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MONTREAL, 188 4. 
 
 ADDRESS 
 
 TO THE 
 
 SECTION OF ANTHROPOLOGY 
 
 I 
 
 10 
 
 OF THE 
 
 BRITISH ASSOCIATION 
 
 BY 
 
 EDWARD B. TYLOR, D.C.L., F.R.S. 
 
 PRESIDENT OF THE SECTION. 
 
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 Our newly-constituted Section of Anthropology, now promoted from the lower 
 rank of a Department of Biology, holds its first meeting under remarkable circum- 
 stances. Here in America one of the great problems of race and civilisation comes 
 into closer view than in Europe. In England anthropologists infer from stone 
 arrow-heads and hatchet-Hades, laid up in burial-mounds or scattered over the sites 
 of vanished villages, that Stone Age tribes once dwelt in the land; but what they 
 were like in feature and complexion, what languages they spoke, what social laws 
 and religion they lived under, are questions where speculation has but little guidance 
 from fact. It is very different when under our feet in Montreal are found relics 
 of a people who formerly dwelt here, Stone Age people, as their implements show, 
 though not unskilled in barbaric arts, as is seen by the ornamentation of their 
 earthen pots and tobacco-pipes, made familiar by the publications of Principal 
 Dawson. As we all know, the record of Jacques Oartier, published in the six- 
 teenth century collection of Ramusio, proves by text and drawing that here stood 
 the famous palisaded town of 11 jchelaga. Its inhabitants, as his vocabulary shows, 
 belonged to the group of tribes whose word for 5 is wisk— that is to say, they 
 were of the Iroquois stock. Much as Canada has changed since then, we can still 
 study among the settled Iroquois the type of a race lately in the Stone Age, still 
 trace remnants and records of their peculiar social institutions, and still hear spoken 
 their language of strange vocabulary and unfamiliar structure. Peculiar importance 
 is given to Canadian anthropology by the presence of such local American types of 
 man, representatives of a stage of culture long passed away in Europe. Nor does this 
 by any means oust from the Canadian mind the interest of the ordinary problems of 
 European anthropology. The complex succession of races which make up the pedigree 
 of the modern Englishman and Frenchman, where the descendants perhaps of palseo- 
 lithic, and certainly of neolithic, man have blended with invading Keltic, Roman, 
 Teutonic-Scandinavian peoples — all this is the inheritance of settlers '.n America as 
 much as of their kinsfolk who have stayed in Europe, In the present scientific visit 
 of the Old to the New World, I propose to touch on some prominent questions 
 of anthropology with special reference to their American aspects. Inasmuch as in 
 an introductory address the practice of the Association tends to make arguments 
 unanswerable, it will be desirable for me to suggest rather than to dogmatise, 
 
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 leaving tin- detiiilfd troiitincnt uf tlic topics raist'd to conie in tlii' moiv spffialist'd 
 papors and discussionH which tbriu the (Mirn.'nt, hnsiiioss ofllit" Si'ciion. 
 
 Tho ttn'ui prt'/mtoriCf invaluablo to (vnthr()p(do^fi.st.s sinco I'rolVssor Danitd 
 Wilson introduced it more than thirty yoars ago, stretches ba(;k Irom tinit-s jiist 
 outside tlip range of written history into tlio remotest ages where human remains 
 or relit.s, or other more indirect evidence, justifies tho opinion that man existed. 
 Far back in these prehistoric periods, tho problem of (Quaternary nnm turns oi- t!io 
 presence of his rude stone implements in the drift gravels and in caves, associated 
 with the remains of what may be called for shortness the mammoth-fauna. Not to 
 recapitulate details wliich have been set down in a hundred books, the point 
 to be insisted on is how, in the experituice of those who, like myself, have 
 followed them since the time of Boucher de Perthes, the tffect of u quarter of 
 a century's research and criticism has been to give (Quaternary man a more and 
 more real position. The clumsy Hint pick and its contemporary nnimmoth-t out h 
 have become stock articles in museums, and every year adds new localitii-s where 
 pala3olithic implements are found of the types catalogued years ago by Kvans, ainl 
 m beds agreeing with the sectit)ns drawn years ago by Prestwieh. It is generally 
 admitted that about the close of the Glacial period savage man killed the huge 
 maned elephants, or lied from the great lions and tigers on what was then forest- 
 clad valley-bottom, in ages before the later waterllow bad cut out tlie present wide 
 valleys 5(3 or 100 feet or more lower, leaving the remains of the ancient drift-beds 
 exposed high on what are now the slopes. To fix our ideas on the picture of an 
 actual locality, we may fancy ourselves standing with Mr. Spurrell on the old sandy 
 Ijeaeh of tiie Thames near t/rayford, 35 feet above where the river now Hows two 
 miles away in the valley. Here we are on the very workshop-tloor where ))ahe()- 
 lithic man sat chipping at the blocks of Hint which had fallen out of the ciialk clilf 
 above his head. There lie the broken remains of his blocks, the Hint chijis he 
 knocked oH", and which can be fitted back into their places, the striking-stones with 
 which the flaking was done ; and with these the splintered bones of mammoth and 
 tichorhine rhinoceros, possibly remains of meals. Moreover, as if to point the con- 
 trast between tho rude paheolithic man who worked these coarse blocks, and 
 apparently never troubled himself to seek for better material, the modern visitor 
 sees within 60 yards of the spot the boltle-shajied pits dug out in later ages by 
 neolithic man through the soil to a depth in the chalk where a layer of good 
 workable Hint supplied hiui with the material for his neat flakes and trimly-chipped 
 arrow-heads, Tlie evidence of caverns such as those of Devonshire and Perigord, 
 with their revelations of early European life and art, has been supplemented by 
 many new explorations, without shaking the conclusion arrived at as to the age 
 known as the reindeer period of the northern half of Europe, when the mmnmoth 
 and cave-bear and their contemporary mammals had not yet disappeared, but the 
 close of the (Hacial period was merging into the times when in England and France 
 savages hunted the reindeor for food as the Arctic tril)es of America do still. 
 Human remains of these early periods are still scarce and unsatisfactory for deter- 
 mining race-ty])es. Among the latest iinds is part of a skull from the loess, at 
 l*odbaba, near Prague, with prominent brow-ridges, though less rem irkable in this 
 way tlian the celebrated Neanderthal skull. It remains the prevailing opinion of 
 anatomists that these very ancient skulls are not apt to show extreme lowness of type, 
 but to be higher in the scale than, for instance, the Tasmanian. The evidence increases 
 as to the wide range of paheolithic num. lie extended far into Asia, where his 
 characteristic rude stone implements are plentifully found in the caves of Syria and 
 the foot-hills of Madras. The question which this Section may have especial 
 means of dealing with is whether man likewise inhabited America with the great 
 extinct animals of the (Quaternary period, if not even earlier. 
 
