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Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Stre film6s d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour 6tre reproduit en un seul clichd, 11 est f ilm6 d partir de I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. errata to pelure, >n d n 32X 6 ■ ■'^--^tfcair-tjir:eiij:f.A i ij| > j4 ) ite* - .^i^,aCd^ WOl poi res Intb INTRODUCTION. ♦ ■ I HAVE been repeatedly solicited to prepare a popular work on the mineral fountains of Saratoga Springs, and to point out the places of interest within the limits of the county of Saratoga. This I have endeavored to do, and the work is respectfully submitted to the public, by the Saratoga Springs, 1859. AUTHOR. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1859, ; , By B. L. ALLEN, •;, 5-;^ In the Clerk's Office of the District Court; of the Northern District of New-York. \ V ^-:s. /^j>- CCf-'YRIGH r V ■ u,i^ Ian ph the Ha^ to- ogi W Sa to th th DC ro ha sh er Ifefo-ITorh: W. H. ARTHUR & CO., PRINTERS AND STATIONERS, No. 89 NASSAC AND 66 LIBERTY STREETS. . ';■■ 1859. in v.- TOGA. E. D . lill: '— PsA. civ. 10. ^ coF^Yr^:3n r v \ TATIONERS, HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. CHAPTER I. Saratoga.— This is an Indian word of the Iroquois language. And the inflections oga and aga are local phrases and only mean place. And in the same sense the inflection aga is used in the words On-ond-aga and Sac-and-aga.* But what meaning the Indians attached to the inflections Sar-fli! or Sar-agh, in the word Sar-at- oga or Sar-agh-oga,t we have not been able to learn. We know of the locality to which they applied the word Saraghtoga, that it was a tract of land lying from forty to fifty miles north from Albany, on the west bank of the Hudson river.l: There was doubtless a signiflcancy in the name, for the region was held in high estimation by its immediate occupants, and its merits were not unknown to sur- rounding tribes, as its traditionary history, so far as it has been discovered, fully assures us ; and as is also shown by the public proceedings which were had in ref- erence to it, during the early settlements of the county. This peculiar tract of country, which was of so much importance to a people in a primitive state of society, lost * Henry R. Sckooloraft's letter to the author. t lu some of the diahcts the inflection " Sarngh," means salt. Ifthis is the meaning, Sarnghtoga would mean the place of salt springs. t Documentary History of N. Y., vol. i., p. 156. V i-'i^^ S^i "■; C^^ ~»- * nANJD-BOOK OF SARATOGA. none of its great value by being transferred to an enlight- ened nation. Wild forests spread over a varied land- soapo, consisting of table-lands, which sloped gently toward the banks of the rivers ; while mountain ridges raised their bold fronts in the distant background, and gave origin to the multiplied rivulets, creeks, and streams, which traver.se in circuitous lines the whole iace of the country, where many a mirrored lake lay sweetly re- posing in the midst of the tablelands, and as so many eyes in the face of the landscape, imparted life and beauty to its features. Such a country as this could not but bo well calcu- lated to supply with food a race of men like the Indians of North America. The mountain ranges and table-lands were well sup- plied with moose, deer, wolves, bears, foxes, rabbits, and birds ; the rivers also furnished a great variety of fish and water fowl ; and the productive soil gave them am- ple returns for all the seed committed to its bosom. With little care, therefore, and only pleasurable exertion, were the Indians of this region furni.?hed with food, in an abundance and variety not undesirable to civilized man of the present period. So also the pelts of the deer, the wolf, the fox, and the bear, furnished ample protection for their persons, against the greatest severi- ties of this climate. On the introduction of civilized man to these wilds, they were found to be no less adapted to his wants and necessities, than thoy had been to his savage predeces- sors. They furnished him as much food as they had previously done the Indian. And in addition he made \ ^ iiigi rior skir don mai trip food sup sar3 waj Anc turl imri tati A mer site: rigi plie the to e ship mar pliei not belii E in C war etru HAND- BOOK OF SARATOGA. oan cnlight- rariod land- aped gently ntain ridges n'ound, and ind streams, lace of the sweetly re- as so many ;ed life and well calcu- the Indians re well sup- rabbits, and •iety of fish them am- its bosom. )le exertion, ith food, in to civilized )olts of the shed ample itest severi- hese wilds, wants and ;e pvedeces- is they had n he made \ highways, by means of which he penetratod the inte- rior of the country, and giithered up the rich furs and skins which were so abundant throughout this wide domain. These rich products ho bore away to the groat marts of trade in his little water craft ; on his return trip loading his boat with all kinds of implements and food necessary for the white man, but which were not supplied in the interior. Thus all the appliances neces- sary for the development of the country soon found their way along the rivers far into the interior of the forest. And the waterfalls which had so long remained undis- turbed, rapidly became active agents in reducing this immense country from its wilderness state to the habi- tation of a civilized people. And when the agriculturist first made his invest- ments in /.lis new country, we find he selected the very sites which had been previously occupied by the abo- riginal inhabitants. And the wild forest which sup- plied the Indian with objects of the chaso, furnished the civilized man with the variety of lumber necessary to construct his houses, enclose his farms, and build his ships. These facts remind us that the real wants of man in the different conditions of society, are to be sup- plied from the same source, and perhaps, after all, are not so very unlike as some persons may he willing to believe. Early Settlement. — In the year 1687, the FrtCiL in Canada had collected six or seven hundred Indiaa warriors about them for the purpose of religious in- etruotions, and to increase their military strength, it )\ \ IIAND-DOOK OI- SARATOGA. I was an indnofiinoiit for ihcso Indians to leave their now allies on the bunk of the St. [iuwrenee, ond possess themselves of the rieh plains of Saratoga, and thus malvo themselves allies of England instead of [""runco, that Gov. Dongan obtained and tendered to them this tract of land, at that time owned by a gentleman in Albany, to whom it had been secured by patent ; * a result vary desirable to the English interest at that time. Settlements were made by the whites from time to time, along the banks of the rivers, and the shores of the lakes, lying between the bay of New- York and the rich bottom-lands in the valley of the St. Lawrence. The English settlements were made as far up the river as Tiydius, now Fort Edward, in W.^shington county, where they constructed a fort, built saw-mills, and manufactured lumber of various kinds. They had also supplied theirisolves with goods, provisions, and cattle, which were rarely to be obtained by the early settlers in North America. This prosperity was to bo of short duration. In 1742, information was conveyed by one of M. Picquet's detachments, that the English were push- ing their settlements up to Lake St. Sacrament, and at the same time were making warlike preparations at " Sarasto."t The French general, on receiving this information, dispatched a b .dy of troops under the command of M. Llarin, accompanied by Father Picquet. This detach- ment fell upon the settlement, burnt the fort at Lydius, * Documentary History of N. Y., vol. i., p. 156. t Saratoga. . \/y '!«»•• Hand-book of Saratoga. ivo their now ami pnssoHS ^a, nnil tluis id of l''runco, to them this gentleman in patent ; * a erest at that from time to the shores of iw-YorIc and ^t. Lawronoo. • up the river igton county, w-mills, and .'hey had also (, and cattle, early settlers ;o he of short yred by one of ih were push- ment, and at eparations at \ information, Timand of M. This detaoh- irt at Lydius, and several saw-mills, with the timber attached ; look the stock of supplies and all the cattle which they found, along fifteen leagues of settlement, and one hund-- d and forty-five prisoners, without having a single French sol- dier killed or wounded.* Sir William .Johnson writes to the board of trade, that he is building a fort on Lake St. Sacrament, but which he will call Lake GHfcrge, not only in honor of his maj- esty, but to establish the dominion of the king.t "I received," says Gov. Clinton, " an account, on the 19th inst., by express from Albany, that a party of French and their Indians had cut off a settlement in this prov- ince called Saraghtoge, about fifty miles from Albany, and that about twenty houses with a fort were burnt to ashes, thirty persons were killed and scalped, and about sixty were taken prisoners."1: This campaign prevented farther efforts at settlement until after the conclusion of peace between the French and English, in 1748, Patents were granted at an early day by the sover- eign of Great Britain. One of the earliest grants of this kind was the Van Schaick patent. This grant included the present town of Waterford. The Saratoga patent was the next in order of time, and contained a tract of land six miles square, and lying on the banks of the Hudson river, north of Van Schaick's patent. The Apple patent was granted to William Apple, and lay along the Mohawk river, extending " three miles ♦ Documentary History of N. Y., vol. i., p. 429. fLondon Documents, xxxi., p. 178. t London Documents, zxvii., pp. 87, 235, 80th Nov., 1745. \ •<^ 8 HAND-noOK OF SARATOGA. ! back into tho wooJs.'' Hut tho most important grant ■\yliii;h was made in this section of country was tho K(iyii(loro^.sora.s patent. Tliis patent was granted to thirteen iiidividuais, und eiiil)raced a largo proportion of tho tract now lying within tho limits of Saratoga county. On tho 2fith day of August, 1702, a grant of land was executed by two Indians namlB " To-yon-nin-ho-ge and Dc-ron-oeh-rak-has, Maquos Indians, owners and native proprietors of tho land," to David Schuyler and Robert Livingston, junior, citizens of tho city of Al- bany. b'amson Shelton Broughton, Esq., bought for himself and company a liconso to purchase tho tract of vacant and unappropriated land in the county of Albany, called Kayaderosseras, "adjoining to the north bounds of Schenectady, on the east side thereof, to the west bounds of Saratoga, on tho north side thereof, and to Albany river, on the west side thereof, of the native Indians and proprietors thereof, for their cultivation and improve- men*:." '< April 22d, 1703." On tho sixth daj of October, 1704, in pursuance of the above-mentioned license, a purchase was effected by Samson Shelton Broughton, Esq., Attorney-Generp.l of the Province, Peter Fauconnier, Esq., late Commis- sioner of the Customs, and Nanning Hermanse Visher, of the city of Albany, mariners, for themselves and the company, of the Indians, Joseph Hendrick, Cornelius, Gideon and Ames, native Maquas Indians and Sachems, in behalf of themselves and all their nation, for and in consideration of the sum of sixty pounds ($150), cur- rent n goods In izod. Now-^ Dutcih tho CO organ i son r Ballst tho ci the S Dutel: Qucei In after count count Huds( is fort is twc 23' nc from ' miles, and tl of F: south whicl: the et the ct Th: ITAND-nOOK OF SAHATOOA. e iportant grant ntry was tlio 8 granted to go proportion 3 of Saratoga grant of land yon-nin-ho-ge , owners and iSchiiyler and le city of Al- it for himself act of vacant Ubany, called h bounds of B west bounds nd to Albany e Indians and and improve- pursuance of was effected irney-Gener?.! late Commis- nanse Visher, elves and the k, Cornelius, ind Sachems, n, for and in ($150), cur- rent money of tho Provinon of Now- York, and of sundry goods to th(!in piiid in h.'iiid." In thd ynar 1(1^:}, tlin ooiirity of Albany was orf!;an- izod. At thi« dato Albniiy oiiibriKiud all llio territory of Now- York, lying north of Ulster on tho wcist, and Dutchess on the cast aide of tho IluJson river. During the continuance of this jurisdiction four townships were organized north of tho Mohawk, and west of the Hud- son river, viz. : Ilulfinoon, Stillwati>r, Saratoga, and Ballston. Eighty-five years after tho organization of tho county of Albany, thoro wero but tern counties in tho State of New- York, viz. : Now- York, Westchester, Dutchess, Orange, Ulster, Albany, Richmond, Kings, Queens, and Suflblk. In the year 1791, or ono hundred and eight years after the organization of tho county of Albany, tho county of Saratoga was taken from that part of Albany county lying north of tho Mohawk and west of tho Hudson rivers. Its greatest length from north to south is forty miles, and its greatest width from east to west is twenty-eight miles. It lies between 42° 46', and 43^ 23' north latitude, and 3° 21' and 2'= 47' east longitude from "Washington, and contains eight hundred square miles. It is bounded on the north by tlit! Hudson river and the county of "Warren ; on the west by tho counties of Frnnklin, Montgomery, and Schenectady; on tho south by Schenectady county, and tho Mohawk river, which separates it from the county of Albany, and on the east by the Hudson river, which separates it from the counties of Rensselaer and "Washington. This county is now divided into twenty townships. 1* 'm^' \ 10 HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA. !■ ill |:i I! The names of each, and the date of their respective or- ganizations, are as follows, to wit : Ballston, organized in the year 1788. The first set- tlement was made in this town in 1763, by two brothers of the name of McDonald. The town derives its name from the Rev. Eliphalet Ball, who, with a number of his congregation, from Bedford, Westchester county, settled about two and a half miles south of the springs. Balls- ton Centre, East Line, Burnt Hills, and South Ballston, have post-offices. Halfmoon, lying on the Hudson, was organized in 1788. Crescent, Halfmoon, and Mechanicsville, have post-offices,. Saratoga and Stillwater were organized also in 1788. Saratoga has a river margin on the east, the beautiful Lake of Saratoga on the west, and the winding stream of Fish Creek coursing its way from the shores of the lake to the banks of the Hudson at Schuylerville ; these, with its undulating surface and productive soil, make it one of the most iateresting townships in Saratoga county. Schuylerville was the residence of General Schuyler, whose mansion and surrounding buildings were destroyed under General Burgoyne in 1777. The place where General Burgoyne surrendered his sword to General Gates is said to be a short distance north of the site of the old Schuyler mansion, on which stands the dwelling-house now occupied by George Strover, Esq. CovevilL. T)ean's Corners, Grangerville, Schuy- lerville, Quaker Sprlijgs, and Victory Mills, have post- offices. Stillwater is also on the west bank of the Hudson river, and south of Saratoga. The village of Mechanics- vilh nioc the tow bet' fann resi strt J. ' son few Gei we; rec is t cor me wa: the He: ( Mil shi] Chi { Wh as ] 1 Th^ wa thi Trc 'i- }ir respective or- i. The first set- , by two brothers derives its name a number of his !r county, settled springs. Balls- [ South Ballston, as organized in banicsville, have zed also in 1788. st, the beautiful winding stream le shores of the lylerville ; these, ictive soil, make lips in Saratoga jnce of General nding buildings e in 1777. The lered his sword listance north of on which stands George Strover, gerville, Schu]'- Mills, have post- of the Hudson ye of Mechanics- # HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. 11 ville is situated partly in this town and partly in Half- moon. About fuur miles above Mechanicsville, and on the Champlain canal, is Stillwater village. In this town are Bemis Heights, the scene of the engagement between Burgoyno and General Gates, in 1777, so famous in Revolutionary annals, and on which hung results so important in their bearing upon the great struggle between Great Britain and her Colonies. Mr. J. Walker's house is two and a half miles from Patter- son's tavern, and two miles from the Hudson river. A few rods south of this house is the " meadow" on which General Frazer fell, mortally wounded. It is a little west of the road which now runs north and south di- rectly past the place. Near the spot where Frazer fell, is the common grave of forty soldiers, whose bodies wore committed to their final resting-place after the cnguge- ment. But about sixty rods in a southwest direction was the scene of the main action, which occurred on the 7th of October, 1777. The post-offices are Bemis Heights, Ketchum's Corners, and Stillwater. Charlton.— In the year 1792, Charlton, Galway, and Milton, were taken from Ballston and organized as town- ships in Saratoga county. Charlton has post-offices at Charlton and West Charlton. Galway has East Galway, Galway, Moshcrville, Whiteside's Corners, North Galway, and South Galway, as post-offices. MU.TON, Rock City Mills, West Milton, and Ballston. The latter is the county-scat of Saratoga county. It was incorporated in 1807. The village is situated thirty miles north from Albany, twenty-four from Troy, fifteen from Schenectady, and seven south- \ ill 'nil 12 HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA I i- II!! Ill; t 't li t west from Saratoga Springs. The village of Ballston is situated in a valley, and is built on either side of tho small stream which is a branch of the Kayaderosseras creek. Within the limits of the village are the Mineral fountains, some of which at one time had a liigh reputa- tion for their medicinal qualities ; and large numbers of strangers annually resorted to them for their healing virtues. But, from the nature of one of the substrata which underlie the village, and through which its min- eral water percolates, it has been found difficult to secure it at all times in its best forms, and consequently the springs of this pleasant village, which, in times past, were so justly celebrated, have ceased to be used either at the fountains or for bottling. It is well supplied with churches and hotels ; and the fact that it contains the public buildings of the county, adds not a little interest to the village. The mineral fountains in this village were discovered in the year 1767. In 1772, a gentleman by the name of Douglass built a log house for the accommodation of strangers who resorted hither for the benefit of the mineral water. During the Revolutionary War, the farther develop- ments of the town were suspended ; but about the year 1790, Mr. Douglass enlarged his former accommodations for the increased number of strangers- In the year 1804, Nicholas Low erected the present Sans-Souci hotel ; it is built of wood, is three stories high; main building one hundred and sixty feet long, and wings one liundred and fifty feet. Greenfield was taken from Saratoga and Milton in 1793. West Greenfield, Greenfield Centre, Porter's Cor- \ ners Grn^ Pi tho and N soni voor E forn at I take post Ii vilk III the tow tak( 180 Fall situ son yea and trac I forr ed. Cor Noi m AND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. 13 of Ballston ig !r side of the ayatlerosseras •e the Mineral I high rcputa- i^e numbers of tlioir healing the substrata diich its min- icult to secure sequently the in times past, be used either supplied with it contains the I little interest ere discovered by the name mmodation of )enefit of the rther develop- ibout the year commodations ed the present three stories xty feet long, and Milton in , Porter's Cor- \ ners, North Uuenficld, Mount Tloasant, and Middle Grove, have post-ofFices. PimviDKNCK was organized in 1736. It was taken from the town of Galway. Providence, West Providence, and Barkersvillc, have post-oflices. Northumberland is situated on the banks of the Hud- son river. It was taken from Saratoga in 1798. Ganse- voort and Northumberland arc the post-otriccs. Edinbiirgh and Hadm'.v were organized in 1801. The former was taken from Providence, and has post-olTices at Edinburgh and at Batchelorville. The latter was taken from Greenfield and Northumberland, and has post-oflices at Hadley and "West Hadley. In 1802, Malta was taken from Stillwater. Malta- ville and Malta have post-offices in this town. Moreau is a pleasant and flourishing township lying on the banks of the Hudson river. This stream bounds the town on the northeast and on the northwest. It was taken from the town of Northumberland in the year 1805. Moreau Station, Fortsville, and South Glens Falls, have post-offices. Waterfoud was organized in 1816. It is pleasantly situated at the confluence of the Mohawk with the Hud- son river. Waterford is a pleasant village, and for many years was the business village of the county ; but canals and railroads have diminished its importance, and its trade is now inconsiderable. In 1818, Corinth and Wilton were organized. The former was taken from Hadley ; Corinth, formerly call- ed Jcssup's Landing, is a small village : it and South Corinth have a post-office ; the latter was taken from Northumberland. Wilton is the post-office. \ II { !li( III! M 14 HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. m Day and Saratoga Springs were organized in 1819. The former was taken from Edinburgh and Hadley, and occupies the northwest part of the county. Day and West Day are the names oi its post-offices. Saratoga Springs, in the centre of the county, is sec- ond to no inland village in the State. Its hotels are spacious and elegant, and its churches are large, com- modious, and elaborate in finish. Many of the private residences arc very handsome, and the number is annu- ally increasing in and about the village, of such as be- long to gentlemen who have retired upon their fortunes ; but the mineral fountains are the great attraction of the village. They are numerous, but few of them have been sulliciently secured to render the water suitable for bottling and exportation. This village is one hun- dred and eighty-one mijes from New-York city, and thirty-six and a half from Albany. It is beautifully situated three hundred feet above tide water. The Kayaderosseras Mountain, two thousand feet above the level of the sea, raises its summit within ten or twelve miles of the village, on the west and north ; while the Green Mountains stretch along the eastern horizon at a distance of about twenty miles ; the high ranges of the Catskill skirt the extreme south. The surroundinsr country is well watered ; the atmosphere is dry and highly electrified ; the climate entirely unlike that of Boston, New- York, and the whole seaboard, as those well know, who have been exposed to a sixty days' east wind on our northeastern coasts. The village is very accessible by means of railroads. Its mineral water is silt generis. It is an article of commerce, and the civil- ize an: wli the Re vil thi Vlf ap oh tic mi wi no al th hii ho wl ov Jc bo CO ar w an nized in 1819. id Hadley, and nty. Day and i. county, is sec- Its hotels are ro large, com- of the private imber is annu- jf such as he- their fortunes ; t attraction of r of them have kvater suitable ;e is one hun- ork city, and is beautifully i water. The feet above the ten or twelve •th ; while the n horizon at a ranges of the 3 surrounding re is dry and inlike that of lard , as those xty days' east 'illage is very neral water is and the civil- HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. 15 ized world are customers ; and many thousand persons annually bear testimony to its happy medicinal etlects, when drank at the fountains. Clifton Park was the last town organized in the county. It was taken from Haliraoon in 1828. Rexford's Flats, Clifton Park, Yiseher's Ferry, Jones- ville. Groom's Corners, and Dry Dock, are post-offices in this town. CHAPTER II. Sir William Johnson was the first white man who visited these springs, and the first civilized person who applied them as a remedial agent. It is true that Mi- chael McDonald, a Scotchman, who had previously set- tled at Ballston Lake, was one of Johnson's party, and must have been at the High Rock at the same time with the baronet and his Indian guides ; but we have no information of his having previously visited them, although he had settled so near them. And his visit at this time, was at the instance of ..ohnson, who, with his party, had stayed the previous night at McDonald's house. Johnson's visit was caused by an indisposition, which so far disabled him that he was unfit to travel over the rude passes which then lay between this and Johnstown. And we are informed that the Indians bore him in a litter from Johnstown, in Montgomery county, along the banks of the Mohawk to Schenectady, and thence, by Ballston Lake, to this place, at that time a wilderness. Here he stayed some time, used the water, and so far recovered his health that he returned to Johns- \ I '*■ >> i*i I \ I • J 16 HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. town, by tho way of Schenectady, on foot. His cure was attributed, by him and hi.s friends, to tho water which he drank from the High Rock spring. Ho being a pub- lic man, his cure induced other white people from the adjacent settlements to visit the spring, and for them- selves to try its virtue. And the sick and the curious could be very often seen winding their solitary way toward this health-giving fountain, along the trails which led from settlements in old fc«'aratoga, in the vicinity of Snake Hill, and back into the wild forest of Palmertown, now the town of Wilton. So important had these fountains become, in 1773, that one Dirick Scowton was induced to remove to them, clear away a piece of ground, on the top of the hill in the rear of the High Rock spring, and build a log cabin. But before he had completed his rude tenement, he is said to have had a misunderstanding with the In- dians who were living about the springs, and found it for his interest and personal safety to abandon his en- terprise, which he did accordingly. In the year 1774, one John Arnold, from the State of Rhode Island, with his family, arrived on the east shore of Saratoga Lake. Here he heard such accounts of the mineral springs, and tho land about them, that he was induced to continue his journey thus much farther. After having supplied himself with articles suitable for trading with the Indians, he procured a canoe, put on board his family, his little stock in trade, together with provisions and some furniture, and paddled from Snake Hill across tht lake, and entered tho mouth of the Kayaderosseras creek. This stream he followed about ■ two miles, where he landed ; and he and his family, takii entei sprin hous prov sumi secoi It sessi lefti lowi: coul( tront title this Darr Britf cern pose men Briti sprii cour conf] Ir sion( and Law Ir took his His cure was water which I being a pub- jplo from the md for them- 1 the curious solitary way mg the trails atoga, in the wild forest of omc, in 1773, to remove to the top of the nd build a log •ude tenement, g with the In- I, and found it bandon his en- m the State of the east shore iccounts of the Ti, that he was much farther, les suitable for I canoe, put on , together with led from Snake mouth of the followed about nd his family, HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. 