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Fortificatio| Janiculum. {(i) Founding of Ostia, Rome's seaport. (f) Encouragement of agriculture. Tarquinius Priscus (Etruscan) 616-578 : (a) Increase of Senate to 300 to include Etrij representatives. {f)) Rise of the plebeian order. (c) Great public works: Temple of Jupiter, Sewers (Cloaca Maxiniae), Circus Maxmms. {d) Institution of Roman games. Servius TuUius (Etruscan) 578-534 : (a) Extension of the Empire ; treaties with Etnd Latins and Greeks. (d) The Servian Reforms : (i) First recognition of the plebs, (2) Classification of the people as citizens od perty qualification. ' (x) Re-organization of the army on the ba landownershipinstead of birth; grouped! of 100 men or centuries according tol military array. (4) Assembly of Patricians and Plebeians or tia Centuriata (Meetings of the Cend on a property qualification. I (5) Assembly of the Plebeians or Comitia Trj (f) Servian Wall round Rome, including city sions. ((/) Beginnings of colonization in Latium. {e) Murder of Servius by his son-in-law, Tarcj Superbus. I. 1 BF. quest of a par iered Latins to K t)er. Fortificatii ;aport. e. [6-578 : to include Etr )le of Jupiter, reus Maximus. PATRICIANS AND PI.EBEIANS. n 7. Tarquinius Superbus (Etruscan) 534-509 : («) Overthrow of the Servian Constitution : a reien of terror. (A) Alliance with the Latins. (C) Expulsion of the Tarquins. Abolition of kinely power. ^ -^ Examination Questions on Legendary and Re^al Rome. ^ n. Briefly sketch the history of Rome under the 7 Kinps dealinc soeciallv w th (a) The establishment of a constitution, (^) The "oundfnL n^ sTS^ImS SI: ^'^ "^'^^ ^''' ^'''"''' Assembliis. (d) Thl^exlen- J4: eaties with Etnis *j. )lebs. lie as citizens 01 rniy on the b; ■^■ birth ; grouped es according to| nd Plebeians or ngs of the Centj on. 5 or Comitia TrJ including city n Latium. son-in-law, Tard C— PATRICIANS AND PLEBEIANS. Establishment of the Roman Republic, 508:- I. Chief state oflficers : (a) Two Consuls (Praetores or leaders, cousules praetores or jointleaders) instead of a Kine • ^u^ !i?""^^^-^' ^y ^^^ Comitia Centuriata,confirm ' ed by the Comitia Curiata : To preside in the benate, administer justice, command armies, direct religious affairs. See D. IX. id) Two auaestors or Finance Ministers having fi's'^K t ^ n^ ?'^*^ ^i:^^'"'^'- Increased to 4. thef to 8, by Sulla to 20, by Caesar to 40. The Struggle for Equality, 509-287 :- I. The Patriciana: Intramural, freeborn, aristocratic citizens ; independent landowners ; practically an order of'Aobility • the sole officers of the state ; the controllers of public iands I originally the entire populus Romanus ; a privileged order ; an exclusive hereditarv hodV i.ae sza.z&. •' — J' ft 1 1 ROMAN HISTORY IN BRIEF. 2. The Plebeians : A secondary Roman people, the Commons composti! of new settlers, farmers, conquered people, etc. with inferior rights ; subjects not full citizens renters not possessors of the folkland ; under tax a tion with no share in the government, ineligib for office but serving as state infantry withoii:| pay ; denied the right of intermarriage with pat | riciaiis ; liable to be seized by the patricians ar| slaves for debt. 3. The Rights of Roman Citizenship : (a) Public : Of voting, holding office, appeal froti| the decision of a magistrate, holding state lands. ' {d) Private : Of trading, contracting a religious mar riage. 4. Stages in the Struggle : A.— For Relief from Oppressive PATRICIA^^ Law^s, and Customs : (1) Lex Valeria or Law of Appeal : No capit punishment of any Roman citizen save by coi firmation on appeal of the Comitia Centuriai.. (2) First Secession of the Plebs to dons Sacer 494. Terms of their return to Rome: Abol: tion ot slavery for debt ; release of slaves fi debt ; annual appointment of two magistrattg or Tribunes to protect the rights of the peo])Ii from despotic or oppressive consuls ; appoiiiti ment of two plebeian Aediles as overseers o| public works. (3) Famine in Rome. Exile of Corlolanus fcJ proposing to withhold foreign food from tlil plebeians unless they surrendered their Moiij Sacer Charter. (4) Agrarian Bill of 5purius Casslus, 486! Division of the "public land," won in wan among the plebeians. Murder of Cassius bl the •r>atriciaus= H. PATRICIANS AND PI.KBKIANS. '3 imons compose! ?red people, etc. lot full citizens and ; under tax a iment, ineligil infantry withor. larriage with pat the patricians a 1- ^ fice, appeal froi: y hv' state lands. * a religious mar .* VE PATRICIANSi peal : No capita tizen save by con ' )mitia CenturiataJ i to rions Sacerl to Rome : Abolil ;ase of slaves foi ' two magistratcl ghts of the peo])l| consuls ; appoin^' 5S as overseers ' Corlolanus fo gn food from tlil idered their Moiil Cassius, 486I id," won in warl ier of Cassius b{ (5) Publiliati Law, 471 : Election of tribunes by the Comitia Tributa; resolutions \plebiscita) of the plebeian assembly to be binding on the people. (6) Trentilllan Law, 460: Appointment of a plebeian commission to draw up laws to check the arbitrary power of the patrician consul. A compromise : -Abolition of consuls and tribunes for the year ; appointment of 10 com- missioners or Decemvirs, 451, "with all the functions of government, to draw up the new Roman Code and place it in the Porum, so that impartial justice might be meted out to patrician and plebeian alike, and the power of the chief officers might be clearly defined." "These 12 tables form the foundation of the whole Roman judicial Jiystem." (7) Distinct gains made by the Plebeians : Plebeian magistrates, a plebeian assembly, plebeian plebiscita, a written code of laws, protection against oppression. B. —For Equai,ity : (i) Tyranny of the Decemvirs. Legend of the sacrifice of the plebeian maiden Virginia Second Secession of the Plebs followed by the Valerlo-Horatian Laws, 449 (the second great charter of plebeian rights) :— The right of every citizen to appeal to the people against the decision of the consul ; the decisions of the plebeians (Z'/^dwaVa) in their assembly bind- ing on all citizens ; the inviolability of the tribunes. '* The recognition of plebeian mag- istrates and plebeian assemblies as parts of the Roman constitution. Deposition of the de- cemvirs ; restoration of consuls and tribunes. (2) Canulelan Laws 445 : Recognition of legal marriage {connubium) between patricians and plebeians ; election of 6 Sffilitar-y Tribunes with consular power, a position open to patri- *'i r 'i i '4 ROMAN HISTORY IN BRIEF. cians and plebeians alike. This last nie was to save the patrician consulship being filled by a plebeian. (3) State offices won by the plebeians : QuaJ ship 421, Consulship 367, Dictatorship Censorship 339, Praetorship 336. ' (4) Liclnfan Rogations (Uclnlo-Sextian 307, "Rome's great Reform Bill": Did tion of the plebeian burden of debt • ] division of the public land ; Hmitatid public land to any one citizen, soo acJ pasturage for 100 oxen and 500 sheep • al sion of one plebeian, at least, to the' cj ' ®^^P each year ; abolition of military tribl adoption of free hired labor as well as labor by landowners. ' (5) Ogulnlan Law, 300 : Increase of prl offices in order to admit plebeians. I (6) Hortenslan Law, 287: Full establishmel the power of the plebeian assembly ; abof of the Senate's veto power in the legislatil the state. Full equalization of the two of Examination Questions on Patricians and Piebeians. Rogations. Inscribe th^feSSu cSdied'ta C"Jte.'„'te1 1 D. -ROME'S CONQUEST OF ITALY. I. War with Veil and Tarquinii :- Attempt of these cities to re-instate the Taraui,,., • defeat on the Roman frontier. ^arquius , 2. ROME'S CONQUEST OF ITAI^Y. 15 War with Etruria :— 1. Cause: Attempt of the Tarquins, with Ktruscan aid under Lars Porsena, to regain the throne of Rome. 2. Siege of Rome. Legends of Horatius and Mucius Scae- vola. 3. Porsena's peace with Rome. War with the Latins :— 1. Cause : Attempt of the Tarquins to recover the kin r, ship with Latm aid. "-'"«>- 2. Appointment of Lartius, Rome's first Dictator 3. Battle of Lake Reglllus. 497: Victory of the Romans over Mamihus, prince of Tusculum. ""«ans ^' '^f^f/ "S^^ *^^ ^^^^""^ • S^^lter no longer to be given to the Tarquins. fe'vcu |V. War with the Volscians and Aequians — Capture of Corioli by the Roman commander Caius Marcius Conolanus. v-dius. Exile of Coriolanus for oppression of the plebs. Attack on Rome by the Volscians under Coriolanus. Defeat of the Volscians, Latins. Hernicans by Camillus Defeat of the Aequians at Mt. Algidus, 446, by Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, dictator. ^ mucins War with Veii :— I. Conquest of Veii by Camillus, 396. '■ ^Etrurlr °^ ^''"'^'' '^'"^°'^ ^"^ ^^^ Ciminian hills in 3. Exile of Camillus for misappropriation of spoils. Wars with the Gauls : - Eirst invasion of the I. 3. 4. Decline of the Etruscan power Gauls. (a) Battle of the Allla, 30a. victory of the Gauls under Brennus over the Romans. 'W t6 ROMAN HISTORY IN BRIEF. {b) Seven months' siege of Rome. Defence of t Capitol by Manlius. (c) Sack of Rome by the Gauls, 390. (rf ) Recall of Camillus. Defeat of the Gauls. A he i ! I ransom the price of their withdrawal. 2. Second invasion, 361 : Legend of Titus Manlius T quatus. Defeat of the Gauls. 3, Third invasion, 349 : Legend of Marcus Vaki Corvus. Defeat of the Gauls. vn. Second War with the Latins, 340-338 :— 1. Causes : Latin jealousy and rivalry ; Rome's treaty w Samnium. 2. Battle of Mt. Vesuvius, 340 : Victory of the Rom under Manlius and Decius. 3. Rome's Conquest of Latium, " the close of the first stal in Rome's advance towards supremacy in Italy." 4. Settlement of- Latium ; 5 Latin cities made part of t| Roman State ; the rest with the colonies ranked } Latin allies of Rome the sovereign city. VIII. Samnite Wars, 343-^95 :— I. First War, 343-341 : (a) Causes : Rome's aid to Capua and neighboril towns against Samnium the virtual ruler of Ca| pania. The struggle for supremacy in Italy. {d) Victory of the Romans at fit. Qaurus, nd Cumae. {c) Treaty of peace : " Rome the recognized suzerJ of the Campanian cities which had sought her ai(f Capua and Cumae declared Roman and graiiij the civil rights of Roman citizenship. a. Second or Great War, 327-304 : (a) Cause: Samnite depredations upon the Ron subjects of Campania. (6) Samnite allies : Tarentum, Etruria, Umbria. Roman allies : Apulia, Lucania. . Defence of t e Gauls. A lu a awal. itus Manlius T Marcus Vaki {40-338 :- Rome's treaty w: >ry of the Rom; )seof the first si;i cy in Italy." made part of ti :olonies ranked! :ity. , and neighborij tual ruler of Ca lacy in Italy. It. Qaurus, d recognized suzerJ ad sought her aiif aman and graiitj iship. upon the Ror iria, Umbria. ROME'S CONQUKST OI? ITAtV. 