•a Ml -a. V si Jl u to z >a a. to a < I a d 1/5 (\ A R Acr: () [• p\ (; M i ]:s WAS IDl N [; N ^ ' ! V n I A }^^ '. x! R y\ A .X i ) S 1 ' .'\ 1 ;^, O.W V/A ,N rs III-' PKi)!''''.\::iij^s lli^ilfim], ,'.,nr,' i.Vi S"!.ikH VAP2HS ON UfHBR SUBJFi:rS }<. < ;, I i .A f ! i :! < Ti ^;^; I , . ^(,.•• .■ , :. ' :.Vt :■■■ (.. '..Vr. ■. .( r-'i \,.i . - .'51/. ! » (V: 'U'l' ..-Ao tV.S!: • y^i■:;^■ (■-,, ... > V SI »S-. . ! JWITi!!). 1 ^ u -1 ;:' 1 ■5* y. / (^r A -i HOW A RACE OF PYGMIES WAS FOUND IN North Africa and Spain WITH COMMENTS OF PROFESSORS VIRCHOW, SAYCE, AND STARR AMD PAPERS ON OTHER SUBJECTS BY R. G. HALLIBURTON Q.C, D.C.L., Medallis of Ninth Congress of Orientalists (1891), F.R.G.S., Fellow of the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries, Copenhagen ; Fellow of American Association for the Advance- ment of Science; Cor. Mem. of Canadian Institute, the Giographical Society of Lisbon, and La Sociiti: Kidiviale de Geographic, Cairo, Egypt. Toronto Printed for Private Circulation by The Arbuthnot Bros, Company, Limited. 1897. Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand eight hundred and ninety-seven, by Robert Grant Haliburton, in the office of the Minister of Agriculture. I 4 1 "EXTRACTS FROM MR. HALIBURTON'S WRITINGS."'.) By Professor Virchow. "the dwarf races of morocco and SPAIN. " The writings which have come to my hand consist of a somewhat large num- ber of shorter and longer communications, which in a somewhat varied manner, partially in clironological order, partially in the order of matter, give the testi- monies obtained respecting the existence of dwarf races, or, as the writer says, of ' racial dwarfs,' in the Atlas country. A copious re-statement of these testimonies, which must have been of great value, since the writer had yet to combat with the unbelief of his countrymen, appears for the present unnecessary, since a large number of unexpected testimonies have come up to vouch for the correctness of his state- ments. Of course it was long before a kind of certainty had been acquired, for after the writer first learned through a man from Sus of the existence of ' a small people ' in southern Morocco, it was almost ten [six ?] years before a European became convinced, through autopsy, that the question related not merely to a few scattered dwarfs, but to a whole tribe. Many a credible statement had already drawn attention to a desert district situated on the south side of the Great Atlas, between the Dra Valley and the Sahara, separated from Sus by the Lesser Atlas, and which is called by a peculiar name, 'Akka.' The people there were also called by that name long before Schweinfurth's attention had been drawn to the Akka on the Upper Nile. Here it may be added that, according to other statements, the western Akka belong to the tribe Ait Wakka. . . . The small Haritin are called Baraka, also Ulad Mebrok, while the name Nezeegan is said to be used only in connection with the dwarf tribe which inhabits the town Nezeeg, near Sus. " Mr. Halibufton did not go into this region, which seems to be inaccessible on account of the turbulent character of its population. Mr. Harris, with Mr. Cun- ninghame Graham, followed up the statements of the Scotch Mission (at Morocco City), and he succeeded in getting sight of fourteen dwarfs in Amzmiz. His report in The Morocco Times of 26th January, 1893, is reproduced in The Academy of 19th August, of the same year. Amzmiz is a town on the way to Mogador, only two days' journey distant from the capital. In the neighborhood is found the tomb of a saint, Mulai Ibrahim, to which the people resort from, a distance. Here some explorers saw the small folk, men and women, who were bathing naked in the holy stream. It appears, however, that not a single European has entered the land of the dwarfs yet. " The statements of all eye-witnesses as to the physical condition of these dwarfs agree. Their height is given as 4 ft. 6 in. from 4 ft. 2 in. ; also ' not higher than four feet.' 'The women are the size of a little girl; men with beards, that of a small boy.' They have a peculiar reddish complexion ' like that of the Redskins of America'; quite different from that of the Moors, Arabs, blacks, etc., according (i) Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellsehaft fur Anthropologle, Etbnologle und Urgeshlchte ; Redlget von R. Virchow, SItzung von so Jull, 1895. (15) I i6 •• Extracts from Mr. Haliuurton's Writings." t«» others of a ' mahog.iny color.' They arc broad and muscular ; tlicir hair is ■ crisp and curly.' ' short, woolly, like that of the blacks.' In appearance they are so much alike that it is dil)icult to distin({uish one from the other. They speak tlie Shilhach lanRUaRC of southern Morocco (Schloh), but with klicks. A cording to one statement there arc said to be more than 1,000 of them at the River Uora (or Didu): in other places 1,500, etc. As Leo Africanus calls Ura ' Dara,' the writer thinks that the Darae, or Gaetnli Darao. who are said lo have live' on the Steppes of the (ireat .Xtl.'is, and who were regarded as bclonKinp to the Libyan race, may have been related to them. " I pass over the statements respecting names of places and tribes, which nearly every witness has given somewhat ^liflfercntly. The f.ict that south, and to some extent on the heights of the Atlas a dwarf race is living, that has woolly hair and a reddish complexion, seems to be beyond doubt ; and we must certainly give the credit of that discovery to Mr. Haliburton, who first proved the existence of these dwarfs. " IHK RUINS OF FOUNT IN DRA VAI.I.KY. " A special interest is due to the discovery of these dwarfs through the manifold references which the writer has tried to harmonize with old Egyptian traditions, an endeavor in which no less an authority than Professor Sayce stands by him. " Mr. Haliburton found that the old Egyptian god ' Didoo,' which Brugsch is said to have called a Nubi-Libyan Deity, must have originated south of the Atlas, where rivers and tribes bear the name (the River Dirt, or Didan, Ait Didi, .\it Hedidoo. .\it Doodoon, Did, a source river of the Dra, and the River Didoo, or Dora). The god Didoo-Osiris is said to be known in that region as Didoo-Isiri, and in the Dra Valley are said to be found the ruins of an old town of image-wor- shippers called by the natives Ta-Pount, also Anibna Didoo (the Town of Didoo). Thus the query arose : Should ' the Holy land of Fount ' of the Egyptians be looked for here, and not at the Indian Ocean ? "The statements of Mr. Haliburton about Ta-Punt (Arab, Tabount) are some- what obscure. It appears that the ruins lie m the upper Dra Valley, in the district of Warzazat. In them are found small figures with horse or bull heads, which arc called Beni Mahkerbu, Beni Hazor, and Beni Kerbu ; and also Patiki, just as the small people are called. These figures are said to be 18 inches to 2 feet high, half human, half animal, some with the body of a human being, and the head of an ape, or dog. The small people adore Didoo-Isiri. In ancient times there was a treasure of gold buried in Fount. " Professor Sayce reminds us that Schiaparelli discovered a grave near Contra-Syene. in which an inscription says that Hurkhuf. therein buried, had been sent by Pepi II. (sixth dynasty) on ah expedition to the south, and that he had brought back from