17 taking his goods and household furniture on their backs, entered upon a trail which thsy followed to the mineral springs. On arriving here, he took possession of the house previously built by Scowton, and having im- proved it, opened it as a tavern, and occupied it two summers, leaving it the intervening winter. After the second summer he abandoned it. Its next occupant was Samuel Norton, who took pos- session of the house the same season in which Arnold left it, and made farther improvements in it. The fol- lowing year he cleared and cultivated as well as he could, the land about him. Norton acted under the pa- tronage of Isaac Law, who had previously obtained a title to the land, by purchase from Rip Van Dam. In this purchase Law was associated with Anthony Van Dam and Jacob Walton. The troubles with Great Britain having now commenced, Nortin became con- cerned for the safety of himself and family in their ex- posed situation ; he therefore abandoned the improve- ments that he had made, united himself with the British army, and soon after died. His death left the springs again without a white inhabitant. Law left the country during the Revolution, and his property was confiscated. In 1786, Henry Livingston purchased of the commis- sioners of forfeiture, for himself and brothers, the land and improvements which had previously belonged to Law. In 1783, a son of Norton removed to the springs, took possession of the property previously occupied by his father, and prosecuted the improvements already :W^ \ 1! It j-i i I ^' 18 HAND-noOK OF SARATOGA. begun, until the year 1787, when he sold to Gideon Morgan, who the samo year conveyed it to Alexander Bryan. Bryan built a blacksmith's shop, and an addi- tional log house which ho opened aa a tavern. Bryan, we are informed, was born in Connecticut. At an early day he removed to Dutchess county, in this State ; thenco to Halfmoon, two miles from Waterford, now in this county, and finally to Saratoga Springs. And at the latter place he kept a tavern. During the revolu- tionary struggle he was at Halfmoon, and, strange as it may appear, he is said to have been a favorite with both parties ; and so well did he manage the m^»tters of dif- ference, that he became the confidant of both parties, and the repository of their secrets. He was employed as a spy by both Gates and Burgoyno. While the latter lay with his forces at Fort Edward, he communicated to General Gates the fact that Burgoyne had crossed the river, and was marching his army toward Still- water. This information was considered at the time important to the American army. Bryan was the first permanent settler at the springs after the close of the war. Gideon Putnam, the son of Rufus and Mary Putnam, was born in the town of Sutton, in the State of Massa- chusetts, in the year 1764. Before his majority he pur- chased his time of his father for one hundred dollars. He then married Miss Doanda Risley at Hartford, Conn., daughter of Benjamin Risley. He immediately set out " to seek his fortune ;" his only means of sup- port for himself and wife, being a strong arm and a determined will. The route they took led them to Middlebury, Vt. Here, in the midst of the wilderness they para Thei dens the > Not move son remc Here wife the ( of tl cabii hims bytl men rr>at< viole nigh »aki=i' le sold to Gideon id it to Alexander hop, and an addi- 1 tavern. Bryan, cut. At an early ty, in this State ; ^Vaterford, now in Springs. And at )uring the revolu- and, strange as it favorite with both he ni ..tters of dif- iit of both parties, He was employed . While the latter he communicated goyne had crossed rmy toward Still- tiered at the time Iryan was the first lie close of the war. md Mary Putnam, he State of Massa- is majority he pur- le hundred dollars, sley at Hartford, He immediately dy means of sup- strong arm and a took led them to ; of the wilderness HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. 19 they halte'1, and rudely threw togother a log cabin. This cabio was built around a white oak stump which was squared o\n>a the top, and served them as a tublo. The cabin was without a chimney. Their seats were made with three logs of wood placed in a piece of tim- ber riven from a log. The site of this cabin is now oc- cupied by the Middlobury college buildings. Their household possessions consisted of three white teacups and saucers, three white plates, three knives and forks, a dish-kottle, an earthen tea-pot and a spider. They cut out the top of a stump deeply concave, and then mounted a heavy sweep which turned a wooden pestle, fitted to the excavation in the stump. This homely ap- paratus was the mill in which they ground their grain. There was a " grist-mill" forty miles from them, but a dense forest lay between, and blazed trees pointed out the way. Their oldest child was bjrn at Middlebury. Not finding this situation quite to their minds, they re- moved to Rutland, Vt. While at Rutland their eldest son Benjamin Putnam was born. Front Rutland they removed to the "Five Nations" or "Bemis Flats." Here they were joined by Dr. Clement Blukesly and his wife, who was a sister of Mrs. Putnam. The lay of the country, the quality of the soil, and the appearance, of the timber, suited him ; and at once he put up a cabin, which was occupied by his brother-in-law and himself, with their families, together with a hired man by the name of Elijah Olds. At Bemis Flats the ele- ments warred against them, and proved more than a rrjatoh for even Putnam's strength and energy. A violent rain-storm fell upon them in the middle of the night, which flooded the surrounding country, and drove \ n jii.i I] iiji Kill! ill ,1 , J! .' ill t ill'. r i'li'i 90 HAND-BOOK OP 8ARAT00A. the hnrcly pinnoors with thoir wives and littlo ones, on to their beiJs, furnituro, ^c, out of the reach of tho water, which covered tho cahin floor ; without, as far as they could see, was one vast sheet of water. In this condition was this bold, vigorous, and determined man caged, and unable to extricate himself or his household. Yet in the midst of ail this darkness and distress they wore thought of and cared for. A good man by tho name of Zophar Scidmoro, living on the cast shora of the lake, knew that some emigrants had commenced a farm on tho "flats." And being acquainted with the situation of their cabin, he felt sure they must bo in suffering, if not dangerous circumstances, he there- fore loosed his sail-boat, and taking a light canoe in tow, made all possible haste to thoir rescue. On Hearing the cabin he fastened his sail-boat to some float wood which lay piled upon the bank, and rowed his canoe up to the dooL of the cabin, and conveyed first Mrs. Putnam and her young child to his sail-boat ; after securing them safely, he returned to the cabin for Mr. Putnam, whom he also rowed to the sail-boat. Here Scidmore joined Mrs. Putnam, and conveyed her to his own house. After safely disposing of his passengers, he returned to the flood wood, whither during- his ab- sence the remainder of the family had been conveyed in the canoe by Putnam. Reloading his Uttle craft with Mrs. Blakesly, and the other child, he returned to , his house ; and in the course of the day, he had rescued the whole family, and had them safely lodged under his most hospitable roof. This calamity induced Putnam to abandon his improvements at " Beruis Flats." And ,lii; t [ little ones, on 10 reach of the itliDut, as fur as water. In thia Icterniined man r his household, id di.stress they od man by the 6 east shore of lad commenced cquaintcd with e they must bo ances, he there- light canoe in ir rescue. On 1-boat to some ink, and rowed and conveyed ;o his sail-boat ; to the cabin for sail-boat. Here eyed her to his his passengers, during" his ab- been conveyed his little craft he returned to he had rescued idged under his Juced Putnam 8 Flats." And HAND-HOOK OF SARATOGA. = 1. 21 after the storm was over, he, with his family, and, in company with Dr. and Mrs. Blakcsly, loft the house of their benefactor, and entered an Indian trail, which they followed to the "Springs," then scorcely known; this occurred in the year 1789. On arriving at what is now the village of .Saratoga Springs, ho selected a piece of land, near a fresh-wate. spring, and built a cabin. This land is now owned by Joel Clement. And the site of the cabin is a fuw rods to the east of Clement's stone house, in the west part of the village. On reviewing his position at Saratoga, Putnam said to his wife, " This is a healthy place, the mineral springs are valuable, and the timber is good and in great abundance, and I can build me a ffreal house,'' a desire which had haunted him from childhood. He at once leased three hundred acres of land, girdled the trees about him, and put in his crops, and when ho eould not work upon his farm, he employed himself and his man, who remained with him for years, in making staves and shingles : these he carried to the Hudson river, at the mouth of Pish creek. The ensuing .spring he put them into a raft, and Heated them to New-York city. At the city he met with a ready sale, and re- turned with moans to build a saw-mill. On his return to his farm, he found a new neighbor by the name of William Patching, who was a wheelwright by trade. With the assistance of Patching, ho soon had his mill in successful operation, and kept it running night and lay. This was situated southwest from his house, and the pond belonging to it has been known to many gen- erations of boys of the village, and, indeed, is still fa- 22 IIAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. miliar to the present race as " Put's Pond," and has been a favorite swiinininfj;-pI(ico ever since. Dr. Blakcsly built a log-houso whoro Bonjatiiin Putnam for many years resided. The next .spring Putnam's sawed lumber, added to his staves and shingles, made hitn a large raft, whieh he floated to the city. Building mate- rials being scarce, and the demand for them being great in the city of New-York, ho realized a handsome sum for his year's labor. With the funds thus realized, he clothed himself and family, provided a groat variety of necessaries, and brought homo besides " one peck meas- ure of silver coin," in an old-fashioned pair of saddle- bags. With this money he paid for the three hundred acres of land which he had previously held by a lease. But liis new garments so changed his personal appear- ance that his wife did not know him on his return. One fancy article which he brought back with him from his voyage, was a red silk umbrella, which his eldest daughter flourished on the ensuing Sunday. Near the saw-mill pond was the "Indian-Joefield," which had been cleared and cultivated by the Indians. This field, Putnam used to great advantage, and some of ihe herbs now growing there are said to have been originally planted on the place by the Indians, This farm is now in the possession of James M. Andrews, Esq. The. third year after Putnam and Blakesly built their cabins on opposite sides of the road, Blakesly left, and Putnam enlarged the cabin built by Blakes- ly, and occupied it himself. From this cabin Putnam removed back into what is the present village, and oc- cupied for the year the house now owned by Thadous % Smith. upon the cently bi hero, and Walton tivo trees Union Hi cabin, to dor, and i spot was building > had been Ballston, some geni said, in th ten the i house-top the day-d purchased ich wa: iventy-tv the east si of Jacobus and thirty I * ThiB biii about 400 lod and appropri + His sign wolf, and is u Tho tavern w occupied by ] m mitm )n(l," and has since. Dr. in Putnum for itnam's sawod ^, mndo hitn a iuilding matc- m being great andsoino sum s realized, he roat variety of no peck meas- •air of saddle- three hundred eld by a lease, rsonal appear- on his return, vith him from ich his eldest ay. Near the :," which had s. This field, 10 of the herbs jen originally is farm is now Esq. Blakesly built oad, Blakesly lit by Blakes- cabin Putnam Uage, and oo- i by Thadous HAND-BOOK OP SARATOaA. S3 Smith Ho then moved into a loir cabin, which stood upon the spot whoro the St. Nicholas Hall has been re- cently built by one of his descendants. While livin- hero and in the year 1802, ho purchased of Henry Walton one aero of land, removed a few of the primi- tive trees, and then built seventy feet of tho present Union Hall.* His mechanics lodged in tho attic of the cabin, to which they wont up on the outside by a lad- dor, and their table was set outside of tho cabin The spot was then in tho midst of the forest, and so lar-o a building was a novel thing for tho time. A wagon way had been made at this time, between Saratoga and 13alIston, and just as Putnam had his house completed, some gentlemen riding past, and observing the house, said, in the hearing of Putnam, «' That man has forgot- ten the admonition of John Rogers, « Build not your house-top too high.' " This house was the realization of the day-dreams of Putnam's childhood.! In 1805 he purchased from Henry Walton, another strip of land, «||ich was forty-four rods wide and.four hundred and iventy-two rods and seven feet 1% and extended from the east side of what is now Franklin street to the lands of Jacobus Barhyto. This tract contained one hundred and thirty acres. On the west end of this purchase he about 400 loclging-rooms; „nd tl.o grom.ds occupied U tho buildinfis I and approprmtcd to tho U8e of tho hotol, nro in area about four acres. , V.'''/jSn was a rndely-painted representation of Putnam and tho wolf and 18 now in the possession of his grandson, Goorgo K. Putnam. Tho tavern was on tho site of the present Union HaU, now owned and occupied by his descendants. " \ & / m 24 HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. laid out a village. In the southwest corner of this vil- lage, being a pcrtion of the last purchase, he appropria- ted a piece of land for a burying-cround. This ground ho afterward gave to the village, and in it many of the " forefathers of the hamlet sleep." In 1806, he excavated and tubed the Washington Spring. Soon after this he tubed the present Colum- bian Spring. The number of strangers began now to increase annually at the Springs, some of whom would come up from Ballston, take dinner with Putnam at Union Hall, drink the Congress water, and return to Ballston. At this time, Putnam thought a bathing / house was needed. He therefore built one on the ground ' directly north from Congress Spring, and six or eight feet from the fountain. To supply mineral water for this purpose, he excavated a mineral spring about fif- teen feet from the present Congress fountain. Putnam next tubed the Hamilton Spring, and some- time afterward moved his bathing house from Con- gress Spring to the Hamilton. In 1811, he began Congress Hall ;* wh* his masons were plastering t^||| ♦ In the ycnr 1814, Congress llnll property was purehnsod by Grandus Van Schoonhovcn, and, in 1815, ho finished the buildings ac- cording to the plan of Mr. rutnam, and opened tlie house for the •ecep- tion of company. Mr. Van Schoonhovcn kept the house until 1822, when he associated with him, in business, his nephew, Samael H. Drake, Esq. The ensuing year, the company was still farther extended by the addition of John E. Beckman, and John MeDougal Lawrence, as silent partners. From the year 1823, the house was leased from time to time, until 1855, when Henry 11. Hawthorn and Harvey P. Hull, purchased the property of Z. V. Kiugsley, Esq., one of the de- scendants of Mr. Van Schoonhovcn. Mcisrs. Ilawthoru & Hall, greatly extended and improved the house. north end ( folding, wh party were low, the fl« mason, Sul All the mi Putnam h bruised, at after the a covered fr< fall. In tl inflammati day of Dec the buryin lage of Sai reer of th whose lab( of the plac It was 1 any other during th; by adding a ' and extends f to Putnam sti nished the w chael, Esq., ] the company present time, as well furni The groun the west line Congress Spi desirable sui fi ■^ r of this vil- le appropria- This ground many of the Washington sent Colum- icjan now to whom would , Putnam at nd return to t a bathing j n the ground six or eight al water for ]g about fif- in. g, and some- e from Con- 1, he begi ilastering t] F HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. 25 an ! purehnsod by the buildings ac- use for the ■•ecep- louse until 1822, iievf, Somael H. [ farther extended •oTignl Lawrence, was leased from 1 and Hai'vey P. ., one of the de- ^roved the housei north end of the piazza, he was walking upon the scaf- folding, which at the moment gave way, and the whole party were precipitated on to the timbers and rocivs be- low, the floor not having yet been laid. The master- mason, SuUard, died instantly, his neck being broken. All the masons who fell were more or less injured. Putnam had some of his ribs broken, was otherwise bruised, and was confined to his bed for several weeks after the accident. It is supposed he never entirely re- covered from the injuries which he sustained by the fall. In the ensuing November he was attacked by an inflammation of his lungs, of which he died on the first day of December, 1812. His was the first body laid in the burying-ground which he had presented to the vil- lage of Saratoga Springs. Thus ended the earthly ca- reer of this hardy, resolute, and enterprising pioneer, whose labors were so interwoven with the early history of the place. It was to Putnam that we are indebted, more than to any other individual, for improvements at the Springs, during this period of its history. His enterprise and by adding a brick wing, which, at''it8_ eastern end is six stories high and extends from the old building oast on the south side of Bath street, to Putnam street. They also altered many of the old rooms, and fur- nished the whole building in modern style. In 1857, Kichard McMi- chael, Esq., purchased Harvey P Hall's interest in the property, and the company made another addition to the building, so that, at the present time, (1859), it is one of the largest hotels in the country, and as well furnished. The grounds extend on Broadway 379 feet, and east on Bath street to the west line of Putnam street. And the proximity of the hotel to the Congress Spring and its truly beautiful park, makes it one of the most desirable summer resorts in Saratoga. i I I \ 26 HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. M lf|i I'f I ''I 'Iffe . (, energy cleared away the forest-trees from the at\ cent plains, converted the rich pineries into materials and means for the further development of the town, erected puhlic buildings for the accommodation of visit- ors, opened highways about the town, improved and laid out streets in the village ; excavated, tubed and secured the mineral springs. These were among his early elForts. He was emphatically the man of his day in this locality, and he made such an impression on the place of his choice, that his name must be co-existent with the history of the village, which his energy did so much to develop. He possessed a will which no ordi- nary obstacle could long withstand, and by his exertions the din and hum of civilization soon took the place of the deep and solemn murmur of the primitive pine forest. Originally a rocky ledge lay along the bluff which faced the valley. This ledge began at the Columbian Spring, thence running in a northeasterly line to the south side of Congress street. From this point it took a more northerly direction, passing over the ground now occupied by the Congress Hall, and the present row of buildings north of it, on the east side of Broad- way, until it reaches the spot on which Nathan Lewis built the second brick house ever erected in the place. This house is still in good preservation, and is now oc- cupied by George H. Fish, as a drug store. From this point, the rock dipped toward the north with so strong an angle, that, at a distance of only seven or eight rods, a well was sunk to the depth of thirty feet and yet did not come to the rook. Through a deep gorge in the table-land, 1 line street, gradually ri this gorge, 1 the High R as the Glob took a moi the upper Springs; th " Bear Swa (now Birch the Hudsor which was pineries. » rooky bluff ridge north ridge of roc upon it. Miles B( year 1806. buildings n side of Bro this part o: tillery on tl house in th same build ton street i the Rev. Fi built the P * Since thi ished. HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA, 27 1 the ad to nialeriat^ »f the town, ition of visit- nproved and 1, tnbed and ! among his in of his day 3Ssion on the ! co-existent mergy did so ich no ordi- his exertions the place of imitive pine hluflf which e Columbian f line to the point it took the ground the present de of Broad - athan Lewis in the place, id is now oc- I. From this nth so strong or eight rods, t and yet did gorge in the table-land, leading to the valley near what is now Caro- line street, passed the surface and spring water of the gradually rising land which lies in the rear ; to pass this gorge, the wagon road from the Congress Spring to the High Rock was made to run westerly nearly as far as the Globe Hotel. After passing the gorge, the road took a more easterly turn to the upper village. From the upper village, this road passed through the Ten Springs ; thence easterly on the sandy ridge north of the " Bear Swamp " to Soidmore's tavern ; from Scidmore's (now Birch's), to Grrangerville, and to Schuylerville, on the Hudson river. This was the original road over which was passed all the lumber of these extensive pineries. Just above the present Columbian Hotel, this rocky bluff again appears, and extends to the sandy ridge north of the upper village. So barren was this ridge of rocks, that only a few shrubs and oicuta grew upon it. Miles Beach moved here from Ballston, about the year 1806. He built a store on the site of the brick buildings next north from Congress Hall, on the east side of Broadway. This was the first store opened in this part of the village. Afterward Beach built a dis- tillery on the back part of the same lot. The first brick house in the place was built by Ashabel Andrews. This same building stands on the south corner of Washing- ton street and Broadway, and was the late residence of the Rev. Francis Wayland.* Nathan Lewis afterwa.d built the Pavilion, which was opened May 26th, 1819 ; I* Since this work has been in press, the bviilding has been demol- ished. \ I »-:.S,- W*«'»':i>^ - 98 HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA. it stood on the east side of Broadway, and north from the Columbian Hotel. The Pavilion was surrounded by handsome grounds, on which have since been built the present Presbyterian church and the residence of D. B. Harrington, Esq. The Pavilion was destroyed by fire several years since. The first clearing in the south part of the village was made by " Indian Jo," a half-breed, on the rising ground south of the Union. In 1783, the springs had become so important that General Philip Schuyler opened a road to them, twelve miles through a forest from the mouth of Fish creek, where he had effected a settlement, erected mills, and made many other improvements. Here he raised a tent, under which he and his family remained several weeks, and used the mineral water. And so much were they pleased with the effects of the water, that the next year he built a small house for the use of him- self and family during the summer season, which he continued to occupy every succeeding year of his life. This was the first framed house built in the place. It consisted of two rooms, with a stone fireplace and chimney ; and was finished inside and out with rough boards. In 1823, John Fohd built the original part of the United States Hotel. Two years after he added the south wing. Afterward it passed into the hands of James M. Marvin & Co. This company made annual improvements in the buildings and grounds. This ho- tel is now one of the most capacious and fashionable public houses in the country. There are about six acres in the of roof to CO The Ta^ chants in th and also car lors were ac or less conn( ing to the e« William '' Water bury. 1766. At 1 Anna Crawf grated with ton, Saratog then purcha Elihu Winj after he so' hundred acr Congress st this land he cuted by Tl residents of brother San: of land whi( afterward s proved his \ then sold it on the north cupied by which was ♦ For a I ^ HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. 29 • north from surrounded been built dence of D. Dstroyed by the village a the rising )ortant that 1 to them, ith of Fish ected mills, I he raised a ned several d so much water, that use of him- 1, which he of his life, e place. It replace and with rough part of the ) added the le hands of lade annual . This ho- [ fashionable e about six acres in the grounds, and it requires a mile and a half of roof to cover the buildings. The Taylor Brothers, who were the first mer- chants in the place, began business at the upper village, and also carried on a heavy lumber trade. The Tay- lors were active, correct business men, and were more or less connected with all the important events belong- ing to the early history of the country.* William Waterbury was the son of Josiah and Mary Waterbury. He was born in Stamford, Vt- , Nov. 24, 1766. At the age of nineteen years he married Miss Anna Crawford. When twenty-one years of age he emi- grated with his wife to East line, in the town of Balls- ton, Saratoga county. Here he remained two years, and then purchased the farm now occupied and owned by Elihu Wing, in the town of Greenfield. Two years after he sold this farm, and purchased a farm of one hundred acres, which lies next south of what is now Congress street, in the west part of the village. For this land he paid $3 25 per acre. His deed was exe- cuted by Thomas Storms and John K. Beekman, then residents of the city of New- York. William and his brother Samuel afterward came in possession of a piece of land which had been owned by Benjamin Risley, and afterward sold by him to Silas Duel. Samuel im- proved his part, and occupied it for several years, and then sold it to Frederick Ellsworth. A part of the house on the north side of Congress street, now owned and oc- cupied by Jonathan Pitney, is the original building which was put on the land by Samuel Waterbury. * For a full history of tUe Taylors, see Steele's Analysis. « V ^ I HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA. After the land was sold to Ellsworth, Samuel Water- bury removed to Chautauque county. "William Water- bury occupied himself with his farm, and made agricul- ture his main business, to which he afterward added that of a butcher, and supplied the settlement generally with their fresh meat. In the winter seasons he was employed with his team in hauling lumber for his neigh- bors, from the surrounding pineries to the Hudson river. Waterbury connected himself with the Baptist church in the year 1811. The society was then under the care of Rev. E. P. Langworthy, who remained its pastor for eighteen consecutive years. Their first house of worship was a log building, and stood on Shipman's hill, about four miles south of the springs. They next, in 1809, built a frame house on the Ellis farm, two miles south of the village, which building was re- moved up to the village, and is now one of the out- buildings of the United States Hotel. Some beauti- ful trees standing about eighty rods east of Carri- gan's mills, on the south road which leads to the resi- dence of Isaac Patrick, mark the place which this building occupied. The society continued to meet at this place, until 1821, at which time they erected a house of worship, on a lot presented to the society by Gideon Putnam's heirs. The present Baptist church edifice, completed in 1856, stands on the same spot. At the time Gideon Putnam laid out the village, he set apart this site, on which to erect a house of worship, and directed it to be given to any religious society who| would place upon it a suitable building. The Baptist society were the first applicants, and it was accordinglyj deeded to them by the heirs of Gideon Putnam. When Wil ho owed the had but two also had a m a small outfi to begin lifi constable, wi years. He ( • Hon. Hen of the place, 8th day of he was sent ship of Petei purpose of returned to study of law After the ci 1790, he rei of Saratoga and built a " Delavan i the year 18 of Porter, a Albany, wh( time he rem took possesi from his fat During his juilt the ho This house "ii J_ I HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA. 31 lel Water- lam Water- ide agricul- vard added it generally ions he was r his neigh- he Hudson the Baptist then under jmained its ir first house 1 Shipman's They next, s farm, two ng was re- of the out- ome heauti- st of Carri- s to the resi- > which this [ to meet at jy erected a I the society aptist church lame spot, le village, he se of worship, 3 society who The Baptist IS accordinglyj When William Watorbury first reached the county, ho owed the man who moved him seven dollars, and had but two and a hall' dollars to pay him with. He also had a mowing scythe, and a ])oclvet knife. Really a small outfit of implements, and not over-well adapted to begin life in a forest wilderness. He was elected constable, which office ho continuously filled for eleven years. He died on the Ifith July, 1843. • Hon. Henry Walton, one of the largest land-holders of the place, was born in^he city of "New- York, on the 8th day of October, 1768. At the ago of twelve years, he was sent to England, under the special guardian- ship of Peter Van Schaack, Esq., of Kinderhook, for the purpose of being educated. In his twentieth year, he returned to the city of New- York, and commenced the study of law, under the direction of the late Aaron Burr. After the conclusion of his legal studies, in tho year 1790, he removed to the town of Ballston, in the county of Saratoga, where ho had purchased a tract of land, and built a house. This place is now known as tho " Delavan farm." He remained upon this farm until the year 1810, when he sold it to a man by the ivame of Porter, and removed with his family to the city of Albany, where he resided until the year 1816 ; at which time he removed to the village of Saratoga Springs, and took possession of the real estate which he inherited from his father, and his uncle, who died without issue. During his residence in Albany, or in i o year 1815, he uilt the house now occupied by Chancellor Walworth.