IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

1.8

1.25

1.4 ||l.6

4 6"

►

Photographic

Sdences

Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

CIHM/ICMH

Microfiche

Series.

CIHM/ICMH
Collection de
microfiches.

Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques

'Jteftj.. ,

Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notas techniques t.: bibliographiques

The Institute has attempted to obtain the best
original copy available for filming. Features of this
copy which may be bibliographically unique,
which may alter any of the images in the
reproduction, or which may significantly change
the usual methnH nf filming, are checked below.

L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire
qu'it lui a itd possible de se procurer. Les details
de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-§tre uniques du
point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier
une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une
modification dans la m6thode normale de filmage
sont indiqu^s ci-dessous.

D
D
D

□
D
D

Coloured covers/
Couverture de couleur

Covers damaged/
Couverture endommagSe

Covers restored and/or laminated/
Couverture restaurSe et/ou pelliculSe

Cover title missing/ V

Le titre de couverture manque

Coloured maps/

Cartes g^ographiques en couleur

Coloured ink {i.e. other than blue or black)/
Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire)

Coloured plates and/or illustrations/
Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur

Bound with other material/
ReliS avec d'autres documents

Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion
along interior margin/

La reliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la
distortion le long de la marge intSrieure

Blank leaves added during restoration may
appear within the text. Whenever possible, these
have been omitted from filming/
II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout^es
lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texts,
mais, iorsque cela Stait possible, ces pages n'ont
pas 6t6 filmees.

D
D
D

Coloured pages/
Pages de couleur

Pages damaged/
Pages endommagSes

Pages restored and/or laminated/
Pages restaur^es et/ou pelliculees

|v,y Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/
r^l Pages dScolor^es, tachetSes ou piqu^es

D
D
D
D
D

Pages detached/
Pages detach§es

Showthrough/
Transparence

Quality of print varies/
Quality in^gale de I'impression

Includes supplementary material/
Comprend du materiel supplementaire

Only edition available/
Seule Edition disponible

Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata
slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to
ensure the best possible image/
Les pages totalement ou partiellement
obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure,
etc., ont 6t6 filmees d nouveau de facon d
obtenir la meilleure image possible.

□ Additional comments:/
Commentaires suppl^mentaires:

This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/

Ce document est 1\\m6 au taux de reduction indiquS ci-dessous.

10X 14X 18X 22X

26X

SOX

12X

16X

20X

24X

28X

32X

■ ,;>j^?^4a4ft-*^£ ■=*«if**'*i5f^

f a^!^v*T3Jr-»nc^gf^ -ipfi*.it : •'.■^*--

etails
!S du
nodifier
IT une
ilmage

Th'j copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks
to the generosity of:

Library of Congress
Photoduplication Service

The Images appearing here are the best quality
possible considering the condition and legibility
of the original copy and in iteeping with the
filming contract specifications.

Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed
beginning with the front cover and ending on
the last page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, or the bacit cover when appropriate. All
other original copies are filmed beginning on the
first page with a printed or Illustrated Impres-
sion, and ending on the last page with a printed
or Illustrated Impression.

The last recorded frame on each microfiche
shall contain the symbol —^(meaning "CON-
TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"),
whichever applies.

Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at
different reduction ratios. Those too large to be
entirely Included in one exposure are filmed
beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to
right and top to bottom, as many frames as
required. The following diagrams illustrate the
method:

L'exemplaire film6 f ut reproduit grdce d la
gAnirositi de:

Library of Congress
Photoduplication Service

Les Images sulvantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le
plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et
de la nettet6 de l'exemplaire film6, et en
conformity avec les conditions du contrat de
filmage.

Les exemplaires orlginaux dont la couverture en
papier est imprlm*e sont film6s en commenpant
par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la
dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustrbtlon, solt par le second
plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires
orlginaux sont fllm6s en commenpant par la
premidre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'lllustratlon et en terminant par
la dernidre page qui comporte une telle
empreinte.

Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la
dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le
cas: le symbole — ► signifie "A SUIVRE ", le
symbole V signifie "FIN".

Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Stre
film6s d des taux de reduction diffdrents.
Lorsque le document est trop grand pour 6tre
reproduit en un seul clichd, 11 est f ilm6 d partir
de I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite,
et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre
d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants
illustrent la m6thode.

errata
to

pelure,
>n d

32X

■ ■'^--^tfcair-tjir:eiij:f.A i ij| > j4 ) ite* - .^i^,aCd^

WOl

poi

res

Intb

INTRODUCTION.

♦ ■

I HAVE been repeatedly solicited to prepare a popular
work on the mineral fountains of Saratoga Springs, and to
point out the places of interest within the limits of the county
of Saratoga. This I have endeavored to do, and the work is
respectfully submitted to the public, by the

Saratoga Springs, 1859.

AUTHOR.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1859,

; , By B. L. ALLEN, •;, 5-;^

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court; of the Northern District of New-York.

^<y^

j«.

■'m<-

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA,

AMD

STRANGERS' GUIDE.

R. L. ALLEN, M. D.

" Ho sendeth the springs into the Talleys, which run among the hill: '— PsA. civ. 10.

^ or (;o>-:s.

/^j>- CCf-'YRIGH r V ■

u,i^

Ian

the
Ha^
to-
ogi
W
Sa
to
th

ro
ha
sh
er

Ifefo-ITorh:

W. H. ARTHUR & CO., PRINTERS AND STATIONERS,

No. 89 NASSAC AND 66 LIBERTY STREETS.

. ';■■ 1859.

v.-

TOGA.

D .

lill: '— PsA. civ. 10.

^ coF^Yr^:3n r v \

TATIONERS,

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

CHAPTER I.

Saratoga.— This is an Indian word of the Iroquois
language. And the inflections oga and aga are local
phrases and only mean place. And in the same sense
the inflection aga is used in the words On-ond-aga and
Sac-and-aga.* But what meaning the Indians attached
to the inflections Sar-fli! or Sar-agh, in the word Sar-at-
oga or Sar-agh-oga,t we have not been able to learn.
We know of the locality to which they applied the word
Saraghtoga, that it was a tract of land lying from forty
to fifty miles north from Albany, on the west bank of
the Hudson river.l:

There was doubtless a signiflcancy in the name, for
the region was held in high estimation by its immediate
occupants, and its merits were not unknown to sur-
rounding tribes, as its traditionary history, so far as it
has been discovered, fully assures us ; and as is also
shown by the public proceedings which were had in ref-
erence to it, during the early settlements of the county.
This peculiar tract of country, which was of so much
importance to a people in a primitive state of society, lost

* Henry R. Sckooloraft's letter to the author.

t lu some of the diahcts the inflection " Sarngh," means salt. Ifthis
is the meaning, Sarnghtoga would mean the place of salt springs.
t Documentary History of N. Y., vol. i., p. 156.

i-'i^^ S^i "■; C^^ ~»-

* nANJD-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

none of its great value by being transferred to an enlight-
ened nation. Wild forests spread over a varied land-
soapo, consisting of table-lands, which sloped gently
toward the banks of the rivers ; while mountain ridges
raised their bold fronts in the distant background, and
gave origin to the multiplied rivulets, creeks, and streams,
which traver.se in circuitous lines the whole iace of the
country, where many a mirrored lake lay sweetly re-
posing in the midst of the tablelands, and as so many
eyes in the face of the landscape, imparted life and
beauty to its features.

Such a country as this could not but bo well calcu-
lated to supply with food a race of men like the Indians
of North America.

The mountain ranges and table-lands were well sup-
plied with moose, deer, wolves, bears, foxes, rabbits, and
birds ; the rivers also furnished a great variety of fish
and water fowl ; and the productive soil gave them am-
ple returns for all the seed committed to its bosom.
With little care, therefore, and only pleasurable exertion,
were the Indians of this region furni.?hed with food, in
an abundance and variety not undesirable to civilized
man of the present period. So also the pelts of the
deer, the wolf, the fox, and the bear, furnished ample
protection for their persons, against the greatest severi-
ties of this climate.

On the introduction of civilized man to these wilds,
they were found to be no less adapted to his wants and
necessities, than thoy had been to his savage predeces-
sors. They furnished him as much food as they had
previously done the Indian. And in addition he made

iiigi

rior
skir
don
mai
trip
food
sup
sar3
waj
Anc
turl
imri
tati
A
mer
site:
rigi
plie
the
to e
ship
mar
pliei
not
belii

E
in C
war
etru

HAND- BOOK OF SARATOGA.

oan cnlight-
rariod land-
aped gently
ntain ridges
n'ound, and
ind streams,
lace of the
sweetly re-
as so many
;ed life and

well calcu-
the Indians

re well sup-
rabbits, and
•iety of fish
them am-
its bosom.
)le exertion,
ith food, in
to civilized
)olts of the
shed ample
itest severi-

hese wilds,
wants and
;e pvedeces-
is they had
n he made

highways, by means of which he penetratod the inte-
rior of the country, and giithered up the rich furs and
skins which were so abundant throughout this wide
domain. These rich products ho bore away to the groat
marts of trade in his little water craft ; on his return
trip loading his boat with all kinds of implements and
food necessary for the white man, but which were not
supplied in the interior. Thus all the appliances neces-
sary for the development of the country soon found their
way along the rivers far into the interior of the forest.
And the waterfalls which had so long remained undis-
turbed, rapidly became active agents in reducing this
immense country from its wilderness state to the habi-
tation of a civilized people.

And when the agriculturist first made his invest-
ments in /.lis new country, we find he selected the very
sites which had been previously occupied by the abo-
riginal inhabitants. And the wild forest which sup-
plied the Indian with objects of the chaso, furnished
the civilized man with the variety of lumber necessary
to construct his houses, enclose his farms, and build his
ships. These facts remind us that the real wants of
man in the different conditions of society, are to be sup-
plied from the same source, and perhaps, after all, are
not so very unlike as some persons may he willing to
believe.

Early Settlement. — In the year 1687, the FrtCiL
in Canada had collected six or seven hundred Indiaa
warriors about them for the purpose of religious in-
etruotions, and to increase their military strength, it

IIAND-DOOK OI- SARATOGA.

was an indnofiinoiit for ihcso Indians to leave their now
allies on the bunk of the St. [iuwrenee, ond possess
themselves of the rieh plains of Saratoga, and thus
malvo themselves allies of England instead of [""runco,
that Gov. Dongan obtained and tendered to them this
tract of land, at that time owned by a gentleman in
Albany, to whom it had been secured by patent ; * a
result vary desirable to the English interest at that
time.

Settlements were made by the whites from time to
time, along the banks of the rivers, and the shores of
the lakes, lying between the bay of New- York and
the rich bottom-lands in the valley of the St. Lawrence.
The English settlements were made as far up the river
as Tiydius, now Fort Edward, in W.^shington county,
where they constructed a fort, built saw-mills, and
manufactured lumber of various kinds. They had also
supplied theirisolves with goods, provisions, and cattle,
which were rarely to be obtained by the early settlers
in North America. This prosperity was to bo of short
duration. In 1742, information was conveyed by one of
M. Picquet's detachments, that the English were push-
ing their settlements up to Lake St. Sacrament, and at
the same time were making warlike preparations at
" Sarasto."t

The French general, on receiving this information,
dispatched a b .dy of troops under the command of M.
Llarin, accompanied by Father Picquet. This detach-
ment fell upon the settlement, burnt the fort at Lydius,

* Documentary History of N. Y., vol. i., p. 156.

t Saratoga. .

\/y

'!«»••

Hand-book of Saratoga.

ivo their now
ami pnssoHS
^a, nnil tluis
id of l''runco,
to them this
gentleman in
patent ; * a
erest at that

from time to
the shores of
iw-YorIc and
^t. Lawronoo.
• up the river
igton county,
w-mills, and
.'hey had also
(, and cattle,
early settlers
;o he of short
yred by one of
ih were push-
ment, and at
eparations at

\ information,
Timand of M.
This detaoh-
irt at Lydius,

and several saw-mills, with the timber attached ; look
the stock of supplies and all the cattle which they found,
along fifteen leagues of settlement, and one hund-- d and
forty-five prisoners, without having a single French sol-
dier killed or wounded.*

Sir William .Johnson writes to the board of trade, that
he is building a fort on Lake St. Sacrament, but which
he will call Lake GHfcrge, not only in honor of his maj-
esty, but to establish the dominion of the king.t "I
received," says Gov. Clinton, " an account, on the 19th
inst., by express from Albany, that a party of French
and their Indians had cut off a settlement in this prov-
ince called Saraghtoge, about fifty miles from Albany,
and that about twenty houses with a fort were burnt to
ashes, thirty persons were killed and scalped, and about
sixty were taken prisoners."1:

This campaign prevented farther efforts at settlement
until after the conclusion of peace between the French
and English, in 1748,

Patents were granted at an early day by the sover-
eign of Great Britain. One of the earliest grants of
this kind was the Van Schaick patent. This grant
included the present town of Waterford. The Saratoga
patent was the next in order of time, and contained a
tract of land six miles square, and lying on the banks
of the Hudson river, north of Van Schaick's patent.
The Apple patent was granted to William Apple, and
lay along the Mohawk river, extending " three miles

♦ Documentary History of N. Y., vol. i., p. 429.

fLondon Documents, xxxi., p. 178.

t London Documents, zxvii., pp. 87, 235, 80th Nov., 1745.

•<^

HAND-noOK OF SARATOGA.

back into tho wooJs.'' Hut tho most important grant
■\yliii;h was made in this section of country was tho
K(iyii(loro^.sora.s patent. Tliis patent was granted to
thirteen iiidividuais, und eiiil)raced a largo proportion
of tho tract now lying within tho limits of Saratoga
county.

On tho 2fith day of August, 1702, a grant of land
was executed by two Indians namlB " To-yon-nin-ho-ge
and Dc-ron-oeh-rak-has, Maquos Indians, owners and
native proprietors of tho land," to David Schuyler and
Robert Livingston, junior, citizens of tho city of Al-
bany.

b'amson Shelton Broughton, Esq., bought for himself
and company a liconso to purchase tho tract of vacant
and unappropriated land in the county of Albany, called
Kayaderosseras, "adjoining to the north bounds of
Schenectady, on the east side thereof, to the west bounds
of Saratoga, on tho north side thereof, and to Albany
river, on the west side thereof, of the native Indians and
proprietors thereof, for their cultivation and improve-
men*:." '< April 22d, 1703."

On tho sixth daj of October, 1704, in pursuance of
the above-mentioned license, a purchase was effected
by Samson Shelton Broughton, Esq., Attorney-Generp.l
of the Province, Peter Fauconnier, Esq., late Commis-
sioner of the Customs, and Nanning Hermanse Visher,
of the city of Albany, mariners, for themselves and the
company, of the Indians, Joseph Hendrick, Cornelius,
Gideon and Ames, native Maquas Indians and Sachems,
in behalf of themselves and all their nation, for and in
consideration of the sum of sixty pounds ($150), cur-

rent n
goods

In
izod.
Now-^
Dutcih
tho CO
organ i
son r
Ballst
tho ci
the S
Dutel:
Qucei

In
after
count
count
Huds(
is fort
is twc
23' nc
from '
miles,
and tl
of F:
south
whicl:
the et
the ct

Th:

ITAND-nOOK OF SAHATOOA.

iportant grant
ntry was tlio
8 granted to
go proportion
3 of Saratoga

grant of land
yon-nin-ho-ge
, owners and
iSchiiyler and
le city of Al-

it for himself
act of vacant
Ubany, called
h bounds of
B west bounds
nd to Albany
e Indians and
and improve-

pursuance of
was effected
irney-Gener?.!
late Commis-
nanse Visher,
elves and the
k, Cornelius,
ind Sachems,
n, for and in
($150), cur-

rent money of tho Provinon of Now- York, and of sundry
goods to th(!in piiid in h.'iiid."

In thd ynar 1(1^:}, tlin ooiirity of Albany was orf!;an-
izod. At thi« dato Albniiy oiiibriKiud all llio territory of
Now- York, lying north of Ulster on tho wcist, and
Dutchess on the cast aide of tho IluJson river. During
the continuance of this jurisdiction four townships were
organized north of tho Mohawk, and west of the Hud-
son river, viz. : Ilulfinoon, Stillwati>r, Saratoga, and
Ballston. Eighty-five years after tho organization of
tho county of Albany, thoro wero but tern counties in
tho State of New- York, viz. : Now- York, Westchester,
Dutchess, Orange, Ulster, Albany, Richmond, Kings,
Queens, and Suflblk.

In the year 1791, or ono hundred and eight years
after the organization of tho county of Albany, tho
county of Saratoga was taken from that part of Albany
county lying north of tho Mohawk and west of tho
Hudson rivers. Its greatest length from north to south
is forty miles, and its greatest width from east to west
is twenty-eight miles. It lies between 42° 46', and 43^
23' north latitude, and 3° 21' and 2'= 47' east longitude
from "Washington, and contains eight hundred square
miles. It is bounded on the north by tlit! Hudson river
and the county of "Warren ; on the west by tho counties
of Frnnklin, Montgomery, and Schenectady; on tho
south by Schenectady county, and tho Mohawk river,
which separates it from the county of Albany, and on
the east by the Hudson river, which separates it from
the counties of Rensselaer and "Washington.

This county is now divided into twenty townships.

'm^'

HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA.

!■
ill

|:i

The names of each, and the date of their respective or-
ganizations, are as follows, to wit :

Ballston, organized in the year 1788. The first set-
tlement was made in this town in 1763, by two brothers
of the name of McDonald. The town derives its name
from the Rev. Eliphalet Ball, who, with a number of his
congregation, from Bedford, Westchester county, settled
about two and a half miles south of the springs. Balls-
ton Centre, East Line, Burnt Hills, and South Ballston,
have post-offices.

Halfmoon, lying on the Hudson, was organized in
1788. Crescent, Halfmoon, and Mechanicsville, have
post-offices,.

Saratoga and Stillwater were organized also in 1788.
Saratoga has a river margin on the east, the beautiful
Lake of Saratoga on the west, and the winding stream
of Fish Creek coursing its way from the shores of the
lake to the banks of the Hudson at Schuylerville ; these,
with its undulating surface and productive soil, make
it one of the most iateresting townships in Saratoga
county. Schuylerville was the residence of General
Schuyler, whose mansion and surrounding buildings
were destroyed under General Burgoyne in 1777. The
place where General Burgoyne surrendered his sword
to General Gates is said to be a short distance north of
the site of the old Schuyler mansion, on which stands
the dwelling-house now occupied by George Strover,
Esq. CovevilL. T)ean's Corners, Grangerville, Schuy-
lerville, Quaker Sprlijgs, and Victory Mills, have post-
offices.

Stillwater is also on the west bank of the Hudson
river, and south of Saratoga. The village of Mechanics-

vilh

nioc

the

tow

bet'

fann

resi

strt

J. '

son

few

Gei

we;

rec

is t

cor

wa:

the

He:

(
Mil
shi]
Chi

{
Wh
as ]

1
Th^
wa
thi
Trc

'i-

}ir respective or-

i. The first set-
, by two brothers
derives its name

a number of his
!r county, settled

springs. Balls-
[ South Ballston,

as organized in
banicsville, have

zed also in 1788.
st, the beautiful
winding stream
le shores of the
lylerville ; these,
ictive soil, make
lips in Saratoga
jnce of General
nding buildings
e in 1777. The
lered his sword
listance north of
on which stands
George Strover,
gerville, Schu]'-
Mills, have post-

of the Hudson
ye of Mechanics-

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

ville is situated partly in this town and partly in Half-
moon. About fuur miles above Mechanicsville, and on
the Champlain canal, is Stillwater village. In this
town are Bemis Heights, the scene of the engagement
between Burgoyno and General Gates, in 1777, so
famous in Revolutionary annals, and on which hung
results so important in their bearing upon the great
struggle between Great Britain and her Colonies. Mr.
J. Walker's house is two and a half miles from Patter-
son's tavern, and two miles from the Hudson river. A
few rods south of this house is the " meadow" on which
General Frazer fell, mortally wounded. It is a little
west of the road which now runs north and south di-
rectly past the place. Near the spot where Frazer fell,
is the common grave of forty soldiers, whose bodies wore
committed to their final resting-place after the cnguge-
ment. But about sixty rods in a southwest direction
was the scene of the main action, which occurred on
the 7th of October, 1777. The post-offices are Bemis
Heights, Ketchum's Corners, and Stillwater.

Charlton.— In the year 1792, Charlton, Galway, and
Milton, were taken from Ballston and organized as town-
ships in Saratoga county. Charlton has post-offices at
Charlton and West Charlton.

Galway has East Galway, Galway, Moshcrville,
Whiteside's Corners, North Galway, and South Galway,
as post-offices.

MU.TON, Rock City Mills, West Milton, and Ballston.
The latter is the county-scat of Saratoga county. It
was incorporated in 1807. The village is situated
thirty miles north from Albany, twenty-four from
Troy, fifteen from Schenectady, and seven south-

ill

'nil

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA

I i-

II!!

Ill;

t 't

li t

west from Saratoga Springs. The village of Ballston is
situated in a valley, and is built on either side of tho
small stream which is a branch of the Kayaderosseras
creek. Within the limits of the village are the Mineral
fountains, some of which at one time had a liigh reputa-
tion for their medicinal qualities ; and large numbers of
strangers annually resorted to them for their healing
virtues. But, from the nature of one of the substrata
which underlie the village, and through which its min-
eral water percolates, it has been found difficult to secure
it at all times in its best forms, and consequently the
springs of this pleasant village, which, in times past,
were so justly celebrated, have ceased to be used either
at the fountains or for bottling. It is well supplied with
churches and hotels ; and the fact that it contains the
public buildings of the county, adds not a little interest
to the village.

The mineral fountains in this village were discovered
in the year 1767. In 1772, a gentleman by the name
of Douglass built a log house for the accommodation of
strangers who resorted hither for the benefit of the
mineral water.

During the Revolutionary War, the farther develop-
ments of the town were suspended ; but about the year
1790, Mr. Douglass enlarged his former accommodations
for the increased number of strangers-

In the year 1804, Nicholas Low erected the present
Sans-Souci hotel ; it is built of wood, is three stories
high; main building one hundred and sixty feet long,
and wings one liundred and fifty feet.

Greenfield was taken from Saratoga and Milton in
1793. West Greenfield, Greenfield Centre, Porter's Cor-

ners
Grn^

Pi
tho
and

N
soni
voor

E
forn
at I
take
post

Ii
vilk

III
the
tow
tak(
180
Fall

situ
son
yea
and
trac
I
forr
ed.
Cor
Noi

AND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

of Ballston ig
!r side of the
ayatlerosseras
•e the Mineral
I high rcputa-
i^e numbers of
tlioir healing
the substrata
diich its min-
icult to secure
sequently the
in times past,
be used either
supplied with
it contains the
I little interest

ere discovered

by the name

mmodation of

)enefit of the

rther develop-
ibout the year
commodations

ed the present

three stories

xty feet long,

and Milton in
, Porter's Cor-

ners, North Uuenficld, Mount Tloasant, and Middle
Grove, have post-ofFices.

PimviDKNCK was organized in 1736. It was taken from
the town of Galway. Providence, West Providence,
and Barkersvillc, have post-oflices.

Northumberland is situated on the banks of the Hud-
son river. It was taken from Saratoga in 1798. Ganse-
voort and Northumberland arc the post-otriccs.

Edinbiirgh and Hadm'.v were organized in 1801. The
former was taken from Providence, and has post-olTices
at Edinburgh and at Batchelorville. The latter was
taken from Greenfield and Northumberland, and has
post-oflices at Hadley and "West Hadley.

In 1802, Malta was taken from Stillwater. Malta-
ville and Malta have post-offices in this town.

Moreau is a pleasant and flourishing township lying on
the banks of the Hudson river. This stream bounds the
town on the northeast and on the northwest. It was
taken from the town of Northumberland in the year
1805. Moreau Station, Fortsville, and South Glens
Falls, have post-offices.

Waterfoud was organized in 1816. It is pleasantly
situated at the confluence of the Mohawk with the Hud-
son river. Waterford is a pleasant village, and for many
years was the business village of the county ; but canals
and railroads have diminished its importance, and its
trade is now inconsiderable.

In 1818, Corinth and Wilton were organized. The
former was taken from Hadley ; Corinth, formerly call-
ed Jcssup's Landing, is a small village : it and South
Corinth have a post-office ; the latter was taken from
Northumberland. Wilton is the post-office.

{

!li(

III!

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

Day and Saratoga Springs were organized in 1819.
The former was taken from Edinburgh and Hadley, and
occupies the northwest part of the county. Day and
West Day are the names oi its post-offices.

Saratoga Springs, in the centre of the county, is sec-
ond to no inland village in the State. Its hotels are
spacious and elegant, and its churches are large, com-
modious, and elaborate in finish. Many of the private
residences arc very handsome, and the number is annu-
ally increasing in and about the village, of such as be-
long to gentlemen who have retired upon their fortunes ;
but the mineral fountains are the great attraction of
the village. They are numerous, but few of them have
been sulliciently secured to render the water suitable
for bottling and exportation. This village is one hun-
dred and eighty-one mijes from New-York city, and
thirty-six and a half from Albany. It is beautifully
situated three hundred feet above tide water. The
Kayaderosseras Mountain, two thousand feet above the
level of the sea, raises its summit within ten or twelve
miles of the village, on the west and north ; while the
Green Mountains stretch along the eastern horizon at a
distance of about twenty miles ; the high ranges of the
Catskill skirt the extreme south. The surroundinsr
country is well watered ; the atmosphere is dry and
highly electrified ; the climate entirely unlike that of
Boston, New- York, and the whole seaboard, as those
well know, who have been exposed to a sixty days' east
wind on our northeastern coasts. The village is very
accessible by means of railroads. Its mineral water is
silt generis. It is an article of commerce, and the civil-

ize
an:
wli

the
Re
vil
thi

Vlf

ap
oh
tic
mi
wi
no
al
th
hii
ho
wl
ov
Jc
bo

ar
w
an

nized in 1819.
id Hadley, and
nty. Day and
i.

county, is sec-
Its hotels are
ro large, com-
of the private
imber is annu-
jf such as he-
their fortunes ;
t attraction of
r of them have
kvater suitable
;e is one hun-
ork city, and
is beautifully
i water. The
feet above the
ten or twelve
•th ; while the
n horizon at a
ranges of the
3 surrounding
re is dry and
inlike that of
lard , as those
xty days' east
'illage is very
neral water is
and the civil-

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

ized world are customers ; and many thousand persons
annually bear testimony to its happy medicinal etlects,
when drank at the fountains.

Clifton Park was the last town organized in
the county. It was taken from Haliraoon in 1828.
Rexford's Flats, Clifton Park, Yiseher's Ferry, Jones-
ville. Groom's Corners, and Dry Dock, are post-offices in
this town.

CHAPTER II.

Sir William Johnson was the first white man who
visited these springs, and the first civilized person who
applied them as a remedial agent. It is true that Mi-
chael McDonald, a Scotchman, who had previously set-
tled at Ballston Lake, was one of Johnson's party, and
must have been at the High Rock at the same time
with the baronet and his Indian guides ; but we have
no information of his having previously visited them,
although he had settled so near them. And his visit at
this time, was at the instance of ..ohnson, who, with
his party, had stayed the previous night at McDonald's
house. Johnson's visit was caused by an indisposition,
which so far disabled him that he was unfit to travel
over the rude passes which then lay between this and
Johnstown. And we are informed that the Indians
bore him in a litter from Johnstown, in Montgomery
county, along the banks of the Mohawk to Schenectady,
and thence, by Ballston Lake, to this place, at that time a
wilderness. Here he stayed some time, used the water,
and so far recovered his health that he returned to Johns-

'*■

i*i

I \

I
• J

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

town, by tho way of Schenectady, on foot. His cure was
attributed, by him and hi.s friends, to tho water which
he drank from the High Rock spring. Ho being a pub-
lic man, his cure induced other white people from the
adjacent settlements to visit the spring, and for them-
selves to try its virtue. And the sick and the curious
could be very often seen winding their solitary way
toward this health-giving fountain, along the trails
which led from settlements in old fc«'aratoga, in the
vicinity of Snake Hill, and back into the wild forest of
Palmertown, now the town of Wilton.

So important had these fountains become, in 1773,
that one Dirick Scowton was induced to remove to
them, clear away a piece of ground, on the top of the
hill in the rear of the High Rock spring, and build a log
cabin. But before he had completed his rude tenement,
he is said to have had a misunderstanding with the In-
dians who were living about the springs, and found it
for his interest and personal safety to abandon his en-
terprise, which he did accordingly.

In the year 1774, one John Arnold, from the State of
Rhode Island, with his family, arrived on the east shore
of Saratoga Lake. Here he heard such accounts of the
mineral springs, and tho land about them, that he was
induced to continue his journey thus much farther.
After having supplied himself with articles suitable for
trading with the Indians, he procured a canoe, put on
board his family, his little stock in trade, together with
provisions and some furniture, and paddled from Snake
Hill across tht lake, and entered tho mouth of the
Kayaderosseras creek. This stream he followed about
■ two miles, where he landed ; and he and his family,

takii
entei
sprin
hous
prov
sumi
secoi

It
sessi
lefti
lowi:
coul(
tront
title
this
Darr
Britf
cern
pose
men
Briti
sprii
cour
conf]

Ir
sion(
and
Law

Ir
took
his

His cure was
water which
I being a pub-
jplo from the
md for them-
1 the curious
solitary way
mg the trails
atoga, in the
wild forest of

omc, in 1773,
to remove to
the top of the
nd build a log
•ude tenement,
g with the In-
I, and found it
bandon his en-

m the State of
the east shore
iccounts of the
Ti, that he was
much farther,
les suitable for
I canoe, put on
, together with
led from Snake
mouth of the
followed about
nd his family,

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

taking his goods and household furniture on their backs,
entered upon a trail which thsy followed to the mineral
springs. On arriving here, he took possession of the
house previously built by Scowton, and having im-
proved it, opened it as a tavern, and occupied it two
summers, leaving it the intervening winter. After the
second summer he abandoned it.