 Among the .statements brought forward as to this subject, a few are mere 
 fictions, while others, though entirely genuine, are surrounded with doubts, making 
 it diflicult to use them for anthropological purposes. We shall not discuss the 
 sandalled human giants, whose footprints, 20 inches long, are declared to have 
 been foimd with the foot-prints of mammoths, among whom they walked, at 
 Carson, Nevada. There is something picturesque in the idea of a man in a past 
 
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poolojyical iKTiocl Jiiulitijr on fl„. Pampas tho body of a jrlyptcHlon, sc-oopiiiir nut its 
 fh'sh, settiiinf up its carttpiicu oil tlio Knoiiiid likn a monstrous disli-covor, and di>:^riii^f 
 himself a burrow fo llvo in iiiidfrn»!ath this animal roof; but fjeolofrisls havH not 
 nccfptiHi tlie account. Kven in tlin case of so well-known ni, explorer as the lato 
 Dr. Lund, opinions are still divided as to whether his human skulls from tho 
 caves of Brazil are really contemporary with the Inmes of luefratlieiiim and fo.«..sil 
 horse. One of the latest judgments has been favourable; (^latri'faj.'-es not only 
 looks upon the cavo-skuUs as of iiijifh autiquity, but rejrards their owners as repre- 
 sentinjf the ancestors of the livinj; Indians. The high and narrow dinier.sions of 
 the ancient and modern skulls are given in tho '(Vania Ivtlinica/ and vi,atever a 
 similarity of proportions between them may prove, it certainly exists. Dr. Kech'a 
 celebrated lliiit arrow-hoad, recorded to have been found under the leg-bones of u 
 mastodon in Missouu, is still to ho seen, and has all the ap]>earan(re of a modern 
 IiKJian weiinon, wliich raises (h)ubt of its being really of the mastodon ])eriod. 
 This antecedent improbability r)f remote geological age is felt still more itron^-ly to 
 attach to the stone pestles' and mortars, &c., brought forwanl by Mr. .1. 1). 
 Whitney, of the California Geological Survey, as found by miners' in the gold- 
 bearing gravels. On the one hand, these elaborate articles 'f)f stone-work are tho 
 very characteristic objects of the Indian graves of the district, and on the other the 
 theory that the auriferous gravels capped by lava-tlows are of tertiaiy age is 
 absolutely denied by geologists such as M, Juks Marcou in his artichM)n 'Tim 
 Geology of ( 'alifornia ' {Bull. Son. GM. de Fmnce, 1883). It is to be hoped 
 that the Section may have the opportunity of discussing Dr. (3. C. Abbott's iinple- 
 iiients from Trenton, New Jersey. The turtle-back celts, as they are called from 
 their fli-.t and convex sides, are rudely cliipped from p'^bbles of tiie hard argillito 
 out of the boulder-bed, but the question is as to the position of the sand and gravel 
 in which they are found in tlie l)liiils high above the present Delaware Kiver. 
 The tirst opinion come to, that the maliers of the implements inhabited America 
 not merely alter but during the great Ice Age, has been moditied by further 
 examination, especially by the report of Mr. II. Carvill Lewis, who considers the 
 implement-bearing bed not to have been deposited by a river which ilowed 
 over the top of the lioulder-bed, but that at a later period than this would 
 involve, the Delaware had cut a channel through the boulder-bed, and that a sul)- 
 sequent glacier-flood threw down sand and gravel in this cutting at a considerable 
 height above the existing river, burying therein the rude stone implements of an 
 Esquimaux race then inhabiting tlie country. Belt, Wilson, and Putnam have 
 written on this question, which I will not pursue further, except by pointing out 
 that the evidence from the bluffs of the Delaware must not be taken by itself, but 
 in connection with that from the terraces high above the James River, near Rich- 
 mond, whore Mr. i\ M. Wallace has likewise rejiorted the finding of rude stone 
 instruments, to which must be added other tinds from Guanajuato, Rio JuchipiJa, 
 and other Mexican localities. 
 
 This leads at once into the interesting argument how far any existing people 
 are the descendants and representatives of man of the post-Ghicial period. 'I he 
 problem whether the present Esquimaux are such a remnant of an early race is 
 one which Professor Boyd Dawkins has long worked at, and will, I trust, bring 
 forward with full detail in this appropriate place. Since he stated this view in 
 his work on * Oave-IIunting ' it has continually been cited, whetiier by way of 
 affirmation or denial, but always with that gain to the subject which arises from a 
 theory based on distinct facts. May I take occasion here to mention as prelimir.ary 
 the question, were the natives met with by the Scandinavian .seafarers of the 
 eleventh century Esquimaux, and whereabouts on the coast were they actually 
 found ? It may be to Canadians a curious subject of contemplation how about 
 that time of history Scandinavia stretched out its hands at once to their old and 
 their new home. When tlie race of bold sea-rovers who ruled Normandy iind 
 invaded l^igland turned their prows into tlie northern and western sea, thev pa^ised 
 from Iceland to yet more inclement Greerlard, and thence, according to fcelaiidu; 
 records, which are too consistent to ho itfu.-ed belief as to main Cac'iN, they sailed 
 ?ome way down the American coast. But where are we to look for the most 
 