the king of Ammaan, among many other kinds of gifts, ' a Dcnga dwarf from out of the Land of the Holy Spirits, who could dance divinely, like the Denga dwarf which the late Chancellor Urdudu brought from the Land of Fount in the time of King Assa (sixth dynasty).' This expedition was one thou- sand years earlier than that of Hannu, which itself is to be placed one thousand years before the celebrated expedition of Queen Hatasu. The latter, however, took quite a different direction from that of Hannu, which was towards the west, ' The Holy West.' ' The Land of Truth.' (2) "Already Bunsen searched for this Put or Fount in Mauritania. (3) Mr. Halibur- (2> A very malformed dwarf, named " Wambutti," which was reported to be a Mogrebin, aeeompanled the KToap of Denka blacks exhibited In Berlin In 1889. ((3) Until Ebers suijgested that Fount was situated in the far East, Fount, Fut, or Phut, was held to be connected with Libya, and, according to Bunsen, "is admitted to mean, in the strictest sense, Mauritania." J. G. Matter, in hit Die Semiten, says, " The old suggestion that Put refers to the Libyans Is confirmed by ChampolUoo, mod also by Bunsen (L, 572)."— R. G. H.] •• liXTKACTS 1-KOM Mk. HaLIUUUTON's WkITINGS." «7 ton brings also the story of Jonah and the Perseus Mytluis in connection witli that country. " In Ta-l'unt is said to be tlie grave of ' the l-'at gueen ' lileina, or Ulenia Mcna. Kvcn now the dwarfs of llie Dra Valley are called i'uiii, or (Ju Meiia (' Mena piM.i)lc'). Two Uafur blacks, whom the writer saw in Cairo, spoke of Tu I'ount and lllcMia Mcna ; and the name Uidoo inspired them with dread. (He docs not recall the Carthaginian Dido). "DWARK SURVIVALS IN SPAIN. " Finally, Mr. Ilaliburton also claims that survivals of dwarfs exist in Spain, both in the Pyrenees and in oilier parts. He appeals to explorations of the British consul at Barcelona, Mr. Macpherson, who found in the eastern Pyrenees, in the Val de Ribas, people of i m. to 1.17 m. in height, copper-colored, with broad, tlat noses, and red hair, who are .ictive and robust, '■ Previous to that some similar statements had been made. An accurate descrip- tion of the people of the Val dc Ribas (Province of Gerona) is to be found in ' Kosmos," May, 1.S.S7. Macpherson found them, especially in the Collado de Tosas ; and he lays stress on the fact that they have often been considered to be cretins, but that both cretins and dwarfs arc found in that district. Their hair is described as bein^; ' maiiogany-colorcd wool.' "Unfortunately Mr. Ilaliburton from ill-health was prevented from confirming his conclusions as to them by personally en(|uiring on the spot as to these matters. " Prom the comments in the preccdiiiK paper, written by Herr von Lushan (on Mr. David Mac kitcliie's paper on • Pygmies in .Spain," in the International Archive for Ethnography) it seems very desirable that a specialist well versed in such matters (cretinism and dwarfism in the Pyrenees) should carefully enijuire iiUo this subject on the spot." (4) r(4) Mr. MacRltchle's visit only lasted two ortiiree days, as it was cut short by the state of the weather and of the roads. For the same reason he was unable to visit the village of Aledo, on the summit of a moun- tain near the railway from Carthagena to Grenada, which is inhabited by "little people" and Gypsies. The dwarfs live in houses resembling " weems," and built of large stones covered with earth. Their Industry, like that of some of the Atlas dwarfs, consists of making mats from Esparto grass. In 1892-3, Mr. Walter B Harris, author of " Tafilet," and other books of travel, was urged by me to make enquiries at the Val de Ribas, and I offered to pay the expenses of such a visit ; but he declined.— R.G.H.] COMMENTS OF PROFESSOR FREDERICK STARR. [An extract from " The i'ygmy Kacos of Men," North American Keview, Mar., itiijC.I " When De Quatrelagcs wrote his work in 1887, a presentation of the views of the ancients and a stiuly of African itigrillos and Asiatic iicgrilos was exliaustive mi tlie s'lbject of tlie pygmies. But now the (|uestion presents other phases. In 1888 and i8yi, in papers by Air. R. G. iiahburton, tlie existence of a race of dwarfs in tiie Atlas Mountains of southern Morocco was announced. A strangely acrimonious and personal discussion followed, which was prolonged through a number of years, it seems that now we must add a fifth — a Northern or Moroccan group to the four groups of .\frican pygmies already known. Mr. Ilaliburton, prevented by ill-health from journeying to these pygmies, lost no opportunity of securing information. From sixty-five diflferent persons he has se- cured a considerable mass of evidence. Villages or tribes of these Atlas dwarfs have been located in the districts of Akka and Sus, in the Dra Valley, in places to the south-east of Dra and at other points. A number of different names are applied to them — the Little Har.-»een, Akkas, Nezcegan, etc. They are reported to be about four feet high, with a reddish (" mahogany ") complexion and short woolly hair. They are active and brave. They often perform as acrobats, are ' good at single- stick,' and are ' skilled in hunting ostriches, the feathers and eggs of which they sell to Arab traders of the Sahara. They are not diligent at manual labor, but know cobbling, tinkering, etc. They are reported to use in ostrich hunting small, swift horses that are called " those that drink the wind.' These are fed on dates and camels' milk, and are lean and look worthless. These pygmies are said to use poisoned arrows. When at home they wear a woollen shirt embroidered at the front and back; red leather leggings that nearly come to the knee, and a knife with a curious crescent-shaped handle. They live on milk and camel-flesh ; the meat is pounded, salted, and packed away in go.atskins. A handful of this will suffice for a man's subsistence two days. Authorities differ in regard to the religious be- lief of these dwarfs ; quite possibly the populations really differ among themselves. Some are reputed to worship Didoo Osiri ; most of them are considered Christians or half-Christians, ' as they shave their faces and the front of their heads.' . . . The big neighbors of all these little people look upon them with curi- ously mingled feelings of reverence, dislike, and fear. ' They bring good luck and are not to be talked about.' They largely get their living by writing charms and telling fortunes; 'they know the sta's well'; and find money for people by writing on wooden slates. Such are the dwarfs of the Atlas. Is it not likely that their ancestors — and not those of the Akkas of Central Africa — are the dwarf Troglodytes, who, according to Herodotus, captured the five young Nasamonians ? On an Egyptian monument, peihaps four thousand years old, is a quaint picture of a dwarf with the word 'Akka'; before that picture was painted, perhaps a thousand years before, an inscription (discussed by Professor Sayce) tells of a Denga dwarf ' who danced divinely' like one that had been brought still earlier to King Assa of the fifth dynasty. These thre? dwarfs of Egyptian picture (18) Comments uf Professor Frederick Starr. »9 and inscription prubably came from this Atlas region, perhaps irom the very dis- trict calkU Akka to-day. 