T ^^ "''"'' ^'-"• hey were first imp..rted into A,„orie„ tllij t' ?""" ''"'"'■'-"'• b.»e b«,n made from time to time .i„ " 1 ^"""' """"^'ation, not rained muoh in favour. I Tad7 ?' ''"""^'' ^« '"-^ h--^ b« foun.}. '" * ""•"'» "n'j^ very few herds .re to tn:\ns. The Devuiig, lon« bmH •« .i. ' "^ "• ^ ••"'^-" P«" of England, have 1't.ATK IV. •■"X M, ll,s. l.„tt..r .,.t „. „„.. y..ar. II.. I„.a,ls th- . ;,„.r„»,.v Im r,l al nu:!^ """^ •jr'e Bu'! Hanfcnwh Vitt.,r Hi.p,. S<.I,I at imblicftuction for82,(i00 Ma3yr. old. a I Holiilt'in Hull Srlihilinff Mir I'..«.'|. Tir Siru >f tii^ mu ! ij ill 1911 11 been introduced into Canada only to a very limited extent. They ■re red in colour, compact in build, and th^ produce milk in fairly paying quantities. They are peculiarly vutted for the farmer who wishes to produce both beef and milk on land of a light or hilly character. They are famous for the oxen produced in the breed. UNOOLN RBD. The Lincoln Reds make up merely a branch of the Shorthorn breed, not a few of the animals registered in the Lincoln Red Herd Book being likewise entered in the Coates' Shorthorn Herd Book of Great Britain. The cows are, as a rule, heavy milkers but the steers of the breed make but second-rate beef animals. They have never been bred in Canada under the name Lincoln Reds. RED POLL. The Red Polls come from almost the same part of England as the Devons and possess many similar characteristics. They are larger-sized, however, and are probably better suited for general farming than the Devuns as they are heavier milkers and yield larger carcases. SHORTIIORV. To outline even briefly the history of the Shorthorn in Canada wou'ld be quite impossible in a bulletin such as this. The breed and the main facts of its history are, however, so well known as to need little comment here. Many strains of this far-famed breed are noted for I.^rge yields of milk, while their imequalled value as beef pro- ducing animals is universally acknowledged. A number of herds notable for milk-produotion have been establtslied in Canada at one time and another. Two individuals in a herd established and main- tained on the Central Experimental Farm for some years, produced over 11,000 lbs. of milk each in single lactation periods. The average yield of milk from this herd was about 6,000 lbs. a year for several years. Steers from these heavy milking cows when finished for beef were considered first-class beef animals. In England, the Shorthorn with its grades and crosses is used almost universally for milk production. It is par excellence the farmer's cow — the 'rent payer.' srssEX. The individuals of this, another English breed, are largo cattle, Mooky in form, inclining to coarseness, solid red in colour. They have never been bred to any extent in Canada. 2788«-l 18 KEEPFN-G rrp THE HERD atipping milk to cities It i. ^ 'Zul . """^^ °' '"'l'^»ei for . Minute. ' " ""^""^ ''° f''™^' should conside: i-re/BunTi'ittdTHor: r'""' -' -'- ^^ -^ - w.th modifications, ti.e one most /.T '"^'"* "^*''°d ""d- Ja-ner It permits of the ' 'ui 1^0?:^^ '^ **" ''^-"^ from tl.e producer", sUndpoint. The trUer ..I'". ' '"'""''' ''«"' ■" f'innda built up in this wav will. T "'^ •""'^^ ^«"<1* ^'•■•0 per cow in herds of from 10 1 ,o„ T-"' "" '""" «'» »« the objection that male calvrmu^t J a, " ""*"' * *''"" *° «.ro not as valuable a, they ZZt f 7 '"" """^ *''•' ^-""'"^ .t.rtin« with a .rade female no .'^rT ''• ^^ """^^ ''''- wo,.ld over enable a man to ZiCl:,!''''T "' '^"" '^ '-" '- in th. verv searcbinrsZttn t i. '■l'^'"'- '''' •'^-°'«^« calve,. ,ince calves from poor cZ „\^'""^'* '" '"'^« '» "«■•'? C"«-, a,, not likely to bTreta n^ T^" "^ ''''" "«> ""'•"o' it i. desired ultimately to «t into I u ? " "'""■""ted. Where good fomnles as well a« . bull of th- 1 T. °* °'" *'"' ««f« p-i". ^ w ..,„ „j ■:!,' :,!,:x r o^r... i:- t "'"- and ,n a short time a her,| of „,^ u, J , * **" *''*"' ^^ ''aised .. ..dually drivin. the ^adJ from' ^e ^e"' ^ '"^ ^^ * ^" •!. Where considerable capital is av.il.KU j l'r-din«andfeodin,fispartofthco^ !. ' """^ "P'''-'«nc.3 i„ other oi^umstance^makr^uec^^^X^^^^^^^^^^^ "-"ere som. of -l^ra.ions i„ milk production miX K . '"'•" ''""'e^-nn?n» - . eaee. it wi„ „..,, hrf.riir.: rarwth^: fj; 19 maintainingr ing ita milk- iree mptliods to time ui o any bull convenient. >r millcinea Id consider good pure ng or best etliod and, be average table herd any herd* 5ni 176 to » open to t female^ rse. when 'red sirea idvantugre B raisin? inferior > of time I. Where plan in »o extra ro brpds e raised )tired in inc.; in fe 8om« finninif h. In a few animals of superior qimlity rather than with a largre number o£ small or even average worth. This is th« third and moat risky 1 method. Of the three methods, experience and obeerration lead the writer to most strongly recommend the second to the young farmer and also ■ to ilie man long engaged in the milk-producing business unless exceptional conditions point clearly to the probability of the third method proving a success from the start. I THE DAIRY BULL. In any case, the upbuilding of a good dairy herd without the use of a good dairy bull ia impracaeable. The maintenance of the hen! in the highest state of prod'i.ctivity for any considerable length of time without having such an animal at the head thereof may be ^aid to be impossible. CHOOSING TItE BULL. The selection of a sire fit to head the herd is difficult So- called dairy conformation, that is, conformation supposed to entitle the bull to honours in the show-ring, is not an unfailing indication of good stock-getting qualities. The best way to select the dairy bull is to judge him by the milk records on both sides of hia family. In addition, attention must, of course, be paid to the bull himself. No animal strikingly weak, or of very faulty conformation should be used even when coming from heavy milking stock. Such indi- viduals are more likely to perpetuate their own faulty conformation than to transmit the heavy milk-producing peculiarities of their ancestry. No breeder of pure 'red dairy stock who considers himself worthy the name, should keep a cow whose records he does not care to know, or attempt to sell a bull for the high milk-producing qualities of whose ancestry he is not rca.ly to vouch. Such records, while becoming more and more common, have not yet risen to t!ie high place they are ultimately bound to occupy in the estimation of the average dairy farmer,. The dair.vman willing to buy • bull without taking the trouble to learn something of the milk-producing qualities of his ancestry, and the breeder unable or unwilling tn sive such information are equally guilty of failing in their duty to them- selves and to the dairying interests of their country. 27889- at 20 •nd deep with weU sd^IT " '^''"W^- The ,ody should be la objectionable. The thL, «h M J ' P*'^^'°««' «» the pins tively f«« from fat an;\htT ./f """^"^ ''"* -'"'^'' flank should be hLh 1 . "' '''°"" ''« ^«" "P"* "P- I of «i«i.« 00^ io:*r:t!ar '^ -r^ "'^'^" - - «- appearance are ver. vaLble Zu^'-"^ "'^'^ ^^^ -<^ -.11 UATUUE BULLS BEST. A very large proportion of our dairv f^^ .gainst old or even against mature bulls No rrrn-"" ''"'"^"^ can be imagined than nlani, ^ injurious practi( head of thet d ZsZZ ' "'^"""' °' ^"""^ ^""« «' " the progeny are not^ elyT ?« 'aV"'"" "T '" ''' ^"^ ^>'- ^ from a welMevelopcdtr/rornTnr: ^ —? .«'' peculiarities whichtul7:'hat:teH;lT; w/ '^--^ '^'^'^"'^'^^•' ' breed.ng herd.' ""^^ ''°'*''y the name oi So far as age influences the reproductive powers of t.,. • • may be said to be for the Letter r..l, .r ti f/ "^^ °' ^^^ «'«. '< advanced age at least i? / F ' ,' '''"''''^ "^ '° « ^-''v vario.,s breeds have tn kept lls'^'r" ^"^ '^'^' ''""^ °^ .aUsfactory up to thT very ,^ Z T"/'' ""' '''°^-^'' ""'»'-' developed calves. 1^0 wrL t / "^ '""''"^ -'""»' '^'^l!- rchaser should of vigour and 9ye and broad ieart girth all vigorous. No openness or lould be large apacity. The »t the pins is 'ut compara- Jlit up. The ler on a cow : and stylish prejudiced ious practice bulls at the e first place imatiJTe sire it is desired «*s is likely distinctive ^e name of the sire, it to a fairly e. bulls of ■oven quite ■ong, wel!- 9. 11, and icioug and Jaded. It uH plenty e vehicle, loften the •a. 31 The question as to what extent • given bull may be used in the herd is one of very great importance. Oenerally speaking, whera pure bred females are being used, it is not advisable to use a bull on his own offspring. Cases might occur where in order to fix certain very desirable peculiarities the use of the sire on one of the most suitable, that is one of the most i of his own get might be per- mitted or even recommended. In grade herds, however, especially vhere the dama are of a nondescript character, the sire may fre- quently be used oa his own get with most satisfactory results. Under such circumstances, the infusion of the entirely new blood of the sire is likely to lend vigour and growthiness to the offspring and so permit of his being used on the first generation with a view to getting as 1 much as possible of t' superior blood of the sire into the females of the herd it is des -ed to improve. The writer has seen this line of breeding followed in i'jveral cases and has tried it in his own heri' with gratifying results. It ^ is often asserted that weaklings resuJt from such crosses, but this is S likely to be true only when pure breda of a peculiarly weak character are the subjects chosen with which to work. la selecting bulls, care should be taken to choose animals uniform ' in type, since in this way only may one hope to achieve the honour and reap the advantage of having a uniform and distinotive herd. It is also necessary to bear in mind any weakness it is desired to correct and to secure a sire well developed where the herd or some animais th reof are weak. These aimo are of course in addition to, jj or rather in connection with, the ever-present and all-important I consideration of improving the milking qualities of the breed and more particularly of the herd in question. THE FINAyCTAL SIDE. i Too great cost i« the objection most commonly put forward by i the fanner hesitant about the purchase of a good dairy bull. A 3 consideration of the bus-ne^is side of the venture should do much to . convince the dairyman that the investment of even a considerable I sum in the purchase of a first class dairy bull is money quite wisely and most profitably spent. H Experience has demonstrated over and over again that heifers . airad by a really good dairy bull are capable of producing from 5 to I 10 lb*, a day more milk than heifers sired by scrub bulls and from 99 the same or .imilar cow. Thi. beiug th,, case, as dl h.Wn, «., ex,.r,ouce .au=t ad.nit it to be. w mi»ht proce«l to form « Jr^ of the value of the bull. "w-iu—ic Suppose th. herd con.idered be one of 60 cow_. .umber qu.f common m many parts of Canada. To keep ^ .uch . herd thI owner w. I need to raise from 5 to » calve, a year-eay an a/er^ of 6 yearly. F.ve of these heifer. a« likely to comrto mat^ «id each one wdl gue. s^. 5 lbs. a day more milk than w^J about 300 aays the .uld thus be 1.500 lbs. of milk more in the Z\. ' ""' "^''- '■"•=•' *^« "^^ °f *•« -•••'h cow «, such il •bout^S years, each heifer would be worth 7.600 lb.. mo«milk in her 150.000 lbs. more m.lk than the scrub.. This amount of milk would from a good bull m the small herd of 20 cows. He would b. worth relatively mor. in larger herds. A really good bull calf of any one of the breeds commonly kept FEED AND CAEl. dairy bull. One bull will do well on feed, that, if given to anotW would prove quite unsuitable. """ler. bnj/\*'"' ^r" •?"*' *^" ""^ '*°'Jound bull would be:— Out s.. "»• Clover hay ' " . ■ ■ T, . 20 Koots or grass -^ Meal mixture Give more meal if neoewary. Certain melJ.ods of feeding and certain feed, are likely to render th. buU .luggLh in acUou and uncertain in Mrvice. Th« f^.nj 23 of coarse, non-nutritious forage in large quantities a*, for examplo^ com ensilage, will sometimea develop ao muoh middle and M sap vitality as to render the bull very clumay and quite inaffectivA evea when able to work. Where clover hay is lacking, ita effecta may be secured by feeling somewhat more freely with bran. This latter feed will also be found of great valve when roots or other succulent fe«d4 are largely lacking or entirely absent from the lists of available feeds. UAIRY CALVES. In choosing calves to raise to keep up or increase the dairy herj, the progeny of tiie best cows only should be selected, and these onl| if they are well-developed heifers. Many good calves from r >d cows develop )nto inferior dairy animals. This may be due to 3 single cause or to a combination of causes. The suggestions given below are based on our experience liere for the last 18 years, during which tftne many hundreds of calves have been raised. It is confi- dently asserted that a close observance of the rules laid down will iiis'u're success in a large percentage of cases. THE DAM. The cow should be kept in good health and in good condition while carrying a calf. Partio.ilarly is this true during the 6 or 8 weeks immediately preceding parturition. The mature cow should be dried off at least six weeks previous to dropping her next calf, then put io good ilesh. In the case of the heifer with her lirst calf, she should Imve boot' fed generously and wisely during tiie whole period of pregnancy. Her food slioirld have been such as would have been suitable for a cow in full flow of milk, the most suitable 'cods being pasture grass, clover hay, roots, ensilage, brnn, oats, and oil meal. THE CALF TO RAISK. Objection is sometimes made to raising calves from heifers. If the heifers have been properly mated and wisely fed during pregnancy the calves are likely to prove as satisfactory as stock from older cows. In the case of grade heifers, however, it may scarcely be considered wi.se to raise the first calf since, the milking qualities being unknown, the breeder might later find himself with a six or nine month""' calf from an unsatisfactory cow on hi^ hands. 24 AT CACVINO TIME. FEEDIXa THE CALF. in Rtna quantitiog at fi»> i i ■ »ik)uI(1 be added v,u>uiuio8 at tirst and s owly ncre««Bfl ii«o.;_ -.u dessert »poi«ly clean pens. These should be dry and warm in winter and dry and cool in summer. A strict observance of the following general directions will ■Imos^ certainly intturo succom: — 1. Treat calves kindly and carefully. 2. Bo scrupulously clean as to food, pails or troughs, and pens or quart«ri. 8. Make all changes in character of food very gradually. This •ppliea whether changes be as to temperature, i>crrpntage of butter fat, acidity or sweetnecs, quiintit.v, times of feeding or any other iMtura in oonnection with the food. 4. Feed only whoIeBoniB fo .rf *— j ■ i -nt .„....„•.,. b.,t not t:,';!^,,"-""'^' ""^ '-^ - -ffi CAM'' KKKDERS of the proper kind of food in ,h: Z '"'^J""* *^ "'^'•* ""'"^'^y Posi.ion as to render ti.e JnT , -, '^ '" P'*** '" """»> - protect as o V™ TheT K '" ' """''"•^ '" ^« ''"'^- ''"» I'est plan. Calf fZZ I'" "" *^"""^ ''' '""' "'--to. i. the "■n-v than are paH F .r^LTe '" ''' °"'-°' "''^" ""'^ *" «^' more labour. "'• "'"^ '""'"^^"■"'^e >« that they involve fAr.r Tits. in.me,li:,toly aft,, food „! l^Z.' ""' '"' "'"" ""'« ^-'« « to ,H.n„if of the vcs,oI .w ■ "" '''°"'"' ''« '" P'-^-d - Pl"<-. in fr„nt of thir I 7,""'"!. T, ''^^ '^■"' '"«>'' ^nnlr apportioned „„d f.v, Z' . f """"""' "'"' *'" ^-'^ >- -"'^""•^ lilt in a separaie pail. WATKR AXU 8AI T Of ^-t:;:;::i::rr? i r'"'°^^^- - "-^- ;.e.uen„,v ...„ frorTal^ . .r'\;":'f "« --■<^'^- Calv- front of then,, they .should be «i ", a„ n I • '""""' "^ ""'^ '» «-•- a day. The water off^e I.l ''" m' '" '""' " '^"» warn, I,, hot weather and r . t '""•'''''"• ""^' '^- "ot too prove .b-Mp ,„j „.|,„,.„„„,^ '""■ * '""'P ■" tl'« mnnger will HKIFFRs. m: 27 The farmer should, as already indicated, attempt to war on his own farm, and from his own best cows, the animals which he will require to -veep up or increase his herd. While ha cannot be sure of every heifer reared from the best producers in the iierd making good when coming into milk, still, knowinjr the lams, he may look for a semblance to them in the daughters. Careful selec'^on from well-bred animals is, however, not all that is required . uake well-developed heifers. Good feeding also is necessary. It is absolute folly to expeot that heifer calves will develop into first-class cows if they are stunted when young. It is perfectly legitimate to get a good ration at aa low a oo.t as possible, but nothing excopt failure can come from trying to save money in the dairy business as in any other line of live stock enterprise by fci'diii!? a poor or insuffif^iont ration, whether to old or young animals. CARE AND FEEDINO. The calf stage is over with the sixth or seventh month or there- abouts. Upon the treatment aecordetiire in J. me provided always tlwt an abundance of gris< it avaijabli not only in early spring but throuirliotit the summer. Shade or shelter from the hot summer *nn is important at any iige bint doubl.' worthy of attention with heifers or young stock under one y«ar oM. Tim TO SERVB. The heifers should be bred at about 81 montlis old to that the «rst calves may he dropped at two-and-a-half years. This breen e«rly autumn than when •mBM 29 ■be fre.thens at any other time. Tiiis is due not so much to any one circumstance or condition as to a combination of influences which mig it be summarized in part as follows : More equable temperature tbruaghout early or huavy milking part of lactation period; freedom from extreme heat and flies, two enemies of big records that are very hard to combat; more time for the attention and care conducive and, one might say, essential to the making of extra good records. DRV PERIC . Obseryation and experiment have shown that while, as ulrvudy indicated, long lactation periods (10 to 11 months) are advantagcmus and desirable, a short period of idleness, or non-production between lactation i- -iods, is very desirable. Cows that milk through from calving to calving seldom do well in tlie period subsequent to suci' unnatural performance. The cow should be dry from 3 to week» between periods, if best results are desired. Some farmers claim that the calf dropped when a cow milks through is likely to hv weakly or small. The writer has been - other day and shortly thereafter, stop entirely. The n.dder m ly get hard for 1 ftw days but will almost ceitainly go back to normal soft pm|)tiiii'S8 characteristic of dry cows in a very short time. Un.KINO BKFORE C'ALVI.NC. When cowi are in good flesh and in shape to milk well, it not infrequently happens that tha udder becomes abnormally disten- '"« a^ man has elected. In ^J^Z H ""'' ""• '^"^ '^^^ -<=<^«1- other breed, or even in auTre^f „d T ,"'*'' '">--»^°'ent. In -PPb-in^ sufficient n,i„. to S r""""' "" ^--<^ -Pa>'" af •'"'".nuod .election of such 3^0,01,/ k" f°" ^"""^- ^he „.» - o- -luabi, 3Peeia,,.r;r; J" L'^::''"^ ''---■^ ''- .iven Many peculiarities of ft, u -^e or !«. co^^onl: , td^I^f ^"^ ^ ^° any b^ ,„ •^mmonlv „sed phra.> -good J' ^ "°^'' "' «" breeds. H. „„ -W„,aH„n or shape of ^ anTLuL' ^t- '"^"^ '""' ^^^^ P-duoe n,iiJc in lar^ ^uanritir ""*"" »' ^ •''"■ty to -^ '- Crit^rt:: -:^-'^ - --. Be ..orated ;- ^^^ood. sinee fro™ th.^d ZZZt^'^' '"''' "^"'^ "■■ ""''< ft is .aC, ,l„.retore !!T ' "*' ""^ ^'^'° »he blood 1::' •"'^'^''■^'' ^°-" -^ ^^^^ co^'t^ tT "^^-^ '■"'^■■-"- """^ d'«-t,on in th. cow arc a 1^ M '^ *'"'*'"'•' '^' "^ '-' l"-.'f..rably deep and broad and "' '^'^' ^'"'^ "' '""g. '■-;- more or le. by len.^ of"! 7= ' ^^^^ •^-- a^-tod ! p-*-n. indicat"rv;rt:r *"'"' 'r'-- ^-- - -"^ -7 U'ne one that .i,^ 'J, " ^ ^^ « "^ udder, b .c at the «nd ..tend far a,on. the bellyTnl "h J' ''"">'' *- '>'0-l b-h.nd ,ho thiKhs. It should be ^u .It .L' ^'"'^' •^'"^ ^«l"' • '"rRe part ,.f t„. co.. the l^riv r^ !l^' '^^ '"'^ --• ';- .ood-.>ed, wel,.p,a.ed W^ .pabTe" ^.m*^'- '' "''""''' '>-' f -"•« ^-m a f.i, p^,^^ (Sail ;'""""" ' '"^ «-" '"'•''.■non and a nui.ance) Th. . •'"^n»-«nu8eW t«,t« .re , -r=.-of ,he,Md.r.„di;w Ju'lV':'/,.'* -•'■■""' "Pon th Jepend,n,npo„.^ea««of,hec!,w;r:l 7T, * "'"'"• *''-'<'• They .h.,id ,e.d to .ood hi^ ! ^,k ':;• 'f' '^'^--- -d Ion,. 31 abdominal wall; a large vein with a amali inlet is an indication of weakness rather than strength or good milking qualities. The power to digest food and the possession of organs or « haraote: sties indicating milk production on a large scale are of no value if not accompanied by thj peculiar temperament which goes with the power to elaborate milk from blood, that peouiiar nervous temperan'^^t which is the exact opposite of the placid character shown by the animal that makes flesh rather than milk out of its food. The nervous disposition always found in the good milch cow shows itself in the bright, prominent ej ■, in the Inrge brain room indeated by the broad forehead, in the clean, fine bone, in the open joints and, generally ^)eaking, in the loose, open character of the carcase as opposf?d to the closely knit, compact frame of the ideal beef animal. There are many minor features of the dairy cow closely studied and examined by good judges of dai.-v cattle. Not a few men pay close attention to such features as the tail, the form of escutcheon ,>r manner of growth of liair on the rear udder and inner tlii^'lis. tiie colour of pigment on tiie inner ear, the pelvic arch, and the arrani?*- ment of the vertebra- in the spinal column. In judging individual cows, a not uncommon pmotice in the United States and Canada is to make use of what is known as the Score Card or Scale of Points. In tha=e Score Cards the principal features of the cow are arrangi^ in rej?ular order and an arbitrary valuation placed on each. This valuation is supposed to indicate tlia relative importance of the ditToreiit Uatures when they are of that peculiar character or form that exporicnee has shown to be associated with good dairy qualities. To arrive at some conclusion as t.) the value of a given animal by the use of the = ore cird. viihies arc set down indicating tlie scorer's estimate of tin- .loirroc of rxccllmce of each feature in comparison with what might be called the ideal type of that feature. The summing up of all the values pi von imlicates the nearness of approach of the individual uu'lcr consideration to what might be called the scorer's ideal cow. Relow is submittal a score card for dairy cows. This card was prepared by the writer .some few years ago for use in some live sWck judging work in which he took part. The figures in th» first column in heavy type indicate tlie values assigned to the ideal of the feature in question. The figun-s in the second coluuin an' the values nssiRucd hr the writer to the cow whose photos appear on PL-jt^j 6, 7, 8, 9. •J7ss'.i -|.. :\2. I Jlj 4 -.3 -^ •^ 6 a: Li ^1 I ■i f / 6 1 /li 33 DOMINION DEPAETMENT OF AORICi,..TliBE. Lira Stock Dituion. jTCMWT'g garni CAMH-BAnT CATTUI. Scale of points. A. Gknebal ApPKiiLtNcK : 16 poiuU. EsTIHAnD WBaHT |b« Form. ««d*>-ii>ap«d, m vieiiwl h^' 'frontal top; itni^t top hnr. Mid graftt depth of Urrel Quality. h«.r, »ft Md fine; aau.of liedium thiS: Sttlk, active, vigouKNu, (howinff ■troacchitncter WmperMiient. inclined to ne7voum2«rb^i»t imtable or vieioue B. HiAii AMD Nkk : 8 pointa **2!!.'"