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 southerly points which the sagas mention as reached in VinelandP Whore was 
 Keel-neas, wliyro ThorvaUi's sliip ran nj^round, and Cros8-nes8, wliero ho was biiriLMi, 
 when he died by the 8l\niling''rt arrow ? Kafn, in the * Anti((uitate8 Ainericann;,' 
 confidently maps out tlieso places about tlie ])roniontory of Oapo Cod, in iMiussa- 
 cbusetts, and tiiis has l)een repeated since from hook to book. I must plead j,'uiltv 
 to having cited Uafn's man before no\.', but when with reference to the present 
 meeting [ consulted our learned editor of Seandinavian records at Oxford, Mr. 
 Gudbrand Vigfusson, and afterwards went through the original passages in the 
 Sagas with Mr. York Powell, I am bound to say that the voyages of the Northmen 
 ought to bo reduced to more moderate limits. It appears that they crossed from 
 Greenland to Labrador (ilellulii ;d),and thence sailing more or less south and west, 
 m two stretches of two days each tliey canit! to n place near where wild graiusgrew, 
 whence ihey called the country \ine-land. This would, therefore, seem to have 
 been somewhere ab<nit the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and it would be an interesting 
 obiect for a yachting cruise to try down from the east coast of Labrador a lair four 
 days' sail of a viking shij), and identify, if possible, the sound between the island 
 and the ness, the river running out of the lake into the .sea, the long stretilies of 
 sand, and the other local features mentioiunl in the sagas. While this is in the 
 printer's hands, I hear that a paper somewhat to this same elfect may come beiore 
 the Geographical Section, but the matter concerns us here as bearing on the southern 
 limit of the Esquimau.\. Ti»e d-rd/int/s who came on tiie sea in skin canoes 
 (hud/ikripr), and hurled their spears with slings (va'sloiu/va), seem by those very 
 facts to have been probably Esquimaux, and the mention of their being swarthy, 
 with great eyes and broad cheeks, agrees tolerably with ibis. The statement 
 usually made that the word HkriiliiKj meant ' dwarf would, if correct, have settled 
 the question ; but, unfortumitely, there is uo real warrant for this etymology. If 
 we may take it that K.squimaux 800 vears ago, before they had ever found their 
 way to Greenland, were hu'"*ing seals on the coast of Newfoundland, and carihoo 
 in the forest, their life need not have been very uidike what it is now in thtdr Arctic 
 home. Some day, perhaps, the St. Lawrenct* and Ntnvfoundland shores will be 
 searched for relics of Esquimaux life, as hns been done with such success in the 
 Aleutian Islands by Mr. W. II. Dall, though on this side of the continent we can 
 hardly expect to find, as he does, traces of long residence and rise from a still lower 
 condition. 
 
 Surveying now the vast series of so-call-^d native, or indigenous, tribes of North 
 and South America, we may admit that the fundamental notion on which American 
 anthropology has to l)e treated is its relation to Asiatic. This kind of research is, 
 as we know, quite old, but the recent advances of zoology and geology have given 
 it new breadth as well as facility. The theories which account for the wide-lying 
 American tribes, disconnected by language as they are, as all descended from 
 ancestors who came by sea in boats, or across Behring's Straits on the ice, may be 
 felt somewhat to strain the probabilities of migration, and are likely to be re- 
 modelled under the information now supplied by geology as to the distribution of 
 animals. It has become a familiar fact that the Equidte, or horse-like animals, 
 bebrng even more remarkably to the New than to the Old World. There was 
 plainly laud-connection between America and Asia, for the horses whose remains 
 are fossil in America to have been genetically connected with the horses re-intro- 
 duced from Europe. The deer may have passed from the Old World into North 
 America in the Pliocene period ; and the opinion is strongly held that the camels 
 came the other way, originating in America an<' spreading thence into Asia and 
 Africa. The mammoth and the reindeer did not cross over a few thousanu 
 years ago by Behring's Straits, for they had been since Pleistocene times spread 
 over the north of what was then one continent. Torefvlise this ancient land-junction 
 of Asia and America, this ' Tertiary-bridge,' to use Professor Marsh's expression, 
 it is instructive to look at Mr, Wallace's chart of the present soundings, observ- 
 ing that an elevation of under 200 feet would make Behring's Straits land, while 
 moderately shallow sea extends southward to about the line of the Aleutian 
 Islands, below which comes the plunge into the ocean depths. If, then, we are to 
 consider America as having received its human population by ordinary migration 
 
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 of flUoct'8fliye tribf's alon}r this liiphwriy, tho impnrlanco is obvious of dpoidinif liow 
 old nmn ih in AnuMicu. and how lonp tlm continent remained united with Asia, as 
 Wfll as liow the.sf two dillicnlt ((ucstirms an- hound up together in their l)earing'nn 
 anthropolojjry. Leaving them to ho settK-d by more comiH'tent judjres, I will otdy 
 point out lliat the theory of northern mi^jration on dry hind is after all only a 
 revival of an old opinion wliich came naturally to Acosta in the sixteenth century, 
 because Hehriiiff'a Straits were not yet known of, aiul was held by Bull'on iti the 
 eifrhteeiith because the zoolofru-id cvuiditions co-njielled him to suppose that 
 J5ehrin/s Straits had not always been there. Such a tiieory, whatever tlie » xact 
 shape it may take, seems wanted lor the explaiuition of that most obvious fact 
 of anthropolo^'v, tlu) analojry of tlie indif^enes of America with Asic j-s, and 
 more specitically with JOast and North Asiatics or iMon^,'oloids. This broad 
 race-generalieation has thrust itself on every obstirver, and eaclj has an in- 
 fltaru'e to mention, Mjr own particular instance is derived from inspection of a 
 party of liotocudo Indiana lately exhihite<l in London, who in proper clothing 
 could have piissed without question as Tilietans or Siamese. Now when ethnologists 
 like Dr. Pickering remark on the South Asiatic appearance of ('alifornian tribes, 
 it is open to them to argue that Japanese sailors of junks wrwked on the coast 
 may have founded families tliere. ]lut the llotociidus are far south and on the 
 other side of the Andes, rude dwellers in the forests of Brazil, and yet they exhibit 
 in an extreme form the Mongoloid character which mikes America to the anthro- 
 pologist i)art and parcel of Asia. Looked at in this light, there is something 
 suggestive in our still giving to the natives of America the name of Indians ; the 
 idea of Columbus that the Oaribs were Asiatics was not so absurd after all. 
 