* This house he occupied for a few years, when he re- ;nam. * Pine Grovo. L m- \ 89 HANO-BOOK OF SARATOGA. turned to the city of New- York. After an absence of five years, ho returned to KSaratoga Springs, and imme- diately erected a beautiful country scat on that part of his real estate lying north of the village, to which he gave the name of " Wood Lawn." His possessions in this place were bounded by what is now Congress street, on the south ; John Denton's farm on the north ; and lands of Jacobus Barhydt, and others, on the east. He possessed, also, many other tracts of land in other por- tions of the county. This trjct of land included all the present village of Saratoga Springs, except what lies south of Congress street, and all the mineral fountains lying north of said street, and within the limits above described. Henry Walton was a tall, fine-looking man ; truly gentlemanlike in his manners and feelings, he had the faculty of binding to himself in close social ties the edu- cated and refined aboyt him. He was warmly attached to the Episcopal church, and was one of the principal men whose early eflbrts were brought to bear in behalf of this society at the Springs. To him belongs the honor of presenting the site for the first Presbyterian edifice built in this place.* And also the site occupied by the Universalist church on Church street. The grounds now occupied by the " Broadway Hotel," were given to the Methodists by him. He excavated the shaft, tubed the Flat-rock Spring, and built over it a chaste little Chinese structure, which remained over the foun- i * The Rev. D. O. Grieswold wns the officiating clergyman of this so-, cioty, at the time the edifice was erected, and to wliose efforts the so- ciety is largely indebted for its early prosperity and usefulness. tain for ma and tubed i Mr. Walton mind ; witl travel and i his skill in several res •* Wood La Mr. Lewis i city of New in the sevei The val region ocou posed. It : river, in th( rection to Springs ; it north, and the county ordinary hi vary far M waters are range. It Albany, ani makes its c which hav qualities, h nean agem HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA, 33 absence of and imme- hat part of which he ssessions in jress street, north ; and 3 east. He 1 other por- ided all the t what lies il fountains imits above nan ; truly he had the ies the edu- ily attached le principal r in behalf jelongs the resbyterian te occupied reet. The otel," were d the shaft, it a chaste sr the foun- lan of this so- cffortB the so ilnesB. tain for many years after his death. Ho also excavated and tubed the President, now called the Iodine Spring. Mr. Walton was a man of high culture, and polished mind ; with tastes refined by nature, and cultivated by travel and observation. He was his own architect, and his skill in this branch of art has been illustrated in his several residences, at Ballston, Saratoga, Q-rcenfield, '* Wood Lawn," and in the " Pavilion Hotel," built by Mr. Lewis in the years 181S and 1819. He died in the city of New- York, on the 15th day of September, 1844, in the seventy-sixth year of his age. CHAPTER III. The valley along which the mineral waters of this region occur, is more extensive than is generally sup- posed. It is first traceable on t'.j b^ks of the Hudson river, in the city of Albany, runs in a northwesterly di- rection to the village of Ballston, thence to Saratoga Springs ; it then takes a course a little to the east of north, and finally in a line north of east, to Argyle, in the county of Washington ; a distance, which, by the ordinary highways of the country, would probably not vary far fiftm sixty miles. The acidulous carbonated waters are found at different places along this mineral range. It has been discovered by boring in the city of Albany, and in Ballston, and Saratoga ; but it generally makes its own way to the surface, and all the fountains which have become distinguished for their medicinal qualities, have been thrown to the surface by subterra- nean agencies. -* 2* , I \ 34 HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. The Albany well was discovered by Messrs. Boyd and McCulloch, in the year 1826, while boring for fresh water for the use of a brewery in Ferry street. This boring was carried down four hundred and sixty foet. From this depth, the water rose nearly to the surface, and was found to have a sparkling appearance, with an acid and saline taste. At the same time, another gas was detected rising from the well, which was afterwards proved to be carburetted hydrogen. The boring was then resumed, and continued to the depth of six hun- dred feet, while the saline waters, and both the above gases, continued to rise from the perforation. The idea of obtaining fresh water at this depth was abandoned ; but the well was carefully tubed, tht, gases separated, and the saline water impregnated with the carbonic acid was raised to the surface by a mechanical pro- cess. Subsequently, Mr. McCulloch commenced boring a second time for fresh water, a few rods from the former place. In this instan-e. at the depth of thirty feet, he discovered a vein of yuneral water which was highly charged with sulphuretted hydrogen gas, and at the re- spective depths, as in the previous boring, the car- burretted hydrogen and again the carbonic acid gases were emitted.* Thus was presented tke singular and interesting fact, that, in this locality, at least, are to be found sulphuretted hydrogen below carburetted hydrogen, and finally carbonic acid gas, all issuing in large quantities, but at different depths, from the same opening. The owners were so well pleased with their discovery * Geological Survey. that thoy This giirdoi and adjoin accominudi present tin raroly drar is abandon When tl one of the ingly, thus the two. proved to 1 and Ballsfc is the Hui The spo at 60^ Fal to 52°. 'J and the ot pint of wn Chloriilc Carboim Carboiw Cai'bon« Cai'boni Chloria Carboni Of the ] the Fult Spring; a as the pri Boyd and ; for fresh 3ct. This sixty feet, le surfiir-n, 10, with an mother gas afterwards boring was )f six hun- the above The idea ibandoned ; separated, B carbonic anical pro- d boring a the former rty feet, he was highly d at the re- g, the car- acid gases te singular y, at least, carburetted [ issuing in m the same it discovery IIAND-llOOK OF HAU/VTOOA. 3!» "'l CarboimtoofSodn 5-OU 5.00 Cftrbonftte of Lime 4-00 4.00 Caiboimto of Miijrnesia .• 2 00 1.50 Carboimto of Ti-oii nml Silex LOO 1.00 Chloride of Calcium ^^ 75.00 71.00 Cubic inches. Carbonic Acid Gas 28.00 20.00 Of the Ballston Fountains, the United States Spring, the Fulton Clial.i/beate Spring; the Franklin Sulphur Spring-, and the Loiv Well, may be, perhaps, mentioned as the principal fountains. I \ 36 IIAND-DOOK OP SARATOGA. 'I I I I The ftmount of rtas in tho Ballston fountains, and the manner of its escape, havo varied very much at dilFor- ont times. Somctim(!s it passes od' quietly, and in small particles, and tho tiny hubldes of i^'as in risiniT, impart a continuous simmering motion to tho surface of tho water. Again, the gas will rise in largo volumes, and at intervals, when tho water presents by turns a surface unrndlcd, and a strong boiling motion ; and once in the history of this place, tho gas rose in such quantity and with so much force as to produce a jet several feet in height. This unusual action lasted but a short time, and after it subsided, gas rose, as now, in gontio bubbles through tho water in tho spring, and along the stream below the fountain. If we pursue the mineral range five miles in a north- easterly direction from Ballston, we come to the Ellis Spring. This Spring issues from tho slate rnrk which crops out at this place. This fountain has never been properly secured, still the water is sufficiently pure to establish its acidulous carbonated character. Farther on in a northeasterly direction the springs of Saratoga rise to the surface through the cakiferous sandstone. Here within the distance of a mile, rise fifteen of these mineral fountains, each one differing from all the rest yet holding the same kind of chemical constituent which accompany acidulous carbonated waters, but varying in their proportions. The existence of carbonic acid in this vicinity, is not li. ^'ted to the springs, for it is found in the clay formations of the surrounding country. But as soon as the clay passes directly over the metamorphio rocks, which on westerly tions coas tho subje directly tl south httl the north to tho noi nut abun The la from so r surface f( ous sour are not a duced. Still c village i springs farm fot known a One } owned 1 the Stev pearanci Corners now ow is anotl characti And village the gr( |l:f-l ItAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA. 37 IS, and the h at dilTor- ly, and in ■i in rising, ;ho Hurfdco ;o volumes, by turns a otion ; and ISO in such duco a jot lasted but as now, in pring, and in a north- j the Ellis 'ork which lovcr been ;ly pure to . Farther f Saratoga sandstone, in of these ill the rest sonstituent aters, but noinity, is in the clay as soon as )hio rocks. which crop out within about two milns, in a north- westerly diro.non from the villa^ro, acidulous indica- tions oonso. And in tho course of my experiments upon the subject, I found a brick-yard where this lino i)asse8 directly" through the centre of the works ; the clay in tho south half showing active effervescence, while that in tho north half was unaffected by tho acid. A few rods to tho north of the yard, tho motamorphic rooks cropped out abundantly and boldly, through tho adjacent fields The largo quantity of this gas which is disengaged from so many fountains, and which saturates the whole surface for miles around tho springs, must have a copi- ous source in the earth's crust ; but men of science are not agreed as to the laboratory in which it is pro- duccd. ,. .• r xu Still continuing in a northeastern direction from tho villace for about one mile, we find more than ten sprincrs bubbling up from the earth'^ surface, on the farm°formerly owned by John and Ziba Taylor, now known as the " Ten Springs." One half mile farther to the east, on land formerly owned by Richard Searing, but more lately known as the Stewart farm, another mineral spring makes its ap- pearance. Still northeast, and midway between " Doe's Corners,'' and " Emerson's Corners," and on the farm now owned by Daniel Gaylor, in the town of Wilton, is another spring, clearly of the acidulous carbonated character. . , j. xr. And in a direction a little more easterly from the village of Saratoga Springs, in the town of Saratoga, is the group called the Quaker Springs. Hero three \ 1 1 I ll, I' * :<• I ' 38 HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. springs of tho acidulous carbonated character, issue from tho Hudson rircr sidle. (See article ReeiVs Springs, p. 59.) There is, probably, little doubt but that the mineral water underlies the country throughout this range, from Albany to Argyle, in Washington county, taking a circuitous route through Ballston and « ■prmgs. Saratoga HIGH ROCK SPRING. The High Rock Spring is justly considered one of the greatest natural curiosities in the country. It has been known, and was used medicinally by the aborigines. Dr. John H. Steel gave the first soientifio description of the rock, and it was published in Silliman's Jour- nal, pp. 242, 246. Dr. Valentine Seaman in 1809,* also published a description of the spring ; and in the course of his remarks, he says : " The more we reflect upon it, the more we must be convinced of the import- ant place this rock ought to hold among the wonderful works of nature. Had it stood on the borders of the Logo d'x\.gnans, the noted Grotto del Cani, which, since the peculiar properties of carbonic acid have been known, burdens almost every book which treats upon the gas, would never have been heard of beyond the environs of Naples; while this fountain, in its place, would have been deservedly celebrated in story, and spread upon canvas, to the admiration of the world as one of tho greatest curiosities." * The first edition of Dr. Seaman's work was published in 1793. oter, issue lie mineral liis range, ity, taking Saratoga ed one of y. It has iborigincs. jription of m's Jour- in 1809,* nd in the we reflect lie import- wonderful lers of the lich, since lave been Bats upon eyond the its place, tory, and world, as in 1793. set s PM I CO O I CO s CO Id A4 O m i:3 o »5 S ra 1-3 -"1 I it^ ^<, ": ' * * .#fe jygg«B» ' 1 ,'i( o (»aiw s •■ 1^. • ^ ^ 1v-*, ^W^*'3 \ 'Ml w \ / M -"1 I 22 SB ^ s ■3 a. p. o a: \ 1 ill m\i «*# The fo was caref At the 811 is Dinmoter i ITeigtit of AVator in I Depth of 1 From the The wa throughoi rock, not Water own vok volumes ( sure alor temperati of carbon tion in th iron. T materials and twigi not an is Saratoga, found ab( charged ^ but one \ precipitai the fount oipitates will, in t careous i HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. 89 The following measurement of High Rook Spring was carefully made in 1856 : At the surface of the ground, the circuinforeuco of tlie High Rock 13 ' 24 foot 4 inches. Dinmoter of aperture, four inches below the top 12 " Height of the rock above tli(^ ground 3 " C " AVater in the rock above the ground 1 " 4 " Depth of the spring from the top of the rock. 10 " " From the top of the rook to the water within. 2 " 2 " The walls of the rock are of nearly uniform thickness throughout. This gives a pyramid of water within the rock, not dissimilar in form to its external surface. Water under the pressure of the atmosphere holds its own volume of carbonic acid gas in solution ; more volumes of the gas may be dissolved in water by pres- sure alone. The mineral waters of Saratoga, at the temperature of 212° disengages one and a half volumes of carbonic acid. The mineral substances held in solu- tion in the springs by this gas, are magnesia, lime and iron. These substances, together with a few other materials from the surroundings of the fountains, leaves and twigs of trees, compose the High Rock. This is not an isolated instance of this kind of formation at Saratoga, for deposits more or less extensive may be found about the aperture of the springs. This highly charged water, on rising to the atmosphere, can hold but one volume of the gas in solution. It, therefore, precipitates its excess of carbonates about the orifice of the fountain, in small particles at a time. If these pre- cipitates are suffered to rest and to accumulate, they will, in time, unite with each other, and a rock of cal- careous tufa of greater or less size is the result. ( See \ ^■:'4;" '» m i 40 HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. plate.) The Flat Rock being covered by the soil has not been so frequently seen, yet quite a large amount of this deposit has been thrown down at this place. About the mouth of the Empire Spring was also a deposit of tufa, in the form, and about the size of an inverted two quart bowl, having in its top a perforation of about two inches in diameter, and of an oval form. And from the nature of the case, these deposits must always be going on. But currents of water may move them away mechani- cally, before they have a period of repose long enough to accumulate and become cemented together. This was the case with the original Congress Spring. The position of the rock, out of the side of which it flowed, and the shape of the surface of the ground, together with its rapid descent to the brook which runs near, would prevent any accumulation of tufa at this spring. But the relations of the new Congress diflfer from the old. At the mouth of the former, a deposit of tufa has been made, containing pieces of tumblers, pins, and a large proportion of Silex, together with many other ex- traneous substances, instead of the small twigs and leaves of trees which occasionally occur in specimens of the kind. This variety in the conglomerates, while it shows the surrounding circumstances at different periods, at the same time proves the general principle. It will be seen then, that the High Rook is not sui generis, as some may have supposed ; but it neverthe- less, so far as is known, is the g-reat specimen of its kind. It stands high above the ground, is accessible, but yet it is to be feared, that there are but a few com- paratively who view it, who fully realize the fact, that the'speoi able of i\ And ii upon the sacredly a single a specin: son is in Thisv be used Congress to be less ity of ca spring h of our b( hotels of it ought situated from the rapidly i The groi is it not been left seen as i In the of the I agent, diately springs, * Since been erect . j-A,^,-^^ -V , HAND-BOOK O? SARATOGA. 41 the soil has 'ge amount this place. Iso a deposit inverted two f ahout two nd from the be going on. ly mechani- ong enough ther. This pring. The jh it flowed, tid, together runs near, this spring, er from the ; of tufa has pins, and a ny other ex- 1 twigs and specimens of tes, while it srent periods, lie. 3k is not sui it neverthe- cimen of its is accessible, t a few com- the fact, that the'specimen before them is p*"^' .j.y the most remark- able of its kind upon the whole face of the earth. And in this connection may I be permitted to urge upon the inhabitants of the village, as well as strangers, sacredly to abstain from marring, defacing, or removing a single atom of the stone. For be it remembered, as a specimen, it belongs to the world. And every per- son is in duty bound to protect it. This water, as we have elsewhere said, continued to be used by the inhabitants, until the discovery of the Congress Spring, in the year 1792 ; which, as it jjroved to be less stimulating, was better adapted to the major- ity of oases than the High Rock. The water of this spring has always been uniform in quality, and is one of our best tonics. It is a little remote from the large hotels of the place, and is not therefore so much used as it ought to be, by debilitated patients. This spring is situated in the north part of the valley, a short distance from the Iodine and Empire Springs. The rocks rise rapidly in its rear, to the height of thirty or forty fdet. The grounds about the springs are unimproved. And is it not a pity, that the original forest-trees had not been left standing, so that this great specimen might be seen as nearly as possible, in its primitive state ? * In the year 1767, the Indians introduced the waters of the High Rock Spring to the whites, as a remedial agent. During the quarter of a century which imme- diately followed Sir William Johnson's visit to the springs, but few improvements were made, and these * Since the piililication of this work, ft tasteful brick building has been erected over the spring, by W. B. White, Esq. J_ \ 42 HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. were limited to the immodiato vicinity of the His»h Rock ; and' tho knowledge of the country which the whites possessed, whs also confined to such portions of it, as lay along tho trails which led from tho settlements on the river and tho lake to tho mineral fountains. \ct the spring continued to attract more and more attention. Persons travelling from one section of the country to another, if practicable, took the mineral fountain in their way, drank the water, and amused themselves in hunting in the surrounding forests. CONGRESS SPRING. In the year 1792, or twenty-five years after the visit of Johnson to the springs, one of these parties had been on a luuiting excursion in a southerly direction from tho ^'' n 'I High Rook, and when returning to tho settlement, en- tered upon a trail which led them to a new spring. At that time the water flowed from an aperture in a rock, which was a part of the general ledge which extended from the Columbian Spring to the High Rock. 7.'he direction of this ledge was nearly cast, for about t'Ao hundred feet from the Columbian Spring ; at this point the ledge took a more northerly direction. This chargw in its course gave a prominence to the portion of the rook situated at the angle. And this was the point from which issued the original Congress Spring. This rock was about three feet high, and the aperture through which the water flowed was about eighteen inches from the ground. The water trickled over the side of the rock, which lay within a few feet of the brook, and soon mingled with the stream, and passed away through the valley. One of this hunting party was John Taylor the His^h which the portions of lettlenionts ains. Yet 3 attention, country to ountain in jmselves in er the visit ?.s had been on from the lement, en- ?pring. At in a rock, ;h extended Rock. The about t'Ao t this point This chargtj rtion of the s the point jring. This ture through inches from side of the ok, and soon through the fohn Taylor \ m^ IIANO-BOOK OF SARATOOA. 43 Gilman, who was at tho titno a mninbcr of Coni^riiss. On testing tho water tlioy woro purtimlnvly |)lt:iiscd with its (juality ; utid after rnjKiiitiHl visits to tlio spring, in cornpiiny with the most prominent men of tlio settle- ment, thoy in counsel, nnmeil it v'ongress Spring ; thereby handing it over to the people of this common- wealth, who have ever since enjoyed its benttfits. Tho water rapidly rose in reputation, and soon became tho favorite spring. It was secured by pressing a drink- ing vessel against tho rook. In this way it took a long time to obtain small ([uantities of tho water, for it dis- charged only about one ipiart per minute, and a largo portion of this was necessarily lost. But all agreed as to the quality of tho water. About this time Gideon Putnam's far-seeing eye discovered, in part, tho future importance of tho spring. Ho made purchnscs of land in its vicinity, and began his improvements. As tho accommodations for strangers improved, tho demand for the water increased be} ond tho ability of the spring to supply. To obviate this deficiency, Putnam turned the brook a few feet to the north from its original channel. And being directed by bubbles of gas which were constantly rising through the channel of the brook, he sunk a shaft to the rock. On reaching it tho water ceased to flow from the original aperture. The mineral water rose in abundance, and he secured it as well as he could in a tube made of pine planks. After filling in about the tube, water rose to the depth of seven feet ; the mineral water flowed trom the aperture in tho rock, but in diminished quanti;ies. The new spring furnished a great abundance of water. And, at one time, Putnam had \ '\V\ W' ,ffl"< < \i 44 HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. two potash kettles evaporating the mineral water. The salts thus precipitated they sold in small packages. The sales during some years amounted to several hun- dred dollars. But it was soon found that these precip- itated salts did not produce Congress water when redis- Bolved, and the further evaporation was abandoned.* In 1826, John Clarke, a native of Yorkshire, England, purchased from the Livingstons Ihe farm on which the Congress Spring is situated. Mr. Clarke was well cal- culated, by education and experience, to take charge of the spring. He was well acquainted with the proper- ties of acidulous drinks, he having opened the first soda fountain in the city of New- York. Soon after Clarke's purchase of the spring, he began bottling the water for exportation. So well did ho do this that he very soon realized a handsome annual income from this source alone. Clarke extended his purchases of real estate from time to time, so that at the period of his death, he owned in lands, contiguous to the spring, about one thousand acres. His improvements were always of the best kind, as may be illustrated by the beautiful cres- cent lawn, which he reclaimed from the deep mud swamp, which lay south and east of the spring, the clas- sic Doric structure, as it originally stood in its simple beauty, over the Congress Spring, and the pretty Gre- cian dome over the Columbian Spring, are but incidental specimens of the many improvements, which his large means, generous spirit, and good taste bestowed upon the village. Clarke's nurse outlived him some years ; he did not forget her while he lived, and left her a hand- * See page 73. some ann married 1 White, I and coun 6th day ( The C reputatio drinking visits to is a cath for that J renal cal Theai dients in Chlori Carboi Carboj Carboi Carboi Hydrii Silica . Alumi Carbo Atmo! Thisi Congresi tains lai which ri babbles, ""^'^ ater. The packages, everal hun- lese precip- ivhen redis- doned.* B, England, . ■which the as well cal- :e charge of the proper- be first soda ter Clarke's le water for le very soon this source real estate lis death, he about one [ways of the autiful cres- ) deep mud ng, the clas- n its simple pretty Gre- it incidental ich his large jved upon the le years ; he t her a hand- HA.ND-B00K OF SARATOGA. 45 some annuity as long as she should survive. Mr. Clarke married Mrs. Eliza Bryer, widow of the late Charles White, Esq., of the firm of Emmet & Co., attorneys and counsellors-at-law, New- York city. He died on the 6th day of May, 1846, aged seventy-three years. The Congress water continues to sustain its high reputation, and is resorted to by thousands during the drinking seasons, some of whom have paid their annual visits to the springs for forty-five consecutive years. It is a cathartic water, and should be used in the morning for that purpose. It has also been employed in cases of renal calculi, with decided beneficial effects. The analysis of the water gives the following ingre- dients in one gallon : Chloride of Sodium 360.560 Carbonate of Soda 8 .000 Carbonate of Lime 82 . 321 Carbonate of Magnesia 78 . 242 Carbonate of Iron 3 645 Hydriodate of Soda 4.531 Silica 0.510 Alumina 0.231 Solid Contents 638 .040 Carbonic Acid 340.231 Atmospheric Air 4 .000 Gaseous Contents 644 .231 COLUMBIAN SPRING. This fountain is situated a few rods southwest of ilie Congress Spring. It is a ferruginous water, and con- tains large quantities of carbonic acid in a free state, which rises from the surface of the water in very large bubbles, causing a motion in the spring not very dissim- \ :*1 ■ »i(til W,! Mil'i'l ii 46 HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. ilar to boiling water. The carbonic acid may be collect- ed at the mouth of the spring, to any extent desirable for scientific purposes, and at any time. This fountain contains the same constituent proper- ties as the Congress, but difiering very much in their relative quantity. Its water is very tonic, and should be used with great caution where this kind of medicine is not decidedly indicated ; but where it is clearly de- mauiled, the large quantities of free gas, together with the iron present in it, render it a tonic water of great value in many cases of irritable stomach, and weak di- gestive and assimilating organs. But its activity makes it important that it be used carefully, and subject to proper restrictions. One gallon of the water furnishes on an analysis the following ingredients : Chloride of Sodium 290 .501 Cnrbonnte of Soda 2ti.000 Carbonate of Magnesia 40.321 Carbonate of Lime 30"00 Carbonate of Iron C .000 Ilydriodat* of Soda 3.000 Silica and Ahiraina 1 .531 Solid ContonU 457.358 CarbonicAcid 330.000 HAMILTON SPRING. This fountain, situated in the rear of Congress Hall, a few rods northeast of Congress Spring, was first dis- covered and tubed by Gideon Putnam, Esq., and after- ward retubed and brought to its present condition by Dr. Clarke. For the last twenty or thirty years it has been mosi a favorite cathartic the Cong in small < As a diui been atte within th and the s free escaj the interi One ga dients on Chlorit Carbor CarboE Carbot Cnrboi Atmos G« Tempe This t the Colu Flat Roc perimeni HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA, 47 be colleot- t desirable ent proper- 3h in their and should )f medicine clearly de- gether with er of great id weak di- ivity makes I subject to analysis the . 290. 501 . 2ti.000 ,. 40.321 , . 90.000 .. 6.000 . . 3.000 .. 