^ "^ """ **■•'' <••«■«»; »iol« amount of dewUp. C. FouoOAmia : S poinU. ' higher than bladek Shoou)«b«, lightjfair di.Unce throiwh fruni point to punt, but (harp on top ; nnoothly blended into body Lbm, fairly wril apart, .trai«ht and ihortVihank; fine and (month . "»"«, D. Bout : le pointa. Chmt, fairly dasp, full betwem aad back of fore- lefa, no denrawon btihind ahoolder blade . . . niaa. kmr, broad and wide ariart ; moderately waU aprun«. tivin* a larm,, deep barrel .. . '^o£?;.t"db^:;!'n '"^ "'•" ^•""'-' ' ••'"p K. HlNlXiUAHTlu : IS pointa. HooKN, wide a|«rt Ki'ui-, Innif and wide Poaaible Score. I'lN H<>NB^ high and wideap^' TiiiiiHM, tbin !-»:». .trai^ht and wt wall apart ;'.hank; AneaiHi NIIKHttn Kw-urcBKN^ aiH'wtdinc JVer thigha and exiemlina rar upwarda " Taii, long and fine, terminating in a awitcli of Hue K. Milk Vtaaiitii,' Eto.' '; SB loinu. Ul.l«M. I<«ig, widn, deep hut not p.nduli.inU of a rUiryCuv, M,.|.. Vinv. DAirtY CATTI.Iv /'oinriH. H. Neok. !». Tlir.mt. 111. Dewlap. 11. Withew. I-.'. .SIlOuMiT. i:i. Point ot Shoulder, U Arm. ir. Sliiitik't ot Cannoua K l!ri.-,:;i.t. 21. Fordhink. 22. Ribs. ^■! False Ril,«. '■ii. Hack or (Uiiiie. 2.1. L)in. 2l>. (!oupliii({. 30. nndeilii,,.. ■'II. Hind Flank. 3-'. Navel. •'•'• "i|i or I'oiiit of Flip. 31. Flump. 30. Tail. 37. SwitfF) or rirus'i. 38. Thiffh. 40. Kdd.r 41. Fore u:"'. Pill li.uu', or ti.iirii |iri>'si HI. 3'.l. Iv-c itelieon. 42. Hit,,! ud.ler, 44. M Jiiiiiiiir.v Ve COW RKCOUDS, Till' Cirni iiihi lciii|>criiiniMit nf ;i cnv :ire ii f.iir iiule.x of hi' jworlh ,H 11 milker. When it is merely n qiiesti..,! „f -.eleelin« iniliT.if iliiir.veows frimi the Mf,,ck ..f llieeniinrry. t!ip*. |«>eiili:iritii. [nmy he liikeii ,w fuirly aeciiri\te jrtiide.^ in -.ortimj nut the prnhnhly jprofitiil.le milk pr.Mliuvrs from the evi.jenl ri(«h formers or Irom (he |fiiiii'!i,itil.>s, senilis lliat <»:nnlier uiir fi.Ms. 86 The would-be successful dairy fanner must aim higher tha this, however, for no matter how carefully the selection be mad there is almost eerUin to be included a considerable number , unprofitable cows in a herd got together in this way. The onl certain method for determining the real value of a dairy cow i- th use of the weigh scale and the Babcock test Common observatio teaches us that different cows produce different amounts of milk an butter fat in the same period of time, but it is practically impossibl to estimate within 1,000 lbs. of what a cow wi!l do in a year b merely watching the amount of milk given each day. One thousan pounds of milk more or less than a certain standard in a year mean a fair profit or a serious loss. Fence the importance of knowing wha each cow is doing. To really know what each cow is doing necessitates the keeping of a record of the amount and quality of the milk produced durinj the whole lactation period. This record might be, and had better he made day by day, but valuable information may be secured by weigli ing and recording the morning's and night's milk of the cow on th. 1st, the 10th, and the 20th day of eacsh month. The multiplying bj ten of the total amount so recorded during the lactation period wii give a good idea of what the cow has really been doing. Tests a> to the fat content should be made from time to time. Blank forms whereon to enter the milk produced bv each cow at •ach milking are supplied free of charge to all apply them They are of the form submitted below, or are large enough to includt the milk for 31 days, that is, for any Riven month. In starting out to build up a good dairy herd it is necossarv to know exactly every cow in the herd. To know • about how much " a cow .an do is of very little value. Exact knowledge of the power of each cow as a milk and butter producer is altsolutely necessarj if the best results are aimc. o^T'n.'''"''*"' *"* ThU form .uppi.ed fr«, by Liv, Sfock Post Office Division, Central Kxperimenfal Record for week ending Farm, Ottawa, Ont. cows. Day. Time. ToUl for Day. Sunday Mominn. Kveiiinf. Monday Morning. Evening. Tuesday 1 Morning. Kvening. Wednesday Morning. Kvening. Thursday Morning. Evening. Friday Morning. . Evening. 1 1 Vforning. ivening. 1 Saturday Total \ Veek ■ Rbmaku: iiij 89 (Reverse side of Form.) CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM. ' J. II. Grisdale, B.Agr., Director. MILK RBCOROS. 1. The profitable dairy cow must give over 5,000 pounds of milk each year. To know the value of a cow her total annual yield of milk nuiist be known. The only way to know this is to keep a record of her daily milk yield. H. The form on the other side of this sliet-t is int<^nded to help progressive dairy farmers by supplying them with a simple and cmvenient sheet for the keeping of the milk records of their indi- vidual cow?. A study of such records will soon indicate which cows should go to the butcher. We should be pleased to receive a sum- mary of your record. If you have no summary forms write ms. 3. Such records are being kept by hundred.s of succtwsful dairy- men to-day. Many of th,-sc men attribute tlieir success to tlie keeping of such rc-ords. Why not give the thing a trial if you are a dairy- man? It will increase yaur milk product. It will lighten your labour, since your interest will lie incrcasi-d in your work ant" "nterest lightens labour.' It will show you the unprofitable .ow, th> boarder.' You cannot get rid of her too guickly. 4. For weighing the milk a simple l»>Kal spring balance may be secured for irom one and a half to four and a half dollars. If your local dealer cannot .snuiiply you write the undersigned for particular*. A small platform scale is fairly convenient, but we find the spring balance preferable. 5. Many farmers keep records of the amount of food fed to indi- vidual cows. If you would like to do so, sample forms wouM be i^ent free on writing J. H. Oris.lale. Director. Dominion Experimemtal Farms, Ottawa, Canada. Ki:Kn HKcdiiiis. Much might also l>e said in favour of keeping feed records since to know really whether an animal is profitable or not, one mu^t know not only the netiiirns in milk and fat but must also know the amount and value of the food required to produce the s; me. Forms, of the -t.vle illustrated b.^Iow, are s ipplied free of cost to bill h us ask for thorn. 40 CKNTRAL KXPEHM'.NTAL FARM. OTTAWA. ONT. rttt ucwo mM. Herd belonKiDR to yor wwk ending Address DMcription of Miztnre of Heal »-' Cow. Kind of /■Ml. Quai.i . y fed during day- S..n ,-• n''"- Wed . Thuraj Fri. Sat. MeaL . H»y. . . 1 .. 1 1 En.l'g. HuotB. 1 Mm). . 1 . •; ■■ 1 ••• 1 . . . \ . '. 1 ■ 1 Hay.. ED«l'g. . Ruoto_^ i \'.'.'.' MeaL .. i i Hay..,. Enal'g. . Roota .. MeaL ..1 Hay.... End-*. . RooU.. Meal... Hay..,. En.lK. . RooU.. Meal. , . Hay.... EnBl'g. . tooU .. 1 I MeaL .. . i»7 h-l-f... loam.. . .. . tfilitHiiMB 1 -J - '-* -^ ^ %_ -m' — • ^ - ^.^ \. T,>^\\ p. 40. Siuii*' ty|H'!* nf rtiiinfTHrH for i-ow l>arns. lllii I'lJlTE XII. u I . I ll im I glijl u Hl . p . i .l^ ^g ^.^ l .l.J. ■1, 1 , , I|I J^ IM < .S..IIIP Mn tiotml .«.». ,,r ^..hI ,„w Imrn tl.wni. 41 PAET m.— THE STABLE. No two locatiotiH will require or «ven permit of the same treat- ment M far M exposure, sice fcrm, or building material is cuuv^idert'd in the erection of the cow barn and the remarki here |innn'iite«i art- intended to be merely ousKeetive of certain principles of construction. THE BARN A PERMANENCY. The bam ouoe built ia liktjy tu remain a loii{( time on the farm. It will help to give rharafti r l<> (lie |>lu()H NI-ACB. Suffioi.vit ,1 )or room as well ao ample air spare are condition. of comlort to l.„t:: tlie cow and the owner too often neKlecto.!. eiti.er wilfully or .Kuorun'Iy. The incn-aaed exiM-nse of haviu^j buildings roomy is the .isiial reason for (■ramiH-d quarters. Roo-ny ,tal>lo» are lik.-ly to niu,-h tnon- tl.m, repay extra cost of oo,wtru<-tion in increased return, and in.prov.M iiealth of Hniinal,. to -ay nothini? of added eomfort and pleasure to owner. It is ditfici.lt to U.vp thi.ijp. riKht and pet alonar comfortably vith les.< tliiin .".O square feet of floor space [.cr a„iM,al housed. It i- iiniwessary. and in many parts of Canada unwise to allow over sixty ,s.i,.are feet of floor tor each animal included, cow, calf or hull. (I Hie SlniK <>« AIM SI'.VCK PRU COW. From five hundred and fifty to six hundnnl cuhic feet of air space ^hould Ik.. ail,.w..| t„r ea,l> .i,imal in the ^tul.le. and to uccom plish this with nv.sonal.le .vononiy „: lloor space, the distance l.ctw.^.,, the floor and ci-ilin« sh.uld he from nine to nineand a-haif or even ton fett AHUANOKMKNT OK c IW.S. The Wst arrangement of cows is that wlii,.|. givos Rrcategt eon- ven„n,ce in f.vdi,,^ „„d cleaning. Thi« conv-nien.v ,,„, perha,«i be Iwst obtai.ied l.y having the cows in two rows the lei.mh of the •table with their h Is toward the out.>ide wall. (Jencrailv .,H.aUln« a passa«e of 5 iWt wide at the head of tlw cows is it,con,„,e,.do.l for the fe.-.! truck*. Tlw passajrcway behind the cows ,h..„ld Ik- suffi- ciently wide to aMow of the ca.-y removal of the n.aniir. and 'o (H-rmit fl... .'ows to move without da..«er in coming i., or going out. About . te.-l i.s a good width for thi« latter passage. The r,-vcr»- arranKem,.nt. that i,. „ , ,„„„, f,. .| „„,„^,. ,•„„„,„, nf a .M.nin.on i-a^sage Iw-hind the ,ow«. U .fu-,. favour.sl. This arran«cn.cnt. while fairly sati^la.lory. ,|.h^ not lend it«-|f quite .» readily to thorough ventilation and gn-alent c» of rnauKcrs .se Plate 10. Any one of the forms illustrated as likely to i>rove fairly satisfactory. TIIS. The nictliooi| swinn stancliioti which pcrrnit'l tlic cow to tiiri her licad easily from side to tide and to move it fr.'civ up and ik)wn, but. withal. pn>vents her from interfering witit lii-r neiifhboUiS. The ilniin fa.sleniiiif i' another i{o these drinking fiiuiilains can l>e controlled by a ball i-nck in a tank plaei'd somuwhera in the stable on a level with the fountains. Where a continuous cement manger is used for n rnv of .mvs it miubt !«• filled with wafer at intervals during the day and so obviate tlie nee.w.jtv of fiiiiMiaiii'*. Our exiieriei'.i'e here, however, would siN'm to indii'ato the separate foiuitain sjrstaiu u buiim the belter plan. u ' UUIIT. The gernnoidal effects and the beneficent influence of minlight T Tf T ""''J'' *^ ^^-^t'uction of . cow b.rn. arrangement, ^M.uld be made to admit a. much light as powible. Windows should Ije as large and «« frcjuent as the strength of the wall will allow 1 here should, if ,„,ssible, be from 5 to 7 square feet of glass for each «n.mal ,t is intends! to keep i„ the stable. Windows shauld be so constructed that they ma, be easily opened or closed and should be l-rofected with wire screens to permit of tieir being left open in summer w„l..,.«t adn.ittin^ flies. Double windows for winter are a Bn,.at advanh.Ke in mo.t ,,arts of the Dominion. They not onlv prevent draughts where not wanted or needcl but keep the inner window. ....mparatively fn* from froH and fmm the alternate melting off and freezing over so uncnifortable to man and beast and BO effective in shutting out light when most nee.l«l. WlllTKWAHIIINd. As an aid in giving „ bright, clean ap,H.ar.ii.* to the interior «f the cw bur.. a..d a, an excellent l.ygie.iic practice. peri.Hlical whitew,.sl..,.g of the walls and ceiling cannot be too highly com- mendcl. As a wash for either ii.side or outside uh,.. the followin-- If properly iipplinl, will prr. Division bc..v»*n stall or stniiil mid niaajter <> inclit* high. Manger bottom i inch to a inches higher than stall or stand, llanger back Fairly steep and ut least 6 inches higher than iiottom. Feed passage To suit convenience or fancy; any one of positions indicated on Plate likely to prove satisfuctory. 8TALI.8. The length of the standing platform from niauger U) gutter, and Its width, will of course lie according to the size of the cows. From 4i to fl feet long by about 3i feet wide is the size needed by dairy cows. Young stock and very small cows will reiiuire !»** space. A slope of from one to one and a half indies from niunger to gutter will help ki-ep the cows clean. Where etiws are tie«l by stanchion, divisi.i.- arc not absoluuly necessary between cattle, (ienemry upeukinjr. however, it is advisable to have divisions of some kind on one side of eni-h cow if not on both si«U>B. This prevents iindi le erowding .ind turning in the stalls. Where chains or rop*-* arv usctl, divisit.u. iire i.liin.st indii- liensable. 48 The mor.. ,i,n,,Ie the division (he better. A bit of IJ-Incb iron P.IH. bent to eater the oement at right a,.i?le., and to U.tfin to the dividihR post8 next the marw^-r ig probal.ly the l«.8t sort to use An examinnt,,,,, .,f the various cut. an.l plan, will convey a better M.-a "f what is meant than a page of explanation. KKKIt ttl)OM OONVKNIKNCE. Tho f^ room shouM be »ufti..i..,.tl.v lar^e to ,H.rn.it of the pr*- para .on of the feed for the ^to.k .i,h as little inconvenience a. possible la planning the building., it should be .«:«ht to have t4,e feed "o,„ „o,.r the .ilos tho root shed and tho n.eal bins. The Hoor should be of een.ent so that tho feed may be mixe,i thereon From the eed roo.n r„ the stable the fe,.| can be conveyed either by rucks or b.v an overhead f.^l carrier. A scale should be provid..! to »eij{h the teed as di»|H'nsed. CAimiKKM AM) THACK.S. The removal of .Jk- manure frou. tiie .table and the transport.- t.on ot tood from feed roo.n to cow an.- n.atters of no sn.all conso- q....„c.e m argc .ow barns. The pri..,.ipal .,.,„idera.io,.s to be kept ... .n.nd «4,e„ a.ten.p.ing to d.vide upo.. the .s.v,,t..n. most likely to prove satisfactory i., ...v given barn are: Width of passages, dean- ..u-s. eco.>on.y of labour. sr.ee,J. durability, and n.nount of distar- banee l.kely to ae-ouipany .leaning or feeling o.H-rations when eurn.Ml on by the particular .system introdu,-.N|. For removing n.anureitis pro! e that, where ,pace will ivrmit Z7 '"'"' ""'* """"^- '" '•'• *'" ••■'"- St satisfactory' Where .pace ,s ver>. lin.itod. son,.. „vcrhe.| , ,, .,.,e„. would pro!,,, ly be the .st to iu.stall. Where s e allowan.v is fairly l.UTal. however, the h.r^e. watertight whe •! I,„rnnv is. i„ the writer', "'""• "'« ^"'^ '•"^••'■"' '" "«> from H,.. s..„dpoint of cleanlin.v* ^l"'"d II. I I '■'■ >iiiv of l.ilh.ur. For carrying the f I. ,!„. tn.ek „„ Hmv wl 1. i.. ....o^,. ,„ the writers rather extensive ,.b,erv,.,i„Ms „„d ,.,„.,-u| .„..|, .„ ,, .,-s„.,„, ,.„i, ,,,,.. „„ ,„,isf,etorv svstem from th.- s,a„d,K,int, "^ ""•"■^' "f '"'"'"'• • '-'..'i..'-. .-...venieneo. disturfu....ce of oatt!. and low cost ot iniiiuti'nati.e. BOX STALL ammoiiatiuJd, necessarily, vary in dimension to suit the different sizes of calves. Box stalls for hulls should be 10 feet x 10 feet or larger, built wifh walls suiRciently high to prevent the inmates interfering with other animals, and with a window in each for a good supply of light. The boxes for calving cows and other »ick animals should be in the quietest part of the stable, and, if |>ossible, in a place parti- tioncii off from the rest. It should be arrainged so that abundanca of light and air may be admitted, but with ready means for the control thereof. VKNTII.MiMi TIIK cow BARN. Till' absolute need for pure air in our stables of all kinds is to day poncwlotl by practiiallv every stockman. Yet only once in many vi>its does one find things right. The causes of imperfect suciress whore etforts have Umhi made are various. One of tlio most common is failure to give prorwr attcntioii to tho system installed. Auofhor often mot with is iraperfsjct in.stallation. Innoranoe of what good ventilation really is, liowever, accounts for the most failureii of all. To upend go(xl money and can^fiul thought installing a venti- luliiig sysU-m. only to negk< t keeping it in o|)orution is criminal. No effective system ever devised for use in stables is automatic in adjustment to varying utmospherie conditions. Chniines in tem- |K?rature or variation in wind velocity will always n. , o^silato some change in the arningement of the controls or i-heeks. Neglect to ')pen or iiien*ase tiii> capmily oiiee it has been cut off in some measure in a ooM ;ime, i» the most common cause leading to llie eondcfUMUtion of what miflit otherwise have lipeii a good system. Another quite frtHiu.'iit rause leadiiiif to the roMd.-mnation of a system is the too mull eap.ieity of the installmion. Tli3 averuge carpenter is apt to Kuage llie n> liniitisl for warm weather. Then again, an instnllation may be .•oinlemned unfairly. I ause Uie owner of a stable expecU it to do mor^ than any system of 48 ^-tiUtion could eve, .lo. A oo.„,n„„ «t.„d.rd by which ,he effe^-tive. B^. of a .y,fem « judged is i,« ability to keep the wall, and ccilinK f^W »o.,ture. This i. frequently a most unfair teat. Prec^T ^t a lenifth of t.me m c-ontaet with the cold wall or .H-ilin^ a, o^ .^'"'" u '' *'' -""»■•-»-- of wall or ceiling be faul,' a, Z 7T7; '^" ""'^ •'""''*' ^•"•''' '•'* P-"-' »-tween eon.ti tut. Walls K It ^""*'"»"- ^ ""-^'--".v tl* same as the out.ide. Walls po«.bIe of being kept fairly dry „.u,t have n,or.. or Ie«, .n,ulat.on. that „, a dead-air «pace or a concrete core, or .shavi,.,. or 8o.ueth.ng to prevent too rapid conduction of heat. TIk... wUh . fa.rly rap.d circulHtion of air the walls and ceiling may be kept I'fJ'to::'"" ""•""' '' "'-^ - - "-"-'' ^« t'- "«'' Wall, with a dcad-uir space may usually be kept dry fairly ea..ly. btone wall. „r solid c.n.ent wall, must he lin«l to insut th«r being fa.rly dry. No «y„en, of ventilation would othcrwi" ever keep them dry in very cold weather. otntrwine The number of cattle in a given cuUc space is quite an in.por.ant Ik T;« r "" *''^"-''— -^ •">■ «y««-n- Too „.a„v c.a.tt makes .t d.fficult to ventilate in such a way ., to avoid draught, oo few makes .t .n.po.siLle ,o keep the tcn-.K-rature up to the L-' fortablc po.nt and at the «u,ne time provid,. for sufficient air circ-ula- t.on. Uw temperatur.. d«^ not always mean pu«. air. and here .B a po...t where a great many .tablen.en n.ake a mistake. The nir . .n a stable where th. them.on....er «hows several ,\e^re,^ of fr.,.t may gu.tc easily be most vile. From all which, it «.,..„, i.„p„r,a„t .n the „r.f „ ..... to * arrange matters that then- ,l,all be aln-ut thJ "'I' ; . '•;•' "";"'-'" ■" •■•- «^-cu -.aUe. all..wi„,. .a.v. fron. («H, rh,s co,„!,t.on ex.,t...g. there .hould ,hc,. l.e provided alK.u. 10 squar.- .nche. or more of eontrolle.1 o»,l.., area and about 8 square L-hes or more of co,.tr..||.,., 1,,,.^ urea f..r each anin.al in the stable Fo d. e 18 or .JO head. .J.ould Lave a., ou.l... „,...,., ,s i„..h^ ,„„^^ ^^ 20 .n..h« ... d.an,et,.r. if ,>.u„d. ..„,, ,.,. ;„,„,, ^,,„^ij «. l.«. by 12 .,.,1.,. ,„..l i,,„ i,. ,„„.,,.,,^_ **"«' « a 2>Nl |,, 4H, i ms£ «l 49 By controlled inleto and outlaU ia maant that it should b« ponible to cut off the whole or any part of dia inlet and outlet by moand of aome kind of damper or key. The controla are neceaaary for the reaaon that very cold air I being a great deal heavier than warm air compels a very much more rapid circulation or inflow and outflow of air in very cold weatlier than in warm. This must be controlled or temperatures will fall too j low in cold weatlier and rise too high in warm weather. The dimensioud of shafta or outlets and iulets given above, I allow for friction of air currents in the shaft, for, while 8 to 10 square iiuliea por head in outlet area might be sufficient in very large stablea, the sume relative area in a small stable woiHd certainly be found faulty. Outlet shafu must be neither too small nor too j large. Where materially exceeding the area per head given above, Ithey ure likely to work un^^atisfactorily and to be constantly dripping Jin warm weather and freezing in cold, due to the air currents being Jtoo sluggish. Where leHst in area by any considerable amount, they iare sure to be wet and dripping practically all the time and to carry {impKJire air off too slowly. Many sy«tenv) of ventilation have been devised and advocated. iThe perfect system has not yet been thought out. It is, besides, jlirncticaUy certain that a aystem capable of operating satisfactorily kuiidir any sot uf conditiuna that might be imposed never will lia lii'ii'-truft«'d. During the last ten yeara, Uie writer ba^ tested out i.e thirty or forty different achemes, aystems or dt\ it-en for vonti- luting farm buildings such aa cow bams, horse barns and piggeriea, iind lia*, during that time, learned two things very tliorougbly. These kwo items of information well-learned are: — (1.) Good ventilation ia a ne<'es»ary and very protitable feature pf any stable. (2.) No known system of ventilation ;» absolutely automatic or laultlt'ss. It has also been possible t.i oop>. to some conclusion aa to tha niative merits and adaptability of the various M,V!«t«uia trieti out. lany systems Itave shown more or lesa affect iveneas, but of the thirty »nd odd sysUtuB eaperimentea with, I ma.v say tliat the systaa DHimouly known aa the RiitherfroT«i mich miperior to any other trie«l. The su|>»;riorit> of this ayalam duo to varioua features, the chief being: — t7H»~t M (1.) Eaw in insUlIation, in buildirign old or new. (2.) Aditptibility to all daates of tUbleg. (3.) Suitabilit.v to variety of weather and olimatc. (4.) Facility of operution and control. (6.) EffectiTenea* in control of temperature in all parte of atabla. As just (tated, it in susceptible of easy introduction into old sublet and may be readily and conveniently insUlled in new build ings. A study of diafframg given below will show probably the beat relative positions for inleU and outlet*. There is. howerer, bu» slight ol.je<-fioii to nn.v number of other poasible or ne«>««ary diilerant arrangements. Diagram A, showing floor plan of a sUble for, say, M oattle, «l«.) illustrates probably the best relative positions of fresh air intaht-s A A A A and foul air outlets B B (beginnings of shaft in oeiiiiijt. see WD, diagram B). This arrangement suito wlu-r.. nothing in the use to be made of loft or superstructure interferes in any way. If a borsie fork i« to be uned in the siufieiBtructure, then it niiglit be nc-cMory to change irasitious of B H to C C where ahafte woulj nee«. freah air enters at 1. |>a«« about (i inohe* tUek and ou thi, wiill should be built the little guurd •bown ut M in Diagrnm M The iuuur will lorrc, .,.i , i^; , }, i„^..i But be ut'T I inches thick. il'lj n U f H ■4 / ' L H i^k I cz: A' X.1 d f=^ UiAdllAM A -KI*M»rr»ii«..ni..iil rf lluiry lUrii. .h..wiiirf »Uiid«, P.^uim mkI VvOtlUtiHtl. 89 Bivram B, rfjowing « .table in croM-ieotion, wUl iodicato the bow method of building wall, and oeiling and aUo illuatratea two different method, of introducing the freeh air in tho Rutherfoni Bj«tMn. There i. very little to choose bet«e«, the* two methods U....M- U S.....,..«, \ .,. ,rf B^ .,„„„.^ ,j„^„..^,.^, ^^^^ _^ V«i..Uuua that on ll«, le/t i« .„„u..wl,ut more .-h.-Hply i.,.,«re,| „„H ea„ far ]„,,.,. Auc^ at any tin.e. wl.il.. ,|,.. ..,..,i.,Kl ,.„ f|... ri„l„ i. pr.*«blv ,o„,. wlm. mo«, •ff«.ti,e. ,liKht|y ,„„n. «,.,..,s.m. «„.I .ft„.t b. .„taJlo.' wh.... .he l.u.lHing i. t^ing ereCnl, Tim foll.,«,».^ oxplanatarv r«,, fr«l>l» will l..lp U. a full uudmtandiuK .,t ,|„ fe«,un» iUu',«,^i ^'J 68 Tbe outlet shaft for foul air, WD, ahould be in duplicate and abould be abouA 1 foot by 8 feet inaide meaaurement. The b<.