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1
EMIGRATION TO CANADA.
-» ♦ • » ■»■
THE
PROYIICE OF OITAEIO
IT^S SOIL, CLIMATE, RESOURCES, INSTITUTIONS,
FREE GRANT LANDS, &c., &c.
Jar tU %nUmisii\&n mt MnitnAiM iHmiflptttiji* *
ISSTTED B1*AUTH0RITY OF THE GOVERNMBNTfOli&HTAlllO.
Coronto:
Printed by Hunter, Rose & Co., 86 King Street West.
18G<).
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III tho sprin-- of the yvnw circ.uhirs were juvpaifd aiul to th. >e circulars eiiaM-d the Imnngration A.ucnts to direct Knii-
f'ranls on tlielr arrival to places, were employment awaited them. 'Ihe
Hame, system will l»e pursued in llie future, with, there, is no doubt, simi-
lar good results,
Tim agents i.f thu (.'anadiau (lovinnicnt in Great Britain and Ireland,
;ui.
JOHN CARLINO,
Commissicmer
T
A
CONTENTS.
-t/^-*-'->-«^->
To Iiiteuding Emigrants •■
Agi-ic'ultural Capabilities of the Soil S
The Agricultural Progivsa of Canada, as comparea with that of the United
States
The Province of Quebec ■*
Quebec and Ontario ^
The Province of Ontario •>
The Climate of Canada 7
The Farming Interest of Canada 7
State of New York and Ontario ^
Municipal Institutions '^
Ontario -General Description and Statistics 11
lO
(Hties and Towns ^^
IS
Manufactures
Mines and Minerals
14
Postal System
14
Telegrajjhs '
Railways, Canals, Roads 1"*
, 15
Laws
Public Works ^^
Banks and Currency ^^
Money Table ^^
. 17
Religion
Taxation
10
The Public Press ^^
Education in th- Province of Ontario 18
21
Aiiricultural Department
,,, 22
Cost of Living '"'
94.
The Public Lands
The Free Grant Lauds and Homestead Exemption 25
QQ
The Canada Company
The Canadian Land and Immigration (_:ompany 29
Roughing it in the Bush |'"
The Farm in Good Order '^^
32
Muskoka
Canadian Fruit
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EMIGRATION
TO THE
PROVINCE OF ONTARIO.
TO TNTEXDINt; TOMIOliAXT^.
The Dominion of Canada, ('Xtou'liisg fi-om the Atlantic, at Nova
Scotia, to tlio Ijoundavics (jf tlio JIimI Ftiver Tm-ritovy, West of Lake
Sunorior, (;()jn[in.U'^ an ai'i'a of :i77,Ol5 squaiv lailf*. It inchules tlio
four Provinces of Ni>va Scotia, Ne\r I>nuis\vi'k, <,)nt-l»ri' ami Ontario.
:Se(vf:)uncllaiKl and .I'riiicu Ed^s•ar(l l:,.l;in'l will, prtliably, l)oforu many
luoiithi; b(5 al:io iuclaicd. Tho Iludiion'.'i r>ay 'LVrntory hi'.-i iMCtntly liuen
coded to tliii D^r.iiiniuH, and the l*ac'ilic Colonies of Yaiicouvi'v Island and
British Columbia will also, in all likclihotni, tioou hreoiiie united with it.
The Douiiiuon will tlien cuni[iri.se :.».;]S!»,i»4-5siinare juile!*, oxiomliu;/ irum the
Atlanti'J to the Pacitie, and incbulin ■,' an area aliiit;;^t as larifo as tlio entire
continent of Europe. The jiopnlat ion of die Dominion in iu>\v over fonr mil-
lions, lue imports, durini? the year ,18()S, amop.nted to ."ii'Tl,"*.'''.'!,:;!!!;,;!!!'! the
ox[>< 8. to ()..',03, ■
8."/Jton3 inwardH, and »i,478,!H)l) to:iB outw.ard-<. The railway.s of the Do-
minion have incre;used from Oo mdes in LSoK, to 2, 'Jo;', miles in ISOS ; and
there are in addition u])ward.s of 8()U miles now jirojeetcd, a large i>ortion of
■wluoli are under contract and in eour-jo of o .nstrnction. The Po.st t>tlice sys-
tem of the Dominion extends to every part, tliere beiu'^ up.ward.s of ;5,5lK)
post oflices, Kiviiv,; postal facilitie'ii to tiie nnwt remote di:(trict;i of the country.
The political institutions of the Dominion are ba.sed upon the British princi-
ple of responsible government. For tiie Dnmim'on there i.^ a I'rivy Council,
responsible to Parliament ; a Senate, composed of life momlier:-. and a House
of Connnons ; tho seat of Government being at *)ttawa. Thi.-i Parliament is
charge.
hiro Buit:il)l.' fi'ViDs of frninrmntDiwolurudiv.,! r.cre:-, uioni (irks-*, vlj:irt"I and
inipruvud; i'mI liy u:,:i::-:vy cliscr'jii(in -.•.•.■A indiiiitry cnn Bftiic'. I'.' ftil, if
blessocl ^.itli liL:i!(,h r.iul k/ixii'.'IIi, very iiiaturiiJly to iin|ii'i>v« thi ii* coii(litii>u
in a fow yuav'., muI iitijrl ilii'ir c-lrldivn ;n tlwy j.:V'\v up :i f.ivur.ili j Ht;irt in
life. 'Hut j.iifi^ (,f jrind vM'icJi luudi nccnnlin^,' (■):-iitu:iti(iii uinl tho ;iiiio\uit. <>f
inii)rovc'mon(.4 in tlu; hIi.iik' nf cloarin;,', fcncini^', 'miilJiii,'; ■, A'.'., any from J55IO
to ii<30 an ucrc — tlio iiuiiicy lioini; iiioslly payaldc tiy inHliiliuL'Wi-i, tuvoiing a
peviiKl of rtcvcriil yt;ir.s. TIuj liiriiig of far:iis i.s an except' in to tiitj general
rule, liA moHt nicji tle.'iiro to own the noil they cnllivate; jet tins ia sometimes
foiiml to 1);) i'X[iedieiit. i'eiitH niiiy lie Raid (o ran^e in jjood loealilioH from
i;/2 to ,93 per acre for tliu cletired laud, accordiu;.; to sitaution and tlie stuto of
the i;(»il, fenc(.H and Imiiiliii'^'s. Aj a nije, emi ^ranis iiosscsaiii;.; means would
do well iK't (i) lie in u hurry to make piirdiaaeH, but to take time to ;,'et aomo
jiersonal experience before ho important a ste[i ia taken. At the same time
Luch jierson:-* slmuid be careful to keep tluir capital from dimiuisliiny, l)ef(iro
th.iy liniilly decidi- on a situation. Ajfricultuial !■ Ijorci'H, who an.'ah\:iy.s nioro
or lei;3 in j;ei)end demand, would s'tudy tlieir own interest by accojiling cni-
pli'yment as it may lie oUered on tlieir arrival, and they win t;oon learn from
ob. ities this de-
mand sometimes excee la tlie f'Upi>ly, causiuij w;i':;ct> to reach ami maiiitain a>
lii^fh Ktanu;!.rd. Peraon;* accustomed to tlie use <;f mechanical tools, ■ivho in-
tend turiiin;^' their hands to farminj^', will often find B\icb an ac(|ui3ition of
£,'rcat coavenieiice antl value.
There ia a pror.pect of the price of all kinds of labovir })eina; maintained,
and evcu increased ;.s the province becomes aettleil and its pojudation and
wealth increiisc. Men connuencing as labourers, without any capital but
strong,' f.rni't and williuj.,' minds, seldom keep in that eoadiiion Ioul,', but after
a period of more or leSjiJ duration they can, and do very generally, become
cmj)loyer3 of labour thomsjlves. By far the greater portion of our now well-
wit h few or iKt i)ecuniury nieann. It is this
social scale, when the proper means are em-
to-do fannen commenced li
moral cercanty of i .ling iu
l>iuyod, that brightens the hopes and stimulates the exertions n has ell'ected i t.^ own cure, v.iu\ led
to the introduetion of a more rvtional methoi of eiiltiv.itinj,' the soil. V'eara
ago, wh.cn road.s were bad and facilities for i:o]nnuinie.itiii[t with luarket.s few
and fir between, wheat \r,iH the only saleable produce of thy farm, a* Lh.al/
Uo eilort v.'afj spared to cultivate that cereal to the utmost cxteiit. Now,
siuco railroads, macadauiized roads, and jilank roads have opened up tlio
country, aud Agricultural Hocietie^'. havr auceeded iu di: sieuiinacing much
lUeiul iuutruetion and inf.irmation, husbandry lia'i imj /oveil iu all diieclioiia,
and the natural fertility of the soil of tlio old settlenu'at.1 13 in a groat [irvrt
i\>stored.
Thc! .average yield ( f wheat in s-^uie townshi])? o::cGt-da 22 busliels to tho
acre, and whero an ajiproi'.eh io good farming prevails, the yield riiics to
thirty and often forty bufjhels to t!ie aero. On njw l;uid, fifty bu.Ji.elj is not
very lujcommou ; and it must not be forgotten that Canadian wheat, gro'.vn
r.ear the City place, it is tho fault of tlio farraor
and not of tlie soil.
THE ACRTCULTITRAL PRO'IKEfvS OF CANADA, AS COMPARED
WITH THAT (IF THE TNITSD STATE^,;.
TliG maxim '• comp".risous are odious" is not always true. Vv'ithoufc i.,rvsH, ii« hoiuu pcoplo ari« constantly
<"'i!iii.',' \i;i, fan 1 lit tile t.'irular statcii.i'iitM i f hi'V pinductH iiii ih( ir ton, idij L-.-i.innjd hy two, tin.' nmnliev
of States wliich in ISftO had a iio[.idalion excuedin^,' lierp Thr.t Uio rato of in-
crwif.c of ]io[.uhition in tjiu^htc in niao years wa'^ f.O'i atcr than thr lato of in-
cn-aKi! in ton yi'ais in tlio wholo ..f l!ic l.'nitul Staici, t'Kchidinir tho Wostoru
and I'acilic States and T'.iTJtorii.:.. And tliat l.or dLCoi^nial rate of incroaao
waM ;.;rcaU'r llifni tliaL of the wliolo liutod Stat.v , u'jt inclr.dh'/^ tiio Wostom
States and Toiritorics, Imt iiichulinj^ (.-ahfornia and fliu othci' States and
T'Tritoriis nn tliu l^icilic. Th;'.t in tlio interval T'ctwci'ii ihe la.sL ei'iisns and
the iirocodiny one, C(|iuh(;o added ti) tlio oreadth < f her enltivii^jcd hinds at a
rate oxoeoili;!;^; hcryrowth in i)0])nhiiion, which (Miiialied •\vitliin a fraction the
rate in the I nited States; tho addition to the aereago under cultivation in
Quf'l)ec bein:^ j^'reater than the in< roaso nf iiopulatiwii by 8.50 per cent., while
in tlio I'nited State.f it was 8. 7:^ ])cr ci-nt. That tli ■ c:ish value < f hinds occu-
pied as farms in Quebec per cultivated aiu'O, exceeds, in 18130, the cash value
of lands oconi^'d as farms in the I'uitiid States per cultivated acre ; tho value
in t,^»uebec boin!'; )rlO.O-i ])er acre, while in the Uniti'd States '.': was §10. oJ per
acre. That the value "f farming iniplenieuts used in Qiiebe 'vis greater in
projiortion in the amount of land cultivated than in tho adjoxiiinj^ States, or
in the I'nitcd States as a whole ; the average value of tlie faraiing implements
used
SI
oo
on
in
a farm havin
Main
SKitrin
100 cult i vat', d acres, being .^ITd in (iMieboc, a,-; against
Vermont, Si:!! in tlio whole of tho Now England
States, and $150 in the whole of the raited States. Tliat, as regards tho
groat agricultural stajiles of wheat, cnrn, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, peas
and b.^uis, and potatoes, <.>ueb;n; incre.'vsed her annnal juoduc'idns of these
articli;s in nine j'oars between 1851 and 1800, fi'om 22^ m)l!iroduction of those articles in ten j-ears hetwcen 1850 and 1800, w;ir only 45
percent. That in 1800, her pn.Mliution of these article.", .vas 10.54 bushels
for each inhabitant, only falling short 1)y less than tliroe bushels of the pro-
duction or the United States, \vhero it A\as 413.42 bushels f(/r each inhabitant.
That — excluding Indian corn from the list — Quebec raised of the n;maining
articles 40.20 Imshels for each inhabitant, against a ])roduction in the TJnited
States (if only 10.74 bushels for each inhabitant, and against a ])roduction in
the adjoining States of Maine and Vermont of 22.10 hushols for each inhabi-
tant. And that, finally, in proportion to population, Quebec owned moro
•im; a<;ri< riH i:.\T. pnorinKs.s or caxada.
I
ImraoH thiin tlio rmtcil St.'vtuR, iw« mnny cowb, juuI neiirly nn nmnvrahpop; and'
tljiit, tliirin'^' tlir mtiirval lu-twrt n tlio last coiiaiu- nuil Uw itroicrliDf^ ihm', nlm
iiii.Ti!;iMtl limi- jirtMliKtiuii at InittiT luul wool jit h nitv cojisiik'nibly cxcuuiliiin
thuriitoof iiKToiiBc inaiiitaincil in tl i,- I iiitoil St;iti>i.
Ql'f.IIP.i ANT) OyTAKlO.