 It is perhaps hardly needful now to protest ngainal stretching tlie generulLsation 
 of American uniformity too far, and taking literally Humboldt's saying th«t he who 
 has seen one American has seen all. 'J"he common character of American tribes, 
 from Hudson's Bay to Tierra del Fuego, though more homogeneous than on any other 
 tract of the world of similar extent, admits of wide subvariation. How to dis- 
 tinguish and measure this subvariation is a problem in which anthropology has 
 only reached unsati.sfactory results. 'Jlie broad distinctions which are plainly seen 
 are also those which are readily defined, such as the shape of the nose, curve of the 
 lips, or the projection of the cheek-hones. But all who have compared such American 
 races as Aztecs and Ojibwas must be sensible of extreme diiliculty in measuring the 
 proportions of an average facial type. The attempt to give in a single pair of portraits 
 a generalised national type has been tried — for instance, in the St. Petersburg set of 
 models of races at the Iixhibiticn of 18(i2. But done merely by eye, as they were, they 
 were not so good as well-chosen individual portraits. It would be most desirable that 
 Mr. Francis Gallon's method of photographs, superposed so as to combine a group of 
 individuals into one generaliae<l portrait, should have a thorough trial on groups of 
 Iroquois, Aztecs, Caribs, and other tribes who are so far homogeneous in feature as to 
 lend themselves to form an abstract portrait. A set of American races thus 'galton- 
 ised' (if I may coin the term) would very likely be .so distinctive as to be accepted in 
 anthropology. Craniological measurement has been largely applied in America, 
 
 the tribes from Cape Horn to Canada mor? or less approxi- 
 the contrary set forth in chap. 20 of Wilson's ' Prehistoric 
 ges and Ilamy, 'Crania P^thnica.' American crania really 
 
 ipplied 
 
 which the skulls of all 
 
 mate,' will find facts to the contrary set forth in chap. 'ZV oi vv iisons • rreiusvonc 
 Man,' and in Quatrefages and Ilamy, 'Crania P^thnica.' American crania really 
 difl'er so much that the hypothesis of successive migrations has been brought into 
 account for the brachycephalic skulls of the mound-builders as compared with living 
 Indians of the district. Among minor race-divisions, as one of the best 
 established may be mentioned that which in this district brings the Algonquin 
 and Iroquois together into the dolichocephalic division; yet even here some 
 divide the Algonquins into two groups by their varying breadth of skull. W'hat 
 may be the interpretation of the cranial evidence as bearing on the American 
 pro'blem it would be premature to say ; at present all that can be done is to syste- 
 matise facts. It is undisputed that the Esquimaux in their complexion, hair, and 
 
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 fnHtiiro approxiinatH to the Mi)np)loi(l typ« of Nortli Asia; but wlion ilcnmeH to 
 criiiUHl meiwun'mt'Ht tli i.dqiiiiuiiiix willi i\mr tinrrowor okiillH, wIioho proportion 
 of broiidlh to leiijyth is only 70 to 80, are far from coiiformiii^ to tl»«» Ijroad-Hkiillfd 
 t vpo of North Asia'", louf^oloiiln, wlioue ttvorajye index in toward H5. Of tliisdivur- 
 ^'ence I have no (txpi..iiaiion tootftT; it illa<4tratuM thu ditUcultiua which have to hi> 
 met by a young anti imperft'ot Hcit'nc»>. 
 
 To clwar tho obscurity of rac»>-pn»l)h'mH, as vifwod from tht> anatomical Ntandinjf 
 point, we naturally seek the ht'lj) of language. Of late years the anthropology of 
 the Old World has had uvor-ini-rfasing help iVom comparative philology. In Hiich 
 investigations, when the philologist seeks a connet'tion Ix'tween the language."* of 
 distant regions, ho endeavours to e.stahlish both a common stock of words and a 
 common grammatical structure. I'or instance, this most perfect proof of connec- 
 tion hat* been lately adduced by Mr. U. H. Co<lriiigton in support of tho ^'ww tliat 
 the Melanesians and Polynesians, much as thoy ditler in skin and hair, speak lan- 
 guages which belong to a common stock. A more adventurous theory is that of 
 Ijenormant and Sayce, that the old Chaldean language is coimected with the 
 'i'atar group ; yet oven here there is an ii priori case ba.sed at once on aiudogies of 
 dictio:iary and grammar. The comparative method becomes much weaker when 
 few or no words can be claimed as similar, and the whole burden of proof has to be 
 borne by similar modes of word-formation aiul syntax, as, for example, in the re- 
 searches of Aymonier and Keane tending to trac'e tins .Malay group of languages into 
 connection with the Khmer or Cambodian. Within America the philologist Ui*es 
 with success the strong method of combined dictionary and grammar in order to 
 detine his great language-groujw, such as the Algonquin extending from Hudson's 
 liay to Vh'ginia, the Athapascan from Hudson's JJay to New Mexico, both crossing 
 Canada in their vast range. But attempts to trace analogies between lists of 
 words in Asiatic and American languages, tliough they may have shown some 
 similarities deserving further inquiry, have hardly proved an amount of corre- 
 spondence beyonil what chance coincidence would be capable of producing. Thus 
 when it comes to judging of allinities Iwjtween the great .Xmerican language-families, 
 or of any of them with the Asiatic, there i.s oidy the weaker method of structure 
 to fall back on. Here the J<]s(juimaux analogy seems to be with North Asiatic 
 languages. It would be defined as agglutinative-sutlixing, or, to put the definition 
 practi(!ally, an Esquimaux word of however portentous length is treated by looking 
 out in the dictionary the first syllable or two, which will ])e the root, the rest 
 being a string of modifying .sutlixes. The Esquimaux thus presents in an exaggerated 
 form the characteristic structure of the vast L'ral-Altaic or Turanian grouj) of 
 Asiatic languages. In studying American hingunges as a whole, the first step is to 
 discard the generalisation of Duponceau as to the American languages from Oreen- 
 Innd to Cape Horn being united together, and distinguished from those of other 
 parts of the world, by a common character of polysynthetism, or combining whole 
 sentences into words. The real divergences of structure in American language- 
 families are brought clearly into view in the two dissertations of Mon.s. Lucien 
 Adam, which are the most valuable papers of the (Jongres International des 
 Americanistes. Making sjjecial examination of sixteen languages of North and 
 South America, Adam cont' ^rs these to belong to a number of independent or 
 irreducibla families, as thev would have been, he says, ' had there been primitively 
 several human couples.' It may be worth suggesting, however, that the task of 
 the philologer is to exhaust every possibility of discovering connections between 
 languages before falling back on the extreme hypothesis of independent origins. 
 These American language-families have grammatical tendencies in common, which 
 suggest original relationship, and in some of these even correspond with languages 
 of other regions in a way which may indicate connection rather than chance. 
 For instance, the distinction of gender, not by sex as male and female, but by 
 life as animate and inanimate, is familiar in the Algonquin group ; in Cree 
 muskemn = shoe (mocassin) makes its plural mu.'ikesind, while cikwai/H = ^yoin&n 
 (squaw) makes its plural eskwaywuk. Now, this kind of gender is not peculiar to 
 Amf-rica, but appears in South- East Asia, as for instance in the Kol languages of 
 Uengal. In that Asiatic district also appears the habit of infixing, that is, of 
 