1.531 457.353 330.000 mgress Hall, was first dis- ([., and after- condition by ' years it has been most used as an alterative ; for this purpose it was a favorite spring of the late Dr. St(iel — and also as a cathartic in very weak and feeble stomachs ; and where the Congress had proved too active and exhausting, even in small doses, this water would succeed like a charm. As a diuretic, in many nephritic diseases, its use has been attended with the most happy results. The water within the tube rises nearly to a level with the ground, and the surface of the water is constantly agitated by a free escape of fixed air, rising in alternate bubbles from the interior of the fountain. One gallon of the water funiishes the following ingre- dients on analysis : Grains. ChlorUlc of Sodium 298.056 Carbonate of Soda 34 . 250 Carbonate of Lime 97 . 990 Carbonate of Slagnesia 39 . 006 Cdi'. uato of Iron 4 . G25 i'-,; Uf^ofSodtt 3.598 tjr IK- Uuniina 1.000 Solid Contents 479.191 Carbonic Acid 320.777 Atmospheric Air 1 -461 Gaseous Contents 322 . iJ38 Temperature of the spring, 48°. PAVILION FOUNTAIN. This truly beautiful spring is situated in the rear of the Columbian Hotel, and a few rods southeast of the Flat Rock Spring ; it was long since discovered, and ex- periments made upon the water by the late John H. *- \ ' fcV" 'il! 48 HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. Steel. Its remoteness, however, from the bank, which gave egress to the other mineral fovintains in the valley, placed it in the midst of a deep morass, where it rose through an alluvial deposit of over forty feet in depth. This situation of the spring made it difficult to tube it. But in 1839, it passed into the hands of Daniel McLaren, who, braving all obstacles, at great expense of labor and time, succeeded in securing the present fountains, as well as improving the deep morass about them. The shaft was excavated and tubed in the following manner : A crib of fifteen feet square, with logs looked together firmly at four corners, was placed around the spring. The work of excavation next followed, and as the swamp mud was thrown out, the crib was settled down. As the excavation proceeded, the water was raised from the shaft by large pumps, kept at work day and night. In this way, the excavation was made to the distance of forty feet. The direction of the rising bubbles was fol- lowed throughout. At this depth they struck the " hard pan," when the gas led in a lateral direction, and toward the west side of the valley. This lead they followed for several feet by cutting a trench, and then placed in this trench, what they called a '• shoe." The toe of this shoe occupied the western extremity of the trench, which was also several inches lower than the other end, or heel of the shoe. They next placed a tube over the heel of the shoe in a perpendicular posi- tion, and raised it high enough to pass the surface, and such filling in as would render the grounds dry and pleasant about the springs. They then filled in about the tube wit! plaotid, more r water is plciisa spirits. It wa purchase by t them also. It spring, wi^^ b This spring who have fartl tfiin, by fill in: creek, laying and construct water. This free acid of tl; in great quar This large am smart, pungei of one gallon Chloride of S Carbonate of Carbonate ol Carbonate of Carbonate of Iodide of So( Silex and All Solid conteni Gaseous cont This founta village, and a In 1835, n HAND-BOOK OV SARATOGA. 49 :, which 3 valley, 3 it rose n depth. I tube it. [cLaren, ibor and tains, as following together e spring. L as the led down, ised from ad night, [stance of I was fol- the"hard tion, and lead they and then )e." The ity of the than the placed a solar posi« rface, and 5 dry and in about spring, tho tube with clay. The whole tube as it is now plaotid, more resembles a man's hoot than a shoe. Tho water is pleasant to tho tasto, and exhilarating to the spirits. It was bottled by McLaren, and since the re- purchase by tho Walton family, has been bottled by tliem also. It is a favorite water for drinking at the witl^ both the inhabitants and strangers. This spring is now owned by the Messrs. Walton, who have farther improved the grounds about the foun- tfiin, by filling them in, changing the channel of the creek, laying out footwalks, planting shade trees, and constructing suitable buildings for bottling tho water. This water has been bottled since 1840. The free acid of the spring is most abundant, and passes off in great quantities from the mouth of the fountain. This large amount of free gas imparts to the tongue a smart, pungent taste. The following is the analysis of one gallon of the water : Grains. Chlovido of Sodium 183.814 Carbouato of So.ln, C.OflO Carbonate of Lime 59.50;} Carbonate of Magnesia, r)8.2G0 Carbonate of Iron 4.133 Iodide of Sodium and Bromide of Pota.ssa, 2.5(56 Silex and Alumina, 1-000 Solid contents of one gallon, 315.372 Gaseous contents of one gallon, 372.499 IODINE SPRING. This fountain is situated in the northeast part of the village, and a few rods north and east of the High Rock. In 1835, my attention was particularly called to tha \ 141 50 HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. President Spring, situated quite near the High Rock fountain. From the experiments I then made upon the water uf this spring, I came to the conclusion, that if the mineral stream supplying the fountain were properly secured, the water would, in all probability, bottle very well. The conclusions I had arrived at, and the reasons for them, being communicated to some gentlemen from the village, they obtained a lease of the spring from Judge Walton, made a liberal excavation, secured the mineral water by a wooden tube, and thus raised it nearly to the top of the ground spring they gave the name of " iodine." Since that time it has been subject to a number of diflerent directors, and has finally gone into the posses- sion of Judge Walton's heirs. Though comparatively a light water, it proves to be well adapted for bottlmg. When taken in proper quantities, and subject to reason- able restrictions, it sets well on the stomach. One gallon of the water furnishes the following in- gredients, on analysis: GrRins. 180.731 Chloride of Sodhim, ^^^q Carbonate of Sodii,. 74 21.3 Cnr1)onate of Magntsia, ^g'jj Hydrioilate of Sodium, 30.000 Carbonate of Lime, , • • " loOO Carbonate of Iron, Silica and Alumina, .500 Solid contents, 291.679 SOlia conicnis, ;••:■••■ oqr. nnO Carbonic Acid and Atmospheric Air, ooo.uuu EMPIRE SPRING. This spring is the most northerly one in the vil It is la■'■ :^^ M f:i .*• V ^ liii ,r,k-' pL .... ';j| 'P *T ^.V^^r \ -/•rjr '^'111 y J ;'iO -lA^'D-'.Oi i: .If Sa VTO'U. !',,. i,., >(■) f;^'. Sit Mill '.i ijti't*' H^:ir ilif. Ilitii ll"<'l ^. ,^, ,1 T .1 '■'■:'; ''\p«!i.iir )•/■ I lli'Mi malic ii|)<'; ■ l,. .,.•••,■ " 1. .ruiL'. I oni I .1x1 ro!)clii.>«i-Jii, tliH ;J •.». • '1 f.ii -tri u . ■tp'j' ' ■ '(!•• 'nintnni \vr < j,-^ . •/ ;-h .■! ^...rp.'. ihf. liter A jUi. ill -U prnb.ibility \,. i\'u V. :v wi'l!. t'i' o;>< .J- tf I hail urrived nt, ,. ,.l 'h<' ixa ■u-' ff ih>>-.. Wi.ik' i.;iji(im\miiTit<>(l to soiin;. tM-n'ifinc • (.("a X\iK- vtl.'if-:. 'hry L>].tuii!'';i a U-astj ot th.- siinnti Ir 'HI Jud'jc. \\ iilti.n, iMai'u ii lilmmt excuvdti" ■ sicnn-l ihe niiiHTul wuti;- |.y a wouilu) tulji!, rnd tl)U!<| v,n •tl 'i nearly to MiH lnp of ihi- gri'ianl. To ll'i jr ■ ,; iLev giivf: ihi* immi' of '' I:»jin<'.'" . :.;.:■ tiui' till. .- iiuh l-'f" ^ .';:(r! 1c <; nnoilii'v i' i;irirri'f't rliroctf.rs, fxmi tiu.- ! n; •■ i;."iii<> luV' lb*' po-f-' ^ j.u.noi iM.liM- Vi.filt(.:nV.i: .ry. ■u.<)li^!l C(.!'.v^tarfilivoiv ) li -.hr ■. itiT. .' |i!-fiv.H( li> Iji- \ver> adapti ,1 for bottluif/ W-.s. <: 1'kfn in ivi'pcr (|inr'itic>, n! -i>'vi(!<;( to rerr-^'Mi ui.l. v>.>trioti'ti>. it .sots wcil on fhe MliMimch. One caHou of iho water fiirnisli'».*' Uie rullowhi'; i. :/redit!iits, on iiuttlyaij*; llrstrn. r'.U.a.-..f .-!■..«. i«r,'' ''".■^-"•>^ --« .v:r;^ liv.irio'itii'' ..! •.(xluiiii '",'/li •>!--•"['•":■• ■ ■ •■ S '.;".n:Ml;:z. •■. ;:■.::::•::•:.::::::. ^;^ s.w.-...um. if»^;;" 'I'hi.s ST»rir.'/ > ii)-.' ii.oftt liortli'-fly '■')« i'\ f'h«-' vil-V; tus-f Mh'i'i his aiirauiid rrpni-ril iitUinti'm. It i' -; isituai-d oi, i)u- we*;! sidt^ i^/ llic ndov, ,tnd iim.!e-| i 14 — ntii: vv«- '■i prnbiibili'y.. II r lived nt, h>(l to soil II t th. fit) iCft.'^t) n!| fAXCllV tl. To tiM 11: 111! )t>r •' o - ?•'?.- ,(araliv»'iy ■ lor bottling.' ;t to rea**''!! I..' 18ii- ,',1 74'.!] 3 ;'..'2!!5 .Jli.liiW 1.00(1 1 in. iti'tn. r,h It i iitnl imiiio- \ I' mm diatoly bchin feet in hoight portion, and length, and 1 water issues sandstone, opening is o tube. 'Mineral v bank at this its primitive tcntion, for equally impc from many prominent o Rock and i\ all eyes tc ample quai mand, there duction of a pire Spring by lime-kilr In the ye A shaft was I the aperture fact that th rock by a p tube may b( obviate the secure the ■> It will 1 HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. 01 diatnly behind it lies a bluflfof Mohawk limostone, forty feet in hoight. This limestone appears to bo a detached portion, and extends only two rods in width by three in. length, and lies on a lodge of calciferous sandstone. Tho water issues through a perforation in the calciferous sandstone. A knowledge of this particular form of the opening is of great importance in adjusting a suitable tube. Mineral water has been known to trickle down the bank at this point ever since the land was cleared of its primitive shrubs. But. it attracted no particular at- tention, for springs of mineral water which appeared equally imposing wete, and are now, to be found issuing from many points along tho mineral valley, and the prominent and conspicuous position which the High Rock and the original Congress ISpring ot-.^upied turned all eyes toward them. As they furnished water m ample quai tity, of the best qualities, to supply the de- j mand, there appeared to be no necessity for tho intro- duction of a new spring. The ground about the Em- pire Spring was for a long time advantageously occupied by lime-kilns. In the year 1846, the fountain was taken in charge. A shaft was excavated to the rock, a tube adjusted to I the aperture, and the Empire Spring was secured. Tho fact that the Empire svater passes the calciferous sand- rock by a perforation is of great practical value, as a tube may be scribed to the surface of the rock, and thus i obviate the necessity of employing artificial means to secure the water with its full complement of gas. It will be easily apprehended that artificial moans \ I#fl -"»~ 52 HAND-nOOK OF SAHATOOA. m ifl aro scarcely aviiiliiblo in confining, or even in dirootini? a current of aciduloiw ciirbonatcd wntor. Materials which would answer well in cases of common f<|)ring water will Ite entirely useless with the acidulous mine- ral water. The " water cement" answers an admirable purpose with fresh water, but with mineral waters is entirely insullicienl, lor it proves no barrier to the es^oapo of the gas, and will in time bo taken into combination with it. And a similar result follows in other kinds of packing which have been tested in actual cxperimenta by tho'author. Hut, as in the Emi)ire, when the gas- cous water passes through a heavy stratum of rock by a small aperture, a groove carefilUy cut in the rock around the mouth of the spring, and a well-seeured pino tube properly placed in a groove, and afterward filled about with clay, would bo a simple and most effi- «-ient way to set a tube. But this form of tubing will not bo applicable to those fountains which pass through the rocks in clefts and fissures. To illustrate with what extreme. divisibility the carbonates are held in solution in water, and with what readiness they pass through ordinary barriers, a pint of mineral water may bo placed in a flaring vessel, say an ordinary baking dish, then apply a gentle heat until the whole salts are precipitated ; the outside of the vessel as high as the water stood will be frosted over with the precipitated carbonates which had been held in solution in the water by the gas, and not by the water. Here the salts are precipitated, although the dish is flaring and uncovered, yet the carbonates pass through the pores of the glazing as well as through the sides of the vessel, and that too in a lateral direction. The tube surfiH'O of t in length. above the s This !niii per hour. an• x and put in a refrigerator ten or twelve hours befoi- = ;)g. This brings it to much the same temperature and con- dition as when drank fresh from the fountain. \ ^^ S4 HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. The improvements in the north end of the town have been much increased within a few years, and particu- larly those in the immediate vicinity of the Empire Spring. Reducing the unwholesome swamp, opening new | drive-ways, and grading hills and laying out handsome village lots, are a few of the many heavy expenditures j which have been sustained by Western & Co. alone. Neither have they been behind their fellow-citizens gen- erally, in tha cultivation of large numbers of shade 1 trees, which in time will add greatly to the beauty of their grounds and avenues. And it is to be hoped that these improvements may be continued by themselves and others, with even increased energy. Nature has done much in that part of the town, and art sparingly employed, will convert the upper part of the town into a beautiful village. If the hill on the west side of the valley was properly terraced, and willow and other ap- propriate trees were planted along the stream, we should i have delightful promenades, and as fine situations for residences as are to be found in town. And these im- 1 provements might be carried on with an outlay by no j means large. One gallon of the Empire water furnished the follow- ing ingredients on analysis : Chloride of Sodium 270.000 Carbonate of Lime ^j*^?,^ Carbonnte of Magnesia 43.123 Carbonate of Soda 30.304 Hydriodatc of Soda 8.000 Carbonate of Iron ?000 Silica 1-000 Solid contents 500.748 Gaseous contents '00 Specific gravity 1-OoB This foui southwestei is the only cipal street It was fii and has tl tubed in 1 last one wl pared for c which it fi ent Individ some of w our most thorough ( October, 1 In the J rose, passe of the vill tumn of ] tion, and escape fro tober, beg vated to t pan, to th After c within th came int southwes of hard-p ^ii HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. 65 1 town have nd particu- he Empire ipeningnew t handsome xpenditures Co. alone, itizens gen- rs of shade 8 beauty of > hoped that themselves Nature has rt sparingly e town into ■j side of the nd other ap- 1, we should ituations for id these im- lutlay by no ] 1 the foUow- 270.000 145.321 43.123 30.304 8.000 3.000 1.000 500.748 700 1.066 WASHINGTON, OR AVHITE's SPRING. This fountain is situated about six hundred feet in a southwesterly direction from the Congress Spring, and is the only one on the west side of Broadway, the prin- cipal street in the village of Saratoga Springs. It was first tubed by Gideon Putnam, in the year 1806, and has the singular history of being the first spring tubed in this section of the Mineral Valley, and the last one which has been practically reclaimed and pre- pared for commercial use. And although the land on which it first appeared has been owned by many differ- ent individuals since the first settlement of the country, some of whom, at least, have been considered among our most far-seeing and enterprising citizens, yet no thorough effort was made to secure the spring until October, 1858. In the year 1856, the ground upon which the spring rose, passed into the possession of John H. White, Esq., of the village of Saratoga Springs ; and during the au- tumn of 1858, he resolved to make a thorough excava- tion, and trace, if possible, the mineral stream to its escape from the rock. He therefore, on the 20th of Oc- tober, began a shaft eleven fetit square, which he exca- vated to the depth of thirty feet, through olay and hard- pan, to the calciferous sand-rock underneath. After carefully examining the surface of the rocit within the shaft, he ascertained that no mineral water came into the well through it, but entered from the southwest part of the excavation through the stratum of hard-pan which lies superimposed upon the sand-rock \ 511. « *1 ill (HI '"■' T" 56 HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. at this place. This lead was then taken, and followed with a tunnel six feet high, five wide, and thirty in length, in a direction generally southeast. At this point, and while exploring with an iron rod the farther direc- tion of the stream, the earth at the southeast extremity of the tunnel suddenly gave way, and the water and the gas flowed into the shaft with such force, and in such quan- tities, as to give the men engaged in the work of exca- vation barely time to escape from the pit, leaving their working tools behind them at the bottom of the shaft ; and in the short space of fifteen minutes it was esti- mated that twelve thousand gallons of water, and prob- ably nearly twice that quantity of carbonic acid gas, filled the excavation. At this juncture the most power- ful hand-pumps which could be commanded were brought to bear upon the water, and the gas within the excavation ; but they failed to clear the shaft, and the work of excavation was therefore suspended for the ensuing three weeks, during which time a portable steam engine and a powerful rotary pump were procured, and an excavation was commenced in a southeast direc- tion thirty feet from the former one, and over Ihe ex- treme terminus of the tunnel. This shaft was fourteen feet square, and was excavated to the depth of twenty- one feet, and preserved from caving by a cofler-dam, built with eight- by-ten-inch hemlock timbers and two- inch planks But reaching the farther depth of four feet, which was not curbed, the water and the gas broke into the shaft from the east, and again drove the workmen from their labors. The steam pump was now brought into requisition, and was coi sccutive hoi tvvccn the chine, and 1 suiting fror come so grc plank comp were driven oution of tl oxcavation was commc ond shaft. before used inch plank, a circular above anotl nailed firm forraell, wl ches in thi strong curl eight feet, the shaft. The bol one spring another w west (lirec tains, issu the distan tain prove ance ; as i volume oj HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. 67 1 followed [ thirty in this point, lier direo- tremity of nd the gas uch quan- k of exoa- ving their the shaft ; b was esti- and prob- acid gas, ost power- ided were within the t, and the ;d for the a portable } procured, east direc- er Ihe cx- is fourteen of twcnty- )ofler-dam, s and two- ith of four d the gas I drove the requisition, and was continued in active operation for eighteen con- sccutive hours, when a small pebble was carried in be- twccn the rollers of the pump, which stopped the ma- chine, and before it could be removed, the pressure re- suiting from the accumulated water and gas, had be- come so groat from without, that the strong timbers and plank composing the curb, gave way, and the workmen were driven a second time from this shaft, and the prose- oution of the work at this spot was abandoned ; but the excavation of a third shaft, twenty feet in diameter, was commenced in a southeast direction from the sec Olid shaft. But instead of the tubing which had been before used, one was employed composed of two-by-ten- inch plank, cut in beveled segments," so as to form nearly a circular curb. These pieces of plank were laid one above another, so as ellectually to break joints, and then nailed firmly together with six-inch iron spikes, which forraell, when completcf', a strong tube of wood ten in- ches in thickness, and twenty feet in diameter. This stron" curb was continued with the excavation twenty- eight^et, and nearly to the sand rock in the bottom of the shaft. The bottom of the shaft being covered with water, one spring was seen bubbling up within the shaft, and another was found after tunnelling a few feet in a south- west direction. These springs seemed to be two foun- tains, issuing from the same fissure in the rock, within the distance of twenty feet. The mere southwest foun- tain proved most copious, and presented a finer appear- ance ; as the loose gravel was removed, a full gushing volume of water, one inch wide and six inches long, 3* \ 58 HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA. I'tJM ' came rolling up out of the rock, sparkling and boiling with gas. On the 29th of January, 3859, a tube twenty-five feet in height was placed around this jet of mineral water, and the 2d of February the mineral water was intro- duced into the tube, and two days after, it had risen to the waste pipe, twenty-three feet and six inches above the bottom of the shaft. On the morning of the 5th of February, the gas ap- peared on the surface of the water in the tube, which continued to increase in quantity for several days, so that a very active simmering and boiling motion was apparent in the water. On the 14th of February, the waste pipe was closed, and in about four hours thereafter, the water within the tube rose to the top of it, and now flows over it in a continuous stream. This spring, so sparkling and lively, is one «f the most beautiful and copious fountains in the valley. And if the mineral water is well secured at the rock, thoroughly excluding fresh water, earthy and mineral substances from the fountain, there can scarcely re- main a doubt of its being ultimately bottled with suc- cess. Putnam's spring. This spring is situated about two hundred yards in a northwest direction from the " Hamilton Spring," and nearly equi-distant between Broadway and Putnam streets. At this point, mineral water had been observed from quite an early date in the history of the village ; ■•*i«V>'.fi-?'>*- but it had year 1835, tion, and pi This imp purpose for water was poses, and ■ sons living water was upon, Mr. I found the heavy inor curb. He water is n previous ti From th eral founts the water by exoava and tubing from thof cannot sp water. This m the count; group in ' It is an a fissure i The gs IT mt ■•*ii?;- HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA, 59 id boiling ^-five feet ral water, v&a intro- d risen to lies above le gas ap- be, which ral days, ig motion February^ bur hours ;o the top lontinuous »ne of the he valley. , the rock, d mineral sarcely re- with sue- but it had received no particular attention until the year 1835, when Mr. Lewis Putnam made an excava- tion, and placed a tube about the tbuntain. This improvement seemed to answer a tolerably good purpose for a number of years, during which time the water was bottled to some extent for cnrnmercial pur- poses, and was also freely used at the fountain by per- sons living in its immediate vicinity. But at length the water was found to be deteriorating in quality, where- upon, Mr. Putnam, in 1857, re-excavated the shafc, and found the water freely rising outside the tube, and a heavy incrustation of calcareous tufa surrounding the curb. He then repacked the tube with clay, and the water is now probably as good as it has been at any previous time in its history. From the facts already known in regard to the min- eral fountains, it is fair to conclude, that the quality of the water would be greatly improved, indeed, perfected by excavating the hard-pan to the calciferous sandstone, and tubin£ the mineral stream to the point of its escape from the fissure in the rock. Until this is done, we cannot speak specifically of the true character of the water. REED S SPRING. yards in a ring," and i Putnam in observed le village ; This mineral fountain is situated in South Argyle, in the county of Washington, and is the most easterly group in the mineral range. It is an acidulous carbonated water, and rises through a fissure in a stratum of Mohawk limestone. The gas rises from the bottom of the shaft in ooca- \ M 60 HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA. sional bubbles; but the water is not highly charged with it; nor has the spring the lively and sparkling appearance, which is so striking a feature in the Sara- toga fountains. The slight acidulousness of the water, imparts to it a pleasant taste, and makes it a grateful bever- age. When the water is mixed with flour, it acts as yeast, making it light and spongy, and is therefore sometimes used in baking what is called " spring-water rolls," and is also employed by persons residing near it, for medicinal purposes. WIIITK SULPHUR SPRING. This spring is situated on the east side of Saratoga Lake, about half a mile south of Snake Hill, in a beau- tiful ravine of a few rods in width, through the centre of which runs a small stream, supplied by fresh water springs issuing from either bank. Within twenty rods of the lake a niche is formed in the south bank. Near the centre of the niche, and at the base of the bluff, rises the Sulphur Spring, jnd its course to the brook is marked by a deposit of sulphur. The water is strongly charged with sulphuretted hydrogen gas, and is very pellucid. Its taste, is like other waters of the class, very offensive to those unaccustomed to drink it. A few years since a number of gentlemen from the village purchased the farm in which the spring rises, sunk a shaft, and adjusted a new tube. They built baths and other accommodations for the use of visitors. A steamboat was placed on the lake to ply between the Lake House and the spring, which mad qnently, th The year f( and all the the sulphu suspended. burning of the outlet o be constru thence to brought w a new ant oj)ened. CnLORir over the s lakes and solution, Africa, S| large depo There ii land, whi( state of r( This sa northwest river Wee the Don. Willan C wick, anc lUND-nOOK OF SARATOGA. 61 ' charf^ed sparkling the 8ara- , imparts ful bever- 1 as yeast, sometimes oils," and medicinal which made two trips daily. Two or three years subse- qnently, the building took fire and burned to tlic ground. The year following the boat was removed from the lake, and all the arrangements which had been made to brin^ the sulphur water into notice have been, for the present, suspended. But since the loss of the .boat and the burning of the house, a bridge has been thrown across the outlet of Saratoga Lake. And now, if a road shonld be constructed along the lake sliore to Snake Hill, and thence to the Sulphur Spring, it would be immediately brought within practicable distance of the village, and a new and beautiful drive of three hours would be opened. Saratoga in a beau- the centre Dsh water j^enty rods Ilk. Near bluff, rises is marked ly charged pellucid. yr offensive ears since 3hased the id adjusted imodations ced on the he spring, CHAPTER IV. Chloride of Sodium is distributed very generally over the surface of the globe. The ocean, seas, salt lakes and mineral springs, hold large quantities of it in solution, while Russia, Germany, Poland, Hungary, Africa, Spain, England, and South America, furnish large deposits of this salt in a fossil state. There is a fossil deposit in Nantwich, Cheshire, Eng- land, which will illustrate this mineral formation, in the state of rock salt. This salt formation lies one hundred and sixty miles northwest from the city of London, on the banks of the river "Weaver, near the confluence of that stream with the Don. It extends over parts of the townships of Willan Castle, Nantwich, Winnington, Marsdon, Liff- wiok, and Anderton. At Nantwich, there is one mass \ 62 HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. ' i'' ,. !-4 H# I ft tan h I If ■'4 1 1 t* of this salt, which is sixty-fivo foet thick, three thousand nine hundred feet wide, and a mile and a halt long; supplying annually sixty thousand tons of salt, which are conveyed thenoo to Liverpool by the Weaver and 'Mersey. Under this fossil are salt wells, varying in depth from pinety to one hundred and twenty feet. From these wells alone forty-five thousand tons of salt are annually procured by artificial evaporation, which is also marketed in the city o*" Liverpool.* Other portions of the county supply fifty-one thou- sand tons ; making in all, one hundred and eighty-six thousand tons of salt exported from a single fossil de- posit. If this deposit may be accepted as a specimen of the productiveness of rook salt formation in general, immense quantities of this substance must exist on the surface of the earth, i But large as this estimate makes the quantity of saline deposits in the interior of the earth, yet it repre- sents but a small portion of the aggregate of this substance contained in ocean, sea, lake, &c., all of which vary greatly in the strength of their solutions. It is found, as is well known, in the fluids of the animal system, supplied doubtless by their food. A certain amount of this substance seems to be necessary for the healthful condition of animal life, though an excess of it is followed by diseasn. as is noticeable in the fact, that persons long at sea, who eat but few vege- tables, and use salt meat freely, usually suffer from scurvy. A disease not unlike scurvy, and produced by the same cause, is not uncommon on land. * U. S. Dispensatory. When ta cathartic, ( being deter it is taken particularly moist skin, nutrition, is a suitabl twice its w page 90.) As an a generally v long perio^ piece of be was a rem on his voy 1739 and In agric dry lands. the atmos ciency of i The qu from a gi^ Saratoga, the salts ( Chlorid ary forma posits, lin Althou| fossil sail numerous HAND-DOOK OF SARATOGA. 