Its next occupant was Samuel Norton, who took pos-
session of the house the same season in which Arnold
left it, and made farther improvements in it. The fol-
lowing year he cleared and cultivated as well as he
could, the land about him. Norton acted under the pa-
tronage of Isaac Law, who had previously obtained a
title to the land, by purchase from Rip Van Dam. In
this purchase Law was associated with Anthony Van
Dam and Jacob Walton. The troubles with Great
Britain having now commenced, Nortin became con-
cerned for the safety of himself and family in their ex-
posed situation ; he therefore abandoned the improve-
ments that he had made, united himself with the
British army, and soon after died. His death left the
springs again without a white inhabitant. Law left the
country during the Revolution, and his property was
confiscated.

In 1786, Henry Livingston purchased of the commis-
sioners of forfeiture, for himself and brothers, the land
and improvements which had previously belonged to
Law.

In 1783, a son of Norton removed to the springs,
took possession of the property previously occupied by
his father, and prosecuted the improvements already

:W^

It j-i

i I

HAND-noOK OF SARATOGA.

begun, until the year 1787, when he sold to Gideon
Morgan, who the samo year conveyed it to Alexander
Bryan. Bryan built a blacksmith's shop, and an addi-
tional log house which ho opened aa a tavern. Bryan,
we are informed, was born in Connecticut. At an early
day he removed to Dutchess county, in this State ;
thenco to Halfmoon, two miles from Waterford, now in
this county, and finally to Saratoga Springs. And at
the latter place he kept a tavern. During the revolu-
tionary struggle he was at Halfmoon, and, strange as it
may appear, he is said to have been a favorite with both
parties ; and so well did he manage the m^»tters of dif-
ference, that he became the confidant of both parties,
and the repository of their secrets. He was employed
as a spy by both Gates and Burgoyno. While the latter
lay with his forces at Fort Edward, he communicated
to General Gates the fact that Burgoyne had crossed
the river, and was marching his army toward Still-
water. This information was considered at the time
important to the American army. Bryan was the first
permanent settler at the springs after the close of the war.

Gideon Putnam, the son of Rufus and Mary Putnam,
was born in the town of Sutton, in the State of Massa-
chusetts, in the year 1764. Before his majority he pur-
chased his time of his father for one hundred dollars.
He then married Miss Doanda Risley at Hartford,
Conn., daughter of Benjamin Risley. He immediately
set out " to seek his fortune ;" his only means of sup-
port for himself and wife, being a strong arm and a
determined will. The route they took led them to
Middlebury, Vt. Here, in the midst of the wilderness

they

para

Thei

dens

the >

Not

move

son

remc

Here

wife

the (

of tl

cabii

hims

bytl

men

rr>at<

viole

nigh

»aki=i'

le sold to Gideon
id it to Alexander
hop, and an addi-
1 tavern. Bryan,
cut. At an early
ty, in this State ;
^Vaterford, now in
Springs. And at
)uring the revolu-
and, strange as it
favorite with both
he ni ..tters of dif-
iit of both parties,
He was employed
. While the latter
he communicated
goyne had crossed
rmy toward Still-
tiered at the time
Iryan was the first
lie close of the war.

md Mary Putnam,
he State of Massa-
is majority he pur-
le hundred dollars,
sley at Hartford,
He immediately
dy means of sup-
strong arm and a
took led them to
; of the wilderness

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

they halte'1, and rudely threw togother a log cabin.
This cabio was built around a white oak stump which
was squared o\n>a the top, and served them as a tublo.
The cabin was without a chimney. Their seats were
made with three logs of wood placed in a piece of tim-
ber riven from a log. The site of this cabin is now oc-
cupied by the Middlobury college buildings. Their
household possessions consisted of three white teacups
and saucers, three white plates, three knives and forks,
a dish-kottle, an earthen tea-pot and a spider. They
cut out the top of a stump deeply concave, and then
mounted a heavy sweep which turned a wooden pestle,
fitted to the excavation in the stump. This homely ap-
paratus was the mill in which they ground their grain.
There was a " grist-mill" forty miles from them, but a
dense forest lay between, and blazed trees pointed out
the way. Their oldest child was bjrn at Middlebury.
Not finding this situation quite to their minds, they re-
moved to Rutland, Vt. While at Rutland their eldest
son Benjamin Putnam was born. Front Rutland they
removed to the "Five Nations" or "Bemis Flats."
Here they were joined by Dr. Clement Blukesly and his
wife, who was a sister of Mrs. Putnam. The lay of
the country, the quality of the soil, and the appearance,
of the timber, suited him ; and at once he put up a
cabin, which was occupied by his brother-in-law and
himself, with their families, together with a hired man
by the name of Elijah Olds. At Bemis Flats the ele-
ments warred against them, and proved more than a
rrjatoh for even Putnam's strength and energy. A
violent rain-storm fell upon them in the middle of the
night, which flooded the surrounding country, and drove

jii.i

iiji

Kill!

ill

, J!

.' ill

ill'.

i'li'i

HAND-BOOK OP 8ARAT00A.

the hnrcly pinnoors with thoir wives and littlo ones, on
to their beiJs, furnituro, ^c, out of the reach of tho
water, which covered tho cahin floor ; without, as far as
they could see, was one vast sheet of water. In this
condition was this bold, vigorous, and determined man
caged, and unable to extricate himself or his household.
Yet in the midst of ail this darkness and distress they
wore thought of and cared for. A good man by tho
name of Zophar Scidmoro, living on the cast shora of
the lake, knew that some emigrants had commenced
a farm on tho "flats." And being acquainted with
the situation of their cabin, he felt sure they must bo
in suffering, if not dangerous circumstances, he there-
fore loosed his sail-boat, and taking a light canoe in
tow, made all possible haste to thoir rescue. On
Hearing the cabin he fastened his sail-boat to some
float wood which lay piled upon the bank, and rowed
his canoe up to the dooL of the cabin, and conveyed
first Mrs. Putnam and her young child to his sail-boat ;
after securing them safely, he returned to the cabin for
Mr. Putnam, whom he also rowed to the sail-boat. Here
Scidmore joined Mrs. Putnam, and conveyed her to his
own house. After safely disposing of his passengers,
he returned to the flood wood, whither during- his ab-
sence the remainder of the family had been conveyed
in the canoe by Putnam. Reloading his Uttle craft
with Mrs. Blakesly, and the other child, he returned to
, his house ; and in the course of the day, he had rescued
the whole family, and had them safely lodged under his
most hospitable roof. This calamity induced Putnam
to abandon his improvements at " Beruis Flats." And

,lii;

[ little ones, on
10 reach of the
itliDut, as fur as
water. In thia
Icterniined man
r his household,
id di.stress they
od man by the
6 east shore of
lad commenced
cquaintcd with
e they must bo
ances, he there-
light canoe in
ir rescue. On
1-boat to some
ink, and rowed
and conveyed
;o his sail-boat ;
to the cabin for
sail-boat. Here
eyed her to his
his passengers,
during" his ab-
been conveyed
his little craft
he returned to
he had rescued
idged under his
Juced Putnam
8 Flats." And

HAND-HOOK OF SARATOGA.

= 1.

after the storm was over, he, with his family, and, in
company with Dr. and Mrs. Blakcsly, loft the house of
their benefactor, and entered an Indian trail, which
they followed to the "Springs," then scorcely known;
this occurred in the year 1789. On arriving at what
is now the village of .Saratoga Springs, ho selected a
piece of land, near a fresh-wate. spring, and built a
cabin. This land is now owned by Joel Clement. And
the site of the cabin is a fuw rods to the east of
Clement's stone house, in the west part of the village.

On reviewing his position at Saratoga, Putnam said
to his wife, " This is a healthy place, the mineral
springs are valuable, and the timber is good and in
great abundance, and I can build me a ffreal house,''
a desire which had haunted him from childhood. He
at once leased three hundred acres of land, girdled the
trees about him, and put in his crops, and when ho
eould not work upon his farm, he employed himself and
his man, who remained with him for years, in making
staves and shingles : these he carried to the Hudson
river, at the mouth of Pish creek. The ensuing .spring
he put them into a raft, and Heated them to New-York
city. At the city he met with a ready sale, and re-
turned with moans to build a saw-mill. On his return
to his farm, he found a new neighbor by the name of
William Patching, who was a wheelwright by trade.
With the assistance of Patching, ho soon had his mill
in successful operation, and kept it running night and
lay. This was situated southwest from his house, and
the pond belonging to it has been known to many gen-
erations of boys of the village, and, indeed, is still fa-

IIAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

miliar to the present race as " Put's Pond," and has
been a favorite swiinininfj;-pI(ico ever since. Dr.
Blakcsly built a log-houso whoro Bonjatiiin Putnam for
many years resided. The next .spring Putnam's sawed
lumber, added to his staves and shingles, made hitn a
large raft, whieh he floated to the city. Building mate-
rials being scarce, and the demand for them being great
in the city of New-York, ho realized a handsome sum
for his year's labor. With the funds thus realized, he
clothed himself and family, provided a groat variety of
necessaries, and brought homo besides " one peck meas-
ure of silver coin," in an old-fashioned pair of saddle-
bags. With this money he paid for the three hundred
acres of land which he had previously held by a lease.
But liis new garments so changed his personal appear-
ance that his wife did not know him on his return.
One fancy article which he brought back with him from
his voyage, was a red silk umbrella, which his eldest
daughter flourished on the ensuing Sunday. Near the
saw-mill pond was the "Indian-Joefield," which had
been cleared and cultivated by the Indians. This field,
Putnam used to great advantage, and some of ihe herbs
now growing there are said to have been originally
planted on the place by the Indians, This farm is now
in the possession of James M. Andrews, Esq.

The. third year after Putnam and Blakesly built
their cabins on opposite sides of the road, Blakesly
left, and Putnam enlarged the cabin built by Blakes-
ly, and occupied it himself. From this cabin Putnam
removed back into what is the present village, and oc-
cupied for the year the house now owned by Thadous

Smith.

upon the

cently bi

hero, and

Walton

tivo trees

Union Hi

cabin, to

dor, and i

spot was

building >

had been

Ballston,

some geni

said, in th

ten the i

house-top

the day-d

purchased

ich wa:

iventy-tv

the east si

of Jacobus

and thirty

* ThiB biii
about 400 lod
and appropri

+ His sign
wolf, and is u
Tho tavern w
occupied by ]

mitm

)n(l," and has
since. Dr.
in Putnum for
itnam's sawod
^, mndo hitn a
iuilding matc-
m being great
andsoino sum
s realized, he
roat variety of
no peck meas-
•air of saddle-
three hundred
eld by a lease,
rsonal appear-
on his return,
vith him from
ich his eldest
ay. Near the
:," which had
s. This field,
10 of the herbs
jen originally
is farm is now
Esq.

Blakesly built
oad, Blakesly
lit by Blakes-
cabin Putnam
Uage, and oo-
i by Thadous

HAND-BOOK OP SARATOaA.

Smith Ho then moved into a loir cabin, which stood
upon the spot whoro the St. Nicholas Hall has been re-
cently built by one of his descendants. While livin-
hero and in the year 1802, ho purchased of Henry
Walton one aero of land, removed a few of the primi-
tive trees, and then built seventy feet of tho present
Union Hall.* His mechanics lodged in tho attic of the
cabin, to which they wont up on the outside by a lad-
dor, and their table was set outside of tho cabin The
spot was then in tho midst of the forest, and so lar-o a
building was a novel thing for tho time. A wagon way
had been made at this time, between Saratoga and
13alIston, and just as Putnam had his house completed,
some gentlemen riding past, and observing the house,
said, in the hearing of Putnam, «' That man has forgot-
ten the admonition of John Rogers, « Build not your
house-top too high.' " This house was the realization of
the day-dreams of Putnam's childhood.! In 1805 he
purchased from Henry Walton, another strip of land,
«||ich was forty-four rods wide and.four hundred and
iventy-two rods and seven feet 1% and extended from
the east side of what is now Franklin street to the lands
of Jacobus Barhyto. This tract contained one hundred
and thirty acres. On the west end of this purchase he

about 400 loclging-rooms; „nd tl.o grom.ds occupied U tho buildinfis
I and approprmtcd to tho U8e of tho hotol, nro in area about four acres.

, V.'''/jSn was a rndely-painted representation of Putnam and tho
wolf and 18 now in the possession of his grandson, Goorgo K. Putnam.
Tho tavern was on tho site of the present Union HaU, now owned and
occupied by his descendants. "

/ m

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

laid out a village. In the southwest corner of this vil-
lage, being a pcrtion of the last purchase, he appropria-
ted a piece of land for a burying-cround. This ground
ho afterward gave to the village, and in it many of the
" forefathers of the hamlet sleep."

In 1806, he excavated and tubed the Washington
Spring. Soon after this he tubed the present Colum-
bian Spring. The number of strangers began now to
increase annually at the Springs, some of whom would
come up from Ballston, take dinner with Putnam at
Union Hall, drink the Congress water, and return to
Ballston. At this time, Putnam thought a bathing /
house was needed. He therefore built one on the ground '
directly north from Congress Spring, and six or eight
feet from the fountain. To supply mineral water for
this purpose, he excavated a mineral spring about fif-
teen feet from the present Congress fountain.

Putnam next tubed the Hamilton Spring, and some-
time afterward moved his bathing house from Con-
gress Spring to the Hamilton. In 1811, he began
Congress Hall ;* wh* his masons were plastering t^|||

♦ In the ycnr 1814, Congress llnll property was purehnsod by
Grandus Van Schoonhovcn, and, in 1815, ho finished the buildings ac-
cording to the plan of Mr. rutnam, and opened tlie house for the •ecep-
tion of company. Mr. Van Schoonhovcn kept the house until 1822,
when he associated with him, in business, his nephew, Samael H.
Drake, Esq. The ensuing year, the company was still farther extended
by the addition of John E. Beckman, and John MeDougal Lawrence,
as silent partners. From the year 1823, the house was leased from
time to time, until 1855, when Henry 11. Hawthorn and Harvey P.
Hull, purchased the property of Z. V. Kiugsley, Esq., one of the de-
scendants of Mr. Van Schoonhovcn.

Mcisrs. Ilawthoru & Hall, greatly extended and improved the house.

north end (
folding, wh
party were
low, the fl«
mason, Sul
All the mi
Putnam h
bruised, at
after the a
covered fr<
fall. In tl
inflammati
day of Dec
the buryin
lage of Sai
reer of th
whose lab(
of the plac
It was 1
any other
during th;

by adding a '
and extends f
to Putnam sti
nished the w
chael, Esq., ]
the company
present time,
as well furni
The groun
the west line
Congress Spi
desirable sui

■^

r of this vil-
le appropria-
This ground
many of the

Washington
sent Colum-
icjan now to
whom would
, Putnam at
nd return to
t a bathing j
n the ground
six or eight
al water for
]g about fif-
in.

g, and some-
e from Con-
1, he begi
ilastering t]

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

! purehnsod by
the buildings ac-
use for the ■•ecep-
louse until 1822,
iievf, Somael H.
[ farther extended
•oTignl Lawrence,
was leased from
1 and Hai'vey P.
., one of the de-

^roved the housei

north end of the piazza, he was walking upon the scaf-
folding, which at the moment gave way, and the whole
party were precipitated on to the timbers and rocivs be-
low, the floor not having yet been laid. The master-
mason, SuUard, died instantly, his neck being broken.
All the masons who fell were more or less injured.
Putnam had some of his ribs broken, was otherwise
bruised, and was confined to his bed for several weeks
after the accident. It is supposed he never entirely re-
covered from the injuries which he sustained by the
fall. In the ensuing November he was attacked by an
inflammation of his lungs, of which he died on the first
day of December, 1812. His was the first body laid in
the burying-ground which he had presented to the vil-
lage of Saratoga Springs. Thus ended the earthly ca-
reer of this hardy, resolute, and enterprising pioneer,
whose labors were so interwoven with the early history
of the place.

It was to Putnam that we are indebted, more than to
any other individual, for improvements at the Springs,
during this period of its history. His enterprise and

by adding a brick wing, which, at''it8_ eastern end is six stories high
and extends from the old building oast on the south side of Bath street,
to Putnam street. They also altered many of the old rooms, and fur-
nished the whole building in modern style. In 1857, Kichard McMi-
chael, Esq., purchased Harvey P Hall's interest in the property, and
the company made another addition to the building, so that, at the
present time, (1859), it is one of the largest hotels in the country, and
as well furnished.

The grounds extend on Broadway 379 feet, and east on Bath street to
the west line of Putnam street. And the proximity of the hotel to the
Congress Spring and its truly beautiful park, makes it one of the most
desirable summer resorts in Saratoga.

i I

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

lf|i

I'f

I
''I

'Iffe .
(,

energy cleared away the forest-trees from the at\
cent plains, converted the rich pineries into materials
and means for the further development of the town,
erected puhlic buildings for the accommodation of visit-
ors, opened highways about the town, improved and
laid out streets in the village ; excavated, tubed and
secured the mineral springs. These were among his
early elForts. He was emphatically the man of his day
in this locality, and he made such an impression on the
place of his choice, that his name must be co-existent
with the history of the village, which his energy did so
much to develop. He possessed a will which no ordi-
nary obstacle could long withstand, and by his exertions
the din and hum of civilization soon took the place of
the deep and solemn murmur of the primitive pine
forest.

Originally a rocky ledge lay along the bluff which
faced the valley. This ledge began at the Columbian
Spring, thence running in a northeasterly line to the
south side of Congress street. From this point it took
a more northerly direction, passing over the ground
now occupied by the Congress Hall, and the present
row of buildings north of it, on the east side of Broad-
way, until it reaches the spot on which Nathan Lewis
built the second brick house ever erected in the place.
This house is still in good preservation, and is now oc-
cupied by George H. Fish, as a drug store. From this
point, the rock dipped toward the north with so strong
an angle, that, at a distance of only seven or eight rods,
a well was sunk to the depth of thirty feet and yet did
not come to the rook. Through a deep gorge in the

table-land, 1
line street,
gradually ri
this gorge, 1
the High R
as the Glob
took a moi
the upper
Springs; th
" Bear Swa
(now Birch
the Hudsor
which was
pineries. »
rooky bluff
ridge north
ridge of roc
upon it.

Miles B(
year 1806.
buildings n
side of Bro
this part o:
tillery on tl
house in th
same build
ton street i
the Rev. Fi
built the P

* Since thi
ished.

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA,

1 the ad
to nialeriat^
»f the town,
ition of visit-
nproved and
1, tnbed and
! among his
in of his day
3Ssion on the
! co-existent
mergy did so
ich no ordi-
his exertions
the place of
imitive pine

hluflf which
e Columbian
f line to the
point it took
the ground
the present
de of Broad -
athan Lewis
in the place,
id is now oc-
I. From this
nth so strong
or eight rods,
t and yet did
gorge in the

table-land, leading to the valley near what is now Caro-
line street, passed the surface and spring water of the
gradually rising land which lies in the rear ; to pass
this gorge, the wagon road from the Congress Spring to
the High Rock was made to run westerly nearly as far
as the Globe Hotel. After passing the gorge, the road
took a more easterly turn to the upper village. From
the upper village, this road passed through the Ten
Springs ; thence easterly on the sandy ridge north of the
" Bear Swamp " to Soidmore's tavern ; from Scidmore's
(now Birch's), to Grrangerville, and to Schuylerville, on
the Hudson river. This was the original road over
which was passed all the lumber of these extensive
pineries. Just above the present Columbian Hotel, this
rocky bluff again appears, and extends to the sandy
ridge north of the upper village. So barren was this
ridge of rocks, that only a few shrubs and oicuta grew
upon it.

Miles Beach moved here from Ballston, about the
year 1806. He built a store on the site of the brick
buildings next north from Congress Hall, on the east
side of Broadway. This was the first store opened in
this part of the village. Afterward Beach built a dis-
tillery on the back part of the same lot. The first brick
house in the place was built by Ashabel Andrews. This
same building stands on the south corner of Washing-
ton street and Broadway, and was the late residence of
the Rev. Francis Wayland.* Nathan Lewis afterwa.d
built the Pavilion, which was opened May 26th, 1819 ;

I* Since this work has been in press, the bviilding has been demol-
ished.

I »-:.S,- W*«'»':i>^ -

HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA.

it stood on the east side of Broadway, and north from
the Columbian Hotel. The Pavilion was surrounded
by handsome grounds, on which have since been built
the present Presbyterian church and the residence of D.
B. Harrington, Esq. The Pavilion was destroyed by
fire several years since.

The first clearing in the south part of the village
was made by " Indian Jo," a half-breed, on the rising
ground south of the Union.

In 1783, the springs had become so important that
General Philip Schuyler opened a road to them,
twelve miles through a forest from the mouth of Fish
creek, where he had effected a settlement, erected mills,
and made many other improvements. Here he raised a
tent, under which he and his family remained several
weeks, and used the mineral water. And so much
were they pleased with the effects of the water, that
the next year he built a small house for the use of him-
self and family during the summer season, which he
continued to occupy every succeeding year of his life.
This was the first framed house built in the place. It
consisted of two rooms, with a stone fireplace and
chimney ; and was finished inside and out with rough
boards.

In 1823, John Fohd built the original part of the
United States Hotel. Two years after he added the
south wing. Afterward it passed into the hands of
James M. Marvin & Co. This company made annual
improvements in the buildings and grounds. This ho-
tel is now one of the most capacious and fashionable
public houses in the country. There are about six

acres in the
of roof to CO

The Ta^
chants in th
and also car
lors were ac
or less conn(
ing to the e«

William ''
Water bury.
1766. At 1
Anna Crawf
grated with
ton, Saratog
then purcha
Elihu Winj
after he so'
hundred acr
Congress st
this land he
cuted by Tl
residents of
brother San:
of land whi(
afterward s
proved his \
then sold it
on the north
cupied by
which was

♦ For a I

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

29 •

north from
surrounded
been built
dence of D.
Dstroyed by

the village
a the rising

)ortant that
1 to them,
ith of Fish
ected mills,
I he raised a
ned several
d so much
water, that
use of him-
1, which he
of his life,
e place. It
replace and
with rough

part of the
) added the
le hands of
lade annual
. This ho-
[ fashionable
e about six

acres in the grounds, and it requires a mile and a half
of roof to cover the buildings.

The Taylor Brothers, who were the first mer-
chants in the place, began business at the upper village,
and also carried on a heavy lumber trade. The Tay-
lors were active, correct business men, and were more
or less connected with all the important events belong-
ing to the early history of the country.*

William Waterbury was the son of Josiah and Mary
Waterbury. He was born in Stamford, Vt- , Nov. 24,
1766. At the age of nineteen years he married Miss
Anna Crawford. When twenty-one years of age he emi-
grated with his wife to East line, in the town of Balls-
ton, Saratoga county. Here he remained two years, and
then purchased the farm now occupied and owned by
Elihu Wing, in the town of Greenfield. Two years
after he sold this farm, and purchased a farm of one
hundred acres, which lies next south of what is now
Congress street, in the west part of the village. For
this land he paid $3 25 per acre. His deed was exe-
cuted by Thomas Storms and John K. Beekman, then
residents of the city of New- York. William and his
brother Samuel afterward came in possession of a piece
of land which had been owned by Benjamin Risley, and
afterward sold by him to Silas Duel. Samuel im-
proved his part, and occupied it for several years, and
then sold it to Frederick Ellsworth. A part of the house
on the north side of Congress street, now owned and oc-
cupied by Jonathan Pitney, is the original building
which was put on the land by Samuel Waterbury.

* For a full history of tUe Taylors, see Steele's Analysis.

HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA.

After the land was sold to Ellsworth, Samuel Water-
bury removed to Chautauque county. "William Water-
bury occupied himself with his farm, and made agricul-
ture his main business, to which he afterward added
that of a butcher, and supplied the settlement generally
with their fresh meat. In the winter seasons he was
employed with his team in hauling lumber for his neigh-
bors, from the surrounding pineries to the Hudson
river. Waterbury connected himself with the Baptist
church in the year 1811. The society was then under
the care of Rev. E. P. Langworthy, who remained its
pastor for eighteen consecutive years. Their first house
of worship was a log building, and stood on Shipman's
hill, about four miles south of the springs. They next,
in 1809, built a frame house on the Ellis farm, two
miles south of the village, which building was re-
moved up to the village, and is now one of the out-
buildings of the United States Hotel. Some beauti-
ful trees standing about eighty rods east of Carri-
gan's mills, on the south road which leads to the resi-
dence of Isaac Patrick, mark the place which this
building occupied. The society continued to meet at
this place, until 1821, at which time they erected a
house of worship, on a lot presented to the society
by Gideon Putnam's heirs. The present Baptist church
edifice, completed in 1856, stands on the same spot.

At the time Gideon Putnam laid out the village, he
set apart this site, on which to erect a house of worship,
and directed it to be given to any religious society who|
would place upon it a suitable building. The Baptist
society were the first applicants, and it was accordinglyj
deeded to them by the heirs of Gideon Putnam.

When Wil

ho owed the

had but two

also had a m

a small outfi

to begin lifi

constable, wi

years. He (

• Hon. Hen

of the place,

8th day of

he was sent

ship of Petei

purpose of

returned to

study of law

After the ci

1790, he rei

of Saratoga

and built a

" Delavan i

the year 18

of Porter, a

Albany, wh(

time he rem

took possesi

from his fat

During his

juilt the ho

This house

"ii

HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA.

lel Water-
lam Water-
ide agricul-
vard added
it generally
ions he was
r his neigh-
he Hudson
the Baptist

then under
jmained its
ir first house
1 Shipman's

They next,
s farm, two
ng was re-

of the out-
ome heauti-
st of Carri-
s to the resi-
> which this
[ to meet at
jy erected a
I the society
aptist church
lame spot,
le village, he
se of worship,
3 society who

The Baptist
IS accordinglyj

When William Watorbury first reached the county,
ho owed the man who moved him seven dollars, and
had but two and a hall' dollars to pay him with. He
also had a mowing scythe, and a ])oclvet knife. Really
a small outfit of implements, and not over-well adapted
to begin life in a forest wilderness. He was elected
constable, which office ho continuously filled for eleven
years. He died on the Ifith July, 1843.
• Hon. Henry Walton, one of the largest land-holders
of the place, was born in^he city of "New- York, on the
8th day of October, 1768. At the ago of twelve years,
he was sent to England, under the special guardian-
ship of Peter Van Schaack, Esq., of Kinderhook, for the
purpose of being educated. In his twentieth year, he
returned to the city of New- York, and commenced the
study of law, under the direction of the late Aaron Burr.
After the conclusion of his legal studies, in tho year
1790, he removed to the town of Ballston, in the county
of Saratoga, where ho had purchased a tract of land,
and built a house. This place is now known as tho
" Delavan farm." He remained upon this farm until
the year 1810, when he sold it to a man by the ivame
of Porter, and removed with his family to the city of
Albany, where he resided until the year 1816 ; at which
time he removed to the village of Saratoga Springs, and
took possession of the real estate which he inherited
from his father, and his uncle, who died without issue.
During his residence in Albany, or in i o year 1815, he
uilt the house now occupied by Chancellor Walworth.*
This house he occupied for a few years, when he re-

;nam.

* Pine Grovo.

HANO-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

turned to the city of New- York. After an absence of
five years, ho returned to KSaratoga Springs, and imme-
diately erected a beautiful country scat on that part of
his real estate lying north of the village, to which he
gave the name of " Wood Lawn." His possessions in
this place were bounded by what is now Congress street,
on the south ; John Denton's farm on the north ; and
lands of Jacobus Barhydt, and others, on the east. He
possessed, also, many other tracts of land in other por-
tions of the county. This trjct of land included all the
present village of Saratoga Springs, except what lies
south of Congress street, and all the mineral fountains
lying north of said street, and within the limits above
described.

Henry Walton was a tall, fine-looking man ; truly
gentlemanlike in his manners and feelings, he had the
faculty of binding to himself in close social ties the edu-
cated and refined aboyt him. He was warmly attached
to the Episcopal church, and was one of the principal
men whose early eflbrts were brought to bear in behalf
of this society at the Springs. To him belongs the
honor of presenting the site for the first Presbyterian
edifice built in this place.* And also the site occupied
by the Universalist church on Church street. The
grounds now occupied by the " Broadway Hotel," were
given to the Methodists by him. He excavated the shaft,
tubed the Flat-rock Spring, and built over it a chaste
little Chinese structure, which remained over the foun-

* The Rev. D. O. Grieswold wns the officiating clergyman of this so-,
cioty, at the time the edifice was erected, and to wliose efforts the so-
ciety is largely indebted for its early prosperity and usefulness.

tain for ma
and tubed i
Mr. Walton
mind ; witl
travel and i
his skill in
several res
•* Wood La
Mr. Lewis i
city of New
in the sevei

The val
region ocou
posed. It :
river, in th(
rection to
Springs ; it
north, and
the county
ordinary hi
vary far M
waters are
range. It
Albany, ani
makes its c
which hav
qualities, h
nean agem

HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA,

absence of
and imme-
hat part of

which he
ssessions in
jress street,
north ; and
3 east. He

1 other por-
ided all the
t what lies
il fountains
imits above

nan ; truly
he had the
ies the edu-
ily attached
le principal
r in behalf
jelongs the
resbyterian
te occupied
reet. The
otel," were
d the shaft,
it a chaste
sr the foun-

lan of this so-
cffortB the so
ilnesB.

tain for many years after his death. Ho also excavated
and tubed the President, now called the Iodine Spring.
Mr. Walton was a man of high culture, and polished
mind ; with tastes refined by nature, and cultivated by
travel and observation. He was his own architect, and
his skill in this branch of art has been illustrated in his
several residences, at Ballston, Saratoga, Q-rcenfield,
'* Wood Lawn," and in the " Pavilion Hotel," built by
Mr. Lewis in the years 181S and 1819. He died in the
city of New- York, on the 15th day of September, 1844,
in the seventy-sixth year of his age.