Afl regards Canfidii, that iH till' Provinooa of tjuclioo iin-l Ontario, whiih
€<»mi)<>fli'(l the I'rovincii of C'uni.ihi when the liwt consuH wuh taki'ii, wo Hml
tluit, tlu) fc.llinvmt^' fii'ts lilt.' i!,ital)liMlifil : TlirU .d St.itts liy nciirly 5,', i»(:r (^rit.- Canud.'i
uddui;,' 10.87 jior cent, to lur ponul.'.iidn ia im yiars. ulnTt- llio Cnili'd StntcH
;idd*.(l nidy ',\'»StH per leiit. !■> tlicir.i. That m1;u hro\i^dit lu v wild lands into
lUiltivaliiin at !i rait!, in nine ycjux rxccfdiny thiratu .if inon'.tsi- '.f ..ultivatiil
lands in lh'> ( nit«:d Slatt-t, in It.n yt-nvA, hy neiiiiv li I'urfcni., --Canada, m IHOO,
having' iiddi'd .'.(I .■un.'.'« nf (.nlrivatiMl land to every lOOaori'a iindor cultivaiinii in
iMal, whi'.'tlio liiitcd Statr-, in l.SdU, liad <"iiy added -It aero.! to * very lOO
acres uniN'rcultivatmn in If^^tO. That tlir valiit.' firr rnltivated aerc of tlie fan;;-
injjlandy "f (V.nada in IKtWh \( I'cdod (lie value jier cult iv.iti'd aero -. 'I'iiat in Cnnada. a lar^'er eai>i-
al wan invested in u^^ricullnrJ i!ii|i!oinej\l.'., in [iropnrtioM tn tiu' .■iiiiniuit, cf land
oiltivated, Miau in the I'niii'd Stales -the a\era;3'e vahio of a|.,'rieulun"d ini-
plenu'iit.s used on a fanii haviu',' 100 culiivated acres, heiag in Canada §lHi.*,
and in the T'uitod St.ites .?l."iO. That, in pii'iiortion to population, Cuiada in
I8()<) raised twice a;» mueli wheat as the I iiiuid State;; ; Canada inihatycar
raisiny 11.0'J biishclH Ta- I'aeh iiih;>!iilaMt, »vl)i!e the Cuiteil States rainil oiil}*
n.oO liuaheis fur eacli inluil)it.".nt. Th.it, ))nll-;ii);,f U>'^i ther eiyht leii.din;j staples
uf a;^ricultiire--\vheat, corn, vy, barley, oats, Inuh'.vheat, ]pi;as ".nd huaiis, and
potatoes — Canada lii'twi'di lo.M and ]>^(K>, i.icrja.?e 1 her i.roonetii n of tJH'SO
articles from .^T miUions to I'j:; niilhiiis of huslu-ls — an i.iereaao of J i:{ per
cent., while 1 he United States in ten years, from IH.'Oto ]>;(;0, increased their
productions of the sanie al•t^rll.^^ only •%-> per cent. Tliat in lH(;fi. Canada
raised ni those articles, 4!M2 Im-diels for e.aili iiiiial>i(ant, a;^fainst a produc-
tion in the ', 'nitud States of 4!>.'1J liu.hcls for eadi inhabitant. That--
exeludinjr Indian corn from the li.st — C;in;ulci Mined of the rein;u;iiin,' ;irti(les,
4H.07 bushels for each inliabitrint, almost three times the rate of iuMduction
in the Cnited States, whiih was 1<1. 74 buslr Is for i;ach inhabitant .\ndti'al,
as re.i^arda live stock and their produc!,:), C.ruuia in ISIJO, i:i proportion to her
population, owned more horses and more cows, undo more butter, kept more
sheop, and had a gre.'iter yield of wool th.-m tlie Cnited Srates.
Ti;r, l'K(.VlNrl. ((!• ()\TAIlIO.
The Comparison as regards the I'rovi/ice of Ontario is, of course, .still more
favourable. Wi; have seen that in nine years, she ailded 4(5. 05 jier cent, to her
population, while the I'nited States in ten years added only iJo.oS per cent.
to theii's. That she maintained n, drrruifiat r-uv i.'f iucrea.se tjreater by (me-
half than that of tlie whole of the Cnited States and territories-- more than
du'ible thac. of all the United States, excluding,' the Western States, and only
fallinf,' short, of the increase in the Western States and territories by 7 per
cent. , --and that in nuie years to their ten, .she p.assed four states of the Union
which in l.S;">Oh,ad a population excecdiu',' hers (Indiana, Mmsaehnsetts, Ten-
nessee and Keiitncky, I leaviiif^ at the date of the last census only live St.atea
which exceeded her in population. That in nine years she added nearly 04
cultivated acres to every lumdred acres ii; cultivation in lS,~i2, wlnle the United
JStateu and territoric;} in ten years added only a little oyer 44 acres to every
EMIQRATIOX TO THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO.
Inmdrcd acres under cultivation at tho date of tho previous census. That
slie pubduud her Avild lands more rapidly than even the growth of her popu-
lation, at a rate almost double that in xhe United States (the proportion being
as 17. 10 to 8.7-.) T]\at the cash value of her farms in 181)0, per 1 ad of the
pojiuJatiiai, was .!-Tcatcr in Ontario than in the United States, lieing §211 42 in
i)ntari(<. and $211 1)3 in tho United States. That their value per aero was
greater in Ontario than in Ihu United States by nearly ij?»), beinrj; ?,22 10 per
acre in 0;il;iri", and !;1() ;J2 per acre in the I'nited States. That tho capital
invested in agricailtural iniplenients was gi'eater in Ontario than in tin; T'nited
States in proiiorlion to tlie breudtli of land cultivated, being 8U.H) for eve'y
hundred ;.crea of cr.ltivated h:vA in Ontario, and 8150 for every hundred acres
iif cultiv..icd land in tlie United i:^tates. That the value of agriculturnl imple-
ments riiiiniifitciurul in Ontario did not fall very nuah behind the value of
ajjricultural iiiiplements nianufactured in the United States, in projmrtioii to
])opidati(.n, bt-in;; •'irO 41 per luwd ( ' the populaticn in Ontario, !ind VO i,~) ver
head oi iho popnlatiou iji the U'.iited States. That she grev/ more wheat in
lOGOtii.ui any State in (ho Union That, in proportion to population, she
produi.'.'d in that year mo:e ilian three iimes as much v.hcat as the Uratcd
StatL'i
.i^iiiL
17.
bushels for eiicli iidiabitant, wliile tho United States
rai.3c:d orJy o. 00 bushels for each in]uibit:infc. That idio was gre;itly ahead
even cf t;;<.' Vv'estern States ::.i a -vvlicat-i'rouucing e(.)untiy, the tivcrage pro-
ducti 01 ux wheat in the wlio'iu of tlie Western St.-tcs being on]y 10 bush'. Is for
each inlia itant. That, of the eight hading staphs of agrioiilturu, eonnuon to
botii eoin.lries — \vhe:it, corn, rye. b:ivk'y, oats, but kwheat, ]/eas and bean.3, and
potatoi>o— ;dio produced oj.'.)5 1)ushels fur each inliabitant, while of tho same
articles ihe Uiu ted States j)roduced oidy 4;].-i2 liush; !s for each inli'd. itant.
That-- 'J \ eluding Indian corn from the list — she produced <)f tho remaining
artic]L'3, 04.34 bushels fur each inhabitant, against 10.74 bushels for each in-
habitant, produced in the United States. That, in pi-op irtionto population,
she had more cajjital invested in live stock than the Uniti ;1 States, tho
tjiuh'.tion,
value of live stock owned in (hitario being !?;iS. U'i per heaer
cent., v.Iiik; in the United States, in ten years from 1850 to ISOO, tlio increase
in the production of butter Avas only 4(ji^ per cent Antl tiiat in nine years
she increased her jiroduction of wofd 40 per cunt., while in ten years tho
I'nited Sratcs increased their production of wool only 15 j)er cent.
Tliese facts need no comment. Thciy speak for themselves. Exliibiting as
they do a most gratifying progress in Canada, both absolu+fly and relatively,
as conipartjd with die United States, they ought to shut tho moutlis of croak-
ers, and give fresh encouragement to tiic hardy workers, who, with the help
of Pi .idvuce, have made Canada what it is, to goon availing themselves
to tlie utmoat of tho ad'-antagcs of their position, for the improvement .;f their
own ferbmes, and tho advancement and prosperity of tho country at large.
^
[7]
TITE CLIMATE OF CANADA.
Tha ur
antl , and na-
..u ! r ]}'Mt attiro, pnunjitly as a bride on her \\eddin:;-niji-n. Our
BU-:ii!ner ii short, but gorjjcou3 vvirii ,s;>lcndour, and 1}cdecke,l with Uovrera
that cia ;:ardly b J surpassed ; we liave ('^■;ires.>i\i:' heat at times, ;ind occa-
sionaby dr 'n;j:]it, but liow do cmr su:nmcr showor.i refresh tho facu of all
tliin:j .; h >w we!conio is tho rain, and how ijeen and beautiful are the Holds,
tho fnirden'^, and tho wood.s, when it falls. In autumn we have tho waving
fiekb of grain and tasselled corn ; our orchards display a•l](!e.^ of gcdd in l^askets
of silvery verdure, and we can reckon even the ^rajjo amon^ uur fruits; our
forest } present a ricMy-tintod and inany-coloured f iliaye : avo have mid-Octo-
ber days in wdiich tho weather is superb ; oiir Indian summer is a splendid
vaIedi..tory to tho season of j^'rovrth and harve:>t ; a lu'iglit and beautiful hectic
flush sit.s UMon the f.ice of universal nature as death draw.s on and v.o .i,dide
imperce;"itibiy into winter. This, thou!,'h confessedly severe, ia exhilara,ting,
hardenin',' aniriuil as well as vegeiable fibre, whi'e it, has i:s ameliorations and
joys in t'io lire-aide warmtii tliat tempers into geniality the clear, frosty air ;
we have also tiio merry jingle and lleet gliding of t!io sleigh, and the ska'er's
healthfid sport, together with almost entire exemption from dani]) and nnid,
two most disagreeable aocompanimiuits of winter in milder clime-'. The
characteri uics of this ctnintry are only beginning to be known abroad, as its
resources are onl;,'- beginning to be developed at home. It otiara indneoments
rarely surpassed to industrious, energetic, prudent settlers. Let it only be
thickly settled with a population worthy of it, and it will take no moan rank
among the countries of tho earth. Simnier climes there may Ije, b"t ;i fitter
habitation for tho development of a manly, vigorous race, it would be
difficult to fuul in any jiart of the world.
THE FARMING INTEREST OF CANADA.
The- oflicial census taken in January, 1301, furnishes reliable data for arriv-
ing at the agricultural condition of tho country; and an othcial Report from
tho Bureau of Agriculture, issued in 18(53, i)rovide3 estimates of two years'
later date. From these returns it appears that the nunsto20 2,075 3,180
i>() acres to 50 20,030 20,074
60 acres to JOO 04,801 44,041
100 acres to 200 28,330 24,730
Above 200 acres 5,027 0,800
Total oocupiei-si 131,983 105,071
It ihrrs appears tliatthoro -n-evc, nine years a-jo, no fewer than 237,054 per-
sons in (';UKula wlio cultivato their own Jaud ; and if the ai uiy C)f farm ser-
vanti;, d!o[)j)(;i,3, carpenters, hlacksmiths, waj^;go:utiakere^, liarnessniakers, itc. ,
directly enii)loyed on farm worlc, be added, \t Avill be seen at (mcc how vast a
projiortion of tlic half millifju uf male auuira in (>an:ida arc directly employed
in tlio cnltivation of tJio soil.
Tlien ;is to tile capital ( niployed. The e.-Tiuialcd ci'.sh valne of the farms
and f:iri;:i:ig implements was, in Jannary, '• '.il, a.s follow.s : —
In Upper Canada >i)3oO,442,()G2
i a Lower Canada 1 7^,870,271
ToTal va'iK' ^485,312,033
And this enorraons pmn tiocs not includi ti:c live wtoek and crojia on hand.
Tlie last census showed the live stock to have been then a;. fnUows .—
II. Canada. L. Canaihi.
Milch Cows, No. of head 45] ,040 328,370
Oxen and Steers 00.005 200,001
Young cattle 404,083 2.s7,0n
Horses of all kinds 377.081 248.015
Kheep 1,170.225 082,820
Tigs 770,001 230,400
At present prices these cannot bo valnet: :\t much under $100,000,000 ; and
the amazing raj)idity with which the live !.toi-k of the country is increasing in
number and value can readily be seen by a eoniparison oi' the census retums
of 1851 and 1001,
But porhaps a more f>atisfactory i(h,a < f the agricidtural industry of rhe
I'rovincc: can be rjained h\m\ a statement of tht; amuial jn'odnct of our farms.
In llie year 1800 the crop was as folio a ;- —
r. Ca:)ada. L. Canada. Total.
Wheat, bushels 24,02(\'!25 2.054,354 27,274,770
Barlev, do 2,i2I.-i02 2,281,074 5,103.030
Tlye, ' do ;'7;i.U:'.l 844,102 1,817,37;5
Peas, do 0,(,0i,3'.j0 2,048,777 12,250,173
<)at.>», d) 21.2-:0.874 17,551200 38,772,170
Bud:-hcat, (]■> 1,2 s';K) 334,801 2,501.151
Potaiocs, do 15,;i::5,r20 12,770,471 28,000,301
Turnips, do 18."J'o,0i0 802,434 19,000,303
Mam Wur/. do r,}-; 071 207.25(5 754,227
Carrots, do 1,00,-, 508 203,007 2,198,005
Beans, do 4'',i4;5 21,384 70,527
Clover and Timothy seed, 1)ushels,.. Cl,8i8 33,054 95,772
Hay, tons, 851,844 089,977 1,551,821
Hops do 247,052 53,387 300,439
STATE OF NEW YORK AND ONTARIO. 9
V. Canada. L. Canada. Total.
Maple STigar, lbs, (s970,GO."3 9,325.147 1f the farm in 1800 wa.« close nv>on one
hundred millions of dollars ! And if we add the increase )iiado since that
year on the live stock, tin? improvcnients inade on old farms, and tl\o new
lands brought intc cultivation, a ].>i-etty yoMcl estimate may bo formed of the
highly satiafiictory condititm of the farmiii;.^ interest in Canada.
And then the A';ork is but bcfnni. The total number of uctcs that had
paased-from tlie Covcrnment into private hands in 1801 vas . —
In Ui)pcr Canada 13,354,907
In Lower Canada , iO,375,41d
Total acres sold 23,730,325
Of thi.^ thCxC are in cultivation, acres ;—
In Ui)])er Canada 0,051,019
In Lower C;anada 4,804.235
10,855,854
Leaving yet wild 12,874,471
"Nor OTTE-H.VLT OF THi; LAND ALKEAWY IN I'RIVATR IIAVKS, XlirRTTi^PvE,
TS VET CULTIVATED, to s.'.y nothing of the many millions of acres of wild
lands .still undisposed of by Covernmont. The war on tlio wilderness has
but begun, and assuredly the prospects before agriculturists ;iro encoin-aging
enough, and the held of exertion wide enough to stimulate the best and mo.st
umbitious to active and persevering exertion for th. advancement of this
greatest intexeat of the oountrj".
STATE OF NEW YORK AND OXTAFJO.