*«t construction ia boards running vertically, two ply with inch airspace and two papers between. The opening at the top abould be roofed, (aae 6). The roof should be supported on four posta, AA, leaving a cWr space about 15 or 16 inches between top of shaft and bottom of roof B. Tbe amount of air to escape by these shafts in any given time may be controlled by means of a key aa at E. The key may be regulated by cords F F. The key should never be entirely closed. Where the shafts are large enough, there is no objection to their heiiig used as chutes for feed or litter, but care should be taken to yo liang the door as to insure its remaining tightly closed when not held open to allow of shaft being used us a chute. The froeh air inlets reijuire careful consideration. The method on the left ia very simple of installation. The passage through fnom K tu I should be about 12 inches by 7 inches, the greater dimension beiiiK horizontal. K is a protection or roof, II the intake, I th<; oiitl^ t into the stable through which the air passes with an upwani teoduncy. J is a guard or board ao placed as to direct air currents u]>»ards. To do this, it will need to extend about 4 inches above toj) of opening through wall. It will, of course, he nailed to the projeetinc 1 inch sidea of this fresh air ahaft inside the building, just as K will be nailed to the same sides outeide the building. Thoo passages might be oontrolltd by nuans of amall keys or hinged covers, but it is not usually neceasary or adviaaUa to so control tlia intake shafts. Thp awthud on the riglit hand side admits air by the passage N, IS inches x 7 inches below the level of the foor. Air enters Uiis I asKOKe at I, iiiuUr shelter of the snow and rain guard M and flows into the stable at O, with an uiiward tendency. The lemont or wiHxh'n guard X is to prevent dirt or dust beiuR kn<)ik.-.l or swept in I'he top or o|Hining should be pn.tectenl by n gratintt of somo function of milk propeudetit upon the mother'* milk. Tile processes of the cli.' ration of milk ure not very well utider- atoud. The seat of secret iou id iiowcver undoubtedly in the mammary glaiiilo. though some believe that the water and nome of the soiubU compounds are derived by direct filtration fn>in the blool • Sti|id«. not fat' Milk standunls are fixed hy Provincial .Statute in Canada hence no uniform Cuiuidittii «i uhkiH may he snid to exist, but it usually n^iuirea ttiat therw \m nu more thon S7-6 per <'««nt water, thai the total tiilk 4 the cjf It " „^ » l«-t.y. i„ effect .nd «d where uulk i. bein/^t tl f^i '""^'^ "^ " ^umw food d-y from p.rt„rit.W ^ " """""' ""«' -'^^ »•»• thirJ T O. '•"MWVATIO.v or MILK. kno^'rir:zi?e:iT "' ^^'^ '"^•"•- -- -t. little above the lliror 7' " "'"'"' "''° ^- "•'-'' « « which doe. not ^vour the t" ^, T '^°-.*<' « '-P-'-tur^ F.-the better it will b* org.nwn,a-45» to 60° the he.t ^ethodrrz i^f rrr"" "' '*'' "'-"• °- °" -on - t.k«n from the 007 the mi k 7"'?"* '""' '^'""- -^« t».e water i„ .his ,„.., Td u l^xl 7' '" " """ '^•'"''"'^ - takeu th«t the ievel of the water 0... • ^ '' ' '"' '" ''" than the level „f the mi k ^ , ,„ .1 T'^ °' "" """ '' '"'''o' will not be prop..,,. J!;,; C";; J''^^' "' "'"^ •« «he top to be coole' ^ ^^-t Wliatever method of e,,,.]inir is «,!«, t 1 ' l«^e it done i„ „ ,,e.„. ,.„, tarv L M 71 "'"''' "^ '"'*- »« cow .h«l. and re,...,,., ;„,. " /•'""' *-'■ *- "P-rt fr ,,... readily al,.orl«l l.y the ,.- \"'^"''']' "■'» " wl.ieh mijfl.t be u.iilc to a t.u.„er.ture «t .i..ch ,h,."u„7„': '^'7°"*"'^ *-<•""« the »row. and doin^ it i„ „ „,,,„ ,„^., -"We orKaui,„., ,.„„„, MlIK ITfc.\>lus. Eaae of .-luaninK i« the firvf ►,<„„•,!,„ , .,, li! I tl ri..MiL xvi. Milkiiii;!')- Ma. 1,1 Tlif iiiill.iiiti lunrl iitr tun.liiii.. inn|,iali .11 ul il- Main llaiii. Kxi- i in..iiiul 1 I" I iriifiititl 1 -iriii, ( Hl:tu:i. •"•CtOCOr* RBOWTON TBI CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2] A APPLIED IM^E In '85! Fa,l Uc.n '.,.^1 !''«! •»; - 0300 - Phon, l'l»l iM ;9a» - la. 57 place, metal utensik are always preferable to wooden, since wood readily abeorbs milk particles and is thus very difficult to keep sweet ami clean. In purchasing metal utensils, care should be taken to see that all are heavily tinned for, unless they are, the tinning will soon wear off and a chemical reaction will set up between the milk and the iron. The compound so formed, if present in sufficient quantity, will cause a greenness in cheese made from this milk. The wearing out of the tinning also niakee for greater difficulty in tlie kt'<|iiug of the utensils clean. There shaudd be as few learas and crevioes as possible for these are difficult to keep clean and give lodgment to dirt and bacteria. It is i)09sible now to buy 'stamped' pails without seams or crevices. If such pails are not prooujable, care should be taken to see tiiat all seams in pails in use are filled and flushed with solder. The bottoms of all vessels should be concave rather than convex, thus doing away with the crevice which is so often found all around, and which cannot be cleaned i /operly. The mouths of cans should be wide enough to permit of easy cleaning; all lids should fit tightly and should be provided with a shoulder to overlap the mouth of the can. CAHK or UTENSILS. As soon as possible after milk ha<> been removed Xrom utmisilt they should be washed. First, a rinsing with tepid water to remove the milk particles should l«; given, to be followed by a thorough washing in hot water to which washing soda has been added. The scrubbing brush should be fret^ly used here especially in any comers which the vessel may have. To finish, a scalding in boiling water, or. better still, a good steaming over a steam jet should be given. After this, the vessel may Ihj placed in a sunny, airy !yi)ot, free from dust and dirt and remote from bad odours. Where milk is conveyed to u crennier.v and whey taken hack, th« sauvc cans should not be lused for botli purposes. It is almost impossible, even with tlio greatest cnrc, iind the best convoniences, to get rid of the organisms which are most likely to be present in the by-product. THB BBPAUTOR. The purpost of a separator i* fn ntmove the eream from th« miUc, and this a good separator will do almost oompletely if pro- S8 perly managed. The old-fashioned method of skimming leaves some- times as much as 25 per oent of the cream in the milk. Anotlier benefit derived from the use of a separator is that the skim-milk is still warm after the cream is removed and can be fed to calvR.-) or other animals in this condition with beat results. In the choice of a separator there are one or two things to be coaeidered, of which ease of cleaning is perhaps the most important. The more pieces of intricate mechanism there are in a separator the greater will be the diffioulty of cleaning, and so simplicity of con- struction combined with efficiency of working is essential. In addition to this, ease of running and durability are deserving of consideratiop BY-PRODUCTS. In some parts of the country, the farmer ships the whole of his milk aupply to the nearest city or oheese factory. If to - city, thert is no return of by-product, and the whole of the valuable consti- tuents of the milk is lost to the farmer. If, however, the milk is sent to a cheese factory, the farmer frequently is able to tike back some whey whii-h contains many of these constituents in almost their original quantitie*. If, however, the farmer uses a cream separator and ships only his cream, or better still, if he makes his cream into butter on his own farm, there is practically no loss of fertility for 'selling bnttor is spelling aimlight.' Where the fariii.-r makiw hi'i own butter h« has two by-iiroducts in skim-milk uml butter-milk, both very valuable in the feeding of imimals. Of milk there are thus tliioj by-products, skim-milk, butter- milk, and whey. Skim-milk, as is stated elsewhere in this work, is a vnliialile t'cij fur eulves. pigs, nnr) ntlu-r elitsjes of stool;, its content of ash imd protein being especially valuable in the nourish- ment of gri'^^iug iiiiiinul>. Rutter-milk also is rich in u^li unit protein uml is very much valued us h feed for young pigs. Whey, if n-tunied to the farm from the factory, brings back very mudi of the niinernl nialter contained in the original milk. For pigs. n!io noted, however, that what is true is this respect about a no or 40 pound-a-day cow is not likely to be true with the 50 to 00 pouiid-a-day cow and even much less an in the case of very heavy milking cows yielding, say. 70, 80 or 00 poumLs a day. In fact, it is practically certain that no cow would ever roach 80 or 90 lbs. of milk II day, if the milking were being done only twice in 24 iMuri. Varialionii in Qmnlihi and QitalHy of Milk-.—lt should b« observed that the nilk yiehled by cow. iiiilkol i\t iineiiunl i>eriod8. but at regular hou. , it likely to ?ary in quantity proportionately 60 with the lenfrth of periods but to vary iuversely as to quality. of milk. This might be better explained by saying that, while cows yielding 30 Ibe. of 4 pep cent milk, or 1-20 lbs. butterfat, and milked at 6 a.m. and 6 p.m., might be expected to give about 16 lb*, of 4 per cent milk, night and morning, the same cows milked at 6 a.m. and 4 p.m. would quite probably continue to give 30 lbs. of milk in the 24 hours but would generally produce the milk and butterfat about as follows: At 6 a.m., ]7 to 18 lbs. of 3.5 to 3-75 per cent milk and at 4 p.m., 12 to V-i lbs., of 4 -3 to 4 (i per cent milk. We have demonstrated, too, that not only may the quality of the milk produced by any given cow vary from milking to milking in a fairly regular way, bu* it may vary materially from day to day as af?ected by a multitude of minor influences, such as variations in w her, supply of water and salt, change in quality of food or of mediod or time of feeding, change of milkers or time of milking, fear, anger, uneasiness or discomfort in any form. Further, as any dairyman soon learns, the quality of the milk improves as the actual milking operation progresses. The first milk drawn it invariably low in huitterfat. As the operation progresses, the percentage of fat increases until the highest fat content is readied in the last few ounces that can be drawn o. joaxed from the udder. Moral, milk your cows clean. MILKING MACHINES. Milking machines have been in use for many years. A machine In use in the main bam here has proven very satisfactory. It can be kept perfectly clean with a moderate amouni of labour. It has not, apparently, any tendenry to .Iccrcase the milk yield of the cows. The milk drawn by the machine is. on the average, about as clean as that drawn by hand. While it cannot be said, everything considered, to do the milk- ing much more cheaply than it can be done by hand, it has the advantage of making it possible to milk a large number of cows in a reasonably short time with a small number of milkers. The work of running the milking machine seems to be more acceptable to most men than is bond milking. The machine may be operated by steam, gasoline or electric power. One man can run from three to four milking units. Each unit driiws the milk from a single cow and draws it quite as quickly If not even more quidily, than it can be done by a rapid milker. It Hi ei is too soon ye I, however, to pennit of making » definite pronounce- ment on this rather vexed question. CARING FOB AND HANDLINO THE COW IN MILK. The quantity and quality of the milk produced depends in large measure upon the methods of caring for and handling the cow in milk. Comfort and quiet in her surroundings, kindness and cloun- liness in handling are Uie certain conditions of success and profit in the cow business. UTTEB. Comfort means good stalls well bedded. Almost any dry absor- brnt material will answer for bedding, clean, dry sawdust and straw being among the best. The supply of these sliould be renewed with more or less fresh material every day go that the dust which is likely to gather in old bedding may be kept down. BBL' SUING. When at pasture, the hair of the stock is kept clean by wind and rain, and very little grooming or brushing is necessary. Some time before milking, however, they ahould be rubbed down ao that the duBt and loose hairs may be removed and will not fall into the milk pail. In winter, when the cows are confined to the stable, the waste thrown off by the skin must be removed in order that the skin secretions be not interfered with. This is best done by currying and brushing, which, in winter, should be a daily operation. WASHING CATTLE. Washing cattle is • custom not generally followed except in the case of cattle being prepared for tlie show-ring. Where the cattle are properly groomed — curried and brushed- -washing is perhaps unnecijsary, and is too great an undertaking to be practicabla Sometimes, however, a cow coming in from a muddy road cr field iniiy be so dirty that washing seems the only way of getting her clean. CLIPPING. As an aid tocleanlinese, clipping either the whole body of the cow or nt least the hind flanks, the udder end the inner and outer thighs, will 1.P found advisable. The actual operation of clipping takes but little time and the saving in time needed to ke«p the cattle clean will pay for it .n a week, to aay nothing of the almost certainly better quality of the milk produced. 63 Our practice ia to clip the whole body. This, while involving «omi- expense to heg;iii with, has, we consider, in the long run, proven by far the oheapest help in keeping cattle clean. KINDNESS LV TREATMENT Or CX)W, Kindness is an efflciciit aid in increasing milk yield and costs nothing. The more a cow likes a milker, the more milk she will give him. Investigations show that it i= probable that a considerable portion of the milk is secreted during the operation of milking, especially the rich milk which comes last. Abuse and excitement reduce the secretion and not only lower the quantity of milk yielded, but often lower the percentage of butter fat. Kindness makes the cow contented and puts her nervous system in such a condition that the fullest yield is given. Hurrying cows, running them with dogs, heating them or speaking roughly to them, will reduce the qmantity of milk and percentage of butterfat. A change of milkers will often lower the quantity and quality of the milk until the cow becomes accustomed to the new milker. For this reason, it is usually advis- able in large stables, where milk->rs are sure to be changed from time to time, to so arrange matters that no partioiJar cow is milked for any considerable member of days by any one man. A good plan is to start the first milker at the first cov,, then take the cows in order •s each man is ready for a new one. SIM.MARY. To condense the above remarks, it might be said that proceeding according to the following suggestions will do much toward insuring 'clean milk' lieing produced in any even fairly well-arranged stable. 1. Do not disturb manure for at least one hour previous to beginning milking. 2. Do not fei'il i\v keep, up to their flow. It is doubtful, however, if it would be economical to feed meal witere there is an ahutadanoe of nutritious grass, for the incrusc in quantity of milk from such feeding may not, unltit the price of dairy product* be very high, justify the extra ex|>en(ic. y^ the pasture it abundant and of good quality, the quantity 6« of meal fed need not be graat One to two (ounds per day would be ■ufficient; whenever the pasture begina to fail, however, the meal ration will have to be relatively increaaed in order to avoid a drop in the milk flow. Aa oan be readily understood, meals or meal mixtuiea moat suitable for feeding to cows in winter quarters and on winter feeds are not necessarily the beat for feeding to cowa on grass. Mixturea of equal parta oats, barlety and peas, or of oata, barley and bran, or of oata, oom and peaa, or of oats, com and bran will be found satis- factory. ■OIUNO. Droninrht and the hot sun of summer very quickly injure pasturea; and after about the latter end of June, as a rule, recourae must be had to something else to keep up the flow of milk, for if it is allowed to fall at this time, no amount of care and feed will bring it back to the original flow or anywhere near it. For soiling crops the farmer baa abundant material wherofrom to select. Tests at the Experimental Farm, as well as elsewhere, would seem to indicate vetches, peas, oate, clover and com ad the most auttable crop*. Where green feed is required earlier than tiM time indicated above, fall rye and fall wheat are much used. Fall rye is ready for cutting at the beginning of June; fall wheat a little later. Dairy farmers are, therefore, recommended to prepare and feeplied to the animals. Here it the C ntral Experimental Farm, between 20 and 30 lbs. of ensilage per day are fed to eadi animal during the summer. Silos for summer feed are built with less diameter but more lieifrht than those for winter feed, unless the herd of cattle is large. By this means less auirface is exposed from day to day and less waste occurs. The heat of summer causes the exposed surface of ensilage to go bad more quickly than it does in winter. AUTUMN AND WINTER FEBOINO Or DAIBT COWS. CowB are fed in the stable during one half of the year or more, nnil feeding during this period may through ignorance or on account of using unsuitable forage, voluntarily or involuntarily, be made very expensive. The profits from the herd will of course depend to a large extent on the economy of the methods of winter feeding fulUiwt-d. Economical feeding does not mean scant supplies, but the u!>inK of the ki Is of feeds and feed combinations that will be likely to produce the nest results at the lowest cost. As the milk produced depends upon the quantity and quality of the food eonsumed, every effort should be msde to s-.ipply the cow will) nil "lie will eat of a rntinn oombininfr palBtnliility, easy dig^ti- liility. iiiiil oiiitability in composition for the milk flow. 3788!) H <8 Observation and experimental work here during the past twelve or thirteen year, lead the wri*« to consider succuleuoe, variety, and retrul .nty in hour, of feeding a. the mo.t important factor, making for palatabihty and high digestibility of a ration. SUCCULENCE INCREASES PALATABILITT. By succulence is meant juiciness or a high percentage of water in the feed. Giving an abundant supply of water for use along with a dry feed will not have the same effect as causing the cow to take the water as a part of her food. To illustrate :-100 lbs. of fresh pasture grass may include as much as 85 lbs. or more of water and only 15 lbs. or less of dry matter. This 100 lbs. of pasture gra.«. fed green is, however, as proven by experiment, worth considerably more than the same 16 lbs. dry matter fed in the shape of 15 lb« dry grass and the cow allowed to drink all she will of water alon^r with the dry grass. Further, the cow will take considerably more of almost, any kind of dry matter, an.I digest it more readily and more completely when fed as a succulent than when fed as a dry food Sucodence in the winter ration may be secured in several wav- The most common, and the most advantageous from the sfandpoinN of low cost of ration and convenience of handling, is tlie use ot ensilage. Koots of various kinds are however largely nted and ar, »ery valuable for the purpose, ^ere both the above are lackin- succu'ence may be secured by cutting the straw or hay and sprinklin? freely with water a few hours or even a couple of days before feeding Adding about 20 per cent of feed molasses to the water used fr •prinkling improves Dhe palatability and effectiveness of such a ration very greatly. Where ensilage is available, it is well to mix from 8 to 12 lbs. chaff with each 100 lbs. ensilage. This should be done some little time before feeding to insure the chaff baing Boistcned. VABUCTV INCIIKA8K8 PALATABtLITY. Variety in the ration fed the dairy cow adds gnwtly to iu effectiveness by rendering it more palatable. Variety in tfiis con neotion, however, must not be taken to mean feeding one kind of f.vd to-d*y, • different feed or combination of feeds to-morrow and still Mother ration the nut day. Variety in feeding the dairy cow must b« Noured by combining in the ration, irfiich should be the same or practioalb the same from day to day, as many different kind, of roug r.re converted by the animal into fat and so stored in the body or •re used at once to produce heat or energy. Carbohydrates, eon- ■tituting u they do the largest part of most feeding stuffs, are made PtATK XIX. 'I'liH lifciird Slic.t fiiriii«li.' difficult matter to compute the ration. Meaning of 'Ration.' By ' Ration ' is meant (1) the total amount of food of all kinds fed to an animal in each or any 24-hour or day-long period, and (2) in a general way, the miztune of feeds being fed any given hnrJ or individual. Digettiblo ContUtiient*. By the use of reagents, the chemist can determine the exact percentage of any given substance in a food. The digestive organs of the cow, while able to utilize or digest certain proportions of the different substances, are addom or never able to dissolve the whole of any food or of uny particular constituent, as protein, carbohydrates or fat. contain<>d in that food. liy careful experimental work it has been i>ossibie to determin-? just what percentage of any given substance in a food is digestible by cattle. The quantity so digestible is called 'digestible protein,' 'digestible fat' or 'digestible carbohydrates,' as the case may be. Nutritire Ratio. The proportion existing between the dige.stib!e protein and the sum of the digOHtible carbohydrates und tho fat multiplied by 2^ in auy particular feed or in any mixture uf fcetls, is known as the nutritive ratio of the feed or of the mixtuK. Thus in the case of wheat bran tiiere is about 11 '9 pounds digestible proV in to 47*6 pouniia of digestible carbohydrates plus fat x 2^. If Uie number 47 -G be divided by 11-9 it will be found to go 4 time«. It is then said that the nutritive ration of wheat bran ia 1 to 4. This is usually written : N.R. 1 : 4. A ration where the amount of oarhiihydratcs and fat is large in proportion to the amount o^ protein is said tu have a 'wid$' ntitrilivt' raiio. A ruliou where tltu luopurtioa was 1 of protein to S of carbohydrate! and fat, written usually N.R. 1: 8, would ba called wide for a dairy cow in milk. 'N.R. 1: 8' i» road ' Nutri- tiv. Ratio 1 to 8.' A ration with a large amount of protein in proportion to the carbohydrates and fat, day 1 protein to 3 -2 carbohydrates and fat, that is N.R. 1 : 3-2, would be called a narrow ration for a cow in milk. A ration in which the proportion between the principal consti- tuents, protein on the one side and carbohydrates and fat on the other is such that for the amount of feed the host possible results arc obtained in the way of milk, in the case of the dairy cow, is said to be a ' balanced ration.' As given in the ' Wolff-Lehmann Feeding Standard ' below, a balanced ration for a cow giving about i:7-5 lbs. mi'k should show 1 protein to 4 '5 carboliydrates and fat, that is NJL 1: 4S. FEEDING STANDARDS. Investigations made into the amounts of protein, oarbohydrates iiimI flits required by oiiinials, and the amount of each available in tile various feeding stuffs, have resulted in the evolving of what are eommonly called ' Feeding StandardB,' indicating what experienf^ and investigation have found to be the approximately proper amounts of each of these essential food constituents to include in a ration for the best results. Sdini' of the bettor known of these ' Standanis.' 