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niodifviiiR repots or words by the insertion of a letter or syllable, 8oraewh..t a^ the 
 niikotn liiii>rua(ru mmTts a pronoun within the verb-root it.self,or aHtliat ivnmrkable 
 lai)guu)i:.s the Chocta, alters its verbs by insertions ol'a still more vii.K-nt charaet.r. 
 Ajriiin, the distinction Ix-tween the inclusive and e.xcilusive pronoun iw, aoeordiiiir 
 as 11 means ' you aii.l I' or ' tb- and I." Sec. (the want of wliieb is perhni.s u 
 dele'M in Mn>rlisli), is as familiar to tlie .Maori as to the Ojibwa. Whether the 
 lanjr.Mif^es of the Aineri(;aii triln>s be rej^arded as ilerivtul from Asia or as H.marate 
 developments, tlieir lonj; existence on the American continent seems un(|uestioii- 
 able. Hail they been the tonpriies of tribes come within a short time by Uchrinirs 
 .Straits, we sliould have exiK-ctod them to show clear connection with the ton^'ueH 
 of their lundred left behind in Asia, just as the Lapp in Europe, whose ancestors 
 have been separated for tliousaiids of years fiom tlie ancestors of tue Ostyak or x\\t' 
 Turk, still shows in his sjieech the traces of their remote kinship. The problem 
 bow tribes 80 snuilar in physical type and cuilure as the AlpuKpiins, Iro(iuois, 
 Sioux, and .Athapascans, should luljoin one another, yet speakiiifj^ lungua^'es so 
 separate, is only soluble by intliiences which have hud a lonjj: period of time to 
 work in. 
 
 The comparirvm of peoples according to their social framework of family aiul 
 t.ibe has been assuniing more and more importance since it was brought forward 
 by B-xchofen, McLennan, and Morgan. One of its broadest distinctions comes into 
 view within the Dominion of Canada. The Ksquimaux are patriarchal, the fatlirr 
 being head of tlie family, and descent and inheritance following the male line. 
 Jiut the Indian tribt»s further south are largely ni' triarchal, reckoning desi-cnt 
 not on the father's but the mother's side. In fact, it was through Ixicomitig an 
 adont(>d Iroquois that Morgan became aware of this system, so foreign to Muropeau 
 ideas, and which ho su^jposed at first to be an isolated peculiarity. No less a 
 person than Herodotus had fallen into the same mistake over two thousand years 
 ago, when he tbought the Lykiaiis, in taking the'r names from their mo*liers,'were 
 unlike all otbe" men. It is now, however, an accepted matter of anthro])ology, 
 that in Herodotus' time nations of the civilised world hud passtd through this 
 matriarchal stage, as appears from the survivals of it retained in the midst of 
 their newer patriarchal institutions. For instance, among the Arabs to this day, 
 strongly patriarchal as tlieir society is in most respects, tiierci survives that 
 most matriarcbal idea that one's nearest ndative is not one's father but one's 
 maternal uncle; he is bound to his sister's children by a 'closer and holier tie* 
 than ])atcrnity, as Tacitus says of the same conception among the ancient German.s. 
 Obviously great interest attaches to any accounts of existing tribes which preserve 
 for us the explanation of such social phenomena. >^ome of the most instructive nf 
 these are too new to have yet found their wuy into our treatises on early 
 institutions; they are accounts lately published by Dutch ofHcials among the imn- 
 Islamised daiis of Sumatra and Java. G. A. Wilken, ' Over de Verwantschap 
 en bet Iluwelijks en Erfrecht bij de Volken van den Indiselien Archipel,' summar- 
 ises tbe account ])ut on record by Van Ilasselt as to the life c)f tht Malays of the 
 Padaiig Highlands of Mid-Sumatra, who are known to reprt'sent an early Malay 
 })opulation. Among these people not only kinship, but habitation follows absolutely 
 tbe female line, so that the numerous dwellers in one great house are all cimnected 
 by descent i'roiu one mother, one generation above another, children, then moihers 
 and maternal uncles and aunts, tlien grandmothers and maternal great-uncles and 
 great-aunts, &c. There are in each district several suku or mother-clans, between 
 persons born in which marriage is forbidden. Here then appear the two well- 
 ifnown rules of female descent and exogamy, but now we come into view of the 
 remarkable state of society, that though marriage exists, it does not form the 
 household. The woman remains in the maternal bouse she was born in, and the muii 
 remains in his ; his position is that of an authorised visitor ; if he will, he may 
 come over and help her in the rice-field, but he need not ; over the children he has 
 no control whatever, and were he to presume to order or chastise them, thnir 
 natural guardian, the mother's L»rother (mavmk), would resent it as an atl'ront. 
 The law of female descent and its connected rules have as yet been mostly studied 
 among the native Americans and Australians, where they have evidently under- 
 