17 (r) Course of the War : (i) Defeat of the Samnites bv Fabius Maximus, master of the horse. (2) Defeat of the Romans at Caudium (Caudine Forks) by Pontius, 321, at Lautulae, 314. (3) Defeat of the Samnites at Cinna by Fabius Maximus, 314. (4) Defeat of the Etruscans at Lake Vadimo, 309, and the Umbrians at Mevanla, 307, by Fabius Maximus. (5) Roman invasion of Samnium ; capture of the capital, Bovlanum, 304. (d) Treaty of peace : Samnium's acknowledgment of Roman supremacy. 3. Third War, 295-290 : {a) Causes : Samnite depredations in Lucania. Union of Samnites, Etruscans, Umbrians, Gaiils against Rome. (b) Defeat of the allied Gauls and Samnites at Sentl- num, 295. (c) Rout of the Gauls, 2S3. Annexation of Senonian Gaul. (d) Conquest of Samnium, Etruria, Umbria. "The Samnites made the allies of Rome on equal terms and without any sacrifice of independence." War with Tarentum, 281-372: - II. -Causes: Rome's garrisons in Magna Graecia CLocri Croton, Rhegium, Thurii). Jealousy over Rome's prosperity. Alleged Roman breach of treaty with Tar- entum. Destruction by the Tarentines of a Roman fleet near ti|^ harbor of Tarentum. The War : (a) Tarentum's allies : Pyrrhus (King of Epirus) Samnium, Lucania, Bruttium. (/>) Battle of Heraclea (SIris) 280 : Victory of Pyrr- hus over the Romans. Expulsion of the Roman garrisons from Magna Graecia. B l8 ROMAN HISTOR\ IN BRIEF. lil (c) Battle of Asculun, 379 : Defeat of the Rom by Pyrrhus. ((/) Pyrrhus in Sicily (278-276) as ally of the Sic il Greeks against the Carthaginians. Rome's di 1 of Samnites and Lucanians. (f the state. war, enforce disc| bunes of the soldij )r : ROME'S CONQUEST OF ITAI^Y. (a) Their dual oflfice : annual tf»ni,i.« . 1 veto power of the Tribunes ^ ' ""' °^ ^^P^^^ ' (b) The Senate ; (i) Mode of election : Chosen first h^ ^h^ v The office open to plebeians. '-ensors. (2) Term of office : For life or good conduct ^'^ coS^ ;;An Advisory Committee or standing ness '' ConSo? o'fThl"^"^ ^" P^^"^ ^usg works u^^^?\ — f. ^^easury and of public pTo^l^ces^S^d' ;?o^£tr "^^""^ '— control supplies "^ government, (4} Administrative functions • Cac^c ^f t^^ treason; disputes Seen'^l^Ls^'^f^^e^^^ affairs, questions of war and peace,1he l^vy ff {c) Officers of the state (see No. 2). {d) Roman Assemblies (see Section B). The Roman Army : {(i) Soldiers: "All citizens from 17 to ac 1; ki . {c) Ofticers: "Six military tribunes for e«rl. i« • "■pirmantZ"''^^ '' 'T'^'^'^'r highways of a broad, level §isS'lS'rtj'iir<=^47-«"« Ro„,e with the S 1^ '.':1T| 1 i i i •!: 22 ROMAN HISTORY IN BRIEF. Bxatnination Questions on Rome's Conquest of Italy. 1 . Describe the various Greek and Roman Assemblies of the people. 1S7.= 2. Write notes on Praetor, Quaestor, Tribune, Dictator, Comitia Tribi;| Optimates. 1876. l 3. Write notes explaining the meaning af the terms Consul, Dictator, Cen^ Tribune of the plebs, Augur, Comitia. 1879. 4 Specify very brieflv what was noble or heroic in the lives and career^ the following: Coriolanus, Ciucinnatus, Camillus, Regulus, Falj Maximus. 1893. 5. Write historical and explanatory notes on : Roman Citizenship, Consif Tribunes, Quaestors, Censors, Praetors, Aediles. 18y». a 6 In what respects did the Roman republic differ from a modern repul)!| Show how Rome was governed, 1900. E.— THE PUNIC WARS. I. Carthage:— I Commercial, intellectual, political etidowments of Phoenicians (Lat. Poefii or Puma) ; maritime eiil prise. Carthage a colony of Tyre. 2. Growth of Carthage : (a) Founding of Carthage about 853. (b) Rapid prosperity, agricultural, commercial, ind trial ; control of Western Mediterranean Sea tr^ (c) Incomparable advantages of situation ; rich vij ity, splendid harbor. | {d) Energetic activity of its people, employmenj mercenaries. I (e) Conquest of the native states of Africa, and nej boring Phoenician towns and cities, except If The capital of a mighty North African Empire| f) Maritime and colonial dominions : Spain, Bald Isles Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Aegatian Is., I arean Is., Melita, Elba. Rivalry with Syracus(| maritime supremacy, a. Government : Oligarchic system. EF. ]uest of Italy. es of the people. lS75a ctator, Comitia Tribu| Consul, Dictator, Ceii^ the lives and careers lillus. Regains, FalJ lan Citizenship, Const- 1898 The; punic wars. 23 ^' ^Jl '^^'^ ^^fJ-^^ ^^"^ °f "'500 citizens of high rank • mercenary soldiers. "S" iciriK , 5. Sources of Carthage's weakness: Her oligarchic system • her harshness towards Africa.i subjects Indconseournt disaffection ; her mercenary soldiery ; her meddleso^ jealousy concerning her affairs abroad. ""^^^^^^^^ First Punic War, 264-241 :— I. Causes : ^rom a modern republB (a) Extension of Carthaginian power in Sicily. EtS. endowments of lei) ; maritime eiil 353- 1, commercial, ind literranean Sea tral situation ; rich vij )ple, employ me n| of Africa, and nej I cities, except IJf h African Empirel lions : Spain, Bal| ly, Aegatian Is., I .Iry with Syracuse {c) Rivalry and jealousy between Rome and Carthage The Messana affair : (I) Seizure of Messana by the mercenary Mamer- surSunlin^gToSy'- '''^' ^^^^^^^ °^ ^^« ^'^ Sn1i?a?e?^ ^"' Carthaginians against the (3) Siege of Messana by Hiero, King of Syracuse. (4) Appeal of the besieged Mamertines to the RoSeTsuL-rliit^ ^^ '''-' Messana^U'er ^^^ orMe'lina" "^^""'^ °^ "^^ "^'^^^^ ^"^ h^'-bor The War : {a) Inyasion of Sicily by the Romans under Appius Claudius Occupation of Messana. The Ca??ha ginians driven to tlie north-west, the Syracusans" RCe\ndtyr?ct:f ^'^ '''^'''' ^-t/b^w^^^ (^) Roman capture of Agrlgentum, 262 {c) Battle of Mylae, 260 : Naval victory of th. Romans under Duilius. victory of the id) Battle of Ecnomus, 265 : Naval ^^ctory of the Romans under Regulus and Manlius {c) I"vasion of Africa by Regulus and Manlius, 256 (I) Recall of Manlius with a large force to Rome » Wi ; 1 I s ^i 24 ROMAN HISTORY IN BRIEF. (2') Battle of Carthage, 355: Defeat of Regulu • by the Spartan Xanthippus. Regulus and 2c>'. of his troops made prisoners. (/) Wreck of -first Roman fleet (80) off Cape Pachyl nus, 255. ( g) Roman capture of fortress Panormus, 254. {/i) Wreck of second Roman fleet off Cape Palinuruj 253. (?) Failure of Roman seige of Lilybacum, 250. (/) Battle of Drepanum, 249: Naval victory Adherbal over /.ppius Claudius. (k) Wreck of third Roman fleet off Cape Pachyni 249' . J (/ ) Hamilcar's seizure of the two fortresses in N. Sicui Mt. Ercte, Mt. Eryx, and ravage of the coasts ' Italy. , (m) Battle of the Aegatian Is., 24 1 -.-Naval victory the consul Catulus. 3. Terms of Peace, 241 : {a) Carthage's abandonment of Sicily, Rome's fij province. (5) Her restoration of Roman prisoners. {c ) Her payment of 2300 talents (war indemnity) in years. IIL Second Punic War, 218-201 :- 1. Causes : (a) Annexation of Corsica and Sardinia by the Romj as Roman provinces, 238. . I (b) Extension of Carthaginian empire in Spain unl Hamilcar, Hasdrubal (son-in-law), and Hanni (son). New Carthage its capital. I {c) Hannibal's capture of Saguntuiii,^a Greek citj alliance with Ronxe, 219. Appeal of the wagant' to Rome. 2. The War: The PUNIC WARS. 25 of! Cape PachJ Cape Pachynuj :— Naval victory! Sicily, Rome's fij iinia by the Rot um, a Greek citj (a) Hannibai;s great 5 months' march from Spain to Italy His force, 26,000 ; Roman available force mcludmg allies 700,000. ^*^ «n?ir P ?}^ "^n '""*,'. ^' ^ = ^^^^^t °f th^ Romans under Publius Cornelius Scipio. (c) Battle of the Trebia, 2l 8 : Defeat of the Romans under Scipio and Sempronius. ^"^^ nfflf. p ^""^^ Traslmenus, 217: Annihilation ?ni,!o '°^'' ^""""y' i"cluding the consul Flam- (e) Appointment of Q. Fabius Maximus as Dictator Detensive preparations at Rome. Fabian policy of prudence, caution, and avoidance of a general engagement with Hannibal. , general (/) Battle of Cannae, 216 : Disastrous defeat of the Romans under the consuls Aemilius Paulus and Vario. Panic at Rome. ig) Hannibal's new allies: Campania, S. Italy Svra- cuse, Macedonia. ^' ^^^ (A) Hannibal's futile march on Rome, (i) Siege and capture of Syracuse by Metellus 212 ij ) The War in Spain : Capture of Saguntum by the Romans, 215. Defeat and death of Publius and Cneius. Scipio by Hasdrubal at Ibera" 2ia Indecisiv- battle of Baecula, 209. between the forces of Hasdrub.l and the Romans underPubHus S^T^^"l?u"P^°'. ^°" °^ P"b""s the Consul. Rout n( R«?n.nS^^onA"' ^y ^^^P^^ ^" the second battle of Baecula. 206. Complete expulsion of the Carthaginians from Spain. (k) fasdmbal's march to Italy. Battle of Metaurus. 207 : Defeat and death of Hasdrubal (/) Recapture of Tarentum and Capua by the Romans Harsh treatment of recalcitrant cities. HannibS at bay for four years in Bruttium. «anniDai (tn) P. Cornelius Scipio's invasion of Africa, 204 : (i) Recall of Hannibal from Italy. 26 ROMAN HISTORY IN BRIEF. (2) Battle of Zama, 202 : Defeat of Hannibal by Scipio (Africanus). 3. Terms of Peace, 201 : {a) Carthage's retention of African possessions only,; (d) Her surrender of all prisoners, and all but 10 ships. {c) Her payment of 10,000 talents in 50 years. {d) Her recognition of Masinissa (Rome's ally) as king of Nuniidia. i le) Her promise not to make war in Africa without^ Rome's consent. IV. Third Punic War, 149-146 :— 1. Causes : (a) Reviving prosperity at Carthage. (b) Masinissa's harassing raids and encroachments! on Carthage ; futile protests of Carthage to Ronie,| War with Masinissa. (c) Rome's expulsion of Hannibal from Carthage, 195] {d) Cato's influence urging the destruction of Carthagej {e) Insolent demands of Rome upon the Punic capitall 2. Siege of Carthage, I49-I48 : Victory of rW. . . . , 'A% Paulus. Kxtincti™^ — ^' ^^-^ hy. Pretender, to revi id battle of Pydn ice, 148. Conqu igaiast Greece EUXINU8 KijN^,; (' PONTUS j ,^ 29 donia. Re- is, to Italy. )s, Chalcis. ece now a Exaction of e provincial d taxation." md civiliza- Dtion of, the isophy, cus- luer Europe. .. Minor and :ce. Rome's itory of the Antiochus to or of Hanni- lesla (Lydia) ;ipio. iidemnity). s, and Asiatic 5 to be free id navigation. OCEANtIi ri;KMANlCL'S QERIVKANIA HISP ^^H ANfA •Oj«u). u-n H, •■''uleuin WA URTTAN*'^ ^.