There is no part of this Continent superior to Ontario as an agricriltnml
countrv. Tliis is abundantly borne out by statistics. These prove not only
our Western lands to bo unexcelled in fertility, but that our system of hus-
bandry is of the most satisfactory kind. We have no later Canadian statis-
tics than those of the census of 18G1, but even these— and we luu e made
great progress eince that time— compare favourably with any of tlie arljoining
Aiuericiu States. Take New York for example. That state is legaraed as
one of the best a.gricultural districts m the Fnion, and as regards climate
occupies pretty much the same position as the Western I'rijviiices. Its latest
agricultural statistics are for the year 1804— three years af or oiirs were taken
—and yet in many particulars we conapletely take the lead. The following
are the principal agricidtural returns of each country— these of Ontario, it
should be remembered, being for the year 1801, and those of New York for
1864 :-
Ontario. New "Vork.
Population 1,390,091 4,5.-.4,204
Acres of improved lands 0.051,010 14,828,210
Acres unimproved 7,303,288 10,412,534
10 LiHGEATION TO THE PROVTBTCE OF ONTARIO.
Ontario. New York.
Cash value of farms $295,102,315 f923,881,3Sl
Value of implements y.ll,28:),347 ^1,184,334
Acres of fall wheat 434,729 406,591
Busheb do 7,5:i7,C51 5,432,282
Acrca f.priag wheat 951,034 104,990
Bushels do 17,082,774
Acrca of barley 118,940 189,035
Busheb do 2,321,902 3,075,170
Acres of rve 70,370 233,219
Bush'Js do 973,181 2,575,438
Acre.! pea.", 460,505 40,491
Buj;hcl3d,. 9,C01,S% 580,827
Acm^ oiitM 078,337 1,109,565
Burihels d;. 21,220,874 19,052,833
Acres corn 79,918 032,2^.5
Bushels do 2,200,290 17,983,888
Acres pot:i.toe3 137,200 235,073
Busheb do 15,325,920 23.237,702
Acres turuip-j 73,-^.Oa 8,124
Busheb do 10,200,950 1,232,388
The conhv-st bet-wocn New York Strit" r.nd Ontario, as aOrdcd by thecc
Bta,tistio;i, i i very fiivourablj to us. With f.ir les.'i })0])ul;ition, I ,'S3 improved
iaud, and \vy,3 value of impIc!i'ent.-5, our fariner.3 i;u-n out f;ir more fall
wheat, sprin;:!; vaicit, pens, oats, turnips, ccc. Oi' Indian corn, rye, and
potatoes, the Ne\y Yorker.^ rather take the lead, ami they ai-e als" ^ot down
aa doiiy so iu brii'.'oy in the above table. But tho b u Ivy ciip lias had an
immenoo increase in Ontario since 1801, and we have littlu duulit tiiat our
next census will show that v/e now raise more barlo}'- than Ncv/ Yorli does.
As to qu:'.lit3", it h freely admitted b\y the Americans themsoivcs that we
raise the bu^t bailey ij bo had on tho Continen.. The higher price paid for
our barley fully attest.? tliis fact.
One of tho most pfra,tifying features of tho above coiuiiaris' n, is tho fact
that our lands yidd more per acj'o than those of New York State. Of fall
wheat, Ne\v' York sowed vv'ithin some 28,000 acre.'i of the bre.a'lth sown in
Ontario, bjit wo reaped over 2,000,000 bushels uioro than they did. The
av'erago (pjanlity of oat:; raised by us in 18G1 was fully more than 31 bushels
per acre — but New York only averaged 17 bushels per acre ! As will b.e Rcen
by reference t'j cho table. New York reaped l',.),052,853 bushels of oats from
1.109,505 acres sown, Vrfhibt our Western fanners, from 678,337 acres, took
oil" no less than 21,220,874 bushels ! This fact, of itself, speaks volumes for
the fertility of Canadian soil. The small quantity ot turnips raised in New
York appears si'igular — our returns l>eing 10,203,950 busheb as against
1,282,388. Tak.ng tho returns all in aU, they indicate pretty clearly that
curJarraers have nothing to envy in tlie Empiro State, and that cither as
regards excellent soil or good farming, we can compare favourably with our
neighbours.
MUNICIPAL INSTITUTIONS.
Tho Municipal Institutions of Ontario are an admirable illustration of the
advantages of Icjcal self-government. The Province is divided into forty-two
counties ; these being subdivided into townshii:, town, aiul village mu-
nicipalities, tho cities being separate and distinct f;)r municipal purposes.
Tho cicies are g;.verued by a Board of Aldermen, who arc elected for three
years, one-third retiring each year. The incorporated towns have a Mayor
o:nv,i;io — GENriwAL DiTicrjpxK :; and statistics.
11
and Town Cciincil, elected i-.i a simihir raanncr, v-hiio toTTCEhipa and villagea
are governed 1:y a counci' of iivo, ono (.f whom ia the Recvo, vrho r.ro elected
amiuidly. The llecves nf thy diUVnviit Municipaiitico in a crun'y form the
County Council, ■which h;u4 control of ;ul boiradary roada bci^'^oeu ti.'mialiips,
and other matters of general interest. Even- tow-nshiji and vill;igc luw one
Reeve. Where the numher of rate-payers is over fi\o hmKlrcd. a Deputy
rieev.3 ia ajixjointed ; Vidiere al CounciUor-., wh" receive a ] Tactical
tr.^.ir'.in/' in the smalltr aren.-*, are recniited oi;r meiubers of Farliamcnt.
ONTARIO— GENEIIAL DESCRiniON AiND STATISTICS.
Thn Province jf ( .'ntario is fiituatc to cne north of the River iSt. La^vrcnco,
nnd the great lakes, Ontario, Erie, Huron, and Su[)erior. The River Ottawa,
a noble Etreau), divides it from the Province of Quebec. Its northerly and
wester]}' boundaries are by uo means well deiincd. ;ki that itd area can be
j^iven only approximatelj'. However, it miiy be safely assumed at about
12i,L';>'0 square miles, eipial to 77,<)0t;.10O acres, or ubu-jst e;:actly the same
as that of Great Pritain and Ireland. The population of that Kingdom is
upwards of ;;.') millions. It would therefore r.ppear tliat after laakmg duo al-
lowance for diil'erence of climate and soil, (Ontario coul-i v/i;ll sustain a popu-
lation of at least 10 millions. Its actual population at dilfereiit periods wiii
appear from tlie following table : —
1830 210,437 By census.
1841 405,357 do
1851 053,004 do
18G1 1,390 0!)1 do
1809 1,9<'.2,007 Estimated.
It will be seen from the altove figures that its present poi)ulation is about
ten times what it was 40 years agti^ a rate of incroase considerably greater
than that of the United .States during the same time. The ligures also show
that its present population of about i;,0O0,0(Xi is only a tifth'^jf that which it
is probably capable of supporting, so that there is still ample room for a large
iumiigrati(Hi.
The soil of the country varies in different localities, a verv large proportion
being of the very best descrij^jtion for agricultural piirposes. Tlie natural ad-
vantages of Ontarif) arc very great ; its internal water communication by
means of the great hdies is unsurpassed ; in mineral wealth, it has been jjto-
nounced by competent authorities equal to any part of the world, abounding
12
KMIG15ATI0N TO THE PROVINCE oV ONTAKIU,
an it doE:s in iron, copper, load, gold, silver, inarbh;, petroUuni, salt, Ac, tVe.
Jty iiaujunso foreata of pine limber uro too well known to i\C'C, inlrvbitantfi.
(Htav.'a ia the eaj'ital of the Dominion, iJid is lieautifrdiy situated on tiio
river cf the t.anio name. It contains the Parliament Duilding=, one of tho
noblc/it btrr.cturcs on the American continen"'. Kingston h a ■\vell-bniir and
9tn>r.gly o.-rtitie'l city, beautifully situated at tlui outlet of Lake Onlariu.
1-Ian..iioni:5aii;)0 cnmmereialcity, at tlie head of navigatinu on Lake; Cntaric.
Lo'.iilon ii a harulsunie inland city, in the centre n by the
CJUKUS of 1851 i '. alii ' given, so that the rapid increase of every one of them
can be seen at a glance.
Po|):ilation of cities and towns having in 18(51 over 300() j)eople : —
LS41.
Toronto 14,240'
Hamilton '830 L;SiO'
Qif, ..„ '
K^rlianZ'.Z'.\'.Z'.'Z'.Z^^^^^ 1S41 0292^
Lnmion I i.>41 ol24|
St. Catharines i
isdicviiio i 1841 aooo;
Brantford ;
Gudph j 1844 700
Cob.rarg I
Chatham I
Port Hojie '■
iJrock villo «. ;
Peterborougli '
Woodstock j
Goderich I
Gait 1840 low
18GL
Total.
44,821
14,111 1
19,000
7700 :
14,00i»
i J ,o85 ,'
13,743
7035 1
11,555
4303
0284
450f» i
0277
3877 !
0251
1800 1
5070
3871 1
4975
2.)7o ,
44()G
2470 !
4102
3240
41 J 2
2101
397!)
211.2
3353
i:;2;> ;
3227
2243 '
300!)
105,483 : 159,115
MAXrrA(.TURES. MfN'KS AND JflNEKALS.
13
MANfTAl^TURES.
Tho almcot iinlimittd supply of \v:it,LV j)owi'r thriAiglwut Ontario aifords
tuuusual fucililics iov mimut'iicturt's (u which tliat ])()WLr in ivihipUul, and in
cor..sc(pit'Uco viU'iDUii dt-scrii tinii» of nid'is'.ry lire, aprin^'n:; ii}> in all direc-
t'ons. Htoam power is al^o iir>t'd to a ]lh.n goods, steam onginus and loconiotivot;,
wooden waru of aii description. s, agvicultiural unplcniciitB, Ac.
MINES AND IMINERALS.
'i ho niinor.i' u-calth of tho country is p.ot fuiijijusscd, iiiTidredit bo •crfTralled
by any (.ther in variety and richnosH. It }i!i:i not yet, liowevtn', received aoy-
thi'.i^' like tlie iittention it deserves, and may bo said to l)o ahiiust entirely
undeveloped. 'J"o mention .some of tlio i)rin'.'ipal article.^, wo have iron in
liirge (juaniilieH a short di.stanee Inick from I,;ike Ontario, in tho country be-
tween the (jeorgian iJay and tlie Ottawa ; jilso, in liic Hiiiiie region, C( ])pcr,
lead, plunil)ago, antimony, arsenic, manganese, huin-y spar, calc H\rM; gypsum,
or pJi.l:^ter of Piiri.-*, maible pronounced by i,'oocl judge.-s as fully 0(]i'.al to
Carrara, or that obtained in V'eiinont, and I'nildiiig stone, all of them in
Jargo (piantiticH near the surface. CJold ha.s ai.so been found in tli«> .samo
region, but not as y t in iiuantities suliicient to pny well.
Uii the iiorih siiorc of Lake. Huron are the ci'lebrated iiruce mines of co]i-
]>; r, fjoui -which ure j;nd metal !■ ■ tiie value of {.■.L^^'O,O0O iive e vpoiied ;inunally.
tSiiver h also found on the shores of L;dce iSiiperi(yr, i)ari.iealarly round Thun-
der Vy.iy. Miai ia also found, and worked in quantities that pay well.
Peiroler.m ii got in the wer,tei !y ]);t.rt of the Pcovince in innnenHC and ap-
jarenlly ine:diauslible quantities.
Tho iirst v,- ells were struck at (hi .•springs. County of L.and)ton, in JSCri,
and by ?,La-c]i, 18G3, over four miihons of gallcjus had been obtained. < )ther
regioii.^ have yielded thi.s v;dualile mineral in large quantities- -Bothwell, in
the County of Kent, and Pctrolea, in Lambton, being t.e princ!j>al. Tiie
la.st-menti"oncd place is n(.w the largest producnig district. In JoG", l-<>
wells were iiunk with gre:it success, 120,000 barrels beiivg sliipped, and
200,0110 tanked for future use. In 1808, tlie produce was ;-.i)out 4000 barrels
weekly, equal to 200,000 in xlr; year. Can:vda reipiirea for U'.r.ne consumption
oiJy about 120,000 barrels, so that there is amivlo iuu'phrs for eiqxjrt. Thf
diflionlty in getting the Caiiadiau <;il into European markets has been its
odour. Ariievic-.m oil h:i3 been r.;adi!y deoriori/ol, and con-.equcntly has kept
Canadian out of the uuirkct. A process has (puto recc.ray been invented,
however, l)y which tho Canadian article ci'U l)e perfectly deodorised, and as
this oil is superior to American in having greater illuminati.ng power, and
being le:.a explosive, it is expected th:it :■ large ex port trade v.ill be developed
during tlio cna.ir.g year. Large reliiierics hr.ve been con;,ti ucted at immense
expense for prc]>ai'ing t he ( il .ccording to tho new proces.;. When the Q:ipurh
trade is hSily developed, th? trade will become of great valuo to Ontario.
Salt i>i obtained at ( Jodoricli and the neiglibouriiond, in the siiapeof brine,
from wells s-.mk to a great depth below the surrace. Tho iuticl'> is olvLained
by evaporaung the brine, and is exceedingly gurity. Aa evidence of
itsqtiahty, ib inav be mentioned that it received a gold medal at tlio Paris
Exhibiiicn of \ZQt, and the Iirst i.rizo at the New York .State Fair for the
•same year. .\.lLhough the manufacture has been earned on for only two or
three years, there is now produced far more salt than is needed by tho Pro-
14
KMIOIIATTON T(J THE rUOVINUE OF ONTARIO.
vinco of Or.t.arJK, rincl large quantities -will pro1)abl7 bo exported. In No-
vember, lSli(5, tho" Jiiauufacture v.hh 4u l):irrel:i a diy ', ia Au'^'ust, 1807, it
was DO ; in August, 18U8, 100 ; and now it is probably upward;? of oOO bai--
reltt a day. Ovu'' i;70,0(X) have been tixpcndod ; IIJ wolla aro now anak, and
about LIOO kettl(J3 aro in operation.
Largo peat l^eda vslat in niiuiy parts of tlio Pr(T\-inee, and tlio mamrfacturo
of ])eat for fuel is ji:f;t now being couimeuced.
Tho above is not intended as a conipleto list, but is ineroly subiuittcd to
s^iow what Ontario may bo expected to beeome in future in respect of its
mineral wealth.
POSTAL SYSTEM.
Tho pofftal nystem is ndmirably arranged, so a<* to r,ocuro tho groat rcqni-
srites of punctuality, deapatch, and cheapness. Tlio pvico of por.tago on letters
carried v,-ithin t]io Douiiniou i.i o centa ])cr half ounce, e(pial to Ih pena^
sterling if pre-paid ; if not pre-]iaid, tho charge in 5 cents, or 2h pence ater-
Ihig. Tile cliargo of letters to tho I'nited Statej i.i (J cents or 3 pence.