CHAPTER III.

The valley along which the mineral waters of this
region occur, is more extensive than is generally sup-
posed. It is first traceable on t'.j b^ks of the Hudson
river, in the city of Albany, runs in a northwesterly di-
rection to the village of Ballston, thence to Saratoga
Springs ; it then takes a course a little to the east of
north, and finally in a line north of east, to Argyle, in
the county of Washington ; a distance, which, by the
ordinary highways of the country, would probably not
vary far fiftm sixty miles. The acidulous carbonated
waters are found at different places along this mineral
range. It has been discovered by boring in the city of
Albany, and in Ballston, and Saratoga ; but it generally
makes its own way to the surface, and all the fountains
which have become distinguished for their medicinal
qualities, have been thrown to the surface by subterra-
nean agencies. -*

, I

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

The Albany well was discovered by Messrs. Boyd and
McCulloch, in the year 1826, while boring for fresh
water for the use of a brewery in Ferry street. This
boring was carried down four hundred and sixty foet.
From this depth, the water rose nearly to the surface,
and was found to have a sparkling appearance, with an
acid and saline taste. At the same time, another gas
was detected rising from the well, which was afterwards
proved to be carburetted hydrogen. The boring was
then resumed, and continued to the depth of six hun-
dred feet, while the saline waters, and both the above
gases, continued to rise from the perforation. The idea
of obtaining fresh water at this depth was abandoned ;
but the well was carefully tubed, tht, gases separated,
and the saline water impregnated with the carbonic
acid was raised to the surface by a mechanical pro-
cess.

Subsequently, Mr. McCulloch commenced boring a
second time for fresh water, a few rods from the former
place. In this instan-e. at the depth of thirty feet, he
discovered a vein of yuneral water which was highly
charged with sulphuretted hydrogen gas, and at the re-
spective depths, as in the previous boring, the car-
burretted hydrogen and again the carbonic acid gases
were emitted.* Thus was presented tke singular
and interesting fact, that, in this locality, at least,
are to be found sulphuretted hydrogen below carburetted
hydrogen, and finally carbonic acid gas, all issuing in
large quantities, but at different depths, from the same

opening.

The owners were so well pleased with their discovery

* Geological Survey.

that thoy
This giirdoi
and adjoin
accominudi
present tin
raroly drar
is abandon

When tl
one of the
ingly, thus
the two.
proved to 1
and Ballsfc
is the Hui

The spo
at 60^ Fal
to 52°. 'J
and the ot
pint of wn

Chloriilc
Carboim
Carboiw
Cai'bon«
Cai'boni
Chloria

Carboni

Of the ]
the Fult
Spring; a
as the pri

Boyd and
; for fresh
3ct. This

sixty feet,
le surfiir-n,
10, with an
mother gas
afterwards
boring was
)f six hun-

the above

The idea

ibandoned ;

separated,
B carbonic
anical pro-

d boring a
the former
rty feet, he
was highly
d at the re-
g, the car-
acid gases
te singular
y, at least,
carburetted
[ issuing in
m the same

it discovery

IIAND-llOOK OF HAU/VTOOA. 3<J

tliat thoy afturward fittod up a " Minnral Garden."
This garden inolndod tho minural fountains, tho grounds,
and adjoining buildings, construc-tod with tiio view of
accommodating largo (ioUcotions of people ; but at tho
present time it has lost its early charms ; tho water is
rarely drank, and tho ga-^den, as a place of amusement,
is abandoned.

When the watei;.was drawn in large quantities from
one of tho wells, tho water in tho other fell correspond-
in"ly, thus proving a subterranean connection between
the two. Tho chemical constituents of the water were
proved to be similar to those of tho waters of Saratoga
and Ballston. The rock in which this water is found,
is tho Hudson river slate.

The specific gravity of the water with tho atmosphere
at 60^ Fah., is 1.00900. Temperature of tho well r^\°
to 52°. Two analyses of tho same, one by Dr. Mead,
and tho other by Professor Beck, are as follows, in one
pint of water, viz :

^ Oraius. CirainH.

Chloriac of Sotlium 63-0" ■'>!» "'l

CarboimtoofSodn 5-OU 5.00

Cftrbonftte of Lime 4-00 4.00

Caiboimto of Miijrnesia .• 2 00 1.50

Carboimto of Ti-oii nml Silex LOO 1.00

Chloride of Calcium ^^

75.00 71.00

Cubic inches.

Carbonic Acid Gas 28.00 20.00

Of the Ballston Fountains, the United States Spring,
the Fulton Clial.i/beate Spring; the Franklin Sulphur
Spring-, and the Loiv Well, may be, perhaps, mentioned
as the principal fountains.

IIAND-DOOK OP SARATOGA.

'I I

I I

The ftmount of rtas in tho Ballston fountains, and the
manner of its escape, havo varied very much at dilFor-
ont times. Somctim(!s it passes od' quietly, and in
small particles, and tho tiny hubldes of i^'as in risiniT,
impart a continuous simmering motion to tho surface
of tho water. Again, the gas will rise in largo volumes,
and at intervals, when tho water presents by turns a
surface unrndlcd, and a strong boiling motion ; and
once in the history of this place, tho gas rose in such
quantity and with so much force as to produce a jet
several feet in height. This unusual action lasted but
a short time, and after it subsided, gas rose, as now, in
gontio bubbles through tho water in tho spring, and
along the stream below the fountain.

If we pursue the mineral range five miles in a north-
easterly direction from Ballston, we come to the Ellis
Spring. This Spring issues from tho slate rnrk which
crops out at this place. This fountain has never been
properly secured, still the water is sufficiently pure to
establish its acidulous carbonated character. Farther
on in a northeasterly direction the springs of Saratoga
rise to the surface through the cakiferous sandstone.
Here within the distance of a mile, rise fifteen of these
mineral fountains, each one differing from all the rest
yet holding the same kind of chemical constituent
which accompany acidulous carbonated waters, but
varying in their proportions.

The existence of carbonic acid in this vicinity, is
not li. ^'ted to the springs, for it is found in the clay
formations of the surrounding country. But as soon as
the clay passes directly over the metamorphio rocks,

which on

westerly

tions coas

tho subje

directly tl

south httl

the north

to tho noi

nut abun

The la

from so r

surface f(

ous sour

are not a

duced.

Still c

village i

springs

farm fot

known a

One }

owned 1

the Stev

pearanci

Corners

now ow

is anotl

characti

And

village

the gr(

|l:f-l

ItAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA.

IS, and the
h at dilTor-
ly, and in
■i in rising,
;ho Hurfdco
;o volumes,
by turns a
otion ; and
ISO in such
duco a jot
lasted but
as now, in
pring, and

in a north-
j the Ellis
'ork which
lovcr been
;ly pure to
. Farther
f Saratoga
sandstone,
in of these
ill the rest
sonstituent
aters, but

noinity, is

in the clay

as soon as

)hio rocks.

which crop out within about two milns, in a north-
westerly diro.non from the villa^ro, acidulous indica-
tions oonso. And in tho course of my experiments upon
the subject, I found a brick-yard where this lino i)asse8
directly" through the centre of the works ; the clay in tho
south half showing active effervescence, while that in
tho north half was unaffected by tho acid. A few rods
to tho north of the yard, tho motamorphic rooks cropped
out abundantly and boldly, through tho adjacent fields
The largo quantity of this gas which is disengaged
from so many fountains, and which saturates the whole
surface for miles around tho springs, must have a copi-
ous source in the earth's crust ; but men of science
are not agreed as to the laboratory in which it is pro-

duccd. ,. .• r xu

Still continuing in a northeastern direction from tho
villace for about one mile, we find more than ten
sprincrs bubbling up from the earth'^ surface, on the
farm°formerly owned by John and Ziba Taylor, now
known as the " Ten Springs."

One half mile farther to the east, on land formerly
owned by Richard Searing, but more lately known as
the Stewart farm, another mineral spring makes its ap-
pearance. Still northeast, and midway between " Doe's
Corners,'' and " Emerson's Corners," and on the farm
now owned by Daniel Gaylor, in the town of Wilton,
is another spring, clearly of the acidulous carbonated

character. . , j. xr.

And in a direction a little more easterly from the
village of Saratoga Springs, in the town of Saratoga, is
the group called the Quaker Springs. Hero three

1 1

I ll,

I' *

:<•

I '

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

springs of tho acidulous carbonated character, issue
from tho Hudson rircr sidle.

(See article ReeiVs Springs, p. 59.)

There is, probably, little doubt but that the mineral
water underlies the country throughout this range,
from Albany to Argyle, in Washington county, taking
a circuitous route through Ballston and

■prmgs.

Saratoga

HIGH ROCK SPRING.

The High Rock Spring is justly considered one of
the greatest natural curiosities in the country. It has
been known, and was used medicinally by the aborigines.
Dr. John H. Steel gave the first soientifio description of
the rock, and it was published in Silliman's Jour-
nal, pp. 242, 246. Dr. Valentine Seaman in 1809,*
also published a description of the spring ; and in the
course of his remarks, he says : " The more we reflect
upon it, the more we must be convinced of the import-
ant place this rock ought to hold among the wonderful
works of nature. Had it stood on the borders of the
Logo d'x\.gnans, the noted Grotto del Cani, which, since
the peculiar properties of carbonic acid have been
known, burdens almost every book which treats upon
the gas, would never have been heard of beyond the
environs of Naples; while this fountain, in its place,
would have been deservedly celebrated in story, and
spread upon canvas, to the admiration of the world as
one of tho greatest curiosities."

* The first edition of Dr. Seaman's work was published in 1793.

oter, issue

lie mineral

liis range,

ity, taking

Saratoga

ed one of
y. It has
iborigincs.
jription of
m's Jour-
in 1809,*
nd in the
we reflect
lie import-
wonderful
lers of the
lich, since
lave been
Bats upon
eyond the
its place,
tory, and
world, as

in 1793.

set

i:3

»5
S

1-3

-"1

it^ ^<, ":

' <u> * *

.#fe

jygg«B» ' 1 ,'i(

(»aiw s •■

1^.

• ^ ^ 1v-*,

^W^*'3

'Ml

w \

-"1

■3

ill

m\i

«*#

The fo
was caref

At the 811

Dinmoter i
ITeigtit of
AVator in I
Depth of 1
From the

The wa
throughoi
rock, not

Water
own vok
volumes (
sure alor
temperati
of carbon
tion in th
iron. T
materials
and twigi
not an is
Saratoga,
found ab(
charged ^
but one \
precipitai
the fount
oipitates
will, in t
careous i

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA. 89

The following measurement of High Rook Spring
was carefully made in 1856 :

At the surface of the ground, the circuinforeuco of tlie High Rock

13 ' 24 foot 4 inches.

Dinmoter of aperture, four inches below the top 12 "

Height of the rock above tli(^ ground 3 " C "

AVater in the rock above the ground 1 " 4 "

Depth of the spring from the top of the rock. 10 " "

From the top of the rook to the water within. 2 " 2 "

The walls of the rock are of nearly uniform thickness
throughout. This gives a pyramid of water within the
rock, not dissimilar in form to its external surface.

Water under the pressure of the atmosphere holds its
own volume of carbonic acid gas in solution ; more
volumes of the gas may be dissolved in water by pres-
sure alone. The mineral waters of Saratoga, at the
temperature of 212° disengages one and a half volumes
of carbonic acid. The mineral substances held in solu-
tion in the springs by this gas, are magnesia, lime and
iron. These substances, together with a few other
materials from the surroundings of the fountains, leaves
and twigs of trees, compose the High Rock. This is
not an isolated instance of this kind of formation at
Saratoga, for deposits more or less extensive may be
found about the aperture of the springs. This highly
charged water, on rising to the atmosphere, can hold
but one volume of the gas in solution. It, therefore,
precipitates its excess of carbonates about the orifice of
the fountain, in small particles at a time. If these pre-
cipitates are suffered to rest and to accumulate, they
will, in time, unite with each other, and a rock of cal-
careous tufa of greater or less size is the result. ( See

^■:'4;"

'»

m i

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

plate.) The Flat Rock being covered by the soil has
not been so frequently seen, yet quite a large amount
of this deposit has been thrown down at this place.
About the mouth of the Empire Spring was also a deposit
of tufa, in the form, and about the size of an inverted two
quart bowl, having in its top a perforation of about two
inches in diameter, and of an oval form. And from the
nature of the case, these deposits must always be going on.
But currents of water may move them away mechani-
cally, before they have a period of repose long enough
to accumulate and become cemented together. This
was the case with the original Congress Spring. The
position of the rock, out of the side of which it flowed,
and the shape of the surface of the ground, together
with its rapid descent to the brook which runs near,
would prevent any accumulation of tufa at this spring.
But the relations of the new Congress diflfer from the
old. At the mouth of the former, a deposit of tufa has
been made, containing pieces of tumblers, pins, and a
large proportion of Silex, together with many other ex-
traneous substances, instead of the small twigs and
leaves of trees which occasionally occur in specimens of
the kind. This variety in the conglomerates, while it
shows the surrounding circumstances at different periods,
at the same time proves the general principle.

It will be seen then, that the High Rook is not sui
generis, as some may have supposed ; but it neverthe-
less, so far as is known, is the g-reat specimen of its
kind. It stands high above the ground, is accessible,
but yet it is to be feared, that there are but a few com-
paratively who view it, who fully realize the fact, that

the'speoi
able of i\

And ii
upon the
sacredly
a single
a specin:
son is in

Thisv
be used
Congress
to be less
ity of ca
spring h
of our b(
hotels of
it ought
situated
from the
rapidly i
The groi
is it not
been left
seen as i

In the
of the I
agent,
diately
springs,

* Since
been erect

. j-A,^,-^^

-V ,

HAND-BOOK O? SARATOGA.

the soil has
'ge amount
this place.
Iso a deposit
inverted two
f ahout two
nd from the
be going on.
ly mechani-
ong enough
ther. This
pring. The
jh it flowed,
tid, together

runs near,

this spring,
er from the
; of tufa has

pins, and a
ny other ex-
1 twigs and
specimens of
tes, while it
srent periods,
lie.
3k is not sui

it neverthe-
cimen of its
is accessible,
t a few com-
the fact, that

the'specimen before them is p*"^' .j.y the most remark-
able of its kind upon the whole face of the earth.

And in this connection may I be permitted to urge
upon the inhabitants of the village, as well as strangers,
sacredly to abstain from marring, defacing, or removing
a single atom of the stone. For be it remembered, as
a specimen, it belongs to the world. And every per-
son is in duty bound to protect it.

This water, as we have elsewhere said, continued to
be used by the inhabitants, until the discovery of the
Congress Spring, in the year 1792 ; which, as it jjroved
to be less stimulating, was better adapted to the major-
ity of oases than the High Rock. The water of this
spring has always been uniform in quality, and is one
of our best tonics. It is a little remote from the large
hotels of the place, and is not therefore so much used as
it ought to be, by debilitated patients. This spring is
situated in the north part of the valley, a short distance
from the Iodine and Empire Springs. The rocks rise
rapidly in its rear, to the height of thirty or forty fdet.
The grounds about the springs are unimproved. And
is it not a pity, that the original forest-trees had not
been left standing, so that this great specimen might be
seen as nearly as possible, in its primitive state ? *

In the year 1767, the Indians introduced the waters

of the High Rock Spring to the whites, as a remedial

agent. During the quarter of a century which imme-

diately followed Sir William Johnson's visit to the

springs, but few improvements were made, and these

* Since the piililication of this work, ft tasteful brick building has
been erected over the spring, by W. B. White, Esq.

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

were limited to the immodiato vicinity of the His»h
Rock ; and' tho knowledge of the country which the
whites possessed, whs also confined to such portions of
it, as lay along tho trails which led from tho settlements
on the river and tho lake to tho mineral fountains. \ct
the spring continued to attract more and more attention.
Persons travelling from one section of the country to
another, if practicable, took the mineral fountain in
their way, drank the water, and amused themselves in
hunting in the surrounding forests.

CONGRESS SPRING.

In the year 1792, or twenty-five years after the visit
of Johnson to the springs, one of these parties had been
on a luuiting excursion in a southerly direction from tho
^'' n 'I High Rook, and when returning to tho settlement, en-

tered upon a trail which led them to a new spring. At
that time the water flowed from an aperture in a rock,
which was a part of the general ledge which extended
from the Columbian Spring to the High Rock. 7.'he
direction of this ledge was nearly cast, for about t'Ao
hundred feet from the Columbian Spring ; at this point
the ledge took a more northerly direction. This chargw
in its course gave a prominence to the portion of the
rook situated at the angle. And this was the point
from which issued the original Congress Spring. This
rock was about three feet high, and the aperture through
which the water flowed was about eighteen inches from
the ground. The water trickled over the side of the
rock, which lay within a few feet of the brook, and soon
mingled with the stream, and passed away through the
valley. One of this hunting party was John Taylor

the His^h
which the
portions of
lettlenionts
ains. Yet
3 attention,
country to
ountain in
jmselves in

er the visit
?.s had been
on from the
lement, en-
?pring. At
in a rock,
;h extended
Rock. The

about t'Ao
t this point
This chargtj
rtion of the
s the point
jring. This
ture through
inches from

side of the
ok, and soon
through the
fohn Taylor

IIANO-BOOK OF SARATOOA.

Gilman, who was at tho titno a mninbcr of Coni^riiss.
On testing tho water tlioy woro purtimlnvly |)lt:iiscd
with its (juality ; utid after rnjKiiitiHl visits to tlio spring,
in cornpiiny with the most prominent men of tlio settle-
ment, thoy in counsel, nnmeil it v'ongress Spring ;
thereby handing it over to the people of this common-
wealth, who have ever since enjoyed its benttfits.

Tho water rapidly rose in reputation, and soon became
tho favorite spring. It was secured by pressing a drink-
ing vessel against tho rook. In this way it took a long
time to obtain small ([uantities of tho water, for it dis-
charged only about one ipiart per minute, and a largo
portion of this was necessarily lost. But all agreed as
to the quality of tho water. About this time Gideon
Putnam's far-seeing eye discovered, in part, tho future
importance of tho spring. Ho made purchnscs of land
in its vicinity, and began his improvements. As tho
accommodations for strangers improved, tho demand for
the water increased be} ond tho ability of the spring to
supply.

To obviate this deficiency, Putnam turned the brook
a few feet to the north from its original channel. And
being directed by bubbles of gas which were constantly
rising through the channel of the brook, he sunk a shaft
to the rock. On reaching it tho water ceased to flow
from the original aperture. The mineral water rose in
abundance, and he secured it as well as he could in a
tube made of pine planks. After filling in about the
tube, water rose to the depth of seven feet ; the mineral
water flowed trom the aperture in tho rock, but in
diminished quanti;ies. The new spring furnished a great
abundance of water. And, at one time, Putnam had

'\V\

,ffl"< <

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

two potash kettles evaporating the mineral water. The
salts thus precipitated they sold in small packages.
The sales during some years amounted to several hun-
dred dollars. But it was soon found that these precip-
itated salts did not produce Congress water when redis-
Bolved, and the further evaporation was abandoned.*

In 1826, John Clarke, a native of Yorkshire, England,
purchased from the Livingstons Ihe farm on which the
Congress Spring is situated. Mr. Clarke was well cal-
culated, by education and experience, to take charge of
the spring. He was well acquainted with the proper-
ties of acidulous drinks, he having opened the first soda
fountain in the city of New- York. Soon after Clarke's
purchase of the spring, he began bottling the water for
exportation. So well did ho do this that he very soon
realized a handsome annual income from this source
alone. Clarke extended his purchases of real estate
from time to time, so that at the period of his death, he
owned in lands, contiguous to the spring, about one
thousand acres. His improvements were always of the
best kind, as may be illustrated by the beautiful cres-
cent lawn, which he reclaimed from the deep mud
swamp, which lay south and east of the spring, the clas-
sic Doric structure, as it originally stood in its simple
beauty, over the Congress Spring, and the pretty Gre-
cian dome over the Columbian Spring, are but incidental
specimens of the many improvements, which his large
means, generous spirit, and good taste bestowed upon the
village. Clarke's nurse outlived him some years ; he
did not forget her while he lived, and left her a hand-

* See page 73.

some ann
married 1
White, I
and coun
6th day (

The C
reputatio
drinking
visits to
is a cath
for that J
renal cal

Theai
dients in

Chlori
Carboi
Carboj
Carboi
Carboi
Hydrii
Silica .
Alumi

Carbo
Atmo!

Thisi
Congresi
tains lai
which ri
babbles,

""^'^

ater. The
packages,
everal hun-
lese precip-
ivhen redis-
doned.*
B, England,
. ■which the
as well cal-
:e charge of
the proper-
be first soda
ter Clarke's
le water for
le very soon
this source
real estate
lis death, he
about one
[ways of the
autiful cres-
) deep mud
ng, the clas-
n its simple
pretty Gre-
it incidental
ich his large
jved upon the
le years ; he
t her a hand-

HA.ND-B00K OF SARATOGA. 45

some annuity as long as she should survive. Mr. Clarke
married Mrs. Eliza Bryer, widow of the late Charles
White, Esq., of the firm of Emmet & Co., attorneys
and counsellors-at-law, New- York city. He died on the
6th day of May, 1846, aged seventy-three years.

The Congress water continues to sustain its high
reputation, and is resorted to by thousands during the
drinking seasons, some of whom have paid their annual
visits to the springs for forty-five consecutive years. It
is a cathartic water, and should be used in the morning
for that purpose. It has also been employed in cases of
renal calculi, with decided beneficial effects.

The analysis of the water gives the following ingre-
dients in one gallon :

Chloride of Sodium 360.560

Carbonate of Soda 8 .000

Carbonate of Lime 82 . 321

Carbonate of Magnesia 78 . 242

Carbonate of Iron 3 645

Hydriodate of Soda 4.531

Silica 0.510

Alumina 0.231

Solid Contents 638 .040

Carbonic Acid 340.231

Atmospheric Air 4 .000

Gaseous Contents 644 .231

COLUMBIAN SPRING.

This fountain is situated a few rods southwest of ilie
Congress Spring. It is a ferruginous water, and con-
tains large quantities of carbonic acid in a free state,
which rises from the surface of the water in very large
bubbles, causing a motion in the spring not very dissim-

:*1 ■

»i(til

W,!

Mil'i'l ii

46 HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

ilar to boiling water. The carbonic acid may be collect-
ed at the mouth of the spring, to any extent desirable
for scientific purposes, and at any time.

This fountain contains the same constituent proper-
ties as the Congress, but difiering very much in their
relative quantity. Its water is very tonic, and should
be used with great caution where this kind of medicine
is not decidedly indicated ; but where it is clearly de-
mauiled, the large quantities of free gas, together with
the iron present in it, render it a tonic water of great
value in many cases of irritable stomach, and weak di-
gestive and assimilating organs. But its activity makes
it important that it be used carefully, and subject to
proper restrictions.

One gallon of the water furnishes on an analysis the
following ingredients :

Chloride of Sodium 290 .501

Cnrbonnte of Soda 2ti.000

Carbonate of Magnesia 40.321

Carbonate of Lime 30"00

Carbonate of Iron C .000

Ilydriodat* of Soda 3.000

Silica and Ahiraina 1 .531

Solid ContonU 457.358

CarbonicAcid 330.000

HAMILTON SPRING.

This fountain, situated in the rear of Congress Hall,
a few rods northeast of Congress Spring, was first dis-
covered and tubed by Gideon Putnam, Esq., and after-
ward retubed and brought to its present condition by
Dr. Clarke. For the last twenty or thirty years it has

been mosi
a favorite
cathartic
the Cong
in small <
As a diui
been atte
within th
and the s
free escaj
the interi
One ga
dients on

Chlorit
Carbor
CarboE
Carbot

Cnrboi
Atmos

G«

Tempe

This t
the Colu
Flat Roc
perimeni

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA,

be colleot-
t desirable

ent proper-
3h in their
and should
)f medicine
clearly de-
gether with
er of great
id weak di-
ivity makes
I subject to

analysis the

. 290. 501

. 2ti.000

,. 40.321

, . 90.000

.. 6.000

. . 3.000

.. 1.531

457.353
330.000

mgress Hall,
was first dis-
([., and after-
condition by
' years it has

been most used as an alterative ; for this purpose it was
a favorite spring of the late Dr. St(iel — and also as a
cathartic in very weak and feeble stomachs ; and where
the Congress had proved too active and exhausting, even
in small doses, this water would succeed like a charm.
As a diuretic, in many nephritic diseases, its use has
been attended with the most happy results. The water
within the tube rises nearly to a level with the ground,
and the surface of the water is constantly agitated by a
free escape of fixed air, rising in alternate bubbles from
the interior of the fountain.

One gallon of the water funiishes the following ingre-
dients on analysis :

Grains.

ChlorUlc of Sodium 298.056

Carbonate of Soda 34 . 250

Carbonate of Lime 97 . 990

Carbonate of Slagnesia 39 . 006

Cdi'. uato of Iron 4 . G25

i'-,; Uf^ofSodtt 3.598

tjr IK- Uuniina 1.000

Solid Contents 479.191

Carbonic Acid 320.777

Atmospheric Air 1 -461

Gaseous Contents 322 . iJ38

Temperature of the spring, 48°.

PAVILION FOUNTAIN.

This truly beautiful spring is situated in the rear of
the Columbian Hotel, and a few rods southeast of the
Flat Rock Spring ; it was long since discovered, and ex-
periments made upon the water by the late John H.

' fcV"

'il!

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

Steel. Its remoteness, however, from the bank, which
gave egress to the other mineral fovintains in the valley,
placed it in the midst of a deep morass, where it rose
through an alluvial deposit of over forty feet in depth.
This situation of the spring made it difficult to tube it.
But in 1839, it passed into the hands of Daniel McLaren,
who, braving all obstacles, at great expense of labor and
time, succeeded in securing the present fountains, as
well as improving the deep morass about them.

The shaft was excavated and tubed in the following
manner :

A crib of fifteen feet square, with logs looked together
firmly at four corners, was placed around the spring.
The work of excavation next followed, and as the
swamp mud was thrown out, the crib was settled down.
As the excavation proceeded, the water was raised from
the shaft by large pumps, kept at work day and night.
In this way, the excavation was made to the distance of
forty feet. The direction of the rising bubbles was fol-
lowed throughout. At this depth they struck the " hard
pan," when the gas led in a lateral direction, and
toward the west side of the valley. This lead they
followed for several feet by cutting a trench, and then
placed in this trench, what they called a '• shoe." The
toe of this shoe occupied the western extremity of the
trench, which was also several inches lower than the
other end, or heel of the shoe. They next placed a
tube over the heel of the shoe in a perpendicular posi-
tion, and raised it high enough to pass the surface, and
such filling in as would render the grounds dry and
pleasant about the springs. They then filled in about

the tube wit!
plaotid, more r
water is plciisa
spirits. It wa
purchase by t
them also. It
spring, wi^^ b
This spring
who have fartl
tfiin, by fill in:
creek, laying
and construct
water. This
free acid of tl;
in great quar
This large am
smart, pungei
of one gallon

Chloride of S
Carbonate of
Carbonate ol
Carbonate of
Carbonate of
Iodide of So(
Silex and All

Solid conteni
Gaseous cont

This founta

village, and a

In 1835, n

HAND-BOOK OV SARATOGA.

:, which
3 valley,
3 it rose
n depth.
I tube it.
[cLaren,
ibor and
tains, as

following

together
e spring.
L as the
led down,
ised from
ad night,
[stance of
I was fol-
the"hard
tion, and
lead they

and then
)e." The
ity of the

than the

placed a
solar posi«
rface, and
5 dry and

in about

spring,

tho tube with clay. The whole tube as it is now
plaotid, more resembles a man's hoot than a shoe. Tho
water is pleasant to tho tasto, and exhilarating to the
spirits. It was bottled by McLaren, and since the re-
purchase by tho Walton family, has been bottled by
tliem also. It is a favorite water for drinking at the
witl^ both the inhabitants and strangers.
This spring is now owned by the Messrs. Walton,
who have farther improved the grounds about the foun-
tfiin, by filling them in, changing the channel of the
creek, laying out footwalks, planting shade trees,
and constructing suitable buildings for bottling tho
water. This water has been bottled since 1840. The
free acid of the spring is most abundant, and passes off
in great quantities from the mouth of the fountain.
This large amount of free gas imparts to the tongue a
smart, pungent taste. The following is the analysis
of one gallon of the water :

Grains.

Chlovido of Sodium 183.814

Carbouato of So.ln, C.OflO

Carbonate of Lime 59.50;}

Carbonate of Magnesia, r)8.2G0

Carbonate of Iron 4.133

Iodide of Sodium and Bromide of Pota.ssa, 2.5(56

Silex and Alumina, 1-000

Solid contents of one gallon, 315.372

Gaseous contents of one gallon, 372.499

IODINE SPRING.

This fountain is situated in the northeast part of the

village, and a few rods north and east of the High Rock.

In 1835, my attention was particularly called to tha

141

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

President Spring, situated quite near the High Rock
fountain. From the experiments I then made upon
the water uf this spring, I came to the conclusion, that
if the mineral stream supplying the fountain were
properly secured, the water would, in all probability,
bottle very well. The conclusions I had arrived at,
and the reasons for them, being communicated to some
gentlemen from the village, they obtained a lease of the
spring from Judge Walton, made a liberal excavation,
secured the mineral water by a wooden tube, and thus
raised it nearly to the top of the ground
spring they gave the name of " iodine."