8o far as dairy esttle are concerned, are given below; — WoiKK-LmiMASK Frf.din'0 STwruHo. (German IncesHfjationii.) Milch oovi wh»n yiolrlinn. II IIh milk (Iniljr 1(10 » Per lti« ht X a S8. DiKtMtible pn)tein. 1-6 2 as 3 3 10 7 11 » U 1 14 8 Niilritin Rktia 1:«T 1 :6« 1:57 1:4 5 I WnooMsiN Stamvak). PODNDS or DBT MATTDt, DIGESTIBLE MATTES AND DIOUTnLE PROTIOf TO BE FURNISHED IN RATIONS FOR DAIRY COWS. IdV* Weight Dry oowi. ProdDctioo of Butter fAt per day in Pound*. IlCM than |0-|H>'7S 0-6 "" L An mi UK I 07fr-10 10-126 l'»-l-6 1-6-1 -76 i-7»-a.o POUNDS DRY MATTER TO BE FURNISHED IN RATIONS. 800 100 137 162 18-6 311 336 360 V84 too 11 3 160 176 19 9 23-4 34-8 27- 29 7 1,000 136 162 187 21 1 33-6 360 38-0 SO'9 1,100 138 17 6 300 22 4 34-9 373 3»'8 83'3 1,300 160 187 21 a 33 6 36-1 386 81 a< 4 1,300 163 300 336 24 9 27-4 398 333 347 1,«10 17 6 31 3 33 7 26 I 38-6 31 33-6 .% 9 1,600 18-8 836 360 27-4 29-9 33-8 34-7 37 2 POUNDS OIOESTIBLE MATTER TO BE FIRMSHED IN RATIONS. 800 ■66 104 1-36 l-6« 1-97 339 860 900 -68 111 43 1 78 304 3 86 8^«7 1,000 •70 118 49 180 2 11 43 3'74 1,100 77 1 36 66 187 3' 18 60 8-81 1,300 '84 132 63 I U4 3-25 67 8-88 1,800 ■«1 1-39 70 3 01 3'33 64 8-96 1.400 ■88 1-46 n 808 3-39 71 8-08 1,600 106 1-63 1-84 8 U 346 378 309 1 91 l'9H S'un 1-12 8 19 186 8-33 140 POUNDS DIOESTOLK PROTKIN TO BE rURNISHBO IN RATIOMI. 800 6 9.0 10/ 13 6 14-3 160 17 7 19 6 900 7 98 11 6 13 8 160 16 8 186 30 8 1,000 7 10'6 13 14 1 16 8 17-6 193 311 1.100 8 11-4 18 14 9 166 18-4 90 I 31-9 ^•s; 9 13'3 18 16 7 17 4 193 309 83 7 1.W) 10 130 14 1« 6 18 3 800 31 7 8S'6 1,400 11 188 16 17 3 190 20 8 33 6 84 i 1.1)00 11 t 146 16-8 18 1 198 816 83-8 861 w The Haecker Feeding Standardl (Minnesota, V.8.A.) For nipimrt uf the 1,000 lb. oow. To the allowuice for lupport add :- FoTMoh lb. of SO par cent milk. lb. of 3 lb. ol4 lb. of 4 lb. of 5 lb. of 5 lb. of 6 lb. of 6 lb. of7 Daily Allowanca of DigMtibI* Nutrient!. Crude Protein. IbR. 0700 or J ,48 0047 0049 0061 O'OM irOB7 OGl 0063 Cirbohjdrate* plus fat x2'2S. Iba. 7 00 OSS 034 027 90 081 03;j 36 038 41 K ntritir* ratio. 1:A l:fi I:S 1:6 1:6 1:6 1:6 1:6 1:6 6 ■7 74 1 1 1 3 S 6 In \uiag this sUndanI prepared by Professor Hiecker at the Minnesota SUtion, it i« necessary to change tiie amount of food indicated 'For support of the 1,000 lb. cow' in proportion to the weiRht of the cow being considered, that is while a 1,000 lb. cow requirea 0:700 lbs. crude protein and 7-225 lbs. carbohydrates plus fat X 2-26. a 1,200 lb. cow would require 1,200 or six-fifths of these amounts, or 0-840 lbs. crude protein and 8-070 lbs. carbohydrates pka fat X 2-85. Kbllneb's Standard. IjOOO lb. Cow. — Dry matter. Diffeatibla Protein. Mileh cow yieldiiiff SO Ifaa. milk daily » » 10 n • M 40 H Ih«. S6 3B rss r M lbs. 1 6tol'« SStoS'l StIolS 78 SCANDDfAnAM STANDARDi DigMtible Protein. Miloh eow yidding OtolSlba. milk 110 « . 321la.milk I'M m m S3 H sao H I) 44 3 7B A glance at the aboTe Feeding Standards indicates the necessity of the feeder having at hand tables showing the composition of the feeding atuffs he is using. In the tables on page 116 and following, compiled from various sources, (Henry's Feeds and Feeding in most cases) will be found tihe quiantity of dry matter, digestible protein and digpstible carbohydrates, plus fat, (the latter multiplied by the co-efficient 21, that is 2-26) in 100 pounds of an avera^ sampli* of each of the feeding stuffs mentioned. Not infrequently, feeds being fed differ materially in composition from the average as given in the tables ju>>t mentionc'i This might be due to various causes, as weathering in the castp of hay, or drought at filling time in the case of grain. Among tiie fii'd.-. in the tuhics as nicutioned above, will be found • niimfier that, so far ns composition is concerned, come very nearly fultiliing the requircnifnts of the Feeding Standards. We know that it is impns, the best advantage, she must receive a considerable volume of bulky food, 79 part of which will necessarily be of low nutritive value. As a matter of fact, her total ration should include from 85 to 86 pounds or even more dry mutter. It is evident, therefore, that a great deal of roughat'e has to be fed so that this quantity of dry matter may be supplied to the tow. Experience haa shown that for a 1,000 pound animal, a good roughage ration is 8S lbs. com ensilage, SO Um. mangels, 5 lbs. c. ver haj and a little chaff. The amount and character lut diKt-stible fat X 2i Xutritiie Ratio. tti Ihs. ooni cnKilaffe. Ibl. 4»0 •I3u 355 367 •170 Iba. S 530 4 1.T0 2 (H»5 1 42H 1 178 10 Ibfl oatA Hi raw 6 Iba. clover hay S Iba whp&t hntn rso6 14 301 1 :e65 Baquirrment* of :— 1. Wolff LehmMin Standani kboiit. . 3. WiK> iwin M .... 3. Hw^icer >■ n . . 4. Kcllner'a 5. SaindiiMvian » .. .. 3 5 2 11 300 340 32B 152 168 14 6 1:4 60 This ration, according to any or all of the Feeding Standardii given, is evidently much too wide, uiid to correct this condition it I M .Ut.iii (;,.w II,. K„] l'..ulin.- S,i,li,. Vnl, V. LTss;) ,,. so. Ii.iiii|.i.iii Uiilst.in cuw at Tciroiiiii, llllO. 11 'Li"..' 13 I'lATK XXII. r Ciinailian Oow-Fortune Precf)C.'-Pri)d«CKl (i,(!3!l lbs. milk 4 47 piT tint fat in ai'.l diiy.^, ,is 4 yr. nld. .\yr«hirc Cm Hilllicoil -U;i7 I.'! yix .iM. M„ny tiim.s a ili.iin|m.i i i r 81 will be necessary to either add or substitute some feed rather rich in protein. The diminution of the straw to 6 lbs. instead r* ■"> the increasing of the clover hay from 6 up to 10 lbs., the increi .e, of the bran to 4 lbs. and the addition of 2 lbs. of oil cake meal, would mean a much better ration foi such a cow, and a ration that would probably reauit in a considerable increase in the flow of milk. Below is given the new ration, worked out in the same .Jay as the old: — TMd. Di ,v.bl" Pi tin. Digestible Carbohyclmtea- Nutrit've plus tliRfntible Katie- fat X 21. 331tw. porn •■nsilage.. .. lb>. •4!I0 •«» •710 •47(i 1T6 •C30 lbs. 5 .-iSO 2 0C5 4 m 1 '.101 1 178 ■8a 10 Ilia, elm er hay 4 llw. wiieat bran 2 lbs. crushed iiatg 2 Uw. oil cako 2547 IJ (»9 1:62 This modified rrtion is apparently etill too wide according to tlio Wolff-Lehmann ; it is however quite as narrow as necessary acrording to the other Stnndnrds given, whicli are probably the more nearly ris'ht. Further, as this ration is made up almost entirely from e.xfcedingly palatable fe.'ds, corn ensilage, clover hay, wheat Ln'i, cruslied oats and oil cake meal, is is probable that it is as good A ration as could be fed such n cow and almost certainly more pro- iital'lotlinn would le a rUiou conipl.ving more nearly with the require- uutits of tlie Wolff-Leliniaim feeding standard, since to mirrviw tlie nutritive ratio down to 1: 4v") would i.iean the addition of alinut 3 ii^. iiKire oil cake or else the ftill further substitution of clover fur tiraw or of clover in the plaeo of part of th> ensilage. Our experi- eiii.j liere would sccm to show that w-liil > the Woltf-Lehmann -ijuilarJs are probably right where no attention is paid to the effect pf feeds on palatability, they are apparently unneeessariiy narrow wiieii easily digestible, highly palatable feeds make up the ration. In this, our experience seems to bear out the findings of the Wis- consin and other investigators both American and European, whosa a78S9^-« 83 standards, it will have been observed, are of muflh wider nutritive ratio than the Wo!tf-I^hmann under similar conditions. Further, we have seldom found it profitable to feed more than one pound of meal mixture or concentrate to' about four pounds of milk produced. Of course, if the cow was giving 30 lbs. of milk on the ration mentioned in ' -■ inquiry, she is practically. certain to give considerably more, prou. ^ 35 to 40 lbs. on the new ration aa ■uggested. Problem II. — A farmer has at his disposition clover hay, mixoi hay, wheat chaff, niuugels and oat »ttraw. lie bus also a small amount of oats and he can conveniently purchase gluten meul, brai, and c-otton seed meal, lie is particularly anxious to produce a lar^i" quantity of milk. His cows are for the most part Ilolstein grades and not long calved. What would be a good ration compounded from all or any of the feeds mentioned < Solution. — Nothing is said of the quantities of ditTerent feeds available hence it will hi-ve to be taken for granted that they are any and all, except oats, available in any quantities desired. 'I'lie Ilolstein grade being usually a large cow of 1,200 to 1,500 lbs., a ration must be compiled accordingly. As already indicated, variety is an excellent quality in a ration, so, although a suitable ration might be prepared from which some of the feeds could be left out, it will probably be found advisable to include them all in one proportion ' r another. The ration given in the following table suggests itself: F«wd. Clover liiiy. .. Mixed hi4y. . . WliHiit chaff. Oitt 8traw . . . Manf^eU OatK Gluten meal . Cotton need . Bran Wisoonain Stand ard, about Amoint. Dry Matter. 8 .5 5 H .50 2 2 2 S 4 28iS 7 272 4 5.W 1 732 I SIO 1 mio 4 405 .■<7 105 35 9 Digestihtp Protein. lbs. .V.8 295 WW 104 550 176 rm ^.VJ 595 3 694 3 33 Di((et>tible ^»rlK)hydrat«« plus fat X 2^ lbd shows 37-105 lbs. dry matter, 3-694 ll)S. digestible i)rotcin and 18-')«3 lbs. digestible carbohydrates and fat, approximately the same as in the Wisconsin Standard. The ration as sii>rgested might be fed as follows: Morning.— 2r, |l,s. mangels, 5 lbs. mixed h<»y; 5 lbs, oat straw; :iiiil half the meal mixture, since the best way to feed the 2 lbs. each gluten meal, oats and cotton seed meal and the 5 lbs. bran would be 83 fl meal mi.xturo made up in those proportions. Afternoon or evenimj, 25 lbs. mangels. S H>g. clover hay, 5 lbs. wheat chaff and half meal mixture. It is probable that the »l after that, supply for one month .'!.") Hi- vetches) 4 lbs. crushed oat.^ and Q llis months feed 40 lbs. curn fodder, C 11 - crushed oats, 2 lbs. Iiniii ind 1 lb. oil cake. The winter ration con sists of .^0 lbs. iiKil-. l."i lbs. Iiiiy, 8 lbs. straw, l! lbs. crushed oats, J lbs. bran and 1 lb. oil cake. VV. C. & S., iNor<' two months of pas*' green feed (oats, bran per day. Nc: NOV.t WOTIA. S. A. L., Andurst Point, N.S.— Feeds H to 6 lbs. bran or middlings to eadi cow at pasture. When pasture In-jfins to fail. soiling crops (|H'ns uiid oats, vetches, corn and turnips) supplii.i When cattle aro lioisi-d feeil consists of nuirsh bay all tliey will e.ii. 10 to 60 lbs. swede turnips, 4 to 10 lbs. per day of meal — crusli<' 1 barley, oats, peas, wheat bran, oil cake or gliitcu meal or mi-xtur - of tliose. F. M. T., Antiifonish, N.S.— FciMl-i cows nothing but pnstm until toward end of August when soiling is resorted to, the en.!- being jieas and oats, vetches and oats anil, lateT, turnips. The winli t fe»; 8 to 12 lbs. meal (whoat bran and cotton seed meal in proportion of 100 to 20). 0. A. A., Truro. N.S. — As a rule feeds no grain to cows a' pasture, but in dry neiison supplies one qwnH oil eiil;i' nn'iil ami l\>" quarts of wheat bran oui'e a day. In winter, hay all they will eat, 1 85 bus und 30 lbs. mixed buy ure given. 11. H. .S., Uphuni, N.B.— Cows put to pasture about middle of June. IJeginning of August green oats und peas nre fed, und. Inter, tiiruips along with 3 i|uarts middlings, brun .t meal. Turnips, clover or timothy hay, 3 quarts bran, 3 qunrts middlings, and one iliiiirt meal make up the winter ration. E. A. S.. IIiinii)t(in, N.I!. — Docs not usually feed grain while ciiws are ut puslurc. (IriK'n feeW8 get only pasture until August when enm and other (jri't'n feed is supplied. In winter, S lb-. I'ai'b lit' hay and straw, 10 lbs. of mi.xture of barley, oats and buckwheat with a little bran and dust made into a niash makn nu the r.ition. O. S., North .Sutton, Quubee. — (^ows are put to pasture ibout end i>f Ma,v. No tfrain ' I. but in the late part of the summer, soiling crops (vetehes. inilletn and eorn) are supplied. ;i0 lbs. turnips, 4 lbs. shorts, 3 lbs. <-orn meal and us much eorn toililer and mixed hav us lliey will e;it make 'up the winter feed. 1'. T., St. Prosper, Quebec. — Cows get pasture alone tmtil Aii'.'ust when they get oats and vetehes. In September they aro 'ulliiwod the run of the ineadnw afterinalli. Turnip tops aro f<>d in Oi'io er. Clover hay and hot mash containing 1 lb. bran, } lb. ojl v:t\f and 30 lbs. turnips make up the wintor feed. .1. .1. T., White's Station, Quebec.— If pasture is giiciil, no grain is ted. F.nsilage with a sprinkling of gru nd barley and oatg when gra-ss gi'ts scarce. The winter ratiim is .lO lbs. ensilage, alfalfa or clover bay ail they will cat: meal (barley and oats, gluten meal, cottonsi ed meal and bran). F. V. H., RuaupnS Quebec— FtH-ds i2 lbs, oil cake, c'over, oat-t and pia'' or corn all summer besides allowinx cows to run on pasture. In winter feeds •* lbs. oat me.i), iH lbs. mangels or swedes, 9 lbs. hay, 3 lbs. oil cuke uud straw all tbey will cat. St A Q'lob.f ration (Cap Rouge).— Cows put to grass June 1. After middle of JvAy, green feed such aa oats and vetehe* is given. No grain. Winter ration oongists of 25 to 30 lbs. of hay, 5 lbs. of a mixture of 2 parts bran, and one part oil cake. Meal mixed with chuff and out hay and moistened. After 12 hours, this is fed with i lb. salt. A Quebec ration (Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere).— Cows put to grass first week in June. Nothing but pasture until lati; summer when vetches are fed. In winter feeds hay, straw, and a mash of bran and eru»lied oats with roots, turnips, beets and potatoes. ONTABIO. J. Mc'K., Norwich, Ontario. — Feeds no grain while cows are at pasture; in fall. fee barley, oats and p«>as (.ground) and some clover or alfalfa. .1. II. M., rx)ndon, Ontario. — Feeds H quarts oat cIiom -..J shorts while cows are at pasture. Hctween August 1 anu ', fee and barU-y. V. O. II., Pense, Sask.— Feeds :$ quarts of oat chop while cows are at pasture. For winter roughage, hay and oat sheaves are supplied and a meal ration consisting of quarts oat chop and quarts bran. .1. T., Alernethy, Sask.— Feeds one gallon chopped oats while cows are at pasture and, later, some sugar l)octs. Sugar beets anuts M, Ilia., clnvor hay. 20 \W, „at straw, 5 !bj. Meal mixture: Bran ."500. oats, -M). corn, .liH), gluten meal, 300. Fed one pound meal to pp.ch four pounds milk produced. Eaiion 2.— Roots, 20 lb» . corn ensilage, .'!," lbs., clover hay. 10 H)S., oat straw 5 ll»s. Meal mixt\ire: Hian, .'.oo. oil cake meal 300. com, 200. One pound to each four pounds luiik prmluced. Ration 3.— Clover hay, 20 lbs., oat straw, lo lbs. Meal mixture; Bran, 500, oil cake meal, 300, outs, .200. J-'ed one pound to each three pauiids milk produced. 91 ;■!■: Ration ^.— Corn ensilage, 40 lbs., oat chaff, 5 Ibe., alfalfa hay 8 Ihs. Meal mixture : Bran, 500, gluten, 200, oil cake meal, 300, barley, 200. Fed one pound to four pounds milk produced. Ration 5.— Com o..silagre, 40 lbs., alfalfa, 10 lbs., oat straw, 10 lbs. Meal mixture: Bran, 500, oa ■, 500, barley, 500, cottonseed meal, 50t). Fed one pound to four pounds milk produced. PRAIRIE PROVINCES. Summer. — Cows on pasture from time Krnss is 4 to 6 inches high. Pasture supplemented by soiling crops, peas and oats, oats, votclioj, etc., as soon as cattle show signs of falling off in milk flow. Wliile on grass, or on grass and soiling crops, feed moderate amount siiitnblo meal mixture as bran, oats, barley, equal parts, at rate of from 1 to 4 or even 5 pounds a day. U inter. — Some succulent feed if at all possible. Corn ensilage, iiiaiiifi'ls, turnips, potatoes, etc. Hay from clover, alfalfa, brome, wi-toin rye, wild prairie grasses, oat slieuf, mixed oat and pea hay, iiiixed oat, wheat and barley, cut grinni, etc., oat chaff, wheat chaff, ont straw, barle.v straw, slough hay, etc. Meal mixture made up of two or more of the following one or mere out of each group: — Oroup (a). — Bran, crushed oats, spelt or omnier, shorts, etc. Group (b). — Small wheat, frozen wheat, barley, oil cake meal, flax, iwns, beans, etc. Suggested Rations for IJXfO Pound Cow on Prairies. Riition 6. — Corn silage 30 lbs.. Western rye grass, 10 lbs., oat cluilT, 10 lbs. Meal mixture: Bran, 300, oats, 300, flax, 200, small wheat, 200. Fed one pound mixture to three pounds milk produced. Ration 7 — Mangels or turnips 30 lbs., brome hay, 10 lbs., clover hay, 5 lbs., oat chaff, 10 lbs. Meal mixture: Oats, ;'()0, barley, 200, small wheat, ground, 200. Fed one pound mo._! mixture to thro* pounds milk produced. Ualioii S. — Potatoes, 20 lb«., brome hay or western rye grass, 10 IVis.. alfalfa, 5 lbs., ort straw, 10 lbs., wheat chaff, 5 lbs. Meal mixture: Bran, 30"), oat.s, 300, barley, 200, nil cnke meal, 200. Fed cue pound meal mixture to three pounds milk produced. 93 Eation 9- Brome hay, 12 lbs., alfalfa, S lbs., oat straw, 10 Ibe., wheat 'licr'ive as will ever be found ncrcssiiry to enable the average dairy farmer to feed his cattle to the best .ndvantage both as to cost of feed and quality and quantity of product. CONCENTRATES OR MEALS. Barley when well ground and mixed with other and lighter meals lias proven to be a valuable feed for milk production. It is hold to have a good effect upon the flavour of dairy jiroduets, although the writer has never been able to satisfy himself that such was the case. It is lusually a profitable food for cows but must always be fed cautiously and should never constitute more than half the meal ration. The other meals most suitable to feed along with it are bran, oats, oil cake and corn. brewers' grains. The malt grains freed from the dextrin and sugar are k'- 'v;n aa brewers' grains. They are often sold to the local trade in the wet form, and are then valuable only for immediate use, as they do not keep. They are not injurious to cows, as claimed bj some, but make a very good food when mixed with corn, oats or barley. ,'i! 94 brewers' (ii(\iN8 (dried). A very valuable and easily stored cattle feed can be got by removing some of the excessive moisture from wet< brewers' grains, when a feed containing a fair quantity of protein, carbohydrates, and fat is obtained. Four or five pounds per cow per day along with corn, oats, or bnrley and small quantities of oil cake meal or gluten meal will Rive good results in milk production. BirKWIIKAT. Buckwheat for dniry cows is rarely used in Canada omtside the Maritime Provinces. It has a fair feeding valu?. Wlicn ground and mixed with other concentrates it usually chcaiicn* tlie ration and frequently seems to increase the flow of milk. It is sometimes supposed to injuriously affect the flavour of milk. BUCKWHEAT BRAN. This is the name usually given to thi." mi.vture composed of the buckwheat hulls and that portion of the grain immediately within the hull-. The latter is a very good feed, rich in protein, but thy hulls have practically no feeding value. Corn is an excellent feed for dairy cattle. It is a concen- trated source of nutriment, extremtly palatable, easily masticated and readily assimilated, Init should never make up more than one- half to three-fifths of the concentrate part of the ration. Poor in protein but rich in digestible carbohydrates, it should always be ground and fal along with some other grain rich in protein and light in character, such as bran, shorts or crushed oats. Corn and cob meal is better for dairy feeding than com meal nione or as the chief part of the meal ration. Pure corn meal is rather heavy but if mixed with cut feed can be fed in considiTable <|Uiintitii's. Its great value lies in its easy and iihnost cotnpletc ligestibility. CORN OIL CAKE. Com oil cake consists of the pressed gerras freed from most of the oil they carry. It is rich in ether extract, or fat, and protein. It should never be fed in large qfUAntities und always mixed with feeds such as bran or oats, or a mixture of other light meals. 95 CORN- BRAM. Corn bran has about the same feeding ralue as good straw. It contains about one half less protein than wheat bran but more carbohydrates and fat. It feeds well with gluten meal. Only wHen low priced can it be fed with profit. COTTOy SEED MEAL. Cotton Seed meal, as sold on the Canadian market, is of very variable composition. It frequently contains considerable hull and much fluffy, fibrous material. Such meal is of low feeding value and need not be cxpoetwi to give good results. Cotton Seed meal of good quality, that ■ *re< from hulls and fibrC; is, however, an excellent feed for d ws, when fed in conjunction with other and tighter meals dS oats and bran. It is, as a rule, not very acceptable to cattle h. first, but is soon eaten with apparent liking. It is usually as well to feed from two to three or at most four pauuds only of this meal a day, along with other concentrates. Larger quantities may injuriously affect the health of the animals. Cotton Seed meal is one of the few feeds liiiely to in any way affect the character of the fat in the milk produced. As observed elsewhe'"' oil cake meal fed freely will usually induce the production of softer .ats or softer butter. Cotton Seed meal, however, has tlie opposite effect, as it will, if fed freely, cause the cow to produca harder fats or firmer butter. DISTIM.KRS' GRAINS. From experiments it would appear that dried diitillars' grains are better milk producers than oats. They are worth about 50 per cent more than bran, depending, of course, upon their quality According to German experiments, they will produce about 12 per cent more milk and 9 per cent more fat than oats. Our experiments here indicate an even higher relative feeding value than the German experiments point to. EMMER. Emmer and apeltz, as to their nutritive properties, are more nearly allied to barley than to oats, but in practice they have about the same feeding value pound for pound as oats. They are always ground together with the hulls, and may enter in large quantities— ■^1 oc one-half or more — in mixture with other grains. Where the rain fall is so low us to make it dilKoult to grow outs and barley, emmcr and spe'tz frefj-jently do very well. • FEED FLOUB. When feed flour can be had at reasonable prices, it is a good feed for milk production as it contains a high percentage of carbo- hydrates and fat. Objection is sometimes made to its stic-kinoss. To overcome this, it should never be fed alone and always in small quantities and thoroughly mixed with bran or with some other feeds rich in protein and light or loose in character. FLAXSKED. On account of the high commercial value of the oil, flaxseed is not extensively used as cow iVrd. It contains a considerable quantity of i>rolein with an excess of oil, but very little starch. Steeped till it fonns a gelatinous mass, it is of groat value as a feed for calves on skim milk. It may be used as above either whole or ground. Alixctl in small proportions along with coarse grains and ground, it adds greatly to the palatability and who!esnmeness of the moul ration. It should very seldom constitute more than about one-fiftli of tlij grnin mixture and one-tenth is usually on effective proportion OLLTEN FEED. Gluten feed, as contrasted with gluten meal, contains more course residues from tlie ninnufiielure of st.ireh from corn. 'Die effcet el' the additiou of more or le.