'i'iic rccurrcnci; ul tiiis iiami: Akka in two widely sepa- rated regions in connection witii dwarf peoples is interesting, and suggests ancient relationship between Scliweinfurtli's Central African and lialiburton's Moroccan dwarfs. " The iiuestion of dwarf races in Europe is now under discussion. The Roman anthropologist, Sergi, has found small skulls and skeletons in the old Kungaas of Russia, from the Chersonese to Novoladoga, and from Kasan and Astrakhan to Minsk. Remains of this same pygmy race have been found by him in ancient graves in bicily, Sardinia, and about Naples. This population was certainly shorter than the Mincopics of the .\ndanians, and was more like the nigrillos than the uegritos. Still more, both in Russia and in Italy he finds evidence of this pygmy folk in the living population. In this connection ne emphasizes the fact that in certain district! oi Italy from thirteen per cent, to sixteen per cent, of the persons examined by the recruiting officers fall below the required stature. He describes this European pygmy race as from 1.25 metres to 1.5 metres in height, with a brain capacity from 300 to 400 cubic centimetres less than the Italian average. Sergi suggests a theory in regard to this Italian and Russian population. lie believes in an early migra- tion of pygmies from Africa northward into the Mediterranean islands, Italy and eastern Europe, in May, 1894, Dr. Kollman, of Basel, Switzerland, called attention to little .skelttons and skulls found at Schweizerbild, near SchafFhausen. The skele- tons were apparently of Neolithic Age. Two kinds were found, some of ordinary sized individuals presenting the types still represented in Europe ; others were o( little people, averaging perhaps 1.4J4 metres in stature. Out of thirteen skeletons of adults found, four were small. Kollman believes these were the same as Sergi found further south. " Some years ago a Prof. Morayta wrote a paper concerning the Nanos of the Pyrenees. The paper attracted no attention, and perhaps was never printed in full. Mr. Ilaliburton learned of it, and has looked into the matter. " Morayta's description of Nanos is at times, almost word for word, the same as the description of cretins, as given by Baillarger and Krishaber in the Diction- naire Encyclopcdiquc des Sciences Medicales. It is not then strange that many have believed the Pyrenean dwarfs to be not a pygmy race, but cretins. It was neces- sary that some competent person should look into the question on the spot. Ac- cordingly, in May, 1894, Mr. David MacRitchie visited the region to look for Nanos. Bad weather compelled a short trip, but in four days he found eleven cases. Some of these were plainly cretinous. In concluding his article (Archiv. fur Ethnographie , Vol. VIII.), he says: ' I am inclined to regard them as the remnants of a race. Undoubtedly cretinism and goitre enter into the question. But of the eleven dwarfs whom I saw in the Ribas neighborhood, only two were affected with goitre. It is hard to believe that the little woman who figures first on my list owes her small stature and her other characteristics to the working of disease. .And if those peculiarities are simply the outward signs of cretinism, and if cretinism is due to environment, how comes it that other people, living exactly the same life, are absolutely free from any such defects of mind or body ?' Mr. Haliburton calls the cretin theory "hasty." He says: 'The Dcnga dwarfs are the same now as five thousand years ago. We do not hear of goitre' (which is curiously relpted to cretinism ; the children of goitrous parents are likely to be cretins ; cretinism is never found in regions or among populations where goitre does not exist) ' among the robust and warlike pygmies of the Great Lakes and Congo, who are flesh- eaters pnd hunters. T am persuaded that if a child of a Pyrenean cretin were to be fed on tiesh food and made to lead an active lite, he would never show any trace of goitre on arriving at manhood.' The paragraph shows a lack of clear knowledge regarding goitre and cretinism, but the line of argument is clear. He a>> CoMMI'.NTS ()|- I'KOl'KSSOU I'^RUUKKICK StaRU. iil.si) siiys: ' NrilluT iirliiiiMii nor any idlur ilisiasc laii lum niiliiiaiy Iuirt)|)cans iiiti> |)y({iiiii's, vvitli bioaii, Hal ii(i.si.'.s, a cuiipii loloiitl i(iiii|)k'xii)ii, and nialuiK->iiy I'lilorcd wool.' . . . ' L ii'Uni.sni ilufh nol attack lliLir laixcr ni'iKlilioi's, who for lUiiiiy ccnttiiics liavo livril near tlicin. LiTliniiini in tlic I'yrciiccii and Alps, it svi-ms to nil', is ranal in its iliariulir, and is not a disiasi', l)nt a symptom ol (Icciulcticc in a nii>ril>und raco ol dwarls, who in the nci-SKCs ol monntams aii' slowly K^>i)*K tliroii«h llu' pioic^^ ol dym^ ont throtiKh (;iiliiiK vitality, just as many (.'(.'nttn'ics a^o ihi'U' race nnist havi- dud onl on tlu- plains of I'^nropc and Asia.' . . , ' I'lic niicstioii ol the ryiciUMii dwarls is a dcliiati' one. 'A'"' nci'd nuuli further study before liicy can be admitleil into the list ol line pynniics. Just now Mr, Ihddiintoii has sciiired liii'ts ol dwarf pfojdes in liie ItlacU I'nrcst, the Vtisnes, and in I'risiaii districts. In Ana article we do not pretend to ^o outside the soni.i toloKiciil held, otherwise we should i)reseiit tiie very interestiiiK matter drawn by Air. MacKilehiv and Mr. llaliburton, liom linguistics, ii'^end and lidU lore, rela- tive to i'iuropean pygmies or " little people." ' "At the last two meelniKs ol the American Association for the Advancement ol Science, Mr. llaliburton lias broUKhl up the (|iieslion of pyK<>)y peoples in Amerie.i. Hints uf such are not wanting. .Some limits alioiit the iiimed lnnldiuKS of Yucatan and Central America : ugK*.'-'>l that they wete linill by little people. .\t Ll.\inal there is a ' house of the dwarl,' ,md at (.'o/.iiniel are little biiildiiiKS. lu iWy lirigham wrote in his ' Ciuateinala ': ' It would cctainly be inlerestiiiK to le.iiu why in.uiy of liic temples have doors, passa^ses, and even rooms, that .1 man id ordinary stature cannot stand erect in.' I'he I'cabody Museum e.\plor,ilions in I'liitr.d America liuvc broiii^ht to light a number of representations of dwarfs, ilalibiir- lou describes one ol these as having 'a sipiarc, broad, and llat face : MoiiKoliaii eyes ; bulging cheeks, more prominent than the broatl and llal nose." Various writers tmvc cuinineiited upon little Mexicans. In iK8.> a baud of little people in vaded llritish Honduras. They were from four leet to lour leet six iuclies in stature, and are said to be warlike, to make human sacrilices, to use the blow ^un and poisoned arrows, and to be makers of I'aiiania hats. Mrs. Le I'longeon nicn- lions a dwarf woman captured in Yucatan. Dwarf tribes are said to live, or to have lived, in ilrazil, Uruniiay, and other parts of South America. "At Mr. Ilalibiirton's siiKKCstioii our party last siiminer looked in Mexico for evidence of pyK"iy (leoples there. No very delinite information was secured. At A^uas C'alientes, with a population of perhaps .