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 ;rono mufh moflificRtion. TliuB 160 yearo aj^o Father linfitRU mentions that the 
 hui<l)atul iiml wilu, wliilc in fact moving into onu iiiintht>r'H hut, or mtttiii^ up u 
 i)t>w on*', Mill kt'pt u|> tho matriau-hul idea by tht« li'-tiou that ni>ithor ht> nor nhu 
 nuittt'd tht'ir own nmt«rnal hou^o. Jlut in tin* Sumiitni district just rofwrriHl to, 
 til)* niatriiirciial HVNttuu may Htill ho sron in actual * \iMt«MK>t>, in a nioHt ('.xlrenin and 
 prohahlv early iorin. If, h'd hy such now evidfuco, we h)oIc at the map of the 
 world Irom thia point of view, there diHcdoM««H itwdf a remnrkahle fact of aucial 
 jrtntj^raphy. It in He<>n that matrian hal exof^ainouH society, that is, Hociety with 
 t'ciuale dt>^<ct>n^ and juohihitioii of nuirria;ro within the clan, doen not crop up hem 
 and th(*H', as if it worti an iMolatcd invention, but characteriHCH a wholo va.tt rep^ion 
 of the world. If the Malay district bo taken as a centre, the Hystem of inlor- 
 nmrryinj,' niother-clnnH may be followed westward into Ania, ainon^ the (biros and 
 other hill tribes of India, luist ward from the Indian AnrhijHilajro it pcrvath's th« 
 Molanesian islands, with renniins in Tolynesia ; it prevails widely in Australia, 
 and stretches north and south in the .Vmericas. This inuuense district repro*'ents 
 an ar"a of lower culture, where niatriarchalism has only in places yiolded to the 
 patriarchal system, which develops with the idea of property, and which, in the 
 other and more civilistnl half of the plobe, has carried all before it, only showing' in 
 isolated spots and by relics of custom the former e:^i»tence of matriarchal society. 
 Su(;h a preoyrraphical view of the matriarchal le^rion mn'.(es intellif^ible facts which 
 while not thus seen together were most nuz/.lintJr- When ye»rs ajfo Sir (Jeorf^e 
 (iruy studied the customs of the Australians, it seemed to him a sinp'ular co- 
 iuciaence that a man whose maternal family name was Kon^'aroo mi^fbt not 
 marry a woman of the same name, ju>t as if he had been a llurim of the I tear or Turtle 
 totem, prohibited accordin^rly fn)m taUin^f a wife of t he same. Hut when we have 
 the fiutts more completely before us, Australia and Canada are seen to be only the 
 far ends of a world-distru't pervaded by these ideas, and the problem becomes such 
 a one as naturalists ai-e quite accustomed to. Though Montreal and Melbourne 
 are far apart, it may be that in prehistoric times they were both connected with 
 Asia by lines of social institution as real as those which in modern times connect 
 them through Europe. Though it ia only of late that this problem of ancient 
 society has received the attention it deserves, it is but fair to mention how long 
 ago its scientific study began in the part of the world where we are assembled. 
 Father Lafitan, whose ' Mcours des Sauvages Am(5riquain8 ' was published in 1724, 
 carefully describes among the Iroquois and Ilurons the system of kinship to which 
 Morgan has since given the name of ' ola.'*sificatory,' where the mother's sister^ are 
 reckoned as mothers, and so (m. It is remarkable to lind this acute Jesuit mission- 
 ary already pointing out bow the idea of the husband being an intruder in hia 
 wife's house bears on the pretence of surreptitiousness in marriage among the 
 Spartans. lie even rationally interprets in tins way a custom which to us seems 
 fantastic, but which is a mo.st serious observance among rude tribes widely spread 
 over the world. A usual form of this custom is that tlie husband and his parenta- 
 in-law, e.specially his mother-in-law, consider it shameful to speak to or look at one 
 another, hiding themselves or getting out of the way, at least in pretence, if they 
 meet. The comic absurdity of these scenes, such as Tanner descnlies among the 
 Assineboins, disappears if they are to be understood as a legal ceremony, implying 
 that the husband lias nothing to do with his wife's fandly. To this part of th3 
 world also belongs a word which has been more effective than any treatise in 
 bringing the matriarchal system of society into notice. This is the term tofejn, 
 introduced by Schoolcraft to describe the mother-clans of the Algonquins, named 
 ' Wolf,' ' liear,' Sec. Unluckily the word is wrongly made. Professor Max Midler 
 has lately called attention to the remark of the (/'anadian philologiat Father Cuoo 
 (N. O. Ancien Missionnaire), that the word is properly o^e, meaning 'family mark, 
 possessive ofem, and with the personal pronoun 7nnd ofetn, ' my family mark,' kit 
 otem, * thy family mark.' It may be seen in Schoolcraft's own sketch of Algonquin 
 grammar how he erroneously made from theee a word totem, and the question 
 ought perhaps to be gone into in this section, whether the term had best be kept up 
 or amended, or a new terra substituted. It is quite worth while to discuss the 
 name, considering \ hat an important question of anthropology ia inyolved in the 
 
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Sn»titution It flxprpMOM. In tlils n-ffion tlioro w«r« f,»iind I'.xnu.U, AlKoiuiuiiwn, 
 DttUotttM, Bojmnit.f III laiimr , , nixl y.-l wliow* hcm-IuI lilVj w.i.- r.-^uliii.Ml |,y lUb 
 nmtriiirclial toU^m Mtrm-turt). May it not b« iiif..irn.l from micIi a ntuin of ibii.j^s, 
 that Horiiil iiiHlitutioiiN form a <W|t««r-lyin(jr mI«iii.miI in man tliun laii^^uajjo or even 
 payMJcal rac-lyiM!? 'riiin i.s a prolji,.in wliii!'.! pro-.-nts it,s..lf fi,. swrioiu diHCiMHioa 
 wlion tbo uvitleiu'o can b« brought uiori' coinph'tcly tof/«tb«r. 
 
 It Ih obviuiiM tbiil in t\\\n Njufiibifi.in. hh in oUht jirobb'tnH ni w nn-Ncntinff 
 tbt>ni««lvoH in antbropoh.f^y, tb.' (jiu'stioii of tbi' uiitiijuitj of iimn li..« m tlut baniH, 
 O^bito no gri'iit |»ro;fre88 lian bc«n nuulf toward living.' a seal.) of calciibition of tbo 
 biiinitn jwriod, but tbo aixiuii.'iil.s m to linif ro.juiivd for iiU.'riiti.m.s in vaMny- 
 htvelH, clianK<'H of fauna, I'vohitioii of riwon, biii^rnaK''«, and ciillure, sih'iii to 
 convtiiyo nioro con(!lu.siv.ly tbun evor toward a latnian jicriod Mbort ind»'ed ns a 
 fraction cd" ^^oobi^^ical time, but b)n>,- a^ comparod witb biMt)rical or cbronob.>i(i«:al 
 timo. VV'bibt, bowovor, it ih f.dt tbat Icnj^lh of timo in'nd not dobar the anliiro- 
 polojiriMt from bypotbc'st'H of (b-ytdopmcnt ami nii^'nilion, tbiTt- is nmro caution as 
 to awHiimplioUH of millions of yeurH wbcro no ariiiinn'ticul liafin cNistM, and li'.-8 
 tondoncy^ to treat i'V»'rytbiii(r probistoric iin ut'ccHsurily of cxtri'ine antitiuity, 
 Hncb iiH, for iiiMlancf, tin- Swifs bikn-dwdlin^jM and tbo Central Anicrican tt'iiipbis. 
 Tborw are curtain probbiins of Anii'ii(;:ui anlbropolo^ry wbicli aro not tbi- b'«8 
 interoBting for involving no coiiMdi'iations of bigb antiijnity; indeed tiiov bave the 
 advanlago of lu-ing witiiin tbo clieck of bi8ti)ry, tb >ugb not tbonieelvos belonging 
 to it. 
 
