IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

'fe-

1.0

1.1

liiiM 12.5
Z U£ 12.0

IL25 II 1.4

NJ4I

1.6

Photographic

^Sdaices

Corporation

13 WIST MAIN STRIIT
WIUTIi.N.Y. MSM

(7l*)l79-4t01

s\^

CIHM/ICMH

Microfiche

Series.

CiHIVI/iCMH
ion de

Canadian Inatituta for Hiatorical Microraproductiona / Inatitut Canadian da microraproductiona hiatoriquaa

Technical and Bibliographic Notaa/Notas tachniquaa at bibliographiquaa

Tha Inatituta haa attamptad to obtain tha baat
original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia
copy which may ba bibliographicaily uniqua,
which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha
raproduction. or which may significantly changa
tha uaual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow.

□ Colourad covara/
Couvartura da coulaur

r^ Covara damagad/

D
D

Couvartura andommagAa

Covara raatorad and/or laminatad/
Couvartura raatauria at/ou palliculAa

[~~| Covar titia miasing/

La titra da couvartura manqua

□ Colourad mapa/
Cartaa gtographiquaa wn coulaur

Colourad ink (i.a. othar than blua or black)/
Encra da coulaur (i.a. autra qua blaua ou noira)

r~~| Colourad plataa and/or illuatrationa/

Planchaa at/ou illuatrationa an coulaur

Bound with othar matariai/
RalM avac d'autraa documanta

Tight binding may cauaa shadowa or diatortion
along intarior mutqin/

La f liura tarria paut eauaar da I'ombra ou da la
diatoraion la k>ng da la marga IntAriaura

Blank laavaa addad during raatoration may
appaar within tha taxt. Whanavar poaaibla. thaaa
hava baan omittad from filming/
II aa paut qua cartainaa pagaa blanchaa aJoutAaa
hira d'una raatauration apparaiaaant dana la taxta.
mala, loraqua eala Atait poaaibla. eaa pagaa n'ont
paa «ti film4aa.

Tha
tot

L'Inatitut a microfilm* la maillaur axampiaira
qu'il lui a it* poaaibla da sa procurer. Las details
da cat axampiaira qui sont paut-itra uniquas du
point da vua bibliographiqua. qui pauvant modifier
una image reproduite. ou qui peuvent exiger une
modification dana ia mithoda normala de fiimage
sont indiquis ci-deaaoua.

|~n Coloured pagaa/

Pagaa da coulaur

Pagaa damaged/
Pagaa andommagAea

Pagaa raatorad and/oi

Pagaa reatauriaa at/ou pailicuiiea

Pagaa discoloured, stamed or foxe«
Pagaa dicolorias. tachatias ou piquiaa

Pagaa detached/
Pagaa ditachias

ry\ Pagaa damaged/

p~| Pagaa raatorad and/or laminated/

r~7] Pagaa discoloured, stamed or foxed/

pn Pagaa detached/

Tha
poa
oft
film

Orij
bag

tha
aior
otb
firat
aior
or 11

r~n\ Showthrough/

Tranaparance

□ Quality of print variaa/
Qualit* inigala de I'impreaaion

□ Ineludaa supplementary material/
Comprend du materiel supplimantaira

□ Only edition available/
Seuie Mition diaponible

The
aha
TIN

whi

diff

rig»
raq

Pagaa wholly or partially obscured by errata
slips, tissuaa. etc.. have been refilmed to
enaura the beat possible image/
Lea pagea totaiement ou partiailement
obacurciaa par un fauillet d'errata. una paiure.
etc.. ont it* filmies i nouveau da fa^on *
obtanir la maiileure image poaaibla.

r~71 Additional eommanta:/

(Printed sphsmsra] 1 ihsat (vsno Wank)

Commantairea supplimantairaa;

Thia item ia filmed at tha reduction ratio cheeked below/

Ce document eat film* au taux da riduetion indiqu* ei*daaaeua.

10X 14X liX 22X

30X

12X

1BX

aox

a4x

32X

TiM copy filmMl hani has Imwi raproducMl thanks
to tho gonorosity of:

Library of tha Public
Archives of Canada

L'axamplaira fHm4 fut raproduit grioa i ia
gAnAroaiti da:

La bibiiothiqua das Archivaa
publiquaa du Canada

Tha imagaa appearing hara ara tha baat quality
poaalbia conaidaring tha condition and iagiblNty
of tha original copy and In kaaping with tha
filming contract spacif icationa.

Laa imagaa suhrantaa ont 4t* raproduitas avac la
plua grand soin, compta tanu da la condKlon at
da ia nattati da l'axamplaira film*, at an
conformity avac las conditions du contrat da
fllmaga.

Original copkM in printed papar covars ara fllmad
beginning with the front cover and ending on
the laat page with a printed or liiuetratad impree-
sion, or the beck cover when epproprlate. AH
otiter originei copiea are filmed beginning on the
first pege with e printed or illustrated Impree-
sion. end ending on tlie leet pege with e printed
or illustrated impreaalon.

Tha laat recorded frame on eech microflclie
sliali contain ttie symbol -^ (meening "CON-
TINUED"), or the symbol ▼ (meening "END"),
whichever epplles.