63 thousand lalt long; It, which lavcr and irying in jnty feet, ns of salt m, which one thou- eighty-six I fossil de- specimen n general, List on the aantity of (t it repre- ,e of this tec, all of )lutions. ids of the food. A I necessary though an ticeable in t few vege- uffer from roduced by When taken into the stomach it may act as a tonic, cathartic, diuretic, emetic, and antiseptic, its effects being determined by the state of the system at the timo it is taken, and the quantity used. Saline baths are particularly appropriate for persons with a relaxed, moist skin, and for children of scrofulous habits and low nutrition. One pound of salt to four gallons of water is a suitable solution for this purpose. It is soluble in twice its weight of water at 60^ Fah. (See Bathing, page 90.) As an antiseptic, it has been long known, and very generally used. Fish and flesh are preserved by it for long periods of time. In the year 1805, there was a piece of beef in the Leverian Museum, London, which was a remnant of the provisions taken by Lord Anson, on his voyage *« around the world," between the years 1739 and 1744. In agriculture, salt has been used as a fertilizer, on dry lands. As it is a deliquescent, attracting water from the atmosphere, it thereby, in part, supplies the defi- ciency of moisture in the soil. The quantity of this salt obtained by evaporation from a given amount of any of the mineral springs at Saratoga, is equal to more than one half the sum of all the salts contained in them. Chloride of sodium occurs, geologically, in the second- ary formations, associated with gypsum, slate, clay de- posits, limestone, and red sandstone. Although the United States contain no deposits of fossil salt", so far as we know, yet brine springs are numerous in this country, and some of them are among \ 64 IIAND-nOOK OP SARATOGA. MM 'f' the. most celcbratod in tho world. Those of Snlina, Onoti(la<,m county, N. Y., oro juf^tly distinguished. Tliey hold in solution 19 per cent, of this salt. The State of Now-York draws a largo part of her revenue from the manufacture of salt at Salina, and annually employs scv(!ral thousand persons about the works. Thirty-three and one quarter gallons of Salina water will furnish a bushel of salt of the ordinary marketable dryness, while at . Nantucket 350 gnlloas ninke ono bnsbcl. K,.w.York.! ;!(»0 liooi/B LickH, Mo 4r.O Connuugh, rouu 300 Zniiosvillo, (lliio 05 Salinn, N. Y., (new springs), iiO In the year 1841, 3,134,317 bu-shels of salt were in- spected at the Onondaga salt-works.* In the arts this salt is much used in the manufacture of carbonate of soda. Its existence in the mineral waters of Saratoga was demonstrated by Valentine Seaman in 1809. Carbonate of Soda. — This salt was first called Katron, from the name* of the desert from which it was taken. When it exists as a solid it is called native soda. It is chiefly found in Egypt, Hungary, and South America. It occurs principally in lakes, and small ponds, from which it is taken in a state of solution, and evaporated by the sun. Soda has been obtained by the incineration of marine * Geological Report* of New-York. plants. In the purpose (puility has dueed Kt obtained ab salieornia, I tained, groA Wales, Seoi Tho salt and a disaon ciiltivat.Hl for tlic purpose of procuring' carbonate of soda ; and the best (luality has been obtained from tb.) barilla thns pro- dneed Kelp is another form of impure soda, which is obtained also from the ashes of marine plants ; but the .salieornia, from which the impure form of soda is ob- tained, grows on the rneky coast of many countries— as Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. The salt is colorless, possesses an alkaline reaction, and a disagreeable ta.ste. It effervesces with acids, is soluble in about two jjarts of cold water, and in a blaze of alcohol it burns with a yellow flame. Its usual im- purity is common suit, which is easily detected by a solution of nitrate of silver. But at the present day, it is more generally procured from common salt than from marine plants. Medicinally, it is used to correct an acid condition of the se(;retions— as gout, gravel, and certain forms of dyspepsia. It has been used also in hooping-cough, bronchoeele, and scrofula. Dr. Ter- ehier, at Geneva, considers it preferable to iodine in the treatment of bronchoeele. In diseases of the skin, where a papulous or scaly state of the surface exists, it is administered in doses of from ten grains to half a drachm in some bitter infusion. But an overdose acts as a corrosive and irritant poison. Antidotes are olive oil, acetic acid, or lemon juice. A proper strength for a lotion, is from ten grains to three drachms to a pint of water ; and for a general bath, eight to sixteen ounces in about ten gallons of water. The ointment may be formed, varying in strength fiom eiIb fMi tho case. It was detentcfl as a conatitnont of tho Bara- toRtt miiKiriil water in tho year 1795, by Dr. Vandor- voort of Now- York. Caiujonatk op Lime.— This substance is widoly spread through many of tho surface rocks, and appears under some one of the various forms of spar, and common and shell limestone, marble, marl and chalk ; and in tho surface water of all limestone countries, and enters largely into the composition of the shells of fishes. In the form of limewater and prepared chalk, it is fre- quently used to correct acidity of tho stomach occasioned by weak digeation. It is decomposed by heat and the acids, also by potassa, soda, baryta, strontia, and by acidulous and metallic salts. Dr. Vandervoort demon- strated its presence in tho Saratoga water in the year 1795. Carbonate of Magnesia.— This substance was dis- covered in the beginning of the eighteenth century, and was vended in the shops of Italy as a secret remedy, and possessing of course, great curative powers, under the imposing name of " Count Palmer." But, in 1755, Dr. Black examined it, and clearly demonstrated its chemical composition. It exists largely in nature, and is one of the four earths forming so considerable a portion of the crust of our planet. It is principally derived from the bitterns in salt pans after the crystallization of common salt ; and Scotland, New England, and Baltimore are cele- brated for its manufacture. It is sparingly soluble in water, but 212 ^ Thif carbonic acl dors it parti gas so freeh place, whio! carbonates. As a catl rally used an acid stoi morbid aoii carbonate c nesia in th state in tl these orgai dition. These sc debilitated childhood. " As a lit! the forma nates. It is an sulphuric determine Carbon known, a vegetable * Detectc Dr, Vftnder ^^:J:>A.. HAND BOOK OP SARATOGA. 67 the PaTa- . Vandor- 5ly spread ars under nmon and tvd in the nd enters ishes. In it is fre- accasioned t and the a, and by rt dcmon- i the year s was dis- mtury, and it remedy, 'ers, under t, in 1755, istrated its of the four he crust of the bitterns nmon salt ; e are cele- y soluble in water, but is more so at a temperature of f)0« than 212^ This is owing to the partial expulsion of the carbonic acid by the heat of the water, which acid ren- ders it partially soluble in that menstruum. This is the gas so freely evolved from the mineral fountains of this place, which holds in solution the magnesia and other carbonates. As a cathartic, carbonate of magnesia i.s very gene- rally used in cases of weak digestion, and in cases of an acid stomach it produces most salutary effects. The morbid acids of the stomach and bowels decompose the carbonate of magnesia, and, forming other salts of mag- nesia in the bow,el8, leave the carbonic acid in a free state in the first passages ; this is most acceptable to these organs even when in a sensitive and irritable con- dition. These soothing properties render it very applicable to debilitated adults, and in many diseases incidental to childhood. "■ As a lithontriptio, it has been prescribed to prevent the formation of oalcult when the uric acid predomi- nates. It is an antidote to poison by arsenic, and nitric and sulphuric acids. Its existence in these waters was first determined by Dr. Vandervoort, of New- York, 1795. Carbonate of Iron.*— This salt of iron has been long known, and is widely distributed through the mineral, vegetable, and the animal kingdoms, probably, in part, « Detected ag a constituent of the Saratoga Mineral Water in 1795, by Dr. Vftndcrvoort \ ■--^^'--'-'nriiBi'Trritrrr- ----"^ 68 HAND-BOOK OK SARATOGA. giving the varied tints to the petals of flowers, and col- oring the globules of the blood of man and other warm- blooded animals. It 's powerfully tonic as a medicine; it rai.ses the pulse, promotes the secretions, and imparts tone to the system. It is one of the mineral ingredi- ents in the mineral waters of Saratoga, and of course adils greatly to their tonic powers when they are used as alteratives. Professor Emmons discovered phosphate of iron in the water of the Empire Spring. This ferruginous salt is an important medicine when prepared by the chemist. Hydriodate of Potassa. — Iodine )yas first discovered by Courtois, a manufacturer of saltpetre in Paris, in the mother water of sea-weeds. As a medicine, it has been very much used since 1812, and at the present time is variously compounded, and enters largely into the list of the most important prescriptions of modern tirnes- This substance was discovered in the water of the Con- gress Spring by Dr. William Usher, and his discovery was published in the America*n Journal, No. 1, vol. 15. Dr. John H. Steel detected iodine in all the Saratoga waters in the year 1828, and in 1829 published the fact in the succeedng volume of the same journal. It excites strongly the glandular system, and possesses great alter- ative power. It exists largely in the Saratoga waters, as they contain even more grains per gallon than the celebrated baths of I . i increases the solvent powers of that menstruum, en- abling it to take up and hold in solution, lime, mag- nesia, and iron, in greatly increased quantities ; hence the varM|y i Saratoga. J evaporated, i be re-dissolv The presei toga increas( nomenon of trate this fai Besides tl this gas is growth and sition of calc ter ; it is ab also evolved springs lyinj That an i springs is ol as soon as t mosphere al question wb long be tin and at whai come thus f Several t the origin o canic, chem It has bei occur in dij which form This suppoi ' -^itVaw--'" ''""""''" "'^'^•' HAND-nOOK OF SARATOGA. 73 the varu ^y >f constituents in the mineral fountains of Saratoga. And, if one ounce of the mineral water be evaporated, salts will be precipitated which would not be re-dissolved by gallons of common rain water.* The presence of this ga 3 in the mineral water of Sara- toga increases its solvency about one third. The phe- nomenon of the High Book Spring will be seen to illus- trate this fact. Besides the sources already mentioned from which this gas is derived, as the atmosphere, combustion, growth and slow decomposition of vegetables, decompo- sition of calcareous rock, fermentatiolTof saccharine mat- ter ; it is also a result of volcanic action. This fma is also evolved in great quantities from all the mineral springs lying along this mineral range. That an immense amount of gas is contained in these springs is obvious. That it is freely imparted by them as soon as they are subjected to the pressure of the at- mosphere alone, is equally well known. But the great question which has thus far been, and perhaps may long be unanswered, still remains : By what process, and at what depths of the earth's crust, have they be- come thus freely charged ? Several theories have been advanced to account for the origin of carbonic acid in mineral fountains, as vol- canic, chemical, &c., &c. , It has been supposed by some, that the gases which occur in different fountains, are derived from the rocks which form tke channels of subterranean water courses. This supposition of the source of the gases is farther * See page 4. 4 \ 74 HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA. '? ,., c#'! fe •^'< strengthened by the fact, that gases diffenngiip kmd, have been obtained at different depths in the same bor- ing, ar- in the Ferry-street ^vell in the f X «[.^^^^7' New-York. In this instance, at the depth of thirty feet, sulphuretted hydrogen gas >vas found at four hundred feet carburetted hydrogen ^vas obtained, and ,at four hun- dred and eighty feet carbonic acid, free, and also com- bined with soda, magnesia, and iron came sparkling up, nearly to the top of the >vell. The boring was continued to the depth of six hundred feet from the surface; but the same kind of mineral waters continued to How charged with gases. Those could be separated by tubes introduced into each other, so as efleetually to separate the three several kinds of water occurring m the same shaft. i„„„;„ If these gases had been the product of voleamc action, would they nr>t have appeared together at the different heights in the same boring, and could they have been separated, as was done in the Ferry-street well . Others have accounted for the gas in the fountain by the reciprocal action of sulphuret of iron, and car- bonate of lime, contained in the strata of arg.Uite in which they exist ; but admitting this origin for the gas it is not easy to account for the absence of sulphate of lime, of which not a trace has been discovered m the waters of Saratoga. » . .v. An opinion is entertained by, some chemists, that in strata holding alkaline and ferruginous carbonates in combination, free carbonic acid and alkaline carbonates may be found in solution. The theory of slow rnolecular acti .n seems to be extended with fewer difficulties, and accounts' eqi carbonic acic And there portant agen region to the served, that gas does not even after th Then it begi way, graduf the fountain And if, by water withii to rise for a ever, after t adapt itself It has bee mineral spri be said in r( than is gene ties of the * Water, ne and most g( Its solver As it expa rises into th gen, nitrog These it dis rain, hail, c returns thei particularlj •\ , HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. 75 ffi kind, amo bor- Albany, irty feet, hundred four hun- also com- kling up, continued face; but to flow, rated, by itually to ing in the ; volcanic ler at the ould they treet well ? fountain (, and car- irgillite in or the gas, sulphate of jred in the riists, that rbonates in carbonates V molecular julties, and accounts* equally well for the abundant production of carbonic acid in this locality. And there can be but little doubt, but it is an im- portant agent also in elevating the mineral water of this region to the surface of the earth. For it has been ob- served, that in all cases of tubing these fountains, the gas does not rise in the springs until some hours or days even after the water has reached its maxim-um height. Then it begins first to simmer in a very slight and feeble way, gradually increasing, till at length the surface of the fountain is agitated like water in a boiling caldron. And if, by any cause, the pressure of the column of water within the tube is increased, the gas will cease to rise for a time, but will appear again as active as ever, after the gas has had time to accommodate, and adapt itself to the additional pressure. It has been objected, that if this process is going on, mineral springs should occur more frequently. It may be said in reply, that they are very much more common than is generally supposed, inasmuch as forty-four coun- ties of the State of New- York furnish mineral springs. Water, next to atmospheric air, is the most abundant and most generally diffused fluid in nature. Its solvent power is such, that it is rarely found pure. As it expands into vapor by the influence of heat, it rises into the air, where it comes in contact with oxy- gen, nitrogen, carbonic acid and ammoniacal salts. These it dissolves, and when the vapor condenses into rain, hail, or snow, it still holds them in solution and returns them to the ground. These substances are thus particularly well prepared for food for plants ; and hence \ 76 HAND-BOOK OP SAUATOOA. lI.'< rUii the invigoration and rapid growth of vegetation which invariably follows gentle falls of rain and snow in the late spring. And so obvious is this cirect even of a late snow upon the growth of vegetation, that farmers have ;allecl I the " poor man's manure." It is tolerably well understood that the artificial irrigation of plants does not produce results, nearly so desirable, and hence we are led to the supposition, at least, that water hoUls its combinations in a manner quite different whether fallincr in showers, running in springs, or standing quiet- ly in vessels ; though it may be true, as has sometimes been supposed, that these combin.Mons are in each in- stance the same, in kind and propor> ,on.* . When the water percolates the soil, or runs deep amoncr the rocks which compose the crust of the earth, it comes in contact with a great variety o min- erals, acids, alkalies, and fossils, dissolving a portion of each These substances are thus conveyed in solution to the ocean, where the water is evaporated, and the salts are precipitated. . In this way a constant increase of earths, minerals, and salts is taking place in the great reservoirs of the ^^'rhus, perhaps, have been excavated the large caves common in limestone formations. The water having always more or less carbonic acid in solution becomes an active solvent of lime, and when brought in contact with it, takes it up from the surface of the rock, thence . The changes wliict take place in the eharacter of the solutions of ^ater under different circumstances, might become a subject of cunou, inquiry. it flows off; the lime is mites, &c., t When w£ meets some it until it I This outlet i When sp ing a larger ons gases in mineral spri By acidul fountains wl have a pecn contain alw constituents To this ' known foui water is noi York has I ready desor EVACUAN' standing de of no other can be cor ciously use( JjS^- ± HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. 77 m which V in the of a Ifi-to lers have tolerably of plants nd hence ter holds whether ing quiet- loinetimes each in- uns deep ist of the ;y of min- portion of in solution 1, and the , minerals, oirs of the large caves ter having n becomes I in contact ock, thenco « solutions of ject of curious it flows off; but if the temperature should be raised the lime is precipitated ; hence the stalactites, stalag- mites, &c., so abundant in these localities. When water, percolating the surface of the earth, meets some impervious stratum, it is accumulated upon it until it rises to such a level as to find an outlet. This outlet is called a spring. When springs differ from ordinary water in contain- ing a larger proportion of saline ingredients, with vari- ous gases in greater or less quantities, they are called mineral springs. By acidulous or carbonated springs, we mean those fountains which are charged with carbonic acid. They have a peculiar, sparkling and exhilarating effect, and contain always some alkaline carbonate as one of the constituents. To this class of mineral springs belong the well- known fountains of Saratoga. This kind of mineral water is not very common, and in the State of New- York has been only found in the mineral range al- ready described* in this work. CHAPTER V. EvACUANT. — As a general evacuant in oases of long standing debility and depraved general health, I know of no other remedy, either simple or compound, which can be compared with these mineral waters, if judi- ciously used and persevered in. * See pago 31. \ M W' 78 HAND-BOOK OF SAHATOOA. 'i ( As a cathartic they are pleasant tf> the taste, grateful to the stc.inach, eflicient us an evacuaiit, \\hilo they leave the ulimcntary caiml stronger, and its fnnction« more vigorous. Patients whoso digestive organs have been impaired by disease, enfeebled by excess, or ex- hausted by the toil of accumulated years, find in them an agent which will relieve the organs, without first in- creasing the existing debility. When taken in the morning upon an empty stomach, in a potation from half a pint to three pints, a full and copious dejection soon takes place; unloading the whole length of the digestive tube of the remnants of the previous day's in- gesta. which is of no farther use tuthe system, but on the conti iry, may be the source of much harm. This free evacuation is copious without pain, and leaves the di- gestive tube at perfect freedom to exert its digestive and assimilating powers on the next portion of food present- ed to it. And although the dejections are free, and in many instances most copious, yet no languor or debility is ex- perienced by the patient, but on the contrary, his appe- tito is increased for the next meal. Even the digestive functions are greatly improved, the power of assimila- tion and nutrition is increased, additional strength is imparted to the body, and as a consequence, new and increased vigor to the mind. Diuretic— As a diuretic they are no less happy in their results, in cases proper for their use, than as a ca- thartic. For their action on the kidneys, and the gen- eral renal seqfetions, is prompt, certain, uniform and ' efficient. But they must be differently administered when diurt taken at a 1 intervals, a DlAPllORl ccssful as diseases fii them, in relief, and very large bad functi otherwise, their medii ciently re; bowels ha inquired a thought o this negle cleanliness In this mc to bo that phys that a ver to health are undot taken as e interfere ' of the dig to a great portant oi prepare i the bowel m I rm- prate ful lilo tliey 'n not ions aiis have its, or ex- 1 in them t first in- 1 in the ;ion from dejection thof the day's in- uton the This free 'es the di- Bstive and d present- 1 in many lity is ex- , his appe- I digestive assimila- trength is now and 3 happy in in as a oa- d the gen- liform and Irainistered ■■#.- HAND-DOOK OF SARATOOA. 79 when diuretic clTocts are to bo obtained ; the quantity taken at a time should bo l.!.ss, and repeated at shorter interval.^, and if possil)ie dranic fresh from the fountain. Diaphoretic— As a diaphoretic they are equally sue- cossful as an cvacuant. And very many cutaneous diseases find ready relief from an alterative con rso of them, in the case of ihose who have resorted re for relief, and have comci under my personal ob.s- ation, a very large proportion of them have had an c a- mgly bad functional state of the skin; and oft. 'lan otherwise, if there had been any error c ramiited by their medical adviser at home, it had been in not sufii- ciently regarding this great depurating organ. The bowels had been purged, the functions of the kidneys inquired after ; but those of the skin had never been thought of either by the patient or his physician, and this neglect sometimes even to the lack of ordinary cleanliness. In this connection I wish to correct what seems to mo to bo an error in the minds of many people, viz. : that physio will euro constipation of the bowels, and that a very free state of the first passages is necessary to health and comfort. Now, both of these positions are undoubtedly wrong. Physio is an evil, and is to bo taken as a choice of evils when taken at all. It must interfere with digestion, and all the legitimate functions of the digestive and assimilative organ.<, by exhaustmg to a c-reater or less degree the vital powers of these im- porta^nt organs ; and they are therefore less qualified to prepare nutriment for the individual. A free state of the bowels is an unnatural state of the organs, and the \ i: 80 IIAND-UOOK OP SARATOGA. food passes from tho digestivo tube before tho absorbents have had time to take up tho nutriment. And a major- ity of mineral water drinkers physio themselves too much. A healthy action of tho bowels is all that is rotpiired ; and all extremes are to be avoided. Consti- pation is only to bo cured by checking those functions which arc in excess, and properly correcting the score- tions and stimulating tho muscles of tho bowels. A re- laxed state of the bowels is to be remedied by increas- ing the secretions of the kidneys and the skin, and regulating tho diet. ♦ .. ■ ; BtLious Diseases.- -In those cases where the liver is making bile unhealthy in quality or quantity, and with- out organic lesion being present in the viscus, these waters, used as a cathartic in tho morning, with such assistance over night as the case may require, produce tho most happy results. But if a higher grade of arte- ria^ -ctic^ is present, or if organic lesion has taken piac 1. ant. a dropsical state of the lower extremities has sui.rirvened, then they arc injurious without an excep- nn. But it must be remembered, that extensive swellings may take place from a great variety of causes besides organic disease, which may be relieved with great facility by a proper and timely use of these mine- ral waters. In a passive state of the bowels, when an evacuation is not obtained save at the expense of much time, or large doses of active medicines, with clay-colored stools, and a dry and rough state of the skin, the cathartic mineral waters, if taken in the morning an hour or two before breakfast, in proper quantities for physio, and in iIk^o. jsorbcnta a mnjor- ilvoH too il that is Consti- iinotiong lie seore- s. A ro- ■ increas- ilcin, and e liver is iml with- !us, these vrith such , produce e of arto- Las taken tiities has in excep- extensive of causes vod with 3se mine- vaouation b time, or red stools, cathartic lur or two ic, and in #'..:! I \ 4«!^. . -f. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) Photographic Sciences Corporation ^^^, 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ,v, . , CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques smaller port neys, skin, i system mosi above descr proper and mineral \va shower-bath After the hi the patient tion on the flesh-brush, ed. This r the patient effectually ■ of the inte some of th state of the fluids of e\ oeive, woul agency of And notwil had been would cont come, a3 \ the more a morbid ao kidneys oi j suft'orings, state of th cine taker thartio wa HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA. 81 smaller portions through the day, to operate on the kid- neys, skin, and liver, will in a few days regulate the system most perfectly. But in bilious dilliculties of the above description, much relief may be obtained by proper and timely bathing. These baths should be of mineral water generally, and used in the form of a shower-bath, about ten or eleven o'clock in the morning. After the bath has been indulged in, it is important that the patient should be carefully wiped dry, and the fric- tion on the surface continued with a coarse towel, or a flesh-brush, until the skin is warm and generally flush- ed. This rubbing should in most instances be done by the patient himself, for the circulation is thereby more effectually thrown upon the surface, and the congestion of the internal organs more effectually relieved. In some of the above cases I have known such an active state of the kidneys or skin to exist, that almost all the fluids of every description which the system could re- ceive, would be passed directly from the body by the agency of the renal organs, or the pores of the skin. And notwithstanding large quantities of mineral water had been taken by the patient, yet the constipation would continue to be more and more diflioult to over- come, a? well as the torpidity of the bowels so much the more aggravated ; the long and unpleasant train of morbid action incident to an excessive secretion of the kidneys or of the skin, also superadded to former suft'orings, by the very course resorted to for relief. This state of the system is easily overcome by proper medi- cine taken over night, followed in the morning b'' ?a- thartic water, together with bathing and frictior ' .he 4» 82 HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. skin. In other oases again, there maj' bo a little general excitement, which will be so much enhanced by the carbonic acid, that it becomes necessary to expel it before the water is taken. This is usually accomplish- ed by setting the water in the lodging-room over night, or by immersing it in warm ^ater in the morning just before using it ; this will expel the gas and insure the cathartic effect. Alterative Use of the Water.