\^^^"' C^rtlia^o Nova II. ROMAN WORLD IN 133 8 C. ***».. 38 i (. ii * )', (c) T« (I (2 (3^ 3. Third "\ (a) Ca Int pre Ret i^) Th( (I) (2) (r) Resi (1) 4. Conquest (a) Cau| ROMK'S CONQUEST OF THE EAST. 39 sympathy and collusion with Macedonia. Re- moval of suspected Greeks, as hostages, to Italy Rise of the Acliaeans against Rome. (d) Rome's destruction of Corinth, Thebes, Chalcis. The end of Grecian freedom. Greece now a Roman province called Achala. Exaction of tribute by Rome. Introduction of the provincial system of "disarmament, isolation, and taxation." (c) Direct influence of Greek learning and civiliza- tion : Rome's admiration for, and adoption of the Greek language, literature, art, philosophy, 'cus- toms. ^ ' X Syrian War, 192-189 :— I . Causes : {a) Plans of Antiochus III of Syria to conquer Europe. (6) His seizure of Egypt's possessions in A. Minor and Thrace. (r) His invasion of A. Minor and Greece, aid to Greece. Rome's The War : {a) Battle of Thermopylae, ipi : Victory of the Romans under Glabrio. Flight of Ant'iochus to Ephesus. {d) Lucius Scipio, brother of the conqueror of Hanni- bal, in Asia Minor. Battle of Hagnesla (Lvdia) 190 .• Victory of the Romans under Scipio. ^ Terms of Peace, 189 : (a) Antiochus to pay 15,000 talents (war indemnity). {b) To surrender his European possessions, and Asiatic dominions west of Mt. Taurus. {c) To declare the Asiatic Greek cities to be free independent allies of Rome. id) To be restricted in his rights of war and navigation. {e) To surrender Hannibal. Chief results to Borne : 30 ROMAN HISTORY IN BRIEF. 'h {a) Extension of Roman sway over the province o: Asia (Mysia, Lydia, Ionia, Caria), and over Syria (d) Alliances v^^ith Pontus and Cappadocia. I (c) Acknowledgment by Egypt of Rome's supremac} i i68. III. Mithradatic Wars, 88-61 :- I. First War, 88-84 : (a ) Causes : (i) Mithradates VI's. hatred of Rome for takiiii from Pontus, Phrygia, a Roman gift to hip father. ' (2) His resolve to free Asia from Roman sway. (3) His extension of the Pontian dominions tl include Bithynia, Cappadocia, Phrygia, arJ Galatia, and around the Euxine. (4) His league with Italian States against Rome! Enlistment of Thracian, Scythian, and Co| chian tribes, as well as Armenia and Parthia* as allies. Mithd i^d) The War: (i) Defeat and massacre of the Romans, dates master of A. Minor. (2) Invasion of Greece by Archelaus the Pontil general. Alliance with the Peloponnesiar Athenians, and lioeotians. (3) Sulla, the Roman consul and commander i Greece. His victories at Chaeronea, 86, an at Orchomenus, 85. Surrender and sack Athens. Destruction of the Peiraeus. [c) Terms of peace : Mithradates' surrender of conquests and 70 ships of war ; payment of 2c talents. (d) Sulla's punishment of the Greek rebels in Eurod and Asia: Executions, "robbery, devastatioij distress." Second War, 83-82 : the province > , and over Syri. docia. ome's supremae Rome for takir. Ionian gift to h Roman sway. an dominions ; ;ia, Phrygia, ai ine. :es against Rom :ythian, and Ct jnia and Parthi Elomans. Mitlir elaus the Pontii ; PeloponnesianJ tid commander 1 aeronea, 86, ati| nder and sack ; Peiraeus. surrender of payment of 2C : rebels in Europl lery, devastatioi ROME'S CONQUEST OF THE EAST. 3J (a) Cause: Refusal of Mithradates to surrender Can- padocia. ir (6) The War : ^'^ Ponrus""^ ^^'^ Romans at SInope, the capital of (2) Defeat of Mithradates by Sulla. (c) Truce : Mithradates in possession of a part of Cat,- padocia. ^ ^ Third War, 73-61 : {a) Cause: Refusal of Mithradates to recoijnize Bithx nia as a Roman province. ^ ' (d) The War : (i) Mithradates' unsuccessful siege of Cvzicus His retreat to Pontus. ^-j^^iwus. ( 2 ) Defeat of Mithradates near Cabira. His flij/ht and S s" riL""^'''^' '^'^'■^"^'' ^^"^ ^^ Armenia (3) Battle of TIgranocerta, 69: Defeat of Tigranes by lyucullus. (4) Battle of Artaxata, 68 : Defeat of Mithradates and Tigranes by Lucullus. (5) ^utiny in the Roman army. Recovery of Pontus by Mithradates. Recall of Lucullus Pompey the Roman commander. (6) Pompey's alliance with Parthia.' Break-up of the^ league between Mithradates and Tigranes Submission of the latter. ^ (7) Blockade of Pontus by the Roman fleet surprise and defeat of Mithradates. (8) Annexation of Syria by Pompey, 63. ^^^ ^/y?.lt,°^ Pomaces, Mithradates' son. Suicide of Mithradates, 63. Submission of Pharnaces to Pompey. (c) Results of the War ! (i) Rome's annexation of the East to the Euphra- tes and to Egypt. ^"i'lir* ill ,1 32 ROMAN HISTORY IN BRIEF. (2) Responsibility of Rome in "protecting tb Greek East against the advance of a purelj Oriental power." Examinatiop Questions on Rome's Conquest of the East. Give an outline '~f the wars between Rome and Macedon. 1S77. State, in chronological order, witli dates, the conquests of Rome frul 202 to 133. 1882. Give an account of the Roman Republic in its highest state of develoj ment. 1884. 4. Relate the history of the Roman War against Antiochus. 1884. 5. Trace the course of the Roman conquest of Greece from the beginning j the Second Macedonian War to the fall of Corinth. 1885. Describe briefly the influence on the character of the Romans of tlitl victories over the Greeks. 1893. Name, locate and write brief notes on 3 places famous in connection wij the Wars with Mithradates. 1894: Narrate the events that first brought Rome into full contact with Gred civilization. Show how and in what respects Greek civilization inflj enced Roman life and literature. 1898. 6. G.— THE GRACCHI. I. The ^eed for Reform :— I. The Nobility (Opti mates) : A plebeo-patrician aristo racy including the senate, the nobles, the kniglij (equites), the capitalists or the party of wealth. Thti monopoly of political power and the offices of stati The senate and magistrates, the mouthpieces of m new aristocracy. The legionary cavalry, an aristocij tic corps, serving as a mounted guard of nobles. New Senatorial Government of the Roman Statj the actual sovereign authority : (a) A remodelling of the constitution according to views of the nobility. Appointment of officel and civil niagistrates on birth and scniorits Monopoly of power by the rich and selfish noblej THE GRACCHI. 33 1 ' ' protecting tb vance of a purelj It of the East. oedon. 1877. iquests of Rome froJ ghest state of develol chus. 1884. 'roni the beginning! 1. 1885. the Romans of thd )us in connection wii| II contact with Grei t;ek civilization infll )-patrician aristo bles, the kniglij of wealth. Thtl le offices of stati louthpieces of tlj ■airy, an aristoq i of nobles, le Roman Stat(| 1 according to tment of office! 4. II and scniurita and selfish nobis (^.) Senatorial control : Of the forces, the organization and government of the provinces, negotiations, alliances, colonies, allotment of lands, finances. Unconstitutional control of the magistrates (even the tribunes), the courts, and the popular assembly. •'The senate was master alike of all the income and of all the expenditure of the state." (c) Senatorial decrees: "Gradually acquired some- thing of the binding power of statutes.'' "The decree of the senate could suspend for a time the operation of a law." (d) The Assembly : Decline of its power under sena- torial control. Difficulty of calling its members together for consultation. Absence of deliberative discussion. {e) Results of senatorial rule : Decline in the admin- istration as to military discipline, justice, and finances. Selfish exclusiveness, corruption, brib- ery, at home and abroad. Frovincial nisgovernment : (a) Rapacity of provincial governors (proconsuls) ; legalized military tyranny ; plunder of conquered cities and states. "The provinces an attractive field for money-making. ' ' {b) Scandalous abuse of grain requisitions from the provinces. {c) Difficulty of redress or justice for oppressed pro- vincials. Wholesale bribery of judges by the governors when brought to trial for misgovern- nient. [d) " Wreck of a consistent Imperial policy because of the independence of the provincial rulers ; no settled frontier policy, no proper adjustment of taxation, no proper estimate and control of Imper- ial expenditure possible." Political Discontent : {a) Purchase of the magistracy by the rich, Briberv of the electorate by wealthy agitators and poll- i)i; {c) 34 ROMAN HISTORY IN BRIEF'. lead"'^' ^^""^^^^^ followers of wealthy, ambitious (3> Discontent of the Italians over Rome's refusal oi the franchise and over her harsh treatment o| states that had joined Hannibal. Her treatment of! Italians as subjects, not equals, and as unworthv of Roman citizenship. •'I 5. Social Discontent: (a) Destruction of civic equality and solidarity through! the concentration of wealth and public lands in the hands of the few. | Greed of Roman money-lenders, merchants, conj tractors, speculators, tax-gatherers. Era of large estates, of great cattle farms orl pleasure grounds ; increase of slave labor ; disap- pearance of the small independent landowner' decay of agriculture and of free labor. The sword ^ more profitable than the plow. The importatior ot foreign grain destructive of home industry. Increase of the idle worthless rabble at Rome amused and fed by the rich. The city more at tractive than the country. Absence of simplicity and frugality ; love of splen- dor, luxury, extravagance ; craving for wealth (/) Growing deterioration of Roman character; am- bition for titles, honors, dignities. II. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus:— '■ ^oorn*f%-K^'^"'^'o''" ""i ^^^P^° Afncanus the elder; son of Tiberius Gracchus, Governor of Spain, and Cornelia the most accomplished woman of her time '• °hbeTtv*'' n?'*.^^"'^^^'- ^ champion of Roman 1. ^^"^5^.