Since that time it has been subject to a number of
diflerent directors, and has finally gone into the posses-
sion of Judge Walton's heirs. Though comparatively a
light water, it proves to be well adapted for bottlmg.
When taken in proper quantities, and subject to reason-
able restrictions, it sets well on the stomach.

One gallon of the water furnishes the following in-
gredients, on analysis:

GrRins.
180.731

Chloride of Sodhim, ^^^q

Carbonate of Sodii,. 74 21.3

Cnr1)onate of Magntsia, ^g'jj

Hydrioilate of Sodium,

30.000

Carbonate of Lime, , • • " loOO

Carbonate of Iron,
Silica and Alumina,

.500

Solid contents,

291.679

SOlia conicnis, ;••:■••■ oqr. nnO

Carbonic Acid and Atmospheric Air, ooo.uuu

EMPIRE SPRING.

This spring is the most northerly one in the vil

It is

la<Te which has attracted general attention
siruated on the west side of the valley, and imme-

*i'

J 3

iif<

w*.

High Rock
made upon I
lusion, that!
ntain were]
probability,

arrived at, I
bed to some I
lease of the I

excavation,!
36, and thus!
d. To this

a number of
) the posses-
iparatively a
for bottling,
ct to reason-
1.
oUowing in-

Grnins.

180.731

3.000

74.213

3.235

30.000

1.000

.500

291.679
335.000

3 in the vil-
ntion. It is
, and imme-

>■'■

:^^

f:i

.*•

V ^

liii

,r,k-'

pL .... ';j| 'P

*T ^.V^^r

-/•rjr

'^'111

y J

;'iO -lA^'D-'.Oi i: .If Sa VTO'U.

!',,. i,., >(■) f;^'. Sit Mill '.i ijti't*' H^:ir ilif. Ilitii ll"<'l
^. ,^, ,1 T .1 '■'■:'; ''\p«!i.iir )•/■ I lli'Mi malic ii|)<';

■ l,. .,.•••,■ " 1. .ruiL'. I oni I .1x1 ro!)clii.>«i-Jii, tliH
;J •.». • '1 f.ii -tri u . ■tp'j' ' ■ '(!•• 'nintnni \vr <
j,-^ . •/ ;-h .■! ^...rp.'. ihf. liter A jUi. ill -U prnb.ibility
\,. i\'u V. :v wi'l!. t'i' o;>< .J- tf I hail urrived nt,
,. ,.l 'h<' ixa ■u-' ff ih>>-.. Wi.ik' i.;iji(im\miiTit<>(l to soiin;.
tM-n'ifinc • (.("a X\iK- vtl.'if-:. 'hry L>].tuii!'';i a U-astj ot th.-
siinnti Ir 'HI Jud'jc. \\ iilti.n, iMai'u ii lilmmt excuvdti" ■
sicnn-l ihe niiiHTul wuti;- |.y a wouilu) tulji!, rnd tl)U!<|
v,n •tl 'i nearly to MiH lnp of ihi- gri'ianl. To ll'i
jr ■ ,; iLev giivf: ihi* immi' of '' I:»jin<'.'"

. :.;.:■ tiui' till. .- iiuh l-'f" ^ .';:(r! 1c <; nnoilii'v i'
i;irirri'f't rliroctf.rs, fxmi tiu.- ! n; •■ i;."iii<> luV' lb*' po-f-' ^
j.u.noi iM.liM- Vi.filt(.:nV.i: .ry. ■u.<)li^!l C(.!'.v^tarfilivoiv )
li -.hr ■. itiT. .' |i!-fiv.H( li> Iji- \ver> adapti ,1 for bottluif/
W-.s. <: 1'kfn in ivi'pcr (|inr'itic>, n! -i>'vi(!<;( to rerr-^'Mi
ui.l. v>.>trioti'ti>. it .sots wcil on fhe MliMimch.

One caHou of iho water fiirnisli'».*' Uie rullowhi'; i.
:/redit!iits, on iiuttlyaij*;

llrstrn.

r'.U.a.-..f .-!■..«. i«r,''

''".■^-"•>^ --« .v:r;^

liv.irio'itii'' ..! •.(xluiiii '",'/li

•>!--•"['•":■• ■ ■ •■ S

'.;".n:Ml;:z. •■. ;:■.::::•::•:.::::::. ^;^

s.w.-...um. if»^;;"

'I'hi.s ST»rir.'/ > ii)-.' ii.oftt liortli'-fly '■')« i'\ f'h«-' vil-V;
tus-f Mh'i'i his aiirauiid rrpni-ril iitUinti'm. It i' -;
isituai-d oi, i)u- we*;! sidt^ i^/ llic ndov, ,tnd iim.!e-|

14 —

ntii:

vv«- '■i

prnbiibili'y..

II r lived nt,

h>(l to soil II

t th.

fit)

iCft.'^t)

n!|

fAXCllV

tl. To tiM

11:

111!

)t>r •'

o - ?•'?.-

,(araliv»'iy ■
lor bottling.'

;t to rea**''!!

I..'

18ii- ,',1

74'.!] 3

;'..'2!!5
.Jli.liiW

1.00(1

1 in.
iti'tn.

r,h

It i

iitnl imiiio-

diatoly bchin
feet in hoight
portion, and
length, and 1
water issues
sandstone,
opening is o
tube.

'Mineral v

bank at this

its primitive

tcntion, for

equally impc

from many

prominent o

Rock and i\

all eyes tc

ample quai

mand, there

duction of a

pire Spring

by lime-kilr

In the ye

A shaft was

I the aperture

fact that th

rock by a p

tube may b(

obviate the

secure the ■>

It will 1

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

diatnly behind it lies a bluflfof Mohawk limostone, forty
feet in hoight. This limestone appears to bo a detached
portion, and extends only two rods in width by three in.
length, and lies on a lodge of calciferous sandstone. Tho
water issues through a perforation in the calciferous
sandstone. A knowledge of this particular form of the
opening is of great importance in adjusting a suitable

tube.

Mineral water has been known to trickle down the
bank at this point ever since the land was cleared of
its primitive shrubs. But. it attracted no particular at-
tention, for springs of mineral water which appeared
equally imposing wete, and are now, to be found issuing
from many points along tho mineral valley, and the
prominent and conspicuous position which the High
Rock and the original Congress ISpring ot-.^upied turned
all eyes toward them. As they furnished water m
ample quai tity, of the best qualities, to supply the de-
j mand, there appeared to be no necessity for tho intro-
duction of a new spring. The ground about the Em-
pire Spring was for a long time advantageously occupied
by lime-kilns.

In the year 1846, the fountain was taken in charge.
A shaft was excavated to the rock, a tube adjusted to
I the aperture, and the Empire Spring was secured. Tho
fact that the Empire svater passes the calciferous sand-
rock by a perforation is of great practical value, as a
tube may be scribed to the surface of the rock, and thus
i obviate the necessity of employing artificial means to
secure the water with its full complement of gas.
It will be easily apprehended that artificial moans

I#fl

-"»~

HAND-nOOK OF SAHATOOA.

ifl

aro scarcely aviiiliiblo in confining, or even in dirootini?
a current of aciduloiw ciirbonatcd wntor. Materials
which would answer well in cases of common f<|)ring
water will Ite entirely useless with the acidulous mine-
ral water. The " water cement" answers an admirable
purpose with fresh water, but with mineral waters is
entirely insullicienl, lor it proves no barrier to the es^oapo
of the gas, and will in time bo taken into combination
with it. And a similar result follows in other kinds of
packing which have been tested in actual cxperimenta
by tho'author. Hut, as in the Emi)ire, when the gas-
cous water passes through a heavy stratum of rock
by a small aperture, a groove carefilUy cut in the rock
around the mouth of the spring, and a well-seeured
pino tube properly placed in a groove, and afterward
filled about with clay, would bo a simple and most effi-
«-ient way to set a tube. But this form of tubing
will not bo applicable to those fountains which pass
through the rocks in clefts and fissures. To illustrate
with what extreme. divisibility the carbonates are held
in solution in water, and with what readiness they pass
through ordinary barriers, a pint of mineral water may
bo placed in a flaring vessel, say an ordinary baking
dish, then apply a gentle heat until the whole salts are
precipitated ; the outside of the vessel as high as the
water stood will be frosted over with the precipitated
carbonates which had been held in solution in the water
by the gas, and not by the water. Here the salts are
precipitated, although the dish is flaring and uncovered,
yet the carbonates pass through the pores of the glazing
as well as through the sides of the vessel, and that too
in a lateral direction.

The tube

surfiH'O of t

in length.

above the s

This !niii

per hour.

an<l has pri

And when '

larity of ot

which perse

their corres

rapid stride

during the

For catl

water shoi

varying frc

of the cas

whole tuml

The oha:

ging from

The cat

water are

water 20°

in warm v

drawn ; be

to the esca

tied, shoul

sible ; and

put in a ri

This brine

dition as ^

HAND-BOOK OF 8AKATOOA.

(Vi rooting
Mnltirials
oil spring
iu« mino-
idiiiirivblo
waters is
ho escape
rubination
r kinds of
periiiienta
n the gas-
1 of rooit
1 the rock
ill-serurcd
afterward
1 most efR-
of twbing
■hich pass
I illustrate
( are held
they pass
water may
ly baking
lo salts are
ligh as the
reoipitated
1 the water
le salts are
uncovered,
the glazing
nd that too

The tube in the Eiiipire Spring is scribed down to the
surfiH-e of thi) rofk, luid is olovon foot and six inches
in length. 'I'iie cohunn of mineral water in the tube
above the surface of the rock, is nine feet six inches.

This !nineral fountain discharges sevnnty-five gallons
por hour. It is a good cathartio and alterative water,
and has proved itself adapted to a wide range of cases.
And when we consiiler its remote situation, the popu-
larity of other and older springs, the strong attachments
which persons form by the habit of drinking of them, an :
their corresponding prejudices, wo are surprised at the
rapid stride this spring has made in public estimation
during the short period of six or eight years.

For cathartio puri)oscs, the Congress and Empire
water should be drank in the morning in quantities
varying from one pint to three, according to the state
of the case. As an alterative, from one fourth to a
whole tumbler should bo taken three or four times a day.
The chalybeate waters may be taken in portions ran-
ging from one gill to a i)int, three or four times a day.
"^ The cathartic eftects of the Empire and Congress
water are increased by raising the temperature of the
water 20° or 30°. If this is done by placing the bottle
in warm water before drinking, the cork should be with-
drawn ; because the increased cathartic power is owing
to the escape of carbonic acid. This water, when bot-
tled, should be kept as near to 48° Fahrenheit, as pos-
sible ; and the bottle should be taken from the >• x and
put in a refrigerator ten or twelve hours befoi- = ;)g.
This brings it to much the same temperature and con-
dition as when drank fresh from the fountain.

S4 HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

The improvements in the north end of the town have
been much increased within a few years, and particu-
larly those in the immediate vicinity of the Empire
Spring. Reducing the unwholesome swamp, opening new |
drive-ways, and grading hills and laying out handsome
village lots, are a few of the many heavy expenditures j
which have been sustained by Western & Co. alone.
Neither have they been behind their fellow-citizens gen-
erally, in tha cultivation of large numbers of shade 1
trees, which in time will add greatly to the beauty of
their grounds and avenues. And it is to be hoped that
these improvements may be continued by themselves
and others, with even increased energy. Nature has
done much in that part of the town, and art sparingly
employed, will convert the upper part of the town into
a beautiful village. If the hill on the west side of the
valley was properly terraced, and willow and other ap-
propriate trees were planted along the stream, we should i
have delightful promenades, and as fine situations for
residences as are to be found in town. And these im- 1
provements might be carried on with an outlay by no j
means large.

One gallon of the Empire water furnished the follow-
ing ingredients on analysis :

Chloride of Sodium 270.000

Carbonate of Lime ^j*^?,^

Carbonnte of Magnesia 43.123

Carbonate of Soda 30.304

Hydriodatc of Soda 8.000

Carbonate of Iron ?000

Silica 1-000

Solid contents 500.748

Gaseous contents '00

Specific gravity 1-OoB

This foui

southwestei

is the only

cipal street

It was fii

and has tl

tubed in 1

last one wl

pared for c

which it fi

ent Individ

some of w

our most

thorough (

October, 1

In the J

rose, passe

of the vill

tumn of ]

tion, and

escape fro

tober, beg

vated to t

pan, to th

After c

within th

came int

southwes

of hard-p

^ii

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

1 town have
nd particu-
he Empire
ipeningnew
t handsome
xpenditures

Co. alone,
itizens gen-
rs of shade
8 beauty of
> hoped that

themselves
Nature has
rt sparingly
e town into
■j side of the
nd other ap-
1, we should
ituations for
id these im-
lutlay by no ]

1 the foUow-

270.000

145.321

43.123

30.304

8.000

3.000

1.000

500.748

700

1.066

WASHINGTON, OR AVHITE's SPRING.

This fountain is situated about six hundred feet in a
southwesterly direction from the Congress Spring, and
is the only one on the west side of Broadway, the prin-
cipal street in the village of Saratoga Springs.

It was first tubed by Gideon Putnam, in the year 1806,
and has the singular history of being the first spring
tubed in this section of the Mineral Valley, and the
last one which has been practically reclaimed and pre-
pared for commercial use. And although the land on
which it first appeared has been owned by many differ-
ent individuals since the first settlement of the country,
some of whom, at least, have been considered among
our most far-seeing and enterprising citizens, yet no
thorough effort was made to secure the spring until
October, 1858.

In the year 1856, the ground upon which the spring
rose, passed into the possession of John H. White, Esq.,
of the village of Saratoga Springs ; and during the au-
tumn of 1858, he resolved to make a thorough excava-
tion, and trace, if possible, the mineral stream to its
escape from the rock. He therefore, on the 20th of Oc-
tober, began a shaft eleven fetit square, which he exca-
vated to the depth of thirty feet, through olay and hard-
pan, to the calciferous sand-rock underneath.

After carefully examining the surface of the rocit
within the shaft, he ascertained that no mineral water
came into the well through it, but entered from the
southwest part of the excavation through the stratum
of hard-pan which lies superimposed upon the sand-rock

511. «

ill

(HI

'"■' T"

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

at this place. This lead was then taken, and followed
with a tunnel six feet high, five wide, and thirty in
length, in a direction generally southeast. At this point,
and while exploring with an iron rod the farther direc-
tion of the stream, the earth at the southeast extremity of
the tunnel suddenly gave way, and the water and the gas
flowed into the shaft with such force, and in such quan-
tities, as to give the men engaged in the work of exca-
vation barely time to escape from the pit, leaving their
working tools behind them at the bottom of the shaft ;
and in the short space of fifteen minutes it was esti-
mated that twelve thousand gallons of water, and prob-
ably nearly twice that quantity of carbonic acid gas,
filled the excavation. At this juncture the most power-
ful hand-pumps which could be commanded were
brought to bear upon the water, and the gas within the
excavation ; but they failed to clear the shaft, and the
work of excavation was therefore suspended for the
ensuing three weeks, during which time a portable
steam engine and a powerful rotary pump were procured,
and an excavation was commenced in a southeast direc-
tion thirty feet from the former one, and over Ihe ex-
treme terminus of the tunnel. This shaft was fourteen
feet square, and was excavated to the depth of twenty-
one feet, and preserved from caving by a cofler-dam,
built with eight- by-ten-inch hemlock timbers and two-
inch planks But reaching the farther depth of four
feet, which was not curbed, the water and the gas
broke into the shaft from the east, and again drove the
workmen from their labors.

The steam pump was now brought into requisition,

and was coi

sccutive hoi

tvvccn the

chine, and 1

suiting fror

come so grc

plank comp

were driven

oution of tl

oxcavation

was commc

ond shaft.

before used

inch plank,

a circular

above anotl

nailed firm

forraell, wl

ches in thi

strong curl

eight feet,

the shaft.

The bol

one spring

another w

west (lirec

tains, issu

the distan

tain prove

ance ; as i

volume oj

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

1 followed
[ thirty in
this point,
lier direo-
tremity of
nd the gas
uch quan-
k of exoa-
ving their
the shaft ;
b was esti-
and prob-
acid gas,
ost power-
ided were
within the
t, and the
;d for the
a portable
} procured,
east direc-
er Ihe cx-
is fourteen
of twcnty-
)ofler-dam,
s and two-
ith of four
d the gas
I drove the

requisition,

and was continued in active operation for eighteen con-
sccutive hours, when a small pebble was carried in be-
twccn the rollers of the pump, which stopped the ma-
chine, and before it could be removed, the pressure re-
suiting from the accumulated water and gas, had be-
come so groat from without, that the strong timbers and
plank composing the curb, gave way, and the workmen
were driven a second time from this shaft, and the prose-
oution of the work at this spot was abandoned ; but the
excavation of a third shaft, twenty feet in diameter,
was commenced in a southeast direction from the sec
Olid shaft. But instead of the tubing which had been
before used, one was employed composed of two-by-ten-
inch plank, cut in beveled segments," so as to form nearly
a circular curb. These pieces of plank were laid one
above another, so as ellectually to break joints, and then
nailed firmly together with six-inch iron spikes, which
forraell, when completcf', a strong tube of wood ten in-
ches in thickness, and twenty feet in diameter. This
stron" curb was continued with the excavation twenty-
eight^et, and nearly to the sand rock in the bottom of

the shaft.

The bottom of the shaft being covered with water,
one spring was seen bubbling up within the shaft, and
another was found after tunnelling a few feet in a south-
west direction. These springs seemed to be two foun-
tains, issuing from the same fissure in the rock, within
the distance of twenty feet. The mere southwest foun-
tain proved most copious, and presented a finer appear-
ance ; as the loose gravel was removed, a full gushing
volume of water, one inch wide and six inches long,

HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA.

I'tJM '

came rolling up out of the rock, sparkling and boiling

with gas.

On the 29th of January, 3859, a tube twenty-five feet
in height was placed around this jet of mineral water,
and the 2d of February the mineral water was intro-
duced into the tube, and two days after, it had risen to
the waste pipe, twenty-three feet and six inches above
the bottom of the shaft.

On the morning of the 5th of February, the gas ap-
peared on the surface of the water in the tube, which
continued to increase in quantity for several days,
so that a very active simmering and boiling motion
was apparent in the water. On the 14th of February,
the waste pipe was closed, and in about four hours
thereafter, the water within the tube rose to the top
of it, and now flows over it in a continuous
stream.

This spring, so sparkling and lively, is one «f the
most beautiful and copious fountains in the valley.
And if the mineral water is well secured at the rock,
thoroughly excluding fresh water, earthy and mineral
substances from the fountain, there can scarcely re-
main a doubt of its being ultimately bottled with suc-
cess.

Putnam's spring.

This spring is situated about two hundred yards in a
northwest direction from the " Hamilton Spring," and
nearly equi-distant between Broadway and Putnam
streets. At this point, mineral water had been observed
from quite an early date in the history of the village ;

■•*i«V>'.fi-?'>*-

but it had
year 1835,
tion, and pi
This imp
purpose for
water was
poses, and ■
sons living
water was
upon, Mr. I
found the
heavy inor
curb. He
water is n
previous ti
From th
eral founts
the water
by exoava
and tubing
from thof
cannot sp
water.

This m
the count;
group in '

It is an
a fissure i

The gs

■•*ii?;-

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA,

id boiling

^-five feet
ral water,
v&a intro-
d risen to
lies above

le gas ap-
be, which
ral days,
ig motion
February^
bur hours
;o the top
lontinuous

»ne of the
he valley.
, the rock,
d mineral
sarcely re-
with sue-

but it had received no particular attention until the
year 1835, when Mr. Lewis Putnam made an excava-
tion, and placed a tube about the tbuntain.

This improvement seemed to answer a tolerably good
purpose for a number of years, during which time the
water was bottled to some extent for cnrnmercial pur-
poses, and was also freely used at the fountain by per-
sons living in its immediate vicinity. But at length the
water was found to be deteriorating in quality, where-
upon, Mr. Putnam, in 1857, re-excavated the shafc, and
found the water freely rising outside the tube, and a
heavy incrustation of calcareous tufa surrounding the
curb. He then repacked the tube with clay, and the
water is now probably as good as it has been at any
previous time in its history.

From the facts already known in regard to the min-
eral fountains, it is fair to conclude, that the quality of
the water would be greatly improved, indeed, perfected
by excavating the hard-pan to the calciferous sandstone,
and tubin£ the mineral stream to the point of its escape
from the fissure in the rock. Until this is done, we
cannot speak specifically of the true character of the
water.

REED S SPRING.

yards in a
ring," and
i Putnam
in observed
le village ;

This mineral fountain is situated in South Argyle, in
the county of Washington, and is the most easterly
group in the mineral range.

It is an acidulous carbonated water, and rises through
a fissure in a stratum of Mohawk limestone.

The gas rises from the bottom of the shaft in ooca-

HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA.

sional bubbles; but the water is not highly charged
with it; nor has the spring the lively and sparkling
appearance, which is so striking a feature in the Sara-
toga fountains.

The slight acidulousness of the water, imparts
to it a pleasant taste, and makes it a grateful bever-
age.

When the water is mixed with flour, it acts as yeast,
making it light and spongy, and is therefore sometimes
used in baking what is called " spring-water rolls," and
is also employed by persons residing near it, for medicinal
purposes.

WIIITK SULPHUR SPRING.

This spring is situated on the east side of Saratoga
Lake, about half a mile south of Snake Hill, in a beau-
tiful ravine of a few rods in width, through the centre
of which runs a small stream, supplied by fresh water
springs issuing from either bank. Within twenty rods
of the lake a niche is formed in the south bank. Near
the centre of the niche, and at the base of the bluff, rises
the Sulphur Spring, jnd its course to the brook is marked
by a deposit of sulphur. The water is strongly charged
with sulphuretted hydrogen gas, and is very pellucid.
Its taste, is like other waters of the class, very offensive
to those unaccustomed to drink it. A few years since
a number of gentlemen from the village purchased the
farm in which the spring rises, sunk a shaft, and adjusted
a new tube. They built baths and other accommodations
for the use of visitors. A steamboat was placed on the
lake to ply between the Lake House and the spring,

which mad

qnently, th

The year f(

and all the

the sulphu

suspended.

burning of

the outlet o

be constru

thence to

brought w

a new ant

oj)ened.

CnLORir

over the s

lakes and

solution,

Africa, S|

large depo

There ii

land, whi(

state of r(

This sa

northwest

river Wee

the Don.

Willan C

wick, anc

lUND-nOOK OF SARATOGA.

' charf^ed
sparkling
the 8ara-

, imparts
ful bever-

1 as yeast,
sometimes
oils," and
medicinal

which made two trips daily. Two or three years subse-

qnently, the building took fire and burned to tlic ground.

The year following the boat was removed from the lake,

and all the arrangements which had been made to brin^

the sulphur water into notice have been, for the present,

suspended. But since the loss of the .boat and the

burning of the house, a bridge has been thrown across

the outlet of Saratoga Lake. And now, if a road shonld

be constructed along the lake sliore to Snake Hill, and

thence to the Sulphur Spring, it would be immediately

brought within practicable distance of the village, and

a new and beautiful drive of three hours would be

opened.

Saratoga
in a beau-
the centre
Dsh water
j^enty rods
Ilk. Near
bluff, rises
is marked
ly charged

pellucid.
yr offensive
ears since
3hased the
id adjusted
imodations
ced on the
he spring,

CHAPTER IV.

Chloride of Sodium is distributed very generally
over the surface of the globe. The ocean, seas, salt
lakes and mineral springs, hold large quantities of it in
solution, while Russia, Germany, Poland, Hungary,
Africa, Spain, England, and South America, furnish
large deposits of this salt in a fossil state.

There is a fossil deposit in Nantwich, Cheshire, Eng-
land, which will illustrate this mineral formation, in the

state of rock salt.

This salt formation lies one hundred and sixty miles
northwest from the city of London, on the banks of the
river "Weaver, near the confluence of that stream with
the Don. It extends over parts of the townships of
Willan Castle, Nantwich, Winnington, Marsdon, Liff-
wiok, and Anderton. At Nantwich, there is one mass

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

' i'' ,. !-4

I ft tan

I
If

■'4 1 1

of this salt, which is sixty-fivo foet thick, three thousand
nine hundred feet wide, and a mile and a halt long;
supplying annually sixty thousand tons of salt, which
are conveyed thenoo to Liverpool by the Weaver and
'Mersey. Under this fossil are salt wells, varying in
depth from pinety to one hundred and twenty feet.
From these wells alone forty-five thousand tons of salt
are annually procured by artificial evaporation, which
is also marketed in the city o*" Liverpool.*

Other portions of the county supply fifty-one thou-
sand tons ; making in all, one hundred and eighty-six
thousand tons of salt exported from a single fossil de-
posit. If this deposit may be accepted as a specimen
of the productiveness of rook salt formation in general,
immense quantities of this substance must exist on the
surface of the earth, i

But large as this estimate makes the quantity of
saline deposits in the interior of the earth, yet it repre-
sents but a small portion of the aggregate of this
substance contained in ocean, sea, lake, &c., all of
which vary greatly in the strength of their solutions.

It is found, as is well known, in the fluids of the
animal system, supplied doubtless by their food. A
certain amount of this substance seems to be necessary
for the healthful condition of animal life, though an
excess of it is followed by diseasn. as is noticeable in
the fact, that persons long at sea, who eat but few vege-
tables, and use salt meat freely, usually suffer from
scurvy. A disease not unlike scurvy, and produced by
the same cause, is not uncommon on land.
* U. S. Dispensatory.

When ta
cathartic, (
being deter
it is taken
particularly
moist skin,
nutrition,
is a suitabl
twice its w
page 90.)

As an a

generally v

long perio^

piece of be

was a rem

on his voy

1739 and

In agric

dry lands.

the atmos

ciency of i

The qu

from a gi^

Saratoga,

the salts (

Chlorid

ary forma

posits, lin

Althou|

fossil sail

numerous

HAND-DOOK OF SARATOGA.

thousand
lalt long;
It, which
lavcr and
irying in
jnty feet,
ns of salt
m, which

one thou-
eighty-six
I fossil de-
specimen
n general,
List on the

aantity of
(t it repre-
,e of this
tec, all of
)lutions.
ids of the
food. A
I necessary
though an
ticeable in
t few vege-
uffer from
roduced by

When taken into the stomach it may act as a tonic,
cathartic, diuretic, emetic, and antiseptic, its effects
being determined by the state of the system at the timo
it is taken, and the quantity used. Saline baths are
particularly appropriate for persons with a relaxed,
moist skin, and for children of scrofulous habits and low
nutrition. One pound of salt to four gallons of water
is a suitable solution for this purpose. It is soluble in
twice its weight of water at 60^ Fah. (See Bathing,

page 90.)

As an antiseptic, it has been long known, and very
generally used. Fish and flesh are preserved by it for
long periods of time. In the year 1805, there was a
piece of beef in the Leverian Museum, London, which
was a remnant of the provisions taken by Lord Anson,
on his voyage *« around the world," between the years
1739 and 1744.

In agriculture, salt has been used as a fertilizer, on
dry lands. As it is a deliquescent, attracting water from
the atmosphere, it thereby, in part, supplies the defi-
ciency of moisture in the soil.

The quantity of this salt obtained by evaporation
from a given amount of any of the mineral springs at
Saratoga, is equal to more than one half the sum of all
the salts contained in them.

Chloride of sodium occurs, geologically, in the second-
ary formations, associated with gypsum, slate, clay de-
posits, limestone, and red sandstone.

Although the United States contain no deposits of
fossil salt", so far as we know, yet brine springs are
numerous in this country, and some of them are among

IIAND-nOOK OP SARATOGA.

MM 'f'

the. most celcbratod in tho world. Those of Snlina,
Onoti(la<,m county, N. Y., oro juf^tly distinguished. Tliey
hold in solution 19 per cent, of this salt. The State of
Now-York draws a largo part of her revenue from the
manufacture of salt at Salina, and annually employs
scv(!ral thousand persons about the works.

Thirty-three and one quarter gallons of Salina water
will furnish a bushel of salt of the ordinary marketable
dryness, while at

. Nantucket 350 gnlloas ninke ono bnsbcl.

K,.w.York.! ;!(»0

liooi/B LickH, Mo 4r.O

Connuugh, rouu 300

Zniiosvillo, (lliio 05

Salinn, N. Y., (new springs), iiO

In the year 1841, 3,134,317 bu-shels of salt were in-
spected at the Onondaga salt-works.* In the arts this
salt is much used in the manufacture of carbonate of

soda.

Its existence in the mineral waters of Saratoga was
demonstrated by Valentine Seaman in 1809.

Carbonate of Soda. — This salt was first called Katron,
from the name* of the desert from which it was taken.
When it exists as a solid it is called native soda.

It is chiefly found in Egypt, Hungary, and South
America. It occurs principally in lakes, and small
ponds, from which it is taken in a state of solution, and
evaporated by the sun.

Soda has been obtained by the incineration of marine

* Geological Report* of New-York.

plants. In

the purpose

(puility has

dueed Kt

obtained ab

salieornia, I

tained, groA

Wales, Seoi

Tho salt

and a disa<j

soluble in b

of alcohol i

purity is c

solution of

is more gci

marine pit

acid condit

certain for

hi)iiping-co

ehicr, at G

treatment

In diset

stare of th

from ten g

But an ()V(

Antidotes

proper str

drM chins i

eight to s'

The ointtr

eight to s

iAj^illi

1IAND-B(K)K Ol- HAUATOOA.

fi5

f Sniina,

id. Tliey

B State of

from the

employs

ina water
larketable

ushcl.

t were in-
e arts this
rbonate of

atoga was

led Natron,
was taken.
)da.

and South
and small
lution, and

L of marine

plants. In Spain, thcso plants have h(>on ciiltivat.Hl for
tlic purpose of procuring' carbonate of soda ; and the best
(luality has been obtained from tb.) barilla thns pro-
dneed Kelp is another form of impure soda, which is
obtained also from the ashes of marine plants ; but the
.salieornia, from which the impure form of soda is ob-
tained, grows on the rneky coast of many countries— as
Wales, Scotland, and Ireland.