5loncy ordei'9 aro given out for a L.rgo pro])nrtion of jinst nfiees within tho
Dominion, and in exchange with tho United StatcH and (.Jreatliritain. Thcro
i.s altio a parcel and bfjck]K)st in (.ormcction with th(3 general po?it, by v/hich
parcels, buol:s, miuii;n; Jn J;)57, the number of
letters seiit by post wa;5 10, 280,011', while in iSM, it rose to 16,u'J4,:>17. In
iS57, mouoy orders were iraued to tho amount of ^1 , 132, 101 ; in ]8(i!'), the
amount v.-as $2,;ji.>'J,'2t,vi.
Savinga barJcn h;ivo been established in connection v/itJi the po^t office,
similar to those in o[ierati(min (iroab Britain. Tho system was in.iUgurated
about eighteen montlis ago, and u'roady, on the oist Oct., i'jiil.', (-ver a
nullion dollars remained on deposit in the hands of the lleccivor-CJoneral,
tho monthly iu'.-roase being ab mt Sr»0,o^J. The yearly deposit by any one
person i.i limited to 3'JOO, a::d tlio Lu'go sum ;d3ovo ii.icntioned has liccn al-
most es.clusively deposited by mechanics raid labo-arera out of their wceUy
sa'viugfj. Interest isallovrcd on deposit.^; at 4 and 5 per cent, per annum.
TELEGRAPHS.
The Electric Tofcfr/aph is made use of in Canada to a ftir ^rcatCY C'^;:,rxt ii
proportion to population than in (bvat I'ritai.u. There are now two cor.i-
paiJes in existence in Ontario-— tb>o ^Iimtreal and tho Domiriiuu — tiio latter
ha,^ bur recently ;5tartcd iut>) existence. Tho rate throughout the L>v.-vlnio!i
i.} 25 cents, equal to a sl-iilling nterling, ftir tho lirst teii words, and ono cent
(equal to a half-penny) for every e::ir:i, word. Jn iS(>7, the miTiibor ot' r^'css-
r.ge.3 sent by tho .MorrLTcid Company in Ontario and Quebec v/as 513,311,
being an increase of 75,0€0 iu tv.-o yeai-s.
R.MLWAYS, CANALS, IlOAD^S.
Tho railway system has mado rapid .strides in Ontario duriiij "" ; lai^t fifrocn
yrars. In the year 1852, there was not a single laUo open iv j wliole Pro-
vince. At the present moment, there aro upv/ards of 1 ,400 miles in opera-
i.i(.>n. The building of several others is in contemphition, and in all proba-
bility Trill be shortly commenced. Tho principal of +he9e t"" \:^:- Intcrcolo-
I^WS.
U
nial, tv) connect ilio Pi-ovinco of Quebec with Now BrunsTrick and Nova
Scotia; tiio Ti'i-onto, Croy, lUid linicc ; thu Temnto ami Nir.iHf.ir.;^ j the
Toroiito uml IMtiskoka ; tlio '\Vt.'llin;,'(()ii, Orey, and j.5ruci\ tho Wiiit'jy and
Pcni. I'erry, und tho Canada, (.'(jntral from ALjntreal to Ottawa. Sonio of
thoso have uh'eady Ijoi'u oummencod, and ctlieva -wilJ. undouliiedly. lio built
at TiO di.stant day. Tht'ir n)nstnK'tii.!i will invdvo an expcnditiiro (if niany
millions stcrliii'/, luid will givo cniiiln^j im nt t-i a very largo number of opera-
tives, clcrk.s, i-:c., for thu iioxt live or tun years.
Tlicro aro f;(;vcral caiiab? in Ontario. Tlu» Wcl land, between Lakes Erie
find Ont.ari'), in avoid tlio KinT'ira Falls; tho IJideaii, betAveon Kinfj^iton and
Ottawa, iuid ilii- f^l. Lawrenco Ounala, rendered necrasary ly tiio rrpidw of
that river. Thi.ro uro two other eanala which have been corrtoniplated for
sevcriU years, and may ])OF..siI)ly bo budt at somo fntnro tinie; one co;;tic«."'.::uj
tho (J eorgiimJIay Avith L'l he Ontario ; the eri ir (.'ourts, on,eh pre.'^ided over by
three jiidL;e3, wlio-io Jicknowledged ability and inijiaillality givtj.s weight to
their deci;si(.)n3, vvhich aro consequently received \v?'th the {jreat.'at ro;ipcct.
Then there are tho County Courts, one in each count}' t)r trail n of counties,
presided over by iliO County Judge. TLcse aro courts of inferior jiiriiidic-
tion, only tak:r.';f cognizance, as a g'.'neral thin:,% of claims of less than ^'400,
or more than $10t>. iJelow those in each county aro tho Diviriioii Coiirta,
presided over liy tho Cotmty Judge, who goes circuit within his coimty.
Theco aro for the di.jposal of claijus of u< 100 or less, which they do with re-
markable clieapnoHS and eiiiciency. Tlio Judges of tho Superior Courts
(Queen's rScnch, Common Pleas, und Chancery), go circuit to each cottnty
throughout tho Pro vineo twice a year, in tho .-ipring and autumn, t) h.old
as.;ine.» for tho trial ,(KK>,
on thwconatruction of other works which iiroj^rcally needed. AtuoijL{ these are
a now Lunatic Anyluin, nmv buildin;^' at Loudon; a Deaf and I^uiul) Asylum
at BoUoville; t'.u'oe locke to ol)viate dithculticH iu navi.iL,'ation aTid rapids in
tho waters at tho back of PeterborouLjU; and tho Lieutonant-Ooveruor'n ro-
aidence at Toronto, now nearly ctnnplttcd. Tlieso and other W')rka which
are in contyinplntion will t,'iv'o enii)h)yiuent to a large nuuibtr of hands, and
are therefore, together with tho contemplated new railways and canals,
calculated to attract a large ininiitxration of labourers, who will thus tind
ready emplojnncnt at good wages.
BANKS AND CTTRRENCY.
The financial affairs of the Provin':o avo carried on thrr.ucfh tho rucdiuni f>f
tho various banks, which are private iir,fitufi!)M3 incorijorated either by Act
of P.arliaiuent or lioy;il Cliarter. The cuiToncy contiists of a silver and coji-
ger coina'je, the u^niil eoinii nii't willi liein;,' ' '.uiadi:ui '20, 10 ;".nd A cent
pieces, of fiilvtir, and one cent jueces, of '.;ojipi;r, Eugliali sliiljin^is and nix-
pences, wiiich paan for L'l and 12 ceutf< respect ivciy, and I'^nited Statjs half
and quarter dollar, and U), 5 and o cvnt piece.-), of silver, and ouj cent
pieces, of c ippcr. Tliero .aro al.-io cippfv coin.) i.-i.nied by the bank.5,
whiciif^o by the nauio of "coppers," the valuD of v.'liidi is a little le.«.-J than
tho Briti.ih half-pe'iay. Cold coins aro very r.irely used, bar.k notes having
almost aUo'^'otlier .''iiiterseded them. The.jo notes aro of variou-.'. d'jnomiiia-
tions, fr.'iu one? dolLir U> live hundred aud u;i\vard.H.
Tho Dw.uiniou (.c')vt:riuui)nt has, within tho List two yoari;, issued "' Prvi-
vincial N..te-j," shiular tj tho bank notes. The Govcrnnient is I'Ciponsible
for th'..! redemption of these at certain cities named i*: tho notes, and they
are now circulated very largely.
Tho following is a list of tho luiucipal bank,j doing l)usiuo8s iu Ontario,
one or other of which has agencies at all tho important town?; —
Bank ok Moxtre.v..
B.vsK OF Bnrri.sii North America.
Mercha.vts' Bank.
BA,-:n OF C'oMMrKt.i;.
Ontario Bank.
RovAi, Oanaluax Bank.
Bank ok Toronto.
Niaga];a District Bank.
Quebec Bamc.
CiTv Bank.
There aro many otlior banks doing ou.sinoas in the other Provinces, Ixut
their notes aro not largely circulated in Ontario.
It is important that the difference between tho currency of Canada and
that of tho United States should be borne in mind. The Canadian dollar,
the cuiToncy being redeemable in gcdd, is worth about -Is. stg. The Ameri-
can dollar, on tho contrary, being irredeemable in gold, varies in price, but
ia generally worth about 38. atg.
I
Irat
nrrifjrnv.
MoxET Tim.!.
17
tUilvl^rL"^"^"'' ^''' ''■'''"" "^ ^^''''"'^' "'"""^ '" ^arrulian cnmnry nml
fiuerllugr money.
£
n
4
«
7
■8
10
11
1
1
3
I
1
9
2
2
n
10
1
f>
10
25
100
1001)
For iTjiie
r.U
[•iir
cent ;i-ail tli
E
li-l
II < pfiulviiVnt in
Gl
2 .if}
4 87
24 3;{
43 07
121 07
43;J 07
4SG0 07
1 22
Canadian ci:r
I\'11C!>.
01
02
((3
05
10
15
20
25
03
CO
00
M
00
00
3
4
f>
fi 00
10 GO
20 0')
25 VO
5!) 00
100 (X)
GOO 00
luo;) O:)
5000 00
10,000 (,0
Itii equivalent in Htorlltig'
iii-jfiey.
£
■X V.
i
4.
J
5
n
10
1
oi
2
1
1
1
H
;i
12
3
10
5
1
oi
1
4
8"
1>
I
I
4
n
'>l
"2
6
•>
•J
a
10
5
lit
20
10
102
14
!>;;
205
•J
<
1027
111
2054
15
loj
'or!TL;iier.Ui.iin)03(,'3, i'. v.iU ho Bunicient fo ivuifiul.fr tliat tho Cauxuliau
fc .'lua cao Lii^jljsli liali penny iiro :iliuu.st, idontical in value.
ItELKilON.
_ Tho settlor will find all lUo difForeul, f,,rm-) f.f roli/^iou Ju Ontrirlo that exist
m Gre-.t iJribm. The folkuvincj ju-u tlio uir.nLnji-s . -t tliu religious denomiua-
tiorii), :y:orn\liu^:,' to tlio censua of 18uJ, .;iveii in tlvj order of number —
Ciuirch of En-land :Ul,5{]-i
IivsLyt^nans liOii.iJJi
lioman ('athi dica 25>-i, 14 1
We,5leyan-; Methodists '.....'. 2llvi27
Other i^doliiodist.s I'^'l'j^-i
'^ai'tistn 01,550
Lutheran:! 2 1 "JIM)
Con^egationalists <)'; ;,;'
Miscellaneous croed.s (!') 71.'^
l>r no reu^rioii ^ .^h.j
No f , ;3d stated H I'^'l
<',i^.j
Total 1,390,091
2
18
EMIGRATION TO THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO.
II ■will bo seen that not one of tlio different denominations is so nv xierouB
as to give it undue preponderance relatively to the whole population. After
a lon;;-continucd agitation on tlie subject, the union between Church ar.d
State was severed many years ago, so that there is now no Established
Ohurch, whiclx in taken under the especial protection and i)atronage of the
Govcriiz.icnt. The result is that lliore is perfect religious equality in the eye
of the law
TAX.\TION.
The ])oraiiiio!i roTonnc is raii^cd altogether by indirect taxation. The
annual <':.peu.Ut'.;re anioiintu tu aljoiit v'lo.OOO.GOO. equal to ?.'.').7i'> {u r bead.
In tlf.i United tSrates, tho federal tax aniuunts to about Clf'-'li^ in f^old per
head. B'jsi.ka tins, there is tlio tState tax, which each State cnllocts for
State purj'osos, In Nl;w York State, this amount.s to about .^'l.tiU a head,
addin.r^ this <■) the Federal tax and ili j sum is !i;il8.0.j, v.-hicli it; the annual
burdcu jiir heal d Cno pfipulaiion of that iState.
In Ontario, there i:; no taxaliou au?v>"ering to the State taxation, the Pro-
vincial c::pe:ulitin\) being f;irr.!are than covered by tlicsliare of the I)t)minion
ta:: wliich ibo Uniiiin; .n bauds - vot- to cacli I'rovince. There is in tlie
United lr'>tatcj a niunicipal tax besides tho Federal and State iaxes, v,hich is
probably about equal in auiount to tho nuiuicipal tax of Ontario.
Th'j a'ouvo li'.n'.rcs of i:\j.Gr> per hc;id and .'i:lS.U5 ])cr head, v.dl very nearly
represent the dil'icrence between Ontario and New Yoik State in regard to
tho weight of t.;xation.
Willi resj'Cct. to public del)t, that of Canadii i.s $2['.r);> per h.ead, tliatof tho
Unite.'! States is $bd.lS, showing a state of llimgs much in fa'iour of the
former eouii'rs'.
THE PUBLIC PRESS.
Thi.^ 'rrcat po~or luut been dovebqied to an extent wliicli i3 unlcnown in
Great l>rit;uu: every to^vn has it.5 weekl}' or duly newspaper, which biings
tho latest news from all j^art.^ of ihc world within reach of all the inhabitants.
Thu total iiuuibcr of papers published in the Province is about ISi), of which
15 arc diily, the rest weekly or bi-weekly.
EDUCATION IX THE PROVINCE OF-ONTARIO
THE rrcLic coM^rox scnooL.s.
Tlie i7pp.:v Canada Common ,Schi>ol Sy.steni was originally introduced in
I81G, but may bv- said to have been reennstructed, remodelled, auvl placed ou
its pre.soul, otlicient footing by the Ibv. ]>r. Pycrium, tlu bea;! of tho
Ontari ) Education De2)ariment. It..-} jtriiicijial featMre.-j were borrowed from
New i'ork and Massachusetts, Ireland and (iermany, all so modilied and
blended as t.) suit tlio temper ;'.rid eeiidiiiuu of tho c!>iiuiry, and dilli ring iu
ecveral ]>articul:us from any otlier puhlic schocd ^--^tem on t'lis continent.
These j)oints of diilerencu are chielly as follows : I. It jiro'tidjs for religious
instruction. 2. Tho head of the department is a permanent, and not a prili-
tical oliic!>r. 13. Taxation for iu support is voluntary on tlio part of the
municipality. 4. No foreign books in the English In'anches of instnictioa
EDUt'.ATiuN' IS TIIH PIlOvTrrCE OF OXTAKO.