- .. ^^ personal charm and noble integrity Patriotic, unselfish, gifted, and highly educated ' ' traton''"^"^"^ speaker, a great soldier and adminis: 3. Proposed Reforms of Gracchus the Tribune 133 ; [a) Rc-cnactmeiit of the Licinian Laws to restore id) {e) THE GRACCHI. wealthy, ambitiousi Rome's refusal off rsh treatment o' Her treatment o- and as unwortln solidarity through public lands in merchants, con- s. cattle farms or^ ive labor; disap- lent landowner' bor. The sword The importatioi' tne industry. abble at Rome, lie city more at- V ; love of spleii- g for wealth. character ; ani- mus the elder ; of Spain, and I of her time, ion of Roman loble integritv y educated. . r and admin' Cribune 133 : iws to restort 35 4. farming interests and an independent middle class, and to use the public lands, the property of the Roman people, for their benefit. {b) Distribution of foreign public land among the poor for a nominal rent. Occupation of public land reduced to a maximum size of looo acres. {c) Ivimitation of the term of military service to 17 years of age. {d) Right of appeal in civil and criminal cases. ((?) Admission of Italian allies to full citizenship and the franchise. Murder of Gracchus and 300 of his followers by the Senatorial Party, 132 : [II. Caius Sempronius Gracchus : - 1. Character: "A champion of Roman liberty ... More highly gifted than his brother Tiberius." An orator, statesman, patriot, reformer. The avowed enemy of the Senate. 2. Early service as Quaestor in Sardinia, 126. Return to Rome, 124. 3. Proposed Reforms of Caius Gracchus the Tribune, 123: (rt) Limitation of the senate's freedom of action in assigning the provinces. [b) Regulation of taxation in the provinces. Preven- tion of extortionate taxes. {c) Limitation of the age of military service to 17. State equipment of troops. {d) Withdrawal from the senate their control of the trial of cases of provincial misgovernment. {e) Deposition of incapable officers. {/) Re-enactment of the Licinian Law. {g) Overthrow of senatorial government ; restoration of the sovereignty of the assembly and the power of magistrates (tribunes) of ihe people. (A) Admission of all the Italians to the franchise. «P 36 ROMAN HISTORY IN BRIEF. ( ) Founding of citizen colonies in Italy and abroad (y) Distribution to the neool^ nf '\ f'^'^ ^^''''^'^ gains at a nominal pSce^ °^ ^"^'^^^ P^«vinci, fn Conf "1 '' ""f^' punishment for Romans. (/) Construction of great public roads ^"^TomllTeM^t?""" '^^"^ ^^^ ^-^hts instead. 4^Murder of Caius Gracchus by the senatorial partj IV. Outcome of the Struggle for Reform - 1. An end to agrarian reforms, and to colonization 2. Delay o the franchise to Italian states Contin;, r the principle of force and selfishness ^"^"^'""^^^o" Increase of the power of the senate Conversion of public lands into pri;ate property of the mob in the Forun: Lt-in^tCn7artt'"''"pP''^' for nothing and games for ever ' " ^^^^^et. firea, 3. 4. 5. ersi am 7. Examination Questions on the Gracchi 6. Mention the principal events in tho =f„, i . I aristocracy from tEe tiSf "hJ&cSf g^tilSS S^ ^^.^^« ^"^ ^''J 7- ^.^7«rr ,t««9.""t ?f th« social anrl ^ntZl^ttT f^^' ^^'^' ' time of the Gracchi to the death of Sully. "^^"Syles m Roxne from thej Wl ^ Italy and abroad.! f public provinci^ t for Romans, ads. knights instead J senatorial partyf eform :— )lonization. 3- Continuation i e property, id in army leadersl ematic corruptioi market, "fire ^publican beliefsl ilting in the overj Dublic. :hl. s. 1877. |d the parts played] ihi. 1879. d give the leading) I or of Lucius Sulla] *^e plebs and the! of Sulla. 1883. | i in Rvma from tliel ROME'S MISGOVERNMENT, OR SOCIAL AND ClVII. WARS. 37 fS'^ on the poIiticaInieasuresproix>sed hy c. Sem pro., i us Gracchus. -ROME'S MISaoVERNMENT, OR SOCIAL AND CIVIL WARS. Lsurrections :— I. In Spain, 143-133 : (a) Cause : Roman misrule, plunder, oppressive taxa- (6) Revolt of Lusitania under Viriathus. His assassina- tion. Submission of the Ivusitanians ^'^ ?,Th °i .^?^H^/ri^ • ^^^se of Numantla. 14,- 133, r>y bcipio Afncanus the youneer • caoitulatinn of Sp"S^.'"°""^ ' destruction^of thl\'it;.'?onqS ^ In Sicily, 136-132: (a) Cause : Slave oppression. {d) Revolt of 200,000 slaves. (c) Slaughter of the slaves by the Romans 3 InNumidia, 111-104: (*) Jugurtha's successful resistance thron^h hrih^rx, of Roman otbcials. "^ -^ (c) Roman invasion of Africa : 38 ROMAN HISTORY IN BRIEF. ( . ) Defeat of the Numidians by the Consul MetelJ (3) Success of the expedition under Marius i death by starvation iS ^ Roman {j/ngeon ' , IT T... ^"1''!""''^"°" of Numidia as a Roman provJ II The Cimbnan War, 113-101 - by the barS ""the Si?s"of ?.'„";' ^""t"''"', :■ Ba'trir"^'"' "^ ■■ ^-"-,ei t^'r thetd '■ Xl'ly^^rj' ■""""'• ■"■ ■■ '^-'■"'ction of the ci UI. The Social War, 80.88 :- I. Causes : — ^'^ Z7tautitti-\L^^^^^^^ and citizenship! of ancien ' p fvfleie ' Sm?„!i"':^^»^ ' ar between Marius and Sulla. 88.8a - . Cai' 3 narius, i57„86 : («) :Early service : (1) In the siege of Numantia, 1,4 (2) His election as tribune tt;^ His military abili y n t ?; ^' tP'^^*^.'"' "5- Western Spain. ^ ^ subjugation of In the Jugurthine War m mfi t?- . heute^iant of Metellur fv,i ' ^^^^^ as commander (107) Trfumnh of^^ ^?"«"^ ^"d junction with Sulla. ^ ^ '^^""^ ^^ con- In the Cimbrian War tt-, r^. i„r • savior of his country '' hTs elenf^^""' " ^^« for the 5th time. "^^ ^^^ction as consul rA^ n^ .^" *^^ Social War, 90-8S. (6) Manus tribune and leader r.f ^u 119. Author of a bill to secure thr?"'"'P"^*3^' the ballet at elections "Lili ^'^^ ""^^ ^^ violence of the DODu1«r i^ ^ Recklessness and ference in politLTcCr^^'t^- '^eo^'^''-"- ^"^.^^- ola^'cltLT^S =^.^Lf ^r^ -l^r^nlt^^d" ^ -?"^ ^"^ intellectua n^an ; a fanatical superstido.^'^" f "^ ^ ^^^^es- boorish tyrant, guiIt?S act,"f hi'"5^' P^^^^^nate, " By temperaAiInt and t^ll • ""^^ vengeance polished and effemi^aate noh,"^ \^^*"" °^ the senate." '♦Thep.vroi , °^'^^ ^ho filled the age." ^^^ ^"""^ ^"d pest of Rome in his old " Lucius Cornelius Solia i^a -« («) early Service :"^^^^'"'- MHH •» 40 ROMAN HISTORY IN BRIEF. (i) In the Jugurthjne War, 111-106, Quaestorl Marius ; popular with the soldiers. " RotiJ soldiers from Sulla's time began to drii make love, have a taste for works of art, temples and confound things sacred and fane." (2) In the Cimbrian War, 111-106. (3) In the Social War, 90-88. (b) His election as praetor, 93. {c) Governor of Cilicia, 92. Alliance with the Pa ians against Mithradates. [d) Sulla leader of the patrician party and consul.J {e) Appointment of Sulla as commander-in- against Mithradates. 3 Struggle of the Rivals, or The First Civil 88-86 : (a) Riot at Rome, at the instigation .>f Marius, Sulla's appointment. Sulla's escape to his in Campania. Return to Rome with the Flight of Marius to Africa. (6) Sulla's departure for the East, 87. Capturj Greece. Sack of Athens. (c) The Assembly's appointment of Marius as mander in the East. Recall of Marius. Ciniial Marius consuls. Massacre of their opponents] {d) Death of Marius, 86. Sole despotic rule of d His Samnite and I^ucanian allies. ' {e) Sulla's peace with Mithradates, 84. (/) Murder of Cinna in a mutiny of his soldiers. (.^) Return of Sulla to Italy, 83. {//) Eattleof Praeneste, 82 : Victory of Sulla, pey, Crassus, lyucullus, over the younger M^ *♦ Rout of the Samnites and Lncanians at the of Rome. " Ruthless desolation of Samniut Lucania." Suicide of the younger Marius. master of Rome and of the Roman world." 4. Sulla's administration, 82-78 : ROME'S MISGOVERNMENT, OR SOCIAI, AND ClVII. WARS. 4I ince with the Pa le First Civil (a) Sulla's appointment as Dictator. "Emperor of Rome with abso.ute power over the life and for- tunes of every Roman citizen." (d) Sulla's proscription lists: "Wholesale murders and confiscations throughout Rome and Italy. Bloodshed, violence, and audacious illegality, instead of the restoration of order and constitu- tional government. ' ' (c) Sulla's so-called Reforms : (r) Restoration to power of the Senate and the nobility. Investment of the Senate (filled with Sulla's creations) with full control over the state, magistrates, courts, provinces. (2) Restriction of the powers of the tribunes. (3) Assignment of military colonies, or farms ih 'Italy to his soldiers. (4) " Confiscation of public lands to the injury and ruin of the old Italian freeholders and farmers. ' (5) Limitation of the consulship to a one-year term. (6) Increase of praetors 6 to 8, of quaestors to 20 of priests. * (7) Control of priestly colleges by the senate. (8) Extension of Lex Calpurnia to cover bribery, treason, and the chief criminal offences! " The foundation of Roman criminal law." (9) Ineligibility for oflice of proscribed families. (ro) Appointment of the judges of supreme courts from the senators. (11) Formation of a body-guard of Cornelians for his person. Sulla's character and ability: "Both as a general and as a politician he stands in the foremost rank of the remarkable figures of all time." Cultured learned : ambitious, zealous, able, forceful ; cynical' debauched, cold-blooded, deliberately cruel. "Half lion, half fox, with a life policy of blood and iron." 42 ROMAN HISTORY IN BRIEF. V. Revolt of the Gladiators, 73-71 :— 1. Escape of gladiators from the gladiators' train! school at Capua ; Spartacus the leader. 2. Alliance of gladiators, outlaws, slaves, and discontetij Italians (70,000). 3. Their devastation of S. Italy, and defeat of the Ronj armies. Spartacus master of S. Italy. 4. Defeat of the rebels by Crassus at Rhenium, 71, aiK Pompey and Crassus at Petelia, 71. Examination Questions on Social and Civil Wars : 1. Sketch the history of the struggle of the Italian races for the ]{ii franchise. 1877. 2. Give an account of the causes, course and results of the Social War. 8. Describe the character and career of Caius Gracchus or of Lucius i of thefollowil Marius, PomjHjius, Caius Gracchus. 1891. 9. Sketch the military and iwililical career of Sulla, ai id mention hiscl judicial and constitutional reforms. 1897. 10. Sketch the military and political career of Caius Marius. 1899. 11. Sketch briefly the life and work of Pericles and of Sulla. 1899. I.-CATUS JULIUS CAESAR, 100-44. I. Early career :- I. Politics : By birth connected with the aristocratic part .by marriage and by inclination with the popular! Marian party. F auger. Greek eda Fl tiou at Rhodes. gi-'. Li\.-.i-, i-.-w-iiic iu j^vOiu ;3ull of the follow! fc, aud mention hiscl Marius. 1«99. il Sulla. 1899. CAIUS JUUUS CAESAR. 43 3. Service in Cilicia against the pirates. 4. vService against Mithradates. 5. His indictment of Dollabella for extortion of C Anto nius for maladministration in Greece. 