-is hu'l or skin of the kernel i. to render the by-product more open in ohuructer, lighter in weight and less rich in protein, hence of lower feeding value. Gluten feed is worth about the same as wheat liran from the milk proluction 8tand|)oint, but is not nearly such n safe feed to use. Gluten feed, like gluten meal, varies gn>utly in composition and should be bongln •ubject to analysis. lil.lTEX .MEAL. A by-product of the maiiiifuctiire of corn in starch and glucose factories, gluten meal is rich in protein ami Iiuh a feeding value •bout equal to oil cake. It should be fed mixed with either bran or oats. It is susceptible of ndulteratinn and sliould be bought only on guaranteed analysis. Some gluten meal will show over 30 per ys j liii 97 • cent protein and may gro as hig* as 86 per cent. When showing over 30 per eent protein it is worth from 30 to 40 per cent more thaa wheat bran. ROBSB BEANS. Horse beans are not much grown in Canada. They are rich in protein and enter very well into mixtures with bran, oats or com, but no more than two or three pound* per cow per day should be fed. HALT SPROt'TS. In the process of malting, the seeds are allowed to gerrcinate; the germination is arrested at a certain stage and the seeds dried. The sprouts are broken off and separated from the grain and dried, ill which form Aey are sold for feeding purposes. Malt sprou's are relatively rich in protein, 50 per cent more so than bran, but low in tarbohydrates and fat. This feed is not much relished by cattle, and can only be fed in limited amount. It should be soaked for several hours before feeding and mixed with ground corn, barley or braa and never more than 2 to 5 pounds per day be fed. It is well to stcuro a sample for trial before buying. OATS. Oats of various varieties are fed very extensively by dairy farniirs. They have proven themselves to be fairly satisfactory as a milk-producing feed It is, however, as a flavouring or palatability incrcaiing constituent of the meal ration that they are most worthy of consideration. When finely ground, as should always be the case, a small proportion in the meal mixture adds very materially to iu i'llct;iveness. No other single grain or meal ration wi ' give as gool n-^ults as oats. They are,' however, usually so high in price as to prevent their Ix-ing so used. In any ease, they do belt r when mixed with some other grain -rr meal. The other meals most suitable to frtirnp ' thi- (rrnin, broken kernel., or oflf dust, u they practioally always do, they have a eonjidcrable tTh8»-7 r ' 98 ▼alue as a flavourinsr feed and are worth probably half aa much ai crushed oats or even more. They give best results when dampenoj before feeding. ' OIL OAKE MEAL. Oil cake should always be on hand. It is a very palatable feed and has a beneficial effect on the digestive tract. It serves as an api>etizer and laxative aa well aa a concentrated source of protein. It!i general effect is to place the animal in fine condition, with a pliable skin, sleek coat and good quality of flesh. It should be fed in amount not over two or three pounds per 1,000 lb. cow per day along with some other meals such as bran, corn or oats or a mixture of the three. Milch cows fed freely on this meal are likely to pro- duce soft fats in their milk, or milk that, if churned, will yield s soft butter. PEAS. Peas Ix'ini. >ery heavy and very rich in proti'in, are suitable for mixing with l:miter meals. The^ are palutublu and pusily diRcsti- ble. The higU price at which they are usually sold docs much to prevent their more extensive luse. Tliey are suitable for fccdiun •long with oats, bran or corn. Fed in moderation and along with oata, calves do well on them. PKA HIILLK. Pea hulls arc practically worthless as food for milch cows. They arc dry in nature and almost destitute of the host luitritive materinl. When very low in price, they might bo fed to cheajion the ration, us they "^re light and fairly palatable. RYE. Rye is not much U!titMt.- any part or even the whole of i profitable dairy meal ration. rw»-7t 100 Wheat bran is about of equal feeding value with a mixture of barley aud oats, and is very little inferior to oats alone, which are luually very much dearer pound for pound. I\ is mildly laxafive. Bran, as offered on the Canadian market, is frequently adulter- ated with crushed weed seeds or the hulls thereof, which greatly detract from its value. HAY FROM CLOVERS AND GRASSES. ALFALFA OR LUCEBN. In many parts of Canada, three cuttings of alfalfa hay may be made each summer. It is seldom indeed that it is not possible u harvest from the alfalfa field two good large crops of a forage tlmt for palatability, high feeding value and low cost of production i- without an equal. This forage plant, so far but little known t.. Canadian dairymen, will undoubtedly come to its own in the nuiir future. It is as a feed for dairy cows that it is most worthy (ji consideration but all classes of stock do well on it, and young cattlf and calves do exceptionally well when fed therewith. When cut iu the right stage (just starting to blossom) and properly oured, it is equal to good wheat bran, pound for pound. (I'or instructions how to grow, see Experimental Farm bulletin No. 46 and Second Series bulletin No. 8.) ALSIKB CLOVER. Alsike clover is not usually sown alone for forage purpose- Mixed with red clover in the proportion of 2 to 3 pounds to 10 puunds red clover per acre, it has a most satisfactory effect upon both tin (piality and the quantity of hay produced. It grows well on uu.l-t land, and its stand for several years from one seeding makes ii valuable in pastures* and in mix»l meadows that it may bo desin.i to leave down for more than one year. BROAD Li:.\F ilARSII HAY. Some claim broad leaf bay to be very nutritious, others »«> it is not very high in feeding value. Each statement has somo truth in it. Iu value depends, to a great extent, on the place where it has grown and tbc manner in which it has been oured. Some samrN^ from the Maritime provinc&s anal.v/.iul bore (C.K.F.) wcrL- foimil t.. b« poor in albuminoid and high in fibre. Otbrr -iniiiles from the 101 1 West have shown up Bomewhat better. In any ease, it adds to the bulk of the roughage supply and is especially useful when there is a shortage of other more highly nutritive raughage. BROME CIRAS8. In many places, brome grass is looked upon as a weed on account of the thick sod it makes being difficult to plough and almost impossible to kill. For these reasons, it should be sown only on land intended for permanent pasture. As a pasture grass, it is a high producer, and is relished very much by cattle, being rather more pala- table than timothy. If intended for hay it should be out as soon as the blossoms have fallen, when it makes hay of good quality and superior to timothy in palatability and nutritive value. It is laxa- tive in effect and is therefore an exceedingly valuable hay for districts or on farms where succulent forage is scarce for winter use. CAX'AOUN BLUE OBAf Canadian Blue grass is somewhat similar to i .tucky Blue (Trass in habit and usefulness. It makes a good, nutritious and abundant pasture, but on account of its low habit of growth is not used much for hay. It does not form such a dcn.se turf as Kentucky Blue grass, but will grow on poorer and drier soiU rESLX'E, The Tall Fescue and Meadow Fescue are perennial plants and among the best adapted to cultivation in Canada. Both are por- foctly hardy and produce heavy crops of good quality. They also provide excellent pasture in early spring and late autumn. These nutritious and productive grasses should always be included in per- manent pasture nii.xtures. UUNUARIAN al(A88. A valuable grass for catch crop owing to its rapidity of growth. It succeeds well on dry light land and produces a heavy crop of hay, which is very nutritious when it has been sown thickly and cut early. It is not among the best grasses, rapidly deteriorating as it matures, so as to be practically worthleM when ripe. The young crop, however, furni«be« ■ wholesome and vaVnable fudJcr. 109 KENTUCKT BI,U« 0BA8S. Kentucky Blue grass is the moBt vtlutble of the grasses. It makes the best pasture of any grass during the early part of the season, but does not withstand drought very well. The leaves, which are numeroos, are sweet, nutritious and rich, containing much protein. In a permanent pasture, Kentucky Blue grass forms, after a year or two, a very dense turf. As a hay crop it is not recommended on account of the shortness of the plants and the small amount of aftermath. MILUITS. Millets are used mostly as soiling crops but make excellent hay. Their, rapidity of growth, large yield, great palatability and high feeding qualities make them valuable forage plants. To give sutis- faetion as hay, the millet must have l)een sown thickly, 50 to 60 pounds per acre, and must have been cut just as the heads were apiwaring. When so handled, the forage is largely freed from coarseness and is much more digestible. OAT HAY. Green oats are made into hay with profit only when there is a shortage of other hay or when the crop lodges badly and the grain is not likely to ripen satisfactorily. For hay making, oats should be cut in the early milk stage while the leaves and steins are still bright and clean and before any signs of ripening appear. Oat hay is cured the same as ordinary hay and fed out with the grain unthreshcJ and either mixed with ensilage or by itself. Cut with the binder und cured in shock it makes a cleaner and more accept- able forage but there is, of course, less of it. OAT AND PK.A HAY. This is one of the best forage crops grown. It is valuable on «cs for pastures it is very valuable on account of its early and late growths, and its ability to withstand drought. RED CLOVER. For cows in milk and young stock, red clover is one of the I)est of forage feeds. It is especially rich in the protein and ash con- stituents so essential to milk production. It is also very palatable and much relished by cattle and is an excellent supplementary feed where corn ensilage or mangels co^sti^ute the succulent part of the ration. To get the best results from red clover hay, the seed should have been sown very thickly, say 12 to 15 lbs. per acre, and the hay cut in full blossom before any brown heads are in evidence. Clover hay made in this way from thick stands of clover is worth anywhere from 50 per cent to 100 per cent more than late-cut hay from thin, coarse-growing clover meadows. In pasturing cattle on clover, care should be taken to avoid bloating (see under ' Soiling Crops'). In many parts of Canada, red clover is a biennial but west of Lake Superior wherever it can be grown and more parti- cularly in British Columbia, it is apparently perennial. RED TOP. Red top is one of the hardiest and most long-lived of grasses, and so should be always included in mixtures for seeding pastures which are to be left for a time in grass. Red top grows well on rich, moist land; it makes a good pasture grass when graied in its early stage. It is also valuable as a hay crop, blossoming at ths same time as timothy, with which it may thus be sown. SLOUQH HAY. It is a tall, coarse grass of the West, making remarkably aoft hay, growing in wet sloughs. It grows abundantly, and, if out early, soon after the heads appesr, forms valuable fodder much n-lished iiy oattle. It contains more albuminoids and carbohydrates tlian timothy. Mil •U:i 104 BWEET CLOTBL Sweet clover (or melilot, whose seed is sold on the market under fhe name of Bokhara clover), ia a biennial plant, looked upon as a weed in most place- Owing to ite bitter taste, it is not much relished by stock. They can, however, be taught to eat it. To be palatable, it must be cut very early, because it makes a fast and rank growth and soon becomes woody. It will grow on the poorest of soils, and iU chief value, therefore, would seem to lie in its manurial qualities. It is now being sown in clover mixtures for meadows. The white variety is the most prolific and the most succulent. TIMOTHY. When cut on the green side and well cured, timothy is much liked by cattle and gives fairly satisfactory returns. It is, however, usually too course and dry to be as well liked as a forage should be to give good results. In addition to this fault, it it, in composition, suitable for fattening rather than for producing milk and should be fed dairy cattle only when other more suitable forage is not available. It is, however, when out at the right stage, viz., early blossoming, a highly digestible and very nutritious forage. VETCH HAY. Vetch hay is a good and palatable feed for dairy cows, being high in nutriente, especially protein. The best materials to be fed along with it are roots, corn and oats. Neither oil meal nor a great quantity of bran is necessary. WESTEB.N BYE GRASS. This grass has succeeded remarkably well Hinder cultivation and is one of the best western hay grasses, producing a large number of leaves and a straight, slender stem. It is an early grass and does well on heavy soil even when impregnated with alkali. It is very nutritious. STKAW AND Y 3DER CORN. CORN FOUDKll. Corn fodder is the name given to the whole com plant liarrested with the ears on. It is a very valuable feed when led iloiie, but one which does not lend itself to exactness, for it is impossible to pro- Mi 7>S'.l-p. 104. I'likl I 1% m 105 perly regulate the daily allowauce of grain. It is difficult to feed luch material in mangen. unleaa the stalks are out Alfalfa or clover is good to supplement com fodder in feeding. IXHW 8TUVKI. Com storer is the name given to the whole stalk of corn after tlie ear has been taken off. It is frequently fed to dairy cattle, and, shredded and mind with cut alfalfa, bran, com, oats, barley or peas, it makes a fairly valuable feed. Shredding adds value to it as it is thereby more easily handled and stored, and more readily eatpn by the cattle. If shredded and stored in large quantities, a •>ilo is necessary to preserve it in good shape. BARLEY BTBAW. Barley straw has a feeding value not much higher than that of wlieat straw. The best way to ubo >t is finely v.t, mixed with olovcr and soaked with water for a short time, vr mixed with rnsilsge and allowed to stand for a day or two before using. When «o prepared, it has nearly the value of oat straw. KCKWIiKAT STUW. Buckwheat straw has some feeding vslue, owing to the nitrogen it contains. It is more suited for sheep than for cow feeding. (.iurr. ChafT of wheat and oats is a fairly valuable feed, containing, S!< it doeti, more protein than the straw Mixed with pulped roots, ami sllowed to stsnd until fermentation beffins, chaff is a very Iii'ihI feed, quit* palatable to dairy cows. rLAX STRAW. There is some record of flax straw being fed to cattle with 'St I- factory results. Possibly it has more nutritive value than oat riruw. especially when some ilsx teed is left in it, but it is not very palfltHl'le because of the stringy twine-iike covering of the stems which is difficult to digest OAT STNAW. Ost straw is suc-easfuily utilised when fed in combinstiou with M.iiii otiier roughage and grnin. It contains a great deal of fibre It 106 ami iii1ii?tv<»i;)'c mutter, but adJs u (food deal of mineral matter to the ration. It is an excellent 'filler' and, though not likely to add materiall.T to the value of a ration on account of its nutritive quali- ties, it is of Rreat value in helping distend the digestive organs and so facilitatiiiu luul evoii iiiiiinK dit(>'«tiun. Of all »traw» in Canada, oat is undoiiibtodly the best for cattle. PKA STII.VW. Cloaii pea straw is of considtruble value for cattle f««dini<. It ii, howpver, umially very duntv and badly broken up, which conditiuiH very greatly reduce its value as a forage. It is excellent sho'i* feed. WHEAT STRAW. Wheat straw is very low in nutrients. It is dry. coars<> hikI lunpalatalile, and lui> ver.v littlc dig. provlsiin shou'd bo made for s ■uceessiun of stieh for eonliniioii* feitling. Kail rye and fall wheat, fo'liiwixi shortly by alfalfa, will be the earliest, perhaiw -i or 4 weeks iH'fore pasture Brass is reaily. In ipiick * leeession come rcl clover. vctcluN*, oats, beans and corn. H >eiir :it'lfure feeding to proTvnt any l>i>s»ible injurious effect from bloating. Should it ba found desir- 'lile to pasture the clover field at any time, care should be taken to Kiiard against bloating by giving the cattle all they will consume of >onio other kind of food before letting them into the clover field. rhi'< should be tkme to a certain extent for several da.ya. Later, when till' cattle beeonu* ufciistomed to the forage, it will !« !iuffio!ent to <■'(■ that they are not unusually hungry and that the clover is not wet with dew or rain. C'HIMSON C'LOVKK. Crimson elover is an annual plant. As a fall-sown crop it ia unsiitiitfaotory in many partn of Canailu U-eau^e it doos not always I'dine through the winter suefully. It can, bowei'er, be grown to Hflvantage in Nova Scotia, itritinh Colnimbia ami snnin parts of Ontario. Sown in the xpring it i...iim-s h fairly goiiil gniling crop, liut is a somewhat dauKeroiis feed on account of the !tmall, stiff ii^iirs or bristle:* on the heads which gutlier inti> biilU in t' " stomach uf the animal. This is one of the most sui-eulent forage plants that can lie grown t'ur soiling. It h;iit a palatabiiity und suirtilenoi' iiurpa^seil by no iitlier f(Hr lU're adds itri'iitly to il« other ipialitiei'. The way to feeil it with ns litllx Iiiimiir lit |N)siiible i» in the form of enDiluge. If an exi-esH uf wlint it mi'dtid for winter une be put into the -I'n in tlii> full, ii r in niiMt advanta- -Iv !>'• ii'<"l fiir numnier fo<>dinff. Com enn lie ^own in the early 'prinff and be fini in the »talili' in late tiiinnier. ItAIKY VKTi'HKM, These vetches, however gixnl they imiy be. cannot be »iiwn alone on account of the weakneHx of their »lems. Willi n rrop of oat.H ir liarlay as nupport, Uiety make an excellent noiling eritp, as goixi .i« 108 peas and oots or even hotter. The seed is, liow.jver, exceedingly exiicnsive mid theu la very little probability of this crop being grown to any appn-ciuble extent in this country. OATS. Sown alone, oata are not recomnicudeJ for soiling. Mixed with peas or vitclios, however, they will produce large yields of grwn feed per acre and rank next to corn in palatability, Bucculence and milk-producing value. When sown at intervals of from 12 to 16 days, they can be made to last as long as necessary. The best time to have them ready is July and August, when pasture grass is dry and scarce. RAPE. As a soiling crop for cows in milk, rapi- is not likely to become very popular since it is sure to flavour the milk unless fed with tli. tiroatost care and in m(«leriite quantities. It is, however, cxccedinglv ueeepUblo to dairy cattle and is sure to increase the milk flow. It is best iuital for tlie feedinc of dry cows, heifers, steers, sheep or swine. For methods of growing see Dominion Experimental Farm Bulletin No. 42. BTK. ivye in this country is not much used for soiling. It is, how- ever, when cut at the right stage, much relislK>er acn-, quality and quantity of digestible matter contained in the whole, it has proved espo" iaily auitwl for fectliiig dairy cows. There arc, however, some strung doubts as to the practicability of harvesting these crops when urown logtther. Horse beans are rather weak plants with short stems as compare I to euru and, when grown together, it is ver.v dillieult to cut Ixitli clean with the binder. In tho case of sunflowers, only the heads are of any feeding value, the striiis are course, wmnly and Imllo v, and almost indigestible, wliieh n-iiders them objeetioiiatilc in i-ilajfe milking. It is considered belter, therefore, to grow these crops s<'l>aratoly. This eombiuation of com, horse liians and sunflowers gives a forage which approaches very nearly the balanced ration, supplying onrbohydrates, proteins and fata in effective proportions. Th-- mix- ture, however, has not proven very popular anywhere, on account of dillieu!ties met with in growing tho ■unflower aiid horse bean. 110 COBN KNBILAGE. Good com ensilage is fairly high in feeding value, and thU, eoinbined with iU advantages over other succulent feeds in the matter of cheap production and labour-saving in using, has rapidly brought it to the top of the list of Canadian forages. At relatively low cost, a large amount of com can be produced, stored up in the •ilo in the fall, and used any time during the winter or even in summer in place of soiling cropa (see Dominion Experimental Farm Bulletin No. 65, for instructions how to grow). When cut fine there is practically no waste, and owinfr to its succulence or juiciness it is eaten freely. It may constitute the principal part of the ration of any class of homed cattle and for dairy cows is easily the cheapest and most convenient forasre material possible of pro- duction over a very large part of Canada. It may be f"d in large quantities without fear of any injurious effects, save in the case of very young calves or hard-working stock bulls. It should, generally speaking, have intermixed with it, 12 to 30 hours before feeding, from 10 to 15 per cent cut straw or chaff, oat chnff preferably RAPK. Beoauite of its watery nature, rape cannot be used for ensilage with any great advantage. It will keep satisfactorily and is very palatable but can be used fur dry cattle only, as it makes a very highly-flavoured and exceedingly odorous brand of ensilage. IIORMK BKANS. The horse bean is a very valuable feed where it can be properly grown. In the dairying districts of (iK-at Britain it is one of the staple feeds. It has, however, not been grown very successfullv in Canada, except in a few places, and there it is highly pri» Sorghum us silnffc kivi^s only fair .sutisfactiun. It is inferior to eorii in fwdiiig vahic, runtaining less protein and more carlio- hydrulfr. (sugar). This excess of sugar, when fermenting, developi more acetic acid than does corn and causes the silage to icciime injurious to the health of animals if fo>I in largo quantities. Corn •ud sorghum may be mixed with good rusidts. Ill OLOTEB. Among the clovers, the Maminot') or Common Red yarietiea mixed with alsilce are the beat for silage purposes. When cut in blossom and run through the feed cutter, they can be ensiloed to beat adTanta?e, and give a very good quality of feed ready to use at any time, and even to take the place of soiling crops in summer when grass is scarce. In value it comes next to corn both as to succulence and milk-producing qualities. PKA8 AND OATS. Peas and oats make a good quality of ensilage when cut find and thoroughly packed. Unless it is well packed so as to drive out nearly all the air it will not keep. It must, in addition, have been cut at an early stage, say when the oats are in the milk. It had better be mixed with clover, alfalfa or corn to insure good resulU. BOOTS ANl) POTATOES. UAKGF.IJ9. Mangels are among the best feeds that can be fed cows in milk. They are exceedingly palatable, easily digestible and vary nutritious. Where pulped and fed along with cut dry feed they add greatly to the value of the latter. They have the effect of hardening the butter slightly and are said to affect favourably the flavour of the milk and cream. Much has been said about their value as a aul>- stitute for meal in feeding dairy cows. They are, no doubt, of some value as decreasing the quantity of meal necessary, but need not be exi>ected to replace the meal ration to any great extent. Tlieir great value lies in their remarkable palatability or acceptability to dairy cows. A cow refusing to eat almost any other kind of feed will greedily eat quite a considenble (juantity of this most valuable mot. Of the three types commonly grown, the Long Red or Oate Post, the Tankard or Half Long and the Globe, the I-ong Rod is usunliy the most prolific cropper as well as the most nutritious. (For methods of growing, etc., we Experimental Farm Bulletin No. 67). IMTATURR. The potato is high in nutritive uonstituenti but usually com- Dands auch a good price for table uae that it is aeldom used »i a PI- 112 fornge crop in Canada, flowevcr, the fanner who grows potatoes bus usually the small, uamarketable tubers which he may feed to his stock. At t^mes, also, he might consider it advisa'ble to feed much of his general crop rather than put it on the market when prices were very low. Marketable potatoes should seldom be fed whole to cattle, but should be either sliced or pulped. Raw potatoes, if fed in too large quantities, cause scouring. The potato, though to judge by its cheniii'iil composition of rather low ft-eding value, is really a most excellent cattle food and, if fed in moderation, gives excellent results as a milk-producing forage. BL'TABA(IAS OR SWEDES. Swedish turnips or Uutabagas are not recommended for milch cows because of the flavour they impart to the milk. They are, however, e'xcellcut for fattening purposes or wint^ feeding of heifers, calves, etc. If they must be fed to milch cows, they should be given just after milking, as then there is less likL'lihooe fed to be-t advantage by diluting 1 to 3 or 4 parts of water and S|)Tinkliii;; mi the ftH'd. Pl'MPKIN.S. This crop, one time grown very cNteiisively along with com in C'liiiada, has of late years been much less eoninionly pruliKt'd, li:.' to the u.