The salt is colorless, possesses an alkaline reaction,
and a disagreeable ta.ste. It effervesces with acids, is
soluble in about two jjarts of cold water, and in a blaze
of alcohol it burns with a yellow flame. Its usual im-
purity is common suit, which is easily detected by a
solution of nitrate of silver. But at the present day, it
is more generally procured from common salt than from
marine plants. Medicinally, it is used to correct an
acid condition of the se(;retions— as gout, gravel, and
certain forms of dyspepsia. It has been used also in
hooping-cough, bronchoeele, and scrofula. Dr. Ter-
ehier, at Geneva, considers it preferable to iodine in the
treatment of bronchoeele.

In diseases of the skin, where a papulous or scaly
state of the surface exists, it is administered in doses of
from ten grains to half a drachm in some bitter infusion.
But an overdose acts as a corrosive and irritant poison.
Antidotes are olive oil, acetic acid, or lemon juice. A
proper strength for a lotion, is from ten grains to three
drachms to a pint of water ; and for a general bath,
eight to sixteen ounces in about ten gallons of water.
The ointment may be formed, varying in strength fiom
ei<dit to sixty grains to one ounce of lard, according to

HAND-BOOK OK SARATOGA.

;4>Ib fMi

tho case. It was detentcfl as a conatitnont of tho Bara-
toRtt miiKiriil water in tho year 1795, by Dr. Vandor-
voort of Now- York.

Caiujonatk op Lime.— This substance is widoly spread
through many of tho surface rocks, and appears under
some one of the various forms of spar, and common and
shell limestone, marble, marl and chalk ; and in tho
surface water of all limestone countries, and enters
largely into the composition of the shells of fishes. In
the form of limewater and prepared chalk, it is fre-
quently used to correct acidity of tho stomach occasioned
by weak digeation. It is decomposed by heat and the
acids, also by potassa, soda, baryta, strontia, and by
acidulous and metallic salts. Dr. Vandervoort demon-
strated its presence in tho Saratoga water in the year
1795.

Carbonate of Magnesia.— This substance was dis-
covered in the beginning of the eighteenth century, and
was vended in the shops of Italy as a secret remedy,
and possessing of course, great curative powers, under
the imposing name of " Count Palmer." But, in 1755,
Dr. Black examined it, and clearly demonstrated its
chemical composition.

It exists largely in nature, and is one of the four
earths forming so considerable a portion of the crust of
our planet. It is principally derived from the bitterns
in salt pans after the crystallization of common salt ;
and Scotland, New England, and Baltimore are cele-
brated for its manufacture. It is sparingly soluble in

water, but

212 ^ Thif

carbonic acl

dors it parti

gas so freeh

place, whio!

carbonates.

As a catl

rally used

an acid stoi

morbid aoii

carbonate c

nesia in th

state in tl

these orgai

dition.

These sc
debilitated
childhood.
" As a lit!
the forma
nates.

It is an
sulphuric
determine

Carbon
known, a
vegetable

* Detectc
Dr, Vftnder

^^:J:>A..

HAND BOOK OP SARATOGA.

the PaTa-
. Vandor-

5ly spread
ars under
nmon and
tvd in the
nd enters
ishes. In
it is fre-
accasioned
t and the
a, and by
rt dcmon-
i the year

s was dis-
mtury, and
it remedy,
'ers, under
t, in 1755,
istrated its

of the four
he crust of
the bitterns
nmon salt ;
e are cele-
y soluble in

water, but is more so at a temperature of f)0« than
212^ This is owing to the partial expulsion of the
carbonic acid by the heat of the water, which acid ren-
ders it partially soluble in that menstruum. This is the
gas so freely evolved from the mineral fountains of this
place, which holds in solution the magnesia and other

carbonates.

As a cathartic, carbonate of magnesia i.s very gene-
rally used in cases of weak digestion, and in cases of
an acid stomach it produces most salutary effects. The
morbid acids of the stomach and bowels decompose the
carbonate of magnesia, and, forming other salts of mag-
nesia in the bow,el8, leave the carbonic acid in a free
state in the first passages ; this is most acceptable to
these organs even when in a sensitive and irritable con-
dition.

These soothing properties render it very applicable to
debilitated adults, and in many diseases incidental to

childhood.

"■ As a lithontriptio, it has been prescribed to prevent
the formation of oalcult when the uric acid predomi-
nates.

It is an antidote to poison by arsenic, and nitric and
sulphuric acids. Its existence in these waters was first
determined by Dr. Vandervoort, of New- York, 1795.

Carbonate of Iron.*— This salt of iron has been long
known, and is widely distributed through the mineral,
vegetable, and the animal kingdoms, probably, in part,

« Detected ag a constituent of the Saratoga Mineral Water in 1795, by
Dr. Vftndcrvoort

■--^^'--'-'nriiBi'Trritrrr- ----"^

HAND-BOOK OK SARATOGA.

giving the varied tints to the petals of flowers, and col-
oring the globules of the blood of man and other warm-
blooded animals. It 's powerfully tonic as a medicine;
it rai.ses the pulse, promotes the secretions, and imparts
tone to the system. It is one of the mineral ingredi-
ents in the mineral waters of Saratoga, and of course
adils greatly to their tonic powers when they are used
as alteratives.

Professor Emmons discovered phosphate of iron in the
water of the Empire Spring. This ferruginous salt is
an important medicine when prepared by the chemist.

Hydriodate of Potassa. — Iodine )yas first discovered
by Courtois, a manufacturer of saltpetre in Paris, in the
mother water of sea-weeds. As a medicine, it has been
very much used since 1812, and at the present time is
variously compounded, and enters largely into the list
of the most important prescriptions of modern tirnes-
This substance was discovered in the water of the Con-
gress Spring by Dr. William Usher, and his discovery
was published in the America*n Journal, No. 1, vol. 15.

Dr. John H. Steel detected iodine in all the Saratoga
waters in the year 1828, and in 1829 published the fact
in the succeedng volume of the same journal. It excites
strongly the glandular system, and possesses great alter-
ative power. It exists largely in the Saratoga waters,
as they contain even more grains per gallon than the
celebrated baths of I<ugol.

Bromine was discovered by Bolard, of Montpelier, in
France, while experimenting on the water of ponds, and

from its unf

been used as

found to exis

springs, in b

was first disc

ven, in wate

county, New

toga, by A. i

animal systei

in some oase

tive remedy,

The foreg

waters of Se

active of oui

one of the n

prescriptions

in the city o

these substf

but must be

bined with

formed mus

whereas the

have a unifc

actly calculi

Hence, d

were adfnin

allowed to b

compounds,

creased.

in their use

taken. Pei

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

, and col-
lier warm- I
medicine;
id imparts
l1 ingredi-
of course
y are used

iron in the
ous salt is
chemist.

discovered
iris, in the
t has been
nt time is
to the li.<«t
em times-
f the Con-
I discovery
1, vol. 15.
B Saratoga
ed the fact
It excites
Treat alter-
iga waters,
1 than the

itpelier, in
ponds, and

from its unpleasant odor he called it bromine. It hiis
been used as a medicine since 1829. Like iodine, it is
found to exist quite uniformly in sea water and in salt
springs, in both Europe and America. In America it
was first discovered by Professor Silliman, of New-Ha-
ven, in water of the salt springs of Salina, Onondaga
county. New- York, and in the mineral waters of Sara-
toga, by A. A. Hays, of Connecticut. Its action on the
animal system is nearly the same as iodine, and may be
in some oases substituted for it ; but, as it is a more ac-
tive remedy, it is not so generally used.

The foregoing list of minerals, which exist in the
waters of Saratoga, are among the most important and
active of our medical agents ; and perhaps there is not
one of the number which does not enter into the daily
prescriptions of every physician in full practice, whether
in the city or country. And in the practice of medicine,
these substances are rarely, if ever, prescribed alone,
but must be either artificially mixed or variously com-
bined with other substances. The combinations so
formed must vary at times from the nature of the case,
whereas these waters, as in all natural combinations,
have a uniformity so constant that results may be ex-
actly calculated and depended upon.

Hence, doubtless, if the mineral waters of Saratoga
were adtninistered with the same care which is generally
allowed to be necessary in tho administration of artificial
compounds, the benefit of them would be greatly in-
creased. One of the errors which is daily committed
in their use, is the excessive quantity in which they are
taken. Permanent injury is often done in cases where,

HAND-BOOK OF SAKATOOA.

if properly used, they would be attended with most
salutary effects.

Carbonic Acid has more volume than any other min-
eral found in the springs of Saratoga, and it is more
generally diffused than any other mineral substance
known to science. No height of the atmosphere has
failed to give evidence of its presence, when it has been
subjected to appropriate tests ; no depths of the earth
which have been unfolded to man, have failed to pre-
sent this peculiar mineral, either in a free or combined
state, and the rocks found most universally on the sur-
face of the earth are carbonate of lime.

Vegetables cannot grow without it, and the animal
kingdom is equally dependent on its presence. :'-

It has been called " gas of wine," because found in
this fluid. It was at one time named " choke damp,"
because it produces spasms of the glottis when attempts
are made to inhale it. One chemist, having disenga-
ged it from a piece of chalk, calls it " cretaceous air ; "
another detects it in every portion of the atmosphere,
and he names it " aerial acid." Anu, finally, the ana-
lytical chemist separates it into its constituent parts,
and demonstrates its chemical composition to consist by
volume of one part carbon and one part oxygen gas.
This philosopher, therefore, designates it carbonic acid,
and by this name the chemist knows it at the present

day.

This gas is pleasant to the taste, slightly pungent,
imparting an agreeable flavor. It has a healthful in-
fluence when received into the stomach by taking the
place of other acids, and changing the chemical com-

pounds whi(

acts chemi(

which resul

it allays th(

tion of the <

This gas

tions of the

mosphere ir

air, it becor

insensibilitj

The min(

titles of thi

it above thf

may at anj

sparkling, 1

and the sod

Its effect

ticeable an

eva, Switz

with the m

Combine

febrile pat

trie irritati

It has bee

with good 1

Its speci

mineral, fa

other low s

occupied b

as is well

taper, whi(

^«^.

HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA.

pounds which are the result of impaired digestion. It
acts chemically when it corrects the acids and gases
which result from indigestion, and as a sedative when
it allays the nausea and vomiting which attend irrita-
tion of the organ.

This gas is irrespirable, producing spasmodic contrac-
tions of the glottis : even when it is inhaled with the at-
mosphere in the proportion of one part of gas to nine of
air, it becomes a narcotic poison by producing stupor,
insensibility, and death.

The mineral springs of Saratoga produce large quan-
tities of this gas, and the tubes are always filled with
it above the water, and experiments upon animal life
may at any tinne be made here. This gas imparts the
sparkling, lively appearance to champagne, beer, cider,
and the soda water of the shops.

Its effects on irritable mucous surfaces have been no-
ticeable and very beneficial. Professor Moyon of Gen-
eva, Switzerland, used it in a case of dysmenorrhea,
with the most soothing effects.

Combined with water, it forms a grateful drink to
febrile patients, allaying thirst, lessening nausea, gas-
tric irritation, and increasing the secretions of urine.
It has been prescribed for gravel and urinary calculi
with good results.

Its specific gravity is 1.521. This quality of th*-
mineral, favors its accumulation in caverns, wells, and
other low situations, near which it is generated, if un-
occupied by water. Its presence in such places msv,
as is well known, be detected by lowering a liorhted
taper, which in this gas will expire immediately.

*";ii

■Si

^"i

7*^ HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

Water under the pressure of the atmosphere holds
one volume of this gas in solution, and if the pressure
is increased, the quantity of the mineral is correspond-
ingly accumulated; and on again diminishing the
pressure to that only of the atmosphere, the gas escapes
with active effervescence.

The mineral water at this place holds more than one
volume of carbonic acid in solution. It therefore must
have been subject to a pressure greater than that of the
atmosphere, and on rising to the surface of the ground,
this extra pressure is removed and the gas escapes, giv-
ing a simmering or a boiling motion to the surface of the
water in the spring.

In the year 1823, Faraday subjected carbonic acid
to the pressure of thirty-six atmospheres, and a fluid
was produced. This liquid gas is also colorless and ex-
ceedingly mobile, having a specific gravity of 0.83 at
the temperature of 32° Fahr. And in 1836, Thilosier
solidified it by taking advantage of the cold which was
generated by the sudden gasefaotion of the liquid acid.
When a solid it is a white, filaraentous body, something
like asbestos. This gas is soluble in ether ; and by the
evaporation of this ■ ' Hion, the most intense cold, viz.,
— 160<' Fah., has been obtained. Carbonic acid gas is
very sensibly affected by heat, so that the temperature
which would increase the volume of air once, will in-
crease that of carbonic acid fourfold. ....

When this mineral is dissolved in water it very mi> . i
increases the solvent powers of that menstruum, en-
abling it to take up and hold in solution, lime, mag-
nesia, and iron, in greatly increased quantities ; hence

the varM|y i
Saratoga. J
evaporated, i
be re-dissolv

The presei
toga increas(
nomenon of
trate this fai

Besides tl
this gas is
growth and
sition of calc
ter ; it is ab
also evolved
springs lyinj

That an i
springs is ol
as soon as t
mosphere al
question wb
long be tin
and at whai
come thus f

Several t
the origin o
canic, chem

It has bei
occur in dij
which form
This suppoi

' -^itVaw--'" ''""""''" "'^'^•'

HAND-nOOK OF SARATOGA.

the varu ^y >f constituents in the mineral fountains of
Saratoga. And, if one ounce of the mineral water be
evaporated, salts will be precipitated which would not
be re-dissolved by gallons of common rain water.*

The presence of this ga 3 in the mineral water of Sara-
toga increases its solvency about one third. The phe-
nomenon of the High Book Spring will be seen to illus-
trate this fact.

Besides the sources already mentioned from which
this gas is derived, as the atmosphere, combustion,
growth and slow decomposition of vegetables, decompo-
sition of calcareous rock, fermentatiolTof saccharine mat-
ter ; it is also a result of volcanic action. This fma is
also evolved in great quantities from all the mineral
springs lying along this mineral range.

That an immense amount of gas is contained in these
springs is obvious. That it is freely imparted by them
as soon as they are subjected to the pressure of the at-
mosphere alone, is equally well known. But the great
question which has thus far been, and perhaps may
long be unanswered, still remains : By what process,
and at what depths of the earth's crust, have they be-
come thus freely charged ?

Several theories have been advanced to account for
the origin of carbonic acid in mineral fountains, as vol-
canic, chemical, &c., &c. ,

It has been supposed by some, that the gases which

occur in different fountains, are derived from the rocks

which form tke channels of subterranean water courses.

This supposition of the source of the gases is farther

* See page 4.

HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA.

'? ,.,

c#'!

fe •^'<

strengthened by the fact, that gases diffenngiip kmd,
have been obtained at different depths in the same bor-
ing, ar- in the Ferry-street ^vell in the f X «[.^^^^7'
New-York. In this instance, at the depth of thirty feet,
sulphuretted hydrogen gas >vas found at four hundred
feet carburetted hydrogen ^vas obtained, and ,at four hun-
dred and eighty feet carbonic acid, free, and also com-
bined with soda, magnesia, and iron came sparkling up,
nearly to the top of the >vell. The boring was continued
to the depth of six hundred feet from the surface; but
the same kind of mineral waters continued to How
charged with gases. Those could be separated by
tubes introduced into each other, so as efleetually to
separate the three several kinds of water occurring m the

same shaft. i„„„;„

If these gases had been the product of voleamc
action, would they nr>t have appeared together at the
different heights in the same boring, and could they
have been separated, as was done in the Ferry-street well .
Others have accounted for the gas in the fountain
by the reciprocal action of sulphuret of iron, and car-
bonate of lime, contained in the strata of arg.Uite in
which they exist ; but admitting this origin for the gas
it is not easy to account for the absence of sulphate of
lime, of which not a trace has been discovered m the
waters of Saratoga. » . .v.

An opinion is entertained by, some chemists, that
in strata holding alkaline and ferruginous carbonates in
combination, free carbonic acid and alkaline carbonates
may be found in solution. The theory of slow rnolecular
acti .n seems to be extended with fewer difficulties, and

accounts' eqi
carbonic acic

And there
portant agen
region to the
served, that
gas does not
even after th
Then it begi
way, graduf
the fountain
And if, by
water withii
to rise for a
ever, after t
adapt itself

It has bee
mineral spri
be said in r(
than is gene
ties of the *

Water, ne
and most g(

Its solver
As it expa
rises into th
gen, nitrog
These it dis
rain, hail, c
returns thei
particularlj

•\ ,

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

ffi kind,
amo bor-

Albany,
irty feet,

hundred
four hun-
also com-
kling up,
continued
face; but

to flow,
rated, by
itually to
ing in the

; volcanic
ler at the
ould they
treet well ?
fountain
(, and car-
irgillite in
or the gas,
sulphate of
jred in the

riists, that
rbonates in
carbonates
V molecular
julties, and

accounts* equally well for the abundant production of
carbonic acid in this locality.

And there can be but little doubt, but it is an im-
portant agent also in elevating the mineral water of this
region to the surface of the earth. For it has been ob-
served, that in all cases of tubing these fountains, the
gas does not rise in the springs until some hours or days
even after the water has reached its maxim-um height.
Then it begins first to simmer in a very slight and feeble
way, gradually increasing, till at length the surface of
the fountain is agitated like water in a boiling caldron.
And if, by any cause, the pressure of the column of
water within the tube is increased, the gas will cease
to rise for a time, but will appear again as active as
ever, after the gas has had time to accommodate, and
adapt itself to the additional pressure.

It has been objected, that if this process is going on,
mineral springs should occur more frequently. It may
be said in reply, that they are very much more common
than is generally supposed, inasmuch as forty-four coun-
ties of the State of New- York furnish mineral springs.

Water, next to atmospheric air, is the most abundant
and most generally diffused fluid in nature.

Its solvent power is such, that it is rarely found pure.
As it expands into vapor by the influence of heat, it
rises into the air, where it comes in contact with oxy-
gen, nitrogen, carbonic acid and ammoniacal salts.
These it dissolves, and when the vapor condenses into
rain, hail, or snow, it still holds them in solution and
returns them to the ground. These substances are thus
particularly well prepared for food for plants ; and hence

HAND-BOOK OP SAUATOOA.

lI.'< rUii

the invigoration and rapid growth of vegetation which
invariably follows gentle falls of rain and snow in the
late spring. And so obvious is this cirect even of a late
snow upon the growth of vegetation, that farmers have
;allecl I the " poor man's manure." It is tolerably
well understood that the artificial irrigation of plants
does not produce results, nearly so desirable, and hence
we are led to the supposition, at least, that water hoUls
its combinations in a manner quite different whether
fallincr in showers, running in springs, or standing quiet-
ly in vessels ; though it may be true, as has sometimes
been supposed, that these combin.Mons are in each in-
stance the same, in kind and propor> ,on.* .

When the water percolates the soil, or runs deep
amoncr the rocks which compose the crust of the
earth, it comes in contact with a great variety o min-
erals, acids, alkalies, and fossils, dissolving a portion of
each These substances are thus conveyed in solution
to the ocean, where the water is evaporated, and the
salts are precipitated. .

In this way a constant increase of earths, minerals,
and salts is taking place in the great reservoirs of the

^^'rhus, perhaps, have been excavated the large caves
common in limestone formations. The water having
always more or less carbonic acid in solution becomes
an active solvent of lime, and when brought in contact
with it, takes it up from the surface of the rock, thence

. The changes wliict take place in the eharacter of the solutions of
^ater under different circumstances, might become a subject of cunou,
inquiry.

it flows off;
the lime is
mites, &c., t

When w£
meets some
it until it I
This outlet i

When sp
ing a larger
ons gases in
mineral spri

By acidul
fountains wl
have a pecn
contain alw
constituents

To this '
known foui
water is noi
York has I
ready desor

EVACUAN'

standing de
of no other
can be cor
ciously use(

JjS^-

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

m which
V in the
of a Ifi-to
lers have
tolerably
of plants
nd hence
ter holds

whether
ing quiet-
loinetimes

each in-

uns deep
ist of the
;y of min-
portion of
in solution
1, and the

, minerals,
oirs of the

large caves
ter having
n becomes
I in contact
ock, thenco

« solutions of
ject of curious

it flows off; but if the temperature should be raised
the lime is precipitated ; hence the stalactites, stalag-
mites, &c., so abundant in these localities.

When water, percolating the surface of the earth,
meets some impervious stratum, it is accumulated upon
it until it rises to such a level as to find an outlet.
This outlet is called a spring.

When springs differ from ordinary water in contain-
ing a larger proportion of saline ingredients, with vari-
ous gases in greater or less quantities, they are called
mineral springs.

By acidulous or carbonated springs, we mean those
fountains which are charged with carbonic acid. They
have a peculiar, sparkling and exhilarating effect, and
contain always some alkaline carbonate as one of the
constituents.

To this class of mineral springs belong the well-
known fountains of Saratoga. This kind of mineral
water is not very common, and in the State of New-
York has been only found in the mineral range al-
ready described* in this work.

CHAPTER V.

EvACUANT. — As a general evacuant in oases of long
standing debility and depraved general health, I know
of no other remedy, either simple or compound, which
can be compared with these mineral waters, if judi-
ciously used and persevered in.
* See pago 31.

HAND-BOOK OF SAHATOOA.

'i (

As a cathartic they are pleasant tf> the taste, grateful
to the stc.inach, eflicient us an evacuaiit, \\hilo they
leave the ulimcntary caiml stronger, and its fnnction«
more vigorous. Patients whoso digestive organs have
been impaired by disease, enfeebled by excess, or ex-
hausted by the toil of accumulated years, find in them
an agent which will relieve the organs, without first in-
creasing the existing debility. When taken in the
morning upon an empty stomach, in a potation from
half a pint to three pints, a full and copious dejection
soon takes place; unloading the whole length of the
digestive tube of the remnants of the previous day's in-
gesta. which is of no farther use tuthe system, but on the
conti iry, may be the source of much harm. This free
evacuation is copious without pain, and leaves the di-
gestive tube at perfect freedom to exert its digestive and
assimilating powers on the next portion of food present-
ed to it.

And although the dejections are free, and in many
instances most copious, yet no languor or debility is ex-
perienced by the patient, but on the contrary, his appe-
tito is increased for the next meal. Even the digestive
functions are greatly improved, the power of assimila-
tion and nutrition is increased, additional strength is
imparted to the body, and as a consequence, new and
increased vigor to the mind.

Diuretic— As a diuretic they are no less happy in
their results, in cases proper for their use, than as a ca-
thartic. For their action on the kidneys, and the gen-
eral renal seqfetions, is prompt, certain, uniform and
' efficient. But they must be differently administered

when diurt
taken at a 1
intervals, a

DlAPllORl

ccssful as
diseases fii
them, in
relief, and
very large
bad functi
otherwise,
their medii
ciently re;
bowels ha
inquired a
thought o
this negle
cleanliness
In this
mc to bo
that phys
that a ver
to health
are undot
taken as e
interfere '
of the dig
to a great
portant oi
prepare i
the bowel

rm-

prate ful
lilo tliey
'n not ions
aiis have
its, or ex-
1 in them
t first in-
1 in the
;ion from
dejection
thof the
day's in-
uton the
This free
'es the di-
Bstive and
d present-

1 in many
lity is ex-
, his appe-
I digestive

assimila-
trength is

now and

3 happy in
in as a oa-
d the gen-
liform and
Irainistered

■■#.-

HAND-DOOK OF SARATOOA.

when diuretic clTocts are to bo obtained ; the quantity
taken at a time should bo l.!.ss, and repeated at shorter
interval.^, and if possil)ie dranic fresh from the fountain.

Diaphoretic— As a diaphoretic they are equally sue-
cossful as an cvacuant. And very many cutaneous
diseases find ready relief from an alterative con rso of
them, in the case of ihose who have resorted re for
relief, and have comci under my personal ob.s- ation, a
very large proportion of them have had an c a- mgly
bad functional state of the skin; and oft. 'lan

otherwise, if there had been any error c ramiited by
their medical adviser at home, it had been in not sufii-
ciently regarding this great depurating organ. The
bowels had been purged, the functions of the kidneys
inquired after ; but those of the skin had never been
thought of either by the patient or his physician, and
this neglect sometimes even to the lack of ordinary

cleanliness.

In this connection I wish to correct what seems to
mo to bo an error in the minds of many people, viz. :
that physio will euro constipation of the bowels, and
that a very free state of the first passages is necessary
to health and comfort. Now, both of these positions
are undoubtedly wrong. Physio is an evil, and is to bo
taken as a choice of evils when taken at all. It must
interfere with digestion, and all the legitimate functions
of the digestive and assimilative organ.<, by exhaustmg
to a c-reater or less degree the vital powers of these im-
porta^nt organs ; and they are therefore less qualified to
prepare nutriment for the individual. A free state of
the bowels is an unnatural state of the organs, and the

IIAND-UOOK OP SARATOGA.

food passes from tho digestivo tube before tho absorbents
have had time to take up tho nutriment. And a major-
ity of mineral water drinkers physio themselves too
much. A healthy action of tho bowels is all that is
rotpiired ; and all extremes are to be avoided. Consti-
pation is only to bo cured by checking those functions
which arc in excess, and properly correcting the score-
tions and stimulating tho muscles of tho bowels. A re-
laxed state of the bowels is to be remedied by increas-
ing the secretions of the kidneys and the skin, and
regulating tho diet. ♦ .. ■ ;

BtLious Diseases.- -In those cases where the liver is
making bile unhealthy in quality or quantity, and with-
out organic lesion being present in the viscus, these
waters, used as a cathartic in tho morning, with such
assistance over night as the case may require, produce
tho most happy results. But if a higher grade of arte-
ria^ -ctic^ is present, or if organic lesion has taken
piac 1. ant. a dropsical state of the lower extremities has
sui.rirvened, then they arc injurious without an excep-
nn. But it must be remembered, that extensive
swellings may take place from a great variety of causes
besides organic disease, which may be relieved with
great facility by a proper and timely use of these mine-
ral waters.

In a passive state of the bowels, when an evacuation
is not obtained save at the expense of much time, or
large doses of active medicines, with clay-colored stools,
and a dry and rough state of the skin, the cathartic
mineral waters, if taken in the morning an hour or two
before breakfast, in proper quantities for physio, and in

iIk^o.

jsorbcnta
a mnjor-
ilvoH too
il that is
Consti-
iinotiong
lie seore-
s. A ro-
■ increas-
ilcin, and

e liver is
iml with-
!us, these
vrith such
, produce
e of arto-
Las taken
tiities has
in excep-
extensive
of causes
vod with
3se mine-

vaouation
b time, or
red stools,
cathartic
lur or two
ic, and in

#'..:! I

4«!^.

. -f.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

^^^,

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

,v, . ,

CIHM/ICMH

Microfiche

Series.

CIHM/ICMH
Collection de
microfiches.

Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques

smaller port

neys, skin, i

system mosi

above descr

proper and

mineral \va

shower-bath

After the hi

the patient

tion on the

flesh-brush,

ed. This r

the patient

effectually ■

of the inte

some of th

state of the

fluids of e\

oeive, woul

agency of

And notwil

had been

would cont

come, a3 \

the more a

morbid ao

kidneys oi

j suft'orings,

state of th

cine taker

thartio wa

HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA.

smaller portions through the day, to operate on the kid-
neys, skin, and liver, will in a few days regulate the
system most perfectly. But in bilious dilliculties of the
above description, much relief may be obtained by
proper and timely bathing. These baths should be of
mineral water generally, and used in the form of a
shower-bath, about ten or eleven o'clock in the morning.
After the bath has been indulged in, it is important that
the patient should be carefully wiped dry, and the fric-
tion on the surface continued with a coarse towel, or a
flesh-brush, until the skin is warm and generally flush-
ed. This rubbing should in most instances be done by
the patient himself, for the circulation is thereby more
effectually thrown upon the surface, and the congestion
of the internal organs more effectually relieved. In
some of the above cases I have known such an active
state of the kidneys or skin to exist, that almost all the
fluids of every description which the system could re-
ceive, would be passed directly from the body by the
agency of the renal organs, or the pores of the skin.
And notwithstanding large quantities of mineral water
had been taken by the patient, yet the constipation
would continue to be more and more diflioult to over-
come, a? well as the torpidity of the bowels so much
the more aggravated ; the long and unpleasant train of
morbid action incident to an excessive secretion of the
kidneys or of the skin, also superadded to former
suft'orings, by the very course resorted to for relief. This
state of the system is easily overcome by proper medi-
cine taken over night, followed in the morning b'' ?a-
thartic water, together with bathing and frictior ' .he

4»

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

skin. In other oases again, there maj' bo a little
general excitement, which will be so much enhanced by
the carbonic acid, that it becomes necessary to expel it
before the water is taken. This is usually accomplish-
ed by setting the water in the lodging-room over night,
or by immersing it in warm ^ater in the morning just
before using it ; this will expel the gas and insure the
cathartic effect.

Alterative Use of the Water.— When the cathartic
effects are obtained from the use of the water, many peo-
pie seem to think the work is completed.and they of course
expect to be well, when in truth they have taken but
one step on the way toward a permanent cure. They
have, by an antiseptic physic, evacuated the first passa-
ges of ill-prepared feculent matter. But the water has
passed through the bowels, and scarcely any of it has
entered into the system proper, or passed the secreting
organs, and become a part of the circulating fluids of
the body, or combined with their nutriment. This is
only to be done by small potations taken repeatedly
through the day ; and in most instances these draughts
should be taken from the more tonic springs, as the
Columbian, Hamilton, and the High Rock fountains.