6. Caesar leader of the popular or democratic party and opponent of senatorial government Hil ii /' pontiff and military tribune 74 °" ^ 7. Promotions : Quaestor and seat in the senate, 68 • Aedile 63 ; Iraetor, 62 ; Propraetor or governor i,i Spahf, 61 j The Two Great Parties :- I. The Optimates or Nobles : " Conserve H,,« ^p *i iiig lue supremacy ot the popular will over th*» QPnaf« the reorganization of the senatorial courts and o? t£ government and finances at home ami in tilt • ^^^ and division of public lan'h 'T^-r^e^^TfoJ 2. »n actual settlement. 3- [. Catiline's Conspiracy, 65-62.- 1. Catiline's position: "A penniless arimf 6.^^'^^^^^^ -^^^ tion of bankrupt nob^" Sui^^'^^tSins" "^IP"-'"' peasants, outlaws and slaves. ^^^erans, starving 4. Cicero's orations against Catiline in the senate t?co slirato"!!'" ''°" ^°"^- ^""' of^hl^tuo^'^P! ;gcr. GreekediSo ^^csaf's advocacy of life-imprisonment andtli^^^^^ tiou of the property of the'conspSrs'^^&^J^^f 100-44. e aristocratic pai 'ith the popular! 44 ROMAN HISTORY IN BRIEF. the conspirators through Cicero's advocacy of death-penalty. 6. Death of Catiline in the battle of Pistoria in EtruriaJ IV. Marcus Tullius Cicero, 106-43 :— 1. Early Career : (a) Service in the Social War, 89. {d) His withdrawal to Athens to avoid the displeasJ of Sulla. Travels in Asia. ' (c) Quaestor in Sicily, 76. Prosecution of Veril Sicilian praetor for misrule and plunder. ^ (d) Aedile, 69. Praetor, and member of the sen^ 68. Support of the Gabinian and Manilian ]j conferring the supreme command of the Ron forces on Pompey. 2. Politics : Last great leader of the republican partvl the senate. Advocate of a reformed governnieiu| the senate, and hence his unpopularity with the al tocracy. 3. Cicero and Catiline : Cicero consul, 63, Four oratiJ agamst Catiline. Flight of Catiline. Execution| his associates. Cicero's popularity ; "Father of Country." 4. Banishment to Greece for putting Catiline's folloJ to death without a trial. Confiscation of Cicef estates and villas, 58. 5. Recall of Cicero, 57 ; triumphant return. Goven of Cilicia, 52. 6. Cicero and the 1st Triumvirate : His oppositioJ the coalition. His attachment to the conservatj senatorial or Pompeian party. Flight from Italyl its defeat. His return and adherence to Caes party. 7. Cicero's tacit approval of the murder of Caesar, , Supporter of the claims of Octavius, the opponenj Antony. ^ 8. Cicero and the 2nd Triumvirate : Proscription lis| murder of Cicero to gratify Antony, '43. void the disple? r; "Father of ; return, Goven CAIUS JUI^IUS CAESAR. I """"'-^""'"^ <'»*»' 95-46 (grandson of Cato the '., Early Career — (a) Opposition to the cruelties of Sulla ^^^ ^'!ff ^/P°"?= ^ ^^"^tic in the pursuit of holi- ?rovidele^""'^' ''' "^^^ "« '^'^ - -aSt; (^) Staff-officer in the Gladiatorial War {d) Military tribune, 67. Campaign in Macedonia. ^'^ ?f7ubhc=aS:ints ' ^"^^^"^^ ^" ^^^ --^— t (/) Provincial appointment in Asia. (jt) Opposition to Pompey's pretensions. {^) Support to Cicero in the execution of Catiline's associates. '-rtimne s Cato and the Triumvirs : (a) His struggle against their combined power. id) Cato's espousal of the cause of Pomoev airainat 46 ROMAN HISTORY IN BRIKF, f il '4 ' Ij kll I 4. Cato the Praetor, 54 : (a) Endeavors to suppress bribery. (6) Measures of police reform. {c) Reform in the military service. {d) Election of the priests by the people. (e) Abolition of the dictatorship. 5. Cato and the Civil War : (a) Defeat of Pompey. Flight of Cato to Africa. (d) Cato's defence of Utica against Caesar. {c) Battle of Thapsus, 46. Defeat of the Pompe party. Suicide of Cato. 6. Character and ability : "A genuine Roman of: antique stamp. ... A remarkable specimen of] effect of Hellenic training upon the hard and narrow; determined spirit of the old Latin race. . . The kI influential pleader and political orator of his time. His unrelenting harshness and severity towards eva thing and everybody ; his obstinate contempt] everything new. " Upright, honorable with generi and noble aims. His oratory "harsh, veheni( caustic." The patron-saint of the Stoic School! Philosophy. Cneius Pompey, 3.06-48 : 1. Politics : Leader of the aristocratic or senatorial pai 2. Pompey and the Civil War between Marius Sulla : (a) Pompey, a general in Sulla's army. (6) Distinction in the Social War. • (c) Destruction of the Marian party in Sicily Africa. (d) Pompey Proconsul in Spain : Overthrow of torius, the Marian leader, in Spain, 76-71. 3. Gladiators' War : Defeat of the rebels by PompeyJ 4. Pompey Consul, 70 : His colleague, Crassus the RJ 5. Porapey's Bsforias : CAIUS JUUUS CAESAR. 47 of the censors and the arty in Sicily {a) Repeal of Sulla's laws. (b) Restoration of the power tribunes. (c) Appointment of Suj)reme Court judges from sena- tors, knights and tribunes. Pompey and the Cilician pirates, 67 : (a) Pompey's absolute authority by land and sea for 3 years, through the measure of the tribune Gabinius (Gabinian Law, 67). Caesar's support of the bill. {b) Pompey's destruction of the pirates in 40 days. Establishment of Rome'; luthority in Cilicia. Pompey in the East, 6c ol : (a) Pompey's unlimit' ' ^ jwers in the East for 3 years through the measure of the tribune Manilius (Manilian Law, 66). Opposition of the senate. Support of the bill by Caesar, Crassus, Cicero. Pompey the first man in the Roman world. (b) Pompey's alliance with the king of Parthia. Break- up or the league between Mithradates and Tigr- anes. Blockade of Pontus by a Roman fleet. (f ) Surprise and defeat of Mithradates. {d) Annexation of Syria, Palestine, Pontus, Cilicia, Crete, as Roman provinces. {e) Subjugation of the East ; establishment of petty vassal kings over the conquered territory. (/) Pompey's return to Rome ; refusal of the senate to ratify his doings in the East. (g) His defection to the popular party. Overthrow of the senatorial party. (h) Caesar and Pompey consuls, 59 ; formation of the Triumvirate. |8. The First Triumvirate, 60 ; " unlimited control of the state by three men ' ' : — (a) The division : (1) Caesar'scontrol of Gaul (Cisalpine and Transalpine) and Illyricum, for 5 years. 1:1 Sid « ! I •I lil 48 ROMAN HISTORY IN BRIEF. (2) Pompey's supreme command of Italy Africa, Spain, and the Mediterranean fleet. (3) Crassus, governor of Syria. (*) The Triumvirs : ^ (i) Caesar consul 59: His Agrarian Bill to di public lands of Campania among 20,000 of p. pey's veterans. Ratification of Pompey's ac the East. Caesar in Gaul, 58-49. (2) P-impey at Rome, 59-49 : (a) His return to the aristocratic party. (6) Banishment of Cicero, 58. Cicero's recall, (c) Pompey's plots to overthrow Caesar. {d) Death of Julia his wife, the daughter of Ca (e) Quarrel with Caesar, 49. (3) Defeat and death of Crassus in a battle with Parthians at Carrhae, 53. VI. Caesar's Campaiems in Gaul, 68-49 :— 58. Invasion of S. Gaul by the Helvetii and their a' (368,000 in all) ; Caesar's victories, near Bibractei at Autun. Caesar's defeat of the Germans ucl Anovistus at Muhlhausen ; their expulsion fj Gaul ; the Rhme made the boundary of Roman si in Gaul. 57. War with the Belgae ; Caesar's overthrow of th' iro federacy. His defeat of the Nervii, a Belgian tribe! the river Sabl5. ■ 56. Conference at Luca (in Etruria) between Cae^ Pompey, Crassus : Renewal of the triumvirate coali] for 5 years ; sanction of Pompey and Crassus as con] for the year 55 ; Caesar to be consul for 48. cI plebon of the conquest of Gaul. 55 Invasion of Gaul by the Germans: Caesar's vicj near the confluence of Rhine and Meuse Caesl ^f ^^?^^''^°" o^ Germany. " Military reconnaissanl « of Britain. ' 54' Second invasion of Britain: Caesar's advance toi |5l- 149' IIEF. nd of Italy, Sid ;erranean fleet. rarian Bill to diJ Linong 20,000 of PI 1 of Pompey's act| 3-49. ratic party. i. Cicero's recallj irow Caesar. le daughter of Cad 3 in a battle with I , 68-40 :- vetii and their al s, near Bibractei the Germans ud leir expulsion f| dary of Roman s( erthrow of th'.ir ( ii, a Belgian tribe] a) between Caa triumvirate coalij id Crassus as conj :onsul for 48. cl ns : Caesar's vie id Meuse. Caes ary reconnaissaiKJ ar's advance to CAIUS JUI^IUS CAESAR. 49 Thames ; defeat --f the Britons under Cassivelaunus ; exaction of tribute and hostages. . Suppression of an insurrection of N. E. Gallic tribes. Caesar's pacification of the Rhine districts. [5a. General uprising of Central and Southern Gaul under Vercingetorix, prince of the Arverni ; revolt of the Aedui ; Caesar's victory over the allied Gauls (258,000) at Alesia ; surrender of Vercingetorix. 51. Subjugation of the smaller Gallic states ; final pacifica- tion of Gaul ; enrolment of the Gallic tribes as the allies of Rome ; exaction of tribute and hostages ; con- struction of military highways. Lasting impression of Roman la iguage, laws, and other civilized influences, upon the conquered people. [49. Return of Caesar to Cisalpine Gaul. The senate's notice to Caesar " to disband his army on pain of out- lawry." Caesar's refusal to give up his comn^and. Caesar and Pompey (The Second CivilWar) :- . Caesar and Pompey consuls, 59. Caesar's reforms : (a) Publication of the proceedings of the senate. The senate's deliberations thus amenable to public opinion. {b) Alliance with Ptolemy, King of Egypt, and Ariovistus, the German chief, {c) Remedy of provincial abuses and provision for better government of the provinces. {d) Suppression of bribery and corruption amongst public ofl&cers. 2. Pompey sole consul, 52. Pompey's till in the senate for the exclusion of Caesar on account of his absence. Extension of Pompey's governorship of Spain 5 years. Political dissensions and threatened disruption of the Empire. 3. Caesar's return from Gaul. Crossing the Rubicon, a declaration csf v/ar against Pompey. Siege and capture of Corffinium. Flight of Pompey to Brundusium thence to Epirus. Surrender of the Pompeian army at il J I 50 ROMAN HISTORY IN BRIEF. 4. 5- ! ) Ilerda (Spain) 49. Submission of Massilla (Mm les) to Caesar. ^ Caesar's reforms : (a) Extension of the franchise to Cisalpine Gaul. {d) Financial measures for the relief of debt. (c) Restoration of the Marian exiles. 6. Fall of Pompey : {a) Caesar's futile siege of Dyrrachium, 48 • Pomr escape through Caesar's lines. , (6) Battle of Pharsalla. 48: Defeat of PompeJ Caesar and Antony. ^ ■ {c) Flight of Pompey to Egypt. His rnarder, 48 i 7. CWcter of Pompey: Ambitious, able; treache and mean-spirited ; weak and irresolute in a c| His genms for war ; a politician without a policj | VIH. Caesar in Egypt, 48 : — I. C^opatra's quarrel with her brother Ptolemy, Kin] fi. Caesar's espousal of Cleopatra's cause ^' ^E^vnfiL°fl^^''^'^".