10
leroua
After
h ard
lished
of the
he eye
. The
r head,
old per
H-ts for
a head,
annual
he Pro-
)miiuon
in the
ft hich is
y nearly
cgard to
at of the
r of the
mown m
h hiinga
aliltanta.
of which
■^.hicod in
hivvd ou
I (,f the
ved from
,!iod and
■.'i': riiv..' iu
iiiiiiicnt.
i-rli;;iou3
i,iL a |M>li-
it of the
natniction
ve pennittod. 5. IM.ii-s, s;.'h;j(jl apparatus, prlzo ami in.T-ary- hcriks Jtre
directly feuppliodhy tJio anI.-t of Tniste. . . eleetjd by tliu r;itj-pnyor^,
supervise the maiiiye^.uent, and o.\[)cnd't,uro. 'i !ie sauu jjencrt;! diap j.jui ua
apply to tlio lio'.nan Cathjli.,^ Se-oaratj Scliooli.
In IH'oc', under tho Comtiion S^-hod l.'^^ystiMi. riu;ro wore 4, ■ iO si.hools ui
operation, and 4,();)l) l.jacltcr.i ciav.loj-od,"' 2777 (,i wl-.oai \.ero ni!.l.;s, i.;ul
2;Jl'.) i(.Mua!eH. Attendur^ these iheio wore 4 1'J.s'Ji) bcho'.ar', « -f v,-h( ;a 22] ,K;)7
■were Imys, aail Il)y,()'JJ were girl.-.. 'L'liu ^^ujH'iiMa-P'lcnt, in Li-. report, sLates
tJ)at •' a i:ir_';cr nnnii)er of ;-ir!s than i'oy;'. ai; .n-l ivivato sehji.I-i, i;.id ilvit he
deeply re^.^roti t < ohr;?rvo tiiui, tlio nuaiberof uliildrL'n re; orr.cdi'.s notatto;;*!-
ing any seno^jl is o7,(j'5J."
Tlio hi:^j;!ie;?t salary paid iu acounty to a te.adier was SoG.") ; i:io lowest }:, ; tlio l/West rlloO. Th.' h'/rh'/sc
in a tov,-ii, sl,0;),); the 1 ;wo,!t, ^JilO. Tiiu lughesi ' i .-. vlLla'^-e, CJ'Jl) ; the
lowest, ;'^;>():i. Tho iii-''ra'j'. Kahiries of nialo tea/lien's in c mniie-!, without
board, wa;i >^2i')') ; oi I'einale teachers, $lo3; in ciiii'.j, of male t^oachera, i'S'.)QO;
of female teaehur.s, $J28 : in t. of male f.'aclier i, P177 ; of female iuaeh-
ers. S\l-2i ; iu vilia'^^e^, of ina!:) tea> h.crs. ^118 ; of f eiu;'.:.; teaeheivs iJiOo. A
small inere.;;ie on ti.e juvcedLUg year in ilio ;r. ora.;o ;;alaries of ;.;•.: aei•.^.
It i.i fcratifym;? to observe that of the 4,4S() O.jiumon iS'liiMi.-i in qv,e;;! >:'.,
no Icba than ;),'.':>l> ai'C; entirely free, and t'lat in th.j remainhig 404 the hig'.i-
OSt fee i-liarge. i ii 25 cents (^vg ahillin ,' Rb^'lin;;) a luonta.
History is taught in l,t'oij of ilicso schoo's, Pook-keepiug i;i 1,580,
Algebra in l,(J4o, and Geometry in 1,'J(J0. Tiie number of sci'iool.i ii wliich
tho daily exercises ware ojieiied and closed with pvay^r is far; !ier Mated to
have been :5,(i35 ; and tho number of schools in which the Lilile and 'j'esta-
n lent were read, [>,()o5. Tlieso religious readings are i.".UTl.y v4iintiry with
Trustees and 'Ceachei's ; and no cliild caa-U) coim^alltid to bo iue ^ent if its
pareuisair guardlan.i <.>bject.
RoMAX (.'ATHOLU; .-JEPARATK SCHOOLS.
i'lio Ontario School Law also provides for the (.'stablisliment a~rl r/iaijKpn--
ance of llonu'U (Jarhohe .Separate Schools, of which, in IS'i-^, there vvrvt> I(i2,
with L'I'.G teaehers ('M of v.-]ioin were males), and 2tU'/)l pupils ; tliii aroragc
atcen'.'.ance iiuJng 0,I>(J5.
cniMMAH seriot>[,s.
Ttu- (irammar Schools are ihe next most im[X'TrotTn- featrrrr, r.>-i]io rhitario
School System, being the intenneitiate li'd ' 'tween thi; t'omm 'U .'■'eliiol and
tlie l'ni\.'rKi'y. They M-eru e-^iabliilud in bv)7 Tho whola number of
Bch'ioln reported in IWliS w.as 101, with 0,049 pn])ils.
The jiupHs of tho fJrammar Schools nvt gnanuled iu Latin. Freneh and
Greek, j.fithmetic, Algobni, and Euehd, tlie Ancient and mogioal otations at the following
20
i'3rTrmA.TiON to the PRo\nNCE of Ontario.
OnxiTimnr Scliook : "SVindsor, Code-rich, Str.atford, Simcoe, HamiJtcm, Tarrie,
Peteriiorouj;]!, J'>cilcvillo, Convwall, and Pembroke, which cstabliahiuonts
havo been ]^ro\idcd with instiiuncr.ts liy Messrs. Nef^ctti & /^aiiibra, and
Oaaella, of London, ami forward monthly reports of their observationB to the
Education Otiice.
N()k:mai, and Mor>EL schools.
Normal ar.d Mrilol Schools arc also provided, in order, an the P.cv. Dr.
Ryersi n says, ''ti do for tlic teacher, what an apprenticeship does for the
niechanio, il'c artist, the pliysician, 'ihe hiwyer — t(j teach liim th.coretically
and practiLi'.lly liow to do the vuvk of liia profc8,si(>n." Ko iiiduccmentH ar6
conscqi.ently prc?,ented to any ono to apply iuv admission to tlio LOrmal
School; nor is any ono admitted except those who declare in wri tin-,' their
intention to piirsiie the professicin of teachhi<(, and that their objcf't in coming
to tiio Isormal (school is better to cpialify themselves for their j>roie,jS;ion.
Nor is any candidate admitted withotit passin:^ an entrance oxamination equal
to what ia rei[U.'.red for an ordinary second class ieaclicr's cortilicate bya county
board. The {jrcat majority of c:indidale.s, it need scarcely be added,' are
tho.so who havo been teachers and possess county board certilicatea of (jiiaii-
fication. Tlie Normal Hchodl of the Upper Pro\!nce, is at Toi-onto, iunl x-.as
erected in l.-i51-L*, at a cost of upwards of 31<-'-\'"^^'>- Two filodel f5ch!M)Ls are
attached t.» it, in whicli the scholar-teachers uf the iv)rm;d SlIkkjI are t:i\v;ht
to give i)rajtical eti'ect to the instruction they liavo acjiiircd in V.rxt uvyiitn-
tion under tlie tUrection of teachers previously trained iu it. TIio .'..veragg
number of admissions ti the iNoijv.al .School is about oOO, nea'.Iy every one f
wh'>^m duly receive I'rovinci d certiiicates.
fNIVKESITCKS, (■OLLKCKS, SEMTVAIITE.'^, ETO,
Noi"^ithstandiu'j; their number anil importance the L'oar,ii-.7rr r.nd OramTTtar
Schools of tlio r[»per Province may, neverthele:>i, bo luoked upon r.n only a
part of lu'r educational ayencies. The private f^.cho^ls, acadeiriea, and Col-
leges must also lie considered, iu order to fomi a correct idea of tlio state and
]iri >'j;re:;s d educaticjn in the coiuitry. The two former number 283, and i^m-
taia 4J.r) teachers and (i,*>(;o |iupils, the income amounting to ^,:.J,C.">7. Tho
;ollegi;s are I'J iu inunber. They had 1,'.j30 students in iHco, and an income
rom Le.'d'^lative ;uid other sources of !31o'.^')fH). They also received a further
ium .;f (ioojOOJ in fees, 'i'hey are as follows : — Tho University of 'j'or'uito ;
[Jnivei'sity College, Toroulo; Upper Caniida Col!e;jo and Royal Giammar
:5chool, in connection with the Tbiiversity of Toronto ; University of Victoria
-1 11 . , /\Tr..,.i •>T,.Ai,,./i;„i.\ / <,.u.^ -. . T'^,^;,,.,..,.;+,^ ,,f r*., ,„..,'„ r< ,n„,,^ ,t>
c
fro
sum
I
Scl
C
byt
ro
m;
Coll
H
(Met'iodlat Epi.icopal), Beltovillo ;
Wc" -Istock ; \Veslcyan Female College, IlaniilLon ; Bishop Strachan SlIiooI
fot L'.vAios, (C'liurch of Eirdand), Toronto ; Ale.-i^andra Cr)ile,jo fin- Ladies,
Belleville ; ilellmuth College [modelled after tho great English Schools]
'Church of England), London; HeUmuth Ladies College, London ; Trinity
!ollege School (Church of England), Port Hope ; Chu-.n of England Gram.-
lar School, Weston; Ontario College (ChuEchL,uf .'higland), Picton ; and
1.- D- ..> : i>:^A
[21]
ACrRTCfTLTURAL Dl^rARTNfENT.
In the GovcrmincTrt of OiTtarin tliero is a CVimmis^iioiior df AcT-icnltuTO and
Arts, who has also the charge of ImnuLfratiou arnl Public Work :. IIIm fuiic-
tions consist in receiviu^^ tho roports of all societies conncctod with tho De-
Ijai-tinon':, to pay tho Govonaiucm yruut. and to oiahody in ari'poi-t, prosontcd
annually to tho Leyislatun', lho i-statis and pro.;re3-, of t'lio various Kocioties
and in:.iasrrio,s ooniprised Nvithin his sjihero.
Tho Pnv/incial A^a-icultii.ral Association .vaioommoncod i.i IS'IO, and from
a very small beginninj; it has, for some years i)ast, asoumod a, nKujnitudo of
great importance. Its main object i.i tho (•n'.'.)ur.igcincnt of ani-i.ultui'o, hor-
ticuh'ur3, manufact-.ires, and tlioiuochann-';dand lino arts, by holdini^ an annual
exhibition. Tho number of articles entered in tho varioua departniontH has
of late been frouitivo to upwards ofKcventli'msancl, and from ten toniorothan
twelve thousand dollars liavo bueu annually avvai.(h'(l in prizes. TiiiiJ Associ-
ation is goveiTiod by a Council, choscu by tho County St'Cieti^s throu;.^hout
the Province. Tho Legislature gives sin annual grant of ten tiious:'.!.' I dollars
to this body for assisting them in tho prosecution of their im[)orLanl; (.bjccts.
The subjoined table indicates tin- [irogres- of the i'roviucial Exliibitioix
from its commencement to the present time : —
Plack and Ykaii.
Total aiiHiuTit (K) 00
1129
2800 00
6106 00
16:',8
3490 00
5017 85
1466
32l'3 75
5916 05
3048
4913 00
6410 15
2820
5293 25
7170 10
2933
54L'7 50
0216 .30
3i»77
6911 70
9238 50
3791
()709 50
10,071 40
4327
81% 00
10,700 50
5572
9215 00
10,513 00
4830
8067 50
15,015 50
7532
12,910 00
12,031 00
6243
10,1.S8 50
12,0:i6 50
6319
10,722 OO
11.866 00
4726
9jT;6 00
12,559 50
6392
1 10,3.04 115
13,433 00
7221
ii,o;;6 75
12,712 00
6'_'79
10,2S8 .■>0
13.731 OO
48l'5
9311 .-)0
13,301 :u)
6»;29
i 11,120 00
13,500 00
7500
11,500 (.'0
There are in Ontario upwards of three Inuidred Soeif^ties organized accord-
ing to law, fc. the prcmotion of agricidtun>, Jiorttcidton-, and tho m.-'chisnical
arts, principally by holdincf annual exhibn.ions for puniie compctirinu intV.eir
■everal localities. In addition to the large sums raised by meuibcrs' sub-
22
EMIGRATION TO THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO.
Bcriptions, the Government encourage their efforta by an .ir.nual grant
amuunting, on the whole, to nearly Buventy tlior.i.,and dolliir.i. 'ijiis largo
sum is -iveu to the fliiferont Sociuticfl in ]iroportion to e esti-
mated at 20 to oO bushels an acre, but from impierfect cultiu'e r.nd other
causes, the j'ield is frequently less, while in other instances of a moro favour-
able character it is more. IJarley is now extensively cultivated, a:id is a
Tery remunerative croji, and the same remark will apply to pc:;.;, Vi'iiich ai"e
generally, like the two former, of excellent nttcr
have been greatly increased in quantity, and imi-rovcd in quality. Cheese
making, on what is tenned the " Factory System," — that is, a nundier of
fanners co-operating in one neighbourhood in siqiporting a common diviry —
has l)een cxljnsively carried out in several j)artH of the Province w '. very
satisfactory results.
Flax culture has recently been added to tho other numerous branches of
Canadian industry, and is found to be a rcmuncrativo crf)j). At ]'resent
there arjKome suxty scutch mills in the country, many of them at wmkand
doing a prolltablo business. Prices of libre pr(q)ared and ready f lbs. not, and seed from 62
to !^2 5 ) p' r bushel of 50 Ib.«, The produce of the latter will averago from
8 to 12 bushels per acre. White, clean scutched flax of good quality will
produce from 200 to IJOO lbs. weight per acre. Tlie demand for fibre Jn tho
American market far exceeds the supply at the above prices, and this season
the quantity sown will be largely increased.
Hemp, tobacco, and sugar beet can also be profitably I'aiaed in Canada.
WAGES.
Fann indoor servants, who are generally treated as members of the family,
receive from 810 to $14 a month, by the year. Fann servants with wives cau
obtain employment mth board, in the house, at from $12 to ^18 a month,
■■m
COST OF LIVING.
23
pro-vicled the -wifo in willing to assist in tho general female W(jrk of the farm.
Sometimes farmers givo to marrifcJ servants a cottage and garden, with
fuel, and grass for a cow, on tho prcmites. In such cases, tho usual wages
arc from £50 to £00 a-ycar.
Female sorvantn receiv;) from .?4 to 80 a mouth, by the year. In countiy
places, wa^es are somowhat lower. Tho demand is constant for botli these
classes thro'.iglioiit tlio Provinct.', and svi^ractical knowledge of gardening, in additK.m to that of farm
work, will generally find such an acquisition advantageous.