The quantity of water taken in this way should be
small at first, say a gill or half a pint, to delicate females
and others in proportion, and should be repeated every
three or four hours throughout tho day, and gradually
increased in quantity until the maximum amount the
system can dispose of properly, has been taken by the
patient. In this way an alterative course is obtained,
'ch may change the whole secretions of the body, a

very impoi
chronic dis
The smc
fountains,
to obtain i

Gravel.

bladder, rin

where the

these min

quantities,

diuretic e!

quently sr

This resu

the warm

increase t

cases whe

bladder {

seemed to

which ha

subject tc

Chroni
been rep(
taken as
through 1
a shower

Phage:
charactei
beneficia

HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA.

e a little
ihanced by
to expel it
ccomplish-
jver nightj
irning just
insure the

e cathartic
many peo-
ey of course

taken but
uve. They
first passa-
3 water has
ly of it has
le secreting
ng fluids of
it. This is

repeatedly
se draughts
ings, as the
buntains.
y should be
Date females
eated every
d gradually
amount the
iken by the
is obtained,

the body, a

very important point to be obtained in most cases of

chronic disease.

The small alterative potations should be drank at the
fountains, where the water is as perfect as it is possible
to obtain it. '^<^

Gravel.— In gravelly states of the kidneys and the
bladder, many well-attested cases might be produced,
where the patients have been cured by the waters from
these mineral springs. They should bo drank in such
quantities, and with such repetition as to insure a copious
diuretic eflect, when large quantities of sand, and fre-
quently small calculi will be discharged with the urine.
This result is frequently much assisted by the use of
the warm bath, which, in a large part of the cases, will
increase the secretions of the kidneys. And even in
cases where there was evidently organic lesion of the
bladder present, the free use of the mineral water
seemed to furnish more relief than any other remedy
which had been used, although the patient had been
subject to the directions of the first medical men.

Chronic Rhf j«iatism.— '^his formidable disease has
been repeatedly cured by a liberal use of the water
taken as a cathartic in the morning, as an alterative
through the day, and externally applied in the form of
a shower bath, cold from one of the mineral fountains.

Phagedenic— In ill-conditioned ulcers of the above
character, these mineral waters have been found very
beneficial, and are to be internally and externally ap-

<§,,

-iSK'r

lUND-DOOK OF SAR\TOOA.

plied. The external application, both g-^neral and local,
should he prescribed, when, in a short time, the ulcers
will change their aspect and begin to heal,

CuT^ous DisEASKS.— Diseases of the skin are very
numerous, and some of them are difficult to treat in or-
dinary practice. But all those which depend on an acid
state of the secretions, and which have been controlled
by an alkaline treatment, are happily treated by the
mineral water. These cases require the fluids of the
body to be saturated with the mineral water, and also
the daily applicatio i of the bath. Papulous diseases in-
volving the whole surface of the body, are perfectly
cured during one season by the use of these mmoral
waters.

Scrofula.— This state of the system finds great re-
lief from the use of the mineral waters of Saratoga.
Those laboring under it should drink the water in the
morning as an aperient, take it as an alterative through
the day, and bathe regularly once during every twenty-
four hours, unless some particular reason for the con-
trary should exist. In tk^se cases, the external ap-
plication is highly important. Iodine and bromme
occur in sufficient quantities in these waters, sensibly
to affect such cases, when applied generally to the sur-
face, and in amount even equal to the quantity used in
baths with so much success in the south of Europe.

The temperature and frequency of the baths in these
diseases, must depend upon the general health of the
patient, the state of the weather, and the season of the
year when they are used.

Cm-oRos

difficulties

drinking i

have kno\

to practise

cording to

proper in (

stance, ea

water ; an

by female

until the

ed to wa

the twenl

tremely i

such pati

to the difl

ing air a

with larg

to the ho

lating fo(

experime

By th<

ing oppo

air, and (

I mean 1

visit the

the sam(

length ;

ral wat(

same es

that ev(

HAND-BOOK OP SAHATOOA.

ind local,
he ulcers

are very
•eat in or-
)n an acid
controlled
ed by the
ids of the
, and also
[iseases in-
I perfectly
le mineral

i great re-
Saratoga,
iter in the
ve through
ry twonty-
r the con-
sternal ap-
d bromine
rs, sensibly
to the sur-
tity used in
Europe,
ths in these
jalth of the
ason of the

Cm-oRosis.— This disease and many other kindred
difficulties, are readily removed by a judicious course of
drinking and bathing in these mineral wrJers. But I
have known some patients much injured by attempting
to practise a course of diet, medicine and .^xercise, ac-
cording to some popular direction, which may be very
properdin other cases, but not necessary in all— as for in-
stance, early rising, long walks, deep draughts of cold
water ; and all this is to be accomplished before breakfast
by females, who for years have not risen in the morning
until the breakfast hour ; never have been accustom-
ed to walk any considerable distance at any time in
the twenty-four hours ; and whose stomachs are ex-
tremely irritable, and their general health feeble. For
such patients to leave a warm bed, subject themselves
to the diflference of temperature between it and the morn-
ing air about the fountain, and drench their stomachs
wHh large portions of cold mineral water, then return
to the hotel, and add to all the rest a full meal of stimu-
lating food, must be a hurtful, if it be not a dangerous
experiment.

By these remarks, I am not to be understood as be-
ing opposed to early rising, exercising in the morning
air, and drinking the water at the several fountains ; but
I mean to be understood as saying, that all persons who
visit these springs in pursuit of health, cannot rise at
the same hour in the morning ; take a walk of the same
length ; drink the same number of tumblers of cold mme-
ral water ; and eat the same kind of food, and to the
same extent, with precisely the same results. I mean
that every person's extrcise should be measured by his

HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA.

ability ; his food by his power to digest and assimilate ;
that his rising in the morning, and the amount of water
drank, where and at what temporaturo, should depend
on the efloots produced, rather than the papular opinion
of good, wise, or fashionable individuals, who have
" known all about the water," beeause they had been
here before, once or oftener, and have drank it by " rule."

Phthisis. — Mueh as has been said of late, about the
effects of the mineral water of Saratoga in this disease,
I have yet to learn that they have ever been of use in
well-marked cases of this kind. And from those who
have thought and written to the contrary, I must beg
most respectfully to differ. I have never seen a case,
where I thought there was even a shade of palliation
produced by the use of the water, but on the contrary it
has been always injurious, increasing all the alarming
symptoms of this most formidable disease.

I have also known many coughs and pains about the
pectoral regions, most promptly and effectually cured
by drinking the mineral waters, but the cough and the
pains in the chest were dependent upon a diseased ac-
tion in one or more of the digestive and assimilating
organs, and not on that pathological state of the lungs
which is phthisis pulmonalis. My advice to all who are
laboring under this disease is, not to drink of any one
of our mineral springs recently or remotely discovered
and brought into notice.

Diseases peculiar to the Southern and Western States,
and which are caused by miasma, are much relieved by
a few weeks' sojourn at the Springs. The stimulating
and dry atmosphere of Saratoga county is well oalcu-

HAND-DOOK OF SAIIATOOA.

dmilate ;
of water
i depoiid
r opinion
ho havo
lad been
r " rule."

.bout the
s disease,
)f use in
hose who
must beg
1 a case,
palliation
ontrarjr it
alarming

about the
illy cured
1 and the
ceased ac-
similating
the lungs
ill who are
f any one
discovered

jrn States,
elieved by
timulating
rell calcu-

lated to remove diseases which occur in the damp mias-
matic climates which prevail along tho seaboard, and the
lakes and tho rivers of the Western and Houthwestern ^
States. And the morbid condition of tho digestive or-
gans, which is so frequent an attendant on bilious dis-
eases, is often removed by the use of the mineral water
of Sarato.'a. It acts powerfully on the secretions of the
liver, the^skin, and tho kidneys. It improves tho ap-
petite, the digestion, and tho nutrition of this class of

patients.

Another class of patients which are very much bene-
fited here, are those who have, by too close and protract-
ed application to business, over-taxed the brain and
nervous system. This class of patients can spend a
few weeks at Saratoga, and be speedily relieved from
their ar^.ious cares and labors without becoming im-
patient of their want of employment. Tho day passes,
and the week is even gone, and they can scarcely ac-
count for it. Their time has been completely occupied,
and yet they have had no particular business on hand
at any hour. While the cause which produced their ^
indisposition is removed, nature, aided by the whole-
some atmosphere, the medical qualities of the mineral
waters, and the congenial friends who surround them,
restores them unconsciously to health.

DamKiNG THE Waters in the WiNTER.-Although it
has been the custom for half a century past, to use ihese
mineral waters as a medicine during the warm , ons
of the year, yet but few comparatively have bee. in-
duced to remain here during the colder portions of the
year, to use the water as a remedial agent; but long

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

oxpcrionco has most clearly ostablishod the fact, that
they may bo used with nearly as much promise of
success in the winter as at any other season of the
% year. It is true that July and August are the fash-
ionable months at Saratoga, and many who reside in
the largo cities being compelled by the sickly season at
j homo, to remove into the country for safety, make choice

' of these months. It is also an interval from active

business, which is an additional reason for their making
their annual tours for pleasure and health at this time.
But a large proportion of invalids are not restricted
by any such relations as the above, and might come in
the cold weather as well as the warm if they were
aware of the practicability of using the water during
the Winter, Spring, and Atitumn.

We have never been able to detect any difference in

the temperature, specific gravity, or mineral composition

of the waters, during the winter months. They have

their origin so deep in the earth, and so remote from the

circulating currents of fresh water on the surface, that

the fall and spring rains do not affoct; them in the least.

The waters, therefore, are as medicinal during the three

quarters of the year when they have not been used, as

they are during the one quarter in which they have been

applied. And those who have used them during the

! winter with marked success, practically confirm the

' above conclusions- And were I called upon for some of

; the most striking instances of relief obtained by drink-

? ing the waters, I should refer to cases treated in the

I winter season, as among the most prominent. And no

I . distinction need be made, save with those who cannot

I endure the exposure of their journey. It would bo quite

as plausible
ply other re
liof was no
the sum me
ble, are the
as in the si

CONSTIPA

of causes,
sedentary '.
testinal tul
flammatior
nerves, a r(
and a morl
more comr
cause, per]
viz., too
Constipatic
daily durii
which aro
mineral wj

Cathar'
among the
thartio me
may be ta
breakfast
after the r
the langu(
of ordinar
the water.

HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA.

nt, that
iiiso of
of the
10 fash-
jsiJo in
3ason at

choice

1 active
making
lis time.
Bstricted
come in
ey were
: during

srcnce in
n position
ley have
from the
ace, that
the least,
the three
used, as
lave been
ring the
firm the
r some of
by drink-
id in the
And no
lo cannot
1 bo quite

ply

9 plausible for an invalid to say that ho could not ap-
,ily other remodial agents in tho winter, becanse t'lo re-
lief was not as prompt and efhciont as when used in
the summer. The cases in which the water is applica-
blc, are the same, or v*y nearly the same, in the winter
as in the summer.

Constipation.— This difficulty arises from a variety
of causes, as debility, vitiated or deficient secretions,
sedentary habits, a want of muscular power in tho in-
testinal tube, morbid condition of the brain, chronic in-
flammation of the bowels, irritation of the abdominal
nerves, a redundant secretion of the kidneys or the skin,
and a morbid state of the liver, which are some of the
more common causes of constipated bowels. One other
cause, perhaps, I ought to mention in this connection,
viz., too close and protracted application to business.
Constipations from the above causes, are to be met with
daily during tho summer seasons at Saratoga. All of
which are happily met by a few weeks' use of Saratoga
mineral waters, absence of cares, and change of air, &c,

Catiiartic.— Tho mineral waters of this place are
among the most pleasant, efficient and appropriate ca-
thartic medicines now in use. Three pints of the water
may be taken fasting, and the patient's relish for his
breakfast will be increased. The effect of the water
after the meal will be prompt, full and complete. And
the languor which so uniformily attends the operation
of ordinary cathartics, docs not follow the operation of
the water. The carbonic acid, by its sedative effects,

HAND-BOOK OP 8ARATU0A.

provonts" thoso gripinj^ piiins which so uniformly aocom-
jKiny the operations of ordinary incdicinoa of this ohiss.
Thoso projxirtios of the wiitor rondor it ii most vultsublo
remedy in debilitated stomac-hs und bowels.

As A DiuRKTio, their action is equally prompt This
effect is produced by taking the water in less quantities.
From half a pint to a pint, taken every four or six hours,
is a i)roper dose for this purpose.

As A DiAPiioRF.Tic it is very active under given eiroum-
stancos. Half pint doses, followed by either a warm bath
or brisk exercise, will produce diaphoresis. Thus employ-
ed, in a groat variety of diseases of the skin, it has been
attended with the happiest etleots. The acid state of
the system, which is uniformily present in scaly and
papulous conditions of this great organ, is met by the
water better than by any other prescription which I have
been able to make. It removes from the system all the
acids on which the disease depends, and allays the burn-
ing, itching and irritation which result from the morbid
activity of the skin and mucous membrane.

CHAPTER VI.

Bathing means the immersion of the body, or a part
of it, for a medicinal purpose in a medium different
from that which commonly surrounds it. The medicine
in general use is water alone, or water holding medici-
nal substances in solution. One of the most important

things in a

orally betw

not bo uso(

nor can a I

with a prol

For the

aturo, Dr.

bath, rangi

60° to 75°

bath, from

and a hut

When \

applied to

followed 1:

is contini

the tempe

sensation

derings ot

son becoii

No glow I

shrunken.

will frcqi

comes sm

oppressioi

tions are

the acoes

will havi

less time

ties reco

passes

creased (

)ly aocom-
it vttltsablt)

Tipt This
quantities,
r six hours,

en ciroum-
warrn bath
lus employ-
it has been
(id state of

scaly and
net by the
hich I have
item all the
fs the burn-

tho morbid

y, or a part
im different
he medicine
ing mcdici-
it important

HAND-nOOK OF 8ARAT00A.

thinsTs in a bath is its tninpr>ratnro. This rangfis ^on-
orally botwceu 33 ' and 123 ' l<\ihr.nihoit. A bath cm
lint bo used imioh low.-,r than 33 ', lor an obvious roi.soii,
nor can a hit,'hcr temperature than 133^ bo employed
with a probability of a medicinal effect

For the purpose of practically arranging the temper-
aturo, Dr. ^^orbes has graduated it as follow.s : A cold
bath, rangiivT fr.nn 33^ to OO'^ Fahr. ; a coof bath, from
60° to 75° ; a temperate bath, from 75° to 85° ; a tepid
bath, from 85» to 90^ ; a warm bath, from 92* to 98*^ :
and a hot bath, from 98*^ to 112^.

When water of a low temperature w for a moment
applied to the body, a shock ensues. But this is soon
followed by a pleasant reaction. But if the immersion
is continued for any con.sidcrablo length of time, and
the temperature of the surface again diminished, then a
sensation of actual cold, permanent tremors and shud-
derings ensue ; the extremities are benumbed, the per-
son becomes languid, exhausted, and, finally, powerless.
No glow succeeds this second chill. The face becomes
shrunken, the extremities diminish in size, so that rings
will frc(iuently fall from the fingers. The pulse be-
comes small, and less frequent than natural, a feeling of
oppression extends across the chest, and the renal secre-
tions are increased. If a person leaves the bath before
the accession of the second chill, or quite soon after, he
will have a glow in ten or fifteen minutes, or oven xn
less time, the blood returns to the surface, the extremi-
ties recover their size, the stricture across the chest
passes off, and a feeling of buoyancy ensues, with in-
creased animal strength.

HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA.

The prominent features to be noticed in the effects
above mentioned are the shock and the re-action. The
chill may be so considerable, owing to a previously re-
laxed state of the system, as that the shock may result
in death. The fluids of the body recede from the sur-
face in consequence of the torpor of the nervous system,
and hence the shrinking of the capillaries, which force
the blood back to the interior of the body, into the sub-
stance of the large viscera, as the lungs, liver, &c. In
the re-actory process, the overloaded viscera are power-
fully aroused by their crowded state, and the muscles of
the parts are sympathetically excited, as well as the
nervous systenlf increased heat follows ; and the fluids
are returned to the surface, and the deranged functions
are restored to order.

From the above statement, it will be seen that the
effects of the cold bath are varied by many circum-
stances ; particularly greater or less vigor, or high or
low temperature of the system ; hence the patient
might be strengthened or weakened, benefited or injured,
by it. And hence, too, the different opinions of physi-
cians on the subject. One will call it a sedative, hij
friend will call it a stimulant, while another calls it a
tonic. We know the cold is sedative, and if its continu-
ance is sufficiently protracted, it will surely end in
death. But when the cold bath is used in a proper
time and manner, it acts as a tonic of the first class.

"When the shociv is the only object of the bath, the
water should be used at a low temperature, applied
with force and suddenness, and for a short space of
time. The patient should be plunged into a bath, and

immediatch
cases where
The same a
acal patieni

Refrigei
should be b
but in cent
duced. In
mation of
is contra-ir
will be atl
idiopathic
fever, the
sponge, an
of the bod

Re-acti

tion to t

greater re

height pr

however i

a great h

of the san

certain li

at which

re-action

ation. I

of the SI

always f(

or cold 63

.,*•-■

HAND BOOK OP SARATOGA.

le effects
on. Tho
iously re-
lay result
1 the sur-
is system,
lich force
) the sub-
, &c. In
ire power-
nuscles of
3II as the
the fluids
functions

that the
y cireum-
)r high or
le patient
3r injured,
1 of physi-
iative, hij
• calls it a
ts continu-
ly end in
1 a proper
it class.

bath, the

re, applied

b space of

bath, and

immediately withdrawn. Swooning and hysteria are
cases where the shook is the only effect to bo produced.
The same application might be made in cases of mani-
acal patients.

Refrigeration.— To obtain this result the water
should be but a little below the temperature of the body,
but in continual contact with it until the effect is pro-
duced. In symptomatic fever, resulting from inflam-
mation of one of the viscera, this form of application
is contra-indicated, and unless used with great caution
will be attended with extreme danger ; but in cases of
idiopathic fever, as the common, continued, or typhus
fever, the water should be constantly applied by a
sponge, and at a temperature but little below the heat
of the body.

Re-action, all other things being equal, is in proper-
tion to tho cold. A sudden immersion produces a
greater re-action than a gradual one ; a plunge from a
height produces greater re-action than a simple dip,
however rapidly performed ; and the water falling from
a great height on the body, has more effect than water
of the same temperature applied as in ablution. Within
certain limits, that is, within any period short of that
at which healthy re-action ceases, the amount of the
re-action will be proportioned to the degree of refriger-
ation. The re-action will be in proportion to the heat
of the surface at the time of taking the bath, allowing
always for individual peculiarities of habit. Cool skia
or cold extremities are not a proper condition to warrant

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

the uso of the cold bath. But the skin should he warm,
the circulation should be vigorous in the extremities,
before entering the cold bath. Re-action is more cer-
tainly produced when the bath is accompanied by mus-
cular action, and hence a person swimming obtains a
better glow, and more tonic effect, than he would if he
were simply immersed in a bath, and continued in a
state of repose.

Whatever prevents the surface of the body from fall-
ing below the proper degree of heat, or directly stimu-
lates the skin, or excites the circulation, will propor-
tionately increase the re-action. To insure this in-
creased re-action we see the importance of speedily
drying the body afterward, by strong and vigorous fric-
tion, and sometimes it may be necessary to use warm
and stimulating drinks, or active bodily exercise. Un-
less the proper amount of re-action is secured the bath
may be followed by increased coldness of the surface,
and a congestion of some internal organ.

Plunge Bath. — The best time in the twenty-four
hours for a plunge bath is on rising, when the system
has been refreshed by a night's repose. The nutritive
organs have then been active in invigorating and repair-
ing the body, and as there is more recuperative energy,
the re-acting principle will be the more perfect. The
next best time is about three or four hours after break--
fast. And in case the mineral water is to be drank,
perhapnthis hour may be allowed instead of the early
morning, but the physical exercise should be very light,
and if the skin is at all moist, it should be well dried

before entei

bath, and tl

regulated b

chill, as abo

medium tin

water the li

the bath the

with a dry

until a thor

glow flushes

applications

selves. Bi

happy resu]

repeated di

effect prod

generally a

Shower
producing i
of water is
siderable.
by the atm
is surround
the atmos]
greater thu
and pain i
to the plu
applied di
extreme pi
hot water,
and thus i

VD-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

be warm,
;remities,
more cer-
by mus-
obtains a
luld if he
luecl in a

from fall-
;ly stimu-
li propor-
I this in-
f speedily
)rous fric-
use warm
;ise. Un-
1 the bath
e surface,

venty-four
lie system
B nutritive
ind repair,
ve energy,
feet. The
fter break--
be drank,
f the early
very light,
I well dried

before enteruig ihe bath. The mmle of entering the
bath, and the length of time to remain in it, must bo
regulated by the shock, the re-action, and the second
chill, as above described. From five to ten minutes is a
medium time to remain in the bath, and while in the
water the limbs should be kept in motion. On leaving
the bath the body should be dried as soon as possible
with a dry towel, and then chafed with a coarse one,
until a thorough re-aotion is produced, and a pleasant
glow flushes the whole body. If a headache ensue, cold
applications to the head would naturally suggest them-
selves. But with the above-mentioned precautions,
happy results will usually follow. These baths may be
repeated daily, or every second day, according to the
efl'ect produced on the patient. The greatest danger
generally arises from staying too long in the bath.

Shower Bath.— This bath differs from the plunge, m
producing a greater shock, particularly if the quantity
of water is great, its temperature low, and its fall coiw
siderable. In a shower bath the person is surroundST
by the atmosphere, whereas, in a plunge bath, the body
is surrounded by a menstruum much more dense than
the atmosphere ; the precordial distress will hence be
greater than in the plunge bath. In case of fulness,
and pain about the head, the shower bath is preferable
to the plunge, inasmuch as the cold and the shock are
applied directly and at first to the head. In case of
extreme pains about the head, the feet may be put into
hot water, while the cold shower falls upon the head,
and thus the circulation is more speedily restored. A

./^

HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA.

'^P

common bathing tub, with a fixture for a shower bath
placed over it, answers a good purpose for this kind of
both. ,,

Sponge Baths very nearly resemble in their efTects
the shower bath. They are accompanied by a less
shock, and therefore less re-action. The daily and free
application of the water to the head, neck, and chest, on
rising, is one of the simplest and surest tonics we pos-
sess,°and is the best means of hardening the system
against atmospheric changes, and preventing that unfor-
tunate habit of " ahvays taking cold:' This class of
persons should be particular to bathe their feet, for their
extremities are most of the time wet with a morbid
perspiration. , v 'v

The Douse or Douche, is a small stream of water
directed with considerable force from a tube, upon some
part of the body. This bath varies in effect, according
to the diameter of the stream, the temperature of the
iPater, and the force with which it is thrown upon the
body. This is an agent of great power, owing to the
incessant and rapid change of the particles of fluid ap-
plied to the part to be affected. It may be used with
great advantage in local inflammation.

The Hip and Foot Baths are but so many local
baths. The former is employed in diseases of the pel-
vic viscera, and the latter to the lower extremities.

While upon the subject, it might be well to name
some of the morbid conditions in which the cold bathing

has boon foi
is generally
infancy and
In cases of
cold bath, c
effects. W
is a great tc
exudation, i
And again,
by a oatarrl
valuable, as
and some c
fun : lulls, a
sis, unaccoi
cases of ner
of the gasti
intervals of

to produce

■■■<"*' •■ ■

Tempera
bath on the
those of th
cable to a c
the cold I
those who
plication of
to some int
the heart, c
there is ser
of these ini

.,;Sfl:x.-#.

liAwr-nooK OP Saratoga.

wer bath
IS kind of

sir effects
by a less
r and free
I chest, on
3S we pos-
le system
hat unfor-
lis class of
t, for their
a morbid

1 of water
upon some

according
lire of the
1 upon the
iring to the
if fluid ap-

used with

nany local
of the pel-
nilies.
11 to name
old bathing

has been found to exert a thorough medicinal effect. It
is generally applicable to youth and middle age. In
infancy and old ago it must be used with great caution.
In cases of general debility, as in strumous habit, the
cold bath, carefully applied, is followed by the happiest
effects. When the skin is relaxed and flabby, and there
is a great tendency to perspiration, or to a cold clammy
exudation, the cold saline bath is especially indicated.
And again, when this state of the skin is accompanif' 1
by a catarrhal disease, the tonic cold bath is especial) y
valuable, as also in nervous diseases, as chorea, hysteria,
and some cases of epilepsy ; also in the loss of certain
fuii. I lulls, as the voice, smell, taste, &o. ; local paraly-
sis, unaccompanied by organic disease of the brain ; in
cases of nervous dyspepsia, unattended by inflammation
of the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane ; and in the
intervals of asthma, where the system is in a situation

to produce the re-action.

*-■

Temperate Bath is TS*^ to 85^. The effects of this
bath on the system are of precisely the same kind as
those of the cold bath, but less in degree. It is appli-
cable to a different class of cases, from those for which
the cold bath should be used. Persons not strong,
those who have an instinctive shrinking from the ap-
plication of cold water, and when danger might result
to some internal organ, as in cases of organic diseases of
the heart, or a tendency lo internal congestion, or when
there is sensitiveness of the nervous system ; in either
of these instances this bath is to be substituted for tho

■m:

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

cold The shook and the re-action are intended to be
the same thing in kind, but simply ditlerent in degree.

Warm Bath.— The immediate effect of the warm bath
5s generally the opposite of tho oold. The first impres-
sionof the warm bath is grateful, the whole nervous
system is soothed, and a gentle languor steals over the
rnind. Slight pains, spasms and irritations are remov-
ed, and general irritation is not unfrequently allayed
in baths varying from 92° to 98o. If the temperature
of the bath is increased, the tranquillity is superseded
by excitement and pain. If the heat be still increased,
the feelings are painfully excited, and the temporary
stimulus is followed by a proportional degree of ex-
haustion. The warm bath influences the systeni either
by elevating the temperature of the whole body or a
part of it If the temperature of the parts of the body
which come in contact with the medium, is higher than
the medium itself, the body makes an effort tobrmg the
medium to its own temperature, and vice versa ihe
ran-e of temperature to which the body is subject is
not°a very wide one. While life remains, it is limited
to a few degrees. In a bath the skin exhales and ab-
sorbs materials from the bath in a proportion varied by
its temperature. At 50° the absorption exceeds the
transudation ; from 50° to 70° the two effects are near-
ly balanced; but from 70° upward the transudation
exceeds the absorption, and the excess progressively in-
creases with the temperature. Warm water modifies
the texture of the skin, perhaps in part by absorption,
and partly from a specific action on the animal fibre.

This bat!

the volur

of the flc

walking,

before sa

bath, wh

in genera

few days

diminisb

vous sysl

superven

bath is a

After

protracte

by late I

bath is j

In a d

nal orgai

applicab

tern, as

charaote

the nerv

vulsions

affection

suffer fr

mation.

ous fori

gastralg

the uret

pelvic o!

ure redi

.«

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

led to bo
degree.

arm bath
t impres-
I nervous
3 over the
■e rp.mov-
y allayed
nperature
iperseded
increased,
temporary
ee of ex-
tem either
body or a
f the body
ligher than
o bring the
rsa. The
subject is

is limited
53 and ab-
n varied by
xceeds the
its are near-
ransudation
•ossively in-
er modifies

absorption,
limal fibre.

This bath also regulates the circulation, and increases
the volume of the whole person, as well as the amount
of the fluids in the body. After long fatigue, as hard
walking, riding, or any severe exercise, the body, as
before said, should bo left to cool, before going into the
bath, which should be grateful to the patient. This i:^
in general from 94° to 96°. After the fatigues of a
few days' travel the skin becomes dry, the secretions are
diminished, the blood is irregularly distributed, the ner-
vous system is excited, and a low slow fever frequently
supervenes. Under^his state of the system the warm
bath is an appropriate prescription.

After long and continued mental excitement, as in
protracted study, or of the disturbance of the system
by late hours, crowded rooms, and bad air, the warm
bath is just the restorative required.

In a dry skin, with a chronic digestion of some inter-
nal organ, the bath is an appropriate remedy. It is also
applicable to a more generally deranged state of the sys-
tem, as in chronic nervous diseases of a spasmodic
character, unattended by phthisis or inflammation of
the nervous centres. Of this kind are croup and con-
vulsions generally. Also in the treatment of nervous
affections which occur in persons of spare habit, who
suffer from pain disproportioned to the attending inflam-
mation. Of this kind may be mentioned the numer-
ous forms of neuralgia, including sciatica, lumbago,
gastralgia, colic, spasms from gall-stones, calculi in
the ureters, &c. In inflammation of the abdominal and
pelvic organs, when the inflammation has been in a meas-
ure reduced, as in dysentery, diarrhoea, enteritis, cysti-

100

HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA.

tis, tho bath at 96° or 97° is a useful rfimedy. Care,
in these instances, must be taken to reduce tho inllam-
inati.)n at first, and then to u:*o tho bath not above 97°,
or the disease will be aggravated rather than diminished.
The bath is also an appropriate remedy in diseases of
the same viscera unattended perhaps by pain, but yet
of a very annoying character. Such are those cases of
gastrcentoritis accompanied by dyspepsia, constipation,
also chronic irritation or inflammation of tho bladder,
kidneys, leucorrhoja and the like diseases, which so
frequently occur in tho pelvic vis^a.