^'^''""*"''«- Destruction of I i^gyptian fleet, and the great Alexanririan I,ibrarJ 4. Enthronement of Cleopatra as Queen of Egypt. IX. Caesar in Asia, 47 :— 1. Revolt of Pharnaces, son of Mithradates of Pontus 2. Battle of Zela, 47 : Caesar's victory. 3. Caesar's return to Rome : Dictator, also consul J I^epidus as colleague, 46. ' X. Caesar in Afkica :— I. Battle of Thapsus, 461 Defeat of tlie Pompeian foJ % CAIUS JULIUS CAESAR. SI er Ptolemy, Kinj le Pompeian fon under Metellus Scipio. Overthrow of the younger Cato at Utica. |2. Northern Africa under the sway of Rome. Caesar's Honors : — Dictator for lo years, Consul for 5, ICensor for 3, Tribune for life. Celebration of 4 triumphs, jGaul, Egypt, Pontus, Numidia. Caesar "sole ruler of the I Roman world." Caesar s Reforms :— Reform of the calendar : Correction of the year from 445 to 365 days with one day more in February of every 4th year. (Unchanged till 16 Cent.) i 2. increase of the senate to 900 ; increase of the number of magistrates. Measures to check extravagance and luxury, induced by conquest and plunder. Encouragement of commerce and agriculture ; discour- agement Cif slave labor. 5. Distribution of public land among the soldiers. 6. Donations of public corn to the poorer citizens ; re- building of Carthage and Corinth by corporation labor ; improvement of the Appian Way. 7. Establishment of a stricter control over the provincial governors ; improvement in the condition of the pro- vincials. 8. Rigid enforcement of the laws. 9. Establishment throughout Italy of a uniform system of municipal government. [11. Caesar's Proi^osed Reforms:— T , Codification of the Roman laws. 2. Establishment of public libraries. 3. Embellishment of Rome with temples, theatres, etc. 4. Construction of roads, canals, harbors. Enlargement of the harbor of Ostia. Canal across the Corinthian isthmus. ^Drainage of the Pomptine marshes. , il ■I i m 59 XIV. ROMAN HISTORY IN BRIEF. 5. Subjugation of Parthia, Scythia, Germany . 6. :equality for all people in Rome's domains by enrol of provincials as Roman citizens. | 7. Institution of a senate open to all Roman citizens constituting an advisory council to the king '' I. Caesar in Spain :— Battle of Munda, 45 : Defeat of Cneius and Se Pompey (sons of Pompey). ""' ^"?mn.r^?rM *° ^^^'^' '' "Father of his Countr ri^P ^"'^r '''■ supreme ruler for life; DictJ Censor, Praefectus morum fo life ; Consul for lo ye change of the month Quintilis' to Julius ; Cad sIS^oJ'^nT'- ^?^ '^\^^^: assembly, and m'agisll llT^f .1? ^^^«^r s authority. Master of the led J^t ^f M Pj;°^^^ces- Meeting of the senate on ^\S2arShy fl ^^^'""^^ *^^ Restoration ol '' ^^Su^^ °^ ^ '^P"^"^^"' ^^^ by Junius Brutus i 2. Murder of Caesar, Ma . 15, 44. 3. Caius Julius Caesar Octavius, grandson of Cae^ sister, by will Caesar's heir and fucceior. ^ XVI. Caesar's Character and Abilitv :-" The ^r^^M ?he hthtt eTr °^ P^^^^?^. ^^ "'^^ ancTe,^^"o1 ine highest excellence as a citizen, a iurist a t5o"ti3 an ora or, a general, a companion, a ma 1 of lettlS a3 far-seeing, organizing statesman. '» Genius foresT^ht J rl^^^/' P^^^ticality, energy, courage. seKiesS' J confidence ; eloquence, public spirit, consisKy of J cal character ; dignity, tonor, sweetness, nobleJei -^1 foremost man of all this world ; the sole creativ? U produced by Rome, and the last produced b! the 4i worla." The political, military, * intellectual and"m] regenerator of a deeply decayed'^nation.. A faster oT LIEP. 53 rermany. domains by enrolJ Roman citizens,! :o the king. played iibodi- der of vilized '. Cneius and Se ^er of his Countr for life ; Dict^ ; Consul for lo ye to Julius ; Caei ably, and magisd laster of the legl of the senate on) Caesar the titll estoration o^ J' Junius Brutus I andson of Caesj ccessor.. ty:— "Thegrea^ the ancient woj jurist, a politic! an of letters, an| nius, foresight, ' self-possession, s, >nsistency of pol 5s, nobleness ; " j ole creative gen ced by the and} lectual, and mof • A master ofi ?ompey, if Julius banish- )ey, and laracters account- Caesar's ipon the osthenes follow- the war tOMAN WORLD IN 44 B.C. 53 XT % K\ 7. XV m i CATtrs jxjuna caksar. 53 arts of war and of peace. A inotiarch who never playea e king or the tyrant. " His personal rule, the .Mibocl - lent of iniperml unity and ^ood order. . . Tho founder of that system of government under wl- ;li i,,e civilized world lived contentedly for three centur es " ^^^uizea Examination Questions on C. Julius Caesar. ^ ®i'yHn?"y.%T' "' *'" *"*""'*' ""'''^^y "f «"»"« '^"^'"K tl,e life of '•'i:>t;^!^?LS^?eS^:}^y"'^iS7''^-- ^- "^^^ ^^-P-n the 8. If^ll what you know of Cutiline. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus 1877 *' ""i^suHr tlir^ °^ '^« 2nd Civil War in Lne, witlT u'o^usJs and l^lk-scrilxj the circumstances which l..ri tr, fi.o 1.* m ■ an,l trace the subsequen't'hi^rory of^lt'J mefX,-f ^^T''''''' '" ^'"""^ '■^.i^; oiXr ?879!" '*^^"'''^" "^ l^"'"'^" ^^-'o'" a-l explain how frite brief notes on Antony, Catiline, Sulla 1880 Julia. ''!m' ''^ ^^^^r^^^rs of Julius Caesar. Au.n.stus c:aesar. Pompey. ve a r^sumJ of Caesar's camiiaigns in (iaul 1881 Pat^." ar^'^^'^^^^l o^-der. the prlncip;.! fucis in the life of Julius a"n?a'^d^t2f,Sl>iS^"'lk2"''^""'^^"^^^ ^^^^'^^ ^-^ *« the banish- ClTZ'tu """"-^T *^^ ^'"•'°^' "I'^^'ates. Si>artacus. 1882 tei^ie'r ^te"^'^'^ ^" ^-« ^-- the death of Marius to that of )^?tionthe'il^il,tshftL';;'ita ^""'Fy. and >f these generals. 188G ^o throw light on the characters ■r;wilrSSa?:^d'iSSpe''rV»r °" « '"^'« '">■<"'» '■> the ™r m ! t rs 54 i«, ROMAN HISTORY IN BRIEF. Sketch briefly the career and cnaracter of Julius Caesar. On wh achievements does his reputation as a statesman and reformer rd 1896. Give an account of Caesar's public career from the conclusion of fl campaigns in Gaul till his death. Describe his character, and meiitij any measures of reform with which his name is connected. 1897. Describe the cause of the war between Pompey and Caesar, and sketj the previous careers of the two men. (Give dates. ) 1898. 22. Draw a map of the Roman world at the beginning of the Empire. 18i 23. What led to the quarrel between Pompey and Caesar? Trace briej the course of events from the outbreak of the quarrel to the death| Pompey. 1900. 20 21, I.— AUGUSTUS, 62 B.C.— A.D. 14. I. Mark Antony : - 1. Antony and Caesar : (a) Friendship for Caesar. One of Caesar's general {d) Oration against the congpiratori? over the mil dered Caesar. (c) Flight of Brutus and Cassius to Macedonia, Cassij to Syria, Decimus Brutus to Cis. Gaul. 2. Antony sole consul and leader in Rome ; opponej of the claims of Caesar Octavianus. 3. Character : A distinguished general, a great oratJ Vicious, profligate, reckless, headstrong but genero| II. Early Career of Oot ivianus :— 1. *' Master of the horse " at 18 under his great-unij Julius Caesar. 2. Education at Apollonia in Illyricum at the time) Caesar's assassination, 44. Return to Rome to cla his inheritance. Agrippa his friend and adviser. 3. Octavianu- as "defender of the republic agai^ Antony." Defeat of Antony at flutlna, 43. 4. Election of Octnvianus as consul in spite of the senat| opposition. er his great-una 55 Defeat of Deci- AUGUSTUS. Alliance of Ortavianus and Antony, mus Brutus in Cis. Gaul. Decree of death against the murderers of Caesar. Flight and murder of D. Brutus. Second Triumvirate, 43 : - Members: Octavianus, Antony, Lepidus (Antony's son-in-law). Purpose: The reconstitutio ii of the Roman common- wealth. Division of the governmerit of the Roman Empire for 5 years : (a) Octavianus : Africa, Sicily, Sardinia. {d) Antony: Parts of Gaul. {c) Lepidus : Spain, and Gaul in part. Proscription list": Murder of Cicero, 2,000 equites (knights), 300 senators, etc. Confiscation of territory and property for their soldiers. Reign of terror in Rome. Flight of republicans either to Brutus and Cassius, masters of the East, or to Sextus Pompey, the master of the western sea and of Sicily. Battle of Philippi, 4a : Defeat of Brutus and Cassius by Octavianus and Antony. Suicide of the two republi- can leaders. Second division of the Roman world, 42 : Octavianus, the West ; Antony, the East ; Lepidus, Africa. Quarrel between Octavianus and Antony : Settlement by Treaty of Brundusium. Marriage of Antony and Octavia, sister of Octavianus, 40. Sextus Pompey : In possession of the Islands of the Mediterranean. Defeat of Octavianus' fleet, -^o In- vasion of Sicily. BatUe of Naulochos, 36; near Mylae : Final defeat of Pompev by Agrippa. Death of Per ipey in Asia, 35. II. Antony in the East -ir^ 56 ROMAN HISTORY IN BRIEF. i 1 i ! j i| i|: (a) Antony's invasion of Parthia, a disastrous paign. Antony's return to Egypt. {d) His gifts to Cleopatra : Syria, Cilicia, C}[j Armenia, Cyrenaica. Africa, {c) His divorce of Octavia. 12. Banishment of Lepidus by Octavianus for collcj with Sextus Pompey. 13. Declaration of war by Octavianus against Antoii} I Cleopatra. {a) Decree of the senate depriving Antony of his| mand in the East, ' {d) Antony's invasion of Greece, (c) Battle of Actium, 31 : Total defeat of the fled Antony and Cleopatra by Octavianus and Agr [d) Pursuit of Antony and Cleopatra to Egypt, death by suicide. Egypt made a Roman pTos\ IV. Reign of Aug^ustus, 31 B.C-11 A.D. :— 1. Character of Augustus: A commander yet "al| more statesman than soldier,'' a skilful dipk " He had gained the affections of the provincials! of the Italian people ; he had pleased the Rcf plebs, and he had done his best to conciliate) nobility. No man was ever better fitted to the delf task of reconciling personal rule with the for republicanism ... By birth and temperament, in '. of mind and life, he had far more in common witll average Ital' n than his great-uncle. . .H^ shared j thrifty habits, their simplicity of life, their respe(^ respectability, and even the vein of homely suf tion . . , contrasted curiously with great political ness and resolute tenacity of purpose , . . Inbred cad self-control, and astuteness." • 2. Honors and powers : Imperator or consul impel for 10 years, censor and tribune for life : commaJ in-chief of all the forces of the state "with the ej sive right of levying troops, of making war atul fi and of concluding treaties, ' ' The chief magistral AUGUSTUS. 57 ;avianris for collri Romej the acknowledged head of the senate «« the governor of the whole world/' Pont f ex \axf ^t^e^sui;!