(o.cmk), we saw seven adults, none more than four feet eiKlit inches in stature, in a single half hour. An Indian at Lak*' L'hapala declared thai there were little jteople in the motiiitaiiis somewhere in Jalisco or C'oliinn. Near Aytzcapatzaleo, .i suburb of the City of Mexico, are some full-blooded Indians who retain their old dress and are very conservative, and of little stature; they are probably Otoniis. Little people live near Cliolulu. All of tliese bints may lead to somethiiiK; when followed up. Meantime the (piestion whether there are pynniy tribes in America seems to be really propounded." PAPERS ON PYGMY RACES. Jt^^ NOTES ON MOUNT ATLAS AND ITS TRADITIONS. By R. G. Haliburton. [From the ProceedinRS of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Vol. XXXI., Montreal Meeting, August, 1882.] In December, r88i, to while away the time at Tangier, where continuous east winds for weeks kept invalids within doors, I turned my attention to the traditions and folk-lore of the natives of Morocco. The field was represented as a barren one. I was told that the country was inhabited mainiy by the Berbers (or Barbars, whence the name Barbary) ; that, though composed of different tribes, they spoke substantially the same language ; and that, having adopted the religion of Islam, they had forgotten their old traditions and superstitions. The Rifilians, known still in history as the Riff pirates, inhabit the northern portions of Mount Atlas. To the south of that mountain is a tribe of excellent artificers in brass and copper, called Shelluhs, Shilhas or Shilhachs, who inhabit the Province of Sus, and are therefore, called Susis. There arc other tribes still farther south. It soon leaked out that the faith of Islam sits very lightly on some of the Susis, and that many of them really have no religion, or have some ancient super- stitions which they preserve in secret. WI.ether they really believe the myths and traditions which they repeated to me, or merely regard them as our peasants do their fairy tales and folk-lore, it is hard to decide. One of them told me he was not sure that he was not as much of a 'CRristian as of a Mohammedan— a state- ment that, if overhead by the Moors, might have cost him his life. I made careful enquiries from several Rififians, a Maltese who had travelled in the interior of Africa, disguised as a Moor, the town time-keeper or astronomer at Tai.gier, some Jews of Casablanca and Ophran, two Susis at Tangier and one at Mogador, nearly all of whom, though illiterate, and unable to read Arabic, were learned in oral tradition and Berber folk-lore. The results of my enquiries proved that there is a marvellous collection of ancient myths, legends, etc., among the Susis, which carry us in succession to Britain, Greece and Rome, Phoenicia and Egypt, and even to Babylon, whdle one very remarkable festival seems as if it had reached them from the Aztecs, or vice versa. (t3) ill! 24 Notes on Mount Atlas and Its Traditions. The Great Mother of the Greeks, Daiuater, appeared as Ta Mala, " the mother, who presides over the corn fields." Apalo, " a good god, who comes and plays on a harp," suggests the ciuiuiry, is not Apftlo the original form of the name of the god Apollo ? (i) At certain intervals, as the Greeks believed, Apollo used to desert his shrines, and go far off to the blessed Hyperboreans of Mount Atlas, with whom he danced and sang until the rising of the Pleiades. The ancient Greeks themselves .seem to have regarded tlic Atlas country as the favorite abode of Apollo. Atlas was a Hyperborean, and the western Ethio- pians who inhabited that country were also Hyperboreans, a semi-divine nice, from whom the Greeks derived many of their most ancient rites. It is supposed that they were called Hyperboreans from their enjoying a climate where the cold north wind was unknown, (2) but the same name would be even more applicable to the people of the interior of Africa. A Susi described to me a staff ornamented with ribbons, which is called a fhurosis ! The names, too, of Mata, Kera and Zerea recall that of Ceres. The " Great Mother's " image is bathed at the end of her festival, ;is it was in the holy island of the Germans, at the River Almon, and in Athens at a feast of Minerva, which was, therefore, called Plynteria. We are even reminded of a similar rite at the end of the feast of the god of agriculture of the Fijians. The god Adon is still believed to have been slain by a boar, and heaven and earth all weep for him. " He was greatly beloved by Tachal and Isai." It seems that Some festive dirges, like the Maneros of the Egyptians and the Linus of the Greeks, which were sung at their banquets, can still be traced in the Accasili Maneros and the Walinas of the Susis. Diodorus Siculus tells us that in the Atlas country a divine youth, Hesperus, went up at night to the summit of a mountain to study the stars, and a great wind carried him away. To this day (I am told by the Susis) " the women go up on the mountains with music, weeping, in their search for Walinas. He was the brother of Panis, an old god who invented pipes called Kraf or Kalifer, and who was also called Itada." One of the Susis asked me if I would like to hear " the story of the man who wished to steal the cows," and, upon being asked to proceed, retailed a familiar bit of classical mythology : " There is a great mountain in the sea, where there were three hundred cows, the property of Geryon, (3) and when the sun set they used to appear. It was a very rich place, and a navigator, who wished to steal the cows, (i) Apio is the Etruscan name for Apollo. (2) The ancients believed in tiiree zones, the highest of which was above the winter winds, and was the abode of the gods. Olympus was such a paradise. (3) There is a tribe in the Atlas called Ait Gerouan. Notes on Mount Ati.as and Its Tkaditions. 25 sailed thither and entered a ^reat cave, from which ho never came out ; and his name was Herakles." There can be no r|UCStion that this mountain, tlie true Mount Atlas, was the Peak of Tcneriffe, in which there is a vast cave that has never been fully explored. The Atlas country was the scene of" the labors of Hercules and of the feats of Perseus, who turned Atlas into a mountain by showing him the Gorgon's head. Herodotus says that the dress of the statue of Minerva was borrowed from the Atlas country, where clothes of kid-skin were made and colored with great skill. Such dresses may still be seen in the Museum of Las Palmas, taken from the mummy caves of the Guanches. He also suggests that the story of the head of Medusa being encircled with snakes, arose from the head having been placed on a shield ornamented by the Atlantes with a fringe consisting of long strips of leather, which at a distance might well look like snakes. These fringes arc still used by the Susis. Even the Greeks admitted that one of their most unintelligible myths, that of the fifty daughters of Danaus, who were doomed in hell to the task of filling sieves with water, came from Africa, and they, therefore, gave the brother of the Uanaides the name of Egyptiis, though modern Egyptologists have failed to meet with the myth in the religion of the ancient Egyptians. Many years ago a devout believer in "Arkite lore " detected an allusion to the deluge in the name of Danaus, which he traced to da)i, " water " or " rain." If he had called the fable a " rain myth," he would perhaps have been nearer the mark. It was evidently carried by the natives of the Atlas to Greece, where in time its original meaning was for- gotten, for we still find it in the folk-lore of the Susis, one of whom told me that " there is an old king in the stars of rain, who has many dancing