 llnmholdl'rt argument as to traces of Asiatic inlluonce in Mexico is one of tlave. 
 Tbo four agort in tbo Aztec pictiire-writingH, ending with cataHtropbes of llie four 
 tdementa, earth, lire, air, water, compared by him with the f-ame Hcbenie amm-g 
 tbo HanyanHof 8urat, is a wtrong piece of evidence which would become yet stronger 
 if the Hindu book could be found from which the account is declared to have been 
 taken. Not loss cogent is his comparison of tbo zodiacs or calendar-cycles of 
 Mexico and Central America with those of Kastern Asia, such as tbat by which 
 tiio Jaiianeso reckon the Sixty -y.-ar cycle by combining the elements wsriatim with 
 the twelve animals, Mouse, IJuU, Tiger, Hare, itc. ; tbo present year is, 1 suppose, 
 the second water-ape year, and t!ie time of da^ Is the gout-liour. ilnmlMddts case 
 may bo reinforced by tlio consideration of the magical oinphiyment of these zodiacs 
 in the Old and New World. Tbo (ieecriplion ol a Mexican astrologer, sent for to 
 make the avnuigomeiits for a luarriiigo by comparing the zodiac animals of the 
 birthdays of bride and bridegroom, might have been written almost exactly of the 
 Hiodern Kalmuks; and in tact it seems connected in origin with similar rules in 
 our own books of astrology. Magic is of groat value in thus tracing communication, 
 direct or indirect, botwooii distant nations. The power of lasting and travelling 
 which it possesses may bo instanced by the rock-pictures from tlio sacred lloches 
 I'ercoes of Manitoba, sketched by Dr. J)aw8oii, and published in bis father's 
 volume on ' Fossi. Man,' with the proper caution that the pictures, or some of 
 them, may bo modern. Jiosides tho nub' pictures of doer and In iians and their 
 huts, one sees with surprise a pentigram more neatly drawn than that defective one 
 which lot Mepbistopbeles pass b'aust's threishold, though it kept the demon in wdien 
 ho bad got there. Whether the Indians of Manitoba learnt tbo magic (igiire from 
 the white man, or whether the white man did it himself ui jest, it proves a line of 
 intercoui'se stretching back 2,500 years to the time when it, was lirst drawn as a 
 geometrical diagram of the scliool of Pythagoras. To return to Humboldt's argu- 
 ment, if there was communication from Asia to Mexico before the Spanish Con- 
 quest, it ought to have brought other things, and no things travel more easily than 
 games. I noticed some yoai-s ago that the Aztecs are described by the old Spanish 
 writers as playing a game called patolli, where they moved stones on the squares 
 of a cross-shaped mat, according to the throws of beans marked on one side. The 
 description mmutely corresponds with tlie Hindu game of pavhisi, played in like 
 manner with cowries instead of beans; this game, which is an early variety of 
 backgammon, is well known in Asia, whence it seems to have found its way into 
 America. From Mexico it passed into Stmora and Zacatecas, much broken down 
 but retaining its name, and it may be traced still further into the game of plum- 
 
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 stones among the Iroquois and other trihes. Now, if the prohahilily be granted 
 that these various American notions came from Asia, their importation would nut 
 have to do with any remotely ancient connection between the two continents. The 
 Hindu elemenb-catastrophes, the h^ast Awiatic zodiac-calendars, the game of back- 
 gammon, seem none of tlu^m extremely old, and it may not be a thousand years 
 since they reached America. These are oases in which we may reasonably suppoise 
 communication by seafarers, perhaps even in some of those junlis which are broufriit 
 across so often by the ocean-current and wrecked on the Oalifornian coast. lu 
 connection with ideas borrt)wed from Asia tliere arises the question. How did the 
 Mexicans and Peruvians become possessed of bronze ? Seeing how im])erfectly it 
 had established itself, not even dispossessing the stone implements, 1 have long 
 believed it to be an Asiatic inii)ortation of no great antiquity, and it is with great 
 satisfaction that I find such an authority on prehistoric arclieeology as Professor 
 Worsaae comparing the bronze iiuplenients in China and Japan with those of Mexico 
 and Peru, and declaring emjihatically his opinion that bronze was a modern novelty 
 introduced into America. W'iiilo these items of Asiatic culture in America are so 
 localised as to agree best with the hypothesis of communication far south across 
 the Pacific, there are others which agree best with the routes far north. A remark- 
 able piece of evidence pointed out by General Pitt-Uivers is the geographical distri- 
 bution of the Tatar or composite bow, which in constructioa is unlike the long-bow, 
 being made of several pieces spliced together, and which is bent backwards to 
 string it. This distinctly Asiatic form may be followed across tlie region of 
 JJehring's Straits into America among the Esquimaux and northern Indians, so tluit 
 it can hardly be doubted that its coming into America was by a northern line of 
 migration. This important movement in culture may have taken place in remotely 
 ancient times. 
 
 A brief account may now be given of the present state of information as to 
 movments of civilisation within the double continent of America. Conspicuous 
 among these is what may be called the north wai-d drift of civilisation, which comes 
 well into view in the evidence of botanists as to cultivated plants. Maize, thougli 
 allied to, and probably genetically connected with an Old World graminaceous 
 family, is distinctly American, and is believed by De Oandolle to have been brought 
 into cultivation in Peru, whence it was carried from tribe to tribe up into the 
 North. To see how closely the two continents are connected in civilisation, one 
 need only look at the distribution on both of maize, tobacco, and cacao. It is 
 admitted as probable that from tne Mexican and Central American region agri- 
 culture travelled northward, and became established among the native trites. 
 This direction may be clearly traced in a sketch of their agriculture, such as is 
 given in Mr. Lucien Carr's paper on the ' Mounds of the Mississippi Valley.' The 
 same staple cultivation passed on from place to place, maize, haricots, pumpkins, 
 for food, and tobacco for luxury. Agriculture among the Indians of the great 
 lakes is plainly seen +o have been an imported craft by the way in which it had 
 spread to some tribes but not to others. The distribution of the potter's art is 
 similarly partial, some tribes making good earthen vessels, while others still b( "led 
 meat in its own skin with hot stones, so that it may well be supposed that the 
 arts of m'owing corn and making ti\e earthen pot to boil the hominy cauie 
 together fro'^ the more civilised nations of the south. With this northward 
 drift of c! .lisation other facts harmonise. The researches of Buschuuinn, pub- 
 lished by the Berlin Academy, show how Aztec words have become eni])edded 
 in the languages of Sonora, New ^Mexico, and up the western side of the con- 
 tinent, wliich could not have spread tliere without Mexican intercourse extending 
 far north-west. This indeed has left many traces still discernible in the indus- 
 trial and decorative arts of the Pueblo Indians. Along the courses of this 
 northward drift of culture remain two remarkable series of structures probably 
 connected with it. The Casas Grandes, the fortified communal barracks (if I may 
 so call them) which provided house-room for hundreds of families, excited the 
 astonishment of the early Spanish explorers, but are only beginning to li(> 
 thoroughly described now that such districts as the Taos Valley have come within 
 reach by the railmadb aciobs to the Pacitic. The accounts of these villiigo-fortc 
 