— When the cathartic effects are obtained from the use of the water, many peo- pie seem to think the work is completed.and they of course expect to be well, when in truth they have taken but one step on the way toward a permanent cure. They have, by an antiseptic physic, evacuated the first passa- ges of ill-prepared feculent matter. But the water has passed through the bowels, and scarcely any of it has entered into the system proper, or passed the secreting organs, and become a part of the circulating fluids of the body, or combined with their nutriment. This is only to be done by small potations taken repeatedly through the day ; and in most instances these draughts should be taken from the more tonic springs, as the Columbian, Hamilton, and the High Rock fountains. The quantity of water taken in this way should be small at first, say a gill or half a pint, to delicate females and others in proportion, and should be repeated every three or four hours throughout tho day, and gradually increased in quantity until the maximum amount the system can dispose of properly, has been taken by the patient. In this way an alterative course is obtained, 'ch may change the whole secretions of the body, a very impoi chronic dis The smc fountains, to obtain i Gravel. bladder, rin where the these min quantities, diuretic e! quently sr This resu the warm increase t cases whe bladder { seemed to which ha subject tc Chroni been rep( taken as through 1 a shower Phage: charactei beneficia m HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA. 83 e a little ihanced by to expel it ccomplish- jver nightj irning just insure the e cathartic many peo- ey of course taken but uve. They first passa- 3 water has ly of it has le secreting ng fluids of it. This is repeatedly se draughts ings, as the buntains. y should be Date females eated every d gradually amount the iken by the is obtained, the body, a very important point to be obtained in most cases of chronic disease. The small alterative potations should be drank at the fountains, where the water is as perfect as it is possible to obtain it. '^<^ Gravel.— In gravelly states of the kidneys and the bladder, many well-attested cases might be produced, where the patients have been cured by the waters from these mineral springs. They should bo drank in such quantities, and with such repetition as to insure a copious diuretic eflect, when large quantities of sand, and fre- quently small calculi will be discharged with the urine. This result is frequently much assisted by the use of the warm bath, which, in a large part of the cases, will increase the secretions of the kidneys. And even in cases where there was evidently organic lesion of the bladder present, the free use of the mineral water seemed to furnish more relief than any other remedy which had been used, although the patient had been subject to the directions of the first medical men. Chronic Rhf j«iatism.— '^his formidable disease has been repeatedly cured by a liberal use of the water taken as a cathartic in the morning, as an alterative through the day, and externally applied in the form of a shower bath, cold from one of the mineral fountains. Phagedenic— In ill-conditioned ulcers of the above character, these mineral waters have been found very beneficial, and are to be internally and externally ap- <§,, ^ -iSK'r 84 lUND-DOOK OF SAR\TOOA. plied. The external application, both g-^neral and local, should he prescribed, when, in a short time, the ulcers will change their aspect and begin to heal, CuT^ous DisEASKS.— Diseases of the skin are very numerous, and some of them are difficult to treat in or- dinary practice. But all those which depend on an acid state of the secretions, and which have been controlled by an alkaline treatment, are happily treated by the mineral water. These cases require the fluids of the body to be saturated with the mineral water, and also the daily applicatio i of the bath. Papulous diseases in- volving the whole surface of the body, are perfectly cured during one season by the use of these mmoral waters. Scrofula.— This state of the system finds great re- lief from the use of the mineral waters of Saratoga. Those laboring under it should drink the water in the morning as an aperient, take it as an alterative through the day, and bathe regularly once during every twenty- four hours, unless some particular reason for the con- trary should exist. In tk^se cases, the external ap- plication is highly important. Iodine and bromme occur in sufficient quantities in these waters, sensibly to affect such cases, when applied generally to the sur- face, and in amount even equal to the quantity used in baths with so much success in the south of Europe. The temperature and frequency of the baths in these diseases, must depend upon the general health of the patient, the state of the weather, and the season of the year when they are used. Cm-oRos difficulties drinking i have kno\ to practise cording to proper in ( stance, ea water ; an by female until the ed to wa the twenl tremely i such pati to the difl ing air a with larg to the ho lating fo( experime By th< ing oppo air, and ( I mean 1 visit the the sam( length ; ral wat( same es that ev( HAND-BOOK OP SAHATOOA. 85 ind local, he ulcers are very •eat in or- )n an acid controlled ed by the ids of the , and also [iseases in- I perfectly le mineral i great re- Saratoga, iter in the ve through ry twonty- r the con- sternal ap- d bromine rs, sensibly to the sur- tity used in Europe, ths in these jalth of the ason of the Cm-oRosis.— This disease and many other kindred difficulties, are readily removed by a judicious course of drinking and bathing in these mineral wrJers. But I have known some patients much injured by attempting to practise a course of diet, medicine and .^xercise, ac- cording to some popular direction, which may be very properdin other cases, but not necessary in all— as for in- stance, early rising, long walks, deep draughts of cold water ; and all this is to be accomplished before breakfast by females, who for years have not risen in the morning until the breakfast hour ; never have been accustom- ed to walk any considerable distance at any time in the twenty-four hours ; and whose stomachs are ex- tremely irritable, and their general health feeble. For such patients to leave a warm bed, subject themselves to the diflference of temperature between it and the morn- ing air about the fountain, and drench their stomachs wHh large portions of cold mineral water, then return to the hotel, and add to all the rest a full meal of stimu- lating food, must be a hurtful, if it be not a dangerous experiment. By these remarks, I am not to be understood as be- ing opposed to early rising, exercising in the morning air, and drinking the water at the several fountains ; but I mean to be understood as saying, that all persons who visit these springs in pursuit of health, cannot rise at the same hour in the morning ; take a walk of the same length ; drink the same number of tumblers of cold mme- ral water ; and eat the same kind of food, and to the same extent, with precisely the same results. I mean that every person's extrcise should be measured by his 86 HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA. ability ; his food by his power to digest and assimilate ; that his rising in the morning, and the amount of water drank, where and at what temporaturo, should depend on the efloots produced, rather than the papular opinion of good, wise, or fashionable individuals, who have " known all about the water," beeause they had been here before, once or oftener, and have drank it by " rule." Phthisis. — Mueh as has been said of late, about the effects of the mineral water of Saratoga in this disease, I have yet to learn that they have ever been of use in well-marked cases of this kind. And from those who have thought and written to the contrary, I must beg most respectfully to differ. I have never seen a case, where I thought there was even a shade of palliation produced by the use of the water, but on the contrary it has been always injurious, increasing all the alarming symptoms of this most formidable disease. I have also known many coughs and pains about the pectoral regions, most promptly and effectually cured by drinking the mineral waters, but the cough and the pains in the chest were dependent upon a diseased ac- tion in one or more of the digestive and assimilating organs, and not on that pathological state of the lungs which is phthisis pulmonalis. My advice to all who are laboring under this disease is, not to drink of any one of our mineral springs recently or remotely discovered and brought into notice. Diseases peculiar to the Southern and Western States, and which are caused by miasma, are much relieved by a few weeks' sojourn at the Springs. The stimulating and dry atmosphere of Saratoga county is well oalcu- HAND-DOOK OF SAIIATOOA. 87 dmilate ; of water i depoiid r opinion ho havo lad been r " rule." .bout the s disease, )f use in hose who must beg 1 a case, palliation ontrarjr it alarming about the illy cured 1 and the ceased ac- similating the lungs ill who are f any one discovered jrn States, elieved by timulating rell calcu- lated to remove diseases which occur in the damp mias- matic climates which prevail along tho seaboard, and the lakes and tho rivers of the Western and Houthwestern ^ States. And the morbid condition of tho digestive or- gans, which is so frequent an attendant on bilious dis- eases, is often removed by the use of the mineral water of Sarato.'a. It acts powerfully on the secretions of the liver, the^skin, and tho kidneys. It improves tho ap- petite, the digestion, and tho nutrition of this class of patients. Another class of patients which are very much bene- fited here, are those who have, by too close and protract- ed application to business, over-taxed the brain and nervous system. This class of patients can spend a few weeks at Saratoga, and be speedily relieved from their ar^.ious cares and labors without becoming im- patient of their want of employment. Tho day passes, and the week is even gone, and they can scarcely ac- count for it. Their time has been completely occupied, and yet they have had no particular business on hand at any hour. While the cause which produced their ^ indisposition is removed, nature, aided by the whole- some atmosphere, the medical qualities of the mineral waters, and the congenial friends who surround them, restores them unconsciously to health. DamKiNG THE Waters in the WiNTER.-Although it has been the custom for half a century past, to use ihese mineral waters as a medicine during the warm , ons of the year, yet but few comparatively have bee. in- duced to remain here during the colder portions of the year, to use the water as a remedial agent; but long HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. oxpcrionco has most clearly ostablishod the fact, that they may bo used with nearly as much promise of success in the winter as at any other season of the % year. It is true that July and August are the fash- ionable months at Saratoga, and many who reside in the largo cities being compelled by the sickly season at j homo, to remove into the country for safety, make choice ' of these months. It is also an interval from active business, which is an additional reason for their making their annual tours for pleasure and health at this time. But a large proportion of invalids are not restricted by any such relations as the above, and might come in the cold weather as well as the warm if they were aware of the practicability of using the water during the Winter, Spring, and Atitumn. We have never been able to detect any difference in the temperature, specific gravity, or mineral composition of the waters, during the winter months. They have their origin so deep in the earth, and so remote from the circulating currents of fresh water on the surface, that the fall and spring rains do not affoct; them in the least. The waters, therefore, are as medicinal during the three quarters of the year when they have not been used, as they are during the one quarter in which they have been applied. And those who have used them during the ! winter with marked success, practically confirm the ' above conclusions- And were I called upon for some of ; the most striking instances of relief obtained by drink- ? ing the waters, I should refer to cases treated in the I winter season, as among the most prominent. And no I . distinction need be made, save with those who cannot I endure the exposure of their journey. It would bo quite as plausible ply other re liof was no the sum me ble, are the as in the si CONSTIPA of causes, sedentary '. testinal tul flammatior nerves, a r( and a morl more comr cause, per] viz., too Constipatic daily durii which aro mineral wj Cathar' among the thartio me may be ta breakfast after the r the langu( of ordinar the water. HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA. 89 nt, that iiiso of of the 10 fash- jsiJo in 3ason at choice 1 active making lis time. Bstricted come in ey were : during srcnce in n position ley have from the ace, that the least, the three used, as lave been ring the firm the r some of by drink- id in the And no lo cannot 1 bo quite as ply 9 plausible for an invalid to say that ho could not ap- ,ily other remodial agents in tho winter, becanse t'lo re- lief was not as prompt and efhciont as when used in the summer. The cases in which the water is applica- blc, are the same, or v*y nearly the same, in the winter as in the summer. Constipation.— This difficulty arises from a variety of causes, as debility, vitiated or deficient secretions, sedentary habits, a want of muscular power in tho in- testinal tube, morbid condition of the brain, chronic in- flammation of the bowels, irritation of the abdominal nerves, a redundant secretion of the kidneys or the skin, and a morbid state of the liver, which are some of the more common causes of constipated bowels. One other cause, perhaps, I ought to mention in this connection, viz., too close and protracted application to business. Constipations from the above causes, are to be met with daily during tho summer seasons at Saratoga. All of which are happily met by a few weeks' use of Saratoga mineral waters, absence of cares, and change of air, &c, Catiiartic.— Tho mineral waters of this place are among the most pleasant, efficient and appropriate ca- thartic medicines now in use. Three pints of the water may be taken fasting, and the patient's relish for his breakfast will be increased. The effect of the water after the meal will be prompt, full and complete. And the languor which so uniformily attends the operation of ordinary cathartics, docs not follow the operation of the water. The carbonic acid, by its sedative effects, 00 HAND-BOOK OP 8ARATU0A. provonts" thoso gripinj^ piiins which so uniformly aocom- jKiny the operations of ordinary incdicinoa of this ohiss. Thoso projxirtios of the wiitor rondor it ii most vultsublo remedy in debilitated stomac-hs und bowels. m As A DiuRKTio, their action is equally prompt This effect is produced by taking the water in less quantities. From half a pint to a pint, taken every four or six hours, is a i)roper dose for this purpose. As A DiAPiioRF.Tic it is very active under given eiroum- stancos. Half pint doses, followed by either a warm bath or brisk exercise, will produce diaphoresis. Thus employ- ed, in a groat variety of diseases of the skin, it has been attended with the happiest etleots. The acid state of the system, which is uniformily present in scaly and papulous conditions of this great organ, is met by the water better than by any other prescription which I have been able to make. It removes from the system all the acids on which the disease depends, and allays the burn- ing, itching and irritation which result from the morbid activity of the skin and mucous membrane. CHAPTER VI. Bathing means the immersion of the body, or a part of it, for a medicinal purpose in a medium different from that which commonly surrounds it. The medicine in general use is water alone, or water holding medici- nal substances in solution. One of the most important M things in a orally betw not bo uso( nor can a I with a prol For the aturo, Dr. bath, rangi 60° to 75° bath, from and a hut When \ applied to followed 1: is contini the tempe sensation derings ot son becoii No glow I shrunken. will frcqi comes sm oppressioi tions are the acoes will havi less time ties reco passes creased ( )ly aocom- it vttltsablt) Tipt This quantities, r six hours, en ciroum- warrn bath lus employ- it has been (id state of scaly and net by the hich I have item all the fs the burn- tho morbid y, or a part im different he medicine ing mcdici- it important HAND-nOOK OF 8ARAT00A. 91 thinsTs in a bath is its tninpr>ratnro. This rangfis ^on- orally botwceu 33 ' and 123 ' l<\ihr.nihoit. A bath cm lint bo used imioh low.-,r than 33 ', lor an obvious roi.soii, nor can a hit,'hcr temperature than 133^ bo employed with a probability of a medicinal effect For the purpose of practically arranging the temper- aturo, Dr. ^^orbes has graduated it as follow.s : A cold bath, rangiivT fr.nn 33^ to OO'^ Fahr. ; a coof bath, from 60° to 75° ; a temperate bath, from 75° to 85° ; a tepid bath, from 85» to 90^ ; a warm bath, from 92* to 98*^ : and a hot bath, from 98*^ to 112^. When water of a low temperature w for a moment applied to the body, a shock ensues. But this is soon followed by a pleasant reaction. But if the immersion is continued for any con.sidcrablo length of time, and the temperature of the surface again diminished, then a sensation of actual cold, permanent tremors and shud- derings ensue ; the extremities are benumbed, the per- son becomes languid, exhausted, and, finally, powerless. No glow succeeds this second chill. The face becomes shrunken, the extremities diminish in size, so that rings will frc(iuently fall from the fingers. The pulse be- comes small, and less frequent than natural, a feeling of oppression extends across the chest, and the renal secre- tions are increased. If a person leaves the bath before the accession of the second chill, or quite soon after, he will have a glow in ten or fifteen minutes, or oven xn less time, the blood returns to the surface, the extremi- ties recover their size, the stricture across the chest passes off, and a feeling of buoyancy ensues, with in- creased animal strength. 92 HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA. The prominent features to be noticed in the effects above mentioned are the shock and the re-action. The chill may be so considerable, owing to a previously re- laxed state of the system, as that the shock may result in death. The fluids of the body recede from the sur- face in consequence of the torpor of the nervous system, and hence the shrinking of the capillaries, which force the blood back to the interior of the body, into the sub- stance of the large viscera, as the lungs, liver, &c. In the re-actory process, the overloaded viscera are power- fully aroused by their crowded state, and the muscles of the parts are sympathetically excited, as well as the nervous systenlf increased heat follows ; and the fluids are returned to the surface, and the deranged functions are restored to order. From the above statement, it will be seen that the effects of the cold bath are varied by many circum- stances ; particularly greater or less vigor, or high or low temperature of the system ; hence the patient might be strengthened or weakened, benefited or injured, by it. And hence, too, the different opinions of physi- cians on the subject. One will call it a sedative, hij friend will call it a stimulant, while another calls it a tonic. We know the cold is sedative, and if its continu- ance is sufficiently protracted, it will surely end in death. But when the cold bath is used in a proper time and manner, it acts as a tonic of the first class. "When the shociv is the only object of the bath, the water should be used at a low temperature, applied with force and suddenness, and for a short space of time. The patient should be plunged into a bath, and * immediatch cases where The same a acal patieni Refrigei should be b but in cent duced. In mation of is contra-ir will be atl idiopathic fever, the sponge, an of the bod Re-acti tion to t greater re height pr however i a great h of the san certain li at which re-action ation. I of the SI always f( or cold 63 .,*•-■ HAND BOOK OP SARATOGA. 93 le effects on. Tho iously re- lay result 1 the sur- is system, lich force ) the sub- , &c. In ire power- nuscles of 3II as the the fluids functions that the y cireum- )r high or le patient 3r injured, 1 of physi- iative, hij • calls it a ts continu- ly end in 1 a proper it class. bath, the re, applied b space of bath, and immediately withdrawn. Swooning and hysteria are cases where the shook is the only effect to bo produced. The same application might be made in cases of mani- acal patients. Refrigeration.— To obtain this result the water should be but a little below the temperature of the body, but in continual contact with it until the effect is pro- duced. In symptomatic fever, resulting from inflam- mation of one of the viscera, this form of application is contra-indicated, and unless used with great caution will be attended with extreme danger ; but in cases of idiopathic fever, as the common, continued, or typhus fever, the water should be constantly applied by a sponge, and at a temperature but little below the heat of the body. Re-action, all other things being equal, is in proper- tion to tho cold. A sudden immersion produces a greater re-action than a gradual one ; a plunge from a height produces greater re-action than a simple dip, however rapidly performed ; and the water falling from a great height on the body, has more effect than water of the same temperature applied as in ablution. Within certain limits, that is, within any period short of that at which healthy re-action ceases, the amount of the re-action will be proportioned to the degree of refriger- ation. The re-action will be in proportion to the heat of the surface at the time of taking the bath, allowing always for individual peculiarities of habit. Cool skia or cold extremities are not a proper condition to warrant m^ 94 HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. the uso of the cold bath. But the skin should he warm, the circulation should be vigorous in the extremities, before entering the cold bath. Re-action is more cer- tainly produced when the bath is accompanied by mus- cular action, and hence a person swimming obtains a better glow, and more tonic effect, than he would if he were simply immersed in a bath, and continued in a state of repose. Whatever prevents the surface of the body from fall- ing below the proper degree of heat, or directly stimu- lates the skin, or excites the circulation, will propor- tionately increase the re-action. To insure this in- creased re-action we see the importance of speedily drying the body afterward, by strong and vigorous fric- tion, and sometimes it may be necessary to use warm and stimulating drinks, or active bodily exercise. Un- less the proper amount of re-action is secured the bath may be followed by increased coldness of the surface, and a congestion of some internal organ. Plunge Bath. — The best time in the twenty-four hours for a plunge bath is on rising, when the system has been refreshed by a night's repose. The nutritive organs have then been active in invigorating and repair- ing the body, and as there is more recuperative energy, the re-acting principle will be the more perfect. The next best time is about three or four hours after break-- fast. And in case the mineral water is to be drank, perhapnthis hour may be allowed instead of the early morning, but the physical exercise should be very light, and if the skin is at all moist, it should be well dried before entei bath, and tl regulated b chill, as abo medium tin water the li the bath the with a dry until a thor glow flushes applications selves. Bi happy resu] repeated di effect prod generally a Shower producing i of water is siderable. by the atm is surround the atmos] greater thu and pain i to the plu applied di extreme pi hot water, and thus i VD-BOOK OF SARATOGA. 95 be warm, ;remities, more cer- by mus- obtains a luld if he luecl in a from fall- ;ly stimu- li propor- I this in- f speedily )rous fric- use warm ;ise. Un- 1 the bath e surface, venty-four lie system B nutritive ind repair, ve energy, feet. The fter break-- be drank, f the early very light, I well dried before enteruig ihe bath. The mmle of entering the bath, and the length of time to remain in it, must bo regulated by the shock, the re-action, and the second chill, as above described. From five to ten minutes is a medium time to remain in the bath, and while in the water the limbs should be kept in motion. On leaving the bath the body should be dried as soon as possible with a dry towel, and then chafed with a coarse one, until a thorough re-aotion is produced, and a pleasant glow flushes the whole body. If a headache ensue, cold applications to the head would naturally suggest them- selves. But with the above-mentioned precautions, happy results will usually follow. These baths may be repeated daily, or every second day, according to the efl'ect produced on the patient. The greatest danger generally arises from staying too long in the bath. Shower Bath.— This bath differs from the plunge, m producing a greater shock, particularly if the quantity of water is great, its temperature low, and its fall coiw siderable. In a shower bath the person is surroundST by the atmosphere, whereas, in a plunge bath, the body is surrounded by a menstruum much more dense than the atmosphere ; the precordial distress will hence be greater than in the plunge bath. In case of fulness, and pain about the head, the shower bath is preferable to the plunge, inasmuch as the cold and the shock are applied directly and at first to the head. In case of extreme pains about the head, the feet may be put into hot water, while the cold shower falls upon the head, and thus the circulation is more speedily restored. A ./^ 96 HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA. '^P common bathing tub, with a fixture for a shower bath placed over it, answers a good purpose for this kind of both. ,, Sponge Baths very nearly resemble in their efTects the shower bath. They are accompanied by a less shock, and therefore less re-action. The daily and free application of the water to the head, neck, and chest, on rising, is one of the simplest and surest tonics we pos- sess,°and is the best means of hardening the system against atmospheric changes, and preventing that unfor- tunate habit of " ahvays taking cold:' This class of persons should be particular to bathe their feet, for their extremities are most of the time wet with a morbid perspiration. , v 'v The Douse or Douche, is a small stream of water directed with considerable force from a tube, upon some part of the body. This bath varies in effect, according to the diameter of the stream, the temperature of the iPater, and the force with which it is thrown upon the body. This is an agent of great power, owing to the incessant and rapid change of the particles of fluid ap- plied to the part to be affected. It may be used with great advantage in local inflammation. The Hip and Foot Baths are but so many local baths. The former is employed in diseases of the pel- vic viscera, and the latter to the lower extremities. While upon the subject, it might be well to name some of the morbid conditions in which the cold bathing has boon foi is generally infancy and In cases of cold bath, c effects. W is a great tc exudation, i And again, by a oatarrl valuable, as and some c fun : lulls, a sis, unaccoi cases of ner of the gasti intervals of to produce ■■■<"*' •■ ■ Tempera bath on the those of th cable to a c the cold I those who plication of to some int the heart, c there is ser of these ini .,;Sfl:x.-#. liAwr-nooK OP Saratoga. 97 wer bath IS kind of sir effects by a less r and free I chest, on 3S we pos- le system hat unfor- lis class of t, for their a morbid 1 of water upon some according lire of the 1 upon the iring to the if fluid ap- used with nany local of the pel- nilies. 