women, who hold sieves filled with water ; and when he wishes them to dance, he thunders. The louder grow the peals, the quicker grows the dance, during which the sieves are emptied, and the water falls to the earth in a thunder shower." (4) These are a few only of the traditions and beliefs that carry us to Greece and Rome. We meet with Phoenician traditions also as to " Isiri, who taught the three letters"; while the belief in an imperfect creation, in which the forms of animals and men were blended together, recalls a similar tradition of the old Chaldeans (s). Of Egyptian ideas there are perhaps traces in a belief as to seven brothers who sail in their ship across the sky, and carry with them the spirits of the dead. (4) Grimm sajrs that the Pleiades (those stars of rain) were called in European mytholoRy "The Sieves." This myth may explain why throughout Africa, when it thunders, it is said " heaven beats, "ii.r., beats time to the dancers. (5) According to one of my Susi informants, the Aiissawa rites synibolire this idea by men represent- ing wild beasts, while the fat Moor on horseback represents the Good Spirit who civilized primeval man. This was the origin of mumming among the ancients and modern savages. a6 Notes on Mount Atlas and Its Traditions. The Susis have a May Day festival, at which the " pole of Mala " is set up, at the summit of which is a doll composed of heads of wheat. Saints climb up the tree and scatter the wheat among the people, calling it " our life," " our susten- ance." The Mexicans used to erect an enormous cross, the symbol of rain, and on its summit was placed a similar doll, which, when reached by those climbing the pole, was scattered among the people, who treaiured the fragments as some- thing sacred, while the deity represented was called " our life," " our support." The coincidence is certainly very remarkable, for precisely the same words were addressed by the Iroquois to the three beneficent maidens who brought each her gift to mortals, the maize, the squash and the bean. Herodotus has mentioned that the peculiar cry of the women at the rites of Minerva, called ololuzein, was borrowed from the Libyan women, " who sing it very sweetly." I have Jicard this peculiar chorus or cry, which consists of a quick repetition of the word alo — alo alo alo alo. I am told that it is raised at the end of the feast of Mata.when water is poured over the image of the goddess ; and am reminded of the shout that resounded throughout Fiji at the close of the feast of Ratimaimbulu, who no doubt was the same as the god Alo-alo of the adjacent Friendly or Tongr. Islands. It would be exceedingly interesting if it should prove that the cry raised and carried from town to town in Fiji was, like that at the feast of Mata, alo alo alo alo. If there is any foundation f ir the belief of the earliest nations, and of the Susis themselves, that that co'-.ntry was once the seat of an ancient civilization, how can we account for the early rise of a great commercial and maritime people near Mount Atlas ? The answer may be given in one word — gold. One of the natives examined at Mogador was Mordecai Rhibo, a Jew from Ophran, which he de- scribed as a very ancient town, which from remote ages has been the entrepSt of the Timbuctoo gold trade. At that point the caravans separate, and go in different directions, one to the city of Morocco, and the other beyond Tripoli. There are very ancient Jewish tombstones there. There is also a vague tra- dition there that there is somewhere in the interior a tribe of Jews who are war- like and independent, and who have no knowledge of th'^ Second Temple, I ventured to suggest, when I rea3 my paper, that we have good reason to believe that the Ophir of the Bible and Saba or Sheba may yet be traced to that part of Africa. This has since been confirmed by my finding it. Procopius that one of the two great divisions of Mauritania was called Zaba. He also states that there was in his day (circ. A.D. 550) a very ancient city in Numidia, on the borders of Mauritania, called Barium, which from the most remote times had been inhabited by Jews, who had never paid tribute to any one. There was there, too, a very remarkable Jewish temple, which the Jews believed had been built by King I I Notes on Mount Atlas and Its Traditions. 9f Solomon. As the adjoining country was called Zaba, and as no trace of the first temple has ever been found in Jerusalem, it is not impossible that this was the temple to which the Queen of Sheba paid her famous visit. It is probable that nomad Berbers, known as Sabaeans, hcid, in the days of Abraham, as they still have, the monopoly of the gold and ivory trade of central Africa, and with their caravans carried its products, including slaves, parrots and incense, to central Asia. (6) The Sabaeans were, like the Susis, astrologers, necro- mancers, traders and robbers, believing in the seven heavens, and worshipping the seven stars. It has been conjectured that in the Puranas traditions of an earthly paradise differing from that of the general Hindoo system seem to point to Africa (see Smith's Dictionary of Bible, tit. " Eden "). But the place to which we must turn cannot be, as Smith's article suggests, in southern Africa, but rather in north-western Africa, where the garden of the Hesperides and the Islands of the Blessed were situated. The Susis have a belief in seven heavens called Saba Samagwats. Saba means seven ; the other word, by the aid of a pre-Malayan language in Malacca, can be interpreted, as it is the same as samangats, " the spirits of the blessed," who reside in Pulo Bua, " the fruitful island in the west." I have also been shown a diagram of the mystic ladder for the descent and ascent of souls, called Acacol, representing " the path of the spirits " (Asero). It is like the ladder with seven lamps that typified the seven " houses " or " gates of heaven " in the rites of Mithra. These Susis are necromancers and astrologers, resembling the gypsies in looks, habits and ideas. One of them at the outset offered to bring up any spirit that I might wish to do my bidding, an offer that recalled the question of the Witch of Endor, "And the woman said, whom shall I bring up unto thee ?" To show how indestructible the peculiar traditions of these people are, I may mention that a Susi told me gravely of a remarkable race at the River Byblah (Byblus ?), " which is near the centre of the world, somewhere between us and the Soudan," who have the faces of dogs. Herodotus, 2,500 years ago, was told pre- cisely the same story, a belief in which among the Egyptians can be traced in their mystic cynocephali. (7) It may seem premature to endeavor to account for this strange collection of myths from apparently all parts of the world. A few facts connected with the history of Mount Atlas may be suggestive of interesting enquiries. (6) There Is a priestly tribe near the northern limits of the Sahara, called Oulad-hti-Saha, or Sabarrn, who guide caravans to Timbuctoo, steering by the Pleiades, not by the Pole Star. When a SusI Is In great peril, he ejaculates " Oulad-bu-Saba," just as an Italian peasant In a like case Invokes the saints. (7) Mr. Walter B. Harris (see " Dwarfs of Mount Atlas," p. 3) says : " I have often been asked by Moors whether it was true that there was a race of people In