Lee exemplairea originaux dont ie couverture en
pepier eat ImprimAe aont filmis en commenpant
par la premier plet et en terminent aoit par ie
dernMre pege qui comporte une empreinte
d'impreealon ou dlHustration. soit par Ie second
plet, seton Ie ces. Taus lee autras exemplelres
orlgineux sent filmAs en commen^ant par la
premMre pege qui comporte une empreinte
d'impreealon ou d'INuatratlon et en terminent per
la damlAre pege qui comporte une telle
empreinte.

Un dec symiHrfae auivanta apparaltra sur la
dernMre Imege de cheque microfiche, selon Ie
ces: Ie symbole ^ signlfie "A 8UIVRE", Ie
symbole ▼ signlfie "HN".

Meps. plataa. charts, etc.. mey be filmed et
different reduction retios. Those too lerge to be
entirely Included in one exposure ere filmed
beginning ki the upper left hend comer, left to
right end top to bottom, es meny frames es
rsquired. The following diegrems iilustrste the
method:

Lee certes, pienches. taMeeux. etc.. peuvent itre
filmte i das taux de rMuetton dlffirenta.
Loraque la document eat trap grand pour ttre
reprodult en un aaui clich*. 11 eat film* * partir
da i'angia supMeur gauche, de gauche * drohe.
et de hieut en bee. en prenent ie nombre
d'imagee n*ceaaalre. Lee diegrammes suhrants
illustrant ia mAthoda.

1 2 3

o.vr

r/ .

BEST PROPORTION OF FLUE AND GRATE AREA

IN LOCOMOTIVES.

The following questions refer to boilers using bituminous coal.

1. Have yuu, in rent>\vin>; boiler tube plates, or in biiililiii^ a series of new boilers, altered the nuiuber or size
of Hue.-', or altered the dearanue space between tlieiu, witlioiit alierinjj; the leii^^tli of fhie or altering any other part of
the boiler or engine '.'

If so, cun you give comparative results, either in fuel eonsuujed for work done or in water evaporated, stating
tlie exact chauije or variation you made which produced such results / Tiiis information should be given in answer-
ing any of the questions ; and in quoting results, endeavor to distinguish between higher evaporative power ('"free
steaming'") and increased economy in evaporation (more water boiled off per lb. of fuel).

3. Have yon made any such change keeping the flue-heating surface the same in total amount, but putting in
Hues of larger diameter, so as to increase the gas oi)ening througii the Hues ; or nnide any sucli change, still keeping
tlie Hue-heating surface the same, but putting in Hues of smaller diameter, thus decreasing the gus opening through
tiie flues ?

A. Have you made any such changes, either shortening or lengthening the flues, but keeping the total flue-
eating surface the same ?

4. Do you know of any instan(!e in which reilncing the Hue-heating surface, or reducing the gas opening through
the flues, increased in any way llie elliciency of the boiler ?

5. Have \()u niiide any changes in the amount of grate surface without altering the boiler or engine at any other
point ? If SI), witii what result '.' If you have knowledge of any experiments of this kind carried out on other than
locomotive boilers, kimlly (piote them also.

<i. In designing or ordering locomotives, do you proportion the amount of grate surface simply to suit the
quality of coal likely to be used, or do you believe— if the boiler is to be in its most effective condition— that the
grate surface s!u)uld bear some dellnite proportion to the flue-heating surface, or to the gas opening througii the
Hues ? If you proportit -, uive the ratios you use or would like to use.

T. Is it possible, within the narrow limits of deviation allowed in an ordinary locomotive, to give a boiler too
large a grate surface ?

A grate may l>e too long for the tireman to equally cover it with coal, or it may have too much air opening
through it to suit certain (|ualities of fuel ; but these points are not properly to be taken into a consideration of the
question of absolute grate surface.

8. If to Use a certuin (piality of fuel you have found it necessary to put at one end of the grate a solid "dead
plate"' or "drop nl.'ite," has such reiluction of the elTective grate area lessened the evaporative power or the
e(;ononilcal elllei' J the boiler'.' In answering (|uestion H, a note sh.ndd l)e made as to whether, in nniking the

change, the eleai lef ween the lirebars (air space) was altered.

!> Have you any way improved a lioiler by reducing tin- total grate surface, all other points remaining
unchanged '.'

1(1. Are you f:imiliar with any experiments tending to show that rapid combustion is, for steam pur|)oses, more
eci)uomii;al than slow combustion '.' If so, <|uc)te or refer to them, and say if you think the result is due to the higher
temperature ((■unimonly believed to accompany rapid combustion) transmitting a larger portion of its heat through
the metal or to a more thorough burning of the fuel '.'

This matter has a close be.iringon the whole subject, for, other things l)eing equal, the suniller the grate the
more rapid is the conil)Ustion.

11. Wlmt is tiie presi>nt limit, in locomotive practice, to the number of lbs. of good clean coal that can be fully
burnt per hour per s(|uare foot of grate surface '.'

U. Are then- any facts from which it may be reasonably Iriferred that this limit will in the near future be
eNceeded 'I

V\. How many lbs of water from and at 'i\'i ) will one lb. of good coal evaporate when the grate is thus workinir
up to its hi;:hest limit .'

14. What is the mininnini amount of Hue surface per square foot of ;;riite th>it will do this high duty .'

.1, DAVIS BAUNKTT,
♦ F, W. DKAN,

I'HILIP WALLIS.

Pfplic's tip la> Kfiil ti. J DAVIS DAMNETT, Groinl Ti link Rnilwny, SliiUlocd, Otil, Cmindn.

AN (J I 8 HINCLAIH, .S../W(f /■.(/.

5o I