11 to name old bathing has been found to exert a thorough medicinal effect. It is generally applicable to youth and middle age. In infancy and old ago it must be used with great caution. In cases of general debility, as in strumous habit, the cold bath, carefully applied, is followed by the happiest effects. When the skin is relaxed and flabby, and there is a great tendency to perspiration, or to a cold clammy exudation, the cold saline bath is especially indicated. And again, when this state of the skin is accompanif' 1 by a catarrhal disease, the tonic cold bath is especial) y valuable, as also in nervous diseases, as chorea, hysteria, and some cases of epilepsy ; also in the loss of certain fuii. I lulls, as the voice, smell, taste, &o. ; local paraly- sis, unaccompanied by organic disease of the brain ; in cases of nervous dyspepsia, unattended by inflammation of the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane ; and in the intervals of asthma, where the system is in a situation to produce the re-action. *-■ Temperate Bath is TS*^ to 85^. The effects of this bath on the system are of precisely the same kind as those of the cold bath, but less in degree. It is appli- cable to a different class of cases, from those for which the cold bath should be used. Persons not strong, those who have an instinctive shrinking from the ap- plication of cold water, and when danger might result to some internal organ, as in cases of organic diseases of the heart, or a tendency lo internal congestion, or when there is sensitiveness of the nervous system ; in either of these instances this bath is to be substituted for tho 5 ■m: 88 HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. cold The shook and the re-action are intended to be the same thing in kind, but simply ditlerent in degree. Warm Bath.— The immediate effect of the warm bath 5s generally the opposite of tho oold. The first impres- sionof the warm bath is grateful, the whole nervous system is soothed, and a gentle languor steals over the rnind. Slight pains, spasms and irritations are remov- ed, and general irritation is not unfrequently allayed in baths varying from 92° to 98o. If the temperature of the bath is increased, the tranquillity is superseded by excitement and pain. If the heat be still increased, the feelings are painfully excited, and the temporary stimulus is followed by a proportional degree of ex- haustion. The warm bath influences the systeni either by elevating the temperature of the whole body or a part of it If the temperature of the parts of the body which come in contact with the medium, is higher than the medium itself, the body makes an effort tobrmg the medium to its own temperature, and vice versa ihe ran-e of temperature to which the body is subject is not°a very wide one. While life remains, it is limited to a few degrees. In a bath the skin exhales and ab- sorbs materials from the bath in a proportion varied by its temperature. At 50° the absorption exceeds the transudation ; from 50° to 70° the two effects are near- ly balanced; but from 70° upward the transudation exceeds the absorption, and the excess progressively in- creases with the temperature. Warm water modifies the texture of the skin, perhaps in part by absorption, and partly from a specific action on the animal fibre. This bat! the volur of the flc walking, before sa bath, wh in genera few days diminisb vous sysl superven bath is a After protracte by late I bath is j In a d nal orgai applicab tern, as charaote the nerv vulsions affection suffer fr mation. ous fori gastralg the uret pelvic o! ure redi .« HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. 09 led to bo degree. arm bath t impres- I nervous 3 over the ■e rp.mov- y allayed nperature iperseded increased, temporary ee of ex- tem either body or a f the body ligher than o bring the rsa. The subject is is limited 53 and ab- n varied by xceeds the its are near- ransudation •ossively in- er modifies absorption, limal fibre. This bath also regulates the circulation, and increases the volume of the whole person, as well as the amount of the fluids in the body. After long fatigue, as hard walking, riding, or any severe exercise, the body, as before said, should bo left to cool, before going into the bath, which should be grateful to the patient. This i:^ in general from 94° to 96°. After the fatigues of a few days' travel the skin becomes dry, the secretions are diminished, the blood is irregularly distributed, the ner- vous system is excited, and a low slow fever frequently supervenes. Under^his state of the system the warm bath is an appropriate prescription. After long and continued mental excitement, as in protracted study, or of the disturbance of the system by late hours, crowded rooms, and bad air, the warm bath is just the restorative required. In a dry skin, with a chronic digestion of some inter- nal organ, the bath is an appropriate remedy. It is also applicable to a more generally deranged state of the sys- tem, as in chronic nervous diseases of a spasmodic character, unattended by phthisis or inflammation of the nervous centres. Of this kind are croup and con- vulsions generally. Also in the treatment of nervous affections which occur in persons of spare habit, who suffer from pain disproportioned to the attending inflam- mation. Of this kind may be mentioned the numer- ous forms of neuralgia, including sciatica, lumbago, gastralgia, colic, spasms from gall-stones, calculi in the ureters, &c. In inflammation of the abdominal and pelvic organs, when the inflammation has been in a meas- ure reduced, as in dysentery, diarrhoea, enteritis, cysti- 100 HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA. tis, tho bath at 96° or 97° is a useful rfimedy. Care, in these instances, must be taken to reduce tho inllam- inati.)n at first, and then to u:*o tho bath not above 97°, or the disease will be aggravated rather than diminished. The bath is also an appropriate remedy in diseases of the same viscera unattended perhaps by pain, but yet of a very annoying character. Such are those cases of gastrcentoritis accompanied by dyspepsia, constipation, also chronic irritation or inflammation of tho bladder, kidneys, leucorrhoja and the like diseases, which so frequently occur in tho pelvic vis^a. In no cases arc these baths more applicable, or attend- ed with more prompt and happy results. The cases of dyspepsia which come under this class, where the func- tions of the skin are deranged, its appearance altered, and attended by a fixed distress or pain in some part of the digestive organ, the bath is also one of the most important remedies. It is also valuable in most cases of dyspepsia, and in various chronic diseases of a cachectic kind, with derangements of important organs, a depressed state of the blood, with an'.irregular distribu- tion of it, as in cases of long protracted dyspepsia, with constipation, diabetes, chlorosis, and gout. In this last disease the bath is to be used in interims between the paroxysms, and not duringlthe acute state of the disease. In diseases of the skin, either idiopathic or sympto- matic, the warm bath is of the first importance. It acts directly on the part diseased, and removes the morbid secretions from the surface which are liable to irritate the organ, and to be re-absorbed. The alkaline, astringent, and alterative medicines, m are propei tient shou sometimoi obtain th( Tho tei must bo 9:1° is m than 98° The H lant to th soothe or but excii more to ( gans. It the care increases cerebral swollen 1 this engo congestic teaches The gres by a pro is contin creased ( tude an( Cases fo: sudden i scarlet f retrocedt paralysis Caro, inllain- ivo 97°, ini»hed. eases of but yet cases of jpation, bladder, hich BO r attend- cases of he func- altered, me part ;he most ist cases les of a t organs, distribu- isia, with this last veen the B disease. sympto- It acts B morbid irritate ledicines, HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. 101 _L are proper in these baths. In medicated baths the pa- tient should remain not loss than thirty minutes, and sometimes perhaps for two or three hours, in order to obtain the whole effect which is to bo desired. The temperature of a bath reciuired for refreshment, must bo between 93^ and OS"^ Fahr. But lower than \).)° is not often agreeable to the patient, and higher than 98° produces exhaustion and debility. The Hot Bath is a powerful, yet temporary stimu- lant to the nervous and vascular systems. It docs not soothe or promote the natural actions of the system, but excites them irregularly and forcibly. It tends more to disturb than to equalize the functions of the or- gans. It violently excites the heart and blood vessels, the carotids swell and throb, the heat of the head increases, and headache, giddiness, and many other cerebral symptoms ensue ; the skin becomes red and swollen by the great afllux of blood in its vessels. But this engorged stato of the skin does not relieve internal congestion, as we might be led to expect, for experience teaches that contrary results more generally follow. The great tension of the surface is after a time relieved by a profuse and general perspiration, and if the bath is continued, although the pulse remain quick, the in- creased excitement is speedily followed by general lassi- tude and debility ; torpor and somnolency supervene. Cases for its use are spasmodic cholera, agues, &o. In sudden recessions of diseases of the skin, as in measles, scarlet fever, impetigo, and many others, enteritis, from retrocedent gout, and in indolent diseases of the skin in paralysis, where there is no congestion of the brain to '«' 102 HAND-BOOK OF 8ARAT00A. contra indicate it, its use has been beneficial. But it is a very active agent, and, lil«e all. other decidedly ac- tive agents, must bo used with caution, or great and irreparable injuries may result. The stimulating effects and the relaxing consequences constitute the value of this bath. Mineral Water Baths.— Without entering into the question of the active absorptive powers of the skin, and the large amount of medicine which may bo con- veyed into the system by this great and important or- gan, it may be safely said, that the mineral baths have an effect very different from simple water. A mineral ll bath is morn tonic than one of ordinary water. The skin, weakened and relaxed by debility, exudes rather than perspires, and will be very differently affected by a fresh and a mineral bath. The latter will fulfill all the results which the former can possibly produce, and then have in addition a stimulant and tonic effect. It will leave the capillaries of the skin more constringed, and the tissues of the whole organ more firm and vigorous. In extreme cases of cutaneous disease, patients have been benefited by remaining several hours at a time in a warm bath, with repetition at short intervals, so as to be under its influence for ten or twelve hours out of the twenty-four. From great indifference to the subject of bathing, the public mind has within a few years been turned to it strongly, and now perhaps there may be as much dan- ger of excess as heretofore there has been from neglect. Extremes in all things are to be deplored and guarded against. Potsdam the fact tl gula. Thi mal life o the ehang( the format time. Eq of the lini is said to i which in ( now in pr This rook about tw( It is gray The Ca formation tween the is the low this insta rock also source fro face rook which thi HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. 103 But it lly ao- it and aenccs nto the t skin, c con- int or- is have Tiineral . The rather cd hy a 1 all the id then It will ed, and gorous. its have time in so as to it of the ing, the ;d to it ch dan- neglect, guarded CHAPTER VII. ROCK AND FOSSILS. Potsdam SANDsroNn.— This rock is interesting from the fact that it contoins the earliest fcsMl, viz. : the Lm- gula. This fossil carries us back to the dawn of ani- mal life on the earth, for it hnshecn present through all the changes which the earth's crust has undergone smce the formation of the Potsdam sandstone to the present time. Each group, in every geological era, has a species of the lingula entombed in its rocks, and even the ocean is said to contain living specimens of the same species, which in due time will make part of the rock, which is now in process of formation at the bottom of the seas. This rock is called the " paleozoic base," and crops out about two and a half miles northwest from the village. It is gray, or brownish-colored rook. The Calciferous Sand Rock is the next geological formation above the Potsdam sandstone. It lies be- twecn the last named rock and the limestone. This is the lowest rock which contains anthracite coal. In this instance, the coal is associated with quartz. This rock also contains fucoides, which are supposed to be the source from which the coal is derived.* This is the sur- face rook at Saratoga Springs, and is the one through which the mineral loater rises. The upper layer of this • New-York Qoological Survey. 104 IIAND-DOOK OF SARATOGA. a group, or that stratum which lies next to the liinostono, is hard; having a largo proportion of silex, and fre- quently contains geodes filled with crystals of quartz. This rock furnishes but few fossils, some portions none at all. OoMTK. — This formation occurs in the calciferous group, and lies along the southern extremities of the Palmertown and Kayndcrasseras mountains. The cal- careous concretions which characterize this formation are arranged in successive layers through the stratum in which they appear. They are about the size of mus- tard seed, and globular in form. In some of the speci- mens of Oolite, those globules compose one half of the stone. Thk Trenton Limestonk group is composed of slate and limestone alternating with each other. Some of the strata contain fossils which characterize this group, and distinguish it from others higher in the geological series. This rock does not occur east of Schenectady, in the Mohawk Valley, or east of Baker's Falls, in the Hudson river valley. It occurs at Glen's Falls and at Rowland's Mills, two miles west of Saratoga Springs. It occupies the bank of the Mohawk, near Amsterdam, thence ranges northward into Saratoga county, thence eastward around the points of the mountain, and .enters "Warren county at Glen's Falls, and Washington coun- ty, near Sandyhill. The strata vary in thickness from four inches to two feet. This rock has been manufac- tured, and some of the varieties make very fair mar- ble. Other specimens contain cherts and hornstone, and will not bio, quite j south side o Fulls, woul( lime rocks, the narrow j through wh have a perp feet. Utica S argillaceous Falls, Balh sometimes with anthri So highl; has been n have been r The Hui southern li bod of the hawk, and back from Porti./us of hoes Falls, Aqueduct i lake.* Tl grits, and wacke sha HAND-BOOK OF f<\n\TOOA. 105 nostono, and frc- ■ quartz, •ns none loiferous s of the The cal- irmation ratum in of nius- iio ppeci- If of tho of slate Some of is group, eological neotady, 9, in the s and at Springs. Rterdam, ', thence id enters m coun- css from fianufac- air mar- irnstone, and will not rooeivn a polish. Targe blouki* of the mar- bio, quite pure, are <| arricd at "Ion's Fulb, on the south side of tho river. J'lic Hudson river, at Glen's Falls, would scorn to have worn a pa.«isage through the lime rocks, seventy feet in depth ; and in some parts of tho narrow gorge, between Glen's Falls and Baker's Falls, through which the river (lows, the rooks on either sido have a perpendicular height of more than one hundred feet. Utica Sr.ATR. — This group consi-sts of dark-colored argillaceous slate. It occurs at Baker's Falls, Cohoes Falls, Ballston Spa, and Saratoga lake. The rock is sometimes black, and highly carbonaceous, and glazed with anthracite. So highly charged is this slate with carbon, that it has been mistaken for coal, and attempts (it is said), have been made to work the rock for that purpose. The Hudson River Slate group extends from the southern line of the county of Saratoga, forming the bod of the Hudson to Baker's Falls, and also of tho Mo- hawk, and forms in part, the elevated table lands lying back from both the Mohawk and the Hudson rivers. Portions of this group are singularly contorted at the Co- hoes Falls, Visscher's Ferry, Alexander's Bridge, Upper Aqueduct and Hnake Hill, on the east shore of Saratoga lake.* The rooks of this group are slates, shales and grits, and have been called Greywaeke slate, Grey- wacke shale, and Greywacke.t * see Impreialon oq tha cover of t!ili book. t New- York Geological Report. 5* 106 HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA. I Hudson River Group.— Those rocks are found at Snake Hill, on the east shore of Saratoga lake, and on the Mohawk at the lower aqueduct. The remaining rocks of the county are primary, oc- cupying about two fifths of the northwest parts of it. FOSSILS. The fossils in this county are principally found at Ashley's Quarry, Baker's Falls, Ballston Spa, Galway, Glen's Fallf, Greenfield, Sandy Hill, Snake Hill, and Water ford. Ashley's quarry. ' This locality is situated about four miles west of the village of Saratoga Springs, and on the road leading from the village to Rowland's Mills, via Cady Hill. The quarry may be seen a few rods north of the point where the highway crosses the mill-pond ; and a small cluster of buildings in the same direction, and near by, will enable a strange- even to identify the locality. The quarry has been considerably worked in times past, which now increases the facility for obtain- ing fossil specimens at this place. The following specimens were obtained during the autumn of 1858, and no doubt a suitable effort will very much extend this list of such fossil specimens as are peculiar to Uie " Trenton Limestone Formation :" AsapbuB Atrypa ac Atrypa e: Atrypa ii Atrypa m Ati-ypa p Buthotrc] Buthotrc] CapuluB I Chsetetes Columnai Glyptocr Graptolit Groptolit Graptolit Heterocri Illeenus ci These fi miles in a toga Sprir cality, is 1 Station, an The fos which is a composed well presei On the < upturned £ the river, a fossil spec HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. 107 and at and on ary, oo- of it. )und at jralway, [ill, and Asapbus latimarginato, Atrypa aoutiroatra, Atrypa extans, Atrypa iucrebescenB, Atrypa modeata, Atrypa plena. Buthotrephis flexuosa, Buthotrephis sucoulcns, CapuluB anriforinis, Chsetetes Lyooperdon, Coluranaria alveolata. Glyptocrinus decadactylus, Graptolitbus'raraosiis, Graptolitbus Bcalaris, Qraptolithus Sagittarius. Heterocrinus decadactalus, lUtenus orassioanda, Lepttena altemata, Lcptwna fasciata, Lepttena sericca. Ortlioceras anelluin, Orthoceras junccum, Orthoccras laqueatum. PatophyouB rugosus, Plcurotomaria turgida, Poterioorinus altematus. Retepora incepta, Ketepora gracilis. Schizocrinus nodosus, Scyphocrinus bcterooostalis, Stictopora acuta, Stictopora fenestrata. st of the ling from L of the 1 ; and a ion, and itify the orked in r obtain- iring the sffort will imens as ition :" bakee's falls. These falls are in the Hudson river, about twenty miles in a northeast direction from the village of Sara- toga Springs. The more feasible way to reach the lo- cality, is by railroad from Saratoga Springs to Moreau Station, and thence by stage to the Falls. The fossils occur in a stratum of the Utica slate which is about thirty feet in thickness, and is literally composed of fossil impressions, which are remarkably well preserved. On the east bank of the stream the rocks are more upturned and displaced than upon the opposite bank of the river, and it is therefore the better place to collect the fossil specimens of this locality ; besides, the rocks on ^^^ f 108 HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA. the opposite bank are more horizontal, and unless the water is very low, are generally covered. Among the fossils to be obtained at this locality are the Grnptolithus sccnlinus, GrnptolitUus pristia, BALLSTON SPA. The fossils of this locality are to be found in the vil- lage of Ballston, about seven miles in a southwest direc- tion from the village of Saratoga Springs. The rocks which contain them is the Utica slate, and forms the bed of a small stream near the residence of Mr. Taylor. The fossils are the Gmptolitbus bioornis, Graptolithus pristis, Grnptolithus ramosut, Graptolithus s«rratuluB. GALWAY. This locality is situated about two miles east of Gal- way Corners, and near a lime kiln. The rock is the Trenton limestone, and the cast of the fossils are better preserved than those of the same class at Grlen's Falls. The distance of the locaUty from Saratoga Springs is about fourteen miles, and the route lies along a beautifully varied country of sandy plains, and high, rolling table- lands. The fossils are the Atrypa ocutirostra, Atrypn extuns, Atrypa incrobcscens, Atrypa inodcsta, Atrypa plena, Bcllerophon bilobatus, Buthotrcphis (Icxuosa, Butliotrepbis succulcns, Capulus auriformis, Chretctos lycoperdon, Columnaria alveolata, Glyptoorim; Grnptolithii Grnptolitbii Graptolithu Ilctcrocrim Illfcnus era Lcptrcna nl Leptrena fa Leptiena st OrthocernE This loc£ direction frc up the stre rying has b posed the fos but at the limited to t river, and a And the f< crystalline destroyed i The foil cality : Atrypa a Atrypa « Atrypa ii Atrypa i Buthotr m -W^'- m the vil- 3t direo- le rooks rms the Taylor. b of Gal- e cast of he same .lity from the route y plains, )sa, ens, n, ta, HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA. lOJ Orthoccras Inqucatum. Glyptoorinns dccadactylus Grnptolithus ramosus, Graptolithus scalaris, Graptolithus Sagittarius, Ilctcrocrinus hetcrodactj-lus. Illtcnus crassicanda. Lcptrcna altcrnata, Leptrona fasciata, Leptiena scrica. Orthoccras junceunii Palfcophyciis nigosus, rieurotoraaria ambigua.' Rete pora incepta, Retcpora gracilis. Schizocrimis nodosiis, ScyphocrimiB hetcrocostalis, Stictopora acuta, Stictopora fenestrata. GLEN S FALLS. This locality is about twenty miles in a northeast direction from Saratoga Springs, and about four miles up the stream from Baker's Falls. Extensive quar- rying has been done heretofore at this place, which ex- posed the fossils peculiar to this locality in great numbers ; but at the present time the Poleontologist is mainly limited to the small blocks to be found in the bed of the river, and are only to be obtained at times of low water. And the fossils in some of these blocks are so highly crystalline that the nice striae of the shells are often destroyed in splitting the stones. The following specimens are to be found at this lo- cality : Atrypa acutirostra, Atrypa extans, Atrypa increbescens, Atrypa modesta, Buthotrephis flexuosa, Buthotrcphis succulens, Bellerophon bilobntus, Coluranaria alveolaui, Calymene senaria, Delthyrus lynx, Escharopora recta, 110 HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA. Leptona alternatn, Lcptoina serioen. Palwopliycus simplex, Poteriocrinus sltcrnAta. Stictopora acuta. Trinuclius conoentricus. «. GREENFIELD. This locality lies about four miles northwest of the village of Saratoga Springs, and one mile north of Mil- ler Hoyt's lime-kiln, and on the east side of the high- way leading from Greenfield Centre to the village of Ballston Spa, via Rowland's Mills. Oolite. SANDY HILL. This locality lies between Baker's Falls and Glen's Falls, on the west side of the Hudson river, and a few rods below the ferry. This locality can only be exam- ined when the water is low in the river. The fossils are the Nultaiuia concentrica, Neirthus becii, GraptolithuB dentatus. SARATOGA SPRINGS. In the Railroad Cut in the village of Saratoga Springs was found the Euomplialus uniangulatus, Pleurotomaria turgida. SNAKE HILL. This hill is situated on the east shore of Saratoga Lake, and is plainly to be seen from the <' Lake House ;" indeed, it is ern shore. The fossils lletcrocrinui Olenus undi This local i and has the i Ambonychii Bcllerophoi Cleidoplior Carinaropsi Cfti'inaropai Magnetic this county i A large bod; of the confli about two Ten or fifte< five to eigl opened, it " descended ii ore is said superior ev( and yields Chrysobi toga Spring It occurs ii associated and mioa. HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. HI st of the 1 of Mil- he high- allage of d Glen's nd a few be exam- ntatus. a. Springs da. Saratoga House ;" indeed, it is the most prominent feature of the east- ern shore. The fossils of this locality are the Ileterocrinus groBcilis, Graptolitbus bicornis. Olcnus unduloBtriatus, GraptohthuB pnstiB. waterford. This locality is in the southeast corner of the county, and has the following list of fossil specimens : Ambonychiaradiata, LyrodeBma pulchclla, Bollerophon cancellatuB, ModiolopB.B nucuhform.8, CleidophoruB planulatuB, Murcbisonin graciliB, CarinaropBiB patelliformiB, Theca triangularia, CariuaropBis orbiculatuB, Trinucleus conoentnous. Magnetic Iron Ore occurs in the primary rooks of this county as an injected mass, or as an intrusive rock. A large body of this ore exists in the mountam south of the confluence of Sacondaga with the Hudson ; and about two miles south of Hadley or Rockwell falls. Ten or fifteen veins have been described, and one from five to eight feet wide. When the Porter vem was opened, it was found to increase in width as they descended into the rock, and with less of feldspar The ore is said to make very soft, strong iron, and to be superior even to the Arnold bed. The ore is quartzy, and yields from thirty to fifty per cent, of iron. Chrysoberyl is found about two miles north of Sara- toga Springs, and on the farm of the late John Miller. It occurs in a vein of granite traversing gems, and is associated with tourmaline, garnet, apatite feldspar and mica. Its color is yellowish green. This is the % 0' 112 HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. only locality in the State which furnishes the ohryso- beryl. Clay Balls are found about the shores of Saratoga lake. These balls are supposed to form around the roots of plants, as they generally have a perforation in which the root of the plant has been found. It is supposed the root absorbs the water and the carbonic acid from the clay, and rejects the carbonate of lime, which had been previously held in solution by the water and the carbonic acid. And thus accumulates around the root of the plant, which with the clay becomes after a time an indurated egg-shaped ball. A Boulder is a rounded mass of rock, of no deter- minate size, displaced, and apparently transported, by water. These rocks are supposed to have been brought to their present shape by attrition, together with atmospheric influences. Those which are found in the valley of the Hudson, are generally thought to have been brought from the primitive rocks, which form the mountain ranges in northern New-York. In this county we find these stones in a great variety of forms and sizes, many of them weighing many tons. The towns of Hadley, Corinth, Greenfield, Galway, and Ballston, are among those which furnish the largest specimens. Marl. — Fresh water marl is formed by the decay of successive generations of shells, in the bottom of fresh water lakes and ponds. When, from any cause, these places are rai alion of seed decay of veg posit of peat, lying the ma ally in this about the oul Irish, which marked succ( to the agricu it than they the chemicals soluble, and There is a: Brisbin, in th little used as dedly bcncfici suspected by soils, which ) But the prob to that part c for the wate rooks, at lasl cient lime w shells. Soil is cor in comparati ctable matte The mine substances ' the mineral The rocks a HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. 