the south known as BenI Kerbou, with dogs' heads; and also a race with one eye (Cyclops). Benl Kerbou means 'the sons of dogs'" (see "Dwarfs of Mount Atlas," pp. 28, 29, 30). At Pount, In southern Morpcco, there are little Images with heads of dogs, called " Makerbu." There was a people there called by the Greeks " Macrobu " (the long-lived), for the Greeks, like many of our college professors, derived everything from Greek, a8 Notes on Mount Atlas and Its Traditions. The earliest traditions of Greece point to Mount Atlas and to the garden of the Hesperides, which was on the flank of that mountain. The Susis told me that their people is the most ancient in the world. Diodorus Siculus says that the Atlantes claimed to be the most ancient of nations, and that their country was " the birthplace of all the gods of antiquity." Solon was told by the Egyptian priests the same tale, that the Atlantes were the first great commercial and mari- time people, and exceeded in wealth all the great nations of later times, and that they extended their concjuests as far as Greece ; but in consequence of a udden irruption of the sea, the great island they inhabited was buried under the waves in a single night. History proves, too, that the Berber race was once dominant over northern Africa, and it is probable that they supplied the Hycsos, or Shepherd dynasty, that ruled over Egypt for centuries, and who have been connected with the Moors and Berbers by Movers. One of the names of the Atlantes was Maxyans, which is possibly derived from a word in Arabic meaning " sheep." Atlas, who, as a daring navigator, " knew all the depths of the " ocean," and who taught Hercules astron- omy, was also called " a shepherd." The Susis (at least the nomiad portion of them) are still called by the Arabs Dcni Baccar, " the sons of the cow," the pastoral people. Even the word " Sos," according to Herodotus, meant in the sacred language of Egypt " cattle." It has been conjectured that the light-haired race, that from the most remote ages occupied the Atlas country, lost their language and adopted the Berber tongue. That Tarshish was a port in the Atlas country seems exceedingly probable. It is admitted that it was situated either in Spain or somewhere on the Atlantic sea- board. It was apparently the Birmingham of early ages, for its brazen dishes were an extensive article of export even to Phoenicia. We have now no trace of such an industry in Spain, but we have the clearest evidence that from the most remote times it flourished in Sus, the people of which seem to be a survival from the Bronze Age, for their principal trade is the manufacture of brass dishes, which they chase with marvellous taste, and which are perhaps known to us as the " beaten dishes" used in the Temple of Solomon. Leo Africanus says that Ifran was in his time (A. D., 1550) a seat of this industry, from the existence of extensive copper mines near that place. Though it is only known throughout Morocco as Ephran, its inhabitants call it Ophran, and such is the name given to it in the latest English map of that country. (8) To the ancient Jews it was probably known as Ophir, that mysterious city which tradition says was the capital of the Sabaeans, and connected with Tarshish. That (8) The far-famed " brazen gates of the wall of Agloo " were made at Ophran, sometimes called Ophiraa. Notes on Mount Atlas and Its Traditions. 29 tlie latter was u port of Op.ir or Ophran, and situated on the coast of Sus (9). seems probable from some curious incidents in the history of Jonah, who instead of Koing eastward from Jerusalem to Nineveh, went to the remotest west, in a ship bound to Tarshish. To my surprise one day, u Susi told me that a great prophet was swallowed I)y a large fish and cast up by it on the coast of Sus, and 1 at iirst assumed that he had picked up this story from some Jew ; but I have since discovered thaX it is an ancient local tradition as to Hercules, the hero of the Atlas, who must have sailed from a port in western Morocco, for on ancient maps we find a harbor there called " the port of Hercules." The two stories (whichever may have been the original one) point to a tradition connected with the Atlantic and the coast of Sus. Many myths have a local origin in some natural phenomenon that primitive races cannot explain, except by the supernatural. We may find the key to this venerable tradition of antiquity as to Hercules in the existence, near the place in (lucstion, oi .sharp pointed rocks, which are fatal to whales that may be driven on them by a storm. Hercules, we are told (see Took's Pantheon, Part H, ch. i ; Ovid •Met., 11) "delivered Hesione, the daughter of Laomedon, King of Troy, from the whale in this manner ; ho raised, on a sudden, a bank in the place where Hesione was to be devoured, and stood armed before it ; and when the whale came seeking his prey, Hercules leaped into his mouth, slided down his throat, destroyed him, and came away safe." The tradition, which I had heard from a Susi, also existed in the days of Leo Africanus, who tells us that in the town of Messa, the name of which means " Lord," and at which the native^ believe that the promised Messiah will appear, is a very ancient and sacred temple, the rafttrs of which all consist of the bones of whales, in commemoration of a prophet having been cast up by a whale on the adjacent sea- shore ; and that in confirmation of this belief, the Moors pointed to the fact that all the whales immediately die that pass to the right of the temple. The historian was inclined to think that there might be something in the story, from his seeing at the time a dead whale floating near ; but a Jew ridiculed the superstition of the Moors, and explained the origin of it — by the existence and effects of the reef in question— that bank, no doubt, that Hercules raised suddenly for the destruction of the whale. I think there can be little question that this ancient whalebone temple of Jonah was originally built in honor of Hercules, the hero of the Atlas country ; and it is possible that the story connected with it may have been carried back to Palestine by the Jews of Ophir, and have been preserved by them in the history of the prophet Jonah. (9) Sus, a country bounding on the Atlantic, and south of the Atlaa, is called TaSus ("the Sus"). The River Sus is called Assi/ na Ta-Sm (" the liver of the Sus "). 