 ■Mi 
 
11 
 
 ami their iiiliabitniits, drtiwii up by Miij 
 I'lthnology, and .Mr. Puliiam, of tlu' IValjoil 
 
 jor J. W. Powell, of tlie liiircaii of 
 xly Miist'uin, (HhcIosc tlieold oomiuiiiiistif! 
 society surviving- in modurn tiint's, in iustructivii comment on tho philosopliors who 
 are peeking to return to it. It would he premature in the prestuit state of inforuui- 
 ti(in to decide whether Mr. J. L. ,>rorgan, in his work on the ' Houses and House- 
 life of the American Aborigines,' has realised the conditions of the problem. It 
 is plausible to suppose with him a connection between the communal dwellings of 
 the Ameri(!an Indians, such as the Iroquois long-house with its many family 
 hearths, with the more solid buildings inhabited on a similar social principle 
 by tribes such as the Zunis of New jMexico. Morgan was so mucth a man of 
 genius, that his speculations, even when at variance with the general view of the 
 facts, are always suggestive^ This is the case with his attempt to account for the 
 organisation of the Aztec state as a highly-developed Indian tribal community, and 
 even to e.\i)lain the many-roonird stone palaces, as they are called, of (ientral 
 America, as being huge communal dwellings like those of the Pueblo Indians. I 
 will rot go further into the sul)ject here, hoping that it may be debated in the 
 Section by those far betttr ocquainted with the evidence. I need not, for the same 
 reason, do much more than mention the mound-builders, nor enter larjiely on the 
 literature which has grown up about them since the pubhcatiim of the works 
 of Squier and Davis. Now that the idea of their being a separate race of high 
 antiquity has died out, and their earthworks with the implements and ornaments 
 found among them are brought into comparison with those of other tribes of the 
 country, they have settled into representatives of one of the most notable stages of 
 the northward drift of culture among the indigenes of America. 
 
 ( 'oncluding this long survey, we come to the practical question how the stimulus 
 of the present meeting may be used to promote anthropolosry in Canada. It is not 
 as if the work were new here, indeed some of its best evidence has been gathered 
 on this ground from the days of the French missionaries of the seventeenth century. 
 Naturally, in this part of the country, thH rudimentary stages of thought then to be 
 A)und among the Indians have mostly disappeared. For instance, in the native 
 ('once))tions of souls and spirits the crudest animistic ideas were in full force. 
 Dreams were looked on as real events, and the phantom of a living or a dead man 
 .'*een in a dream was considered to be that man's personality and life, that is, his 
 soul. Beyond this, by logical extension of the same train of thought, every aninuil 
 or plant or object, inasmuch as its phantom could be seen away from its material 
 l)ody in dreams or visions, was held to have a soul. No one ever found this primi- 
 tive conception in more perfect form than Father Lallemant, who describes in the 
 ' Relations des Jesuites' (16:?0), how, when the Indians buried kettles and furs 
 with the dead, the bodies of these things remained, but the souls of them went to 
 the dead men who used them. So Father Le Jeune describes the souls, not only 
 of men and animals, but of hatchets and kettles, crossing the water to the Great 
 Village out in the sunset. The genuineness of this idea of object-souls is proved by 
 other hidependent explorers finding them elsewhere in the world. Two of the 
 accounts most closely tallying with the American, come from the Rev. Dr. Mason, 
 in Birma, and the Bev. J.' Williams, in Fiji, That is to say, the most characteristic 
 development of early animism belongs to 'the same region as the most characteristic 
 development of matriarchal society, extending from south-east Asia into Melanesia 
 and Polynesia, and North and South America. Everyone who studies the history 
 of human thought must see the value of such facts as these, and the importance of 
 gathering them up among the rude tribes who preserve them, before they pass into 
 a new stage of culture. AH who have read Mr. Hale's studies on the Hiawatha 
 legend and other Indian folklore, must admit that the native traditions, Avith their 
 fragments of real history, and their incidental touches of native religion, ought never 
 to be left to die out unrecorded. In the Dominion, especially in its outlyhig districts 
 toward the Arctic region and over the Kocky Mountains, there is an enormous muss 
 of anthropological material of high value to be collected, but this collection must 
 be done within the next generation, or there will be little left to collect. The small 
 group of Canadian anthropologists, able and energetic as they are, can manage and 
 control this work, but cannot do it all theiusolvea. What is wanted is a Canadiau 
 
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 Anthropological Society with a atranj^er organisation than yet exists, able to 
 arranj^e explorations in promising districts, to circulate questions and requirements 
 among the proj)er people in the proper places, and to lay a new burden on 
 the shoulders of the already hard-worked proffssional men, and other educated 
 settlers through the newly-opened country, by making them investigators of local 
 antliopology. The Canadian Gnveriunent, which has well deserved the high repu- 
 tation It holds throughout the world for wisdom and liberality in dealing with the 
 native tribes, may reasonably be asked to support more thorough exploration, and 
 collection and publication of the results, in friendly rivalry with the United States 
 Government, which has in this way fully acknowledged the obligation of makinsr 
 the colonisation of new lands not only promotive of national wealth, but service- 
 able to ecience. It is not for me to do more here, and now, than to suggest 
 practical steps toward this end. My laying before the Section so diffusive a sketch 
 of the problems of anthro])ology as they present themselves in the Dominion, has 
 been with the underlying intention of calling public notice to the important scien- 
 tific work now standing ready to (Canadian hands ; the undertaking of which it is 
 to be hoped will be one outcome of this visit of the British Association to Montreal. 
 
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