^lECHAN'rcS.
CAitPENTr.its in to\VTis got from 81- 50 to $^2. 2,") per day. BniCKLAYETia,
PLASTEiiEr.s, and Ktone Mason.s from gl. To to $:>; Painteks and Plumbers,
SI. 50 to t«2.25; Tinsmiths, ^1.25 to ^1.50; ni.ACKSMiTns, 81.25 to §2 ;
WjiEnLURioiiTS, 81 to iiJ'-l.To. Tailors can earn from ii?l..50 to §2, and SiiOE-
MAivEKS neru'ly the .'^ame.
There is usually more or less work going cm in tho liuilding trade during
the winter, crccpt in extreme weather, wlien out of door operations are
partially su3i)ended.
I
30ST OF LIVING.
The cost of living in Ontario for oi'diuarj' mechanics and agricultural
labourers, when cpiantity and quality of food arc considered, is cheaper than
it is for the rvalue classes in the (;ld countiy.
IIents. — Cottages and small houses in ciHos and towns, suitable for single
families, fn.mC'lto^ a month, including taxes. Facilities are frequently
avaihiblo to v orkmen enabling them to i)urchaso a building lot, and erect a
cottage, to be paid for by eisy instalments, thus ultimately procuring for
themselves the freehold. In the country, n-uts are much h)\ver than in
towns, and workmen have often the :>dvantago of a garden, tho keep of a
cow, pigs, and poultry.
Flour per barrel (200 lbs.), $5 to SO.
BuTcuEiL Meat, from 85 to 8T per 100 llis.
Both Hour ai.d meat have Uucttiated considerably in price of late years.
Cheese, 12 to 1(> cents per lb, ; Dutteu, 15 to 25 do.; Tea, CO cents to 81;
CoEFEE, 2") to 40 cents ; Suo.Mi, 8 to Vi cents In the country, people some-
times make enctugh sugar from tho inai'le tree of the forest for their own
consumption, and occasicmally have a si.irpius for sale.
Poultry are generally plentiful and cheap. Geese, 30 to 50 cents ; TuE-
KEYR, 50 to T5 cents. Ducks and chickens in [)roportion. Turkeys are com-
mon, the cliniJito being naturally adajited to them.
Potatoes and ordinary vegetables are usually prcMmred at moderate prices.
Working people living in the country cummonly raise sufficient of the before-
mentioned articles to supply their own domestic wants.
-l.^
24
EMIGRATION TO THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO.
Feuits. — Apples, poara, jiluma, &c., are commonly produced in mosi of
tho wt;ll-suttlod portions of the Province in quantities sufficient to meet the
demand at moderate prices. In the south-weatem parts, tho choicest varie-
ties of the principal fruits are raised, including grapes and sometimes peaches,
in the open air. Tlie cultivation of the grape has been of late years con-
stiintly extending, and the manufacture of wine is beginning to assume some
ini] lortance.
(Jli>lliin!.,', 8tr(jng and well suited to the climate, made from cloth manufac-
tured in the I'roviuce, can be obtained at reasonable I'ates. A man's winter
siut, incluiiing the making, from ^il-i to C20. Stimmer clothing lower. Hatf
and caps Init a little dearer than in England. Shoes much tho same ; good
•stout Diun's boot.s from §3 to S4 a pair. Calico and the finer descriptions of
wf)ollon goods, being generally imported, are consequently dearer than in
England.
THE PUBLIC LANDS.
Vast tract.^ of uncleared land are still in the hands of tho Government of
Ontario awaiting tlie advent of the settler. In the natural course of things,
the best locations in a now country ai'o usually takeu up first, nevertheless
there are large quantities of wild land inviting the labour ot the l)ackwood8-
man, whicli, when cleared and impi'oved, will be quite equal to not a few of
the older and improved settlements. There are in the Province of Ontario
the following numbers of acres :—
III tntal arcii. Total survcycil. Total p-antod nnd sold.
77,(>0(>,4(.K) I 25,297,480 | 21.870,048
It will thus 1)0 seen that there are some tlirce millions and a half acres of
surveyed Government lands n(it yet taken up, and more than fifty milliuns
of aci'es not yet surveyed. The greater part of these lands lie in the region
bounded at the east by the Ottawa Iliver, at the west by the Ceoigian I3ay,
and j'.t tlio .soutli by the more northerly of what we are accustomed to call
the front townships, und whicli ai'e more or leas improved and settled up.
Some half dozen years ago, the impression went abroad that our best lands
were exliaiistcd. Statements were made in Parliament to this effect, and
great stres.s was laid on them. It is now ascertained, however, that these
Btatcmeutfi, tho\i>:h made iij good faith, were far too strong, and ought to
have been (piidilied. "'^'^ew surveys, more extended observations, and a
variety of circumstances, prove that there is yet a large quantity of truly
de.nrable land to bo had in the Province of Ontario.
H.()\f the impression just referred to was produced, and what led to the
btatemont.s abo\e-mentioned being made, is explained in tlie following man-
ner by one of oiu- best public authorities on the land juestion :—
The Laurentian range of mountains running south- westeily, and skirting
the north shore of the St. Lawrence, between Quebec and Montreal, but
gradually receding from that river on approaching the latter city, tends
westward from Montreal along the north slKjre (jf the Ottawa, sending an
out-lier or two to remind of its neighbourhood tho traveller on that noble
stream. Some distance above Ottawa City — notably at Portage du Fort —
the mo.st cjisual obseiTcr may see it crossing the river strong, and, somewhat
modified in character, it runs southward to near Brockville, whence, again
turning westward, it forms a ridge, or rather a collection of hillocks, which
shed the rain that falls upon them southward to Lake Ontario and the St.
Lawrence, and north and eastward to the Ottawa, or Lake Simcoe and the
Georgian Bay.
A gi-and o^u fonnation is the Laurentian, its mountains nowhere peaked,
but rounded by the weather during countless ages, and the hills along the
THE FREE GRANT LANDS AND HuMESTEAD EXEMPTION. "Z'i
spur just spoken (.f waslird till they arc Lore, so lliut only near tho thousands
of lakes ami lakelets which nestle auiong thoui, and alcn,;,' the beds (;f taibu-
lont little Htreains which connect these lakes, can any fertile lands bo found.
■\\lien it was assei-ted, years ago, that the ^cod lands of Canad;i were nu/Stly
sold, settlement had about reached this n.cky rid^^e. Iloads imule in this
region showed its uninviting character. Worst of idl, tho free grant:) located
upon Konie ;t ai>proached by tin.! Northern Ui.ihoad ar.d Lake Simcoe on
tho one hand, and from the Upper Otl;iwa river < "i t!ie oiher, there ib, in the
liasin of Lake Nipii^smg and tlie wjitorshed of the < >ttawa, b(.t.h in ( )ntario and
Quebec, a nio.st extensive tract of c^ctlient laud, nearly u:t large as the ;;e:!
insula of Ontario, much of it deep-soded as the Itasin of the St. Lavnxnee,
timbered with a heavy growth of n.'ixed white jiine and hardv.oo.l. uuich of
it as level as the St. Lawri:nco valley, and i;ome a;) even us a [iraiiuo. It lies,
moreover, near watev.s which either are or can I'o easily nia'le navigable. A
market for its fana [troducts exists already in tho lumlierera' camps, whieli
are even i..nw breaking its bolittides, and but few years will i laj'so before its
forests ring with the settler's a.\e— before tlie shore.i ol L.ike ^i[)i:.sing, which
is three timerf a:« large as Lake Simcoe, ecln' to the whistle of the steamboat —
or even before a ndhvay runs aeroHs it by the shortest route from Montreal
towards Chicago.
The jiiice of such Government lands as are for sale vari. s with tlie situation.
In the Algoma District it v; twent}- cents per acre, but that is at present a
somewhat remote region. Tho uiual price ft^r tho more, acces.^ible traetp is
seventy-live cgnt3 per acre, cash, or f>no d(jllar per aero by instalments. Oc-
casionally tov,n5hi];s, part.-t of townslups, or a tew h.l.s at a tiuu', arc .sold at
auction, when tho jjrices realized vary according to tho location and ipiality
of tho Ian'.. Li 18t)7, tiie Government of Ontario sold lo2,:393 acres for the
sum of §200, 707, an average of a little more than a dollar and a half per acre.
The regidation."?, under \.'hich tlia lands are sold, vary e.i>nsiderab]y .''xcording
as they are of ordinary eharaeter, or H]-)ecially valuable f-ir their timber or
miiu^rals. The u.sual sc^ttlement duties reijuircd before a j'atent is is.nitd for
the lauds oceujiied ;ire, the building of a "habitable house," and 20 acres on
a 2(K) acre lot tob(' cleared and vnider eroii. Sometimes parties take up land,
work (jn it for a time, and, for some reason or other, leave it beforo fultiiling
the conditions ueceasaiy to scjure a deed. It is these lands for the most
part. — lands on which some improvements have been made, and v.iiich have
lapsed back into the hands of CJoveniment, wliich aie, from time tc; time,
sold by auction to tho highest bidder. Very advantageous imrchases may
often be made at such sales.
THE FREE GRANT LANDS AND HOMESTEAD EXEMPTION.
The Free Grant Lands in the Province of Ontario are especially worthy the
attention alike of the immigrant and of parties already resident in the country
who iuo desirous of possessing freehold farms, but vvhose means arc limited.
Anxious to promote the improvement of the yet imcleared districts, tho Pro-
vincial Government have tlirowni .)pen, upon the most liberal terms, a number
r..l
2(1
EMICUATIO:; T ) THE i'UOVTNCE Of CANATU.
of towniships, iuto any of which partios may ^o and Holoct for thcniHclves the
aito of !i future lioind. Every licad ( [ a fai>nly tan uhtain, gniti.^, two hun-
dred avYvH of huul, and any persor arrived at tho a;^;^' ot Ih, may ubtam
one hundred acres, in the Free (.jrant diatricts. This oiler id mado by
tho Guvernmont to ull poisons without dxRti'iction of act. bo that a largo
fanuly, having suveral eliildren in it rt or i>rst IS years of age, niaj'takt! up a,
larjfo tract, and l)ocunie, in a f(*\T years, when tiio land ia cleared and
improved, joint poaseswura of a valuable and beautiful eatato. Tho .settle-
ment duties r«re ; to have 10 acres on each grart of 100 th(jusand acres each. '-
Parties wishin^j to settle on tho Free Grants in tho IMuakoka and Parry
Sound territory, may iiroceed by cither of the followin';,' routes: —
1st. From T'-ifonto (;. Barrio or I'n'U Fwait by tho Northern llailway ;
fi'om thence t" tlie Ui'-'t. .• Severn by sti aiaer; from t!ie River Severn t( Gra-
venhurst, on Lake Mu.ikoka, by sfaL,'e ; from (iravenhur^sb to Br.vcebridgo,
by Bteauier or by tlio Muskoka Uoail, and from Bracobridge to the respective
townships by tlo rtlu^koka, .Paferson, and Parry Sound Hoadri. In winter,
tho commuiucation iviih Bi-'.cebridge and Parry Souuil is by eta.;o from
Barrio. A company is now fornioil to constniot a railway to connect with
the Northera, from Barrio to tjio Aluskolca I ..trict. The office of C. W,
Lount, Esn. , Crown Laui's Agent for the Tinvnaliips of Watt, Stephenson,
Bruncll, ]\Iicanl:iy, IMoLcan, Muskok;^, and Draper, is at Bracebritlge, in the
townshi]) of ^Faeaulay.
2nd. To Col lingwood from Toronto by tlvo Northern Railway; from Col-
lingwoiid to Porry Sound ly steamer, once a week, every Sat lurday morning,
anil from I'arry t-'>uiid to tlio reBi)ectiyo te^vnship3 by the Grc;a Northern,
Parrj' Sound, r.nd Nipissing Coloniz.'^.tion Roads, A stage runs from Pairy
Sound to Lake Rosseau, connecting with the steamer.
The olhco of John D. Biatty, Esq., Crown Lands Agent for tho Townships
of McDougall, Foley, Ilt:mir'.irey antl Cardwell, is at Parry Sound.
Tho otlier four townships of Carditr, Chandos, IMonmouth and Anstnithcr
are reached by way of Peterborough, to which idace there is railway commu-
nication from t!iu to\m of Port Hope. From txii'uce, there m a good coloni-
zation road to llie northern portion of tho Free Grant toimalups. The office
of W. Anristrong, Esq., Crown Lands Agent for tho to\vnalup3 of Cardifl",
Chandos, Monmouth, and Anstruther, is at Cardiil", in the township of Car-
diff.
It is the intention of tlie Government to lay off otlier towiiH'iiips for Free
Grant purjjoses as fast as they may be required in tlio oousso of seitlenient
and improvemi nt. Indeed, the probability is that most of tho wild lands, as
yet unsurveyed between the Ottawa Uivei and the Georgian Bay, will be
tliua disposed of.
Tho Free Grant Lands are open for settlement under tho authority of the
Free GT.wt and Homestead Act, wliich became law Feb. 28tii, 18G.S.
The following additional lands have recently been opened f(;r settlement
tinder the Free Grant and Homestead Act. The .^.gent's name i,s given in
each case: —
TRK FREl" GRANT LANDS AND ITOMKsTEVD KXKMPTiON.
27
the
uthcr
|>iumu-
;oloni-
office
Car-
Freo
anient
ids, 118
liU 1)6
i.f tho
Iment
311 in
Tlio towTiahipa of Alice, Froucr, l^'tcmiwa, Mi-Kay, rjiic'r.man. ^^ ylio,
.Rol[ h, iuid IImuI, ill tlio rwiiiity of lu iifri vv. Ai>iilii.'fitioTi«; for Idcuimim are
tu bo made i<> .luiiui 1'. Motl'att, Trown J.iinds At,^'Ilt, at tl.ri 'I'ov/u uf IVm*
broko, in Haid couniy.
Tho t<>\vi).,Iiii)!i «f Eganvillc, in tlu' n;'.i 1 c(>f.nty
Tlio tinviiulniiH of l)iin;i;n:;non, Curlow, i^hiMtw.;. K'. IltrsLl;*.'!, Wicklow and
Mayo, in Uir < 'oiinty ot liastings. Aiiiihcad'iiiH l".,r hications iuv> to )>(.- v\n<\o
to John UohiuHou Tait, Iviqunv, of Yi.r|< I'iviT.