«e of the corn harvester and the much longer perio-l nf cultivation found profitable in growing com, whetber for grain, forage or ensilage. Where grown, however, the pumpkin has proven to be a most satisfactory feed for milch cows and is worth probably mor? than an fKiual welsht of roots or enailaire. lis SKIM MUX. Skim milk ia of high value as a feed especially to young animate on n.-count of the amount of ash and protein which it can give to the building up of muacle and bone. In it. use. care shoiild be exercised to feed it at a uniform temperature and uniformly sweet or uniformly sour. It is sometimes fed to milch cows. As a feed for milk production it has undoubted value but is not w, -th as much in thia connection aa when used aa a f.'ed for young stock. ffl»-«| I IK TABLES OF FEED COMPOSITION. Tables thowing quantitioa of di7 matter, digMtibls protein and digestible carbohydrates plui fat x S'25 in 100 pounds of farious feed*. COXCEXTHATEa. Fi-cd. Ctiiioeiitr»t«— lUrUy Bnuu Bre«ren'Kra>»>('y) Brawpni' KraiiM (wrt) BiKkwhmt .. Bui'k«t «liurti> Corn mhI oub iimwI Oirn BKaU OutUiu M<«) KU«»«.I (ilutmi (i«^l Oliit<^n nit--U H»nn lintiM LinMirtl iiH^ (nil ctkf) -iilil LisarMl iiHvl (uU cake) - urw ItriwrM M«lt ii|iri»utfl ((•U (tatiitnj Vrf K>' 8H» WhTOt W'iKt Inan Whi«l Hrn-ninK* WhMit nhixU Dry Matu.r. U U ill H 24 3 Ni 6 W S Kl U Kt U !i;i u 111 4 Ml UO H Wti WI5 «fi7 uo s VI W) A NU« 9i I »0 01 .1 WO MUft W t •M 4 wt l>ifO'*til»l« rruU'iii i>ifl«>tibl« HarboliyilrAtf^ fat X a 25. I* 4 20 .W 20 4 Ml U 7 4 4 6 1 S7 8 32 a l«l 2 20 a 17 8 207 « 4 SO 1 St r> ill 3 M H UH III 7 II r, 10 s R H 11 9 10 13 Nuiritiir lUliu. IMS BO IB 40 7 1321 bS IW M 23 oi a 73 3 43 •6S •4 7 83 4 73 1 Mt S 52 47 4 41 t 40 3 : Ml 3 M 2 73 1 74 8 TOO 47 « ta B w ■ t! i; l". I II ^ I II •» -t 4 i> 4 >■ t II I I I I 1 :i 2 I i; 7 I! K r I h (I 4 I' IIT RAT AMD DBUO rOKAOS. FMd. Drrlfsttv. H»7 tod driad funn— A|- " IMfa Abika elovar Broad laiif manb bay . . . Bhmw. ... Cuw !«• HunitwiMi inrnH or niillM Kaatucky blwi gn— MMwtnw faacwi Uixc i n f W M Mid ckiver. OMhay Okt and vstoh. Orcliud (!«■• Prairi* hay Ptaa and iiata (drivd) Salt nifiadow bay ur marab hay Srd-ebay Kcdcluvor Kadlop 8l(iti(b hay S(iw aiha) Timothy, cut full bloim . Timothy, cut mkhi a(tvr bknn Timothy, out nMrly rip*. . . Timothy and elovn W i*i«ni ry • iraa* While UaiayTOi «y« Daiay) S 3 34 S •1 86 860 (0 W 88 88 »1 M 81 18 St 8B 86 86 ST 88 88 DifHtibU Protaia. 106 8 4 S 4T6| 8(1 « 8 60 4 4 4 3 ft a 4 7 M S 4 » 86 70 4 3 I 7 4 I II 8 t' * 8 8 3 l>i(Mtibla Carfaohydratn plua ditntiblr fat X X 25. 42 3 42 2 27 l:l 86 57 43 3 494 41 8 40 3 430 40 SS 7 458 4.'»0 4.50 r 7 336 41 9 4-.) 5 31 a 37 8 40 43M 43 42H 40 5 44 8 Nutritiv* hatio. 4 :■ 10 a 7 7 4 a in a 5 ao 7 4 ti 8 4 7 as 12 H CO « 4 8-3 69 100 188 83 137 1(1 II »»:« 11 3 06 13 I m\ 118 HTIIAW, OHArr AND MT rOOOKR. rmt. Dir MottM'. DiKMtitat* I'll 'trill. U 1 90 0« IS IB 4'S 07 • 8 IS 14 IS nifMtifala Oarbobrdntn M i9 2.V Nntnftm K«ti.i. Stnw, ohaff and dnr foddw :— narlf^ «'• 90- 1 MS 909 M7 857 910 904 887 BBB 878 41 B SH OO 17S 41 3 31 • 311 4ni Mi'i m>y» l««M (•|....r KTifhulll .. Ky.. R.».t., .ir ;- ( 'kl'tMRI' • 'alfl* . MittitffU I'c'lat^i*^ Itiit tlwitiu '« awnlft. Sii|f4r titt-u Turni|ii iKitIi Dfjr lfat«>r. DiK^lil>l<> ■Jl'4 ' 34 : J* I Kl-9 I l«S ' ID II 4 !• 1 t9t U 4 IS B 9 t 14 1 « I S 1 J •i 3 4 1 I I I 10 1 3 t l>iK«ktibt« I r»rl>"h)'ftnl««! NiiUilivH |it)i<*iliK*'"t)l*l«' K«t:ii l» » 14 • lit 3 13 V » 8 « I H '. ri 9 If. 9 N 8 to « « II :i I) I ti * 13 V l.t n III •' :■ « 14 « >« ( 7 7 H « lit FMd. Urwii ft«d— Alf»H» Alukii rlov« Him (TBM I Kentucky). Onw \ma Ctininin clovar Cknaiiitn bliw giaM . . Hairy iretch<« Mixed pantuni srana . 0»t (imM (in milk). . OaUMMlpnM OaU Mid v*tch Putun f nuH K«iw R»«l doiri r Ry. .Stirghdni Swret fl<»*i»r. Vf>t< Ih-x . . WbitH cktvfr Dry M»tt«r, M * IB 1 S4 » la 4 15 1 16 I i«r 2S0 37 8 ») 3 30 •• I n t< :i ai a 2S i 20 It *n> 16* Its DiUMtiblr Dignitibla 'Carliuhy am. NutritiT* Kalia. 3 » t • IS ra 14 4 04 II II IS IS IS 15 10 19 II 06 15 I i IB ISS II B 31 I I m 2 7 3 » 4 15 7 SO 6 II I 10 S 11 3 H7 15 3 16 13 3 »S TO 6« : S» : 4-8 ; 78 ; 5 1 : 4 1 : I S 3 5 )i H H3 I) 1 4 r. 4 5 4 3 5 1 7 I 30 5 3 7 16 3 1 MIMKLLANKllI <« rKKIM. Knd. .Artiuhokn A|i|>l«a Apptf |Hini44^* Itn t imlp ilruil »ith nu>laaM> llrvt |ml|> iwci) Hwt imlp I'lry) ItiMiy'ii imU iitrftl IIUU'hf<>r.Uiair lin«l lUonl ulri' li , Kntufti wht'Ai MiU M'tlft***^ ... I'irii|>l(in> .Sti nil milk Wlwy BvUwniUk niiri-»tiij.- DiKKtililo (/ititiiihyilralfii Niiinliv I'Mti'in. |i|lW ll.||«llil. r>i > 3 3& , 15 1 i 169 1 14 3 iw ; 7 3 64 S HS I M 1 A «S& fi!i t; 1,1 3 m n t, 3.^ 5 !• 54 61 II 6 •J I I ■a « II 3 13 I I.^ N 6 5 3 3 II lis *l t 3 : 7 I •I 3 •i i> a It liiil m ISO RAPID RATION CALCULATION. At • help to rapid ration calculation, a few of the more commonly-used feeda, with their feedinc values, are given below in quantities of from 1 to 10 pounds, or, in the case of succulrut roughage. 1 to 50 pounds. OolifCItNTaATM. Diffintilile NiitrimiU. Dry _ Niitri- Nmimi of Fwd. QiuMitity. I'ro- teim. CwUihv- dntw. hau x3 23 tlvfl IUti>. B«l.y 1 lb. WI OOM on* 2U». 1 7W U liw 1 .r« H . 2 ii7;« • Z^2 2l»i7 4 .. 3 CM OXM 2 f* 6 « 4 4.16 480 3 44.-. ; 10 . «t UIO UMU • KiU 1 : 8 'JU Brmn, wheM 1 111. S81 119 47ii 3 Ibi. 1 Tta OXSri '.rti :i .. 3 t)l3 0.«7 1 .taH 4 M S 524 470 1 '.*>t 5 .. 4 4oa eam 3 ;v. Sill. too 1 700 onci 123 723 1 414 s » 3 U*} 1K« 2 liMI 4 ■■ a v*t 344 2 mw 6 . *K*> »» .1 iUO to . H MM II dlO 7 230 1:11 M. Cotum and bmbI 1 ih too o;«70 n 4.1H 3 llm 1 HliO TM tt nm 3 .. 37W» 1 18H I** 4 « srau 1 yi4 17* b , 4 aeo 1 NW 3 lau 10 H 1800 S7IIU 4 3mi 1: 1 It riuHMi 1 lb. e«m ■»»■, H84 8 \\m. IKW u 413 1 I14X » « s:24 DIM 2 473 4 . a (tsa 1.34 3 aw 5 n 4 ti*> 1 mi 4 Till I M M VONll 3 IMI N 3111 I : 4 '« (Sliitrii mh'aI • ■ . . . 1 lb. 3 lb*. »»'> 0397 V.'ViH 1 124 ^VllllvVf »■■' ^P» ■ ■!,. ■ ..-■.t». S . 8 m 8«an • N»l 1 •■« 4 .. 1 IW 3 84M R - 4 5aR 1 4m tStO 10 .. vow 8»70 a««D 1; 4 •■ Oats ,. lib. OSM OSM Ml lib*. 1 7»» » ir« 1 ITU 8 . 8 w« 8III 1 7«- 4 . 8 At*t »3 38S6 6 4 4IW a ^^a 3 Wi to . • 8IB \ U HHU 1 5 lf.«» 1 : .. • NMMotrnd. Oil oka mwl new pn F>-H Sbortiiwt'Wt). WIlMrt. KruMHi whaM. 181 CoirCKNTRATn. QiiMititjr. lib. 31bi. 3 . 4 . 5 . 10 . nix 3lb(. 3 . * .. 5 . 10 » 1 ib. 3 » * . S . 10 „ 1 lb. aibc a .. 4 . A .. 10 . lib 3lbc 5 .. 4 » B . 10 . Dry Hatter. O'MO 1 «S0 TTM S»40 4fiM 9 100 800 1 700 a-fifio 3 400 4 360 8M)0 MN8 1 770 30G4 SM3 4 410 8'88b na 1 7!I0 3(UU s tmu 4 476 8I0U 01163 1 704 3S5) 3 408 4 380 8 aao DiKMtiMe Nutrienta. Pro- teiiu. 316 630 0»I6 1 aiw 1 S76 3 160 197 3!H 0601 788 !M rwu I.TO U -JOO XtO OVM (V.O 1 300 KNI) I :«■ 3 'ito a b-M, 4 400 880O ISA oro wo IWO 087B 1 3»0 Cwrbi>hT- dntc*. Fikl Nutri- tivn lUtia 0-411 K23 1 233 1 044 8 060 4 110 0.513 1 0-.'4 1 .Wli a 04M S'MK) 6 121) OfUH I'llii 1 674 3 33.' 3'7Sll A MO 7<>» 1418 3 127 <8M 3 04.5 7 080 6116 1 SIKi 3 OSH 3 7M 3 48<> 1: 1 30 I : 3 60 1 : 4-30 1: 8 00 1 : 8 13 li.- m 1 1\ Hat. All«l(ah«r. I Ik oni8 106 423 3 11a. 1 Mao 210 H4 1 tt I %M 4 . S MO 0304 1 Him 5 . 4 476 O.tHO 2 ■-'.'« 10 . 8 950 700 4 6l» 1 : 6 00 Timothy iuvl elnvi-r I lb. OKTl oo:« 428 SUm. 1 742 0(r76 K.V. » ,, 2 fil3 114 I 2S4 4 H X 4S4 1.-.2 1 712 5 , 4 .tM VM 2 140 10 . H 710 3tW 4 2W> 1 :lt'l Timothjr hay init (am ■il«r bliiuiiil 1 lb. 1) MM 025 *M ■J lla. 1 Tl« ono 14^2 Z t, 2 ft74 075 1 278 4 ., S 4»2 lOit 1 704 . 4 2!W 12f. S 131) 10 . 8680 25<1 421)0 1 ; lit U ClUfK A.NU SiHVVV. barlny »tiii«r 3 lU. 3 .. 4 H 5 M to .. 0868 ono!t 04IS 1 716 IMS H30 2.^74 0-.7 1 245 3 4.12 ow 1 IWO 4 2t><) 114.') 2 0T5 6500 «o;« 4 160 1 :«8 1 Its Ohaff and Stbaw. DigMtibie Nutrienu. Nutri. tiv* lUtia ^MMOfrMd. £s:. toinii C»rbohT- dtntn. Fata x3 23 OktotwS 1 lb. 08(yr 0016 0'84< aiba. 1 714 ooao 0683 3 . 1571 0048 1 OSS 4 . 8 4W 0060 1 384 r. , 4 285 0076 1 730 10 .. 8 670 ISO 8400 1 :23 0( 0:it itraw 1 III. 90B 013 413 ORM ■J u*. 1818 00S8 :< ,. 2 727 U» 1 2M 4 . S CO uosa 1 lVi2 •' M 4 M5 0006 2066 M . 9090 lao 4 130 1:81'8 Wlioat chaff 1 lb. 867 012 a«7 J llM. 1 714 0024 -.34 o II r:,7i OO.HII 801 1 » .1 4ii OiilS r«*i8 ■'l n 4 285 Oi«l 1 336 \ 10 1. '1 -HO 0(180 3 1)10 1:461 SUCCI'LKNT FkEUS. Vlfklfa • :l..>«r, nd. 1 lU 28-.« 0.*) 138 ■•• lla. .'i«;4 078 n 270 .1 .. Mli 117 > « 1 4I>I l!« 11 I'.'in 10 ,. 2 H'JO *.ll 1 A^a •JO „ 5 1140 780 :' :w, • iO » 8 4I>« 1 170 4 no I't ■. 11 2«l I NW) .'i .VJO .v> „ U li«t 1 !•.■«« li WIO 1:35. 1 lb. :'•■> If.ll II 1.'t2 2 lb>. :l :>*4 0.V8 >i :tii4 :t „ .1 hTii iH? ■ 1 4M 4 .. I l*M lilt II Ii08 ft ., 1 4)10 I4ri 1' 7M> 10 - '-• W»' 03K t m 20 .. .1 mo am 9 040 30 ., 8 7110 870 4 !W0 40 . 11 «8P 1 iflo H Owi W . 1 u«w 14U 7 WW I r. 2 124 SCOOULINT FekM. H = Digniible NutrimU. Dty HMter. Nntei- NanMofFMd. Qnaatitr. Pro- teink. CMbuhr. dnUw. FsU i3 3& tira Own •twilftgo. I IK Sib*. OSM 05^ 0014 0028 1S8 031C 3 .. 079i 0043 474 4 n 1 OM OOAS 0033 5 » 1 .4 014 0236 6 . 0-..5 0O.V. 0'29H 10 ^ o»;u 110 0590 ao . 1 830 230 1180 so ,. 8-730 0330 1 770 40 . 3 040 410 S3G0 00 . 4&M 550 3950 1; 6 4 Miztd |»'«turr gn— 1 lb. 03.V) 0033 167 aiba. (SCO 004« 0314 3 H 7fi0 06'J 471 4 .. 1 UOO OOVi 0638 5 » i-ano 11.1 786 10 . 3 MM oaao 1 670 ao . 5000 400 3 140 30 . 7 »■) OGW 4 710 40 « \il 000 oaao 6 3M) to H 12M«0 1 ISO T'SRO 1 : 6 8U OMrad . «0W G 510 3 130 40 .. 8 130 730 4 440 6U . 10' UM O'WW 6 5J0 li 6 lU 135 StJccni.«NT Fxxm. Difnuhi* Nacrinite. Quautitr. Dry Matter. Natri- tiva Batux NuwofFMd. Pro- toin. Carbohr- dratM. Vau x3-ai SiradM or Batehagu. lib. 0114 0010 oom sua. oioa 0020 172 > . 0S43 090 358 4 .. 04M 040 0844 6 . 0670 oteo 0430 10 . 1140 O.ino 08(i0 » . saw 0300 1-730 to . 3-430 0300 3-680 40 . 4(60 400 S440 SO . (700 0600 4 300 1: 8 01 MOk lib. 138 oo:h: 0-132 llfai. oaM 0073 0-364 s . 0384 108 onm « . 06U 144 05J8 • . 0040 180 0G6U 10 . 1 380 0300 1 330 1: tor gkimliilk „.... Ilk oom 0029 0009 aihh 188 0068 0-118 > . 0383 0087 • 177 4 . 0376 IM 0-338 » . 0470 0'14S 0-396 M . • MO 0-310 0-590 10 . 1'8M> 0-iW i-uo 1: soe i ; i!n IM PART TL THE HOSPITAL. Th« following notes uu a few of the more common trotiblw likel.v to demand the attention of every man having to do with l«iry cattle, make no claim to originality. All that can be said is that the suggestions offered or tho troatmeiits outlined have bwn tried by the writer personally uud found to he satisfurtory and, in must cases, eitictieious. STAHLE HYC.IKNK. In dairv stahio niauii):i'iiu'iit, the Kical uliu sliouM be the pre- venting rather ihau tiie curing, of diiKjase. hi spite of the greatest preeautions, however, no .stul>li' is likely to lie always free Irotn -ouie one or more of tho numerous troubles whieh seem to he ever ready to intrude where the least upeuiiig offers through eareletsness of some kind, or laxity in (he enftTeinient of the most slriet rules of hygiene, and of quuruntine or sepunili'ii fmni other hcnls, possihlj infected. ^'on)o preventive metiHures thai eun lie fairly readily put int<> forei' might he briefly statt-d as follow^: — (II. Keep the stable free from liu^i and dirt nf all kinds, that is, .il»i-r\.' perfi'ct eleanlim-s in everyllin^ iu^^.i.'; tv. do with tlie eow and tiie stable. V2). Supply ''n ab .ndiHice of food, p'lre nir, sk iutruduerd a.- to aviiitl liraiiglits or air currents strikliis.' any individual. (;i). Admit an uhini'lunii' of suniiijbl tlinugh clean wiinbiws (4). Periodieally disinfeet the si.ililcn with some ixc.verfnl di-infeel.int or Kernideslroyer, as corr' -ivi' sublimate. (5). (iivi- n liberal but judiei'»;is supply of gooil food and eieaii water, and (6). Test f''r tubereulo»i» at least onee oaeh year. THE MEDIcrNE CHEST. Every diiirynian shoi;lil k'fp a few ^iinib' r-iupdii-s and ;i ';'!i Cnoe* on hand. A suiult ouplioard or .i eiiest should b^> kupl lor itr this purpoM exclusively. It bbould be located in • dry spot and c carefully and clearly labelled and the dose indicated o« I lie luliel. To «tart out, a good medi^^ine chest should contain the following: — Itiiantity. Ill '.Iki. 1 ,. ig«i ... i (Nllt . . . lb. E|i(:iin salU. .... Uinger . . . . . B«king, purgativa, atticjl to it |>iut«.. { pint. (><>uthinK for vtternal lun, udilw Urinary troublw ltol|o». Tonic ■ " " ) iiint nil . . InJMtimiH into udder J to 1 dram drauii . . 30 (crs. to 1 ot. water. i cup, 3 to 3 Tur^M-ntinM Ci»lic, bloating Kluiil extract bella dtuina.... Ki'ver, cramp, 1 Kal /•Moli-uiu or !in lor e>t<>rnal um> .°>li>1(ilioulJ bo included, chief aiiiniii; wliich mijjlit Lo naiiuj : — liottlc for drfiicliiiiK, 'long nt>i'ki>se, f.iiiiiel (jfiii^s), milk iuver apparatu.-i. small si'ttle, ban! r.il)l)er syrini{<", teat tnlies and bist.iury. Wln-re serinm trouble oeeurs, it will be found jid\ i^idile to consult a (food viteriii- iirian, if s^ich a practitioner be wilhiti rcuuh. To Hupplement theao nitcs, a good veterinary manual mitflit be adjeil to the farmer's lilirnry. ' Vet^riniir.v Klements,' l>,v A. uription puhlixhed in Canada and is a valuable work. -:l MiaOCOfr RHOWTtON TBT CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2| I.I 1.25 US, tii. Iti Ik 1^ ^ 1 2£ 1^ 1.4 B .11^ ji /APPLIED ItVHGE^ Inc 'e-),! Iqtl Uo.r '.l.^l (^16) 491 03CK) Ph.in# ("»1 .'M ■>»«« I,. f \i 123 If qp B VM.r.— Promlrft toriffht- But'iMry, Mitf-retoininii milk lub«, cuuituuo Bulk tabu, tits^ar aa;i ii;i;;U. NOTES ON SOME DISEASES. Abobtion.— Of all diseases or troubles to afflict the dairyman abortion is undoubtedly the most to be feared. The loss of the fetus, or abortion, is sometimes due to a blow, a proer daj Situ I 1; ' !! 180 for a consietween the last rib and the point of till' liip. Then give • drencli of about '2 or., of turpentine in 1^ pint? raw linseed oil. Drench slowly nnd carefull.v. liLooDV Mii.K may be due to a variety of causes, as mammitis, extonial udder wounds or bruifs and internal udder injuries. Fri;- qucnt milking and hot fomontationj are the best treatment, keepinif in mind alwii,v- the removal of the cause, if at all possible. (^HAFPfU) TKM-i often occur in the spring or in wet, cold weather. Tlie.v may be heljjed by applying oxidu of zinc ointment or carbolic saWe. |)i;iii)R\iN(; nAiRV cows is bcciiminit more cunmion .uid is. under mo!>t i-'inditiont. quite the best praotioo. A grol plan 'u to d«hor:i •a calves. This can be done by burning the born buttons wii'i oHU.^tii' potash or concent rat'-d l.ve, when the calves are about ten da.vs old. In the case of potash being used, the method is to I'liii the hair from around the buttons, moisten slightly, and rub tho potash on. (are should be taken to keep tile potash from coming into contact with the hands. Ruffioient moisture should be ^xod to 131 ensure a moderate amount of potash remaining on the bntton, but not enough to cause the poUsh and water to run down and so endanger the eye or remove the hair. If the animal is not dehorned when a calf, it should be dehomoi when about two and a half years old. This may be done with • *aw or a clipper. The Keystone clipper is probably the best inatru- iiient wherewith to perform the operation. When clipping, it is Ijost to cut so close to the head as to remove a ring of about one- eiglith of an inch of hair with the horn. By clipping at that paint, the operation can be performed much more quickly, with less pain to the animal and with less risk of any unpleasant after-effects. Searing the horn stub with a hot iron immediately after clipping ia :i good practice, but is probably uuiiece?,?ary under most conditions. Tlie best months to dehorn in are October, November or April. EVKRSION OF THK ITERIS, IN\ KRSIOK OF THE WOMB, OR CASTING or Ti.K WITHERS. Are all three different ways of describing the same lonJition, in which the uterus or womb is thrust out and hangf^ (iown from the vagina in a large mass. It occurs usually immediately after calving, but may happen, in some degree at least, at almort any time, even when cows are pregnant. The protruding mass should be carefully washed with cold water containing a small percentage of zenoleum, creolin or carbolic acid. When clean, it should be genUy but firmly shoved back into place. This may be done by placing the closed fist under the mass .nnri pressing it steadily upward and inward into position, in spite of straininfi; on the part of the cow. When in place, it should be \M by stitching the lips of the vulva and leavinr thus for a day or .net. lon>.'-r. T.ving a small rope tighfiy round the body just behind the fore legs and another similar rope just in front of the hind legs will do much to keep the cow from straining. Building up a plat- form or 7 inches high, in such a way as to raise the hind quarters hi,{lu.r th«n tlu. front, will help correct any tendency toward this .midition and will also help oure any difficult case, t'ow* that have once suffered from eversion of the uterus are very likely to be siiriilarly utTccted each time they calve. Fi.iKs cause great lot* to the dairy ^arner by so irriuting tha -"^ws as to reduce Jm> flow o*' mi'k v^ry materially. They may h% combatted by the more or 1m. frequent application oi niit*.bU ||.>* i i|)| 132 K'pellcnts to those parts of the body commonly attacked. Many Bo-called fly-repellente on wJe, faU to effectually repel the fliee for any considerable length of time. A repellent that has been found effective here and that it moderately cheap, comparatively long- lasting in iU effect* and only alightly objectionable, is a mirture of unsalted lard 10 lbs., pine tar 1 lb., carbolic acid 1 oi., thoroughly mixed and applied every few days as required on those parte where flies most commonly settle. Where cattle are milked in stables during the summer month;^. it is usually found quite impossible to keep the byre from becomiiic filthy with flies. The setting around, in shallow pans, of a mixture of sweet skim milk two parts and formalin one part, will do much to reduce tl. pest. This p.an has been tried here and found very effective in clearing the flies from the cow bam and the riggery. Lice usually make their appearance known by rendering tlu animal affected wnthrifty and causing more or less hair to fall oir or be scratched or rubbed off on account of the extreme itchinos- in.luced. The washing of the animal with a strojig solution of sue! siibstan«es as Creolin, Zenoleum or liquid sheep dips, about five p. r cent solutions (1 to 20) being employed, is one remedy; anotlur plan is to clip the hair short, beginning about six inches down oi, tlie tail and extending in a strip about four inchee on each side ..i the backbone and up the neck to the poll. Along this strip, appi freely some heavy oil such as fish oil. This is usually an effecti^ but not a very pleasant method of combatting the evil. Lumpy jaw occurs occasionally. It shows itself by a har.l swelling or growth on the lower jaw. This grows fairly rapidly as rule and finally bursts. If the animal is not very valuable, it . well to slaughtt. and 'i:se for meat before the lump develops to aii^ great size or breaks. If a valuable animal, it would probably 1 worth while trying to cure the discuso. The treatment is to giv, iodide of potash in doses of 1 to 3 drams once daily, dissolved in a halt-pint of water. Continue this for from six to eight days, or until the discharge of mucus from eyes and nose indicates a sutli- cienoy, for the time at least. If the swelling docs not disappear, the treatment should be repeated in a couple of weeks. us IfAUMITIS, OAROET, CAKED BAG OR INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDIR, aS variously known, shows itself by a swelling of the udder in one or more quarters, sometimes extending up along the belly. In mild cases, the cow should be blanketed, a dose of Epsom salts and ginger administered and the affected quarter or quarters rubbed gently with sweet oil or unsaltcd lard. Bathing continuously with hot water for from half an hour to an hour will help matters. In any case, handle very gently, protect from drarjghts, make the animal comfortable, give a light dose of a laxative medicine and feed a light ration for a few days. If a very severe case, it is sometimes necessary to poultice with a hot poultice for a few hours. A contagious form of this disease exists. Where this form is susi)ected, every precaution should be taken to disinfect the udder externally by washing, and internally by injecting a solution (2 per cent) of carbolic acid. The injected material should be milked out a few minutes after injection. Parturient apoplexy or milk fever is a disease peculiar to heavy, milking cows. It occurs usually within two or three days after calving. It may generally be avoided by feeding lightly for a few days before and after calving, and by leaving the calf with the cow for a couple of days, at the same time being careful not to draw off all the milk from the udder at any g'ven time, until the cow is nearly, or quite, normal again after sickness or weakness due to parturition has passed. The disease, a» a rule, comes found down and partly unoonsciou ■ although, occasionally, luneasiness, loss of appetite precede the final apop When observed in this latter stage, she shoutu be straightened up to rest on her brisket. Then, if able to swallow, a dose of Epgnm salts may be administered. If the cow will not drink water, then the salts or other medicine should be administered through a probung, and if no iirnliaiiK is iivniliiMo it is iiiiR-h belter to pivi' no iiiodieiiie. The Schmidt treatment should be given as soon as it ia poasibl* to get things ready. If no special apparatus is kept for this purpose, a common syringe or a bicycle pump with special nozzle attachment may b« used. Disinfect or sterilize the syringe or pump, particularly the noule or tube wtiioh must be inMited iat« the teat Insert ia ', the animal being ij previous symptoms, ling-off in milk and .onditit iiPJ ft I 134 the pump or syringe, cotton batting, in sucb ■ way a« to ensure all air coming out of the nozzle having to trarerse the cotton in coming out and pump air through the same a few times to be aure it ia Fin. 8.