30 Notes on Mount Atlas and Its Traditions. May not they also have brought back from Ophir the Book of Job ? That work is a singularly laithful picture of the productions, animals, traditions, man- ners and astronomical ideas that are still to be found south of Mount Atlas (lo). There to this day wandering bands from the desert sweep down upon the herds- man and the shepherd, and rob them of their herds and flocks ; and the ostrich, the hippopotamus, the nionsters of the ocean, the birds, the beasts, the treasures of the mine, and the stars that are described by the patriarch, are still familiar to its in- habitants. Even that auspicious constellation whose " sweet influences " are cele- brated by him, is known by the same name to the Susis, who call it Kimah (" a furrow" or " cornhill"), or "the stars of tillage" as it is termed by the far distant Bechuanas of South Africa (Silemcla). The people of Sus also believe that there is a certain night in the year when the stars hold a solemn festival, in which all the angels and the spirits of the great kings of old take part. The very words of the song of the Pleiades, who are known in the New World as well as in the Old as " the dancers," " the Celestial chorus " of the Greeks, "the Heavenly Host" of the Hebrews, and "the seven dancers" of the North American Indians, are familiar to ears that can catch " the music of the spheres," and have been repeated to mc by one of those favored mortals, a Susi wanderer from the Sahara : " Oh Moon, oh Mother, we hold our feast to-night, We are dancing before God, between heaven and earth," words that recall Milton's allusion to those " morning stars that sang together with joy" at the creation, " And the Pleiades before him danced, Shedding sweet influences." also <■* • »- " The gray dawn and the Pleiades, Shedding ' sweet influences '." This celestial festival evidently takes place on that night in November, when the full moon and the Pleiades are on the meridian together, for there is a Susi love song, " Oh come to me my love, and long remain. For the Pleiades are meeting the moon to-night." On that very night in November some tribes of the Australians still celebrate " the sweet influences of the Pleiades," and hold a grand corroboree in their honor, for " they are the children of the Sun and Moon," and " are very good to the black- fellows." (lo) Job is held In great reverence In southern Morocco, and Is the patron saint of more than one Kibe. We meet with one called Beni JoHb (" the sons of Job "). Ill IMP Notes on Mount Atlas and Its Traditions. 3« I Even the early Egyptians seem to have borrowed many of their religious ideas from an older civilization in the Atlas country, for it ha* been conjectured that all the niaRical features of the ritual of the Egyptians, and their belief as to the dangers attending the passage of the soul to Hades, were derived from the people south of the Atlas (see Smith's Diet, of the Bible, tit., " magic "). It is surprising to find that a country, venerated in the days of Homer as peopled by " the just Ethiopians " who were nearer to the gods than other men, and at whose banquets even Jupiter was sometimes a guest, a country, too, asso- ciated with paradise and the abodes of the blessed, should, a few hundred years after his time, have been lost sight of by the world, (ii) Herodotus does not refer to its past history, and learned little of the country south of the Atlas. Strabo says that in his time it was a terra incognita, for armies and even travellers had seldom reached it, and the few natives that visited Greece either invented fables about it, or were unwilling to tell what they knew about it. To this day it is closed against Europeans, none being able to visit it except by the hazardous experiment of pass- ing for a Moor. Leo Africanus, however, himself a Moor, who has described that country as it appeared in his day, and has told us how the Arabs had ravaged it, destroying the cities, and burning the ancient books of the Berbers, states that near the walls of one town, the stones of which, as large as those employed in the construction of the Coliseum at Rome, had defied the fury of the invaders, gold and silver medals are to be found, with characters which he had in vain endeavored to decipher ; and that everything indicates that at a former period these cities must have been the homes of a prosperous people. This paper is the first attempt that has been made to draw attention to the tra- ditions of a country that must once have played an important role in history. It is possible that future and more careful enquiries as to it may throw much light on the commerce, and perhaps on the origin of the Jews, and on many obscure points connected with early civilizations and mythologies ; and that they may even prove that the belief of the Susis and of the old Atlantes, that their land was " the birth-place of all the gods of antiquity " was not a baseless one. I intend, if my health permits me, to revisit that country, and to follow up these researches. (ii) Ionian and Carian mercenaries were largely employed not only by the Pharaohs, but also by the Libyans, thousands of years before the time of Homer, who must have been familiar with the history, the traditions, and the position of the Atlas country. The lonians divided the world into four quarters, one of which was not Egypt, but Libya. In time these mercenaries ceased to be employed In North Africa, and as the Carthaginians kept all strangers out of that country, the later Greeks lost almost all knowledge of the geographical position of Mount Atlas, and even transferred it and its myths to the Danube, and to the Caucasus. Hence we have the Amacons of Libya and of Asia, and an African and an Asiatic Herculet, etc., etc. DWAKF RACES AND DWARF WORSIIir.*') (Keatl befora the NInib CoiiKresi of UrlentalliU, Seplembtr a, iHgi.) (':! The singular, and at first siglit incredible, fact, that the existence of a race of dwarfs, under four feet IukIi, in the Atlas Mountains, only a few hundred miles from the Mediterranean, lias fur tlirce thousand years at least been kept a profound secret by the natives, was first brought to the notice of the scientific world by a paper of mine, read, in my absence, at the Bath meeting of the British Association in 1888. The information which had been collected by me was confirmed by that subsequently obtained at TIemcen, Algeria, by Miss Day, and at Tangier by the Kight Hon. Sir John Drummond Hay ; but it seemed prudent to defer publishing the paper until the point could be cleared up— why do so many of the Moors dread strangers know- ing about this pygmy race ? After a lapse of two years I was able to visdt that country early in November 1890, and remained until June 13, i8yi, seven niontiis in all, and during that period managed to collect very conchisive evidence both from natives and from Europeans who resided in that country. In Equatorial Africa it has been observed with interest that the larger races near the dwarfs resemble them in color. In the Dra Valley, south of Mount Atlas, the dwarfs are called " the Little Haratin." " The Large Haratin " (or, mor- properly, "the Larger"), who were known to the ancients as the Melano-Gaetuli, or the Gaetuli-Darac, i.e., Dra-Gaetulians, have a reddish-black comolexion from intermarriages between the dwarfs and a Nigritian race, or a yellowish color from a cross between the dwarfs and light-colored tribes. The larger Haratin are generally about five feet high, though many tall men among them are to be found. In Sus, which lies between the ocean, and Dra and Akka, the dwarfs are called Aglimen, and their half-breed offshoots are rather a small race with a light red complexion, a tribe of acrobats called Ait Sidi Hamed Ou (I) Portions of my paper read before the Congress of Orientalists (1891), which appeared in The Times of September 3rd, 1891. and for which a medal was awarded by the Congress. The parts which referred to early dwarf races in America and the West Indies were not reported, nor that portion which traced the wide-spread belief In the Old World and In the New that the first Creation produced only monstrous or malformed mortals, to the existence of early dwarf races. The evidence whicli was relied on as to the existence of dwarfs in the Atlas, and which was submitted in MSS. to the Congress, Is printed for the use of those who may be Interested in the subject. (Sti " Dwarfs of Mount Atlas.") (3«) DwAKF Racks anu Dwarf Worsiiii'. 