Tho towiishi'iiH <'f Aiibon and llindon, in (li(« County of V'icli ria. ami cer-
tain huid.-? ill tho Townshijis of Mi;;diJ!i and Stanlioju, in the Cnunty of
l'i,loi'horou«,'ii. Applicatiou.* for location'* aiv to ho made to.lo.-itplilJvaluun,
EHfuiiro, Crown l.andfi Accent at 15ohcay;^'0Mn.
Tlio foUowin;; is a hrict' c.unimai-y of this Act, as rccontly anionded: —
VVKl) (iUANlS AMI HtnMK'^TK.VDS.
Ci'p. 8 — I'rovidrs for Freo (JranlH and lloiiio:;t.;a(l.'. It, .ir.ihonr.i s tho
Lioutenant-(ji(n-i'rnor in Council to apjiiipiiatc laml", n.>:to:<. (.'ar-
den, Home, and the I'iv.T Kevoni. ISo such grant is to lio made to a person
under 18, or for more t'l.'in 200 acre:i. The patent ,'jliall ;M)t is.-.n.' for 5 years
after location, nor until tho locatco has cleared and tiilvivated 15 acivi and
built a house lluTeon lit foi- liabitatictn, ]v.v.i rcsiih'd continuously on tlio lot,
clearing at least 'J acroa i)or annum; a'.Kseuce of six months durnr; each year
ia, howeviT, allowed. Failure to perform Bottlomont iliitioa forfeits tho loca-
tion. Tho miiK^s and minerals on such lots are reserved t" the Cjmwu. Tho
settlor may not cut any jiino timlier on it. except for fcnciu;;. buiiJi f,' or
other farm [iiirposes, and in clearuiLC, until the iasno of tho ii.-itent; or if it bo
cut tho Bother mu.it pay timber duos to tlio Crown. The objo^t ■f this re-
servation of timber i.i t() protect the Imndjiilt' settler, and to ';n.sare tho actual
settlement of t!io land. It is 1o prevent persons Ljoin,':; upon it, imder pre-
tence of settlement, but in realit\ for tho purjuLso of r;ti'i,,])inj? it (jf the tim-
ber which in very valuable. It does not in any way interlero with the man
who settles upon' th' huid in good faith, a.s ho is authoriseil to clear it as
rapidly na hi.s industry or means may permit ; and after the patent issues, all
pino trees remaining on the land becomo his jiroperty r.bsohitely. Tho
reader's attimtion ia directed to tho(h-de s in C^juncii, published on tho front
cover of this pami)hlei. On tlio death of tho locritec, tho land vests in hia
widow dvirin;; her widowhood, unless she [>refers to accept lu;r d(.A-er in it.
The land cannot be alienated or niort-'aged until the patent isswts, nor
within '2») years of the locati)n, v,-ithout consent of the wife, if livin;^. Nor
will it at any time be liable to be sold under execution for any debt con-
tracted before or during the 2i) years after the [.atent issues, except for a
mortgage or pledge given du:-ing that time. It may lie .sold for taxes.
In order tt) make a successful settlement upon a free grant, the settler
should have at the least from £40 to £M) after reaching his locaticui. But
it would be an act of wisdom in all siicli persons, on tli.-ir arrival in tho
pountry, to deposit their moi.oy in a .Savings Bank, where it will draw from
28
EMIQRATION To HIE PUOVINCT! oV ( ANADA.
4 to 5 per cent, intorost, and ?.;>) oat for a yi.Mr v.n iv;;tncakiv:'.l b.bnurc.-j. 'I'.io
cxporionco thuH Hoquirocl will far moru th.m coiapuiiaivUi for t'.io tino l-jat.
Tlio BottKui aro alw;iyH willing to In?!'! luiw <;ouiJi'.<. A ho;"),', inoli r\.H is
reiiiiiroil umlcr tlio Act, coiiUl i)0 oructtd l)y coutnuL for i.lio'.^t i,5 zt ',. : lr.it
with tlio ftHsidtanc'o tho Bt'ttlor woiiKl corUiiiiy ro;;j;vo fio'.u lii •. nci';!il);ro r.iMidly
into cultivation, tho cost would bo about i,':» Htg. pLrao.L'. TIic bj.'.t suasno with a draj.;
or harrow, whieli may either be a very rough piiuiitivo iiupleuient — a isatural
crotch with a few teeth in it- (u- it may be carefully made and well-;iuishcd.
Thi: C.v^^ada Company.
This Company origin.ally aiKjuired from the < iovcmnu^nt, about tho year
1828, about i},0(H),00i> acres— -one milliou being '• en bloc," .-Kid formin;,' what
was known aa the Huron Tract; the other called "Crown \serve3," in
scattered lots and blockH in virions ])artH of the Province of i pj)er Canada
(Ontario), extending fntm the Ottawa to the .St. Claii".
The Company had tho great sujiport which £289,737 sterling (8l,410,(K)0)
of paid up cajiital gives.
Settlomont firnt l)egan, rapidly, i:i the towaiahip of TJlanchard, tho greater
part of which was Hcttiod within two yeara. lUanchanl is now one of the
richest townships in tho county of Perth, with i},774 pec-ide, according to the
last census, with 4."),7'-;^ acres assessed, <)ti raLo-[)ayer3, 8735,700 (jf real
estato assessed clear of debts, and sp(;nding two thousand dailars a year on
its road.'* and Viridges. (Jtiitinat if 1'i.u.) In other ] /laces, it pritgresaed
more Blowly. Tho Company did not lay out tier after tier of farms, but
allowed settlers to pmxhase wlitr--! they chose. The greater portion of the
Bales varicil from ^1.2.') to 82.2"> {kh- acre.
They also originallylaid out the towns of ( roderich, (luel])h, and Stratford,
and tho village of Mitchell. The jirugiesa of these places will bo seen by the
following t ')1j, copied from the returns of 18G7, and giving the number of
ratepayers, .uid tho value of tho real estate assessed.
Gederich 717 | $795,580
Guelph 1,040 | 1,216,752
Stratford 870 1 094,180
Mitchell 238 j 240,542
The records of tho Company do not disting\iij»h between the purchasers
who aro emigrant settlera and those who were previously residents in the
country. Tht y do show that many of tho early settlers vcro nii-n who came
out from Europe, without any capital, who had, hcnvever, paid far their land
in full, and aoipiircd a consideiablo amount of property in f;u:u atock, as
long Einco aa twenty- tivo year.s ago. V\'liether omigranta or not, some 25,000
families have hov.n actually Bottled on tho company's lands.
The List annual dividend was £1 10s. stg. jier share — tlu uhare being
£0 13s. 8d. Tlio a\erage rate of dividend cannot well be ascertained in
this country. Tho capital stock is now reduced by repayment of capital to
bhareholders io £274,130 .stg.
Only about 400,000 acres remain in tho Company's hands — principally inr
ferior lands, and in Rcattered locations.
The office of the Canada Company is at Toronto.
TIIK FHKE nRANT I. \NI)M AND UOMESTEAD KXF.MrTIOK. 29
iord,
)y the
3er of
15,580
10,752
94,180
0,542
lasera
in the
came
land
ck, as
5,000
being
ed in
tal to
ly in?
ThK ('ANAr.CAN' l.AVD AVD rMMlOIlAYlON CoMPANY.
Thia is tho y-unfjcst .f (;\ir laml c<)mp:i,niu.s, hiving hmigliL uu rocntly M
18G1 tliu ten tijwnsliii.B ..f Dysait, Duillrv. liarct.art, (Juil. >rc;iicil that thoy
covercil 4Uu,li:.'> aorcb, innn wlncii, aftur dc(l',:cting -JLlJU.* iicrts for
tho i!|"i.i. covin-cJ hy .nsiiiiijis, iVc., thtre rojjiaiin-d lUL'.t-'; iii;i'c9, to
l)o paid i'nr at ll.o rate* i>i' 5u (.'ontH jt r aero. 'I'ho aii'.oir.it ii:;id hy tlio
Company in (im-o'-nniont was i:l'J.'),0-i:.). Tiic ordinary LuttlcJULnt dutii'S
iip(in tht'^o knda uro to bo pt'rfunuod within H years from Januaiy,
1SG5, and icii per cent, i.f thy imrchasc niunty is to Lu rcfiinilLd to tlio
Company for t!io cun.itructinn of hadin;; ijia's uf n-ad, nuli.jcct t » i^ovorn-
lucnt iuh.p(;cti >!i, lJ.;Hidc9 lht;44> uxptu.st.i, thu Company 1.:'.3 paid nearly
f l<),0(}l> juore i"i.r additit)ni.l siirveyin;,', ro;id-inakin", iVc, bciido:' (. .iifli dor-
ablo Hiims in propaiatinn -d t!ieir ostatu f:T 8t;ttloiu'..nt, tiio furtlioranoe of
emi'jTation, ikc. In all, lieside.s paymont.-i to (.'uvtrnuici.t, mvit li?10(),U(X)
liuvo bto.'i I'XpLndt'd 1 > date.
Home 'J5 m;l('5) pf new ri.ad havo I'oon cii'ititructt.il, and 1'5 nulta of tho old
(jroverniiicit l-Yters .n road have been luiibhed «uit and rcpalrcil. Tho
Company iia.i sh;U'i.ri the oxpuiisd of many of t'.io'e iuiprovinient.-J, with
mnnici[iaUues ii!tL,rosted. In conjunction witli a hu.il>!.;' jirm of tlio diHtriei,
tho C(iUipa!iy i;i now enerj^'ctically exti.'ndiii;^ ether roada into tl;e forget, and
dammin^^C tho prinupal hiko, mo as to Kei;p tho wr.ter np to hi ,'a watermark,
find allow a Hl.amer, which it huI>; 'utzcs, to run l!io whole suinni' r thromt mill o.i tho spot. The company i)ay.H iialf tl'o Btipend.-* of n reaident
cler;oiii""i !-iil b';.i f;ivon free ;.;rant:« of Liudj f v dmreliea and .ichoola.
An i..mn;;ement ha.-t just bem made ulureby a ])iiiti<'n of tho vahiablo
pino tii.iLcr on Iho iiroiierty will l)o •.•radr.lly Lako;i oil' by a llrm v. ho havo
under.akc;i to liiid work in tl:o !.hantie:H, duviu!.,' llio winter, f')r ail willing
and indu.^triouFi hmdi?. Uy tliiH moans a ready market, for years to come is
fjocured to t.ie I .riiKr at tlio hiL;lii.'>5t pr'co.i, and iho Hctllers will h:ve tho
opporluiniy of . irniiiL^ itood w.iijes for tiieiii'velvei and their teams throviyh-
out tlio winter.
Tho se'.lleiiici.t ill Ilarconn has hitherto not made rapid pror;ro3i owinij
to tho want of c.'innnr.iicativjn witli the fi'nr ; but now that there is overy
prosi>uet of an iiuMcuiato oxlensiun of the Ihirlei;;!'. ro.ad, tlio land being
reporvOil to bo i":o l.iest on the company'.^ terriLor}', tliey aro about to erect a
grist mid, whioh, witli tho saw mill already iher-, will form the nuchis of a
prusperoun vi!]n;jo. To improve tho niean.s of oiiuiiuni'.Mtiun oOu'J acres
aro now e tiered ,".-i free grant;; alonj tho I\.:or»on road, and for the^o early
application sho.ill be mad", sva a like opfKTtunity will not easily bo ob-
tained. The prl'j„' at v hich tlu Company !u>\v .'iclls i;i :— In Dysart, S1.50;
and in other town.sliip.M, ('l-'"* per aero, catli ; or t72.00 in Dysart, and
$1.2.") in other t;jwns]ii[);J, i:i live annual iiista!inent3, with interest at livo
per cent. Or tho (A)mpany will rent for 17 yearf^, Ujv 15 con(3 per acre
in Dysart, and ton c(mt.s in other townships, and tho ri^dit of prc-emjjtion at
tho end of tho term, at 8"^.00 and ?d.o5're.'ipectively. Half aero hita in tlio
villa^'e of HahLurtou are for sale at §20 each. 8v,"i;tlemont duties havo l bushels;
Oats, l,2Ul bushelii; Putat.x'H, O.-ioO bushels; Tvirnipn, i'tMSO bushels:
Barley. 212 bushels ; H:vy, 111 ions ; Pork, (i,8S;j lbs.
The cliiue of the Canadian Land and Emi'^ratiua Cuiu[)aiiy is ai. J*eter-
borou''h.
f^i?i
■^^'- ■■'<-' 'v?^ '■ inwwriB I
llOLGIliXC IT IN THE BLSil.
The accor.'j-nanyin;'; iiiuatratiou gives .-i viev,- of the rou;:Tli be^^inninj^a of a
homo ill the baokwur.ds i.i Canada, ik-ro aro shown lliu find clcariiijjf, and
the rudo yet nut nncDmfa'table lo'f-liuuao. IFaving inspected liis estate, and
aolectw'd the most advancageons iii:e i >r hia future residence, our pettier plies
his a.'.e. ansl by ftlJ'n',' a
excliulLd d.ivli'.li'i. iiis
few of the t7v..s on th;^ chosen !<]ot, K.ti i:i the long
dwelling is to be o :)nstni<;teiK)f matori-ils that aro
close at ha::'.l. He nci.d not haul the loijs that f'U'ni its massive frame-work
many yard', from -whort! tlu.^y gn vv, uulcos, indeed, tiiero bo a ecdar, tamarack,
C'-T lil'uk L'li s-.vp.iiip U'lt r.ir distant, and he prefers to buii;l his hor.so of
lidit;' ■. strai'thlcr, ind uioro uniform /'!,fs than are already on the spot. A
well-built lo^horsc is by no means to be despised. There is a- litncaa about
it that cannot f;ui to nnpvess every observant mind. Tl^c wonder is that
witli the r.;"c':ii':eL.>'.r.d eapi'.l^iUties poss'.-ssed by the new settler, b:t!cr and
more ijoruiuncnt lo^;-hoiisej arj u; u erected. IJ.'low we ;^dvo an illustration
~~:^^^M--^^=-^esS-^:z^. _is_ showin-:^ hoAV a Uttio skil-
t -r^ -=r^-,:rr..r..r=i. ==^ makC ft loij-bvi] dlUg at"
t '.'active and tirnamental.
0^ f ■ •
Ji2iP(»W Jmi' ttka Wtlu^;a j-omyhq ; .they {uo
Other stvles mi'rht bo
.idojiti'd, I airJly, if not
'jven more tastofrd. Sur-
prise has been cxi»rca.'-:cd
hy i^ood jnd;;'efi, that logs
hi.ve boini.so little, if ever,
tise.l f-r j-arden'jrs' cot-
^J la^^'cs, porters' lodges, and
""' f'.nn hou.-;ej', on preten-
tious tstati'.".