— A lionieinade Milk Ffver Appantiu. FicJ. y. -Mi'.k I'fvfi Appar«tu». working satisfactorily. Wash the udder and teats carefully, if odder ia much di.stended. draw off part of milk from uiMer. then, insert- ing the nozzle into the teats in turn, pump air into the four quartert, tying teat* with tape to prevent escape. One inje( tion *:'' probably 185 be sufficieni. If recovery is slow, repeat th* injwstioii. Feed lightly for a few days, on laxative food, and a raeoTery is practically ensured. PNBUMOOTA OB INFLAMMATION Ot THE LONOS is a disefl?e of q\ Ur frequent occurrence among dairy cattle. It occurs most commouly in cold weather, but may attM^ tfa* animal at any season. It is usually due to expoeure to draughts when the animal is warm. The first symptoms are, as a rule, chills followed by fever, the temperature rising not infrequently to 104 or even 106 degrees Fahrenheit. The animal haa a hang-dog air and, on putting the oar to the cheat over the lungs, a crackling sound can msually be heard, though in some severe cases, no sound can be heard at i^l. Blanket the animal; put into a dry, brifc-ht box stall, where the ventilation is good; keep well bedded and feed light rations of easily-digested food, as bran mash, roots, and a small amount of clover hay, if the animal will take it Give kind treatment, a dose of raw linseed oil, and if very weak, 1- ;ht doses of stimulnnt, as two oz. of alcohol, (whiskey), or spirits ot nitrous ether 1 oz., every three or four hours. A mustard blister over the lung will sometimes give relief. It shoi'ld be left on for several hours. The best method in applying it is to make into a paste with warm water and rub into the hair, thon put - cloth over the treated part and blanket. Where this disease is suspected, a veterinaran should be called in, if at all pc Hie, an it is difficult to treat, yet, if the case is well handled, t\.MveTj is quite to be expecte< RETENTION OR AFfERBiRTH occurs occasionally iu almost every liord. It is probably due to some pecularity in tie physical condi- tion of the animal, but no one seems to have been able to determine why this rather unpleasant and expensive condition should occur in one case.and another cow, similar in every way and fed on aimilar feeds, should be normal in this respect, that is, discharge the after- birth very soon after parturition. When retention occurs, it is usually well to let it hang for a day, then, if not coming away spontaneously, proceed to reirore it. To do this, the operator should remove the shirt, careful., waah the arms to tlse shoulder and amear Umib with c1iir> uilii If III. Mill. I ,1 .Iniiy I.hiii. 137 should be forcibly expelled from these lumps and destroyed, or the tops of the lumps covered with turpentine which will V:sually kill the grubs and permit of their being absorbed. Wounds should be looked after as soon as observed. They should be carefully washed out and treated with a weak solution of carboUo acid or creolin. Keep the wounds clean, but do not irritate. r :m*> in PABT Vn.— EXPEKIMEHTS WITH DAIKT CATTLE. LINES OF EXPERIMENTATION. At the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa several lines of experiment* with dairy cattle have been conducted during the pa«t twenty yean, the chief being: — (1) Experiment to determine the number of dairy cattle that Diisht be carri> d to the acre of arable land on the average Canadian farm. (2) Breeding. (3) Influence of lioura of milking on quantity and (luality of milk. (4) Cost of feeding and e<;nnomy rt production of milk. Erperi- mctiti with various feeds, both roughage and concentrates, to deter- mine their values as feeds for dairy cows. Fcediiii? method*. (5) Ventilation. (0) Individual records. ■UMUARV OF TIIK WORK IWNE ON A TORTV-ArRK LOT AT THE CENTiUL K,\PKRIMKNTAI, FARM, lS»l-H!t|. Dr. J. VV. Robertson in IWl, while he wai Agriculturiit at the Central Exp.rir ntal Farm. iie«an experiments on a fort.v-aere lot with the iibjeet of directiui? llie utteulion of farmers to the praet- cabitity of koepiiiff i-nttle in larger numbe.-^ than had been tli.ir cuHt'eii on the mi»l«'rute and small-«irpd. It also included an allowance for a proportion of the tim* of the farm foremnn. but it did not include any allowance for the use of farm maehinory (ei<>«pt the engint), nor did it include any amount as an equivalent for the exhaustion of the soil or the applioation nf manure. The time of a man wim, cut and fed greon. 3s acre* mixed grain, fed green. Total Tom. Lb*. Yield ia n 1,791 11 .%6 S7 131 7 1,2% 7 1,905 130 1,750 6 I,»)0 Katiicatcd Value per ton. Total Value. t Ota. 400 10 00 4 00 2 00 200 2 00 400 Per acre. 21 00 17 BO 87 58 823 11.-1 148 26 18 30 16 91 261 75 23 88 31 50 64 17 872 00 The cost of producing these crors was $.565.74 which is $14.14 per acre. CROPS ON 40 ACRE LOT 1892. Variety. Tons. Lba. f Stfftw 8,!A •<:"• '«>>««' »™'° «™P • \ (irain". . '. 6 acre* mixed grain crop, cured 6iVo «"' mixed grain crop and r>'«, fed green 6 acree r»i<>tB 16,Vii ■»■'■'■■ ""'" *'^ hon» baana and lun fliiwun, c.54 or |Q0.41 per acre. 142 CROFS ON 40 AOU LOT 1895. Var.etf. SiV^ acn* (unflower hetd* 2«orMe«TOti 2 acres mangeb 13^ acra com cnt for (Bail ge — S aorca oom and hone baans kot for emilaf^ 4iW aoraa hone beaot cut for snailage 10 acraa mixed grain crop cured 4 aona mixed srain 2nd crop cut green 1 aere com fodder Total Yield IB Tons. Lb*. ifi rs: 4a 1,160 47 1,750 16& 1.028 74 1,769 30 815 26 1.675 710 7 1.345 latimated Value par too. Total Valua eta. 680 4 60 400 2 00 2 50 2 70 4 00 176 4 00 • oti. 103 29 186 32 Ml 60 331 02 187 21 82 10 107 36 11 13 30 69 1,230 61 BREEDING. The work of hreedinflr for miik production shows that (a) ■iiperior dairy cows may bo found in all breeds; (6) pure-bred females are not essential to success in dairy farming, but a pure- bred bull ahoojld always be used. RF.r.ULARITY OR IRREGULARITY OF HOURS OF MILKING. A series of experimenta was carried on in 190<)-01-02 to gain information as to the effect of milkinj? cows at une<|tial intervals upon the quantity and r ] i»t per cow day. daily. Irregular llcgular TliL' results show that when' the irr-^'.ilarities are slight, th.„< (liiantity and quality are not materially affected. Wbore the irre- ^ilorities are considcr.ible thtre are some changes. After the shorter 143 iiit(>iTaI. the (}uantity of milk is decreMed, but the fat content u increa.ied. ConToneljr, kftar tb* longw intarral tba quantity ia increased, but the fat content deeraaied. EXPERIMExVTS IN ECONOMY OF PBODUOTION OF MILK AND COST OF FEEDING. These two lines of work are so bound up with one another that it ie impossible to properly deal with one without dealing with th« other. In these experiments the following matters were taken into consideration and careful records kept with relation thereto: — 1. Quality and quantity of milk produced during period of lactation. 2. Length of lactation period. 3. Value of products at current market prices. 4. Anioiinte of f. xi (roughage and concentrates) consumed. 5. Total cost of feeding. 6. Profit per cow. The cost of the feeding stuffs was always fixed according to th« price of the articles on the market in the case of purchasable feeds ; in the case of ensilage and roots, (9 a ton was allowed, this beinf the usual charge for such feeds in experimental work in Canada and the United States. riNDiHoa. Summariung the experiments along the abore linea, it may b* said that our work would seem to show: — That cln-ap milk production ia assured by the choice of succulent or juicy foods, such as mangels, sugar beets and ensilage, and nitro- genous or fle^h and milk-forming foods such as clover and alfalfa hay, bran, oats and oil meal. That best returns come from well bred stock in well-lighted, well-ventiifltad and comfortably bedded atablea. That the cost of feeding should b« carefully studied, as the experienoe gained at (he Central Experimental Farm shows diat saTingi or improTements are frequently possible, individuals being ofton fed too lu'avy or toe light a ration for the milk being produced iu a given tim% til W 144 Careful records hare been kept »ince 1899 of the different amounte of different feeds fed to each cow. From tinw to time, the ratio of each in the feed has been Changed to meet the needs of Tarious animals, but the ration which after twelve years' trial seems to give the beet results appears to bo about as follows : — ' Lb*. Roughage : Com ensilage. . 40 Boots 20 Cut oat straw. . 6 Haj 6 Mtol : For every four pounds of milk one pound of a mix- ture made up about as follows: — Lbs. Bran 600 Shorts 200 Gluten meal.. 300 Oil cake meal. . 200 Olob^y allied to liiis record of feeding are the records which have been kept of the milk of each cow for the past twelve years. Not only is the weight of milk kept but also the record of its butter-fat content, hence, by allowing the current prices for butter fat and skim milk and taking into account the cost of feeding, the net annual profit or loss of each cow may be found. The following are the average returns per cow for the years since 1P99:— Yew. 1800 IWl 1803 190S 1804 1905 1906 1907 190« 1909 uu vox endiiiff June SO of that year II II H " II " . • . > ■ ■ tl »' ■ (9 moDtba, JuW 1, 1906. to March Jii 1906) •ndinc March 81 of that yaar Platr XXXI. m i '* <':_ i *i ._' t IL j«lllt R i^li iii'r •!l.. '■•* .» ' • J V 1 '/,-:■ ' . ■■"". f.%' ,. ||! ' ■ i ft-i 111- 148 SOME FEEDING EXPERIMENTS. 'dby vs. wbt feed.' Two lots of cows of three each were fed for seven days oa •imilar rations. On the eighth day the rations were changed, lot 1 beinggivenameal ration of barley, oats and oil meal dry, and lot 2 a meal ration of bran and gluten nieul wet. The same amounts of ensilage and hay as had been fed the first seven days were supplied all tjirough the experiment. After 14 days on this feed, the rations were interchanged between the lots of cows. The following is a snmmary of the rrsults: — fM. ■Mil*!*, doTcr hay, bmn Mid (luUn (fed •ft) Bnailan, cloTer hay, barlay, oati and oil meal (Mdnr) DlftaraBM in favur dry had At wage Diilk pnrday. lU "tj Average per cent fat- S 83 S89 16 Avfrafce yield b. (. 4 366 4927 0ai3 It will be seen from this table that not only is thuru un increase in quantity of milk, but also an increase in tliu quantity uf fat, when cows were fed on dry feed, as compared with the same cowi fed on wet feed. ENSILAnK vs. UANaKI.8. Two groups of cows (0 and D) were put in this experiment. For the first two weeks they were f«d the n^ular ration, at the end of which time the '0' group was put on to 'Ensilage, lluy and Meal' while the *D' group was fed ' Mangels, Hay and Meul.' At the end of two more weeks on Uicsu respective rations, the 'O' group was fed ' Mangels. IIa> and Meal ' and the ' I) ' group ■ Knsi- laff^ Hay and MeaL' ■!U« : ; i|^' ifir::; mi m It Ml m 14M The foUowinor i« • short summary of the rp«ult«: — Summariw. Summarjr. ; Summary. Mannli, KnaiUsH, Hay, Meal. : Hay, M«al. Avaraga weight (o sUrt at rnd uf 2 wmIci . Lo«i— or Kain + Meal fed group in I day . Hay fed (froup in 1 day . . Knsilagn fod group m 1 day . Meal fed in 2 weclcji Hay fed in 2 wnk.i Manrnlt in 2 we<-k« Knsilage in 2 weeks Value of food fed (troup in 2 w.vk« ,, I c »w in I day Milk produced by gioup in 2 week* Firat day'i milk (pom group... Second day'i milk from group • Average daily yield of group during lit week. „ „ 2nd >. .. S week* >• Mext to laat day'i milk from group liMt day'i milk from group Pi rrnaea in rat* of daily milk yield in 3 waekii Per rent decreaae in rate of daily milk yield p.c. 1 lie peeults *how that niuiiKnU are pruitk-ully no l>ett«r tbaa en»il:igi' for milk production. The cost of growing lli'^m i-. however, appreciably liiglier tlmo the coat of growing V |.!4^M ii JS "i-TSfS? U 8 ?S»g!J ffi "T •-« X W Tl JstcltissM.SJrt X t I X £ S : ill"? : :: 11 S 3 ■ i ■Si ',4 ■8 s I ^3 r H « II ]| JiiJiJiili «• 148 The cows liked the dry foi«ge and ate about 25 per cent more dry matter --hen fed hay alone, but the yield of milk fell off yery rapidly, aa is shown by the table. The results seem to indicate qui* atrongly the advisability of dvery dairy farmer having some succu- lent ^eed to give his mik^ jows in addition to hay and meal. ■OOTB AMD INSILAQB, TUBNIP8 AND BUQAR MANOELS AND BOOTS AND ENSILAOE, 8UUAR MANQELS AND SLCAR BKKTS. Thia experiment was not carried on quite fully for two reasons, Tii.: (1) the supply of sugar beets waj quite limited, and (2) tin effect of the turnips on the butter was very injurious. 149 u n a 'J 73 Id O is a: n Ex s ^1 If. ui'S ■8^ I jssa S.S.+ st^s ttsr ^ 4 I ^:3 |8 ||sas SS'r^S ■ee '^5 Sf? s^i ^ §^3 »Ot-t I5SI itti H> 150 ^ a 2" afs^" s& f X SZ8 PM :? ?8 5 t! 8&8 T r- ss ; ; sf9 «0 r- n Z ^S3 ID O *ft f f fsf * = a. •g a 's 1} 1 :§1 ill, 151 Tumips were f)iind to be more expensiw to produce thia ensilage and the other roots. They do not prevent the decreaao in the quantity of milk. Moreover, unless care be taken in the feeding they will give a strong, disngreeable taint to the milk at buttear. It will be seen on reference to the above table, that sugar beeti not only overcame the decrease in quantity of milk, but actually produced an increase. However, the cost of sugar beets is higher than that of eu({ar mangels. TWO FEEDS vs. THREE FEKDR D.\ILT. Many feeders claim that it is advantageous tc feed their c -.va three times a day instead of twice, though the same total quantity of each foed be fed daily. To determine the result of such a system, an exporiiucnt was carried on. and shows the foilowins:— Averagd \< I'iglil to »j>rt Aver*Ke weight »t end 2 week* Lou -or gain + Me»l ffid group in 1 day H»v .. « I •••••• EtmiUga »ad rooU fed group in 1 d»y Mb*I fed group in 2 weeks H»y " .. ;•■ Kniilag* Mid rooto fed group in 2 weeka Value nf feed fed grou|> » Value of feed ffld 1 cow in 1 dajr Milk produced by group in 2 weekt Fimt day's milk from group .Second - •• •■■■-.■■••, ,■• Average daily yield of group during lut week . „ M 2nd " M 2 wenkt.. . Noit lo last day's milk from group liMl day's milk fmm group . . , ........... Decrease in rate of daUy milk yield in 8 weeks Per cent decrease in rUe of daily milk yield . . . It will be soen th.Tcl'.>re that two fefd> |ur .iii I'.'d at re«iilar bourn are more pMfitable than three feodi. T.m) fe^nl* [jor daj pr.)duced willi Ic^s labour a larger quantity of milk. ilt^ ■ •;- ! \\ • ?■ -^ i*~ X- * ^r ■ i. t-ft ! . - >r'i4 Ihil ^ . t 163 REFUSE APPLES AS FEID FOR MILOH COWS. Since every year the fanner has a greater or leas quantity of low grade apples to dispose of, a few experiments in feeding these to dairy cows were carried on at the Central Experimental Farm with a view to studying their effects upon milk secretion and upon the liealtb of the animals. Fed no Apples. Number of cows in experiment * Average daily ration fed each cow during i weeks pre- vious to feeding experiment and t week* after apple feeding experiment. Ensilage and roots ^0 lbs. Hay * Meal '* " Feed consumed hy group in average t weeks. Ensilage and roots. ^'^OO " Hay 224 " Meal *^ " Value of feed in average 2 weeks $ 7.78 Cost to feed 1 cow 1 day 13-9 cte. Milk yielded by group in average 3 weeks 1.363 lbs. Daily average for oow diuring 2 weeks 24*^ Fed Apples in Ration. Average daily raiion for each eew during « weeks on experiment. Apples ' Roots aud ensilage Hay Meal 25 lbs. 20 •• 4 " 7J " 7:3 -ii E? c-r 1 '11 4» TSS'.i -p. i:i2. li ISS Feed aotuumed by group in i weeks while experiment lasted. Apples 1.400 lbs. Roots and ensilage I'^^O Hay 22* " Me.1 420 " Value of feed, other than apples, fed during 2 weeks. . $ 6.10 Cost to feed one cow 1 day (apples not valued).. .. 10 'J cn. Milk yielded by group in 2 weeks while eating apples 1,395 ]\>i. Daily average for cow during 2 wee^s 24-9 ' DifiFerence in milk yield in favour of apple ration, fw 2 weeks Average weight of cows when goin ^n anple feeding period ■■ »85 '^ Average weight of cows at end of apple feeding period 1,008 Gain in weight on average 23 Average weight at end of last 2 weeks 992 Loss in average weight during 2 weeks 16 ' The cows seemed to relish the apples, thrived upon them and were very favourably affected as to health. A saving of roots and ensilage was effected, and calculating the value of refuse apples on the basis arrived at in this experiment, their value, when roots and ensilage are valued at $2 per ton. is $2.40 per ton, or 7 cent* a bushel. Calves given a few apples each day seemed to like them and did well on them. BXPERIUEKT IN FEEDLNQ ' MEAL SEEDS.' ' Meal Seeds ' ii a by-product from cereal food factories and consists of a certain quantity of small grains, refuse from the manufacturing process, and weed seeds, the whole being ground together. An experiment was carried on w-th 4 Shorthorn cows for 28 days to determine the feeding value of meal seeds. For the first 11 days the usual rations were fed, but in the later 17 days, while the roughage ration iras the same, meal set^s at the rate of 8 lbs. per day were fed instead of a like quantity of a mixture of 000 lbs. bran, 300 lbs. oats and 300 lbs. oil meal. The followint' is a table of the findinga: — I* r. i V^ '»!-'> ili i i f f ilii 154 Number of cows (under ti«t Average meal ration (bran, oaU, oil meal) iHsfore test * '**' Average hay ration before test •> Average ensilage and root* ration before test ' Average yield of milk per day during 11 ^^ (laya while on regular ' ration. . 8Wi ' llilU produced I group first da. of U-day . , 90 " period Milk produced by group average of last 7 Jays before feeding -Meal Seeds'.. 88 Average yield of milk per day for 17 days while being fed ' meal seeds' 80i Average yield of milk per day during first week on 'meal seeds' *^*' Average yield of milk per day during last three days on 'meal seeds' 78* Rate of decrease ^^^' Normal rate of decrease for period. ... 5% The Meal Seeds' did not appear to be quite so palatable to the cattle as the meal mixture of bran. oat. and oil meal and the rate of decrease ,of pro.iuetion was doubted while the ' Meal Seed. were bein,' supplied. .\9 a .sole grain feed. 'Meal Seeds' cannot, therefore, be recommended, but may be profitably fed as part of the meal ration when oti.er feeds are expensive. EXPKBIMENT IK tEEDISQ ' PKA Dl ST.' Pea du.t is another by-pro-l-.ct of cereal food factories and in order to determine its worth " >r dairy cattle an e.xperin.ent wa. carried on with the re. 'ow. for the amount ut 1 •• _ .„ »r,>,nl 'a diust was substituted the regular meal ration an equal Number of cows under test. ■ • • * Avwage meal ration (bran. oaU, oil meal) before test Average hay ration before test Arerage ensilage and rooU before test ^ >'4f ■ 155 Average yield of milk pet d«j for 11 days while on re^lai meal ration.. 88Hilb». Milk produced by group first day of 11-day period ^"4 Milk produced by group average of last 7 days before beint fed 'pea dust'.. 8W A\erage yield of milk per day for 17 days while being fed 'pea dust' 8^4 Average yield of milk per day during first week while being fed 'pea dust'.. S.>^ " Average yield of milk per day for last 3 days while being fed 'pea dust'.. 85i Rate of decrease ^i'^o Normal rate -of decrease for period.. .. 5% Though the cattle did not like the pea dust, and some ditRoii','? was experienced in getting thera to eat the whole amount supplied, yet the results compare very favourably with what might have been expected from the regular ration. It will b« seen that the rate o£ decrease for the period was reduced below the normal. EXPEHIMKXT WITH 'SPIRIT GRAINS.' 'Spirit Grains,' a product of distilleries, was substituted at the rate of 8 lbs. per day for the regular grain ration whioii wa* '.'d i > similar quantity. The roughage ration was the same a* was supplied before the experiment ^vas begun. Number of cows under test * Average meal ration (brnn, oats, oil meal) before test ^ l*** Average hay ration before test •• Average ensilage and roots ration before '-St e^ " Averaye j'eld of milk per day during 11 days before feeding of ' spirit grains ' began '"^i Milk yielded by »Toup first day of 11-day period °'t Milk yielded by gtOMp average of last 7 days before feeding 'spirit grains'.. I'M " ii i?. I I h 166 Average yield of milk per day for 17 dayt while beiug fed ' spirit grain*'. ... 7t»3 lb* Average yield of milk per day for first week on 'spirit grains' 76*A Average yield of milk for last 3 d*ys on 'spirit grains' 83 Rate of decrease i% Normal rate of decrease for period.. .. 5% The cows liked the spirit jrraiiis, and the natural ttiul iioy of the milk production to decrease was reduced from 6 per cent to 1 pir cent. Spirit grains may, therefore, be taken as a very proKt- able feed. ROUTS vs. ENSILAOB. This experiment was undertaken to find out whether the addi tion of a certain propc ' i of roots to the ensilage ration would in any way influence " of milk. The roots were r .n the ensilage in the proportion of 100 Ibe. of roots to 20i of com ensilage. In both the pirioup in iMiriod Averuni' unviunt of en«ila(te iwr cow perilay _•■• Average iiiMciunt of root! and en-iilage per CI tw |HT diiy Totiil milk in averaffe day of period. . . Total milltprotlucwlbynroupin (leriod. Total milk pnKiiicwl by group in l»t 3 days of (lerHicI . Total milk priduced by group in lant 3 dayaof [x-iioil Value of fiKid ooUHumed by group durinif i»Ti.«l ■ ■ Value of (t«. 355 6 rfic 8 1(18 T.OTO 7 » K) 29 12 1 2.'l« iHi :\ 9!l H 99 H 94 72 3 It will be seen from the above table tlial Internntional Stook Foorl {■^ not of very Krcat value as a food for dairy cattle. In th- case where a quantity of it was nub.^tin .ti-l for a like qimntity o'' tlie regular meal ration, the rout of |iro«iiieingr 100 lb* of milk was raised from 7'.i'" to 71 ictit- MVN<;Kl.i> \:i. UKAL. A test WU3 made of three small group'* of eowa (three cow« u the Broup) which were far advanced in the lurtation period, to wain iome information as to the possibility of replacing the meal ration, or gome part thereof, by mangela. An outlini- of the experiment i» n« foKows:— t'tral iirriiii. Fihrwiry 15 il, V^tO. l.of 1.— Alma, Kannie, flurta. Daily ration i>er eow.- Meal mi-xb n«. 1 lb for .M.-h ^ i: -■ milk produced; loiiK j-traw, :'• ll>».; sorghum ea.-ila*?", 100 Ib.t.; rut -itraw, 16 lb«. What each cow w .ii!d eat up eleaa. Lot 2. • Soniie, He.s-ii.', .le-tsio K. 159 Daily ration per cow. — Saras as I»t 1. Lot :5.— Queenie, Robichaud, La Iklle. Daily ration per cow. — Same as Lot 1. Second ptriod, February ge-March 7, 1910. Lot 1. Daily ration per cow. — Same as period 1. Lot i. Daily ration per cow. — Roughut^o, same as period 1; mangels, 3 lbs. for each pound milk produced; no meal. Lot 3. Daily ration per cow.— Fcbnuary 22-28, roughage, same as pcriu'l 1; iiual, 1 lb. to 4 H>8. milk produced; mangelt, J lb. to 1 lb. milk produoNi. March 15-21, meal, 1 lb. to 7 lbs. milk ppoduoed; mangel.-'. 1 lb. to 1 lb. milk produced. Third period, Mwrc\ 1-8, 1910. Lot 1. Daily ration per cow.— Roughnge, same as period 1; mangol*, ■' Iba. to 1 lb. milk produced. Lot •-'. Daily ration per cow. — Same as [uriod 1. Lot 3. Daily ration per cow.— .March 8-U. roughage, same ai period 1; meal, 1 lb. to 6 Iba. milk produced; manBcls. IJ lb. to 1 lb. milU produced. March 15-31, Meal, 1 lb. to 7 Iba. milk produced; maugela. 2 lb«. to 1 k^. milk produced. Meal miilKire.- Bran, 500 lbs.; beet pulp, 200 lbs.; bent and molassefl pulp, 200 lbs.; cottonseed meal, 100 lbs. Oow4 weighed.