3j Moussa ("the tribe of our Lord llaiiu-d. the son of Moses"), The dwarfs some- times iicrform with them, avoidinR the coast towns where Europeans arc. These acrobats from Morocco, who are smiths and tinkers, are, according to Brugsch Bey (" Egypt imder the Pharaohs," Vol. I, p. 5). represented on the monuments of the Fourth Dynasty as performing in llgypt ! How long previously they had been known to the Egyptians cannot be conjectured. No doulit centuries, perhaps thousands of years ; nor is it likely tliat they limited their wanderings to l-'gyi)!. They prfibably found their way to the southern and northern shores of the Medi- terranean. Troy then did not exist. The Greeks wero savages. The Sidi Hamed On Moussa, who is referred to by Mr. Ilunot. told me an amusing story of an unprofitable performance of his troupe near a village of Daggata (Mhuk Jews), not far from Timbuctoo. The acrobats were surprised at nobody coming to see their performance. Birt they were still more surprised when they discovered that the whole population of the place had run away, believing that the acrobats were jins and imps who were amusing themselves. This will show what a profound impression must have been made by these acrobats, if they found their way to Greece at the remote period when they were depicted on the monuments of I-lgypt. The dwarfs of Mount Atlas, called Patiki, may be the dwarfs whose grotesque images were called by the same name — Pataeki, and the Cabeiric worship of which may have been an importation from the Phoenician colonies south of Mount Atlas. It is worthy of note that the scenes of nearly all the earliest myths of Greece are laid in Mount Atlas (called by tlu' natives Ida-na-Dauran or Ida-Dran — i.e., Mount Taurus), or in the Island of Crete, the first landing place for immigrants from Libya. Many are the traces of that migration in Crete and its myths. For instance, Ida is not a Greek but a Shilhach word, the eciuivalent of the Latin Mons. There arc scores of Idas in southern Morocco, though few, if any, north of the Great Atlas. The Greeks may have mistaken the Shilhach word for a " mountain " for a name, and thus have made their mythology centre in Mount Ida — i.e.. Mount Mons. The caves at its base became the workshops of mysterious cave dwellers, who established there their magic forges, and were called Idaei Dactyli (i) ; and were so revered that they were included among the great gods, the Cabeiri, some- times called in Greek Apataeki (2). It is somewhat startling, in this late age, to meet south of Mount Atlas with original versions of familiar Greek myths. Wc may from many others select one which was a very notable one among mytholo- gists. Mohammed-ben-Ibrahim, a Bent Bacchar, of Massa in Sus, says, " Theba is to the east of Paradise Mountain " (a hill near the source of the River Did). " It (0 The name Dactyl (literally "a finger"! may have meant a "dwarf," and have been a synonym of Pygmy (literally " a fist "). A dwarf is " a Hop o' my Thumb " ; in Kaffir, " a Thumb.' (a) This is an instance of the use of a, or la, before Berber names. Sus is always TaSiis," the Sus." 34 DwARi' Racks and Dwark Woksiiu'. ' !|!l! ; was bnill oriKiiially l)y Kadinoii ; Kadiuoii is 11k> man who IoiikIU tin- Kiotind l)y the size of a cow's skin, and wlio hinuKlit lu-oplo in lioxcs to Ta I'lint, and took others hack. Ho was in tlio hahit of hiding the cows nndcr the ^ronnd." Prohahly on l)oth sides of llie Atlantic llie ancient dwellinRS cut in cliffs were made hy dwarfs. The little race to the west of " the sandy ridge " south of the Atlas, who captnrcd the Nasanionian explorers, are cilleil iiy Herodotus Troglodytes, The cliffs of the Atlas Mountains are fre(inently dotted with cave dwellings which must have hecn used hy a small r.ice, as (hey are not more than live feet high. Tliey are now no longi-r used, though 1 am told some of these dwarfs on the river Dora, or Didoo, in the Hani Mountains, near Tinzone, arc still Troglodytes. They were proh.ihly the trihe of dwarfs which ancient writers say owned a reiuarkahly small hreed of horses. The ponies of the dwarf? near the Sahara are famed for their endurance and speed, and are therefore used hy them in hunting ostriches. Rahhi Juda, a .Shilhach Jew, of Ternata, in the Dra Valley, says, " the little people are not Moslems. It is supposed that they worship Oidoo Kiri. They kce|) th.-ir feast hy themselves. There are many of them near the Soudan ; the Arahs fear them and i);iy to he allowed to pass througli tlu-ir country. Pheir horses can do without water for four days and are called dwiminagh (they that drink the wind)." The dwarfs are very holy men, tliough they shave their faces, and do not love the Prophet as much as they should. Some say th.at they are fhristians ; others .issert that they are idolaters and " worship Didoo Isiri." Sometimes I had little dilliculty in getting the Moors to s|>eak of them, though they have exclaimed with .surprise, " How do you come to know .iiiything ahout them ?" Mnt superstitious natives, and C!*peiially the Haratin living ne.ir Tamanart in the Dra Valley, have often cut short the conversation on my pressing them to tell me as to the nunihers and place of residence ot the dwarfs, etc. One said, " It is a sin to speak ahout them to you. I shall say nothing." Others say, " God has sent them to us. We must not talk ahout them." A young Jew now living in Manchester, hut a native of Mogador, said that the Moors worshipped these Harakers, and would not talk freely ahout them to the Jews. He had trie ba» conjoctured wlu'ri- tboy can bavo come from. If the Ura was, as it is believed by some to bave been, a great prebistoric workshop, the nirniingliani of tlie Rronze Age, tbe problem could be easily settled. The little and tbe larger Haratin are stil! creat worker.-^ in metal, magi- cians and potent (b)ctors, whose staple remedy seems to be safe if not sure. Tbcy make little books, which .ire canied .ibont as cb;irms or are placed in water, which has marvellous virtues that cm cure all tbe ills that llesb is beir to. Wherever the Ilaralin went they nnist ha\'e "astonished tbe natives," as they wear a pecidiar baik, which has a large eye on its back, about a yard in lei\gtb. It is prol)able that the earliest Ir.iditions of Greece described wandering bands of masons .ind smiths ;is " tbe men with tbe eye," which in time may bave become " the men with only one eye "—the Cyclopes. A kbanif such as they we.ir is now in my pos- session. Tbe skill of the modern Cyclops is devoted to siidving deep wells. Tbe wdl-sinkers of Morocco come from tbe Dr.i to the cities north of tbe .'\tlas, and are still to be .seen wearing their Cycloi)e;m baik. (,0 In northern Morocco there is a belief that there is under the ground a race of little nu-n who can be beard at work. Two centuries ago it was said that this belief existed also in Wales. " Robert Kirk, minister of Aberfoyle," in bis work pid)lisbed in i^xji on " Tbe Secret Commonwealth," which treats exhaustively of " tbe subterranean people," their appearance, habits, dwellings, etc., says (p. 14), " b'ven fuiglisb atitbors rel.ite