In no cases arc these baths more applicable, or attend-
ed with more prompt and happy results. The cases of
dyspepsia which come under this class, where the func-
tions of the skin are deranged, its appearance altered,
and attended by a fixed distress or pain in some part
of the digestive organ, the bath is also one of the most
important remedies. It is also valuable in most cases
of dyspepsia, and in various chronic diseases of a
cachectic kind, with derangements of important organs,
a depressed state of the blood, with an'.irregular distribu-
tion of it, as in cases of long protracted dyspepsia, with
constipation, diabetes, chlorosis, and gout. In this last
disease the bath is to be used in interims between the
paroxysms, and not duringlthe acute state of the disease.
In diseases of the skin, either idiopathic or sympto-
matic, the warm bath is of the first importance. It acts
directly on the part diseased, and removes the morbid
secretions from the surface which are liable to irritate
the organ, and to be re-absorbed.

The alkaline, astringent, and alterative medicines,

are propei
tient shou
sometimoi
obtain th(
Tho tei
must bo
9:1° is m
than 98°

The H

lant to th

soothe or

but excii

more to (

gans. It

the care

increases

cerebral

swollen 1

this engo

congestic

teaches

The gres

by a pro

is contin

creased (

tude an(

Cases fo:

sudden i

scarlet f

retrocedt

paralysis

Caro,
inllain-
ivo 97°,
ini»hed.
eases of
but yet
cases of
jpation,
bladder,
hich BO

r attend-

cases of
he func-

altered,
me part
;he most
ist cases
les of a
t organs,
distribu-
isia, with

this last
veen the
B disease.

sympto-

It acts

B morbid

irritate

ledicines,

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

101

are proper in these baths. In medicated baths the pa-
tient should remain not loss than thirty minutes, and
sometimes perhaps for two or three hours, in order to
obtain the whole effect which is to bo desired.

The temperature of a bath reciuired for refreshment,
must bo between 93^ and OS"^ Fahr. But lower than
\).)° is not often agreeable to the patient, and higher
than 98° produces exhaustion and debility.

The Hot Bath is a powerful, yet temporary stimu-
lant to the nervous and vascular systems. It docs not
soothe or promote the natural actions of the system,
but excites them irregularly and forcibly. It tends
more to disturb than to equalize the functions of the or-
gans. It violently excites the heart and blood vessels,
the carotids swell and throb, the heat of the head
increases, and headache, giddiness, and many other
cerebral symptoms ensue ; the skin becomes red and
swollen by the great afllux of blood in its vessels. But
this engorged stato of the skin does not relieve internal
congestion, as we might be led to expect, for experience
teaches that contrary results more generally follow.
The great tension of the surface is after a time relieved
by a profuse and general perspiration, and if the bath
is continued, although the pulse remain quick, the in-
creased excitement is speedily followed by general lassi-
tude and debility ; torpor and somnolency supervene.
Cases for its use are spasmodic cholera, agues, &o. In
sudden recessions of diseases of the skin, as in measles,
scarlet fever, impetigo, and many others, enteritis, from
retrocedent gout, and in indolent diseases of the skin in
paralysis, where there is no congestion of the brain to

'«'

102

HAND-BOOK OF 8ARAT00A.

contra indicate it, its use has been beneficial. But it
is a very active agent, and, lil«e all. other decidedly ac-
tive agents, must bo used with caution, or great and
irreparable injuries may result.

The stimulating effects and the relaxing consequences
constitute the value of this bath.

Mineral Water Baths.— Without entering into the
question of the active absorptive powers of the skin,
and the large amount of medicine which may bo con-
veyed into the system by this great and important or-
gan, it may be safely said, that the mineral baths have
an effect very different from simple water. A mineral
ll bath is morn tonic than one of ordinary water. The
skin, weakened and relaxed by debility, exudes rather
than perspires, and will be very differently affected by a
fresh and a mineral bath. The latter will fulfill all the
results which the former can possibly produce, and then
have in addition a stimulant and tonic effect. It will
leave the capillaries of the skin more constringed, and
the tissues of the whole organ more firm and vigorous.
In extreme cases of cutaneous disease, patients have
been benefited by remaining several hours at a time in
a warm bath, with repetition at short intervals, so as to
be under its influence for ten or twelve hours out of the
twenty-four.

From great indifference to the subject of bathing, the
public mind has within a few years been turned to it
strongly, and now perhaps there may be as much dan-
ger of excess as heretofore there has been from neglect.
Extremes in all things are to be deplored and guarded
against.

Potsdam

the fact tl

gula. Thi

mal life o

the ehang(

the format

time. Eq

of the lini

is said to i

which in (

now in pr

This rook

about tw(

It is gray

The Ca
formation
tween the
is the low
this insta
rock also
source fro
face rook
which thi

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

103

But it
lly ao-
it and

aenccs

nto the
t skin,
c con-
int or-
is have
Tiineral
. The
rather
cd hy a
1 all the
id then
It will
ed, and
gorous.
its have
time in
so as to
it of the

ing, the
;d to it
ch dan-
neglect,
guarded

CHAPTER VII.

ROCK AND FOSSILS.

Potsdam SANDsroNn.— This rock is interesting from
the fact that it contoins the earliest fcsMl, viz. : the Lm-
gula. This fossil carries us back to the dawn of ani-
mal life on the earth, for it hnshecn present through all
the changes which the earth's crust has undergone smce
the formation of the Potsdam sandstone to the present
time. Each group, in every geological era, has a species
of the lingula entombed in its rocks, and even the ocean
is said to contain living specimens of the same species,
which in due time will make part of the rock, which is
now in process of formation at the bottom of the seas.
This rock is called the " paleozoic base," and crops out
about two and a half miles northwest from the village.
It is gray, or brownish-colored rook.

The Calciferous Sand Rock is the next geological
formation above the Potsdam sandstone. It lies be-
twecn the last named rock and the limestone. This
is the lowest rock which contains anthracite coal. In
this instance, the coal is associated with quartz. This
rock also contains fucoides, which are supposed to be the
source from which the coal is derived.* This is the sur-
face rook at Saratoga Springs, and is the one through
which the mineral loater rises. The upper layer of this

• New-York Qoological Survey.

104

IIAND-DOOK OF SARATOGA.

group, or that stratum which lies next to the liinostono,
is hard; having a largo proportion of silex, and fre-
quently contains geodes filled with crystals of quartz.
This rock furnishes but few fossils, some portions none
at all.

OoMTK. — This formation occurs in the calciferous
group, and lies along the southern extremities of the
Palmertown and Kayndcrasseras mountains. The cal-
careous concretions which characterize this formation
are arranged in successive layers through the stratum in
which they appear. They are about the size of mus-
tard seed, and globular in form. In some of the speci-
mens of Oolite, those globules compose one half of the
stone.

Thk Trenton Limestonk group is composed of slate
and limestone alternating with each other. Some of
the strata contain fossils which characterize this group,
and distinguish it from others higher in the geological
series. This rock does not occur east of Schenectady,
in the Mohawk Valley, or east of Baker's Falls, in the
Hudson river valley. It occurs at Glen's Falls and at
Rowland's Mills, two miles west of Saratoga Springs.
It occupies the bank of the Mohawk, near Amsterdam,
thence ranges northward into Saratoga county, thence
eastward around the points of the mountain, and .enters
"Warren county at Glen's Falls, and Washington coun-
ty, near Sandyhill. The strata vary in thickness from
four inches to two feet. This rock has been manufac-
tured, and some of the varieties make very fair mar-
ble. Other specimens contain cherts and hornstone,

and will not
bio, quite j
south side o
Fulls, woul(
lime rocks,
the narrow j
through wh
have a perp
feet.

Utica S
argillaceous
Falls, Balh
sometimes
with anthri

So highl;
has been n
have been r

The Hui
southern li
bod of the
hawk, and
back from
Porti./us of
hoes Falls,
Aqueduct i
lake.* Tl
grits, and
wacke sha

HAND-BOOK OF f<\n\TOOA.

105

nostono,
and frc-
■ quartz,
•ns none

loiferous
s of the
The cal-
irmation
ratum in
of nius-
iio ppeci-
If of tho

of slate
Some of
is group,
eological
neotady,
9, in the
s and at
Springs.
Rterdam,
', thence
id enters
m coun-
css from
fianufac-
air mar-
irnstone,

and will not rooeivn a polish. Targe blouki* of the mar-
bio, quite pure, are <| arricd at "Ion's Fulb, on the
south side of tho river. J'lic Hudson river, at Glen's
Falls, would scorn to have worn a pa.«isage through the
lime rocks, seventy feet in depth ; and in some parts of
tho narrow gorge, between Glen's Falls and Baker's Falls,
through which the river (lows, the rooks on either sido
have a perpendicular height of more than one hundred
feet.

Utica Sr.ATR. — This group consi-sts of dark-colored
argillaceous slate. It occurs at Baker's Falls, Cohoes
Falls, Ballston Spa, and Saratoga lake. The rock is
sometimes black, and highly carbonaceous, and glazed
with anthracite.

So highly charged is this slate with carbon, that it
has been mistaken for coal, and attempts (it is said),
have been made to work the rock for that purpose.

The Hudson River Slate group extends from the
southern line of the county of Saratoga, forming the
bod of the Hudson to Baker's Falls, and also of tho Mo-
hawk, and forms in part, the elevated table lands lying
back from both the Mohawk and the Hudson rivers.
Portions of this group are singularly contorted at the Co-
hoes Falls, Visscher's Ferry, Alexander's Bridge, Upper
Aqueduct and Hnake Hill, on the east shore of Saratoga
lake.* The rooks of this group are slates, shales and
grits, and have been called Greywaeke slate, Grey-
wacke shale, and Greywacke.t

* see Impreialon oq tha cover of t!ili book.
t New- York Geological Report.

106

HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA.

Hudson River Group.— Those rocks are found at
Snake Hill, on the east shore of Saratoga lake, and on
the Mohawk at the lower aqueduct.

The remaining rocks of the county are primary, oc-
cupying about two fifths of the northwest parts of it.

FOSSILS.

The fossils in this county are principally found at
Ashley's Quarry, Baker's Falls, Ballston Spa, Galway,
Glen's Fallf, Greenfield, Sandy Hill, Snake Hill, and
Water ford.

Ashley's quarry.

' This locality is situated about four miles west of the
village of Saratoga Springs, and on the road leading from
the village to Rowland's Mills, via Cady Hill.

The quarry may be seen a few rods north of the
point where the highway crosses the mill-pond ; and a
small cluster of buildings in the same direction, and
near by, will enable a strange- even to identify the
locality. The quarry has been considerably worked in
times past, which now increases the facility for obtain-
ing fossil specimens at this place.

The following specimens were obtained during the
autumn of 1858, and no doubt a suitable effort will
very much extend this list of such fossil specimens as
are peculiar to Uie " Trenton Limestone Formation :"

AsapbuB
Atrypa ac
Atrypa e:
Atrypa ii
Atrypa m
Ati-ypa p

Buthotrc]
Buthotrc]
CapuluB I
Chsetetes
Columnai

Glyptocr
Graptolit
Groptolit
Graptolit

Heterocri
Illeenus ci

These fi
miles in a
toga Sprir
cality, is 1
Station, an

The fos
which is a
composed
well presei

On the <
upturned £
the river, a
fossil spec

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

107

and at
and on

ary, oo-
of it.

)und at
jralway,
[ill, and

Asapbus latimarginato,
Atrypa aoutiroatra,
Atrypa extans,
Atrypa iucrebescenB,
Atrypa modeata,
Atrypa plena.

Buthotrephis flexuosa,
Buthotrephis sucoulcns,
CapuluB anriforinis,
Chsetetes Lyooperdon,
Coluranaria alveolata.

Glyptocrinus decadactylus,
Graptolitbus'raraosiis,
Graptolitbus Bcalaris,
Qraptolithus Sagittarius.

Heterocrinus decadactalus,
lUtenus orassioanda,

Lepttena altemata,
Lcptwna fasciata,
Lepttena sericca.

Ortlioceras anelluin,
Orthoceras junccum,
Orthoccras laqueatum.

PatophyouB rugosus,
Plcurotomaria turgida,
Poterioorinus altematus.

Retepora incepta,
Ketepora gracilis.

Schizocrinus nodosus,
Scyphocrinus bcterooostalis,
Stictopora acuta,
Stictopora fenestrata.

st of the
ling from

L of the
1 ; and a
ion, and
itify the
orked in
r obtain-

iring the
sffort will
imens as
ition :"

bakee's falls.

These falls are in the Hudson river, about twenty
miles in a northeast direction from the village of Sara-
toga Springs. The more feasible way to reach the lo-
cality, is by railroad from Saratoga Springs to Moreau
Station, and thence by stage to the Falls.

The fossils occur in a stratum of the Utica slate
which is about thirty feet in thickness, and is literally
composed of fossil impressions, which are remarkably

well preserved.

On the east bank of the stream the rocks are more
upturned and displaced than upon the opposite bank of
the river, and it is therefore the better place to collect the
fossil specimens of this locality ; besides, the rocks on

^^^

108

HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA.

the opposite bank are more horizontal, and unless the
water is very low, are generally covered.

Among the fossils to be obtained at this locality are
the

Grnptolithus sccnlinus,

GrnptolitUus pristia,

BALLSTON SPA.

The fossils of this locality are to be found in the vil-
lage of Ballston, about seven miles in a southwest direc-
tion from the village of Saratoga Springs. The rocks
which contain them is the Utica slate, and forms the
bed of a small stream near the residence of Mr. Taylor.

The fossils are the

Gmptolitbus bioornis,
Graptolithus pristis,

Grnptolithus ramosut,
Graptolithus s«rratuluB.

GALWAY.

This locality is situated about two miles east of Gal-
way Corners, and near a lime kiln.

The rock is the Trenton limestone, and the cast of
the fossils are better preserved than those of the same
class at Grlen's Falls. The distance of the locaUty from
Saratoga Springs is about fourteen miles, and the route
lies along a beautifully varied country of sandy plains,
and high, rolling table- lands.

The fossils are the

Atrypa ocutirostra,
Atrypn extuns,
Atrypa incrobcscens,
Atrypa inodcsta,
Atrypa plena,
Bcllerophon bilobatus,

Buthotrcphis (Icxuosa,
Butliotrepbis succulcns,
Capulus auriformis,
Chretctos lycoperdon,
Columnaria alveolata,

Glyptoorim;
Grnptolithii
Grnptolitbii
Graptolithu

Ilctcrocrim
Illfcnus era

Lcptrcna nl
Leptrena fa
Leptiena st

OrthocernE

This loc£
direction frc
up the stre
rying has b
posed the fos
but at the
limited to t
river, and a
And the f<
crystalline
destroyed i

The foil
cality :

Atrypa a
Atrypa «
Atrypa ii
Atrypa i

Buthotr

-W^'-

the vil-
3t direo-
le rooks
rms the

Taylor.

b of Gal-

e cast of
he same
.lity from
the route
y plains,

)sa,
ens,

n,
ta,

HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA. lOJ

Orthoccras Inqucatum.

Glyptoorinns dccadactylus
Grnptolithus ramosus,
Graptolithus scalaris,
Graptolithus Sagittarius,

Ilctcrocrinus hetcrodactj-lus.
Illtcnus crassicanda.

Lcptrcna altcrnata,
Leptrona fasciata,
Leptiena scrica.

Orthoccras junceunii

Palfcophyciis nigosus,
rieurotoraaria ambigua.'

Rete pora incepta,
Retcpora gracilis.

Schizocrimis nodosiis,
ScyphocrimiB hetcrocostalis,
Stictopora acuta,
Stictopora fenestrata.

GLEN S FALLS.

This locality is about twenty miles in a northeast
direction from Saratoga Springs, and about four miles
up the stream from Baker's Falls. Extensive quar-
rying has been done heretofore at this place, which ex-
posed the fossils peculiar to this locality in great numbers ;
but at the present time the Poleontologist is mainly
limited to the small blocks to be found in the bed of the
river, and are only to be obtained at times of low water.
And the fossils in some of these blocks are so highly
crystalline that the nice striae of the shells are often
destroyed in splitting the stones.

The following specimens are to be found at this lo-
cality :

Atrypa acutirostra,
Atrypa extans,
Atrypa increbescens,
Atrypa modesta,

Buthotrephis flexuosa,

Buthotrcphis succulens,
Bellerophon bilobntus,
Coluranaria alveolaui,
Calymene senaria,
Delthyrus lynx,
Escharopora recta,

110

HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA.

Leptona alternatn,
Lcptoina serioen.

Palwopliycus simplex,

Poteriocrinus sltcrnAta.
Stictopora acuta.
Trinuclius conoentricus.

«. GREENFIELD.

This locality lies about four miles northwest of the
village of Saratoga Springs, and one mile north of Mil-
ler Hoyt's lime-kiln, and on the east side of the high-
way leading from Greenfield Centre to the village of
Ballston Spa, via Rowland's Mills.

Oolite.

SANDY HILL.

This locality lies between Baker's Falls and Glen's
Falls, on the west side of the Hudson river, and a few
rods below the ferry. This locality can only be exam-
ined when the water is low in the river.

The fossils are the

Nultaiuia concentrica,
Neirthus becii,

GraptolithuB dentatus.

SARATOGA SPRINGS.

In the Railroad Cut in the village of Saratoga Springs
was found the

Euomplialus uniangulatus, Pleurotomaria turgida.

SNAKE HILL.

This hill is situated on the east shore of Saratoga
Lake, and is plainly to be seen from the <' Lake House ;"

indeed, it is
ern shore.
The fossils

lletcrocrinui
Olenus undi

This local i
and has the i

Ambonychii
Bcllerophoi
Cleidoplior
Carinaropsi
Cfti'inaropai

Magnetic
this county i
A large bod;
of the confli
about two
Ten or fifte<
five to eigl
opened, it "
descended ii
ore is said
superior ev(
and yields

Chrysobi
toga Spring
It occurs ii
associated
and mioa.

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

st of the
1 of Mil-
he high-
allage of

d Glen's
nd a few
be exam-

ntatus.

a. Springs

da.

Saratoga
House ;"

indeed, it is the most prominent feature of the east-

ern shore.

The fossils of this locality are the

Ileterocrinus groBcilis, Graptolitbus bicornis.

Olcnus unduloBtriatus, GraptohthuB pnstiB.

waterford.
This locality is in the southeast corner of the county,
and has the following list of fossil specimens :

Ambonychiaradiata, LyrodeBma pulchclla,

Bollerophon cancellatuB, ModiolopB.B nucuhform.8,

CleidophoruB planulatuB, Murcbisonin graciliB,

CarinaropBiB patelliformiB, Theca triangularia,

CariuaropBis orbiculatuB, Trinucleus conoentnous.

Magnetic Iron Ore occurs in the primary rooks of
this county as an injected mass, or as an intrusive rock.
A large body of this ore exists in the mountam south
of the confluence of Sacondaga with the Hudson ; and
about two miles south of Hadley or Rockwell falls.
Ten or fifteen veins have been described, and one from
five to eight feet wide. When the Porter vem was
opened, it was found to increase in width as they
descended into the rock, and with less of feldspar The
ore is said to make very soft, strong iron, and to be
superior even to the Arnold bed. The ore is quartzy,
and yields from thirty to fifty per cent, of iron.

Chrysoberyl is found about two miles north of Sara-
toga Springs, and on the farm of the late John Miller.
It occurs in a vein of granite traversing gems, and is
associated with tourmaline, garnet, apatite feldspar
and mica. Its color is yellowish green. This is the

112

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

only locality in the State which furnishes the ohryso-
beryl.

Clay Balls are found about the shores of Saratoga
lake. These balls are supposed to form around the roots
of plants, as they generally have a perforation in which
the root of the plant has been found. It is supposed
the root absorbs the water and the carbonic acid from
the clay, and rejects the carbonate of lime, which had
been previously held in solution by the water and the
carbonic acid. And thus accumulates around the root
of the plant, which with the clay becomes after a time
an indurated egg-shaped ball.

A Boulder is a rounded mass of rock, of no deter-
minate size, displaced, and apparently transported,
by water. These rocks are supposed to have been
brought to their present shape by attrition, together
with atmospheric influences. Those which are found
in the valley of the Hudson, are generally thought to
have been brought from the primitive rocks, which form
the mountain ranges in northern New-York. In this
county we find these stones in a great variety of forms
and sizes, many of them weighing many tons. The
towns of Hadley, Corinth, Greenfield, Galway, and
Ballston, are among those which furnish the largest
specimens.

Marl. — Fresh water marl is formed by the decay of
successive generations of shells, in the bottom of fresh
water lakes and ponds. When, from any cause, these

places are rai
alion of seed
decay of veg
posit of peat,
lying the ma
ally in this
about the oul
Irish, which
marked succ(
to the agricu
it than they
the chemicals
soluble, and

There is a:
Brisbin, in th
little used as
dedly bcncfici
suspected by
soils, which )
But the prob
to that part c
for the wate
rooks, at lasl
cient lime w
shells.

Soil is cor
in comparati
ctable matte

The mine
substances '
the mineral
The rocks a

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

113

> ohryso-

Saratoga

the roots

in which

supposed

cid from

rhich had

and the

the root

er a time

no deter-
insported,
ave been
together
are found
hought to
hich form
. In this
T of forms
ms. Tiie
way, and
le largest

e decay of
XI of fresh
luse, these

places are raised to a level compatible with the germin-
ation of seed, there follows a succession of growth and
decay of vegetable matter, wliich may result in a do-
posit of peat, and hence it is not unusually found over-
lying the marl. Marl has not been found very gener-
ally in this country. There is a bed of it, however,
about the outlet of Ballston Lake, on the farm of Mr.
Irish, which has been used as a fertilizer, and with
marked success. It would undoubtedly prove profitable
to the agriculturist, if farmers would use much more of
it than they now do, for the action of the elements on
the chemicals generally present in soils, renders the lime
soluble, and it is actually carried away.

There is another bed of marl on the farm of Dr. Oliver
Brisbin, in the town of Saratoga. This bed has been but
little used as yet, but wherever it has been applied, deci-
dedly beneficial effects have followed its use. It has been
suspected by geologists, that it may underlie the sandy
soils, which prevail to so large an extent in this county.
But the probability is, that beds of marl will be confined
to that part of the county adjacent to the Hudson River ;
for the water of this region, flowing over the limestone
rooks, at last finds its way into the lakes, otherwise suffi-
cient lime would not be supplied to produce a deposite of

shells.

Soil is composed of various mineral substances, united
in comparatively small proportions with animal and veg-
etable matter.

The mineral parts of soil are > omposod of the same
substances which constitute the mountain rocks, and
the mineral masses which form the crust of the earth.
The rooks are broken down by degrees, and then acted

114

HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA.

1-^

xipon by Qir and water, by which process they become
well adapted to the reception and vegetation of seed
generally. The varieties of rocks and mineral masses
which exist on the earth, and compose its surface, are
comparatively small, and may be comprised in the fol-
lowing list, viz. : Silica, alumina, magnesia, soda, and
potassa, and oxyde of iron.

With the predominance of either of the above sub-
stances in a given locality, the soil, of course, as well as
the character of the vegetables, correspondingly vanes.

SiLicious Soil, or that composed principally of silex,
is very widely spread over the earth's crust. It is found
in quartz, and of course enters largely into the composi-
tion of granite, and the various silicates, as serpentine,
tumalite, diallage, and hornblende ; and when we exam-
ine the rocks which compose the mountains to the north
and wee of the county, and consider the very large
proportion of silex which enters into their composition,
we are at no loss to account for the origin of the sandy
plains which there prevail so extensively.

Where this sand occurs in coarse grains it is much
less productive as a soil, than when more comminuted ;
and the less or greater degree of trituration which the
particles have undergone, will determine the different
degrees of productiveness which characterize adjacent

sections.

Soils, apparently the same, also materially differ in
their degree of productiveness, in consequence of the
differing amounts of vegetable matter contained in
them, and are rendered still less fertile if they occupy
elevated land, where water, at a low temperature, satu-

rates the surfac

tnrnge is poor,

jother cases, wh

so as to produci

oped. This s

Springs, Wiltoi

Moreau and N

portion of Eas

fifteen out of t

Ai-UMiNous i

dant, the bas(

the breaking

jln combinatioi

all the rocks

Islate rocks ci

springs, in a

From this poir

Miller, on the

sand plains o

Clifton Park 1

When alum

wet farms, bii

is formed ; '

amount of v(

farming lands

in some form

Iresult.

This is the

* A belt of sand i
IValley ofthoNile)
Idiatance nearly equ
Imated to contain ai

HAND-BOOK OP SARATOOA.

115

y bcoomo
)n of seed
al masses
jrface, are
n tho fol-
soda, and

ibove sub-
as well as
;ly varies.

ly of silex,
It is found
le composi-
serpentine,
1 we exam-

tbe north
very large

omposition,
: the sandy

1 it is much
mminuted ;
1 which the
lie different
ze adjacent

ily differ in
ence of the
ontained in
hey occupy
ature, satu-

rates tho surface. In localities of this description pas-
tnmge is poor, and plowed lands arc unavailable. In
other cases, where clay exists in combination with sand
Jso as to produce a sand loam, very fair farms arc devel-
oped This soil prevails in the town of Saratoga
Springs, Wilton, Corinth, Hadley, and the west part of
Moreau and Northumberland. It occupies a large pro-
portion of Eastern New-York, and prevails generally m
fifteen out of twenty counties of tho State.*

Ai-UMiNous is the next variety of soil most abun-
dant, the base of which is alumina. It is found by
the breaking down of greywacke slates, and shales.
In combination with silex, it forms a large proportion of
all the rocks and mineral masses on the earth. The
islate rocks crop out at two miles' distance from the
Lprings, in a southerly direction, on the ElUs Farm.
From this point they run in a northeast direction to Fort
Miller, on the Hudson, and may be seen skirting the
sand plains on their eastc.n border, from the town of
Clifton Park to Moreau.

When alumina is in excess, in soils, it makes cold and
wet farms, but when combined with silex the clay loam
is formed; this, with the addition of an ordmavy
amount of vegetable and animal matter, gives good
farming lands ; and when to this is added marl, or lime
in some form, farming land of tho best quality is the

Iresult. ,11 e

This is the composition of the soil along the banks ot

, . A belt of sand nine hundred „.ile, .ide, extend, (with "•^""Pt;;" '>';»'«
Ivalley of tho Nile) from the eastern coast of Africa near the Chinese ffont.cr a
IHnce nearly equal in eircu.nforence of the globe. This sandy zone ha. b,en est-
imated to contain over six millioni of square milei.

116

HAND-BOOK OP SARATOGA.

tho Hudson and Moha-vk rivers, also about the Saratoga
and Ballston lakes, and tho creeks in tho southeast port
of tho county. This soil is of considerable depth, and
very productive, yielding grass and all the cereals in
abundance ; and I am told, in districts of this ( haracter,
strangers, passing by, mistaking pastures for meadows,
in the goodness of their hearts, not unfrequently call at
the farm-houses, and inform tho occupants that their
cows or their horses are in their meadows.

The Calcareous Soils, or those in which lime pre-
dominates, are the result of Oa breaking down of tho
different forms of carbonate o^ lime, which exist so
abundantly through the world

The Magnesian Soil is that in which magnesia exists,
variously combined. This and the soils just before
named, prevail in Western New- York, and with the ad-
dition of gypsum, large quantities of vegetable and ani-
mal matter coriHned, make up the rich lands of that
fertile region.

Ferruginous Soils are those in which the oxydes of
iron prevail. • "^

vegetable productions.

To the botanist this whole county is full of interest ;
indeed, it may perhaps with truth be asserted, that
every flowering plant in the country to be found in the
latitude of this county, has its representative within
its limits.

Tho climate
faoo, is unusu
the thormomot
lioat and cold (
as in moistor a
the nature and
county, it migl
ent variety wc
This is obsor'
plants.

In the east
apples, and a
but now, the
rich as former

Cherries. —

Pears suc<
[variety. In \
strawberries, i
ries, are indig
Icultivation.

Several var
improved by
[sandy portion
loaks, butterni
aspens, black
|are plenty in
The centra
for the numl
The species o

IlAND-noOK OF SAUATOOA.

117

le Saratoga
ithcast port
depth, and

cereals in
J character,
r meadows,
ntly call at

that their

L lime pre-
own of the
ih exist so

[lesia exists,
just before
vith the ad-
bio and ani-
nds of that

e oxydes of

of interest ;
serted, that
[bund in the
itive within

The climate, from tho niituro and shape of the sur-
face, is unusually dry, and consequently tho range of
the thormoinotcr is very groat; yet, tho extremes of
heat and cold do not aflect tho surface nearly so much
as in moistor atmospheres. From an acquaintance with
the nature and variety of the soil which prevails in tho
county, it might be readily inferred, that a correspond-
ent variety would he found in its vegetable products.
This is observablo in tho forest timber and smaller

plants.

In the eastern and southern portions of tho county,
apples, and a variety of poaches, have once abounded ;
but now, the varieties are few, and the fruit is not so
rich as formerly.

Cherries. — Every variety succeeds well.

Pears succeed remarkably well, in nearly every
[variety. In the central portions, tho small fruits,, as
strawberries, raspberries, whortleberries, and blackber-
lies, are indigenous and abundant, and will bear high
Icultivation.

Several varieties of wild grapes cultivated, are highly
improved by the process. They are abundant in the
sandy portion of the ^Bounty. Maples, hickories, elms,
joaks, butternuts, chestnuts, beeches, birches, basswoods,
aspens, black and white ash,-black cherry, crab apple,
are plenty in the eastern part of the county.

The central portion has been, and is now remarkable
[for the number, beauty, and variety of its evergreens.
The species of these most common, are white and yeU

'"»

118

IIAND-DOOK OF «ARATCOA.