113 > ohryso- Saratoga the roots in which supposed cid from rhich had and the the root er a time no deter- insported, ave been together are found hought to hich form . In this T of forms ms. Tiie way, and le largest e decay of XI of fresh luse, these places are raised to a level compatible with the germin- ation of seed, there follows a succession of growth and decay of vegetable matter, wliich may result in a do- posit of peat, and hence it is not unusually found over- lying the marl. Marl has not been found very gener- ally in this country. There is a bed of it, however, about the outlet of Ballston Lake, on the farm of Mr. Irish, which has been used as a fertilizer, and with marked success. It would undoubtedly prove profitable to the agriculturist, if farmers would use much more of it than they now do, for the action of the elements on the chemicals generally present in soils, renders the lime soluble, and it is actually carried away. There is another bed of marl on the farm of Dr. Oliver Brisbin, in the town of Saratoga. This bed has been but little used as yet, but wherever it has been applied, deci- dedly beneficial effects have followed its use. It has been suspected by geologists, that it may underlie the sandy soils, which prevail to so large an extent in this county. But the probability is, that beds of marl will be confined to that part of the county adjacent to the Hudson River ; for the water of this region, flowing over the limestone rooks, at last finds its way into the lakes, otherwise suffi- cient lime would not be supplied to produce a deposite of shells. Soil is composed of various mineral substances, united in comparatively small proportions with animal and veg- etable matter. The mineral parts of soil are > omposod of the same substances which constitute the mountain rocks, and the mineral masses which form the crust of the earth. The rooks are broken down by degrees, and then acted 'W ^ 114 HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA. 1-^ % xipon by Qir and water, by which process they become well adapted to the reception and vegetation of seed generally. The varieties of rocks and mineral masses which exist on the earth, and compose its surface, are comparatively small, and may be comprised in the fol- lowing list, viz. : Silica, alumina, magnesia, soda, and potassa, and oxyde of iron. With the predominance of either of the above sub- stances in a given locality, the soil, of course, as well as the character of the vegetables, correspondingly vanes. SiLicious Soil, or that composed principally of silex, is very widely spread over the earth's crust. It is found in quartz, and of course enters largely into the composi- tion of granite, and the various silicates, as serpentine, tumalite, diallage, and hornblende ; and when we exam- ine the rocks which compose the mountains to the north and wee of the county, and consider the very large proportion of silex which enters into their composition, we are at no loss to account for the origin of the sandy plains which there prevail so extensively. Where this sand occurs in coarse grains it is much less productive as a soil, than when more comminuted ; and the less or greater degree of trituration which the particles have undergone, will determine the different degrees of productiveness which characterize adjacent sections. Soils, apparently the same, also materially differ in their degree of productiveness, in consequence of the differing amounts of vegetable matter contained in them, and are rendered still less fertile if they occupy elevated land, where water, at a low temperature, satu- rates the surfac tnrnge is poor, jother cases, wh so as to produci oped. This s Springs, Wiltoi Moreau and N portion of Eas fifteen out of t Ai-UMiNous i dant, the bas( the breaking jln combinatioi all the rocks Islate rocks ci springs, in a From this poir Miller, on the sand plains o Clifton Park 1 When alum wet farms, bii is formed ; ' amount of v( farming lands in some form Iresult. This is the * A belt of sand i IValley ofthoNile) Idiatance nearly equ Imated to contain ai HAND-BOOK OP SARATOOA. 115 y bcoomo )n of seed al masses jrface, are n tho fol- soda, and ibove sub- as well as ;ly varies. ly of silex, It is found le composi- serpentine, 1 we exam- tbe north very large omposition, : the sandy 1 it is much mminuted ; 1 which the lie different ze adjacent ily differ in ence of the ontained in hey occupy ature, satu- rates tho surface. In localities of this description pas- tnmge is poor, and plowed lands arc unavailable. In other cases, where clay exists in combination with sand Jso as to produce a sand loam, very fair farms arc devel- oped This soil prevails in the town of Saratoga Springs, Wilton, Corinth, Hadley, and the west part of Moreau and Northumberland. It occupies a large pro- portion of Eastern New-York, and prevails generally m fifteen out of twenty counties of tho State.* Ai-UMiNous is the next variety of soil most abun- dant, the base of which is alumina. It is found by the breaking down of greywacke slates, and shales. In combination with silex, it forms a large proportion of all the rocks and mineral masses on the earth. The islate rocks crop out at two miles' distance from the Lprings, in a southerly direction, on the ElUs Farm. From this point they run in a northeast direction to Fort Miller, on the Hudson, and may be seen skirting the sand plains on their eastc.n border, from the town of Clifton Park to Moreau. When alumina is in excess, in soils, it makes cold and wet farms, but when combined with silex the clay loam is formed; this, with the addition of an ordmavy amount of vegetable and animal matter, gives good farming lands ; and when to this is added marl, or lime in some form, farming land of tho best quality is the Iresult. ,11 e This is the composition of the soil along the banks ot , . A belt of sand nine hundred „.ile, .ide, extend, (with "•^""Pt;;" '>';»'« Ivalley of tho Nile) from the eastern coast of Africa near the Chinese ffont.cr a IHnce nearly equal in eircu.nforence of the globe. This sandy zone ha. b,en est- imated to contain over six millioni of square milei. i 116 HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA. f tho Hudson and Moha-vk rivers, also about the Saratoga and Ballston lakes, and tho creeks in tho southeast port of tho county. This soil is of considerable depth, and very productive, yielding grass and all the cereals in abundance ; and I am told, in districts of this ( haracter, strangers, passing by, mistaking pastures for meadows, in the goodness of their hearts, not unfrequently call at the farm-houses, and inform tho occupants that their cows or their horses are in their meadows. The Calcareous Soils, or those in which lime pre- dominates, are the result of Oa breaking down of tho different forms of carbonate o^ lime, which exist so abundantly through the world The Magnesian Soil is that in which magnesia exists, variously combined. This and the soils just before named, prevail in Western New- York, and with the ad- dition of gypsum, large quantities of vegetable and ani- mal matter coriHned, make up the rich lands of that fertile region. Ferruginous Soils are those in which the oxydes of iron prevail. • "^ vegetable productions. To the botanist this whole county is full of interest ; indeed, it may perhaps with truth be asserted, that every flowering plant in the country to be found in the latitude of this county, has its representative within its limits. Tho climate faoo, is unusu the thormomot lioat and cold ( as in moistor a the nature and county, it migl ent variety wc This is obsor' plants. In the east apples, and a but now, the rich as former Cherries. — Pears suc< [variety. In \ strawberries, i ries, are indig Icultivation. Several var improved by [sandy portion loaks, butterni aspens, black |are plenty in The centra for the numl The species o IlAND-noOK OF SAUATOOA. 117 le Saratoga ithcast port depth, and cereals in J character, r meadows, ntly call at that their L lime pre- own of the ih exist so [lesia exists, just before vith the ad- bio and ani- nds of that e oxydes of of interest ; serted, that [bund in the itive within The climate, from tho niituro and shape of the sur- face, is unusually dry, and consequently tho range of the thormoinotcr is very groat; yet, tho extremes of heat and cold do not aflect tho surface nearly so much as in moistor atmospheres. From an acquaintance with the nature and variety of the soil which prevails in tho county, it might be readily inferred, that a correspond- ent variety would he found in its vegetable products. This is observablo in tho forest timber and smaller plants. In the eastern and southern portions of tho county, apples, and a variety of poaches, have once abounded ; but now, the varieties are few, and the fruit is not so rich as formerly. Cherries. — Every variety succeeds well. Pears succeed remarkably well, in nearly every [variety. In the central portions, tho small fruits,, as strawberries, raspberries, whortleberries, and blackber- lies, are indigenous and abundant, and will bear high Icultivation. Several varieties of wild grapes cultivated, are highly improved by the process. They are abundant in the sandy portion of the ^Bounty. Maples, hickories, elms, joaks, butternuts, chestnuts, beeches, birches, basswoods, aspens, black and white ash,-black cherry, crab apple, are plenty in the eastern part of the county. The central portion has been, and is now remarkable [for the number, beauty, and variety of its evergreens. The species of these most common, are white and yeU '"» 118 IIAND-DOOK OF «ARATCOA. .'1 low pinos, yellow, white, ami rod oodar, double spruce balsam, and hcmlook. These sand plains on the con tral part of the flat, were once covered with a heavy growth of these fine trees ; but the hand of improve mcnt, so called, has swept them recklessly awi.y, and unless some care is taken, it may be that before very long, our btiautiful groves will all disappear, and the charms of our winter landscapes will all be gone, is not very lon^' since, when expostulating with a land- holder for cutting away every trace of evergroon within view of his residence, we roouived the cool reply, that they were " nolhin,!^ but pines." And so those stately trees, old tenants of the forest, which had weathered the storm and glinted the sunshine, and braced them- selves against the winds of centuries, were foiled and riven by the axe of the woodman without a single thought of regret, or a single sentiment of remorse. Grasses.— Ihofio parts of the county lying along the banks of the Hudson and Mohawk rivers, the Kayader- asseras Creek, and the shores of the lakes, are well adapted to the growth of grasses. Timothy is one of the most important grasses for fodder, and is abundantly produced in the above men tioned parts of the county. • Clover grows luxuriantly in most parts of the coun ty. The red is much U3«d to redeem farms which have been too much worn by want of a proper rotation of crops. The white clover is indigenous, and is found in every part of the county. The fox tail (Alopeicearus practensis), and red top, are the most cultivated for hay in this county. Grains. — the county, rro well ails This giain makes a vei rietios, the \ county. Wlieat.— the county been so muc sown. The the insects i BO good for present tim( depend upc Oats are be said to I used as feci Maize is county. ^ stitutes qui productive Pfltato.- and soil ol vated alon ber of busl city. The all classes ant crops < Buckvoh IIAND-noOK OP BAHATOOA. 119 ublo spruce 1 oil tho oon ith a heavy of improve. y awi.y, and ; before very oar, and the bo gone. It with a land- croon within »l reply, that those stately id weathered braced them- ro foiled and lout a single! remorse. ing along the the Kayader iea, are well it grasses for e above men' i of the coun tis which have ler rotation of nd is found in (Alopeioearus ivated for hay Grains.— Ryo is mudi cultivated in many parts of tho county, and particularly the snndy portions of it rrowell a lapted to the growth of this esculent grain- This gram ground, and combined with corn, meal, makes a very healthy and nutritious bread. Two va- rieties, tho winter and spring rye, are cultivated in the county. Wheat.— TWiB favorite grain was much cultivated in the county in early times, but in later years it has been so much injured by tho weevil, that it is but rarely sown. Tho spring whoat is less liUely to be injured by the insects than the winter wheat, but is not considered so good for bread, and is but little cultivated at the present time ; and the inhabitants of tho county mainly depend upon the western country for their wheat flour. Oats are much cultivated in tho county, and may be said to be one of tho staple crops. They are mamly used as feed for horses. Maize is the most important grain crop raised m the county. Every farmer raises more or less of it. It con- stitutes quite a large proportion of the bread in the least productive parts of the county. Po/ai!o.— This plant is well adapted to the climate and soil of tho county. Largo crops of it are culti- vated along the canals and railroads., and a great num- ber of bushels every year find their way to New-York city The potato enters largely into the daily food of all classes of the people, and is one of the most import- ant crops cultivated in the county. Buckwheat is also cultivated to some extent. 120 ■W' HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. fl Beans grow well in most parts of the county, and it is to bo regretted that they are not more cultivated and eaten by the laboring classes generally. Most of the county is well adapted to horticulture ; and all the garden vegetables usually cultivated in this latitude flourish in the soils of this region. It is to be regretted, that in so large a portion of this county there is so much negligence on the part of land- holders in regard to private gardens. An increased amount and variety of vegetables would add greatly to the comfort of the household, and a little care in the cultivation of flowers and ornamental shrubs, would furnish healthful and pleasant employment to the younger members of the family, and greatly improve their habits of observation. DRIVES ABOUT SARATOGA. The drive most commonly selected is to Saratoga Lake. This is a beautiful sheet of water, and lies four miles east from the village of Saratoga Springs. The lake is eight miles long and two and a half wide. Its main inlet is the Kayaderasseras creek, which flows into the lake through its western bank. The water of the lake passes through Fish Creek and unites with that of the Hudson river, at Schuylerville. The western shore of the lake near its outlet, rises into a beautiful blufif of fifty feet, and on the top of this bluff is situated the " Lake House," from the piazza of which may be had a fine view of the lake and its eastern shore, with Snake Hill. The Lake game dinners Persons fond enjoy their fa ful lakes in i are always readiness to may chance Chapman's pensed with, along the lal up the hill, from the to eight feet al em landscaj is almost u miles squa rapidly to west, a disi in the l^ase view from beautifully land, and i ers are thi few sunbe soape ; wl Kayadera: thousand 1 along the tain rises its summ peak witl -4 HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. 121 ;y, and it 'ated and iculture ; ed in this )n of this t of land- increased ijreatly to ire in the bs, would it to the [ improve Saratoga d lies four ngs. The wide. Its flows into iter of the ith that of stern shore itiful bluff ituated the lay be had (vith Snake The Lake House is a favorite eating place, where game dinners are served up in the most -VV^^^^"^;^ lersons fond of angling, rowing. - «f ^"^^' f^j^^. eniov their favorite pastime, on one of the nios beaut - JlLes in the country. The bait-fish and the boa . are always in waiting on the shore, and cooks are m readiness to serve up, at short notice, any fish wh.ch may chance to be caught. Chapman's H.u..-The angling and sa.hng may be d.s- pensed with, and the drive be extended across the l^nd.e along the lake shore for a mile, where a turn to the It up tie hill, will soon bring one to Chalman > Hn .., ftom the top of which, and one hundred and e.ghty- l^ght feet ab'ove the level of the lake a beaut.fu wo.U em landscape IS spread before the observer. h a « is almost under his feet, a mirrored surface of twenty miles sciuare. The western shore of the lake v.ses rapidly to the table-land, which spreads away to the west, a distance of ten or twelve miles, and is merged in the Vase of the Kayaderasseras mountams, givmg a view from forty to fifty miles in extent. Its surface ,s beautifully variegated with fallow rneadow and wood- land, and the tenements and out bu.ldmgs^o the fa m- ers are thickly dispersed and reflect, each for itself, a frw sunbeams, making many bright spots m the land- scape ; while in the background, the bold range of h Kayaierassera. mountains rises to the height of two thousand feet above the level of tide-water, aiid stre ehes along the horizon for fifty or sixty miles. Ihe nioun- Arises out of the table-land, as its base, and hfts up Tsummit into the sky, while the distance tints its peak with a most exquisite azure. ^ 6 :;vVs*;. 122 HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. Wagman's Hill. — By continuing the drive stilt farther in a northeastern direction for about three miles, through a rich farming country, a view of AVah man's Hill is obtained. This point is fifty- seven feet higher than Chapman's Hill, and com- mands a more extended panoramic view^. The Adi- roiidac mountains appear in the extreme north, the Kayaderasseras spreading a deep blue border along the western horizon, the Helderberg and the Catskill skirtinjT the distant south, while the Grreen mountain chain borders the eastern view, each subdued and soft- ened by distance, as the tops blend with the sky. This very beautifnl view as it spreads away to the north- west and to the southwest, places within the range of the eye, one Ihoiisand square miles of farming lands, with waving grain and deep shaded meadows ; the mountain forest, and the wood lot of the farmer, cast- ing a cool shade across the fallow field, as though to protect it from the scorching rays of a summer's sun, while the Fish creek, winding its way to the Hudson, and increased by many a mountain stream, enlivens and beautifies the whole of the landscape. This hill is seven miles from town, to which a party can return, by Stafford's bridge and Avery's Lake House, in ample time for dinner. Hagkrtv Hill is situated six miles north of Saratoga Springs, and nearly on the plank road leading from the village to Luzerne on the Hud.son river. It is about half a mile due west from Greenfield Centre, and com- mands a western, sonthern, and eastern view.* .On * This point is eight huuilrcd feet above tide water. the west ris mountain, ej south is spre greens, and mountain la- cast, a still greets the e] Almost u cast, lies a land, excepi over with margined oi range on tl beautiful d town, the r a partial, ; hill," midv Corners, j taken, whi( These are ry, and wi materially Waring within a c Hill," on \ the distani attained c one of the the Hudsc From t which ha ive still at three view of is fifty- id com- 'he Adi- )rt!i, the 31- along Catskill lountain and soft- er. This e north- range of g lands, (vs ; the icr, cast- lough to er's sun, Hudson, vens and s hill is )tnrn, by n ample Saratoga from the is about ind com- w.* er. HAND-BOOK OF SAIIATOOA. the west rises the bold range of the Kayaderasseras mountain, extending far away to the north, and to the south is spread out a wide plain, covered with ever- greens, and bounded by high and broken ranges of mountain land south of the Mohawk river. But to the east, a still more beautiful part of the same landscape greets the eye. Almost under the feet and spreading away to the cast, lies a deep basin surrounded by a high range of land, except to the south. This basin is thickly dotted over with farms, woodland, villages and lakes, and margined on its extreme east by th.^ G-reen mountam range on the east side of the Hudson river. This is a beautiful drive of six miles out, and on returning to town, the road east through Greenville Centre, will give a partial, yet very pretty view from "Meeting-House hill," midway between Greenfield Centre and St. John s Corners. At St. John's the right hand road is to be taken, which leads over the Hkw.t and Westcott Hills. These are very pretty views of distant mountain scene- ry, and will impart a little variety to the drive, and not materially increase the distance back to town. Waring Hill.— The boldest and most imposing view within a convenient drive from the Springs is " Waring Hill," on the road to " Mount Pleasant." Here within the distance of sixteen miles from town, an elevation is attained of two thcusand feet above tide-water, and one of the highest points of land between the valley of the Hudson and Lake Ontario. From this point of observation all the other views which have been previously noticed, come within the 124 HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. range of the observer's eye ; and the far distant tops of the mountains as they gradually pass into the azu':e sky, present one of the most beautiful landscape bor- derings anywhere to bo found. This view gives the villages of Saratoga, Ballston Spa, Schenectady, Water- ford, Mechanicsville, Schuylorville, and the smaller set- tlements generally through the county. Also Saratoga lake, Fish creek, Owl pond, Ballston lake and Round lake ; together with the winding stream of Kayader- asseras, from its source in the sides of the moun- tain to its (intrance into the Saratoga lake, and the whole course of the Hudson from its confluence with i| the Sacandaga, until it is lost in the midst of the Cats- kill mountains. These all lie within the range of the eye of the observer as he stands on the top of Waring Hill. Hero, also, may be traced the wide-spread val- ley of the Hudson, as it lies between the Kayaderas- seras mountain on the west, the Green mountains on the east, and the Palmerton setting in from the north, dotted ^ with woodland and cultivated farms. And as the clouds occasionally pass over the landscape and in turn shed a little darker hue on the meadow, the fallow and the grove, an additional beauty to all is imparted, by the mellow blending of the varied tints. And when au- tumn comes and spreads its fallow leaf and tinges the maple foliage with its high colorings, these commingled with the evergreens so abundant in this county, impart a beauty to this wild mountain scenery which is rarely equaled, and but seldom if ever surpassed. This last-mentioned view is obtained by a drive up the Hadley plank-road, of about eight miles, thence along, the Mount Pleasant plank-road nearly up to the foot of War mountain ri riages are t dred feet is visited botw great ease. advantage v villages are Corinth These falls Springs, in mile from J able public In order tc necessary t( carriage-Wi hundred fe( below then mile above approaches narrow chf hundred ai the stream and the wi which it a diately mo sixty feet. about the opportunit cataract ii » Since t has comnien IIAND-nOOK OF SARATOGA. 125 t tops of le azure ipe bor- ives the , Water- lUer set- Saratoga d Round {ayader- 3 rnoun- and the loe with the Cats- »e of the Waring read val- lyaderas- ns on the ;h, dotted he clouds rn shed a ' and the d, by the when au- inges the iTimingled ;y, impart I is rarely drive up es, thence up to the foot of Waring Hill, six miles, tlienoo to the right by a mountaia road for half a mile. At this point th-i car- riay arc nearly shorn of their boauty, with only hero and there a clump ot trees to vary tho Hat barren sand plain. - The dillerent distances of the mountain peaks pro- duce all the variety of coloring which so greatly en- hances I he interest (jf mountain views. There are som.'. large boulders to be seen on the top of " Stiles' hill," which are also worthy of an examin- ation, having probably been brought from the primitive mountains farther to tho north. Acidulous Spr AUmiiv Count AUmny Wrll. Alterative Us Waters . . Aliiminons So Ap|ile Patent. Andrews. Ash Arnold, Joh'i Ashley's Qiiiii Baker's Falls. Ballslon Fossi Ballston Fonn Ballston, Tow Baptist Societ Bath " Douche " Foot . . . " Hip . . . . . " Hot . . . , " Plunjie , " Ro-actici " Refrif/ei " Shower " Sponge " Temper " Warm . . Bathins Baths, Divers Beach, Miles Benedict's 8 Bilious Disef Boulders . . . Boyd .V McC Bromine . . Bryan, Alexi Bur6!ovnc, G Oady nill... Calcareous S ,i' T Calcifcrous i Carbonate of of xtends rivers, untaia 1 Hud- ;h is to s view ludson th the ch are I on the e Hud- a most kI other ely cut of their trees to iks pro- atly en- the top examin- jrimitive 1 N D E X . Pag«. Acidulous Springs 77 ' Alliiiiiv Cdiinty 9 I AUmny Wrll lU Alterative Use of the Mincriil Waters 82 ; Aliiminons Soils 115 1 Ap|ile Patent 7 ; Andrews. Ashaliel 27 ; A mold, Joh'i 1 f' I Ashley's Quarry ffi Baker's Falls 107 Ballslon Fossils 108 Ballston Fountains H5 Ballston, Town of 10 Baptist Society, Suratoga Sjirings 30 Bath ,...81, 84, no " Pouche no I " Foot !>6 " Hip nfi . " Hot .. 101 " Plunge !';! " Re-action Oil " Refrij/erating 0:t " Hhower O.i " Sponge !'(! " Temperate 07 " Warm 0« Bathing "" Baths, DivrvsLon 01 Beach, Miles 27 Benedict's Spring 120 Bilious Diacases 80 Boulders H'^^ Boyd .V McCulloch :i4 Bromine '•** Bryan, Alexander 18 Bnrgovne, General 18 Cady Hill 120 Calcareous Soil H" J' Tufa 39,10 Calciferous Sand Rock 103 Carbonate of Iron 07 " of Lime 61) Page. Carlionate of Magnesia . (10 of Soda 04 Carlionic Acid 70 Cathartic 89 Charlton, Town of U Chlori Corinth Tails 125 Corinth, Town of 13 Cutaneous Diseases 81 Day, Town of _ 14 i)iaphoretics 7i), 00 Disea.ses of the West . 80 ni\ireties 78, 00 Drinkin!; Water in the Wii-.ter 87 Drives aliout Saratoga 120 Drive to Cady Hill 120 " to Chapman's Hill 121 " to Corinth Falls 125 " to Kli Stiles' 127 lo Kllis Spring 126 " to Hagertv Hill 122 " toHewit Hill 123 " to .Miller Hiiyt's J27 " lo Lake House 121 " to \Va.'inan's Hill 1'22 " to Waring Hill 1'23 Early Settlements in Saratoga. . . 5 ICdinhuigh, Town of 13 Eli Stiles' 127 Ellis Spring 120 Empire Spring 50 Evacuant 77 Ferruginous Soils 110 130 INDEX. I'UK<'. itm 107 lOS KIH inn im , nil p»(t»- Mimri.l V..llry._. ■ '5 Miri.Tiil Wiilnr nnlhinK Miilcriil Walrr, Use of in \V mlrr. M.in-mi, Town of MorL'un. (lulron Mount IMciisiint Norllniinliorliind. . N'lillian I.owis Oolite Ore, Iron Overtaxed Urain \] 10H ratcnis IH Pavilion Konnlain •' |2;i Pavilion ^\ 1011 I'hum'iU'iiii' I'll! Ill l''oril, .loloi „• ■ • • ■ l.-o«.,lHMl A'l> Sprini: Ili{> anil l-'ool lialhH Hot ISalli Ilnilson IliviT Oronp lliiilson liiviT Slali 102 87 13 . 18 . 138 .. 13 20. 27 .. 104 .. Ill .. 87 7 47 118 8 8:t I'i 110 i;i as CK 81) !)4 I'hlliisi I'liiMEc- Halh . I'olHilain Kandslonr . . i"^ I'roiluclions, Saratonn County.... ii" Providi'iiri', Town of lj» Pnlnam, (iidnon 1«, .iu .. Pnlnam Spring 10 gnakrr Springs •21, Hi Heed's Sprini: IJi-aclion llrfrigeration Rheumatism Hocks and Krtssils ■••■.•• Howland's or Ilrnodiol's Spring Sandslono, Caleiferoiis 10'> Sandy Hill, Fossils of H" ;i',t ;n w\ 101 1011 lOo 58 37 .19 93 93 83 103 120 1 1 Ml, lodali- Potassa "- ■j^;;;^,;:,,,,,^.' Potsdam 103 liilriuluelion • ^^^ Smis-Soiici Hotel, Ballston ii lodllK lodiiii' Spriiii; . Iron.Carlionate •• MaLMirtii'. 4!l Saratoga, (onnty ol. ._ ;' 07 Saratoga. Definition of •* 11 Saratcva l-'^kf • '^" , , , 08 Saratoga, Settlement of. .... ," M'si-lrvinACo '. ■ 'i» Saratoga Springs, Town of .. .lan.isM. MaruiA "^o Saratoga, Town of .l.ilinsoo. Sir W il ,a n . ■ ., ]■■ _,^ ,j-^ ■ ,.^,,^^^,i p,,;,,,. Kayad.;rass..ias I .itent ■ Scowlon, Dirick I'^'l^'; }""T 8 Serofnla Land (irant i,i'wis, Xatlian .... r.iineslone, Trenton Livingston, lli'nry . 1 Soil. . . . '20, 27 104 .■,'. 17 Magin-sian Soil ||'' l,lai:nelie»)iv ^j.' Malta. Town ot.. '■' Marl. 1)1 posits of i'^ Marvin .V' Co.. • • MrCulloch .t Boyd Milicr llovl's Jtillon, Town of Mineral Springs 28 34 127 11 5 U 10 28 16 84 9.') 10.5 ^^^ 105 SnakeHill"..- \\l Soil ]\i '• Aluminous J''^ " Caleiferons jj ; " Ferruginous '' ; " Magnesian '•]{! " Silieious ]■}* Splinterville 1^^, Shower Bath Slate, Hudson Uiv Slali', I'tiea Springs, Minrra Spring, ("olunili " Congrea " Kilis.. " Kmpire " (iaylor't " Hamilti " Hiuh U " Iodine . " I'avilioi " Putnam " Quaker " Ten . . '■ WllsllUl! " White S Stiles, Kli Steel, Dr. .John Stillwater, Tow Sulphur Spring Taylor Brothers Temperate Bath Ten Springs. . . Town of Ballstf " of C'liftoi " of Corinl •' ofChailt " of Day.. " of F>dinhii " of Galwa 77 1 Sponge Bath . INDEX. l:!l HprinfTS, Minora! .. 77 Spriiiu', ("oluniliinn 4S " Contfriua il " KIlis 30, 12n " Kinpiro 50 " (iiiyldr's or Wilton 37 " llariiiltiiii 4(i lliali llociv 31) IimIiiii! 40 " I'livilhin 47 " I'ulnnni 6H yiiakiT 37 " Ton _ 3" '• Wiisliinalon or While's . rifi " White Hiiliilmr <10 MtilcH.KIi 1'i" Hlrrl, Dr. .loliu II I!h Htiliu liter, ToHii (il 10 Hulplivir Hpriiig 00 Tiiylor UrolliiTH 20 Tcinprriiti; Until 07 Ten Hprinns 37 Town of liHllsloii lii " of C'littdii I'ark 13 " of Corintli 11 •' of CliuHloll 10 " ofDay 14; " of Kiliiiliiirt'h . 13 ] " of Galway 11 Town of (Irrrtilii'lil " of Hadlrv " of Ilollmaii ■• ..fMalia " of Milton " of Mori'nii , " of Noriliiinilirrlanil '• i>f I'riiviili'iiiT ol Sariilo^'a " of SiUiilojii Spriiiu'M .... " of SlillwiitiT " ol' Walirlonl " of Wilton Trniton l/iiiU'stoni^. . I I'liioM Hall riMird Stales Motel Van Shank I'alcnt ' Ve-etnlile rrniliieiion. A'e \]''' Vertical Si'.iiiiM, II, liork.S. Sp.. ;!'•' Warin- Hill nr f'lehl Vl-'' Walloii. Hon. Heiiiv 3l Warm Math 0^1 Washiiulon or While's Hiirini;.. .. !'>■' Water , 7'> Waterlnirv, William '-'0 Walerloi.l, 'fuwii of Ill While Snlpliiir Spriiiii liO Wilton or ( lavloi's Spriiii; 37 Wilton. Town of. 13 -i