^"^^^-^' "^^ ^^"-^ people"^^gfntforjf Policy : To rule as absolute king and dictator under the gmse of republican forms. To restore the fSnr tions of senate, assembly, and magistrates? His government of the provinces : ^""^ iX'^ri^'''''''-''''' •' A" provinces on the frontiers power to appoint governors or deputies rW/^ to f«a/«^. Senatorial provinces^St^afn ? /r?f^^f His measures of reform : * («) Municipal system: Division ..f p^i---,.^ ^- . • . With local government forlach. ' ^''^''''^^ 58 ROMAN HISTORY IN BRIEF. {6) Statistical survey or census of the empire • i mate of its resources on which to base an imi system of finance. {c) Decrease of taxation "by the establisbmetij imperial taxes on land and personal property.'! {d) "Publication year by year of the accounts ofj empire; the first approach to a comprehen imperial budget." ^ 1 (e) Security of the empire's frontiers, " by pernial camps, frontier stations, and connecting mil| (/) Safety of life and property at Rome (pop nfi a million) : Maintenance of order by police he] by Q. prefect; "Security against floods, fire f ing and violence." Maintenance and retju'li Rome's corn and water-supply by a special pre! Suppression of brigandage and pira-y in Italy f ^^^ Restoration of order in the Roman political wo The bond of union created by the spreai! Roman citizenship, Roman law, and Roman J cipal institutions, was the powerful tie of ^ ance to the central authority of Caesar." (A) Model provincial system of government : Relij provincials. Increase of revenue from thef yinces through taxes and trade. Extension oj Italian road system to the provinces. (/) The Roman legions: Reduction to % o1 legions. "Organization of a permanent reJ force for the defence of the empire under! supreme command of Caesar, from whom i soldier received his pay, his discharge, his rewa Body-guard of lo Praetorian cohorts (So Assignment of lands to his soldiers. The all regular supplement to the legions. (/) Re-estabiishnient of the old Roman reli?: Restoration of temples, ancient festivals, andl worship of the gods. Prohibition of foreign ij (^) Social reforms : Measures to pnforre w^^r^i^*'* restrict extravagance. Establishment of new s ' AUGUSTUS. 59 •htncnt of news orders or castes : the senate, the knie-hh ^^^.. Plebs or populace of Rome. " MarntenSe of e old Roman dress and manners against foreign free Cn t^" "^"^^ pre-enSfce oPfe tree-born Roman citizens, or imperial race nv^r provincials, freedmen and slaves/' ' ^ ^ (0 gncouragement of literature, learning and arf 6. Augustan Wars : ''' R£Z%::iir^ltT.^ °^^^^-->'a. Pannonia. (d) Suppression of Cantabrian revolts in Spain [c) Germanic wars : (I) Causes: Invasion of Gaul by the Germans f^ni!?v!''"x>u°-^ ^^°°^^" dominions by Drus„s from the Rhine to the Elbe -ltusus ^'^ r?t?n « °^ /^.^ ^°"^^" commander. Drusus te^"t,?^ Augustus) ; Tiberirs (brother of Drusus) his successor. v "twiner ot ^^^ anTfhf^t!? of Germany (between the Rhine and the Weser) as a Roman province, o A D ^'^ SS^n^y;' ^^^"^ *^^ ^-- Governor' of •^iJ! ^ r ^•'^* i'^' Hermann (Arminius) ^the^ deliverer of Germany." ^Suidde ^f ^'^ b;Kr£?9 aT^'^ '^ ''^^"^^^^ ^"^ ^-"-- The Birth of Christ world. Augustus' domestic misfortunes- n^.iu t i.. Kvil i«fl„^«^^„rVr^°"?,^°?9^lct of his daughter Tulip andadvis;;; AgHppa. ""' "^^"^ ^^^'^ «*~^^ ^"-d Peace throughout the Roman 6o ROMAN HiSTORY IN BRIEF. 9. Extent of the Roman Empire at the death Cj Augustus . From the Atlantic Ocean to .he Araieuian Mts., tlii Tigris, and Arabian Desert; from the Afru. deserts to the English Chtinel, Rhine, Dujiub Black Sea, and Caucasus Mts. 10. Aug u,3tan 1% ,a,e of Latin Literature : (a) Pre-A^.'Otjst/iN Perioo, 240-81 : (i) Historian; EnJikifc, "the father of Ronial Literi', f." Ike Annals of Rome. ■ '-(2) Draj«;;t:s:t.s : Plautus, Terence. ) (5) Poets : S^ucretius, Catullus. (5) 2ND Period, 81,— a.d. 14: (f ) Poets r VergU, 70-19, "the greatest epic of Rome" : — Aeneid, Georgics. Horace, 6v^ "the prince of I^atin lyric poets" : Odi Satires, Epistles. Ovid, 43— B.C., 18 A I| "the lawyer-poet": — Fasti, Metamorphos\ Tristia, Ex Ponto. (2) Historians: Caesar: — Commentaries, Gall Wars, Civil Wars. Sallust, 86-34 :— Col spiracy of Catiline'^ Jugurthine War. Livf 59 B.C. — 17 AD '.—Hidoryof Rome. " Roniej greatest historian." "The most perftj specimen of Latin prose writing." (3) Orators: Cicero. 106-43, "chief of RoitiI orators and philosophers." Orations, R\ toric. Caesar, 100-44. PONrus I ] Bxaminatiop Questions on Augustus. 1. State as (iefinitelv as you can the extent of the Roman Empire birth of Christ. "1879. 2. Write a paix>r on the customs, habits, and general social conditior Romans in the reign of Aug ■■^ 's. 1880. 3. Show how Roman influenc . s affected the history of m ' 1882. 4. Sketch the career of Julius Caesar and that of Augustus. ISSS, tus. Roman Empire lOcial conditior story of in ' istus. 188:$. at the death raieuian Mts., tl rom the Afrn [, Rhiue, DilJlU; ■e : father of Rom f Rome. nee. s. j greatest epic ■; ^j ics. Horace, 6-, ic poets" : Crf< ||poMrus t3-B.C., i8 AI ■ !, Metatnorphos,i xmentaries, Gali ist, 86-34:— CL. .- hine IVar. L.«v™;';'''*-^^>'^ . ' " lie most perfi ting." " chief of Rom ' .Orations, Ri 61 I an, Riving Augustus. S' was the e preced- JAugustus, i how the lessions in .mption of lime of his Augustus, stratlon of following : um. 8am- t, Thracia, ftn Empire j, both the Augustus (rmanency secure an i in Rome mdition of litical con- 1) Describe Augustus, Jd towards >. 1892. m domina- pf Numan- ^ death of j provinces is. As far Bceount !)f SAR r, i 'K.ib nils ..>^ 'yn, '■?e, fSP r'i<-'fica A/ .^^'^ ANIA ^^ MAURITANIA IV |ROIVIAN WORLD IN 13 A.D. SARMATIA 6o 9. Eztei Aug Fror. 10. Auf^i {a) ]\ (*) i ; 1 1. State as deflll birth 01" Chif 2. Write a papei Romans in 1 3. Sh(nv how i 1882. 4. Sketch the ca AUGUSTUS. 6l tho^mrse of Roman conquest around the Mediterranoan. Riving Iv describe the constitution of Rome under Augustus. 1883 iije the internal administration of Augustus 1884 the chief divisions of the Roman world lA the iime of Augustus. rmS^f?h';5S'em'iSrs*t°?taYi:'^^^ ,^^>^ ^- ^Lo oeriod? 1886. «"iIHJ^rs so sta)ossession8 In .nlSorX'^fsst' *''•"'"' of Augustus after his assumption of .VSe'&ffil^^^\^4«^ '''^'*^'*""'« "P to the time Of his SKXS>.:':4?'iS^J?"aP"P^-^" *h« "me of Augustus. & aSfJi^irAugu T'lm"' '"^*«"^«^' °" '"^^ administration of "'cisalnh^:''^£^'/^i^|J^o^er^^ of the following: Ai.ulU, Asia (pro. .v. ffl Ha K M^.-„^"'"r*ri ^""™- Sa™: A/rica(proprik?. Numfdia '""tirite.Ii'a Vq^ ^""'"'' '^^"^«'*' > fi^onSt*^u*?inf S°a '''''" ^i/hin'the Roman Empire "t names and the"r K/n^^quivarems^ !&*' P°'*«^^'«' ^^^ '^1 Ive an account of the ohamr-for «f ♦»,„ ~ Pl.-A D. 14) specifying whaX d?d • nfT"*"'^'^"* °^ Augustus kreng:liinhi8WitionVs phipf ,.f A,'r"4^^ T" ^^^^^^ permanencv J'sed and autCtet"v^ admin ii"?,? ^™P^^^ .(2) To secure an "'iroughcmt the Empire rfipvpc^*"''" °^ '^^^'''^ ^«th in Rome .^'Pleof Rome un'dKuguitus Is rei'^''T'T^*^" condition of I ;.(2) their moral and Si lifp ?f? H^JiT^^ V^^^''" Political con- [g u famous as the ^^'^Is^^ Ig" '• o^f lS SS" ^8^^^ [)Y;;:L7/o£?fU'e\S'?u*i;i:.^^^;^ 5. (.) Ht^u.e end of the Mi^U&'tki^l^litfi'^T^i )c;f'sSuLfthcfttS^:^L?^^ ani Provinces fible g,ve both ancient auSflern names!'' l^^"''"''*"'- ^^ ^*' es ici^-a iU3tru io the tmie. i860. aecouiu of I! 62 KOMA.>; IIISTOKY IN DRIKT t 22 Give ail ftccount of the formation of the Second Triumvirate, iui4 subsequent fortuncH of its members, 18i)9. 2S. (iivu l(K',ation of, and write historical notes on :— Capua, (tstiil salus, Philippi, Saguntum, Zama. 1890. 24. Relate the * vents immediately preceding ami leadiiif? up to tliei Actium. Wliat were the results of this battle? 1899. 25. Sketch the life and work of Alclbiades and of Augustus. IIMX). 20. Give the location and write brief historical works on:— CynosH Chaeroncia, Megalopolis, Naupactus, Cannae. Massilla, Hi^ Trasimenus. 1900. 27. Sketch the life and character of Augustu.s. 1900. STTMMARY OF ROMAN HISTORY FROM! i DEATH OF AUGUSTUS TO THE FALl OF T^E EMPIRE. I. Julian Emperors : - Date. Emperor. 49 H.C. Julius Caesar 31 B.C. Augustus Caesar 14 A.D. Tiberius 37 Calisrula (Caius) 4t Claudius Ohief Events, Etc. Abolition of the last shadow of rea freedom ; .servile flattery of tlie [ military despotism of the pra cohorts. lyoss of the last vestige! Roman Assembly's power. The col nominee of Caesar. Successful imi Germany by Germanicus, son ofj Crucifixion of Christ, 33. ChaJ Tiberius, "a capable and vigorous brave and skilful commander ; col(i( ed, and taciturn." Son of Germanicus. Character : Bn fligate, licentious, "remarkable fori but his vices"; a" blood-thirsty ij squanderer of the public treasures, o? Caligula, wife and daughters,] guards. Brother of Germanicus. Constr aqueducts, roads, bridges, harbors. invasion of Britain, 43, by A Vespasian, Titus ; defeat of the | southern Britain a Roman 51. Rapid Romanization of Gaul aoj Annexation of Mauritania, Thracd Powerlessness of the senate. Deatli| dius by poison at the hands of Character ; Suspicipu'- cowardly. \ cruel, licentious. JUI^IAN EMPERORS. 63 ite. Emperor* Nero Qalba Otho Vitellius Chief Events, Eto. Son of Agrlppina, Claudius' Keoond wife. Murder of his mother. The burning of Koine, attributed to Nero, by hira charged to the Christians: inhuman slauerhter of Christians, including the apostle.s, I'eter and I'aul. Oppression, confiscations, pro- scriptions. Murder of S<*neca, the philoso- pher, of lyucian, the poet, of Octavia and Poppaea, Nero's wives. Revolt of Spain. Gaul, Germany, Judaea. Conspiracy of Galba and the .soldiers against Nero. Suicide of Nero. Character : '"His life divided between frivolity and heartless butchery." "His thirst for blood was insatiable." Henceforth the emperors elected by the choice of the soldiers. Murder of Galba after a reign of 8 months. Defeat of Otho by the Rhine legions under Vitellius. Suicide of Otho. "A vulgar glutton and sensunli.st." Siegre of Jerusalem by Vespasian. Revolt of the legions in favor of Vespasian. Defeat and murder of Vitellius." II. The Flavian Emperors: IS. Character : Bn , "remarkable fori a- blood-thirsty t| ? public treasures, e and daughters,! Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva A plain, shrewd, thrifty, practical, able man ; " the true renovator of the state." Dis- cipline, economy, justice. "Attempt to legal- ize Caesarism by making the prinoipate a permanent office, with a regidar law of suc- cession and with inherent prerogatives." Embellishment of Rome : Capitoline Temple, Colosseum. Temple of Peace. Vespasian's aversion to philosophers, Jews, Christians. Capture of Jerusalem by his son, Titus, 70. Extension of Roman conquests in Britain by Agricola. Defence of the fron- tiers. A beneficial reign. A kind, benevolent ruler. Eruption of Vesuvius: destruction of Tompeii and Herculaneum. and deaili of Pliny the Elder. Conflagration r'n Rrnie. Plague throughout Italy. Brother of Titus. Cruel, tyrannical; "one of the darkest and most detestable of tyrants. ' ' His delight in gladitorial exhibitions. Pro- scriptions and confiscations. Murder of Domitian. Elected by the people and soldiers. "A ven- erable senator of mild disposition." T r i i '^ 'I i ! i '1 ll 1 ■4 n ;: ^ I- J, i 64 ROMAN HISTORY IN BRIEF. Date. Emperor. 98 Trajan 117 Hadrian * I 13)^ Antoninus Plus 161 Marcus Aurelluft iSo Commodus 19,5 Pertinax Chief Events, Etc. A native of Spain. A great soldier. Ei courag-ement of trade, commerce, i tellectual culture. Kmbeiiishmem (, Rome, Italy, and the provinces with triiw phal arches, pcrticoes. temples; I'libil I^ibrary and New Forum at Rome. Restoi ation of the power of the senate. Subiud Won of Dacia, Parthia, Armend Mesopotamia. Trajan a friend of Tacitd and Pliny the Younger. . Trajan's lieutenant. Noble in intellect bd vain. Patron of arts, sciences, literal ture. Plutarch his chief friend. Emhtl lishment of Athens and Rome. Kxtensiol ?l ^"^J^^^c^^se to provincials. Creation i the office of "procurator" or head of tfc Imperial civil .service. Establishment of ai. Imperial Council. " I^egalization of Caesal ism a.s a permanent institution, the practicaf abolition of the dual control shared by Caesal with the regular magistrate, and the organil zation und< r Caesar of elaborate adininistral tive machinery controlled exclusively by hin and deriving its authority from him alone 1 Visits of Hadrian to Gaul, Germany, BritainT Greece, Asia, Egypt. A reign of peace ei| cept for an insurrection of the Jews. Adopted son of Hadrian. A Gaul noted foJ justice, wisdom, mildness; "a .seconj Nunia." ''The happiest period of thj iipman Empire": Advancement of thl arts of peace, justice. Establishment educational and charitable institutions Pro! tection to the Christians. Adopted son of Antoninus. Amiable afFe tionate, benevolent; "the Philosopher.] His reign closes the series of really eooJ emperors." Insurrections of the Parthianl Germans, Sarmatians. Barbarian invasioj of Pannonia, Raetia, Noricum. Son of Aurelius. "One of the most con| temptible and insane tyrants in histon' a brutal and debauched beast. Beeirmiiin of the decline of the Empire internaU ly and externally. Restoration of thJ military despotism of the praetorian guards;! the emperors henceforth tyrants or weakJ lings. Plague and famine in Italy. Murdel of Commodus. Attempts at reform. 3 months' reign. MurJ der of the emperor by the guards. A stattT of anarchy. Po^ver ux the hands of tkS soldiers. THE Fr^AVIAN EMPERORS. «5 ite. Emperor. Didius Julianus Chief Events. Septimus Severus Caracalla Macrinus Elag-abalus Alex. Severus Maximinus The 2 Gordiaai Maximus and Balbinus Gordian III. Philip Decius Gallus Aemilianus Valerian A wealthy glutton, elected by the guards. Elected emperor by the legions in Illyricum Murder of Didius by decree of the senat"; Inexorable seventy of the new emperor • a complete military despotism. Ref6rms of law, justice, morahty. Decline of the senate's Krusthe'r""""""" '" ^"^'" ' °"^*^ "^ <^,!«.f '."'' ^V"!?* ^y*'^"^- Roman citizenship given to all the provinces. His plunder of the Empire. His murder by the praetorians. Praefect of the praetorians. Harsh and un- popular. His murder by the soldiers. Sers.^''^''^''^^''"*" "'•'' '""'■'^^'' ^y ">« Simple-hearted, moral; well-disposed to- RnJn..=^^^ Christians. Growth of Per.sia as : t^ieTuardf"'^'"*^ '^^^'^- "^« '""'"der by A Thracian. Persecutor of the Christians and others. Devastation of Germany. " Asi5ociate emperors; father and son The younger slain in battle. Suicide of the rather. Associate emperors. Murdered by the prae- Murdered by Philip, an Arab. A government of wisdom and moderation Protection to the Christians. Defeat and death of Philip by the legions under Dec"us tSe Go°ths ^^''^' '^^'■^'=^' Macedoill? by Internal decay and dissolution of the state. Fearful persecfttion of the Chrstians. In vasion of Thrace by the Goths. Death of Deciu- in batt.e against the Goths. Inactivity against tiie inroads of the Goths Dacia lost to Rome. Election of Aemilianul- ?nlSwc^"ff ^^^^^ °^ ^^""s. Murder by the soldiers after a 4 months' reign. ^1'^* "^°.^^ distinguished man." Efforts to franks, Goths, Persians. Defeat of the Per- Per/iaS. ""'''"""• '^«^^" pS^^r'by'Jhe 'I- il. 66 ROMAN HISTORY IN BRIEF. ii- y I 1 Date. Emperor. 260 Gallienus 268 Claudius II 270 Aurelian 275 Tacitus 276 Probus I ! 2S2 Carus 283 Carinus and Nuxnerian ChiefTEvents. Son of Valerian. Insurrections in nearlya the provinces. Recognition of the indepd dence of Palmyra^ Zenobia, Queen and loui der of the empire of Palmyra. Sack Athens, Corinth, Argos, Sparta by the Gotli| Assassination of Gallienus. A brave warrior ; a lover of strict justicj Zenobia's subjugation of Syria and Eg)i Troubles with the Goths ; the enemy drivj back across the Danube. Efforts of Claudi| to restore the empire. ■ A Pannonian. Real restorer of the Rom Empire. Recovery of Syria and Ejjryp capture of Zenobia and destruction ot ' niyra. Internal reforms ; wise raeasurl Assassination of the emperor. A senator. Death in war with the Persia^ An able and popular general and ruler, covery of part of Gaul from the Fraiilj Burgundians, and Vandals, ristablishmef of Roman garrisons in Germany. SulijuJ tion of the Sarmatians, and Nubians. Ins] rection of the soldiers ; murder of emperor. Success of the Romans in the East. Cal killed by lightning. Sons of Carus. Associate emperors. Assj ination. IV. Barbaric Invasions :— 284 Diocletian Prudent, talented, ambitious. The eral unlimited imperial authority. AbolitioDj military despotism. Selection of new sr of government, or capitals : Treves | Gaul, Britain. Spain ; Sinaium for ' nonia and Illyricum ; ITicomedia fori East ; Milan tor Italy. Extension of Dl tianity. Maximian his colleague : a but able soldier. Defeat of the Gauls ! Germans by Maximian. Division of Empire among 4 rulers : Diooletian, a«J head or Augustus, the East. Galeri] Thrace and Danubian countries; Maximij Italy, Africa, and Western Is.; Const! tins, Gaul, Spain, Britain, Mauritania. !■ three ruled under the title of Caesars. Ml iires to extirpate Christianity. Reductioi the power of the soldiers. Resignatioij Diocle'uan and Maximian. BARBARIC INVASIONS. 67 urrections in nearly 1 jnition of the indepd Jiobia, Queen and fouj of Palmyra. Sack OS, Sparta by the Gotb| ienus. lover of. strict justicj n of Syria and Eg)i iths ; the enemy -p 43 m S f4 .? o &« a 3 2 I ■a ^ o n «H o a o o p innH P.fl d « « > II tn V* o u o a fl-Sloo CM "IS«5 iJ o *3 «^ d OB I to H a •■-< (D o •d o On 3 ro to M a •a •p-< ■*» si u a c ■^ to n o B O a o in a a >•« 00 fl§ !" S <" ^ o s< B aS"? > rtj:.2iS In PX) P.cd Q,J5 to 4.-°W0S ■WJT'O 4; n X S?^ 0-- n.y B o •- e a ^-i tov in "^ •5.2 e ^2* c. o . K ■ i. ; o 9-1 (O-'l C."« u: :| S oi ■ B S. «S| a> ro to I BRIEF. DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE. 69 Ji B »'■ •- d P<'^ -I 0)13 ojx- r:j3 be •gO-c o.H o « .2 ^ r ^ Q o ^ >> ^ M o m .— I rt ci C ?I ■»-• _, V. 2i g-O a> e >» I- u 3 O 3." 3 5,1' y o a 4;C a "0 O-rt *= =" fe o <« a*^ n V 2 s tf) (fl tJ.S 3 " ftrt"*? Set- y J3 a; (I) U <« •w.C'O 5i II tn R*3 cB a^co >-l . 4;: K ■ ■M ^ o J >4 o P 5 > -rt .3 3 Q 3g) *• C3 3 ») 3 3 |0.2 3 !« C— bo t/3 +3 . M ^ « .2,0 a '^ o-S ta a o u 5 a !/! O .5 3 a "5 I 0) J ? is IB I r3 U O "tn J, CI rtEa Silos'-' 3 s-K gcaut^-i-itiiij 3 bcB t. O"- (u S^« 3 5 A - ij -tJ -« I* '^^ 2 o AO . ;. ■'^0 :j-JE'-^ 0,(1 70 ROMAN HISTORY IN BRIEF. !l;' M VI. Fall of the Empire :— 1. Justinian (527-65) : Defeat, by the great ^enerall anus,of the Persians; the Van/als in Africl^ re coJ of k" ? i ^^P^J^io" oi the Goths from Italy c3 of N Italy by the Lombards, a German people 2. Herachus (610-641) : A great general. Destrud Persia's power. Conquest of Syria Bgyv? Spain by Moharamedau Arabs. ^^^' ^' ^Cha? M^Zr7;f U ^f P"l«ion ?f the Arabs from G of fi^L^ ®^' ^^^ .^J"^ °^ ^^^e Franks, 732. n" of the Emperor with the Pope or Bishop of about the worship of images ; break-up of the c tion between Italy and Constantinople • loss Emperor's power in Italy ; support of the Po chiet magistrate of Rome,' by the -Frankish kin^^ and grant to him of s-. :^me authority over 4. Germanization of Western Europe- InvJ Italy, Britain Gaul, Spain, Africa by baibarW &c"ion 'irr^n^'-".^^ ^?^ inipeid'enu f. /n ? n"^"^^'' ^"^^' g«vernnie„t,^cusLS * 6. yall of Constantinople, 1453: Reduction Eastern Empire to a small Greek kinldum™ tion of this state by the Turkish invader^of S . Constantinople the capital of the new xSkish E ■ BRIEF. •y the great generall lals in Africa; re-co( ths from Italy. Coi a German people, general. Destruci >f Syria, Egypt, f the Arabs from g] le Franks, 732, ope or Bishop ofl break-up of the stautinople; loss( pport of the Pod he 'Prankish king tel as Emperor of ij 2 authority over Europe: InvasiJ rica by baibari£_ and independents tion ; break-up lodern Europe, rope: Adoption I , Italy, of Christ! nent, customs. 3 : Reduction ek kingdom, ih invaders of EJ e new Turkish EJ HIGH SCHOOL AND FIFTH CLASS OF PUBLIC SCHOOL kdian History Notes iBy G. E. Henderson, Editor of The Canadian Teacher and The En- trance ; and C. G. Eraser, Assistant Master in Gladstone Ave School Toronto. Price, 15 cents. 3k History in Brief iBy Chas. Porfar, B.A.. Teacher of History in Harbord St. Collegiate Ilnstitute, Toronto. For Matriculation ( Pass and Honors) , Junior and ISenior Leaving. A comprehensive map is appended showing accur- lately the location of every important historical place ; also Depart- [ mental and University Examination Questions in History from 1875 to 11900. 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