.'1

low pinos, yellow, white, ami rod oodar, double spruce
balsam, and hcmlook. These sand plains on the con
tral part of the flat, were once covered with a heavy
growth of these fine trees ; but the hand of improve
mcnt, so called, has swept them recklessly awi.y, and
unless some care is taken, it may be that before very
long, our btiautiful groves will all disappear, and the
charms of our winter landscapes will all be gone,
is not very lon^' since, when expostulating with a land-
holder for cutting away every trace of evergroon within
view of his residence, we roouived the cool reply, that
they were " nolhin,!^ but pines." And so those stately
trees, old tenants of the forest, which had weathered
the storm and glinted the sunshine, and braced them-
selves against the winds of centuries, were foiled and
riven by the axe of the woodman without a single
thought of regret, or a single sentiment of remorse.

Grasses.— Ihofio parts of the county lying along the
banks of the Hudson and Mohawk rivers, the Kayader-
asseras Creek, and the shores of the lakes, are well
adapted to the growth of grasses.

Timothy is one of the most important grasses for
fodder, and is abundantly produced in the above men
tioned parts of the county. •

Clover grows luxuriantly in most parts of the coun
ty. The red is much U3«d to redeem farms which have
been too much worn by want of a proper rotation of
crops. The white clover is indigenous, and is found in
every part of the county. The fox tail (Alopeicearus
practensis), and red top, are the most cultivated for hay
in this county.

Grains. —
the county,
rro well ails
This giain
makes a vei
rietios, the \
county.

Wlieat.—

the county

been so muc

sown. The

the insects i

BO good for

present tim(

depend upc

Oats are

be said to I

used as feci

Maize is

county. ^

stitutes qui

productive

Pfltato.-
and soil ol
vated alon
ber of busl
city. The
all classes
ant crops <
Buckvoh

IIAND-noOK OP BAHATOOA.

119

ublo spruce
1 oil tho oon
ith a heavy

of improve.
y awi.y, and
; before very
oar, and the
bo gone. It
with a land-
croon within
»l reply, that
those stately
id weathered
braced them-
ro foiled and
lout a single!

remorse.

ing along the
the Kayader
iea, are well

it grasses for
e above men'

i of the coun
tis which have
ler rotation of
nd is found in
(Alopeioearus
ivated for hay

Grains.— Ryo is mudi cultivated in many parts of
tho county, and particularly the snndy portions of it
rrowell a lapted to the growth of this esculent grain-
This gram ground, and combined with corn, meal,
makes a very healthy and nutritious bread. Two va-
rieties, tho winter and spring rye, are cultivated in the

county.

Wheat.— TWiB favorite grain was much cultivated in

the county in early times, but in later years it has

been so much injured by tho weevil, that it is but rarely

sown. Tho spring whoat is less liUely to be injured by

the insects than the winter wheat, but is not considered

so good for bread, and is but little cultivated at the

present time ; and the inhabitants of tho county mainly

depend upon the western country for their wheat flour.

Oats are much cultivated in tho county, and may

be said to be one of tho staple crops. They are mamly

used as feed for horses.

Maize is the most important grain crop raised m the
county. Every farmer raises more or less of it. It con-
stitutes quite a large proportion of the bread in the least
productive parts of the county.

Po/ai!o.— This plant is well adapted to the climate
and soil of tho county. Largo crops of it are culti-
vated along the canals and railroads., and a great num-
ber of bushels every year find their way to New-York
city The potato enters largely into the daily food of
all classes of the people, and is one of the most import-
ant crops cultivated in the county.

Buckwheat is also cultivated to some extent.

120

■W'

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

Beans grow well in most parts of the county, and it
is to bo regretted that they are not more cultivated and
eaten by the laboring classes generally.

Most of the county is well adapted to horticulture ;
and all the garden vegetables usually cultivated in this
latitude flourish in the soils of this region.

It is to be regretted, that in so large a portion of this
county there is so much negligence on the part of land-
holders in regard to private gardens. An increased
amount and variety of vegetables would add greatly to
the comfort of the household, and a little care in the
cultivation of flowers and ornamental shrubs, would
furnish healthful and pleasant employment to the
younger members of the family, and greatly improve
their habits of observation.

DRIVES ABOUT SARATOGA.

The drive most commonly selected is to Saratoga

Lake. This is a beautiful sheet of water, and lies four

miles east from the village of Saratoga Springs. The

lake is eight miles long and two and a half wide. Its

main inlet is the Kayaderasseras creek, which flows into

the lake through its western bank. The water of the

lake passes through Fish Creek and unites with that of

the Hudson river, at Schuylerville. The western shore

of the lake near its outlet, rises into a beautiful blufif

of fifty feet, and on the top of this bluff is situated the

" Lake House," from the piazza of which may be had

a fine view of the lake and its eastern shore, with Snake

Hill.

The Lake

game dinners

Persons fond

enjoy their fa

ful lakes in i

are always

readiness to

may chance

Chapman's

pensed with,

along the lal

up the hill,

from the to

eight feet al

em landscaj

is almost u

miles squa

rapidly to

west, a disi

in the l^ase

view from

beautifully

land, and i

ers are thi

few sunbe

soape ; wl

Kayadera:

thousand 1

along the

tain rises

its summ

peak witl

-4

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

121

;y, and it
'ated and

iculture ;
ed in this

)n of this
t of land-
increased
ijreatly to
ire in the
bs, would
it to the
[ improve

Saratoga

d lies four
ngs. The
wide. Its
flows into
iter of the
ith that of
stern shore
itiful bluff
ituated the
lay be had
(vith Snake

The Lake House is a favorite eating place, where
game dinners are served up in the most -VV^^^^"^;^
lersons fond of angling, rowing. - «f ^"^^' f^j^^.
eniov their favorite pastime, on one of the nios beaut -
JlLes in the country. The bait-fish and the boa .
are always in waiting on the shore, and cooks are m
readiness to serve up, at short notice, any fish wh.ch
may chance to be caught.

Chapman's H.u..-The angling and sa.hng may be d.s-
pensed with, and the drive be extended across the l^nd.e
along the lake shore for a mile, where a turn to the It
up tie hill, will soon bring one to Chalman > Hn ..,
ftom the top of which, and one hundred and e.ghty-
l^ght feet ab'ove the level of the lake a beaut.fu wo.U
em landscape IS spread before the observer. h a «
is almost under his feet, a mirrored surface of twenty
miles sciuare. The western shore of the lake v.ses
rapidly to the table-land, which spreads away to the
west, a distance of ten or twelve miles, and is merged
in the Vase of the Kayaderasseras mountams, givmg a
view from forty to fifty miles in extent. Its surface ,s
beautifully variegated with fallow rneadow and wood-
land, and the tenements and out bu.ldmgs^o the fa m-
ers are thickly dispersed and reflect, each for itself, a
frw sunbeams, making many bright spots m the land-
scape ; while in the background, the bold range of h
Kayaierassera. mountains rises to the height of two
thousand feet above the level of tide-water, aiid stre ehes
along the horizon for fifty or sixty miles. Ihe nioun-
Arises out of the table-land, as its base, and hfts up
Tsummit into the sky, while the distance tints its
peak with a most exquisite azure.
^ 6

:;vVs*;.

122

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

Wagman's Hill. — By continuing the drive stilt
farther in a northeastern direction for about three
miles, through a rich farming country, a view of
AVah man's Hill is obtained. This point is fifty-
seven feet higher than Chapman's Hill, and com-
mands a more extended panoramic view^. The Adi-
roiidac mountains appear in the extreme north, the
Kayaderasseras spreading a deep blue border along
the western horizon, the Helderberg and the Catskill
skirtinjT the distant south, while the Grreen mountain
chain borders the eastern view, each subdued and soft-
ened by distance, as the tops blend with the sky. This
very beautifnl view as it spreads away to the north-
west and to the southwest, places within the range of
the eye, one Ihoiisand square miles of farming lands,
with waving grain and deep shaded meadows ; the
mountain forest, and the wood lot of the farmer, cast-
ing a cool shade across the fallow field, as though to
protect it from the scorching rays of a summer's sun,
while the Fish creek, winding its way to the Hudson,
and increased by many a mountain stream, enlivens and
beautifies the whole of the landscape. This hill is
seven miles from town, to which a party can return, by
Stafford's bridge and Avery's Lake House, in ample
time for dinner.

Hagkrtv Hill is situated six miles north of Saratoga
Springs, and nearly on the plank road leading from the
village to Luzerne on the Hud.son river. It is about
half a mile due west from Greenfield Centre, and com-
mands a western, sonthern, and eastern view.* .On

* This point is eight huuilrcd feet above tide water.

the west ris
mountain, ej
south is spre
greens, and
mountain la-
cast, a still
greets the e]
Almost u
cast, lies a
land, excepi
over with
margined oi
range on tl
beautiful d
town, the r
a partial, ;
hill," midv
Corners, j
taken, whi(
These are
ry, and wi
materially
Waring
within a c
Hill," on \
the distani
attained c
one of the
the Hudsc
From t
which ha

ive still
at three
view of
is fifty-
id com-
'he Adi-
)rt!i, the
31- along
Catskill
lountain
and soft-
er. This
e north-
range of
g lands,
(vs ; the
icr, cast-
lough to
er's sun,
Hudson,
vens and
s hill is
)tnrn, by
n ample

Saratoga

from the

is about

ind com-

w.*

er.

HAND-BOOK OF SAIIATOOA.

the west rises the bold range of the Kayaderasseras
mountain, extending far away to the north, and to the
south is spread out a wide plain, covered with ever-
greens, and bounded by high and broken ranges of
mountain land south of the Mohawk river. But to the
east, a still more beautiful part of the same landscape

greets the eye.

Almost under the feet and spreading away to the
cast, lies a deep basin surrounded by a high range of
land, except to the south. This basin is thickly dotted
over with farms, woodland, villages and lakes, and
margined on its extreme east by th.^ G-reen mountam
range on the east side of the Hudson river. This is a
beautiful drive of six miles out, and on returning to
town, the road east through Greenville Centre, will give
a partial, yet very pretty view from "Meeting-House
hill," midway between Greenfield Centre and St. John s
Corners. At St. John's the right hand road is to be
taken, which leads over the Hkw.t and Westcott Hills.
These are very pretty views of distant mountain scene-
ry, and will impart a little variety to the drive, and not
materially increase the distance back to town.

Waring Hill.— The boldest and most imposing view
within a convenient drive from the Springs is " Waring
Hill," on the road to " Mount Pleasant." Here within
the distance of sixteen miles from town, an elevation is
attained of two thcusand feet above tide-water, and
one of the highest points of land between the valley of
the Hudson and Lake Ontario.

From this point of observation all the other views
which have been previously noticed, come within the

124

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

range of the observer's eye ; and the far distant tops of
the mountains as they gradually pass into the azu':e
sky, present one of the most beautiful landscape bor-
derings anywhere to bo found. This view gives the
villages of Saratoga, Ballston Spa, Schenectady, Water-
ford, Mechanicsville, Schuylorville, and the smaller set-
tlements generally through the county. Also Saratoga
lake, Fish creek, Owl pond, Ballston lake and Round
lake ; together with the winding stream of Kayader-
asseras, from its source in the sides of the moun-
tain to its (intrance into the Saratoga lake, and the
whole course of the Hudson from its confluence with
i| the Sacandaga, until it is lost in the midst of the Cats-

kill mountains. These all lie within the range of the
eye of the observer as he stands on the top of Waring
Hill. Hero, also, may be traced the wide-spread val-
ley of the Hudson, as it lies between the Kayaderas-
seras mountain on the west, the Green mountains on the
east, and the Palmerton setting in from the north, dotted
^ with woodland and cultivated farms. And as the clouds

occasionally pass over the landscape and in turn shed a
little darker hue on the meadow, the fallow and the
grove, an additional beauty to all is imparted, by the
mellow blending of the varied tints. And when au-
tumn comes and spreads its fallow leaf and tinges the
maple foliage with its high colorings, these commingled
with the evergreens so abundant in this county, impart
a beauty to this wild mountain scenery which is rarely
equaled, and but seldom if ever surpassed.

This last-mentioned view is obtained by a drive up
the Hadley plank-road, of about eight miles, thence
along, the Mount Pleasant plank-road nearly up to the

foot of War

mountain ri

riages are t

dred feet is

visited botw

great ease.

advantage v

villages are

Corinth

These falls

Springs, in

mile from J

able public

In order tc

necessary t(

carriage-Wi

hundred fe(

below then

mile above

approaches

narrow chf

hundred ai

the stream

and the wi

which it a

diately mo

sixty feet.

about the

opportunit

cataract ii

» Since t
has comnien

IIAND-nOOK OF SARATOGA.

125

t tops of
le azure
ipe bor-
ives the
, Water-
lUer set-
Saratoga
d Round
{ayader-
3 rnoun-
and the
loe with
the Cats-
»e of the
Waring
read val-
lyaderas-
ns on the
;h, dotted
he clouds
rn shed a
' and the
d, by the
when au-
inges the
iTimingled
;y, impart
I is rarely

drive up
es, thence
up to the

foot of Waring Hill, six miles, tlienoo to the right by a
mountaia road for half a mile. At this point th-i car-
ria<re9 are to bi) left, a.vl Waring Hill of thro^^ hun-
dred feet is to bo ase«nded oti foot. This view may be
visited botwe(5a the breakfast and dimior hours, with
great ease. Parties visiting it, may use glasses to great
advantage while upon the mount lin ; f Jr many of the
villages are not to bo di-^tinotly seen by the naked eye.
Corinth Faij.s.— .\nr.ther drive is Ci)iiiNrii Falls.
These falls are situated fifteen miles north of Saratoga
Sprin-s, in the Hudson River. The cataract is about one
mile from Jessup's landing. At this village is a comfort-
able public house, and also a convenient place to dme.
In order to view the falls from the Luzerne side, it is
necessary to cross the river at the Landing, and thence by
carria<re-ways to the top of the blulV, which rises one
hundred feet above the tails, or to the bank of the river
below them. The rapids in the river begin about one
mile above the cataract, and the stream narrows as it
approaches the precipice, to fifty feet. Through this
narrow channel the water of the stream is driven one
hundred and fifty feet with groat force. At this point
the stream suddenly widens to about one hundred feet,
and the water appears to liiU into a deep chasm, from
which it again ascends in billows of foam, and imme-
diately makes its last leap over a precipice of more than
sixty feet. There are tio improvements immediately
about the falls.* The deep gorge above them artbrds no
opportunity for building, and the high blufY above the
cataract is so situated, that any other than private resi-

. Since this work has been in type, a company from New-York
has commenced improvementa about the Falls.

126

HAND-BOOK OF SABATOOA.

dences would he impracticable. The place is m nearly
its native wildness. The high banks upon either side
„f the river are covered with pine, c(!dar and hemlock :
and the rocks are covered with a variety of moss. The
lover of the picturesque will find himself well repaid
|\,r his time and fatigue, by a few hours' contemplation
of the wild beauty and lovely solitude of this fine

cataract. .

Ei.Ms Spuing.— Another, pleasant drive is down the
Hallston road two miles, to the Ellis Spring. This
.nrin- is near the railroad, a few rods from where the
Ballston highway crosses the Saratoga and Schenectady
railroad, and on the west slope of the hill.

This sprin" is an acidulous carbonated water, and is
in the mineral range. The water, unlike those at Sara-
to"a, issues from the slate rock. ^

From this spring, take a westerly direction across the
pond up to Cady Hu.t. At Cady Hill the right hand
road is to be taken, and kept for about two miles from
the hill. This lane follows the banks of a small stream,
thickly wooded along its whole length. ' '^^*

Benf-wct's Sulphur Spring.— Just before reaching
a pond, a pair of bars opens the way to a large barren
field upon one side, while a beautiful grove of evergreens
in strong contrast occupies the other side of the path-
way After following this trail for twenty or thirty
rods it turns into the grove through which it passes,
and leaves the observer at the top of a blufi- about forty
feet in height. At the base of this bluff is a mineral
snrin" strongly charged with sulphur, known as Row-
laad's or Benedict's Spring. This place is susceptible
of great improvements, and might be made one of con-

siderablo a'

quarry whit

The way

course purs

hand road i

bearing off

lead the wa

Just befon

east, a lirm

aneo. The

concentric

eighteen in

not only fo

in detache(

formation,

village of

this impor

" Splintep

about fort;

the juncti

fresh \vate

Two mile

Broadway

making a

Stilks'

had, by a

Palmerto\

school-hot

be found a

* This sf
chnsed by oi
resort.

HAND-BOOK OF SARATOGA.

l;}7

I nearly
ner side
itnlock :
3. The
I repaid
iplation
lis fine

own the
5. This
here the
inectady

r, and is
at Sara-

3ross the
rht hand
iles from
1 stream,

reaching
ye barren
vergreens
the path-
or thirty
it passes,
jout forty
I mineral

as Row-
Lisceptible
le of con-

siderablo attraction.* Across the ravine is a marble
quarry which has been worked to a considorablo extent.
The way over the pond is to bo taken and a westerly
course pnrsaed for half a mile. At this place the right-
hand road is to ba taken, and continued past two roads
bearing off to the east, up to the third road, vvhioh will
lead th^'e way to the Hadley plank-road at " SplintcrviUc,"'
Just before reaching the last-mentioned mad to the
east, a limestone formation is passed, unique in appoa -
anco. The surface of the rocks is formed into nearly
concentric rings, which vary in size from an inch to
eighteen inches in diameter. This agate appearance is
not only found in portions of rock in the mass, but also
in detached portions of various sizes. Near this oolitic
formation, is Mn-Lica Hovt's Lime Ku,n, from which the
village of Saratoga Springs is mainly supplied with
this important article. On reaching the plank-road at
" Splinterville," the areenfteld reservoir may be seen
about forty or fifty rods in an easterly direction from
the junction of the two roads. From this reservoir
fresh water is brought in conduits to supply the village.
Two miles farther east the plank-road terminates in
Broadway at the Columbian Hotel. The whole circuit
making a drive of about seven or eight miles.

Sticks' Huj..— Another pleasant excursion is to bo
had, by a drive of a few miles along the east base of the
Palmertown Mountain, to Eu Stiles', thence near the
school-house, from a point within a few rods of which may
be found an extensive and beautiful view. This view com-

* This spring, with a fow ncvos surrounding, hns »)eGn rece.itly pur-
chased by one of our citizens, with a view of makiu- it a place of public
resort.

itiS

II AND- BOOK OF SARATOGA.

'% \

Miamls u bcimtifnl lunds.Hipo, which to tho south extends
lilty m sixty milos down tho Mohawk and Hudson rivers.
To thf oast, is hold in full view, tho beautiful mountain
ran-o, whioh rises up so i;iiposingly between tho Hud-
son and Oonncoticut valleys ; while on tho north is to
be, s.'.ui the Groon Mountains of Vermont. This view
is nnc of tho vory best which we have of the Hudson
river valley, lyioi,' north of its conlluence with the
Mohawk, and commands tho wide plains, which are
spread out bntwoen tho Kayaderasseras Mountain on the
west, and the high range ..f land lying east of the Hud-
son river. I'heso plains wore covered with a most
beautiful growth of white and yellow pines, ami other
ever^'reens, before tho woodman's axe had rudely cut
the.u uway, but now ih.>y arc nearly shorn of their
boauty, with only hero and there a clump ot trees to
vary tho Hat barren sand plain. -

The dillerent distances of the mountain peaks pro-
duce all the variety of coloring which so greatly en-
hances I he interest (jf mountain views.

There are som.'. large boulders to be seen on the top
of " Stiles' hill," which are also worthy of an examin-
ation, having probably been brought from the primitive
mountains farther to tho north.

Acidulous Spr
AUmiiv Count
AUmny Wrll.
Alterative Us
Waters . .
Aliiminons So
Ap|ile Patent.
Andrews. Ash
Arnold, Joh'i
Ashley's Qiiiii
Baker's Falls.
Ballslon Fossi
Ballston Fonn
Ballston, Tow
Baptist Societ

Bath

" Douche
" Foot . . .
" Hip . . . .
. " Hot . . . ,
" Plunjie ,
" Ro-actici
" Refrif/ei
" Shower
" Sponge
" Temper
" Warm . .

Bathins

Baths, Divers
Beach, Miles
Benedict's 8
Bilious Disef
Boulders . . .
Boyd .V McC
Bromine . .
Bryan, Alexi
Bur6!ovnc, G
Oady nill...
Calcareous S

,i' T

Calcifcrous i

Carbonate of

xtends
rivers,
untaia
1 Hud-
;h is to
s view
ludson
th the
ch are
I on the
e Hud-
a most
kI other
ely cut
of their
trees to

iks pro-
atly en-

the top
examin-
jrimitive

1 N D E X .

Pag«.

Acidulous Springs 77 '

Alliiiiiv Cdiinty 9 I

AUmny Wrll lU

Alterative Use of the Mincriil

Waters 82 ;

Aliiminons Soils 115 1

Ap|ile Patent 7 ;

Andrews. Ashaliel 27 ;

A mold, Joh'i 1 f' I

Ashley's Quarry ffi

Baker's Falls 107

Ballslon Fossils 108

Ballston Fountains H5

Ballston, Town of 10

Baptist Society, Suratoga Sjirings 30

Bath ,...81, 84, no

" Pouche no I

" Foot !>6

" Hip nfi

. " Hot .. 101

" Plunge !';!

" Re-action Oil

" Refrij/erating 0:t

" Hhower O.i

" Sponge !'(!

" Temperate 07

" Warm 0«

Bathing ""

Baths, DivrvsLon 01

Beach, Miles 27

Benedict's Spring 120

Bilious Diacases 80

Boulders H'^^

Boyd .V McCulloch :i4

Bromine '•**

Bryan, Alexander 18

Bnrgovne, General 18

Cady Hill 120

Calcareous Soil H"

J' Tufa 39,10

Calciferous Sand Rock 103

Carbonate of Iron 07

" of Lime 61)

Page.

Carlionate of Magnesia . (10

of Soda 04

Carlionic Acid 70

Cathartic 89

Charlton, Town of U

Chlori<le of Sodium 01

Chlorosis 8S

Chronic KlicumatiMn 83

Chrysol)eryl HI

Clarke, .lotui 44

Clav Halls 112

Clifton Park, Town of l,')

C'olnmliian Spring . . ._ 4.5

Congress Hall 24

(jongn^ss Spring 42

Coirstipalion 8!>

Corinth Tails 125

Corinth, Town of 13

Cutaneous Diseases 81

Day, Town of _ 14

i)iaphoretics 7i), 00

Disea.ses of the West . 80

ni\ireties 78, 00

Drinkin!; Water in the Wii-.ter 87

Drives aliout Saratoga 120

Drive to Cady Hill 120

" to Chapman's Hill 121

" to Corinth Falls 125

" to Kli Stiles' 127

lo Kllis Spring 126

" to Hagertv Hill 122

" toHewit Hill 123

" to .Miller Hiiyt's J27

" lo Lake House 121

" to \Va.'inan's Hill 1'22

" to Waring Hill 1'23

Early Settlements in Saratoga. . . 5

ICdinhuigh, Town of 13

Eli Stiles' 127

Ellis Spring 120

Empire Spring 50

Evacuant 77

Ferruginous Soils 110

130

INDEX.

I'UK<'.

itm

107
lOS
KIH

inn

, nil

p»(t»-

Mimri.l V..llry._. ■ '5

Miri.Tiil Wiilnr nnlhinK

Miilcriil Walrr, Use of in \V mlrr.

M.in-mi, Town of

MorL'un. (lulron

Mount IMciisiint

Norllniinliorliind. .

N'lillian I.owis

Oolite

Ore, Iron

Overtaxed Urain

\] 10H ratcnis

IH Pavilion Konnlain •'

|2;i Pavilion ^\

1011 I'hum'iU'iiii' I'll!

Ill

l''oril, .loloi „• ■ • • ■

l.-o«.,lHMl A<l.lrV«.VUo«l"»'l»

al I'.iii.i'i'N I'ii""

.. al |!iilMonS|ia

at <)iil»ay

aHilrn's KalU

•I ut (iri'i'iilio''!

" at Snnilv Hill

" at Sarulop. S|,rini:!i '

.. at SnaUc Hill H"

111 Walcrlonl
(lalwav, ToNMi of.,

(lali's, (irncral ■ • ■

Class WdrkHon Monnl I'lraNanl

Cliii's Kiill;* ■• r,;, i'Dosnliali' of Iron

Urams ol Savato.a ( onnly «{;, ,,,^|,_r^

(Iranls of Lauil, &<: .

<fiav('l ■

Urrnnlicl'l. To" '• "'

|''oSsilM of

Jlmlli'V.TovMi of ,.';;

Ila.j.rtv liai '"

llalfmooii, Town ol

Ilaniilloll S|nin'^ .•.•.••

lliuU Koi'U, SaraM^a Hpriii:

lliul. l!o>'l> Sprini:

Ili{> anil l-'ool lialhH

Hot ISalli

Ilnilson IliviT Oronp

lliiilson liiviT Slali

102

. 18

. 138

.. 13

20. 27

.. 104

.. Ill

.. 87

7
47

118

8:t
I'i

110

i;i

CK
81)
!)4

I'hlliisi

I'liiMEc- Halh .

I'olHilain Kandslonr . . i"^

I'roiluclions, Saratonn County.... ii"

Providi'iiri', Town of lj»

Pnlnam, (iidnon 1«, .iu

.. Pnlnam Spring

10 gnakrr Springs

•21, Hi Heed's Sprini:

IJi-aclion

llrfrigeration

Rheumatism

Hocks and Krtssils ■••■.••

Howland's or Ilrnodiol's Spring

Sandslono, Caleiferoiis 10'>

Sandy Hill, Fossils of H"

;i',t
;n
w\

101
1011
lOo

58
37
.19
93
93
83
103
120

1 1 Ml, lodali- Potassa "- ■j^;;;^,;:,,,,,^.' Potsdam 103

liilriuluelion • ^^^ Smis-Soiici Hotel, Ballston ii

lodllK

lodiiii' Spriiii; .

Iron.Carlionate

•• MaLMirtii'.

4!l Saratoga, (onnty ol. ._ ;'

07 Saratoga. Definition of •*

11 Saratcva l-'^kf • '^"

, , , 08 Saratoga, Settlement of. ....

," M'si-lrvinACo '. ■ 'i» Saratoga Springs, Town of ..

.lan.isM. MaruiA "^o Saratoga, Town of

.l.ilinsoo. Sir W il ,a n . ■ ., ]■■ _,^ ,j-^ ■ ,.^,,^^^,i p,,;,,,.

Kayad.;rass..ias I .itent ■ Scowlon, Dirick

I'^'l^'; }""T 8 Serofnla

Land (irant
i,i'wis, Xatlian ....
r.iineslone, Trenton
Livingston, lli'nry .
1 Soil.

. . . '20, 27
104

.■,'. 17

Magin-sian Soil ||''

l,lai:nelie»)iv ^j.'

Malta. Town ot.. '■'

Marl. 1)1 posits of i'^

Marvin .V' Co.. • •

MrCulloch .t Boyd

Milicr llovl's

Jtillon, Town of

Mineral Springs

127

5
U

10
28
16

9.')

10.5

^^^ 105

SnakeHill"..- \\l

Soil ]\i

'• Aluminous J''^

" Caleiferons jj ;

" Ferruginous '' ;

" Magnesian '•]{!

" Silieious ]■}*

Splinterville 1^^,

Shower Bath
Slate, Hudson Uiv
Slali', I'tiea

Springs, Minrra
Spring, ("olunili

" Congrea

" Kilis..

" Kmpire

" (iaylor't

" Hamilti

" Hiuh U

" Iodine .

" I'avilioi

" Putnam

" Quaker

" Ten . .

'■ WllsllUl!

" White S

Stiles, Kli

Steel, Dr. .John

Stillwater, Tow

Sulphur Spring

Taylor Brothers

Temperate Bath

Ten Springs. . .

Town of Ballstf

" of C'liftoi

" of Corinl

•' ofChailt

" of Day..

" of F>dinhii

" of Galwa

77 1 Sponge

Bath .

INDEX.

l:!l

HprinfTS, Minora! .. 77

Spriiiu', ("oluniliinn 4S

" Contfriua il

" KIlis 30, 12n

" Kinpiro 50

" (iiiyldr's or Wilton 37

" llariiiltiiii 4(i

lliali llociv 31)

IimIiiii! 40

" I'livilhin 47

" I'ulnnni 6H

yiiakiT 37

" Ton _ 3"

'• Wiisliinalon or While's . rifi

" White Hiiliilmr <10

MtilcH.KIi 1'i"

Hlrrl, Dr. .loliu II I!h

Htiliu liter, ToHii (il 10

Hulplivir Hpriiig 00

Tiiylor UrolliiTH 20

Tcinprriiti; Until 07

Ten Hprinns 37

Town of liHllsloii lii

" of C'littdii I'ark 13

" of Corintli 11

•' of CliuHloll 10

" ofDay 14;

" of Kiliiiliiirt'h . 13 ]

" of Galway 11

Town of (Irrrtilii'lil

" of Hadlrv

" of Ilollmaii

■• ..fMalia

" of Milton

" of Mori'nii ,

" of Noriliiinilirrlanil

'• i>f I'riiviili'iiiT

ol Sariilo^'a

" of SiUiilojii Spriiiu'M ....

" of SlillwiitiT

" ol' Walirlonl

" of Wilton

Trniton l/iiiU'stoni^. . I

I'liioM Hall

riMird Stales Motel

Van Shank I'alcnt '

Ve-etnlile rrniliieiion. A'e \]'''

Vertical Si'.iiiiM, II, liork.S. Sp.. ;!'•'

Warin- Hill nr f'lehl Vl-''

Walloii. Hon. Heiiiv 3l

Warm Math 0^1

Washiiulon or While's Hiirini;.. .. !'>■'

Water , 7'>

Waterlnirv, William '-'0

Walerloi.l, 'fuwii of Ill

While Snlpliiir Spriiiii liO

Wilton or ( lavloi's Spriiii; 37

Wilton. Town of. 13

-i