— Monday, February 14, 10 a.m.; Tu^ Murofa S2, lU u.in. 160 « « C» «^« 8 S*S; i gS" ^ tC CO ^H 9»7 « mo ■• ^ A ^^ »H S3 cc^;^-3•N p g S? I SR ss s So ' s s« o t^ i-i to m . inii. 161 The feed for each cow was carefully weighed at each feeding. The results indicate the danger of depending too much on root* for cows far advanced ii lactation. A O0UPARI8ON OF GLUTEN^ OIL MEAL AND CX)TrON-SEED MEAL WITH BUAN AND OATS. During the winter of 1900-07, an experiment was iiiiJ-Ttaken to gain some information as to the value of gluten, oil i.umI unJ cottonseed meal as feeds in comparison with bran and oatn. Each group contained four cows. The tables which follow give a full history of the cxpcrimeut. m VALUES or illXTURES. I'er Ion. Oats and bran mixture, equal parts.. .. !f::tl "0 Oats, bran and gluten meal mixture, equal parts 21 60 Oats, bran and oil meal mixture, equal parts 2:5 40 Oats, bran and cottonseed meal mixture, equal parts 23 CO These were the prices the kwl^ loi^t us. mm-t\ Mm itur* Fed. Oats 100, i-n»- I I Oats HiO, q.^^^ igo, ■ Ur»n UK), liiiiin»ry i OaU 100, Bran 100. jj^j^,, ]no i Cotton Oata 100, ! Bran 100. 1 Oil lueal Q^^^^^ wxr ««d '"" in-allOO. l'.Ti.n s iiu!,l ill iwri'xl i Avfij^'i' amount himI ixt, i-ow |i.rday. ... . .^. . 1 Aiiii'uii' riioU anil •■nsilaKel oinMini.-i-.r •.iiM l«-i l.i V.iiiiP ol fiwil coiii*iim"l by| ((roiipiinring p<'riiKl. . . . ., Value of food coiwiimed by] ifroiip in on* day Co^• ol liKillH. milk prudncod by HI '.p I'lriniT iK-riod. C St of PKHI -. iiilk produced livKioip liiriii;; fir-t threa dav^ of IK 11. >d ■ ,■ j <%j«tof li>i ii <. niilkpi'Hluoed liy Kioiip Inrini? lant t'ire« llilVK of (H'liod, . . NiMinal rat.' of dwrias" in uiiik flow (luring i«riod Rate •< ■' I'paie .orinctva"" ^ . ill. .IK I • ricHl. Average,)^! •■••I lof fat in luilk during IW'"! U Mi lbs. 6i- 2,660 . 47 5 » 108 .. *) .. 1,210^ ., •IW r, „ m *•> 4:»,^ 57 1 a6 a D7 n 4 p.a 14 36-1 llM. 6i., 3,3lW .. 4:1 .. KiS „ h-i „ 1,117 .. 2.'i0 ,. 244 ., «6 «l i» 47 ,\ fi7 I) M 7| i 58 1 4 p.0. IS p.e. a S p.c. 4 4 p.c. 4 6 I'.c. 14 3t;4 IbH 6i .. 2,S59 .. 42 N 16S N 76 5 .. I.U.". " 2484 M 241 .. «7 21 DU 63 SS i> 64 4 p.c. 1 P.C. 4 6 i>.c. 14 301 Iba. 04- 2,338 .. 41 5 .. 1U8 I. 82 .. 1,U84 1. 241 M 212 „ ili eT Jay 47 '5 .i Amount hay cunstmiod l>y ^:nm;i in in-riud itW <• Tiiial n.ilk in avi-rage day of IM-riod 72 .1 To'r.l ii:ilk imiiluced by group iiiiHTiod 1003 ., Total milV produoed by group in first three days of iK-ricxl. 21.5 ."< .. I Total milk pr.idTictd by group in laat thrt-t' days of period. 210^ •• V'idu*' of food consumed by Kroiip during {leriod ! $<> S3 \'ahn» of fool consumed byj group in one day ' 40i\l Cwitof 100 lbs. milk produced' | by group during lit riod. .. . 63 } ('..»t cif liXlllw. milk proiluced 1 by group durir/ first three! [ days of jieriixl j 6S Cost of 100 llw. milk produced! I by group during last threa i days of iieriixl i 64 ' 41 Normal rate of decrease ia! | mdk flowduiing (leriod | 4 p.c. Kate of decrease - : or in- crease -t- ; during p'-riini .\verago imt nut "f fat in milk during i«rioJ 1 14 SOS lbs. 5J „ 2.">20 „ i 45 ., \ ifis „ ! 70 ., I 9!*t>i „ ' 209i „ 212i ., $«71 47iJ 68 68 2 67 3 4 p.c. Mar. 21 to April 3. 14 31)8 lb«. .-ii „ 2"il>> n ■III, II IDS II 72 It 1005i I. 21(i.i ., Oats 100, I'.n.j 100, C'ott7 9i 4 PC. 7 p.c. 4 7 |>.c.! 4 7 p.c. n r,i 2 4 p.c. -66 p.c. 4 5 p. 3. riMit U| 1C4 Gboi P III. Meal Mixture Fed. Item Oonaidered. Pre- liminary Bran 100, Oata 100. Oata 100, Bran 100, Gluten 100. Oata 100, Uran 100, Cotton ieed meal 100. OaU 100. Braniqu Oata 10<> Bran lOd. Oil meal 100. Feb. 21 Mar. 7. M»r. 21 April 4 April 1> Period to to to U> to Mar. 6. Mar. 20. .\pril 3. 14 April 17. May 2. Kuoiber of days on feed 11 14 14 14 Aniuunt uical nii.\ture cl .. Aniomit rii<)t» and inoiUi< cimsunied by group in period 2:.iH) .. 23.-11 . •JX,'.) „ 233S „ 1,820- .. Avt-ra>te atiunint rtx>tH and en silaKc l^r cow |M;r day 4G{„ 42J „ 42 .. 42 .. 32J . Amcmiit hay mnsuiiicd by Knmp in jieriod 1C8 u Ka .. 168 16K „ 168 .. Total milk in averagt; day of periuil .... 76 „ 1 1 •• 7ti ■. 71 .. 66 . Total milk prodticwl by groui in iieriod lOGSi .. 1077 i •• K iU „ 977 .. !)32 ■■ Total uiilk pr(Hlui.'f'd bygri>u| in firM llin.v M.iya of ptriiKl. 228 „ r.'a .. i' 217i .. •Mi .• Total milk pro-luLud by gnm| iu la.it ihrte days of i>«riud 228i ., 23;< .. 224 i .. 206i .. 199 .. Valne of ffjud cuiisuiiitKl by group iluring iH-riod fti2r> «6 30 tti .58 teoi t6 01 Value of food cona\imed by group in one day 44i; 45 47 4211 421! Cost of 100 lbs. milk produceii bv group during [jeriod . . 69 5!i D 02 61 5 61 5 Coft cif 100 Uw. milk produced by ^r.vup during tirj.i Ihrt'** davt* of period 60 60 5 61 19 3 62 ? Cont'of 1()0 lbs. milk prcHlucwl by gr.iip dunng last fhrw dftVB of iKJIlml 069 068 63 62 4 64 Norni.tl rate of cietreaMe in milk-How duriiif,' periol 4 p.c. 4 p.c. 4 p.e. ; 4 p.C. 4 p.c Rate of deirea-e — ; or in create + ; during (leriod . . . - -^4 4p.c-. -2 6 p.c -D p.c. -4 p.c Average jx-r cent of fat in Diilk during period 4 2 p.c. 4 7 p.c. 4 p.c 4 6 p.c 4 2 p.c. 165 Group IV. Itam Ooniidered. Period. Meal Mixture Fed. Pre- liminary, Bran 100, OaU 100. Feb. 21 to Mar. G. Numlx^r of days on feed A;nount meal mixture con BumcKi in |ieri"d Avenwe Amount nit'al I»r cow iMT ilay. . Amount rixjta and tiisila)?i coiiBunit'il by group in jifi ii>il Avera^u amount roots and ensihigx per cow jjit day. . . .\mount hay consunud by group in period Totil milk in aveni^-e day of period Total milk produced by group in jjeriiMl Total milk pi-oduotd by group in firnt tliree days of period Total milk prcKluci-d by group in last ttipee day« of jieriiKl. Value of fiMxl consvimt'd by group during iHTii id Value of fuoil consumed by groui) in one day Cost of 100 lbs. milk prcKluced by group during (ptriod .... Co«toi 100 lla. milk produced by group during first three days of |ieri(Kl Cost of 100 lbs. milk produced by group during last three days of f iriiMl Normal rate of decrease in milk flow during period Rate of decreas) — ; or increaae + ; during period Average {ler cent of fat in milk during jieiiod Bran 100, Oata 100, Cotton •ead meal 100. Bran 100, Oata 100. Mar. 7 to Mar. 20. Mar. 21 to Apl. 3. Bra lO, Oats 100, Oil meal 100. Apl. 4 U) Apl. 17. 14 392 lbs. 7 .. 2,UG0 » 47i.. 168 .. 87i .. 1,22,'ii .. 2fi(; .. 2(>4i .. $7 17 BI ,= 59 60 .TO 4 p.c. — 1 p.c. 43 p.c I 14 { 3!»2 11w.; I 2,61.0 " 4-i .. Ifi8 ,. H» .. i,23;( „ 2->7 .. 2G74 .. t 7 H8 14 31)2 lis. Bran 100^ Oata loo, Gluten 100. Apl. 18 to May 2. 2,r.90 ,. 2,f)20 ., 4f.i .. 45 >, 1«8 ,. 168 M b3 ., ta „ 1,1UC „ l,107i .. 2D9 .. 24Ci .. 246i ., 2.".4 .. • 7 10 $7 70 M\\ 64 66 63 4 p.c. +2-6 p.c. 4-4 p.c. I M\l, 61 69 61 5' 14 I 14 1 392 Ibi.! 392 llw. 7 .. I 7 ,. 2,(«i •■ Si i „ 16> .. 8u' „ 1,14'.> .. 250 ., 2i>i .. $6h5 481 Obi- 4 p.c. -5 p.e. 4 4 p.c. 65 66 67 CJ 4 p.c. + 3 2 p.a 4 8 p.c. 68 5S 2 4 p.>. + ■.'- I'.C 4 4 p.o 166 Sl'MMABT. Item Considered. PeriiHl. Meal Mixture Fed. Pr«- I liniinary, Oatu 100, Uata lOO, ; Bran 100. BraalUO., O.U100. OaUlOO, O\^12o, Bran 100, Oil meal ipa Kran 100, Uluten 100. Cotton Med meal 100. I It I 14 1,372 llM.1 1,372 11m. 6 1., ! n 1.. Nuinl»'r (if da\ jon feed. ... AtiiDiiiit meaf mixture con Mini' I ill jwriod ,\vl•:.^^r»• utiiount nu*al \»'T^ otiw i"-r day , ■ ■ ! .VniuMiit r.KiU and ensiilitJi' cdii^uii '• lbygrouiiiii|*r'oil 10,.^70 n .-\vcr;iu''' amount rtmtH and; ••ii^iluKB ]i72 n Total milk in aver.igi' d^iy uf| porio.i I 320 5,. Tot.il II. ilk riKxiuced by group in |.,mieiitxl 4 3 p.c' 14 14 1,372 lbs. I 1,872 '.1<8. 6 1.. i 6 1„ !l,219 I 41 .■•■ 672 .. S'.Ki 6.. 4,237 ■".. -.37 5.. ' HU3 ., $ 2'j 35 1 SI 1 511 8 4 p.o. -3 7 p.c 4 5 p.c. 9,2M .. 41 1.. 072 „ 313 ,. It i.sra lu. 6 1.. 9,331 .. 41 S. 672 .. 331 M 4,380 5.. I 4,400 5. tl . G72 . 29.-1 5, 4,231 5, 907 .. i 90B-5.. I $ 27 63 I 1 !>6-6J i 65 3, 4p.o. I 4'6p.o.i 4 Sp.c] 46p.c. 911) 5,. 948 ., 944 6.. 945 &■. $'26 41 <27 88 I 48 8 1 Ml 60 Si 63 S 4 PC 4 p.c. f 4 p.c - 2pc. It wii- t'.iiiii.l. a< will 1)0 riooii from tlio abovo tal>'.o^ tluit whili- tluse f('od>, <-Mt"iall.v'oil moal ainl sliiten, rln'cUed tho falling-off ill milk How, tlu'y at the same time raised the co^t of produetio:. SI that the period when hran wa.s being fed hoM^ first phif'e in e.onom.v. The gluten meal period is very close bohind. hijwever, and has the adv.nntnue of hnvina not on'y .IlnI;.'!! the nutur*! deerease in tnilk flow but evea induced u slight inerea»«. 167 EXPERIMFNTS TX VENTILATfOX OF DAIRY BARKS. Many systems of ventilation for cattle liarns have been dovijed and advociiti'd by in:Mi.v oxiiorinu-iitors. Tho writer has tried boiweea •25 and liO ditTcrciit .svstciiu- within the last ten years. Most niolliods tried liave proven more or lo.|)ear to bi: the one must worthy of lr:.il. A system known ns the KinfC System has been wid ly advoeated. It proved qnite Mnsatiafaelory here. It would seem to bi- better siiif''cl f.ir warmer i-ountries. I?elow arc submitted dcsiriplive euts :iid brief 1 r..|M i- •li-tril'iilinn of pure air throiigh.iiit llw 'Stable depen.N for the most part upon cimviMtion or circulation of air in the lower half of the «tuMe die to the Iieut r- ;^-, ,1- I'lviK XXXV. # ? ?4' Avr«liirf •'•'» Niiiii ili.ill l!r..«iiii l\ I'ikIihi.I In:'-. \\ ll,». I.iiti.r M(» |i,.f ci nt l;lt 111 1 \ I . aT«i>-|i. V*. n..-/, fiom the animals causing displacement of the lower air which, when warmed, will ascend and be replaced by cool, fresh air entering by ' A ' or ' B ' or by both or numerous similar openings. The impure air leaves the stable by outlet ' D.' C are window* hinged at the bottom and held in position by small chains from a to b. The windows may be of any desired width or height If very liigh it is advisable to have the lower half stationary and the upper hinged thereto as in B. The outlet D E F for such a stable as mentioned, if single, should be about two feet square. If it is preferred to have two outlets, as is probably somewhat better, then each outlet should be 1^ feet square. This outlet pipe D E F may be in the centre or to one side. So far as satisfactory working is concerned, I may say that we have had almost eijually good results when the pipe took thj courses D E F, D E E' F' or W E' F' provided always that the out- let F or F was 2 or 3 feet higher than II the aptx of the roof. To prevent in some measure the inflow of snow or rain, a cap Q should be constructed over the outlet pipe. If convciiiently situated, D might serve as au o|u>iiiii^ through which to drop bedding or feed. The amount of air to e-cape through tlie outlet is controlicd by tlie trap T which niav be regulated by cordri descending into the stable. .^ SYSTEM OK VENTII.ATIO.V ' C. — THE Hl'THKRKoRl) HYSTEU. This sy»tem is no seriptive parntirniilisi will probably not be out of pla<'i'. It is tlie syeteni iixist coii:nioiily u.setl here for the rtlason that it has proven to be most siniplt^' of manipulation and atfords the least opportunity of being lad'.v «orkea-Mi^' . it spn-ads and take* usually the courso indicated by the single-heuded arrow. ! ! ITO If for any reason it U not considereu tdTiMble to pass under the wall, then an opening throuRh the wall at the level of tho floor will serve the imrpo^o. In such case it will, however, be found necessary to bo surround the oiteninar into the stable as to give the run C— Xtttharford System. •niering air current uii upwurd teudiMi-.v. I he air .urrt-nt woull thfiii follow the ilinx-tion-. indiculwi by tlw d<>Hl>le lioiided iirrow*. A. to ..utU't, the -iiii'P plan »orvo» U was d-wriln-d in writ ins of »«iti latiun plan ' K.' MtHTKM !)► rKNTn.*TH)N * D.'— TIIK KINO HVXTISIl. Like the styslem just discussed, the KiiiK lysiem it probuii y known to many n-ud. r« It has many udnilrcr,. and many li.vo m m sjccL'did with it. It is most remarkable in thi«, that the foul air is drawn from the floor and the fresh air enters at the cei^'n^. In the previously discussed systems as will be remembered, the faul uir in every case was drawn from the ceiling, while the fresh air c:ime in at different points from tfas floor to the ceiling according to the system being considered. FUb D-KlBC System. Tlio advocates of the King Systrm claim that since carbonic add ga!> is the chief impurity in stables, and ^inco this gas is licuvier thnn pure air, it is likely tn hp found in liirT9st qtinntitiM near tlie floor, and therefore outlets for iutiiure uir should begin near the floor level '. € ITS In the cross section diagram, the inlet is shown by arrow* running from A to C. The outlet begins at B and the foul air goes \ip the tube and out at E. Both inleU and outlets occur on each side, and should be at intervals of about 10 feet, eay 3 of each on each aide. Where these nuuibors occur, then c .ch inlet and each outlet •houid have * cross sectional area of at least 60 aquare inches, say 4 inches x 15 inches. Where it is intended to install this syStem, it •hould be provided for when building the walls. Spaces between the «tuda will serve for both inlets and outlets. The outlet B L E might bo moditietl to take the course B L M, in whidi case it would probably be necessary to extend M above the level of the apex of the roof. At O openings should be made into the outlets so that the warm air at the ceiling may be allowed to escape when the average stable temperature rises too high. The chief objection to this system is the large number of lont? pipes or boxes necessary to admit pure air, or discharge foul air, •8 the case may be. This objection is particularly in evidence when it becomes nece»^»^y to install the sydtem in an old building. A modification of the s.vstem and one that is easy of introduction in an old or new wooden building is given below. SYSTEM OK VKXTII.ATION E. This t.v-tem, a moditiiation of tho King, permitting of cheap •nd ca«y installation in either new or old frame or log buildings, is one which tin- writer devised and put into operation some years •go at the Kxi'erimontal I'anii ami elsewhere. It has woriicd v..r> Mtisfaetorilv. wherever installed. That it is ciieap as well a^ effective is prove,! by tlic fuet that in a staWe for i!2 cattle it cost $13 for laU.ur aixl material. The pipes in this system are cntireb inaide the stable. F( r 20 cattle in tho standard stable these shoul I to six in number, eaeniii«s to the outside aii. •ne an Inch or so below the ceiling level as a and b. ami the oth. r • inirbes to 8 inchea above the floor level as c and d. 'riiosc oik-ii tegt ilMuld b« of ths tame dimensions •§ the pil**. Tht air enters •178 the building by paMing into the right hand pipe at D up past E and into the stable at F at the ceiling. It circulates through the build- ing, enters tlie outlet at A, paame up through B and out at C. If the wind were blowing from the left, however, it would enter at X up through B and out into the stable at Y finding its way out by entering the right hand tube at D and pasaing up through £ and out at B. , Bad Wall CoMtruction .• . nn-nr Men luff, P»»t» BtTwtttt.^ Plan B- HtMMfiad Kinf SyMM» H J L N represent barritrs i«r triip doors hinged at O I K and M resiKK'tively. As set in diagram, air enters by D E F ai ' dis- oharue- by ABC. If set as |i<"r liottoil linec tlini ontry would be by X B Y and discharge by D E B. When properly attended to this is an txreodiugly satisfactory system, but when neglpoleur« of auvi'ess. m ■ h n 2. DiiMsror of too great a faU or rise of temperature in tho niKht. due to rise or fill of wind. 3. DarkL-iiiiiK of stable due to presence of muslin ou window* which renders stable gloomy and damp. t. Foulinp of the muslin on account of changing directions of air currents which wet the curtains permitting foul air to escape, thus preventing the us. Uti. IHDEZ. f>. '■-n Tutrn Abortion, eontairioas 129 Afterbirth, Retention ISS Air «pace. Allowance of 42 Alberta, Metho »•»• WiUata 1T9 ini Central Eiperimentat F.irm— P*"* ExprrimantH with Dairy Cattia at '*' Chal '»* ChaJDi for tyinir cattia ** Clippinx dairy cattle •• C|o„,. 100. 104, 108 /i\»ik,''.'^\'."^.^^^'.'.'..'. 100.107.111 Crimson >«. 1" Hfd 8w»t Whito Coloitrom, Us» of ** CoDdimrntal ¥rrit '" Contagions Abortion '•^ Corn aa a Fa«l for Dairy Cattia •• •♦ •a an anniliiRa crop '*'• H? •a a aoilinx crop Bran Fodder Oil oak* BtoTer Cott of Milk Pr(MliKtimi on Central Farm !♦' Cotton 8e«l Meal "* Cowa, Arran»ero«>nt of in barn " Antnmn feedinx of *' Comfort of i»'i0.62 Drying "H of " Dry IViiod of ^ OroomiiiR "I Ini^-Tidnnlity of _ JadRinfC of Pointi of Rem liarn, Importnnce of 41 Druffs. See Vniier Diseaseii, RcinpdieA for. Dryinir oft Heifers 2t Dry Period of Hi-lferii 29 Dutch Belted 14 Emmer, as n Fi'»d for Dairy Cattle 95 Kntilitcn Crops- Clover Ill Corn 109.110 Cxrn, 8iitl>i»i$ Facilities from 7 Wiiter Supply of 7 Feadinn Cal»e». Methoda of H FredioK Dairy Cattle 1 1.1 Coat of on Central Farm 143 rMdinr- r«T mik Pro M* tm PMl 6S M ■ S7 M .. m Si n 73 .. w G6. IM .. r .. n Finding— Con't""'"' Meal with PMtur* ■ Uathods of. SunntKl ExperimenU in »t C»ntr»l I'trm '" in Albeita ™ in British Columbia " in Minitoba ■• in New Brunswick ^ in Nova Scotia in Ontnrio ill Prince Eiiward Isliind in tjiiebec in Sa-k;itrhc«an Pa.st(irinx Pliilooophy of ProiiortioninR Ration RpgularitT of, Imjiortanre of Soiling Crops Stall to PaMurt. Changing from Summer Silos Two f»- Three times per day Standards ,,«,«. Table, of ree.ling Value "<"» Ilaecker. The 11 Kellner. The ij Sc^irdanavan. Tha ' Wi»ii.n»in. Th.> 1" WolB-I-ehmann, The ^ Feed Records, Forms for *" Keed Ufh.m, in Dair? Barn-" *• n Alfalfa or I-iicern 108.106 Alsike "» A|>plc Piimnre A|>r"le« Apples, refu-* Barley R:trley Straw Brewer'.' Urains dried Brome flras" Burkwlir;i Biirkwhiui Bran Straw J'abbiig.* Canadian Blua Orawt CbaB CU»«r Crimson "* M »" i'eeds tn us IM m n ti 101 N M l«t US l«l lot 18S ToKiii -Continued. P«i Clo»er— /'o»!'i''««f. SwMt >•* Whi'e »•• CondimrntRl *" Corn M.IM.W Bran RniilaR* '«• Fodder '•• Oil Cakp ** Cotton S»ed M«« I •* Distillrf*' Orainii »* ■• Dry" v$. "Wet." I« Dry rt. Snecul»nt Forax* '♦• Rmmrr " Kn^iUc* r». M«nn?U 1*4, IM KaM-iia t" Flaxseed •• Flax Straw !• Flour, Kf«il •• Gluten Fred •• Gluten Meal » Gluten, Oil Meal and Cotton SefW Horw Bean* 97. IW. lit HunRiirian ' Water ^ Weed Seeds " Wettorn Rye Ora^s •** Wheat '•" Wheat Bran •" Wheat Straw "*"' Comi«»«ition of. Table" 116. 12.^ Note* on some " • ' Palatibility of. Minor Ai'ls in '•' Value of *" Variety in. Value of "" _ 101 Fewne Flaria II of Dttawa. Record of '" Flaxseed " ,I*lly, as a Feed for CaWes «♦. » pUx Straw, •• a Feed for Dairy Cattle lOS Flies. Repellents for '" Floor. Feed, as a Feed for Dairy Cattle *» Klocr Siuwe in Barns ♦* FlooriDB 9l Dairy BkfM *♦ Ill Food ConatitncnU 71 Ash ?» CarboTdratM 72 P«t 78 Protein 73 W»Ur 7S Foraire, Dry vs. Sarculsnt 14* Forty Afrrs, Cropii on , 138 Nnmber of Cows for 1S9 FoiiDtains, a» used in Dairy Barn* 70 Qaruet 1S3 Oeneral Purpou Cattle 1( Oluten Feed M Oluten Meal 96 Orains pi. Meals Oraen Feeds 119 Qroominir Dairy Cattle 61 Qiiernie.rs U Hairy Vetrh, aa a Feed for Dairy Cattle 107 Hay. Marsh, Broadleaf. as a Roiling Crop IM Hay, Sloiixh, aa a Soiling Crop 103 Ueiferi, Ane to Serre 27 CaWinir, Time of it, Care of 27 Feeding of 27 Seli'ction of 26 Treatment of Daring Qostation 2V " " Lactntiiin m " with iirst Calf 28 Herd. The Dairy, Carp and Mnnagement of, UetlimN of keeping np.. 18 Holatein-Friegians IS Horse Beana, a« a Feed for Dairy Cattle 97. 1(19. 110 Hoapital. The )26 HoTen ISO Hunxarian Oraae lOt Hygiene in Stablea I2( InflaniDiation of the Lnngs Ijj Inatrumenla, Siirgi'-al. Set Vndtr Di^eaxea. International Stock Kood 157 IiiTeriion of the Wonih Dl Jersey s IS Jndging Dairy Cattle 31 Kmtiicky Bin* Qraaa IM Kind Treatment, Valaa ef 28,62 Lice 131 l.iRhtiM •' Doirr ■•»• M 18« Iiinrnln Redi Lucrrn. See Alfklfa. , I« Lumpr J«w Litter Malt Sproats. a« * Fewl for IHirr C»tU» " „ ... IM Ifammitii ll.nir.1. ni.n8.iM.»5.Mt.m IfanKrIi r: Knsilagd li«ii«<>ls r.. MmI "" M«n«*™, Arran(r*m»iit of, MethoH* of Feeding in « Manitob*. 8niUble Rotations for " lf*tho Oat nay "^ Oat and P<^ Hay •■ Oat Hulls, a* a Feed for Dairy Cattle r 18T Vum Out Straw. %% > r*«l for Dairy Cattle "* Oftts, as a Feed for CalTM *• m a Feed for Dairy Cattle ^ ai a Soiliiut Crop '* Oil Cake Ueul " Ontario, Methoda of Fradiiw Dairy Cattle in W Rotations suitable for • Orchard Grass l" Palatibility of Fwds, Minor Aids in 6* Pastures ** ChaoitinR from Stall to "I " Pea Dust " as a Feed for Dairy Cattle l^t Pea Hay, as a Soiling Crop '"^ Pea Halls, as a Feed for Dairy Cattle Pea Straw, as a Feed for Dairy Cattle •••• •<* Peas, aaa Feed for Dairy Csttle W Paaa and 0«ts as an Ensilage Crop •'• Pneumonia "* Potatoes, as a Feed for Dairy Cattle "• Preservation of Milk Prince Edward Island- Methods of Feedinit Dairy Cattle in M Rotstionn suitable for • Problems relating to Fesdinc. Solutions of *• Pumpkins "* Quebec. Method* of Feeding Dairy Cattle in *» Rotations eui.able for ' Bap* as an emtilage crop "• Rape as a Soiling Crop "W Ration. Definition of ^* Balanced. Definition of '* Rations. S" also under Feeding Standardi 74 Calculation of ^- '^ Dis iiwion of various, for dillcrent parts of Canada M Ratios. Nutritive. Illustrations of "* Records, Dairy. Forms for •* lBdi»iT Red Top lOJ, IW Rauiodies. Str v.: r DieiMW. Ringworm '•• '■i If Di Booti VI. EnsilsRe m a Feed for Dairy Cattle lU Botations, as ASrctinft Dairjiag ' Clorer EnsilaKe ' • BuUbaitas. See Swedes. Bye, as a Feed for Dairy Cattle » aa a SoilinR Crop !•• Salt, Necessity for W Saskatchewan, Methods of Fe<>dinK Dairy Cattle in 88 ■nitable Rotations for U Scale of Points aa used in JndRinR Dairy Cattle 31 Score Card, The, aa used in JudginR Dairy Cattle S3 Separators, Choice of *" Shorthorns '^ Shorts or Middlincs, as a Feed for Dairy Cattle 98 Silos, Summer •' Skim Milk, as a Feed for Calves 24 as a Feed for Dairy Cattle IIS SlouRli Hay 1*3 Soilinx Crops for Dairy Cattle 106 Alfalfa 10« Clorer, Alsike 107 Crimaon ">' Red '•< White 1<» Corn ••" Oats lO^ OaU and Peas I»f* Oats and Vetihes !•< Peaa and Oats I* Rape '0^ Bye >•* Sorffhum ••* Soy Beans !•* Timothy Tetchra 107, 109 White Turnips IIS Salntiona of Problama in Feedinj M, M SorRhum 108,110 Soy Beans Iftt "Spirit Grains " as a Fe«l for Dairy Cattle isj Spring Calving S8 Stable. The 41 gulls in the Dairy Baru 4S Stanchions •• ♦* t-:-- - •■ r- f 1. IM Stock Food, InUrnaKonal, m » Feed for Dairy Cattl<> 1S7 8traw aa a Fe«d for Dairy CaHle 101 Sugar BMta 112 Sugar Beet Pulp, dried., as a Feed for Dairy Cattle lU Sugar Mangels 112 Sunflowers lis an Ensilage Crop 1 W Sussex 17 Swedes 11» Tables of Feeds. How to Use.....* 80 Chafl and Dry Fodder 118 Ensilage 118 Green Feed 11» Hay and Dried Forage 117 Miscellaneous Feeds 119 Roots 118 Teats, Chapping of 130 Conformation of 30 Timothy IM Tracks in Dairy Barns M Tuberculosis IM Turnips, as a Feed for Dairy Cuttle 113,148 White, as a Soiling Croi> 113 Tying Cattle. Method* of 43 Udder, The. Conf.irmatioii of SO luflamniatiiin of 133 Utensils, care of -W Used in Caring for Mill i6 Values of Feeds, Tables of 116, 128 Variety in Feeds. Value of 88 Ventilation of Dairy Birn' 47,167 System B. Convert ion 168 System D. Tb» King System E. The Modifiet«m Maslin Curt.iin System System A. Pierced Wall System 167 Sy«tem C. The Rutherford System 49,168 Vetch Hay 104 Vetches M a Soiling Crop 107, 109 Warblee 156 Washinn Dairy Cattle 61 Water, Supply of in Dairy Barns 48 Weed Seeds, as a Feed for Dairy Cattle 89 Western Rye Oraa 18* 190 Wi.-»t, M a Tf*4 far Oalry C««U » Wheat Bran, aa a Faad for Dairy CaUl* W Wheat Straw, aa « Vtti ht Dairr CattI* m Whita Soeora IM Whitawaahiox lit Waunda IK