One evil usually com-
miidcd in pio.'iui,' up the
sciii'-hr's first liabitation,
& is Uv^flectin;; ilio I'oiinda-
lion. A nujuer.itoly level
Bp.)l of Ljround is pitched
u[/on ; thobij^yObt logs are
hastily budded \ and the
« enter thciu, you will l;::d they hive earth or, ai tlicy .aro
more a;;;:ro;:rL?.;-;iy cr.lled s onietimes, '"dirt" Uoors. Others arc s;;aciou:i ;
luado of strai.;:.',hJ b>;>, gmduaUy decreasing in size toward tlie i a ves ; tho
cnda i'.:*; r':if.)Ti or Ion j
8hin{^i!es ; and inside, yon v/ill li'.ul a good floor of r,awed, and, {K.rh.ips,
planed bxinbei-. It may be iu';;'ed that many seit!cr:-> have n'.;i-.hLi" th'j meaii:-}
nor tho i.kiil to mnnago idl that ia dciirablo ; but, ;.j;.'neraliy .sjcakiii'-, by
an'an'div; an exi.;I'.:u:;;o I'f work vvila B..:ue skiilvd U'. i(;hbour, tho r.ior.t ini-
portant i)0Juta mi^^ht bo sov-uvod. Elbo-v and head r.joui, airinesa, nea;noss,
and. workmau-liko ai>pearance nii.^ut rarely bo achieved from the out.-ct.
Evo:i thoi:j^h a bark r ioi and a "dirt" lloor uuist be borne wiih af first, l!uy
might Soon be e;iohan;:ed for shinylca and planks, ^-awin;;' ami planinj .".-.e
not Tieeded about tlio e.\terior of a l<';.fdionse ; willi the iixe alono a ;j lod
woodeutti-r 'vi!l make very smooth, \n\ir, and handsome y,uvV.
TliE FAim IN COOD OilDER.
Cradualiy but surdy tho work of iniiirovuij? a new farm g^ca fi.-r-\VTiru, irn-
tii V, XA a;?ton'.aIunw irhat a chanje 13 brou.;ht ubout in a few i..;io.-t year ■>. Tho
wilderiiciia ia trcrrisfonncd into a fruitful lield. Une by one; th.o t,Lui.iii:i havo
rutted om, and /jiven t!ia j)lou;;h frea soojie to work. lnci(t;:ditijs in tho
surface of tho la.nd h»7e become ainoi.thed down, and ;dn:oi:t;;.' only ivi-
denco that tho country ia now, i.^ furni.;hed by the rail fiuices. The log-
buildiijga havo given pirtce to Ktructurcs of frame or stone. A ^^arden h.\.\h
,"l'y'!lp«*:j-:*«ir'^;
:ma_^S??S£:ti.^^':
been laid out and stocked. Tho small fruits aiid fresh vet,'etubl"s plentifully
■uppV ^^lu family iaUl«- An orcUard ku luivu pliuited, and brought iut^
S2
EMIGRATION TO THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO.
bearing. Apples, pears, plums, chenies, and, in some parts of tho country,
peaches are grown abundantly. Nowhere does the apple,— king of fruits, —
attain greater perfection of shape, colouring, and flavour, than in Canada.
Many of our farmers are somewhat remiss in the matter of orchard planting,
but it has been demonstrated that this is a fine fruit country, and even the
grapo ripens well in the open air. Other improvements liave been made on
the farm which wo are supposing to have reached a state of completeness.
The front fences have ceased to be of rails. A neat, ornamental palinj:; or
hedge, skirts the public road, and a tastefvd bit of shrubbery environs'th©
house and out-buildings. Altogether, there is an air of beauty and attractive-
ness about tho scene, but recently so wild. The above illustration will give
some idea of tho appearance i^rc-ented by a well-laid-out, and neatly-kept
Canadian farm.
MUSKOKA.
(To the Editor of the Montreal Daily Witness.)
Mr. EmroR, — My attention has been called to a paragi'aph which appeared
in the Montreal JFifHe^w some time ago, headed "Cruelty of scndin;.^ newly
arrived Immi[!n:ant.s to woilhless Free Grant Lands," where you have copied
from the Saniia Observer, an account given of a visit to Muskoka by a Mr.
8impr,on, wliere he describes the great poverty of an old r >uplefrom Paisley,
Scotland. Now, na such statements are calculated to make false impressions,
1 beg leave to state a few facts in reference to that much admired and some-
times desinsed district.
1 was the llrst settler in the to^vnship of Draper, having gone there on my
arrivrJ iii Cauada in May, 18G1. Ever since that time, I have been closely
watc'tii^j the gnnvth of thiy section, and my opportunities exceed those of a
transient vi:ntor ; and fur the benefit of your numerous readers, I beg to
state that when I settled in Draper, there was not a soul living in, nor a tree
cut i:i the following toA^nishiiis, viz : Draper, Macaulay, Stephenson, Oakley,
McLean, J3ruiie!l, Monk, Watt, Humjihrics, Spence, ifec.
Our nearest Post Oliice was the Severn Bridge, 21 miles distant, our nearest
callage and grist mill, (Jrillia, 35 miles on, and we had only one neighbour
within ten miles of us ; while now we have advanced so far as to Jiave three
gri-it mill^), one oatiueal mill, and five saw milld. Wo have also four pros-
perous little villages, eleven post-offices with a daily mail froiu Toronto.
There are clearances !;tretcliing for miles, with good barns and comfortable
Jiouties, and thouoands of settlers.
Sev<;ral churches and meeting houses have been built, and five ministers
live in the neighbourhood, and work with a zeal worthy of their noble calling.
We have d:\y schools and Sabbath schools, and arc well supplied with thg
means of (Jrace.
1 admit there arc some few cases of poverty licro, but such is the exception
notthenxlo. I know of no place in Ontario, considering the population,'
where there is less T)auperism tlian in Muskoka, excepting Bridgewater and
Garden Island ; and tho reason why there is not a single case of poverty ill
tho above named places is, in my opinion, becaTiac tho proprietors, tho Honj
Billa Flint and D. 1). Calvin, Esq., M.P.P., have prohibited liquor from
being pold there.
The settlers of JIuskoka, for tho most part, are a highly intelligent and
very industrio\i3 class (>f settlcTS ; and it is strange that some visitors can
only record a solitary case of suffering, and omit to relate that hundreds are
comfortable and contented, happy and prosperous.
In the New Dominion Monthbf for March, 1868, there is an account of " A
Tcp. to, Muskoka Lake,"- by the "Eev. John Todd, D.D., of Pittsfleld, Mass.,
t
*■ <*wl<«M4Mtb>«>«4«
CANADIAN FIIUIT.
33
■nearest
ialibour
throo
j)roa-
.vuiito.
)i'tablc
coption
ilation,
or and
Lii-ty in
Hon!
froni
wlicro ho gives ail iifC(»u:it (if a pnur (Jcriiian family .'it Sjuutow Laki-, who
wcro iu grtiiU want. In'uw, tin rn iiiH' f»;\s pliuun-i, citlicr in town nr country,
ff'^i.! from oasoH of oxtrumo (hiatitiition, aii.-l it is not my [iivHont intention to
in.jnin; into tlio (.-aUHt's of audi iiovcrty, hnt I Consiilor it unfair to write an
;; j.Hint of n visit to a [ilacf, ami tJifii only to •:,'iv(' thu dark side We liavi;
rich as will [ r ; wu havi' the noble a.s will as tin mean ; tli.i.se cnjoyiny all
the Comforts of life, a.-> well as a few \vho are not so hiylily favo\ired.
A lady onco remarked, itn liearini^ that I rosiih^d at jMuskoka, tl\at slm
thought tliat the peojile tl;( re were very {xmr, anly between the village of
( rravenhni'st o.i Lake Mu.skoka, and tho village of Rimseau on Lid tlie Editoi
tho ()nfon(i ft'niirr. an agricultural journal pul-Iished monthly at Toronto
The fact that there is a large portion of CnTiada wel! adapted to fniit grow
ing is becoming daily more manifest, and the good reputation of Camidian
3
l..MI<\- uril fst.iMisluil, wlirtlur tlic I'si he for ln'iuily, IhiMMir, <>r IrtiL'
U'l'piii.; iiKiililii ... In ihr r>iili.-;ii ni:irlM'i-> i.iir ;i|i|tlc.H iirc Innkcd \\\)n\\ vi-ry
I I \ '•himIiIv, ;iiii| cMiiiiiijiiitl :i i^'iiij inici-, ninl ii' ,siiit;iMc v;irii'tii'!i he ,sliiii|ii
it;il)li
IM'IT
ii.< rr.uii'ii in I III wdl
1 i \M 1 V
|.i',ii';-i .hIkuiIiI lint ;ilst> liiul their \v;.y tn tr;iii.s-;i1l!intif |p(>rtn.
In .l.'iiniiiry of !;i.st yiiir, \\\'.\\v in LindiMi, I cvliiliiti'il ;i ;Hiii.ili < ullcclion nf
I '.in,i'li;i,ii ;ii>|i!<- i .'it ;i niri-tinL,' of tlu' Kny:ii ! lurtioiiitin.il Sncici}-. i'-i'fi'ri!
iii\ ili'|iart\ii'i' If Ivni^limd. I iiiid Ih'cii pr'nnisid Iiy ; f\i r;il cxtiii.-^ivvt nriliaril-
i.st..', in tl;]s iK'i\'iiiiia"lii>o(l a \;\v'_.; nuniin'r fi' .^|irfiiUfns, Imt tlicy nil lailnl tn
fiiilil tluir iirmniic. Dctrniiin'. tl, liowi'vi^r, net tn ln' cnnii'Uuly fniUd, I
went (lii\sn inti> i.iy nwn jillar.'.. :<:\A ;^^'!l•(.■l^■ll al">nt twenty f'Mir varn'ti. .<, and
t!ir.;i> I pa'-k^'il in a trnnk and tonk them with me ; tlii.s wa.-^ at (iu: iiei^nnniiii;
"f DiL'einl:" r, and al'oiit t!ie end of .lann.iry tiny were ;ilaced on the tables
d. South Kun.siiifj;ton. TIuw were vepoi-ted on very fa\oiiralply hy liie Krnil
ded
Oomniittue of the Society, ami a s]>ecial ci I'iiliiatt! wa.^ a\\anle(i nie l"i tne
di.s|il;iy. Had 1 lireii lietter jireiiared I ooidd liave (iiKidrn|ded the nundier
o.' Hort.s, hut ;iA it wa:> tlie ellort wa.s very sut.'ci-ssful The fruit wa.s all i^rowii
oil OHO farm. If the Ontario l''ruit tJro.vei-.s' .\.■) Uji a, ewiiijileii ei JU^ I ion cf t he fiaiils then in seaKou. I
will ^uarantet.' to ha\e tiu'Ui \sell o;i.i|i!ayed ni iiondoti. Su'. h a .sho \ would
\u:. a hotter uiivorti.icnient lor Canada timu uiilos ,>i ligureii and acres of stti-
ti.iiics.
1
I-
f
**— — " I i f iiii ' ■ i n '^ , i ' U ' ■ ' !,. ' . jj. ' . ' iiJ ' !!! ' '.^ I ! >■
CAN APIAN
EMI6BATI0N ASENTS IN EimOI'E,
' ' • - ^ •
IflUrUJi IHQiOV^ U'Adast Streafe, Ad«lpU. .7.. london, lngliiiAr
jr. 0. XOfUV, «... Dublin. Sraiaiid.
CJFAllIilMt finr,- BeUM, "
BftPi^lHAW, Glaiginr,8ealiMid.
B. aflUTS, Antwwn.
eOYBBirMENT
IMMIGBATIOF AGENTS IN CANADA.
jrcnOir a. JMMLOBOB - ItoonlOr Ontario..
B.H.BAB ■• Hamilton, "
W.I..WIIM -.' f.... (W«^ ..
J. HGfttQiflON KingitOn, '*
L. SrjjrFOai) Qmbeo, Qnobee.
X J. BAIET Xontiwl, "
E, CTAY Halifax, IToTrft Sootia.
EOKBSS 8HIVES 8t Jofau, Hew Bnqa^lioit
J. d. «. liJitKni Kna^pbi
i
-iV,*;
m
am
OMmiON OF CANADA
^s
^tio:n
tOTHB
OF (HiTMUO.
Ji-
TO
«>y
Tbe aitiniitidVl of intl»tain ^Mrk at G 00I> WAQBa ^^
VbBOBffllie iadiMwrnettlif «I^Riid to intendiii|r £B^«(nnti, by CkiYvnaaMiit, la
A imEE OEATfT Of IiA5D!
•WlfHOUT A^Y CHABGJ} "Wa^TprfBa
Di a JMK^ can otttain. o» oonlliqf # Jilflpg g a
^fMllmeii^MV of IJii f iida%, male or leinal«j orab<)«»t^beiag onnmenced, wluoh viU ilMd aH^lojim^
to an dmoat uIUlD^ted n^uBDer of jys^^^
Persons d^iring Mer infm»aiio& riiirpeoti^ the Pr0fhiol«f Oateriv
f JO invited t6 apply Tjcnwiially, orbr 1^, to tiie OuwUafi G^vfWWMit Sintoitjpn
.7. U. MOYI,AN, Dublin j 6HA|t£^ FOY, IJelfiist } Jmtf& SHAW, ^iasgow ;
nndE. KIMAm C!ontin«»ta^A^Bnt*fc Antwerp. . '^,^-rf . w..«^^k*
Toronto ; R. H.RAB:%matoii ; WBl. J. Wa]^.CH|S«*l Ji^^ACPp^E,
Nova i^Jcotift ; ROBT. BHIVES, St. Sehn, and J. G. G. LAYTON. Mlwaaidrf^Nsiir
BmnErtvick,~froiD whom jpi^p^lileti, i«R}ed xmdist the oo^mii^ of the Gov^-nnieiit
of Ontario, contaimn^j full iwrticijdlMM'ih relation to the character and tesonrcea of,
and tlH> ooat of living, \i ages, &c., in ^e Province con be obtaioea.
JOHN OABUNO-,
C(mmi$tian«r (if Agtieuttureantt Public 'W!orit»
BBPABiireKT OP Iianmuanov, for the Frwinee of Ontario.
Tiffonto, October, 1868.
X
i
1
■■>(;::s«',^
X
r'J$fii---V-"*.''->'